HI - %& I - & ^ ^, v* V°* . W r* < £ •'J- j ^ \ %- v* .A' 1*4 ^O "V \ v ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHRONOLOGY, y Y HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. B. B. WOODWARD, B.A., LATE LIBRARIAN TO THE QUEEN, WILLIAM L. R. GATES, EDITOR OP THE 'DICTIONARY OP GENERAL BIOGRAPHY. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. MDCCC^XXII. All Rights reserved. •*» .^A JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS PREFACE. This work has been prepared as a full and trustworthy Book of Reference on Chronology, both for students and for general readers. It contains the dates of the events which mark the rise, progress, decline, and fall of states, and the changes in the fortunes of nations. Alliances, wars, battles, sieges, and treaties of peace, geographical discoveries, the settlement of colonies and their subsequent story, with all occurrences of general historic interest, are recorded in it. It further includes the dates of discoveries in every department of Science, and of inventions and improvements, mechanical, social, domestic, and economical.. In addition to these, and forming a pro- minent feature of the work, are notices of eminent men, with the leading incidents of their lives, and the principal works, literary, scientific, and artistic, by which they have obtained distinction. This portion of the work will, it is hoped, be found to meet the want long felt of a copious and accurate Biographical Date-book. Matters of purely local concern are not within its scope. Details of every kind, beyond what are needful to identify occurrences, persons, &c, are excluded by its necessary limits. Nor does it treat of Mathematical or Technical Chronology. The general arrangement adopted is alphabetical, as the best for a work intended solely for reference. As far as possible, the encumbrance of articles extending over several pages has been avoided ; and the information given, instead of being massed, is broken up and distributed under as many particular titles as seemed available. Under the names of the great states will be found merely outlines of their history, with lists of their kings, &c. ; particular events being inserted under their familiar titles. Reference is thus facilitated and useless repetitions avoided. ijut under the names of states of small historical importance, all the events connected with them are placed, and, when it seemed desirable, classified. PEEFACE. Separate articles are devoted to rulers of the greater states, but to those of the smaller only when required by their personal or historical renown. And in the latter case such affairs of their states as are inseparably connected with their names are inserted under them. It has not been thought necessary, as a rule, to treat separately those, whether rulers or others, whose memory is preserved only by their association with important events, or with men of abiding fame. And all care has been taken to prevent the intrusion of a crowd of unillustrious names. With very few exceptions indeed, and those justifiable on public rather than on personal grounds, living characters are not included. Our own country has of course received attention proportioned to its interest for English readers : and modern times have necessarily furnished materials for the larger number of articles, but not to the abridgement of the space due to the events of ancient ages and other lands. In all cases the exactest date which could be ascertained has been given : and wherever it appeared for any reason desirable, the original or national dates have been added. Where different dates have been assigned to the same occurrence by scholars of reputation, a case of very frequent occurrence, as many as would assist the inquiries of the student have been inserted. Mythical names and stories are either omitted or expressly indicated as such : and where probability only can be asserted of any date a note of interrogation is added. In some instances, vexing enough, the dates of important works in literature and art, even of admitted masterpieces, remain unascertained, and therefore the works themselves can find no record in a Date-book. It is only after much consideration (and rather by way of concession to the probable expectation of those who do not like to miss what is usual than from private conviction) that the dates assigned to the events of early Biblical history by Archbishop Ussher have been introduced. Side by side with them are placed, where possible, dates assigned by other investigators, and all are referred to their proper authors at the foot of the articles. The same plan has been followed wherever it seemed desirable, in order to furnish the student with the means of comparing and estimating the value of contradictory dates, or of discovering the grounds on which they have been adopted. The names of authorities cited in such cases may serve to indicate the general trustworthi- ness of the particulars which are not thus certified. No list of authorities is given. It would be almost impossible, and if possible absurd, and would seem pretentious. Such a list, unaccompanied by complete references of all dates to the authorities severally responsible for them, is absolutely useless for the purpose of authentication. The now familiar and still perplexing question as to the spelling of Greek names in English has been met by a compromise. Kevolutionary changes are not desirable in a dictionary ; and as the whole subject is still under discus- sion, and competent scholars differ among themselves respecting it, almost the only deviations from the customary Latin forms here allowed are the introduc- tion of a ' k ' for a ' c ' where the k-sound and not the sibilant is wanted ; and PREFACE. of ' o ' for ' u ' in such terminations as ' laus ' to indicate that they are dissyl- labic. Familiar names will therefore he found in their usual form and place, followed by the same in the Greek form : or if, as in some few cases, their place is changed, this is indicated by a cross reference. Thus the least possible inconvenience will be occasioned. In addition to the typographical devices for facilitating the use of this book, it may be mentioned that where a name is common to place and person, the notices of place precede those of person : that names of sovereigns precede other personal names : that among these a strictly alphabetical order is adhered to, except in some cases of noble families, where the order of succession to the title seemed more convenient : that Councils, Treaties, Conferences, &c, bearing the names of the towns in which they were held, are mentioned after the incidents of general history : that lists of the works, &c, of eminent men follow the incidents of their lives : and that where a numerous series of connected events is contained in a few years, those of each year have been arranged in separate paragraphs, headed by their general date. This plan, however, has not been employed except where it is absolutely required. For a work of such extent and comprehensiveness a life-time would not suffice for collecting all the materials at first-hand. Much therefore, indeed most of it, is inevitably second-hand : but some portions, and those of great importance, are not. It is painful, even humiliating, to feel that after all the care and toil and painstaking of years, the work, like all work of human brains and hands, will be more or less disfigured by error and defective by omission. But in the present case it may be reasonably hoped that through the repeated careful examination and revision of every part of the book, in conjunction with dili- gent comparison of the numerous authorities, both errors and omissions are reduced, even in this first edition, within narrower bounds than usual. The advantage of Mr Woodward's counsels and cooperation being unfortun- ately lost by his sudden death in October, 1869, the manuscript has passed through the hands of the Eev. G-. "W. Cox, M.A., author of the Mythology of the Aryan Nations, and editor of Brandos Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art, whose valuable suggestions, contributing to the perfecting of the work, are gratefully acknowledged. The printing having occupied a year and a half, an Appendix has been added for the purpose of bringing down the information as closely as possible to the time of publication. And the opportunity has been taken of inserting in the Appendix some notices which had been accidentally omitted in the body of the work. As surviving author I may perhaps be permitted to close this prefatory state- ment with a personal word or two. It is now about twenty years since this Encyclopaedia of Chronology was projected and commenced by my friend, the PREFACE. late Mr B. B. Woodward : and it is exactly twelve years since he invited me to give him my assistance in it. After his appointment to the post of Libra- rian in Ordinary to Her Majesty, a larger share of the work was assigned to me. And since his death the task of completing it and giving it to the world devolved on me alone. While therefore I cannot but count it a matter for self-gratulation that I have lived to bring to a close a work of so vast a compass and involving so much laborious research, cherishing at the same time the hope that it is a solid service rendered to the world, the legitimate happi- ness of achievement is not unmingled with regretful sense of loss. And to me this book, the product of our joint labours, will stand henceforth as a monu- ment of a friendship which for more than twenty years was rich beyond what is common in all that constitutes and makes friendship precious. William L. E. Cates. London, May 4, 1872. HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY, AAEAU— ABBAS. AARATJ, — enters Swiss confederacy, 1333 — captured by Bern, 14 15— partly burnt by the Austrians, 1444 — accepts the Beformation, 1528 — Directory of Helvetic Republic established there, 12 Apr. 1798.— 'Peace of, concludes war of Toggenburg, 3, 9, and 11 Aug. 17 12. Aare, Diederick (Dirk) van der, Bp Utrecht, — elected, 11 97 — defeats and cap- tures the Count of Holland at Heusden, 4 Sep. 1202 — tf. at Deventer, 5 Dec. 1212. Aargau, (Argovia,) — taken from Austria by Swiss confederates, 14 15 — ceded by Duke Frederic, 1418 — independent, 1798 — erected into a distinct Canton, 1803— constitution re- modelled, 1 8 14 and 1830 — insurrection against the new constitution, 10-12 Jan. 1841 — monas- teries suppressed, 1841. Aaron, [BCJ — b. in Egypt, winter 157 i, a 1708, 13 1730° — consecrated to the priesthood, end of May 1490 a — tf. at Mt Hor, (5 mo. 1,) 18 Aug. 1452/ 1585. b a Ussher. b Clinton. c Hales. Aarschot, Philip von Croy, Duke of, — Knight of Golden Fleece, 1555 or 1556— re- presents Philip II. at diet of Frankfort, 1563 — principal of Council of State, 1576 — Governor of Flanders, 1577 — imprisoned at Ghent by Orangists, 1577 — deputed from Bruges to Im- perial Diet, 1588 — tf. at Venice, 11 Dec. 1595. Aarssens, Francis Van, diplomatist, — b. at the Hague, 1572— resident at Court of France, 1598 — ambassador, 1609 — to Venice, 1609- 1615, 1619 — to England, 1626 — to France, 1627 — to Englaud to negotiate a marriage between the Prince of Orauge and a daughter of Charles I., 1640 — "Jj. 164 1. Aartgens, (Arthus Claessoon,) painter, — b. at Leyden, 1498— tf. 1564. Aartsen, Peter, (Lange Pier,) painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 1507 or 15 19 — tf. 1573. Abae, [B C] — temple burnt by Xerxes, 480 — Phocians defeated by Boeotians near ; temple burnt, 346 — [A Dj— rebuilt by Hadrian, about 125. Abano, Pietro di, (Petrus de Apono,) phy- sician, — b. at Abano, 1246 or 1250 — Prof, of Medicine at Padua, 1303-4 — accused of magic before the Inquisition, 1306 — removes to Tre- viso, 1314 — accused again, 1315— tf. 1315. Abarbanel, (Abrabanel,) Isaac, Rabbinical commentator, — b. at Lisbon, 1437 — in service of Ferdinand of Spain, 1484-1492— at Naples. 1493 — at Monopoli in Apulia, 1496- 1502 — at Venice, 1503 — tr. there, 1508. Abaris, Hyperborean priest, (mythic) [B C] — - visits Greece, between 620-500^ 57i-o, b about 550,0 before 1184^ (01. 3,) 768,6 (01. 21,) 695^ (01. 62,) 508/ (01. 72, 2,) 490.S a Grote. b Eusebius, Petavius, Lobeck. c Pindar. d Biog. Univ. e Bentley, Du Fresnoy. f Iamblichus. S Dodwell. Abasgi, — converted to Christianity, after 526. Abate, Niccolo dell', painter, — b. at Modena, 15 1 2 — at Bologna, about 1546-1552 — goes to France with Primaticcio, 1552 — tf. at Paris, 1571. Abattoirs, — established in Paris, 1810-1818. Abauzit, Firmin, critic, theologian, — b. at TJzes, 11 Nov. 1679 — seized by the Catholics, 1685 — sent to Geneva, 1689 — travels in Ger- many, &c, 1698 — supernumerary Librarian to Academy at Geneva, 1723— tf. at Geneva, 20 Mar. 1767. Abbadie, Jacques, theologian, — b. at Nay, 1657, or 1658 — goes to England, 1688 — preacher at the Savoy, 1690 — tf. 25 Sep. or 6 Nov. 1727 — Traite de la Verite de la Religion Chretienne, 1684. Abbas I., the Great, Shah of Persia, — b. 1557 — proclaimed by nobles, in opposition to his father, Mohammed Mirza, 1582— dethrones his father, and is crowned at Herat, 15 85,* (994, a. h.) i586, b 5 Dec. 1587 c — defeats Turks in Ghilan, acquires the province, and makes peace, 1590 — abdicates the throne to Yussuf, puts him to death, and reascends, (1000, a. h.) 1591-2 — defeats Usbeks near Herat, and recovers Khorassan, 1597 — sends Sir A. Shirley as ambassador to Europe, 1599— renews war with Turkey, 1602 — defeats Turks at Bassorah, 24 Aug. 1605— defeats Turks and Tatars of Kaptchak, at Shibli, near Sultanieh, and con- cludes peace with Turkey, 1618, i6nc_puts his eldest son to death, about 1620, about i6oo b — in conjunction with English, drives Portuguese out of Ormuz, 22 Apr. 1622— de- feats invasion of Turks, and recovers Bagdad, ABBASIDES— ABD-EL-KAHMAN. (19 Guimadhi II. 1031, a. h.) i May 1622 b — if. (24 Guimadhi II. 1037, or end of Babia II. 1038, a. h.) 1627^ Dec. i628, b 27 or 28 Jan. i628. c a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Biog. Univ. Abbasides, (Caliphs of Bagdad,) — commence hostilities against Ommiades in Khorassan, 746 — Abul-Abbas Abdallah ben Mohammed {Al Saffah) defeats Mervan II. near the Zab and becomes Caliph, (6 Begeb 132, a. h.) 18 Feb. 75o, a Jan. b or 10 Feb. c 750 — his brother Al Manstxb, succeeds, (13 Dhu'l hajjah 136, a. h.) 8 or 9 Jun. 754, a 753 b — his son Moham- med Mahadi (Modhi) succeeds, (6 Dhu'l haj- jah 158, a. h.) 6 or 7 Oct. 775, a 774 b — his son Mtjsa al Hadi succeeds, (23 Moharram 168, a. h.) 15 Aug. 784^ 785 c — his brother Karun al Rashid succeeds, (14 Babia I. 170, a. h.) 13 Sep. 786 — contests between his sons Amin and Mamitn, on his death, (3 Guimadhi II. 193, a. h.) 24 Mar. 8o9, a 808 b — Amin slain, Ha- muli succeeds, (25 Moharram 198, a. h.) 25 Sep. 813 — his brother Motassem succeeds, (19 Pegeb 218, a. h.) 10 Aug. 833 — his son Vathek Bill ah succeeds, (18 Babia I. 227, A. h.) 5 Jan. 842 — his brother Motawakkel succeeds, (24 Dhu'l hajjah 232, a. h.) 10 or 11 Aug. 847, a 846 * — slain by his son Montaser, ■who succeeds, (4 Schoual 247, a. h.) ii Dec. 861 — his cousin Mostain Billah succeeds, (25 Babia I. 248, a. h.) 29 May 862— de- posed by Turkish Guard, his cousin Motaz succeeds, (3 Moharram 252, a. h.) 24 Jan. 866 — forced to abdicate by the Guard, Mohtadi Billah succeeds, (2 Begeb 255, a. h.) 16 Jun. 869, a 868 b —assassinated by the Guard, his cousin Motamed succeeds, (18 Begeb 256, a. h.) 21 Jun. 870^ 869 b — his nephew Mo- tadhed succeeds, (19 Begeb 279, a. h.) 15 Oct. 892 — his son Moktafi succeeds, (22 Eabia I. 289, a. h.) 6 Mar. 902— his son Mok- tader succeeds, (13 Dhu'l kadah 295, a. h.) 13 or 14 Aug. 9o8, a 907° — deposed, (296, a. h.) 9o8, a and (317, a. h.) 929 a — dies, his brother Kahir succeeds, (320, a. h.) 932— blinded and deposed, his nephew Badhi succeeds, (322, a. h.) 934— creates Mohammed ben Bayek, Emir al Onira, (324, a. h.) 935-6 — Mottaki, 940 — Mostakfi, 943, or 944 — Mothi Lillah, 946 — Tayi, 973, or 974 — Kader, 991 — Ivaiem Bamrillah, 103 1 — mok.tapi, io74, or io75 — mostader, io94 — MOSTARSHED, IIl8 BaSHID, 1 1 34 — Moiv- TAFI II., 1 1 35, Or II36— MOSTANJED, Il6o Mostadhi, 1 1 70— Nasir, 1179, or 1180 — Da- HER, 1225 — MOSTANSER, 1226 — MoSTASEM, 1243— Bagdad taken by Hulakou, Mostasem put to death, and the "Caliphate overthrown, (14 Saphar 656, a. h.) 20 Feb. 1258, ac 1257. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b English Cy- clopcedia. c Gibbon, and others. [Moham- medan Empire.] Abbeokuta, — the king of Dahomey defeated by tli .15 Mar. 1864. Abbsys. Monasteries.] Abbon, Alitor or Flecry,— b. near Orleans, about 945— invited to England, 985^ before 960 b — Abbot of Fleury, 970 — sent to Borne by llobert the Wise, of France, 986 and 996 — killed, 13 Nov. 1004. a Ersch and Gruber. b Cave. Abbon, (Abbo Cernuus,) — tr. 923 — De Bello Darisiacce Urbis, after 887. Abbot, Charles. [Colchester, Lord.] , George, Abp Canterbury, — b. at Guildford, 29 Oct. 1562 — enters Balliol Coll. Oxford, 1578— ord. 1583— B. D. 1593— D. D. ; Master of Univ. Coll. 1597 — Dean of "Win- chester, 1599— chaplain to Earl of Dunbar, 1608 — Dean of Gloucester, 1609— Bp Lichfield and Coventry, Dec. 1609 — Bp London, Feb. 16 10 — Abp. Canterbury, Apr. 16 10— accidentally kills keeper at Harringworth Park, 24 Jul. 1622 — suspended, 1627 — recalled to parlia- ment, Mar. 1628 — ft. at Guildford, 4 Aug. 1633. Abbot, Lemuel Francis, portrait painter, — b. in Leicestershire, about 1760 (?) — 5j. 1803. Abbott, Charles. [Tenterden, Lord.] Abbt, Thomas,— b. at Ulm, 25 Nov. 1738 — Prof, extraord. of Philosophy, at Frankfort on Oder, 1760 — Prof, of Mathematics at Binteln, 176 1 — b\ at Biickeburg, 3 Nov. 1766. Abdallatif, (Muwassik-ed-din Abu Moham- med Abdollatif Ibn Yussuf) physician, %e. — b. at Bagdad, (557, a. h.) Feb. or Mar. 1162 — Prof, of Medicine at Mosul, 11 89 — at Damas- cus, 1 192 — goes to Cairo, 11 93 — at Damascus, 1207 — at Aleppo, 1227 — if. at Bagdad, (12 Mo- harram 629, a. h.) 8 Nov. 1 23 1 — writes Kis- tory of Egypt, 1203. AMas, Bp Susa, — demolishes the Fire- temple, and is put to death by Tezdejerd, 414. Abd-el-Kader, Bey of Mascara, — b. near Mascara, early in 1807 — takes the lead in op- posing the French in Algeria, 1833 — recog- nized as Bey of Algeria, W. of the Shelif, by French governor, D'Erlon, 1834 — renews the war, 1835 — treaty with Gen. Bugeaud, 1837 — renews the war, 1839 — surrenders to Due d'Au- male, 22 Dec. 1847 — released by Louis Napo- leon, 16 Oct. 1852 — arrives at Broussa, 17 Jan. 1853 — visits Paris, Jul., and London, Aug. 1865. Abd-el-Mumen, (Abu Mohammed,) Almo- hade Prince, — b. at Tajura, (495, a. h.) 1101-2 — associated with Mohammed Ibn Ab- dallah in the government, (Bamadhan 515, a. h.) Nov. or Dec. 1121 — made Imam by Mo- hammed, defeats Almoravides at Morocco, (523, a. h.) 1 1 29 — succeeds Mohammed as chief of the Almohades, (Moharram 524, a. h.) Dec. 1 1 29 — takes Morocco, kills Ibrahim Abu Is- hak, the last Almoravide sovereign, (541, a. h.) 1 146 — acquires all Mohammedan Spain, (543, a. h.) 1 149 — proclaims the Aljihed (sacred war) against Christian Spain, (557, a. h.) 1162 — U. at Sallee,' (8, 10, or 20, Guimadhi II. 558, a. h.) 14, 16, or 26 May 1 163. Abd-el-Rahman Ibn Abdallah el-Ghajiki, — Governor in Spain, (102, a. h.) summer 721 — recalled to Damascus, 722 — reappointed, (110, or 111, a. h.) 729-30— defeats and kills Othman, or Manuza, the revolted Governor of Catalonia, (112, a. h.) 730— invades Franca, ABD-EL-RAHMAN— ABERCROMBY. spring 732— defeated and killed near Tours, by- Charles Martel, (Ramadhan 114, a. h.) 7 Oct. 73 2 - Abd-el-Rahman I. {Ibn Moawiyah,) King of Cordova, — b. at Damascus, (110, or 113, A. h.) 728-9, or 731-2 — defends Cordova for Abdelmelic, 741 — escapes from massacre of Ommiades at Damascus, (132, a. h.) 750 — lands in Spain, (10 Rabia I. 138, a. h.) 23 Aug. 755 — proclaimed Emir of the West, 15 Mar. 756 — besieges Cordova, 13 May, 736 — de- feats Yussuf-el-Fehri at the Guadalquivir, 15 or 20 May 756— defeats and kills him at Lorca, (142, a. h.) 759 — invasion of Ali ben Mogueith, Emir of Cairwan, defeated, and himself killed, (146, a. h.) 763 — invasion of Abdelgafir, Wali of Mequinez, defeated, and himself killed at the Xenil, (156, a. h.) 773 — invasion of Charlemagne, defeated at Ronces- valles, 778— if. (22 or 24 Rabia II. 172, a. h.) 787,* 29 or 30 Sep. 788. b a Dunham, and others. b Ersch and Gruber. Abd-el-Bahman III., {Al Nasir Leclin Allah,) Caliph op Cordova, — b. 891 — suc- ceeds his grandfather Abdallah, (5 Rabia I. 300, a. h.) 20 Oct. 912 — defeats Caliph of Toledo, at Cuenca, (301, a. h.) 913— invasion of Ordono II. of Leon, 918 — defeats Ordoiio, and Sancho Garcia of Navarre, at Val de Jun- quera, 921 — defeated by Ramiro II. of Leon, near Simancas, (1 Schoual 327, a. h.) 22 Jul. a 5 Aug. 93 9 b — proclaims the Aljihed, 951 — if. (3 Ramadhan 350, a. h.) 15 or 16 Oct. 961. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ersch and Gruber. Abdera, [B C] — Clazomenians attempt to found a colony there, under Timesias, 656, 1 65 i b — colonized by Teians, 54 i a — free, 479 — subjugated to Athens by Thrasybulus, 408' 1 — at- tacked by the Triballi, and aided by Chabrias, 376-5 ab — sacked by Hortensius, 170. a Smith's Diet. b Grote. Abdu-1-Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, — b. 23 Apr. 1823/ (14 Shaban 1237, a. h.) 6 May 1 822 b — succeeds his father Mahmoud II., 1 Jul. ^39— publishes the Hattisberif of Gulhane, 3 Nov. 1839— invasion of Ibrahim Pasha pre- vented by treaty of London, 15 Jul. 1840— sub- mission of Mehemet Ali, 27 Nov. 1840— revolts in Syria, Albania, &c, suppressed by Omar Pasha, 1840— establishes Council of Edu- cation, 1846— refuses to surrender Hungarian refugees to Austria and Russia, 1849— Russia claims protectorate of Christians in Turkey, early in 1 853, and occupies Moldavia and Waila- chia — the Porte declares war against Russia, 5 Oct. 1853— Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope, 30 Nov. 1853 — Danube crossed, by Russians, England and France declare war against Russia, Mar. 1854 [Crimean War]— if. 25 Jun. 1861. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv. Lex. Abeille, Gaspard, {Abbe,) poet, — b. at Riez, 1648 — his first tragedy, Argelie, acted, 1673 — Member of the Academy, 1704— if. at Paris, 22 May 17 18. Abel, Gaspard, — b. at Hindenburg, 14 Jul. 1676— if. at Westdorf, 10 Jan. i^S^—Historia Monarchiarum Orbis Antiqui, 17 15. Abel, CarlFriedrich, musician, — b. at Cothen, 17 19, or i726 a — comes to England, 1758 — mu- sician to the king, 1759 — if. at London, 22 Jun. 1787. a Ersch and Gruber. Abel, Dr Clark, traveller, — b. at Bungay, 5 Sep. 1788 — accompanies Lord Amherst to China, 1816-17 — to India, 1823 — if. at Cawnpore, 24 Nov. 1826 — Journey in Interior of China, 1818. Abel, Hiels Henrik, mathematician, — b. at Frindoe, 25 Aug. 1802 — enters University of Christiania, 1821 — travels in Europe, 1825-7 —if. at Frolands-Vare, 6 Apr. 1829. Abelard, Peter, {Abailard, Pierre,) — b. at Palet, 1079 — teaches at Melun, 1102 — returns to Paris, and opens his school for rhetoric, philo- sophy, and theology, 11 13— Canon of Paris; becomes acquainted with Heloise, 1 1 15 ? — reopens his school at Maisoncelle, 1120 11 — de- nounced to Council of Soissons, 11 22 — founds Oratory of the Paraclet, 11 22 — reopens his school at Paris, about 1 1 36 a — appeals to Coun- cil of Sens, 2 Jun. 1 140 — condemned by In- nocent II., 16 Jul. 1 140 — if. at Priory of St Marcel, 21 Apr. 1142. — [Heloise,] — their bo- dies removed to grand church of the Abbey of the Paraclet, 1497 — to chapel of the Trinity, 1630 — to St Leger's chapel, Nogent, 1792 — to gardens of Musee Francais, Paris, 1800 — to another part of the gardens, 18 15 — to Pere La Chaise, 6 Nov. 18 17. a Remu3at. Abelin, Jean Philippe, {Jean Louis Gott- fried, or Gothofredus,) — iJ. 1646 — Description du Royaume de Suede, 1632 — Chronique Histo- rique, 1633 — Description des hides Orientates, 1635. Aben-bitar, {Al-beithar ; Abdallah-bcn-Ah- med,) botanist, and veterinary physician, — if. at Damascus, 1248. Aben-Esra, {Abraham-ben-Meir-ben -Esra,) Rabbinical commentator,— h. at Toledo, about 1 1 19— at Mantua, 11 45 — at Rhodes, 1 156— in England, 1159 — at Rome, 1167 — if. at Rhodes, about 1 174 — Commentaries written, 1140-1167. Abencerrages, {Beni Serrqj,) — feud between them and the Zegris begins, about 1474. [Granada.] Abansburg", — Napoleon drives back Arch- duke Louis by combats near, 20 Apr. 1809. Abercrornbie, John, physician, philosopher, — b. at Aberdeen, 11 Nov. 178 1 — M. D. Edin- burgh, 4 Jun. 1803 — Oxford, 1834 — Lord Rector of Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 1835 — if. at Edinburgh, 14 Nov. 1844 — Researches on Diseases of Brain, §c. ; and of Stomach, §c, 1828 — Inquiry concerning Intellectual Poivers, 1830 — Philosophy of Moral Feelings, 1833. Abercrornbie, John, gardener, — b. near Edin- burgh, 1726 — if. at London, 1806 — Every Man his own Gardener, 1767. Abercromby, Sir Pi,alph, — b. at Tillibodie, Oct. 1734 — enters the army, Mar. 1756 serves as lieut.-g-en. in Flanders, 1793-5 — commander- in-chief in "W. Indies, 1795-97 — K. B. 1797 — serves in Holland, 27 Aug. to 30 Nov. 1799 — lands at Aboukir, to take command in Egypt, 8 Mar. 1801 — mortally wounded at battle of Alexandria, 21 Mar. 1801 — if. 28 Mar. 1801. ABEKDEEX— ABU OBEIDAH Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Pari of, Prime Minister of England, — b. at Edin- burgh, 28 Jan. 1784 — succeeds to the title, 1802— M. A. Cambridge, 1804— chosen one of the representative peers of Scotland, 1806 — ambassador to Vienna, 18 13 — signs treaty of Paris, 1 Jun. 18 14 — Viscount Gordon, 18 14 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Jan. 1828 to Nov. 1830— Secretary of State for the Colonies, Nov. 18 34 to Apr. 1835— for Foreign Affairs, Sep. 1841 to Jul. 1846— First Lord of the Treasury, Dec. 1852 — resigns, 30 Jan. 1855 — tf. at London, 14 Dec. i860. Aberdeen, Universities of,— King's Coll. founded by W. Elphinstone, Bp Aberdeen, 1494 — University instituted by James IV., about 1500 — Marischal Coll. founded by George Keith, E. Marischal, 1593 or 1594 — Union of the two by Act, 21 & 22 Vic. c. 83, 22 Apr. 1858. Abernethy, John, surgeon, — b. at London, 1765 — Assistant Surgeon at Bartholomew's Hospital, 1787 — Principal Surgeon, 1815 — tf. at Enfield, 20 Apr. 1831. Abernethy, John, theologian, — h. at Cole- raine, 19 Oct. 1680— tf. Dec. 1740. Aberration of Light,— first observed by Bradley, Dec. 1725— discovered by him, 1727. Abhorrers, — a political party in England, winter 167 9- 1680. Abilene, Abila, [B C] — Ptolemy of Chalcis succeeded by his son, Lysanias, about 40 a — Lysanias deprived of the Tetrarchate ; given to Cleopatra by Antony, 36 — taken from Zeno- dorus ; given to Herod the Great by Augustus, 31 a — southern part annexed to Philip's Te- trarchates, 4, or [AD] 3 a -34? — northern part held by Lysanias, about 30 — given to Agrippa I. by Caligula, 37 — a Eoman province, 44 — granted to Agrippa II. by Claudius, 53 b — Abila taken by Placidus ; annexed to Syria, 69, or 70. a a Smith's Dictionary. b Clinton. Abisbal, Count of. [O'Donnell, Joseph Henry.] Abjuration-oath, — proposed butnot enacted, 1690— enforced by Act, 13 Wm. III. c. 6, 1701 — altered, on accession of Anne, 1702 — on union with Scotland, 1706 — on accession of George I., 1 7 14— on death of Old Pretender, 6 Geo. III., 1766— abolished by Act, 21 & 22 Vic. c. 48, 23 Jul. 1858. Ablancourt, Nicolas Perrot d\ translator of classics, — b. at Chfilons-sur-Marne, 5 Apr. 1606 — Member of French Academy, 1637 — tf. 17 Nov. 1664. Ablavius, Pr^efectus Urbi,— consul with Bassus, 331 — put to death by Constantius, 337. Abo,- — Academy instituted there by Gustavus Adolphus, 1628 — made a University' by Queen Christina, 1640 — taken by Buxhow'den, 2 Mar. 1808 — Conference and Treaty of, between Ber- nadotte and Alexander of Bussia, 28 Aug. 18 12 — Peace of, effected by mediation of England between Sweden and Russia, 17, 18 Aug. 1743 — University transferred to Helsingfors, 1827. Aboville, Augustin Gabriel, Count d', — b. 20 Mar. 1773 — enters the army, 1789 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804— Baron, 1 8 12 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — succeeds to his father's title, 18 17 — tf. 15 Aug. 1820. Aboukir, — Nelson defeats Brueys in the bay, 1 Aug. 1798 — Napoleon defeats Turks near, 25 Jul. 1799 — Abercromby effects the landing of English near, 8 Mar. 1 801— castle surren- ders, 20 Mar. 1 80 1. Abraham, [BC] — b. at Ur, spring 1996,* 2i3o, b 2153,° — accompanies Terah from Ur to Haran, [the First Call,) autumn 1922^ 2093° — called out of Haran, [the Second Call,) 4 May 1 92 1, a 2055, b 207 8, c — retires to Egypt, autumn i92i, a 2077 c — defeats confederated kings, and is blessed by Melchizedek, spring 1912/ 2070° — receives the covenant of circumcision, spring 1897, a 2031 b — Isaac born, spring 1896^ 2030^ 205 3 c — sends Hagar and Ishmael away, 1892a — offers up Isaac, 187 i, a 2028 c — purchases cave of Machpelah, winter 1859 s — &• spring i82i, a l 955, h I978. c a TJssher. b Clinton. c Hales. Abraham, era of, commences, [B C] — 1 Oct. 2016. Abraham Echellensis, linguist, — tf. 1664. Abrams, Nicholas, classical commentator, — b. 1589— tf. 1655. Abrantes, Treaty of — between Spain and Portugal, signed, 6 Jun. 1801 — ratified, 29 Sep. 1801. Abrantes, Duke of [Junot] Abrantes, Duchess of, {Laure Permon,) — b. at Montpellier, 6 ]S T ov. 1784 — tf. 7 Jun. 1838 — Memoir es, 1831, &c. Absalom, [B C] — rebellion and death of, 1023, a 1036. b a TJssher. b Hales. Absalon, {Axel,) Abp Ll t nd, — b. in Ice- land, 1 1 28 — Minister of TValdemar I. of Den- mark, 1 157 — Bp of Boskild, 1158 — fortifies Copenhagen, 1168 — Abp, 1178 — tf. 1202. Absentees, Irish, — ordered to return to their estates by W. De Windsor, viceroy in Ireland, 1374-5 — tax imposed by Irish Parliament on the salaries, pensions, &c, of those in his Ma- jesty's service, 1 Feb. 17 15 — not levied after 1.753- Abshoven, Theodor van, painter, — b. 1648 — tf. 1665, 1690. a a Ealkema. Absimarus. [Tiberius.] Abu-Bekr, Caliph,— b. at Mecca, 571 — joins Mohammed, 614 — accompanies him in his Hejira, 622 — chosen to succeed him, (11, a. h.) 8 or 9 Jun. 632— tf. at Medina, (22 Guimadhi II., or I. 13, a. h.) 23 Aug. or 24 Jul. 634. Abu Hanifah Ibn Thabet, [Al JSfooman,) Mohammedan sectary, — b. at Kufa, (80, A. h.) 699 — poisoned in prison by Abdalla II., (150, a. h.) 767. Abu Maaschar, [Albumazar,) astronomer, — b. at Balkh, (190, a. h.) 805— tf. at Wasit, (272, a. h.) 885. Abu Navas, poet,— b. at Bassorah, (127, a. h.) 744-5— tf. at Bagdad, 811, or 814. Abu Obeidah, — b. 581 — joins Mohammed, 614 — appointed by Abu-Bekr to command in Syria, but immediately removed, (12, a. h.) 633 — reappointed by Omar, (13, a. h.) 634— tf. (18, a. h.) 639. [Aleppo, Antioch, Baalbec, Jerusalem, &c] ABU OBEIDAH— ACACITIS. Abu Obeidah, fabulist,— a". (210, a. h.) 825. Abu Shameh, historian, — b. 1299. Abu Sofian, Prince of Mecca, — attempts the destruction of Mohammed, 622 — defeated by Mohammed in battle of Beder, 623 — defeats Mohammed at Mount Ohud, 624.* — submits to Mohammed, and professes Islamism, 629. a a Ockley. Abu Teman Habyb ben Aws, poet, — b. at Tasim, (190, a. h.) 805-6— ft. at Mosul, (231, a. h.) 845. Abu Thaleb Khan, Mirza, traveller and poet,—h. set Lucknow, 175 1 — visits Europe, 1 7 99- 1 802— tf. at Calcutta, 18 10. Abul Cassem, (Abulcasis,) Schalaf Ben Abbas, physician, — iy. at Cordova, about (500, A. H.) II06-7, a II22. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Abul Dem, Ibrahim ben Abdallah, historian, — b\ 1244. Abul Faraj, Mi, poet, — b. at Ispahan, 897 — tf. at Bagdad, 967. Abul Faraj, (Abulpharagius, Barhebrceus, JIar Gregorius,) Bp Aleppo, historian and physician, — b. at Malatia, 1226 — goes to An- tioch, 1243 — Bp about 1246 — Primate of Jacobite Christians in the East, 1266— tf. near sources of Euphrates, 1286. Abul Fazl, historian, — enters service of Em- peror Akbar, 1574 a — assassinated by contriv- ance of Selim, i6o2, b 1604.° a Elphinstone. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Abul Feda Ismael ben Ali, Emadeddin, Prince op Hamah, &c, geographer and his- torian,— b. at Damascus, Nov. or Dec. 1273 — serves under his father, about 12 85- 1292 — 31a- lek of Hamah, &c, by Sultan Nasir, (18 Gui- madhi I. 710, a. h.) 12 Oct. 1310 — tf. 26 Oct. 1331. Abul Ghasi Behadur, Khan of Khiva, historian, — b. at Orgimje, 1606 — Khan, 1644-5 — tf. 1663-4. Abul Hassan Khan, Mirza, diplomatic tra- veller, — b- at Shiraz, about 1774 — ambassador from Persia to England, 1808-10 — to Bussia, 1815-6 — to Austria and France, 1819 — minister of foreign affairs to the Shah, 1820 — tf. at Te- heran, about 1828. Abundantius, consul with Theodosius, (1146 a. xt. c.) 393. Abushehr, (Bus hire,) — English factory at, soon after 176 1. Abydos, [B C] — colonized from Miletus, about 715 — ■ burnt by Darius, after his Scy- thian expedition, 513, or 508 — taken by Dau- rises, 498= — by Athens, about 470 — revolts from Athens, about Mar. 41 1 a — Thrasybulus, Thrasyllus, and Alcibiades defeat Mindarus, Dorieus, and Pharnabazus, near, about Oct. 41 1 a — Dercyllidas attacked by Pharnabazus and Conon in, 394 a — Iphicrates besieges Nico- lochus in, 388 — taken by Philip V, of Mace- donia, spring 200 b — declared free by Borne, 196.° a Grote. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. Abydos, in Egypt, Tablet of, [B C] — sculp- tured in the reign of Bameses the Great, after J 355 n — [AD] — discovered by Bankes, 18 18. a Wilkinson. Abyssinia, — converted to Christianity by Frumentius, about 330 — acquires part of Ye- men, 522 — in alliance with Justinian, 531 — Nonnosus ambassador to, 533 — the church be- comes Monophysite, 550-600 — loses Yemen, 592, a after 622 — reigning dynasty overthrown by Sague, a Jewess, 925 — Iquon Amlac re- covers the whole empire, about 1255, or 1268 — ■ Zarah Jacob sends ambassadors to Council of Florence, 1455 — Pedro Covilhao, in search of Prester John, settles here, about 1490 — Hele- na sends embassy to Portugal, 15 10 — David sends embassy to Portugal, 15 14 — Francisco Alvarez and others visit his court, 1520-1526 — David sends embassy to the Pope, 152 1 — • Bermudez (a Boman priest) made Abuna, 1535 — Claudius applies to John III. of Portugal, for artists, e Strata- gematibus Satance, 1565. Acosta, Josef d', — ft. at Medina del Campo, about 1539 — missionary and provincial in S. America, 1571-88 — tf. at Salamanca, 15 Feb. 1600 — Historia Natural y Moral de las In- dias, 1590. Acosta, Joam d',— ft. in Bengal, 1775— publishes at Calcutta, a Projet d' Assurances Commer dales, 1807 — editor of Calcutta Maga- zine, 1 8 12 — of Calcutta Times, 18 16 — ft. 1820. Acrae, in Sicily, [BC] — founded by Syra- cusans, 664, a 663, *> (01. 23, 1,) 688 <— ceded to Hiero of Syracuse by Rome, 263. a Clinton, Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Muller. Acre, St Jean d', (Accho, Achshaph, Ace, Ptolemais, §c.,) [B C] — dismantled by Ptolemy Soter, 312 — occupied by Alexander Balas, (01. 156, 4, 160, s. e.) 152 — besieged by Alexander Jannaeus, 104, a 99 b — seized by Ptolemy La- th vrus, 103 — surrenders to Cleopatra, 102 — taken from Selene (Cleopatra) by Tigranes, 70 — taken by the Romans, 63 — Herod builds a mole, about 2c— [AD]— taken by Amru, 638— ACEEL— ADAM. 9 by Baldwin I. of Jerusalem, mo — by Saladii), u8 7 — besieged by Bicbard Cceur-de-Lion, Jul. n8 9 — -taken, 12 Jun. 1191 — taken possession of by Roger de San Severino, for Charles I. of Sicily, 7 Jun. 1278— taken by Khalil ben Kelaoun, (Malek al Ascbraf,) sultan of Egypt, 18 May 1 29 1 — by the Turks, under Selim I., I5 ! 7 — Faccardin, prince of the Druses, at- tempts its restoration, after 1600 — taken by Daher, an Arab Sheik, 1749— fortified by Djezzar Pasha, 1775 — successfully defended by Djezzar Pasha and Sir Sidney Smith, against Bonaparte, 16 Mar. to 20 May 1799 — taken by Ibrahim Pasha, 27 May 1832— bom- barded and taken by the British and Austrian fleets, 3 and 4 Nov. 1840 — given up to the Turks, 1 841. a Jahn. b Du Fresnoy. Acrel, Olof, surgeon, $c, — b. near Stock- holm, 26 Nov. 17 1 7 — travels in France and Germany, 1 741 -5— surgeon in French army in Germany, 1744— Prof, of Surgery, Stockholm, 1752 — tt. at Stockholm, 1807. Acropolis at Athens, [B C]— seized by Cylon, 62o, a 6i2 b — by Peisistratus, 560° — Cleomenes besieged in, 510 — besieged by Xerxes, 480 — S. ■wall built by Cimon, 466 — Propylcea and other buildings erected by Pericles, 437-1,° 445.-37— Aristion besieged in ; taken by Curio, spring 86 — [AD] — besieged by Leo Sguros, 1205 — lofty tower built by Antonio, Duke of Athens, about 1400 d — Franco Acciajuoli besieged in, by Mo- hammed II., 1456 e — Propylcea almost destroyed by explosion of gunpowder, 1656 — bombarded by Morosini and Coningsmark, 26-28 Sep. 1687 — blockaded by Greeks, Nov. 1821 to 22 Jun. 2d by Bedschid Pasha, 17 Aug. 1826 to 5 Jun. 1827 — excavations m, com- menced by a private society, 1833 — continued by Grote, 1834 — Propylcea cleared and restored, 1834-7. ' a Clinton. D Corsini, Zumpt.Muller, Thirl wall. Grote. d Leake. Finlay. Acropolita, Georgius, (Logotheta,) Byzantine historian, §c, — b. at Constantinople, 1220 — introduced at court, at Nicaea, 1236 — commands Nicsean army, 1255 — taken prisoner, but re- leased, 1260 — commences diplomacy, 1261 — conducts negotiations for union of the Churches, 1273-81 — tf. Dec. 1282. ActaDiurna. [B C] — first published regularly, Julius Csesar, Cos. 59 — [AD] — publication finally discontinued, 328. Actiac Games, [BC] — instituted by Au- gustus at Bome, 30. Actiac War, [BC] — Triumvirate renewed for 5 years, winter 37 -6 a — Antony sends back Octavia, when he goes to the East, 36 — forbids her to join him with the reinforcements she had raised, 35 b — rupture between Octavian and Antony, 33 b — war declared against Cleopatra, 32 a — Antony divorces Octavia, 32 b — Agrippa attacks Methone, spring 3 1 a — Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 2 Sep. 31 — Octavian returns to Italy, and thence by Asia and Syria to Egypt, beginning of 30 a — gains Antony's fleet, (Kal. Sextil.) 1 Aug. 30 — death of Antony and of Cleopatra ; Alexandria taken Aug. 30. a Fischer. b Smith's Diet ins piuu ath. en,^ Ac Actium, [B C] — Augustus defeats Antony at, (4Non. Sep. 723, a. u. c.) 2 Sep. 31. Era of commences in Egypt, 29 or 30 Aug. 31 — at Bome, 1 Jan. 30 — in Syria, 2 Sep. 3i. a a Ideler. Acton, Sir Joseph, — b. at Besanc,on, 1 Oct. 1737 — serves in Tuscan fleet against Algiers, 1774 — minister to Ferdinand I. of Naples, 1784- 1803 — accompanies Ferdinand in Mack's ex- pedition against the French, 1798 — tf. in Sicily, 1808. [Nelson, Lord.] Acton Burnel, Statute of, — passed, 12 Oct. 1283. Acts of the Apostles, — -written, 63, a 65, b 66. c a Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Lardner, Davidson. b Bloomfield. c Others. Acts of the Saints (Acta Sanctorum) . [Bol- landists.] Actuarius, Joannes, physician, — fl. between i25o-i3oo, a before 1200, 13 before noo, c after I300. d a Smith's Dictionary, Ersch and Gruber. b Sene Moreau. c Wolfgang Justus. d Lamhecius. Acuna, Antonio Osorio de, Bp Zamora,— b. 1459 — Bp, 1507 — joins insurrection against Charles V., 1520 — imprisoned, 152 1 — brief for his execution granted by Clement VII., 27 Mar. 1523 — executed, 1526. Acuna, Christoval de, — b. at Burgos, 1597 — enters order of Jesuits, 1612 — sets out with Texeira on his voyage down the Amazon, 16 Feb. 1639 — in Spain, 1640 — ti. at Lima, about 1680 — Nuevo discubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas, 1641. Acuna, Hernando de, poet, §c, — serves in expedition of Charles Y. against Tunis, 1535— tf. at Granada, 1580. Acunha. [Cunha.] Acusilaus, logographer, [B C] — fl. before 500? Acyndinus, consul with Valerius Proculus, (1093 a. u. c.) 340. Adalberon, (Azelin,) Bp Laon, poet, — Bp about 977 — tf. 25 Feb. or 19 Jul. 1030. Adalbert, Abp Bremen and Hamburg, — Abp., 1043 — legate to Northern kingdoms for Leo IX., 1050 — Begent, during minority of Emperor Henry IV., 1062-5 — dismissed from court by Anno, Abp Cologne, 1066 — recalled, 1069 — o". at Goslar, 17 Mar. 1072. Adalbert, St, Abp Magdeburg, — preaches to the Sclavonians, 961 — Abp, 968 — tf. 981-2. Adalbert, St, Abp Prague, — b. 939— Bp, 983 — at Monte Cassino and Bome, 988-93 — preaches in Bohemia, &c. ; and visits court of Otto III. at Mentz, 996 — martyred in Prussia, 23 Apr. 997. Adalgis, (Edclgis,) King of Lombards, — associated with his father Didier, (Beside- riits,) 759 — marries Gisele, sister of Charle- magne, 770-1 — takes refuge at Constantinople on overthrow of kingdom, early in Jun. 774 — attempts to recover his throne, 7 75 — Patrician, by Leo IV., Apr. 776— invades Calabria from Sicily, and is totally defeated, 788 — tf. 789.* a Ersch and Gruber. Adam, [BC] — created, 28 Oct. 4004^ 41 38,^ 541 i, c middle of Mar. 5426 d — birth of Seth, ADAM— ADDISON. summer 3874, a 5181° — ft. summer 3074.* a Ussier. b Clinton. c Hales. d Jackson. Adam of Bremen. [Adamus Magister.] Adam of St Victor, hymnologist, — ft. at the monastery of St Victor, Paris, 1172 or 1192. Adam, Ir Alexander, — b. near Forres, 24 Juu. 1741 — Hector of High School, Edinburgh, 8 Jun. 1768— L. L. D. Edinburgh, 1780— ft. 18 Dec. 1809— Principles of Latin and Eng- lish Grammar, 1772 — Roman Antiquities, 1791 — Dictionary of Classical Biography, 1800 — Latin Dictionary, 1805. Adam, James, architect, — ft. 20 Oct. 1794. Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor, — b. at Nancy, 10 Feb. 1700 — Member of the Acad- emy, 25 May 1737 — Prof, of Sculpture, 1744 ■ — ft. 13 May 1759 — Recueil de Sculptures An- tiques Grecques et Bomaines, 1754. Adam, Melchior, — b. at Grotkau, Silesia, after 1550 — goes to Heidelberg, 1598— Con- rector of college there, 1606 — ft. 1622 — Vitce Germanorum Bhilosophorum, §c, 1615-20. Adam, Nicolas, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 1716 — ft. 1792. Adam, Nicolas Sebastien, sculptor, — b. at Nancy, 22 Mar. 1705 — at Eome, 1726-34 — ft. 27 Mar. 1778. Adam, Robert, architect, — b. at Kirkaldy, 1728 — in Italy, 1754-62 — architect to George III., 1763-4^ 1768— M. P. for Kinross, 1768 — ft. 3 Mar. 1792 — Architectural Designs, 1773-8. m Adami, Tobias, jurisconsult, %c, — b. at Werdau, 30 Aug. 158 1 — travels in Greece, &c, 161 1 — ft. at Weimar, 29 Nov. 1643 — Brodro- mus Bhilosophice Instaurandce, 1629. Adamites. [Beghards.] Adamnan, St, Abbot or Iona, — b. in Ire- land, 624 — Abbot, 679 — adopts Roman com- putation of Easter, 687 — ambassador to King Alfred, 701 — ft. 23 Sep. or Oct. 703, or 704. Adams, John, President of United States, ■ — b. at Braintree, Ms., (19 Oct. o. s.) 30 Oct. 1735 — M. A. Cambridge, U. S., 1758 — admitted a Barrister, 17 61 — defends the soldiers charged with the ' Boston Massacre,' Apr. 1770 — enters legislature of the colony, May 1770 — Representative of Massachusetts, in first Con- tinental Congress, 5 Sep. 1774 — proposes and supports the Declaration of Independence, 6 May and 4 Jul. 1776 — Chairman of Board of War, 13 Jim. 1776 to 20 Nov. 1777 — Com- missioner to the coiut of France, Feb. to autumn 1778 — Member of Constituent Convention of Massachusetts, 1779 — leaves U. S. for France, on embassy to Great Britain, 17 Nov. 1779 — ambassador to Holland, 27 Sep. 1780 — joint commissioner to Paris, to treat of peace with Great Britain, 1782-3 — first ambassador from the States to Great Britain, 2 Jun. 1785 to Oct. 1787 — returns, 17 Jun. 1788 — Vice-President, 1789 to 1793 — President, 1797 to 1801 — in the State-convention, Ms., for revising constitution, 1820 — ft. 4 Jul. 1826 — Defence of Constitution of United States, 1787. Adams, John, ' Patriarch of Bilcairn's Island,' — b. about 1764 — lands on Pitcairn's I. after mutiny of the Bounty, 23 Jan. 1790 — manages affairs of the island alone, 1801 — ft. 5 May 1829. Adams, John Quincy, President op United States, — b. at Quincy, Ms., 11 Jul. 1767 — accompanies his father to Europe, 1778,' 1779 to 1785— B. A. Cambridge, U. S., Jul. 1787— ambassador at the Hague, May 1794 — at Ber- lin, autumn 1797 — returns, 1801 — Senator for Massachusetts, 1803 — Prof, of Rhetoric, Cam- bridge, U. S., 12 Jun. 1806 to Jul. 1809 — am- bassador at St Petersburg, autumn 1809 — at Ghent, 24 Jun. 18 14 — at London, 25 May 18 15 — returns to U. S., 6 Aug. 18 17 — Secretary of State, Sep. 18 17 — President, (by House of Representatives,) 1825-9 — Representative in Congress from Massachusetts, Dec. 1831 to Feb. 1848— ft. at Washington, 23 Feb. 1848. Adams, Robert, architect, engraver, — b. at London, 1550 — ft. 159 1 — Engravings of De- struction of Spanish Armada, 1589. Adams, Samuel, — b. at Boston, U. S., 27 Sep. 1722 — M. A. Harvard, 1743 — drafts the first protest against Grenville's scheme, May 1764 — member of General Court of Massachu- setts, 30 Dec. 1767 — Delegate from Ms. to Congress, 1774 — Member of Constituent Con- vention of Massachusetts, 1779 — Lieut.-Go- vernor of the State, 1789 — Governor, 1794-7 — ft. at Boston, 2 Oct. 1803. Adamson, (Constyne,) Patrick, Abp St An- drew's,—^ at Perth, 15 Mai\ 1536,* 1543 b — licensed to preach, 1560 — at Paris as a private tutor, 1566-70 — becomes a minister, 1573 — ■ Abp, Oct. 1576 — his persecutions begin, Apr. 1577 — excommunicated by Synod of Fife, at St Andrew's, Apr. 1586 — officiates afc Earl of Huntley's marriage, 1588 — signs recantations of Prelacy, 18 Apr., 12 May, and 10 Jun. 1591 — ft. at St Andrew's, 19 Feb. 1592. a Rees' Encyc. b Encyc. Metropol. Adamus Magister, {Adam of Bremen,) eccle- siastical historian, §c, — comes -to Bremen, 1067 — Canon there, 1070 — ft. 1076.* a Conversations-Lexikon. Adamus Muremuthensis, chronicler, — fl. 1311-38^ a TJ. K. S. Eiog. Diet. Adanson, Michel, botanist, — b. at Aix, 7 Apr. 1727 — sets out for Senegal, 20 Dec. 1748 — returns, 18 Feb. 1754 — Member of Academy, 1759 — his garden ravaged by the mob, 1790 — pensioned, 1795 — ft. at Paris, 3 Aug. 1806 — Voyage au Senegal, 1757 — Les Families des Blantes, 1763. Adda, the, — Suwarrow and Melas defeat Moreau at, 25-7 Apr. 1799. [Agnadello, Cassano.] Addington, Henry. [Sidmouth, Lord.] Addison, Joseph, — b . at Milston, 1 May 1 67 2 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1687 — pensioned by William III., 1695 — travels in France and Italy, 1 699- 1 7 02 — receives various official ap- pointments, 1704-10 — Secretary to Lords of the Regency, Aug. 17 14 — one of the Lords of Trade, 17 15 — marries Countess Dowager of Warwick, 2 Aug. 17 16 — Secretary of State, 16 Apr. 17 17 — finally quits office, 14 Mar. 17 18 — ft. at Holland House, 17 Jun. 17 19 — Tatler, 12 Apr. 1709 to 2 Jan. 17 11 — Spectator, 1 ADDITIONEL— ADLERBERTH. Mar. 17 1 1 to 6 Dec. 17 12, 18 Jun. to 20 Dec. 17 14 — Guardian, 12 Mar. to 1 Oct. 17 13 — Freeholder, 23 Dec. 17 15 to 29 Jun. 17 16 — Cato, 17 13. Additionel, Acte,— published, 25 Apr., and accepted at Champ de Mai, 31 May, or 1 Jun. 1815. Adeiraantos, [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 75. 3) 477. Adelaide, Capital of S. Australia, founded, 1836— incorporated, 1842 — Port, declared free, 1845. Adelaide Louisa Teresa Caroline Amelia, Queen Consort of England, — b. at Meinin- gen, 13 Aug. 1792 — married to William, Duke of Clarence, 11 Jul. 18 18— death of William IV., 20 Jun. 1837 — rj. at Bentley Priory, Stanmore, 2 Dec. 1849. Adelaide. [Adelheid.] Adelantados Mayores,— appointed in pro- vinces of Spain, instead of Counts and Governors, by Fernaudo III. of Castile and Leon, about 1 2 30. * Adelard, St, (Adalhard,) Abbot of Corbie, — b. about 755 — enters monastery of Corbie, 772— Abbot, 777— Minister of Pepin, 796— Ambassador to Eome respecting differences be- tween Pepin and Leo III., 809 — tutor to Pe- pin's son, 810 — retires to Abbey of Herce, by command of Louis le Debonnaire, 814 — returns to Corbie, 821 — founds New Corbie, 822-3 — &. 2 Jan. 826. Adelard of Bath,— translates Euclid from Arabic into Latin, between 1 075-1 130. Adelbold, {Athelbald, Albald, Adalberon, §c.,) Bp Utrecht, — famous for his learning, about 995 — Chancellor to Henry II. of Ger- manv, 1002 — Bp after 2 May 1009° — defeated by Thierry, Count of Friesland, 1 1 and 29 Jul. 1018 — consecrates cathedral of Utrecht, 26 Jun. 1023 — fj. 27 Nov. 1027. a Mir£eus. Adelaar, Cort, (Curtius, Conrad,) Sivertsen, - — b. at Brevig, 16 Dec. 1622 — serves under Van Tromp, 1639 — enters Venetian service, 1642 — admiral of Venetian fleet, defeats Turks, 1648, 1649, 165 1 — ravages Candia, 1653 — de- feats Turkish fleet at the Dardanelles, 16 May 1654 — Knt of St Mark, 1658 — marries and returns to Denmark, 1662-3 — admiral of Danish fleet, ennobled by Frederick III., 1663 — goes to the coast of Coromandel, 1667 — ft. at Copen- hagen, 5 Nov. 1675. Adelheid, (Adelaide,) St, — b. 931 — married to Lothaire, king of Italy, 947 — Lothaire poisoned, Nov. 950 — invites Otto I. of Ger- many into Italy, against Berenger, 950 — im- prisoned by Berenger, escapes, invites Otto again, and marries him, 951-2 — death of Otto, 7 May 973 — Regent during minority of Otto III., with Theophania, 983 — ft. at Seltz, 16 Dec. 999. Adelphius, Flavius, consul with Flavius Marcianus, Aug. (1204, a. tj. c.) 451. Adelung, Johann Christoph, philologist,— b. at Spantekow, 8 Aug. 1732 — Prof, in Gymna- sium, Erfurt, 1759 — at Leipsic, 1761 — Princi- pal Librarian in Electoral Library. Dresden, 1787 — tf. at Dresden, 10 Sep. 1806 — Deutsche Sprachlehre , 1 7 81 — Vmstandliches Lehrgebiiude der Deutschen Sprache, 1782 — Mithridatcs, (vol. i.) 1806. Ademar, (Aymcr de Chabanois,) chronicler, — b. 988 — rj. on a voyage to Palestine, 1030. Aden, (Arabia Felix, Attance,) [BC] — de- stroyed by the Romans, under JElius Gallus, 24 ? a — or [A D] after the voyage of Hippalus, 50 b — the emporium of the trade between Asia and Europe again, about 1000 — bombarded by Albuquerque, 151 3 — taken by the Ottomans, under Khair Eddin Barbarossa, 1539 — Otto- mans expelled by the Imam of Yemen, 1630 — ■ independent under a native Sheikh, 1730 — ceded to Great Britain, and occupied by troops of the East India Company, 20 Jan. 1839. a Smith's Diet. b M'Culloch's Diet. Adet, Pierre Auguste, chemist, statesman, — - b. at Paris, 1763 — -ambassador to United States, Jun. 1795 to Nov. 1796— in the Tribunate, after 10 Nov. 1799 — Prefect of Nievre, Mar. 1803 — member of the Senate, 2 May 1809 — in the Chamber of Deputies, 18 14 — rj. about 1832 — Logons Ftementaires de Chimie, 1804. Adherbal, [B Cj — expelled from his share of Numidia by Jugurtha, 1 1 8 — restored by Rome, 117 — killed by Jugurtha, at Cirta, 112. Adiabene, [BCJ — independent of the Se- leukidae, about 88 a — ally of Tigranesl. against Lucullus, 69 — [AD] — Izates succeeds his father Monobaztjs, and mediates between Ar- tabanus III. and his subjects, about 41a — at- tacked unsuccessfully by Vologeses, 55 — Mono- baztjs II. succeeds his brother Izates ; attacked by Tigranes V., 63b — with Vologeses, besieges Tigranocerta ; negotiates truce between Parthia and Rome, 64 — Mebarsapes, 98 a — ally of Chosroes, dethroned by Trajan, 115 — Avidius Cassius reduces the country, 165° — Severus re- duces and imposes tribute, 195 — people con- verted to Christianity, about 250^ a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. Adiaphoristic Controversy, — commences after promulgation of the Interim, 15 May 1548. [Concord, Formula of ; Flacius ; Me- lanchthon ; Synergist Controversy ; &c] Adige, the, — Scherer repulses Kray at, 26 Mar. — and is defeated by him in turn, 30 Mar. 1799 — Brune crosses, in face of Bellegarde, r Jan. 1 801 — operations of Moncey and Mac- donald against Laudon, &c, on, 2-7 Jan. i8or. Adipocire, — discovered and named by Four- croy, 1786. Adis, in Africa, [B C] — taken by Regulus, who defeats Carthaginians near it, 255. Adjutators, (not Agitators,)— delegates from the privates of the Parliamentary army, present their letter to the generals, 28 Apr. 1647 — meet, by authority of Fairfax, at Bury St Ed- munds, 29 May 1647 — meet the officers in Put- ney church, 18 Sep., Oct., and Nov. 1647 — meetings renewed at St Albans, Oct. 1648. Adler, Jacob Georg Christiern, orientalist, $c, — b. at Amis, Sleswick, Dec. 1755 — Prof, of Syriacat Copenhagen, 1783 — Prof, of Theo- logy, 1788— rj. 1.805. Adlerberth, Gudmund Goran, litterateur, §c, — b. at Jonkoping, 21 May 175 1 — Secretary to Gustavus III., 1778 — accompanies him to ADLERSPARRE— ADRIAXOPLE. Rome, 1783 — Counsellor of State, 1809-13 — if. at Upsala, 7 Oct. 18 18. Adlersparre, Georg, Count of, litterateur, §c> ■ — b. at Jamtland, 1760 — enters the army, 1775 — quits it on death of Gustavus III., 1792 — commands a division, 1808 — joins conspiracy against Gustavus IV., 1809 — retires from pub- lic service, 18 11 — tried for the publication of documents pour servir for History of Sweden, 1831 — tf. in Werniland, 23 Sep. 1837. Admiral, — title introduced in Sicily and Genoa, before 1200 — in France, 1284 — first mentioned in England, 1294. Admiral, Lord" High, — first appointed, 1405 — office first put in commission, 20 Xov. 1632 ■ — held by Duke of York, Jun. 1660 to 22 May 1684 — by Charles II. and James II., till the Revolution, 1688 — by Prince George of Den- mark, Mar. 1702 to Xov. 1708 — by Earl of Pem- broke, to Xov. 1709 — by Duke of Clarence, May 1827 to Sep. 1828. Admiralty Courts, — erected, probably, by Edward III., about 1350 — limited by Richard II., 1389-92 — regulated bv Acts, 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827—9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828—4 Wm. IY. c. 36, 25 Jul. 1834— and 3 and 4 Yic. cc. 65, 66, 7 Aug. 1840. Admiralty Inlet, — discovered by Vancouver, 4 Jun. 1792. Admiralty Island, — explored by Vancouver, 1792 — ceded to Russia, 1825. Admiralty Islands, — discovered by the Dutch, 1 6 16. Admiralty Office, — instituted by Henry VIII., 15 12 — -business regulated by Act, 2 "Wm. IY. c. 40, 1 Jun. 1832. Adolphus Frederick, Kixg of Sweden, — b. 14 May 17 10 — Duke of Holstein-Eutin, 1726 — Bp Lubeck, 1727 • — administrator of duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, 1739 — elected to the throne of Sweden, 23 Jun. 1743 — marries Ulrica, sister of Frederick the Great, 17 Jul. 1774 — gives up his Bpc to his brother Frederick Au- gustus, 1750 — succeeds Frederick, 6 Apr. 1751 — war declared against Prussia, 14 Mar. 1757 — acquires part of Prussian Pomerania, Sep. 1757 — takes Pennemunde, Aug. 1758 — loses it again, Apr. 1759 — gains advantages in Pome- rania, 16 Sep. 1759, 27 Jan. 1760 — [Seven Years' War. j — Peace of Hamburg, 22 May 1762 — 'Caps' in power; attempts to recover the lost ascendancy of the crown, 1762 — press declared free, 1766 — ' Hats' in power; threatens to abdicate, 1768 — 'Caps' regain power, 1769 — tJ. 12 Feb. 177 1. Adolphus, John, historian, — b. at London, 1764 or 1765 — called to the bar, 20 Xov. 1807 —ft. at London, 19 Jul. 1845 — History of Eng- land, from Accession of Geo. III. to Peace of 1783, 1802 — History of France, from 1790 to Peace of 1SQ2, 1803. Adolphus of Nassau, Emperor of the Romans, — b. between 1250 and 1255 — elected at Diet of Frankfort, 1 or 10 May, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1 Jul. 1292 — purchases Landgraviat of Thuringia of Albert the De- generate, 1293 — deposed by Diet of Mentz, 23 Jun. 1298 — defeated and killed by Albert I. at Golheim, or Spires, 2 Jul. 1298. Adon, St, Abp Yiexxe, historian, — fe. 799, or 800 — Abp, 860— ft. 16 Dec. 875. Adoptionists, (Adoptiani,) — sect originated about 783 — condemned by Council of Frank- fort, 794 — and by Council of Rome, under Leo III., 799. Adorni and Fregosi, — contests between, at Genoa, from about 1360 to 1528. [Doria, An- drea ; Genoa.] Adranum, (PTadranum,) in Sicily, [B C] — founded by Dionysius the Elder, 400 — taken by Timoleon, 344 s — and by the Romans, after 264. a Grote. Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, Baron des, ■ — b. at castle of La Frette, near Grenoble, 1503 — .at the battle of Pavia, 1525 — and under Lautrec, in Italy, 1527 — captured bv Spaniards at Monte Calvo, 1558 — heads the Protestants of Dauphine, 1562 — vindicates himself at Paris, before Charles IX., 157 1 — ft. 2 Feb. 1586-7. Adrevaldus of Fleury, ecclesiastical writer, — fj. about 818— *f. 878. Adria, in Picenum, (PTadria, Atria, Atri,) [B C] — Roman colony established at, 289 — ter- ritory ravaged by Hannibal, 217— contributes men and money to Rome, 209. Adria near Venice, (Hadria,) [B C] — trade destroyed by the Gauls, about 397 — a place of no importance, about 25 — [ADj — taken and destroyed by the Venetians, 1482. Adrian, 'Roman Emperor [Hadrianus], Adrian IV., (JSlcholas BreaJcspere,) Pope, — b. at Langley, near St Albans, before 1100 — Cardinal Bp of Albano ; Legate from Euge- nius III. to Norway and Denmark, 1146 — elected to succeed Anastasius IV., 3 Dec. 1 154 — lays Rome under an Interdict, and procures the execution of Arnold of Brescia, 11 55 — forces "William I. of Sicily to make peace, 1 156 — quarrels with Frederick II., 1157 — &• a * Anagni, 30 Aug. a or 1 Sep. b 1159. a Nicolas. b Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. Adrian VI., (Adrian Florent Boyens,) Pope, — b. at Utrecht, 1459 — preceptor to Charles (afterwards) Y., 15 12 — Bp of Tortosa, 15 15 — co-regent with Cardinal Ximenes, 15 16 — Viceroy of Spain, 15 17 — Cardinal, 1 Jul. 15 17 — elected to succeed Leo X. 2 a or 9 b Jan. 1522 — installed, 1 Sep. a or 31 Aug. 1522 — if. 24* or i4 b Sep. 1523. a Nicolas. b Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. Adrian!, Giovanni Battista, historian, — b. at Florence, 151 i a or 15 13 — tr. 1578-9. a Ersch and Gruber. Adrianople, (Uscudama, Oresta, Hadrianopo- lis, Edreneh,) [B Cj — taken by M. Lucullus, 7 3 — [A D] — restored and renamed by Hadrian, about 125 — Constantine defeats Licinius near, 3 Jul. 323 — Fritigern defeats and kills Yalens near, 9 Aug. 378 — Crum, king of Bulgarians, defeats Michael I. near, 22 Jun. 813 — Bardas Scleras defeats Russians, Bulgarians, Petch- enegans, and others, near, 972 — allotted to Venice, and besieged by Boniface of Thessalo- nica, 1204 — rebels against Baldwin, who be- sieges it, but is defeated and taken by Joannes of Bulgaria, 15 Apr. 1205 — taken by Theodore, ADRIANUS— -EGIXA. i3 Despot of Epirus, 1224 — taken by Amurath I., 1 36 1 — residence of Ottoman Sultans, till 1453 — taken by Eussians, 20 Aug. 1829 — re- stored to the Porte, 14 Sep. 1829. — Peace of, between Russia and Turkey, 14 Sep. 1829. Adrianus, (Sad nan us,) rhetorician, — b. at Tyre, about 113 — studies under Herodes Atti- cus, 131 — teaches philosophy at Athens, 176 — Secretary to Conunodus, 192 — tf. at Rome, 193.* a Clinton. Aduatici, [BC] — establish themselves in Belgic Gaul, after 102 — defeated and destroyed by Caesar, 57. Adult Schools, — commenced by Rev. T. Charles, at Bala, Merionethshire, 181 1. Advent Sundays, — observance instituted at Council of Tours, 567. Adventure Bay, — discovered by Capt. Fur- neaux, 1773 — visited and named by Capt. Cook, 1777. Adventurers, Merchant, (Brotherhood of St Thomas a Becket,) — established by John, Duke of Brabant, 1296 — so entitled by patent of Henry YIL, 1505— incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, 1564. Adventus, consul with M. Opilius Severus Macrinus, (971, a. it. c.) 218. Advertisements, Duty on, — first imposed by Act, 10 Anne, c. 18, 17 11 — reduced to uniform charge of 3s. 6d. by Act, 00 Geo. III. c. 185, 1 1 Jul. 1 8 15 — reduced to Is. 6d. by Act, 3 and 4 ¥m. IV. c. 23, 28 Jun. 1833 — payment of, regulated by Act, 6 and 7 "Win. IV. c. 76, 13 Aug. 1836 — repealed by Act, 16 and 17 Vic. c. 63, 4 Aug. 1853. Advocate, Lord, in Scotland, — office estab- lished, soon after 1500. Advocates' College, — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1768. Advocates' Library, at Edinburgh, — estab- lished, 1684-5 — partly destroyed by fire, 1700 — privileged to receive a copy of every new book, 17 10. Advocates, (Avocats,) Order of, in France, — suppressed, 11 Sep. 1790 — partly reorganized by Directory, 1795 — partly by Napoleon, Dec. 18x0 — -reinstated and regulated anew, 18 14-5. iEantides, one of the tragic Pleias, [B CJ — fl. 259, a or about 300. a Clinton. JEcse, in Apulia, [B C] — joins the Cartha- ginians, 216 — recovered by Fabius Maximus, 214. JEculanum, (JEclanum, Quintodecimum,) near Beneventum, [B C] — sacked by Sulla, 89 — restored, soon after 88 — [AD] — raised to a Colony, about 100 a — destroyed by Constans II., 662. a Smith's Diet. iEiesius, eclectic philosopher, — b. about 277 — succeeds Iamblichus, about 329 — If. late in 355. a a Clinton. JEdiles, [B C]— office instituted, (260,a.u.c.) 494 — Curule, first appointed, (387, a. it. c.) 367 a — number increased to 6, by Julius Csesar, 45 — duties diminished by Augustus, after 31. a Fischer, Zumpt. JEdui, (Hedui), [BC] — harassed by the Allo- brogians, Arvernians, and others ; who are de- feated by Cn. Domitius and Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, 1 22- 1 — declared ' friends and brothers of Roman people,' (633, a. tj. c.) 121 — made in- dependent of the Sequanians, by Csesar, 58 — ■ join the revolt in Gaul against Rome, and are subdued by Caesar, 52 — [Gallic War.] — [AD] — C. Silius suppresses the insurrection of Sa- crovir, 21 — Claudius grants to their Senators the jus honorum petendorum at Rome, 48 — tribute remitted by Constantine, 311. iEgse, in Cilicia, [B C] — Era of, commences, (266, s. e.) autiunn, 47. JEgates, islands near Sicily •, [B C] — Q. Lu- tatius Catulus defeats Hanno off the, (6 Id. Mart. 513, a. tj. c.) 10 Mar. 242. iEgeira, in Achaia, [B C] — taken by JEto- lians, but recovered, 220. iEgidius, Count of Soissons, — Master- general in Gaul, under Majorian, 457 — de- feats Visigoths, 459 — elected King by the Franks, on the banishment of Childeric, 461 — • defeats Theodoric near Aurelianum, 463 — tr. 464. a a Zumpt. iEgidius, Johannes, of St Albans, astrono- mer, — fl. about 1224. iEgina, (Eghina,) [B C] — said to be subject to Pheidon of Argos, about 748 — establishes a trad- ing station at iSaucratis, in Egypt, between 570 and 526, a 563 b — ravages Attica, at the request of Thebes, 5o6, a 505 b — period of maritime supremacy, about 5oo, c (1531, abr. e.) 486-5 to 48o d — submits to Darius, 492, a 49i, d 493 13 — accused of Medism by Athens, Cleomenes of Sparta seizes hostages and gives in charge to Athens, 492, 491 — at war with Athens, who refuses to give up hostages, 488-7 to 481^491- 81 d — Mcodromus vainly attempts to effect a democratic revolution, about 485 — takes part against Persia at Salamis, 480 — renews war with Athens, as ally of Corinth, 459/1 460 f — defeated by Athens in a great naval battle, 459-8, a 460° — town blockaded by Athens, 458- 5 a — capitulates, and is disarmed and made tri- . butary, 455, a 456 c d — complains to Sparta ofr its subjection, 432— -Sparta demands the restor-, ation of its autonomy ; Athens expels its in- habitants, (who are settled by Sparta at Thyrea,), and colonizes the island, summer 431/ 1 cd 430 •«' — settlers at Thyrea slain by Nikias, 425, a 424 s — survivors restored by Lysander, 404 — com- pelled to resume hostilities against Athens by Eteonicus, the Spartan harmost; blockaded, and relieved by Teleutias; Gorgopas defeats Eunomus, and is defeated and slain by Cha- brias, 388 — joins Achsean League, 229b — taken by Sulpicius Galba, and given to iEtolians, 210 — and sold to Attains of Pergamus, 209b — al- lotted to his son by Roman Senate, (?) 196 b — made independent of Athens by Augustus, 21 — [AD] — acquired by Venice, about 12 15 — town taken and burnt by Turks, 1536 — Athenians seek refuge in, when Turks retake the city, 1688 — taken by the Turks from Venice, 17 14 — seat of the Greek government, 1828-9. a Grote. b xhirlwall. c Smith's Diet. d Clinton. e M Ciller. f Zumpt. iEgina, sculptures at, — discovered by Cock- erell, Foster, and others, May 181 1- 12 — pur- chased by the King of Bavaria, 18 15. iEGINA— ^QUI. iEgina, asteroid, — discovered by Stephan, 4 Nov. 1866. iEgineta, Paulus. [Paulus iEgineta.] -Eginetan Standard of weights and money, [BC] — introduced into Greece by Periander of Corinth, 625-585. JEgium, [B C]— chief city of Achaia, after 373 -2 — joins Achaean League, 275 — formal meet- ings continue to be held at, after 146. [Vostitza.] iEgospotami, [BC] — aerolite falls at, (01. 78, 2,) 468 a — Lysander defeats Conon at, (01. 93, 4,) Sep. a or autumn b 405, (Poseideon, 01. 93, 3, or 4,) Dec. 406 or 405.° a Grote. b Clinton. c Dodwell and Corsini. .Egyptus. [Egypt.] iSlfric, (Alfric, Elj tic,) Abbas Grammaticus, — b. before 950^ 964 or 965 b — Bp of Wilton, 989 or 990,* 994-5 c — Abp of Canterbury, 994- 5 a — Abbot of Peterborough, 1005 — Abp of York, 1023 d — tf. 16 Nov. ioo6, a io5i. d a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Wright. d Stubbs. iElia Capitolina [Jerusalem] — founded by Hadrian, 1 3 1 K — destroyed by Barchochebas, 1 34 ■ — restored by Hadrian, 135. a Clinton. .Slian and Funan Law, [B C] — empowers magistrates to prevent or dissolve comitia, auspices being unpropitious, (598, a. u. c.) 156. a a Pighius. .Elian Sentian Law, — regulates the manu- mission of slaves, (757, a. u. c.) 3. iEiianus, Claudius, {the Sophist,) natural historian, — fl. about 222, a about 250. b a Clinton. b Others. iEiianus, [Relianus,] Pomponius, — with Cn. Salvius Amandus, assumes the purple in Gaul, 285 — revolt suppressed by Maximian, 286. a u Clinton. iEiianus Tacticus, write* on military tactics, — G. about 97, a 98-1 38. b a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. iEiianus, — consul with Crispiuus, (940, a. v. c.) 187. iEiianus, Cn. Papirius, — consul with M. Eggins Marullus, (937, a. u. c.) 184. iEiianus, L. Eoscius,— consul with L. Marias Maximus, (976, a. u. c.) 223. Aelloscope,— invented by Clum, early in 1867. JSlnoth, — dedicates his Kistoria S. Canuti to Nicholas, King of Denmark, no9. a a Bartholinus. Aelst, Evert van, painter, — ft. at Delft, 1602 — It. 1658. Aelst, Willem van, painter, — h. at Delft, 1620 — settles at Amsterdam, 1656 — rj. 1679. iEmilian Laws, [BC] — (1) shortening the Censors' term of olfice, by Dictator, Mamercus JEmilius, (320, a. u. c.) 434-3. (2) sumptuary, relating to the kind and quantity of food at en- tertainments, by M. JEmilius Scaurus, (639, a. u. c.) 115,8 or by M. iEmilius Lepidus, (676, a. u. c.) 78. b a Fischer. b Smith's Diet., Ersch and Gruber. iEmilianus, {JEmilius,) M. or C. Julius, Empekob, op Rome, — 6. in Mauritania, about 206 — Governor of i'annonia, and Moesia ; de- feats barbarians, and is bailed Emperor by his army, May 253 — acknowledged by Senate, after assassination of Galba, Feb. 254," May 238 b — tf., or is slain by his soldiers, May 254,* Aug. 253. '» a Clinton. b Gibbon. iEmilianus, Tib. Cest. Alexander, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — proclaimed in Egypt, 262 a — ■ defeated and taken by Theodotus, and strangled by Gallienus, after 263. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. iEmilianus, Fulvius, — consul with Nummius Albinus, (959, a. u. c.) 206. iEmilianus, — consul with Peregrinus, (997, a. v. c.) 244 — with Aquilinus, (1002, a. u. c.) 249 — with Bassus, (1012, a. u. c.) 259 — with M. Claudius Tacitus, (1029, a. u. c.) Aug. 276. iEneas Gazasus, Platonic philosopher, — fi. soou after 484. iEneas Sylvius Piccolomini. [Pius II.] iEnesidemus, of Gnossus, sceptical philoso- pher, [B C] — fl. between 80-50. iEnus, in Thrace, [BC] — subject ally of Athens, about 415 — in possession of Ptolemy Philopator, after 222 — of Philip V. of Mace- donia, after 220 — of Antiochus the Great, 192 — declared free by Eome, after i88. a a Smith's Diet. iEolian Harp, — said to have been invented by Kircher, about 1649 — reinvented in England, before 1750. iEolic Migration, {mythic,) [BC] — under Penthilus, ii24, a io68, b 1103,° 844^ a Eratosthenes. b Callimachus. c Petavius. d Newton. iEpinus, {Koch,) Franz Maria XTlrich Theo- dor, electrician, §c., — h. at Rostock, 13 Dec. 1724 — Prof, of Nat. Philosophy, at St Peters- burg, 1757 — if. at Dorpat, Aug. 1802 — Ten- tamen Theories Elect, et Magnet., 1759. iEpinus, {Koch,) Johann, theologian, — b. at Brandenburg, 1499 — rj. at Hamburg, 13 May 1553- iEqui, [B C] — at war with Eome, before 509 — invade Latin territory and are defeated by Dictator, M.' Valerius Yolusus, 494— in alli- ance with Volscians seize many Latin cities, 489 — with them make war on Rome, 486, 485, 481, 471— defeated at Antium with Volscians, by Romans and Latins, 468 — overrun Latium with them, encountered by Romans at Mt Al- gidus, (289, a. v. c.) 465^ 463 b — Sp. Furius defeated by them, blockaded in his camp, but delivered by Latins and Hernicans, 464— ravage the Roman lands, 463 — Veturius Geminus tri- umphs for victory over them and Volscians, (292, a. u. c.) 462— defeated again, makepeace with Rome ; Quintus Fabius triumphs, (JNon. Mai. 295, a. u. c.) between 2 and 7 May 459 — with Sabines, blockade L. Minucius, who is delivered by Dictator, L. Quinctius Cincinna- tus, at Mt Algidus, {legendary ?) — Cincinnatus triumphs, (Id. Sep. 296, a. u. c.) 13 Sep. 458° — renew the war, 455 — L. Valerius Poplioola triumphs for victory over, (Id. Sextil. 305, a. u. c.) 13 Aug. 449 c — invade Roman and Latin territory, and are routed at Corbio, 446 ;i — with Volscians, defeated at Mt Algidus by A. Postu- mius Tubertus, (13 Kal. Quinct. 323, a. u. c.) 19 Jun. 43i, ac 428 b — truce for 8 years with Rome, 430 — truce for 3 years, 425 — war renew- ed , Dictator, Servili us Priscus,defeats them in Mt Algidus, takes Lavici,4i 8, ac 4i5 b — recover Bola, JERARIUM-J3T0LIA. 15 which had heen taken by Rome, 4i5, a 414° — take Roman colony, Vitellia, 393 a — checked by Dictator, M. Furius Camillus, who triumphs, 389 — war unsuccessfully against Rome, 386-5 b — subjugated by P. Sempronius, 304 — rebellion of, suppressed by Dictator, C. Junius Bubulcus, 302 — admitted to Roman citizenship, soon after 302. b a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. iErarium at Rome, [B C] — no Quaestors being elected, -ZEdiles take charge of, 49 a — Preefects, 45 a — Fiscus separated from, after 31 — in- trusted to two Praetors, by Augustus, 28 — care of, regulated, 23 — [AD] — restored to keeping of Quaestors, by Claudius, 44 b — committed to Prsefects, chosen from Praetorians,, by Nero, 56 b —merged in Fiscus, after 190. a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. JErarium militare, — established by Au- gustus, 6. Aerius, founder of sect of Aerians, — fl. about 360. Aeronautical Society, — established in Lon- don, Jan. 1866. iEsehines, orator, [B C] — li. in Attica, about 389 — in battle of Mantineia, 362 — begins to speak in public, about 352 — distinguished at battle of Tamynae, Feb. or Mar. 349, e 350 — ambassador to Arcadia, spring 347 , e 348 — with nine others, to Philip, about Dec. 347-6 a e — Pylagoras to Amphictyonic meeting at Pylse, 346 — and to the meeting at Delphi, (Anthes- terion, 01. 110, 1,) Feb. 339," e 340 b — institutes action against Ctesiphon, (6 Elaphebolion, 01. 110, 3,) Mar. 337, a (01. 110, 2,) 338,= (01. 110, 4,) 336 d — defeated at trial, withdraws into Asia, (before Pythia, 01. 112, 3,) about Aug. 33o a — teaches elocution at Rhodes, 324 - — tf. at Samos, 3 14 — Adversus Timarchum, 345 — Be falsa Legatione, Aug. or Sep. 343 — Ad- versus Ctcsiphontem, about Aug. 330. [De- mosthenes. Philippus II. of Macedonia.] a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. * Corsini. d Dindorf. e Grote. -ZEschines, Socratic philosopher, [B C] — fi. about 365-56. iEschines of Neapolis, Peripatetic philoso- pher, [BCj — with Charmadas and Cleitoma- chus, eminent in the Academy, about (643, a. r. c.) in. JEschylus, tragic poet, [B C] — b. at Eleusis, 525— first exhibits, (01. 70,) 499 b — in battle of Marathon, 490 — gains his first prize, (01. 73, 4,) 484 — in battles of Artemisium and Salamis, 480 — and of Plateea, 479 — visits Hieron of Syracuse, about 47 1 a — defeated by Sophocles, at Bionysia majora, retires to Syracuse, (Ela- phebolion, 01. 77, 4,) after Mar. 468 b — ex- hibits in Athens once more, (01. 80, 2,) 458 — retires to Sicily again, 458 or 457 — tf. at Gela, (01. 81, 1,) 456— Persce, (01. 76, 4,) 472— Attncece, 472-1= — Septem c. Thebas, between 472-62^ 47 1 c — Supplices, (01. 79, 4,) 461 ? ; > — the Oresteia, (01. 80, 2,) 458. a Muller. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. JEsculapius, [B C] — worship of, introduced at Rome, (463, a. u. c.) 291^ 293. b a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. JEsernia, {Iserniu,) in Italy, [BCj — comes into the possession of Rome, 295 — Colonia Latina planted there, (491, a. u. c.) 263,* 264 b — assists Rome, 209 — surrenders to Vettius Scato, in Social War, 90 — head quarters of Italian allies, 89 — colonized by Julius Caesar, about 45 — by Augustus, between 30 and [A D] 14 — and by Nero, before 67. JEsimedes, [B C] — archon at Athens, (01. 9. 3,) 742. a % •> a Clinton. ttsoipus, fabulist, [B C] — b. about (01. 40) 620 —put to death at Delphi ? about (01. 54) 564?* a Clinton. iEsopus, Claudius, {Clodius,) actor at Pome, [BCJ— 0. about 84— tf. after SS^ a Smith's Diet. ^Esthetics, Science of, — first treated of by Baumgarten, about 1750. [Baumgarten, Alex- ander Gottlieb.] - JEther, — first employed to produce anaes- thesia, by Drs Jackson and Merton, 1845. JEthiopia. [Ethiopia.] JEthrioscope, — invented by Leslie, 18 18. Aetius, — b. in Mcesia, before 400 — given as hostage to Alaric, 408 — deserts usurper John, and invites Huns into the empire, 42 3-4 a — joins Placidia, 425 b — in Gaul, autumn 425 b — ■ treacherously provokes Boniface in Africa to revolt, 427 b — in Gaul, 428 b — Magister mili- tum, 429 b — defeats Goths near Arelate; puts Felix to death, 430 b — in Gaul again, 431 b — Consul with Valerius ; defeated by Boniface, (who dies,) withdraws into Pannonia, 432 b — Patrician, and General of armies of W. Em- pire, 433 b — defeats Burgundians, 435-6 b — and Goths, and raises siege of Narbo, 437 b — Con- sul II. with Sigisvultus, 437 — Peace with Goths, 439 b — still in Gaul, 440 b — Consul III. with Q. Aurelius Symmachus ; his aid implored by Britons, 446 b — relieves Orleans, besieged by Huns, 14 Jun. 451° — and defeats Attila at Chulons, 20 Sep. 451° — Consul IV. with Stu- dius ; murdered by Valentinian, 454. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Aetius of Amidenus, physician, — ft. about 500., Aetius of Antioch, {the Atheist,) — studies under Paulinus II., Bp Antioch, 331 — Dea- con at Antioch, 350-3 — under George of Cap- padocia, 355 — deposed and banished to Am- blada, in Pisidia, 359 — recalled by Julian the Apostate, 362" — fc. at Constantinople, 366 or 367. a Clinton. iEtna. [Etna.] iEtna, (Inessa,) in Sicily, [BC] — occupied and renamed by people of Catana, driven out by Ducetius and Syracusans, 46 1 a — reduced by Ducetius, 451 b — Laches attempts to take, from Syracusans, 426 a — taken and garrisoned by Dionysius, 4oi, b 403 a — taken by Timoleon, 339- a a Smith's Diet. b Grote. iEtolia, iEtoli, JEtolian Confederacy, [B C] — join with Dorians in mythic Return of He- racleids, 11 04? — defeat Demosthenes aiiEgi- tium, and attack Naupactus without success, 426 — with Philip of Macedon's consent wrest Naupactus from Achaeans ; their first combined action, about 343 a — forms secret alliance with Antipater, 325 a — -joins Greek i6 AFER— AFGHAN DYNASTY. confederates in Lamian War, till Sep. or Oct. 323 s — invaded by Antipater and Craterus, winter 322-1 b - — forms alliance with Perdiccas; invades Thessaly, and defeats Polycles ; repels attack of Acarnanians, 321° — espouses cause of Antigonus, 314 — with JEakides of Epeirus, routed and harassed by Cassander's general, Philip, 313 — contracts alliance with Demetrius Poliorketes, spring 303, b 304 a — attacked by Demetrius, between autumn 303 and spring 302 s — sends succours to Athens against Cas- sander, 298 — ally of Pyrrhus of Epeirus, 294 —prevents Demetrius from celebrating the Pythia at Delphi^ by occupying the passes from Athens, (01. 122, 3,) autumn 290 — ravaged by Demetrius, spring 289 — Pyrrhus drives the Macedonians out of, 286 — invasion of Areus, king of Sparta, defeated, 28i, a 280° —under Eurydamus successfully resists the Gauls, 279-8 — ally of Alexander of Epeirus; Acarnania partitioned, 270 — invades Pelopon- nesus, defeated by Aratus, 241 — Pantaleon concludes treaty with Achseans; seizes the Epeirot portion of Acarnania, 239 ac — invades Laconia, after 237-6, 13 after 24i, a before 241 d — joined by Tegea, Mantineia, and Orchome- nus, about 235 — receives embassy from Rome, about defeat of Illyrians, 228 — prosecutes war in Thessaly ; cedes Tegea, Mantineia, and Or- chomenus to Sparta, 227 a — in alliance with Sparta (?) in Cleomenic War, 225,° or 224, e to 222-1- — Ariston, autumn 221 b — Agelaus negotiates alliance with Scerdilaidas of lllyria, 221 or 22o c — Phigaleia under its protection, 22i-o a — Dorimachus and Scopas ravage Mes- senia and Achaia, defeat Aratus at Caphyse, spring 220 ab — alliance ^th. Sparta; Kynajtha sacked ; war declared a^ mst it by Congress at Corinth, after midsummer 220 a — Social War, late in 220 to summer 217 — Scopas, autumn 22o b — Dorimachus, 2i9 b — Agetas, 21 8 b — Agelaos, 217 b — Scopas; M.Valerius Leevi- nus persuades to enter into treaty with Eome ; inroads into Acarnania, (543, a. u. c.) autumn 211 — carries on the war against Philip and the Achseans, by aid of Lsevinus and Sulpicius Galba, 21 0-209 ab — Pyrrhias, with Attalus of Pergamus, Strategi, autumn 209 ab — de- feated by Philip at Lamia; and by Achseans and Macedonians near Elis, late in 209 a — aided by Machanidas of Sparta, Attalus, and Romans, continues the war with Philip and Achseans, 208-7 — Oreus and Chalcis taken, 207 b - — At- talus and Romans withdraw their aid, 207,° 208 a — Philip invades and ravages ; and makes peace with, 206,° 205 a — excluded from treaty between Rome and Philip, 205— legislation of Dorimachus and Scopas, 204° — joins Romans against Philip in Macedonian War, and in- vades Thessaly, 200 — Damocritus, autumn 200 b — Phgeneas, 1 98 b — dissensions with Ro- mans begin after victory of Cynoscephala?, 197 — Alexamenus, 197 ac — Thoas, 195 ac — in- vites Antiochus, Philip, and Nabis to com- mence a new war against Rome, summer 194 ' — Damocritus, 193 — Roman embassy to counteract its schemes ; invites Antiochus to liberate Greece ; seizes Demetrias, and con- trives the death of Nabis of Sparta, 192 — [Antiochus the Great, War with,] — Phge- neas, autumn 192 b — invaded by M.'Acilius Glabrio; Heracleia taken, 191 — Flamininus grants truce for an embassy to Rome, 191 -o — obtains truce from Scipio Nasica, and de- spatches a second embassy to Rome ; hostilities resumed, 190 — Nicander, autumn 190 b — third embassy; humiliating peace granted by Senate, 189— embassies from Rome to counter- act the influence of Perseus, 173 and 172 — - [Perseus, War with,] — Pantaleon, 173c — ■ Lyciscus, i72 b — Deinarchus, i7o a — 550 of patriot party put to death by Lyciscus, Tisip- pus, and Basbius; others sent to Rome as prisoners, 167 — uncultivated and deserted, about 30 — [AD] — forms part of province of Achaia, about 120. [Acarnania. Achaean League. Albania. Arta. Epeirus.] a Thirlwall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. d Lucas, Droysen, and others. e Zumpt. Afer, Domitius, orator, [BC] — 6. at Ne- mausus, 15 — [AD]- — Praetor, 25 — accuses Claudia Pulchra, 26 — accused by Caligula in the Senate ; a Consul suffectus? 39 — Curator aquarum, 49—0". at Rome, 59, a 60. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Affirmation, — allowed to members of So- ciety of Friends, and others, instead of Oath, by Act, 7 and 8 Wm. III. c. 34, 1696 — regu- lated and extended by subsequent Acts, 8 Geo. I. c. 6, 1721 ; 22 Geo. II. c. 46, 1749; 9 Geo. IV. c. 32, 27 Jun. 1828; 1 Vic. c. 5, 23 Dec. 1837 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 77, 10 Aug. 1838— declared sufficient to entitle a Member of Par- liament to take his seat, 14 Feb. 1833 — con- firmed by Act, 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 49, 28 Aug. 1833— allowed in Scotland, by Acts, 18 and 19 Vic. c. 25, 25 May 1855 ; 26 and 27 Vic. c. 85, 28 Jul. 1863, and 28 Vic. c. 9, 7 Apr. 1865 ; by jurors in lieu of oath, allowed by Act, 31 and 32 Vic. c. 39, 25 Jun. 1868. Affo, Ireneo, historian, philologist, §c, — n. at Busseto, i74i, a or 1742 b — Librarian to Duke of Parma, 1778 — tf. at Busseto, May 1797,* about i8o5 b — Dizionario Precettivo, 1777— Istoria di Guastalla, 1785 — Istoria di Parma, J793- a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Affre, Denis Auguste, Abp Paris,— -b. at St Rome (Tarn), 27 Sep. 1793 — Abp, 6 Aug. 1840 — killed, behind barricade in Fau- bourg St Antoine, 27 Jun. 1848. Afghan [Patau, Turkish,) Dynasty at Del- hi, — Mohammed Ghori overthrows the Ghaz- nevide kingdom, (582, a. h.) u86, a u84 b — Kutb-u-din governor of India for Mohammed, UK— SLAVE KINGS OF DELHI? [First Gauriau Dynasty?) — Kutb-u-din king, after assassination of Mohammed Ghori (602, a. h.) 1206 — defeats Eldoz of Ghazni, 1207 — acquires Bengal and Bahar, and is succeeded by his son, Aram, 12 10 — dethroned by his brother-in-law, Shams-u-dinALTA-M.su, 121 1— he defeats Eldoz of Ghazni, 12 15 — attacks Sinde, 12 17 — con- quers Sinde, 1225 — defeats Bakhtiar Khilji, of Behar, 1225 — reduces all Hindustan, 1226-32 — his son Rukn-u-din (Feroze) succeeds, (20 Scha- AFGHANISTAN. n ban, 633, a. h.) Apr. 1236,* 1 235 b— deposed by his sister Bezia Begum, (634, a. h.) 1236 — defeated by her Tatar mercenaries, and pnt to death; Moizz-u-din Behram, her brother, succeeds, (637, a. h.) 1239 — deposed and put to death; his nephew, Ala-u-din Masaud, succeeds, (639, a. h.) 1241 — irruptions of the Moguls, 1244 — deposed and killed; his uncle, Nasir-u-din Mahmud, succeeds, (644, a. h.) 1246 — reduces revolted Kajahs, 1250 — insur- rection of Iniad-u-din, 1255-7 — invasion of Moguls, 1253, and 1257-8 b — Bulbun {Balm) succeeds, (664, a. h.) Feb. i266, a 1265 b — re- volt of Togral, governor of Bengal, suppressed, 1279 — Prince Mohammed defeats Moguls under Teimur Khan, and is slain, i283 b — his grandson, Kei Kobad, succeeds, (685, a. h.) i286, a 1285 b — dethroned and put to death, (687, a. h.) 1288,* 1289b— HOUSE OF KHILJI, 3 - {Second Ganrian Dynasty," ) Jelal- u-din {Feroze) succeeds, 1288 — defeats Mo- guls in the Panjab, 1292 — revolt of Malwa suppressed, 1293 — the Deckan invaded, 1294 — • assassinated by his nephew, Ala-u-din, who succeeds, (17 Eamadhan 695, a. h.) 19 Jul. 1295 — conquers Guzerat, 1297 — defeats Moguls at Delhi, 1298 — irruptions of Moguls, 1303-5 — Mahratta country subdued, 1306 — the Carnatic conquered, 13 10-12 — poisoned (?) by Caf ur ; his infant son Omar succeeds under regency of Cafur, (6 Schoual 716, a. h.) 19 Dec. 1 3 16 — Cafur assassinated; Omar de- posed; Mobarik, eldest brother, succeeds, (7 Moharram 717, a. h.) 22 Mar. 13 17 — revolt of Guzerat suppressed; Malabar conquered, 1 3 18 — assassinated by Khusru Khan, and family extirpated, (Pabia I. 721, a. h.) 24 Mar. 1 32 1 — Khusru dethroned and put to death byGhazi KhanToghlak, (30 Pegeb 721, a. h.) 22 Aug. 1 321— HOUSE OF TOGH- LAK, — Gheias-u-din {Ghdzi Khan) Toghlah succeeds, 1321 — Telingana conquered, 1323 — accidentally killed ; his son Mohammed {Juna) succeeds, (Pabia I. 725, a. h.) Feb. 1325 — in- vades China, about 1330 — revolt in Malwa suppressed, (739) 1338 — Bengal and coast of Coromandel lost, about 1340 — Hindu, kingdoms of Carnata and Telingana restored, 1344 — ■ the Deckan lost, 1347 — his nephew, Firtjz-u- din, succeeds, (21 Moharram 752, a. h.) 20 Mar. 1 35 1 — invests his son Nasir-u-din {Mo- hammed) with chief power, 1385-6 — his grand- son, Gheias-u-din II., succeeds, (3 Pamadhan 790, a. h.) 23 Oct. 1388 — deposed and murdered; his cousin Abubekr succeeds, (Saphar 791, a. h.) Feb. 1389 — contests with his uncle Nasir-u-din {Mohammed), who succeeds, (Dhu'l hajjah 792 to Pamadhan 793, a. h.) Nov. 1389 to Aug. 1390 — his son Humayun succeeds, 1394 — his brother Mah- mud succeeds, 1394 — invasion of Timur (Ta- merlane), (800-1, a. h.) 1398 to Mar. 1399^ 1396.7 b — Ecbal seizes Delhi, 1400 — Mah- mud restored, 1405 — succeeded by Doulat Khan Lodi, 141 2, a 1413 b — expelled bv Khizr Khan, (817, a. h.) 1414— GOVERNMENT OF THE SEIADS—Knizu Khan, as deputy for Timur, 1414 — Mobarik, 1421 — Mo- hammed, 1435 — Ala-u-din, 1444 — abdicates in favour of Behlol Lodi, 1450— HOUSE OF LODI* {Afghan Dynasty, c ) — Behlol Lodi, (854, a. h.) 1450 — Juanpur conquered, 1452- 78 — his son, Secander, succeeds, (894, a. h.) 1488 — his son, Ibrahim, succeeds, 15 17 — in- vasion of Baber, 1524 — Ibrahim defeated and killed, 21 Apr. 1526^ 1525b — Delhi and Agra occupied, and the dynasty finally overthrown, (932, a. h.) 10 May 1526. a Elphinstone. b Mill> c Wilson. Afghanistan, Afghans, {Abdallis or Du- ranis, and Ghiljeis^) — first mentioned as in- habitants of the mountains of Ghor and Soli- man, before 700 — occasionally, and in part, subject to rulers of Cabul, Candahar, Ghazni, Persia, &c, to Gengis Khan, Timur {Tamer- lane), Baber, &c, but generally independent, before 1 600 a — Abdallis become tributary to Persia, for protection against the Uzbeks, soon after 1600 a — revolt of the Ghiljeis under Mir Weis, Candahar taken, 1708 — Mir "Weis suc- ceeded by his brother Abdallah, 17 15 — Ab- dallis and Ghiljeis, in alliance, take Herat and overrun Khorassan, 17 16 — Abdallah assassin- ated, and succeeded by his nephew Mahmud, 1 7 1 7 — Mahmud invades Persia, and gains victory of Gulnabad, 1720 — Abdallis besiege Meshed, 1722 a — takes Ispahan, and becomes Shah of Persia, 21 Oct. 1722^ b (14 Saphar 1134, a. h.) 23 Nov. 1721° — his nephew Ash- ref succeeds, Apr. 1724 s — Nadir Culi {Shah) recovers the kingdom from Ghiljeis, and dis- possesses Abdallis of Khorassan, 1728-9 — ■ Ashref murdered, Jan, i729, a (Guimadhi II. 1142, a. h.) Jan. 1730° — Abdallis revolt; and are subdued and conciliated by Nadir, 173 i a — - Ghiljeis defeated and o' .filiated by Nadir, 1738 a — Ahmed Khan, with the Abdallis, retreats to Candahar, after the assassination of Nadir Shah, and founds the Durani Dynasty, Oct. 1747 — reduces the Ghiljeis, and acquires all Afghanistan, 1 748-9 a — invades India, and sub- dues the Panjab, 1748 and 175 i a — takes Meshed, 1749 — takes Nishapur, 1750 — ac- quires Cashmir, 1752 — invades India again; takes Delhi, 1 756-7 a — Mahrattas wrest the Panjab from him, i758 a — invades India, and defeats Mahrattas, Sep. i759 a — totally defeats them again at Panipat (Guimadhi II. 1174, a. h.) 6-7 Jan. 1 76 i a — in India, 1762-3 a — defeats the Sikhs, 1767 — takes Meshed, 1768-9 — his son Timur Shah succeeds, beginning of Jun. 1773 — takes Moultan from the Sikhs, 1 78 1 — makes war upon the Uzbeks, summer 1788 and 1 7 8 9 a — his son Shah Zeman suc- ceeds, 20 May 1793— his brother Mahmud re- volts, is defeated at the Helmund, and flies to Persia, 1794 — invades India, 1795 and 1797 — Aga Mohammed of Persia invades Khorassan, 1796 and 1798-9 — Shah Zeman takes Herat from his brother Mahmud, Sep. 1797 — re- duces the Sikhs, and makes Eunjeet Singh governor, Oct. Nov. 1798 — conspiracy in favour of Shuja-ul-Mulk defeated ; Futteh Khan estranged, 1799-1800 — Shah Zeman de- posed and blinded by Mahmud, who succeeds, 1800 — defeats Shuja near Cabul, 10 Sep. 2 AFGHAN WAE— AFEICA. 1 80 1 * — Ghiljeis revolt, and are defeated, 1801- 2 — Mahmud deposed and imprisoned by his half-brother Shah Shuja (til-Mulk), who succeeds him, 1802 — Mahmud escapes, and joins Futteh Khan, 1808 — defeats Kyser near Peshawur, 3 Mar. 1808 — embassy of Mr Elphinstone to Cabul, Mar. 1809 — Shah Shuja expelled, takes refuge with Eunjeet .Singh; Mahmud restored, by influence of Futteh Khan, 29 Jun. 1809 — conquests of Persia, the Sikhs, &c, begin, 18 10 — Mahmud re-conquers Cashmir, 1 8 1 1 — Futteh Khan relieves Herat, 18 15 — assassinated by Mahmud and his son, 18 16 — kingdom broken up ; pre- tenders and usurpers at Cabul, Herat, Canda- har, Peshawur, &c, 1817-24 — Shah Shuja makes his first unsuccessful attempt to recover Afghanistan, 18 18-19 — se ^ s ou ^ u P on n ^ s second attempt, Jan. 1833 — which is defeated by Dost Mohammed, 29 Jan. 1834 — Shah Shuja restored by the British army, enters Cabul, 7 Aug. 1839 — Dost Mohammed re- covers the throne, 1843 — on his death, civil war ; Shere Ali recognized as Ameer ^y British government, 1863 — Apztjl Khan estab- lishes himself at Cabul, 21 May 1866 — recog- nized by British government, Feb. 1867 — troops of Shere Ali defeated, and their general Fyz Mohammed Khan killed, 21 Sep. 1867 — Azim Khan succeeds, Oct. 1867 — Azim de- feated by son of Shere Ali, 1 Apr. 1868 — Shere Ali recovers Cabul, 14 Aug. 1868 — sub- sidized by British, Mar. 1869. [Afghan War; Ariana; Bactria; Eusofzeis; Rohillas; Sou- sheilias, &c] a Elphinstone. b Fraser. c Art tie Verifier les Dates. Afghan War, — diplomatic contest between France and Eussia, and subsequent agreement, in Persia, after 1805 s1 — Persians recover their eastern possessions from Afghans, after i8io b — besiege Herat unsuccessfully, 18 15 — partition of kingdom of Afghanistan amongst members of family of Futteh Khan, about 1824 — Shah Shuja unsuccessfully attempts to recover his throne, by the aid of Eunjeet Singh, 1833-4 — Dost Mohammed of Cabul invites the friend- ship of Britain, by letter to Gov.-gen. of India, 31 May 1836 — Persia lays claim to Afghan- istan ; and Mohammed Shah advances against Herat, 1836° — diplomatic contest between Great Britain and Eussia, in Persia, respecting Afghanistan, 1837-9 — mission of Sir A. Burnes to Cabul, Sep. 1837 to Apr. 1838. 1838 — Dost Mohammed joins Persia, and is defeated by Shah Kamran of Herat, 23 Jun. c — treaty of Lahore between Great Britain, Eun- jeet Singh, and Shah Shuja, 26 Jun. — War pro- claimed at Simla, against Dost Mohammed, by Lord Auckland, Gov.-gen. of India, 1 Oct. 1839 — Candahar occupied by Sir John Keane, 25 Apr. 3 — Shah Shuja crowned, 8 May c — Ghazni taken, 2 Jul., a 23 Jul. a — Jellalabad taken, and Akbar Khan defeated by Col. Wade, 30 Jul. — Sir John Keane enters Cabul ; Dost Mohammed flics to Bokhara; Shah Shuja re- stored, 7 Aug. 1840 — Insurrection of the Ghiljeis begins, May c — Dost Mohammed escapes from Bok- hara, and advances against Cabul, Aug. c — de- feated at Kamurd by Col. Dennie, 18 Sep. — ■ and near Purwan, by Gen. Sale ; gives himself up to Sir W. M'Naghten, at Cabul, 2 and 3 Nov. a 1 841 — Gen. Sale advances against the in- surgent Ghiljeis, through Khoord Cabul pass, to Jellalabad, Oct. Nov. — attack on the British in Cabul, Sir A. Burnes and others killed, 2 Nov.— Brigadier Shelton takes com- mand of the British, 9 Nov. — Akber Khan heads the insurgents, 22 Nov. — unsuccessful attempts upon Beymaroo, 22 and 23 Nov. c — negotiations commenced, 11 Dec. c — the Bala Hissar evacuated, 13 and 14 Dec. — Sir W. M'Naghten assassinated by Akber Khan, 23 Dec. — agreement to evacuate Cabul concluded, 26 Dec. a 1842 — Eetreat from Cabul commenced, 6 Jan. — the ladies and hostages given up to Akber Khan, 9 Jan. c — the army destroyed in Khoord Cabul pass, by 13 Jan. a — Sale be- sieged in Jellalabad by Akber Khan, from 1 8 Jan. a — Lord Ellenborough assumes Gov.- generalship of India, 30 Jan. — Col. Palmer evacuates Ghazni, 6 Mar. — attack upon Can- dahar in absence of Gen. Nott, defeated, 10 Mar. — Gen. Sale defeats Akber Khan before Jellalabad, 7 Apr. c — Gen. Pollock forces the Khyber pass, and reaches Jellalabad, 16 Apr. — Gen. England relieves Gen. Nott, in Canda- har, 9 May — Shah Shuja assassinated; Futteh Jung, his son, succeeds, 23 Mar. — takes refuge with Gen. Pollock, Jul.— Ghazni taken by Nott, 6 Sep. — Pollock forces the passes of Jugdulluk and Khoord Cabul, 6-14 Sep. — ■ enters Cabul ; Futteh Jung takes possession of the throne, 16 Sep.— the prisoners taken at the massacre in Khoord Cabul pass ransomed, and arrive at the British camp, 21 Sep. — Lord Ellenborough proclaims the conclusion of the war, at Simla, 1 Oct. — Cabul dismantled and evacuated, 12 Oct. — Dost Mohammed and other Afghans released, 25 Oct. — Jellalabad dismantled and evacuated, 27 -Oct. — the army reaches Ferozepore, 1 8 Nov. a Kaye, Eyre, &c. b Elphinstone. e Murray. Afranius, L., comic poet, [BC] — fl. after 100. Afranius, L., [B C] — serves under Pompey in wars against Sertorius and Mithridates, 77-66 — Consul, with Metellus Celer, (694 a. tj. c.) 60 — Procons. in Cisalpine Gaul ; triumphs, 59 — with Petreius governs Spain for Pompey, 55 — opposes Caesar there, and submits, (4 Non. Sextil. 705,) 9 Jun., or 2 Aug. a 49 — joins Pompey at Dyrrachium, Sep. 49 — after defeat at Pharsalia, joins Cato and Scipio, 48 — flees from Thapsus ; taken and put to death, 46. a Fischer. Africa, [B C] — circumnavigated by com- mand of Pharaoh-Necho, about 6oo, a 610-594 — western coast explored by Hanno, about 480 — [AD] — by Portuguese, after 1415 — almost the whole coast explored by Portu- guese, before 1506 — first crossed from East to West by Livingstone, 1 855— crossed by Speke and Grant, 1860-62. a Grote. Africa, Dkecese op Eoman Empire. [Africa, propria. Numi&ia, &c] AFRICA— AGAEDE. 19 Africa, Exarchate, {Byzacium, Maure- tania, Numidia, Sardinia, Tripolitana, Zeu- gis,) — Theodosius II. projects recovery of Africa from Vandals, 441— unsuccessful ex- pedition of Basiliscus, sent by Leo, 468 — Zeno makes peace with. Genseric, 475 s - — African War ; kingdom of Vandals overthrown by Belisarius; Exarchate established, 533-4 — Solomon; revolt of Moors, summer 534 — mutiny of the soldiers, headed by Stotzas ; Solomon escapes to Sicily, (Easter) 23 Mar. 536 — Belisarius goes over; Germanus sent against the mutineers, 536, 534 b — mutiny sup- pressed; Germanus recalled; Joannes left in Africa; Solomon resumes office, summer 539* — Moors pacificated, 540 a— revolt of Moors, headed by Stotzas ; Solomon defeated and slain; his nephew Sergius succeeds, 543 — Joannes and Stotzas kill each other in single combat, 544- — Sergius recalled; Akeobindus succeeds, and is slain ; revolt of Gontharis, 545-6 a — Gontharis slain, 545-6 a — Koutzines slain by Joannes ; Marcianus sent to pacify the country, Dec. 562 or Jan. 563 s — Moors possess almost all but cities on coast, about 6oo c — Heraclitjs joins conspiracy against Phocas, 608 — sends his son, who is made em- peror, 610 — -Tripoiitana invaded by Chosroes, 616 — Tingitana subjugated by Sisebert, king of Visigoths, 617 — Gregory seizes 'tyranny,' 646 b — defeated and killed at Sufetula by Abdallah, 647 — conquered by Akbah; Kair- wan built, 665-89 — Zuheir defeated and killed ; Hassan sent to complete the conquest, 692 — Joannes patricius regains Carthage, which Hassan retakes and destroys, 698 — finally subjugated by Musa, and joined to Mo- hammedan Empire, 709 — Christianity ex- tinct, about (132, a. h.) 749 — and finally abolished, 1 149. d a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Sismondi. d Gibbon. Africa, propria, Soman Province, {Car- thago, Zeugitana,) [B C] — constituted by Scipio Africanus, 146 — retained for Pompey by Attius Varus, after defeat and death of Curio, 49 — won by Caesar in African War, 46 — assigned to Octavian, on formation of the Triumvirate, but held by Cornificius for the Senate, 43 — recovered by T. Sextius, 42 — assigned to Le- pidus, 41 — reverts to Octavian, 36 — a procon- sular province by Augustus, 27 — [ AD J — di- vided from New Africa [Numidia] and reorganized by Caligula, 37 s — elevation of the Gordians, Feb. to Mar. 238 b — revolt of Sa- binianus against Gordian III. suppressed, 240 —divisions, &c. of provinces re-arranged, 297 ? ■ — Alexander proclaimed emperor ; defeated and slain by Rufus Volusianus, 308-1 i b — revolt of Firmus, suppressed by Theodosius, 372-4 b — assigned to Honorius at partition of the Empire, 395 — revolt of Gildo ; suppressed by Mascezel, 397 -8 b — Heraclian revolts, and is slain, 413a — revolt of Boniface, 427 b — con- quered by the Vandals, 429-39 b — attempt of Majorian to recover, defeated by destruction of his fleet, 4oo. b a Zumpt. b Clinton. African Association, — formed, 1788 — merged in Boyal Geographical Society, 1831. [Ledyard, Park, &c] African Company, — former corporations organized or revised, 1588, 1618, 1631, 1662, 1672, 1695 — the last expires, 1750 — new cor- poration chartered by Act, 23 Geo. II. c. 31, 1754 — charter recalled, possessions annexed to Sierra Leone, by Act, 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 28, 18.21. African Institution, — established, Apr. 1807. African War, [BC] — (1) Cn. Pompey de- feats Ahenobarbus and Hiarbas, restores Nu- midia to Hiempsal, and triumphs, (673, a. it. c.) 81. (2) Caesar lands at Hadrumetum, (3 Kal. Jan. 707, a. tj. c.) ii Oct. 47 a — defeats Scipio at Thapsus, (prid. ISTon. Apr. 708, a. u. c.) 6 Feb. 46 s — leaves Africa, (15 Kal. Quintil. 708, a. tj. c.) 13 Jim. 46. a [AD] — (3) against Tacfarinas, 17-24. 13 (4) Belisarius sets out from Constantinople, midsummer 533 — lands in Africa, Sep. 533— Carthage taken, 15 Sep. 533 — country subdued, middle of Dec. 533 b — Gelimer surrenders, spring 534° — re- turn and triumph of Belisarius, autumn 534.* a Fischer. b Clinton. c Gibbon. Africanus, — consul with C. Julius Verus Maximums, Aug. (989, a. tj. c.) 236. Africanus, T. Sextius,— consul with Nerva Trajanus, Aug. (865, a. u. c.) 112. Africanus. [Scipio.] Africanus, Sextus Csecilius, jurist, — tX. about 140-160. Africanus, Sextus Julius, chronologist, — ambassador to Elagabalus, 218 — rebuilds his native town, Emmaus, 222 a — ft, about 232. a Clinton. Afzel, (Afzcliits,) Adam, botanist, — b. at Larf, 8 Oct. 1750 — Demonstrator of Botany at Upsala, 1785 — at Sierra Leone, 1792 — Prof, of Materia Medica at Upsala, 1812 — if. 26 Jan. l8 37- Agapse, {Love-feasts,) — observance enjoined by Council of Gangra, about 340 — forbidden to be held in churches, by Council of Laodicea, about 366 — and by Council of Carthage, 397 — prohibited by Gallic Churches, at Councils of Orleans, 533, and 541 — canon of Council of Laodicea against, confirmed by penalty of ex- communication, at Council of Constantinople, in Tmdlo, 692 — and by Council of Aix-la- Chapelle, 816 — last mentioned about 1250. Agapetus, Diaconus, theologian, — composes his Scheda Regia, between Apr. and Jul. 527. a a Clinton. Agapetus, St, Bp Rome,— Bp, 2 Jun., a 3 Jun., b 4 May 535 — sent by Theodatus to Constantinople, Feb. 536 — ft. there, 21 Apr. a 22 Apr. 1 ' ° 536. a Clinton. b Art de Verifiei les Dates. c IT. K. S. Bio-. Diet. Agapetus, — consul with Fl. Anastasius, (1270, a. u. c.) 517. Agapius, Neoplatonic philosopher, — S. about 5 11 - Agarde, Arthur, antiquary, —h. at Foston, about 1540 — Deputy Chamberlain to Court of Exchequer, 1570 — U. at London, 21 Aug. 1615. AGATHARCHIDES— AGIS. Agatharchides, (Agatharchus,) geographer, 6[C., [_BC] — reader to Hcracleides Lembus, about 14S — guardian or tutor to Ptolemy Soter II., 1 17 a — de Mart Rubra, published about ii3, a (649-50, a. v. c.) ioj;. b a Clinton. b Dodwell. Agatharchus of Coregra, [BCj — Olympic victor, (01. Gl,) 536. Agatharchus of Samoa, painter, [B C] — fl. about 4 1 6-5. a ;l Smith's Diet. Agathemerus, geographer, — S. after 20o, a about 25o. b 8 Clinton, Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cycl. Agatbias Scholasticus, Byzantine historian, — b. at Myrina, 536-7 — writes bis extant books after Mar. 579 a — tf. Aug. 582. a a Clinton. Agathocles, [B Cj — Archon Fponymus of s (01. 105, 4,) 357. Agathocles, (son of Lysimachus), [BC] — defeated and captured by Getse, 292 — defeated by Demetrius Poliorketes, 287 — imprisoned by his father, and murdered by Ptolemy Keraunus, 284. Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse, and King of Sicily, [BCJ — b. at Thermae, about 36i-o a — serves iu Italy against the Bruttians, about 320 b — becomes a freebooter in Italy and Sicily, and is exiled, 319° — recalled, and again exiled, be returns and makes himself Tyrant of Syracuse, (01. 115, 4,) 317 d — gradually ac- quires the Hegemony of Sicily, 317-310 — de- feated by Hamilcar at the Himera, Jun. or Jul. 3io, td 311° — lands in Africa 6 days after a solar eclipse (15 Aug.), (01. 117, 3,) 21 Aug. 310 — suffers reverses in Africa, 308-7 b — re- - his position, and returns to Sicily, (01. 118, 2,) end of 307 , d 306 b — returns to Africa, and escapes again to Sicily, 305 b — defeats Democrates at Torgium, and regains supreme power in Sicily, 301 b — makes war in Italy, and takes Crotona, 299 a — poisoned by Mseno,(?) tf. (01. 122, 4,) 289. a Zumpt. b Grote. t: Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. Agathon, Deacon and Librarian at Con- ople, — Notary to 6th General Council of Constantinople, 680-1 — writes on the Mo- nothelitism of Eardanes, 712. Agathon, traffic port, [B C] — b. at Athens about 447 :i — first gains prize, [Leneea, 01. 90, 1,) Feb. 416 >> — visits Archelaus of Mace- . 407 — Tr. about (01. 94, 4,) 4oo. a ■ smith's Diet., Mailer, Ritschl. b Clinton. Agde {A an t ltd) in (jell in Narbonensis, — Coneil. Agatheme) held at, (3 Id. Sep. 1 ... 1. 644, Hisp. E.) II Sep. Verifier les Dates. Ageladas of Arffos, y, [BC] — b. - |X3, a 475. b :i Thiersch. '' ot her authori Agesilau3 II., King of Sparta, [bc] — b. 445-0 sucei 'Is his half-brother Agis II., 399," 39S 1 ' crosses from Aulis to Ephe- 3 months' truce with Tissaphernes, spring 396 winters al 396-5 — defeat ihern< a al £ i j 395 commands and land ; into Phrygia and ., autumn 395— winters at Das- cylium, 395-4 — surprises camp of Pharnabazus, and leaves bis Satrapy, early in 394 — re- called; passes Hellespont, about midsummer 394 — at entrance into Bceotia, (solar eclipse,) 14 Aug. 394 — defeats allies at Coroneia, Aug. 394 — wounded, and removed to Delphi, Aug. or Sep. 394, (Fythia, 01. 96, 3,) spring 393° — invades Argolis ; Teleutias co-operates with him against Corinth, 39i, a 393 b — invades Corinth again, and leads home survivors of Iphicrates' mora, Apr. or May 390^ (Isthmia, 01. 96, 4,) summer 392 b — invades Acarnania, 39o, a 391 b — receives submission of Acarnania before setting out on second expedition, 389^ 390 b — besieges and takes Pblius, 380-79 — in- vades Bceotia, summer 378, and spring or summer 377— incapacitated by severe illness, 376-2 — excludes Thebes from treaty of peace, in Congress at Sparta, (01. 102, 1,) Jun. 371 — invades Arcadia, late in 370 — defends Sparta against Epaminondas, (01. 102, 3,) winter 370- 69 — goes to coast of Asia, 366 a — defends Sparta against attempt of Epaminondas to surprise it, (Sciropbor. 01. 104, 2,) Jun. 362— conducts expedition in support of Tachos, to Egypt, about Jim. 362 — joins Xectanabis, 361 — ft. in Egypt, end of 361. a Grote. b Clinton. c Corsini. Agesipolis I., King of Sparta, [BCj — succeeds his father Pausanias, (01. 96, 3,) 394 — invades Argolis, 389-8^ 390 b — besieges Man- tineia, destroys it, and distributes people into 5 villages, (01. 98, 3, 4,) spring to autumn 385 — takes command in Olynthian War, (01. 99, 4,) spring 380—0*. at Apbytis, (01. 100, 1,) midsummer 380. a Grote. b Clinton. Agesipolis III., King of Sparta, [BC] — succeeds Cleomenes III., and is soon after- wards deposed by bis colleague, Lycurgus, 219 — with Spartan exiles, joins Flamininus against Nabis, 195 — killed by pirates, on an embassy to Rome with exiles, about 183. Aghrim, in Ireland, — William III. and Gen. Ginkell defeat James II. and St Ruth near, 12 Jul. 1691. Agias of Troezen, (Hegias, Augias,) cyclical poet, [B C] — II. about 740. Agier, Pierre Jean, magistrate and jurist, theologian, — b. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1748 — deputy in National Assembly, 1789 — President of Re- volutionary Tribunal, 1795 — tf. 22 Sep. 1823 — Traitd, sur le Mariage, 1800 — Les Fsaumcs trad, en Fr., 1809 — Les Frophetes trad, en Fr., 1820-2 — Commentaires sur V Apocalypse, 1823. Agilolfingers, F)ucal House of. [Eavaria.] Agincourt, (Azincour,) — Henry Y. defeats D'AIbret, Constable of Prance, near, 25 Oct. 1415- Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George Seroux d', historian, numismatist, — b. atBeau- vais, 5 Apr. 1730 — tf. at Rome, 24 Sep. 18 14 oire de V Art, 1810-23 — Fccueil defrag- ment de Sculpture Antique, 18 14. Agio de Soldanis, Pietro Francesco, gram- marian, — b. at Gozo, about 171c — "&, about 1760 — Bella Lingua prima, 1750. Agis of Elis, [BC]— Olympic victor, (01. 52,) 572. AGIS II.— AGRARIAN LAWS. Agis II., King or Sparta, [BC] — succeeds his lather Archidanras II., late in 427 s — ex- pedition against Attica stopped at Isthmus by earthquakes, summer 426 — ravages Attica for 15 days, Apr. 425 — expedition against Argos stopped at Leuctra by unfavourable sacrifices, 419 — invades Argolis ; grants armistice, and is severely censured, summer 418 — defeats Athe- nians, Argeians. and allies, near Mantineia, autumn 418 — ravages Argclis* destroys Losg Walls, takes Hysiae, end of Sep. 417 — ravages Attica, and fortifies Dekeleia, Mar. to Jun. 41 3 b — carries on Dekeleian War, 413-404 — quarrels with Alkibiades, 412 — invades Elis, 402 and 401, 15 401 and 4oo a — rj. 399 r bc ™8. a 397- Clinton. b Grote. c Thirhvall. d Kriiger. Agis III., King of Sparta, [BC] — suc- ceeds his father Archidamus III., (Metageit. 01. 110, 9,) Aug. 33S a — carries on intrigues with Persian Satraps against Alexander, 333 — ■ defeated and killed by Antipater, at Megal- opolis, (01. 112, 2,) about Oct. 331. a a Clinton. Agis IV., King op Sparta, [B C] — succeeds his father Eudamidas II., 244 — attempts re- storation of Lycurgean institutions, 243 — de- feated by Aratus at Mantineia, after Jul. 243 — joins Aratus against JEtolia, about 241 — put to death by Leonidas and the Ephors, about 24 1535- Agrippa, Herodes, I., King of Judjea, &c, [BCJ— b. about io a — [AD] — at Pome, about 5 b -23 a — iLYiile of Tiberias, about 30 — im- AGEIPPA— AGYBIUM. 23 prisoned by Tiberius at Eome, about 35 — re- leased by Caligula, and made Tetrarch of Abilene, Trachonitis, &c, with title of King, spring 37 c — Galilee added to bis dominions, 39 c — intercedes for Jews with Caligula at Borne, 40 c — Judsea and Samaria added to his dominions by Claudius, spring 41° — beheads James the apostle, and imprisons Peter, spring 44 b — U. at Csesarea, summer 44.° a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Agrippa, Herodes, II., King of Chalcis, &c. — ft. between 27 and 30 — intercedes for Jews at Eome, with Claudius, 45 s1 — succeeds his uncle Herod, as king of Chalcis, end of 48 a — transferred, Avith title of King, to Te- trarchate of Abilene, Trachonitis, &c, Feb. 53 a — dominions increased by JSero, $$ h — hears defence of the Apostle Paul, 60 b — aids Titus against Jerusalem ; is invested with Prsetorship at Eome, and kingdom of Itursea, 7o bc — fj. ioo. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. Agrippa, Iff. Asinius, — Consul with Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, (778, a. xr. c.) 25 — if. end of 26. Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, [BC] — ft. 63 — accompanies Octavian to Eome, 44 — Praetor ; commands in Perusinian "War, 41-0 — Pro- praetor in Gaul; crosses the Ehine, 38, a 37 b — Consul, with L. Caninius Gallus, (717, a. it. c.) 37 — defeats Sextus Pompey at Mylse, middle of Aug. 36 a — and at Naulochus, (3 iSTon.) 3 Sep. 36 a — honoured by gift of a naval crown, 36° — serves in Illyria, 35-4 — JEdile, (721, a. it. c.) 33 — commands fleet in Actiac "War, 32-0 — Consul II. and Censor, with Augustus ; marries Marcella, (726, a. it. c.) 28 — Consul III. with Augustus, (727, a. it. c.) 27 — serves in Cantabrian War, 25 b — builds Pantheon; celebrates Marcellus' marriage in absence of Augustus, (729, a. it. c.) 25 a — Proconsul to Syria, reaches Mytilene, before summer 23 a — returns to Eome ; marries Julia, former part of 21 a — in Gaul, i9 b — completes subjugation of Cantabrians, beginning of 19 s — returns to Eome, Apr. or May, 19 a — receives the Tri- bunician power, with Augustus, for 5 years, (736, a. it. c.) 18 — visits the Eastern pro- vinces; Bosporus, Syria, (737, a. it. c.) sum- mer 17 a — winters in Ionia, 1 7-1 6 a — completes arrangement of affairs of Bosporus, i4 a — re- turns to Eome ; is re-invested with Tri- bunician power, with Augustus, for 5 years, (741, a. it. c.) late in 133 — restores tranquillity in Pannonia, winter 13-12 — 3y. in Campania, latter part of Mar. i2. a a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Agrippa, Menenius Lanatus. [Lanatus.] Agrippa Postumus, M., [BC] — ft. after Mar. 12 — [AD] — adopted by Augustus, (5 Kal. Jul. 757, a. it. c.) 27 Jun. 4 a — banished to Surrentum, and afterwards to island of Planasia, 7 b — murdered in prison, 14. a Clinton, Fischer. b Fischer, Zumpt. Agrippa, Furius Medullinus Fusus, [BC] — Consul with F. Quinctius Capitolinus Bar- batus, (308, a. it. c.) 446. Agrippina, [BC] — ft. before 12 a — [AD] — married to Ctesar Germanicus, about 5 — brings his ashes to Eome, early in 20 b — banished to island of Pandataria, by Tiberius, 30 — ft. (15 Kal. Nov.) 18 Oct. 33. b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Agrippina,— ft. about 15 — married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 28 — recalled from banishment in island of Pontia, 41 — married to Crispus Passienus, 43 — to emperor Clau- dius, 49 — poisons Claudius, 54 — put to death by order of her son, emperor Nero, (Quiji- quatrus,) about 20 Mar. 59, a 60. b a Clinton. , b Smith's Diet. Agrippinus, Bp of Cahthage, — holds council at Carthage, 200. a [Carthage, Council of.] a Smith's Diet. Aguadir, (Guerguessem, Sta Cruz,) in Morocco, — taken by the Portuguese, about 1470 — fortified by Manuel of Portugal, 1503 — re- covered by the Moors, 1536 — dismantled, and people and trade removed to Mogadore, 1773. Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', Chancellor of Prance, — ft. at Limoges, 27 Nov. 1668 — Advocate at the Chatelet, 1690 — Advocate General, 1691 — Procureur General, 1700 — Chancellor, 17 17 — dismissed and exiled, 28 Jan. 17 1 8— restored, Jun. 1720 — exiled again and deposed by Cardinal Dubois, 1722 — re- called by means of Cardinal Fleury, 1727 — reinstated in office, 1737 — retires, 1750 — fc. at Paris, 9 Feb. 175 1. Aguilar, D'. [Gonzalo, Hernandez y Aguilar.] Aguillon, (Aiguillon,) Francois d', the- ologian, mathematician, — ft. at Brussels, 1566 — enters Society of Jesus, 1586 — if. 1617. Op- ticorum, libri sex, 161 3. Aguirra, Josef Saenz de, ecclesiastical writer, — ft. at Logrogno, 24 Mar. 1630 — • raised to the Cardinalate, by Innocent XI., 1686— if. at Eome, 19 Aug. 1*699. Agustin, (Agostin,) Miguel, Prior of St John of Perpignan, agricultural writer, — ft. at Bailolas, 1560 — if. about 1630. Llibre dels secrets de Agricultural, 1626. Agustino, (Augustin,) Antonio, jurisconsult, numismatist, — ft. at Saragossa, 25 Mar. 15 17 — goes to Italy, 1535 — legate to England from Julius III., 1555 — to Netherlands, Oct. 1555 — returns to Eome, Jan. 1556 — Bp of Alifa, 1556 — Bp of Lerida, 1558 — assists at Council of Trent, 1563 — Bp of Tarragona, 1574— if. 1586. Emcndationes Juris Civilis, 1544 — Antiquae Collectiones Decretalium, 157 1 — Juris Pontifcii veteris Epitome, 1587 — Bialogos de las Me- dullas, 1587. Agyleo, (Agylceus,) Enrico, jurist, §c. — ft. at Bois-le-Duc, 1533 — Counsellor of Supreme Tribunal, 27 Aug. 1586 — if. Apr. 1595. Agylla, in Italy, [B C] — at war with Alalia ; the Phocsean captives stoned to death about 535 — temple of Leucothea plundered by Di- onysius of Syracuse, 384. [Caere.] Agyrium, in Sicily, {San Filippo d' Argiro,) [B C] — Agyris, ally of Dionysius of Syracuse, 404-392 — Mago repulsed by Dionysius, near, 391 » — Apolloniades forced to abdicate by Timoleon; people proclaimed citizens of Sy- *4 AGYRRHIUS— AHMEDXAGAR. racuse, 339 — under the power of Phintias of mtum, before 279— in alliance with Hie- ron of Syracuse, receives half territory of Ame- Belum, 2*69. a Grote. Agyrrhius, of Athens, [BC] — obtains the restoration of the Theorieon, 395-4 — succeeds Thrasyhulus at Aspendus, (01. 97, 3,) begin- ning of 389.* a Clinton. Ahala, C. Servilius Structus, [BC]— (1) Consul with L. JEmilius Mamercus, (276, a. u. c.) 478. (2) Consul with L. Papirius Mugillanus, (327, a. v. c.) 427. (3) Consular Tribune, 408, 407, and 402 — Mag. equit. to P. Cornelius Rutilus Cossus, 408. Ahala, Q. Servilius, [BC]— (1) Consul with L. Genucius Aveutinensis, (389, a. u. c.) 365 — Consul II with the same colleague, (392, a. v. c ) 362 — Dictator; defeats Gauls at Colline Gate, 360 — Interrex for Comitia, 355. (2) Mag. equit. to M. Fabius Ambus- tus, 351 — Consul with C. Marcius Rutilus, (412, a. u. C.) 342. a a Smith's Diet., Fischer. Ahexiobarbus, Cn. Domitius, [BC] — (1) Plebeian JEdile, 196* — Prcetor, 194 — Consul with L. Quinctius Flamininus, (562, a. tj. c.) 192 b — Legatus to L. Scipio (Asiaticus) in war with Antiochus, 190. (2) Pontifex, 172 — com- missioner to Macedonia, 169 — again, with JEmilius Paulas, autumn 167 — Consul with P. iius Lcntulus, on abdication rf Scipio Nasica and Marcius Figulus, (592, a. u. c.) 162. (3) Consul with C. Fannius Strabo, (632, a. u. c.) 122 — defeats Allobrogians and Arvernians iu Vindalium, summer 121 b — triumphs, (635, 636, a. u. c.) n8 b — Censor with L. Csecilius Metellus Dalmaticus, 115. (4) Trib. pith.; Domitian Law passed, 104,^ io3 c — Pontifex max., 102 c — Cb«s?^withC.Cas- sius Longinus, (658, a. u. c.) 96 — Censor with Licinius Crassus, 92. (5) Taken prisoner at Corfinium, 49 — pardoned by Caesar, 46 — ■ follows Brutus into Macedonia after Caesar's death, 44 — defeats Domitius Calvinus off Brundusium, Nov. or Dec. 42 — reconciled to Antony, and set over Bithynia, 40 — accom- panies Antony against Parthians, 36 — Consul with C. Sosius, (722, a. u. c.) ; escapes from 1 to Antony, 32 — deserts to Octavianus, and ti. end of Aug. 31. (6) [AD] — Marries Agrippina, 28 — Consul with Furius Camillus BcribonianuB, (785, a. u. c.) 32 — tr. 40. a il Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Clinton. Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, [BC] — (1) Prator in Sicily, y()! :i — Consul with C. Coe- lius Caldus, (660, a. u. c.) 94 — put to death by L. Junius Brutus Damasippus, 82. (2) One of the witnesses against Verres, 70 — Curule JEdile, 61 — falsely accused of con- Bpiracy against Pompey, 59 — Prater, 58— ud- candidate tor Consulship, 55 — with App. Claudius Pulcher, (700, A - '"• ( '•) 54 -Qu&sitor at trial of Milo, 4 Apr. 52 a — onsuccessfu] candidate for Augurship, 50 — defends Corfinium againsi Caesar, and sur- ■ d in battle of Pharsalia, 9 ;.S. ('.',) Affianced to Antony's daughter, lia, winter 37-6 -JEdile, 22 — Consul with r. C irni lias Scipio, (738, a. v. a) 16— [ad] — commands in war against Germans ; crosses the Elbe, i, b about 12 a — tf. 25. a Smith's Diet. b Orellius. Ahmed (Achmet) III., Ottoman Emperor, — fc. (3 Eamadhan 1084, a. h.) 12 Dec. 1673 a — succeeds his brother Mustapha II. , deposed by Janissaries, (10 Eabia II. 1115, a. h.) 23 Aug. i703 b — Charles XII. of Sweden takes refuge in Turkey, and provokes him to war with Russia, 1709 — Peter the Great capitu- lates on the Pruth, and accepts the Peace of Falczy, 24 Jul. 17 11 — war with the Vene- tians, who lose the Morea, &c, 17 15 — his army defeated by Prince Eugene at Peter- "Waradin, 5 Aug. 17 16 — and near Belgrade, 16 Aug. 17 17 — Peace of Passarowitz, 21 Jul. 17 18 — concludes treaty with Russia, and com- mences war with Persia, 1723 — ended by Peace of Bagdad, (Rabia I. 1140, a. h.) Oct. 1727° — Persian war renewed, 1730 — revolt at Constantinople ; abdicates in favour of his nephew, Mahmud L, (15-18 Rabia I. 1143, a. h.) 28 Sep. to 1 Oct. i730 cl — ft. in prison, (Moharram 1152, a. h.) Apr. i739, d 23 Jun. 1736.° a Nouv. Biog. Gen, b Ersch and Gruber. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. Ahmed ben Hosein ben Kosdi al Rowmi, Abul, poet, §c., — raises a revolt and takes Mertola, (12 Saphar 539, a. h.) 14 Aug. 1144 — appointed Wali of Algarve by Abd-el-mu- men, (Rabia II. 540, a. h.) Oct. 1145 — taken and imprisoned at Beja by Mohammed ben Said; rescued by Ben Samail, Feb. Mar. 1146 — conducts reinforcements to the Almohades besieging Algeciras, Jun. 1146^ a Art de Verifier les Dates. Ahmed Ibn Hanbal, (Abu Abdullah Asch Sheibani, Al Merwazi,) founder of 4th sect of the Sonnites, — h. in Khorassan, or at Bagdad, (Rabia I. 164, a. h.) Nov. 780 — tf. at Bagdad, (Rabia I. 241, a. h.) Jun. or Jul. 855. Ahmed Ibn Toulun, Founder of Toulun- ides in Egypt, — h. at Samara, or Bagdad, (23 Ramadhan 220, a. h.) 20 Sep. 835 a — Governor of Egypt for Abbaside Caliph, makes himself independent, 868, b 873-4,° (265, a. h.) 878-9 d — conquers Syria, about 882 — tt. at Antioch, (D'hul-Kadah 270, a. h.) May 884. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gibbon. c TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Ahmedabad, — founded by Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, about 1425 — English factory estab- lished there, by permission of Jehangir, n Jan. 161 2 — taken by Gen. Goddard, 15 Feb. 1780 — ceded to the Mahrattas, 17 May 1782 — ravaged by the plague, 1 8 1 2 — ceded to the British, 6 Nov. 18 17 — partially destroyed by an earthquake, 16 Jun. 18 19. [Beder, Gu- zerat.] Ahmednagar, (A/tmednuggur,) — built by Ahmed Shah of Guzerat, about 1430" — king- dom established by Ahmed, son of Nizam-ul- Mvrlk Behri, who revolts from the Deccan, (896, a. h.) 1490^ about 1489 b — is forced by Mahmud of Guzerat to raise the siege of Doulatabad, 1499 — Burhan succeeds, 1508 — besieged by kings of Guzerat, Candesh, and Berar, does homage to Bahadur Shah of Gu- AIDAjST— AITON. 2 5 zerat, before 1530 — besieged by Earn Eaja of Bijayanagar, submits to hiin, (937, a. h.) 1530 s — professes tbe Shfa religion, 1537 a — succeeded, by Husen, 1553— in alliance with the other Mohammedan kingdoms of the Deccan, overthrows the monarchy of Bijay- anagar, at battle of Talicota, (20 Guimadhi II. 972, a. h.) 25 Jan. 1565,* i564 d — Murtezza succeeds, (972, a. h.) former part of 1565 — an- nexes kingdom of Berar, 1572 — Umniad an- nexed, i574 c — Akber supports Burhan against Murtezza, 1586 — Murtezza murdered by his son, Miran Husen succeeds, (996, a. h.) middle of 1588 — Miran Husen assassinated, Ismael suc- ceeds, (997, a. h.) end of 1588 — Burhan II. succeeds, 1590* — makes war on Bijapur, 1592 a ■ — Ibrahim succeeds, and is killed in battle, Ahmed II. succeeds, 1594 s — Bahadur II. succeeds, under regency of his mother, Chand Sultana or Bibi, autumn 1595 — invaded by Morad and Mirza Khan ; Chand Sultana de- fends Ahmednagar, (Eabia II. 1004, a. h.) about Nov. i595 a — secures peace by giving up Berar, (Eegeb 1004, a. h.) about Feb. 1596 a — Mohammed Khan, the Peshwa, plots against Chand Sultana; war renewed; alliance with Bijapur and Golconda ; indecisive battle at the Godavery, Dec. 1596 or Jan. 1597 a — Akber goes in person against the allies, 1598-9 a — Chand Sultana assassinated; the city taken; Behadur made prisoner, (Saphar 1009, a. h.) about Jul. i6oo, a 1598° — Malik Amber, minister to Murtezza II., founds a new capital, recovers Ahmednagar, and defeats Mirza Khan, before i6io a — defeats the arm- ies sent against him from Guzerat, Candesh, and Berar, 161 2 a — Shah Jehan reduces Malik Amber to submission, (Eabia I. to Schoual 1026, a. h.) Mar. to Sep. 1617— Malik Amber revolts, and is defeated by Shah Jehan, .summer 1621 — Shah Jehan rebels and join^ Malik Amber, 1624-5 — death of Malik Amber, 1626-7 — Khan Jehan joins Mortezza; they are defeated by Azim Khan, near Doulatabad, late in 1629 — Mohammed Adil Shah joins Mortezza, who is assassinated by Fatteh Khan, 1631 — Fatteh Khan, besieged in Doulatabad, submits to Shah Jehan ; his infant king is im- prisoned, Feb. 1633 — Shahji Bosla attempts to set up another king, 1634 — submits to Shah Jehan ; the Nizam Shahi kingdom finally ex- tinguished, 1637^ (1046, a. h.) 1636,° 1634 13 ■ — Aurangzib retreats to the city, 1706— taken by Gen. Wellesley, 8-12 Aug. 1803 — surren- dered by Sindiah to East India Company, 29 Dec. 1803 — ceded to the British, 13 Jun. 1817. [Aurangabad.J a Elphinstone. b Hamilton. c Mill. d Other authorities. Aidan, St, Bp of Lindisparne, — missionary in Northumbria from Iona, at request of Oswald, about 635— tf. 31 Aug. 651. Aigle, asteroid, — discovered by Coggla, 17 Feb. 1868. Aiguille Verte, — ascent of, by Whimper, Jul. 1864. Aiguillon, Armand Vignerod Buplessis Richelieu, Due d', — ft. 1720 — serves in Italy, 1742 — commands in Bretagne, 1756-63 — decret of Parlemcnt of Paris against, 4 Jul. 1770 — quashed by the king, Sep. 1770 — Minister of Foreign Affairs and War, with Abbe Terray and Maupeou, 177 1-4 — exiled, 1775 — tf. in Bretagne, before 1789. Aikin, John, m. d., miscellaneous writer, — < ft. at Kibworth-Harcourt, 15 Jan. 1747 — M. D. at Leyden, 1780— settles in London, 1792 — relinquishes his profession, 1798 — tf. at Stoke Newington, 7 Dec. 1822. Evenings at Home, 1795- — General Biography, 17 99-1 8 15 — Calendar of Nature, 1784 — Annals of Reign of George III., 1813, 1820. Aikin, Lucy, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Warrington, 17 81 — tf. at Hampstead, 29 Jan. 1864. Memoirs of the Court of Queen Eliza' beth, 18 19— Memoirs of Addison, 1843. Aikman, Wm, painter, — ft. at Cairney, 24 Oct. 1682 — tf. at London, 7 Jun. 1731. Ailly, Pierre d', (Petrus de Alliaco ; Aquila Gallice, Malleus Hcereticorum,) theo- logian, — ft. at Compiegne, 1350 — Chancellor of Univ. of Paris, 1389 — Bpof Puy, 1395 — Bp of Cambray, 1 396 — Cardinal, 141 1 — tf. at Avig- non, 8 Aug. 141 9, a 1425. b Imago Mundi, 141 o. a Ersch and Gruber. b Tennemann. Ailred, St, (Paired, Ethelredus, Aluredus,) Abbot of Eevesby (Rivaulx) — ft. 11 09 a — tf. 12 Jan. n66. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Pits. Aimeriek, Mateo, classical scholar, — ft. at Bordil, 17 15 — tf. at Ferrara, 1799. Aimoin, (Haimo,) Abbot op Fleury, his- torian, — enters Benedictine order, 970 — tf. 1008. Aimon, (Raymond, Haijmo,) Bp of Hal- berstadt, theologian and historian, — Bp, 841 — assists at Synod of Mayence against Gotts- chalk, 848— tf. 26 Mar. 853. Ainaly-Cavak, Treaty o/,— by which the Ottoman Porte abandons the Crimea and Kuban to Eussia, signed, (26 Dec. 1783, 0. s.) 8 Jan. 1784. Ainsworth, Henry, Hebraist and theologian, — takes refuge in Holland, 1593 — withdraws from Johnson's church at Amsterdam, 16 Nov. 1610 — tf. 1622-3/ I ^39- b Annotations on the Five Books of Moses, 1627. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian, %c, — ft. at Eccles, 1660 — tf. at London, 4 Apr. 1743. Thesaurus Una. Latins Compendiarius, 17 14- 36. Ain-Tab, (Antiocheia ad Taurum ?) — • taken by the Greeks, (241, a. h.) 855-6 a — by Nicephorus, (351, a. h.) 962 s — by Timur Beg, 1400 — Turks defeated by natives at, 1780. a Ersch and Gruber. Aire, in France, — with its magazines, cap- tured by Sir Eowland Hill, 2 Mar. 18 14. Air-gun, — said to have been invented by Marin of Lisieux, 1602. Airolo, in Italy, — Suwarrow defeats Gudin near, 23 Sep. 1799. Air-pump, invented by Otto von Guericke, 1654 — improved by Boyle, 1657. [Grave- sande, Hawksbee, Smeaton, &c] Alton, Wm, botanist, — ft. near Hamilton, 1731 — forms the Eoyal Botanical Garden at 26 AITZEMA— AKBER. Kew, 1759 — tJ. at Kew, 1793. Hortus K w nsis, 1789. Aitzeina, Leon van, — historian, &;c, — b. at Doccum, 19 ><"ov. 1600 — tr. at the Hague, 23 Feb. 1669. Historie oft Yerhaal van Saciken ran Stent m Oorlogh, 1*621-69; 1657-71. Aiz, in Provence, {Aqua Sextice Salluvio- r B C] — colony established by C. Sextius Cal vinus, 122 — Marias defeats Cimbrians and Teutons near, 102 — neAV colony, {Julia Aquen- sis,) established by Julius Csesar, after 50— olony, {Julia Augusta,) by Augustus, 1 5 — [A D J — neighbourhood ravaged by Visigoths, 430 — taken and dismantled by the Saracens, 729 — walls rebuilt, 796 — ice of the Counts of Provence, 1100- 148 1 — declares itself a republic, about 12 15 ■ — municipal constitution accorded to it by Charles II. of Provence, 1290 — its privi- leges continued by Joanna of Naples, 1365 — occupied by the emperor Charles V., 1536. wnt of, established by edict of Louis XII., Jul. 1501 and 26 Jim. 1502 — sup- pressed by Louis XY., 22 Feb. 177 1. TJni- 1 of, founded by Louis II. of Provence and Pope Alexander V., 1409. Aix, Isle d', — seized by the English, but abandoned, 1757. Aix-la-Ghapelle, (Aquisgranum, Aachen,) —founded by Severus Granius, about 125 — residence of Thierri, son of Clovis, king of Mctz, about 514 — of Charlemagne, about 768 • — cathedral commenced by him, 773 — ravaged by Normans, 851 and 882— taken by Dumou- riez, 2 Dec. 1792 — Coburg defeats the French near, 15 Jan. 1793— taken by the French, 23 Sep. 1794 — occupied by the allies, Feb. 1814. Congresses of ; — respecting succession of Maria - '. &c, Mar. to Oct. 1748 — respecting affairs of Europe, after Restoration of Bour- bons, 14 Feb. to 20 Nov. 18 1 8. Convention of respecting the Evacuation of France by the . signed by Plenipotentiaries, 9 Oct. 18 18 — ratified by France, 13 Oct. 18 18— protocol and declaration finally signed, 15 Nov. 18 18. Council of on the Procession of the Holy Spirit, Nov. 809. Peace of between Louis X! V. and Carlos II. respecting Spanish Ne- therlands, 2 May 1668. Treaty of, between 1 II., Loins XV., Maria Theresa, Fer- dinand VI., Charles Emmanuel III., and the ioa and the United Provinces, fcing affairs of Europe, signed by Eng- 1 United Provinces, 18 Oct. — iiii, 20 Oct. — by Austria, 23 Oct.— by . — by Genoa, 28 Oct. — by in, 7 Nov. — ratifications exchanged, 1748. Aiznaden, (Ajnadin,) — Khaled defeats \Ter- d;in in plains of , (:;o Guimadhi I. 12, a. h.) 12 Au-. 1 13 Jul. 1 -- 633. 1 Clinton. b Oeklcy, Gibbon. Ajmir, in Hindfutan t — first mentioned, about 40V'— Manik Bai (the 8th prince) r . - .- Visal conquers Delhi, ic>5o a 1: Pbttwi Raja vanquished, and ni overthrown, by Shahab-u-din Ghori, II91-3— Xutb-u-din besieged in, by llajas of Guzerat and Nagor, about 1200 — recovered by the Rajputs, about 1350* — acquired by Akber, 1558-9 a — occupied by Ajit Sing, and Rajput army, 1721 — independent, after 1748 ■ — oppressed by Mahaji Sindiah, about 1780 — annexed to British empire, 18 17 — ceded to Dowlut Rao Sindiah, 1818. s ElpMnstone. Akakia, (Sans Malice?) Martin, physician, — b. at Chalons-sur-Marne, before 150c — M. D., 1524 — Lecteur Itoyal to College of France, 1530— deputy from Univ. of Paris to Council of Trent, 1545 — tf. 155 1. De C. Galeni curancU rations, 1538 — C. Galeni _P. ars meclica, quce et ars parva, 1543. Akakia, Martin, (the younger,) surgeon,— b. at Chalons-sur-Marne, about 1539 — ^- ^., 1572 — Regius Prof. Surgery at Royal Coll. of Paris, 1574— ft. 1588, Akbeh ben Nan, Emir of Africa, — ap- pointed by Caliph Moawiyah to succeed Ben Hadij ; overruns all Africa, and founds Kair- wan, (50, a. h.) 670 — killed in an insurrec- tion of the Moors, 682, Akber, Jellaladin Mohammed, Mogul Emperor, — b. at Amercote, 14 Oct. 1542 a — succeeds his father Huniayun under the Re- gency of Behram Khan, (963, a. h.) Jan. 1556,* 14-5 Feb. 1556,* 1555 c— Candahar lost to Persia, and Cabul to Mirza Soliman of Badakhshan, about 1556 — Delhi and Agra re- covered, 1556-7 a — Secander Sur defeated, re- tires to Bengal, about 1557 a — Ajmir acquired, 1558-9 a — and Gwalior, 1559 s — territory ex- tended to Lucknow and Juanpur, 1559 s1 — takes government into his own hands, (28 Guimadhi II. 967, a. h.) Mar. 1560 ab — Behram submits and is pardoned, (Moharram 968, a. h.) Sep. 1560* — rebellion of Shir Shah II. suppressed by Khan Zeman, 1560 — Baz Bahadur revolts in Malwa; expelled by Adam Khan, who rebels and is reduced, (Shaban 968, a. h.) May 1561a — Baz Baha- dur subdued, (969, a. h.) 1561a — Akber drives Abdullah Khan out of Malwa, (970, a. h.) 1562 — revolt of the Uzbek officers, Khan Zeman, and Asof Khan, 1563-4 — Prince Hakim invades the Punjab, and is driven out, Nov. 1566 s1 — revolt of tne Mirzas suppressed, 1566 — Chitor taken, (Shaban 975, a. h.) Mar. 1568 s — Usbek revolt suppressed, about 1570-1 — conquest of Guzerat, (Guimadhi I. 980 to 2 Saphar 981, a. h.) Sep. 1572-4, Jun. 1573 s — ' Bengal invaded, and, with Behar, re-annexed, I 575 - 6— mutiny in Bengal and Behar, 1577- 80 — revolt of the Afghans, 1578-92 — Akber proclaims his renunciation of Islam, 1579 — Mirza Hakim revolts, and is reduced, (Mo- harram 989, a. h.) Feb. 158 1 — insurrection in Guzerat, 158 1 — Mirza Khan drives Mozaffer out of continental Guzerat, (Moharram 992, a. h.) Jan. 1584 — Akber begins to take part in the contests in the Deckan, 1586 — conquers Casbmir, 1587 — and Sind, 159 1-2 — Bengal completely subjugated, about 1592 b — conquest of Guzerat completed, 1593 — Candahar re- covered, 1594 — expeditions against Ahmedna- gar, and tbe Deckan, commenced, about Nov. I 595 — the Deckan made tributary, 1599 — AKENSIDE— ALAN1. 27 Ahmednagar taken, about Jul. 1600 — revolt of Akber's eldest son, Selim, [Jehangir,] (Ska- ban 1009, a. h.) about Nov. 1600 — Candesh annext, (late in 1009, A. h.) spring i6oi a — quarrels and revolts continue in Akber's family, 1603-4 — tf. at Agra, (1014, A. h.) 13 Oct. 1605.* a Elphinstone. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Mill. Akenside, Mark, poet, physician, — h. at Newcasiie-on-Tyne, 9 Nov. 17 21 — M. D. of Leyden, 174.4 — practises in London, 1748 — U, at London, 23 Jim. 1770. Pleasures of Ima- gination, 1744 — Oratio Harveiana, 1760. Akerblad, John David, philologist, — b. in Sweden, 1760 — tf. at Eome, 8 Feb. 1819. Akerniann, Treaty of, — between Russia and Turkey, placing Moldavia, Valachia, and Servia, under protection of Russia, (4 Sep.) 26 Oct. 1826. Akhalzik, (AMska,) in Georgia, — Paskie- wicz defeats the Turks at, 24 Aug. 1828. Akhshidites, Dynasty of, in Egypt, — Abu Bekr Mohammed ibn Tughg, declares himself independent, 936^ (323, a. h.) 934-5 b — con- firmed by Caliph Radhi, 936 b — defeats the Emir al Omra, at El Arych, 939-40 b — suc- ceeded by his son, Abu 'l Kasem, Mohammed, (Abu Hur,) under regency of Kafiir, 948, a (Dhu '1 hajjah 334, a. h.) 946 b — Kafdr de- feats Seif-ed-doulah, at Ramla, autumn 946 b , — defeats the Nubians at Assouan, 956 b — his brother, Abu 'l Hassan, Ali, succeeds, 962,=! (Dhu '1 Kadah 349, a. h.) Jan. 961b — Kafur (el Akhshicli) succeeds, 967^ (Mohar- ram 355, a. h.) Jan. 966b — Ahmed, Abu '1 Fowaris, (son of Ali,) succeeds, 969^ (Gui- madhi I., 357, a. h.) Apr. 968 b — dynasty overthrown by the Fatimite general, Goher, 970,* (362, a. h.) 972^ ( 9 _20 Schoual 358, a. h.) 20 Aug. to 6 Sep. 969.C a Wilkinson. b Marcel. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Aldbah ben Joseph, Rabbi, — declares for Barchochebas, 132 — taken by Roman soldiers and burnt alive, about 135. Akimov, Ivan Akimovich, painter, — b. 1754 — tf. at St Petersburg, 15 May 18 14. Akova, in Korea, — taken by the Turks, I39i. a a Finlay. Alabama, United States, — separated from Mississippi Territory, and erected into a territorial government, by Act of Congress, 3 Mar. 18 17 — Act for formation of constitution and admission to Union, 2 Mar. 1 8 1 9 — Con- vention for forming constitution meets at Huntsville, 5 Jul. 1 8 1 9 — Constitution adopted, 2 Aug. 1 8 19 — formally admitted to Union, 14 Dec. 18 19 — secedes, 11 Jan. 1861 — one of the Confederate States, 4 Feb. 1861 — [Con- federate States] — readmitted to representation in Congress, by bill passed, 11 Jun. 1868. Alabama, Confederate corvette, — built at Liverpool, sails before 29 Jul. 1862 — govern- ment orders to prevent her sailing, sent, 29 Jul. — 18 Federal vessels fitted out for capture of, close of 1862— sunk by the Kearsage, off Cherbourg, 19 Jun. 1864. Alabama Claims, — diplomatic discussion of, between United States and Great Britain, begins, summer 1865— convention for settle- ment of, signed at London, 10 Nov. 1868 — • rejected by U. S. Senate, before 30 Nov. — ■ second convention, signed, 14 Jan. 1869— re- jected by Senate, 13 Apr. 1869. Alabaster, William, Hebraist, §c, — n. at Hadleigh, about 1567 — 5?. beginning of Apr. 1640. Eoxana, acted at Cambridge, about 1630, published 1632 a — Lexicon Tentaglottum, 1637. a Hallam.' Alacoque, Marguerite, (3Iarie,) enthusiast, — -b. at Lauthecour, 22 Jul. 1647 — takes the veil at Convent of the Yisitation, Paray-le- Monial, 6 Nov. 1672 — ft. 17 Oct. 1690. Akesa Arehonidea, (Halesa,) in Sicily, [B Cj— founded by Carthaginians, (01. 93, 4,) 405-4 — or by Herbitans, under Archonides, (01. 94, 2,) 403-2 a — submits to Rome, re- taining its original government, 263 — legis- lation of C. Claudius Pulcher, 95 b — become an ordinary municipal town, by 30. a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. Alalia, (Aleria,) in Corsica, [BC]— founded by Phocseans, 564,* 561b — Phocceans retire to, on destruction of Phocsea, 544, a 541 b — aban- doned by them, about 539,° 536 b — taken by L. Scipio, 259 — receives a Roman colony, under Sulla, 80. a Clinton. b Heeren. c Smith's Diet. Alamanni. [Alenianni.] Alamanni, (Alenianni,) Luigi, poet, — ft. at Florence, 18 Apr., a 28 Oct. b 1495 — conspires against Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, and flies to Venice, beginning of 1522 — returns to Florence after the expulsion of the Medici, after 17 May 1527 — accompanies Andrea Doria, to fetch Charles V. to Italy, Aug. 1529 — exiled at the restoration of the Medici, retires to France, Sep. 1530 — ambassador from Francis I. to Charles V., end of 1544— tr. at Amboise, 28 Oct., a 18 Apr.b 1556. Enchiridion Gram- tnatices, 15 16 — Opere Toscane, 1532-3 — La Coltivazione, 1546 — Gironeil Cortese, 1548 — La Avar chide, 1570. a Biog. Univ. b Zedler. Aland, Archipelago of, in the Baltic, — annexed to the government of Finland, 1634 — Peter the Great defeats the Swedish fleet near, 27 Jul. 17 14 — negotiations between Russia and Sweden carried on at, May 17 18 — taken by Buxhowden, Apr. 1808 — recovered, May. 1808 — retaken by Barclay de Tolly, Mar. 1809— ceded to Russia by treaty of Fredericsham, 17 Sep. 1809. Aland, Sir John Fortescue, jurisconsult, — b. at London, 7 Mar. 1670 — called to the bar, 1690 — Solicitor-General, 16 Dec. 1715 — Baron of the Exchequer, 24 Jan. 17 17 — Justice of King's Bench, 15 May 17 18 — Justice of Common Pleas, 6 Dec. 1728 — re- signs, 1746 — 3j. 19 Dec. 1746. Alani, (Albani, Massagetce, Scythce,) [B C] — oc mpy Albania, near the Caspian, about 65 a — [AD] — ravage Parthia, Media, and Armenia, about 75 a — with the Bastarnpe and Roxalani, harass the country south of the Danube, after n8 a — occupy country between the Don and the Volga ; overrun Armenia, and threaten ALAXUS— A'LAWY-KHAX. Cappadocia, 1 33-7 a — defeat Gordian III. near .Philippopolis, 242 b — amongst the captives led in triumph by Aurelian, 274°— cross the fron- tier to invade Persia, hut ravage Armenia, Pontus, Cappadocia, &c, 275 — driven beyond the Phasis again, by Tacitus, Mar. 276 — sub- jugated by the Huns, join them in attacking the Goths, 375, a 376 cd — join the Goths under ern, who defeat and kill Yalcns near Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — defeated by Theo- dosins, and driven out of Thrace, 17 Nov. 37 9 c — permitted to settle in Pannonia, about 400 c — join Padagaisus in his unsuccessful in- of Italy, 405° — with the Vandals and Suevi, enter Gaul, 31 May 406,° 31 Dec. 4o6, e 407 h — under Ataces, with Vandals and Suevi, enter Spain, invited by Gerontius, 28 • 13 Oct. 409° — settle in Lusitania and ). (449, e. h.) 41 1 d — with Alemannians, Bnrgundians, and Franks, join Jovinus, in . 41 1 c — reduced by Wallia, king of the Goths, and their king Ataces slain, 4i8 ac — receive Lusitania and New Carthage on par- tition of Gunderic's kingdom, 428 s — ac- company Genseric [Genseric] in the invasion of Africa, May 429 — those near the Black inverted to Christianity, about 430? — colonies planted in Gaul by Aetins, about 4s° e — under Saxgibax, assist Aetius against Auila, 451 a — subjugated by Thorismond, 451- 2 C — infest Caul, about 461° — serve as mer- cenaries in Majorian's army, 461 — defeated by Ricimer, and Beorgor their king slain, at . 4 Feb. 464c — join the confederates Odoacer, who ravage Italy, 476 cd — enu- merated amongst the subjects of Huneric, in Edict of 19 or 20 May 483°— those of the sian isthmus known to the Empire, under Justinian, 527-66 — in alliance with the dans, under Sakoes, 572-3 a — invade t, and are defeated by Leo Isauricus, 713— occupy Albania {Allan) again under their own kings ; reduced by Basil II., 991 h — by Cengis-Khan, 1221 — their name completely destroyed by Batu-Khan, 1237. : > Smith's Lift. b English Cyc. c Clinton. d Zumpt, e Gibbon. f Menzel. S Murdock. h Finlay. Alanus, Flandrensis, (Alain de Sgssel,) Bpof AuxERBE, — 6. in Flanders, after 1100 — - ander St Bernard, 1128 — Abbot of La Eivonr, 1140 — Bp, 1151-2 — retires to Clair- vaux, 1167a — ft. n8i-2, a after 1185. a Rose's Biog. Diet. Alanus de [ab) Insulis, (Alain de Vlsle, Altissiodorensis, Magnus, The Universal .) scholastic philosopher, — ft. at Lille? iii4 :i Canon of Benevento, about 1145 — Sicily, u69 h — enters convent at Can- ■. 1174 — attends the Illrd Lateran '. 1179 Prior of Canterbury, 1 1 79 b — Al»lx)t of Tewkesbury, u86 b — retires to I ax, about 1195 — ij. i202, a 1201,'' 1203.° , Gen. b Hose's Biog. Diet. r I'i nncmann. Alarcon, in Spam,— Yacub ben Ynssef . -tile, near, autumn "95- Alarcon, Antonio Suarez de, historian, — ft. about 1636— tf. about 1663. Comentarios de los heehos del Seizor Alarcon, 1665. Alarcon y Mendoza, Juan Ruiz de, dra- matic writer, — ft. in Tasco, Mexico, before izzz — in Europe, 1622. Comedias, 1628, i 6 34- Alard, Francois, theologian, — ft. at Brus- sels, after 150c/? — goes to Antwerp, 1567 — jf, at Yvilster, Eolstein, 10 Jul. 1578. Alaric, Kixg of Visigoths, — elected, 382,* 398 b — aids Theodosius against Eugenius, 394 — invades Greece, 395 a — takes Athens, 396 a — attacked by Stilicho, escapes into Epirus, 396, a 397 b — appointed Prefect of E. Illyricum by Arcadius, 398 b — invades Italy, 400 a — at- tacked by Stilicho, late in 402 — defeated by Stilicho, (Easter, c ) 29 Mar. 403 a — driven out of Italy, summer 403 s — made Prefect of W. Illyricum by Eonorius, 404 — invades Italy again, besieges Pome, Aug. to Dec. 4o8, a Oct. 408 to Mar. 409 d — besieges Pome again, and nominates Attains emperor, 409 — restores the empire to Honorius, 410 b — sacks Pome, 24 or 26 Aug. 4io a — evacuates the city, 29 or 31 Aug. 41 o a — if. at Consentia, late in 410. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Tillemont. d Gibbon. Alaric II., Kixg oe Visigoths,— succeeds his father Euric, 484-5 — defeated and killed by Clovis at Yoglade, near Poitiers, 507. Alaricianurn, Breviarium, — abridgment of the Theodosian Code, published by Alaric II., 506. Alasco, (a lasco.) John, theologian, — ft. in Poland, 1499 a — abjures Catholicism, after 1525 — preaches at Embden, 1540 — invited to England, 1548 — leaves England on accession of Mary, 1553 — returns to Poland, 1556 — ft, 13 Jan. i56o. b Defensio vcrce doctr, de Christi Incamat., 1545 — Forma lot. Eccles. ministerii Eduardi VI. in peregrin, ecclcsia, 1550 — Catechismus, 155 1 — Confessio, 1552. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alaska. [Russian America.] Alatheus, (Odothceus,) — guardian of Yi- theric, (\Vunther,) king of the Ostrogoths, 376 — with Fritigern defeats and kills Yalens near Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — defeated and slain by Theodosius near the Danube, au- tumn 386. Alava, in Spain, — Code of laws and privi- leges of, (fueros,) formed by order of Henry IX. of Castile, and approved by assembly at Pivabellosa, 1467. Alava, Miguel Ricardo de, General, — ft. at Yittoria, 177 1 — joins the Afrancesados, 1807 — joins the army of Independence, about 181 1 — ambassador to the Netherlands, 1 815- 19 — President of Cortez, May 1822 — ambassador to London, 1834— to Paris, 1835 — retires to France, Aug. 1837 — tf. at Bareges, 1843. A'lawy-Khan, Mirza Mohammed Hashem, (Nabob Moatemid el Malouk Segd,) physician, — ft. at Shiraz, (Ramadhan 1080, a. h.) Jan. i669 a — enters service of Aurangzib, (1110, a. h.) 1699-1700 — in the service of Nadir Shah, 1739 — sets out on pilgrimage to Mecca, ALBA— ALBANY. 2 9 (16 Gumiadhi II. 1154, a. h.) 19 Aug. 1741— tf. at Delhi, (29 Eedgeb 1162, a. h.) 16 Jul. 1749. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of — b. 1508— serves at the capture of Font- arabia, 1524. — at the battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 — under Charles V. in Hungary, Sep. Oct. 1532 — at siege of Tunis, 1535 — at siege of Marseilles, autumn 1536 — on expedition against Algiers, 1541 — besieged in Perpignan by the Dauphin, Aug. Sep. 1542 — distin- guishes himself at battle of Miihlberg, 24 Apr. 1547 — commands for Charles Y. at siege of Metz, 19 Oct. to 26 Dec. 1552 — commands in Italy against Paul IY. and the French, 1558-9 — governor of the Netherlands, 22 Aug. 1567 to 18 Dec. 1573 — banished to castle of Uzeda, 1573 — overruns Portugal, Jun. 1580 — tr. 12 Jan. (1582, o. s.) 1583. Alba Fucensis, [BC] — a colony from Home, (451, a. u. c.) 303 a — sends assistance to Borne, 211 — with eleven other colonies refuses service to Borne, (545, a. it. c.) 209 — punished in consequence, (548, a. it. c.) 204. a Fischer. Alba Longa, {mythic,) [BC] — built about 1151 s — destroyed, before 640. a Zumpt. Alba de Tormes, in Spain, — Kellermann de- feats the Duke del Parque at, 25 Nov. 1 809 — castle of, held by Mamiont, 18-30 Jim. 1812 — abandoned by Spaniards, and occupied by French, 22 Jul. 18 12 — Hamilton repulses Soult at, 10 Nov. 1 81 2. Albani, Alessandro, Cardinal, virtuoso, — b. at Urbino, 15 Oct. 1692 — Cardinal, 17 21 — tS. n Dec. 1779. Albani, {Albano,) Francesco, painter, — b. at Bologna, 17 Mar. 1578 — tr. 4 Oct. 1660. Albani, Giovanni Francesco, Cardinal, — b. at Urbino, 26 Feb. 1720a — Cardinal, 1747 — ■ his villa pillaged by the French, 1798 — jr at Eome, Sep. 1809,* a tj. K. S. Biog. Diet. Albani, Giuseppe, Cardinal, — b. at Eome, 13 Sep. 1750 s - — joins the Austrian party against France, 1793 — goes to Yienna, 1796 — Cardinal, 23 Feb. i8oi a — returns to Eome, 1 8 14 — Secretary of State to Pius YIIL, 1829 — Xf, at Pesaro, 3 Dec. 1834. a Conversations-Lexicon. Albania, {Alania, Aghovankh, Schirvan, Daghestan, S$c.,) in Asia, Albani, [BCj — embassy from the king to Alexander the Great at Babylon? 324-3 a — Orodes {Orceses) forms alliance with Tigranes, defeated by Pompey, and the country overrun, 65 — his son and suc- cessor, Zoberes, defeated by Canidius Crassus, 36 b — [AD] — under the protection of Eome, about 23 — assists in expelling Artabanus III. (Arsaces XIX.) from Armenia, 36 c — Pharas- manes ravages Armenia, Media, and Cappa- docia, and makes himself king of Edessa, after 117 s — visits Eome, at the summons of Antoninus Pius, after i38 a — joins Sapor II. of Persia in invasion of Mesopotamia, 359 d — Bo- manus defeats Persians under Bahrain there, 589 s — Heraciius winters there, 623~4 e — sub- jugated finally by Justinian II., before 711.* [Alani, Iberia.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Fischer. c Zumpt. d Gibbon. e Clinton. Albania, {Skiperi,) in Europe, Albanians, {Skipetars, Arnauts,) — Albanopolis and Al- banians mentioned by Ptolemy, about 150— found in army of Nicephorus Yasilakes, io79 a — first appear in the Morea, as mercenaries of Manuel Cantacuzenus, about i349 a — acquire possession of the northern part of Epirus, after 1 350 a — immigrate into the Morea in great numbers, under direction of the em- perors, before 1400 to 1450 — spread over Epirus, Acarnania, and parts of Macedonia and Thessaly, as tributaries of the Ottoman emperors, after 1400 — Murad II. takes pos- session of the country at the death of Joannes Castriota, 1432 — Scanderbeg throws off the Ottoman yoke, and successfully resists Murad II. and Mohammed II., 1443-67 — colonies planted in the islands of the Archipelago, about 1450 — insurrections of, in the Morea, against Mohammed II., suppressed, 1454-9 a — Joannes Castriota II. succeeds his father; under the protection of Yenice, Feb. 1467 — expelled by Mohammed, migrates to Calabria ; the country subjugated, 1477-8 — Moham- medism prevails in, about 1650 — Ali Pacha of Joannina appointed Roumily -Valicy, 1803 — overrun by the Ottomans under Ismael Pacho Bey, 1820 — revolt of, suppressed by Eedschid Pacha, 1 8 30- 1 — insiu'rection commenced, Jan. 1854. [Bulgaria, DyrracMum, Epirus, II- lyricum, Montenegro.] a Finlay. Albanian Translation of the New Testament, — made by Dr Evangelos Mexicos, 1820 — published by Ionian Bible Society, 1827. Alban Lake, in Italy, [B C] — {mythic,) — prodigy at, during siege of Yeii, and embassy to Delphi respecting it, (356, a. tj. c.) 398 — drained by a tunnel, about 397-87. Alban Mount, {Monte Cavo,) in Italy, [B C] — triumph of C. Papirius Maso there, for victories in Corsica, (3 Non. Mart. 523, a. it. c.) 5 Mar. 23i, a 21 Apr. 23o b — of M. Claudius Marcellus, for the taking of Syracuse, (543, a. v. c.) autumn 211 — of Q. Minucius Eufus, for victories in Liguria, (557, a. y. c.) 197 — of C. Cicereius, for a victory in Corsica, (Kal. Oct. 582, a. u. c.) 1 Oct/ (29 May b ) 172— temple to Juno Moneta there, dedicated by C. Cicereius, 168 °— [AD] — ruins of temple of Jupiter Latialis removed, 1783.° a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Smith's Diet. Albans, St, ( Verulamium,) — EichardDukeof York defeats and takes Henry YI. near, 22 May 1455 — Queen Margaret defeats Earl of Warwick near, {Shrove Tuesday,) 17 Feb. 146 1. Albany, Alexander, Duke of— imprisoned by his brother, James III. ; escapes to France, 148 1, 1478 a — accompanies Edward IY. in his invasion of Scotland, Aug. 1482, 147 9 a — Lieut. -general of the kingdom, 1482 b — flies to England ; defeated at Lochmaben, with Earl of Douglas, 1483 — killed in a tournament, in France, by Duke of Orleans, 1483. a Scott. b Pict. Hist. Eng. Albany, John Stuart, Duke of— summoned front France, as regent during the minority of James Y, 15 15 — goes to France, 15 16— re- 3° ALBANY— ALBERONI. turns to Scotland, and assumes the govern- ment-, 3 Dec. 15 2 1— attempts to invade Eng- land, Sep. 1522^ 24 Sep. to Nov. 1523 — returns to France, Oct. 1522— comes to Scot- land again ; vainly attempts to besiege Wark ; retires finally to 'France, spring 1523 b — ac- companies Francis I. to Italy, and returns alter battle of Pavia, spring 1525 — tf. 1536. a Scott. b Pict. Hist. Eng. Albany, Louise Maximilienne, {Marie Caroline, lleloise,) de Stolberg, Countess of , — b. at Mons, 27 Sep. 1753 — married to Charles James Edward Stuart, {the Young Pretender}) 1772 — retires to a convent, 1780 — goes to Florence at his death ; secretly married to Al- fieri, 1788— Alfieri dies, 1803— tf. at Florence, 29 Jan. 1824. Albany, in New York, TT. S. — Fort Orange built by the Dutch, 161 2-14 — town (Beaver Wyelc, Williamstadt) founded, 1623 — taken by English, and called Albany, 1664 — Con- vention from the Seven Colonies, respecting French encroachments, assembles at, Jun. 1754 — made the seat of government for New York, 1797. Albany, Robert, (Earl of Fife,) DuJce of, — b. about 1340" — Eegent of Scotland, under Robert II., 1385 s — challenges Henry IV., on his invasion of Scotland, Aug. 1400 — con- trives death of David, Duke of Rothsay, i4oi, b 1405 a — right to the Regency admitted, at death of Robert III., 1406 — negotiates truce with Henry IV., 1412 — conducts "the Foul Raid" against England, 1417— tf. 1419. a Pict. Hist. Eng. b Scott. Albategnius, (Albatenius,) Mohammed Ton Djafar lbn Senan Abu Abdullah, Al Bateni, astronomer, — b. at Baton, about 850 — begins his observations at Rakkah, about (264, a. h.) 877-8 — continues them till 918 — tf. (317, a. 11.) 929. Albemarle, Arnold Joost van Eeppel, Fori of, — b. in Gueldres, 1669 — comes to England with William III., 1688— created Earl of Al- io, 10 Feb. 1696 a — bums French maga- zines at Arras, 1705 — defeated and taken prisoner at Denain, 24 Jul. 17 12 — tr. 17 18. a Pict. Hist. Eng. Albemarle, George Monk, DuJce of, — ft. at Petheridge, 6 Dec. 1608 — enters the army, and serves in Spain, 1626 — in the expeditions against Rhe and Oleron, Jun. 1627 ■ — in I Landers, 1628 — as Lieut.-colonel, under Lord Newport, against the Scots, May 1640 — t the rebels in Ireland, 1641 to Jul. 1643 — arrested on suspicion of being a Par- tttarian; released and made a General- major, 1643— taken prisoner by Fairfax at Nantwich, and sent to the Tower, 15 Jan. 1644 — released, and serves in Ireland; relieves Londonderry, Sep. 1647 — under Cromwell in f and, Jun. 1650— at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 the surrender of Edinburgh . 19 Dec. 1650 — Iieut.-general of Ord- nance, \\)\\ 1651 — loft in command in Scot- land, . 1 . 1 •.-. ■- rms Dun- . 1651 commands under Blake, : Van Tromp, in victory oil' Poi 18-21 Feb. 1653 — Admiral-in-chief, defeats and kills Van Tromp, off the coast of Holland, 29 Jul. 1653 — returns to his command in Scotland, May 1654 — suppresses Glencairn's Rebellion in the Highlands, summer 1654 — ■ takes possession of Berwick, before 29 Oct. 1659 — marches towards England, Nov. 1659. 1660 — Advances to York, beginning of Jan. — reaches London, 4 Feb. — dismantles gates of London, 9 Feb. — takes part with the city against the Parliament, 1 1 Feb. — restores the secluded members, 20 Feb. — appointed Lord General of all the forces, 21 Feb. — and General at sea, with Montague, 2 Mar. — be- gins to negotiate with Charles at Brussels, Apr. — communicates the king's letters to Par- liament, 1 May — receives Charles II. at Dover; made K. G., 25 May — Captain-general, and Master of the Horse, 1 Jun. — Duke of Al- bemarle, &c, 7 Jul. Commands the fleet against the Dutch, Apr. 1666 — defeats De Ruyter and Tromp, 1 and 2 Jun. 1666— a commissioner of the Treasury, 1 Jun. 1667 — tf. 3 Jan. 1670. Alberelli, Giacorno, painter, — tf. about 1650. Albergati-Capacelli, Francesco, Marquis of, dramatic writer, — b. at Bologna, 29 Apr. 1728 — self-exiled from Italy, 1785-98 — tf. 16 Mar. 1804. II Frigionere crowned, 1774 — 11 Fregiudizio del f also onore, 1784 — Col- lected Comedies, published, 1784. Albergati, Piccolo, St, Cardinal, — b. at Bologna, 1375 — Cardinal, 1426 — presides, with Card. Cesarini, at 17th session of Council of Basel, 26 Apr. 1434 — transfers the Council to Ferrara, by Bull of Eugenius IV., at 26th session, 26 Jul. 1437 — tf. at Siena, 9 May 1443— canonized by Benedict XIV., 1745. Alberic, (Albert,) of Aix, historian of first Crusade, — b. about 1060 — tf. at Aix, about H20. a a Biog. Univ. Alberic, Marquis of Camerino, — revolts against Hugh, king of Italy; imprisons his mother, Marozia, and becomes Governor of Home, 932 — makes peace with Hugh, but does not allow him to enter Rome, 936—0". 954. Alberic, of Monte Cassino, theologian, — Cardinal, about 1050 — opposes Berengarius of Tours, 1059 — tf. after 1083. Alberic des Trois Fontaines, chronicler, — {J. about 1 24 1. Alberoni, Giulio, Cardinal, statesman, — b. at Fiorenzuola (?) near Placentia, 31 May 1664a — accompanies the Duke of Vendome to Paris, 1706 — into Spain, 171 1 — consular agent for Duke of Parma, in Spain, 17 13 — Prime Minister of Philip V., 17 15 — Cardinal, 12 Jul. 17 17 — schemes thwarted by the Quad- ruple Alliance, Jul. 17 18 — dismissed from his office, and banished from Spain, 5 Dec. 17 19 — at Rome, 13 Mar. 172 1 — candidate for the pontificate, at death of Innocent XIII., Alar. 1724 — legate to Romagna from Clement XII., 1734 — takes possession of San Marino, for the Holy See, Oct. 1739 — transferred to Bologna by Benedict XIV., late in 1740 — re- tires to Placentia, 1743— tf. at Rome, 16 a or ALBERT. 3i 26 b Jun. 1752. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Ersch and Gruber. Albert (Albrecht) I., Duke of Austria, Emperor op the Romans and King of Germany, — b. 1248 — marries Elizabeth, daughter of Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia, 1276a — iuvested at Diet of Augsburg with duchy of Austria, &c, 27 Dec. 1282b — ac- quires full possession of his duchy, 1286 b — invades Hungary, 1289— suppresses revolt at Vienna, on the death of Emp. Rudolph, 1291 b — contests the election for the empire with Adolphus of Nassau, 1292— loses an eye, by poison, at Vienna, beginning of Nov. i295 b — elected emperor in the place of Adolphus, de- throned by Diet of Mentz, 23 Jun. 1298 — defeats and kills Adolphus at Golheim, 2 Jul. 1298 — crowned, 24 Aug. 1298 — attempts to acquire Holland, on death of first Count, John I., after Nov. 1299 a— ravages tne Palatinate, i3oi a — makes his son, Rudolph, king of Bo- hemia, 1 Apr. 1306 a — who dies, 4 Jul. 1307 b ■ — assassinated by his nephew, John of Austria, 1 May 1308. a Coxe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Albert II., (the Wise, the Lame,) Duke of Austria, — b. 1298 — with Otto, {the Joyous, the Hardy,) his brother, succeeds his father Frederick, 13 Jan. 1330— obtains Car- inthia, at death of Duke Henry, 1335-6 — Otto dies, 16 Feb. 1339a — confirmed in his duchies by the emperor Charles IV., 28 May 1348 a — makes war upon the Swiss, Sep. 1351 ■ — agrees to a peace negotiated by the Mar- grave of Brandenburg, autumn 1352 — renews hostilities, 18 Jul. 1354— concludes the peace of Thorberg 1 , 1358 b — if. at Vienna, 16 Aug., c 20 Jul. a 1358. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Planta. c Coxe. Albert V., (the Grave, the Magnanimous,) Duke of Austria; II., Emperor of the Romans and King of Germany, — b. 10 Aug. i397, a i394 b — succeeds his father Al- bert IV., under guardianship of his cousins, William, Leopold IV., and Ernest, 4 a or 14 Sep. 1404,° 27 Aug. 1402 13 to 3 Jun., a May b 141 1 — recognized as sole duke, 6 Jun. 141 1 b — marries Elizabeth, daughter of the emperor Sigismund, 142 i, a 1422 b — assists Sigismund in the Hussite Wars, 1430- i c — elected king of Hungary, at death of Sigis- mund, 19 Dec. 1437 — crowned, 1 Jan. 1438 — elected emperor, 18 or 20 Mar. 1438 b — elected king of Bohemia, 6 May 1438 — crowned em- peror, 30 May 1438'° — crowned at Prague, 29 Jun. 1438a — presides at Diet of Niirnberg, 25 Jul. 1438 — advances against Amurath II., 1438— tf. at Langendorff, or Niesmiel, 27 Oct. 1439. a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Coxe. Albert VI., (the Prodigal,) Archduke of Austria, — with his brother, Frederick III., succeeds his father Ernest, in Carinthia, &c, 1424 — at war with his brother, 1440- i a — put under the ban of the empire, by Diet of Ratis- ton, 1443 b — commands in the war against the Swiss, i443-7 a — founds academy of Friburg, in commemoration of his reconciliation with Frederick, i45o b — knighted by the emperor at Rome, 19 Mar. 1452 a— created Archduke of Austria, by his brother, 1453° — makes war against the emperor again, 1457 — besieges Vienna, which is relieved by George Podiebrad, 1463— ft. at Vienna, 3 Dec. 1463. a Coxe# b Biog. Univ. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Albert, Archduke of Austria, Cardinal and Abp of Toledo, — b. 1559 b — Viceroy of Portugal for Philip II., 1583 — Abp, Card., 1594° — arrives at Brussels, as Governor of Netherlands, (29 Jan. o. s.) 11 Feb. 1596 — carries on the war against France, 1596-8 — Peace of Vervins, 2 May 1598 — continued as Governor by the Infanta, Clara Isabella Eu- genia; made sovereign of the Netherlands, 6 May 1598a — renounces his ecclesiastical pro- fession, and marries the Infanta, 18 Apr. 1599 — returns to the Netherlands, and recommences the war with the Protestants, Sep. 1599 — de- feated by Prince Maurice at Nieuport, 2 Jul. 1600 — besieges Ostend, 5 Jul. 1601 to 19 Sep. 1604a — concludes treaty with Holland for 12 years, 9 Apr. 1609 — if. 13 Jul. 162 1A a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Dunham. d Du Fresnoy. Albert I., (the Bear,) Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg, — ft. uo6 a — Mar- quis of Lusatia, ii2i b — Margr. Brandenburg, 1 1 34 — attacks and subdues the Wends, 1 136-7 — made Duke of Saxony, by Emperor Conrad, and loses the title again, 11 38 — resumes it, Oct. 1 1 39— concludes peace with Henry (the Lion) of Saxony, (Pentecost,) 7 Jun. ii42 b — makes a crusade against the Wends, 1 148-9 — ■ appointed an Elector, by Conrad, at extinction of House of Staden, 1150 a — sets out on a cru- sade to Palestine, Feb. ii58-9 b — at war with Henry of Saxony, 1 164-8 b — relinquishes the government of his states to his son Otto, about n69 b — tf. 18 Nov. ii7o, b 28 Nov. Il68. a a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates ; Nouv. Biog. Gen. Albert III., (Achilles, Ulysses, the Fox,) Margrave and Elector of Brandenburg, — b. 24 Nov. 1414 — succeeds his brother Frederick II., 1470 a— commands the Imperial armies against the Dukes of Bavaria and Bur- gundy, 1 47 1 — concludes treaty respecting Duchy of Stettin, with Duke of Pomerania, 3 Jun. 1472 a — abdicates his government in favour of his son John, 25 Jun. 147 6 a — ft, 11 Mar. i486. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Albert of Brandenburg and Culmbaeh, (Alcibiades, the Warlike, the Wild,) — b. at Anspach, 28 Mar. 1522 a — leaves the Schmal- kaldic League, and joins Charles V., after Diet of Ratisbon, 1546 — taken prisoner by the Elector of Saxony at Rocitz, early in 1547 — liberated after battle of Muhlberg, 24 Apr. 1547— joins Maurice, and negotiates an alliance with France for him, 1552— wages a partisan war in Germany against Charles ; takes Licht- enau, 19 May 1552a — routs the Duke of Aumale, and joins Charles, before Metz, 4 Nov. 1552 b — condemned by the Imperial Chamber, early in 1553— defeated by Maurice and the league formed against him, at Sievershausen, ALBERT— ALBERTITS MAGNUS. q Jul. 1553— defeated again by Henry of Brunswick, 12 Sep. 1553— laid under the ban of the Empire, and defeated at Schweinfurt, 2 Jun. i554 ;i — deprived of his states, takes refuge 111 France, 1554— returns to Germany to defend his cause ; tr. at Pforzheim, 8 Jan. i55S, a 12 Jan. i557- b a Biog. Univ. b Robertson. Albert of Brandenburg, G. M. of Teu- tonic Order, Duke of Prussia, — b. 17 May 1490 "'—elected Grand Master, after Frederick of Saxony, 151 i, b 1510° — at war with Sigis- mund of' Poland, 28 Dec. 15 19-21 — swears fidelity to Empire at Diet of Niirnberg, 1524 — does homage to Sigismund for Duchy of Prussia, renouncing elective Grand Mastership of the Order, 8 or 9 Apr. 1525 — publicly pro- fesses Lutheranism, 1525 — marries Anne Do- rothea of Denmark, 1527 — put under the ban of the Empire, 1532 — ft. Mar. 1568. a a Biog. Univ. b Art cle Verifier les Dates. c Rose's Biog. Diet. Albert, Prince, Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, Prince Consort in England, — h. at Rosenau Castle, near Coburg, 26 Aug. 18 19 — visits Courts of Berlin, Vienna, and Dresden, travels in Hungary, 1835 — visits Courts of London and Paris, 1836 — studies at Brussels, 1836 — at Univ. of Bonn, 1837 — visits Switzer- land and North Italy, 1837 — makes a 2nd tour in Italy, 1838-39- — K. G., 23 Jan. 1840 — marries Queen Victoria, at London, 10 Feb. 1840 — Chancellor of Cambridge University, 1847 — Chain tan of Council of the Great Ex- hibition, 1850-1 — Field-Marshal, 1857 — ft. at Windsor Castle, 14 Dec. 1861. Albert, Keinrich, I gric poet and musician, — 6. at Lobenstein, 28 Jim. 1604 — organist at Iral of Konigsberg, 1631 — tf. there, 6 Oct. i668, a i65i. b a Ersch and Gruber, Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Albert, Jean Baptiste, general,— b. 177 1 — enters the army, 1790 — aide-de-camp to Au- a, 1795— colonel, 1802 — in campaigns of Austerlitz and Jena, 1805-6— General of Bri- gade iu campaigns of Eylau and Wagram, 1807-9 — Gen. of Division, at Bcresina, 1812 — distinguished in campaigns of 1813-14 — premier aide-de-camp to Duke of Orleans, 1 8 14 — commands a division in Alsace for Napoleon, 1815—13. 1822. a a Biog. Univ. Albert of Saxony, {the Degenerate,) Duke OF MEISSEN AM) TlIIRINOIA, — SUCCCcds his father Henry, 1288 — defeated and made prisoner by bis sou Frederick, but soon re- el, 1290— sells his duchy to the Emperor Adolphus, 1294 — retires to Erfurt, 1306 — b\ 1314,8 or I3i5- b ;i Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Albert Casimir Ignatius Peter Francis, Di ke o] Saxe-Teschen,- b. at Moritzburg, i! Jul. i738« — marries archduchess Maria c< ivea principality of Teschen . Apr. 1 766 b -joint governor • : - v. i,ii the archdfuohess, 1781- to Vienna at outbreak of re- bellion at Brabant, Jul. 1787 «■■ — restores Im- d — besieges I7Q2 — de- pcrial authority there., 2 Dec. 1791 Lille in vain, 29 Sep. to 7 Oct. e 179 feated by Dumouriez at Jemappes, 6 Nov. 1792 — If. at Vienna, 10 Feb. i822. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Coxe. d U. K. S. Biog. Diet. e Alison. Albert, Abbot op Stade, chronicler, — elected, 1232 s — goes to Borne, 1236 b — leaves Benedictines and joins Franciscans, 1240 a — if. I26o. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Albert, King oe Sweden, II. Duke op Mecklenburg, — elected king, on deposition of Magnus II., 30 Nov. i363 a — defeats Mag- nus and takes him prisoner at Enkoping, 1365 — makes peace with Denmark, 1366 13 — in alliance with Hanseatic League, Holstein, &c, makes war on Denmark and Norway, 1367 s — ■ recovers part of Scania ; defeated by Haco, re- leases Magnus, 137 1 b — acquires Duchy of Mecklenburg, with his brothers, Henry and Magnus, i379 b — prosecutes his attempts against Scania, 1380 — alienates the Swedish nobility and clergy, 1385-6 — who treat with Margaret of Norway, 22 Mar., 20 May 1388 — ■ defeated by Margaret's army, and taken prisoner, at Falkophrg, (St. Matthew's dag,) 21 Sep. 1389 a — released from Lindholm castle, on condition of paying a considerable ransom, 17 Jun. 1395 — Erick crowned king, at the Union of Calmar, 17 Jun. 1397 13 — renounces crown of Sweden, by treaty at Flensburg, 25 Nov. 1404^ 1405 a — ft. i4i4, b 141 2. a a Geijer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Albert Kyanza, lake, in Africa, — reached by Baker, Feb. 1864. Albertet, mathematician and poet, — fi. about 1275-90. Alberti, Benedetto, political leader, — excites the Revolution of the Ciompi at Florence, 22 Jul. 1378 — his party defeated, 1382 — banished, 1387— tf. at Rhodes, 1388. Alberti, Cherubino, painter, — b. at San Sepolcro, 1552 — b\ at Rome, 16 15. Alberti, Durante, painter, — b. at San Se- polcro, 1538 — ft. at Rome, 161 3. Alberti, Giovanni, painter, — b. at San Se- polcro, 1558 — ft. at Rome, 1601. Alberti, Leon Battista, architect, mathe- matician, litterateur, painter, and sculptor, — b. at Florence, 1 Genoa, b 18 Feb. 1404^ 1398,° 1400 d — b\ at Rome, 147 2, e 1484J a Conv. Lex., Biog. Univ., Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nouv. Biog. Gen., Serassi. c Conv. Lex. d Bocchi. e Tiraboschi. f Nouv. Biog. Gen. Albertinelli, Mariotto, Biaggio di Bindi, painter, — b. at Florence, 1470 or 1475 — ij. about 1520. Albertus Magnus, (de Bollstddt, de Colonia, Grotus, Ratisbonensis, Teutonicus,) theologian, philosopher, $c., — b. at Lauingen, ii93' 1 — enters Dominican order, 1222" — teaches at Paris, and obtains degree of Magister, 1245-8 — president of Dominican school at Cologne, end of 1248 13 — accompanies Emperor William to Utrecht, 1249 — named Provincial of his order, 1254 — defends the privileges of his order at Rome, by command of Alexander IV., ALBERUS— ALBIGENSES. 3.3 1255 — resigns the dignity of Provincial, 1259 — Bp Batisbon, 1260-3 — retires to Cologne, 1263 — assists at the Council General of Lyon? 1274 — tf. at Cologne, 14 Nov. i28o. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Alberus, {Alber,) Erasmus, theologian, — studies under Luther at Wittenberg, 15 21 — translates the Liber Conformitatum of Bartho- lomew Albizzi, under title Der Barfiisser M'mche Enlenspiegel unci Alkoran, 1542 — lj, at Neubrandenburg, 5 May 1553. Albi, in France, {Albiga, Alba Augusta, Civitas Albiensium,) Albigeois, — ravaged by Saracens, 730 — acquired by Pepin, and go- verned by viscounts, 765— possessed by the Counts of Toulouse and Rouergue, jointly, 918 or 919 a — allotted to the Counts of Tou- louse solely, 975 a — held by viscounts of Car- cassonne and Beziers, 1083* — seized by Simon de Montfort, Aug. 1209* — assigned to Louis VIII., 1226 s — comes finally into possession of kings of France, 1 249 — taken by De Themines from the Huguenots, 1624. Council of, for final extirpation of Albigensian heresy, (Lent,) Feb., Mar. 1255.* [Albigenses.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Albigenses, {Albigeois,) Crusades against, — Raymond V. of Toulouse requests assistance of Chapter of Citeaux against them, Sep. ii77 a — Alexander III. sends the Card, of St Chry- sogenus, and other prelates, to his aid, about 1 178 — sanctions crusades against Albigenses, at Illrd General Lateran Council, Mar. ii79 b — Council of Verona, against heretics, Aug. to Nov. 1184a — Guy and Begnier, of Citeaux, sent by Innocent III., 1198 — Begnier appoint- ed legate ; Peter of Castelnau associated in the mission, 11 99 — Diego d' Azebez and St Dominic establish themselves in Provence, 1204 — the legates extort from Raymond VI. an oath to expel heretics from Toulouse, 1205 — Raymond is excommunicated, spring 1207 — Innocent attempts to excite a crusade against Albigenses, late in 1207 — Castelnau assassin- ated near the Rhone, 15 Jan. 1208 — Innocent proclaims the crusade, 1208. 1209 — The war begins, spring — Raymond appears before Council of Valence ; and does penance before the Council of St Gilles, 18 Jun. — -joins the crusade, 22 Jun. — Chasseneuil capitulates, inhabitants massacred, Jul. — Be- ziers taken by assault, people massacred, 22 Jul. — Viscount Raymond-Roger besieged in Carcassonne, 1 Aug. — Carcassonne taken, the viscount made prisoner, 15 Aug. — Simon de Montfort receives his lordships, Aug. — Coun- cil of Avignon, beginning of Sep. — Raymond of Toulouse excommunicated, and attacked by De Montfort, goes to Rome, 20 Sep. — Ray- mond Roger dies in prison, 10 Nov. — general revolt against De Montfort, end of Nov. 12 10 — Raymond of Toulouse at Rome, end of Jan. — De Montfort begins his second cam- paign, spring — Minerva castle taken, 22 Jul. — Raymond of Toulouse excommunicated by Council of St Gilles, end of Sep. — castle of Thermes taken by De Montfort, 23 Nov. 121 1 — Alliance of Raymond of Toulouse, and of De Montfort, with Pedro II. of Aragon, early in — Council of Narbonne, negotiations with Raymond against the heretics, beginning of Jan. — Council of Aries excommunicates him, middle of Feb. — De Montfort opens his third campaign, 10 Mar. — Raymond forms alliances with Counts of Foix, Comminges, and others, Apr. — castle of Lavaur taken by De Montfort, 3 May — De Montfort makes war upon Raymond, May — Toulouse besieged, middle of Jun. — De Montfort defeated by Raymond-Roger, Count of Foix, before Tou- louse, 27 Jun. — the siege raised, 29 Jun. — • Raymond recovers many of his castles, Aug. — and besieges De Montfort in Castelnaudari, Sep., Oct. — De Montfort defeats the Count of Foix near Castelnaudari, Oct. 1 21 2 — Secular clergy of Languedoc changed, early in — La Penne surrenders to De Mont- fort, 25 Jul. — Boissac surrenders, 8 Sep. — Council of Pamiers, held by De Montfort, for the re-establishment of religion, end of Nov. 12 1 3 — Council of Lavaur rejects application of Pedro of Aragon for reconciliation of Count of Toulouse, middle of Jan.- — Innocent III. reproves the crusaders, latter part of Jan. — revokes concessions to Pedro of Aragon, and confirms proceedings of crusaders, 21 May — Pedro goes to assist Raymond, and is defeated and killed before Muret, 12 Sep. 1 2 14 — Peter of Benevento, Papal legate, pretends to reconcile Raymond and his allies to the Church, 1 8 Apr. — campaign in Querci and Agenois, summer. 1 2 15 — Council of Montpellier makes Simon de Montfort prince and monarch of all the conquests of the crusaders, 8 Jan. — Prince Louis marches with a new army of crusaders into Languedoc, after Apr. — Fourth Gen. Council of Lateran gives Toulouse, &c, to De Montfort, determines the Catholic Faith, and terminates the crusade, 11 to 30 Nov. 1 2 16 — De Montfort receives homage of Toulouse, 7 Mar. — invested by Philip Au- gustus with the fiefs conquered by the cru- saders, 5 Sep. — Toulouse sacked by De Mont- fort and its bishop, autumn. 1217 — Montgrenier taken by De Montfort, {Easter eve,) 25 Mar. — Raymond of Toulouse re-enters his capital, 13 Sep. — De Montfort besieges Toulouse, end of Sep. 12 1 8 — De Montfort killed before Toulouse, 25 Jun. — "William IV. of Orange cruelly put to death at Avignon, Jun. — siege of Toulouse raised, 25 Jul. — Raymond the Younger renews his efforts to recover his father's losses, autumn — Honorius III. supports Amauri de Montfort, and authorizes a new crusade, end of. 1 2 19 — Prince Louis and Amauri take Mar- mande, spring — Raymond the Younger and his allies defeat the crusaders at Basiege, spring — siege of Toulouse begun, 16 Jun. — raised, 1 Aug. 1220 — Further conquests by the son of Raymond VI. of Toulouse, spring and summer — Amauri de Montfort lays siege to Castel- naudari, beginning of Jul. 1 22 1 — Military Order of the Holy Faith of 3 3 + ALBINI— ALBINUS. Jesus Christ instituted; a new crusade pro- jected, early in — siege of Castelnaudari aban- doned, beginning of Mar.— further conquests of Raymond the Younger, summer and autumn — Albigensian exiles return to Toulouse, au- tumn. 1222— Raymond VI. of Toulouse dies, Aug. 1223— Count of Foix dies, Mar. or Apr- Counts of Toulouse and Foix attack De Montfort, spring — Council summoned to Sens and transferred to Paris, respecting the Al- bigenses, 6 Jul. — Philip Augustus dies, 14 Jul. — Carcassonne besieged by the Counts of Toulouse and Foix, autumn. 1224 — De Montfort concludes a convention with the counts, and leaves Languedoc, 14 and 15 Jan. — conditionally cedes all the crusaders' conquests to Louis VIII., Feb. — Louis at- tempts to obtain the sanction of Honorius III. to another crusade, Mar., Apr. — Raymond VII. of Toulouse endeavours to effect his re- conciliation with the church, beginning of Jun.— Council of Montpellier rejects his ad- vances, 21 Aug. — Raymond renews his en- deavours, 25 Aug. 1225 — Honorius III. proposes a new crusade to Louis VIII., beginning of— Bull against Raymond, (15 Kal. Mart.) 15 Feb.— Council of Paris, respecting the affairs of Albigeois, 15 May — Arnold of Citeaux, Abp of Narbonne, dies, 29 Sep. — Council of Bourges hears the demands of Raymond and De Montfort to Toulouse ; the legate attempts to organize another crusade, 30 Nov. 1226 — Council (or parlement) of Paris ex- communicates Raymond, and assigns his do- mains to Louis VIII., 28 Jan. — Louis and all his barons take the cross against him, 30 Jan. — Parlement at Paris to arrange the crusade, 29 Mar. — barons and cities of Toulousain volun- tarily submit to Louis, at Lyon, 28 May — Nismes surrenders, 5 Jun. — Louis begins the siege of Avignon, 10 Jun. — Carcassonne and Albi surrender, 16 Jun. — Avignon capitulates, 12 Sep. — Louis VIII. dies, 8 Nov. 1227 — Condemnation of Avignon, begin- ning of Jan. — Council of Narbonne against heretics, &c, (Lent,) between end of Feb. and beginning of Apr. 1228 — War recommenced, early in — Tou- louse besieged, end of Jun. — allies of Raymond begin to submit, Nov. — Raymond commences negotiations, 10 Dec. 1229 — Preparatory councils at Sens and Senlis, early in — council commenced at Meaux, Mar. — transferred to Paris, receives submission of Raymond, 12 Apr. — Raymond knighted by Louis IX., 3 Jun. — Count of Foix submits, 16 Jun. — Council of Toulouse establishes the In- quisition in Languedoc, Nov. 1232 — Raymond joins with Bp of Toulouse in the persecution of the Albigenses. 1233 — Gregory IX. intrusts the exercise of the Inquisition to the Dominican order solely, Apr. conference between Raymond and Louis IX. ;it Mi ilnn, initumn. 1234- Articles agreed on at Melun pub- lished at Toulouse, 18 Feb. — Council of Be- ziers promotes the persecution, 2 Apr. 1235 — Council of Narbonne increases the power of the Inquisitors; Toulouse expels them, 5 Nov. — Raymond and the city excom- municated, 10 Nov. Raymond absolved, end of 1236 or 1238 — • operations of the Inquisition in Languedoc suspended, 1237-41 — war between the Counts of Toulouse and Provence begins, Jan. 1240 — > Raymond of Toulouse submits to Louis IX. at Montargis, 14 Mar. 1241 — makes peace with the Count of Provence, Apr. 1241 — forms a league for the purpose of shaking off the yoke of France, Apr. 1242 — Castle of Avignonet surprised by Albigenses, 28 May 1242 — Ray- mond conquers the domains he had ceded to the king, Jun., Jul. 1242 — excommunicated, with all his allies, by Abp of Narbonne, 2 1 Jul, 1242 — signs treaty with king of England, at Bordeaux, 28 Aug. 1242 — submits to Louis IX., 20 Oct. 1242 — Treaty of Paris renewed, 22 Dec. 1242 — Raymond does homage to Louis IX. at Lorris, Jan. 1243 — Council of Beziers receives protest of Raymond against the excommunication of two Inquisitors, 18 Apr. 1 243 — Raymond is absolved by Innocent IV., summer 1243 — Council of Beziers re- gulates proceedings against the heretics, 19 Apr. 1246 — Count of Carcassonne submits to the church, and gives up his domains to Louis IX., at Beziers, 7 Apr. 1247 — at Paris, Oct. 1247 — Raymond VII. dies; his domains in- herited by his son-in-law, Alfonse, son of Louis VIIL, 27 Sep. 1249. [Cathari, Pa- terini, &C.] a Vaissete, Sismondi, Art de Verifier les Dates. b Mosheim. Albini, Alessandro, painter, — h. at Bologna, about 1568 — tr. 1646. Albini, Franz Joseph, Freiherr von, poli- tique, — b. at St Goar, 1748 — at Vienna, 1769- 70 — assessor to the Chamber of Justice, 1774 — private secretary to Imperial Chancery, 1787 — chancellor at Mayence, 1790 — master- general of Ordnance, 1799 — tr. at Dieburg, 8 Jan. 1 8 16. Albinius, M., (LJ) [BC] — Consular tri- bune, 379. Albinovanus, C. Pedo, poet, — fl. about 15. Albinus, — (1) Consul with Maximus, (980, a. u. c.) 227 — a second time, (?) with Maxi- mus Dexter, (1016, a. it. c.) 263. (2) Con- sul with Amantius, (1098, a. it. c.) 345. (3) Consul with Theodosius Augustus XVIII. , (1197, a. u. c.) 444. Albinus, A. Postumius, [BC] — (1) Con- sular tribune, (357, a. it. c.) 397. (2) (Re- gillensis Albus,) Consular tribune, (373, A. u. c.) 381 — Censor with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (388, a. u. c.) 366 — U. 365. (3) Consul with C. Lutatius Catulus, (512, a. u. c.) 17 Jun. 242* — Censor with C. Atilius Bulbus, holds the 40th Lustrum, (520, a. it. c.) autumn 234.* (4) Cur, JEdile, 187 b — Praetor, 185 — Consul with C. Calpurnius Piso (and Q,. Fulvius Flaccus), (574, a. u. c.) 22 Dec. 181 a — com- mands against the Ligurians, 180 — Censor with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (580, a. u. c.) 174 — ■ holds the 51st Lustrum, 173 c — ambassador to ALBINUS— ALBOIN. 35 Northern Greece, 173 b — ambassador to Crete, 17 1 b — commissioner to Macedonia with JEmilius Paulus, early in 167. (5) Prcetor, 155 b — ambassador concerning peace between Attalus and Prusias, 155-4,° 153 b — Consul with L. Licinius Lucullus, (603, a. v. c.) 28 Jan. 151 a — Legate to L. Mummius Achaicus, 146. (6) Defeated by Jugurtha, and his army sent under the yoke, no. (7) Consul with M. Antonius, (655, a. u. c.) 20 Oct. ioo, a 99/* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Fischer. Albinus, (Weiss, von Weissenldw,) Bern- hard Siegfried, anatomist, — b. at Frankfort on Oder, 24 Feb. 1697 s — M. D. at Leyden, 17 19 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 17 21 — of Therapeutics, 1745 — ft. at Leyden, 9 Sep. I770. a De ossibus corporis humani, 1726 — Historia musculorum hominis, 1734 — De ar- teriis et venis, 1737 — Annotationes anatomicce, 1754-68. a Conversations-Lexikon. Albinus, Ceionius Rufius, — Consul with Julius Constantius, (1088, a. u. c.) 335. Albinus, Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septi- mius, (Postumius,) Governor of Britain, — b. (7 Kal. Dec.) 25 Nov. about 150 — serves under Marcus Aurelius, 175 — defeats the Frisians in Gaul, 191 s — made Gov. of Britain by Commodus, 192 b — declared Ccesar by Se- verus, autumn 193° — Consul, a second time, with Severus, (947, a. v. c.) 194 — rupture with Severus, late in 196 b — defeated and slain by Se- verus at Lyon, (11 Kal. Mart.) 19 Feb. 197. a Zumpt. b Hardy. c Clinton. Albinus, L. Postumius, [BC] — (1) (Re- gillensis,) Consular tribune, (365, A. u. c.) 389 and (373, a. u. c.) 381. (2) Consul with Sp. CarvUius Maximus, (520, a. v. c.) 26 Jun. 234 a — with Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, (525, a. u. c.) 27 May 229 s — commands in Illyrian war, 229-8° — Prcetor, 216 — Consul elect, (the third time, with Ti. Sempronius Gracchus,) entirely defeated and slain in the wood Litana, in Cisalpine Gaul, before May 215.** (3) Praetor, conducts war in Spain, 1 80-79 b — triumphs for his Lusitanian victories, 178 — Consul with M. Popillius Lsenas, (581, a. it. c.) 26 Nov. i74 a — engaged in Campania, de- termining the public lands, summer 173 — am- bassador to Africa, to obtain troops for war with Perseus, 17 i b — serves under iEmilius Paulus, in Macedonia, 168. (4) Curule JEdile, 161 — Consul with Q,. Opimius, (600, a. v. c.) 18 Apr. 154 — ft. May 154. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Albinus, M. Nummius, — Consul with Ful- vius iEmilianus, (959, a. u. c.) 206. Albinus, Sp. Postumius, [BC] — (1) (Pe- gillensis,) Consular tribune, (360, A. u. c.) 394, a (361, a. u. c.) 27 Jul. 393 b — commands against the iEquians, 394-3 — Censor with C. Sulpicius Camerinus; ft. (374, a. u. c.) 380. (2) (Claudinus,) Consul with T. Veturius Cal- vinus, (420, a. u. c.) 12 Jul. 334 b — Cen- sor with Q. Publilius Philo, (422, a. u. c.) 332 — Mag equit. to M. Claudius Marcellus, Dic- tator, (427, a. u. c.) 327 — Consul again, with T. Veturius Calvinus, (433, a. u. c.) 7 Mar. 321 — defeated by Samnites, army sent under the yoke, at the Caudine Forks, 321. (3) Prcetor peregrinus, 189° — Consul with Q. Marcius Philippus, (568, a. u. c.) 15 Dec. 187 b — ft. 179.° (4) (Paullalus,) Prcetor in Sicily, 183° — Consul with C. Mucius Scaevola, (580, a. u. c.) 6 Dec. iy5. b (5) (Magnus,) Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, (606, a. u. c.) 28 Dec. i4g. b (6) Consul with M. Minucius Eufus, (644, a. u. c.) 25 Sep. in b — commands unsuccessfully against Jugurtha, and is condemned by the Mamilian Law, HO. a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Smith's Diet. Albinus, — Consul with Maximus, (980, A. U. C.) 227. Albinus, — Consul with Praesens, (999, a. v. c.) 246 — with Dexter, (1016, a. u. c.) 263. Albinus, — Consul with Amantius, (1098, A. u. c.) 345. Albinus, — Consul withFl. Theodosius Aug., (1197, A. 17. c.) 444. Albinus, — Consul with Eusebius, (1246, a. u. c.) 493. Albinus, Rufius, — Consul with Flavius Julius Constantius, (1088, a. u. c.) 335. Albiruni, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed Abu Rihan, geographer, astronomer, §c, — b. at Birun, (360, a. h.) 970-1 — ft. (430, a. h.) 1038-9. Albizzi, — feuds of, with the Ricci, begin to harass Florence, 1353^ a Machiavelli. Albizzi, (Bartholomceus Albicius Pisanus,) theological writer, — enters the Franciscan order, 1343 — ft. at Pisa, 10 Dec. 1401. Liber Conformitatam S. Francisci emu Christo, i385. a a Ersch and Gruber. Albizzi, (Albizj,) Maso degli, (Tommaso,) — b. at Florence, 1347 — chief of theBepublic, 1382 — Gonfalonier of Justice, 1393-4 — ambas- sador to Joan II. of Naples, 1414— ft. 1417. Albizzi, Piero degli, — a leader of the Guelfs in Florence, 1356 — in conjunction with Beuchi, takes the lead in the state ; de- prived of his offices, 1371 — overthrown by the sedition of the Ciompi, 1378 — put to death by the Ghibelline party, i382. a a Machiavelli. Albizzi, Rinaldo degli, — aspires to take the lead in Florence, 1423 a — commissary in the war with Lucca, 1429 — accused of misconduct in the war, 143 1 — summons Cosmo de' Medici, and imprisons him, 7 Sep. 1433 b — Cosmo banished, 3 Oct. 1433 s — summoned before the Signoria, and banished, Sep. 1434 — ft. at An- cona, 1452. a Machiavelli. b Sismor.cli. Alboin, King of Lombards, — succeeds his father Audoin, 543 "—defeats the Gepidae, sum- mer or autumn, 550 a — forms an alliance with the Avars, 566 a — defeats and kills Cuninmnd; the Gepidae are incorporated with the Lom- bards, 567," 566° — leaves Pannonia for Italy, on invitation of Narses, (morrow of Eat -er % ) 2 Apr. 568 — takes Milan, (3 Non. Sep. Indict. III.) 3, a 4 b Sep. 569— Ticinum sum ers, close of 57 1 a — Pavia taken, after siege if 3 years, 572 b — assassinated at Verona, by his queen, Bosamond, 28 Jun. 57 3. b a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. ALBON— ALCAVALA. Albon. Jacques d\ [Saint Andre.] Alboresi, Giacomo, painter,— &. at Bologna, 1632— tr. 1677. Albomoz, Gil Alvarez Carillo d\ Card., Abp of Toledo, — h. at Cuenca, soon after 1300 — Abp, and Almoner to Alfonso XI., after I3 24 — saves Alfonso's life, at battle of Tarifa, 30 Oct. 1340 — conducts tbe siege of Algesiras, 1 343 — driven from Spain by Pedro tbe Cruel ; made Cardinal by Clement VI. at Avignon, 1350 — Legate for reconquest of tbe States of tbe Cburch, 1353— -preaches crusade against such as refused submission, 1356 — re- called to Avignon, Apr. 1357 — tt. at Yiterbo, 24 Aug. 1367. Albrechts-berger, Johann Georg, musician, — b. at Kloster-Xeuberg, 3 Feb. 1746 s — organist at court of Vienna, 1772 — Kapell- meister, 1792— tf. tbere, 7 May b or Mar. a 1809. Grundliehe Anweisung zur Composition, 1790. B Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conversations-Lexikon. Albret, Jeanne d', Queen of Navarre, — 6. 1528 s — married to V\ T illiam, Duke of Cleves, 13 Jul. 1541 — marriage annulled, after 7 Sep. 1543 — married to Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, 20 Oct. 1548 — succeeds ber fatber Henri II., 25 May 1555 — embraces tbe Be- formed Beligion, 1556 — reigns alone, after tbe death of De Bourbon, 17 Nov. 1562 — cited to Borne, by Pius IV., 29 Sep. 1563a— establishes the Beformed Beligion in her kingdom, by Edict, Jul. 1567 — joins Conde at La Bochelle, Sep. 1568 — joins the court at Blois, May 1572 — ft. (poisoned?) at Paris, 9 or 10 Jun. 157 2. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. Albret, Henry d\ [Henry II. Xing of Kavarre.^ Albuega, in Italy, — Suchet retires before Melas to, 2 May 1800. Albuera, in Spain, — Marshal Beresford de- feats Sonltnear, 16 May 18 11. Albufera da Valencia, — Suchet defeats Blake and the Spaniards near, 26 Dec. 181 1. Albumazar. [Abu Maaschar.] Albuquerque (Alboquerque) Alfonso, the Great, Viceroy of the Indies, — b. at Al- bandra, 1453 — takes part in the expeditions for discovery and conquest in Africa, 1482 — loses his brother in an engagement with the Moors at Arzila, about 1495 — sets out on his first voyage to India, beginning of Apr. 1503 — re- turns to Portugal, 16 Jul. 1504 — sets out on hi- second voyage, 1506 — unsuccessfully at- tempts the conquest of Ormuz, 25 Sep. 1507 — imprisoned by Almeida ; succeeds him in the anient of the Indies, 1509 — attacks Cali- cut, 2 Jan. 151c Goa, 17,* or 25b I . 15 10— evacuates it, 15 Aug. 1510 — the place by storm, 25 Nov. 15 10 — apital of Malacca, 11 Aug. 1511a — re- turns to Goa, 13 Sep. 1512 — sets out against and the Red Sea, 7 Feb. 1513 — loses al tin: conrt of Lisbon, 15 14 — summons Onnu2 to surrender, and gains the place, 26 ou1 again for Goa, 8 Nov. j 5 1 5 It. off Goa, 16 Dec. 15 15. Biog Gen. b Murray. L Kiscb and G ruber. Albuquerque, Alfonso, Duke or, — serves under the Duke Del Infantado, 1808 — de- feated by Sebastiani at Ciudad Beal, 27 Mar. 1809 — succeeds Cuesta, Aug. 1809 — enters Cadiz, 3 Feb. 18 10 — ambassador from the Junta to England; o". 18 Feb. 18 11. Albus Regillensis, A. Postumius, [BC] — (1) Consul with T. Verginius Tricostus Cse- liomontanus, (258, a. tj. c.) 6 Oct. 496 a — Dictator ; defeats the Latins at Lake Begil- lus, and triumphs, 495, a 496, b c (256, a. tj. c.) 498. d (2) Consul with Sp. Furius Medullinus Fusus, (290, a. u. c.) 3 Oct. 464.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Fischer. c Zumpt. d Smith's Diet. Albus Regillensis, M. Postumius, [BC] — Consular tribune, (328, a. u. c.) 30 Nov. 426 s — Censor with M. Furius Camillus, (351, a. tj. c.) 4. at Athens, about 452-o, a 45o-49, b 449-8,° 455-2 d — rescued by Socrates at siege of Potidaea, 432,3 d (01. 87, 3,) winter 430-29° — mentioned in the Dae- taleis of Aristophanes, 427 bc — protects Soc- rates at battle of Delium, end of 424 — carries a decree for doubling the tribute of the allies, before 420 b — becomes a party leader, about Mar. 42.0 a — effects alliance with Argos, Mis, and Mantineia, May 420 a — gains three prizes in chariot-race at Olympia, (01. 90,) be- ginning of Jul. 420, a (01. 89,) 424 bd — con- ducts an expedition into interior of Pelopon- nesus, summer 419 — carries off oligarchical leaders from Argos, spring 416 a — recommends the expedition into Sicily, Apr. 415 a — Mutila- tion of the Hermaa, about end of May 415 a — appointed with Mkias and Lamachus to com- mand the Sicilian expedition; sets out, mid- summer 415 — recalled; escapes to Sparta, and is condemned to death at Athens, in his ab- sence, (01. 91, 2,) after midsummer 415° — despatched to Asia by Sparta, intrigues with Persian Satraps and Ionian cities against Athens, spring 412 a — at the battle of Mile- tus, Sep. 41 2 a — his death being determined by the Ephors, escapes to Tissaphernes ; in- trigues against Sparta, and with Athenian commanders at Samos, autumn 412 and winter 41 2- 1 1 a — chosen a general by the armament at Samos, 411 — defeats Mindarus at Cynossema, Aug. 41 1 — returns to Samos, near the middle of Sep. 41 1 a — defeats Mindarus at Abydos, about Oct. 41 1 a — seized by Tissaphernes and sent to Sardis, late in Nov. 41 i a — escapes, early in 410 a — defeats and kills Mindarus at Cyzicus, about Apr., a before midsummer 410 —takes possession of Chrysopolis, and levies tolls at the Bosphorus, for Athens, summer 410 — defeats cavalry of Pharnabazus near Abydos, winter 409 d — takes Chalcedon, Se- lymbria, and Byzantium, before winter 408 a — returns to Athens, and is received with en- thusiasm, (25 Thargel. ; Plynteria, 01. 93, 1,) about end of May 407 s — sets out for Samos again, after (20 Boedrom. ; Hysteria, 01. 93, 2,) Sep. or Oct. 407 a — deposed, at the com- plaint of the Cumseans, after the defeat of Antiochus at Notium ; and superseded by Conon, Dec. 407 or Jan. 406 a — takes refuge in Satrapy of Pharnabazus, after battle of iEgos- potami,405-4 a — assassinated by order of Phar- nabazus, at requisition of Lysander and Cy- rus, between Apr. and Dec. 404.° » Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Thirlwall. Alcidamas, {AUcidamas,) rhetorician, [B C] — resides at Athens, between 432 and 41 i. a a Smith's Diet. Alcidas, (AlMdas,) [BC] — commands the Spartan fleet sent to relieve Mytilene ; returns, pursued by Paches, Apr. 427,3- 428 b — attacks Mcostratus at Corcyra and returns, 427 — with Leon and Damagon, conducts colony to Hera- cleia, nearThermopylae, autumn 427,3 426. b a Grote. b Smith's Diet. Alcimus, (AlJcimos,) rhetorician, [BC] — ft. about 300. a a Smith's Diet. Alcimus {Avitus) Alethius, rhetorician, — ft. about 355. a a Clinton. Alcimus Avitus Viennensis. [Avitus.] Alciphron, {Alldphron,) sophist, $c, — {(. before 200. a a Smith's Diet. Alcmason, (Alfanaion,) anatomist and natural philosopher, [B C] — fl. about 500. a a Smith's Diet. Alcmseon, [B C] — Archon at Athens, (1262-3, Abr. E.) 755-3, a 7 6 4-53- b a Clinton. b Other authorities. Alcmssonidae, of Athens, [BC] — order the followers of Cylon to be put to death, 620,* 6i2 bd — expelled from Athens, 596-5° — return and expel Peisistratus, 554, a 559, c 558 d — again expelled, 548, a 540 d — aid in rebuilding temple of Apollo at Delphi, 548a to 5i2 e — finally restored by means of Sparta, 510. a Clinton. b Corsini. c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. e Grote. Alcman, lyric poet, [BC] — ft. 67i-3i, a about (01. 42,) 612-09.3 a Clinton. b Muller. Alcmena, asteroid, — discovered by Tempel, 27 Nov. 1864. Alcock, (Allcol;) John, theologian, — b. at Beverley, before 1440 — L.L. D., Cambridge, 1 46 1 — dean of Chap el Eoyal at Westminster, and Master of the Polls, 29 Apr. 1462 — ambassa- dor to Castile, 1470 — Bp of Rochester, 17 Mar. 147 1 — Keeper of Great Seal, 20 Sep. 1473 — translated by Bull to See of Worcester, 1477 — ■ Lord Keeper again, 6 Mar. i486— translated by Bull to See of Ely, 6 Oct. i486— founds School at Hull, i486— founds Jesus Coll. Cam- bridge, 1496 — if. at Wisbeach, 1 Oct. 1500. Spousage of a Virgin to Christ, i486. Alcudia, Manuel de Godoy, Duke of, Prince or the Peace, — t). at Badajoz, 12 May 1767,* 1764 13 — enters the Body Guards, 1787 — made an officer in the corps, Jan. 1790 — Adjutant- 3* ALCU1N— ALEDRAN, general of the corps ; Major ; Grand Cross of Order of Charles III., 1791 — Lieutenant-gen- eral; Marquis of Alcudia; Order of Golden Fleece, 1792 — Grandee of First Class, 21 Apr. i792, b 1795 s — Councillor of State, 11 Jul. 1792 b — First Secretary of State, to succeed Aranda, 15 Nov. 1792 13 — Captain-general, 22 May 1793 — general discontent in consequence of his administration, autumn 1794 — Treaty of Peace with France signed at Basel, (4 Ther- midor, An III.) 22 Jul. 1795 — Prince of the Peace, 5 Sep. 1795 — signs treaty of alliance with France at St Ildefonso, 19 Aug. 1796— denounced to the Inquisition, as suspect of Atheism, 1796-7 — marries Maria Theresa de Bourbon, 2 Oct. 1797 — Grand Major-domo of the Palace, Jan. 1798 — resigns offices of Prime Minister and Sergeant Major of Body Guards, 27 Mar. 1798 — Grand Admiral of Spain, Mar. 1799 — commands against Portugal ; enters the Alemtejo, 20 May 1801 — signs treaty between Spain and Portugal, at Badajoz, (17 Prairial, An IX.) 6 Jun. 1801 — effects treaty between France and Portugal, at Madrid, (7 Vin- demiaire, An X.) 29 Sep. 1801 b — General- issimo of Spanish forces by land and sea, 1 Oct. i8o4 a — issues a proclamation in opposi- tion to Napoleon, 5 Oct. 1806 — promised the principality of Algarves, by Napoleon, 29 Oct. 1807 — procures the disgrace of the Prince of Asturias, Nov. 1807 — discovers Napoleon's designs upon Spain, Feb., Mar. 1808 — advises the surrender of the fortresses on the frontier, to Napoleon, 3 Mar. i8o8 c — counsels the flight of the king from Madrid, 15 Mar. 1808 — over- thrown by a popular tumult, 17, 18 Mar. 1808 — sent to Bayonne by Murat, 20 Apr. 1808 — signs the Deed of Abdication of Charles IV., 5 May 1808 — removed to Valencay, with the king and queen, summer i8o8 c — ft. at Paris, 23 Nov. 1828.* a Conversations-Lexikon. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Alison. Alcuin, {Alchwin, FlaccusAlbinusAlcuinus,) poet, philosopher, theologian, §c, — ft. at York, about 735 — Master of Cloister-school at York, 766-80 — sent to Rome by Abp Eanbald, 781 — goes to court of Charlemagne, 782 — in England, 790-92 — sent to Charlemagne by Offa of Mercia, 793 — procures convocation of Council of Frankfort-on-the-Maine, beginning of summer 794 — retires to Abbey of St Martin at Tours, 796* — opposes Felix of Urgel, at Aix-la-Chapelle, 799 — tf. 19 May 804.* * Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alcyonius, Petrus, (I'ietro Alcionio,) littera- teur, — ft. at Venice, 1487 a — corrector of the press to Aldus Manutius, about 15 17 — Prof, of Greek at Florence, 1522 s — follows Clement VII. (Ginlio de' Medici) to Rome, Dec. 1523 — a", at Rome, after 5 May 1527. Medices legatus, 1522. a Rose's Biog. Diet. Aldcgonde, St, Baron of. [Marnix, Phi- lippe de.] Aldegrever, {Aldegrcrff, Albert Altegraf, Albert '7' Westphalia,) Heinrich, painter and ■r,—b. at Zoust, 1502 — a", about 1562^ , 55^« b a Nouv. Biog. Gen., Ersch and Gruber. b Kose's Biog. Diet. Aldenhoven, in Belgium, — Clairfait defeats Miranda at, 1 Mar. 1793. Alderney, (Aurinia, Aurigny.) [Guern- sey.] Aldershott, in Hampshire, — camp formed, 1854-55- Aldhelm, (Adelmus,) St, Bp of Sherborne, theologian, §c, — ft. in Wiltshire, about 630,* 639^ 655-6° — Abbot of Malmesbury, 675,^ 666 e — Bp, 705 — tr. at "Westbury, 20 or 25 a May 709. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Dunham. c TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. d Petrie. c Flor. Wigorn. Aldine Academy, — founded by Aldus Ma- nutius, about 1500 — dispersed, 1506. Aldobrandini, Silvestro, jurist, — ft. at Florence, 23 Nov. 1499 a — banished from Florence, 1530^ i53i b — ft", at Rome, 6 Jan. 1558. a Ersch and Grubei. b Eanke. Aldrich, Henry, theologian, poet, musician, %c, — ft. at Westminster, 1647 — Canon of Christchurch, 168 1 — Dean of Christchurch, 17 Jun. 1689 — Rector of Wem, 1702 — ft. at Oxford, 14 Dec. 17 10. Artis Logicce Eudi- menta, 1691 — Pleasant Musical Companion, 1726. Aldrovandi, (Aldrovandus,) TJlisses, natur- alist, — ft. at Bologna, 11 Sep. 1522 a — ap- prenticed in Brescia, 1534-5 — returns to Bologna, 1549 — M. D., 1553 — Prof, of Natural History, Bologna, 1560 — forms Botanical Garden there, 1568— tr. 10 Nov. i6o7. a Or' nithologia, $ I, a. h.) 1115° — El-Ghazi, king of Mar- din, chosen Sultan by the people, (511, a. h.) 1 1 1 7 c — with Toghteghin, Sultan of Damascus, defeats Baldwin of Jerusalem, and Eoger of Antioch, (13 Rabia I. 513, a. h.) 24 Jun. 1119° — defeated by Baldwin, (17 Guimadhi I. 514, a. h.) 14 Aug. ii2o c — Soliman, his nephew, succeeds, (515, a. h.) ii2i c — Balak succeeds, (517, a. h.) ii23 c — defeated and killed by Jocelyn of Edessa ; Timour-tasch, son of El-Ghazi, succeeds, (Rabia I. 518, a. h.) Apr. or May 1124° — besieged by Baldwin II. of Jerusalem ; the people make Ak-Sankar- Bourski, of Mosul, Sultan, (519, a. h.) 1125 c — assassinated; his son, Masoud, succeeds, (521, a. h.) 1127° — taken by Emad-Eddin Zenghi, of Mosul, n 27 — who makes it an atabek of his kingdom, (522, a. h.) 1128° — his son, Noureddin-MAHMOUD, succeeds, (540, a. h.) 1145° — Damascus united with Aleppo, 1 159 — Malek-el-Saleh Ismae'l, his son, succeeds, (568, a. h.) summer 1173° — Da- mascus taken by Saladin, 117 3 — Masoud, of Mosul, succeeds, after (25 Eegeb 577, a. h.) 4 Dec. ii8i c — Emad-Eddest Zenghi II., his brother, disposesses him, (13 Moharram 578, a. h.) 19 May 1182° — attacked by Saladin, ceded to him, (middle of Saphar 579, a. h.) 5 Jun. 1183° — his son, Gaiatheddin-Ghazi, obtains possession of Aleppo, (589, a. h.) 1193° — his son, Malek-el-Aziz Gaiathed- dent, succeeds, after (20 Guimadhi I. 613, a. h.) 14 Sep. 1216° — his son, Malek-el-Nasir- Yussuf, succeeds, after (Eabia II. 634, a. h.) Dec. 1236° — acquires Damascus, 1250 — Aleppo taken, people massacred, by Mongols under Hulaku Khan ; Nasir taken and put to death ; end of the Seljuk Sultans, (658, a. h.) 1260 — recovered by Bibars I. of Egypt, 1261 — revolt of the Emir Ilbogha, (791, a. h.) 1389° — taken and sacked by Timur Beg, 11 Nov. 1400, a i4oi d — returns to the power of the Sultans of Egypt, 1402 d — Kansu of Egypt defeated and killed by Selim I. near ; Aleppo taken, (922, a. h.) 24 Aug. 1516,° I5i7 d — the Pacha at- tempts to make himself independent, before 18 18 — persecution of the Roman Catholics begins, 22 Jun. 18 18 — besieged by Kourshid Ahmed Pacha, 18 18-19 e — partly destroyed by an earthquake, 13, 16 Aug. 1822 — occupied by Ibrahim Pacha, Jul. 1832 — massacre of Chris- tians at, 16 Oct. 1850. a Gibbon. b Finlay. c Art* de Yerifier les Dates. d Erscb and Gruber. e Engl. Cyc Ales, {Alesse, Alesius,) Alexander, theolo- gian,— -fj. at Edinburgh, 23 Apr. 1500 — cited to Holyrood House for heresy, flies to the Con- tinent, 153 1 — disputes with Stokesly, Bp of London, 1537 — Prof, of Theology, Frankfort- on-the-Oder, 1540 — goes to Leipsic, 1543 — o\ there, 17 Mar. 1565. I)e necessitate et merito bonorum operum, 1560. Alesio, [da Leece,) Matteo Perez de, painter and engraver, — fl. at Seville, about 1585 — "0. at Pome, 1600. Alessandri, Alessandro, {Alexander ab Alex- andra,) jurisconsult, — b. at Naples, 146 1 — ft. at Rome, 2 Oct. 1523. Dies Geniales, 1522. Alessandria, {Alexandria,) in Italy, — built ALESSI— ALEXANDEK. 4i by the Lombard League, and named after Alexander III., 1168— besieged by Frederick Barbarossa, and named Delia Paglia, late in 1 174 — relieved by army of the League; siege raised, (Easter-day,) 13 Apr. 1175 — called Cesarea, and given to Boniface II., Marquis of Montferrat, 4 Dec. ii93 a — at war with Boniface III. of Montferrat, 125 1-2 — besieged by William V. of Montferrat, and taken, about 1275 — citizens revolt and im- prison him, late in 12903 — subject to Matteo Visconti the Great, of Milan, about 1300 — acquired by Luchino Visconti, 1347 — belongs to Filippo Maria, Count of Pavia, about 1400 — acquired by Francesco Sforza, about 1440 — defended by Conrad Sforza against William of Montferrat, 1452 s1 — finally ceded to Savoy, by Peace of Utrecht, n Apr. 17 13 — given up to Bonaparte, 27 Apr. 1796 — seized by Jou- bert, 8 Dec. 1798 — Suwarrow repulses Moreau near, 1 1 May 1799 — besieged by Schwiekowski, under Suwarrow, May 1799 — Moreau defeats Bellegarde near, 16 Jun. 1799 — citadel taken by Bellegarde, 21 Jul. 1799 — surrendered to Bonaparte, by Armistice of 15 Jun. 1800 — fortified by Bonaparte, 1803-5 — restored to Sardinia by Treaty of Paris, 30 May 18 14— citadel occupied by Austrians, 24 Apr. to 20 Jun. 1849. a Art cle Verifier les Dates. Alessi, G-aleazzo, architect, — ft. at Perugia, 1500— tf. 1572. Aleuadse, of Thessaly, [BC] — most powerful family at Larissa, before 600 — form alliance with Xerxes against Greece, 48 1 — bribe Leoty- chides of Sparta, who is sent to chastise them, 478-7,* 470 b — defeated by Lycophron of Pherae, 404° — at war with Lycophron again, under Medius of Larissa? about 395 — invite the assistance of Alexander II. of Macedonia, against Pherae ; Alexander takes Larissa and .Crannon, 369 — assisted by Thebes, 369, 368, 366, and 363 a — assisted by Philip II. of Ma- cedonia, against Pherre, 353-2 a — lose all their power by Philip's division of the country, 344. [Scopadae.] a Grote. b Muller, Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Aleutian Islands, — discovered by Behring, 1741 — surveyed by Krenitzin and Levashef, 1768-9 — visited by Captain Cook, 1778 — sur- veyed by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, 17 81- 98 — commercial establishments for fur trade formed, 1785— visited by Captain Lisiansky, 1803-4. Alexander iEgseus, Peripatetic philosopher, — fl. before 50. Alexander, Era of, (JEra Philippi, or Bi- cornis,) [B C]— commences (1 Thoth, 425, n. e.) 12 Nov. 324. Alexander, ffitolus, poet (one of the Pleias ?) and grammarian, [BC] — fl. at Alexandria, about 27o, a about 250. 13 a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alexander Aphrodisiensis, commentator on Aristotle, — fl. about 200. Alexander Balas, (Bala, Ballas,) King op Syria, [BC] — recognized by Eome, beginning of 152" — occupies Ptolemais, (160, s. e.) spring 152 s1 — defeated by Demetrius Soter, 152 — defeats and kills Demetrius, and seizes the throne, (01. 157, 3 ; 162, s. e.) Aug. 150 a — defeated by Ptolemy Philometor at the GEno- paras, and murdered, (01. 158, 3 ; 167, s. e.) Nov. 146. a a Clinton. Alexander Cornelius, (Polyhistor,) historian, [BC]— b. about 143 s — comes to Borne, 83. a a Clinton. Alexander of Damascus, Peripatetic phi- losopher, — £(. about 160-80. Alexander I., King of Epeirus, [BC] — ■ made king by Philip of Macedonia, after Ar- ymbas, 342 — marries Cleopatra, daughter of Philip, 336 — aids Tarentum against Lucanians and Bruttians, 332 — defeated and killed by Lucanians, &c, near Pandosia, 326, a 328, bc autumn 331.° ' a Smith's Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Alexander II., King op Epeirus, [BC]— succeeds his father Pyrrhus, 272 — dispossesses Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia, about 270 — driven from Epeirus by Demetrius ; recovers his throne by aid of the iEtolians, about 266-5 — tf. 242. Alexander Isius, [B C] — opposes Philip III. of Macedonia at Mceea, 198 — ambassador to Borne from JEtolian League, 198 — opposes Philip before Flamininus, 197 — opposes Athens at congress at Corinth, 195 — ambassador to Borne; captured by Epeirots, and released, 189. Alexander Jannaeus, King of Jud^a, [B C] — succeeds Aristobulus L, io5, a io4, b 106 c — defeated at the Jordan by Ptolemy Lathyrus, 104,° ioi d — assisted by Cleopatra, 102 b — takes and destroys Gaza, 96, 15 98° — renders Arabs and Moabites tributary, 93 b — defeated by Obodas, 92 bc — driven to the mountains by revolt of the Pharisees, 88 — defeats them, 86, b 87°— tf. at siege of Bagaba, 78, 13 79.° a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Art cle Verifier les Dates. Alexander Jaroslawitz Nevskoj, St, Grand Duke of Wladimir, — b. at Wladimir, 1219 — Prince of Novgorod on his father's resignation, 1239— defeats the Swedes, Teutonic Knights, and Esthonian and Livonian Knights of the Sword, near the Neva, and is called Nevskoj, 15 Jul. 1240 — drives them out of Pleskow, 1 241 — defeats them at Lake Peipus, 5 Apr. 1 242 — opposed by his brother Andrew, at death of his father Jaroslaw, 1247— Grand Duke of Wladimir by Batu Khan, 1 251— visits the Khan of Kaptchak, 1252, 1256, and 1262— tf. at Gorodetz, 14 Nov. 1263,* i264. b Order of Knighthood, of St Alexander, instituted by Peter the Great, 1703. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Alexander of Judcea, [BC] taken prisoner with his father, Aristobulus II., at Jerusalem, by Pompey, but escapes, 63 — heads revolt in Judsea; defeated near Jerusalem by Antony, 5 7 —revolts again, and is defeated at Mount Tabor by Gabinius, s^ — revolts a third time, and is subdued by Cassius, 53— beheaded by Q. Metellus Scipio at Antioch, 49. Alexander Lyncestes, (LynJcestes,) [BC]— assists in the murder of Philip of Macedonia, 4 2 ALEXANDER. Persia, 334 — put to death by Alexander the Great, autumn 330. Alexander III., (the Great,) King of Mace- donia, [B C] — b. at Pella, (Lous ; 6 Hecatomb. 01. 106, 1,) Jul. a (Boedrom.) Sep. b autumn c 356 — at battle of Chaeroneia, Aug. 338 — suc- ceeds his father Philip II., (Hecatomb. 01. Ill, 1,) about Jul. 336 — appointed general at Con- gress of Corinth ; subdues the Triballians and lllvrians, (01. Ill, 1,) spring 335 — destroys Thebes, {Mysteria; Boedrom. 01. Ill, 2,) Oct. 335 a — celebrates the Qlympia, and crosses the Hellespont, (01. Ill, 2,) spring 334* — defeats the Persians at the Granicus, (Thargel.) May 334 1 ' — subdues Caria, before winter 334 a — and Lycia, winter 334~3 a — reaches Gordium, spring 333, a winter 334-3° — at Tarsus, about midsummer 333— defeats Dareius at Issus, (Maemact. 01. Ill, 4,) Nov. 333 s — begins the siege of Tyre, midwinter 333-2 a — takes it, (Hecatomb. 01. 112, 1,) Jul. 332 s — takes Gaza, (Isthmia,) Sep. 332 b — enters Egypt; founds Alexandreia ; visits the temple of Am- nion, autumn and winter 322 — leaves Memphis, spring 33 1 3 — reaches Thapsacus, (Hecatomb. 01. 112, 2,) Jul. 331 a — defeats Dareius at Arbela, (or Gaugamela,) (Pyanepsion, 26 Boed- rom. ; 11 days after lunar eclipse of 20 Sep.) 1 Oct. 331 a — at Babylon, Nov. 331 — winters at Persepolis, 331-30 — pursues Dareius to Pai-thia, spring 330 — Dareius murdered by Bessus, Jul. 330* — Alexander subdues Hyr- cania, Parthia, Areia, &c. ; Parmenion and Philotas put to death, (01. 112, 3,) autumn 330 — crosses the Paropamisus to Bactra, winter 330-29 a — passes the Oxus to Maracanda, founds Alexandreia on the Jaxartes, spring 329 l — crosses the Tanais against the Scythi- ans, summer 329a — puts Bessus to death, end of 329 — winters at Bactra; kills Cleitus, 329- 8 a — crosses the Oxus again; campaign in Sogdiana, (01. 112, 4, and 113, 1,) 328 a — winters at Xautaca, 328-7 — captures and marries Roxana, early in 327,* 328 bd — cam- paign in Bactria, spring 327,° 328 b — puts Callisthenes and other conspirators to death, (01. 113, 1,) 327, c 328 b — marches towards the Indus, summer 327 ad — winters between the Cophen and tbe Indus, 327-6 a — crosses the Indus at Taxila, Mar. 326 d — defeats Porus ; founds Bucephala and Nicaca, (Munych. 01. 113, 2,) Apr. May 326^ late spring 327 b c — mutiny of army at the Hyphasis, and conse- quent return, (01. 113, 2,) "midsummer 326 a — founds Alexandreia on the Accsines, mid- summer, 11 or early autumn 326, 327 b — descends the Indus; founds Pattala, (01. 113, 3,) autumn 326 to summer 325,* Nov. 327 to Jul. 326 '"- — haves Pattala, [Nearchus,] about Aug. 325,* Sep. 326 b «s — reaches Pura, Oct. 325,* Nov. 326^ — reaches Persepolis, winter 325, 1 326 bc « — reaches Susa, Feb. 324,* begin- ning of 325 bc e— -marries Barsine; proceeds to Eebatana, autumn 324, a late in 325^ — winter campaign against the Cossacans, 324-3,* 325-4° ■ — reaches Babylon, spring 323,* 324° — ti. there, (28 Dsesius, 6 Thargel. 01. 114, 1,) Jan.," 11 or 13 Jun., f 13 Jun^8 28 Jun., e 19 May, h 22 May,^ 21 Apr., k 18 Apr. 1 323; 19 Jul., m 24 or 30 May, n 21 Apr. 324. a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. d Thirlwall. e Smith. f Ideler. S Greswell. h Dodwell. * Usher. k Heeren. * Calvisius. m Petavius. n Champollion-Figeac. ° Ersch and Gruber. P Du Fresnoy. Alexander IV., (JEgus,) King of Mace- donia, [BC] — b. and associated with Arrhi- daeus on the throne, autumn 323 a — under guardianship of Perdiccas, 323-1 a — taken by his mother into Epeirus, 319 — restored to Mace- donia by .ZEacides, 317 a — imprisoned with his mother by Cassander, at Amphipolis, 316,° 315° — assassinated by Cassander, 411,° 310.° a Smith's Diet. b Thirlwall. c Zumpt. Alexander V., {JEgus,) King op Mace- donia, [B C] — contends with his brother Anti pater for the throne, after the death of Philip IV., 298-6 — assassinated by Demetrius Poli- orcetes, Dec. 294. Alexander the Paphlagonian, magician, — famous during the pestilence, 167 — sent for to Pome by M. Aurelius, 174. Alexander Peloplaton, rhetorician, — am- bassador from Seleuceia to Antoninus, about 160 — Greek secretary to M. Aurelius, 170,* I74. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Alexander of Pherce, [BC] — murders Po- lyphron (or Polydorus) and becomes tyrant, (01. 102, 4,) autumn 369 — attacked by Alex- ander of Macedonia and Pelopidas of Thebes, 369,* early in 368 b — second expedition of Pe- lopidas, summer 368 — imprisons Pelopidas, early in 366,* summer 368 b — releases him, 366, a 367 b — defeated at Cynoscephalee by Pe- lopidas, who is killed, summer 363^ Jun. 364 b — made a dependent ally of Thebes, 363,* autumn 364 b — plunders and enslaves Tenos; defeats the Athenian fleet and plunders the Piraeus, (01. 104, 3,) Sep. 362° — assassinated, about midsummer 359,° 357. 13 a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Alexander I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Evar- istus, about 109 — tr. 3 May 119. Alexander II., (Anselmo de Bagio,) Pope, — succeeds Nicholas II., 30 Sep. 1061 — Cada- lous set up in opposition to him by Empress Agnes, Oct. — governed by Cardinal Hilde- brand: tf. 21 Apr. 1073. Alexander III., Pope, {Rolando Ranuci,) — elected to succeed Adrian IV., 7 Sep. n 59 — ■ driven out of Rome by adherents of Victor IV. ; consecrated at Nymphsea, 20 Sep. 1159 — persecuted by the Emperor Frederick I., re- tires to France, 11 Apr. 1162 — Pascal III. succeeds Victor, 20 or 22 Apr. 11 64 — Alex- ander returns to Eome, 24 Nov. n 65 — excom- municates the emperor at the Lateran Council, and escapes from Borne, spring 1 167 — Calixtus III. succeeds Pascal, 20 Sep. 1168 — Alex- ander returns, 1169 — excommunicates mur- derers of Becket, 1 17 1— goes to Venice, to treat with the emperor, 24 Mar. 117 7 — returns to Borne, middle of Mar. 1178 — Calixtus re- nounces his schism, 29 Aug. 1178 — Innocent III. elected in his place, 29 Sep. 1178 — Alex- ander takes and imprisons him, 11 80 — holds ALEXANDER. 43 Illrd General Council of Lateran, 5, 14, and 19 Mar. 1 179 — o\ near Borne, 30 Aug. n 81. Alexander IV., (Pinaldo,) Pope, — succeeds Innocent IV., 12 Dec. 1254 — opposes designs of Manfred : asks assistance of Henry III. of England, and offers him the kingdom of Sicily for his son Edmund, Nov. 1255 — favours the mendicant orders, by bull of 22 Dec. 1254 — establishes inquisitors in France, 1255 — driven from Rome, retires to Viterbo, May 1257 — )J. at Viterbo, 25 May 1261. Alexander V., (Pietro Philargi,) Pope, — b. about 1329 — Cardinal, 1405 — succeeds Gregory XII., 26 Jun. 1409 — U.at Bologna, 3 May 1410. Alexander VI., Pope, {Roderigo Lenzuoli, Borgia,) — t). at Valencia, 1430- 1 — Abp of Valen- cia, 1455 — Cardinal, 12 Sep. 1456 — elected to succeed Innocent VIII., n Aug. 1492 — forms a league with Venice and the Duke of Milan, 1 Apr. 1493 — attempts to form a league against Charles VIII. of France, autumn 1494 — con- cludes treaty with Charles, 16 Jan. 1495 — forms alliance with Maximilian, Ferdinand, Venice, and Milan, against Charles, 31 Mar. 1495 — conquers the Romagna, 1501 — poison- ed? (10 Aug. o. s.) 18 Aug. 1503. Alexander I., Paulowitz, Emperor of Russia, — b. at St Petersburg, (13 Dec. o. s.) 23 Dec. 1777 — marries Louisa Augusta, Princess of Baden, (Elizabeth Alexiewna,) 9 Oct. 1793 — proclaimed Czarowitz by his father, Paul, on his accession, 18 Nov. 1796 — succeeds his father, 24 Mar. 1 801— concludes treaty with Great Britain, 17 Jun. 1801 — interview with king of Prussia at Memel, ro Jun. 1802 — joins Great Britain, Austria, and Sweden, against France, 11 Apr., 9 and 31 Aug. 1805 — visits Berlin, and concludes secret treaty with Fred- erick William III. of Prussia, against France, 3 Nov. 1805 — allies defeated at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805. 1806 — Refuses to ratify D'Oubril's treaty with France, 25 Aug. — renews his alliance with Prussia, 18 Sep. — commences war with Turkey, 23 Nov. — evacuates Warsaw, 28 Nov. — the passage of the Ukra forced at Czarnowo by Napoleon, 23 Dec. — checks Napoleon at Pultusk, 26 Dec. 1807 — Defeated at Eylau, 8 Feb. — joins the army at Bartenstein, 28 Mar. — concludes Treaty of Bartenstein with Prussia, 25 Apr. — defeated at Friedland, 14 Jun. — meets Na- poleon at Tilsit, 26 Jun. — concludes Treaty of Tilsit, 7 Jul. — declares war against Sweden, 6 Oct., and 6 Feb. 1808 — declares war against Great Britain, 26 Oct., 8 Nov. 1808 — Incorporates Finland with Russia, 28 Mar., 19 Nov. — his fleet captured at Lisbon by the British, 25 Sep. — meets Napoleon at Erfurth, 27 Sep. to 14 Oct. War upon the Danube begun, 16 Mar. 1809 — annexes Moldavia and Wallachia to Rus- sia, 2 1 Jan. 1 8 1 o — becomes jealous of the power of Napoleon, autumn 18 10 — relaxes his en- forcement of the Continental System, 31 Dec. 1810. 1812 — Concludes Treaty with Sweden, 24 Mar., 5 and 8 Apr. — Ultimatum of Napoleon offered to him, 24 Apr. — reaches Wilna, 29 Apr. — Treaty of Bucharest with Turkey, signed, 28 May — Napoleon crosses the Niemen, 24 Jun. — Alexander at Moscow, Jul. — Treaty of (Erebro with Great Britain, signed, 6 Jul. — Treaty of Weliky Luky with Spain, signed, 20 Jul. — Alexander reaches St Petersburg, 15 Aug. — meets Bernadotte of Sweden at Abo, and concludes treaty with him, 28 Aug. — Mos- cow taken by the French, burnt, and evacu- ated, 14 Sep. to 19 Oct. — Alexander joins his army at Wilna, 22 Dec. 1 81 3. — Publishes declaration to the Princes, (10 Feb. o. s.) 22 Feb. — concludes alliance with Prussia at Kalisch, 28 Feb., 1 and 8 Mar., 4and 7 Apr. — meets Frederick William of Prus- sia at Breslau, 14 Mar. — [War of Liberation,] — enters Dresden, 24 Apr. — Convention with Prussia and Great Britain signed, 28 Apr. — - at battle of Liitzen, 2 May — Grand Alliance with Great Britain and Prussia, signed at Reichenbach, 14 and 15 Jun. — Alexander arrives at Prague, 19 Aug. — at battles of Dresden, 26 and 27 Aug. — and Leipsic, 16, 18, and 19 Oct. 1 8 14— Meets the Royalist leaders at Tro yes, 11 Feb. — opposes the armistice of Lusigny, 24 Feb. — treaty of alliance with Great Bri- tain, Austria, and Prussia, signed at Chau- mont, 1 Mar. — Treaty of Stockholm signed, 3 Mar. — Alexander present at battles of Arcis- sur-Aube, 20 and 21 Mar. — and Fere-Cham- penoise, 25 Mar. — enters Paris with the king of Prussia, 3 1 Mar. — present at the grand re- view of the allied troops at Paris, 20 May — • Treaty of Paris signed, 30 May — Alexander with the Allied Sovereigns visits England, 6 to 27 Jun. — returns to St Petersburg, 27 Jul. — attends Congress of Vienna, 25 Sep. 1 8 15 — Signs declaration against Napoleon, 1 3 Mar. — concludes alliance with Great Bri- tain, Austria, and Prussia, at Vienna, 25 Mar. - — assumes title of King of Poland, 9 Jun.— enters Paris a second time, 1 1 Jul. — great re- view on plains of Vertus, 10 Sep. — concludes the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, 26 Sep. — second Treaty of Paris signed, 20 Nov. — returns to St Petersburg, 13 Dec. Visits Moscow, end of Aug. 18 16 — at Con- gress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 28 Sep. 18 18 — visits Paris, 28 Oct. 18 18 — visits Brussels, 17 Nov. 18 18 — at Congress of Troppau, Oct. 1820 — at Congress of Laybach, Jan. 1821 — at Congress of Verona, Oct. 1822 — visits the Kirghises, 1824 — goes to the Crimea, Nov. 1825 — arrives at Taganrog, (17 Nov. o. s.) 29 Nov. 1825 — a. there, (19 Nov. o. s.) 1 Dec. 1825. Alexander II., King of Scotland,— b. 24 Aug. 1 1 98 — succeeds his lather, William the Lion, 4 Dec. 12 14 — joins the barons and Prince Louis of France against John of Eng- land, 1 2 15 — concludes treaty with Henry III., 12 17 — marries Joan, sister of Henry, 25 Jun. 1 22 1 — Joan dies, j. Mar. 1238 — Alexander marries Mary, daughter of Ingelram de Couci, 15 May 1239 — prepares to invade England ; concludes peace at Newcastle, Aug. 1244 — ft. on island of Kerreray, 8 Jul. 1249. 44- ALEXANDER— ALEXANDREIA. Alexander III., King of Scotland, — 6. at Roxburgh, 4 Sep. 1241 — succeeds his father, Alexander II., 8 Jul. 1249 — marries Margaret, daughter of Henry III. of England, 25 Dec. 1 25 1 — visits Loudon with his queen, 1260-1 — assists Henry against his barons, 1263 — repels invasion of Ilaco of Norway, r Oct. 1263 — acquires the Hebrides and Isle of Man from Magnus of Norway, 1265 — Margaret dies, 1275 — his daughter" Margaret married to Eric of Norway, 1282 — marries Yolande, daughter of Robert, Count of Dreux, 15 Apr. 1285 — tf. at Xing'horn, in consequeuce of a fall, 16 Mar. 1286. Alexander, St, Patriarch of Alexandria, —succeeds Achillas, 313^ 3i2 b — tf. 16 Apr., c Jan. a 326, end of 325^ a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Pagi. d Cave. Alexander, St, Bp of Jerusalem, — Bp of Flaviopolis in Cappadocia ; imprisoned iu the persecution of Severus, 204 a — released, 21 i a — coadjutor of Narcissus at Jerusalem, 212 — succeeds him, 2i4 b — tf. in prison at Caesarea, 250, 13 25 1. a a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Alexander Severus, (Alexianus Bassianus,) M. Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, — fj. at Arce, 1 Oct. 2o8, a 205 b — accompanies Elagabalus to Rome, 219 — adopted by Elagabalus, and de- clared Ca?sar, &c„ 221 — made Emperor after the murder of Elagabalus, 31 Jan., a n Mar. b 222 — leaves Rome to take command in the East, 230^ 231 b — Artaxerxes defeated at the Euphrates, 232 — Alexander triumphs at Rome, autumn 233 b — leaves Rome to conduct the German war, close of 234*— slain, with his mother Mamsea, by the soldiers, at Moguntia- cum in Germany, or at Sicila in Britain, 8 Feb., a 19 Mar. c 235. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. e Gibbon. Alexander, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — governor of Africa under Maxentius ; pro- claimed Emperor by the troops there, 308,* 3 1 1 b — taken and put to death by Ruf us Volu- sianns, 3 1 i. a a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Alexander of Trallcs, physician, — fl. about 54°. Alexander of Yille Dieu, (de Villa Dei,) grammarian, — composes his Doctrinale, 1209^ about i24o. b :i Xmiv, Biog, Gen. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Alexander, William. [Stirling, Lord.] Alexander Zebina,(Z'/Z'/»^.v,)KiNG of Syria, [BC J — set up by .Ptolemy Physcon, (184, s. e.) 129-8* — -defeats Demetrius near Damascus, early in 125,'' 126^ — is defeated by Antiochus Grypus, midsummer 125 — put to death by An- tiochus, (01. 164, 2; 190, s. e.) Nov. i23, a 122, b I24.' 1 a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Ileercn. d Du Fresnoy. Alexandra, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- Bchmidt, 10 Sep. 1858. Alexandra, the, screw steamer, seizure of, at Liverpool, by the government, as a Con- federate v< ssel, ^ Apr. *i 863 — trial of the case, and decision of Court of Exchequer in favour of owners, Jun. 1863 — appeal of the Crown dis- missed, 8 Feb. 1864 — dismissed by House of Lords, and vessel restored to her owners, Apr. JS64. Alexandre, Noel, theologian, — fj. at Rouen, 19 Jan. 1639 — excommunicated by Innocent XL and his works condemned, 13 Jul. 1684 — Provincial of the Dominicans, 1706 — exiled to Chatelleraut, 1709 — deprived of his pension, 1723 — tf. at Paris, 21 Aug. 1724. Historic/, Ecclesiastica, 1676-86 — Theologia Moralis, I703- Alexandreia, or Alexandria, {Iskandcrieh, El-skanderieh,) [B C] — founded on the site of Rhacotis, by Alexander the Great, late in 322 — completed, about 250 — Antiochus Epiphanes besieges, but desists at command of the Roman people, 171 — revolts against Ptolemy Physcon, 130 — bequeathed to Rome by Ptolemy Alex- ander, 80 — involved in the revolutions of Rome, 55 — taken by Julius Caesar, [Alexandrian War,] (6 Kal. Apr. 707, a. it. c.) 14 Jan. 47 a — occupied by Augustus, 29 Aug. 30- — declared an Imperial city by him, late in 30 — [A D] — municipality restored by Severus, i96 b — youths of military age massacred by Caracalla, 215,° 211 — sedition and civil war for some years, after 260 d — Bruchehamxeaxlj rebuilt by Gallie- nus, 260-68 b — revolt of Firmus suppressed by Aurelian, 273° — besieged and taken by Diocle- tian; revolt of Achilleus suppressed, 297,° 296 d — visited by destructive earthquake and inundation, (12 Kal. Aug. 2382, Abr. E. ; VIII. Indict.) 21 Jul. 365 — pagan idolatry sup- pressed; the Serapeion destroyed, close of 390° — taken by Chosroes of Persia, 616 — besieged by Amrou, ISTov. 639 — taken by Amrou, (2 Mo- harram 20, a. h.) 22 Dec. 640,° 641 e — re- covered by the Romans, and again taken, 641 — retaken by Manuel, and recovered by Am- rou, 646 b — pillaged by Andalusian adventurers, 823 d — walls, &c. repaired, (574-82, Diocl. E.) about 86o, f 875s — taken by Abassah, general to Obeidallah, but soon abandoned, (300, a. h.) 912-13 — taken by the Moghrebins, 924 and 928s — importance declines after the building of Cairo, 969 — taken from the Negroes who had occupied it, by Nasir-ed-doulah, (459, a. h.) 1066-7 — opens its gates to the Emir Shirakoh, 1 165 or 1 1 67 — surrendered by Saladin to Amaury of Jerusalem, summer 11 67 — besieged j by William II., king of Sicily ; siege raised by J Saladin, 1 175 — walls repaired by Sultan Bibars, about 1270 — stormed by Peter of Cyprus and others; occupied, 10-13 Oct. 1365 e — attacked by John II. of Cyprus, 142 3 a — declines yet further after discovery of the route round the Cape of Good Hope, 1497 — taken by Bona- parte, 2 Jul. 1798 — fortified by him, Aug. 1798 — Abercromby defeats Menou near, 21 Mar. 1 80 1 — surrendered by Menou to Hutchinson, 31 Aug. 1801 — capitulates to Mackenzie, 2) Mar. 1807 — evacuated, 23 Sep. 1807 — present walls in part built, 18 11 — rises in importance in consequence of the opening of the Overland Route for the Indian mails, after 1 845 — visited by the Sultan, Abdul Aziz, 8 Apr. 1863. [Ptolemseus.] Canal of, or of Mahnmdieh, — re-constructed by Ahmed Ibn Toulun, about (260, a. h.) 873-4 — repaired by Sultan Bibars, about 1270 — and by Sinan Pacha, 1570 — nearly dry, 1777 — re-constructed by Mohammed Ah, ALEXANDREIA— ALEXIS. 45 and called by name of the Sultan, 18 19, 24 Jan. 1820. Councils of — two held against Origen, under Demetrius, 231 — two held by St Alex- ander, against Arius, 321 — held by Osius, against Arius, 324 — by St Athanasius, for de- claration of faith in opposition to the Arians, 362 — held at demand of Jovian, for the same purpose, Jul. or Aug. 363 — by Theophilus, against the Origenists, 399— two held by Ti- motheus JElurus, against the Council of Chal- cedon, about 457 and 477 — by Cyrus, in favour of Monothelitism, May or Jun. 633. Mundane Era of, [B C] — commences, 29 Aug. 5502 — [A D]— invented by Julius Africanus, about 232 ■ — conformed to Mundane Era of Antioch, 285. [Seleucidae, Era of.] Pharos of [BC] com- pleted, 283 — [AD] — repaired by Ahmed Ibn Toulun, 874 — and by Sultan Bibars, about 1270 — totally destroyed, before 1600. a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Gibbon. e Art de Verifier les Dates. f Marcel. S Kees' Cyc. Alexandreia, in Ariana. [Herat.] Alexandreia ad Issum, or Alexandretta. [Scanderoon.] Alexandria, in Virginia, U. S. — surrenders to Gordon, 29 Aug. 18 14. Alexandrian Codex of the Septuagint Ver- sion, — written, before 500 — in the Library of the Patriarchs of Constantinople, about 1098 — taken by Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of Alexandria, to Constantinople, 162 1 — pre- sented by him to Charles I. of England, and placed in Royal Library, 1628 — removed to British Museum, 1753. Alexandrian Library, [BC] — founded by Ptolemy Soter, 284 — partly destroyed at siege of Alexandria by Julius Csesar, 48-7 — Library of kings of Pergamus given by Antony to Cleo- patra, and added to it, between 40 and 30 — [A D] — dispersed at destruction of Serapeion, by Theophilus, 390 — finally dispersed or de- stroyed by Amrou ? 640 — story of its destruc- tion by Amrou first circulated by Abdallatif, about 1230. Alexandrian School of Philosophy, [BC] — fl. about 300 to 30.* The Second School, — fl. about 30 to [AD] 640 a — revived under the patronage of the Abbasides, about 820. Ca- techetical School established, about 1 8o, b about 60? a Conv.-Lex. b Robertson. Alexandrian (Alexandrine) War, [BC] — Csesar pursues Pompey into Egypt, after de- feating him at Pharsalia, (Oct. 706, a. u. c.) Aug. 48 a — Ptolemy the elder killed, Dec. 48 b — Caesar places Cleopatra and her younger brother on the throne, and pacificates the country, (end of Mar'. 707, a. u. c.) middle of Jan. 47. a a Fischer. b Clinton. Alexians, (Brethren and Sisters of Alexias, Cellites, Lollhards, Matemans,) — rise at An- twerp, soon after 1300 — admitted amongst the Religious Orders by Sixtus IV., 1472 — pri- vileges extended by Julius II., 1506. Alexias, [B C] — Archon at Athens, 405. Alexis, comic poet, [BC] — b. about 394 a — 0. 364 to 306 b — Tj. after 28 8. a Meropis, An- culion, Olympiodorus, Parasitus, (01. 104 ?), 364-60 ? b — Agonis, after 345 ? b — Adelph i, Stratiotes, soon after 343 b — Hippos, 3i6, b be- tween 307 and 302° — Pyraunus, after 312 ? b — ■ Pharmacopola, PLypobolimceus, 306. b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Petitus, Corsini, Larcher. Alexis (Alexius) I., Comnenus, (Bamba- corax,) Byzantine Emperor, — b. at Con- stantinople, 1048 — present at battle of Ma- lazkerd, or Manzikert, 26 Aug. 107 1 — ■ commands against Oursel, and takes him prisoner, io74 a — joins Mcephorus Botoniates, 1077 — defeats Bryennius at Calavrya, and receives title of Sebastos from Mcephorus III., 1078 — rebels, and takes Constantinople; de- poses Nicephorus, and is crowned emperor, (Good Friday, Indict. IV. ; 6589, Cp. E.) i and 2 Apr. 108 1 — makes peace with Soliman, Sultan of Iconium, autumn 1081 — defeated at Dyrrachium by Robert Guiscard, 18 Oct. 108 1 — defeated by Bohemond near Arta, spring 1083 — again defeated, later in 1083 — defeats Bohemond near Larissa, spring 1084 — Dyr- rachium recovered by the aid of Venice ; Normans driven out of Epeirus, autumn 1085 —defeated by the Patzinaks, at Dorostylon, 1088 a — Patzinaks routed at Levounion, with the help of the Komans, 29 Apr. i09i a — ■ Tzachas assumes title of Emperor at Smyrna, and makes war on Alexis, io92 a — Alexis solicits assistance from the western powers, against the Seljuks, 1092 — and at Council of Placentia, beginning of Mar. 1095 — exacts homage from the leaders of the First Crusade, Dec. 1096 to May 1097 — recovers many of his possessions in Asia, by means of the Crusaders, summer 1097 — makes war upon Bohemond of Antioch, 11 03 — concludes peace with him, Sep. 1 108 — at war with Tancred, regent of Antioch, 1111-12 — makes peace with Malek, (Saisan,) Sultan of Iconium, 11 12 — concludes another treaty with him, m6 a — ft. 15 Aug. II 18. a Finlay. Alexis III., Angelus, Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, — takes refuge at court of Saladin, after 1183 — returns to Constantinople, 11 85-6 — deposes his brother, Isaac II., and seizes the throne ; 8 Apr. 11 95 — purchases peace of Frederick Barbarossa, 11 95 — of Sultan Moed- din, of Angora, 1197 — concludes commercial treaty with Venice, 11 98 — provokes hostility of Kaikhosrou I. of Iconium, 11 98 — besieges the rebel, Chryses, in Prosakon; concludes treaty with him, 11 99 — purchases peace of Rokneddin, 1200 — puts down rebellion of Ivan in Thrace by treachery, 1200 — besieged in Constantinople by Crusaders, under Dandolo, 23 Jun. to 17 Jul. 1203 — abandons the city, and flies to Italy, 18 Jul. 1203 — Isaac II. , and his son, Alexis IV., placed on the throne, 18 Jul. and 1 Aug. 1203 — Isaac dies ; Nicolas Canabus elected, between 25 and 28 Jan., a after 8 Feb. i204 b — Canabus dethroned; Alexis IV. strangled by Alexis V., (Lucas, Murzuphlus,) 5 Feb., a 8 Feb., b 28 Jan. c 1204 — Alexis III. returns to Greece, early in 1204° — Constantinople stormed by the Crusaders ; Alexis V. escapes, 12-13 Apr. 1204 — Theodore 46 ALEXIS— ALFONSO. lascaris elected emperor, flies to Asia, 13-14 Apr. 1204— Alexis V. blinded by his father-in- law, Alexis III.; taken by the Crusaders, and thrown from the top of the Theodosian Column, 1204— Alexis III. taken prisoner at Corinth, by Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, and sent to Lombardy, 1205 — escapes, and takes refuge with Kaikbosrou, of Iconium, after 1205, i2io cd — taken by Theodore Las- caris, and confined in a monastery till his death, 12 io. c a Finlay. b Gibbon. c Smith's Diet. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Alexis {Alexei) Michailowitz, Czar of Russia,— fj. at Moscow, (10 Mar. 1629, a o. s.) 20 Mar. i63o b — succeeds his father, Michail Romanoff, 12-13 Jul. 1645 — insurrection at Moscow, Alexis saves the life of his guardian, Morosoff, 1648 — defeated by John Casimir in election for the throne of Poland, 1648 — de- clares war against Poland, after taking the Cossacks under his protection, 6 Jun. 1654 — treaty of Nienitz, or Wilna, with John Casi- mir; Alexis gains Smolensko, &c, Nov. 1656 — makes war upon Charles Gustavus of Sweden, summer 1657 — makes war upon Po- land again, i658 b — armistice with Sweden, 23 Apr. 1658 — Treaty of Cardis with Sweden, 21 Jun. 1 66 1 — Truce of Andrussoff, for 13 years, with Poland, 30 Jan. 1667 — revolt of the Cos- Backs, 1668 — headed by Stenko Rasin, 1669 — who is given up to Alexis and put to death ; revolt suppressed, 1670-1 — Alexis, appre- hensive of war with Sultan Mahomet IV., attempts to form a league against him, 1672 — fc. (29 Jan. 1676, o. s.) 8 Feb. b 1677. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Alexis Petrowitz, Czarowitz of Russia, — 1>. at Moscow, 28 Feb. 1690,3 1695 b — marries Charlotte of Brunswick-Wollenbuttel, 15 Oct. 17 1 1 — leaves Russia secretly, spring 17 16 — returns to Moscow, is arrested, and re- nounces his right of succession, 15 Feb. 17 18 —tried for treason and condemned to death, (24 Jun. o. s.) 5 Jul. 17 1 8 — ft. (executed?) in prison, 6 or 7 Jul. 17 18. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfani, Domenico, di Paris, painter, — ft. at Perugia, 1483 a — tJ. after 1553^ about 1540^ a Bryant. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfani, Orazio, di Paris, painter, — ft. at Perugia, about 15 10 — ft. 1583. Alfarabius, [Abu Kasr Mohammed Ibn Tare/tan Al Farabi,) mathematician, astro- nomer, §c., — visits Fgypt, about (330, a. h.) 941-2 — o\ at Damascus, (339, a. h.) 950. Alfaro y Gomez, Juan de, painter, — fj. at Cordova, 1640 — U. 1680. Alfergani, [Alfrayanus Logista, Ahmed Ibn Kethir A I Fergham, Hasib,) astronomer, — fl, about (218, a. h.) 833— tr. (215, a a. h.) 830. 1 Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, tragic poet, §c, — b. at Asti, 17 Jan. 1749 — commences his travels on death of his guardian, 1765 — re- turn-; to Turin, 16 Jun. 1775"— begins dra- matic writing ; Cleopatra acted, 16 Jun. 1775a —introduced to the Countess of Albany, 1777 — accompanies her to France, 1785 — marries her privately, 1788 — returns to Italy, autumn 1792 — "0. at Florence, 8 Oct. 1803. Saul, Nouv. Biog. Gen. Biog. Univ. Alfonso, [Affonso, Alonso, Alphonso, Ade- fonsus, Ildefonso,) I., [El Batallador,) King of Aragon, VII. of Castile and Leon, IX. of Navarre, — succeeds his brother, Pedro I., 28 Sep. no4 a — marries Urraca, heiress of Alfonso VI. of Castile and Leon ; and shares his throne, calling himself Emperor of the Spains, about Jul. 11 09 a — repudiates her, and defeats her adherents at Campo de Espina, 26 Oct. 1 1 1 1 a — besieges Saragossa vainly, Jan. to after Aug. 11143 — separated from Urraca by Council of Palencia, 25 Oct. 11 14 — besieges and takes Saragossa, May to Dec. 11183-— defeats the Almoravides at Daroca, 18 Dec. m8, a ii20 b — establishes his court at Sara- gossa, 1 1 19 — conducts expedition against Granada, in aid of the Mozarabes, Jul. 1 1 25 c — loses all his possessions in Castile, at death of Urraca, middle of Mar. 11 26 — renounces his pretensions to crown of Castile and title of Emperor, 1127-29 — defeats the Almora- vides in Valencia, ii28 d — makes war upon the Count of Guienne and Poitiers ; reduces Bordeaux, 1 1 30 d — takes Bayonne, 1131° — bequeaths his kingdoms to the Orders of the Temple and St John of Jerusalem, 11 31 and 1 1 33 — takes Mequinenza from the Almora- vides, 1 1 33 — defeated by them at Fraga, 17 Jul. 1 1 34 — U. 7 Sep. 1134.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Hose's Biog. Diet. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Dunham. Alfonso II., [Raymundo,) King of Ara- gon, — fj. 1 15 2 — succeeds his father, Raymond Berenger V., as Count of Barcelona; his mother, Petronilla, resigning the crown to him, 1 163 — recovers possession of Provence, after the death of his cousin, Raymond Be- renger II., from Raymond V. of Toulouse, 1 1 67 — succeeds Gerard in the County of Roussillon, middle of Jul. 1172* — recalled from expedition against the Almohades, by in- vasion of Sancho VI. of Navarre, 1172 — meets Henry II. of England, at Montf er- rand, and is reconciled with Raymond of Toulouse, middle of Feb. 11733 — meets Ray- mond of Toulouse in Island of Guernica, and concludes treaty with him, 18 Apr. 11763 — assists Alfonso IX. of Castile against Cuenza ; is released from doing homage to him, ii77 b — exacts submission from Mce, Jun. 11773 — recommences hostilities against Raymond of Toulouse, 1 179 — takes Melgueil and massa- cres the inhabitants, spring 1181 — submits his quarrel with Count of Toulouse to arbitration, Feb. 1 1 85 — makes war upon Boniface of Castellana, 11893 — reduces William of For- calquier to submission, Jul. 11933 — U. at Per- pignan, (1234, Hisp. E.) 25 Apr. 1196. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfonso III., King of Aragon, — b. 1265 — conducts expedition against Don Jayme, and reduces Majorca and lviza, 1285 — succeeds his father, Pedro III., 10 Nov. 1285 — returns ALFONSO. 47 to Spain, and is crowned at Saragossa, (Easter,) 14 Apr. 1286 — Don Jayme invades his terri- tories, Jun. 1286 and 1289 a — recovers Mi- norca from the Almohades, 1286-7 — concedes the Privilege of Union, 1287 — restores Charles II. of Anjou to liberty, 29 Aug. 1288 — allows Alfonso de la Cerda to be proclaimed king of Castile ; war with Sanch'o IV. in consequence, Sep. 1288 — excommunicated by Nicholas IV., 1289 — -concludes Treaty of Tarascon with Philip the Fair, Charles of Valois, &c. ; and restores Majorca to his uncle, Feb. i29i a — tj, at Barcelona, 18 Jun. 1291. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso IV., (the Courteous,) King of Ara- gon, — b. Feb. 1299 — defeats Pisans off Cag- liari, who consent to hold Sardinia as a fief tinder him, 1323 — succeeds his father, Jayme II., 31 Oct. 1327 — crowned at Saragossa, (Pentecost,) 22 May 1328 — makes war upon the Genoese, whose fleets ravaged the coasts, *33i, a 1330 b — Pope John XXI. (or XXII.) vainly attempts to mediate between him and the Genoese, 1333 — marries, as second wife, Leonora of Castile, 6 Feb. 1329 — revolt of Don Pedro, his eldest son, 1330 — U. at Barce- lona, 24 Jan. 1336.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham, Alfonso (the Magnanimous, the Wise) V., King of Aragon, I. of Sicily, I. of Naples, — ft. 1385 — marries Mary of Castile, 29 Jun. 1415 — succeeds his father Ferdinand the Just, 2 Apr. 141 6 — visits Sicily on his way against Sardinia and Corsica, 12 Feb. 1420 a — adopted as successor by Joanna II. of Naples, 24 Sep. 1420 a — arrives at Naples, to carry on the war against Louis of Anjou, beginning of Oct. 142 1 a — loses the confidence of Joanna, after his success, 1422 — imprisons the senes- chal, Caraccioli, May 1423 — takes Naples by storm; his adoption revoked, 21 Jun. 1423 s — leaves Naples, 2 Oct. 1423 — makes a descent on Marseilles, 4 Nov. 1423 — joins Florence, Venice, &c, against Milan, 27 Jan. 1426 b — acknowledges Pope Martin V., after 29 Jul. 1429 — returns to Sicily, 143 1 — attacks Tro- pea ; takes Island of Gerboa, 1432 — Louis dies, 15 Nov. 1435 — Joanna dies, 2 Feb. 1435 — Alfonso blockades Gaeta, and is defeated and made prisoner by the Genoese, at Island of Ponza, 5 Aug. 1435 — released by Filippo Maria Visconti, of Milan, Aug. or Sep. 1435 — returns to Gaeta, and vainly attacks Naples, after 2 Feb. 1436 — Rene of Anjou arrives at Naples, 19 May 1438 a — Alfonso besieges Naples in vain, 1438 — loses Castelnuovo, 24 Aug. 1439 — Eugenius IV. refuses him the investiture of Naples, and assists Rene ; but concludes peace with Alfonso, end of 1441 — Alfonso takes Naples, 1-2 Jun. 1442 — reduces almost the whole kingdom, before end of 1442 — concludes treaty with Eugenius, 14 Jun. 1443 a — con- firmed by Bull, 6 Jul. 1443 a — war with Genoa continues, 1450-8— joins Venice, &c, against Milan, Apr. 1452— joins Venice, Milan, and Florence, against the Turks, 17 Jul. 1455 — tt. at Naples, 28 a or 27 b Jun. 1458. * Art de Verifier les Dates. b Sismondi. Alfonso I., (the Catholic,) King of the Asturias, (Leon,) — 6. 693 a — marries daugh- ter of Pelayo, 7133 — chosen to succeed Favila, 739 — first insurrection against the Moors, 740 b — drives them out of almost all Galicia, (legend- ary,) 742 b — gains Astorga, 743 b — acquires Leon, &c, (legendary,) 744 b — expels the Moors entirely from Galicia, Leon, and Castile, (legend- ary,) 746-7 b — tf. 757. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso (Anfus, Alanfus,) II., (the Chaste,) King of the Asturias, (Leon, Oviedo,) — suc- ceeds Bermudo L, 14 Sep. 791 — offers the succession of his kingdom to Charlemagne, 798 — dethroned and confined in a monastery, but soon restored, 802 b — treaty with the Mos- lems, (190, a. h.) 806 a — defeated by Obeidal- lah, (209,) 824 a — defeats Mohammed near Lugo, about 830 — abdicates the throne, 833 b — 1J. 842. a Conde. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfonso III., (the Great,) King of the Asturias, (Leon,) — ft. 848 — succeeds his father, Ordofio I., 866—driven from his throne by Fruela of Galicia, takes refuge in Alava, but soon restored, 867-8 — wars successfully against the Moors, from 870 — totally defeats the Toledans, at the Orbedo, 874 s1 — concludes peace with Mohammed I. of Cordova, summer 881, 874,3 883° — suppresses revolt of Ano, 885 c — and Witiza, 894° — routs Ahmed (Abu 7 Casim,) at Zamora, (288, a. h.) 901 — leads expedition against Toledo, 904 — suppresses revolt of his son Garcia, 907 a — releases Garcia, and abdicates in his favour, Dec. 910 a — leads expedition against the Moors, 912 — If. at Za- mora, 20 Dec. 9i2, a end of 910.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conde. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfonso I., ( the Brave,) King of Castile, VI. of Leon, — h. 1030 — succeeds his father, Ferdinand I., in Leon, 27 Dec. 1065 s — attacked and defeated at Pisuerga, by his brother, Sancho II. of Castile, 19 Jul. io67, a 1068 b — defeats Sancho ; and is defeated and taken prisoner by him at Valpellage, 14 Jul. 1070,* 107 1 b — escapes and takes refuge with Alma- niun of Toledo, 1071 — returns to Zamora, re- covers Leon, acquires Castile, after5 Oct. I072, 8 - 1073 13 — deprives his brother, Garcia, of Galicia, 1073 — marries Agnes of Aquitaine, 1074 — 'as- sists Almamun of Toledo against Mohammed of Cordova, 1074° — wages war successfully against Yahia ben Ismail of Toledo, 1078-82° — ac- quires part of Navarre, io8i b — lays siege to Toledo, 1083 — takes it, 25 May 1085 — makes himself master of Coria, 1086 — recalled from siege of Saragossa, by invasion of Almoravides ; defeated by Yussef ben Taschfin, and Ben Abad of Seville, near Zalaca, (13 Bedgeb 479, a. h.) 23 Oct. io86,c (10 Eamadhan 480,) 9 Dec. 1087 a — substitutes the Boman for the Moz- arabic Liturgy, 1090 — reduces Santarem, Lis- bon, and Cintra, 1093° — confers the govern- ment of his Lusitanian conquests on Henry of Besan^on, 1095° — marches against the Almora- vides, 1098 — his army defeated, and his son, Sancho, slain, by Ali ben Yussef, near Ucles, (510,) 29 May no8 a — ft. at Toledo, 29 or 4^ ALFOXSO. 30 Juil. 1 1 09. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Dunham. Alfonso {Baymundo, Petrus Raimundus, the Emperor,) II., King of Castile, VII. {VIII.) of Leon, — b. 1 105-6 — proclaimed king of Galicia, by his mother Urraca, n 12 — asso- ciated in the government with her, 11 22 — suc- ceeds her, 8 or 10 Mar. 1126° — recovers the places which had been held by Alfonso I. of Aragon, 11 27-9 — marries Berengaria of Bar- celona, 1 1 28 — assists Eamii-o II. of Aragon, and Garcia-Baniiro IV. of Xavarre, against the Moors; takes Saragossa, late in 1134 s — crowned at Leon Emperor of Spain, {Pentecost,) 26 May H35 a — at war with Alfonso-Hen- riquez of Portugal, and Garcia-Bamiro of Navarre, 1 136-7 — invades Xavarre, and be- sieges Pampeluna; defeated by Garcia in a sortie, 24 Apr. ii4o a — concludes armistice with Garcia, May 1140 — prepares for war with Xavarre again, 11 43 — in alliance with Yahia ben Ghania, resists the advance of the Almo- hades, and takes Baeza, Calatrava, Almeria, &C., 1 146-8 — invades Andalusia and besieges Cordova, 1150 — defeats (?) Cid Yussef at Jaen, 1 157 — tf. at Fremeda, 21 Aug. 1157. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso (the Xoble, the Good) III., {VIII. or IX.,) King of Castile, — fr. 11 Nov. 1155 — succeeds his father, Sancho III., in Castile, 31 Aug. 1 15 8 — marries Eleanor, daughter of Henry II. of England, 1170 — defeats the Moors, and acquires Cuenza, 1177 — attacked by Ferdinand of Leon, 117 7 — makes peace with him, 1178 — defeated by the Almohades at Sorillo, 1 185 — assisted by Alfonso IX. of Leon, invades and ravages Andalusia, end of 11 89 — menaces Algesiras, and defies Yacub ben Yussef, who proclaims Aljihed, 11 94 — defeated and wounded by Yacub, at Alarcos, (9 Schaban 591, a. h.) 18-19 Jul* IJ 95 a — besieged in Toledo, by Yacub, 1 1 96 — makes war upon Alfonso of Leon ; till reconciled by the nobles and pre- lates, 1 196-7 — reduces several places in Por- tugal, 1 1 99 — wrests Alava, Biscaya, and Gui- puscoa, from Xavarre, 1200 — with Pedro II. of Aragon, and Sancho VII. of Xavarre, de- feats Mohammed al Xasir, at Las Xavas de Tolosa, (15 Saphar 609,) 17 Jul. I2i2 a — ft. at Garci Muiios, 5-6 Aug. 12 14. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso {El Sabio, the Wise or learned, the Astrologer,) X., (IX., IV.,) King of Castile and Leon, — h. 1221 a — recognized as heir by the Cortes at Burgos, 1223 — serves against the Moors, i243 b — at the taking of Seville, 23 Xov. 1248 — marries Yolande of Aragon, 1249 ■ — succeeds his father, Ferdinand III., 30 May 1252 — concludes treaty with Alfonso III. of Portugal, 1253 or i254 a — becomes a candidate for Imperial grown, 1256 — chosen Emperor by part of the Electors, 21 Mar. 1257 — subjugates tin- Moors in Algarve, 1257 — his brother Henry revolts, and is defeated, 1259,° i255 d — Moors of Murcia revolt, (G59, a. h.) 1261 — Moham- med ben Al Ah mar, of Granada, revolts and defeats Alfonso at Alcala ben Said, (660,) 1 262 J — Alfonso defeats Mohammed and the Murcians at Alcala Beal, 1263 c — applies to Pope Urban IV. for the investiture of the Empire, 1263 — concludes treaty of Alcala with Mohammed, (66-i,) 1266 — revolt at Lara and Valencia, i27o b — rebels retire to court of Mohammed, 1272 — pardoned by Alfonso, 1274 15 — appeals to Pope Gregory X., at Council of Lyon, respecting the investiture, summer 1274 — meets Gregory at Beaucaire, beginning of 1275 a — his army defeated near Ecija, by Yacub III. of Morocco, (15 Babia I. 674,) 8 Sep. 1275 a — the Infante, Don Ferdinand, dies, 1275 — Cortes at Segovia declares Don Sancho heir; Yolande retires into Aragon, 1276 — de- feated by Yacub, near Seville, (12 Babia I. 676,) 13 Aug. 1277 e — makes peace with the Moorish sovereigns, (end of Bamadhan 676,) Feb. i278 e — Yolande returns to her husband, 1278 — Alfonso lays siege to Algesi- ras, 1278 — meeting at Bordeaux respecting the succession, 1 Mar. to 1 Jun. 1279 — siege of Algesiras raised, (12 Babia I. 678,) 23 Jul. 1279 — meeting respecting the succession at Dax, 1280 — Alfonso defeated by Mohammed of Granada, 1280 and 1281 — Don Sancho re- bels against him, and makes alliance with Mohammed, 1282 — disinherits Sancho at Seville, 8 Xov. 1282 a — Alfonso, in alliance with Yacub of Morocco, makes war upon him, 1283 — confirms his disinheritance, 20 Apr. and 22 Jun. 1283 s1 — receives submission of Sancho, and annuls his disinheritance, 23 Mar. 1284 a — ft. 4 Apr. 1284.3 a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham, Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Spanish. Chroniclers. d Moorish Authorities. e Dombay. Alfonso XI., (the Avenger,) King of Cas- tile and Leon, — ft. 13 10 — succeeds his father, Ferdinand IV., 17 Sep. 1312 — the Infantes, Don Pedro and Don Juan, with Maria, his grandmother, appointed regents, 13 14 — the Infantes defeated and killed near Granada, by Ismael I., 26 Jun. 13 19 — Maria dies, 1 Jun. 1322 — declares his intention to govern alone, at Cortes of Valladolid, 1324 — assassinates Juan el Tuerto, 1325 — his general, Don Manuel, defeats Mohammed IV. near Cordova, begin- ning of Xov. i328 a — loses Gibraltar to the Moors, 1329 13 — defeats Mohammed near Teba, ^^33^ — m alliance with Alfonso IV. of Por- tugal, defeats Yussef, of Granada, and Abu '1 Hassan Ali, of Morocco, at the Salado, 29-30 Oct. 1340 — lays siege to Algesiras, 3 Aug. 1342 s — takes it, 26 Mar. 1344* — lays siege to Gibraltar, spring 1349 — tf. there, 26 Mar. 1 350. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham. Alfonso, Infante of Castile, — fc. 13 Xov. i453 a — proclaimed King of Castile by Abp of Toledo, at the plain of Avila, instead of Henry IV., 5 Jun. 1465 — engages Henry in the inde- cisive battle of Olmedo, 21 Aug. 1467 b — takes Segovia, and captures the Queen, 27 Aug. 1467 — U. at Cardenosa, 5 Jul. 1468. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso di Este I., Duke of Ferrara and Modena, — fc. 21 Jul. 1476=^ — marries Anne, sister of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, 149 1 — marries Lucrezia Borgia, 19 Dec. 1501& — ALFONSO. 49 visits Spain, France, and England, 1504 — succeeds his father, Hercules I., 26 Jan. 1505 b — joins the League of Cambray, and is created Gonfalonier of the Church, 19 Apr. 1509 — destroys the Venetian fleet upon the Po, 22 Dec. 1509 c — excommunicated by Julius II., 9 Aug. 15 10 — contributes to the victory of the French at Eavenna, [Easter,) 11 Apr. 15 12 — visits Pome, is imprisoned by Julius, but escapes by aid of Fabrizio Colonna, summer 15 1 2 — assists at the entry of Leo X. into the Lateran, and is reinstated by him, 11 Apr. 15 1 3 — Leo attempts to seize Ferrara, end of 15 1 9 — joins the French against Leo, autumn 152 1 — attacked by him, excommunicated, and Ferrara placed under an interdict, late in 152 1 — censures removed by Adrian VI., 1522 — re- covers Reggio, 29 Sep. 1523 — recovers Mo- dena, 5-6 Jun. 1527 — joins the league for the deliverance of Clement VII., 15 Nov. 1527 a — attacked by Clement VII., 1528 — agrees to submit his dispute with the See to the Em- peror, 21 Mar. 1530 — confirmed in his posses- sions by Charles V., by sentence given at Cologne, 21 Dec. i53o a — and published, 21 Apr. 1531 — tr. 31 Oct. 1534. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Eoscoe. c Biog. Univ. Alfonso IX., King or Leon, — succeeds his father, Ferdinand II., 21 Jan. 11 88— knighted by Alfonso III. of Castile ; accompanies him against the Moors, 11 88-9 — marries his cousin Theresa of Portugal, 1190 — his marriage pro- nounced null by Celestine III., and by a council convened at Salamanca, 1191,* ii92 b — excommunicated, and Leon and Portugal laid under an Interdict, ii93 a — consents to a separation, ii95 a — at war with Alfonso III. of Castile, 11 96-7 a — marries Berengaria of Castile, 11 97 — excommunicated by Innocent III., and Leon laid under an Interdict, i202 b — consents to a separation, 1204 — at war with Alfonso III. of Castile ; peace mediated by Innocent, 1210 — violates the peace, and ac- quires some disputed possessions from Castile, I2i2 a — takes Alcantara from the Moors, by help of Alfonso III. of Castile, I2i4, b 1216° — invades Castile, Sep. 12 17 — in alliance with his son, Ferdinand III. of Castile, makes war upon Mohammed Ibn Hud, 1225 s — defeats Ibn Hud near Merida, 1230^ 1231° — ft, at Villanueva de Sarria, 23 Sep. 1230. a Dunham. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Moorish Chroniclers. Alfonso II., King of Naples, — h. 1448 — when Duke of Calabria, assists Eoberto Mala- testa of Rimini ; defeats the army of Paul II., 23 Aug. 1469 a — routs the Florentine army at Poggibonzi, 7 Sep. 1479 b — tyrannizes over Sienna, spring 1480 — drives Achmet Giedik out of Otranto, 10 Aug. 148 i b — ravages the country round Rome ; defeated by Roberto of Rimini, Aug. 1482°— murders the rebellious nobles in the palace, 13 Aug. i486 d — succeeds his father, Ferdinand I., 25 Jan. 1494 — crowned, 8 May 1494 — abdicates, 23 Jan. 1495 — goes into Sicily, 30 Jan. 1495—11. at Maz- zara, 19 Nov. i495- d a Biog. Univ. b Sismondi. c Machiavelli. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso de Palencia, [Alphonsus Palentinus,) historian, §c, — h. at Palencia, 1423 — ft. about 1495. Chronica del Rey Don Enrique IV., 1490. Alfonso, Pedro, {Petrus Alphonsus, Rabbi Moses Sephardi,) theologian and physician, — b. at Huesca, 1062 — embraces Christianity, 1106 — if. about 1 140. Alfonso I., (Eenriquez,) King of Portu- gal, — h. at Guimaraens, i094, abc iuo d — succeeds his father, Henry of Burgundy, as Count of Portugal, under guardianship of his mother, Theresa of Castile, 11 12 — defeats his mother near the fortress of Guimaraens, and assumes the government, 11 28— defeats Al- fonso Raymundo of Castile, and makes himself independent, ii37 d — defeats five Moorish kings at Campo Ourique, (Cabeza de Reies,) and is proclaimed king, 25 Jul. 11 39 — receives sanction of the Cortes, at Lamego, 11 39 or 1 143 a — defeated by the Almoravides, H44 a — takes Santarem, ii45, a 1 146 d — takes Lisbon by assistance of fleet of William Longsword and English crusaders, 25 Oct. ii47, ad ii4-8 b — reduces Alcazar do Sal, ii58 d — takes Cesim- bra, Beja, and Evora, 1165 — takes Badajoz from Ferdinand II. of Leon, and is taken prisoner by him, 11 67 — defeats Moors at Ab- rantes, (572, a. h.) 1 176-7 — encounters Yussef abu Yacub at Santarem, kills him, and is de- feated there? (Rabia II. 580,) Jul., Aug. 1184a— tr. 6 Dec. n85. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Univ. d Dunham. Alfonso II., (0 Gordo, the Fat,) King of Portugal, — h. 23 or 25 Apr. 1185a — suc- ceeds his father, Sancho I., 121 1 or 121 2 a — defeated by Alfonso IX. of Leon, renounces his pretensions to his sister's heritages, i2i2 b — defeats the Moors at Alcazar do Sal, end of Sep. i2i7 c — gains other victories over them, 1 220- 1 b — excommunicated by Honorius III., and his kingdom laid under an Interdict ; cen- sures removed, between 1220 and 1223° — tf. 25 Mar. 1223. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Dunham. Alfonso III., King of Portugal, — ft. 5 May 1 2 10 — called from France to be regent of Portugal, 1245 — succeeds his brother, Sancho II., 1248 — drives the Moors out of the Al- garves, i25i a — disputes with Alfonso X. of Castile, terminated by mediation of Innocent IV., 1253 or i254 b — repudiates Mathilde de Dammartin of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and marries Beatrix de Guzman, 1254 — excommunicated by Innocent IV., and Portugal laid under an Interdict, 1257 — censures removed, and mar- riage legitimated by Urban IV., after Ma- thilde' s death, 1262 — receives the kingdom of Algarve from Alfonso of Castile, 1267 b — ft. 16 Feb. or 20 Mar. 1279. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Alfonso IV., {the Brave, the Proud,) King of Portugal, — d. at Coimbra, 8 Feb. 1290 or 1291* — revolts against his father, Dinis, i320 a — makes himself master of Coimbra, and other places ; encounters his father near Leyria, in an indecisive battle, 132 1-2 — his 4 50 ALFONSO— ALGAE. mother, Isabel, or Elizabeth, composes the dispute, i322 a — contest renewed, 1323 — arrangement again effected by his mother, 1324 — succeeds his father, 7 Jan. 1325 — makes war upon Alfonso XL of Castile, in be- half of his daughter, i336 b — in alliance with him, takes part in the battle of Salado, 30 Oct. 1340 — defeats the Moors at sea, i342, a 1341° — murders the Doha Ifies de Castro, J 355 — ld s son Don Pedro revolts in conse- quence; but is reconciled by the Abp of Braga, 1356— rj. 12 May 1357. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Moorish Chroniclers. Alfonso V., {the African,) King of Por- tugal, — ft, 1432 — succeeds his father, Duarte, under regency of his mother, 9 Sep. 1438 — re- gency taken from her by Cortes, and given to his uncle, Don Pedro, 1439 — assumes the government, and marries Don Pedro's daughter Isabel, 1446 a or 1448 b — declares Don Pedro a rebel ; defeats and slays him at the Alfarro- beira, 20 May 1449 c — punishes Don Pedro's accusers, 1450 — takes Alcazar- Seguer, 18 Oct. i457, a 145 8 d — vanquished near Ceuta, i464 a — takes Arzila, Tangier, &c, 24 Aug. 147 1 — affiances himself to Juana, reputed daughter of JJcnry IV. of Castile, and is proclaimed King of Castile, 1474 or 1475 — defeated at Toro by Ferdinand V. of Castile, 1 Mar. 1476 — seeks ' assistance of Louis XL at Tours ; detained by Louis, Sep. 1476 — secretly quits his court, 24 Sep. 147 7 c — arrives in Portugal, 15 Nov. 1477 c — renounces his pretensions to Castile, by peace of Alcacebas, 24 Sep. 1479° — rj. at Cintra, 28 Aug. 148 1. a Dunham. b Ferreras. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfonso VI., King of Portugal, — ft. 21 Aug. 1643° — succeeds his father, Joam IV., under guardianship of his mother, 6 Nov. 1656 — takes government from her and intrusts it to the Count of Castel Melhor, Jun. i662 b — marries Mary of Savoy, 1663 — his abdication required by the mob, through the intrigues of his brother, Don Pedro, Oct. 1667— deserted by his queen ; compelled to abdicate in favour of his brother ; and banished to the Island of Terceira, 23 Sep., a 24 Sep., c 21-2 Nov. b 1667 — proceedings of Don Pedro sanctioned by the Cortes, Jan. 1668— -treaty of peace concluded witli Spain, at Lisbon; the independence of Portugal acknowledged, 13 Feb. 1668 s — Mary of Savoy obtains the dissolution of her mar- riage with Alfonso, 24 Mar. 1668— and marries Don Pedro, 2 Apr. 1668 — Alfonso brought to Cintra, 1675— rj. there, 12 Sep. 1683. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dunham. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alfonso de Zamora, Hebraist, — embraces Christianity, 1492 — assists in preparation of Complutensian Polyglot; his Vocabularium, Interpretatio nominum V. et Is. Test., and Introductions artis Grammat. llcbraiccc, pub- lished with it, 1517— ft. about 1531. Alford, in Scotland, — Montrose defeats Baillie at, 2 Jul. 1645. Alford, Henry, Bean of Canterbury, biblical critic, $c, — ft. at London, 18 10 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, about 1829 — B. A., 1832 — ordained priest, 1834 — fellow of his college, 1834 — M. A., 1835 — Hulsean Lecturer, 1841-2 — Examiner in Logic and Moral Philosophy, Univ. of London, 1841-57 — Dean of Canter- bury, 1857 — D.D., Cambridge, 1857 — 3y. at Canterbury, 12 Jan. 187 1. Poems, 1831 — School of the Heart, $c, 1835 — Chapters on the Poets of Greece, 1841 — Edition of Greek Tes- tament, 1 841 -6 1 — Edition of New Testament for English Readers, §c, 1863-69 — Edition of Donne's Worlcs, 1839 — Letters from Abroad, 1865 — The Queen' s English, 1864. Alford, Michael, {Flood, Griffyth,) ecclesias- tical writer, — ft. at London, i582, a 1587 b — enters Society of Jesuits, 1607 — tf. at St Omer, 156 1 -2. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. Alfred, {JElfred, the Atheling,) — sent with his mother and brother to his uncle Eichard of Normandy, 1013 — decoyed into England, and murdered at Ely, io36, a 1042. b a Anglo-Sax. Chron. b Henry of Huntingdon. Alfred of Beverley, {Aluredus Beverlacen- sis,) chronicler, — ft. about 11 30. Alfred, {JElfred, Aluredus, the Great,) King of England, — ft. at "Wantage, 849 s — sent by his father, Ethelwulf, to Eome ; anointed by Leo IV., 853 — accompanies his father to Eome, 855 — returns to England, 856 — invested with a subordinate kingdom after accession of his brother, Ethelred, 866 a — marries Alswitha, 868 — assists Burhred of Mercia against • the Danes, 868 — defeats the Danes at Ashendown, early in 871 — succeeds Ethelred in Wessex, (after Easter,) after 15 Apr. 87 i a — defeats the Danes at Wilton, early in summer 87 1 b — after nine pitched battles in one year, makes peace with "the army," late in 871 b — defeats the Danes at sea, 875 — makes peace with them at Wareham, 876 — and at Exeter, before harvest 877 b — dispossessed of his kingdom by the Danes, after 6 Jan. 878 b — constructs a strong- hold at Athelney, (after Easter,) after 23 Mar. 878 — musters an army at Egbert's Stone, near Selwood Forest, between 5 and 12 May 878 — defeats the Danes at Ethandun, between 6 and 13 May 878 — is godfather to king Guthrum, at Aller, Jun. 878 — defeats the Danes at sea, 882 — sends assistance to Christians in India, 883 b — defeats the Danes at Eochester, 884, b 885 a — rebuilds and fortifies London, 886 b — Danes of Northumbria and East Anglia swear fealty to him, 893 — campaigns against Hasting 1 , 893 to 897 — tf. (6 nights before All-Hallow - mass; h 7 Kal. Nov. Indict. IV. C ) 26 Oct. 901. a Asser. b Anglo-Sax. Chron. c Florence of Worcester. Algar, {JElfgar,) Earl of Mercia, &c, — receives earldom of E. Angiia, on Harold's banishment, 1051 — removed on Harold's re- turn, 1052 — restored at Godwin's death, Apr. or May 1053 — banished by the Witenagemot at London, (7 nights before Mid-Lent,) 20 Mar. io55 a — assisted by the Irish, and by Griffith of N. Wales, ravages Herefordshire, and is reinstated in his possessions, end of Oct. 1055 — succeeds his father, Leofric, in earldom ALGARDI— ALGIERS. 5* ofMercia, (2 Kal. Oct.) 30 Sep. 1057 a — ban- ished again, but soon restored, by aid of Grif- fith, 1058— tf. 1059. a Anglo-Sax. Chron. Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor and archi- tect, — b. at Bologna, 1598^ 1593^ i6o2, c 1588 d — goes to Bonie, 1625 — tf. there, 1654. a Nouv. Biog. Gen., Ersch and Gruber, Bees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Encyc. Brit. d Other writers. Algarotti, Francesco, Count, miscellaneous writer, — fo. at Venice, n Dec. 17 12 — created a Count of Prussia, by Frederick the Great, 1740 — tf. at Pisa, 3 Mar., a 23 b or 24° May 1764. Newtonianismo per le Donne, 1737. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Encye. Brit. e Rees' Cyc. Algarve, {Al-Garb,) in Portugal, — ravaged by the Normans (229-30, a. h.) autumn 844* the Wall, Shahpoor, makes himself independ- ent of Hixam II., and founds KINGDOM OF AL-GARB, {Badajoz,) after 1008— his children set aside by their guardian, Abdallah ben Al-Aftas, {Al Mansur,) who commences dynasty of the Aftasides, before 1031 — Abu- bekr Mohammed {Al Modhafar) negotiates treaty between kings of Seville and Cordova, (443,) 105 1 a — Yahia, {Al Mansur,) his son, succeeds, (460,) 1068 — his brother, Abu Mo- hammed Omar Al Motawakkel, {Al Allah,) succeeds, (474-5,) 108 1-2 — writes, in the name of the Mussulman kings of Spain, to beg aid from Yussef ben Taschfin of Morocco, (478,) 1085 — takes part in the battle of Zalaca, (12 Bedgeb, 479,) 23 Oct. 1086 a — invaded by the Almoravides, (486,) 1093 — Mohammed and his family murdered by Zeir ben Abu-bekr, and the dynasty and kingdom overthrown, (7 Sa- phar 487,) 26 Feb. 10943 — revolt of Abu '1 Casim ben Kosai; Ben Omar {Aziz Billah) governor of Al-Garb, autumn 1144 s1 — Ben Omar made wali of Al-Garb by Abd-el-Mu- men, (Babia II. 540,) Oct. 1145"— allotted to Abu Yacub Yussef, by Abd-el-Mumen, (549,) 1 154 — the Aljihed proclaimed there, 1161 — subjugated by Sancho I. of Portugal, who assumes the title of King of Algarve, Sep. 1 1 89 — recovered by the Almohades, 11 91 — Sancho II. of Portugal takes many places in it, about 1230 — revolt there suppressed by Al- fonso X. of Castile, Alfonso III. of Portugal, and Mohammed I. of Granada, 1252-4 — sovereignty ceded to Alfonso III. of Portugal, by Alfonso of Castile, 1254 — wholly ceded to Portugal, 1267 — increased by additions from Andalusia, about 1300 — African conquests {Algarve beyond the sea,) added to it, 147 1 to 1578 — with Alemtejo, raised by Bonaparte to a principality for Godoy, [Alcudia,] 1807 — re- volts against the French, 11 Jim. 1808. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Algazzali, {Algazel,) Mohammed Ibn Mo- hammed Attusi Abu Ahmed, {Hainid,) philoso- pher, theologian, §c, — b. at Tus, (450-1, A. H.) 1058-9,* io72 b — if. at Bagdad, (505,) iin, a H27. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Encyc. Brit., Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Tennemann. Algeria. [Algiers.] Algesiras, {Al-Jezira al-Khadra,) in Spain, — fort constructed by Tarik, on landing there, (5 Bedgeb 92, a. h.) 28 Apr. 711 a — Casim, son of Yussef el Fehir, the last Emir of Spain, besieged there by Abdelrahman I. of Cordova, (142,) 760 a — pillaged by the Normans, (246,) 860-1 a — Soliman and the Africans defeat Mo- hammed II. of Cordova, near, (400,) ioio a — constitutes, with Malaga, an independent sove- reignty, under dynasty of the Hamadites, 1015 to io9i a — taken by Mohammed II. of Seville, (472,) 1079— ceded by Yussef ben Taschfin, to Mohammed, of Seville, autumn (479,) 1086 — besieged and taken by the Almohades, (Dhu '1 hajjah 540 to Moharram 541,) May to Jul. 1146* — taken from them by Ibn Hud, (628,) 2231 a — allotted by Abd-el-Mumen to his son, Abu SaidOthman, 1154 — Alfonso III. of Cas- tile encamps before, about 1194 — ceded by Mo- hammed II. of Granada, to Yacub III. {Ibn Yussef) of Morocco, (673,) before midsummer 1275 — peace between Alfonso X. of Castile and the Moors concluded here, (end of Ba^ madhan 676,) Feb. 1278* — besieged by Al- fonso, (677,) 1278 — siege raised, (12 Babia I. 67-8,) 23 Jul. 1279 a — sold by Yacub of Mo- rocco to Mohammed of Granada again, (697,) 1298 s1 — besieged by Ferdinand IV. of Castile, (Saphar to Schaban 708,) Jul. 1308 to Feb. 1309 a — ceded by Al Nasir of Granada to Sulei- man of Morocco, Aug. 1 309 — taken by the Africans, May 1329 a — retaken by Mohammed IV., 1330 — Alfonso XI. of Castile defeated near, by Mohammed of Granada, 1333 — be- sieged by Alfonso, from 3 Aug. 1 342 — sur- rendered, 25-6 Mar. 1344 — taken and burnt by Mohammed V. of Granada, (772,) 1370 — made the arsenal for preparations for siege of Gib- raltar, early in 1782 — Sausmarez defeated by Admiral Linois, in the bay, 6 Jul. 1801 — Sausmarez defeats the French and Spanish fleets there, 12 Jul. 1801. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Algiers, Algeria, {Alger, Al-Magreb, Al- Jezira, al-Ghazieh, or Beni Mazighanan,) in Africa, — city built by Yussef ibn Zeiri, about 935 a — under the Zeirides, till ii48 b — the Al- mohades dispossessed by the Merinides, about 1269° — falls under power of the Scherifs of Hasan, before 1300 — invaded by Cardinal Ximenes; Marsa-el-Kebir taken, Aug. i504 b — invaded by him again, with Don Pedro Na- varro; Oran taken, summer 1509° — Navarro takes Bujeiah, 8 Jan. 1510° — Selim Eutemi attempts to defend the city against Navarro ; all the country made tributary, 15 10 — assistance of Horush: Barbarossa invited, who assassin- ates Eutemi, and makes himself master of the country, 15 16 — Horush killed near Oran, his brother Khair-ed-din succeeds him, 15 18 — Khair-ed-din submits to the Ottoman sultan, and is appointed Pasha, 15 19 — constructs the mole, 1530 — recalled, and Hassan Aga ap- pointed, 1533 — invaded by Charles V., whose armament is ruined by storms, 21 Oct. to end of Nov. 1 541 — Telemsen, or Tremesen, united to Algiers, 1560 — trade with France commences, 156 1 d — first voyage of Corsairs into the At- lantic, 1585 — Bey elected by the Deivan, about 5- ALGIERS— ALHAMBRA. 1600 — unsuccessful invasion of John Andrew Doria, 1601 — obtains command of the entrance to the Mediterranean, about 1616 — expedition of Beaulieu against; a fort built to protect trade of France, 16 17 — unsuccessful expedition of Sir Robert Mansel, 1620 — proposes alliance to Holland, against Spain, 1625 — becomes an independent state, about 1628 — sends cruisers into the Atlantic, about 1650 — attacked by the French, i652 d — defeated by the Venetians, under Capello, about 1653 — engages to respect the English flag, at the demand of Adm. Blake, 10 Mar. 1655 — Duke de Beaufort attempts to put a stop to its piracy, 1663-5 d — concludes a truce with Thomas Allen, 1668 — breaks it, 1669 — defeated by Dutch under Adm. Gent; and English, 1670 — bombarded by Admirals Du Quesne and Tourville, during war with France, 21, 26 Aug. to 5 Sep. i682 d — bom- barded again, 26 to 28 Jun. and 21 Jul. to 18 Aug- 1683 d — makes alliance with Charles II. of England, 1683 — concludes peace with France, 1684 — treaty with Great Britain re- newed, 1686 — bombarded by Tourville and D'Estrees, 1687-8 — treaty with Britain re- newed, 1690 — makes concessions to France, 1694 — makes war upon Tunis, about 1700 — repressed by Britain, after 1704 — retakes Oran from Spain, 1708 — Ibrahim assassinated; Baba Ali chosen Bey ; a new form of government adopted, 17 10— suffers severely from an earth- quake, 17 17 — a massacre for five days, 1732 — mission of Commodore Keppel to arrange differences with, 1748 — attacked by France, 17 6 1 — defeated by Count of Montemar, 1762 — bombarded by Danish fleet, 1770 — unsuc- cessfully attacked by General O'Reilly, 1775 — attacked by Spain, 1783-4 — peace concluded with Spain, 1786 — negotiations with United States, 1792 — treaty concluded, 5 Sep. 1795 — declares war against France, by order of the Porte, Mar. 1799 — treaty concluded with France, 27 Dec. 1801 — declares war against France, 16 Jan. 1803 — treaty with Britain for occupation of certain places, 1806 — at war with Tunis, Mar. to Jul. 1807 — the war renewed, Jul. 1 808 — Ahmed Pacha, being unsuccessful, murdered by the soldiery, Ali appointed, 7 Nov. 1808 — war declared against France, early in 1809 — again, 29 May 18 10 — concludes treaty with Portugal, 14 Jul. 181 3 — Act for protec- tion of commerce against Algiers, passed by Congress of United States, 2 Mar. 18 15 — De- catur defeats and kills Rais Hammida, off Capo de \. 1668. Explanation of the Assembly's Shorter Cateehimi, 1656— A Call to Archippus, 1664 — Alarm to the Unconverted, 1672. Alleluiatica, Victoria, — legendary victory of St Germanus over the Picts and Saxons at Mold, (Paste?;) 30 Mar. 430. Allen, Ethan, soldier of American Revolu- tion, — joins the " Green Mountain Boys," 1770 — captures Ticonderoga, 9, 10 May 1775 — captured in attack on Montreal, 24 Sep. 1775 — exchanged, 6 May 1778 — ft. at Colchester, Yt, U. S., 13 Feb. 1789. Allen, John, physician, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near Edinburgh, Jan. 1770 — M. D. Edin- burgh, 179 1 — private secretary to Lord Hol- land, about 1 801 — warden of Dulwich College, 181 1 — Master, 1820 — rj. there, 3 Apr. 1843. Pllustrations of Hume's Essay on Liberty and Necessity, 1795 — Inquiry into Pise and Growth of Royal Prerogative in England, 1830. Allen, Thomas, mathematician, — ft. at TJt- toxeter, 21 Dec. 1542 — scholar at Oxford, 156 1— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1565— M. A., 1567 — retires to Gloucester Hall, 1580 — 3j. there, 30 Sep. 1632^ a Wood. Allen, William, chemist, philanthropist, — ft. at London, 1770 — Lecturer on Chemistry and Experimental Philosophy at Guy's Hos- pital, 1804-27 — F. R. S., 1807 — establishes schools at Lindfield, 1825 — 3j. there, 30 Dec. 1843. Allen, (Align, Alain, Alan,) William, Cardinal, — ft. at Rossall, 1532 — Principal of St Mary's Hall, Oxford, 1556— Canon of York, 1558 — takes refuge at Louvain, end of 1558 — goes to Mechlin, 1565 — to Rome, 1567 — flies from England a second time, 1568 — B. D. Douay, 31 Jan. 1570 — Royal Professor there, 1570 — D. D., 16 Jul. 157 1 — goes to Rome, 1575 and 1580 — Cardinal of St Martin's, 7 Aug. 1587 — Abp of Mechlin, 1589 — fr. at Rome, 6 Oct. 1594. True, sincere, and moderate Be- fence of Christian Catholics, 1563 — Apology for the Institution of two Coll. Rome and Rheims, 158 1 — Befence of the Bull excommuni- cating Elizabeth, 1586 — Admonition to the Nobles and People of England and Ireland, 1588. Allenius, Sex. Papinius, — Consul with Q. Plautius, (789, a. u. c.) 36. Allent, Pierre Alexandre Joseph, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at St. Omer, 9 Aug. 1772 — cannoneer at siege of Lille, 1792 — Major, 18 n — Member of Council of Defence at Paris, 18 14 — Under Secretary of War, 18 17 -19 — Presi- dent of Council of State, 1 8 1 9 — Peer of France, 1832 — tf. 3 or 6 Jul. 1837. Sur V influence morale et politique dela Peinture, 1797-8 — His- toire du corps Imperial du Genie, 1805 — Precis de V Histoire des Arts Militaires en France, 1808. Allestree, (Allestry,) Richard, theologian, — ft. at Uppington, Mar. 1619 — B. A. Oxford, 24 Oct. 1640 — enters the king's army, under Sir John Biron, 1641 — M. A., 2 Jun. 1643 — expelled from Oxford, by the Parliament, Jul. 1648 — Canon of Christchurch, 1660 — D. D., 3 Oct. 1660 — Regius Prof, of Divinity, Sep. 1663-79 — Provost of Eton, 1665 — tf. at London, 28 Jan. 1681. Alley, William, Bp of Exeter,— enters ALLEYS— ALMANACS. 57 Cambridge Univ. 1538 — takes refuge in the north, of England, 1553 — Bp of Exeter, 1560 — D. D. Oxford, 1561 — 7S. 1570 or 157 1, 157 6. a a Fuller. Alleyn, Edward, dramatic writer, $c, — ft. at London, 1 Sep. 1556 — part proprietor with Henslowe of the Eose, on Bankside, 1592 — with him, builds the Fortune, in Cripplegate, 1600 — rebuilds the Paris Bear-garden, 1606 — purchases the Manor of Dulwich, 1606 — builds Dulwich College, 1613-16,* 1614-17^ — re- ceives Letters Patent for his Foundation, 21 Jan. 16 19 — 7S. 25 Nov. 1626. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Encyc. Brit. Allia, {Alia,) the, in Italy, — [BC] — Eo- mans defeated by the Gauls under Brennus at, (15 Kal. Sext., or postr. Id. Quinctil., 364, a. u. c.) 16 Jul. 390 — T. Q,uinctius Cincin- natus, Dictator, defeats Prsenestines and allies at, (374,) 380, 377^ a Smith's Diet. Allifae, (Alife,) in Italy, [B C] — taken from the Samnites by Eome, (428, a. u. c.) 326 — retaken by C. Marcius Eutilus, Cos., (444,) 310 — Samnites defeated by Proconsul Q. Fa- bius Maximus, (447,) 307 — colony established there, about 40 — [AD] — adorned with new buildings, about 125. Allioni, Carlo, physician and botanist, — fj. at Turin, 1725 — 7s. there, 1804. Flora Pede- montana, 1785. Allix, Pierre, theologian, — fj. at Alencjon, i64i, a 163 1 b — take refuge in England, at re- vocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 — 7s. at Lon- don, 3 Mar. b 21 Feb. c 1717. Dissertation on the first rise of the Trisagium or Doxology, 1674 — Reflections upon the Books of Holy Scripture, 1688. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Encyc. Brit. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. Allobroges, [BC] — oppose Hannibal's pas- sage of the Alps, and afterwards join him, 218 — defeated by Cn. Domitius, Proconsul, at Vindalium, (6*3, a. u. c.) 121 — with the Ar- vernians, defeated, by Q. Fabius Maximus, Cos., at the Isara; and subjugated, (6 Id. August 633,) 8 Aug. 121 — their ambassadors at Eome, invited to join Catiline's conspiracy, betray it, (3 Non. Decemb. 691,) 5 Feb. 62, a 63 b — rebel, and are defeated by C. Pomptinus, Free- tor, near Solonium, 61 — attacked by the Hel- vetians, at their migration, and defended by Csesar, 58— attacked by Vercingetorix, 52 — [AD] — spoken of, 69. a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. Allori, Alessandro, {Bronzino,) painter, — ft. at Florence, 1535 — ft. 1607. Allori, Cristofano, painter, — fj. at Florence, 1577 — tS. 1621, 1619. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Allston, Washington, painter, — ft. at New- berry, S. C, U. S., 1779 — enters Harvard Coll., 1796 — at the Eoyal Academy, London, 1 80 1 — visits France and Italy, 1804 — returns to America, 1 809 — visits England, France, and Italy again, 1811-18 — A. E. A., 1819 — If. at Cambridge, U. S., 9 Jul. 1843. Sylphs of the Seasons, 1813 — Monaldi, 1842. Allut, Jean, (Flie Marion, i' Fclaireur,) religious enthusiast, — takes refuge in the Ce- vennes, at the revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 — surrenders with his band of Camisards to Marshal Villars, and is conducted to Ge- neva, 9 Oct. 1704 — conducted to Geneva again, by the Duke of Berwick, Jan. 1705 — - takes refuge in London, 1706 — fined and pil- loried there, for pretending to prophesy, 2 Dec. 1707 — ft. after 17 14. Alma, the, in the Crimea, — Lord Eaglan and Marshal St Arnaud defeat Prince Men- zikoff, 20 Sep. 1854. Almagest, the, (MeydXr), or fity'iarr}, 2vv- ra^iQ Trjg ' Aarpovofiiag, Syntaxis,) of Ptolemy, — written about 150 — translated by command of the Caliph Al Mamun, 827 — retranslated by Gerard of Cremona, under patronage of Em- peror Frederick II., before 1250 — Epitome of, by Purbach and Eegiomontanus, printed 1496 — first Greek edition published by Simon Grynaeus, at Basel, 1538. [Ptolemeeus, Clau- dius.] Almagro, Diego de, Governor of Chili, Conquistador, — ft. at Aldea del Eey, 1475 s1 — joins Pizarro and Hernando de Luque, at Panama, to make conquests in Terra Firma, 1525 — made governor of the fort of Tumbez by Charles V., 26 Jul. 1529b — made adelantado, I 53° b — makes a convention with Don Pedro d' Alvarado, i534 b — adelantado of Nueva Toledo, 1535— solemnly reconciled to Pizarro, 12 Jun. 15 35 b — undertakes the conquest of Chili, 1536 b — makes war upon Pizarro, 1537 b — takes Cuzco, and imprisons Pizarro's bro- thers; defeats Alonzo de Alvarado at the bridge of Abangay, 12 Jul. 1537 b — defeated and taken by Pizarro in the valley of Salinas, 6, b or 26° Apr. 1538 — found guilty of high treason, strangled, and beheaded, Jun. or Jul. 1538. a Herrera. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Almain, Jacques, theologian, — fj. at Sens, after 1450 — Prof, at the College of Navarre, i5o8, a i5i2 b — tr. 151^. De Autoritate £e- clesice, 15 12. a Bees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Almamun. [Mamun.] Almanacs, — first published by Solomon Jarchi, in and after ii5o a — by Peter de Dacia, about i3oo b — by Walter de Elvendene, 1327 b — by John Somers, i38o b — by Nicholas de Lynna, i386 b — by Purbach, 1450-61 a — first printed by Gutenberg, at Mentz, 1457° — by Eegiomontanus, at Nuremberg, 1472-3 or 1474-5 d — D y Zainer, at Ulm, i478 d — by Eichard Pynson, in England, (Sheapeheard's Kalender,) 1497 b — by Stbffler, in Venice,i499. d Monopoly of Printing, granted, to the Station- ers' Company and the two English Universities, by James L, 1605 ? — injunction obtained by the Stationers' Company against Thomas Car- nan, declared illegal, 29 May 1775 — bill to legalize, rejected by Parliament, 1779. Stamp Duty on, imposed and regulated by Acts, 9 Ann. c. 23, 1710-11 ; 10 Ann. c. 19, 1711-12 ; 16 Geo. II. c. 26, 1742-3; 30 Geo. II. c. 19, 1756-7 ; 21 Geo. III. c. 56, 1780-1 ; 37 Geo. III. c. 90, 1796-7 — repealed by Act, 4 and 5 s* ALMANSUR— ALMOHADES. Wm, IV. c. 57, 13 Aug. 1834. a Engl. Cyc. b British Almanac. c Ilallaiu. d De Morgan. Almansur. [Mansur.] Almanza, in Spain, — the Duke of Berwick defeats the Earl of Galway and Marquis de los Minas at, (14 Apr. 0. s.) 25 Apr. 1707. Almarez, in Spain, — Spaniards defeated by Marshal Lefebvre at, 24 Dec. 1808 — the bridge destroyed by Cuesta, 16 Mar. 1809 — strongly fortified by 'Marshal Marmout, Jul. Aug. 181 1 — fortifications stormed by Gen. Hill, 19 May 1812. Almeida, in Portugal, — taken from the Moors by Payo Guterrez, after 1200 — taken by Marquis de'Soria, 25 Aug. 1762 — restored to Portugal, by peace of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — seized by Marshal Junot, Dec. 1807 — surren- dered to General Beresford, Oct. 1808 — be- sieged by General Massena, 15 Aug. 18 10 — • surrendered by General Cox to General Loison, 27 Aug. 1 810 — invested by Lord Wellington, 7 Apr. 1 8 1 1 — evacuated by General Brennier, and the fortifications destroyed, 10 May 1811 — re-fortified by Lord Wellington, Sep. 1811, Apr. 1 812. Almeida, Antonio d', surgeon, — b. at Al- meida, about 1761 — studies in England, under John Hunter, 17 91 — arrested and sent to the Azores, 1810 — ft. 1822. Tratado completo de Medieina opcratoria, 1801 — Obras cirurgicas, 1813-14- Almeida, {Almeyda,) Francisco de, Vice- boy of the Indies, — b. at Lisbon, after 1450 — serves against the Moors under Ferdinand of Aragon, about 1485 — appointed Viceroy by Emmanuel of Portugal ; sets out from Belem for the Indies, 25 Mar. 1506 — appears before Quiloa, 22 Jul. 1506 — reaches India, beginning of Oct. 1506 — his ships discover Madagascar, early in 1507 — his son, Lourenco, takes posses- sion of the Maldives and Ceylon, 1507 — sub- dues Malabar, and Sofala, and the E. coast of Africa, 1507-8 — his son killed at Dabul, 1508 — imprisons Albuquerque, his suc- cessor, and takes and destroys Dabul, 13 Dec. 1508 — destroys the combined fleet of Kansu al- Ghori, sultan of Egypt, and Mahmud Shah Begarra, of Guzerat, under Melek Aiaz, at Diu, end of 1508, or early in 1509 — Albuquerque being released by Fernando de Coutinho, Al- meida surrenders the government, and leaves Cochin, 19 Nov. 1509 — sails for Europe, 1 Dec. 1509 — killed by the natives at Saldanha Bay, 1 Mar. 15 10. Almeida, Theodore, natural philosopher, — b. at Lisbon, 1722 — takes refuge in France, '7.S9-77 — &• at Lisbon, 1803. Recreugao Filosofica, 1 75 1. Almeloveen, Theodor Janssen van, phy- sician, #c. — b. at Mydrecht, 24 Jul. 1657 — M. D. Utrecht, 23 Jan. 168 1 — Prof, of His- tory and Geography at Harderwyk, 1697 — of Medicine, 1702 — a", at Amsterdam, or Har- derwyk, 28 Jul. 17 12. Be Vitis Stephanorum, 1683 — Onomasticon rerum inventarum, §c., 1684 — Fasti Roman. Consul., 1705. Almenara, in Spain, — Earl of Stanhope and Count Stahremberg defeat the Marquis de Bay at, 27 Jul. 17 10. Almeria, {Abdera,) in Spain, — joins Abd-el- Bahman I. when he lands in Spain, autumn 755 — made a port and naval station by him, 773 — Haitian al-Saclabi, Emir of Almeria, re- fuses submission to Mohammed al Mehdi and Suleiman of Cordova, (399, 400, a. h.) 1009- 10 — his Emirate made irrevocable and heredi- tary by Hixam II. of Cordova, 1010 — appointed hagib by Hixam, 1013 — assisted by Ali Ibn Hamud, of Ceuta, rebels against Suleiman, (405-6,) 1015-16 — ordered to his govern- ment by Ali, he rebels, 1016 — proclaims Ab- del-Bahman IV., (408,) 1017 — Almeria taken by Ali, Hairan slain, (408,) 1017-18 — • Zo- haib, al-Saclabi {Al-Ameri) takes Almeria and Murcia, and makes himself an independ- ent sovereign, (408,) ioi8, a (423,) 1031 13 — bequeathed to Abd el Aziz of Valencia ; Abu 'l Ah was Maan appointed Emir, who makes himself independent, and founds dynasty of Samadahides, {Tagibides,) (432 or 443,) 1041 or 1051* — his son, Abu Yahia Mohammed Moezz-eddaulah, succeeds him, (443 or 444,) 1 05 1 or io52 a — engaged in the siege of Al- bit, 1086-8— besieged by Yussef Ibn Tasch- fyn, 1 09 1 — Moezz-eddaulah succeeded by his son, Obeid-allah, (4 Babia II. 484,) 26 May 1 09 1 — withdraws to Africa; fall of the Sama- dahide dynasty ; Almeria taken by the Almora- vides, (Schaban or Bamadhan 484,) Sep. or Oct. 1091^ (487,) 1094 b — taken by Alfonso Baimond of Castile, and his allies, 17 Oct. a or Nov. 1 147, (end of 542,) Apr. or May 1148° — blockaded by the Almohades, (546J) 1151 — taken, (552,) 1157 — besieged in vain by Jayme II. of Aragon, (Saphar 708 to end of Schaban 709,) summer 1308 to end of Jan. i3io a — opens its gates to Mohammed el A'isar, 1429 — surrendered to Ferdinand V. of Aragon, by Abdallah el Zagal, Dec. 1490. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. c Moorish Chroniclers. Almohades, {Al Moahedun,) Dynasty of, in Al-Magreb {Africa) and Spain, — Mohammed Ibn Abdallah and Abd-el-Mumen preach against the Almoravides in Sus, (Africa,) 11 16-17 a — • Mohammed is saluted Mehedi by his followers, (15 Bamadhan 515, a. h.) 27 Nov. 1121 — defeats the troops of Ali Ibn Yussef, (515-6,) 1 12 1-3 a — fortifies Tinmal, 11 23 — sheikh Abu Mohammed el Baschir defeats Ali, besieges Marocco, and is defeated and killed by Ali, (519,) ii25 a — Abd-el-Mumen ma.de Imam, de- feats the Almoravides near Marocco, (end of 523,) Dec. 11293 — Mohammed Ibn Abdallah dies, Abd-el-Mumen {Abu Mohammed) suc- ceeds him, (3 Moharram 524,) 17 Dec. 1129,3 ii3o b — Abd-el-Mumen extends his power to Salee, Fez, and Teza, (527,) ii33 a — defeated by Tashfyn Ibn Ali, near Tremesen ; defeats him, (537-8,) 1 142-4 — besieges and takes Oran, (Moharram 540,) Jul. 1145* — invited into Spain by Ahmed Ibn Hosai, whom he no- minates Wali of Al-Garb, (Babia II. 540,) Oct. 1 145 c — sends Abu Ami-am to subju- ALMOX— ALMOEAVIDES. 59 gate the Amoravide possessions in Spain, (Dhu '1 Kadah or Dhu '1 hajjah 540,) May or Jun. 1146c — takes Marocco, the last possession of the Almoravides in Africa, (end of Schoual 541,) beginning of Apr. ii47 ab — his power established in Spain, by the de- feat and death of Yahia Ibn Ghania, near Granada, (10 or 21 Schaban 543,) 24 Dec. 1 148 or 4 Jan. 1149° — reduces the whole of Northern Africa, 1149 — invited by the An- dalusians to protect them against Alfonso Eai- mond of Castile, (1 Moharram 545) 20 Apr. 1151° — obtains Granada, after the death of Ali Ibn Ghania, (551,) 1156° — proclaims the Aljihed against Spain, (556,) ii6i, c (557,) 1 162 a — dies at Salee; his son, Yussef Abu Yakub, succeeds as Emir, (8, 10, or 20 Gui- madhi II. 558,) 14, 16, or 26 May 1163° — re- cognized as Emir Al-Mumenin, 1166 ? — enters Spain, (566,) late in 1170c — obtains possession of Valencia, and becomes sole sovereign of Mo- hammedan Spain, (early in 567,) late in 1171° — invades Castile, 1173 — invades Catalonia, 1 1 74 — returns to Africa, (571,) 1 175-6 — re- turns to Spain, and invades Portugal, (7 Eabia I. 580,) 18 Jun. 1184° — dies of wounds received before Santarem, (12 or 28 Eabia I. 580,) 23 Jul. or 8 Aug. 1184° — Abu Yussef Yakub, {Al-Mansur,) his son, succeeds, (2 Guimadhi II. 580,) 10 Sep. 1184° — defeats an Almora- vide invasion and revolt in Africa, n 87 -8 — lands in Spain, invades and ravages Portugal, returns to Africa, spring and summer 11 89 — lands in Spain again, (20 Eedgeb 591,) 30 Jun. 1195° — defeats Alfonso VIII. of Castile on the plains of Alarcos, (9 Schaban 591,) 19 Jul. 1195° — invades Castile, and penetrates to Salamanca, (592-3,) 1196° — returns to Marocco, dies, and is succeeded by his son, Mohammed Abu Abdalla, (Al-Nasir Ledin Allah,) (21 Eabia I.e or 22 Eedgeb,* 595,) 22 Jan. c or 19 May a 1199 — finally conquers the Almoravide party in Africa, (604,) 1208° — proclaims the Ghazieh, (605,) 1209° — lands in Spain, (25 Dhu'l Kadah 607,) 10 May 121 1 • — invades Castile, Jul. 1211 — defeated by Al- fonso IX. of Castile, Pedro II . of Aragon, and the Crusaders, at Las Navas de Tolosa, (15 Saphar 609,) 17 Jul. 1212° — dies in Africa, his son Yussef Abu Yakub II. (Al-Muntasir,) succeeds, (10 Schaban 610,) 25 Dec. 1213,° I2i4 b — his grand-uncle, (or uncle,) Abu Mo- hammed Abdel-Wahed, {Abu Melik,) suc- ceeds, in Africa, (13 Dhu '1 hajjah 620,) 7 Jan. 1224° — Abu Mohammed Abdallah, (Al-Adel,) his nephew, revolts in Murcia, (13 Saphar 621,) 6 Mar. 1224c— Abd-el-Wahed deposed, and strangled, (21 Schaban and 5 Eamadhan 621,) 8 and 21 Sep. 1224° — Ab- dallah withdraws to Marocco, his brother Abu Ali Edris (Al-Mamun) proclaims him- self king in Spain, (2 Schoual 624,) 15 Sep. 1227,° (622,) 1225 a — Abdallah deposed and strangled, 4 Oct. 1227 c — Yahia Abu Zaka- bieh (Abu Suleiman, Ibn An Nasir, Al-Mo- tassem) proclaimed in Africa, end of 1227 — Abu Abdalla Mohammed Ibn Hud (Motawa- Jcel Ala- Allah) proclaimed king in the Alpuj ar- ras, (end of Eedgeb 625,) Jul. 1228° — seizes Murcia, (1 Eamadhan 625,) 4 Aug. 1228° — and Granada, 1229c — defeats Al-Mamun near Tarifa, (6 Eamadhan 626,) 29 Jul. 1229c— Al- Mamun, assisted by Ferdinand III. of Castile, enters Africa, defeats Yahia, and recovers Al- Magreb, end of i229 bc — Abu Abdalla Mo- hammed Ibn Yussef (Ibn Nasir, Ibn Al- Ahmar,) proclaimed king in Spain, 1232° — • Al-Mamun dies in Africa, his son, Abu Mo- hammed Abd-el-Wahed (Al-Eashid), suc- ceeds, (29 Dhu'l hajjah 629,) 16 Oct. 1232c — Ibn Hud assassinated, (27 Guimadhi I. 633,) 7 Feb. 1236c— Mohammed Ibn Al-Ah- mar founds the kingdom of Granada, (end of Eamadhan 635,) May 1238 c — Abu 'l Hassan Ali (Assayd) succeeds Abd-el-Wahed, in Africa, (640,) 1 242 b — Abu Hafs Omar (Al- Mortadi) succeeds him, (646,) 1248 b — Alfonso X. of Castile, and Mohammed I. of Granada, finally expel the Almohades from Spain, (655,) 1257 c — Abu Dabus Edbis succeeds Al Mor- tadi, (665,) i266 b — Abu Yussef Yakub finally overthrows the Almohades in Africa, and founds the dynasty of Merinides, (end of 667,) autumn 1269. b a Dunham. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. 1 Art de Verifier les Dates. Almon, John, political tvriter, — 0. at Liver- pool, about 1738 — at sea, 1756-9 — engaged to write for the 'Gazetteer,' 1760 — prosecuted for selling 'The London Museum,' 1770 — re- tires to JJoxmoor, 1783 — tf. there, 12 Dec. 1805. Almonacid, in Spain, — General Sebastiani defeats Venegas at, 11 Aug. 1809. Almonde, Philip Van, naval commander, — n. at Briel, 1646 — goes to sea, 1661 — com- mands the 'Dordrecht' in engagement of 11 to 14 Jun. 1666 — distinguishes himself in Sole- bay fight, 7 Jun. 1672 — brings home the fleet after De Euyter's death, 1676 — accompanies William III. to England, 1688 — commands the vanguard at battle of La Hogue, 29 May 1692 — engages in the expedition against France and Spain, under Admiral Eooke, Oct. , 1702 — ft. at Haawijk, 6 Jan. 17 11. Almorah, in Hindustan, — plundered by the Afghans, 1744 — taken by the Ghorkas, 1790 — ■ taken by Col. Nicolls, 25 Apr. 18 15 — dis- mantled, 1820. Convention of, giving up Ku- maon to the Eritish, signed, 27 Apr. 18 15. Almoravides, (Al-Morabethun, Murabitins,) Mohammedan Sectaries, and Dynasty in Al- Magreb (Africa) and Spain, — originated by Yahia Ibn Ibrahim and Abdallah Ibn Yasim, in the deserts behind the Atlas Mountains, before 1050 — Abdallah appoints Abu Bekr Ibn Omar, Emir of Lamtuna, (450,) 1058 a — Yussef Ibn Tashfin usurps the Emirate, and compels Abu Bekr to abdicate, (465-6,) 1 07 2 a — Almoravide power established in Al- Magreb, 1073 — Yussef, invited by Mohammed of Seville, to aid him against Alfonso VI. , of Castile, lands at Algesiras, (Eabia II. 479,) Aug. 1086 b — defeats Alfonso in the plains of Zalaca, (12, 13 Eedgeb 479,) 23 Oct. 1086— invited again by Mohammed, he lands at Al- gesiras a second time, and proclaims the AljU (o ALXAGER— ALPHONSE. hed, (Rabia I. 481,) May or Jun. 1088— comes on a third expedition to Spain, acquires Mur- cia, Granada, Jaen, &c., and returns to Africa, 1090^ 109 i, a — his generals take Seville, making Mohammed prisoner, (19 or 22 Redgeb 484,) 6 or 9 Sep. 1091 b — and Valencia, (485,) 1092 b — overthrow the kingdom of Badajos, early in 1094 — and kingdom of Valencia, (Redgeb 495,) Apr. or May no2 b — Yussef for the fourth time visits Spain, and causes his son to he ac- knowledged as his successor, (Dim '1 hajjah 496,) Sep. no3 b — returns to Marocco, n 05 — dies ; Ali Ibn Yussef, his son, succeeds, (3, a or end b of Moharram 500, 498, c ) 3, d or end b of Sep. 1106, 1104,° — defeat of Alfonso VI. of Castile, at Ucles, 29 May no8 b — Ali undertakes a Ghazieh against Castile, autumn 1 1 09 — war continued inoto 111 9 — victory of Alfonso I. of Aragon, at Cutanda, (19 Eabia I. or 24 Eabia II. 514,) 18 Jim. or 23 Jul. 1 1 20 b — revolt of Cordova, 1 1 2 1 — the Al- mohades make head against Ali, in Africa, 1 1 2 1 -5 — invasion of Granada by Alfonso, 1 1 25- 6 — Tashfyn Ibn Ah governor of Spain, 1126- 38 — conquests of the Almohades, 1126-32 — defeat and death of Alfonso, before Fraga, 17 Jul. 1 1 34 — victory of Alfonso of Portugal, at Campo Ouriques, 25 Jul. n 39 — Ali dies, succeeded by Tashfyn, his son, (Eedgeb 537,) Feb. 1143 — revolt of Abu '1 Casim Ahmed Ibn Hosein Ibn Hosai, Al-Bumi, in Algarve, 1144- — Abu Giafar Hamdain (Al- Mostanser) proclaimed king at Cordova, (5 Eamadhan 539,) 1 Mar. ii45 b — Valencia, Murcia, Theology at Gronin- gen, 1627 — endeavours to return to Heidel- berg, 1634 — tj. at Groningen, 25 Aug. 1644. Theologia Historica, 1646. Alting, Jakob, theologian, — b. at Heidel- berg, 27 Sep. 16 1 8 — visits England, 1640 — ■ Prof, of Oriental Languages at Groningen, 1643 — Doctor and Prof, of Theology, 1667 — if. 20 Aug. 1679. Altmark, in Prussia, Truce of, — concluded for six years, between Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and Sigismund of Poland, (i6, a o. s.) 26 b Sep. 1629 — prolonged for twenty-six years, by treaty of Stumsdorf, between Christina of Sweden and Ladislas of Poland, (2, a o. s.) i2 b Sep. 1635. a Geijer. b Heeren. Alton, — Prince Edward defeats Adam de Gurdon near, 1266 — Sir William Waller de- feats and kills Colonel Bowles at, Dec. 1643. Altona, (Altenau,) in Holstein, — obtains rights of a city, 1664 — burnt by Steinbock, 8-10 Jan. 17 1 3— taken possession of by Chris- tian VII. of Denmark, 9 Sep. 1806 — gar- risoned by Austrian and Prussian troops, 4 Feb. 1 85 1 — occupied by Federal troops and evacuated by the Danes, 24 Nov. 1863 — evacuated by the Austrians, entered by Prus- sians, 12 Jun. 1866. Convention of, between Charles XL of Sweden and Christian Albert of Holstein-Gottorp, 20 Jun. 1689. [Ham- burg.] Altorf. [Altdorf.] Altura, in Spain, — Amor defeated by the Caiiists at, 25 Jun. 1838. Alum, — manufactured at Rocca, or Edessa, in Syria, about 1300 — manufacture introduced into Italy, i46o-5 a — into Germany, i545~5o a — into England, about i6oo a — Dr Turner's process patented, 15 Jul. 1843. a Beckmann ; Encyc. Brit. Aluminium, — proved to be a metal by Davy, 1808-9 — first obtained as a pure metal by Wohler, 1827 — procured by a superior process and demonstrated to be of economical utility, by Deville, summer 1854. Aluminium Bronze, — discovered by Dr Percy, 1862. Alunno, Niccolo, painter, — fl. at Foligno, 1458 — if. after 1500. Aluredus, [Aired, Alfred}) of Beverley, chron- icler, — tf. about 1 1 30. Alva. [Alba.] Alvarado, Alfonso de, Captain- general of Peru— b. at Burgos, about 1500 — accom- panies Pizarro in his expedition against Peru, 1533 — sent against the Chiachapoyas, 1536 — recalled to Lima, 1537 — taken prisoner by Diego de Almagro, 12 Jul. 1537 — escapes, and takes part in the battle of Salinas, 6 Apr. 1538 — commands part of the royalists at the victory at Chupas, 16 Sep. 1542 — attaches himself to President Gasca, autumn 1546 — appointed Cor- regidor, 155 1 — revolt of Hernandez Giron, 1553-4 — repulsed and wounded, near Chu- quinga, summer 1554 — If. at Lima, 1554. Alvarado, Pedro de, Captain-general of Guatemala, — b. at Badajos, about 1495 — commands under Montejo, in the expedition from Cuba, against Yucatan, spring 15 18 — ■ sent back for reinforcements, summer 15 18 — commands under Cortez, in his expedition against Mexico, Jan. 15 19 — left by Cortez in command in Mexico, massacres the nobles at a festival, May 1520 — commands the rear-guard in the nocturnal retreat, 1 Jul. 1520 — com- mander of the camp of Tlacopan, May 152 1 — ■ sent against the tribes living on the Pacific sea-board, 1523 — enters Guatemala as con- queror, 25 Apr. 1524 — visits Spain, and is appointed Adelantado by Charles V., 1525— returns to Mexico, Oct. 1528 — assumes his government, 1529 — attempts the conquest of Quito, 1534 — revisits Spain, 1537-40 — tf. in Guatemala, I54i. a a Art de Verifier. les Dates. (A ALVAREZ— AMADEUS. Alvarez, Bernardin de, religieux, — b. at Seville, 15 14— goes to Mexico, 1529 — founds the hospitals of the Order of St Hippolytus, in Mexico, 1567 — ft. 12 Aug. 1584. Alvarez, Emmanuel, grammatical writer, — fc. at Madeira, 4 Jun. 1526— rj. at Evora, 30 Dec. 1583, 11 1582. b De Institutions Gramma- tical 1572. a Zedler. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Alvarez, Francisco, traveller, — h. at Co^ imbra, after 1460— accompanies the embassy to David of Abyssinia, 15 15 — returns to Por- tugal, 1527 — goes to Rome, Jan. 1533 — tf. at Lisbon, after 1540. Verdadeira Informacam do Freste Joao das Indicts, 1540. [Galvao Duarte.] Alvarez, Goncalo, theologian, §c, — ft. at Villa viciosa, about 1525— enters Society of Jesus, 1 Jan. 1549 — appointed Visitor of the Indies, 1568 — perishes by shipwreck, 2 Jul. !573- Alvarez, Jose, sculptor, — fj. at Priego, 1768 — studies at Paris and Rome, 1799 — principal sculptor to Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 1825— ft. at Madrid, 1827. Alvarez, Manuel, sculptor, — fi. at Sala- manca, 1727^ — &. 1797. Alvarez, Martin, military commander, — fi. in Andalusia, about 17 14 — serves in Italy, 1733 — Field Marshal, 1762 — commands at the blockade of Gibraltar, 1779-82 — Count de Co- loniera, 1782— commands the army of Navarre and Guipuscoa, Jul. 1794 — takes the oath of allegiance to Joseph Napoleon, 19 Jul. 1808 — retires, 1814 — ft. 1819. Alvarez de Castro, Mariano, military com- mander, — b. at Osma, about 1775 — defends Gerona against St Cyr and Augereau, 5 May to 12 Dec. 1809 — imprisoned by Augereau at Figuieras ; ft. there, 23 Dec. 1809, a i8io. b a Conv.-Lex. (Fr.) b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alvarez de Oriente, Fernao de, poet, — com- mands under the Viceroy of the Indies, An- tonio de Noronha, in his expedition to succour Damao, Dec. 1572 — ts. about 1595. Lusitania Transformada, 1595. Alvarez de Paz, Diego, theologian, — ft. at Toledo, about 1560 ■ — enters the Society of Jesus, about 1580 — Provincial of the Order in Peru; fr. at Potosi, 17 Jan. 1620. De vita spirituali, 1608. Alvensleben, PhilippKarl, Count, statesman and diplomatist, — h. at Hanover, 16 Dec. 1745 a — ambassador from Frederick II. to Saxony, 29 Sep. 1775 — from Frederick William II., to Paris, 3 Nov. 1787 — ambassador extra- ordinary to Holland, Jan. 1788 — to London, end of 1788 — recalled, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1790 — Minister of War, 1 May 1791 — Knt of the Black Eagle, i798 a — Count, 1801 — U. at Berlin, 21 Oct. 1802. a Ersck and Gruber. Alviano, Bartolommeo d', military com- mander, b. about 1455 — defeats the Duke of Gandia at Bracciano, 1497 — defeats the Duke of Brunswick atCadore; reduces Istria and Friuli, spring 1508 — defeated and taken pri- soner by Louis XII. at Agnadello, 14 May 1509— released by the Treaty of Blois, after 14 Mar. 15 1 3 — takes Cremona, Bergamo, and Brescia, spring and summer 15 13 — defeated by Colonna and Duvalos at Motta, 7 Oct. 15 13 — contributes to the victory of Francis I. at Marignano, 14 Sep. 1515 — rj. 7 Oct. 1515. Alvinczy, {Alvinzi,) Joseph, Baron D', military commander, — ft. at Vincz, 1735 s — enters the army, 1750 — distinguishes himself during the . Seven Years' War, at Torgau, Schweidnitz, and Tbplitz, 1756-63 — becomes Major- General during the War of the Bava- rian Succession, 1778-9— serves under Lau- don against the Turks ; fails to take Belgrade ; Lieutenant Field- Marshal, 1789 — commands in Belgium, fails to take Liege, 1790 — General of Division in the Netherlands against France, 1792 — shares the victory of Neerwinden, 18 Mar. 1793 — and the defeat of Hondschoote, 8 Sep. 1793 — receives the Grand Cross of Maria Theresa, at Charleroi, 16 May 1 7 94 b — defends Landrecy, summer 1794 — Member of the Aulic Council at Vienna, i795 b — takes command of the army of Italy, end of Oct. 1796 — defeated at Areola, 15-17 Nov. 1796 — and at Rivoli, 14 Jan. 1797 — recalled, made commander-in-chief in Hungary, 1797-8 — Field-Marshal General, 7 Sep. 1808 — ft. at Ofen, a or Buda, c 25, a or 27 c Nov. 1 810. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Alwar, (Alvar, Alur.) [Machery, Mewat.] Alxinger, Johann Baptist von, poet, — ft. at Vienna, 24 Jan. 1755 — secretary to the Court Theatre, 1793 — if. 1 May 1797. Doolin von Mentz, 1787 — Bliomberis, 179 1. Alypius of Antioch, architect, §c. — Vicarius of Britain, 360 a — employed by the Emperor Julian, in his attempt to rebuild the Temple at Jerusalem, 363 — with his son, accused of prac- tising magic, and banished, 371. a Monumenta Historica Britannica. Alzarchel, {Abu Ishak Ibn Yahia Zarchelli,) astronomer, — fl. at Toledo, about 1072-3.* a Greswell. Amadei, Carlo Antonio, physician and bo- tanist, — h. at Bologna, after 1650 — ft. 1720. Amadesi, Giuseppe Ludovico, canonist, — fc. at Leghorn, 28 Aug. 1701 — Keeper of the archiepiscopal archives at Ravenna, 1754 — U. at Rome, 8 Feb. 1775. Amadeus III. {II.) Count of Savoy,— succeeds his father, Humbert II., as Count of Maurienne, 19 Oct. no8, a uo3 b — accom- panies the Emperor Henry V. into Italy, and is created Count of Savoy, nn, a iuo b — ac- companies Louis VII. on his Crusade, 1 147 — fc. at Nicosia, 1 Apr. 1148. a Art de Verifier les I)ates. b Biog. Univ. Amadeus IV. {III.) Count of Savoy, — fj. at Montmelian, 1 1 97 — succeeds his father, Thomas, 20 Jan. 1233 — concludes a peace with his brother Aymon, at Chillon, Jul. 1234 — subdues the rebellion at Turin, Nov. 1235 — made Vicar of the Empire in Lombardy and Piedmont, by Frederick II., 1241 — ft. at Mont- melian, 24 Jun. 1253. Amadeus V. {IF. the Great,) Count of Savoy, — h. at Bourget, 4 Sep. 1249 — succeeds AMADEUS— AMALGAMATION. 65 his uncle Philip I., end of 1285 — attempts to reconcile Gui de Dampierre, Count of Flanders, to Philip the Fair, 1300 — reinvested and created a Prince of the Empire hy Henry VII. at Asti, end of 13 10 — Vicar-general of the Em- pire, 131 1 — concludes a peace with Jean II. Dau- phin of Viennois, 3, 10 Jun. 13 14 — leads an expedition to the relief of Ehodes, 13 15 — goes to Avignon, to persuade John XXII. to pro- claim a crusade; tf. there, 16 Oct. 1323. Amadeus VI. (the Green Count,) Count of Savoy, — b.atChambery, 4 Jan. 1334— succeeds his father, Aimon, 24 Jun. 1343 — his guardians conclude a treaty with Philip, Duke of Orleans, who claimed Savoy, Feb. 1346 — seizes some places in Piedmont, belonging to Joanna I, ' of Naples ; and defeats Lucchino Visconti of Milan, Jul. 1347 — takes the surname of the Green Count, at a tournament, 1348 — at war with France, 1353 — totally defeats Hugh of Geneva, at Abres, 1354 — concludes a treaty with John II. at Paris, 5 Jan. 1356 a — de- prives Robert, Prince of Achaia, of Piedmont, 1 359 b — makes a league with Rodolfe de Loupy, governor of Dauphiny, against the ' Great Company,' [Companies of Adventure,] 13 May 1362 a — acquires the Marquisate of Sa- luzzo, i363 b — goes to the assistance of John VI. (Palceologus,) takes Gallipoli from the Turks, and defeats the Bulgarians near Varna, 1 366-7 a — joins in the league between Gregory XI. and Charles IV., against the Visconti of Milan, 1372 — receives Piedmont from Louis of Anjou, and assists him to obtain possession of Naples, 1382 — tr. near San Stephano, 2 Mar. 1383. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Amadeus VIII. (the Pacific,) Duke of Savoy, (Felix V. Antipope,) — b. at Chambery, 4 Sep. 1383 — succeeds his father, Amadeus VII., 1 Nov. 1 391 — acquires the Genevois, of Odo, Sieur de Villars, 5 Aug. 1401 — Savoy erected into a Duchy, by the Emperor Sigismund, 19 Feb. 141 7 a — Amadeus finally acquires Pied- mont, at the death of Louis of Savoy, 1 1 Dec. 14183 — acquires Nice, &c. from Yolande of Aragon, by treaty, 5 Oct. 1419 a — leagues with Venice and Florence against Filippo Maria, of Milan, 11 Jul. 1426 a — retires to the Priory of Eipaille, 8 Nov. 1434 a — mediates the peace of Arras, 1435 — abdicates in favour of his son Louis, 6 Jan. 1439 — elected Pope, in the place of Eugenius IV. deposed, by the Council of Basel, 5 Nov. 1439 a — accepts the dignity, 17 Nov. i439 b — crowned, as Felix V., at Basel, 24 Jul. 1440a — renounces his claims to the pontificate, 9 a or7 b Apr. 1449 — tf. at Geneva, 7 Jan. 145 1. a Art de Verifier les Dates. ° Nicolas. Amaduzzi, (Amadutius,) Giovanni Cris- toforo, philologist, §c, — b. at Savignano, about 1720 — Prof, of Greek at Rome, 1769 — ft. there, 21 Jan. 1792. Leges, etc. Imperatorum Theo- dosii junioris et Valentiani III., 1767 — Anec- dota Litter aria, 1773-4 — Alphabetum Brama- num, 1776 — Vetera Monumenta, 1779. Amalarius, Symphosius, ecclesiastical writer, — suffragan-bishop of Metz, about 8 1 o — deputed by the Council of Paris, to communicate to the Court its decision respecting the worship of images, 825 — sent by Louis le Debonnaire to Gregory IV., 827 — visits Pome again, 831 — accused before the Council of Thionville, 835 — and of Quierci, 837 — ft. 837^ a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Amalasuentha, (Amalaswinth, Amalasunta, Amalasontha,) Queen of the Ostrogoths, — b. about 498 a — married to Eutharic, 515 — who dies, 524-5 — Regent during minority of her son, Athalaric, at the death of her father Theo- doric the Great, 30 Aug. 526 b — becomes Re- gent sole at her son's death, spring, b 2 Oct. c 534 — marries Theodahadus, and makes him King, 3 Oct. 534 c — assassinated by his orders, at Lake Bolsena, summer 5 34, bd 30 Apr. 535. ce a Encyc. Brit. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Smith's Diet., IT. K. S. Biog. Diet. e Gibbon. Amalekites, [BC] — oppose the Israelites in the Wilderness of Sinai, and are routed at Rephidim, (2 mo.) Jun. 1491 s — defeat the Israelites at Kadesh Barnea, Sep. 1490 a — con- federate with the Moabites against them, 1343 a — with the Midianites, 1252a — defeated by Saul, King of Israel ; Agag, King of the Am- alekites, put to death by the prophet Samuel, before 1063 a — harassed by David, spring 1056* — burn Ziklag, and are pursued and routed by David, 1055 a — extirpated by the Simeonites, about 7 15. a [Judges, &c.] _ a TJssher. Amalfi, (Amalphi, Amalphia,) in Italy, — ■ founded, about 350 ? — comes into notice, about 600— flourishes under the Princes of Beneven- tum, after 800 — assists in the defence of Italy against the Saracen corsairs, 8 1 3 — surprised and plundered, and the inhabitants carried to Sa- lerno, by Sico, or Sicard, of Beneventum, about 830 or 835 — becomes independent, under the suzerainty of the Emperor of the East, 839-40 — assists, with its fleet, against the Saracens, 845-6^850 — joins with Naples in an unsuc- cessful attack upon Capua, 7 May 860 a — . makes peace with the Saracens, and joins in their advance against Rome, 875 a — exchanges its government by annually elected Consuls, for one by Doges chosen for life, 897 b — part of its walls and harbour destroyed by a storm, 1013 — subdued by Gaimar IV. of Salerno, 1038a — invites Robert Guiscard to attack Sa- lerno, 1077a — recognizes Roger II. of Sicily, as Duke of Apulia and Calabria, 1127a — taken and pillaged by the Pisans, summer n 35 — passes under the dominion of Naples, about 1280 — walls, &c, partially destroyed by a storm, 1 343 — republican forms of internal go- vernment abolished, 1350 — its lordship ali- enated to feudal proprietors, about 1400.° [Malta, Knights of; Mariners' Compass.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Moderne. c Bees' Cyc. Amalgamation, in Metallurgy, — process known to Pliny, about 75 — re-discovered^ by Bartolomeo de Medina, 1557 a — brought into use in Peru, by Pero Fernandez de Velasco, 157 1 b — improved by Alvaro Alonso Barba, 1640 — further improved by Von Born, 1700.* a Encyc. Brit. b Beckmann. 5 6G AMALIA— AMATO. Amalia, Anne, Duchess of S axe-Wei- mar, — b. at "Wolfenbiittel, 24 Oct. 1739 — married to Ernst August Konstantin, of Saxe- "Weimar, 1756 — who dies, leaving her Regent for their son, Karl August, 28 May 1758 to 3 Sep. 1775 — travels in Italy, 1788-98 — tf. 10 Apr. 1807. Amalric, (Arnaud, Arnold of Citeaux,) ec- clesiastic, §c. — Abbot of Grandselve, before 1200 — of Citeaux, 1201 — Legate in southern France for Innocent III., 1204 — leader of the crusade against the Albigenses, midsummer, 1209 — Abp of Narbonne, 12 Mar. 1212 — consecrated, 2 May 1212 — commands with dis- tinction at the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 16 Jul. 12 1 2 — presides at the Council of Lavaur, middle of Jan. 12 13 — disputes the claim of Simon de Montfort to the Duchy of Narbonne ; assumes the title, and excommuni- cates him, beginning of 12 16 or 12 15 — pro- motes the settlement of the contest with the Count of Toulouse, 1224 — ft. 25 or 29 Sep. 1225. Amalteo, Cornelio, physician, poet, — b. at Oderzo, 1530 — Secretary to republic of Ragusa, 1559 — goes to assist Paul Manutius at Rome, 156 1 — tf. there, 1603. Proteus, 1572. Amalteo, Giambattista, poet, — b. at Oder- zo, 1525 — accompanies the Venetian ambassa- dor to England, 1554 — Secretary to republic of Ragusa, 1556 — attends the Council of Trent, as secretary to Pius IV., spring 156 1 — at Mi- lan, with Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, 1567 — tf. at Rome, 1573. Amalteo, Girolamo, physician, poet, — b. at Oderzo, 1506 — lives at Serravalle, 1536-58 — tf. at Oderzo, 24 Oct. 1574. Amalteo, Paolo, poet, §c. — b. at Pordenone, 1460 — assassinated at Vienna, 15 17. Amalteo, Pomponio, painter, — b. at San Yito, about 1505 — tf. about 1588. Amama, Sixtinus, theologian, — b. in Fries- land, after 1550 — teaches Hebrew at Oxford, 16 1 3 — Prof, of Hebrew at Franeker, 1620 — tf. there, Dec. 1629. Censura Vulgatce Lat. Edit. Pentateuchi, 1620 — Bybelsche Conferentie, 1623 — Antibarbarus Biblicus, 1628. Aman, (Haman,) Johann, architect, — b. at St Blasien, 1765 — commences his profession, 179 1 — a". 1834. Amandus, .Eneas Salvius. [Bagaudse.] Amandus, St, {Apostle of the Netherlands,) Bp of Maestricht, — b. near Lake Grand Lieu, about 594^ 589 b — leads an ascetic life at Bourges, 612-27 a — © oes to Rome, 627 a — missionary, 628 a — Bp of Tongres, 628-30= — banished, 634-5* — Bp of Maestricht, 646-9,* 649-52 b — goes to Rome, 650* — to the Nether- lands, 667* — tf. 684, a c 675.° a u# K# s> Biog Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Amanthon, Claude Nicolas, publicist, — ft. at Villers-les-Ports, 20 Jan. 1760 — tf. 28 Sep. 1835- Amantius, — Consul with Albinus, (1098 a. u. c.) 345. Amar, J. P. Andre, Jacobin politician, — b. at Grenoble, 1750— elected to the Convention, 1792— Secretary, 8 Aug. 1793— Member of the Committee of General Safety, 14 Sep. 1793 — presents the Report against Brissot and the Girondins, 3 Oct. 1793 — President of the Convention, 4 Apr. 1794 — denounced by Le- cointre, as a partisan of Robespierre, (11 Fruc- tidor, An II.,) 29 Aug. 1794 — defends Collot d' Herbois and his companions, and is arrested and imprisoned, 2 Apr. 1795 — released by the amnesty of (4 Brumaire, AnlV.) 26 Oct. 1795 — implicated in Babceuf's conspiracy, tried, and imprisoned, 20 Aug. 1796 — forbidden to reside in Paris, by law of 22 Floreal, before 1800 — returns to Paris, and tf. 18 16. Amar-Duvivier, Jean Auguste, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 1765 — at Lyons, 1793- 1802 — under-librarian of the Mazarine Library, 1804 — chief librarian, 1809 — tf. 25 Jan. 1837. Amara-Sinha, (Bewa A?nara,) poet, gram- marian, — [BC] — fl. about 50,* or [AD] 472. b [Vikramaditya.] a Wilson, u. K. s. Biog, Diet., and others. b Colebrooke. Amarante in Portugal, 1809 — occupied by General Silviera, 30 Mar. — Loison dislodges him and seizes the bridge, 2 May — Beresford recaptures it, 12 May. Amaranth, Order of Knighthood, — insti- tuted by Christina of Sweden, 1653. Amarapura , ( TJmmerapoora,) in Birmah, — founded by Mindaraji Prahu, 1783 — entirely destroyed by fire, Mar. 18 10 — seat of govern- ment removed to Ava, 1819 — partly destroyed by an earthquake, 1839. Amaseo, (Amasceus,) Romolo, classical scho- lar, — b. at Venice, 24 Jun. 1489 — goes to Bologna, 1509 — Prof, of Literce PLumaniores at Padua, 15 19 — at Bologna, 1524 — pronounces the oration at Bologna before Clement VII. and the Emperor Charles V., 1 Jan. 1530 — goes to Rome, end of 1543 — Secretary of Breves to Julius III., 1550 — a", at Rome, 1552. Amasis, (Amosis, Ames,) King of Egypt, — [B C] — b. at Siuph, about 600 — revolts against Apries, defeats him, and takes his throne, 569,* 57°> b 57 V 566 d — becomes tributary to Cyrus, about 535 — ts. beginning of 525^ middle of 525, e 526. f a Clinton. b Grote, Smith' Diet. e Williamson. d Sharpe. e Greswell. f Kenrick. Amastris, (Amastreion, Amastro, Amassera, Amasra,) in Asia Minor, — [B C] — founded by Amastris, wife of Dionysius of Heracleia, by union of Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, and Teion, about 300 — given by Eumenes to Ariobarzanes, about 280 — -[AD] — improved by Pliny the Younger, about 104 — receives Alexius I. of Trebizond, 1204a — taken by Theodore Lasca- ris, 1214a — becomes the principal station of the Genoese in Asia Minor, 1300-50 — taken by Mohammed II., 146 i. a a Finlay. Amati, Andrea, Antonio, Hieronimo, and Mcolo, makers of violins, — fl. at Cremona, 1550 to 1692. Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', (II Yecchio,) painter, — b. at Naples, 1475 — tf. 1555. Amato, Giovanni Antonio d', (II Giovane,) painter, — b. at Naples, 1535 — tf. 1598. Amato, Giuseppe, Propagandist missionary, natural historian,— b. at Naples, about 1757— AMATO— AMBEACIA. 6 7 sent to India beyond the Ganges, 1783-4 — a". at Moumiha, beginning of Apr. 1832. Amato, Joao Roderiguez, {Joannes Rodericus Amatus, Lusitanus, Castelli Albi,) physician, anatomist, — b. at Castelbianco, 15 11 — teaches at Ancona,i549 — removes to Pesaro, 1555 — to Saloniki, 1559 — if. there, 1568. Curationum Medicinalium centuries septem, 1557, I 5^^* Amatrice, Cola Filotesio dell', painter, — fl. at Ascoli, 15 14 to 1535. Amauri de Chartres, {Amalricus de Bena,) philosopher, theologian, — teaches a species of Pantheism at Paris, about 1200 — ft. 1204-5. His treatise, Fhysion, condemned by Innocent III., 1204 — his doctrines condemned by the Council of Paris, Oct. i2io, a 1209 b — his fol- lowers also condemned, and burnt, 21 Oct. 20 Dec. 12 10 — new condemnation pronounced by the Lateran IV. Council-General, Nov. 12 15. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Riddle and others. Amazons, (Amazonas, Maranon, Maranhao, Orellana,) the, in S. America, — its embouchure discovered by Pinzon, Jan. 1500 — navigated from the interior to its mouth by Orellana, 3 1 Dec. 1540 to 26 Aug. 1541 — explored by Con- damine, 5 Jul. to 19 Sep. 1743 — by Spix and Martius, 18 17 — by Wallace, 1847-50 — by Bates, 1 847 -5 8 — navigation declared free to all nations, 7 Sep. 1867 — region explored by Orton, 1867. Ambassadors, Foreign, — and their servants, protected from process for debt, by Act, 7 Ann. c. 12, 1708. Amber, (Ambheer, Umeer.) [Jeipur.] Amberg, in Bavaria, — occupied by the Im- perialists, and besieged by Maximilian Em- manuel of Bavaria, summer 1703 — plundered by Herbeville, 30 Nov. 1703 — Archduke Charles defeats Jourdan at Teming, near, 22-4 Aug. 1796. Amberger, Christoph, painter, — b. at Nurn- berg, about 1490 a — ij. at Augsburg, after 1568. b a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. Ambiani, of Gaul, — [B C] — subdued by Cae- sar, 57 — join in the revolt of Vercingetorix, 52. Ambibulus, L. Eggius, — Consul with M. Annius Verus III., (879 a. it. c.) 126. Ambiorix, — [B C] — with Cativolcus, revolts from Caesar, and is defeated by him, winter, 54-3 — driven across the Bhine by Caesar, 51. Ambitus. [Canvassing; Calpurnian, and other LawsJ\ Amboise, in France, — Conspiracy of, (Tu- multe d',) — 1560 — La Eenaudie secretly as- sembles the Protestant leaders at Nantes, 1 Feb. —the Court removed to the Castle of Amboise, late in Feb. — prosecutions for heresy pro- fessedly suppressed by Edict,. 4 Mar. — Conde and the Protestants assemble i;here, 16-7 Mar. — Guise proclaims himself Lieutenant-general of the kingdom ; an amnesty offered by Edict to subordinate conspirators on submission ; La Eenaudie defeated and killed near Chateau Eenard, 18 Mar. — La Mothe unsuccessfully attacks Amboise, 19 Mar. — the prisoners exe- cuted, 20, 22 Mar. Treaty of, concluding the first Religious War, 1563 — signed by Charles IX., 12 Mar. — promulgated, 19 Mar. Amboise, Francois d', litterateur, — b. at Paris, 1550 — Councillor of State, 1604 — ft. 1620. Amboise, Georges d', (le Fere du peuple,) Cardinal, statesman, — b. at Chaumont-sur- Loire, 1460 — Bp of Montauban, 1484 — im- prisoned with Philip de Comines and others, Mar. i486 3 — released and exiled to his diocese, Aug. 1488 — restored to favour, 1492 — Abp of Narbonne, 1492 — Abp of Eouen, and Lieuten- ant-general of Normandy, 1493 — accompanies the Duke of Orleans on the expedition into Italy, Nov. 1494— shares his disgrace, 1496 — becomes chief adviser to Louis XII., Apr. 1498 — Cardinal, and Legate a latere, by Alex- ander VI., early in 1499 — If. at Lyons, 25 Mar. 15 10. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Amboyna, one of the Moluccas, — first visited by Albuquerque's ships, 151 i a — converted to Mohammedism, 15 15 — visited by Francis Xavier, 1546 — taken possession of by Portugal, i564, b 1580° — captured by the Dutch, 1607-7*- the British East India Company establish a settlement at Cambello, 161 2 — and are com- pelled to leave the island, Jun. 16 14 — trade with the Moluccas opened to the British by treaty, Jul. 1619 — the British establishment destroyed, and several Englishmen tortured and executed, [the Massacre of Amboyna,) 17 Feb. 1623 — satisfaction for this outrage ob- tained by treaty between Cromwell and the United Provinces, 30 Aug. 1654 — captured by Admiral Baimer, 16 Feb. 1796— restored by the treaty of Amiens, 1802 — captured by the British, 17 Feb. 18 10 — restored by peace of Paris, 1814. a Engl. Cyc. b Bees' Cyc. c Encyc. Brit. Ambracia, (Amprakia, Arta,) — [BC]— co- lonized by Corinth, under Gorgus, (Torgus, Tol- gus,) about 635^ about (01. 30) 66o b — Gor- gus makes himself Tyrant, about (01. 38) 628° — Periander, about 61 2 a — the tyranny overthrown, after 585 a — joins in resisting Xerxes, 480 — assists Corinth against Corcyra, spring 432 a — takes Argos (Amphilochicum) ; Phormion retakes it and restores it to the Am- philochians and Acarnanians, summer 43 2 d — attacks it again, and ravages its territory, about Sep. 430 d — with Epeirots, defeated by the Acarnanians at Stratus, 429 — under Eury- lochus attacks Argos again, and is defeated at Olpae and Idomene by Demosthenes ; concludes peace with the Acarnanians, autumn 42 6— aids Syracuse in resisting Athens, 414 — attacked by Philip of Macedonia, after (01. 109, 1) 344-3 ? d — submits to him, late in 338 or early in 337— ceded toPyrrhus of Epirus, by Alex- ander V. of Macedonia, 295 e — subject to the JEtolian League, 239 — attacked by Philip V. of Macedonia, 219— besieged by M. Fulvius Nobilior ; surrenders to him, 1 89 — its inhabit- ants removed to Nicopolis, by. Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — partially recovers its importance, between 700 and 800 — conquered by Samuel of Bulgaria, about 980 — becomes known by the name of Arta, before 1100. a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. c M filler. d Grote. e Thirlvrall. OS AMBBOGI— AMELOT. Ambrogi, Domenico degl', (Menichino del BriziOj) painter, — fl. about 1653 — ft. after l678. a a Eiicvc. Brit. Ambrogio, (Ambrose,) Teseo, orientalist, — fj. at Pavia, 1469 — attends the Lateran Coun- cil at Rome, May 15 12 — his collection dispersed at the pillage of Pavia by the French, 19 Sep. 1528 — ft. 1539-40. Introductio in Ling . Chald., Syr,, §c, 1539. Ambrones, — [B C] — with the Teutones, de- feated by C. Marius, near Aquas Sextiee, (652, a. v. c.) 102. Ambrose ; Ambrosian Chant, or Hymns, Liturgy, Rite, or Office. [Ambrosius, St] Ambrosian Library at Milan, — founded by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, 1602 — opened to the public, 1609 — plundered by Napoleon Bo- naparte, 1796 — the plunder restored, 1816. Ambrosius, of Alexandria. [Origenes.] Ambrosius, (Andrew Sertis KamensJcoi,) Abp of Moscow, — fc. at JNejnei, 1708 — Bp of Pereiaslavl, 1753 — Abp, 1761 — removes a miracle-working image of the Virgin, (Iver- skaia Bojemater,) and is killed by the populace, 16 Sep. 1771. Ambrosius Aurelianus, — signally defeats the Saxons, 437.* a Monurn. Histor. Brit. Ambrosius, (Autpert, Ausbert,) theologian, — elected Abbot of St Yincentio on the Vol- turno, about 76o, a 776 — ft. 19 Jul. 778. b a Soame. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ambrosius, the Camaldulensian, theologian, §c. — b. at Portici, 1378 — enters the Camaldu- lensian Order, about 1400 — General of the Order, 143 1 — attends the Councils of Basel, Fer- rara, and Florence, by order of Eugenius IV., 1431, 1438, and 1439 — ft- at Florence, 1439. Ambrosius, St, Abp op Milan, — b. at Treves, 34o, a 333 b — Consular Praefect of Liguria and JEmilia, about 37 o d — elected Bp of Milan, (7 Id. Dec. 2390, Abr. E.) 7 Dee. 374 c — takes refuge in Illyricum, from an in- vasion of barbarians, 377 d — successfully op- poses the Arianizing efforts of Justina, 380 to 386, d (Haste?',) i3, d or 3 to 10 Apr. 385 s — pre- sides at the Council of Aquileia, Sep. 381 — ambassador from Justina to Maximus, 383 and 387 d — opposes the petition of Symmachus for the restoration of the Altar of Victory, 384*= — refuses to go into exile, 386*? — excommunicates Theodosius,on account of the Massacre of Thes- salonica, Apr. to Christmas, 390° — retires from Milan at the appointment of Eugenius by Arbogastes, May 392 to about 1 Aug. 394 s — ft. (Easter or Easter eve,) 5° or 4 f Apr. 397. Valentiniano contra Symmachum epist., 384 c — Theodosio Tmp. epist., 388° — Be Morte Valen- tiniani, 392° — • Eugenio Imp. epist., 393° — I)e Morte Theodosii, 395.° a Lardner, U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Smith's Diet., &c. b Cave, and others. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. e Gibbon. f Robertson. Ambrysus, (Ambrosseus, Amphrysus, Dhis- tomo,) in Greece, — [B C] — fortified by Athenians and Thebans against Philip of Macedonia, winter 339-8*— taken by T. Quinctius Flami- nimiS 198. b a Grote. b Smith's Diet. Ambustu3, C. Fabius,— [B Cj— Cos. with C. Plautius Proculus, (396, a. u. c.) 4 Mar. 358.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. Ambustus, K. Fabius, — [BC] — Quaestor, with three plebeian colleagues, for the first time, 409 a — Trib. milit. (350, b 3ol-2, c a. tj. c.) 404, 13 6 Dec. 403 ;c (353, b 354-5, c ) 401, 15 9 Oct. 400 ; c (359, b 360-l, c ) 395, b 7 Aug. 395;° and (364, b 365-6, c ) 390^ 17 Jun. 389.^ a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Ambustus, M. Fabius,— [BC] — (1) Tontif. max. 390^ (2) Trib. milit. (373, b 374-5, c a. u. c.) 38i, b 21 Sep. 380;° and (385, bc ) 25 Mar. 369° — Censor, with L. Furius Medulli- nus, (391,) 36 3 . b (3) Consul ynSb C. Psetelius Libo, (394,) 1 Mar. 360° — conducts the war against the Hernicans, and celebrates an ova- tion, (Non. Sep. 394,) 5 Sep. 360 b — Cos. II. with M. Popillius Lsenas, (398,) 6 Mar. 356 c — carries on the war against the Faliscans and Tarquinians, 356 — Cos. III. with T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus, (400,) 17 Apr. 354° — - commands against the Tiburtines ; and tri- umphs, (3 Non. Jun. 400,) 3 Jun. 354 b — Dic- tator for holding the Comitice, (403,) 351 — ft. after 325« a a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Ambustus, N. Fabius, — [B C] — Trib. milit. (348, a 349-50, b a. u. c.) 4o6, a 4 Dec. 405 ; b and (364, a 36o-6, b ) 390/ 1 17 Jun. 389A a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Ambustus, Q. Fabius,— [B Cj— (1) Trib. milit. (364, a 365-6, b a. it. c.) 390,* 17 Jun. 389« b (2) Dictator for holding the Comitice ; but resigns because elected informally, (433,) 321. a Fischer. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, historian, &;c. — fj. at Paris, 5 Aug. 1730 — Librarian to the city of Paris, 1760 — Member of the Academy, 1766 — Member of the Commission of Monu- ments, 1793 — Librarian to the Arsenal, 1797 — ft. at Paris, 23 Nov. 181 1. BZistoire du Com- merce, $c. des Egyptiens, sous les JPtolemees, 1766 — completes Le Beau's BZistoire du JBas Empire, 17 8 1-6. Ameinias, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 89, 2,) 423. Ameinocles of Corinth, — [B C] — builds tri- remes at Samos, (01. 18, 4,) 705-4. a a Clinton, Miiller, &c. Ameipsias, comic poet, — [B C] — gains the second prize with his Connus, (Elaphebol. 01. 89, 1,) Mar. 423 a — the first (in opposition to Aristophanes' Jives) with his Comasta, (Elaphe- bol. 01. 91, 2,) Mar. 414.* a Clinton. Amelesagoras, (2Ielesagoras,) of Chalcedon, historian, — [BC] — fl. before 500. a a Clinton. Amelius, (Amerius, Gentilianus,) Neoplatonic philosopher, comes to Borne, 246 a — goes to Apamea, 269. a a Clinton. Amelot de la Houssaye, (Kussccus,) Abra- ham Nicolas, philologist, historian, §c. — h. at Orleans, Feb. 1634 — secretary of Embassy, at. Venice, 1669 — imprisoned in the Bastille by Louis XIV., after 1677 — ft. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1706. BZistorie du Gouvernement de Venise, 1676 — Histoire du Concile de Trente, de Era I'aolo Sarpi, traduite par le Sieur de la AMELOTTE— AMERICAN WAR. % Jossecal, 1683 — Discours preliminaire sur les Traites, §c, 1692. Amelotte, Denys, translator of the New Testament, — ft. at Saintes, 1606 — joins the Congregation of the Oratory, before 1650 — publishes his translation, 1666-7-8 — rj. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1678. Amer Khan, Pinpakri Chief, — serves un- der Holkar in the Mahratta War, 1804-5— expedition against Berar frustrated by Lord Minto, Jan. Oct. 1809 — defeated at Jabra Ghaut by Sadik Ali, 17 Nov. 1809— plunders the Rajput country, and compels the Rajah of Jeipur to become tributary, 1812 — besieges Jeipur, 1 8 16 — compelled to sign a treaty, making him dependent on the British, 5 Nov. 1817. [Pindarri War.] Amerbach, Basile, jurisconsult, — ft. at Basel, 1534 — Prof, of the Code at Basel, 156 1-2— fc. 25 Apr. 1591. Amerbach, Boniface J bhann, jurisconsult, — ft. at Basel, 1495 — Prof, of Civil Law there, 1525 — Rector of the University, 1526 — if. 1562. Amerbach, Johann, printer, — ft. about 1450 — establishes himself as a printer at Basel, 148 1 — if. there, 1528^ 1515^ a Ersch and Gruber. b U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Amercote, (Omerkote,) in Hindustan, — cap- tured by the Ameers of Sind, 18 13 — surrenders to Sir Charles Napier, 5 Apr. 1843. America, — granted to Ferdinand and Isa- bella of Spain, by Bull of Alexander VI., 3 May 1493 — Alexander establishes a 'line of demarcation ' between the trans-oceanic posses- sions of Spain and Portugal, by Bulls, 4 May and 25 Sep. 1493 — the boundary line altered by a Capitulacion between Ferdinand and Isa- bella and John II. of Portugal, 7 Jun. 1494 — mainland discovered by the Cabots, 1497 — the name first proposed by Martinus Hylacomy- lus, ( Waldsee-muller,) 1507 — begins to be em- ployed in maps, 1520 — established, before J 559- a [Columbus, Vespucci.] a Humboldt. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, — incorporated by the legislature of Massachu- setts, 1780. American Academy of Fine Arts, — founded at New York, 1808. American Antiquarian Society, — incorpor- ated by the legislature of Massachusetts, 18 12. American Anti-Slavery Society, — formed, 1833. American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, — projected at Boston, 1847 —holds its first Meeting at Philadelphia, Sep. 1848. American Bible Society, — founded at New York, May 18 16. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, — instituted, 1 8 1 o — incor- porated by the legislature of Massachusetts, 1 8 1 2 — amalgamated with the New York United Missionary Society, 1826. American Colonization Society, — founded at Washington, Dec. 18 16. [Liberia.] American Company of Russia, — projected for carrying on the fur trade with the north- weot coast of America, 1785 — incorporated, 1799. American Philosophical Society, — origin- ated by Franklin, 1743 — extended, 1769 — in- corporated by legislature of Pennsylvania, 15 Mar. 1780. American Temperance Society, — formed at Boston, Feb. 1826. American Tract Society, — instituted at Bos- ton, 1 8 14 — merged in another Society, formed at New York, 1825. American War, First, or Revolutionary, {War of Independence^) — Sir William Keith, ex-governor of Pennsylvania, suggests the taxation of N. American Colonies, spring 1 7 34 — ■ scheme for taxing them proposed by the Board of Trade, summer 1754 — Peace of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763. 1764 — Grenville commences the taxation of the Colonies, and proposes a resolution respect- ing the charging of Stamp Duties in them, 10 Mar. — the Sugar Act passed, 5 Apr. — the Colo- nies protest against Grenville' s scheme, May to Dec. 1765 — The Stamp Act receives the royal assent, 22 Mar. — Patrick Henry carries re- solutions against the taxation of the Colonies, in the Assembly of Virginia, May — the Marquis of Rockingham's Administration, 13 Jul. — riots at Boston, 15 to 27 Aug. — a Congress of Committees from nine of the Colonies meets at New York, 7 Oct. —operation of the Stamp Act rendered impossible, 1 Nov. — an Associa- tion between the ' Sons of Liberty ' of New York and Connecticut concluded, 25 Dec. 1766 — The Stamp Act repealed; and a bill for securing the dependency of the Colonies on the British Crown receives the royal assent, 19 Mar. — Act to punish mutiny and desertion in American Colonies receives the royal assent, 30 Apr. — universal rejoicings in America, May — Indemnity secured for the use of unstamped paper, 6 Jun. — Administration of the Earl of Chatham, 30 Jul. 1767 — The garrison of Boston increased, Jun. — Duties imposed on paper, glass, painters' colours, and teas, imported into the Colonies, {Revenue Act,) 29 Jun. — conduct of the go- vernment devolves on the Duke of Grafton, Jul. — Act for restraining the Assembly of New York receives the royal assent, 2 Jul. — a Non-im- portation agreement signed at Boston, 28 Oct. 1768 — The Earl of Hillsborough, first ' Secretary of State for the American Colo- nies,' 6 Jan. — the Assembly of Massachusetts votes a petition to the king, 20 Jan. — addresses a circular letter to the Assemblies of the other Colonies, inviting cooperation in resisting the new taxes, 11 Feb. — Acts enforcing the former Mutiny and Desertion Act, and the Revenue Act, receive the royal assent, 8 Mar. — John Hancock's sloop, 'Liberty,' seized, 10 Jun. — the Revenue Commissioners at Boston forced to take refuge in the Castle, 13 Jun. — the Assembly of Massachusetts, refusing to rescind its resolution, is dissolved, 1 Jul. — merchants of Boston sign a Non-importation agreement, which is imitated by those of other commercial towns, Aug. — convention at Boston to concert measures for obtaining redress of grievances, AMERICAN WAR. 22 Sep. — Gen. Gage arrives at Boston with two regiments from Halifax, 26 Sep.— Earl of Chat- ham resigns, 12 Oct.— the Assembly of Georgia dissolved, 24 Dec. I7 6 9 — Address presented by both Houses of Parliament supporting the measures of the Ministry against the Colonies, 13 Feb.— Peti- tion from New York refused by the House of Commons, 14 Mar. — Virginia resolutions adopted; the Assembly dissolved, 16 May— Non-importation agreement signed throughout the Colonies, after May — Assembly of Massa- chusetts adjourned to Cambridge, 13 Jun. — other Assemblies dissolved, after Jun. — Lord Hillsborough's circular letter to the governors of the Colonies, Jul.— party designations of Whiff and Tory adopted, by the disaffected and the loyalists, autumn. 1770 — Lord North's Administration, 28 Jan. — 'the Boston Massacre,' 5 Mar. — Lord North's bill for repealing all but the tea duties intro- duced, 5 Mar. — American ladies agree to dis- use tea, till the duty_ is repealed, 31 Mar. — Lord North's bill receives the royal assent, 12 Apr. — the state of the Colonies considered in the House of Commons, on the motion of Gov. Pownall, 8 May. I77I — The ' Regulators ' of North Carolina defeated at Almansee by Governor Tryon, 16 May. 1772 — Act granting a drawback on teas ex- ported to the Colonies receives the royal assent, 3 Jun. — the Gaspee burnt, 10 Jun. — Lord Hillsborough succeeded by the Earl of Dart- mouth, as American Secretary of State, 14 Aug. — the Committee of Correspondence organized at Boston, 2 Nov. 1773 — Virginia appoints a Committee of Cor- respondence, Mar. — compromise between the Ministry and the East India Company ; new Act respecting drawback on teas exported to America receives the royal assent, 10 May — Hutchinson's Letters, sent to America by Franklin, laid before the Assembly of Massa- chusetts ; which petitions for the governor's removal, 9 Jun. — protest of Philadelphia against parliamentary taxation, 2 Oct. — pro- test of Boston, 5 Nov. — meetings at Boston, 17 Nov. — the tea-ships boarded in Boston har- bour and the cargoes thrown into the sea, 16 Dec. 1774— Franklin examined before the Privy Council, respecting the Massachusetts petition, 29 Jan. — dismissed from the Post Office, 30 Jan. — the Boston Port Bill receives the royal assent, 28 Mar. — Gen. Gage appointed governor of Massachusetts, 2 Apr. — arrives at Boston, 13 May— meeting at Boston about the Port Bill, proposes a non-intercourse resolution on the part of all the Colonies, 15 May— two bills against Massachusetts receive the royal '. 20 May — a Continental Congress sug- 1, 20, 25 May— the Bill for quartering troops in America receives the royal assent, 2 Jun. —the General Court of Massachusetts finally closed, 17 Jun.— the Quebec Bill be- comes law, 22 Jun. — the first Continental Con- gress assembled at Philadelphia, 5 Sep. to 26 Oct. — an Address to the king voted by the Congress, 1 Oct. — presented, 22 Dec. 1775 — Lord Chatham moves an Address to the king, 20 Jan. — his bill thrown out, 1 Feb. — Address declaring the existence of a rebellion in Massachusetts, presented by Parliament to the king, 9 Feb. — Lord North's conciliatory motion, 13 Feb. — rejected, 20 Feb. — Burke's conciliatory propositions rejected, 22 Mar. — Bill restraining the trade of New England re- ceives the royal assent, 30 Mar. — Petitions and Remonstrances of the City of London in favour of the Colonies, 10 Apr. and n Oct. — Bill re- straining the trade of certain colonies south of New England becomes law, 13 Apr. — Gen. Gage destroys the military stores at Concord ; the battle of Lexington, 19 Apr. — authority of Gov. Gage renounced by Massachusetts, 5 May — Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken by the Provincials, 10 May — Congress assembles at Philadelphia again, 10 May to 31 Jul Gen- erals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton arrive at Boston, 25 May — Congress authorizes the crea- tion of an army, makes George Washington commander-iu-chief, issues bills of credit, and adopts the style of the ' Twelve United Colo- nies,' 26 May to 15 Jun. — Gen. Gage's pro- clamation, 1 2 Jun. — battle of Bunker Hill, 1 7 Jun. — Washington takes command against the British in Boston, 2 Jul. — Congress agrees to a Manifesto, 6 Jul. — the ' Six Nations ' se- cured as allies by the British, end of Jul. — Georgia having joined the confederacy, the style is changed to ' The Thirteen United Colonies,' 5 Sep. — Canada invaded by Gen. Schuyler, 10 Sep. — Falmouth (U. S.) burnt, 18 Oct. — Lord George Germaine American Secretary of State, 10 Nov. — Gen. Mont- gomery takes Montreal, 12 Nov. — Burke's conciliatory bill thrown out, 16 Nov. — pri- vateering authorized by Congress, 25 Nov. — Congress resolves to fit out a fleet, 13 Dec. — Bill prohibiting trade and intercourse with the rebellious Colonies receives the royal assent, 23 Dec. — Montgomery killed in an attempt to take Quebec, 31 Dec. 1776 — Norfolk, in Virginia, burnt, 1 Jan. — treaties for the hire of mercenary troops from Hesse Cassel and Brunswick, laid before the House of Lords, 16 Feb. — Washington seizes Dorchester Heights, 4 Mar. — Gen. Howe evacuates Boston, and Washington takes possession of the town, 17 Mar.— the Corpora- tion of London addresses the king in favour of peace, 22 Mar. — Washington arrives at New York, 14 Apr. — Carleton raises the blockade of Quebec, 5, 6 May — Congress recommends the adoption of a new form of government by the Colonies, 15 May — ' Declaration of Rights ' agreed on and published by the Con- vention of Williamsburg, i$ and 27 May — Lee of Virginia moves in Congress that the Colonies be declared free and independent, 7 Jun. — Canada evacuated by the Americans, 18 Jun. — Sir Peter Parker attacks Charleston, 28 Jun. — The Declaration of Independence signed ; the style altered to ' the United States,' 4 Jul. — Lord Howe endeavours to AMERICAN WAR. 7i open negotiations with Washington, 13 Jul. — the Cherokees make war on S. Carolina, and are reduced, 15 Jul. to 11 Oct. — Thomas Paine' s ' Common Sense ' published, summer — British army lands at Long Island, 22 Aug. — battle of Brooklyn, or Flatbush, 27 Aug.— American army retreats from Long Island, 30 Aug. — New York evacuated by Washington, and taken possession of by the British, 15 Sep. — Deane, Franklin, and Jefferson, (in whose place Arthur Lee goes,) appointed commis- sioners to the court of France, 26 Sep. — a loan of £o,000,000 invited by Congress, 3 Oct.— Arnold's fleet on Lake Champlain burnt, 13 Oct.— battle of White Plains, 28 Oct.— Fort Washington taken by the British, 16 Nov. — Washington retreats beyond the Delaware, 28 Nov. — Clinton takes possession of Rhode Island, 8 Dec.^-Congress adjourns, 12 Dec. — battle of Trenton, 26 Dec. — Congress reassem- bles at Baltimore, and invests Washington with new powers, 27 Dec. 1777 — Battle of Princeton, 3 Jan. — Con- gress endeavours by law to keep up the value of the paper money, 14 Jan. — letters of marque issued against the Americans, Feb. — battle of Danbury, 23 Apr Meigs' expedition to Long Island, 23 May — Lord Chatham unsuccess- fully moves for an address to the king to terminate the war, 30 May — the national flag, the stars and stripes, adopted by Congress, 14 Jun. — La Fayette arrives in America, about 15 Jun. — American privateers frequent the western coasts of British Isles, summer — Burgoyne re- covers Ticonderoga, 6 Jul. — Skenesborough taken, 7 Jul. — battle of Bennington, 16 Aug. — battle of Brandywine, n Sep.— Burgoyne encamps at Saratoga, 14 Sep. — battles near Stillwater, 19 Sep. and 7 Oct. — Howe crosses the Schuylkill, 23 Sep. — Howe takes Phila- delphia, Congress removes to Lancaster, 27 Sep. — battle of Germantown, 4 Oct. — Bur- goyne surrenders to Gates at Saratoga, 16 Oct. — cabals against Washington, autumn— battle of Bed Bank, 22 Oct. — the 'Articles of Con- federation' adopted by Congress, 15 Nov. — Congress resolves to refuse all proposals of peace inconsistent with independence, 22 Nov. 1778 — France acknowledges the independ- ence of America, 16 Jan. — signs treaty of friendship and commerce with the United States, 30 Jan. — signs a defensive alliance with them, 6 Feb. — Lord North's conciliatory bills receive the royal assent, 1 1 Mar. — Cor- poration of London addresses the king in favour of conciliation, 13 Mar. — French ambassador leaves London, 20 Mar. — the American depu- ties presented to Louis XVL, 21 Mar. — Lord Chatham makes his final appeal against the policy of the ministry regarding America, 7 Apr. — commissioners appointed to devise means of peace with the Americans, 13 Apr. — Con- gress rejects the propositions of the British commissioners, 17 Jan. — Philadelphia evacu- ated by the British, Congress returns, 18 Jun. — battle at Monmouth Court House, 28 Jun. — D'Estaing's fleet arrives on the American coast, 29 Jun. — France publishes her declara- tion of war against Britain, 10 Jul. — ' Massacre of Wyoming 1 ,' Jul. — Charles III. of Spain offers to mediate between France and Great Britain, autumn — a minister plenipotentiary from France received by Congress, 6 Aug. — • siege of Newport, (U. S.) 10 to 31 Aug. — Con- gress appoints Franklin minister plenipoten- tiary for the United States in France, 14 Sep. — manifesto published by the British com- missioners, 3 Oct. — D'Estaing sails for the West Indies, 1 Nov. — Savannah taken by the British, 28 Dec. 1779 — Successes of the British in Georgia, Jan. Feb. and Mar. — Prevost advances against Charleston, Apr. — summons the town, 12 May — Gen. Matthews ravages the banks of the Chesapeake, May — Verplanck's Point and Stony Point taken by Clinton, 30 May— British post established at Penobscot, Jun. — Spain de- clares war against Britain, 16 Jun. — engage- ment at Stone Ferry, 20 Jun. — Try on plunders New Haven and other places in Connecticut, 4 to 12 Jul. — Gen. Wayne recovers Stony Point, but abandons it to the British, 15, 16 Jul. — Sullivan's expedition against the Indi- ans, Jul. Aug. — unsuccessful attempt to dis- lodge the British at Penobscot, 25 Jul. to 13 Aug. — British post at Paulus Hook surprised, 18 Aug. — Paul Jones captures the Sercqiis and Countess of Scarborough, 24 Sep. — Savannah unsuccessfully besieged and assaulted by the French and Americans, 4 to 9 Oct. 1780 — Clinton's expedition arrives at Sa- vannah, Jan. — advances against Charleston, Feb. — the Armed Neutrality, 26 Feb. — La Fayette returns to Boston, Apr. — Charleston surrenders to Sir H. Clinton, 12, 13 May — ■ Knyphausen ravages New Jersey, Jun. — Gen. Sumter carries on a partisan warfare against the British in the South, after Jun. — Rocham- beau arrives at Newport, 10 Jul. — battle of Camden, 16 Aug. — negotiations between the United States and Holland, Sep. — conference between Washington and Rochambeau at Hart- ford, 21 Sep. — Henry Laurens captured on his voyage to Holland, Sep. — Major Andre hanged as a spy, 2 Oct. — Laurens confined in the Tower, 6 Oct. — action at King's Mountain, 7 Oct. — Great Britain declares war against Hol- land, 20 Dec. 178 1 — Washington's army mutinies, 1 Jan. — Arnold burns Richmond, 4 Jan. — battle of the Cowpens, 17 Jan. — Catharine II. of Russia offers to mediate between the contending parties, Jan. — Greene driven out of North Carolina, 14 Feb. — battle of Guilford, 15 Mar. — French fleet repulsed by the British off the capes of the Chesapeake, 16 Mar. — battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 25 Apr. — incursions of Phillips into Vir- ginia, May — Greene vainly besieges Ninety- six, 22 May to 18 Jun. — Tarleton's dash at Charlottesville, 4 Jun. — Fox's motion to ter- minate the contest negatived, 1 2 Jun. — negotia- tions for peace attempted, summer — almost all South Carolina recovered by Greene, before Jul. — mediation and negotiations fail, Aug. — Cornwallis collects his army at Yorktown, 1 Aug. — Americans and French concentrated 7* AMERICAN WAR. against him; arrival of De Grasse's fleet, 3 Aug. — manoeuvres of De Grasse's and Graves' fleets off the Chesapeake, 5 to 10 Sep. — battle of Eutaw, 8 Sep. — Xew London burnt, 7 Sep. — Yorktown invested, 30 Sep. — siege begins, 9 and 10 Oct. — capitulates, 17, 19 Oct. — Laurens released, 31 Dec. 1782— The city of London petitions Parlia- ment for the discontinuance of hostilities, 15 Feb. — Conway's motions to address the king in favour of reconciliation -with America, lost, 22 Feb. — his motion against prosecuting the war, carried, 27 Feb. — his third motion against the war, carried, 4 Mar. — Lord 'North, resigns, 20 Mar.— Lord Rockingham's Administration, 30 Mar. — Holland acknowledges the independence of the United States, 19 Apr. — Sir Guy Carleton supersedes Clinton in the command, May — Franklin, Adams, Jay, and Laurens, appointed by Congress commissioners to negotiate a peace, summer — the British repulsed near Savannah, 2 1 May and 24 Jun. — Franklin reopens nego- tiations, Jim. — Lord Shelburne's Administra- tion, 10 Jul. — the British evacuate Savannah, 1 1 to 24 Jul. — the last action in the war, near Combahee Ferry, 27 Aug. — Act authorizing negotiations with the Americans, passed, Aug. — Treaty between the United States and Hol- land, 8 Oct. — provisional articles of peace between the United States and Great Britain signed, 30 Xov. — Charleston evacuated, 14 Dec. 1783 — Agreement entered into for the cessa- tion of hostilities, 20 Jan. — cessation of hostil- ities proclaimed in London, 17 Feb. — theXew- burgh Addresses, 10 to 15 Mar. — the Coalition Ministry, 5 Apr. — Congress proclaims the cess- ation of arms, 1 1 Apr. — battle of the Blue Licks, 18 Aug. — preliminary articles of peace with Holland signed at Paris, 2 Sep. — Peace of Versailles, 3 Sep. — peace proclaimed in London, 15 Sep. — proclamation of Congress disbanding the army, 18 Oct. — Xew York eva- cuated, 25 Xov. — Long Island and Staten Island given up, 4 Dec. — Washington relin- quishes his command, 25 Dec. — treaty with Holland, 20 Mar. 1784. American War, Second, {War o/1812,) — the United States minister at London complains of the impressment of American seamen by British cruisers, before 1801 — negotiations on this subject discontinued by the American minister, 1804 — American carrying trade inter- rupted by the British and French cruisers, 1805. 1806 — Xon-importation Act passed by Con- - of U. S., 26 Mar. — the captain of an American coasting vessel killed, in the Ameri- can waters, by shot from H. M. S. Leander, which is prohibited from remaining on the coast, 25 Apr. — coast of Europe from Brest to Elbe, blockaded by Order in Council, 16 Mai —order of blockade partially suspended, 27 Sep. — the Berlin Decree, 21 Nov. — opera- tion of the Xon-importation Act suspended by 1 'luring negotiations, 19 Dec. — treaty beta and Great Britain signed at 1 by American ministers, 21 Dec. 1807— Treaty signed by British ministers, 3 Jan. — Order in Council prohibiting to neutrals the coasting trade between hostile ports, 7 Jan. — operation of Xon-importation Act sus- pended by proclamation, after 3 Mar. — ratifica- tion of the treaty refused by President Jeffer- son, 18 Mar. — the affair of the Chesapeake and H. M. S. Leopard, 22 Jun. — proclamation of President Jefferson forbidding British war- ships to enter ports or seas of U. S., 2 Jul. — British seamen recalled by royal proclamation, 1 7 Oct. — Canning refuses to renew the nego- tiations, 22 Oct. — the ' Berlin Decree ' enforced against American commerce, 10 Xov. — Orders in Council prohibiting the trade of neutrals with France and her allies, 1 1 Xov. — the Mi- lan Decree, 17 Dec. — Jefferson's 'Embargo Act ' passed, 22 Dec. 1808 — Acts supplementary to it passed, 8 Jan., 12 Mar., and 25 Apr. — Rose's negoti- ations closed, 18 Mai\ — American Xon-import- ation Act goes into effect, Jun. — Canning re- jects the proposals of the American government, 23 Sep. Erskine, Dec. 1809 — 'Enforcing Act' passes Congress, 9 Jan. — the Embargo Act repealed, 3 Feb., 1 Mar. — Xon-intercourse Act passes Congress, 27 Feb. — Madison inaugurated President of U. S., 4 Mar. — Orders in Council modified, 12 Apr. — public negotiations with Erskine at Wash- ington, 17 to 19 Apr. — President Madison's Message recommending the withdrawal of the Xon-intercourse Act, 23 May — Erskine's ar- rangement disavowed by the British govern- ment, 24 May — new Xon-importation Act passes Congress, Jun. — Xon-importation Act put in force by proclamation of President Madi- son, 9 Aug. — Jackson conducts negotiations at Washington, 7 Oct. to 13 Xov. 18 10 — Pinkney renews negotiations at Lon- don, Jan. — the restrictive system suspended by Act of Congress, 1 May — pretended repeal of the French decrees as far as America was con- cerned, 5 Aug. — Proclamation of President Madison announcing this repeal, and renewing intercourse with France, 2 Xov. — commercial intercourse with Great Britain prohibited by proclamation, 1 o Xov. 18 1 1 — Xon-importation Act goes into effect against Britain, 2 Feb. — Eppes' bill passed, 3 Mar. — Pinkney leaves England, May — the affair of H. M. S. Little Belt and U. S. frigate, President, 16 May — the Twelfth Congress as- sembles, 4 Xov. — the reparation for the Chesa- peake affair accepted by the American govern- ment, 12 Xov. — Message recommending pre- parations for apprehended hostilities sent to Congress, 29 Xov. 18 1 2 — Congress votes the increase of the U. S. army, and other preparations for war, 12, 14 Jan., 6 Feb., 10, 28 Mar., 12 Apr., 27 Jim. — the disclosure of the John Henry affair to Congress, 9 Mar. — the French Decrees de- clared to be the settled policy of the Empire, 10 Mar. — embargo laid on vessels in U. S. har- bours, 4 Apr. — the declaration of war made the condition of Madison's re-election to the Presidency, May — Madison's war Message sent AMERICAN WAR. 73 to Congress, i Juii. — the United States declare war against Great Britain, 1 8 Jim.— the Balti- more riots and massacre, 20, 22 Jun., 27 Jul. — the Orders in Council revoked as far as they related to U. S., 23 Jun. — General Hull in- vades Canada, 12 Jul. — the U. S. frigate Con- stitution, chased hy the British squadron, escapes, 29 Jul. to 1 Aug. — General Hull returns to Detroit, and surrenders to General Proctor, 15 Aug. — H. M. S. Guerriere cap- tured hy the Constitution, 19 Aug. — provisional armistices agreed to, Aug. to Oct. — General Jacob Brown successfully defends Ogdensburg, 4 Oct. — Letters of marque issued by the Brit- ish government, 12 Oct. — General Sheaffe de- feats Van Rensellaerat Queenstown, 13 Oct. — H. M. sloop Frolic captured by IT. S. brig Wasp, and recaptured with it, by the Poictiers, 13 Oct. — General Harrison fails to recover De- troit, 14 Oct. — General Dearborn unsuccess- fully invades Canada, 19 Oct. to 22 Nov. — H. M. S. Macedonian captured by the United States, 25 Oct. — General Smythe fails in invad- ing the province, 29 Nov. to 1 Dec. — H. M. S. Java captured by the Constitution, 29 Dec. 1 81 3 — Manifesto of the British government issued, 9 Jan. — General "Winchester's attempt to recover Detroit frustrated by his defeat at the Raisin, 22 Jan. — M'Donnell takes Og- densburg, 22 Jan. — H. M. sloop Peacock sunk by the 17. S. brig Hornet, 24 Feb. — the me- diation of Russia proposed, Mar. — British vessels harass the coasts of the Delaware and the Chesapeake, Apr. May— General Proctor defeats Harrison and. Clay at Miami Fords, 26 Apr. and 5 May — York (Upper Canada) cap- tured by Chauncey, 27 Apr. — Fort George re- duced by Chauncey and Dearborn; British posts on Niagara river evacuated, 27 May — coasts of the middle and southern States to the -Mississippi, blockaded, 27 May— Prevost re- pulsed at Sackett's Harbour by General Brown, 29 May — H. M. S. Shannon captures the Chesapeake, 1 Jun.— General Vincent sur- prises and defeats General Winder at Stony Creek, 6 Jun. — Col. Bishop's success at Black- rock, n Jun. — Decatur's squadron blockaded in New London, 11 Jun. — Kerr captures Col. Boerstler at Beaverdams, 23 Jun. — village of Hampton sacked, 25 Jun. — coast warfare carried on along the coasts of the Potomac and the Chesapeake, Jul. — Prevost blockades Fort George, Jul. — the legislature of Massachusetts remonstrates against the war, 15 Jul. — fruit- less invasion of Ohio by General Proctor, 21 Jul. to 2 Aug. — H. M. sloop Pelican captures the U. S. sloop Argus, 13 Aug. — Captain Barclay defeated on Lake Erie by Perry, 10 Sep. — General Hampton's unsuccessful cam- paign, 19 Sep. to 1 Nov. — Canada invaded by Harrison and Perry; Detroit abandoned by Proctor, 27 Sep. — Proctor defeated by Harrison at Moravian Town, 5 Oct. — General Wilkin- son invades Canada; checked at Chrysler's Farm, 1 1 Nov. — Wilkinson returns, 1 3 Nov. — severities inflicted by both belligerents on pri- soners of war, Nov. Dec. — Fort Niagara carried by a surprise, 19 Dec. — Blackrock and 1 Buffalo burnt by the British, 30 Dec. — Decatur accuses the New Englanders of communicating his movements to the British blockading squadron, Dec. 1 8 14 — Offer of the British government to treat of peace at London, 6 Jan. — American commissioners to negotiate a peace, sent to Europe, Feb. — H. M. S. Phoebe and. Cherub capture Porter's two Pssexes, 28 Mar. — Pre- sident Madison recommends the abandonment of the Non-importation system, 3 1 Mar. — Admi- ral Cochrane invites the slaves of the Southern States to join the British, 2 Apr. — H. M, S. Orpheus takes the U. S. sloop Frolic, 21 Apr. — New England included in the blockade of the American coast, 25 Apr. — H. M. sloop Epervier captured by the U. S. sloop Peacock, 27 Apr.— American commissioners authorized to omit the subject of impressment in their negotiations, 27 Jim. — H. M. sloop Reindeer destroyed by IT. S. sloop Wasp, 27 Jun. — counter-proclamation of the President, re- garding the blockade, 29 Jun. — General Brown invades Canada, 2 Jul. — takes Fort Erie, 3 Jul. — defeats General Riall at Chippeway, 5 Jul. — defeated there by Riall, 25 Jul. — retires •to Fort Erie, 28 Jul. — negotiations commenced at Ghent, Aug. — Colonel Nichols lands at Pensacola, 4 Aug. — Eastport taken by Sir Thomas Hardy, 9 Aug. — Stonington bom- barded, 1 1 Aug. — Fort Erie vainly attacked by General Drummond, 15 Aug.. — Admiral Coch- rane and General Ross enter the Chesapeake, and pass up the Patuxent to Benedict, 20 Aug. — Ross defeats General Winder at Bladens- burg", and captures Washington, 24 Aug. — evacuates the city, 25 Aug. — Alexandria capi- tulates to Cochrane, 29 Aug. — operations against the coasts of Penobscot Bay, 1 to 9 Sep. — H. M. sloop Avon destroyed by U. S. sloop Wasp, 1 Sep. — British forces withdrawn from the Chesapeake, 9 Sep. — Prevost's un- successful attack upon Plattsburg, 11 Sep. — General Ross defeats the Americans near Bal- timore, 12 Sep. — after an unsuccessful attack upon the city, the forces reembark, 13 Sep. — fruitless attack upon Fort Bowyer, 15 Sep. — Brown's sortie from Fort Erie, 17 Sep. — Con- gress meets, 19 Sep. — General Drummond raises the siege of Fort Erie, 21 Sep. — Mon- roe's 'conscription' scheme debated by Con- gress, Oct. to Dec. — the American navy driven from the open sea and from the lakes, 15 Oct. — the Hartford Convention proposed, 17 Oct. — Fort Erie evacuated by General Izard, 5 Nov. — the British expedition enters the Mis- sissippi, 8 Dec. — the landing of the troops commenced, 15 Dec. — the Convention meets at Hartford, 15 Dec. — General Jackson attacks the invaders, 23 Dec. — the Peace of Ghent signed, 24 Dec. — the British repulsed from the American works before New Orleans, 28 Dec. 1815 — A second attack upon the American works at New Orleans repulsed, 1 Jan. — the Hartford Convention adjourns sine die, 4 Jan. — General Jackson defeats and kills Sir Edward Pakenham, at New Orleans, 8 Jan. — re- embarkation of the British forces at the mouth AMERIGO VESPUCCI— AMISTTS. of the Mississippi, 27 Jan.— the treaty of Ghent ratified by the United States, 17 Feb.— II. M. sloops Cyane and Levant captured by TJ. S. frigate Constitution, 20 Feb. — the British with- draw from the coast of Georgia, 21 Feb. — H. M. S. Penguin captured by U. S. brig Hornet, 23 Mar. — H. E. I. C. vessel Nautilus compelled to strike to U. S. brig Peacock, 30 Jun. Amerigo Vespucci. [Vespucci.] Amersfoort, in the Netherlands, — taken by Archduke Maximilian, 1483 — by Louis XIV., 1672 — by Pichegru, early in 1795. Ames, Fisher, political leader and orator, — b. at Dedham, (Massachusetts, U. S.) 9 Apr. 1758 — commences practice as a lawyer, 178 1 — elected to the Massachusetts Convention for ratifying the Constitution, 1788 — member of the House of Representatives, 1789 to 1797 — tf. 4 Jul. 1808. Ames, Joseph, antiquary, — b. at Great Tar- mouth, 23 Jan. 1689 — F. R. S., 1736 — Secre- tary to the Society of Antiquaries, 1741 — tf. at London, 7 Oct. 1759. Typographical Antiqui- ties, 1749 — Parentalia, 1750. Ames, William, theologian, — h. in Nor- folk, 1576 — takes refuge in Holland, and settles at the Hague, 16 10 — Prof, of Theology atFraneker, 1621 to 1632 — tf. at Rotterdam, 14 Nov. 1633. Puritanismus Anglicanus, 1610 — Medulla Theologian, 1623 — De Conscientice, et ejus jure, 1630. Amharic Translation of the Holy Scriptures, — made by Abu Rumi, 1830, 1842. Amherst, in India beyond the Ganges, — founded, 7 May 1826. Amherst, Jeffrey, Lord, — fj. at River- head, 29 Jan. 17 17 — enters the army, 1731 — serves under Ligonier and the Duke of Cumber- land, 1 741 — Colonel of the 18th Foot, 1756 — Major-general, 1758 — serves against France in the Inter-colonial War in N. America, 16 Mar. 1758 — Colonel of the 60th, and com- mander-in-chief in America, 30 Sep. 1758 — completes the conquest of Canada, 8 Sep. 1760 — K. B., 1761 — Governor of Virginia, 1763 — dismissed from the army, but restored, 1768 — Governor of Guernsey, 1770 — Lieut. -general of Ordnance, Oct. 1772 — Baron Amherst of Holmesdale, May 1776 — Commander-in-chief, 1778 to 1782 — Baron Amherst of Montreal, 1788 — reappointed commander-in-chief, 22 Jan. 1793 to 10 Feb. 1795 — tf. at Sevenoaks, 3 Aug. 1797. Amherst, William Pitt, Earl, — fj. Jan. 1773 — succeeds his uncle as Baron Amherst, 1 797 — sets out from England as ambassador to China, 8 Feb. 1816 — shipwrecked off Banca, 17 Feb. 1 8 17 — lands in England, on his return, 16 Jul. 18 17 — Governor-general of India, arrives at Calcutta, 1 Aug. 1823 — Earl Am- . and Viscount Holmesdale, 1826 — re- called, Feb. 1828— tf. 13 Mar. 1857. Amherstburg, in Canada, — dismantled by General Proctor, 26 Sep. 1813 — destroyed by al Harrison, 2 Oct. 1813. Amhurst, Nicholas, litterateur, — b. at Harden, about 1706 — expelled from Oxford, J 1111. 1 7 16— joins in the authorship of 'the QrafUman} 1729 or 1730 — prosecuted for satirizing an Act of Parliament for licensing plays, May 1738 — tf. at Twickenham, 27 Apr. 1742. Terra Filius, 1 7 2 1 . Amida, in Mesopotamia,— fortified by Con- stantius, about 350— besieged and taken by Sapor of Persia, 27 Jul. to 7 Oct. 359 a — the Xisibenes take refuge there after its cession by Jovian to Sapor, Aug. 363 b — besieged and taken by Cabades of Persia, winter 502 to be- ginning of 503 a — recovered, beginning of 505 a — restored and strengthened by Justinian, about 530 — taken by Chosroes, 606 b — occupied by Heraclius, middle of Mar. 625 a — reduced by the Mussulmans, about 640 — army of Zi- misces routed near, 97 3 a — taken by Zimisces, 974, [Diarbekr.] a Clinton. b Gibbon. e Finlay. Amidano, Pomponio, painter, — fl. at Parma, about 1595. Amiens, (Amoianum, Samaroiriva,) — [B C] — Csesar winters there, 54-3 — [AD] — said to have been seized by Chlodion, chief of the Salian Franks, about 445 — besieged by Philip Augustus, who forces Philip of Alsace to cede to him the Countships of Amiens and Vermandois, n 84 — pledged by Charles VII. to Philip the Good of Burgundy, by the Treaty of Arras, 21 Sep. 1435 — redeemed by Louis XL, 1463 — ceded by the Treaty of St Maur to Charles, Count of Charolais, 29 Oct. 1465 — recovered by Louis, after the death of Charles the Rash, of Burgundy, 4 Jan. 1477 — joins the League, after 1576 — submits to Henry IV., 1594 — taken by Archduke Albert of Aus- tria, 12 Mar. 1597 — recovered by Henry IV., 15 Sep. 1597. Treaty of, between Great Bri- tain, and France, Spain, and Holland, — pre- liminaries signed at London, 1 Oct. 1801 — signed (4 Germinal, An X.) 25 Mar. 1802 — ratified by Napoleon Bonaparte, the first Con- sul, 17 Apr. 1802 — peace proclaimed in Eng- land, 29 Apr. 1802 — with department of the Somme, declared in state of siege, 21. Oct. 1870 — Gen. Manteuffel defeats French before, 25-27 Nov. 1870 — occupied by Germans, 28 Nov. [Pont-Noyelles.] Amigoni, Jacopo, (Amiconi, Giacomo,) painter, — b. at Venice, 1675 — in England, 1729 — returns to Venice, 1739 — goes to Spain, 1747 — tf. at Madrid, 1752^ 1758^ a TJ. K. S. Biog.. Diet., Erscb and Gmber. b Huber and Host. Amigoni, Ottavio, painter, — b. at Brescia, 1605 — tf. there, 1661. Amintinus Gallus,P. Volumnius, — [B C] — consul with Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, (293, a. u. c.) 461. Amiot, (Amyot,) Joseph, Propagandist mis- sionary, — b. at Toulon, 17 18 — arrives at Ma- cao, 1750 — summoned by the Emperor to Pe- kin, 22 Aug. 1 75 1 — tf. there, 1792. Diction- naire Tatar -mantchou Francaise, 1789. Amis des Noirs, Societe des, — the first Anti- slavery society, instituted at Paris, by Brissot de Warville, Feb. 1788. Amisia, or Amisius, {the Ems,) in Germany, — [BC] — Nero Claudius Drusus defeats the Bructeri in a naval engagement on it, 12. Amisus, in Asia Minor, — [BC] — founded AMLING—AMOKIAN WAR. 75 by the Phocoeans, (or by the Milesians, or by a king of Cappadocia,) 563 a — settled by Atheno- cles and some Athenians, and called Peircseus, after 470 — becomes a commercial town under the kings of Pontus, after 300— enlarged and made. the occasional residence of Mithridates Eupator, about 100 — besieged by Lucullus, (winter of 681-2, a. it. c.) 73-2 b — taken by him, (683,) 71 b — taken by Pharnaces; but restored to freedom by Julius Csesar, after his victory over Pharnaces at Zeleia, sum- mer 47 b — Antony sets up a kingdom there, 36 ? — Augustus deposes Straton, and restores its liberty, after 31 — [AD] — Sabbas, the By- zantine governor, makes himself independent of Constantinople, about 1200° — aided by the Turks of Samsun, against Alexius I. of Tre- bizond, who is defeated near Amisus by Ghei- aseddin of Iconium, 1204° — voluntarily ac- knowledges Theodore Lascaris, of Nic?ea, 1 206 c — Amisus becomes a dependency of Genoa, before 1300 — falls into the power of the Turks, about 1450. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Finlay. Amling, Karl Gustav von, engraver,— : ft. at Niirnberg, 1651 — 7S. at Doppelmayr, end of 1701.* a Ersch and Grubev, U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Amlwch, in Wales, — copper-mines discover- ed there, 2 Mar. 1768. Ammanati, (Ammanato,) Bartolomeo, archi- tect, sculptor, — ft. at Florence, 15 11 — builds the Ponte delta Trinita over the Arno, after 1557— tf. 15 86 or J59 2 - Ammanati, (Ammanata,) Laura Battiferri, poet, — 7S. 1589. Opere Toscane, 1560. Ammann, Johann, physician, botanist, — ft. at SchafFhausen, 1707 — at London, 1730 — — F. R. S., 17 3 1 — Prof, of Botany and Natu- ral History at St Petersburg, 1733 — 7S. there, 1 74 1. Stirpium rariorum Ruthenicorum Icones et Bescriptiones, 1739. Ammann, Johann Conrad, physician, — ft. at SchafFhausen, 1669 — M. D. at Basel, 1687 — practises at Amsterdam, 1690 — 7S. at Warmond, about i73o. a Surdus loquens, 1692, 1702, and 1728. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ammann, Jost, (Joclocus, Justits,) painter, engraver, — ft. at Zurich, 1535 — establishes himself at Niirnberg, 157 3 a — 7}. there, 1591. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ammann, Paul, physician, botanist, — ft. at Breslau, 30 Aug. 1634 — M. D. at Leipsic, Oct. 1662^ — Prof, of Botany there, 1674 — and of Physiology, 1682 — 7s. 4 Feb. 1691. AmmianusMarcellinus. [Marcellinus, Am- mianus.] Ammirato, Scipione, (II Vecchio,) publicist, §c. — ft. at Lecce, 27 Sep. 153 1 — goes to Flor- ence, 1569 — Canon there, 1595 — tf. there, 30 Jan. i6oi, a 1603. b Istorie Florentine, 1600. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet., Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Zedler. Amnion, in libya, [B C] temple of Zeus (Jupiter) visited by Alexander the Great, 331. Ammon, Christoph Friedrich von, theolo- gian, — ft. at Baireuth, 16 Jan. 1766 — Prof, of Philosophy at Erlangen, 1789 — of Theology, 1792 — goes to Gottingen, 1794 — returns to Er- 1 u gen, 1804 — to Dresden, 1813 — ft. 21 May 1 820. Fortbildung des Christenthums als Welt- religion, 1833-6. Ammonas, (Amoun, Amnion,) ascetic, — ft. in Egypt, 285 a — 7S. about 320. a Du Fresnoy. Ammonia, (Alkaline air,) — first obtained by Dr Priestley, about 1770. Ammonio, (Ammouius,) Andrea, poet, $c. — ■ ft. at Lucca, 1477 — secretary to Henry VIII. of England, 15 13 — 7s. at London, 15 17. Ammonites, — [B Cj — Ammon, the grandson of Lot, bom about 1896 a — the Ammonites assist Eglon, king of Moab, against the Israel- ites, i343 a — harass the Israelites again, 1206 a — are defeated by Jephthah, in Gilead, 1 187 a — Nahash besieging Jabesh-Gilead, is defeated by Saul, king of Israel, 1095 a — Hantin suc- ceeds his father Nahash, and insults the am- bassadors sent by David, 1038 a — at war with the Israelites, defeated by David and his gen- eral, Joab, 1037-5 a — Pabbah taken by David, the Ammonites subjugated, 1033 — assist the Moabites against the kingdom of Judah, and are defeated, 896-5 a — tributary to Uzziah and Jotham, about 800 to 740 — occupy the de- populated towns in the region beyond Jordan, after 741 — assist Nebuchadnezzar against Jeru- salem, 606 b — subjugated by Nebuchadnezzar, about 582 — oppose the rebuilding of Jerusa- lem, 454 s — subjugated by Judas Maccabeus, i64 a — [AD] — existing as a numerous and dis- tinct tribe, about 150 — merged in the general appellation Arabs, soon after 200.° [Babboth.] a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Ammonius, of Alexandria, grammarian, — [BC] — succeeds Aristarchus, as head of his school, after 156. a a Clinton. Ammonius, of Alexandria, (Grammaticus, — removes to Constantinople about 389^ a Clinton. Ammonius, of Alexandria, son of Hermeas, commentator on Plato, %c. — fl. about 500 to 53°- a a Clinton. Ammonius, of Lamprce, Peripatetic philoso- pher, — fi. at Delphi, about 66. a a Clinton. Ammonius Lithotomus, surgeon, — [BC] — fl. at Alexandria, about 283 to 247 ? a a Smith's Diet. Ammonius, the Monk, — accompanies Atha- nasius to Eome, 339-41 — retires into Palestine, 373 — at the convent on Mount Sinai, 37 7. a a Smith's Diet. Ammonius Saccas, eclectic philosopher, — fl. at Alexandria, and founds the Latin Platonic School there, 190 to 244^ a Clinton. Amontons, Guillaume, natural philosopher, §c. — ft. at Paris, 31 Aug. 1663 — Member of the Academie des Sciences, 1699 — 7S. 11 Oct. 1705. Remarques et experiences physiques, 1695. Amoretti, Carlo, mineralogist, — ft. at Oneg- lia, 13 May 1741 — enters the Augustine order, 1757 — Prof, of Canon Law at Parma, 1772 — ■ Librarian in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, 1797 — 7s. there, 24 Mar. 18 16. Viaggio da Milano, 1794. Amorian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire. [Michael II. the Stammerer ; Michael III. the Sot ; Theophilus.] Amorian War, — the Emperor Theophilus sacks Zapetra, (Sosopetra,) 837 — is defeated by the Caliph Motassem atDasymon, summer 838 AMORITES— AMPHIPOLIS. — Motassem lays siege to Amoriiun, end of Jul. 838— takes and sacks it, 23 Sep. 838— the Caliph Vathek puts to death forty-two of the Amorian prisoners, 6 Mar. 845 — and exchanges others, Sep. 845. Amorites, — L B C]— assist Abraham against Chedorlaomer, 1912a — their kings, Sraosr of Eeshbon, and Og of Bashan, defeated, and their country occupied hy the Israelites, spring 1451" — their kings from 'the hill country' defeated and killed hy Joshua at Makkedah, autumn i45i a — with their allies, defeated hy Joshua near Lake Merom, i45o a — at peace with the Israelites, about 1095 a — tributary to Solomon, about 1000 — spoken of as still in existence, about 150. a Ussher. Amorium, (Rergan Kaleh,) in Asia Minor, — besieged by Moslemah ; the siege raised by Leo the Isaurian, who is saluted Emperor, early in 717 — besieged and sacked by the Caliph Motassem, end of Jul. to 23 Sep. 838. [Amorian War.] Amos, prophet, — [BC] — fl. between 808 and 783^ between 823 and 758. 13 a Clinton. b Newcome. Amour, Guillaume de St, philosopher, the- ologian, — h. at St Amour, about 1200 — takes part in the controversies between the University of Paris and the Dominicans, 1228 and 1250 — joins in the authorship of the work Be Pericu- lis Xuvissimorum Temporum, 1256 — excom- municated, deprived, and banished from Paris by bull of Alexander IV., before 1260 — per- mitted to return by Clement IV., 1265 — ft. 13 Sep. 1272. Amoy, in China, — taken by Tywan, and liberty of trading there given to Europeans for three years, 1675 — taken by the Tatars, and the trade opened again, 168 1 — liberty of trad- ing withdrawn, 1 7 34 — captured by the British, 26 Aug. 1 841 — trade opened to the British by the treaty of Nankin, 29 Aug. 1842 — to foreign- ers, 3 Oct. 1843 — taken by Taepings, 29 May 1853 — retaken by Imperialists, n Nov. 1853- Ampelius, Lucius, — his Liber Memoriahs, written about 217-8* — first published by Sal- masius, 161 i. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ampere, Andre Marie, electrician, fe. — ft. at Lyons, 20 Jan. 1775 — Prof, of Physics and Chemistry at the Central School of Bourg, Dec. 1 80 1 — of Mathematics in the Lyceum of Lyons, 1803 — Eepeliteur (V Analyse in l'Ecole Polytechnique at Paris, Xov. 1805 — Inspector- gnu nil of the University, 1808 — Prof, of Analysis, 1 809 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1809 — Member of Institute, 18 14 — Prof, of Experimental Philosophy in the College of Prance, 1 8 14 — carries on his experiments in electro-magnetism, Sep. to Dec. 1820 — tf. at illes, 10 Jim. 1836. Considerations sur In Thiorie Maihkmatique du Jen, 1802 — Ob- -DynamiqUes, 1822 — Thiorie des Phknometm Electro- Dynamiqites, 1824-6 — 8ur la Philo8ophie des Sciences, 1834. Ampere, Jean Jacques, historian andlittera- os, 1800— Prof, at College of Prance, 1833— admitted to Academy of In- scriptions, 184a— Tisita Egypt and Nubia, 1S44 — admitted to French Academy, 1847 — fc. Mar. 1864. De la Litterature Trangaise dans ses Rapports avec les Litteratures etrangeres au Jloyen Age, 1841. — Histoire Romaine a Rome, 1856-61 — Litterature et Voyages, 1833 — L' Empire Romain d Rome, 1867. Amphictyones, (the Amphictyonic Council or League,) — [B C] — mythic institution of the League, between 1124 and no4, a or 1068 and i048, b 1007,° 1522 d — the First Sacred or Cirrhaean War, 595 to 586, e 590 to 58o f — Pythian Games instituted, 586 e — the Am- phictyons contract for the rebuilding of the Delphian temple with the Alcmseonids, 548, e — fine Ephialtes, the traitor at Thermopylae, 480 e — punish the Dolopians for piracy, 469 s — fine Sparta for the treacherous capture of the Cad- meia of Thebes, after 37 1 f — fine the Phocians for tilling the Sacred lands, 357/ 356 s — the Ten-years Sacred War, 357-6 to midsummer 346 f — the Phocians expelled from the League, and Philip of Macedonia admitted instead, 346 — Philip appointed President of the Pythian Festival, 346 f — the third Sacred or Amphissian War, Feb. to Aug. 338^ spring 339 to Aug. 338 f — Nicopolis admitted, at the desire of Augustus, after 30 — [AD] — mentioned by Pausanias as still in existence, about 150. a Eratosthenes. b Callimachus. c Newton. d Chron. Par. e Clinton. f Grote. S Zumpt. Amphilochia, Amphilochi, in Greece, — [B C] — allies of the Acarnanians, about 425 — sub- jugated by the iEtolians, after 323. [Argos in Amphilochia.'] Amphilochius, St, Bp of Icoxium, — Bp, 37 3-4, a 370 b — holds a council at Iconium, 37 8, c 376 s — presides at the Synod of Side, 383 d — present at a Synod held at Constantinople, 29 Sep. 394 — tf. 23 Nov. 394 ? a Smith's Diet. b Soame. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. Amphipolis, {Ennea Hodoi, Ropolia, Keok- horio, or Jeni Keui,) — [B C]— Aristagoras of Miletus endeavours to plant a colony here, [Myrcinus,] and is cut off by the Edonians, 497 a — Sophanes and Leagrus of Athens make a similar attempt, with the same result, (01. 78, 4,) 465-4 a — Athenians under Agnon succeed in founding Amphipolis, 437 a — surrendered to Brasidas, Nov. or Dec. 424 b — Cleon attempts to recover it, and is defeated and slain, autumn 422 b — ceded to Athens by treaty with Sparta, but refuses to surrender, after Mar., b 10 Apr. a 421 — Amyntas II. of Macedonia recognizes the claims of Athens to it, 37 1 b — Symbicus and his army destroyed, about 370 — Protomachus fails in an attempt to recover it, about 368-5 b — Artaxerxes Mnem'on acknowledges the Athe- nian claim, 366 b ^-Alcimachus delivers himself up to the Thracians, 364 a — Amphipolis, assist- ed by Olynthus, repulses Timotheus, 364-3^ 364,° 36o, acd — Callisthenes succeeds Timotheus in the command; Amphipolis gives itself up to Perdiccas III. of Macedonia, Callisthenes is repulsed, 362 b — declared free by Philip II., about midsummer 359 a — taken by Philip, after midsummer 358,* 356 d — declared free by Bome, i68. c [Eion.] a Clinton. b Grote. c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. AMPHIS— AMYCLJ2US. 77 Amphis, comic poet, — [B C] — fl. about (01. Ill) 336-2. a a Clinton, Smith's Diet. Amphissa, (Salona,) in Greece ; Amphissian {Sacred) War, — [B C] — Cirrha rebuilt by the Locrians of Amphissa, before 340 — denounced by iEschines at the Amphictyonic meeting 1 , Feb. or Mar. 339 s1 — Cottyphus appointed com- mander, at an extraordinary Amphictyonic meeting, to punish Amphissa, summer 339 — Philip II. of Macedonia invited to undertake the command of the war, Sep. 339,* Feb. 338 b — Philip seizes Elateia, Oct. or Nov. 339,* (Scirophorion,) Jun. 338 b — Athens secures the alliance of Thebes ; Philip invites assistance from the Peloponnesians, late in 339^ sum- mer 338 b — Philip repulsed by the Athenians in two actions, late in 339 and winter 3 39-8, a summer 338 a — Demosthenes crowned at Athens, (Bionysia,) Mar. 338, a {Panathencea,) Jul. 338° — Amphissa taken and destroyed, summer 338 — Athenians and Thebans defeated at Chaeroneia, (tend of the war,) Aug. 338 — attacked by the JEtolians under Alexander, 32 1 d — rebuilt before 279 — surrenders to L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, 190 — [AD] — a flourishing city, about 150. a Grote. b Clinton. c Boeckh. d Thirlwall. Amphitheatre, — [ BC ] — the first built at Rome by C. Scribonius Curio, 53 — so desig- nated by C. Julius Caesar, 46 — first built of stone by Statilius Taurus, 30. [Colosseum.] Amphitrite, asteroid, discovered by Marth, 1 Mar. 1864. Ampian Law, — [B C] — to allow Pompey to wear the symbols of triumph at the Circensian games, &c, by T. Ampius and T. Labienus, tribb.pleb., (691, a. u. c.) 63, a 64.1* a Fischer. b Smith's Diet. Ampurias, (Emporice,) in Spain, — [BC] — a colony from Massilia, about 545 — Roman colonists planted there by Julius Caesar, 45 — [AD] — its prosperity declines, after 700. COUNTS OF AMPURIAS ANB FERA- LABA, — Irmingarius conquers the Saracens in Majorca, 813 — Gaucelin (Gancelm) put to death by Lothaire of France, 834 — Suniaire I. replaced by Alamo, 843 — Suniaire II. die^, after 884 — Pencion (Bencion) holds the Countship, about 909 — Gauzbert succeeds, about 922 — his son Gaufred (Guifred) suc- ceeds, after 935 — Hugues I., his son, succeeds, after Mar. 991 — Pons I. succeeds his father, about 1040 — Hugues II., his son, succeeds, before Aug. 1079 — his son, Pons-Hugues L, succeeds to the Countship of Ampurias alone, before 11 28 — Hugues III. succeeds his father, 1 160 — Pons-Hugues II. ,his son, succeeds, after 24 Apr. 1230 — succeeded by his son, Hugues IV., end of 1267 — Pons-Hugues III , his son, succeeds, about 1277 — Malgaulin succeeds, before 13 14 — given by Jay me II. of Aragon, as an appanage, to his son Don Pedro, i32i. a a Art de Verifier les Dates, Encyc. Moderne. Amram, — [BC] — fc. before 1628, 1630* — birth of Moses, 157 1, b 1705°— tf. before i49i, b i497- a a Du Fresnoy. b Ussher. c Clinton. Amritsir, (Umritstr, Ramdaspur,) in Hin- dustan, — the Amritsir, or sacred tank, con- structed by the Gooroo-Ramdas, before 1581 — taken by Colonel M'Shery, 1848. Amrou (Amru) Ben el 'Ass, — fc. about 600 — commands in Palestine, 637°— captures Cae- sarea, (17, a. h.) middle or end of Jul. 638 a — invades Egypt, 6 Jun. 639, a 638 b — besieges and takes Alexandria, Nov. 639 to (2 Mohar- ram 20,) 22 Dec. 640 a — captures Tripoli, 643-4 — recovers Alexandria, and is recalled by Othman, 646 — revolts against Ali, and joins Moawiyah, 656 — appointed governor of Egypt by Moawiyah, 659— tf. (42,) 662-3,° ( 43 ,) 663. d a Clinton. b Gibbon. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Amsdorf, Nicolaus von, theologian, — ft. at Zschepa, 3 Dec. 1483 — Prof, of Theology at Wittenberg, 15 n — minister and superintend- ent at Magdeburg, 1524 — Bp of Naumberg, 20 Jan. 1542 — displaced, after 24 Apr. 1547 — su- perintendent and ecclesiastical counsellor at Erfurt, 1552 — tj. at Eisenach, 14 May 1565. Ein Kurzer Auszug aus der Chronica NancZeri, 1534. Anistel, Cornelius Ploos van, engraver,— ft. at Amsterdam, 1732a — tf. after 1782. a Bryan. Amsterdam, (Amsteldam,Amstelredamme,) in the Netherlands, — in existence as a fishing vil- lage, between 11 00 and 1200 — exempted from certain tolls by Floris V. Count of Holland, 1275 — walled, 1482 — sacked and made subject to the Counts of Holland, 1296 — receives new privileges from Count William IV., 1342 — un- successfully attacked by Charles of Egmond, Count of Guelders, 23 Dec. 15 12 — by the Ana- baptists, 1525 and 1535— joins the patriots; besieged for ten months, and capitulates to the Hollanders, 1578 — rises into commercial im- portance with the Union of the Seven Pro- vinces, [United Provinces,] 1579— the Earl of Leicester attempts to gain possession of, by treachery; plundered by William Prince of Orange, 1587 — its prosperity increased by the closing of the Scheldt, [Treaty of Westphalia,] after 1648 — unsuccessful attempt of the Stadt- holder William Frederick to seize, autumn 1650 — surrenders to the Duke of Brunswick, 1787 — the Stadtholder, William V., having left for England, General Daendels is admitted, 18 Jan. 1795 — insurrection against the French authori- ties, who are deposed, and the House of Orange declared sovereign, 15 Nov. 18 13 — the Cossacks enter, 23 Nov. 18 13. Amsterdam Island, in Indian Ocean, — dis- covered by Van Vlaming, 1696. Amulus, (Amolon, Amularius,) theologian, — Bp of Lyons, 16 Jan. 841— tf. 31 Mar. 852.* a Bouquet. Amur, the, in Chinese Tartary, — first known to the Russians, 1639— descent of, byKhabaroff, 1 65 1 — their settlements on it abandoned by treaty with China, 1689 — ceded wholly to China by treaty, 1727— navigation of it re- sumed by Russia, 1847 — Russian exploring ex- pedition sent, 1 850 — two trading ports founded, 185 1 — treaties respecting navigation andbound- ary, between Russians and Chinese, concluded, May and Jun. 1858 and 14 Nov. i860. Amurath. [Murad.] Amyclaeus, sculptor, — [B C]— fl. at Corinth, about 480. 7^ AMYNANDER— ANASTASIUS. Amynander, Keng of the Athamanians, — [BC]— mediates between Philip V. of Mace- donia and the JEtolians, 208 — in alliance with Rome, 200-199— ravages Thessaly, 198 — re- volts from Rome to Antiochus the Great of Syria, 192 — driven from his kingdom by Philip, 1 91— recovers it, 190 — concludes peace with Rome, early in 189. AmyntasIL, King of Macedonia, — [B C]— endeavours to dispossess Perdiccas II. of Mace- donia, 42 9 a — assassinates Pausanias, and suc- ceeds him, (Amyntas III. ?) (01. 96, 3,) begin- ning of 393 b — expelled by the Illyrians, 393° — recovers his kingdom, (01. 96, 4,) 392 b — ex- pelled again, and again restored, (01. 99, 2,) 383b— sends envoys to Sparta against Olynthus, [Olynthian War,] 383 a — in alliance with Athens, 373° — dependent upon Jason of Thes- saly, 37 1 c — his envoy at Athens, Sep. or Oct. 37 i e — tr. (01. 102, 3,) beginning of 369^ 370 or 369.° a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Grote. Amyot, Jacques, litterateur, — ft. at Melun, 30 Oct. 15 1 3 — removes to Bourges, 1537 — made Abbe of Bellozane by Francis I., 1546 — am- bassador to the Council of Trent from Henry II., 30 Aug. to 2 Sep. 155 1 — tutor to sons of Henry II., 1558 — Grand Almoner of France, 1560 — Bp of Auxerre, 1570 — Master of the Or- der of the Holy Ghost, 1578 — tf. at Auxerre, 6 Feb. 1593. BZistoires de Diodore Sicilien, trad., 1554 — Vies des homines ittustres de Rlutarque, trad., 1565. Amyraut, (Amyraldus,) Moise, theologian, — fc. at Bourgueil, Sep. 1596 — deputy to the Synod at Charenton, 163 1 — ft. Jul. 1664. Traite des Religions, 163 1 — Be V elevation de la Foi, §c, 1641 — Morale Chretienne, 1652. Amyrtaeus, (the Saite,) King of Egypt, — [B C] — with Inarus, revolts against the Per- sians, 460 a — holds the marshes of the Delta against them, 455 a — aided by the Athenian fleet, 449 a — recovers the whole of Egypt, 414a — rj. 408. a a Clinton. Anabaptists,— first appear, 152 1 — become numerous and conspicuous in Germany, Switz- erland, the Netherlands, &c, by 1524 — the re- volt of the peasantry [Peasants' War] sup- pressed by their defeat at Frankenhausen, 15 May 1525 — laws enacted against them in Sax- ony, 1525 — menaced with capital punishment in Zurich, 1525— Charles V. publishes Imperial decrees against, 1527 and 1529 — insurrection at Munster suppressed, 24 Jun. 1535 — gradu- ally merged in other sects, after 1600. Anacaona, queen of Xiragua, in St Domingo, Bcizod and put to death by Orando, about 1506. Anacharsis, the Scythian, — [BC] — visits Athens, (01. 47, 1,) 592. a a Clinton. Anacletus. [Peter de Leon.] Anacreon, lyric poet, — [3C] — fj. in Tcos, about 563 a — begins to be distinguished, (01. 55,) about 559 b — removes to Abdera, about 540 a — at the court of Polycrates of Samos, 531 b — goes to Athens about 525, 13 about 522 s — re- turns toTeos, about 514 — ft. about 478.* a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Anactorium, in Acarnania, — [BC] — colo- nized by Corinth and Corcyra, before 625 — treacherously seized by Corinth, 432 a — be- sieged and taken by Athenians and Acarnanians, summer 425 b — its inhabitants transferred by Augustus to Mcopolis, after 31. a Smith's Diet. b Grote. Anaesthesia. [Chloroform, Ether, &c] Anagnia, (Anagni,) in Italy, — [BC] — joins the Samnites against Borne, and is besieged by Q,. Marcius Tremulus ; capitulates and receives the civitas sine suffragio, (448, a. u. c.) 306. [Hernici.] — [AD] — Council of, Alexander III. excommunicates the Emperor Frederick Bar- barossa, 24 Mar. 1160. Anagnostes, Johannes, historian, — fl. about 1433. Anam, (Annam, Cochin China, Zing, Tchen- tching,) in Asia, — [B C] — conquered and co- lonized by China, 240 or 234 — [AD] — recovers its independence in part, 263 — its complete subjugation attempted by China, 1280 — in- vaded and conquered by China, internal trou- bles in Tonkin assisting, 1406— abandoned by China, Tonkin being retained, 1428 — con- quered by Tonkin, 147 1 — revolution in Ton- kin, 1540-3 — throws off the yoke of Tonkin, 1553 — its rulers assume the regal style, 1570 a — the nominal king gains the supremacy, 1 748 — Gia Long, the legitimate and titular king, recovers the throne, i8oi. a a Dubois de Jancigny, Anan, (Ananus,) Ben David, Rabbi, — re- stores and defends the Karaite doctrines, about 750-60. Ananius, iambic poet, — [B C] — fl. about 54°- Anapa, (Anapolis,) in Cir cassia, — fort erected by the Turks, 1784 — attempt of the Bussians to capture it, defeated, 1790 — besieged and taken by General Gondovitch, 179 1 — re- stored at the peace of Yassi, 1792 — taken by the Bussians again, and restored at the armis- tice of Sloboja, 1807 — taken again, 1809 — re- stored at the peace of Bucharest, 1812 — be- sieged and taken by Prince Menzikoff and Admiral Greig, 23 Jun. 1828 — ceded to Bussia by the treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — evacuated by the Bussians, 6 Jun. 1855. Anastasius I., Flavius, (Bicorus, Silen- tiarius,) Byzantine Emperor, — ft. at Epidam* nus or Dyrrachium, about 430 — excommuni- cated by Euphemius, Bp of Constantinople, 490 a — proclaimed successor to Zeno, and crowned, 11 Apr. 491 — Isaurian War, 492 to 498 b — Anastasius Cbs.withFl. Bufus, (Rujinus,) 492 — confirms the Henoticon, and banishes Euphemius, 496 — Cos. II. alone, 497 — sedition at Constantinople during the games, appeased, 501 — Persian War, 502 to 505 — another sedition in the circus at Constantinople ap- peased ; the Anastasian Wall, from the Euxine to the Propontis, built ; Anastasius Cos. III. with Venantius, 507 — revolt of Vitalianus, 514-5 — tf. 9 Jul. 518.° a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Gibbon. c Clinton. Anastasius II., (Artemius,) Byzantine Emperor, — proclaimed on the deposition of Philippieus, 4 Jun. 713 — mutiny of the fleet ANASTASIUS— ANCILLON. 79 at Rhodes; Theodosius proclaimed by the army; Anastasius besieged in Nicsea, 715 — abdicates and retires to a convent, Jan. 7 16 — conspires with the aid of the Bulgarians against Leo III., and is put to death, 721.* a Smith's Diet. Anastasius the Librarian, — fl. at Kome, about 869. Anastasius, St, (Astric,) Apostle of Hun- gary, — ft. 954 — accompanies St Adalbert, 996 -*- obtains the sanction of Pope Silvester II, to the ecclesiastical organization of Hungary, and the title oiKing for Duke Stephen, 1000 — tf. 10 Sep. 1044. Anastatic Printing", invented by Baldermus, about 1 841. Anatolius of Berytus, jurist, — invited to Constantinople, about 53o a — perishes there, in the earthquake, Dec. 557. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. Anatolius {Vindanius,Azutrion) of Berytus, jurist, — Vicarius of Asia, Nov. 339* — Praeto- rian praefect, May 346, and 1 Apr. 349 s — prof, of Illyricum, 359 a — tf. 360.* a Clinton. Anatolius, Consul with. FL Placidius Valen- tinianus, Aug. (1193, a. u. c.) 440. Anatolius, Bp of Laodicea, — b. at Alex- andria, about 230 a — besieged in the Bruckeium of Alexandria, 262 b — Bp, 27o, b after 273° — tf. about 282. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Anatomy Act, — 2 and 3 Wm, IV. c. 75, passed, 1 Aug. 1832. [Dissection.] Anaxagoras, philosopher, — [B C] — b. at Clazoniense, (01. 70, 1,) 500 a — begins to teach at Athens, 48o, a (01. 81, 1,) 456 b — withdraws from Athens, 45 o a — cited for impiety and Medism, (' after his second visit to Athens,' a ) withdraws to Lampsacus, 432, a (01. 87, 2,) 431 b — tf. there, (01. 88, 1,) 428. a Clinton. b Muller. Anaxandrides, comic poet, — [BC] — begins to exhibit, 376 s — exhibits at the Olympia at Dium, 347- b a Smith's Diet., U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Clinton. Anaxarchus, {Anaxarehos, Eudcemonicus,) Eleatic philosopher, — [BC] — accompanies Alexander the Great in Asia, 340-39 — killed by Nicocreon of Cyprus ? after 323. Anaxibius, {Anaxibios,) Spartan admiral, — [B C] — on service at Byzantium, intrigues with Pharnabazus against the Cyreian Creeks, and is superseded by Polus, 400 — supersedes Dercyl- lidas at the Hellespont, 389 s1 — defeated and killed near Abydus by Iphicrates, 388, b 389^ a Grote. b Smith's Diet. Anaxicrates, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 118, 2) 307 and (01. 125, 2) 279. Anaxilas, {Anaxilaos,) comic poet, — [B C] — fi. at Athens, about 343.* a Clinton. Anaxilas, {Anaxilaos,) Tyrant op Ehe- gium, — [B C] — in power, soon after 500 a — dis- possesses Scythes and the Samians of Zancle, which he names Messene, 494-3 ab — procures the assistance of the Carthaginians for Terillus of Himera against Theron, 480 cd — tf. 476^ d a Grote. b Muller. c Smith's Diet. d Clinton. Anaxilaos, Pythagorean philosopher, phy- sician, — [BC] — accused of practising magic, and banished from Eome by Augustus, 28. Anaximander, historian, — [B C] — fl. at Miletus, about 410. Anaximander of Miletus, Ionic philosopher, — [BC]— b. 610— tf. soon after (01. 58, 2) 547. a a Clinton. Anaximenes of Lampsacus, rhetorician, historian, — [B C] — fl. about 365. Anaximenes of Miletus, Ionic philosopher, — [B CJ— £(. 548 to 484^ a Clinton. Anaxippus, (Anaxippos,) comic poet, — [BC] — ft. at Athens, about 303. Anazarba, {Anazarbus, Ccesarea ad Anazar- bum, Anawasy, Ain Zarba,) in Asia Miner, Era of, — [BCJ — commences, (735, a. u. c.) 19 Council of, [AD] 435, a 433. b a Pagi. b Baluze. Ancarano. [Teramo.] Ancarano, (Ancharano,) Pietro de, jurist, — b. at Ancarano, about i35o a — teacher of civil law at Padua, 1385 — goes to Ferrara, i393 b — goes from Venice to Bologna, i396 b — at Coun- cil of Pisa, 1409 — tf, at Bologna, 141 7. a U. K. S. Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruher. Ancenis, in France, — the castle there built by Aremberg, wife of Guerech, Count of Nantes, 982 — besieged by Geoffroy Grisego- nelle of Anjou, 987 — taken by Henry II. of England, and possessed by the Dukes of Bre- tagne, about 1 180 — taken by Louis IX., 1230 — by Louis XL, 1468 and 1472 — taken and destroyed by La Tremouille, 1488 — restored under the League, about 1580 — dismantled again, 1599 — Westermann defeats the Yen- deans near, 18 Dec. 1793. Treaty of, restores peace between Louis XL and Francis II. Duke of Bretagne, 10 Sep. 1468. Ancheres, Daniel d', {Jean de Schelandre,) poet, — b. at Soumazennes, 1586 — in England, 1609 to 1625 — tf. about 1650^ Les Funestes Amours de Belcar et de Mtliune, 1608 — La Stuartidc, 161 1 — Tyr et Sidon, 1628. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Anchieta, Jose de, Apostle of Brazil, lin- guist, — b. at Laguna, 1533 — enters the Society of Jesus, 1550 — goes to Brazil, 1553 — Provin- cial, 1578 — tf. at Peritibia, {Rerigtiba,) 9 Jun. 1597. Arte de Grammatica da Lingoa {Tupi), 1595. Anchoritism. [Monasticism.] Ancillon, Charles, litterateur, — b. at Metz, 28 Jul. 1659 — accompanies his father, David Ancillon, to Berlin, 1685 — ambassador to Switzerland, 1695-9 — tf. at Berlin, 5 Jul. 17 15. L 'irrevocability de V Edit de Nantes, 1688 — Melanges Critiques de Litterature, 1698. Ancillon, David, theologian, publicist, — b. at Metz, 17 Mar. 16 17 — at Geneva, 1633 — minister at Meaux, 1641 — at Metz, 1653 — - retires to Hanau, 1685 — tf. at Berlin, 3 Sep. 1692. Apologie de Luther, §c., 1666. Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich, his- torian, theologian, $c. — b. at Berlin, 30 Apr. 1766 — Prof, of History in the Military Aca- demy, Berlin, 1782 — minister of the French Church there, 1790 — travels in France and AXCILLOX— AXDEIRO, Switzerland, 1793— begins his political life, Aug. 1 8 10 — accompanies the Crown-prince of Prussia to Paris, 18 14 — Minister of Instruc- tion at Berlin, 1819 — head of a department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1825 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1831 — tf. at Ber- lin, 19 Apr. 1837.* Tableau des Revolutions du Systeme Politique de V Europe, 1806. a Xouv. Biog. Gen., Conv.-Lex. Ancillon, Joseph, lawyer, — fi. at Metz, 1626 — accompanies his family to Prussia, 16S5 — tf. at Berlin, Xov. 17 19. Ancona, (An con,) in Italy, — [B C] — found- ed or enlarged by exiles from Syracuse, about 385 a — comes under the power of Borne, 268 ? — used as a naval station against the Illpians and Istrians, i78 b — receives colonists from Borne, before 120 — occupied by Julius Cresar, (Jan. 705, a. tj. c.) Xov. or Dec. 50° — made a colony ? about 44 — [A D] — its harbour formed by Trajan, after 100 — unsuccessfully besieged by Totilas, King of the Ostrogoths, 551 — taken by Ariulf, Duke of Spoleto, 592 d — the Pentapolis taken by Liutprand, King of the Lombards, and recovered by the Exarch Euty- chius, 728-9 — Liutprand conquers the Exar- chate, r Ravenna,] 752 — Ancona ceded to the Pope by Didier, King of the Lombards, 756 ■ — sacked, by the Saracens, 839 d — the March of Guarnerius, or Ancona, granted to the Mar- quises of Tuscany, before 1000 — bequeathed by the Countess Matilda to Borne, n 15 — An- cona vainly besieged by Frederick Barbarossa, joins the League of Lombardy, spring 1167 — besieged by Abp Christian with a German army, and the Venetian fleet, Apr. n 74 — siege raised by Aldruda Countess of Bertinoro, end of autumn 1174 — the March of Ancona recovered by Innocent III., after 11 98 — be- stowed upon Azzo d' Este, 1209 — Bernardino Barba makes himself master of Ancona, and delivers it up to Clement VII., 1532— the port declared free, 1732 — taken by General Victor, 9 Feb. 1797 — the French garrison procure the proclamation of ' the Anconite Republic,' late in 1798— besieged by Russians, Turks, and Austrians, it surrenders to General Frolich, 1 to 13 Xov. 1799 — surrendered to the French by the Armistice of Treviso, 16 and 20 Jan. 1 80 1— given up to the Pope, 1802— seized by the French, Oct. 1805 — annexed by Xapoleon to the kingdom of Italy, Apr. 1807, Feb. 1808 — capitulates to the allies, 16 Feb. 1814 — restored to the Pope by the Treaty of Vienna, 1 8 15— occupied by the French, 22-3 Feb. 1832 — evacuated, autumn 1838 — bombarded by Austrians, 28 May 1849 — ty Sardinians under Persano, and taken, 29 Sep. i860. a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. d Bees' Cyc. Ancre, Pierre de 1'. [Lancre.] Ancre, Concino Concini, Marshal and Mar- 0MM (f, — accompanies Maria de' Medici into France, 1600 — rises to power in regency of Maria, 16 10- 14 — governor of Normandy, 161 1 —nobles rebel against, 16 12— marshal, Feb. 16 1 3— unpopular, 1614-15— peace of StMenc- hould, 1 6 14— his hotel plundered by mob, 1 Sep. 16 1 6 — assassinated by Vitry, 24 Apr. 1 6 17 — his wife Leonora (Galagai) imprisoned in the Bastille, 29 Apr. 1617 — her trial begins, 3 May — executed, 8 Jul. 1617. Ancruin Muir, in Scotland, (Penielheugh)-^- the Earl of Arran defeats Sir R. Eyre and Sir Brian Latoun at, 17 Feb. 1545. Ancus Martins, (mythic,) Ken t g of Rome, — [B C]— reigned, (114 to 137, a. tj. c.) 640 to 617.* a Fischer. Ancyra, (Angora, Enguri, Sebaste Tectosa- gum, §c.) in Asia Minor, — [B C] — becomes the capital of the tribe of Tectosages, about (01. 125, 3) 278-7 — Antiochus Hierax defeats Se- leucus Callinicus, near, about 243-2 — Cn. Manlius defeats the Tectosages near, (565, a. tt. c.) autumn 189 — the capital of the Province of Galatia, 25 — [AD] — occupied by Aurelian, 272 — visited by the Emperor Julian, spring 362 — taken by the Persians, 620, a 621 b — -by the Saracens, 7 17 or 78 1 ? — taken and destroyed by Harun al Rashid, 804 — taken by Suleiman, the Seljuk Emir, 1085 — recovered by Ray- mond of Toulouse, summer 1101— retaken by the Seljuks, n 39 — taken by Murad I. and. made the capital of the Ottoman Empire, (762, a. h.) 1 360- 1 — besieged by Timur, who de- feats and captures Bayezid on the plains of Tschibukabad, near it, "(29 Dhu'l Kadah 804,) 30 Jun. c 28 Jul. d 20 Jul. e 1402, 16 Jun. i4oi f — recovered by Mohammed I., 1415. Coun- cils of, — (1) to impose penances on the lapsed, &c, about 314. (2) by the Semi-arians, 358, or 359. Monument of, — (Monumentum, or Marmor, Ancyranum,) — erected, after the death of Augustus, 14— discovered by Busbec- quius, 1553 — by Wrantz, bishop of Agria, 1554. a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruher. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Gihbon. e Finlay. f Nouv. Biog. Gen. Andalusia. [Cordova, Granada, Jaen, Mur- cia, Seville, &c] Andaman Islands, in Bay of Bengal, — a settlement attempted by the British, 1791 — abandoned, 1796 — visited subsequently, 1814, Apr. 1824, and Nov. 1825 — penal settlement formed, 1858. Andechs, (Mont Saint,) in Germany, Counts pf, — Berchthold the first Count, about 1010 —Arnold, his brother, succeeds, before 1073* — Arnold II. succeeds his father, about iobio — his son, Berchthold II., succeeds, about 1 1 20 — Poppo, his son, succeeds, 1160 — Berchthold III., his brother, Marquis of Istria and Duke of Dalmatia, is followed by his son, Berchthold IV., n 88 — Otto (the Great) succeeds his father, 1204 — created Duke of Dalmatia and of Merania [Tyrol] by Philip of Suabia, 1208 — succeeded by his son Otto II., 1234 — acquires Halle, in the Tyrol, 1247 — the line expires with him, Jun. i248. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. Andeiro, Joam Fernando, Regent of Por- tugal, — exiled to England, as secret ambassa- dor to the Duke of Lancaster, from Ferdinand I. of Portugal, 1375^ 1380 — shares the regency with Queen Eleanor, at Ferdinand's death, Oct. 1383 — assassinated by the nobles, 6 Dec. 1383. ANDELOT— AND ORE A. Si Andelot, in France, — treaty between Gon- tran of Orleans and Childebert II. of Austrasia, signed at, 28 Nov. 587. a a Sismondi. Anderida, (Andredes-ceaster,) Roman city, in Sussex, Pevensey, last fortress of Littus Saxonicum, besieged and taken by Ella and Cissa, 491 — landing of William the Conqueror at, 1066. Anderloni, Pietro, engraver,— fc. at Santa Eufemia, 12 Oct. 1784 — succeeds his master Longhi, as superintendent of the school of en- gravers at Milan, 183 1 — ft. 13 Oct. 1849. Andernach, (Antunnacum,) in Prussia, — Louis the Younger (of Saxony) defeats Charles the Bald near, (battle of Meyenfels,) 8 Oct. 876 s — besieged by Hermann, Duke of Suabia, and others ; Dukes Eberhard and Gislebert, attempting to relieve it, are defeated and killed, 939 — burnt by Philip of Suabia, 1198 — Her- mann of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, composes the contests between the burghers and the Abps of Cologne, by reducing it from the rank of an Imperial city, 1496 — taken by Baudissin, sum- mer 1632 — retaken, 1633 — burnt by the Dau- phin of Erance, Nov. 1688 — surrendered to Hesse Cassel, 17 Oct. i702. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. Andersen, Lars, [Laurentius Andrece,) Re- former, — h. 1480 a — embraces the Reformation, after 1520 — chancellor to Gustavus Vasa, 1523 — translates New Testament into Swedish, 1526 — condemned to death for misprision of treason, but reprieved, 1540 — ft. at Strenguas, 1552. a Gezelius. Anderson, Adam, statistical writer, — ft. 1692? — clerk in the South Sea House, 1725 ■ — ft. at London, 10 Jan. 1765. Historical and Chronological Deduction of Trade and Com- merce, 1762. Anderson, Alexander, mathematician, — ft. at Aberdeen, 1582? — ft. at Paris, after 16 19. SupplementuniApollonii redivivi, 16 12 — Exer- citationum Mathematicarum Decas Prima, 1619. Anderson, Sir Edmund, lawyer, — Jj. at Broughton, or Flixborough, about 1540^ about 153 1, b — Serjeant at law, 1577 — Queen's Ser- jeant at law, 1579 — Justice of Assize, autumn 1581 13 — Chief Justice of court of Common Pleas, May 158 2 b — commissioner for the trial of Mary Queen of Scotland, 1586 — and of Secretary Davidson, 1587 — ft. 1 Aug. 1605. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b TJ. K. S. Biog. Diet. Anderson, James, archaeologist, — b. 5 Aug. 1662— M. A. Edinburgh, 27 May 1680— W. S., 6 Jun. 1 69 1 — Postmaster-general for Scotland, 17 15-6 — ft. at London, 3 Apr. 1728. Collec- tions relating to the History of Mary Queen of Scotland, 1724-8 — Select us Diplomatum et Nu- mismatum Scot ice Thesaurus, edited by Ruddi- man, 1739. Anderson, James, economist and agricultural writer, — ft. at Hermiston, 1739 — settles at Monkshill, 1763 — L. L. D. Aberdeen, 1780 — ■ removes to Edinburgh, 1783 — to Isleworth, 1797 — ft. 15 Oct. 1808. Essays of Agricola, 1777 — The Bee, 1790 to 1794 — Recreations in Agriculture, Natural History, §c, Apr. 1799 to Mar. 1802. Anderson, Johann, jurisconsult, §c. — ft. at Hamburg, 14 Mar. 1674 — studies at Halle, 1695 — Doctor utriusque juris, Leyden, 1697 — • Syndic of Hamburg, 19 Nov. 1708 — ambassa- dor to Denmark, Aug. 17 11 — at Congress of Utrecht, 17 13 — negotiates a treaty of commerce between Hamburg and France, 17 15 — Burgo- master, 5 Feb. 1723 — senior Burgomaster, 1732 — ft. 3 May 1743. Nachrichten von Gron- land, $c, 1746. Anderson, John, natural philosopher, §c. — b. at Roseneath, 1726 — Prof, of Oriental Lan- guages at Glasgow, 1756 — of Natural Philoso- phy, 1760 — ft. 13 Jan. 1796. Institutes of Physics, 1786. Anderson, Robert, litterateur, — b. at Carn- wath, 7 Jan. 1750 — gives up the practice of medicine and goes to Edinburgh, 1784 — ft. there, 20 Feb. 1830, Edition of the British Poets, 1790 to 1807 — Life of Tobias Smollett, M. D. 1803. Anderson, Robert, poet, $c„ — ft. at Carlisle, 1 Feb. 1770 — ft. 27 Sep. 1833. Lucy Gray, sung at Yauxhall, 1794 — Betty Brown, 1801 — Ballads in the Cumberland Dialect, 1805 — Essay on the Character and Manners of the Peasantry of Cumberland, 1820. Andersonian Institution, Glasgow, — • founded by Professor John Anderson, 1795. Anderton, James, {John Brereley,) polemical writer, — fl. after 1600. Protestant's Apology for the Roman Catholic Church, 1609 — Explana- tion of the Liturgy of the Mass, 1620 — Religion of St Augustine, 1620. Andlau, {Audio, Andelo,) Hermann Peter von, historian and canonist, — Senior of the Faculty of Jurisconsults, 1475.* De Ccesarea Monarchia, about 1460. a Ersch and Gruber. Andocides, (Andokides,) orator, — [B C] — ft. at Athens, 467 a — with Glaucon commands the ships sent to aid the Corcyrseans, spring 432, a 436 b — imprisoned on the mutilation of the Hermae, plays the informer, and is banished, late summer 415 — carries supplies to Samos; returns to Athens ; imprisoned ; escapes to Evagoras at Cyprus, and is imprisoned, spring 41 1 — escapes, and returns again to Athens ; De Reditu ; re- fused permission to remain, retires to Elis, 41 1 b — visits Syracuse, about 406 — returns to Athens, early in 403,* 404° — takes a share in the conduct of affairs, 402 s — accused by Callias of profaning the mysteries of Eleusis, defends himself by his oration De Mystcriis, 400° — ambassador to Sparta respecting peace, after the destruction of the long walls at Corinth, summer 3Qi, c 394 b — delivers his oration De Pace, and is banished again, autumn or winter 39i,ac 393 b — £. m exile, about 39i. d Contra Alcibiadem ? 415 ? b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Grote. d Smith. Andorra, Republic of, — Charlemagne, assisted by it against the Moors, grants it autonomy under his suzerainty, about 790 — Louis le Debonnaire grants the suzerainty in part to Sisebertus, Bp of Urgel, 819 — suze- rainty shared with Roger Bernard III. Count of Foix, by decree, 8 Sep. 1278 — resumed by 6 8: ANDRA— ANDREW. Henri IV. before 1610 — municipal privileges relinquished as feudal, 1792-3 — restored and established by Xapoleon I., 27 Mar. 1806 — continued by "Louis XVIII., 1820. Andra, (Baxinapatha,) a kingdom of Hin- dustan, — at its greatest extent, about 200 ? a — Kakati, one of the Ganapali Rajahs, the first authentic sovereign, before noo b — Gheias u din Toghlak, of Delhi, captures Warangol, (Varangul,) and conquers Telingana, (723, a. h.) 1 323 b — tributary to Orissa, before 1500 15 — ultimately merged in kingdom of Golconda, about 1520. 13 a Spruner. b Elphinstone. Andrada, (Andrade,) Alfonso de, theologian, — b. at Toledo, 1590 — tf. at Madrid, 1658. El Buen Soldado Catolico, \d\i — El Estudiante perfecto, 1 643 — Vida del Cardenal Balthasar di Moscoso y Sandoval, 1658. Andrada, Antonio de, Propagandist mis- sionary, — ft. at Villa de Oleiros, about 1580 — enters Society of Jesus, 1596 — arrives at Goa, 1601 — tf. there, 20 Aug. 1633. Novo discobri- mento do Grdo Catayo, 1626. Andrada, Diego Peyva (Bidacus, or Jacques Payva, Andradius,) de, theologian, — fj. at Coimbra, 1528 — sent to the Council of Trent by Sebastian of Portugal, 1562-3 — tf. 1 Dec. 1575. Befensio Tridentince Fidei, 1578. Andrada, Fernao Perez de, maritime ad- venturer, — accompanies Almeida to the East Indies, 1505 — stationed at Malacca, after Aug. 15 1 1 — returns to Portugal, 15 15 — arrives at Canton directly from Europe, 15 17. Andrada, Francisco, poet, historian, — com- poses his chronicle of Don Juan III. of Portu- gal, at the command of Philip III., about 1 610. primeiro Cerco de Bin, 1589. Andrada, Jacinto Freire &e,poet, biographer, $c— b. at Beja, 1597— B. Can. L., 18 May 1618 — goes to Lisbon, 1640— tf. there, 13 May 1657. Vida de Bon Joao de Castro, 1 65 1 . Andrada, Miguel Leitam de, historian, — fc. at Villa do Pedrogao, 1555 — wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Alcazarquivir, 4 Aug. 1578 — tf. at Lisbon, after 1629. Miscel- lanea, 1629. Andrada Caminha. [Caminha.] Andrada e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de, na- turalist, politician, fc. — b. at Villa de Santos, Brazil, 13 Jun. 1765 — goes to Europe, 1783 — travels there, Jun. 1790 to 1801 — Secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon, 18 12 — -re- turns to Brazil, 18 19 — Vice-president of the Provincial Junta, 24 Dec. 1821 — Minister of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs, 16 Jan. 1822 to 17 Jul. 1823 —banished to France, 13 Nov. 1823 — returns to Brazil, 1829 — appointed Regent and Guardian to Don Pedro s children after his abdication, 6 Apr. 1 83 1— retires, end of 1834— ft . 6 Apr. 1838. Andragathius, — assassinates the Emperor Gratian near Lyons, 25 Aug. 383 — drowned, Aug. 3 8 8. a a Clinton. Andre, Christian Karl, schoolmaster, §c. — b. at Bttdburghausen, 20 Mar. 1763 — conducts ttool al Sihnepfenthal, 1787 — commences the publication of the ReieJtscmzeiger, 1797 — Director of the Protestant School at Brann, 1798 — commences his Hesperus and Oecono- mische Neuigkeiten, 1809 — edits the National Kalender, 18 11 to 1822 — removes to Stuttgart, and edits the Almanack National pour les Etats de la Confederation Germanique, 1822 — tf. there, 19 Jul. 1831. Andre, Jean, painter, — b. at Paris, 1662 — If. 1753. a a Pilkington, Ersch and Gruber. Andre, John, Major, — b. at London, 1749 — enters the army, Jan. 177 1 — taken prisoner at the capture of St John's, 1775 — Major and Adjutant-general, 1780 — sets out on his mis- sion, 20 Sep. 1780 — seized in the American lines, 23 Sep. 1780 — hung as a spy, 2 Oct. 1780 — his remains brought to England and interred in Westminster Abbey, 1821. [Arnold, Benedict.] Andre, Yves Marie, philosopher, theologian, — b. at Chateaulin, 22 May 1675 — Prof, of Mathematics at Caen, 1726 — tf. there, 26 Feb. 1764. Essai sur le Beau, 1741. Andrea del Castagno. [Castagno.] Andrea, Giovanni, (Rabbi Boctorum, $c.) canonist, — b. at Rifredo, about 1272 — Prof, of Canon Law at Bologna, 1302 — at Padua, 1307 — returns to Bologna, 1 309 — ambassador to the Papal court at Avignon, 1326 and 1331 — to Padua and Venice, 1337 — tf. at Bologna, 7 Jul. 1348^ 17 Jul. 1347. b a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Andrea, (Bossi, or Bussi,) Giovanni, Bp op Aleria, Latin scholar, — b. at Vigevana, 1-417 — edits various Latin classics at Borne, 1468- 1474 — tf. about 1480. Andrea, Girolamo d', Cardinal, — b. at Naples, 1 2 Apr. 181 2 — faithful to Pius IX. on flight to Gaeta, 1 848— commissary extraord. on reestablishment of Papal authority, 1849 — Cardinal, 15 Mar. 1852 — Prefect of Congre- gation of the Index, 1852 ? — quarrels with Jesuits and resigns, 1861 — removes to Naples without leave, Jun. 1864 — deprived of See of Sabina and abbey of Subiaco, 12 Jun. 1866 — ■ deprived of dignity of Cardinal, unless he re- turn to Borne in three months, 29 Sep. 1867 — ■ returns to Borne, before end of 1867 — obtains leave to remove to Sorrento, May 1868 — in- terview with Pius IX., 13 May — tf. suddenly, at Rome, 14 May 1868. Andrea du Pisa, (Pisano,) sculptor, archi- tect, — b. at Pisa, 1270 — tf. at Florence, 1345. Andrea del Sarto. [Vannucchi.] Andreae, Abraham, Abp of Upsala, theolo- gian, — Rector of Univ. of Stockholm ; opposes the Romanizing tendencies of John III., and escapes to Hamburg, 1580- 1 — elected Abp during his absence, 1593 — deprived and im- prisoned in Gripsholm castle, 15 99 — tf. there, 1607. Scriptum contra Liturgiam, 1579 — Forum Adiaphorum, 1587. Andreae, (Andresson,) Gudnmnd, philolo- gist, §c. — b. at Biard, in Iceland, about 1630 — tf. at Copenhagen, 1654. Edda Seemundi, 1683 — Lexicon Lslandicum, 1683. Andreae, [Andreas,) Jakob, (Schmidlein, Fabricius,) theologian, — b. at Weiblingen, 25 Mar. 1528 — minister of Stuttgart, 1546— D. D. and minister of Gopping, 1553 — Prof, of Theo- logy at Frankfort on the Main, 1562 a — Chan- ANDREW— ANDREW. S3 cellorof Univ. of Tubingen, 1562 s1 — establishes a church at Hagenau, 1565— assists in drawing up the Formula Concordise, 1576 — if. at Tu- bingen, 7 Jan. 1590. a Ersch and Gruber. Andreae, Johann Gerhard Reinhard, drug- gist, naturalist, — ft. at Hanover, 17 Dec. 1724 — studies at Berlin, 1744— at Frankfort, 1746 — visits England, 1747 — succeeds his father in his business, 1751 — travels in Switzerland, 1763 — if. 1 May 1793. Brief e aus der Schweiz, 1776— Dissertation sur un Grand Nombre des Terres qui forment le Sol des poss. Allemandes d. s. Maj. Britannique, $•ini.sr/ies Wanderbuch, 1674. Angely, {Anger y, Angeriacum,) St Jean d', in France,-— surrenders after a siege to Duke of Anjou, 23 Dec. 1569— taken by the Protestants, spring 1574 — besieged by Louis XIII. ; taken and dismantled, 3 to 23 Jun. 1621. Angely, Lud wig, dramatic poet, — b. at Ber- lin, 1788 — actor and manager of the Royal Theatre there, 1828 — retires from the stage, 1830— tf. 16 Nov. 1835^ a Conv.-Lex. Angermann, {Angermannus,) Abraham, Abp or Upsala, — opposes the efforts of John of Sweden to restore Romanism, 1576 — sent to consult the theologians of Wittenberg, &c, about a liturgy, 1587 — Abp, 1593 — con- ducts a general visitation for the purpose of extirpating Romanism, 1596. [Upsala, Sy- nod of.] Angers, {Juliomagus, Civitas Andecavorum, Andegavia,) mErance, — included in the Armor - ican Confederacy against Rome, 409 — taken by Odoacer, {Adovacer,) a Saxon chieftain, late in 464a b — taken by Childeric I., end of 464* — - taken again by Odoacer, 47 1 a — recovered by Childeric, 471 — acquired, with the rest of Anjou, by Clovis, 486 — sacked and burnt by the Northmen, under Hasting, 845 and 857 b — Hasting establishes himself there, 860 b - — pil- laged by Louis {le JBegue), 862 — recovered by Charles the Bald and Salomon of Bretagne, 872 = — Geoffroy I. of Anjou defeats the sonsof Conan of Bretagne near, 980 a — taken possession of by Arthur of Bretagne, 11 99 — taken by John of England, 1199 — fortified by John, about 1200 — dismantled by Louis VIII. ; but forti- fied again by St Louis (IX.), 1232 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Earl of Somerset, Apr. 1444 — its castle seized by the Huguenots, autumn, 1585 — occupied by Cathelineau, 15 Jun. 1793 — Danican repulses the Vendean Royalists at, 3 Dec. 1793. University of , — founded by Louis II. of Anjou, 1398.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Eng. Cyc. c Sismondi. Anghiari, in Italy, — Micheletto Attendulo and the Florentines defeat Niccolo Piccinino near, 1439. Anghiera, Pietro Martire d', {Petrus Martyr Anglerius,) historian, $c. — b. at Arona, 1455 — enters the service of Card. Asconio Sforza Visconti, 1477 — goes to Spain, and enters the service of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1487 — sent by Ferdinand to the Sultan of Egypt, 150 1-2 — Apostolical Protonotary, 1505 — tf. at Gra- nada, 1526. Be Insidis nuper Inventis, 152 1 — De Rebus Ocean icis, 1536. Angilbert, {Engelbert, Englevert,) St, pcet, §c. — officer of the palace to Pepin, king of Italy, after 781 — retires to the monastery of St Riquier, in Ponthieu, 790 — Abbot, 796 — assists at the coronation of Charlemagne at Rome, 800 — tf. 18 Feb. 814. Anglesey, {Anglesea, Engleseie,Mona, M6n,) — first invaded by Suetonius Paullinus, 61 — reduced by Julius Agricola, 78- — the Gael ex- pelled from it by Einion Urdd, son of Cunedda, about 450 ? — reduced and colonized by Edwin of Northumbria, between 616 and 633 — posses- sion of it contested by Hywel Vychan and Cynan Tindaethwy, 813-6* — Egbert (?) defeats the Britons at Llanvaes, and plants colonies of ANGLESEY— ANGOULEME. 8? Saxons in Anglesey, 817 a — frequently ravaged by the Danes, between 853 and 963 a — sub- jugated by Maccus, {Mactus,) son of Harald, ' Lord of the Isles,' 97 1 a — Maccus does hom- age to Edgar of England at Chester for Angle- sey, 973 — devastated by Godfrey, son of Harald, 980 and 989 — subjugated by Meredydd ab Owain, 987 — devastated by the Danes, {Ascen- sion Thursday,) 10 May 994 s1 — devastated by the fleet of Ethelred of England, 1000 — reduced by Gruffydd ab Cynan, io73 a — joins in the in- surrection against the Normans, 1094 — sub- jugated by the Normans, who are driven out by Magnus, son of Olaf, ' Lord of the Isles,' 1098 — unsuccessfully attacked by Henry II. , 1 155 — devastated by the Irish forces of Henry III., Jul. 1245 — reduced by the fleet of the Cinque Ports, summer 1277 — granted by Ed- ward I. as a fief to Llywelyn ab Gruffydd, autumn 1277 — reduced by the Cinque Port fleet again, autumn 1282 — erected into a county by the Statutes of Rhuddlan, 7 Mar. 1283— reduced finally, after the revolt of Madog ab Morgan, Dec. 1294 — and incorporated with England by Act, 27 Hen. VIII. c 26, 1535-6. [Beaumaris, Ghvynedd, Wales.] a Aimales Cambria?. Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, Earl op, — fc. at Dublin, 10 Jul. 1641 — espouses the cause of Charles I., 1642 — enters the Long Parlia- ment as a ' Recruiter,' and is sent to Ulster, 1645 — takes the part of the King, and becomes Secretary of the Navy, 1647 — Earl of Angle- sey, 20 Apr. 1 66 1 — Lord Privy Seal, 1673 — deprived of his offices, 1682 — ft. Apr. 1686. Anglesey, Henry William Paget, {Earl of Xlxbridge,) Marquis of — f). 17 May 1768 — raises the 80th regiment, (Staffordshire Volun- teers,) and joins the Duke of York in Flanders, 1794 — defeats a body of French cavalry at Sahagun, 21 Dec. 1808 — again, at Majorga, 26 Dec. 1808 — distinguishes himself at the battle of Corurla, 16 Jan. 1809 — commands under Lord Chatham at Walcheren, Jul. to Nov. 1809— succeeds as Earl, 13 Mar, 1812 — repulses French cavalry at Gemappe,. 17 Jun.. 1 8 15 — severely wounded at "Waterloo, 18 Jun. 1815 — Marquis, 23 Jun. 1815 — G, C. B., 1815 — K. G., 1 81 8 — General, 18 19 — Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland, 1 Mar. 1828 to 1829, — again, Dec. 1830 to 1834 — Master-general of the Ordnance, Jul. 1846 to Feb. 1852 — Field- marshal, 1846 — tf. 29 Apr. 1854. Angli, Angles, {Angel Cyn, Angili,) — first mentioned by Tacitus, about 90 — conducted by Ida, establish themselves in Bernicia, be- fore 547 a — subjugate Deira, under Ella, 559-60 — acquire the eastern coast of Britain, [East Anglia,] about 597 a — occupy Mercia, 585. [Northumbria, Saxons.] a Paigrave. Anglo-Saxon {English) Kings of England, — Ella of Sussex, (1st Bretwalda,) King of England south of the Humber, about 491 to 514 — Ceawlin of Wessex, (2nd Bretwalda,) about 584 to 592 — Ethelbert of Kent, (3rd Bretwalda,) about597 to 24Feb. 616— Redwald of East Anglia, (4th Bretwalda,) 616 — Edwin of Northumbria, (5th Bretwalda,) King of all | England except Kent, about 620 to 12 Oct. 633 — his nephew, Oswald of Northumbria, (6th Bretivalda,) succeeds about 635 to 5 Aug. 642 — his brother, Oswy of Northumbria, (7th Bretwalda,) succeeds, 651 to 15 Feb. 670— Ethelbald of Mercia, King of England south of the Humber, 731 — and of Northumberland, 737 *° 757 — Offa of Mercia, King of all England, 778 to 29 Jul. 794 — Egbert of Wessex, (8th Bretwalda ?) 827 to 837 — his son Ethelwulf of Wessex succeeds, Feb. 837 — his son Ethelbald of Wessex succeeds, after 13 Jan. 858 — his brother Ethelbert of Wessex succeeds, 860 — his brother Ethelred of Wessex succeeds> 866 — his brother Alfred {the Great, 9th Bretwalda ?) succeeds, after 15 Apr. 871 — his son Edward {the Elder, first sovereign of all England ?) succeeds, after 26 Oct. 901 — his son Athelstan first actual sovereign of all England, early in 924 — his brother Edmund {the Elder) succeeds, after 27 Oct. 941 — his brother Edred succeeds, after 26 May 946 — his nephew Edwy succeeds, after 23 Nov. 955 — his brother Edgar {the Pacific, 10th Bretwalda ?) succeeds, after 1 Oct. 958 — ■ his son Edward {the Martyr) succeeds, after 8 Jul. 975 — his brother Ethelred {the Unready) succeeds,, after 18 Mar. 978— driven out of England by Sweyn of Denmark, who takes the kingdom, autumn 1013 — Ethelred recalled, Mar. or Apr. 1014 — his son Edmund {Iron- sides) succeeds, after 23 Apr. 1016 — divides the realm with Canute {the Great), son of Sweyn, autumn 1016 — Canute becomes sole monarch, 1017 — his son Harold {Harefoot) succeeds, about 23 Nov. 1035 — his brother Hardicanute succeeds, 1 8 Jun. 1 040 — Edward {the Confessor), son of Ethelred, succeeds, after 8 Jun. 1042 — Harold, son of Earl Godwin, succeeds, 6 Jan. 1066 — defeated and killed by Duke William of Normandy, at Hastings ; end of the Anglo-Saxon Monarchy, 14 Oct. 1066. Anglo-Saxons, (Angles, Jutes, Saxons, &c.,) Conversion of the. [Augustine, Edwin, Ethel- bert, Paulinus, &c] Angola, {Ngola, Abonda, Ambonda, Dongo,) in Africa, — discovered by Diego Cam, 1484 —settled by the Portuguese, after 1500 — build- ing of San Paolo de Loanda begun, 1578— taken by the Dutch, 1640— recovered by the Portuguese, 1648^ a Eng. Cyc. Angora. [Ancyra.] Angouleme, Angoumois, (Iculisma,Ecolisma, Engolisma,) in France, — first mentioned by Ausonius, about 350 — granted by Constantius to the Visigoths, under Wallia, 418 — taken possession of by Clovis, 508 — assigned to Gon- tran of Burgundy, by the treaty of Andelot, 28 Nov. 587 — first Count of L' Angoumois created by Louis le Debonnaire, 839 — attacked by the Normans, the city burnt, 863 — rebuilt, about 870 — ravages of the Normans continued till about 900 — passes with the rest of Aquitaine into the possession of the kings of England, ! [Henry II.,] 115a —revolt of Count Aimar suppressed by Richard of England ; Angou- leme taken by storm, 11 94 — passes to the house ANGOULEME— ANGUS. of the Count de la Marche, 12 18 — taken pos- session of by Philip the Fair of France, with the rest of Guienne, 1 292 — joined to the Royal Domain by Philip the Fair, end of 1303 — sovereignty of L'Angoumois ceded by John II, of France to Edward III. of England, by Treaty of Bretigni, 8 May 1360 — finally taken from the kings of England, and made an apan- age of the French princes, by Charles V. of France, 1369-70 — erected into a duchy by Francis I., Feb. (1515, o. s.) 1516— -Angou- leme taken by the Protestants, 1562 and 1568. Angouleme, Charles de Valois, Duke of, — ft. 28 Apr. 1578 — Grand Prior of the Order of Malta in France, 1589 — Count d' Auvergne, &c, 1589 — serves under Henry IV. at Arques, 1589 — and Ivry, 1590 — quits the Order and marries Charlotte de Montmorenci, 6 May 1591 — at Fontaine Francaise, 1595— engaged in Biron's conspiracy, 1595 — imprisoned for it, 15 Jim. 1602 — imprisoned for complicity in Verneuil's conspiracy, 9 Nov. 1604 — con- demned to be beheaded, 1 Feb. 1605 — de- prived of the countship of Auvergne, &c, 1606 — released by Louis XIII., 1616 — created Duke of Angouleme, 1619 — ambassador to the Emperor Ferdinand II., 1620 — commands at the siege of La Rochelle, 10 Aug. to 22 Oct. 1628 — serves in Languedoc, 1629 — in Ger- many and Flanders, [Thirty Years' War,] 1635 to 1648 — o\ at Paris, 24 Sep. 1650. Angouleme, Marie Therese Charlotte, Ma- dame the Duchess of,— ft. at Versailles, 19 Dec. 1778 — shares the imprisonment of her family, [Louis XVI.,] 10 Aug. 1792 — given up to Austria, in exchange for Camus, Beurnon- ville, and others, (6 Nivose, An IV.,) 27 Dec. 1795 — married to her cousin, Louis Antoine d' Artois, Duke of Angouleme, 10 Jun. 1799 — accompanies Louis XVIII. from Mittau, 22 Jan. 1 80 1 — returns to Mittau, Apr. 1805 — goes with Louis to England, Oct. 1807 — re- turns to Paris, 4 May 18 14 — quits Bordeaux, at Napoleon's return from Elba, 1 Apr. 18 15 — arrives at Paris again, 27 Jul. 1815 — with- draws from France again, with Charles X. and her husband, to England, 23 Aug. 1830 — removes to Vienna, 6 Oct. 1830 — to Prague, 25 Oct. 1830— rj. 19 Oct. 1851. Angouleme, Louis Antoine d' Artois, Duke of, Dauphin of France, — ft. 6 Aug. 1775. 1 8 14 — Joins the English army, and issues the proclamation of St Jean de Luz, n Feb. — enters Bordeaux, 12 Mar. — Admiral of France, 18 May— joins Louis XVIII. at Paris, 27 May. 1 8 15 — Leaves Bordeaux to organize an op- position to Napoleon in the south of France, 9-10 Mar. — surrenders by convention to Gene- ral Gilly, at Pont St Esprit, 8-9 Apr. — embarks at Cette for Spain, 16 Apr. — arrives at Mar- seilles from Madrid, 8 Jul. — enters Toulouse, 23 Jul. — Arrives at Paris, 7 Aug. 1823 — Enters Spain, in command of the French army, to enforce the arrangements of the Congress of Laybach, 6 Apr. — at Madrid, 24 May — issues the Ordonnance of Andujar, 8 Aug. — takes Cadiz, and restores Ferdinand VII. to liberty, 1 Oct. — takes leave of the 'army, 22 Nov. Takes the title of Dauphin, 16 Sep. 1824— signs his abdication of the throne of France, with Charles X., 2 Aug. 1830— rj. at Goritz, 3 Jan. 1844. [Angouleme, Duchess of,'] Angrias, the, Maratta pirates, — Conaji An- gria occupies Gheria and Severndroog, in the Concan, about 1670 — persuaded by Balaji to leave the side of Samba and acknowledge Sako Raja, i7i7 a — unsuccessfully attacked by the English and Portuguese, 1 7 1 9 a — by the English again, 1722-3 b — by the Dutch, 1724a — Baji Rao interposes in a contest between the brothers, one of whom gains their forts in the Ghats, about 17343- — procures from them forbearance towards the Abyssinians of Jinjera, 1736 a — the Portu- guese make war upon, and lose Salsette, Bas- sein, &c, 1737-9* — the contest between the brothers terminated by the Peshwa, by the help of the English fleet, i74o a — attack and capture a Dutch squadron, Feb. 1754° — evacu- ate Severndroog and Bancot when attacked by Commodore James, Mar. 1755 — Gheria, attacked by Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive, is surrendered, Angria taken prisoner, and his piratical state overthrown, n-13 Feb. 1756. a Elphinstone. b Ersch and Gruber. c Murray. Angriani, (Aygriani, de Aygonnis,) Michel, theologian, — ft. at Bologna, about 1330 — Ge- neral of the Order of Carmelites, 1379 — **• r ^ Nov. 1400. Angrivarii, {Angrarii, Angarii ?) of Ger- many, — join in the Cheruscan league against Rome, and are reduced by Stertinius, 16 — join the Chamavi in attacking and dispossessing the Bructeri, about ioo. a [Cherusci, German- icus Csssar.] a Smith's Diet. Anguier, Francois, sculptor, — ft. at Eu, 1604 — U. at Paris, 8 Aug. 1669. Anguier, Michel, sculptor, — ft. at Eu, 161 2 — if. 11 Jul. 1686. Anguilla, in the West Lidies, — discovered and settled by the English, 1650 to 1666 — unsuccessfully invaded by the French, 1745. Anguillara, Aloysio, physician, botanist, — ft. at Anguillara, after 1500 — Simplicista to the Republic of Venice, and Director of the Botanic Garden at Padua, 1540 to 156 1 — if. at Ferrara, Oct. 1570. Anguillara, Giovanni Andrea &elV,poet, — ■ ft. at Sutri, about 15 17 — If. at Torre di Nona, after Apr. 1564. Edipo, 1556 — Metamorphoses of Ovid translated, 1554, 156 1. Anguisciola, [Angussola, Agnosciola,) Sofo- nisba, painter, — ft. at Cremona, 1535,* about 1533,'° 1530° — Is. at Genoa, 1626. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Vasari. c Other authorities. Angus, Archibald Douglas, (JBcll-thc-Cat,) Earl of, — crosses the borders and burns Bam- borough, 1480 — organizes a conspiracy against James III. of Scotland, 1481— heads the nobles in putting the Earl of Mar to death at Lauder, ('bells the cat,') midsummer 148 1 — negotiates a secret treaty with Edward IV. of England, for the Duke of Albany, early in 1482— de- prived of his offices, end of 1482 — joins Lord Gray in a new conspiracy, end of 1487 — with- ANGUS— ANHALT-KOTHEN. draws into England, and enters into a treason- able engagement with Henry VII. ; imprisoned in his castle of Tantallon, but released on exchanging Liddesdale for Bothwell, 1492 — appointed general for the invasion of England, in the room of the Earl of Arran, summer 15 13 —leaves the army before the battle of Flod- den, 5 Sep. 15 13— withdraws into a monastery, early in 15 14. Angus, Archibald Douglas, Earl of— mar- ries Margaret, Queen of Scotland, summer 15 14 — indulges in treasonable practices, 15 15 — and flies with the Queen to England, 15 15 — deserts her, and is reconciled to the Duke of Albany, 15 16— one of the council of regency, Jim. 15 17 — endeavours to obtain the sole re- gency, 15 1 9, and spring 1520 — declared guilty of treason, and sentenced to forfeiture, goes to France, beginning of 1522— attacks Edinburgh, 23 Nov. 1524 — joins Abp Beaton, and obtains the regency of the kingdom ; divorced by Mar- garet, beginning of 1525 — defeats the Earl of Lennox at Melrose, 25 Jul. 1526 — James V. escapes from his control, Jul. 1528 — attainted by the parliament, 2 Sep. 1528— besieged in Tantallon castle, flies to England, 1528— re- turns to Scotland after the death of James V., 13 Dec. 1542— heads the English party in Scotland, Sep. 1543 — renounces the cause of the English, 1544 — shares in the victory at Ancrum Muir, 17 Feb. 1545— and in the de- feat at Pinkie, 10 Sep. 1547 — opposes the Regent, Mary of Guise, 1557 — o\ about 1560. Anhalt, in Germany, — castle built by Esico IV. of Ballenstadt, between 900 and 950 — Otto the Eich marries Elika of Saxony, and exchanges the Countship of Ballenstadt for that of Aschersleben, {Ascania,) 1076 a — Albert the Bear, his son, expels his father, 1140" — his son, Bernhard, receives the Countship of Anhalt, 1169b — refuses to compete for the Empire, 1198 — dies, i2i2 b — Henry, {the Elder, the Fat,) his son, made Count, about 121 8 b — territory divided into the Countships of Ascania, Bernberg, andZerbst, at Henry's death, 1252 — Bernhard II. of Bernberg re- ceives the investiture of the whole of Anhalt, 1315b — Joachim Ernst (of Anhalt-Zerbst- Dessau) reunites the principality, after 23 Mar. 1566 b — his sod, Johann Georg, suc- ceeds to the whole, 6 Dec. 1586 — obtains im- perial commission for the recovery of Ascania, 1589 — establishes the Reformed religion, 1596 a — agrees to divide the principality with his bro- thers, 1603 a — the division executed, 1606 — family pact concerning inheritance, &c, 22 Jun. 1665 — [Anhalt-Bernberg, Anhalt-Des- sau, &c.] — the principalities united under Leopold, of Anhalt-Dessau, 19 Aug. 1863 — military forces of, incorporated with Prussian, by treaty of 24 Feb. 1864 — Legislative As- sembly deprived of its functions, May 1864 — incorporated with N. German Confederation, 1866. a Encyc. Moderne. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Anhalt-Bernberg, Duchy or, — allotted to Christiern I., son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 1606 — defeated at the battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620— put to the ban of the Empire, by Ferdinand II., 162 1 — his son Christiern Ii. {the Younger) succeeds, [Thirty Years' War,] 20 Apr. 1630 — succeeded by Victor Amadeus, his son, 22 Sep. 1656 — introduces the right of primogeniture, 1660 — establishes Calvinism in his principality, 1678 — his son, Karl Fried- rich, succeeds, 12 Feb. 17 18 — succeeded by his son, Victor Friedrich, 21 Apr. 172 1 — his son, Friedrich Albrecht, succeeds, 18 May 1765 — his son, Alexis Friedrich Christiern, succeeds, 9 Apr. 1796 — receives a share of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1798— abolishes the 'rack,' 19 Feb. 1802 — raised to the dignity of Duke, 13 Sep. 1806 — joins the Confederation of the Rhine, 18 Apr. 1807 — joins the Zoll- verein, 22 Jul. 1826 — his son, Alexander Karl, succeeds, 24 Mar. 1834. Anhalt - Bernberg - Schaumberg - Hoym, Principality of, — Lebrecht, son of Victor Amadeus, (of Anhalt-Bernberg,) 12 Feb. 17 18 — his son, Victor Amadeus Adolf, succeeds, 17 May 1727 — Karl Ludwig, his son, suc- ceeds, 1772 — Victor Karl Friedrich suc- ceeds his father, 20 Aug. 1806 — dies, and the apanage reverts to Anhalt-Bernberg, 22 Apr. 1812. Anhalt-Bessau, Duchy of, — retained by Johann Georg (of Anhalt) at the division of the territories, 1606 — his son, Johann Kasimir, succeeds, 13 May 16 18 — p'uts himself under the protection of Gustavus Adolphus, 163 1 — ac- quires Worlitz at the death of Georg Aribert, 1643— succeeded by Johann Georg II., his son, 15 Dec. 1660 — Leopold, {der Alte Ees- sauer,) ft. 3 Jul. 1676 — succeeds his father, 17 Aug. 1693 — enters the service of the Emperor Leopold I., 1688 — in the army of Brandenburg, 1693— makes his first campaign on the Rhine, 1699— serves in Italy, at Cassano, Turin, the Adda, &c, [War of the Spanish Succession,] 1705-6 — in the Netherlands, 17 10-2 — in Pome- rania, against Charles XII. ; Field Marshal of Prussia, 17 15 — introduces the right of primo- geniture, 1727 — commands in Silesia, 1742 — gains the battle of Kesseldorff, 15 Dec. 1745 — his son, Leopold Maximilian, h. 25 Sep. 1700 — Field Marshal at the battle of Caaslau, 17 May 1742 — succeeds, 9 Apr. 1747 — suc- ceeded by his son, Leopold Friedrich Franz, 16 Dec. 175 1 — attains his majority, 20 Oct. 1758 — receives a portion of Anhalt-Zerbst, after the death of Friedrich August, 1798 — joins the Confederation of the Rhine, and takes the title of Duke, 18 Apr. 1807 — engages in the War of Liberation, 1813— joins the Ger- manic Confederation, 8 Jun. 18 15 — his grand- son, Leopold Friedrich, succeeds, 9 Aug. 1 8 17 — a new constitution proclaimed, 29 Oct. 1848 — abrogated, 21 Jul. 1851. [Zerbst- Dessau.] Anhalt-Kothen, Duchy of, — allotted to Ludwig, son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 1606 — founds the Order of the Palm, {Fnwht- bringende Palmorden,) 16 17 — made governor of Magdeburg and Halberstadt by Gustavus Adolphus, 1 63 1 — his son, Wilhelm Ludwig, succeeds, 7 Jan. 1650 — ft. without heirs, 13 Apr. 9 o AXHALT-PLESS— ANJOTJ. 1665 — Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Plbtzkau, inherits title and estates by the family pact, 22 Jun. 1665 — his brother, Immanuel, succeeds to the united principality, 7 Nov. 1669 — ft. 8 Nov. 1670 — Immanuel Lebrecht, his son, succeeds at his birth, 20 May 1671 — attains his majority, 22 May 1692 — establishes the right of primo- geniture, 1702— his son, Leopold, succeeds, 30 May 1704 — his brother, August Ludwig, suc- ceeds, 19 Not. 1728 — Kakl Georg Lebrecht, his son, succeeds, 6 Aug. 1755 — succeeded by his son, August Christian Friedrich, 17 Oct. 1789 — receives a portion of Anhalt-Zerbst, 1798 — raised to the dignity of Duke, 1807 — introduces the code, judicial system, &c, of France, 28 Dec. 18 10 — Lubwig, his nephew, succeeds, 5 May 18 12 — attains his majority, 9 Aug. 1 8 17 — Friedrich Ferdinand, of An- halt-Pless, succeeds, 16 Dec. 1818 — embraces Ptomanism, 1824-5 — his brother, Heinrich, succeeds, 23 Aug. 1830 — tf., and the Principal- ity is incorporated with Anhalt-Dessau, 23 Nov. 1847. [Kothen, Zerbst-Dessau.] Anhalt-Pless, Principality of, — Fried- rich Erdmann, (Armand,) son of August Ludwig, (of Anhalt-Ebthen,) 6 Aug. 1755 — his son, Friedrich Ferdinand, succeeds, 12 Dec. 1797 — becomes Prince of Anhalt- Kbthen, 16 Dec. 181 8 — cedes Pless to his brother Heinrich, 18 19. Anhalt-Plbtzkau, Principality of, — al- lotted to August, son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 1606 — his son, Lebrecht, succeeds, 22 Aug. 1653— succeeds to the Principality of Anhalt-Kbthen, 22 Jun. 1665 — tr. 7 Nov. 1669. Anhalt-Zerbst, Principality of, — allotted to PiOdolf, son of Joachim Ernst, (of Anhalt,) 1606 — Johann, his son, succeeds, 20 Aug. 1622 — succeeded by his son, Karl AYilhelm, 14 Jul. 1667 — receives title of Most Serene, from the Emperor Joseph, 1708 — his son, Johann August, succeeds, 13 ]S T ov. 17 18 — succeeded by his son, Christian August, 7 Nov. 1742 — Friedrich August, his son, -suc- ceeds, 16 Mar. 1747 — attains his majority, Jul. I 15 l — o"., and his Principality is divided be- tween Anhalt-Bernberg, Anhalt-Dessau, and Anhalt-Kbthen, 3 Mar. 1793. [Zerbst- Dessau.] Anholt, island in the Cattegat, — occupied by the English, and unsuccessfully attacked by the Danes, 27 Mar. 181 1. Ani, (Anni, Anion, AniJcaga,) in Armenia, — built, before 600— made the residence of the kings of Armenia, before 800 — ceded by Joannes Sembat to Basil II., 1022— surren- dered to Constantino IX. by Gaghik, 1045 — taken and plundered by Alp Arslan, 1064 — de- stroyed by an earthquake, 1 3 1 9. [Armenia.] Anianus, (Annianus,) chronographer, — fl. about 385-410. Anianus, jurisconsult, — as referendarhts to Alaric II. issues the copies of the Lex Romana V\8%gothorum (Breviarium Aniani,) from Adnris, 2 Feb. 506. [Alaricianum Brevia- rium.] Anich, Peter, topographer, — b. at Ober- Perfuss, 22 Feb. 1723 — ft. 1 Sep. 1766. Anicius Probus, consul with Fl. Arcadius, Aug. (1159, a. u. c.) 406. Aniello, Tommaso, (Masaniello,) — ft. at Amalfi, 1622 — Heads the revolt against the Duke d'Arcos, at Naples, 7 Jul. 1647 — nego- tiates a treaty with the Viceroy, for the aboli- tion of the taxes on provisions, &c, 10 Jul. — assassinated, 16 Jul. Aniline, {crystalline, hyanol, benzidam,) dis- covered by Unverdorben, 1 826 — violet, patented by Perkins, 26 Aug. 1856 — red, produced by Ltofmann, 1858 — industrial application of red, 1859. Animal Magnetism. [Mesmerism.] Animuccia, Giovanni, musical composer, — n. at Florence, about 1500 — if. at Rome, 1569,3 157 1, b or 1575.° a Zedler. b Biog. Univ. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. Anisio, Giovanni, {Janus Anysius,) poet, — ■ fj. at Naples, about 1472— )j. about 1540. Protogenos, 1536. Anisson, Jean, printer, &c. — prints Du Cange's Glossarium ad Script, med.et inf. Grce- citatis, at Lyons, 1688 — invited to Paris by Louvois, and made director of the Imprimerie Roy ale, 1690— resigns the office in favour of Claude Eigaud, 1707 — commissioner at London, respecting the Treaty of Commerce between France and England, 17 13 — tf. at Paris, Nov. 1721. Anisson - Duperron, Etienne Alexandre Jacques, printer, — b. at Paris, 1748 — succeeds his father in the direction of the Imprimerie Roy ale, 1788 — retires from the office, after 10 Aug. 1792 — arrested, (Germinal, An II.) Mar. Apr. 1794 — condemned and guillotined, (6 Floreal, An IL) 25 Apr. 1794. Anjar, in Hindustan, — besieged by the Eng- lish, and surrendered to them by Hassan Meya, 16 Jan. 1 81 6 — transferred to the Eajah of Cutch, 1 8 19 — attacked by the insurgents, early in 1825. Anjou, {Pag us Andegavejisis,Adicavensis, or Andensis,Andegavia,) in France; Counts (Con- suls) of Anjou, — [BC] — subjugated by Julius Caesar, 57 — revolt with the Veneti, and are again subdued, 56— join Vercingetorix, and submit again, 52 — [AD] — join the revolt of Julius Sacrovir, which is suppressed by C. Silius, 21 — belongs to the Armorican Confeder- acy, about 300 — "Wallia, King of the Yisigoths, acquires the southern part, 419 — Adovacer, (Odoacer,) a Saxon chief, invited byEgidius to defend it against the Franks [Angers,] 463-4 a — acquired by Clovis, 486 — given to Ingelger, the first Count, (Consul,) by Charles the Paid, 870— succeeded, by his son, Foulques L, (le Roux,) 888 — his son, Foulques IL, (le Ron,) succeeds, 938 — GeoffroiL, (Grisegonelle,) his son, succeeds, 958 — assists Lothaire of France against Otto IL, King of Germany, 97 8- -de- feats and kills the four sons of Conan I. of Bretagne, at Angers, 980 — defeats Guillaume II. of Poitiers, at Les Eoches, 983 — succeeded by his son, Foulques III., (Nerra, le Ierosoly- mitain,) 21 Jul. 987 a — defeats Eudes I. of Blois, at Amboise, about 990 — besieges Mantes, ANJOU. and defeats and kills Conan I. of Bretagne, there, 27 Jun. 992 — visits the Holy Land as a penance for murdering Hugues of Beauvais, between 1000 and 1005 a — defeats EudesII. of Blois in the plain of Pontlevoi, 6 Jul. 1016 — revisits the Holy Land, 1028-9, 1035, and 1040 a — tj. 21 Jun. 1040 — Geoffroi II., (Mar- tel,) b. 14 Oct. 1006 — repels the invasion of Eudes of Poitiers, and kills him, near Mauze, 10 Mar. 1039 — succeeds his father, 1040 — be- sieges Tour, and defeats and captures Thibaut III. of Blois, at St Martin de Bello, 21 Aug. 1044 a — recommences war with him, 1057 — tf. at Angers, hisnepheAvs, Geoffroi IV. (leBarbu) and Foulques IV., (le Rechin,) succeed, 14 Nov. 1060 — defeat Guillaume VIII. of Aqui- taine, at Chef-Boutonne, 20 Mar. 1061 a — feud between the brothers, Foulques makes Geof- froi prisoner by treachery, 5 Apr. 1067 a — Geoffroi released, besieges Brissac, and is again taken prisoner, 1068 — Foulques cedes the Gat- inais to Philippe I. of France, 1069 — in alliance with Hoel of Bretagne, at war with William the Conqueror, 1078 — at war with Guillaume VIII. of Aquitaine, 1079 — ms w ^ e Bertrade carried off by Philippe I. of France, 1092 — releases his brother Geoffroi, who soon after- wards dies, spring 1096 — associates his son, Geoffroi IV., (Martel,) with him in his government, 1098 — deposes him, but is com- pelled to reinstate him, 1 103-4 — assists Henry I. of England against his brother Eobert of Normandy, 1 105-6 — Geoffroi killed by the insurgent barons at the castle of Cande, 18 May 1 106 — Foulques V., (le Jeune,) ft. 1092 — receives the investiture from Philippe I., 26 Sep. 1 106 — succeeds his father, 14 Apr. 1109 — does homage to Henry I. of England for Maine, spring 1 1 1 3 — assists Louis VI. of France against Henry, 1 1 1 8— visits the Holy Land, 26 May 1 1 20 to 4 Sep. 1121 — assists Louis VI. against the Emperor Henry V., in Champagne, Aug. 1 1 24 — and against Guillaume VI. of Au- vergne, 11 26 — Geoffroi V., (le Bel, Plantage- net,)h. 24 Aug. 1 113 — marries Matilda, daughter of Henry I, of England, widow of the Emperor Henry v., (Pentecost,) 22 May 1127a — succeeds his father, who goes to the Holy Land again, and becomes King of Jerusalem, 11 29 — repu- diates Matilda, who retires to Rouen, Jul. 1 1 29 — receives her again, 11 30 — suppresses in- surrection of his brother Helie, after 11 30 — attempts the acquisition of Normandy, Dec. 1 1 35, and Sep. 11 36 — suppresses insurrection of Eobert de Sable, beginning of 11 36, and 1 1 45 — acquires Normandy, Jan. 1144 — finally subjugates it, by the help of Louis VII. of France, 1149 — takes Girard de Bellai prisoner, 1 150 — and is excommunicated; Louis makes war upon him, 1150-1 — gives Girard up to Louis at Paris, end of Aug. 1151 — his son Henry [Henry II. of England] succeeds, 7 Sep. 1 15 1 — succeeded by his son, Richard I., 6 Jul. 1 1 89 — his nephew, Arthur of Bretagne, claims the Countship, 6 Apr. 11 99 — confirmed in possession of it by treaty with his uncle John, 1200— made prisoner by his uncle, and put to death, 3 Apr, 1203 — Philippe II, of France confiscates the lands held by John of his crown, and takes possession of Anjou, 1205 — granted by St Louis to his brother, Charles of Provence, [Charles I. of Naples,] 27 May 1246 — Charles II. of Provence [Charles II. of Naples,'] succeeds his father, 7 Jan. 1285* — cedes the Countship to his son-in-law, Charles III. of Valois, 16 Aug. 1290 — Philippe IV. erects it into a Comte-pairie, Sep. 1297 — . the barons unsuccessfully dispute the imposi- tion of an aid, when Charles is about to give his eldest daughter in marriage, 1301 — Charles if. 16 Nov. 1325 — John, son of Philippe VI. of France, invested, 17 Feb. 1332 a — reunites the domain to the crown, [John II.,] 22 Aug. 1350— grants it in apanage to his son, Louis I. 1356 — erects it into a BxwM-pairie, end of Oct. 1360 — Louis II. (of Naples) succeeds his father, 20 Sep. 1384 — the country ravaged by the English, summer 141 2 — Louis III. (of Naples,) succeeds his father, 29 Apr. 141 7 — battle of Bauge, 142 1 — Rene of Provence suc- ceeds his brother, 15 Nov. 1434 — the country ravaged by the Earl of Somerset, spring 1444 — Henry VI. of England marries Margaret of Anjou, and cedes his claims to the duchy, Nov. 1444 — Louis XL of France seizes the duchy, 1480 — finally united to the Royal Domain, 1484. [Touraine, &c, La Vendee.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Anjou, Francois, (Hercule,) de France, Due d', (Bug d' Alengon, §c.,) Duke of Brabant, &c. — n. i8, a 11 b Mar. 1554 — Due d' Alenqon, 8 Feb. 1566— proposed as a husband for Queen Elizabeth of England, 22 Aug. 1572 — again proposed, spring 1573 — obtains Elizabeth's per- mission to visit England, which is afterwards withdrawn, spring 1573 — sent to the siege of La Rochelle, before Jun. 1573 — takes the lead amongst the Mecontents, (Politiques,) summer 1573 — kept under close surveillance by his mother, [Catharine de' Medici,] on account of the Huguenots' attempt to carry him off from the court at St Germain's, (Mardigras,) 10 Mar. to 5 Sep. 1574 — treacherously betrays the plot against his brother Henry III. Jan. 1575 — escapes from the Court and joins the Confederates, [Religious Wars,] 15 or 16 Sep. 1575 — negotiates a truce with his mother at the castle of Champigni, middle of Nov. 1575 — puts himself at the head of the Hugue- nots, at Moulins, Mar. 1576 — obtains the Peace of Valery, (Paix de Monsieur,) 10 May 1576 — made Due d' Anjou, &c, 1 Oct. 1576 — commands against the Huguenots; takes La Charite sur Loire, Apr. or May 1577 — ■ and Issoire, May or Jun. 1577 — escapes from the Court again, 14 Feb. 1578 — passes to Hainault, and makes a treaty with the con- federates, Aug. 1578 — takes Binche, 6 Sep. 1578 — returns to France, late in 1578 — sends Simier to negotiate a marriage treaty with Elizabeth, 1579 — makes his peace with the Court, May 1579 — visits England in disguise, to prosecute his suit to Elizabeth, Jul. 1579 — accepts offer of the sovereignty of the Nether- lands, at Plessis les Tours, [William of Orange,] Aug. 1580 — signs the treaty, 29 Sep. 1580 — ■ 9 2 ANJOU— ANNAT. promotes the Peace of Fleix, Nov. 1580 — goes to the Netherlands, early in 158 1 — raises the siege of Cambrai, by the Duke of Parma, 18 Aug. 158 1 — visits England again, 1 Nov. 1581 — the affair of the ring, 22 Nov. 15 81 — leaves London, 3 Feb. 1582 — inaugurated Duke of Brabant, at Antwerp, 19 Feb. 1582 — and Count of Flanders, at Ghent, 15 Jul. 1582 — fails in an attempt to seize Antwerp and other places, 17 Jan. 1583 — renounces sovereignty of the Netherlands, 28 Jun. 1583 — rj. at Cha- teau Thierri, 13 Jun. 1584. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Anjou, Kings of England of the Line of. [Plantagenet.] Anjou, Kings of Naples {and Sicily, or the Two Sicilies,) of the Line of, — Charles I., Count of Anjou and Provence, crowned King of Sicily, 6 Jan. 1266 — defeats and kills •Manfred at Benevento, and acquires the sove- reignty, 26 Feb. 1266 — succeeded, in Naples alone, by his son Charles II. (il Zoppo, Brince of Salerno,) 7 Jan. 1285 — his son, Elbert, (il Savio,) succeeds, 5-6 May 1309 —{LINE OF AXJOU AND EUXGARY,) JoannaI. (Giovanna,) [Andrew of Ftungary,] succeeds her father, 19 or 14 Jan. i343 a — Charles III. of Durazzo, (il Piccolo, della Face,) acquires the crown, 16 Jul. 1381 — his son, Ladislas, (Lancelot,) succeeds, 8 Feb. 1387 — his sister, Joanna II. (Giovannetta,) [James of Bourbcn,] succeeds, 6 Aug. 1414 — tS. 2 Feb. 1435. a L^ ee the names °f the sove- reigns, John of Anjou, Louis I., II., and III. of Anjou, and Sene of Anjou.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Anjou, Kings of Spain of the Line of. [Bourbon.]^ Ankarstrom, (Anclcarstrdm,) Johann Jakob, regicide, — ft. 176 1 — resigns his ensigncyin the body-guard of Gustavus IY. of Sweden, 1783 • — returns to Stockholm, and assassinates the King, 15-6 Mar. 1792 — executed, 29 Apr. 1792. Anklam, (Anclam, Tauglin,) in Prussia, — founded, n 88 — fortified by Bazislan III. of Pomerania, 1 1 9 1 — burnt, in various petty wars, 1376, 1474, and 1524 — occupied by the Imperialists, [Thirty Years' War, J 1627 — by Gustavus Adolphus, 163 1 — by the Imperialists, 1637 — by the Imperialists and Georg VTilhelni of Brandenburg, 1639 — given to Friedrich "SVilhelm I. of Brandenburg, 1659 — plundered by him, 1676 — phmdered'by the Eunian troops, 1713 — the Swedes expelled, 1715 — ceded to Friedrich "Wilhelm II. of Prussia, by the peace of Stockholm, 1 Feb. 1720 — entirely dismantled, 1762. Anlaf, (Anclaf Onlaf, the Fane,) King of Ireland, — invades England, and is defeated by Athelstane, at Brunanburgh, 937, a 938. b a Anglo-Sax. Chron. b Florence of Worcester. Anlaf, (Oulaf,) of Ireland, — chosen King of Northumbria, 941 — storms Tamworth ; is de- feated by Edmund at Leicester; and after- wards baptized, 943. a [Northumberland, Kings of] a Anglo-Sax. Chron. Anlaf, (Vnlaf) a Banish chief— ravages the eastern and southern parts of England; but departs on payment of tribute, late in 994.* [Sweyn.] a Anglo-Sax. Chron. Anna Comnena, Byzantine historian, §c. — fc. at Constantinople, 1 Dec. 1083 — married to Nicephorus Bryennius, [the Younger?) after 1096 a — conspires against her brother, John Comnenus, after 15 Aug. n 18 — Nicephorus dies, 1 1 37 — tf. 1 148. [Alexis I.] a Gibhon. Anna Ivanovna, Czarina of Kussia, Duchess of Courland, — f). (8 Feb. 7201, A. M. Byz.) 29 Jan. 1694, 1693 s — married to Frederick William, Duke of Courland, 13 Nov. 17 10 — who dies, 21 Jan. 17 n — chosen to suc- ceed her cousin Peter IL, after 29 Jan. 1730 — makes herself absolute, and remodels the council, 25 Feb. 1730 — signs the Treaty of Biatscha with Persia, 21 Jan. 1732 — interferes in the affairs of Poland, in favour of Frederick Augustus II., Feb. 1733 to Jun. 1734 — sur- renders the Persian possessions of Bussia, and concludes a treaty with the Shah, 1735 — assists the Emperor Charles VI., 1735 — at war with Turkey in the Crimea, [Azov,] 1736 — -joined by the Emperor Charles VI. [Oczakow,] 1737 — [Choczim, Yassi, Feace o/Belgrade,]— concludes peace with Turkey, 18 Sep. 1739— proclaims peace at St Petersburg, 26 Feb. 1740 — rj. 28 Oct. 1740. [ Biren, John Ernst.] a Art de Verifier les Dates, Conv.-Lex., Nouv. Biog. Gen. Annah, (Anah, Anatho,) in Asiatic Turkey, — burnt by the \Vahabites, 1807. Annales Maximi, (Fontificum commentarii?) oi Borne, — [BC] — commenced (mythic,) 713* — the earlier portion of the series destroyed when Borne was burnt by the Gauls, 390 b — continued till the Pontificate of P. Mucius ScEevola, 130 to 120. a Greswell. ^ Niebuhr. Annamaboe, (Annamaboo,) in Gold Coast Colony, — the Fantees and British defeated and the town burnt by the Ashantees, 16 Jun. 1 807. Annan, in Scotland, — Annandale ravaged by Sir Bobert Clifford, end of 1297 — by the Cum- berland borderers, 1379 — Annan destroyed by Lord Y/Tiarton, about 10 Sep. 1547. Annapoiis, (Fort Boyal,) in Nova Scotia, — settled by De Monts, 1604 — reduced by Ar- gall, 1 6 14 — by Alexander and Kirk, 1627 — surrenders to Sir William Phipps, dismantled, 20 May 1690 — successfully defended by Suber- case, 1707 — besieged and taken by General Nicholson, 24 Sep. to 2 Oct. 17 10 — ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, and called Annapolis, 17 13 — unsuccessfully besieged by Quesnel, 1744 — seat of government of the colony removed to Halifax, 1750. [Acadia.] Annapolis, (Brovidence, Severn,) in Mary- land, JJ. S. — made a port-town, 1694 — and the seat of government for the colony, 1699 — the Continental Congress meets here, 1783-4 — committees from five States meet here, and pro- pose a Convention at Philadelphia, Sep. 1786. Annat, (Anats, Canard,) Francois, theo- logian, — fj. at Bodez, or Bovergne, 5 Feb. 1590 — enters the Society of Jesus, 1607 — confessor to Louis XIV., 1654— ft. at Paris, 14 ANNATES— ANNE. 93 Jun. 1670. La Bonne Foi des Jansenistes, 1656 — Collected Latin works, 1666. Annates, {Annates, Brimitice, First-fruits,) — established by the time of Alexander IV., 1260 — extended to all appointments by Clement V. before 13 14— imposed on benefices vacant for three years, by John XXII., 13 16 — ex- tended to all benefices by Boniface IX., 1392 or 1399 — complained of at Council of Pisa, 1409* — branded as a corruptela simoniaca by Council of Basel, (Sess. XXI.) 9 Jun. 1435 a —doubled by Alexander VI., about 1500 — apparently prohibited by Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV. Decree on Eeformation, c. 14), 11 Nov. 1563. In England, claimed, before 1087 — first levied in the reign of John, about 1213— levied by Pope Nicholas V., 1292 — by Clement V., 1305-6 — by John XXII., 1316 — conditionally abolished by Act of Parliament and Letters Patent, 1522-3 — made payable to the King instead of the Pope, by Acts, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 3, &c, 1533-4, &c. [First- fruits, Queen Anne's Bounty, Tenths.] In France, prohibited by ordinances of Charles VI., 1385, 1406, i4i8 b — protested against at Council of Constance, 1417 s — prohibited by ordinance of Charles VII., 1432 b — by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438 b — by ordinance of Louis XL, 1463-4*- — by the Etats Generaux at Tours, 1493 — revived, 155 1 — prohibited by Charles IX., 156 i b — finally abolished, 11 Aug. and 21 Sep. 1789. In Germany, complained of, but confirmed, at Council of Constance (Sess. XLIII.), 21 Mar. 1418* — remitted by Eugenius IV., before 1447 a — reimposed by the Concordat of Vienna, 1448 a — ostensibly devoted to the maintenance of the war against the Turks, after 1452 — complained of amongst the Centum Gra- vamina, 1522-3 — confirmed by the Concordat with Bavaria, 5 Jun. 1817.* In Naples, re- mitted by Concordat, 16 Feb. 181 8. In Ireland, applied to the augmentation of small benefices, under the management of a Board of First-fruits, [Swift, Jonathan,] by Act, 2 Geo. I, c. 15, 17 14-5 — abolished, by Act, 3 and 4 TVm. IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. a Ersch and Gruber. b Encyc. Moderne. Anne {Jeanne) of Savoy, Byzantine Em- press, — ft. (daughter of Amadeus V. of Savoy) 1320 — married to Andronicus III. ; arrives at Constantinople, Feb. 1326^ — Regent during the minority of Joannes VI., 15 Jun. 1341 — rebellion of Cantacuzenus, [Joannes V.] Oct. 1341— civil war, 1342-4 — is. about i355, b after I 35 I » C I359, d I345- 6 a Gibbon. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. e Art de Verifier les Dates, Guichenon, Moreri. Anne, Queen of England. [Boleyn, Hyde, Nevil.] Anne of Bohemia, {of Luxemburg,) Queen of England, (daughter of the Emperor Charles IV.) — married to Richard II. of England, 14 Jan. 1382— U. at Sheen, 7 Jun. J 394- Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, — ft. (daughter of John the Peaceable, Duke of Cleves, &c.) 22 Sep. 15 15 — married to Henry VIII. of England, 6 Jan. 1540 — divorced, 12-24 Jul- I 54° — &• a ^ Chelsea, 16 Jul. 1557. Anne of Denmark, Queen of England, &c. (daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark) — • married to James VI. of Scotland, Jan. 1589 — ■ crowned at Holyrood, beginning of May 1589 — crowned at Westminster, 25 Jul. 1603 — tf. 2 Mar. 16 19. [James I.] Anne {Marie Maurieie,) d'Autriche, Queen of France, — ft. at Madrid, (daughter of Philip III. of Spain,) 22 Sep. i6oi, a i6o2, b — ■ demanded in marriage for the son of the Emperor of Abyssinia, 1604 — married to Louis XIII. of France, by proxy at Burgos, 1 8 Oct. 1 6 15 — at Bordeaux, 25 Oct. c 25 Nov. a 25 Dec. b 1 6 15 — after the death of Louis made Regent by the Farlemcnt [Conde, La Fronde, Ma- zarin, Retz, Richelieu, &c], 18 May 1643— Louis XFV. assumes the government, 7 Sep. 1651° — tr. 20 Jan. 1666. [Buckingham.] a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Anne de Beaujeu, {de France,) Regent of France, — ft. (daughter of Louis XL) about 1462 — married to Pierre II. de Beaujeu, Duke of Bourbon, 1474 — Regent, with the Duke of Orleans [Louis XII.], after the death of her father, 30 Aug. 1483 — Charles VIII. declared of age at the Etats Generaux at Tours, spring 1484 — Anne declares the Duke of Orleans a rebel, and frustrates his plans in the south of France, [La Guerre Folle,] enters Bordeaux, 7 Mar. 14873 — the Duke defeated and made prisoner at St Aubin du Cormier, 28 Jul. 1488 — Charles assumes the government, and re- leases the Duke of Orleans, 149 1 — tf. 14 Nov, 1522. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. Anne de Bretagne, Queen of France, — ft. at Nantes, 26 Jan. 1476 — sole heiress of Bretagne, at the death of her father Francis II., 9 Sep. 1488 — married by proxy to Maxi- milian of Austria, 1489^ beginning of 1490 b — marriage annulled, married to Charles VIII. of France, at Langeais, 6 Dec. 149 1 — Regent during Charles's expedition into Italy, 1494-5 — after the death of Charles marries Louis XII. at Nantes, 8 Jan. 1499 a — tr. at Blois, 9 Jan. 15 14. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Coxe. Anne {Agnes, Gertrude, Adelaide) of Rus- sia, Queen of France, (daughter of Jaroslav I. of Russia) — married to Henry I. of France, io5i, a 1044 or io36 b — after Henry's death married to Raoul III., Count of Valois, 1062 — wrongly said to have been repudiated, 1066 b — tr. at La Ferte Allais ? after 1075.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Other authorities. Anne, Empress of the Romans, {Queen of Bohemia,) — ft. (daughter of Ladislas VI. of Hungary) 1503 — crowned at Prague with her brother, Louis II. of Hungary, 11 Mar. 1509 — married to Ferdinand I. of Austria, 5 May 152 1 — &. 27 Jan. 1547. Anne, {Stuart,) Queen of Great Britain, —ft. (daughter of James II.) at Twickenham, 6 Feb. 1664 — married to Prince George of Denmark, (7 Aug. n. s.) 28 Jul. 1683 — birth of the Duke of Gloucester, 24 Jul. 1689 — deserts the cause of her father, 26 Nov. 1688 — the 94 ANNE— ANNUEL. crown of Great Britain settled on lier, after William III., by Bill of Rights, 16 Dec. 1689— reconciled to her father, 1691 — retires from court, Jan. 1692 — taken into favour again by "William III., 5 Mar. 1695— Duke of Gloucester dies, 30 Jul. 1700 — succession determined by the Act of Settlement, 12 Mar. 1701 — succeeds William III., 8 Mar. 1702 — crowned, (15 May n. s.) 4 May 1702— visits Oxford, on her way to Bath, 26 Aug. 1702 — attends the public Thanksgiving on account oi tbe war, at St Paul's, 12 Nov. 1702 — visits Cambridge, 10 Apr. 1705 — attends St Paul's at the Thanksgiving on account of the Union with Scotland, 1 May 1707— Prince George dies at Kensington, (8 Nov. n. s.) 28 Oct. 1708 — the Queen requested by addresses from both Houses of Parliament to marry again, 28 Jan. 1709 — the Duchess of Marlborough sup- planted by Mrs Masham, 19 Jan. 17 11 — the Queen's letter to the Abp of Canterbury on the state of religion, 20 Aug. 17 n — attacked by the gout, Jan. 17 12, Dec. 17 13 — attacked by apoplexy, 30 Jul. 17 14 — tf. at Kensington, (12 Aug. n. s.) 1 Aug. 17 14. [War of the Spanish Succession, Grand Alliance of the Hague, Treaty of Utrecht, &c] Anne Marie, Queen of Spain, — fj. (daugh- ter of the Emperor Maximilian II.) 8 Jul. 1546 — affianced? to Don Carlos, Infante of Spain, 1565 — married to Philip II. of Spain, 12 Nov. 1570 — tf. 26 Oct. 1580. Anne, St, Order of, — instituted in Schles- wig Holstein by Charles VI. of Eussia, 1738 — transferred to Eussia by Peter III., 1762. Annebaut, {Annebaud,) Claude, Mare- chal d', — at the siege of Mezieres,i52i — taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 — commands in Piedmont, 1536 — Marechal, 1537 — Admiral of France, 1543 — sent to invade England, engages the English fleet indecisively off the Isle of Wight, 6 Jul. 1545 — negotiates the peace of Ardres, early in 1546— removed from office after the death of Francis I., 31 Mar. 1547 — lj. at La Fere, 2 Nov. 1552. Annecy, in Savoy, — plundered by the Due de Vendome, autumn 1703. Anneessens, Franz, manufacturer at Brus- sels, — b. about 1650 — persecuted for his politi- cal opinions under the government of Max- imilian Emmanuel of Bavaria, about 1700 — ■ refuses obedience to the regulation of 12 Aug. 1700, with the other representatives of the trade-guilds, 17 17 — accused of treason, with three others, by the minister of Prince Eugene of Savoy, and beheaded, 19 Sep. 17 19. Anneso, Gennaro, — chosen leader by the people at Naples, [Aniello,] after the assassin- ation of the Prince of Massa, 22 Oct. 1647 — procures the invitation of Henry Duke of Guise to take charge of the military affairs of the re- public, 15 Nov. 1647 — deprived of his author- ity by Guise, beginning of Jan. 1648 — ne- gotiates with the Spaniards, the Count of Ofiate sent as Viceroy to Naples, 1 Mar. 1648— Don John of Austria admitted, and the re- bellion suppressed, 6 Apr. 1648— Anneso be- headed by order of the Count of Onate, 1648. Annexation, Act of, — annexing to the crown the unalienated Church-lands, passed by the Parliament of Scotland, Jul. 1587. Annianus, — Consul with C. Ceionius Eufus Volusianus, (1067, a. tj. c.) 314. Annikeris, Cyrenaic philosopher, — [BC] — ft. about 330. Annius, {Nannius, Giovanni Nanni,) of Viterbo, oriental and classical scholar, ^c. — fo. at Viterbo, about 1432 — appointed 'Master of the Palace by Pope Alexander VI., 1499 — rj. (poisoned?) 13 Nov. 1502. Tractatus de Im- perio Turcarum, 147 1 — Antiquitates Varied, 1498. Anno, (JTanno,) St, Abp of Cologne, — ft. after 1000 — appointed successor to Herman, Abp of Cologne, by the Emperor Henry III., and consecrated there, 3 Mar. 1056 — carries off the young Emperor, Henry IV., by stratagem, and makes himself Eegent of the Empire, {Easter,) beginning of Apr. 1062 — holds the Council of Osbor against the Anti-pope, Hono- rius II., and is supplanted by Adalbret, Abp of Bremen, Oct. 1062 — engaged in contests wdth the merchants of Cologne, 1063 — convokes the Diet of Tribur, and is reinstated in the government, beginning of 1066 — sent to Borne, to terminate the schism, [Council of Mantua,] 1067 — dismissed by the Emperor, 1069 — re- called after Adalbret's death, 1072 — retires from the court, 1073 — sent by the Emperor to treat with the rebels of Saxony and Thuringia, 1073 and 1074 — involved in fresh contests with the merchants of Cologne, 1074 — ft. at Siegberg, 4 Dec. 1075. Anno Bom, {Annabon,) in the Gulf of Guinea, — discovered by the Portuguese, 1 Jan. 1473, 1526 — ceded to Spain, but not taken possession of, 1778. Annonae Praefectus, at Rome, — [BC] — a magistrate, first appointed to superintend the corn-market (315, a. it. c.) 439 — [AD] — Augustus first appoints an officer with this title, 13. [Corn Laws, at Home.] AJniQne,{Annonj,) Johann Jakob, antiquary, naturalist, §c. — fj. at Basel, 12 Jul. 1728 — Prof, of Eloquence there, 1766 — of Juris- prudence, 1779 — fr- l % Sep. 1804. Annual Register, — commenced by Dodsley, for the year 1758, Jun. 1759. American, commenced, 1825 — discontinued, 1833. Edin- burgh, commenced, 1808 — discontinued, 1825. New, commenced, 17 81 — discontinued, 1825. Historical Register, commenced, 17 16 — discon- tinued, 1738. Annuaire Historique, com- menced, 1 81 8. Annuel, of Norway, — Alexander III. of Scotland agrees to the payment of 100 marks yearly to Norway for ever, as a quit-rent for the sovereignty of the islands of Scotland, 1266 — dispute concerning arrears, &c, referred to the arbitration of Charles VII. of France, 1456 ; who recommends the adjustment of it by the marriage of the Scottish heir-apparent with Margaret of Norway, 1460 — James III. mar- ries the ' maiden of Norway,' the Annuel and ANNUITIES— ANSEGISTTS. 95 its arrears finally renounced, summer 1469. Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, {Annun- ciatio Dominica, or Beatce Virginis Marice, Festivitas Dominica Matris, Fxp>ectatio Puer- $>erii Dciparce,Oleries, Conceptio Christi,Fvange- lismus, Salutatio, Bascarach,) — already ob- served on Mar. 25, 629 — transferred to Dec. 18, by the Xlth Council of Toulouse, end of 656 — observance of Mar. 25 established, before 691. Annunciation, {Annonciation, the Ten Joys of Our Lady,) religious Order of the, — insti- tuted at Bourges, by Jeanne de Valois, 1500 — confirmed by Pope Alexander VI., 1501 — by Leo X., 1517. Annunciation, (Annunciada, Annuntiata,) religious Order of the, — instituted at Genoa, by Maria Victoria Fornari, 1604. Order of Knighthood, instituted by Amadeus VI. of Savoy, 1362 a — reformed by Amadeus VIII., 7 Nov. i434 a — its title changed by Charles III. of Savoy, 15 18. [Servites.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Annunciation, {Annunciada,) Society of the, ■ — founded at Rome by Cardinal John Turre- cremata, 1460. Anomosans, (Aetians,) sect of Arians, — re- ject the Homoiousian doctrine at Ilnd Council of Sirmium, 357 — their doctrine rejected at Council of Ancyra, 358 — and by Council of Seleucia, 27 Sep. 359 — confirmed by Council of Constantinople, beginning of 360. [Aetius, Arians, Eunomius, Semiarians, &c] Anquetil, (Duperron,) Louis Pierre, histo- rian, — ft. at Paris, 21 Feb. 1723 — Prior of La Roe, 1757 — Director of Coll. of Senlis, 1758 — ft. at Paris, 6 Sep. 1808. I? Esprit de la Li g ice, 1767 — Precis de VJListoire Univer- selle, 1797 — IListoire de France, 1804-5. Anquetil Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, orientalist, — ft. at Paris, 7 Dec. 17 31 — enlists as a private soldier, arrives in India, 7 Nov. 1754 — returns, 1762 — If. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1805. Zend-Avesta, 177 1 — Richer ches FListoriques et Geographiques sur VLnde, 1786. Ansaldi, Casto Innocenzio, theologian, anti- quary,— -ft. at Placentia,i7 10 — ft. at Turin, 1779. Patria rch a Joseph i Re ligio v in dicatim, 1738 — De Principiorum Legis Naturalis Traditione, 1742 — DeBaptismate in Spiritu Sancto, $c, 1752 • — De Sacro et Publico apud Fthnicos Pictarum Tabularum Cultu, 1752 — Rijiezzioni sopra i Mezzi di Perfezionare la Filosqfa Morale, 1778. Ansaldi, Innocenzio, painter, — ft. at Pescia, 1734— tr. at Florence, 1816. Ansaldo, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Voltri, 1584—0". at Genoa, 1638. Last Supper, in the Oratorio of Sant' Antonio Abate, Genoa, 1629. Ansars, {Ansarians, Ansayrii, Nassaris, §c). [Assassins, Ismaelians, Karmathians.] Ansbach, {Anspach, Onolzbach, Onoldum,) Marquisate or, — constitutes the Lower Bur- graviate of Niirnberg, and is allotted to Fred- erick I. of Brandenburg, at the death of his father, Frederick V., Jan. 1397 a — Frederick unites the Upper Burgraviate {Principality of Culmbach a^c? Baireuth) with it at the death of his brother, John III., n Jun. 1420 a — allotted by Albert III. of Brandenburg to his second s.on, Frederick, 1473 a — Baireuth reunited with it, at the death of his brother Sigismund, 1495 b — allotted to George the Pious, son of Frederick, I5i5 b — Baireuth reunited at the death of his brother Casimir, 1527 b — joins the Reforma- tion, 1528 — allotted to George Frederick, son of George the Pious, 1543 b — Baireuth re- united at the death of his brother Albert Alci- biades, 1557 b — monastery of Ansbach secu- larized, 1563 — both principalities revert to Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg, 1603 — who grants Ansbach to his son Ernest, between 1603 and 1608 — Frederick succeeds his father, 1625 b — his son Albert succeeds, and reunites Baireuth, after 27 Aug. 1634 b — his son John- Frederick, 1667 b — Christian A lbret, his son, 1686 — his brother, George Frederick, 1692 — his brother, William Frederick, 1703 — Charles William Frederick, his son, 1723 — Christian Frederick Charles Alexander, his son, 3 Aug. 1757 — reunites Baireuth, 1769 — sells his principality to Frederick William II. of Prussia, [Harden- berg,] 2 Dec. 17 91 — the neutrality of the territory violated by Bernadotte, by order of Napoleon I., 5 Oct. 1805 — ceded by Frederick William III. to Maximilian Joseph II. of Bavaria, by convention with Napoleon at Vienna, [Berg-,] 15 Dec. 1805 — Bernadotte takes possession of, for Bavaria, 24-26 Feb. 1 806 — army of the Duke of Auerstadt quarter- ed there, Apr. 1809— confirmed to Bavaria by Congress of Vienna, 11 Mar. 18 15. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ansbach, {Anspach,) Elizabeth Berkeley, Margravine op, {Lady Craven,) - — ft. at Lon- don, Dec. 1750 — married to William, Lord Craven, 1767 — separated from him, 17 81 — travels in Russia, Turkey, &c, 1787— her hus- band dies, 1 79 1 — married to Christian Frede- rick, Margrave of Ansbach, 1791 — created Princess Von Berkeley, by Emperor Francis II., 1793 — the Margrave dies, 1806 — enter- tains Caroline, Queen of England, 1821 — tf. at Naples, 13 Jan. 1828. Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople, 1789 — Memoirs of the Margravine of Ansbach, 1825. Anscharius, {Anscar, Ansgar,) St, the Monk of Corbie, ' Apostle of the North,' — ft. in Picardy, 8 Sep. 801 — enters Benedictine Order, about 8 1 3 — goes into Jutland in company with Autbert, 826— enters Sweden, autumn 829 — arrives at Birca, {Biorl;) 830 — returns to Cor- bie, 831 — Abp of Hamburg and Legate in the North, 832 — driven out by the Normans, 845 — Bp of Bremen, 849 or 854 — founds the first church in Denmark, at Hadebye, {Slesivicl;) 850 — revisits Sweden, 853 — baptizes Erik II. of Denmark, 858 — &. at Bremen, 3 Feb. 865. [Ebbo.] Ansegisus, St, Abbot oe St Vandrille, canonist, — made Abbot of St Flais {St Germer) by Charlemagne, 807 — collects the Capitularies 9 6 ANSELM— ANTES. of Charlemagne and Louis le Debonnaire, 827 — If. at Fontenelle {St Vandrille,) 20 Jul. 833. Anselm of Laon, (Laudunensis, Scholasticus,) theologian, — ft. at Laon, about 1030 — teaches at Paris in company with Manegold, 1076 — teaches at Laon, Dean of the Cathedral there, about 1 103 — If. 15 Jul. 1 1 17. Anselm, St, Abp op Canterbury, theolo- gian, §c. — ft. at Aosta, 1033 — enters the Abbey of Bee, 1060 — Prior there, 1063 — Abbot, 1078 — chosen Abp of Canterbury, (2 JNTon. Mar.) 6 Mar. 1093 — arrives in England, (7 Kal. Oct.) 25 Sep. 1093 — consecrated (2Non. Dec.) 4Dec. 1093 — supports the cause of Urban II. and is accused of treason and fined by William II., 1094-5 — receives his pall from Urban, {Pente- cost,) 13 May 1095— permitted to leave Eng- land, Oct. 1097 — arrives at Borne, beginning of Apr. 1098— present at the Council of Bari, Oct. 1098 — returns to France, 1099 — returns to England on invitation of Henry I., 23 Sep. 1 100 — holds the Council of Lambeth, 1100 — holds a Synod at Westminster, {Council of London,] Sep. 1102, Sep. no3 a — leaves Eng- land, 27 Apr. 1 103 — visits Eome again, end of autumn, uo3 a — visited by Henry I. at the Castle de l'Aigle, 22 Jul. 1105 — at Bee, 15 Aug. 1 1 06 — returns to England, 15 Aug. 1106 — holds Councils of London, Aug. 1107, and May 1 1 08 — if. at Canterbury, (11 Kal. May,) 21 Apr. 1 1 09. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Anselme de Sainte Marie, (of Paris, Pierre de Guibours,) genealogist, — ft. at Paris, 1625 — if. 1694. Le Palais de V Honneur, 1663-8 — Le Palais de la Gloire, 1664 — Histoire Genea- logique de la liaison de France, $c, 1694. Ansiany, Jean Joseph Eleonor Antoine, painter, — ft. at Liege, 1764. Ansibarii, [Ampsivarii, Attuarii? Ansu- arii?) of Germany, — their chief, Boiscalus, faithful to Eome, n — expelled from their country by the Chauci, refused a refuge in Frisia by Avitus, and almost exterminated by various Germanic tribes, 59 a — mentioned along with the Franks, about 363^ a smith's Diet. Anslo, Eeinier Van, poet, — ft. at Amster- dam, i622, a 1626 b — goes to Italy, 1649 — if, at Perugia, 16 May 1669. Poems, 17 13. a Biog. Mus. b Other authorities. Anson, George, Lord, circumnavigator, — ft. at Shuckborough, 23 Apr. 1697 — 2nd Lieut, of H. M. S. Hampshire, 17 16 — serves under Ad- miral Byng, 17 17-8 — commands H. M. sloop Weasel, 1722 — Post-captain, commands H. M. S. Scarborough, 1724 — visits S. Carolina, erects town of 'Anson,' 1733 — sa ^ s fr° m St Hel- en's, in command of the squadron sent against Peru, 18 Sep. 1740 — remains at Juan Fernan- dez, 10 Jun. to 19 Sep. 1 741 — captures and burns Paita, 13-16 Nov. 1741 — cruises off Aca- pulco, Jan. to Mar. 1742 — loses the Gloucester, 16 Aug. 1742 — reaches Macao from Tinian, 12 Nov. 1742 — begins his cruise again, begin- ning of Apr. 1743 — captures the Manilla galleon, 20 Jun. 1743 — leaves China, Jul. 1743 — arrives at Spithead, 15 Jun. 1744 — Bear- Admiral of the Blue, Jun. 1744— commission- er of the Admiralty, 1744 — Bear-Admiral of the White, 1745 — Vice-Admiral of the Blue, 1746 — commands the Channel fleet, winter 1746-7 — defeats De la Jonquiere off Cape Finisterre, 8 May 1747 — Lord Anson, Baron of Soberton, Jun. 1747 — Admiral of the Blue, 1748 — Vice-Admiral of Great Britain, Jul. 1749 — first commissioner of the Admiralty, 1 75 1 -6 — reinstated at the head of the Admiral- ty, Jun. 1757 — commands at the descent on Cherbourg, 8 Aug. 1758 — Admiral of the fleet, 1761 — if. at Moor Park, 6 Jun. 1762. Voyage round the World, 1746. Anspach. [Ansbach.] Anstett, (A.nstetten,) Jean Protasius d', diplomatist, — ft. at Strasburg, about 1760 — ■ emigrates from France, and goes to Eussia, 1789 — ambassador from the Emperor Paul to Frederick William II. of Prussia, 1794 — after- wards Charge d' Affaires at Vienna, to 181 1 — ■ under Prince KutusofF, 18 12 — accompanies the Emperor Alexander in the campaigns of 1813-4 — negotiates the Convention of Kalisch, 25 Mar. 181 3 — represents Eussia at the Congress of Prague, 27 Jul. to 10 Aug. 181 3 — and at the conferences respecting the re-cession of the. territory of Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18 14 — ambassador from Eussia to the Germanic Con- federation, 1 8 15 — if. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 14 May 1835. Anstey, Christopher, poet, — ft. 31 Oct. 1724 — if. at Bath, 1805. New Bath Guide, 1766. Antagoras, of Rhodes, epic poet, — [B C] — ft. about 270-69. . Antalkidas, of Sparta, — [B C] — sent as envoy to Tiribazus, satrap of Ionia, 392, a 393 b — ap- pointedNavarchin Asia, 388 — accompanies Tiri- bazus to Susa, 387^ 388 b — returns to the coast of Asia, spring 387 — harasses the commerce of Athens, 387 — sent again to Persia, sues with- out success for another intervention, 371-69? — Ephor, and shares the panic at Sparta on the invasion of Epaminondas, 369 — Peace [Con- vention) of, negotiated by Antalkidas with Ar- taxerxes II. (Mncmon) of Persia, spring, 1 autumn, 387 — accepted by deputies from the Grecian States at a Congress at Sparta, (01. 98, 2,) autumn 387. a Grote. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Antandros, in Troas, — [BC] — taken by the Persians, about 500 — betrayed to the Persians, but recovered by Athens, 424 — acquired by the Persians again, 411. Antar, (Antara el Fewures,) mythic hero of Arabia, — ft. about 500 or 550. [Asmae.] Antarctic Expedition, under Sir James Poss, — sails, 1839 — returns, 1841. Antelmi, Joseph, ecclesiastical historian, — ft. at Frejus, 25 Jul. 164& — if. 21 Jun. 1697. Le Initiis Fcclesice Forojuliensis, 1680. Antequera, (Anticaria, Antikeyrah,) in Spain, — recovered from the Moors by the Ee- gent Fernando, end of Sep. 141 o. Antes, (Antes,) — occupy Moldavia and Wal- lachia, and commence their irruptions into the Eastern Empire, 527 — defeated by Germanus, in Thrace, 528 — defeat and kill Chilbudius, 533 — harass the Danubian frontier continually, ANTHEAS— ANTI-FEDEB ALI STS. 97 534-6 — under Martinus and Valerianus rein- force Belisarius against Vitiges, in Eome, 538 — Justinian vainly proposes to make peace with them, 546 — serve under Wsehrd and Drobohost against Persia, 554-5 — join the Bulgarians in invading the Empire, 559. [Avars, Sclavonians, Wends.] Antheas, poet, — [B C] — fl. at Lindus, ahout 59 6 - Anthemius, — (1) Consul with Stilicho II., (1158, a. u. c.) 405. (2) Co^sM^with Floren- tinus, (Florentius,) (1268,) 515. Anthemius, Flavius Procopius, Emperor of the West, — Consul with Valentinian, 455 — appointed by the Emperor Leo, and inaugurated at Eome, 12 Apr. 467 — Consul II., 468 — put to death by Eicimer, n Jul. 472, a 473. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Anthemius, of Tralles, mathematician, archi- tect, §c, — rebuilds the church of St Sophia at Constantinople, 532— tf. there, 534. Anthems. [Antiphonaries.] Anthoine, Antoine Ignace, economist, — ft. at Embrun, 21 Sep. 1749 — Baron de St Joseph, 1786 — Jj. at Marseilles, 22 Jul. 1826. Essai Historique sur la Commerce et la Navigation de la Mer Noire, 1805. Anthologia Grseca. [Agathias Scholas- tics, Diogenianus, Meleagros, Philippus of Thessalonica, Planudes, &c.] Anthony. [Antonius.] Anthony, Francis, alchemist and quaclc- docior, — b. at London, 1550 — graduates at Cambridge, 1574 — imprisoned for practising without a licence, . 1600 — tf. at London, 26 May 1623.. Apology concerning a medicine called A urum Potabile, 1 6 1 6 . Anthony, St, Order of Knighthood of, — (1) In Ethiopia, founded by the Emperor John, 370. (2) In Hainault, instituted by Albert of Bavaria, 1382. Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphizes. [Audaeans, Monophysites, Theophilus.] Antias, Q. Valerius, historian, — [BC] — fl. between 133 and 88. a a Clinton. Antibes, (Antipolis,) in France, — [BC] — founded by a colony from Massilia, about 340 — [AD] — destroyed by the Saracens, about 895 — frequently attacked by Moors of Africa and Spain, till after 1250 — restored by Francis I. after 1536 — incorporated with Provence by Henry IV., 1608 — bombarded by Victor Ama- deus, of Savoy, and Prince Eugene, Jul. 1707 — defended by the Comte de Sade against General Brown, Dec. 1746 to Feb. 1747 — shuts its gates against Napoleon, 1 Mar. 18 15 — blockaded by the Austrians, 30 Aug. to 14 Sep. 1815. Anticles, (Antilles) — [B C] — archon at Athens, (01. 113, 4) 325. Anti-Corn-Law League, — an association against the Corn Laws formed in London, end of 1836 — the Anti-Corn-Law Association formed at Manchester, 24 Sep. 1838. 183*9 — The agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws commenced at Manchester, 10 Jan. — meeting of Delegates in London, 4 Feb. — and in Manchester, 7 Mar. — the League established, 20 Mar. — The Anti-Bread- Tax Circular commenced, Apr. 1 840 — Free-Trade banquets at Manchester, 13 and 14 Jan. — meetings in the provinces to organize local associations, and attended by deputies from the League, commenced, spring — Free-Trade tea-meeting for ladies at Man- chester, 29 Oct. 1 841 — Demonstration of the Working Classes at Manchester, 2 Jun. — conference of ministers of religion at Manchester, 17 Aug. — increased activity of agitation by meetings, petitions, &c, Sep. — meeting of Delegates at Manchester, 17 Nov. — conference of Welsh ministers of religion at Caernarvon, 30 Nov. 1842 — Conference of ministers of religion at Edinburgh, 1 1 Jan. — Free-Trade Bazaar at Manchester, 31 Jan. to 10 Feb. — Anti-Corn- Law Conference meets at the Crown and Anchor, London, 8 Feb. to 1 Aug. — attempt of the deputies to occupy the lobby of the House of Commons, 9 Feb. — the conference meets in Palace Yard, 4 Jul. — deputation to Sir Eobert. Peel, 9 Jul. — the £50,000 fund commenced after the Turn-outs, 20 Oct. — National co- operation invited, 10 Nov. 1843 — The Free-Trade Hall at Manchester opened, 30 Jan. — last meeting at the Crown and Anchor, London, 1 Mar. — meetings at Drury Lane Theatre, and elsewhere, 15 Mar. to 29 May — meetings in Covent Garden The-, atre commenced, the £100,000 fund proposed, 28 Sep. — The League newspaper commenced, 30 Sep. — the 'Times' designates the League 1 a great fact,' 18 Nov. 1 844 — Last meeting in Covent Garden The- atre, the Eegistration movement proposed, 3 Jul. — meetings recommenced at Manchester, 24 Oct.— at Covent Garden Theatre, Freehold movement proposed, 12 Dec. 1845 — Bazaar in Covent Garden Theatre, 8 to 29 May — meeting with the Livery of London, at Guildhall, 15 Dec. — the quarter of a million fund proposed at a meeting at Man- chester, 23 Dec. Corn Laws repealed, 26 Jan. 1846 — the League conditionally dissolved, 2 Jul. 1846 — meeting at Manchester for the reconstruction of the League, on the appointment of the Derby ministry, 2 Mar. 1852 — Free-Trade Banquet at Manchester, 2 Nov. 1852. Anticyra, (Antikirrha,AntiJcura,) mPJwcis, — [BC] — taken by Philip II. of Macedonia, [Sacred War,] 338 — and by Lsevinus and the iEtolians, spring 210 — by Flamininus, 198. Antidicomarianites, sectarians in Arabia, — declared heretical by Epiphanius, 367. a a Gieseler. Antidotos, — [BC]— archon at Athens, (01. 82, 2) 451. Antietam, (Sh&r-pslouYg,) in Maryland, 17. S.„ — indecisive battle of, between the Federals under Gen. McClellan, and the Confederates under Gen. Lee, 17 Sep. 1862 — national. ce- metery on battle-field dedicated, 17 Sep. 1867. Anti-Federalists. [Democrats, Federal- ists.] 7 9 S ANTIGENES— ANTIOCH. Antigenes, military commander, — [B C] — loses an eye at the siege of Perinthus, 340 — banished from court by Alexander, but soon restored, 324 — obtains the satrapy of Susiana, 323 — kills Perdiccas in the mutiny on the Nile, 320— joins Eumenes with the Argyraspides in his contest with Antigonus, 318 — taken by Antigonus, and burnt alive, 316. Antigenes, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 93, 2) 407. Antigonus, of Carystus,miscellaneous writer, — [BCJ— fl. about 225,* 285-47^ a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Antigonus, {Cyclops,) King of Asia, — [BC]— b. about 382 — made satrap of Phrygia by Alexander the Great, 334 — acquires Lycia and Pamphylia also, 323 — to frustrate the plans of Perdiccas takes refuge with Antipater, and is restored to his government, 321 — makes war upon Eumenes, 319,* 320 b — and blockades him in Nora, about midsummer 319 to spring 318,° 32o-i9 b — again at war with Eumenes in Asia Minor and Syria, 318 to winter 3i7-6, ac 319-8 b — second campaign in Upper Asia, Antigonus defeated at the Pasitigris, and in Persis, autumn and winter 316-5,° 3i7~6 b — defeats Eumenes in Gabiene and puts him to death, early in 315,° 3i6 b — assumes the Re- gency, 315 b — at war with the confederates, Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysima- chus, 315 to 311 a — declares himself in favour of Alexander JEgus and Eoxana, 31 1 — Ptolemy makes war upon him, 310 — founds Antigoneia on the Orontes, 307 — assumes the title of King, 306 — invades Egypt unsuccessfully, [Demetrius Poliorketes,] 306-5 — at war with Lysimachus and Cassander, latter part of 302 — defeated and slain at Ipsus, about Aug. 301. a Smith's Diet. b Thirlwall. c Clinton. Antigonus, King of Judea and High- pkiest of the Jews, — [B C] — ft. about 80 — taken by Pompey at the capture of Jerusalem, 63 — escapes with his father, Aristobulus II., 57, a end of 56 b — protected by Ptolemy of Chalcis, after his father's death, 48 — endeavours to interest Julius Caesar in his cause, [Anti- pater,] 47 — assisted by Pacorus of Parthia to obtain the kingdom of Judaea, [Herod,] (714, a u. c.) 4o, c 37 d — Jerusalem taken by Herod and Sosius, Dec. 38,° 37 ab — Anti- gonus put to death at Antioch by Antony, 37, 34- d a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Clinton, Fischer. d Jahn, and others. Antigonus Doson, (Epitropus,) King of Macedonia, — [B C] — fj. 262 — guardian to Philip V., usurps the throne, 229 — in alliance with the Achaean League advances into Pelo- ponnesus against Cleomenes of Sparta, 223 — defeats Cleomenes at Sellasia, and takes Sparta, 222, a 22 1 b — defeats the Illyrians in Macedo- nia; and fr. about Feb. 22o, a 221.* a Clinton. b Thirlwall. Antigonus Gonatas, King of Macedonia, — [BC] — b. 3i8 a — remains in Peloponnesus, when Pyrrhus repels his father Demetrius, 287 — assumes the title of King of Macedonia at his father's death, 283 — obtains possession of his kingdom, Sep. 277, a 278 b — deprived of almost all Macedonia by Pyrrhus, 273 — re- covers his dominions, late in 272 b — driven out again by Alexander II. of Epirus, about 270 ? about 267 b — begins to besiege Athens, 268, b before 27 1 c — again restored by the conquests of his son, Demetrius, 266-5 d — takes Athens, 263^ 268 c — intrigues against the Achaean. League, in alliance with the iEtolians, 250 to 244 b — concludes a truce with the Achaeans, 240 b — ft. 239, abd 240, e 242,° 243. f a Clinton. b Thirlwall. c Art de Tenner les Dates. d Smith's Diet. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. f Zumpt, and others. Antigua, (Antego,) in the West Indies, — discovered by Columbus, Nov. 1493 — first settled by the English, 1632 — granted by Charles II. to Lord "Willoughby, 1663 — attacked and ravaged by the French, 1666 — restored to the English by the Treaty of Breda, 1668 — Christopher Codrington settles here, 1674-— Earthquake of, 8 Feb. 1843. Antilegomena. [Apocalypse, Epistle to the Hebrews, Epistles of the Apostles James, John, Jude, and Peter.] Antilles. [See names of the several islands.'] Antillon, Isidore, geographer, $c. — b. at Santa Eulalia, about 1760 — representative of Aragon in the constitutional Cortes, 18 13 — arrested by order of Ferdinand VII. ; ts. 1820. Elementos de la Geografa astronomica, §c, 1 8 15. Antilochides, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 86, 2) 435- Antimachos of Claros, [Colophon,) epic and elegiac poet, — [B C] — fl. 404^ a Miiller. Antimachos of Teos, epic poet, — [BC] — fl. about 753.* a Clinton. Antimaco, Marco Antonio, Hellenist, — ft. at Mantua, about 1473 — Prof, of Greek at Fer- rara, 1532^ 1527 b — tf. there, 1552. Gemisti Plethonis Tractatio, §c., 1540. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Antimony. [Basil Valentine.] Antinomians,— the followers of John Agri- cola, first so called, after i538 a — their doc- trines condemned by the Assembly of Divines, Jul. Aug. 1643 — a test and punishment pro- vided for them by Ordinance of the Long Par- liament against Blasphemy and Heresy, 1 May 1648. Antinomian [Antinomistian) Contro- versy, between Luther and Agricola, about 1540 — in England, about 1645 and 1690, a Ersch and Gruher. Antinoos, favourite of Hadrian, — drowned in the Nile, Oct. 130^ 122 ? b 132,° i28. d a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Greswell. Antioch, (Antiocheia, Antakieh, Epidaphnes, Theopolis, Tetrapolis,) in Syria, — [BC] — founded by Seleucus Nicator, inhabitants of Antigoneia [Antigonus] removed hither, (12, S. E.) spring 3oo ab — a second city built by those who settled there after it was declared the capital of the Empire, before 280 — the new city added by Seleucus Callinicus, about 245 — settlers from Greece introduced by Antiochus the Great, about 190 — the fourth city built by Antiochus Epiphanes, about 170 — revolts against Demetrius Nicator, about 144 — taken ANTIOCH. 99 possession of by Tryphon, 142 — taken by Antiochus Grypus, 113 or 112 — taken from Tigranes by Lucullus ? and given to Antiochus Philopator, 69 — made autonomous by Pompey, 64 — privilege renewed by edict of Julius Csesar, (20 Artemisios, 707, A. u. c.) 12 May 47 — [AD] — Olympic games celebrated here, (Hyper- beretaios, 92, Ant. E.) autumn 44 b — partially destroyed by an earthquake, Jan. or Feb, 115 b —restored after a great conflagration by An- toninus Pius, and made a colonia, after 155 — deprived for a short time of its privileges by Marcus Aurelius, for its share in the revolt of Avidius Cassius, 176 — punished in the same way by Severus for joining Niger, 194 — Olym- pic games revived by Caracalla, (Panemos and Loos, 260, Ant. E.) Jul. Aug. 2i2 b — surprised and plundered by Sapor of Persia, 262, b 260 a — Aurelian defeats Zenobia near, (battle of Jmmce,) 272 — visited by earthquakes, 340, 394, and 396 — tyranny of Gallus, and sedition here, end of 35 3 b — sedition here, the statues of Theodosius thrown down, 26 Feb. 387 e — pun- ished, but speedily pardoned by him, 22 Mar. and 25 Apr. 387° — partially destroyed by an earthquake, (13 Indict. XII., 506, Ant. E.) 13 Sep. 458, b 457 — tumults excited by the blue faction of the circus here, 5i9-24 b — celebra- tion of Olympic games here terminated by Justin, (Indict. XIV.; 01. 324, 4,) after Jul. 52o b — great earthquake commences, Oct. 525 b ■ — city overthrown by it, 29 May 526 — visited by another earthquake, 29 Nov. 528 — taken and plundered by Chosroes, (Nushirwan,) of Persia, Jun. 540 — restored by Justinian, after 541 — sedition of the Jews and massacre of the Christians, end of Sep. 6io, b 609 d — taken and plundered by Chosroes II., summer 611 — taken by Abu Obeidah, (12 Schaban 17, a. h.) 21 Jul. b 21 Aug. e 638 — taken and pillaged by Ahmed Ibn Toulun, 878 — taken by Burtzes, left to watch the city by Nicephorus Phocas, winter 968-9 — Zober attempts to recover it, and is defeated by Mcolaos, 97 2 f — declares itself independent, 97 3 f — retaken by Burtzes, 976 — taken by Soliman, Sultan of Iconium, (477,) 1084-5 e — besieged and taken by the Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon, [First Crusade,] 21 Oct. 1097 to 3 Jun. 1098 — Ker- "boga of Mosul besieges the city, and is defeated by the Crusaders, 6 to 28 Jun. 1098 — becomes the capital of a Latin principality, [Antioch, Principality,] 1099 — devastated by an earth- quake, 1 1 14 — besieged and taken possession of by the Emperor John Comnenus, 1 1 37 and 1 138 '< — its environs ravaged by the Emperor Manuel, •1 144 — taken possession of by Leo of Armenia, 11 to 14 Nov. 1203 and 1205-8 — taken by ' Bibars I., Sultan of Egypt, (15 or 29 Ramad- han, 666) 29 May or 12 Jun. i268 e — taken by the Ottoman Emperor, Seliml., autumn 15 16 — damaged by an earthquake, 1822 — taken by Ibrahim Pacha, 1 Aug. 1832 — revolt against Ibrahim suppressed, Oct. 1834 — given up with the rest of Syria to the Porte, winter 1 840-1. [Seleuceia.] Church of Antioch, — founded by Barnabas and other refugees from the persecu- tions at Jerusalem, about 40 — troubled with Judaizing teachers, about 47-8 — theological school established by Dorotheus, about 295 — — schisms commenced on the intrusion of Euzoius into the Patriarchate, [ Meletius,] 361 — healed by thePatriarch Alexander, 415 — the Caliph Hashem permits the election of a Patri- arch, 742 — Latin Patriarchs, Jun. 1 100 to Jun. 1268 — the Patriarch joins those of Jerusalem and Alexandria in formally renouncing the Latin Church, after Council of Florence, about 1445. Councils of Antioch, — to depose its Bishop Paul of Samosata, Sep. 264, and 269 — (or at Nicomedia,) by the Arians, to depose its Bishop Eustathius, 33 i, e about 327s — to dedi- cate the Church, &c, about Aug. 341 — by the Arians, to make a profession of their faith, (Macrostichus,) 345, e about the end of 343 s — by the Arians, respecting their controversy with the orthodox, 358, 361, Oct. 363 and 367. Eras of, — [BC] — Actiac, [Actium.] Ccesarian, (of the Autonomy,) commences, {ex auctumno, 705, A.u. c.) Gorpiaios or 1 Sep. hi ; FLyperberetaios or Oct., k 9 Sep.; 1 Bios or 1 Nov. b 49. [Laodi- ceia.] Fompeian, commences, (01. 178, 4.) 6^. Mundane, (of Fanodorus,) commences, 29 Aug. 5492 — invented by Panodorus, about 4i2, h [Alezandreia.] a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. e Gibbon. d Du Fresnoy. e Art de Verifier les Dates (Oakley, &c). f Finlay. s Mansi. h Ideler, * Ussher. k Scaliger, Petavius, Noris, Corsini. 1 Greswell. Antioch, (Ccesareia, Yalobatch,) in Fisidia, — [BC] — founded by Seleucus Nicator, and settled from Magnesia on the Mseander, after 300 — granted by Rome to Eumenes II. of Pergamus, 190 — in the possession of Amyntas of Galatia, after 30 — [AD] — a Colonia juris Italici, in the time of Pliny, about 70 — ruins discovered by Arundell, 1833 — investigated by Hamilton, 1840. Antioch, Latin (Frank) Principality, — Antioch taken by the Crusaders, 3 Jun. 1098 — Sohemond, the first Prince, accompanies them as far as Laodicea on their departure for Jerusalem, 18 Mar. 1099 — at war with the Emperor Alexis I., 1103 to Sep. 1108 — his son, Bohemond II., succeeds under the regency of Tancred, after end of Feb. n 11 — Boger de la Pouille becomes regent, after 6 Dec. 11 12 — defeated and killed by El Ghazi of Aleppo, 24 Jun. 1 1 19— Baldwin II. of Jerusalem takes possession of Antioch, 11 20 — Bohemond comes to Syria, and is invested with the principality, about 1 1 26 — with the Counts of Tripoli and Edessa, defeated by Taj el Muluk Buri, of Damascus, 7 Dec. 11 30 — defeated and killed by Emad Eddin Zenghi, of Aleppo, at Athareb, Feb. 1 1 31 — Baldwin of Jerusalem takes the principality again, and gives it, with Con- stance, daughter of Bohemond, to Raymond of Poitiers, 11 36 — at war with the Emperor John Comnenus, 11 37 — assists at the siege of Csesarea, 1138 — invites the Emperor to re- press the Turks, and becomes involved in war with him, 1 142-3 — submits to the Emperor Manuel Comnenus, 1 144. — defeated and killed by JSoureddin, Sultan of Aleppo, 27 Jan. 1 149 7 * ANTIO CHI ANUS— ANTIOCHUS. — Renaud de Chatillon marries his widow and succeeds him, end of 1 152, or beginning of 1153' 1 — made prisoner near Maresia, by Me- gedm, Emir of Aleppo, 23 Nov. 1160 — Bo- HEMOND III., (le Bambe, le Begue,) succeeds bis mother Constance, 1163 — defeated^ and taken prisoner, with the Count of Tripoli and others, by Noureddin, 10 Aug. n 63 — released, 1 1 64 — foully maltreats the captives from Je- rusalem, released by Saladin, 11 87 — attacked by him, 11 88 — taken prisoner by Leon of Ar- menia, against whom he was plotting, 11 94 — appoints Reuben, Prince of Armenia, his suc- cessor ; his son Bohemond revolts, and drives him from Antioch, but he soon returns, 1200 — Bohemond IV. (le JBorgne,) his son, succeeds him, 1 20 1 — Leon of Armenia makes war upon him, Nov. 1203 — Leon renews the war, and invests his son, Raimond Reuben, with the principality, 1205 — Bohemond recovers pos- session of his dominions, 1208 — taken prisoner by his rival, 12 16 to 12 19 — his son, Bohe- mond V., succeeds, end of 1233 — made tribu- tary by the Kharismians, 1244 — at war with Aiton I. of Armenia, till 1250 — succeeded by his son, Bohemond VI., 1251 a — takes part with the Venetians against the Genoese, 1257 — loses Antioch, 29 May or 12 Jun. 1268 — ■ succeeded by his son, Bohemond VIL, under the guardianship of his mother and the Bp of Tortosa, 20 Mar. 1274 — tf. 19 Oct. 1287 — the Principality completely overthrown, spring 1288 — Bohemond' s widow, Marguerite de Beaumont, tf. at Tonnerre, 9 Apr. 1328. [Antioch, Tripoli.] f Art de Verifier les Dates. Antiochianus, (Antiochus,) — Cos. (II.?) with Orfitus, (1023, a. u. c.) 270. Antiochus, [Commagene, Seleucidae.] Antiochus, jurist, — Cos. with Bassus, (1184, A. u. c.) 431 — chief of the commission for compiling the Theodosian Code, 438. Antiochus of JEgce, rhetorician, Cynic phi- losopher, — ft. about 200. Antiochus of Ascalon, Academic philosopher, ■ — [B CJ — accompanies Lucullus to Egypt, 87 a — teaches at Athens, 79. a Clinton. Antiochus of Athens, — [B C] — defeated and killed at Notium by Lysander, about Oct. 407. [Alcibiades.] Antiochus Hierax, — [B C] — makes war against his brother, Seleucus Callinicus, 246 — defeated in Caria by Attalus of Pergamus, 229 — killed in Thrace, (01. 138, 1,) 227^ a Clinton. Antiochus of Syracuse, historian, — [B CJ — fl. about 423. Antiochus I., (Soter,) King of Syria, — ■ [BCJ— 6. end of 324, or 325— present at bat- tle of Ipsus, 301 — his father, Seleucus Nicator, gives up his wife Stratonice to him, 294 — suc- ceeds his father, (01. 124, 4,) Jan. 280 a — defeats the Gauls, and is surnamed Soter, 275 or 274 b — makes war against Ptolemy Phila- delphus of Egypt, to support his brother-in- law, Maga.s of Gyrene, witbout success, 264b — defeated by Eumenes of Pergamus, near Sardis, 263 or 262 — killed in battle by Ccnta- retus, a Gaul, (01. 129, 3,) early in 261. a a Clinton. . b Art de Verifier les Dates. Antiochus II., (Theos,) King of Syria, — [B C] — b. 286 a — succeeds his father Antiochus Soter, early in 261— at war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, on account of Magas of Cyrene, about 260 to 250 — loses Parthia [Arsacidee,] and Bactriana, by the revolts of Arsaces and Theodotus, about 250 a — poisoned by his wife Laodice, early in 246. a a Clinton. Antiochus III., (the Great,) King of Syria, — [BCJ — fj. 242^ 238 b — succeeds his brother Seleucus Keraunos, (01. 139, 2,) Aug. 223 — sup- presses the revolt of Molo and Alexander, 220 — makes war against Ptolemy Philopator of Egypt, 2 1 8 — defeated at Raphia ; makes peace, 217 — assisted by Attalus I. of Pergamus, makes war upon Achseus, 216 — suppresses his re- volt, captures and puts him to death at Sardis, 214 — makes war upon Arsaces III. of Parthia, and Euthydemus of Bactriana ; advances into India, makes alliance with Sophagasenus, and returns to Syria, 212 to 205 — agrees with Philip V. of Macedonia to dismember the kingdom of Egypt ; and reduces Ccele-Syria and Palestine, [Scopas,] 204-3 an( i *9% — attacks Attalus of Pergamus, but desists in deference to Rome, 199 — bestows his Egyptian conquests as a dowry with his daughter Cleo- patra on Ptolemy Epiphanes, 197 — reduces Asia Minor, and winters at Ephesus, 197-6 — Hannibal comes to him, 196^° 195 b — seizes the Thracian Chersonese, and meets ambassa- dors from Rome there, 196 — receives an embassy from Rome, 193 c — crosses into Greece, late in 192 — advances from Chalcis mto Acarnania, early in 191 — defeated by M'- Acilius Glabrio at Thermopylse ; and in two seafights by Eumenes of Pergamus, and the Romans ; begs for peace and retires to Phry- gia, 191 — defeated by L. Cornelius Scipio on Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia, late in 190 — again sues for peace, and with success, early summer in 188 — killed whilst plundering a temple in Elymais, about Oct. 187^ a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Fischer. Antiochus IV., (Epiphanes, Theos, Bpi- manes,) King of Syria, — [BC] — given as a hostage to the Romans, 188 — released by his brother Seleucus Philopator, 175 — overcomes Heliodorus, his brother's murderer, and suc- ceeds him, about Aug. 175 a — makes war upon Ptolemy Philometor, 171 — continues the war, and penetrates to Memphis, 170 — besieges Alexandria, 169 a — forbidden by Popillius Lcenas to renew his attack upon Egypt, Jul. or Aug. 168 a — marches against Jerusalem, and profanes the temple, (Apelkeus,) Dec. 168 ; > — marches into Upper Asia, early in 165 — ft. at Taba3, about Dec. 164^ [Judas Maccabaeus, Mattathias.] a Clinton. Antiochus VII., (Sicletes, Euergctes,) King of Syria, — [B Cj — h. 161 — in the absence of his brother Demetrius Nicator, defeats and kills Tryphon, about Nov. i39 a — assumes the kingdom after his brother's captivity, about Eeb. 1 37 a — invades Judaea, about Feb. i34 a — takes Jerusalem, and grants peace to the Jews, ANTIOCHUS— ANTI-POPES. [John Hyrcanus,] about Oct. 133 a — makes war against Arsaces VII., of Parthia, May 129 — Demetrius returns, Oct. 129 — Sidetes defeated and killed by Arsaces, spring i26. a a Clinton. Antioehus VIII. (Grypus) and Antiochus IX. (Kyzikenos), Kings op Syria, — [BC] — 'Grypus associated with, his mother, Cleopatra, on the throne, about Aug. 125 a — conquers Alexander Zebina, and gains all Syria, about Nov. 123* — puts his mother to death, i2i, a i2o b — his half-brother, Kyzikenos, lays claim to the crown, ii4, a ii2 b — Grypus withdraws to Aspendus, leaving the kingdom to Kyzi- kenos, about Aug. ii3 a — they share the kingdom, 11 1 ■ — -Grypus assassinated by He- racleon, 96 — Kyzikenos defeated and killed by Seleucus, son of Grypus, 95. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Antiope, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 1 Oct. 1866. Anti-psedobaptists. [Anabaptists, Bap- tists, &c.J Antipas. [Herodes Antipas.] Antipater. [Herodes the Great.'] Antipater of Hierapolis, sophist and rhe- torician, — fl. about 200-210. Antipater, {Antipas,) Procurator of JuDiEA, — [B C] — made governor of Idumsea by- Alexander Jannseus, before 78 a — sides with Hyrcanus against Aristobulus II., 65 b — en- deavours to secure the support of Pompey for Hyrcanus, 64 b — takes part against Alexander of Judaea, and Archelaus, 57 and 56 b — serves under Mithridates of Pergamus, in the Alex- andrian War, 48-7 — receives the citizenship of Kdme from Julius Csesar; and is appointed Procurator of Judsea, 47— poisoned by Mali- chus, 43, b 44. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. Antipater, Laelius Caelius, jurist, historian, — [BCJ — ft. about 143 to I23. a a Clinton. Antipater, Eegent of Macedonia, — [B C] — b. about 393 — ambassador to Athens with Parmenion, spring 347 a — at battle of Chsero- neia, Aug. 338 — appointed Eegent of Macedo- nia on the departure of Alexander the Great into Asia, spring 334 — suppresses the rebellion in Thrace under Memnou, 331 — defeats and kills Agis III. of Sparta, at Megalopolis, about Oct. 331 — ordered to conduct reinforce- ments into Asia, [Craterus,] 324 — confirmed in the regency on Alexander's death, 323 — engaged in the Lamian Wax, 323 to 321 — at war with Perdiccas, in Asia, spring to end of 321 — ft. spring 3i8, a 319^ a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Antipater of Sidon, epigrammatist, — [B C] — ft. about 150-127,* io8-ioo. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Antipater, — [B C] — archon 2X Athens, (01. 97, 4,) 389. Antipater, — archon at Athens (01. 206, 1)45. Antipater of Tarsus, Stoic philosopher, — [BCJ — fl. about 145. Antipater of Thessalonica, epigrammatist, — [BCJ— fl. about 10 to— [ADj— 38. a a Smith's Diet. Antipater of Tyre, Stoic philosopher, — [B Cj — fl. about 74 a — U. shortly before 44. a a Clinton. Antiphanes, comic poet, — [B C] — ft. at Athens, (01. 93,) about 404 — begins to exhibit about 383 — still writing, 343 — ft. (01. 112) about summer 330. a * Clinton. Antiphanes of Egypt, painter, — |_BCJ — fl. about 340-310. Antiphates, — [B Cj — archon at Athens, (01. 120, 4) 297. Antiphlogistic Theory. [Lavoisier.] Antiphon, orator, — j_BC] — b. at ilhamnus, about (01. 75, 1,) 480-79 — put to death on the overthrow of the Four Hundred at Athens, autumn 411. Antiphon, tragic poet, — [B C] — fl. at the court of Dionysius the Elder, after 406. Antiphonaries, — every parish church order- ed to have one by Constitutions of Abp Winchelsey, at Meiton, 1305 — forbidden by Act 3 & 4 Edw. VI. c. 10, 1549-50 — the use of them protested against by the Puritans, i5 6 7- Antiphony, (Hesponsaria,) — introduced into the service of the Western churches by St Ambrosius, about 385 — revived (?) at Antioch, by Flavianus and Diodorus, before 400. Antipodes. [Figure of the Earth.] Anti-Popes of Rome, — Novatianus elected in opposition to Cornelius, summer 251 — Fe- lix 11. elected on the banishment of Liberius, 355 — Ursicinus (Orsinus) in opposition to Uamasus, Oct. 366 — Eulalius in opposition to Boniface I., end of 418 — Laurentius ap- pointed by the patrician Festus in opposition to Symmachus, to secure the subscription of the Henoticon, 22 Nov. 498 to end of 499 — Dios- corus ordained in opposition to Boniface II. , 15 Oct. to 12 Nov. 530 — Vigilius appointed by Belisarius on the exile of Silverius, 22 ^ ov - 537 — Petrus and Theodorus, in the time of John V., 685 or 686 — Paschalis and Theodorus, in opposition to Sergius, end of 687 — Theophylactus, Constantinus, and Philippus, at the death of Paul I., between Jul. 767 and Jul. 768— Constantine deposed by Stephen III., shut up in a monastery and blinded, 6 Aug. 768 — Zizimtjs elected in oppo- sition to Eugenius II., spring 824 — Anasta- sius contests the election of Benedict III., autumn 855 — Sergius opposes Formosus, Sep. 891 — Boniface VI. (?) chosen to succeed For- mosus, 11 Apr. 896 — ft. 25 Apr. 896 — Chris- tophorus deposes and imprisons Leo V. end of Nov.,' 1 9 Dec. b 904 — deposed by Sergius III., beginning of Jun. 905 — Leo VIII. elected to succeed John XII., 22 Nov. 963 — deposed, 25 Feb. 964 — restored, 24 Jun. 964 — fc. Mar. or Apr. 965 — Boniface VII. (Francon,) after the death of Benedict VI., 1 Mar. 974 — deposed, 21 Jul. 975 — dispossesses John XIV., Mar. 984^ Jan. 985 b — tr. Mai.,* Dec. b 985— Gre- gory (Leo) dispossesses Benedict Vlll.,latein iol2 — deposed by Henry II. of Germany, early in 1014 — Silvester III. (John, Bp of Sabma,) appointed to succeed Benedict IX. on his banishment, May to Jul. 1044 — Benedict ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY— ANTON sells the pontificate to John, (Gratiano,) late in 1044 — Benedict X. {John, Bp of Velletri,) opposes Stephen IX., 30 Mar. 1058 to about 18 Jan. 1059— Honorius {Cadalous) appoint- ed by the Diet at Basel, in opposition to Alex- ander II., 28 Oct. 1 06 1 — deposed by Council of Osbor, 27 Oct. 1062 — Clement III. {Guibert, Abp of Ravenna,) elected at Brixen, in oppo- sition to Gregory VII. by the Emperor, Henry IV. 25 Jun. 1080 — tr. end of Sep. 1100 — succeeded by Albert, who is taken prisoner by the partisans of Paschal II.; and by Theo- doric, 1 1 00 — o\, Maginufe elected to succeed him, 1 106 — Gregory VIII. {Maurice Burdin, Abp of Braga,) elected in opposition to Gela- sius II. by the Emperor Henry V., 9 Mar. in 8 — C alixtus, in the Pontificate of Hono- rius II., 1124-30 — Anacletus (Pietro Leoni) elected by a majority of the Conclave, in oppo- sition to Innocent II., 15 Feb. 11 30 — ft. 25 Jan. 1 138 — and Victor IV. {Gregory) is chosen to succeed him and soon abdicates, about 15 Mar. 11 38 — Victor IV. {Octavian,) in opposition to Alexander III., consecrated, 4 Oct. 1 159 — tj., Paschal III. {Gut de Crime) chosen to succeed him, 20 or 22 Apr. 1164 — succeeded by Callistlts III. {John,) after 20 Sep. 1 1 68 — Callistus abjures his schism, 28 Aug. 1 178 — Innocent III. {Lando Sitino) chosen in his place, 29 Sep. 117 8 — taken pri- soner by Alexander, and soon afterwards ft., 1 1 80 — Nicolas V. (Petrus de Corbaris) chosen by Louis of Bavaria, in opposition to John XXII., 12 May 1328 — renounces his schism, 25 Aug. and 6 Sep. 1330 — the Great Schism of the West, 1378 to 1429 — Felix V. (Ama- deus VIII. of Savoy) elected in opposition to Eugenius IV., by the Council of Basel, 5 Nov. 1439 — abdicates, 9 or 7 Apr. 1449. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Du Fresnoy. Antiquarian Society, American, incorporat- ed by the legislature of Massachusetts, U. S., 1812. Antiquaries, Society of, of London, — founded by Abp Parker, Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, Stowe, and others, 1572 — applies without suc- cess for a charter, 1589 — dissolved by James I., 1604 — revived, 1707 — reconstituted, 17 17 — in- corporated by charter of George II., 2 Nov. 175 1 — apartments in Somerset House granted it by George III., 1781 — new statutes adopted, 1 Dec. 1853. Publication of the Archceologia commenced, 1770 — of the Vetusta Monumenta, 1747 — of the Proceedings, 1849. Antiquaries, Society of, of Scotland, — found- ed at Edinburgh, 18 Dec. 1780 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1783. Antiquus, Johannes, painter, — h. at Gronin- gen, 11 Oct. 1702 — If. at Breda, 1750. Antissa, in Lesbos, — [B C] — revolts with My- tilene against Athens, and is reduced at the same time, 428-7 — its despots removed by Alexander the Great, end of 336 — destroyed by Labes, the people removed to Methymna, 167. Antisthenes, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — fo. at Athens, about 439 — at battle of Tanagra, 426 — tJ. at Athens, after 371. Antisthenes of Rhodes, historian, — [B CJ — fl. about 198. Antitactse, {Antitactici,) — a sect of Gnostics, — fl. before 200. Antitrinitarians. [Arians, Socinians, &c] Antium, {Porto d'Anzo,) in Jtaly, — [B C] — included amongst the dependent Latin towns in the first treaty between Rome and Carthage, 509 — surrenders to T. Quinctius Capitolinus, 468 — receives a Roman colony, (287, a. u. c.) 467 — revolts or is given up by the Romans, [Coriolanus, Volsci,] and is conquered (?) by L. Cornelius Maluginensis, 459 — occupied by the Romans, as it meditates defection to the Volsci, 443 — joins the Volsci, and is besieged by the Romans, 406 — at war with Rome, with few intervals, [Camillus,] 386 to 374 s — colo- nize Satricum, and are at war with Rome, 348 a — M. Valerius Corvus triumphs for ad- vantages gained over the Antiatans, (408,) 346 — Antium joins in the Latin War, 340 to 338a — receives a new colony, with civitas, from Rome, (416,) 338 — taken by Marius, and plundered by his partisans, 88-7 — [AD] — har- bour constructed by Nero, before 68 — town and harbour fall into decay, after 5 37 — present harbour formed by Pope Innocent XII. before 1699. a Smith's Diet. Antivari, in Albania, — occupied by the Ve- netians, 1478 — taken by Selim II., 1573. Antoine de Bourbon, King oe Navarre, Due de Vendome, — ft. 22 Apr. 15 18 — marries Jeanne d'Albret, 20 Oct. 1548 — on the death of her father, Henry II., succeeds to the king- dom of Navarre, 25 May 1555 — placed under surveillance at the meeting of the States at Orleans, 31 Oct. 1560 — released at the death of Francis II., and declared Lieutenant-general of France, Dec. 1560 — assists at the Colloquy o/Poissi, 156 1. 1562 — Refuses to be divorced, but re- nounces the Reformed religion, Jan. — com- mands the royal forces against the Hu- guenots; takes Blois and Tours, Jul. — takes Bourges, end of Aug. — opens trenches before Rouen, 18 Sep. — takes fort St Catharine, 8 Oct. — wounded, 15 Oct. — enters the town in triumph, 26 Oct. — Ij. at Andely, 17 Nov. [Conde, Guise, the Triumvirate.] Antoine, St, Faubourg of Paris, — Turenne repulsed by Conde in, 2 Jul. 1652. [La Fronde.] Antoing", in Belgium, — Duke of Brunswick defeated by French army of the Centre, near, 1 3 Aug. 1792. Antommarchi, Francesco, physician, — 6. about 1780 — attends Napoleon I. at St Helena, 13 Sep. 1819 to May 1821 — in Poland and Italy, 1 83 1 — goes to New Orleans to practise homoeopathy, 1836 — ft. at San Antonio, in Cuba, 3 Apr. 1 838. Continues Mascagni's Anatomie du corps humain, 1822 — Lerniers Moments de Napoleon, 1823. Anton Clemens Theodor, King of Saxony, — fi. 27 Dec. 1755 — marries Mary Charlotte of Sardinia, 24 Oct. 178 1 — who dies, 28 Dec. 1782 — marries Maria Theresa, of Austria, 18 Oct. 1787 — expatriated by the conquests of the ANTON—ANTONIUS. 103 Emperor Napoleon L, 1809 to 18 14— succeeds his brother Frederick Augustus I., 5 May 1827 — concludes a convention respecting the Grand- duchy of Warsaw, 16 Sep. 1828 — emeute at Dresden, 9 Sep. 1830 — promulgates and swears to a new constitution, 4 Sep. 1831 — ft. 6 Jun. 1836. Anton, Karl Gottlob, historian, antiquary, — b. at Lauben, 23 Jul. 1751 — b\ at Gorlitz, 17 Nov. 1 818. Anton, Konrad Gottlob, philologist, — b. at Lauben, 29 Nov. 1745 — Prof, of Oriental Languages at Wittenberg, 1780 — U. there, 3 Jul. 1 8 14. Anton, Paul, Pietist theologian, — b. at Hirschfeld, 1661 — tf. at Halle, 1730. [Francke.] Antonelle, Pierre Antoine, Marquis d', — b. at Aries, 1747 — takes part in the Revolu- tion, 1789 — sent to Avignon, 1791 — struck out of the list of the Jacobin Club, autumn 1795 — condemned as an incorrigible anarchist, after (18 Fructidor, An V.) 9 Nov. 1797 — pro- scribed, and forbidden to come within forty- eight leagues of Paris, (3 Nivose, An IX.) 24 Dec. 1800 — tf. at Aries, 26 Nov. 1817. Cate- chisme du Tiers Etat, 1789 — JKon Examen de Conscience, 1797 — Le Eeveil d'un Vieillard, 1 8 14. [Baboeuf.] Antonello, {Antonius,) da Messina, {d* An- tonio, degVAntoni Mamertini,) painter, — b. at Messina, 1414 — studies under Van Eyck, 1439- 40 — settles at Venice, about 1470 — tf. there, 1493 or 1496, 1475. a Crucifixion at Antwerp, 1475. a Ersch and Gruber. Antonia, (Baris,) Fortress at Jerusalem, — [BC] — built by John Hyrcanus, after 125 — re- built by Herod the Great, and named after Mark Antony, between 36 and 31 — [AD] — assaulted by Titus, at the siege of Jerusalem, (3 Panemos,) 3 Jul. a 70 — taken, 5 Jul. 70 — destroyed, 17-22 Jul. 70. a Ussher. Antonian Laws, — by Mark Antony, Consul, — [B C] — (1) Changing the name of the month Quintilis into Julius, before 15 Mar. 44. (2) Abolishing the perpetual dictatorship, after 15 Mar. 44. (3) Agrarian, beginning of May 44 — repealed, early in 43. (4) Repealing the Judi- ciary Julian Law, 44 — repealed, early in 43. (5) Giving the right of appeal to the people to those condemned of majestas, 44 — repealed, early in 43. (6) Concerning the provinces, 1 and 5 Jun. 44— repealed early in 43.* a Fischer. Antoniano, Silvio, (II Poetino,) theologian, scholar, — b. at Rome, 31 Dec. 1540 — Prof, of Eloquence at Ferrara, by Hercules II., 1557 — called to Rome by Pius IV., and made secretary to Card. Charles Borromeo, 1559 — ordained a priest, 1567 — made a Cardinal, 3 Mar. 1598 — if. 15 Aug. 1603. Dell' Educazione Cristiana de* Figliuoli, 1584. Antonides, Jan Van der Goes, poet,— b. at Goes, 3 Apr. or May 1647 — tf. 18 Sep. 1684. Antonini de Forciglioni, St, (Antonius, Flo- rentinus,) Abp of Florence, — b- 1389 — enters the Dominican Order, 1405 — Abp, 1445-6 — tf. 2 May 1459 — canonized, 1523. [Council of Florence.] Antoninus, Itinerary of, — [BC]— founded (?) upon surveys made by command of Julius Caesar, Antony, and Augustus, 44, 30, 24, and 19 — [AD] — revised and extended, till about 285 to 305.* a Wesseling, Eng. Cyc. Antoninus, M- Aurelius. [Aurelius.] Antoninus Pius, Titus (Aelius Madrianus) Aurelius Fulvus, (Boionius Arrius,) Emperor, of Rome, — b. at Lanuvium, (Lavinium,) 19 Sep. 86 — Cos. with L. Catilius Severus, (873, A. u. c.) 120— proc. of Asia, after 120?— adopted by Hadrian, 25 Feb. 138 — succeeds him at his death, (6 Id. Jul.) 10 Jul. 138 — Cos. II. with Rruttius Prsesens II., (892,) 139 — • Cos. III. with M. Aurelius Caesar, 140 — Cos. IV. with M. Aurelius Caesar II., 145 — Tribu- nicia potestas reckoned from 1 Jan. instead of 25 Feb., 147 ? a — tf. at Lorium, 7 Mar. 161. Vallum Antonini, (Antonine's Wall, Grime's Dyke,) erected by Lollius Urbicus, 139. a Clinton. Antoninus, Q . Haterius, — Consul with D. Junius Silanus Torquatus, (806, a. u. c.) 53. Antoninus, Sulpicius, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — proclaimed by the troops in Syria, 253 a — killed, (565, Em. E.) 254.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. Antonio, Titular King of Portugal, Grand- prior of Crato, — b. 153 1 — made prisoner at Al- cazar-quivir, 4 Aug. 1578 — escapes and lays claim to the throne, Sep. 1578 — renews his pre- tensions at the death of Henry I. and is pro- claimed King, at Santarem and Lisbon, 19 and 24 Jun. 1580 — defeated at Alcantara by the Duke of Alba, 25 Aug. 1580 — takes refuge with Henry III. of France, Jul. 1581 — the Marquis of Santa Cruz defeats and disperses the French fleet commanded by Philip Strozzi, 26 Jul. 1582 — the English fleet under Norris and Drake also fails, 1589 — Antonio tf. at Paris, 26 Aug. 1595. [Philip II. of Spain.] Antonio, Nicolao, bibliographer, — b. at Seville, 28 or 31 Jul. 16 17 — agent for the affairs of Spain, at Rome, 1659-81 — if. at Madrid, 13 Apr. 1684. Bibliotheca Hispana, (Nova,) 1672-96. Antonio, St, of Padua, (Portugal,) — b. at Lisbon, 15 Aug. 11 95 — enters the Order of St Francis, 1221 — tf. at Padua, 13 Jun. 1231 — canonized, 1232. Antonius, — Consul with Afranius Syagrius, (1135, a. u. c.) 382. Antonius, C. Hybrida, — [BC] — plunders Greece when left in command by Sulla, 83 — accused on account of it by Julius Caesar, 76 — and expelled the Senate for a short time, 70-^- Prcetor, 65 — Consul with Cicero, (691, a. v. c.) 14 Mar., a 26 Feb. b 63, 2 Nov., c 13 or 23 Oct. d 64 — his lieutenant, M. Patreius, defeats and kills Catiline, early in 62 — recalled from his province, Thrace, on account of his misad- ministration, 60 — accused of complicity in the conspiracy of Catiline, and of extortion, de- fended by Cicero, and banished to Cephallenia, 59— recalled by Julius Caesar ? about 47 — tf. spring 44. a Fischer. b Greswell. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Scaliger. Antonius lulus, — [B C] — received into the IO+ ANTONIUS— ANTWERP. favour of Augustus, after the death of his father Mark Antony, 30— Prator, 13— Consul with Q. Fabius Maximus Africanus, (744, a. u. c.) 10 — condemned to death ; kills him- self, 2. Antonius, L. Pietas — [BC]— Trib. pleb., 44 — Censor with P. Sulpicius, 42 — Con sul with P. Servilius Yatia II., (713, a. tj. c.) 41— triumphs for victories in the Alps, 1 Jan. 41 — besieged in Perusia by Octavian, [Perusian War,] late in 41 to early in 40. Antonius, M., orator, — [B C] — ft. 143 — Qutestor ; defends himself against a charge of incest, 113 — Prcstor, 1 04 — Pro-Prcetor in Cilicia, 103 — obtains a naval triumph for suc- cesses obtained against the pirates there, 102 — Consul with A. Postumius Albinus, (655, a. u. c.) 15 Jan. 99, a 20 Oct. ioo b — Censor with L. Valerius Flaccus; defends himself when ac- cused of bribery by Duronius, 97 — defends himself under the Tarian Law, 9 1 c — commands in the Marsic War, 90 — put to death by Marius and China, 87. Oratio in On. Papirium Car- boncm, 11 1 — in Sex. Titium, trib. pleb. 99 — pro M'Aquillio, 98— pro C. Norbano, 94. a Greswell. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c rischer. Antonius, M., Triumvir, — [BC] — ft. 83 ? a — goes to Greece, 58 — serves under A. Gabinius in Syria, against Aristobulus, 57-6 — and in re- storing Ptolemy Auletes to Egypt, $$ — joins Ju- lius Caesar in Gaul, 54 — Qucestor ; serves under Caesar in Gaul, 52-1 — returns to Rome ; chosen into the College of Augurs ; Trib. pleb. (10 Dec. 704, a. u. c.) 24 Oct. 5o b — accuses Pom- pey, (10 Kal. Jan.) 4, b 5° Nov. 50 — with his colleague, Q. Cassius, leaves Rome to join Caesar in Gaul, (8-7 Id. Jan. 705,) i8-9, b 20° Nov. 50 — commands at Pharsalia, (5 Id. Aug.) 6 Jun. 48 b — Mag. Equit. to Caesar, in his second Dictatorship, 47 — marries Fulvia, 46 — Consul with Caesar, (710,) 44 — offers him the crown, at the Lupercalia, 15 Feb. 44 b — goes to Brun- disium to meet the Macedonian legions, 9 Oct. 44 — sets out from Rome for his province, Cisalpine Gaul, end of Nov. 44 — besieges D. Brutus in Mutina, [Mutinensian War,] Dec. 44 — withdraws into Gaul, and joins Lepidus, 29 May 43— joins Octavian [Augustus] and Lepidus in the Second Triumvirate, 27 Nov. 43 — commands at Philippi, late in 42 — re- mains in Asia Minor, [Perusian War,] summer and autumn 41— follows Cleopatra from Cilicia to Egypt, late in 41 — Fulvia dies; reconcilia- tion of Octavian with Antony, who marries Octavia, autumn 40— joins Octavian in con- cluding peace with Sextus Pompey at Misenum, beginning of summer 39 — goes to Athens with Octavia, [Parthian War, Ventidius,] end of 39 — goes to Brundisium, and returns to Athens, spring 38 — meets Octavian at Tarentum, and renews the Triumvirate, 37 — makes an unsuccessful campaign against the Parthians, midsummer to end of 36 — Cos. II. with L. Scribonis Libo, (720,) 34 — invades Armenia, takes Artavasdes prisoner, spring and summer 34 — penetrates to the Araxes, but loses Media and Armenia, 33— Actiac War; Antony de- feated at Actium, 2 Sep. 31 — kills himself at Alexandreia, in Aug. 30. a Smith's Diet. b Fischer. c Gres-well.- Antonius, (JElius, Helius,) Nebrissensis, (Elio Antonio de Zebrixa,) historian, — ft. in Andalucia, 1444 — Prof, of Eloquence at Alcala, 15 1 3 — rj. there, 2 Jul. 1522. Antonius, St, {Abbas, the Great,) — ft. at Coma, (Koman,) (2267, Abr. E.) 252^ 251b— retires to the mountains of Eastern Egypt, 285 — establishes Coenobite institutions, after 305 — visits Alexandreia, during the persecution under Maximin, 311 — and again, 355, 15 35o, c between 330 and 335 d — rj. (2372, Abr. E.) 17 Jan. 357, a 356. b Religious Order of, (Chanoines reguliers hospitaliers, Hospitalarii, S. Antonii,) — founded by Gaston in the Viennois, 1095 — authorized by Boniface VIIL, 1297 — united with the Order of Malta, by Bulls of Pius VI., 17 Dec. 1776, and 7 May 1777. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Neander. d Guericke. Antony. [Anthony, Antoine, Anton, An- tonio, Antonius.] Antraigues, Emmanuel Louis Henri delau- nay, Comte d', politician, — ft. at Ville Neuve de Berg, about 1755 — deputy to the States- general, 1789 — goes to Switzerland and Vienna, 1790 — at Venice, 1797 — arrested at Trieste by order of Bernadotte, and sent to Milan, [Pichegru,] May 1797 — escapes to Russia, 1803 — reveals the secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit to the British government, autumn 1807 — assassinated by his servant, near Lon- don, 22 Jul. 18 1 2. Memoir e sur les Etats Ge- neraux, 1788. Antrain, in France, — Larochejaquelein de- feats the Republicans here, 20 Nov. 1793. [La Vendee, War of.] Antrim, in Ireland, — General Nugent de- feats the insurgent United Irishmen at, 7 Jun. 1798. Antwerp, [Antorff, Anvers, Amberes,) in Belgium, — a margraviate, before 1000 — Hanse- atic League holds meetings at, 149 1 — rises into importance on the decline of Bruges, about 1500 — tumults break out in consequence of the acceptance of the Council of Trent, [Gueux,] Aug. 1566 and Mar. 1567 — citadel founded, 3 Nov. 1567 — completed by Duke of Alba, 1568 — city plundered by the Spaniards, 4 Nov. 1576 — joins the Union of Utrecht, after 29 Jan. 1578 — besieged by the Duke of Parma, from Jul. 1584 — St Aldegonde sur- renders, 17 Aug. 1585 — the navigation of the Scheldt closed by the Peace of West- phalia, 14 Oct. 1648 — citadel restored on the principle of Vauban, 17 01 — besieged and surrenders to Marshal Saxe, 25-6 May to 1 Jun. 1746 — given up by the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — tumults on account of the innovations of the Emperor Joseph II., Jun. 1787 — occupied by Dumourier, 23 to 30 Nov. 1792 — congress of the Coalition held here, Apr. 179 3 — evacuated by the D uke of York, and taken possession of by Pichegru, 23 Jul. 1794 — great works of Napoleon commenced here, Jul. 1803 — the Walcheren expedition, Jul. to Sep. 1809 — invested by General Bulow ANULINUS— APIS CYCLES. 105 and Sir Thomas Graham, 27 Jan. 18 14 — the siege raised, 6 Feb. 18 14 — surrendered to the allies, [Treaty of Paris,] 6 May 1815 — the Belgian troops drive the Dutch into the citadel ; the city bombarded from the citadel, 27-8 Oct. 1830 — ceded to Belgium by Treaty of London, 15 Nov. 1831 — Marshal Gerard commences the siege of the citadel, 29-30 Nov. 1832 — Fort St Laurent taken, 14 Dec. 1832 — General Chasse surrenders, 24 Dec. 1832 — Marshal Gerard returns to France, 29 Dec. 1832 — great fire at, 10-12 Aug. 1866 — fortifications reconstructed, 1865-70. Twelve Years Truce of, — congress of ambassadors meet at the Hague to negotiate peace between Spain and the United Provinces, Jan. to 25 Aug. 1608 — reassembles at Antwerp ; truce con- cluded and signed, 9 Apr. 1609. [Barrier Treaty, Brabant, Lorraine.] Anulinus, Annius Cornelius, — Consul with Nummius Tuscus, (1048, a. tj. c.) 295. Anulinus, P. Cornelius,— defeats Niger at Issus, 194a — Consul II. with M. Aufidius Fronto, (952, A. U. C.) 199. a Smith's Diet. Anulinus, Sex. Cornelius, — Consul with C. Atius SabinusIL, (969, a. u. c.) 216. Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', geographer, — fc. at Paris, 11 Jul. 1697 — Geo- grapher to Louis XV., 17 19 — Member of Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, 1754 — First Geographer to the King, 1773 — Member of Academy of Sciences, 1773 — tt. 28 Jan. 1782. Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, 1737 — Atlas General, 1737-80 — Ttalie, 1743. Anwari, {Enweri,) Awhad-ed-din, poet, — 5j. at Balkh, (597, a. h.) 1 200-1. Anxur. [Tarracina.] Anyte, of Tegea, poetess, — [BC] — 0. 300. 270.* a Clinton. Anytos, — [BC] — tried for not relieving Pylos, and escapes by bribing the dicastery, 409 — flies from Attica, and is .exiled by decree of the Thirty Tyrants, 404 — accuses Socrates, 399- Aornus, in India, — [B C] — taken by Alex- ander the Great, summer 327. Aosta, {Augusta Prcetoria,) in Piedmont, — [B C] — founded by A. Terentius Varro Mu- rena, after the reduction of the Salassians, 25 • — [A D] — the Val d Aosta comes into the pos- session of the Counts of Maurienne, about 1030-2— erected into a Duchy, by the Emperor Frederick II., 1238 — taken by the Due de Feuillade, early in 1704 — General Bagdelonne carries Aosta, 11 May 1794 — Generals Kray and Haddick repulse the French here, 29 Sep. 1799 — occupied by General Lannes, 15-6 May 1800 — insurrection against the French in the Val d' Aosta, Jan. 1801. [Eporedia, Savoy.] Apameia, {Apamea, Telia, Fcimieh, Kulat el Mudik,) in Syria, — [BC] — strengthened and named by Seleucus Nicator, about 300 — taken by Demetrius Soter, 162 — Tryphon besieged here by Antiochus Sidetes, destroys himself, Nov. 139 — the fortress razed by Pompey, 64 — occupied by Q. Caecilius Bassus, 46 — the siege terminated by the arrival of Cassius, 43 —[AD] — besieged and plundered by Chosroes, 540 — freed from Chosroes by Thomas, its bishop, 544 — burnt by Adarman, general to Chosroes, 572 or 573— taken by Tancred, and annexed to the principality of Antioch, 1103. Apanages, in France, — value limited by Charles V. by the Edict of Vincennes, Aug. 1374 — the granting of any apanage real pro- hibited by law of, 22 Nov. 1790 — the last apan- age (that of Orleans) reunited with the crown by the accession of Louis Philippe I., 9 Aug. 1830. Apel, Johann August, poet, novelist, $c, — 6. at Leipzig, 177 1 — Doctor of Laws, 1795— If. there, 9 Aug. 1 8 1 6. Metrih, 1 8 14-6. Apelles, painter, — [BC] — fc. at Colophon, or Cos, about 352, a or 360 b — practises his art, before 336 — accompanies Alexander the Great in his wars in Asia, 334 to 324 — visits the court of Ptolemy Soter, after 306. a Tolken. b Ncrav. Biog. Gen. Apelles, founder of the sect of Apelleans, {Apellites,) — fl. about i6o, a 141, 13 i8o, c i88. d a Lardner. b Baanage. c Tillemont. d Cave. Apelles, of Macedonia, — [BC] — guardian to Philip V., 220 — conspires against him and is put to death, 218. [Aratus.] Apellicon, of Teos, peripatetic philosopher, — [B c]— tf. at Athens, before 86— Sulla re- moves his library to Borne, 84. [Aristion, Aristoteles, Neleus, &c] Apennines, — railway tunnel under the, com- pleted, Sep. 1864. Aper, Arrius. [Diocletianus, Numerianus.] Aper, (Afer ?) — Consul with Maximus, (960, a. u. c.) 207. Aper, (Afer ?) M. Flavius, — Consul with Q. Fabius Catullinus, (883, a. it. c.) 130, and (929,) 176. Aphareus, orator and tragic poet, — [BC] — exhibits at Athens, from (01. 102, 4) Feb. or Mar. 368 to (01. 109, 3) Feb. or Mar. 341,* 369 to 342. b Contra Megaclideia? [Iso- crates,] 355. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Aphek, {Aphaca, Ftik,) in Syria,— [B C] — Ahab, King of Israel, defeats Benhadad of Damascus here, 9oo. a a Ussher. Aphraates, {Ear hud), Bp, Persian sage, — writes his Homilies, (oldest known original work in Syriae,) 337, 344, and 345 — attends Councils of Seleuceia and Ctesiphon, 345. Ho- milies, edited and translated by Wright, 1869. Aphthodocetae, Aphthartolatrae. [Julian of Halicarnassus, Monophysites-] Aphthonius of Antioch, rhetorician, §c. — ft. about 3i5- a a Smith's Diet. Apianus, {Bienewitz,) Petrus, astronomer, — 6. near Leisznig, 1495 — Prof, of Mathe- matics at Ingoldstadt, 1524 — tf. 21 Apr. 1551 s1 or i552. b Cosmographia, 1524 — Astronomi- cum Ccesareum, 1540. a Biog. "Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Apicius, M. Gabius, gourmand, — fl. about 25. Apion, rhetorician and grammarian, — at the head of an embassy from Alexandria to Ca- ligula, to oppose Philo Judaeus, 38-40. Apis Cycles, in Egypt, — [BC] — commence, 1322^ 20 Jul. 1325^ 1 May 973.° a ideler, Bunsen, Lepsius. b Gumpach. c Greswell. io6 APOCALYPSE— APOLLONIUS. Apocalypse, {the Boole of Revelation,) — written, 67 or 68, a 95, 96, or 97 b — classed amongst the Antilegomena by Eusebius, about 325. a Davidson, Newton. b Clinton, Lavdner, Lowman, Basnage, and others. Apocalyptic Knights, religious order, — in- stituted by Agostino Gabinio, for the defence of the Church of ~Rome,{Palm Sunday,) 15 Mar. 1693 — suppressed by the Inquisition, 1694. Apocaucus, Protovestiarius of the Byzantine Umpire, — a partisan of Andronicus the Younger, 1321 — appointed high-admiral, for- tifies Epibates, 1338— joins the Empress Anne of Savoy, against Cantacuzenus, Jun. 1341 — made Grand-duke, Nov. 1341 — murdered by the political prisoners he had confined, 1 1 Jun. 1345. [Joannes V. and VI.] Apocrisiarii, {Responsales,) agents for pro- vincial Bishops, Churches, &c, residing at Constantinople, — recognized in Justinian's Novels 6 and 79, 535, 539 — finally withdrawn by the popes of Rome, after 725. Apocrypha, — the uncanonical books of the Old Testament, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Tobit, Judith, two Books of the Maccabees, with Baruch, and certain additional chapters to the books of Esther and Daniel, declared canonical by the Council of Hippo, 393— by the Council of Carthage, 397 — by the Council of Rome, under Pope Gelasius, 496 — their reception as canonical sanctioned by anathema, by the Council General of Trent, Sess. IV., 8 Apr. 1546. [Canon.] Apollinarian Games, at Rome,— [B C]— in- stituted by S. C, (542, a. u. c.) 212— decreed by the Senate to be observed yearly, 211 — the day for their observance fixed by law of P. Licinius Varus, prcetor urb., 3 Non. Quinct.,10%. Apollinarians, (Apollinaristce, Dimodritce, Synersiastce.) [Apollinaris, the Younger.] Apollinaris, {Apollinarius,) the Elder, of Alexandria, — teaches grammar at Laodicea, 335 till after 362. Apollinaris, {Apollinarius,) the Younger, Bp of Laodicea, — corresponds with Basil, 350 — Bp, 362 — promulgates his doctrine of the human nature of Christ, 371 — which is contradicted in general terms by Athanasius, 371 and 372 — and condemned as heretical by the IVth, Vlth, and Vllth Councils of Rome, 374, end of 377, and 378 — by Council of An- tioch, Oct. 379 — and Council General of Con- stantinople, May to Jul. 381 — by Council of Italy, 381 — rj. about 382-3 a — the public wor- ship of the Apollinarians hindered, 388-97 — prohibited, 428 — Eutyches condemned for Apollinarianism by Councils of Constantinople, Nov. 448 and Apr. 449. Apollinaris, {Apollinarius^) St Claudius, Bp of Hierapolis, Christian Apologist, — fl. about Nov. 170 to 176. Apollinaris, P. Ccelius, — Consul with Q. Sosius Priscus Senecio, (922, a. u. c.) 169. Apollinaris. [Sidonius.] Apollo, — L B C J — tne nrst t em ple erected to him in Home, on account of a pestilence, 433 — dedicated by C. Julius Mento, Cos. (324, a.u.c.) 430 — a second temple dedicated, (401,) 353 — temple of Apollo Palatinus dedicated by Augus- tus, (6 Id. Oct. 726,) 7 Oct. 28 a — [AD]— burnt, (14 Kal. Apr.) 19 Mar. 363. a Greswell. Apollo Belvedere, — discovered in the ruins of Antium, and purchased by Cardinal della Rovere, [Julius II.,] about 1500 — carried off by the French, 1797 — placed in the Museum of Paris, (5 Germinal, An VIII.) 26 Mar. 1800 — restored to the Vatican, 1 8 15. Apollodorus of Athens, grammarian, — [B C] — ft. about 168 a — fl. about 140 b — ft. about 88.* a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Apollodorus of Athens, painter, — [BC]- ft. about 408. Apollodorus of Carystus, comic poet, — [B C] -*— fl. about 300 to 26o. a a Smith's Diet. Apollodorus of Damascus, architect, — fi. about 60 — fl. about 114 — put to death by Hadrian, 130. Apollodorus, {the Tyrant of the Garden,) Epi- curean philosopher, — [B C] — fl. before 80. Apollodorus, jurisconsult, — magister memo- rice, 429 — comes sacri consistorii, 435, 438— commissioner for compiling the Theodosian Code, before Feb. 43 8. a a Smith's Diet. Apollodorus of Fergamus, rhetorician, — [B CJ — fl. at Apollonia, about 63 to 44. Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 87, 3) 430. Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 107, 3) 350. Apollodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 114, 4) 321. Apollonia, {Gylaceia, Pollina,) in Illyria, — [B C] — founded by Corinthians and Corcyreans under Gylax, 627 a — surrendered to L. Pos- tumius Albinus and Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, 229 — besieged by Philip V. ; siege raised and Philip defeated byM. Valerius Laevinus, prcet., 215 — occupied by Julius Caesar, winter 49-8. a Von Spruner. Apollonia, (Sozopolis, Sizeboli,) in Thrace, — [BC] — founded by a colony from Miletus, 6o9, a about 6^o. h a Clinton. b Von Spruner. Apollonicon, a species of organ, — built by Messrs Flight and Robson, and first exhibited, 1817. Apollonides of Cos, physician, surgeon, — [B C] — fl. at court of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 4 6 5-25- Apollonius, ecclesiastical writer, — opposes the Montanists, about 21 1-2. Apollonius of Alexandria, sophist and grammarian, — [BC] — f(. about 40-30. Apollonius of Athens, sophist and rhetorician, — comes as ambassador to Severus, 196. Apollonius of Chalets, Stoic philosopher, — teaches at Rome, about 133. Apollonius of Ferga, mathematician, — [B C] — fl. about 225. Apollonius of Rhodes, epic poet, — [B C] — n. about 245-0 — taught by Callimachus, about 230 a — succeeds Eratosthenes as chief librarian to the Museum at Alexandria, 194 — ft. i86. b a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Apollonius, Senator of Rome, — martyred, 186 or 187. Apollonius of Tyana, Pythagorean philoso- APOLLONIUS— APPELLANTS. 107 pher, — [B C]— b. at Tyana, about 4 or 3— [AD] — studies at Tarsus, about 10 — adopts the Pythagorean rule, about 12-3 — -visits Persia, India, &c, 45 a — returns to Ionia, 48 s — at Athens, autumn 60 a — at Olympia, Jul. 61 a — goes to Sparta, autumn 61 a — to Crete, spring 62 a — at Borne, 64 s — sent away from Rome, Nov. 66 a — in Spain, 67 -8 a — passes through Sicily to Greece, 14 Sep. 68 a — goes to Egypt, spring 69 s1 — visits Ethiopia, 70 a — meets Titus at Argos in Cilicia, 71 a — in Ionia, 83- 93 a — in Italy, brought before Domitian, about Apr. 93 a — escapes and goes through Sicily to Greece, to Olympia, Jul. 93 a — returns to Ionia, 95 a — at Ephesus, (14 Kal. Oct.) 18 Sep. 96 a — fc. at Ephesus, end of 97. a [Philostratus.] a Clinton. ApolloniusDyscolus, grammarian, — teaches at Alexandria, about 140 — comes to Rome, after 160. Apollonius Malacus of Alabanda, rhetori- cian, — [B C] — teaches at Rhodes, about 107 to 95. a a Clinton. Apollonius Molon of Alabancla, rhetorician, — [B C] — teaches at Rome, 88 — ambassador from Rhodes to Rome, 81 — teaches at Rhodes, 77- Apollonius, — Consul with Magnus, (1213, a. u. c.) 460. Apollophanes, comic poet, — [BC] — fl. at Athens, about (01. 95) 400. Apollophanes, physician, — [B C] — fl. at court of Antiochus Soter, about 223-187. Aponus Petrus. [Abano, Pietro de.] Apostasy from the Christian religion, — incapacitates for making a will, &c.,by law of Theodosius, (13 Kal. Jun.) 20 May 383— [Lapsi,] — made a disqualification for public office, &c, &c, by Act 9 and 10 ¥m. III. c. 32, 1697. Apostles. [See their names."] Apostles' Creed, — first commented upon by Rufinus, about 390. [Acts of the Apostles.] Apostolical Constitutions and Canons, — first draft of them constructed, ? before 200 a — sub- sequent additions, about 300, and to 5oo. a a E,6the, Mosheini, &c. Apostolical Fathers. [Clemens, Hennas, Ignatius, Polycarp.] Apostolical Junta, — formed by Ferdinand VII. of Spain, for the purpose of assisting the ministry, 26 Sep. 1825. Apostolicals. [Ferdinand VII., Spanish Revolution.] Apostolici, Christian sectaries, — 9. in the vicinity of Cologne, about 1150. [Dolcino, Segarelli.] Apostolicum, — Bull granted by Pope Cle- ment XIII. at the solicitation of the Jesuits, confirming their Institution, (7 Id. Jan. 1794, Flor. S.) 7 Jan. 1765 a — suppressed by the Parlement of Paris, 11 Feb. 1765 — its public- ation forbidden in Portugal, 1765. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Apostolius, Michael, theologian, $c, — takes refuge in Italy, with Cardinal Bessarion, 1453 — at Viterbo, 1462 — tf. in Crete, 1482. Apostool, Samuel, polemical writer, — fi. 1638 — becomes minister of the Flemish congre- gation at Amsterdam, Mar. 1662 — commences his controversy with Galenus, 15 Oct. 1662 — tr. about 1700. Apostoolians, a sect of Baptists in Holland, — founded by Samuel Apostool, 1664. [Flem- ings, Galenists, Memnonites, &c.] Apotactitae, (Apotactici.) [Apostolici, Ma- nichaeans, Tatiani, &c] Apothecaries, practitioners of pharmacy, — ■ in England, first mentioned, 1345 — first pro- tected by Act 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1543. In France, the first statutes regarding them enacted by Charles VIIL, 1484. In Germany, first mentioned, soon after 1400. The Company of Apothecaries, — incorporated in conjunction with the Grocers' Company, 9 Apr. 1606 — separately, 6 Dec. 16 17 — its powers increased, 1722 and 1748 — empowered to examine and license Apothecaries in England and Wales, by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 194, 18 15 — issues new regulations, raising the qualifications of candi- dates, Apr. 1835. [Barber-Surgeons, Physi- cians.] Appeal, Court of — the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council constituted one, by Acts 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833 ; and 14 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 Aug. 1851. Appeal, (Provocatio ad popitlitm,) Right of, at Home, — [B C] — secured to all citizens by Valerian Law, 509 — taken from them by Laws of the Twelve Tables, 451-0 — restored and confirmed by Valerian-Horatian Law, and Duilian Law, 449 — by Valerian Law, 300 — Porcian Law, 197 — and by Antonian Law, 44. Appeals, — Criminal, abolished by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 46, 1819. [Wager of Battle.] To Rome, va the case of a bishop condemned by a council, permitted by the Council of Sardica, 347 — allowed by VI th Council of Carthage, on occasion of the appeal of Apiarius, against the excommunication of his bishop, May, Jun. 419 — prohibited by another Council at Carthage, after another appeal by Apiarius, and a confes- sion of his crimes, about 425 — first made in England by Wilfrid, Abp of York, about 67 3 — brought into use in England by Henry of Blois, Bp of Winchester, at Council of London, 1 140 — indirectly prohibited by Constitutions of Clarendon, cap. 8, 11 64 — prohibited under penalty of prcemunire, by Acts 24 Hen. VIIL c. 12, early in 1533 ; and 26 Hen. VIIL cc. 19 and 21, 1534. Appel, Jakob, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 29 Nov. 1680 — ft. 7 May 1751. Appelius, Jean Henri, financier, — b. at Mid- dleburg, about 1767 — Advocate, 1786 — Pen- sionary of Zeeland, Feb. 1795 — Councillor of State, 1804 — Finance minister under Xing Louis Bonaparte, 1808 — returns from Paris to the Netherlands, 12 Apr. 18 14 — enters the service of the King of the Netherlands, 18 15 — Finance minister, 1824 — tf. at the Hague, 1828. Appellants, — the Bps of Mirepoix, Senez, Montpellier, and Boulogne appeal from the Bull Unigenitus to some future Council, 1 Mar. 17 17 — who are joined by the Cardinal de No- ailles, spring 17 17 — excommunicated by Clement ioS APPELMAX— APPULEIUS. XL, 1718— Xoailles and others effect an ar- rangement ; the four Bishops renew their ap- peal, 10 Sep. 1720— the Bp of Senez condemned by Synod of Embrun, and suspended, 20 Sep. 1727 — he appeals to a future council, 22 Sep. 1727 — and is confined in the Abbey of Chaise Dieu, 11 Oct. 1727 — protest against the sen- tence by many prelates, &c, 17 Mar. 1728 — Faculty of Arts of Paris annuls its appeal, 23 May 1739 — Eouis XV. grants an amnesty for all' that has past respecting this Bull, 10 Dec. 1756. [Jansenists.] Appelman, Bernard, {Barent, Hector,) painter, — b. at the Hague, 1640 — tf. 1686. Appending Francesco Maria, historian, §c, — 6. at Turin, 4 Xov. 1768 — rj. at Zara, Jan. 1837. Notizie Istorico-critiche sidle Antichita, Storia, e Letteratura dei Ragusci, 1802-3. Appenzell, (Abbatis Cella,) Canton of Swit- zerland, — its domain conferred by Pepin upon the Abbey of St Gall, about 760— the people obtain permission to choose their own Land- ammann, 1272 — rights of the Abbey confirmed by the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — the liberties of the Appenzellers confirmed by the Abbot Herman von Bonstettin, about 1360 — -joins the league of Bavaria, Baden, the Pal- atinate, and Imperial cities, after 1367 — four parishes rise against the oppressions of the officers of the Abbey, and are joined by St Gall, 1400 — union with St Gall annulled ; the Appenzellers ally themselves with Schwytz and Glarus, 140 1-2 — they defeat the combined forces of St Gall, Constance, &c, at the Spei- cher, 15 May 1403 — joinedby St Gall again, 1404 — Duke Frederick IV. of Austria and his allies defeated at the Stoss, and at Hauptlisberg, 7 Jun. 1404 — and at the Wolf shalde, later in Jun. 1404 — concludes a defensive alliance with St Gall for 9 years, 1404 — carries on the war against Austria, 1404-8 — defeated by the Em- peror Rupert and the League of St George's Shield, whilst besieging Bregentz, 13 Jan. 1408 — joins the Seven Cantons, 141 1 — recognized as free and independent by Duke Frederick of Austria, by the treaty of Peace for 50 years, 20 May 141 2 — disputes with the Abbot of St Gall continue, about 1425 — a closer alliance contracted with the Seven Cantons, 1452 — Appenzell received into the Swiss Confedera- tion, 10 Dec. 15 1 3 — receives the Reformation, 1522 — divided into two sections, the Inner Rho- den, and Outer Bhoden, 1597 — a revision of the laws enacted by the people, 1794 — accepts the Helvetian Republic, May 1798 — its ancient democratic constitution restored, autumn 1802 — revolts against Napoleon, and annuls his constitution, end of 18 13 — reconstituted by the Peace of Vienna, 18 15. Appian Way, between Home and Capua, — [B C] —commenced by Appius Claudius Caucus, in his Censorship, 302-8 — carried to Brundi- sium, before 30. [Aqueduct.] Appiani, Andrea, painter, — b. at Bosizio, 23 May 1754 — disabled by an attack of apo- plexy, 'May 1813 — tr. at Milan, 8 Nov. 1817. Appiani, Francesco, painter, — ft. at Ancona, 1702 — tJ. 1792. Appianus, of Alexandria, historian, — fi. at Rome, about 130- 147. a a Clinton. Appleton, Jesse, theologian, §c., — b. at New Ipswich, N. Hampshire, U. S., 17 Nov. 1772 — President of Bowdoin College, 23 Dec. 1807 — tr. 12 Nov. 18 19. Appleton, Nathaniel, theologian, §c., — rj. at Ipswich, Mass., U. S., 9 Dec. 16.93 — ordained at Cambridge, 9 Oct. 17 17 — D.D., 177 1 — if. 9 Feb. 1784. Appraisers, — require an annual license by Act 46 Geo. III. c. 43, 1805-6 — duty on license increased to 10s. by General Stamp Act, 55 Geo. III. c. 104, 1 8 14-5— to £2, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 76, 4 Aug. 1845. Apprentices, Apprenticeship, — first men- tioned incidentally in Act 12 Rich. II. c. 3, 1388 — apprenticeship made imperative as a condi- tion of exercising any trade ; its term fixed at 7 years ; the reception of apprentices made com- pulsory, &c, by the ' Statute of Apprenticeship,' 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562-3 — the restrictions on exer- cising trades, &c, repealed by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 96, 1 8 14— term to expire at the attainment of 21 years, by Acts 7 Geo. III. c. 39, 1766-7 ; and 18 Geo. III. c. 47, 1777-8 — numbers of apprentices taken regulated by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 5, 1562-3 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 17, 1603-4; and 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 5, 1662 — compulsory reception of apprentices enforced by Acts 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 11, 1555-6; and 8 and 9 Wm. III. c. 30, 1696 — and abolished by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 101, 9 Aug. 1844 — apprenticeship of paupers regulated, by Acts 43 Eliz. c. 2, 1600-1; 8 and 9 AVm. III. c. 30, 1696; 18 Geo. III. c. 47, 1777-8; 32 Geo. III. c. 57, 1791-2; 4 and 5 AVm. IV. c. 76, 14 Aug. 1834; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 101, 9 Aug. 1844 ; and c. 112, 5 Sep. 1844 — enrolment of indentures enforced by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 5, 1562-3 ; and 5 Geo. II. c. 46, 1731-2 — seamen's apprentices to be registered, by Acts 5 and 6 Wm. IV. c. 19, 30 Jul. 1835 ; and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 112, 5 Sep. 1844 — duty upon the premium imposed and regulated by Acts 8 Aim. c. 9, 1709-10; 9 Ann. c. 21, 1710-1 ; 18 Geo. II. c. 22, 1744-5; and 20 Geo. II. c. 45, 1746-7— rela- tions of master and apprentice regulated by Acts 20 Geo. II. c. 19, 1746-7 ; 6 Geo. III. c. 25, 1765-6; 32 Geo. III. c. 57, 1791-2; 42 Geo. III. c. 73, 1801-2; and 5 Vic. c. 7, 23 Mar. 1842 — Settlement of apprentices regu- lated, by Acts 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 12, 1662 ; 12 Ann. c. 18, 17 13-4; and 4 and 5 AVm. IV. c. 76, 14 Aug. 1834 — indentures discharged by Bankruptcy of the master, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 16, 1825-6 — binding females to work in mines, void, by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1842. [Slavery.] Appropriation Clause. [Tithe Commuta- tion.] Appuleian Laws, — [BC] — by Trib. pleb. L. Appuleius Saturninus, (1) Agrarian, (2) .re- garding the planting of certain Colonies, (3) Corn-Law, (4) relating to majestas, (654, a. u. C.) ioo. a a Fi sc her. Appuleius, (Apuleius,) Lucius, (?) Platonic philosopher, — h. at Madaura, about 126 — de- APPTJLEITJS— AQUARIUM. :o 9 fends himself before Lollianus Avitus {Clau- dius Maximiis,) Proc. of Africa, after 144 — fl. about 163^ a Lardner. Appuleius, M., — [B C] — Consul with P. Silius, (734, a. u. c.) 20. Appuleius, Sextus, — [B C] — (1) Consicl with. Augustus V., (725, a. u. c.) 29 — triumphs for victories in Spain, (7 Kal. Feb.) 24 Jan. 26. a (2)— [AD]— Consul with Sex. Pompeius, (767, I4. a a Greswell. Apraxin, Stephen Feodorowitz, military commander, — takes part in the overthrow of Count Lestocq, 1748 — invades Prussia, and takes Meniel, 5 Aug. 1757 — defeats Lehwald at Gross Jagerndorf, 30 Aug. 1757 — falls back upon Courland, Sep. 1757 — recalled and im- prisoned; Xf. 26 Aug. 1760^ a Nouv. Biog, Gen. Apres de Mannevillette, Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denys (¥,hydrographer, — ft. at Havre, 11 Feb. 1707 — fr. 1 Mar. 1780. Neptune Oriental, 1745-75. Apricot, {Prunus Armeniaca,) — introduced into Great Britain, 1562. Apries, {BZophra,Yaphres,Psamaticus III. ?) King op Egypt, — [B C] — succeeds his father, Psamaticus II., 596 ? a 595^ 594 ,cd 593 ,e 590 f — conquers Phoenicia and Palestine, about 590 — assists Zedekiah against Nebuchadnezzar in vain, 588, ef 587^ 586s — revolt of the Cyre- neans, 574° — Amasis sent to suppress it, heads the insurgents, 573° — Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt, defeats Apries, and makes Amasis King, 57 1 c — Amasis defeats and kills Apries, 57i, af 570, bf ^9- cdei a Wilkinson. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Ussher. d Clinton. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. f Von Gumpach. & Smith's Diet. Apronianus, C. Veranius, ( Ventidius, Venu- leius,) — Consul with. Q. Arrius Prctinus, (876, A. U. C.) 123. Apronianus, C. Vipstanus, — Consul with L. Fonteius Capito, (812, a. u. c.) 59 — Proc. of Africa, 70. Apronianus, Vipstanus, — Consul with Niger, (870, a. u. c.) 117. Apronianus, — Consul with Paulus, (921, A. u. c.) 168. Apronianus, — Consul with Bradua, (944, a. u. c.) 191. Apronius, Lucius, — Consul suff. with A. Yibius Habitus, (761, A. u. c.) 8 — serves under Drusus and Germanicus in Germany, 14 and 15 — Proc. of Africa, 20 — Prcet. of Lower Ger- many, perishes during the revolt of the Frisii ? 28. Aprosio,Ludovico, {Angelico,) bibliographer, §'C, — ft. at Vintimiglia, 29 Oct. 1607 — enters Augustine Order, 1623 — Prof, of Literature at the Convent of St Stephen, Venice, 1639 — ft. 23 Feb. 1681. Bibliotheca Aprosiana, 1673. Apsephion, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 77, 4) 469. Apseudes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 86,4)433. Apsines of Gadara, sophist, rhetorician, — fl. at Athens, about 235. Apuani of Liguria, — [BC] — defeated and reduced by C. Flaminius, 1S7 — rout Q,. Mar- cius, 186 — subdued and removed into Sam- nium by P. Cornelius and M. Bgebius, 180. Apulia, {Daunia and Peucetia, lapygia, Puglia, Pouille,) in Italy, — [BC]- its people conclude a treaty of alliance with Kome, 326 — in alliance with the Samnites, at war with Home, 323-2 — completely subdued by Pome, 317 — join the Samnites in making war against Eome, and are subdued by Q,. Fabius Maximus Pullianus, 297 — partly sub- dued by Pyrrhus, 279 — becomes the seat of war in the Second Punic "War, 217 to 207 — joins the revolted provinces in the Social War, 91— almost wholly reduced by C. Cosconius, 89 — [AD] — constitutes part of the Duchy 01 Beneventum erected by Narses, about 555 — conquered from the Lombards and the Sara- cens, by Nicephorus Phocas, and erected into the Theme Longobardia, 885 — revolt of Melo of Bari, 1010 — engages some Norman pilgrims to St Michael of Mount Garganus, to assist him, [Capua,] 1016 — with their help, under Drogot, defeats the Byzantine Catapan, about Jul. 1017 — and again at Arenula, 101 8 — ac- quires the whole of Apulia ; defeated by Bugia- nus, {Bojanus,) .'at Cannse, and loses it, 1 Oct. 1019 — attempts to gain assistance from the Emperor Henry II. and dies at Bamberg, 1020 — fresh companies of Normans arrive in Southern Italy, after 102 1-5 — the Emperor Conrad II. takes part in the conflict there, 1038 — Argyrus, son of Melo, heads the Nor- mans against the Byzantine officers, about 1040 — Georgius Maniaces sent to oppose Argyrus, early in 1042— Argyrus assumes the title of Prince of Bari and Duke of Apulia, 1042 — Guillatjme, {Bras de Per,) son of Tan- crede de Hauteville, Lord of Ascoli, created Count of Apulia, by the Lords of Aversa, Ve- nosa, &c. at Melfi, 1043 — defeats the Catapan Eustathius at Trani, 8 May 1046 — Argyrus made Catapan to oppose the Normans, 1046 — Guillaume succeeded by his brother Drogon, {Dreux,) Lord of Venosa, 1046 — receives the investiture of Apulia from the Emperor Henry III., 1047 — assassinated by the contrivance of Argyrus and Pope Leo IX. ; his brother, Hum- phred, {Humphroi,) succeeds, 105 1 — defeats and takes Leo IX. prisoner, at Civitella, 18 Jun. 1053 — his brother, Kobert Guiscard, ( Wiscard,) expels his nephew Abaillard and succeeds as Duke of Apidia and Calabria, 1057 — succeeded by his son, Roger, {Bursa,) 17 Jul. 1085 — —his son, Guillaume II., succeeds him, 22 Feb. in 1 — receives the investiture of his states from Paschal II. at Council of Ceperano, 11 14 — and from Callistus II., 1120 — tJ. and is succeeded by his cousin Roger II. of Sicily, 20 Jul. ii27 a — Michael Palseologus and John Ducas, generals of Manuel Conmenus, recover great part of Apulia, 1 155 — Guillaume I. of Sicily defeats and takes Alexius Comneuus, and re- gains Apulia, summer 1156. [Naples, Two Sicilies.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Aqua Tofana, {Aquetta.) [Tofana.] Aquarium, (Aquavivarium, Vivarium,) — balance of animal and vegetable life in it, estab- AQTTATINTA ENGRAVING-AQTTINUM. lished by experiments of Robert Warington, 1849-52. m Aquatinta Engraving, —invented by Le Prince, about 1760. [Sandby, Paul.] Aquaviva, (Acquaviva,) Claudio, General of the Society of Jesus, — 6. at Atri, 14 Sep. 1543 — enters the Society, 1567 — General, 158 1 — acquitted by a general congregation of the Order, summer 1592 — &. 31 Jan. 1615. Ratio Studiorum, 1586. Aqueducts (Aqua) of Rome, — [BC] — (1) Anio Vetus, — begun by M' Curius Dentatus, Cens., 272 — finished by M. Fulvius ^Flaccus, Cens., 246. (2) Appia,— begun by Appius Clau- dius Caecus, Cens., 312. (3) Julia, — commenced by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, Aid., 33. (4) Marcia, — built by Q. Marcius Rex, Prat,, 144 and 143 — repaired by Agrippa, 33 — the waters of another spring conveyed into it by Augustus, about 11. (5) Tepula, — built by Cn. Servilius Csepio and L. Cassius Longinus, Censs., 125 — its waters turned into the Aqua Julia, by Agrippa, 33. [AD] — (6) Claudia and Anio Novus, — commenced by Caligula, 36 — finished by Claudius, 50. Aquidaban, — battle of, President Lopez de- feated and killed, by Gen. Camera, end of Paraguayan war, 1 Mar. 1870. [Paraguay.] Aquila, translator of the Old Testament into Greek, — fl. about 130. Aquila, (Adler,) Caspar, theologian, — b. at Augsburg, 7 Aug. 1488 — imprisoned at Dillin- gen for attachment to the Reformation, 1519-20 ■ — Prof, of Hebrew at 'Wittenberg, 1524 — minister at Saalfeldt, 1527 — superintendent there, 1528 — proscribed for his opposition to the Interim, 1548 — returns to Saalfeldt, 1552 — &. there, 12 Nov. 1560. Christliche Er- klarung des Kleinen Catechismi, 1538 — Erkld- rung der ganzen Christlichen Lehre, 1547 — Christlich Bedenken auf das Interim, 1548. Aquilano, Serafino, poet, improvisatore, — b. at Aquila, 1466 — rj. at Rome, 10 Aug. 1500. Aquilanus, Sebastianus, physician, — Prof, of Medicine at Ferrara, 1495 — fc. 15 13. Aquileia, (Aquilegia, Aglar, Aglay, Aglon,) in Italy, — [B C] — a Latin colony established here by Rome, 181 — increased by 1500 families, 169 — attacked by the Iapydes, 35 — [AD] occupied by the partisans of Vespasian, 69 — vainly besieged by Maximin, Apr. May 238a — Constans defeats and kills his brother Con- stantine II. near, early in 340 a — besieged and taken by Jovinus, late in 361 a— ,Theodosius the Great defeats and kills Maximus near, 23 Jul. 388 — and Eugenius, 6 Sep. 394 — occupied by Aspar ; Joannes defeated and put to death here, 425 — taken and destroyed by Attila, 452 — restored by Narses, after 552 — its bishop separates from the Church of Rome, and assumes the title of Patriarch, at a Council held here, 556° — city deserted, and taken pos- session of by Alboin, King of the Lombards, 568 — the schism renounced at a Council held here ; the title of Patriarch recognized by Ser- gius I., 698 — makes itself master of the terri- tory of Friuli, after 924 b — deprived of most of its territory by Venice, 1420 — the Patri- archate abolished, and the diocese divided, 1758 — unsuccessful attempt to reestablish it, I 1^5' [Udine.] Council of , — held near Udine, by Gregory XII. , on the Great Schism, 6 Jan. to 5 Sep. 1409^ a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Aquilinus, T. Herminius, — [BC] — Consul with Spurius Larcius Flavus, (248, a. u. c.) 27 Sep., a 3 Mar. b 5o6 — killed at battle of Lake Regillus, 499. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Greswell. Aquilinus (Continisanus, ) Lar Herminius, — [B C] — Consul with T. Verginius Tricostus Coelimontanus, (306, a. u. c.) 6 Nov. 448. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. Aquilinus, — Consul with Q. Junius Rusticus, (915, a. u. c.) 162. Aquilinus, — Consul vnth. JEriiilianus, (1002, a. tj. c.) 249. Aquilinus, T. Vettius, — Consul with P. Cor- nelius Scipio Asiaticus, (878, a. u. c.) 125. Aquilinus, Vettius, — Consul withM. Ennius Maximus, (1039, a. tj. c.) 286. Aquillian Laws, -[BC]- by C. Aquillius, Prat., to determine the nature of the crime of dolus malus, (688, a. u. c.) 66. Aquillian Plebiscite, {law,) — [BC]— by Aquillius, Trib. pleb., concerning damnum in- juria datum, 287 or 286 ? a a Ersch and Gruber. Aquillius, (Aquilius,)^ M', — [B C] — (1) Consul with C. Sempronius Tuditanus, (625, a. tj. c.) 2 Aug. i3o, a 2 Jan. i29 b — concludes the war against Aristonicus of Pergamus, 129 — triumphs, (3 Id. Nov. 628,) 27 May, a 20 Nov. b 126. (2) Consul with C. Marius V., (653,) 18 Oct. i02, a 12 Jan. ioi b — sup- presses the Servile Insurrection under Athe- nion in Sicily, 101-0 — honoured with an Ovation, (655,) 99° — accused of maladminis- tration of his province, defended by M. Anto- nius, and acquitted, 98 — defeated by Mith- ridates of Pontus at Protostachium, and murdered, 88. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Greswell. c Fischer. Aquilonia, in Italy, — [BC] — L. Papirius Cursor defeats the Samnites here, and takes and burns the town, 293. Aquin, (Aquino,) Philippe d', (Mardochai,) Hebraist, §c, — b. at Carpentras, about 1580 — ■ converted to Christianity, 16 10 — fc. at Paris, 1650. Diciionarium Eebrao-Chaldceo-Talmu- dico-Pabbinicum, 1629. Aquinas, Thomas, St, — (Angel of the Schools, Eagle of Divines, Universal and Angelic Doctor,) scholastic theologian, — b. at Aquino or Rocca Secca, 1227 — studies at Naples, 1240 — enters Dominican Order, 1243 — studies at Cologne and Paris under Albertus Magnus, 1244 to 1248 — ordained priest ; teaches at Paris, 1248 — Doctor of Theology at Paris, 1255 — summoned to Rome by Urban IV., 1261 — returns to Paris, 1269 — removes to Naples, 1272 — tf. at Fossi Nuovi, 7 Mar. 1274 — canonized by John XXII. , 18 Jul. 1323 — his body ' trans- lated' to Toulouse, 28 Jan. 1369 — declared the < Fifth Doctor of the Church' by Pius V., 1567. [Thomists, &c] Aquinum, (Aquino,) in Italy, — [B C] — re- AQUITANI— AQUITANIA. ceives a Koman colony, about 40 — [AD] — destroyed by the Emperor Conrad IV., 1252. Aquitani, Aquitania, (Novempopulana, Vas- conia,) in Gaul, — [BCJ — invaded and partly reduced by P. Crassus, Adcantuanus defeated at Sotium, 56 — completely reduced by Julius Caesar, 51 — wholly subjugated by M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus; who triumphs, (7 Kal. Oct.) 25 Sep. 27. [Aquitania {Aquitaine) .] Aquitania, {Aquitaine,) Guienne, — [BC] — organized as a province, its northern boundary being removed to the Loire, by Augustus, 27 — [A Dj — reorganized, and divided into Aquitania Prima and Secunda, and Novempopulana, 401 or 402 — Aquitania Secunda and Novempopulana ceded to the Visigoths under Wallia, by Ho- norius, 418*— Aquitania Prima subjugated by Euric, 474 a — Clovis defeats and kills Alaric IL at Vougle, near Poitiers, and acquires Aqui- tania, 507-8 — divided amongst the four sons of Clovis, at his death, [Metz, Orleans, Paris, Soissons,] end of 511 — divided between Chil- debert of Austrasia, and Gontran of Bur- gundy, by the treaty of Andelot, end of 587 — united by Chlothaire II. of Soissons, 613 — ceded by Dagobert, with Toulouse, as an apanage to his brother Charibert II., (Caribert, Aribert,) end of Apr. 630 b — he defeats the Gascons, spring 631 — succeeded by his infant son Childeric, (Silderic,) who is soon afterwards put to death, 631b — Amand, Duke of the Basque Gascons, [Gascony,] father-in-law to Charibert, pro- cures Aquitania and Toulouse, as a hereditary Duchy for Boggis and Bertrand, sons of Charibert, 637 b ■ — Eudes, (Odou,) son of Boggis, succeeds at his death, St Hubert, son of Bertrand, ceding his states to him, 688 b — recognized as King of Aquitaine by Chilperie II., 717 b — defeated with Chilperie by Charles Martel, 718 or 7i9 b — defeats the Saracens at Toulouse, 721 — purchases peace of Munuza, governor of Catalonia, 730 — defeated by Abd el Rahman, near the Dordogne, 732 — makes peace with Charles before the battle of Tour, 732 — succeeded by his son Hunald, {Hunold,) 735 b — accepts the investiture of his states from Charles Martel as a Duchy, 736 — revolts against Carloman and Pepin, 741 — asks peace of them, and abdicates ; his son, "Waifre, {Guaifer,) succeeds, 744 or 745 b — insults Pepin, who makes war upon him, 760 - — assassinated ; and Aquitaine reunited to the crown, 2 Jun. 768 b — Hunald leaves his monas- tery and attempts to wrest Aquitaine from Charlemagne and Carloman, 769 — defeated, and permitted to go to Italy, joins Didier, King of the Lombards, 771 — Louis le Debon- naire declared King of Aquitaine by his father, Charlemagne, at his birth, 778 b — put in possession of his states, 781 — on his accession to the Western Empire, makes his son, Pepin I., King of Aquitaine, early in 814 — Pepin at war with his father, 831-2, 834 — ft., 13 Dec. 838 — his son Pepin II. proclaimed in Aqui- taine ; his brother, Charles le Chauve, invested with the kingdom by his father, Louis, spring 839° — Louis ravages Aquitaine, summer 839° — war between Charles and Pepin, 840-4 — Treaty of St Benoit sur Loire ; Charles cedes the kingdom of Aquitaine to Pepin ; except Poitou, Saintonge, and Angoumois, given to Count Rainulf I. of Poitiers, as the Duchy of Aquitaine, Jun. 845° — Aquitaine ravaged by the Normans ; Pepin deposed ; Charles made king, 848 — Pepin recalled, 850— again deposed, and given up to Charles, who makes him assume the monastic habit, Sep. 852°— Louis, son of Louis the Germanic, invited to be king, 853 — Charles makes war upon his adherents, spring 854° — Pepin escapes from the convent of St Medard, and becomes king again, 854 — ■ Charles, son of Charles the Bald, crowned, mid- dle of Oct. 855 b c — war between the three com- petitors for the crown, and invasions of the Normans, 865-63 b — Charles submits to his father, end of 863° — Bainulf takes Pepin pri- soner, and gives him up to Charles, at the General Assembly of Pistes, Jun. 864,° 865 b — Charles fc., 29 Sep. 866 — Louis le Begue, his brother, crowned, beginning of Mar. 867 — Kingdom reunited to the crown of France, on the death of Charles, Oct. 877 — governed by Bernard of Auvergne and Bernard of Gothia, before 880 — assigned to Carloman, son of Louis, at the division of the monarchy, Mar. 880 — till the death of his brother, Louis III., Aug. 882 — Aquitaine ravaged by the Normans, [Hasting,] about 882— Bainulf II. of Poi- tiers assumes the title of King of Aquitaine, about 887-92 — the Duchy enjoyed by the Counts of Auvergne, 893 to 928 — attacked by Raonl of Burgundy, y24 and 926 — reverts to the Counts of Poitiers, 928— almost independ- ent of the crown, [Hugh Capet,] 955 to 1037 — the Duchy of Gascony reunited to Aqui- taine by Eudes, (Odon,) son of Guillaume le Grand, 1038 — finally ceded to Gui Geoffroi, brother of Guillaume Aigret, by Bernard II. of Armagnac, 1052 — Aquitaine, with Poitou, «fec, reunited to the crown of France, by the marriage of Eleanor to Louis le Jeune, 22 Jul. 11 37 — passes into the possession of England, by the marriage of Eleanor to Henry II., 18 May 1 152 — Henry suppresses a rebellion here, 1 167 — cedes the Duchy to his son Richard, 1 169— the seigneurs revolt anew, 1175 — and are defeated and made prisoners by Richard, 1 1 76 — the usufruct of the Duchy granted to Otto of Brunswick, 1196 — Eleanor resumes the Duchy, &c, and associates her son, John, with her, 1 1 99 — the Duchy, or southern part of the former kingdom, begins to be called Guienne, after 1200 b — the possessions of King John in France confiscated by the court of peers, and all but Guienne taken from him, 1204 — other parts of Aquitaine restored to Henry III. by St Louis, at Abbeville, 28 Mar. 1259 — Philip le Bel takes possession of the whole, spring 1293 — Charles le Bel summons Edward II. to do homage for his States, and takes possession of them, spring and summer 1324 — Edward cedes Guienne, &c., to his son, [Edward III.,] who does homage for them, 14 Sep. 1325 b — Edward III. does homage to Philip of Valois, at Amiens, 6 Jun. 1329 — invests the Prince of Wales with the Duchy ARABIA— ARAGON. of Guienne, 1355 — concludes treaty of Breti- gny, 1360 — erects Guienne, &c, into the Prin- cipality of Aquitaim, in favour of Edward the Black Prince, 1362 — the seigneurs and others of Guienne complain to Charles le Sage of the oppression of the English, 1366-7 — the English expelled from almost all Guienne, 1377 — treaty of Troyes, 1420 — Aquitaine finally conquered and united with the kingdom of France, [Charles VII.] 145 i. b a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Sismondi. Arabia, {Arabistan,) — [BC] — the coast of the Red Sea taken possession of by Ptolemy Euergetes, about 225 — iElius Gallus invades the country, and penetrates to Marsyabce, 24 — [ADj — subdued by Mohammed, 629 to 632 a — virtually independent after the capture of Bag- dad by Hulaku Khan, 1258 — [Gassan, Him- yarides, Hira, Idumaea, Mohammedan Em- pire, Nabathaea, Wahabis, Yemen, &c] — visited by Xiebuhr, 1762-3 — crossed from East to West by Sadlier, 18 19 — visited by Burckkardt, 1828 — by Palgrave, 1862-3. a Gibbon. Arabia, Roman Provence, — established after the conquest of Arabia Petraea, &c, by A. Cornelius Palina, 106 a — enlarged by Septimius Severus, 195 — divided into two parts, after 330. [Idumaea, Nabathaea, Petra.J a Clinton. Arabic Versions of the Holy Scriptures, — the Pentateuch and Isaiah (or the entire Old Testament a ) translated by Rabbi Saadia Gaon Haphitomi, after 925 — version of John, Bp of Seville, 719 — the Pentateuch translated by Harites Ibn Sina, (891, a. h.) i486. * Walton. Arabshah, Ahmed Ibn Mohammed, Ibn Abdullah al Huneifi, {Guerasp,) historian, — returns to Damascus from the Ottoman court, (824, a. h.) 142 1 — tf. (854,) 1450. Aja'ibal Makdur fi Akhbar Timour, 1436-7. Aracan, {Rakhaing, Akyab,) in Asia, — governed by native princes, the Joomea Mugs, about 701 to 1 1 84 — visited by an earthquake, 1763 — conquered by the Birmese, [Ava,J 1783 — unsuccessful revolt of Kingberring, 1811 — city taken by General Morison, 1 Apr. 1825 — territory acquired by the East India Company, 1826 — visited by an earthquake, 1833. Arad, (Orod, Orodo,) in Hungary, — new fort- ress built, 1763 — held by Austrians under Gen. Berger, 1849 — capitulates to Hungarians, 1 Jul. 1849 — the members of Hungarian Diet retreat from Szegedin to, Aug. — given up to Russians after surrender of Gorgey, 17 Aug. [Hungary.] Aradus, {Arad, Arvath, Puad,) in Phoenicia, — B C — given up to Alexander by Strato, son of GrEBOSTBATOS, winter 333-2 a — taken posses- sion of by Ptolemy Soter, 320 — becomes inde- pendent, about 250 b — obtains rights of asylum from Seleucus Callinicus, 242 b — taken by* An- tiochus Epiphanes, 167 — assists Antiochus Ky- zikenus and his son Eusebes, 114 to 95 — [AD] • — taken and destroyed by Moawiyah, 648. a Grote. " b Smith's Diet. Araeometer, {Hydroscopium, Baryllium,)— known about 400. Arago, Dominique Fran ois Jean, astro- nomer, natural philosopher, §c, — b. at Estagel, 26 Feb. 1786 — Secretary to the Bureau des Longitudes, 1806 — engaged with Monge and Biot in measuring the arc of the meridian in Spain, 1806-7 — captured and detained by the Algerines, Aug. 1807 to Jun. 1809 — Member of the Academy, at Lalande's death, 17 Sep. 1809 — ■ commences his Lectures, under authority of the Bureau des Longitudes, 18 12 — visits England, 1 8 16 — engaged with Biot in connecting the French arc of the meridian with the English arc, 181 8 — elected a foreign member of the Royal Society, 1818 — investigates the connexion be- tween Galvanism and Magnetism, 1820 — Mem- ber of the Bureau des Longitudes, 1824 — re- ceives the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, 1825 — Perpetual Secretary of the Academy; Director of the Observatory, 1830 — elected to the Chamber of Deputies, Aug. 1830— visits England again, and attends meeting of British Association at Eclinburgh, 1834 — Member of the Council-general of the Seine, 1840 — dis- continues his Lectures, 1 845 — Minister of \Var and Marine in the Provisional Government, 24 Feb. to 4 May 1 848 — Member of the Execu- tive Committee of the National Assembly, 9 May to 24 Jun. 1848 — receives the Rumi'ord Medal of the Royal Society, 1850— refuses to take the oath to Louis Xapoleon after the coup d'etat, Dec. 1851 — tr. at Paris, 2 Oct. 1853. Memoires sur les Affinites des Corps 2)ar la La- miere, §c, 1806 — Arago, in conjunction with Gay-Lussac, establishes the Annales de Phy- sique et de Chimie, 1816. Aragon, in Spain, Kings of, — Aragon as- signed to Ramiro I., son of Sancho el Mayor of jSavarre, and raised to a kingdom, 1035 — acquires the kingdom of Sobrarve, on the as- sassination of his brother Gonzalez, 1038 — his son Sancho Ramirez succeeds, after 8 May 1063 — annexes Navarre, at the death of his brother Sancho IV., 1076 — his son Pedro I. succeeds, after 1 or 4 Jun. 1094,* (488, a. h.) 1095 b — his brother Alfonso I. {El Batal- lador, succeeds, after 28 Sep. 1104 — annexes Castile and Leon in right of Erraca, his wife, Jul. 1 1 09 — deputies from cities admitted to the Xational Assembly, 11 33 — Ramiro II. {the Jlonk,) brother of Alfonso, succeeds to Aragon alone, after 7 Sep. 11 34 — abdicates, and is succeeded by his daughter, Petronila, under guardianship of Raimond-Berenger V. of Bar- celona, 1 1 37 — Raimond-Berenge'r tJ., 8 Aug. 1 1 62 — Petronila resigns the crown to her son, Alfonso II. {Paimundo,) 1 163 — his son, Pedro II. succeeds, after 25 Apr. (1234, Hisp. E.) 1 196 — succeeded by his son Jayme I., [El Conquistador,) after 17 Sep. 121 3 — conquers Valencia, 1239 — his son, Pedro III., succeeds, after 25 Jul. 1276 — obtains the kingdom of Sicily, [Sicilian Vespers,] 1282— Alfonso HI. succeeds in Aragon, after 10 Nov. 1285 — signs the two ordinances, intituled ' Privileges of Union,' 1287 — annexes the Balearic Isles to his crown, 1287 — succeeded by his brother, Jayme II., after 18 Jun. 1291 — conquers Sar- dinia, 1326 — his son, Alfonso IV. {the Cour- teous,) succeeds, after 31 Oct. 1327 — Pedro ARAGON— ARBRISSEL. "3 IV. [the Ceremonious,) his son, succeeds, after 24 Jan. 1336 — reannexes the Belearic Isles to the kingdom of Aragon, 29 Mar. 1344 — over- throws the 'Union,' and destroys the instru- ment of its 'Privileges,' 1348 — his son, Juan L, succeeds, after 5 Jan. 1387 — succeeded by his brother Martin, after 19 May 1395 — ft., 31 May 1410 — succession disputed by Fernan- do, Infante of Castile, Louis Due d'Anjou, Jayme Conde de Urgel, and others, 141 0-1— the states of Aragon, Catalonia, and Yalencia choose Fernando I. of Castile, as King, 24 Jun. 141 2 — their choice proclaimed and rati- fied, 28 Jun. 141 2 — Alfonso V. [the Wise, the Magnanimous,) succeeds his father, 2 Apr. 141 6 — succeeded by his brother, Juan II., King of Navarre, which is united with Aragon, 28 Jun. 1458 — his son, Fernando I. {the Catholic,) succeeds, and unites the two king- doms of Castile and Aragon, 19 Jan. 1479. a Christian authorities. b Moorish authorities. Aragon, Tullia d', poet, — ft. at Naples, 15 10 — ft., 1565. Rime, 1547 — Dialogo dell' Infinita d'Amore, 1547 — IlMeschino il Guerino, 1560. Araja, Francisco, musical composer, — ft. at Naples, about 1700 — invited to St Peters- burg, 1735 — returns to Bologna, 1759. Ce- phalo e Drocris, 1755. Aral, Sea of, — explored by Russian Admiral Boutakoff, 1866. Araldi, Michele, mathematician, physiologist, &c, — ft. at Modena, 10 Feb. 1740 — Prof, of Physiology at Modena, 1760 — of Anatomy, 1772 — U. at Milan, 3 Nov. 1813. Aram, Eugene, — ft. at Ramsgilk 1704— resides at Knaresborough, 1734 to 1745 — ex- ecuted at York, for the murder of Daniel Clark, 6 Aug. 1759. Aranda, Emmanuel d', traveller, — ft. in Flanders, 1602 — ft. after 167 1. - Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca y Bolea, Conde de, statesman, diplomatist, — ft. at Sar- agossa, 21 Dec. 1718 — serves under Count de Gages, and is woimded near Bologna, 1743 — ambassador from Charles III. of Spain to Frederick Augustus II. of Saxony and Poland, 1759 — supersedes the Marquis Sarria in com- mand of the army invading Portugal, and takes Almeida, 25 Aug. 1762 — Captain-general of Yalencia, 1765 — President of the Council of Castile, 1766-7 — expels the Jesuits from Spain, 1767 — ambassador to France, 1773 to Nov. 1787 — Prime Minister to Charles IV., 1792 to end of Oct. 1792 — a\, 1794 or 1799. Aranjuez, in Spain, — disturbances at, 17 Mar. 1808 — abdication of Charles IV. in favour of his son Ferdinand at, 18 Mar. 1808 — Treaty of, concluded, 12 Apr. 1772. Arantius, (Aranzi,) Julius Caesar, — ana- tomist, — ft. at Bologna, about 1530 — Prof, of surgery and anatomy there, 1557-89 — fc., 7 Apr. 1589. De humano foetu, 1595. Ararat, Blount, in Armenia, (Bacis, Mons Masius,) — church built on, 303 — Nestorian monastery destroyed by lightning, 776 — ascent attempted by Tournefort, 1700— first success- ful ascent by Dr Parrot, 9 Oct. 1829 — de- structive earthquake, 2 Jul. to 1 Sep. 1*040. Araros, comic poet, — [BC] — acts in his father's (Aristophanes') Tlutus alter, 388 — ■ first exhibits, 375. Aratus, astronomer, poet, — [BC] — fl. at Soli, 272. Aratus, of Sikyon, — [B C] —ft., 27 i, a 27 2 b — delivers Sikyon from Nicocles, (01. 132, 1,) early in 251 — Strategics of Achaean League, first time, May 245,° 246 d — liberates Corinth f rom Antigonus Gonatas, (01. 134, 2,) 243 il — ■ defeated by Cleomenes at Mt Lyceum and Megalopolis, 225 — gives up Corinth to An- tigonus Doson, 224 — defeated by JEtolians at Caphyse, before midsummer 220 a — Strategics of Achaean League, 17th time, 2i7 a — o\, 213. a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. c Arnold. d Thirlwall. Araucana, Araucanians, S. America, — first invaded by Spaniards, 1537 — massacre . by Spaniards ? 155 1 — settlements of Imperial, Yil- larica, &c, founded by Yaldivia, about 1552-58 — acquire a force of cavalry, 1585 — settlements destroyed by the toqui Paillamachu, 1602 — ■ independence acknowledged by Spain, 1773. Araujo d'Azevedo, Antonio, Count da Barca, statesman, — ft. at Ponte de Lima, 14 May 1754— named ambassador of Portugal to the Hague, 1787 — visits England and France, 1789-90 — signs treaty of peace with France, at Paris, 17 Aug. 1797 — imprisoned in the Temple, 31 Dec. 1797 — ambassador to St" Pe- tersburg, after peace of Amiens, Oct. 1801-3 — secretary of state, 1803 — minister of foreign affairs and of war, 1806 — escapes from Lisbon, embarks for Brazil, 29 Nov. 1807 — minister of marine and the colonies, Brazil, 18 14 — Count da Barca, 18 15 — sole minister, Jan. 1817 — a", at Rio Janeiro, 21 Jun. 1817. Arbaces. [Media.] Arbela, battle of, — [BC] — fought near Gaugamela, Darius overthrown by Alexander the Great, (01. 112, 2,) (11 days after eclipse of the moon, 20 Sep.) 1 Oct. 331. Arbetio, Flavius, — Consul with Flavius Lollianus, (1108, a. u. c.) 355. Arbitration, in English law, — legalized and regulated by Acts 9 and 10 Wm. III. c. 15, 1697-8 ; 3 and 4 YYm. IY. c. 42, 14 Aug. 1833 ; and 12 and 13 Yic. c. 45, 28 Jul. 1849. Arbogast, Louis Francois Antoine, mathe- matician, — ft. at Mutzig,in Alsace, 1759 — ft. at Strasburg, 8 Apr. 1803. Calcul des Deriva- tions, 1800. Arborio, Mercurino, Count di Gattinaba, statesman, — ft. at Yercelli, (Piedmont,) 1465 — Pres. of Parliament of Burgundy, 1507 — em- ployed by the emperor in negotiations with foreign powers, 1508— chancellor and privy councillor to Charles Y., 1520 — negotiates treaty of Cambray, 1529 — cardinal, 1529 — tf. at Innspriick, 5 Jun. 1530. Arborius,2Eniilius Magnus, rhetorician, §c. f — ft. in Aquitank, about 270 — ft. at Constan- tinople, about 335. Arbrissel, (Arbrisseles,) Robert d', — ft. at Arbrissel, near Rennes, 1047 — -official of Bp of Rennes, 1085 — founds Abbey of Fontevrault, about 1 1 00 — attends Council of Beaugency, U4 ARBUTHNOT— ARCHIDAMOS. 1 104 — fcf. at priory of Orsan, 11 17. Arbutlmot, John, physician, §c, — b. at Arbuthnot, near Montrose, 1660 — F.R. S., 1704 — physician to Queen Anne, 1709 — Censor of Royal College of Physicians, 1723 — delivers Harveian Oration, 1727 — o". at London, 27 Feb. 1735. Examination of Dr Woodward' 's Account of the Deluge, §c, 1697 — History of John Bull, 17 1 2 — Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures, 1727. Arc, Joan of. [Joan of Arc] Arcadia, in Peloponnesus, — [B C] — the last mythical king, Aristocrates II. , said to have been stoned to death by his subjects, and a confederacy of states formed, 668 a — parts of it annexed to Sparta, before 600 b — subject- ally of Sparta, after 560= — independence ac- quired after the battle of Leuctra, 371 b — de- feated by Arcbidamus in the ' Tearless Battle,' 367 — at war with Elis, 36j-4 d — presides at Olympic games with the Pisatans ; battle of Olympia during the games, (OL 104,) 364 s — loses political importance after the battle of Mantineia, 362 b — truce with Sparta during the Sacred War, 355 — opposes the schemes of Philip of Macedonia, (01. 110, 3,) 337 e — assists Thebes against Alexander, 336 — with the ex- ception of Mantineia, joins Demetrius, 302 e — the greater part joins the Achaean League after the death of Demetrius IL, 228 e — with the exception of Megalopolis, joins the Bomans, 199. e [Achaia.] a Heeren. b Smith's Diet. c Grote. d Clinton. e Breitenbach. Arcadians, Academy of, at Rome, — founded by Crescimbeni, 1690. Arcadius, Emperor of the East, — fj. in Spain, 383,3- 377 b — declared Augustus, 16 or 19 Jan. 383 b — Emperor, 17 Jan. 395 — marries JElia Eudoxia, 27 Apr. 395 b — 5j., 1 May 408. a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Arcesilaus, (Arkesilaos) Platonic philosopher ; — [BC] — 6. in Asia Minor, 318 or 316 — head of the Academy, Athens, 278— Jr., (01. "134, 3-4,) 241 or 239. Arcesilaus, sculptor, — [B C] — fl. at Borne, after 100. Arcesilaus, — Consul with Paternus, (1020, A. r. c.) 267. Arcet, Jean d\ [Darcet.] Arch of Constantine, —built after victory over Maxentius, Oct. 312 — restored by Cle- ment XII., between 1730-40 — repaired by Pius VII., 1804. Arch of Gallienus, — built by Marcus Aurelius Victor, about 260. Arch of Septimius Severus, — built, 207, 203. a a Smith's Diet. Arch of Titus, Pome, — finished, after 8r. Archaeological Association, British, — established, 1843. Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, established, Dec. 1843. Archagathns, physician, — [B C] — settled at Bome, (o'So, a. u. c.,) 219. Archangel, (Arkhangelskoe,) Michaelstadt, in Russia, — site of, reached by English under Bichard Chancellor, 1553 — town and port founded, 1584 — receives from Empress Eliza- beth same immunities as St Petersburg, 1762 — ■ blockaded by English, summer of 1 854. Archbishop, — title used in Acts of the Coun- cil of Ephesus, 431 — in England, power to grant dispensations conferred on, by 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 1533-34 — incomes fixed by 6 and 7 fm. IV. c. 77, 13 Aug. 1836. Archdeacon, office instituted, before 300 — first established in England, by Stephen Lang- ton, about 1075 — office regulated by Acts 6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 97, 20 Aug. 1836 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838 ; and 3 and 4 Vic. c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840. Archedikos, comic poet, — [BC] — H. about (01. 119) 302. Archelaos, Ionian philosopher, — [BC] — teaches at Athens, about 450. Archelaos, Eevg of Macedonia, — [B C] — succeeds Perdiccas IL, 413 — if. 399. Archelaos, Ethnarch of Judcea, §c, — [B C] — at Bome for ratification of Herod's will, made Ethnarch, by Augustus, 3 — [AD] — ac- cused by Jews and banished to Vienna, in Gaul, 7. Archelaos, of Cappadocia, — [B C] — General of Mithridates, defeats Xicomedes III. at the Amneius, 88 — occupies Piraeeus, 88 — reduces JEgean Islands and S. Greece, 87 — wars with Sulla in Greece, 87 — defeated by Sulla at Chaeroneia, 8'6 — negotiations for peace, 85 — deserts to Bomans, 81. Archelaos, — [B Cj — made, by Pompey, priest of Bellona at Comana, 63 — marries Berenice, becomes king of Egypt, 56 or 55 — dethroned and killed in battle by Gabinius, 55. Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von, histo- rian, §c, — b. near Dantzic, 3 Sep. 1745 — serves in Prussian army, Dec. 1758-63 — travels in Europe, 1763-79 — journalist at Hamburg, 1792 to 18 12 — if. at Oyendorf, near Hamburg, 28 Feb. 1812. Neue Literatur und Vblker- kunde, 1782-91 — England und Italien, 1785 and 1787 — Annalen der Britischen Geschichte, 1789-98 — Geschichte der Kb'nigin Elizabeth^ 1789 — Geschichte Gustav Wasds, 1801. Archestratides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 50, 4,) 577. Archias, A. Licinius, Greek poet, — [B C] — fj. at Antioch, (636, a. u. c, 01. 165, 3,) about 120— goes to Bome, 102 — accompanies L. Lucullus the elder to Sicily, (663,) 91— charged with assuming citizenship illegally, defended by Cicero, 61. Archias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 90, 2,) 419. Archias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 108, 3,) 346. Archidamos II., King of Sparta, — [B C]— succeeds Leotychides, 469 — saves Sparta during the earthquake, (01. 79, 1,) 464 — invades At- tica, (01. 87, 2, Hecatomb.,) 431 — invests Plataea, summer 429 — tf~, 427, a 429. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Archidamos III., King of Sparta, — [BC] — advances to aid Spartans, defeated at Leuctra, 37 1 —gains the ' tearless victory ' over Arcadi- ans and Argives, 367 — invades Arcadia, 364 — defends Sparta against Epaminondas, 362 — ARCHIDEMIDES— ARENBERG. "5 conducts war of Megalopolis, 352 — slain in Italy, (01. 110, 3, 7th Metagitnion,) 338. Archidemides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 79, 1,) 464. Archigenes, of Apamea, Greek physician, —practises at Rome, about 98-117. Archilochus, lyric poet, — [BC] — fl. about 714-676 — accompanies colony to Thasos, about 708. Archimedes, mathematician,— -[B C] — ft. at Syracuse, 287— -defends Syracuse against Mar- cellus, 213-2 — killed at taking of the city, 212 — his tomb discovered by Cicero, 75. Archinos, orator, — [B C] — leader with Thra- sybulus and Anytus against the Thirty Tyrants, 403 — advises introduction of Ionic alphabet, 4°3- Archipelago, [Grecian]) — ravaged by the Saracens of Crete, from 823 — again, about 863, and 1031-32 — ravaged by Raymond, Count of Tripoli, 1 16 1 — taken possession of, by Marko Sanudo, who styles himself Duke of the Archi- pelago, 1207 a — Marko II. assists the Vene- tians in Crete, 1247 — Melos revolts, and is recovered, 1263 — Nicholas I. joins the Vene- tians in their wars against Genoa, 1293 a — taken prisoner, 1299 — joins the Genoese against the Turks, i3o6 a — Nicholas II. (Spezzabanda) carries on the wars against the Turks, 1330 — the duchy seized by Francis Crispo, and the title changed to that of Nazos, about i38i a — subject-ally of Venice, after 1450 — John V. becomes vassal of the Sublime Porte, 1537 a — the duchy under James IV. extinguished by the Turks, 1566. a Finlay. Archippos, comic poet, — [BC] — gains his one prize, (01. 91,) between 415 and 412. Archippos, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 115, 3,) 318. Architects. [Freemasons.] Architects, Royal Institute of British, — founded, 1834 — incorporated, n Jan. 1837. Architecture, Academy of, at Paris, — in- stituted, 1671 — suppressed, 7 Sep. 1793. Archons, — [BC] — {mythical, 3 ) for life, ap- pointed at Athens, 1068 ? — for ten years, (01. 7, 1,) 752 ? — (historical,) ten appointed annu- ally, (01. 24, 1,) 684 — property qualification substituted for that of birth by Solon, (01. 46, 3,) 594 b — election by lot introduced by Cleisthenes, (01. 68, 1,) 508— time of entering on their office altered from Gam el. to Heca- tomb., (01. 72, 3,) 490 — property qualification abolished by Aristeides, after 479 — their power diminished, after 476 — their power restored about time of Eucleides, 402 — Archons epony- mic superseded by the ' Priests of the Saviours,' 307 to 287 — office nominally retained as late as [AD] 264. a Niebuhr and Lewis, b Ersch and Gruber. Archytas of Tarentum, Pythagorean phi- losopher, — [B C] — fl. about 400. Arcimboldo, Giovanni Angelo, Abp of Milan, — ft. at Milan, 1485 — Papal Nuncio to Denmark, 1516 — returns to Rome, 1520 — Councillor of Charles V. and Prince of the Empire, 1529 — Abp of Milan, 1550 — If., 1555. Catalogo ore Arcimboldo, Archives, de MiLano, Condanna e Diffama per Heretici la magior Parte de' Figliuoli di P>io, §c, 1554. Arckenholz, Johann, historian, — ft. at Hel- singfors, 9 Feb. 1695 — librarian at Cassel, 1746-66 — 8 at Stockholm, 14 Jul. 1777. Me- moir es concernant Christine, 1751-60. Arco, (Archius,) Nicolas, Count of, poet, — ft. at Arco, in the Tyrol, 3 Dec. 1479 — Imperial Councillor, 1509 — ft. about 1546. Numeri, 1546. Areola, in Venetia, the Austrians under General Alvinzi defeated by Napoleon at, 15-17 Nov. 1796. Arcon, Jean Claude Eleanore Lemiceaud d', military engineer, — fj. at Pontarlier, 1733 — defends Cassel, 1761 — constructs floating batter- ies for siege of Gibraltar, 13 Sep. 1782 — serves in the invasion of Holland, 1794 — Member of the Senate, 1799 — tr. at Paris, 1 Jul. 1800. Considerations militaires et politiques sur les fortifications, 1795. Arcot, (Arkat, Arucati,) in Hindustan, — established as the capital of the Carnatic, about 17 16 — Anwer ud Deen, nabob of, defeated by Labourdonnais, 1746 — makes peace with France, 1746 — defeated and killed by Dupleix, 3 Aug. 1749 — taken by Chunda Sahib, 1749 — taken by Clive, 31 Aug. 1751 — defended by Clive against Rajah Sahib, 23 Sep. to 14 Nov. 1 75 1 — and taken, Feb. 1752 — Rajah Sahib surrenders to Lally, 4 Oct. 1758— retaken by Col. Coote, 1 Feb., surrendered, 9 Feb. 1760 — taken by Hyder Ali, 31 Oct. 1780 — attempts of British to recover it, Aug. 17 81 — Omdut ul Omrah, fc. 15 Jul. 1801 — addled to East India Comp. by Azim ul Dowlah, nabob of Carnatic, after 15 Jul. 1801 — Azim ul Dowlah declared heir and deprived of government, rj. 6 Apr. 1802. Arctic Expeditions. [Back, Franklin, Ross, Parry, &c] Arctinos, cyclic poet, — [B C] — fl. about 775, 761, 740. Arcy, Patrick W. [D'Arcy.] Ardaburius, — commands in war against Persia, 420 to 422 — sent against Joannes, 424 — takes Joannes prisoner and puts him to death at Aquileia, 425 — Consul with Hierius, (1180, A. U. C.) 427. Ardaburius, (Ardabures,) — Consulwith Calle- pius, (1200, a. tj. c.) 447 — put to death with Aspar his father, at Constantinople, 471. Arduenna, (Ardenne,) Remade &\poet, — ft. at Florennes, about 1480 — at London, 15 12 — ft., 13 May 1524. Epigrammata, 1507 — Pala- medes, 1512 — Amorum libri, 1513. Are, (Frode,) Icelandic historian, — ft., 1067 — tf., 1 148. Islendinga-b6k, about 1103. Areiopagos, Council of, at Athens, — [BC] — historic mention of, before 740 — reformed by Solon, about (01. 46, 3) 594 — its power abridged by Pericles and Ephialtes, 458 — last mention of, [AD] 380. Areios, (Arius,) of Alexandria, philosopher, — [B C] — fl. about 30. Arenberg, (Aremberg,) head of a county, be- fore 1200 — passes, by marriage, to house of La Marck, 1298 — and to Counts of Ligne, 1547 — erected into a principality, by Maximilian II., 5 Mar. 1576 — erected into a duchy, by Ferdin- s* ARENDT— ARGENTINE. and III. , 9 Jim. 1 644 — conquered by French, 1794 — Meppen and the county of Reckling- hausen assigned to Duke Louis Engelbert as indemnity, 1803 — these territories divided be- tween Hanover and Prussia, by Congress of Vienna, 18 14- 15. Arendt, Martin Frederick, archaeologist, — ft. at Altona, 1769 — travels, 1789 to 1806 — ar- rested in Italy, 1824 — tf. in prison at Naples or near Venice, a after 1824 ? a Conv. Lex. Areobinda, — Consul with Aspar, (1187, a. tj. c) 434- Areobinda, — Consul with Messala, (1259, a. u. c.) 506. Aretaeus, physician, — fl. probably before 100. Aretas. [Damascus.] Arethusa, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 23 Nov. 1867. Aretino, Spinello, painter, — ft. at Arezzo, about 1318 — living, 1408. Aretino, Pietro, (II Divino,) dramatist, poet, 4p., — ft. at Arezzo, 1492 — tf. at Venice, *557- Aretius, Benedict, theologian, botanist, — ft. at Berne, soon after 1500 — tf. there, 22 Apr. *574- Areus I., King of Sparta, — [BCJ— suc- ceeds Cleomenes II., 309 — attacks and burns Kirrha, but is defeated by iEtolians, 28 i a — protects Sparta from Pyrrhus, 272 — attempts to save Athens from Antigonus Gonatas, 267 — killed in battle at Corinth, 265. . a Thirlwall. Arezzo, in Tuscany, — throws off its alle- giance to the empire and becomes a republic, about 1 2 15? — visited by Frederick II., 1240 — the Ghibelline party defeated by Florentines at Campaldino, 1289 — raised to greater power by Guido Tarlatti, who dies, 1327 — taken by In- gelrani de Coucy and sold to Florence, 1384 — unsuccessfully revolts against Florence, 1502 — admits army of Charles V., 1529 — submits to the Medici and becomes part of duchy of Tuscany, 1531 — rises against the French, 1799 — stormed by the French, 19 Oct. 1800. [Arretium] Arezzo, Tomaso, Cardinal d', — ft. at Orbi- tello, Tuscany, 1756 — Nuncio to St Peters- burg respecting union of Greek and Roman Churches, 1801 — has interview with Napoleon I. at Berlin, 1807 — arrested at Florence, Sep. 1808 — escapes to Sardinia, 181 3 — Cardinal, 1814 — Vice- Chancellor of the Church, 1830 — If., 3 Feb. 1833. Arezzo. [Arretium.] Arfe, Henrique de, silversmith, — fl. about 1506-24. Arfe, Juan de, sculptor, — ft. at Seville, 1603 — tf., 1666. Arfe y Villafane, Juan de, silver-worker, — 6. at Leon, i524, a i535, b — tf. at Madrid, 1595. El Quilalador de Oro, Flata, §c, 1572. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Argall, Sir Samuel, Deputy Governor of Virginia, — visits colony for trading, &c, 1609 — attacks and disperses French settlements at Mount Desert, Maine, St Croix, and Port Royal, 161 3 — returns to England, 16 14 — De- puty Governor, 16 17 — leaves the colony, 1619 — Knt. by James I., 1623. Argand Lamp, — invented by Aime Argand, 1782 — patented, 5 Jan. 1787. Argellati, Filippo, printer, archceologist, §c, — b. at Bologna, 1685 — Tribune there, 17 17 — tf. at Milan, Jan. 1755. Bibliotheca scriptorum Mediolanensium, 1745. Argellati, Francisco, engineer, jurist, $• 1 146 — banished ty Romans, on excommunication of the city by Adrian IV., Mar. 1155 — strangled and burnt at Rome by order of Emperor Frederick I., 1 155- ARNALDUS— ARNOLD. Arnaldus Villanovanus, (Arnold of Vil- lanova,) physician, — b. , about i238 a ? i235 b ? — physician to Peter III. of Aragon, about 1285 — excommunicated by Bp of Tarragona and quits Barcelona, 1287 — teaches at Montpellier and Paris, between 1287 and 1309 — his theological theses condemned, and himself expelled from Paris, 1309 — at court of Frederick at Palermo, 1309-12 — ambassador from Frederick to Cle- ment Y., 1 3 1 2 — ft . by shipwreck, 1 3 1 2. Opera Medica, printed, 1504. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Arnaud, Francois Thomas Marie de Bacu- lard d', poet, dramatist, §c.,— b. at Paris, 15 Sep. 17 18 — ft. there, 8Nov. 1805. (Euvres, 1770. Arnauld, Antoine, theologian, philosopher, — b. at Paris, 6 Feb. 161 2 — Doctor of the Sorbonne, 1641 — lives in retirement at Port Royal, 1650-68 — withdraws to Brussels, 1679 — ft. near Liege, 8-9 Aug. 1694. Morale Pra- tique des Jesuites, 1669-74. — Apologie pour les Catholiqucs, 1681 — Reflexions philosophiques et theolorjiques sur le nouveau systbne du Fere Malebranche, 1685. Arnauld, Marie Angelique, Abbess of Port Royal, — b., 1591 — abbess, i6o2, a 1605 b — If., 6 Aug. 1 66 1. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog.Univ. Arnauld, Angelique, (Angelique de Saint Jean,) Abbess of Port Royal, — b., 28 Nov. 1624 — subprioress, about close of 1653 — prioress, Feb. 1669 — abbess, 3 Aug. 1678 — ft., 29 Jan. 1684. Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire de Port-Royal, §c, 1742. Arnault, Antoine Vincent, dramatist, §c., — b. at Paris, 22 Jan. 1766 — secretaiy of cabinet of Madame, 1785 — emigrates, after 10 Aug. 1792 — entrusted by Bonaparte with organization of the Ionian Islands, 1797 — head-clerk of public instruction, 1800 — coun- cillor and secretary-general of tTniversity, 1808 — banished, 24 Jul. 18 15 — returns, Nov. 18 19 — secretaiy of the Academy, 1833 — ft., 1834. Arndt, (Amd,) Johann, theologian, — b. at Ballenstadt, 27 Dec. 1555 — pastor at Quedlin- berg, 1590 — pastor at Brunswick, 1599 — pastor at Eisleben, 1608 — general superin- tendent at Zelle, 161 1 — ft. there, n May 1621. Das Wahre Christenthum, 1605-10. Arndt, Ernst Moritz, politician, miscella- neous writer, — b. in Isle of Riigen, 26 Dec. 1769 — studies atGreifswald and Jena, 1791-94 — Prof. Extraord. History, Greifswald, 1806 — Prof. Modern History, Bonn, 1818-19 — re- stored to his chair, 1 840 — member of National Assembly, Frankfort, 1848 — ft. at Bonn, 3 Feb. 1 860. Geist der Zeit, 1 807 and 1 8 1 3- 1 8 — Christliches und Turkisches, 1828 — Die Fr age iiber die Niederlande, 1831 — Mahrchen und Jugenderinnerungen, 181 2 to 1843 — Erinner- ungen aus dan aiissern Leben, 1842 (3rd ed.). Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician and composer, — b. at London, 28 May 17 10 — goes to Dublin, 1742-4 — Mus. D. Oxon., 1759 — If. at London, 5 Mar. 1778. Artaxerxes, 1762 — Comus, 1738 — Rosamond, performed 7 Mar. 1733 — Rule Britannia, (in masque of Alfred]) 1740. ^ Arnim, Ludwig Achim von, poet, natural philosopher, — b. at Berlin, 26 Jan. 1781 — ft. at Wiepersdorf, 21 Jan. 1831. Theorie der Electrischen Erscheinungen, 1799 — Ariel's Of- fenbarungen, 1804 — Trost der Einsamkeit, 1808 — Armuth, Reichthum, Schuld und Busse der Gralfin Dolores, 1810 — Salle und Jerusalem, 1 81 1 — Schaubuhne, 1813 — Die Gleichen, 18 19. Arnim, Elizabeth von, (Bettina,) littera- teur, — b. at Frankfort on the Maine, 1785 — begins correspondence with Goethe, 1807 — widow of Ludwig von Arnim, Jan. 1831 — ft., Jan. 1859. Goethe's Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde, 1835 — Dies Buch gehort dem Kbnige, 1843 — Plius Pamphilius, 1848. Arnobius, the Elder, (the African]) theolo- gian, — Disputationes adversus Gentes, 303,* 296.'° a Sehmitz. b Clinton. Arnobius, the younger, — fl., about 460. Arnold d Amauri, Abbot of Clteaux, — ap- pointed legate of Innocent III. in Languedoc, 1203 — distinguishes himself in the crusade against the Albigenses, 1208 — Abp of Nar- bonne, 121 1 — takes a leading part in Fourth Lateran Council, 12 15. Arnold of Brescia. [Arnaldo.] Arnold, Benedict, — b. in Connecticut, TJ. S., 3 Jan. 1740 — joins expedition to Canada, Apr. 1775 — commands at unsuccessful assault on Quebec, 31 Dec. 1775 — wounded at battle of North River, 7 Oct. 1777 — commander of Philadelphia, 1778 — tried by Court Martial, Jun. 1778 — sentenced, 26 Jan. 1779 — negoti- ates with Sir H. Clinton, Jun. 1780 — ob- tains command of West Point, Jul. 1780 — escapes to the British army, 25 Sep. 1780 — serves against the Americans, Jan. 17 81 — fights a duel with Lord Lauderdale, Jul. 1792 — hung in effigy at St John's, N. Brunswick, 1792 or 1793 — ft. at London, 14 Jun. 1801. Arnold, George Daniel, jurist, — b. at Stras- burg, 18 Feb. 1780 — Prof. Civil Law, Coblentz, 1806 — Prof. History, Strasburg, 1810 — ft. 18 Feb. 1829. Flementa Juris Civilis, 1812 — Pfingstmontag, 18 15. Arnold, Gottfried, historian, theologian, — b. at Annaberg, 5 Sep. 1665 — Prof. History, Giessen, 1697-8 — Pastor at Perleberg, 1707 — ft. there, May 17 14. JJnparteiische Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie, 1699-1729. Arnold, John, mechanical inventor,- — b. at Bodmin, 1744 — ft. near Eltham, 25 Aug. 1799 — invents Expansion balance, detached escape- ment, %c, between 1767-80. Arnold, Samuel, musician and composer, — b. at London, 10 Aug. 1740 — composer to Covent Garden Theatre, 1760 — composer to Haymar- ket Theatre, 1776 — organist and composer to Geo. III., 1783 — organist at "Westminster Ab- bey, 1793 — ft. in London, 22 Oct. 1802. The Prodigal Son, before 1773 — edition of Handel's Works, 1786 et seq. Arnold, Thomas, historian, §c, — b. at West Cowes, 13 Jun. 1795— enters Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, 181 1— fellow of Oriel Coll., 20 Jul. 1815 — M.A., Jun. 1817 — takes holy orders, Dec. 18 18 — settles at Laleham, 1 8 19 — marries, 11 Aug. 1820 — ordained priest, Jun. 1828— Head Master of Rugby School, ARNOLDE— ARROWSMITH. 123 Aug. 1828— D.D., Dec. 1828— member of the Senate of London University, 1835 to Nov. 1838 — Reg. Prof. Modern History, Oxford, 2 Dec. 1 841 — tf. at Fox How, 12 Jun. 1842. History of Rome, 1838-42 — Lectures on Mod- ern History, 1842 — edition of Thucydides, 1830. Arnolde, Richard, chronicler, — ft., about 1450 ? — imprisoned at Sluys on suspicion of being a spy, 1488 — tf. about 1521? Customes of London, probably 1502, Arnoud van Rotterdam, (Arnoldus Rottero- damensis,) theologian, — ft., about 1380 — tf. at Gronendal, 31 Aug. 1442. Gnotosolitos, 1476. Arnoul, (Amulphus,) Bp of Rochester, — ft. at Beauvais, about 1040 ?— Bp of Rochester, 1 1 14 — tf., Mar. 1 1 24. Arnould, Ambroise Marie, statesman,- — ft. at Dijon, 1750 — Member of Council of Five Hundred, 1798 — Member of Council of An- cients, 1799 — Member of Tribunate, 1800 — tf. Councillor of State, 1812. De la balance du commerce, 1795 — Systeme maritime politique des Eur opeens, pendant le XVLLL e siecle, 1797. Arntzenius, Johannes, (Jan,) jurist, philolo- gist, — ft, at "VVesel, 1702 — L.L.D., Utrecht, 1 Jul. 1726 — Prof. History and Eloquence, Niniegnen, 1728 — Prof. History, Franeker, 1742— tf., 1759. Arntzenius, Robert Hendrick, poet,— ft. at Amsterdam, 19 Dec. 1777 — tf., 23 Nov. 1823. Amu, Nicholas, theologian, — ft. at Meran- court, 11 Sep. 1629 — enters Dominican order, 1644 — Regent of Coll. of St Thomas, Rome, 1665 — Prof. Metaphysics, Padua, 1679 — tf. there, 1692. Clypeus philosophic Thomisticce, 1672 — Doctor Angelicas, 1679-86. Aroniatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, na- turalist, — ft. at Assisi, about i586, a 1588 b — M.D., 1604 — tf. at Venice, 16 Jul. 1660. Dis- putatio de Rabie contagiosa ; Epistola de Gen- eratione Plantarum, 1625. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Arouet, Fr. M. [Voltaire-] Arphasad,— [B C] — ft., summer 2346^ 2480 b — birth of Salah, summer 23 11 a — tf., summer 1908. a a Ussher. b Clinton. Arpinum, (Arpino,) in Latium, — [B C] — re- ceives the jus civitatis, 303^ 302 b — receives the jus suffragii, 188. a Vischer. b Smith's Diet. Arquebus, (matchlock,) — used at battle of Morat, 1476 — in use in England, 1485. Arques, in Normandy, — Henry IV. defeats duke of Mayenne at, 21 Sep. 1589. Arran, James Hamilton, Earl of, and Luke of Chatelherault, Regent of Scotland, — pre- sent at marriage of James IV. •with Princess Margaret of England, at Holyrood, 8 Aug. 1503 a — created Earl of Arran, 1 1 Aug. 1503 a — takes part, as lieutenant-general of the king, in suppressing rebellion of lords of the isles, spring 1504 joint ambassador with Abp of St Andrews to court of France, 1509 — imprisoned by Henry VII., 1509 — generalissimo of forces sent to aid king of France, 15 13 — storms and plunders Carrickfergus, 15 13 — aspires to re- gency and declares war on Angus, 15 15 — flies to England and leagues with Home and An- gus against regent Albany, Oct. 15 15 — with Lennox and others, rebels, 15 16 — disputes government of Scotland with Angus, 15 19-21 — supported by the queen-mother against An- gus, 1524-5— joins party of Angus, 1525— de- feats Lennox near Linlithgow, 1526— joint commander of fleet sent against pirates of western isles, 1540 — declared heir-presump- tive of the crown, and assumes regency of Scot- land on death of James V., 22 Dec. 1542 a — imprisons Cardinal Beaton, 20 Jan. 1543 — holds parliament at Edinburgh, 12 Mar. 1543 — refuses submission to Henry VIII., Mar. 1543— joins party of Beaton and abjures Pro- testantism, Sep. 1543 — takes castle of St Andrews, end of Jul. 1547 — defeated by Som- erset at battle of Pinkey, 10 Sep. 1547 — re- signs government to Mary of Guise, 12 Apr. 1554 — admonished by Knox, Nov. 1559 — as head of Congregation, takes up arms against Mary, Queen of Scots, on her marriage with Darnley, 1565 — takes side of Mary against confederates, Jun. 1567 — imprisoned, 11 Apr. 1569 — liberated, Mar. 1570 — his castle destroy- ed by English, spring 1570— sentenced as a traitor, Aug. 1571— tf., 1575. a Tytler. Arras, in France,— destroyed by Vandals, 407— again, by Northmen, 880 — taken, repeo- pled by Louis XL, and called Franchise, 1477' — surrendered to Emperor Charles V., 1530 — besieged and taken -from Spaniards by Louis XIII., 1640 — besieged by Spaniards, under Conde, relieved by Turenne,25 Aug. 1654 — ceded to France by Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — and by treaty of Nimeguen, 1678. Council of, respecting the Sacraments, 1025. Peace of, between Burgundy and France, signed 21 Sep. ^35 — ratified at Tours, 11 Dec. 1435 — between Maximilian of Austria and Louis XL, 1482. Arrest, — on Sunday, forbidden by Acts 29 Car. II. c. 7, 1677 ; 5 Anne, c. 9, 1706 — of debtors regulated by Acts 19 Geo. III. c. 70, 1779 ; 51 Geo. III. c. 124, 2 Jul. 18 11— frivol- ous and vexatious, forbidden by Act 43 Geo. III. c. 46, 27 May 1803 — on mesne process abolished by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 1838 — [Imprisonment for Debt] — exemption from [Ambassadors, Members of Parlia- ment, Peers, &c.]. Arretium, (Arezzo,) in Italy, — [B C] — makes alliance with Rome, 308 — besieged by the Gauls, 283 — made a Roman colony, after 30. Arrianus, Flavius, Stoic philosopher, histo- rian, — pupil of Epictetus, about 103 a — made a Roman citizen by Hadrian, i24 b — Prsefect of Cappadocia, 135^ 136 b — Consul, 146 b — Priest of Demeter and Persephone, Nicomedia, 150. b Periplus Ponti Euxini, about 137. a Clinton. b Schmitz. Arriaza y Superviela, Juan Bautista de, poet, — ft. at Madrid, 1770 — enters the army, 1798 — at Paris, 1805-7 — &■ at Madrid, 1837. Las primicias, 1797 — Poesias patrioticas, 18 10. Arrowsmith, John, theologian, — ft. at Gates- head, 1602— Master of St John's Coll., Cam- bridge, Apr. 1644 — Vice-Chancellor, 1647— I2 4 ARRUNTIUS - ARTEYELDE. Reg. Prof. Divinity, 1651 — Master of Trin. Coll., 1653 — tf. at Cambridge, Feb. 1658-9. Tactica sacra, 1657 — Armilla Catechetica, 1659. Arruntius, L., — [BC] — proscribed by tri- umvirs, and escapes to Sicily, 43 — commands under Octavianus at Actium, 31 — Consul with M. Claud. Marcellus, (732, a. u. c.) 22. Arruntius, L., — Consul with M. iEmilius Lepidus, (759, a. u. c.) 6— charged as ac- complice of Albucilla, kills himself, 37. Arsacidae. [Armenia, Parthia.] Arsenic, — obtained in separate form by Schroder, 1694 — investigated by Brandt, 1733 — arsenic acid discovered by Scheele, 1755. Arsenius, — b., about 350 — tutor to sons of Theoclosius the Great, 383 — retires to the Thebais, 390 — goes to Troe, near Memphis, about 430 — o\ there, 445. Arsenius Autorianus,— Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — appointedby Theodore Lascaris, about Christmas 1225 — crowns Michael Palse- ologus, and resigns, 1260 — re-established, about Oct. 1261 — excommunicates Michael, Dec. 1 261 —deposed, end of May 1264 or 1266 — banished to Proconnesus, and ft. there, Sep. 1273. Arsinoe, daughter of ' Ptolemceus I. and Bere- nice, — [BC] — fc., about 318— marries Lysima- chus, king of Thrace, 300— on his death mar- ries Ptolemams Keraunus,28i — and her brother Ptolemseus II., Philadelphus, 279. Arsinoe, Queen of Ptolemceus IV., Philo- pator, — [B C] — said to have contributed to de- feat of Antiochus the Great at Raphia, 217. Arta, in Albania, — [Ambracia,] — despotat erected by Stephen Duscian, Cral of Servia, for his brother Simon, about 1350 — seized by Albanians, before 1358 — despotat acquired by Charles Tono, Count Palatine of Cephalonia, between 1390 and 1400 — held under Venice, from 1433 — subjugated by Turks, 1463-9 — stormed by Marco Botzaris, 1828. Artabanus. [Parthia.] Artabazus, — [BC] — general of Artaxerxes Longimanus, defeated by Datames, satrap of Cappadocia, 362 — revolts from Artaxerxes III., 356 a — aided by Chares of Athens, 356-5 — defeated and taken by Autophradates ; liberated, takes refuge with Philip of Macedonia, 353-2 a ■ — pardoned through influence of Mentor, re- turns to Persia, 349 — at battle of Arbela, 331 ■ — surrenders and is made satrap of Bactria, by Alexander the Great, 330 a — resigns his satrapy, 328. a Grote. Artake, (Phrygia or Kyzihus,) — [BC] — colony from Miletus, about 750. Artavasdes, (Artabasdus,) Emperor op Constantinople, — appointed curopalatus, by Constantine Copronymus, 741 — revolts and is proclaimed emperor, between 741 and 743 — defeated by Constantine, near Sardis, May 743 — Xicetas his son defeated in Bithynia, Aug. 743 — besieged in Constantinople, taken and slain, 2 Nov. 743. Artaxata, in Armenia, — [BC] — built by Artaxias, king of Armenia, 188 to 165 — [AD] '—burnt by Romans under Corbulo, 58. Artaxerxes (I.) Longimanus, King op Persia,— [B C] — succeeds his father Xerxes I., 465 — revolt of the Egyptians under Inaros, 460 — Inaros defeated and Athenians driven out of Egypt, 456 or 455 — peace concluded, 449— ft., 425. Artaxerxes (II.) Mnemon, King or Persia, — [B C] — succeeds his father Darius II., 405 — his brother Cyrus revolts, and falls at Cu- naxa, 401 — carries on war with Greeks in Asia Minor, 399 — Persians defeated by Agesilaos near Sardis, 395 — they defeat Spartans at Cnidus, 394 — concludes Peace of Antalkidas and obtains sovereignty of all Greek cities in Asia Minor, autumn 387 — carries on war with Evagoras of Cyprus, 385-376 — reduces Cyprus, 376 — puts to death his son Darius — ft., 359. Artaxerxes (III.) Ochus, King op Persia, — [B C] — succeeds his father Artaxerxes Mnemon and puts to death the royal family, 359 — poisoned by Bagoas, 338. Artaxias. [Armenia.] Arteaga, Stefano, — fc. at Madrid, 1750 — fr. at Paris, 30 Oct. 1799. Mvoluzioni del teatro musicale Italiano, 1783-4-6. Artedi, Peter, naturalist, — n. in Ingerman- land, 22 Feb. 1705 — studies at Upsala, 1724 — becomes acquainted with Linneeus, 1728 — visits England, J 7 34 — assists Albert Seba at Leyden, 1735 — drowned, Sep. or Dec. 1735. Ichthyologia, 1738. Artemidorus of Cnidus, rhetorician, — [BC] — warns Csesar of the conspiracy, 43. Artemidorus Daldianus, writer on dreams, — fl. at Rome, 138 to 179. Artemidorus, of Ephesus, geographer, — [BC] — fl., about 100. Artemidorus, Capito, physician, grammari- an, — fl., about 117 to 138. Artemisia, Queen op Caria, — [B C] — suc- ceeds her brother and husband Mausolus, 353-2 — establishes contest for panegyrics on him, 352 — erects the Mausoleum, 351 — ft., 351-0. Artemisia, Queen of Halicarnassus, — [BC] — accompanies Xerxes to Greece; dis- tinguishes herself at Salamis, 480. Artemisium, in Uuboea, — [B C] — Persian fleet defeated by Greeks off, during Olympic Games, (01. 75,) 480. Artemon of Cassandreia, grammarian, — — [BC]— fl., about 316. Artemon, heretic, — fl. soon after 200. Artesian Well, — described by Olympiodorus, before 600 — made at Lillers in Artois, 11 26 — at Grenelle, 1833-41. Artevelde, Jacob van, — n. at Ghent, about 1300 — elected Captain of Ghent, 3 Jan. 1338 — forms alliance with Edward III. of England, 1338 — stipulates for the independence of Flan- ders, 1342 — deposed and imprisoned, 1345 — has interview with Black Prince, Jul. 1345 — assassinated, (17 Jul. o. s.) 9 Jul. 1345^ I344, b 1346.° a Biog. Univ. and Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. c Blair. Artevelde, Philip van, — elected Captain of Ghent, 1379,* 1382, b 24 Jan. 1382° — defeats Count Louis de Male, at Bruges, 2 May 1382 — acquires all Flanders and takes title of Regent, ARTHENAY— ARYA J3HALTA. 125 1382 — defeated and slain by Olivier de Clisson, at Eoosbecq, 27 Nov. 1382. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Arthenay, near Orleans, — Gen. von der Tann defeats the French under Gen. Lamotte Rouge, 10 Oct. 1870 — Duke of Mecklenburg defeats Gen. Aurelle de Paladine, 2 Dec. 1870. Arthur, British Prince, {mythic,) — said to have defeated, the Saxons at Mount Badon, 516 ? — alleged discovery of his tomb at Glas- tonbury, about 1 189 or 1191 — reopened by Edward I., Apr. 1287. Arthur, Duke of Bretagne, — ft. at Nantes, 30 Apr. 1 1 89 — proclaimed Duke of Bretagne at Rennes, 11 96 — assassinated, 1202. [John, King of England.'] Arthur III., Duke op Bretagne, Count or Richmond, &c, — ft., 24 Aug. 1390 — taken prisoner at Agincourt, and sent to England, 1415 — liberated, 1420 — marries Margaret, sister of Philip the Good, 1423— Constable of France, by Charles VII., 7 Mar. 1424— ban- ished, heads revolt in Poitou, 1428— recalled, defeats English at Patay, 1429— repulsed be- fore Calais, 1436 — enters Paris, 1437 — marries Jeanne d'Albret, 1442 — marries Catherine of Luxemburg, 1445 — defeats English at Formig- nies, 1450 — succeeds his nephew, Pierre II., in Duchy of Bretagne, 1457 — o\, 26 Dec. 1458. Articles. [Thirty-Nine Articles. ] Artigas, Don Juan, (Fernando Jose, y — ft. at Monte Video, about 1760 — commander in army of Buenos Ayres, 1811 — takes refuge with Francia in Paraguay, 1820 — &., about 1826. a Eng. Cyc. Artillery Company, — established in Lon- don, 1585 — reestablished, 16 10. Artists' General Benevolent Institution, — established in London, 18 14 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1842. Artois, Jacob van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, 1613 — tf., after 1666. a a Ersch and Gruber. Artois, (Artesia,) in France, — given by Charles the Bald to his daughter Judith on her marriage to Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 863 — reverts to the Crown of France, 11 80 — erected into a county by St Louis, 1236 — con- firmed to France by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. Arts, Degrees in, — Masters first mentioned in canon of Council at Rome, Nov. 826— Bachelors instituted by Gregory IX., 1227-41. Arts, Society of, — founded in London, 22 Mar. i754- a a Cunningham. Art Union, — established in London, 1837 — incorporated and legalized by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 48, 1 Dec. 1846. Arum, Dominicus van, (Arumceus,) jurist, ■ — ft. at Leuwarden, 1579 — Prof. Law, Jena, 1605 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1637. Commentaria de comitiis Roman. German, imp., 16-20-35 and 1650. Arundel, Thomas, Lord Chancellor, Abp or Canterbury, — ft. at Arundel Castle, 1353 — Bp of Ely, by the Pope, 1374 — Chancellor, 1386-9 — Abp of York, 1388 — Chancellor again, 1391-96 — removes courts from London to York, 1393 — Abp of Canterbury, Jan. 1396 — impeached of treason and banished, retires to Rome, 1397 — crowns Henry IV., 13 Oct. 1399 — makes visitation of Oxford Univ., 1408 — condemns Sir John Oldcastle, 141 3 — o\, 20 Feb. 141 3. Arundel, Philip Howard, Earl of, — sum- moned to parliament as Earl of Arundel, re- stored in blood and made privy-councillor, 1580 — confined on suspicion of corresponding with Queen of Scots, 1584 — receives two semi- nary priests, and offers his help to Cardinal Allen, 1584 — sent to the Tower on charge of attempting to quit the realm, 14 Apr. 1585 — ■ fined and imprisoned, 1585-89 — tried for high treason and found guilty, 14 Apr. 1589 — ft. in the Tower, 19 Oct., a Nov. b 1595. a Annals of England. b Collins. Arundel and Surrey, Thomas Howard, Farl of, Earl Marshal of England, — ft., 7 Jul. 1592 a — restored in blood by Act of Parliament, and to earldoms, 1603 — privy-councillor, 1607 — travels, 1609-n — K.G., 13 May 161 1 — assists at marriage of Elector Palatine with Princess Elizabeth, Feb. 16 13 — and accompa- nies them to Heidelberg : visits Italy, 161 3-14 — joint commissioner of Great Seal, May to Jul. 162 1 — Earl Marshal of England, 29 Aug. 1 62 1 — imprisoned with his countess by order of Charles L, spring 1626 — released, 8 Jun. — attends coronation of Charles I. in Scotland, 1633 — ambassador extraord. to States-General, Dec. 1633 — ambassador to Emperor Ferdinand II., at Lintz, 1636 — general of army sent against Scots, 1638 — as High Steward pre- sides at trial of Strafford, 1641 — petitions for restoration of Duchy of Norfolk, Jun. 1641 — ■ goes abroad, Jul. 1641 — created Earl of Nor- folk, Jun. 1644 — tf. at Padua, 4 Oct. 1646. a Collins. Arundel Castle, in Sussex, — taken by Royal- ists under Lord Hopton, 1643 — retaken by Sir W. Waller, 1643. Arundelian (Parian) Marbles, — brought to England from Smyrna, 1627 — broken and de- faced during civil war, 1641-50 — deposited in Oxford University, 1667. Chronicle — [BC] — begins, 1582— ends, 354. Aruntius. [Arruntius.] Arval Brothers, (Fratres Arvales) — [BC] — college of, at Rome, reformed by Augustus, after 3$ — [AD] — abolished or falls into neglect? after 325 — inscriptions relating to, (dated from 14 to 222,) first discovered, 1778 — investigations of Marino published, 1795 — further discoveries, 1858 — and by Henzen, 1866 — Christian Oratory under the temple of, discovered by De Rossi, 1868. Arverni, — [BC] — defeated by Q,. Fabius Maximus, 8 Aug. 121 — still powerful, 58. [Vercingetorix.] Arvina, A. Cornelius Cossus, — [BC] — ma- gister equitum, 353, 349 — Consul with M. Va- lerius Corvus, (411, a. u. c.) 343- — defeats Samnites and triumphs; dictator, (434,) 32o, a (431,) 323, 15 (432,) 322.° a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Zumpt. Arya Bhalta, mathematician, — fl., about 360 a — before 500. a Colebrooke. 26 AS— ASGILL. As, {Roman money,) — [B C]— reduced from 12 oz. to 2, about 264 to 241 — reduced to 1 oz., about 217 — reduced to £ oz., about 191. Asam, (Assam,) in Asia, — earthquake in, 1607 — subjugation attempted by the Mogul Emperors, before 1700 — rebellion; the rajah expelled by Mahamari, 1770 — and reinstated by the British, 1793 — attacked and ravaged by Gholam Ali, from 1805 — the Bura Gohaing expels rajah and usurps government, 18 15 — the Burmese assist rajah against usurper, 1821 — they take possession of the country, Jan. 1822 — and are expelled by Col. Richards, 1825 — placed under protection of East India Company, Eeb. 1826 — tea-plant discovered in, about 1836 — whole province placed under British administration, 1838 — earthquake, 1847. Asander, satrap of Carta, — [B C] — made governor of Lydia by Alexander the Great, 334 — joins Alexander at Zariaspe, 328 — satrap of Caria, 323 — increases his power in Asia Minor, 317 — invades Cappadocia, 315 — de- feated and deposed by Antigonus, 313. Asander, King of Bosporus,— [B C] — kills Pharnaces II. and assumes the sovereignty, 47 a — confirmed in the sovereignty by Augus- tus ; tf. about 17.* a Clinton. Asaph, St, — fl. in North "Wales, about 590. Asaph, St, in Wales, — cathedral founded, 1284 — burnt by Owain Glyndwr, 1402 — re- stored, about 1480. Ascalon, in Palestine, [Ams-esch-Scham,) — Godfrey of Bouillon defeats Sultan of Egypt at, 12 Aug. 1099 — taken by Crusaders under Baldwin III., after 7 months' siege, (5-48, a. h.) 19 Aug. 1153 — taken and dismantled by Saladin, (587,) 4 Sep. 11 87 — passes finally to Mohammedans, (645,) 1247. Ascelinus, (Azelnius, Anselmus, Ezzelino,) Nicolas, — missionary from Innocent IV. to Mongols of Persia, about 1245. Ascension Island, South Atlantic,- — first discovered, 3 1501 — rediscovered by Portuguese, (Ascension Day) 20 May 1501, 1508 a — made military station by Great Britain, 18 15, Apr. l8i6. a a Ersch and Gruber. Ascension, Era of, — commences, 1 2 Nov. 295. Asehaffenburg, in Germany, [Asciburyen, Askafabury,) — Archduke Charles defeats Jour- dan in the combat near, 16 Sep. 1796 — the Austrians repulsed by Sainte Suzanne at, Jul. 1800 — and again by Dumonceau, Nov. 1800 — annexed to Frankfort, 1806— ceded to Bavaria by Austria, by treaty of 3 Jun. 18 14 — the Federals defeated by the Prussians near, 13- 14 Jul. 1866. Ascham, Roger, classical scholar, — h. at Kirby-Wiske, Yorkshire, about 15 15 — enters St John's Coll., Cambridge, 1530 — B.A., 28 Feb. 1534 — Fellow of St John's, 23 Mar. 1534— M. A., 1536 or 1537 — public orator, 1544 — teacher in languages to Lady Elizabeth, 1548-50 — secretary and tutor to Sir Richard Morysine in Germany, 20 Sep. 1550-53 — Latin Secretary to Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — Preben- dary at York, 1559—0". in London, 30 Dec. 1568. Toxophilus, 1544 — Schoolmaster, 1570. Ascham, Antony, — ambassador from Long Parliament to Spain, assassinated at Madrid, 6 Jun. 1650. Ascites, Ascodrogitis, Ascodrugites, &c. [Marcosians.] Asclepiades Bithynius, physician, — [B C] — fl. at Borne, about 100 to no. Asclepiodotus, — Consul with Hannibalianus, (1045, a. u. c.) 292 — defeats and kills Allectus in Britain, 296. Asclepiodotus, — Consul with Marinianus, (1176, a. it. c.) 423. Asconius Pedianus, Q., commentator on Cicero, — fl., about [B C] 5 to [AD] 80. Asculum Apulum, (di Satriano,)—\_~BG]-~ Pyrrhus defeats the Romans near, 279 a — espouses the side of Hannibal, 213 — a Roman colony, 123-2 — [AD] — destroyed by Roger the Norman of Sicily, about 1 140— destroyed by earthquake, 1400. a Clinton. Asculum Picenum, (Ascoli,) — [B C] — taken by Publius Sempronius, 268 a — the Social War commenced by the massacre of the Romans at, 90 — taken by Cn. Pompeius Strabo, 89 b — oc- cupied by Julius Caesar, in his advance on Rome, 49 — a Roman colony, after 30 — [AD] — taken by Totilas, 345 — annexed to ' States of the Church,' 1426. a Clinton. b Zumpt. Aseerghur, {Asseeryurh,) Hindustan, — fort- ified by Asa Abir, before 1400 — taken soon afterwards by Nasir Khan of Candeish ; sur- rendered to Akbar, 1599 — surrenders to Col. Stevenson, 1 803 — restored to Scindia by treaty of Serji Anjengaun, 1803 — taken from Jesh- wint Ras Lar by Doveton and Malcolm, 9 Apr. 1819. Aselli, (Asellius,) Gaspar, physician, — 6. at Cremona, about 158 i, a 1560 b — Prof. Anatomy, Pavia, about 1620 — ft. at Pavia, 1626. JDe Lactibus, 1627. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. Asellio, P. Sempronius, historian, — [B C] — tribune of the soldiers at Numantia, under Scipio, 133. Asfeld, Claude Francois Bidal d', Marshal of France, — h., 1665, a 1667 b — distinguishes himself at battle of Nimeguen, 11 Jun. 1702— marechal de camp, 23 Dec. 1702 — Lieut.-Gen- eral of the armies of the King, Oct. 1704 — at battle of Almanza, 1707 — commander of St Louis, 1707 — reduces Valencia, 19 Sep. 1707 — invests Landau, 17 13 — serves at sieges of Friburg and Barcelona, 17 14 — takes Majorca, 1 7 15 — chevalier of the Golden Fleece, marquis of Asfeld, 1 7 15 — director -general of fortifica- tions, 17 1 8 — marshal of France, 14 Jun. 1734° — takes Philipsburg, 18 Jul. 1734° — tf., 7 Mar. 1743. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Asgill, Sir Charles, yeneral, — serves under Lord Cornwallis, 1781 — captured at Yorktown, Oct. 1781 — sentenced to death by lot, 1782 — ■ returns to England on parole, by intercession of Marie Antoinette ; Lieut. - Colonel, serves under Duke of York, 1794 — commands against rebels in Ireland, 1798 — Lieut. -General, 1800 — General, 18 14 — fc., 1823. Asgill, John, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 1658— M.P.,Bramber, 1705 — imprisoned ASH— ASPER. 127 and expelled the House of Commons, 1707 — released, 16 Dec. 1707 — imprisoned for debt, 1708 — rj. in prison, Nov. 1738. Be jure divino, 17 10 — Argument respecting eternal life, 1698. Ash, John, philologist, — minister of Baptist congregation at Pershore, 1751 — tf. there, Mar. or Apr. 1779. Introduction to Lowth's Eng- lish Grammar, 1766 — Dictionary of the Eng- lish Language, 1775. Ashantees, in W. Africa, — occupy their present territories, from 1640 — invade Fantee, 1807 — treaty with British, 18 17 — proclaim war against British, 1823 — defeat Sir C. Mc- Carthy, 21 Jan. 1824 — defeated near Accra, 7 Aug. 1826 — recognize independence of Fan- tee, by treaty with British, 1831 — British ex- pedition against, autumn 1863 — peace declared, 7 Jan. 1866. Ashburnham, John, — ft. about 1604 — M.P., 1640 — Commissioner for the King at "Oxbridge, 1644 — assists escape of Charles I. from Hamp- ton Court, 1647 — committed to the Tower, by Cromwell, 1653-8 — ft., 15 Jun.1671. Narra- tive of attendance on Charles I., 1830. Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron, — ft. at London, 27 Oct. 1774 — M. P. Taunton, 18 12 — Pres. Board of Trade, Dec. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — special commissioner to United States, 1 841 — concludes treaty on the boundary ques- tion, 9 Aug. 1842 — tJ., 13 May 1848. Ashburton Treaty. [Ashburton, Baron.] Ashby, Sir John, admiral, — ft. at Lowestoft, 1642 — Captain of the ' Defiance,' 1688 — takes part in battle of Bantry Bay, 1 May 1689 — fol- lows the French after defeat of LaHogue, 18, 20, 21 May, 1692 — fc. at Portsmouth, 12 Jul. 1693. Ashe, Andrew, flute-player, — ft. at Lisburn, about 1759 — first performs in public in Lon- don, 1792 — Director of the Bath concerts, 1810-22 — U. at Merrion, about 25 Apr. 1838. Ashe, Simeon, theologian, — chaplain to Earl of Manchester, 1642 — attends Assembly of Divines, 1643 — tf., 23 Aug. 1662. Ashley, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1565 — enters Oxford Univ., 1580 — If. in Lon- don, Oct. 1 641. Latin metrical Translation of Du Bat-fas' * Urania,' 1589 — Translation of Almanzor, \£>i*]. Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Lich- field, 23 May 1617 — enters Oxford Univ., 1644 — gentleman of Ordnance in the garrison of Oxford, 1645 — joins the astrologers Moore, Lilly, and Booker, 1646 — Brother of Society of Free and Accepted Masons, 16 Oct. 1646 — re- tires to Berkshire, studies botany, 1647 — ac- quires Tradescant's Museum, 1659 — "Windsor herald, 18 Jun. 1660-75 — called to the Bar, 2 Nov. 1660— F. B. S., Jan. 1661 — his collec- tion in part destroyed by fire, 1679 — presents Tradescant's Collection to Oxford Univ., 1683 — fc. in London, 18 May 1692. Theatrum chemi- cum Britannicum, 1652 — The Way to Blisse, 1 6^ 8 — History of Order of the Garter, May 1 67 2 . Ashworth, Caleb, theologian, — ft. at Clough Fold, Northamptonshire, 172 i, a 1709 b — Min- ister at Daventry, 1746 — D.D., after 1751 — IT. at Daventry, 18 Jul. 1775,* i774- b a Eose's Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. Asia, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 18 Apr. 1 86 1. Asia, {Asia Minor,) — [BC] — made a Bo- man Province, after the death of Attaius of Pergamus, 129. [Bithynia, Cilicia, Paphla- gonia, Pontus, &c] Asiatic Society, — of Bengal, founded by Sir W. Jones, 1784 — of Paris, about 1820 — Moyal y established in London, 1823 — incorporated, 1824. Asiaticus. [Scipio.] Asiento (Assiento) Treaty, — between Spain and Genoa, concluded, 1580 — with Portugal, 1696 — between Philip Y. and France, for 10 years, 27 Aug. 1701 — treaty of Madrid with England, 26 Mar. 17 13 — taken by S. Sea Com- pany for 30 years, 1 May 1713' — treaty of Utrecht, 13 Jul. 17 13 — renewed by S. Sea Company, 25 May 17 16 — war between Eng- land and Spain respecting mutual infraction of, 1739 — prolonged for 4 years by treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — question settled by Treaty of Buen Betiro, 5 Oct. 1750. Asina. [Scipio.] Asine, Argolis, — [BC] — people expelled by Eratos of Argos? about 774 — new, built by Dryopes, (01. 14, 1,) 724. Asioli, Bonifazio, musician, — ft. at Correg- gio, 30 Apr. 1769^ about 1760 b — goes to London, b to Venice, a 1796 — Director of New Conservatory at Naples, 1808 — at Paris, 1810- 13 — b\ at Correggio, 26 May 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Diet, of Musicians. Asius, epic and elegiac poet, — [B Cj — {{., about 700. Askew, (Ayscoicp,) Anne, martyr, — ft., about 1529 ? — burnt in London, 16 Jul. 1546. Askew, Anthony, physician and biblio- maniac, — ft. at Kendal, 1722 — M. D., 1750 — F.B.S., soon after 1750 — if. at Hampstead, 27 Feb. 1774. Asmai, Abu-Said Abdel Malik Ibn Koraib, poet, #c.,— ft. at Bassora, about (122, a. h.) 740 --:&., (215,) 830. Asmai. [Antar.] Asmonseans. [Maccabees.] Aspar, patrician and general, — serves with his father Ardaburius, in war against Joannes, 424 — takes Bavenna, beheads Joannes, 425 — Consul with Areobindus, (1187, a. u. c.) 434 — sent against King of Persia, 441 — nominates his steward Leo of Thrace to Empire of the East, 45 1 — put to death at Constantinople, 47 1. Aspasia of Miletus, — [BC] — prosecuted for impiety at Athens, 432-1 — [Pericles] — her son, by Pericles, legitimized, 430. Aspasius of Ravenna, rhetorician, — H., about 225. Aspasius, Peripatetic philosopher, — {{., about 80. Asper, Constant Ghilain Charles van Hoo- brouck, Baron d' , — b. at Ghent, 1754 — enters regiment of Prince de Ligne, 1770 — distin- guishes himself in Belgian Revolution, 1789 — distinguishes himself against France, 1792-96 — in Italy, 1798 to 1800— in Germany, taken prisoner by Savary at Essling, 1805 — commands grenadiers, 1809 — killed at Wagram, Jul. 1809. ASPER— ASSYRIA. Asper, Hans, painter, — b. at Zurich, 1499 — U. there, 157 i, a i54o. b a Nagler. b Ersch and Gruber. Aspern and Essling, in Austria, — Napo- leon defeated by Archduke Charles, 21-22 May 1809. Aspertini, Guido, painter, — b., about 1460. Crucifixion, Cathedral of Bologna, completed, 149 1. Aspertini Amico, {da due Penelli,) painter, — b. at Bologna, 1474— tf., 1552. Aspetti, Tiziano, sculptor, — b. at Padua, 1565 — tf. at Pisa, 1607. Asphalte Pavement,— introduced, 1837. Asporacius, — Consul with Herculanus, (1205, a. v. c.) 452. Asprenas, P. Nonius, — Consul with M. Aquilius Julianus, (791, a. u. c.) 38. Aspromonte, — Garibaldi defeated, wounded, and captured by Gen. Pallavicini, 29 Aug. 1862. Assam. [Asam.] Assarotti, Ottavio Giovanni Battista, teacher of deaf and dumb, — b. at Genoa, 25 Oct. 1753 — joins the Piaristes, 1768 — opens a school for deaf mutes at Genoa, 1802 — his school endowed by Xapoleon I., 1805 — tf. at Genoa, 29 Jan. 1829. Assassins, Order of, (Ismaelians,) — establish- ed in Persia, about 1090 — extirpated by Hou- lagu Khan, 1258 — extirpated in Syria by the Mamelukes, about 1280. Assaye, (Assye,) Hindustan, — Gen. \Yelles- ley defeats DowlutEow Scindia and the Rajah of Berarat, 23 Sep. 1803. As3che, Hendrick van, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1775 — Member of Academy of Am- sterdam, 1825 — Knt. of Leopold, 1836 — U. at Schaerbeck, 10 Apr. 1841. Asselyn, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 16 10 — fj. at Amsterdam, 1660. Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi, orientalist, — b. at Tripoli, in Syria, about 17 10 — &. at Borne, 9 Feb. 1782. Codex liturgicus Ecclesim Universes, 1749-63. Assemani, Simone, orientalist, — h. at Trip- oli, in Syria, 20 Feb. 1752 — b\ at Padua, Apr. 1821. Assemani, Giuseppe Simone, bibliographer, — b. in Syria, 1687 — sent by Clement XL to Egypt and Syria, 17 15-6 — in Syria again, 1735-38 — Librarian of the Vatican, 1738-68 a — 0". at Bome, 14 Jan. 1768. Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana, 1719-28. a Erseh and Gruber. Assemani, Stefano Evodio, Abp of Apamea, — fl., 1740-60— succeeds Giuseppe as Librarian of Vatican, 1768. Bibliotheca Mediceo-Lau- rentiarue et Palatum Codicum JISS. Orienta- lium catalogue, 17 42. Assembly of Divines,— convoked at West- minster by ordinance of parliament, 12 Jitn. 1643 — prohibited by proclamation of Charles L, 22 Jun. 1 643;— commences sittings, 1 Jul. 1643 — Scottish Commissioners admitted, 15 1643 — retirement of Scottish Commis- sioners, 1647— dissolved, 22 Feb. 1649. [Cate- chism.] Assembly, National or Constituent, — con- stituted at Paris, 17 Jun. 1789 — dissolved, 30 Sep. 1791. Assembly, Legislative, — commences its sittings at Paris, 1 Oct. 17 91 — suspends royal authority, 10 Aug. 1792 — dissolved, 21 Sep. 1792. Asser, (Ashi,) Talmudist, — b. at Babylon, 353— &•> 4 26 01-427. Asser, {Asserius Menevensis,) John, Bp of Sherburx, — at Court of Alfred, 885 a — tf., 9io, b 883,° 9o8. d a Hardy. b A. S. Chron. c Matthew of Westminster, "William of Alalmes- bury. d Annal. Cambr. Assignats, in French Revolution, — first is- sued, 9 Sep. 1790 — replaced by Mandats, Jan. 1796 — finally recalled, 18 Jul. 1796. Assisi, in Italy, — seat of a bishopric, 240 — ■ Franciscan monastery and church, built, 1228- 53 — adheres to Gregory IX. and is threatened by Frederick II., 1240 — its lands ravaged, 1 241 — again, 1250. Assize of Battle. [Trial by Combat.] Assize of Bread, in England, — regulated by 51 Hen. III. st. 1, 1266-7 — new, by 8 Ann. c. 19, 1709 — last Act repealed by 12 Geo. II. c. 36, s. 3, 1709 — stat. 1 of Hen. III. repealed by 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824 — sale of bread by weight ordained and other regulations by Act 6 and 7¥iU. IV. c. 37, 28 Jul. 1836. In Ireland, Acts repealed and new regulations made by Act 1 Vic. c. 28, 4 Jul. 1838. Assize of Jerusalem, (lettres du St Sepul- cre,) — code prepared by Godfrey of Bouillon, about 1 1 00 — lost on capture of the city by Saladin, 2 Oct. n 87 — restored by John of Ibelin, Count of Jaffa, about 1250-^-again re- vised and introduced in Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369. Assizes. [Justices in Eyre, Jury.] Assurance Societies. [Insurance.] Assyria, Assyrian Empire, — [B C] — mythic- al foundation of the monarchy, 354o, a 2640^ 2 554, c 2 357> d 2l82 > e 2I 75, f 2 °59> g 20 47, h 2016/ about i9i2 k — commencement of the Great Assyrian Empire by Bel-lush, about 1273, 1 i3i4, a 1267, 111 about 1250, 11 i237. ko Pldil, Vi'l-lush L, Shalma-sar, reign, about 1200 1 — 2nl>t-pal-kl t ra, and his son, Assbx-r-daha- il, reign, about 1160 1 — his son, Mltaggil-xa- bu, and his son, Assetcr-ris-ilim, about 1130 1 — TiGLATH-PiLESERl.jhisson, succeeds, about 1 1 10, 1113, 1 about 1220° — his son, Asshiir- basl-pal I., {Sardanapalus,) succeeds, about 1080, 1 about i2oo a — • — Asshur-adan- alhi reigns about 1050 1 — Asshlr-dast-il, his son, succeeds, about 1025, 1 about 980° — Vul-lush II. (Bil-anir II.) succeeds, 909, 1 about iooo, 1 about 970 a — succeeded by Tig- lathi-Xlxip, {Tiglath-i-bar, Tiglath-pileser,) his son, 889, 1 about 960, 1 about 950° — Asshur -idanni-pal, 1 {Asshur-izir-pal, Sardana- palus,) his son, succeeds, 886, 1 about 930 la — Shalmaxeser II., his son, succeeds, 858, 1 about 900 l a — defeats the confederated forces of Syria, Egypt, Israel, &c. at Aroer, 853 1 — makes Hazael, of Syria, and Jehu, of Israel, tributary, 841 *— Samsi-Vul, (Shamsi-Bil, Sam- ASSYBIAN CANON— ASTIL2EA. 129 sion,) his son, succeeds, 823, 1 about 853, 1 about 860 a — Vul-lush III., (Til-emir III., Thai- lulha, Tul, Belochus,) his son, succeeds, 810, 1 about 800, 1 about 840^ before 769^ 790,°? 759 q — conquers Israel, and makes Judah tributary, 797 to 795 ? l 769^ 772, 111 771/ 77 n 691 s — invades Syria and attacks Hezekiah, 700, 1 713 m — invades Egypt, and again attacks Hezekiah ; his army is miraculously destroyed, 698 ?*7i3, k 712, 111 714/P 728,' 690 s — assas- sinated and succeeded by his son, Esarh ad- don, (Asshur-akh-iddina, Sarchedon, Axerdis, Asaridanus,) succeeds, 681, l early in 7ii, k 7io, c 7o6p — conquers Babylon, after 14 Feb. 699^ 686,p 68i, m 674° — subjugates Judah, and takes Manasseh prisoner to Babylon, after 680, 1 before 693^ 686,p 68i, m 674°— succeeded by Asshur-bani-pal (Sardcinapalus,) his son, 664, 1 660 a [Asorlanes, (Apronadius, Nergi- lus,) 693 k — Adrameles, (Sammughis,) 691 k — Axerdis, 670 k — Nabuchodonosor, (Sar- danapalus), 65o k ] — accession of Asshur-ebil- ili, (Asshur-emil-ili, Saracus ?), son of Asshur- bani-pal, 640 ? l 630 ? k 6T,6, e 625 ? b — Nineveh taken and the Empire finally overthrown,625, a l 606, f ka 626m 614, 6o9,p 637 b Du Fresnoy. e Ctesias. b Prideaux. 1 Rawlinson. Volney. 1 Art de Verifier les Dates. r Marsbam. s Gumpacb. N. B. There is scarcely a date in Assyrian history about which Assyriologists are agreed. The kings have in many cases wholly differ- ent names in each author ; and most of these authors confess that of many of the kings we know nothing but the names, and are not sure even about these. Assyrian Canon, — [BC] — commences, 909 — terminates, 640 — [A D] — discovered and pub- lished by Bawlinson, May 1862 — verified by discovery of record of solar eclipse, May 1867. Ast, Georg Anton Friedrich, philosopher, philologist, — b. at Gotha, 1778 — studies at Jena, 1798 — lecturer at the University, 1802 — Prof. Ancient Literature at Landshut, 1805-12 — at Munich, i8i2, a 1826b — U. there, 30 Dec. 1 841. Tlaton's Leben und Schriften, 18 16 — a Oppert. d Scaliger. % Eusebius. k Clinton. n Zurnpt. c Hales. f Petavius. 1 Jackson. m Ussher. P Newton. Lexicon Tlatonicum, 1834-39 — Tlatonis Opera, 1819-32. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Astacus, in Bithynia, — [BC] — founded by Megarteans, 712/ 707 b — (01. 17, 3,) 710= — war of Zipoetes against, 315 — refounded and called Nicomedia by Niconiedes I., of Bithynia, 264. a Clinton. b Eusebius. c Muller. Asteius, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 101,4,) 373. Astell, Mary, theologian and miscellaneous writer,— -fc. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1668 — ft. at London, May 17 31. Defence of Female Sex, 1696 — Moderation truly stated, 1704 — A fair way with Dissenters, 1704 — Vindica- tion of the Toy al Martyr, 1704 — The Christian Teligion, 1705. Asterius, Turcius Rufus Apronianus, — Consul with Prsesidius, (1247, a. u. c.) 494. Asti, (Asia,) in Tiedmont, — [B C] — taken by Gauls, about 400 — submits to Borne, in the Ligurian War, about 180 — destroyed by Gauls, is rebuilt by Pompey, about 89 — [AD] — invested by Goths, delivered by Stilicho, 403 — restored by Narses, about 540 — taken by Alboin, 569 — made a duchy by the Longo- bardi, after 570 — taken by Charlemagne, about 774 — a republic, about 11 25 — taken and burnt by Frederick I., 11 55 — given to Savoy by the Emperor Henry VII., 1 3 1 1 a — transferred to France, 1387 — given up to Charles V. by Peace of Cambray, 1529— given by him to Beatrice of Portugal, who marries Charles III. of Savoy, 1531 — taken by French, 1703— recovered by Savoy, 1705 — unsuccessfully besieged by French, Jun., Jul. 1706 — stormed by General Chevert, Oct. 1745 — retaken by Austrians, 1746. a Erscb and Gruber. Astle, Thomas, antiquary, — fi. at Need- wood Forest, about 1735 — F.S.A., 1763 — superintends printing of Ancient Becords of Parliament, 1770-75 — chief clerk of Becord Office, and keeper, 1775 — !&. at London, 1 Dec. 1803. Origin and Trogress of Writing, 1784. Astolphus, King op the Lombards — suc- ceeds his brother Batchis, Mar. 749 — takes Ba- venna and the Pentapolis, and extinguishes the Exarchate, 752 — advances against Borne, makes terms with Pope Stephen II., 752 — defeated by Pepin and besieged in Pavia, 754 — besieges Borne, 755 — raises the siege, and is besieged again in Pavia by Pepin, 755 — restores the Exarchate and Pentapolis to Borne, 755 — ft., Dec. 756. Astorga, in Spain, (Asturica Augtista,) — taken by Almansur, (373, a. h.) 983 a — head of a marquisate, by Henry IV., 1465 — occupied by English under Baird, 12 Nov. 1808 — head- quarters of Napoleon I., Jan. 1809 — taken by the French, 22 Apr. 18 10 — retaken by Span- iards, 30 Jul. 1812 — Council of, on discipline, 1 Sep. 946. a Conde. Astori, Giovanni Antonio, antiquary, — n. at Venice, 16 Jan. 1672 — enters the church, 1698 — tf. at Venice, 23 Jan. 1743. Astraea, asteroid, — discovered by Heneke at Driessen, 8 Dec. 1845. :p ASTRAKHAN— ATHEXAGORAS. Astrakhan, in Russia, — part of Mogul Em- pire of Gengis Khan, 1205-27 — a distinct sove- reignty under Batu, about 1 240 — conquered by Ivan, Czar of Muscovy, about 1554. Astrologers, — [B C] — (Cbaldseans) banished front Rome and Italy by edict of C. Cornelius Scipio Hispallus, 139 — again, from Rome, by M. Agrippa, 33. Astrology, — condemned by Council of Tole- do, 400 — condemned by Council of Braga, 563 — in Great Britain, forbidden by Vagrant Act, 5 Geo. IV. c. 83, 21 Jun. 1824. Astronomical Tables, — compiled by Albateg- nius, about 880 — by Nasireddin, 1270 — of Observatory at Maragha, 1345 — at Samarcand, 1449. [Alfonsine Tables.] Astronomical Society, Royal, in England, — founded, 1820 — chartered, 7 Mar. 1831. Astronomical Observations, — [B C] — re- corded at Babjion from summer 2234,* 2233. b a Ussher. b Clinton. Astronomy, — [BC] — first cultivated at Alexandria by Timochares and Aristyllus, about 290 — [Thales, Aristarchus, Ptolemy, &c] — [AD] — amongst the Saracens, begins, about 762— declines in Asia, from 1450. Astruc, Jean, physician, — b. at Sauves, 19 Mar. 1684 — teaches at University of Montpel- lier, 1706-9 — Prof. Anatomy and Medicine, Toulouse, 17 10 — Prof. Medicine, Montpellier, 1716-28 — first Physician to king of Poland, 1728 — Physician to king of France, 1730 — Prof. Medicine, College of France, 1731 — if. at Paris, 5 May 1766. De morbis venereis, 1736 and 1740. Asturias, in Spain, — [B C] — people of, part- ly subdued by Augustus, 25 — [AD] — Goths take refuge in, from the Moors, 7 1 3 — Pelayo makes head against the Moors, 718 to 719 — forms a kingdom under Pelayo, 719 — he is suc- ceeded by his son Favila, 737 — he defeats Mo- hammedans, 738 — Alfonso I., (the Catholic,) suc- ceeds, 7 3 9 — Froil a I. , (son,) 7 57 — defeats Moors under Omar, 760 — founds, and transfers seat of kingdom to Oviedo, 761 — Prince of, title first borne by eldest son of the King of Spain, 1388. Asturius, — Consul with Fl. Protogenes, (1202, a. u. c.) 449. Astyages, {mythical). [Media.] Astydamas, tragic poet, — [BC] — first ex- hibits, Feb., Mar. 398,' (01. 95, 2,) 399^ a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Astyphilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, 420. Asuncion, capital of Paraguay, — founded by Juan de Salazar, 1535- — burnt, 1543 — seat of bishopric, 1547 — occupied by allied troops of Brazil and Argentine Confederation, under Marshal Caxias, 5 Jan. 1869 — provisional government installed, 12 Aug. 1869. Asylum. [Sanctuary.] Ata-Melik al Jowaini, Ala-eddin, historian, — b. at Jowani, about (624, a. h.) 1226 — lieu- tenant to Arghua Khan, of Khorassan, 1256 — prefect of Baghdad, by Hulaku, 1258 — impris- oned on charge of peculation, by Abaka-Kban, 1265-81 — restored by Sultan Ahmed, (680,) 1281— if., 1282. Atabalipa, {Atahualpa,) last Inca of Peru, succeeds his father, and defeats his brother Hu- ascar, 1523 — seized by Pizarro, 17 Nov. 1532 — put to death, 1533. Atalanta, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- schmidt at Paris, 5 Oct. 1855. Atarnae, in JEolis, — [BC] — besieged 8 months by Derkyllidas, 398. Ataulphus, (Ataalf Athaulphus,Athulphus y Adaulphus,) King of the Visigoths, — leads re- inforcements to Alaric in Italy, 409 — succeeds Alaric, close of 410 a — enters Gaul, 412 s — marries Placidia, sister of Honorius, beginning 414 — passes into Spain, 414 a — murdered at Barcelona, early in Sep. 415,* 4i7- b a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. Ateius, (Prcetextatus, Philologus,) grammar- ian — [B C] — fi. at Rome, about 40. Atella. [Aversa.] Athanaric, King of the Goths, — in Dacia, 367 — defeated by Valens, 369 — attempts to defend the Dnieper against the Huns, 374 — King of the Goths, after Aug. 378 — retires from Dacia to Constantinople, 11 Jan. 381 — if. there, 25 Jan. 381. Athanasian Creed, (Catholic Faith, Symbo- lum Athanasium, Symbolum Qiiiconque,) — ac- cepted by Western church before 700 — adopted in France about 850 — in Spain and Germany, about 950 — in England, before 1000 — critical history of, by "YVaterland, 1728. Athanasius, St, — Patriarch of Alexan- dria, theologian, — b. at Alexandria, about 296 — lives with St Antony, about 315 to 321 — deacon at Alexandria, 321 — supports Alexan- der against Arians, 321 — attends Council of Mce, 325 — succeeds Alexander as Patriarch, about Apr. 326 — refuses to admit Arius, about 331 — defends himself before Constantine, 332 — deposed by Council of Tyre, 335 — banished into Gaul, by Constantine, at Treves, 336 — re- stored to his see by Constantine II., 338 — con- vokes Council at Alexandria, 340 — flies to Rome, on appointment of Gregory of Cappa- docia, 341 — restored to communion by Council of Rome, 342 — restored to his see, 349 — con- demned by Council of Aries, 353 — condemned by Council of Milan, 355 — retires to Egyptian deserts, 354 — restored to his see by Julian, 362 — escapes to the deserts, 362 — returns to Alexandria, 365 — again expelled, 367 — restored by Valens, after a few months ; if., May 372. Athanasius, Petrus, rhetorician, — b. in Cy- prus, about 1572 — if. at Paris, about 1663. Athelney, Isle of, in Somersetshire, — Al- fred the Great retires to, 878. Athelstan, (Adelstan,) first king of the Eng- lish, — b. about 895 — succeeds his father, Ed- ward the Elder, 925 — defeats Anlaf at Brun- anburgh, 937— if. at Gloucester, 27 Oct. 940. Athenaeum, — founded by Hadrian at Rome, about 133 — in repute, to 400. Athenaeum, — London weekly journal, estab- lished, Jan. 1828. Athenaeus of Naucratis, — fl. at Alexandria and Rome, after 228. Athenaeus, physician, — fl. at Rome, after 100, about 50. Athenagoras, Christian Apologist, — fl. before 200 — composes his Apology, probably about 177. ATHENAIS— ATHENS. J 3 r Atlienais. [Eudocia.] Athenas, Pierre Louis, archaeologist, natural- ist, — fc. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1752 — settles at Nantes, about 1786 — Director of Mint, 1795 to 1 817 — aids in forming Academic Society of Nantes, 1797 — receives gold medal of Academy of Sciences, 1824 — tf. at Nantes, 22 Mar. 1829. Athenion, — [B C] — leader in second Servile war in Sicily, 102 — attacks Lilyboeum unsuc- cessfully; and joins Salvius, 102 — wounded in battle against L. Licinius Lucullus, 102 — suc- ceeds Tryphon as king : and is defeated and slain by M\ Aquilius, 101. Athenodorus Gananites, Stoic philosopher, — [B cj— fl., about 30. Athens, Attica,— [B C]— kingly government abolished, mythical, 1068 to 752 — [Archons, Dracon] — insurrection of Kylon, 620,°- 612 b — at war with Mitylene, [ Pittacus,] 606 a — expulsion of the Alcmseonidae, 596-5,° 597 b — at war with Megara respecting Salamis, about 600 b — legislation of Solon, 594 — Peisis- tratus first makes hiniself tyrant, 56o, a — Hip- pias and Hipparchus, Peisistratidee, succeed their father, 527, a 528 b — expulsion of the Pei- sistratidae, 510 a — political revolution of Cleis- thenes, in opposition to Isagoras, 509 b — in- vasion of Cleomenes, 508 b — second and unsuc- cessful invasion of Cleomenes, 504 b — at war with JEgina, 504 b — withdraws from Ionian Confederacy, 499 a — refuses earth and water to the ambassador of Darius, 491 a — Persian Wars, victory at Marathon, 490 — the city burnt by Xerxes, 480 — occupied by Mardo- nius, 479 — rebuilt and fortified, with Peirgeus, by Themistocles, 478 — commencement of Athenian Hegemony in Greece, and formation of Delian Confederacy, 477 d — victories of Ki- mon, in Thrace and the JEgean, 476 — revolt of Naxos, 472 b — Kimon's victory at the Euryme- don, 46 6, a 469 b — revolt of Thasos, 465, a 467 b —assists in the third Messenian War, 464-1 a — alliance with Argos, Thessaly, and Megara, 462 b — assist Inaros of Egypt, 460-55, ad 462-58 e — Athenians defeat the Corinthians near JEgina in the Megarid, and at Tanagra, 457, a 460-58 b — the Long Walls completed, 457-6 a — defeat the Boeotians at (Enophyta, 45 6, a 457 b — war with Sparta, 45 5, a 45 6 b — truce for five years with Sparta and Argos, beg. 45o, a 45i b — Sacred War, Athenians defeated at Coroneia, autumn 447, a 446 b — Euboea and Megara revolt and are reduced by Pericles, 445 — invasion of Pleistoanax ; truce for thirty years with Sparta, about Feb. 445, a 446-5 b — Thucydides banished, Pericles begins to have the sole direction of affairs, 444 a — Samian War, 440-39 a — revolt of Potidsea, mids. 432 a — -Peloponnesian War commences, [Cor- cyra,] 431 — surrender of Potidoea, 429 s — death of Pericles ; Cleon takes the lead in public affairs, autumn 429 s — Athenians send assistance to Leontini, 427 a — death of Cleon at Amphipolis, 422 — Alkibiades originates an alliance with Argos, &c, 420 — Sicilian Expe- dition, mutilation of the Hermse, 415 — the Constitution of the 400, Mar. to Jun., 411 a — victory at sea off Arginusoe, and condemnation of the generals, autumn 406 — Athens besieged by Lysander, about Nov. 405 d — taken, (01. 93, 4, Munych. 16) latter part of Mar., a 22 b Apr. 404 — the Thirty Tyrants, spring 404 — Thrasybulus occupies Phyle and Piraeus ; the Thirty Tyrants deposed, installation of the Ten, Dec. 404 a — the democracy restored, arch- onship of Eucleides, spring 403 d — amnesty, (Boedr. 12) Sep. 403 a — alliance with Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, 395 d — Conon and Pharna- bazus defeat the Spartan fleet at Cnidus, Aug. 394 a — Long Walls rebuilt, 393 a — peace of Antalkidas, about autumn 387— alliance with Thebes ; project of a neAV maritime confeder- acy* 378 d — peace with Sparta, and renewal of the war, 374 s — peace with Sparta, 369 s — al- liance with Arcadia, autumn 366 a — defeated at sea by Alexander of Pherae, autumn 362 d — assist Argseus against Philip of Macedonia; Philip makes peace with them, after midsum- mer 359 a — attack the Thebans in Euboea, 357 a — Social War, 358 to 355— Sacred War, 355 t° 346 — expedition into Acarnania, to counteract Philip; embassy of Demosthenes and others to Ambracia and Peloponnesus, latter part of 343 a — negotiations with Persia for help against Philip, 341-40 — Athenians de- clare war against Philip, 340 — send help to Byzantium ; alliance with Thebes against Philip ; new Sacred War commences, 339 — Athenians totally defeated at Chseroneia, (7 Metag.) Aug. 338— submit to Alexander, 335 — Harpalus comes to Athens, 325 — Lainian. War, 323-2 a — Athens surrenders to Cassander, who appoints Demetrius Phalereus governor, 3i7, d 318 b — occupied by Demetrius Poliorke- tes, Sep. 307 a — attacked by Cassander, relieved by Demetrius, 303 — taken possession of by Cassander, autumn 301 — taken by Demetrius, 299 — recovers its freedom after the victories of Pyrrhus, 287 — besieged by Antigonus, 268- 262 * — attacked by Aratus, about 239 f — deliver- ed by Aratus, joins the Achaean League, 232 b — receives an embassy from Borne, 228 s — at- tacked by Philip of Macedonia, 200 — sends an embassy to Borne, 155 s — taken by Sulla, 1 Mar. 86— [AD]— sacked by the Herulians, 269 s — entered by Alaric, 395 — Schools abolished by Justinian, after 500 — Otho de la Boche gains possession of Athens, [Athens, Duchy of,'] 1205 — city taken by the Catalan's Grand Com- pany, 131 1 — taken by Mohammed II., 1456 — besieged and taken by Venetians under Moro- sini, 21-29 Sep. 1687 — taken by the Greeks, 22 Jun. 1822 h - — besieged and taken by the Turks, Aug. 1826 to 6 May 1827 h — made the capital of the kingdom of Greece, 1834 — blockade of Piraeus by British fleet, 18 Jan. to 27 Apr. 1850 — visited by Emperor of Austria, 3 Nov. 1869. [Acropolis, Olympeium, Par- thenon, Theseium, &c] a Clinton. b Zmnpt. c Smith's Diet. d Grote. e Heeren. f Tftirlwall. S VIsscher. h Tennent. Athens, Duchy of, — Otho de la Boche gains possession of Athens, and becomes lord, (Grand-sire,) as vassal of the king of Rouma- nia, 1205 a — Guy de la Boche (first Duke) summoned to do homage to the Prince of 9* ATHENS— ATT ALUS. Achaia, 1246, 1254 — suzerainty claimed by the king of Naples, in the Treaty of Viterbo, 1267 — William administers the government of Achaia, 1280-90 — Guy II. marries Maud, princess of Achaia, 1304 — his cousin, Walter de Briexne, succeeds him, 1308 — engages the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, 1308 — successful campaign against the Byzantine Emperor, &c, 13 10 — Walter defeated and killed by the Grand Company, Mar. 131 1 — Roger Deslau {De la Flor) succeeds, 1311 — Maxfred, son of Frederick II., king of Sicily, made king, 1 326 — Nicholas Acciaiuoli adminis- ters the lands hypothecated to the Grand Com- pany, 1334 — his relation, Nerio {Denier) I., made duke, 1394 — Axtoxio, his son, suc- ceeds, 1399 — Nerio II., grand nephew to Nerio I., succeeds, 1435 — becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, 1444 — Franco Acciai- uoli made duke by Mohammed II., 1455 ■ — the duchy abolished by the Turks, 1456. a Finlay. Athens, in Ohio, U. S., — University estab- lished, 1 82 1. Atherton Moor, in Yorkshire — Earl of Newcastle defeats Lord Fairfax at, 30 Jun. 1643. Athias, Joseph, printer, — honoured by States-General of Netherlands, 10 Jun. 1667 — a", at Amsterdam, 1700. Sebrew Bible, 1661 and 1667. Athletes,— [B C] — first exhibited at Eome by M. Fulvius, 186. Athlone, Earl of. [Ginkell.] Athlone, in Ireland, — captured by General Ginkell, 30 Jun. 169 1. Athos, Mount — [BC] — canal cut through the isthmus, by Xerxes, 482-80 — [AD] — mon- astic establishments on, as early as 961. Atia, — [BC] — marries C. Octavius, who dies, 59, 58° — Augustus Csesar born, 23 Sep. 63 — marries L. Marcius Philippus; rj., 43. a Smith's Diet. Atilianus, — Consul with Pontianus, (888, a. u. c.) 135. Atkinson, Thomas Witlam, F.G.S., artist and traveller, — b. in Yorkshire, 1799 — ft. at Lower Walmer, Kent, 13 Aug. 1861. Oriental and Western Siberia, 1858 — Travels on the Amoor, i860. Atkyns, Sir Robert, jurist — b., Apr. 1621 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1645 — M.P., 1659— K.B., Apr. 1661— Eecorder of Bristol, 1661-82— Judge of Court of Common Pleas, 15 Apr. 1672 to Feb. 1680 — manages defence of Lord William Russell, 1683 — Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 18 Apr. 1689 to 22 Oct. 1694 — Speaker of House of Lords, 19 Oct. 1689-93 — tf. at Saperton near Ciren- cester, 18 Feb. 17 10. Dower, §c., of Darlia- ment, 1689. Atlanta, Georgia, U. S., — founded, 1845 — incorporated as a city, 1847 — defeat of Gen. Hood by Gen. Sherman at, 20 and 22 Jul. 1864 — taken by Sherman, 2 Sep. 1864 — evacu- ated by him, 1*2 Nov. 1864. Atlantic Cable, — unsuccessful attempt to lay, Aug. 1057 — second failure, Jun. 1858 — laid, and messages pass, 5 Aug. 1 85 8 — sis cease, 30 Aug. — second, partly laid by ' Great Eastern,' 23 Jul. to 2 Aug. 1865 — parts, and is lost, 2-1 1 Aug. — experiments on lost cable, winter of 1865-66 — third, laid by 'Great Eastern,' 13-28 Jul. 1866— grappling for cable of 1865 commences, 7 Aug. 1866— it is re- covered, 1 Sep.— French, laid, by ' Great East- ern,' Jun. to 24 Jul. 1869. Atlantic Ocean, — first crossed by steam- vessel, {Savannah,) May and Jun. 1819. Atlas, {geographical,) — constructed by An- drea Bianco, 1436 —photographic facsimile published, 1870. Atmospheric Railway. [Railway.] Atomic Theory, in chemistry, — propounded by Dalton, 1803. Atratinus, A. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Minucius Augurinus, (257, a. u. c.) 497 and (263) 491. Atratinus, L. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul with L. Papirius Mugillanus, 444, a (311, A. it. C.) 443 b — censor, 443. a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Atratinus, C. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul with Q,. Fabius Yibulanus, (332, a. tj. c.) 423. Atratinus, — Consul with T. Aurelius Ful- vus, (842, a. it. c.) 89. Atrebates, {Atrabati,) — [BC] — defeated by Julius Caesar, 57. Atri, Atria. [Hadria.] Atropatene. [Media Atropatene.] Atropates, King of Media Atrofatexe, — [BC] — at battle of Arbela, 331 — satrap of Media by Alexander the Great, 33c- — governor of province of Greater Media, 323 — establishes monarchy of Media Atropatene, after 323. Atta, T. Quinctius, comic poet, — [B C] — »., 78- Attaignant, Gabriel Charles de 1', poet, — fj. at Paris, 1697 — tf. there, 10 Jan. 1779. Doe'sies, 1757 — Chansons, 1779. Attainder, in English Law — corruption of blood by, taken away by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 145, 27 Aug. 1 8 14 — declared no hindrance to tracing of descent, by Act 3 and 4 Wm. IV. c. 106, 29 Aug. 1833. Attaleia, in Damphylia — [BC] — built by Attalus Philadelphus, 159-138. Attaleiata, {Attaliota,) Michael, jurist, — judge and proconsul, under the Emperor of the East, about 1070 — publishes his system of Grfeco-Koman law, 1073. Attalus, general, — [BC] — left in Bactria, during Sogdian campaign, 328 — commands fleet of Perdiccas, and secures his treasures at Tyre after his death, 321 — defeated at sea by Bhodians, 320 — with Alcetas, defeated by An- tigonus in Pisidia and taken, 320 — escapes and seizes the castle, 317 — compelled to sur- render, 316. Attalus I., King of Pergamus, — [BC] — succeeds Eumenes I., 241 — defeats Gauls and assumes title of king, about 239° — defeats An- tiochus Hierax, 229 — acquires all Asia Minor within the Taurus, by 226 — reduced to Per- gamus, by Seleucus and Antiochus, by 221 — joins Byzantines against Ehodes, 220 — re- ATTALUS— ATTWOOD. 133 covers cities of JEolis, 218 — ally of Antiochus the Great against Achaeus, 216-214 — ally of Eomans and _ZEtolians against Philip and Achceans, 211 — Praetor of JEtolia, 209 — over- runs Peparethus, &c, 207 — included in general peace, 204 — attacked by Philip, 204 — ally of Ehodes against Philip, defeats Philip at sea, off Chios, 201 — at Athens, war declared in alliance with Pome against Philip, 200 — with Eomans takes Oreus, (Oreum,) 199 — winters at iEgina, 198-7 — if. at Pergamus, 197. a Bawlinson. Attalus II., (Philadelphus,) King op Pergamus, — [B C] — ft., 220 — at battle of Mount Sipylus, 190 — in expedition into Ga- latia, 189 — in war against Pharnaces, 182 — in Greece, 171 — ambassador to Eome, 192, 181, 167 — succeeds Eumenes II., 159 — re- stores Ariarathes to his kingdom, about 157 — attacked by Prusias, obtains aid of Eome, and of Ariarathes and Mithridates, 156 — ob- tains peace and indemnity of Prusias, 154 — aids Alexander Balas in Syria, 152 — aids NI- comedes against Prusias, 149 — defeats Diegyles of Thrace, after 149— aids Eomans in taking Corinth, 146 — if., 138. Attalus III., (Philometor,) King op Per- gamus, — [BCJ — -succeeds his uncle, Attalus II., 138— if.. 133. Attalus, Eoman Emperor op the "West, — praefect of Eome, declared Emperor by Ala- ric, 409 — deposed at Ariminuni, 410 — set up as a rival, by Ataulphus, 414 — taken by Honorius and banished to Lipari Isles, 416. Attar, (Athar,) Khoja, — secures the throne of Orniuz to Shahweiss, i486 — regent of the kingdom under Seifeddin IV., about 1500 — defeated by Albuquerque, becomes tributary to Portugal, 1507 — if., 15 1 3. Attar, Ferid Eddin,^? 1 , — u. in Khorassan, (613, a. h.) 1226,* (513,) ni9, b about 1119c — massacred by Mongols, 1230^ ii22, b 1202.° a Biog. Univ. b Nonr. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Diet. IT. K. S. Atterbury, Francis, Bp op Eochester, — rj. at Milton (Middleton) Keynes, 6 Mar. 1662 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1680 — B.A., 13 Jun. 1684 — M.A., 20 Apr. 1687 — takes orders, probably, 1690 or 1691 — Lecturer of St Bride's, London, 1691 — preacher at Eolls Chapel, 1698 — has controversy with Dr Wake, 1700 — Chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne, 1702 — Dean of Carlisle, 1704 — Canon of Exeter, 1707 — Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 17 12 — Dean of Westminster, Bp of Eochester, 17 13 — refuses to sign Bishops' declaration of fidelity, 17 15 — committed to the Tower, 29 Aug. 1722 — deprived by act of parliament, Mar. 1723 — settles in Paris, Jun. 1723 — engages in schemes for a rebellion in the Highlands, 1725 — if. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1732 — his remains interred in Westminster Abbey. Attica. [Athens.] Atticus, Bp op Constantinople, — takes part with Chrysostom, 403-4 — succeeds Arsacius in the see, Feb. 406 — having been excommuni- cated by Western Church, he is restored on inserting St Chrysostom in the diptychs, 417 — if., 10 Oct. 425. Atticus. [Herodes, Tib. CI. Atticus.] Atticus, T. Pomponius, {Q. Ccecilius Pom- ponianus Atticus,) — [B C] — h. at Eome, 9 Mar. 109 — withdraws to Athens, 85 — returns to. Eome, 65 — marries Pilia, 12 Feb. 56 — if., 31 Mar. 32. Atticus, Nonius, — Consul with Flavius Caesarius, (1150, a. u. c.) 397. Atticus, A. Manlius Torquatus,— [BC] — Consul with C. Sempronius Blaesus (510, a. tt. c.) 244 — and with Q. Lutatius Cicero, (513) 241. Atticus, C. Vettius, — Consul with C. Asinius Praetextatus, (995, a. u. c.) 242. Atticus, M. Vestinus, — Consul with A. Licinius Xerva Silianus, (818, a. u. c.) 65. Attigny, in France, — Council of (Attini- acum), held, 870. Attila, King op the Huns, — with his brother Bleda succeeds their uncle Eoas, and concludes treaty with Theodosius II., 433, a 434, b about 430 c — ravages Thrace and IHyria, 441-2 — murders Bleda and becomes sole king, 444, d 445 b — ravages Eastern Empire, 445- 450, 447 d — concludes treaty with Theodosius, 447 d — crosses Danube and ravages to the gates of Constantinople, concludes peace and obtains tract on Danube, 446 c — attempt of Theodosius on his life, 448 — enters Gaul, battle of Chalons sur Marne, retires to Pannonia, 45 1 — destroys Aquileia, 452 — 5J. in his own country, 453. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. Attiret, Jean Denis, Jesuit, painter, — fj. at Dole, 31 Jul. 1702— enters Order of Jesuits, 1732 — sets out for China, about Dec. 1737 — offered dignity of mandarin, 29 Jul. 1754 — ir. at Pekin, 8 Dec. 1768. Attius. [Accius.] Attock, {AttoJc,) in the Punjab — built by Akber, 158 1 — treacherously gained by Eunjeet Singh, 1 818 — battle between the British and the Sikhs near, 1848. Attorneys, in England, — made by letters patent, before 1285 — liberty extended bv Stat. of Westminster, 2, c. 10, 13 Edw. L, 1285— admitted by Act 15 Edw. II. stat. 1, 1322 ? — regulated and guarded by Acts 4 Hen. IV. c. 18, 1402-3 ; 33 Hen. YI. c. 7, 1455 ; 3 Jac. I. c. 7, 1605 ; 12 Geo. I. c. 29, 1725; 2 Geo. II. c. 23, 1729 ; 12 Geo. II. c. 13, 1739; 23 Geo. II. c. 26, 1750 — former Acts re- pealed, and new regulations, by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 73, 22 Aug. 1843. [Solicitors.] Attorney-general, in England,— first ap- pointed, before 1279. Attraction, [Gravitation,]— of mountains proved by Maskelyne's Schehallien experiment, 1774 — general, of matter, proved by Caven- dish's experiment, 1798 — of mountains, con- firmed by Baron Zach's experiment, 18 10. Attwood, (Atwood,) George, natural philo- sopher, — ft., about 1746 — B. A. Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1769 — Pellow and Tutor, 1769 — M.A., 1772— F. E. S., 1776— if. at Westmin- ster, Jul. 1807. Treatise on Rectilinear and i.H ATTWOOD— AUCKLAND. Rotatory Motion, 1784 — Review of Statutes and Ordinances of Assize, 1801 — Construction and Properties of Arches, 1801 — Supplement, 1804. Attwood, Thomas, musician, — b., 1767 a — studies at Naples and Vienna, 1783-6 — organ- ist of St Paul's, 1795— composer to Chapel Boyal, 1796 — organist to Chapel Royal, 1837 — ti., 24 Mar. 1838. a Gent. Mag., Diet. Musicians. Aubaine, Droit d', — formally aholished by Louis X., 15 Dec. 13 15 — abolished by decrees of 6 Aug. 1790 and 13 Apr. 1791 — and by Constitutional Act, 3 Sep. 1791 — reestablished, 1804 — exemption from, by Treaty of Paris, 1 8 14— finally abolished, 14 Jul. 1819 — ex- tended to colonies, 21 Nov. 1 82 1. Auberoche, in France, — the French defeated by Henry, Earl of Derby, at, 1345. Aubert de Puycibot, troubadour, — ti. about 1263. Aubert-Dubayet, — b. in Louisiana, 19 Aug. 1759 — sub -lieutenant in Bourbonnais regiment, 1780 — member of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — surrenders Mayence to King of Prussia, 1793 — minister of War, under Directory, 1796 — ambassador to Constantinople, 1796 — tr. there, 17 Dec. 1797. Aubert, Jean Louis, abbe, fabulist, — b. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1731 — ti'.,' 10 Nov. i8i4, a 1776. b a Biog. "Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Aubery, Antoine, historian, biographer, — b. at Paris, 18 May, 1616 — ti., 19 Jan. 1695. FListoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, 1660 — Me- moire pour servir a Vhistoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, 166c — Histoire du, Cardinal Mazarin, 1695 — Des justes reclamations du roi sur V em- pire, 1667. Aubespine, Claude del', Bauonde Chateau - neauf, diplomatist, — Secretary of State, 1543 — commissioner for Francis I. about peace of Hardelot, 1545 — plenipotentiary at treaty of Chateau- Cambrensis, 1559 — in the States of Paris, 1559 — at Assembly of Fontainebleau, 1560 — ti., 11 Nov. 1567. Aubeterre, Joseph Henri Bouchard d'Es- parbes, Marquis d', Marshal of France, — b., 24 Jan. 17 14 — vrounded at battle of Dettingen, 1743 — Lieutenant-general, 1758 — Councillor of State, 1767 — Commandant in Bretagne, 1775 — Marshal of France, 13 Jun. 1783 — rj. at Paris, 28 Aug. 1788. Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa d\ {Albinceus,) historian, §c„ — b. at St Maury, 8 Feb. 1550 — at siege of Orleans, 1563 — joins Huguenot troops, i57o, a 1567 b — in service of Henry of Navarre, 1572 — governor of Maillezais, 1588 -1620 — retires to Geneva, Sep. 1620 — ti. there, 29 Apr. 1630. Histoire univcrselle (de mon temps), 1616-20. a Biog. TJniw b Ersch and Gruber. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusee, botanist, — 6. at Salon,4Nov. 1720 — establishes Botanic Garden in the lie de France, 1752— in Guyana, 1762-65— tf. at Paris, 6 May 1778. Plantes de la Guyane, 1775. Aubrey, John, antiquary, — b. at Easton Piers, Wilts, 12 Mar. i626, a 3 Nov. 1625 or 1626 b — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1642 — F.K.S., 1662 — travels in France, 1664 — tr., 7 Jun. 1697 or 1700. Miscellanies, 1696. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Aubrey, William, jurist,— b. at Abercwn- wrig, 1529 — Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1547 — Eeg. Prof. Civil Law, 7 Oct. 1553— D. C. L., 1554 — at Conference at Bruges, 1565— tr. in London, 23 Jul. 1595. Aubriet, Claude, painter, — b. at Chalons- sur-Marne, 1651,* 1665 ? b — accompanies Tour - nefort to Levant, 1700 — returns, 1702 — ti. at Paris, i743, a 3 Dec. i742. b a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Aubrion, Jean, chronicler, — >f. at Metz, 10 Oct. 1501. Aubriot, Hugues, — Prevot des marchands, Paris, 1367 — builds the Bastille, 1369— tS. at Dijon, 1382. Aubry, Francois, — b. at Paris, 1750 — deputy to Convention, 1790 — arrested, 1793 — member of Committee of Public Safety, 4 Apr. 1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred; transported to Guyana, 1797 — escapes to De- merara, 1798 — ti. there, 1799. Aubry, Claude Charles, general, — b. at Bourg en Bresse, 25 Oct. 1773 — enters School of Artillery, 10 Mar. 1792 — Director of marine Artillery, St Domingo, 1801 — Colonel, 1804 — constructs bridge of Beresina, 18 12 — killed at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813. Aubusson, Pierre d', Grand Master of Knights of St John of Jerusalem, — b., 1423 — serves against Turks in Hungary, i435 a — ac- companies the Dauphin Louis to siege of Mon- tereau, 1437 s — a * battle of St Jacob, Basel, 1444 — Grand Master, 1476 — defends Bhodes against Mahomet II., 23 May to 28 Jul. a 1480 — gives up Zizim to the Pope, and is created a cardinal, 1488 — generalissimo of League against Turks, by Alexander VI., 15012 — ft. at Ehodes, 13 Jul. 1503. a Ersch and Gruber. Aubusson, Francois, Viscount d', Duke, &c, Marshal of France, — at battle of Bethel, 1 65 1 — Governor of Dauphiny, 168 1 — erects statue of Louis XIY. on Place des Yictoires, 1686 — tf., 19 Sep. 1691. Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, military officer, — b. about 1762,* 1756 13 — enters the army, Aug. 1776 — serves in America till 1770 — serves in India, 1778-97, i783-96 b — serves in Egypt, 1801-2 — K. B,, 1803 — serves in S. America, 1806-7 — serves in Java, 181 1 — returns to Europe, lieutenant-general, 181 3 — ti. at Dublin, 11 Aug. 1822. a Eose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Auckland, William Eden, Bauon, — b., 1750 — Under Secretary of State, 1773 — envoy to North America, on colonial affairs, 1778 — Secretary of State for Ireland, 1780 — pleni- potentiary at Versailles, 1785 — plenipotentiary in Spain, 1788 — succeeds to the title, 1790 — ambassador to Holland, 1790— signs conven- tion respecting Netherlands, 10 Dec. 1790 — negotiates alliance against France, 1791 — ti., 28 May 1 8 14. Auckland, New Zealand, — Nonconformist AUCKLAND— AUGUR. 35 Colonists sail for, 29 May 1862 — seat of government removed to "Wellington, Dec. 1864. Auckland Islands,— discovered by Captain Briscoe, 1 806— first settlement in, 1849. Auctions, — [BC] — tax upon, imposed by Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — tax abolished by Caligula, before 37 — in England, excise duty on, imposed by Acts 17 Geo. III. c. 50, 1777 ; 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787— explained by 29 Geo. III. c. 63, 1789; 30 Geo. III. c. 26, 1790; 32 Geo. III. c. 41, 1792; 41 Geo. III. cc. 42 and 91, 21 May and 2 Jul. 1801 ; 42 Geo. III. c. 93, 22 Jun. 1802; 47 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 60, 13 Aug. 1807 — repealed by Act 8 Vic. c. 15, 8 May 1845. Auctioneers' Licence, — imposed and regu- lated by Acts 17 Geo. III. c. 50, 1777 ; 19 Geo. III. cc. 25-6, 1779; 21 Geo. III. c. 17, 1781 ; 22 Geo. III. c. 66, 1782; 32 Geo. III. c. 11, 1792 ; 42 Geo. III. c. 93, 26 Jun. 1802. Audaeans, (Audians,) heretics, — appear about 400 to 500. Audaeus, polemical theologian, — tf. about 372. Audebert, Germain, poet, — b. at Orleans, 15 1 8 — tf. there, 1598. Audebert, Jean Baptiste, painter and na- turalist, — n. at Rochefort, 1759 — tf., 1800. Histoire naturelle des Singes, 1800 — Histoire naturelle generate des Colibris, 1802. Audenaerde, (Oudenaerde) Robert van, painter and engraver,— -ft. at Ghent, 1663 — tf. there, 1743, a 1713^ a Biog. Univ. and Nagler. b Ersch and Gruber. Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, biblio- grapher, astronomer, &c, — ft. at Saorgio, 2 Feb. 1 7 14 — tf., 3 Jul. 1794. Audley, (Awdley,) Thomas, Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft. at Earls Colne, in Essex, 1488 — Reader of Inner Temple, 1526 — Speaker of House of Commons, 3 Nov. 1529 — Attorney of Duchy of Lancaster, 1530 — Sergeant at law, Nov. 153 1 — Lord Keeper and Knt, 20 May 1532 — Lord Chancellor, 26 Jan. 1533 — Baron, 29 Nov. 1538 — K. G„ 1540 — surrenders Great Seal, Apr. 1544 — ft. at London, 30 Apr. 1544. Audouin, Pierre, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1768 — tr., 12 Jul. 1822. Audouin, Jean Victor, zoologist, — ft. at Paris, 27 Apr. 1797 — Prof, at the Museum, 1833 — tf. at Paris, 9 Nov. 1841. Audran, Girard, {Gerard^) engraver, — 6. at Lyons, 2 Aug. 1640 — at Rome, 1666-9 — re- ceived at the Academy, Paris, 31 Mar. 1674a — Councillor of Academy of Painting, Paris, 1681 — tf. there, 1703^ 8 Feb. 1691^ a Jal. b Biog. Univ. Audubon, John James, ornithologist, — ft. in Louisiana, 4 May i78o, a about 1774 b — travels, 1 8 10-25 — i n England, 1 826-28 — at Paris, 1828 — returns to L T nited States, Apr. 1830 — visits England, 1831 — takes final leave of Europe, 1839 — tf. at Hudson, New York, 27 Jan. 1851. Birds of America, 1830-39, 1844 — American Ornithological Biography, 1831-39. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Auenbrugger, (Avenbr agger,) Leopold, physician, — ft., 19 Nov. 1722 — tf., 1809. Inventum Novum, (Auscidtation,) 1761. Auerstadt, in Germany,— Davoust defeats Duke of Brunswick, who is killed, 14 Oct. 1 806. AuMena, in Italy, — [B C] — stormed by Cn. Fulvius, (456, a. u. c.) 298. Aufidius, Cn., historian, jurist, — [3C] — quaestor, 119 — trib. pleb., 114 — praetor, 108. Auger, Athanase, translator, — 6. at Paris, i734, a 1724b — tf., 7 Feb. 1792. Translations of I)emosthenes and JEschines, 1777 ; of Cice- ro's Orations, 1792-94. a Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Augereau, Pierre Francois Charles, Duke de Castiglione, marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, n Nov., a 21 Oct. b 1757 — serves as volunteer in revolutionary army, against Spain, 1792 — commands at Millesimo, 13 Apr. 1796 —-distinguishes himself at Areola, Nov. 1796 — ■ aids in the revolution of Fructidor, 1797 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1799 — ■ employed by Napoleon I., 1805 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Duke de Castiglione, 1805 — goes over to Louis XVIII. , and is made a peer, 18 14 — tf., 12 b Jun. 18 16. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Aughrim, (Aghrim,) in Ireland, — General Ginkell defeats forces of James II. at, 12 Jul. 1691. Augmentation of Benefices, in England, — provided for by Act 26 and 27 Yic. c. 120, 28 Jul. 1863. Augmentations, Court of, in England, for managing the revenues of the lesser monaste- ries, given to the Crown, established by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 27, 1536. Augsburg, (Augusta Vindelicorum,) — [B C] — colony planted by Augustus, about 12 — [AD] — pillaged by Huns, before 500 — incorporated with kingdom of Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 506 — under rule of Franks, before 58o a — nearly destroyed in wars of Charles the Great, 788 — free Imperial city, 1276 — government becomes democratic, 1368 — member of Swabian League, 1488-1534 — entered by Gustavus Adolphus, 1632 — besieged and taken by Im- perialists, 1634-35 — bombarded by French and Bavarians, 1703 — loses Imperial rank by Peace of Presburg, 1805 — surrendered to Bavaria, 4 Mar. 1806. Council of, on discipline, &c, 952. Confession of, presented to Charles V., Jun. 1530. Feace of Religion, concluded, 26 Sep. 1555. League of, between the Emperor, kings of Spain and Sweden, Electors of Saxony and Bavaria, against Louis XIV., formed at in- stigation of "William Prince of Orange, and signed, 19 Jul. 1686. a Ersch and Gruber. Auguis, Pierre Jean Baptiste, politician, — ft. at Melle, Poitou, 1748— Deputy to Legisla- tive Assembly, 179 1 — Deputy to National Con- vention, Sep. 1792 — opposes Robespierre, (12 Germinal,) 1 Apr. 1795 ; and (1 Prairial) 20 May 1795 — Deputy to Council of Five Hun- dred, 1799 — at the sitting at St Cloud, (18 Brurnaire,) 10 Nov. 1799 — tf. at Melle, 7 Feb. 1810. Augur, Cn. Corn. Lentulus,— [B C] — Consul with M. Licinius Crassus, (740, a. tj. c.) 14. i-,6 AUGUR— AUGUSTUS. Augur, — Consul with M. Annius Terns, (874, a. u, c.) 121. Angurinns, T. Genucius,— [B C]— Consul with Ap. Claudius Crassinus, and decemvir, (303, a. v. c.) 451. Augurinns, M. Genucius, — [BC] — Consul with C. Curtius Philo, (309, a. tj. c.) 445. Augurinns, M. Minucius,— [B C] — Consul with A. Sempronius Atratinus, (257, a. u. c.) 497, and (263,) 491. Augurinus, L. Minucius, — [BC] —Consul with C. jNTautius Rutilus, (296, a. tj. c.) 458. Augurinus, P. Minucius, — {BC\— Consul with T. Geganius Macerinus, (262, a. it. c.) 492. Augurinus, Q. Minucius,— [B C]— Consul with C. Horatius Pulvillus, (297, a. it. c.) 457. Augurinus, T. Minucius, — [B C] — Consul with L. Postumius Megellus, (450, a. tj. c.) 305. Augurinus, C. Serius, Consul with M. Cei- onius Sylvanus, (909, a. u. c.) 156. Augurinus, — Consul with Sergianns, (885, a. r. c.) 132. Augurs, College of, at Rome,—[B C]— num- ber of, increased to nine by Ogulnian Law, 300 — to 15 by Sulla, 81 — to 16 by Julius Caesar, about 46 — Bomitian Laio of election of, passed, 103 — repealed by Sulla, 81 — restored by T. Annius Labienus, 63 — abrogated by Antonius, 44. Augusta. [Aosta, Augsburg, Merida, Turin.] Augustales, (Augustalia,) games, — exhibited at Pome by decree of Senate, (735, a. u. c.) 11 — again, in 230. Augustales Sodales, order of priests — in- stituted by Tiberius, after 13. Augustenburg, Christian (Carl) August, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein Sunder- burg, Prince Boyae oe Sweden, — fj., 9 Jul. 1768 — serves in Danish army in Norway, 1804 — Field Marshal, Ticeroy or Governor of Norway, 15 Jul. 1809 — Prince Eoyal of Swe- den, 1 Jan. 1 8 10 — ft., 22 May 18 10. Augustenburg, Frederick, Prince of SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN SoNDERBTJRG, DUKE OF Holstein, — b.,6 Jul. 1829 — claims sovereignty of Schleswig-Holstein, 18 Xov. 1863 — enters Kiel and is proclaimed Duke, 30 Dec. 1863 — the German Diet requests Austria and Prussia to cede Holstein to him, 6 Apr. 1865 — his ex- pulsion from Holstein demanded by Prussia, refused by Austria, 17 Jun. 1865. [Schleswig- Holstein War.] Augusti, Christian Johann Wilhelm, theolo- gian,^, at Eschenbcrga, 27 Oct. 177 i, a 1772 b — studies at Jena, 1790 — Prof. Extraor. there, 1800 — Prof. Oriental Literature, 1803 — Prof. Theologv, 1 807 — Prof. Theology, Breslau, i8n, a i8i2 b — Prof. Theology, Bonn, 1819 — Director of Consistory of Coblentz, 1833 — rj. at Coblentz, 28 Apr. 1841. Benkivurdigkeiten aus der Christlichen Arthceologie, 18 17-31. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Augustin, Antonio, Abp of Tarragona, — 6. at Saragossa, 1516 — studies at Sal- amanca, 1528 — Doctor, at Bologna, 1541 — Nuncio to England, by Julius III., 1554— Nuncio to Spain, by Paul IT., 1558 — as Bp of Lerida, attends Council of Trent, 1562 — Abp of Tarragona, 1574-86 — rj. at Tarragona, May 1586. Works, 1765-74. — letters, 1804. Augustine Order, (Canons of the Order of St Augustine,) — appears in England, about 1 105. Augustine, St. [Augustinus, St.] Augustine, (Austin,) St, Abp of Canter- bury, Apostle of the English, — sent to Eng- land by Pope Gregory the Great, 596 a — con- secrated Abp at Aries, 597 — holds conferences with Cambrian prelates, probably 603 — conse- crates Mellitus and Justus, 604 — tf. at Canter- bury, 26 May 605, 15 604 ? a — his body removed to N. porch of cathedral, 613 a — part of the remains removed to interior of cathedral by Abbot "Wido, 109 1 — the other part to another tomb, 1300. a Hook. b Bede. Augustinus, Aurelius, St, Bp of Hippo, — fj. at Tegaste, 13 Nov. 354 a — studies rhetoric at Carthage, 37 1 — embraces Manichaeisin, 37 3 a — teaches rhetoric at Carthage, 379 — goes to Pome, renounces Manichseism for Academics, 383 — removes to Milan, 384 — baptized there by St Ambrose, 25 Apr. 387 — his mother, Monica, dies before Kov. 387 a — returns to Africa, Aug. 388 — passes his time in seclusion and religious exercises, 389-91 — ordained priest, 391 — coad- jutor to Talerius ; made bishop at Council of Hippo, 395 — encourages and regulates monach- ism, 407 — has a coadjutor, 426 a — Hippo be- sieged by Genseric, 429 — &., 28 Aug. 430 a — body removed to St Stephens in Sardinia, 506 — to Pavia, 713 — discovered there, 1695 — re- moved to Hippo, 23 Oct. 1842. Be YitaJBeata, 386 — BeAcademicis, 387 — Confessiones, 397 b — Contra Felicem Manichceum, 7 Dec. 404 — Brev. coll. contra Bonatistas, 41 1 — Be Civitate Bei, within 411-428 a — Be Cur a pro Mortuis ger en- da, about 421 c — Eetractationes, 42 8. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c De Rossi. Augustinus Olomucensis, scholar, — fj. at Olmiitz, about 1470 — ft. at Olmiitz, 11 May Augustulus, Romulus, Roman Emperor of the West, — proclaimed by his father Orestes, at Eavenna, 31 Oct. 475 — deposed by Odoacer, 475. Augustus, (Octavius, C. Julius Caesar Octa- vianus,) Emperor of Home, — [BC] — fj. at Telitae, (9 Kal. Oct. 691, a. u. c.) 23 Sep. 63, 28 Nov., a (689,) 62 b — member of Coll. of Pontiffs, 47 — takes part in the end of Spanish war, at Munda ? 45 — goes to Apollonia, end of Oct. 45 — appointed mag. equit. by Jul. Caesar, 44 — returns to Pome as Caesar's heir, 30 Apr. to 1 May, 44 c — with the Consuls Hirtius and Pansa defends camp at Mutina, Apr. 43 — elected Consul, (14 Kal. Sep.) 19 Aug. 43 — agrees with Antony and Lepidus at Bononia to form a Triumvirate, 3 1 Oct. 43 c — law by P. Titius, appointing the Triumvirs, (15 Kal. Dec. 711,) 27 Kov. 43 — war against Sextus Pompeius, summer 42 to beginning of summer 39 — defeats Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, Nov. or beginning Dec. 42 — Perusian war with Antony, end of 41 to latter half 40 — goes into Gaul, " summer 39 — marries Scribonia, AUGUSTUS— AUMONT. i37 summer, 39° — marries Livia, (716,) 38 — war with. Sextus Pompeius, Sicilian war, beg. 38 to beg. winter 36 — renewal of Triumvirate for 5 years, (winter 717-8,) 1 Jan. 37 — inter- view with Antony at Tarentum, 37 — prepara- tions against Sextus Pompeius, 37 to spring 36 — returns to Borne, receives ovation, before 13 Nov. 36 — goes into Sicily, beg. 35 — war in Illyria, Pannonia, &c, (Dalmatic War,) sum- mer 35 — war in Illyria, winter 35 to winter 34 — Dalmatic war, 34 — Consul with L. Volcatius Tullus, abdicates, 1 Jan. 33 — breaks with Antony, 32 — Consul with. M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, Actiac war with Antony, spring ; bat- tle of Actium, (4 Non. Sep. 723,) 2 Sep. 31 — winters at Samos, 31-30 — Consul with M. Licinius Crassus, (724,) 30 — returns to Italy, and then proceeds to Alexandrian war, against Antony, spring 30 — ends the war, Aug. 30 — winters in Asia Minor, 30-29 — Consul with Sextus Appuleius, (725,) 29 — triumphs, by his Illyrian, Actian, and Alexandrian vic- tories, (8, 7, 6 Id. Sext. 725,) 6, 7, 8 Aug. 29 — made Emperor, by Senatus-consultum, 29 — Consul with M. Agrippa, (726,) 28 — Censor Potest., 28— makes up the patrician houses, 28 — Princeps Seratus, 28 — Consul with M. Agrippa, (727,) 27 — Imperial dignity for 10 years conferred by Senate and people, 1 Jan. 27 c — title Auffust us given, (16 Kal. Feb. 727,) 17 Jan. 27 d — (Id. Jan.) 13 Jan. e — (17 Kal. Feb.) 16 Jan. f — (8 Id Jan.) 6 Jan. 725 s — goes to Gaul, summer 27— toTanaio in Spain, for winter, 27-6 — Consul with T. Statilius Taurus, (728,) 26 — war with Cantabrians and Asturians, 26-5 — sick at Tanaio, greater part of 26-5 — Consul with M. Junius Silvanus, (729,) 25 — Consul with C. Norbanus Flaccus, (730,) 24— returns to Eome, sick yet, 24 — de- clared superior to laws, by Senate, 24 h — Consul withA. Terentius Varro Murena, (731,) 23 — sick yet, recovered by cold water cure, 23 — abdicates and receives perpetual tribunician power, (5 Kal. Jul. 731,) 27 Jun. 23 — conspiracy of Murena, 22 — goes into Sicily, end of 22 — goes to Greece, 21 — and winters at Samos, 21-20 — in Asia, 20 — winters at Samos, 20-19 — receives Indian embassy at Samos, 20 — receives Cras- sus' standards from Parthia, 20 — returns to Eome, (4 Id. Oct. 735,) 12 Oct. 19 — receives censorial power for 5 years, and consular power for life, 19 — reform of the Senate, reduced to 600, Legg. Julice, 18 — accepts empire, for 5 years, end of 18 — adopts Caius and Lucius Agrippa, (01. 190, 4,) (4 Kal. Jun.) 29 May 17 — Ludi Sceculares, 17 — goes into Gaul, summer 16 — and returns to Eome, (4 Non. Jul. 741,) 4 Jul. 13 — Pontifex Maximus, (Prid. Non. Mar. 742,) 6 Mar., 12 — in Gaul, spring to Dec. 10 — accepts empire for ten years, beg. 8 — in Gaul, during summer 8 — corrects the Ca- lendar, name of the month Sextilis changed to August, (746,) 8 — Consul with L. Corn. Sulla, (749,) 5 — -Consul with M. Plautius Sylvanus, (752,) 2—Fater Tatrice, (Non. Feb. 752,) 5 Feb. 2 — [AD] — Emperor for 10 years, end of 3 — adopts Tiberius Nero and Agrippa Postu- mius, (5 Kal. Jul. 757,) 27 Jun. 4 — Emperor for 10, years, Tiberius colleague, 11 13 — tf. at Nola, (14 Kal. Sep. 767,) 19 Aug. 14. a Ideler. b Biog. Univ. c Fischer. d Censorinus. e Ovid. f Kalendar Praenest. 8 Orosius. h Schmitz. Augustus II., Frederick, Elector of Sax- ony, King of Poland, — fi. at Dresden, 12 May 1670 — succeeds his brother, John George IV., as Elector of Saxony, 1694 — commands against Turks in Hungary, 1695 — elected king of Poland on death of Sobieski, 25 Jun. 1697 — war against Sweden, alliance with Denmark and Eussia, 1700 — repulsed from Eiga by Dahlberg, May 1700 — defeated at Brisen, on the Duna, 19 Jul. 1701 — between Clissowand Binczow, 19 Jul. 1702 — at Pultusk, by Charles XII., 1 May 1703 — at Frauenstadt, 13 Feb. 1706— renounces throne of Poland, by Peace of Altranstadt, 24 Sep. 1706 — serves incogni- to in campaign in Netherlands against France, 1708 — restored to throne of Poland, after de- feat of Charles XII. at Pultawa, 1709 — league with Prussia, Eussia and Denmark, against Charles — tf., 1 Feb. 1733. Augustus Frederick III., Elector of Sax- ony, King of Poland— t). at Dresden, 7 Oct. 1696 — marries Maria Joseph of Austria, 17 19 succeeds his father as Elector of Saxony, Feb. 1733 — elected king of Poland, 5 Oct. 1733 — recognized by Diet of Pacification, Jun. to Jul. 1734 — alliance with England and Austria, in defence of House of Habsburg, 1743 — driven out of Dresden and Saxony by Frederick the Great, Dec. 1745 — forms alliance with Eussia against Prussia, 1756 — his army captured by Frederick, at Pirna, 15 Oct. 1756 — driven again to Poland, 1756 — ft. at Dresden, 5 Oct. 1763. Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex. [Sussex, Duke of.] Aulic Council, of German Empire, — insti- tuted by Maximilian I., about 1500 — regulated by Ferdinand III., 1654 — ceases with the Em- pire, 1806. Aulisio, Domenico, linguist, jurist, §c. — ft. at Naples, 14 Jan. 1639 — Prof. Civil Law, Naples, 1685-17 17 — tf. there, 29 Jan. 17 17. Aumale, Claude II. of Lorraine, Duke of, — b. 1523 — distinguishes himself at defence of Metz, against Charles V., 1552-3 — at battles of Dreux, 1562 — St Denis, 1567 — and Mon- contour, 1569 — promotes massacre of St Bar- tholomew, 1572 — killed at siege of Eochelle, 14 Mar. 1573. Aumale, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, — ■ fo. about 1554 — succeeds his father, 1573 — supports the League, 1589-94 — takes part in battles of Arques, 1589, and Ivry, 1590— if. at Brussels, 1631. Aumale, Claude, Chevalier d', — killed at attack on St Denis, 3 Jan. 159 1. Aumont, Jean d', Marshal of France, — h., 1522 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — at the taking of Calais, Guines, and. Ham, 1558 — at battles of Dreux and Jarnac, 1562 — at battle of Mon contour, 1569 — at siege of Eochelle, 1573 — Chevalier des ordres du roi, 1578 — Marshal of France, 1579 — re- 3S AUMOXT— AUEUXGZEBE. cognizes Henry IV., 1589 — aids him at Dieppe, present at Arques 1589 — carries faubourgs of St Jacques and St Michel at Paris, 1590 — at battle of Ivry, 1590 — Governor of Bretagne, against Mercosur ; takes Laval, ore, &c, 1594 —jj. at Bennes, of wound received at siege of Camper, 19 Aug. 1595. Aumont et d' Estrabonne, Antoine d' , Mar- shal of France, — b., 1601 — at siege of Mont-- auban, 162 1 — wounded at She, 1627 — at siege of Bochelle, 1628 — at Pas de Suse, 1629 — Captain of king's Guards, 1632 — Chevalier du St Esprit, 1633 — Governor of Boulogne, 1635 — defeats 700 Spaniards at Monthulin, 1637 — Lieutenant- General, 10 Jul. 1645 — at passage of the Colme, 19 Jul. 1645 — at Estaires, 1647 — at Lens, 1648 — commands right wing at Bethel, 1650 — Marshal of France, 5 Jan. 1651 — Governor of Paris, 1662 — Duke and peer of France, 1665 — in campaign of Flanders, 1667 — tf. at Paris, n Jan. 1669. Aumont, Louis Marie Celeste, Duke or, — b., i77o, a 1762 b — takes part with Duke of Orleans in the revolution, 1789 — emigrates, 1792 — serves in Spain, 1793 — joins Louis XVIII. at Mittau, 1795 — Marechal de camp, 1800 — serves in campaigns of 1805-8 — returns to Paris, 1814 — Lieutenant-general, 1815 — retires to England, after 20 Mar. 18 15 — Peer, 17 Aug. 1 8 15 — if., 12 Jul. 1 83 1. a Biog. L'niv. b Cony. -Lex. Aungervyle, Eichard d'. [Kichard de Bury.] Aunoy, (Aidnoy,) Marie Catherine, Count- ess of, novelist, — b., about 1650 — 5j. at Paris, Jan. 1705. Contes des Fees, 1698. Auray, in France, — John Chandos defeats and captures Bertrand du Guesclin, near, 29 Sep. 1364. Aurelian Law, (Aurelia Judiciarid,) — [BC] — gives judicial power to the three orders, passed after (Xon. Sextil. 684, a. u. c.) 5 Aug. 70. Aurelianus, L. Domitius, (Valerius,) Em- peror of Eome, — b. at Sirmium in Panno- nia (?), about 212 — repels Franks in Mayence, before 255 — expels Goths from Illyria and Thrace, 257 — Consul suffect., 22 May 257 — Commander-in-chief of cavalry, by Claudius, about 269 — succeeds Claudius, end of Aug. 270 — defeats Goths in Pannonia, 270 — defeats Alamanni, 270 — defeated by them, at Milan, close of 270 — defeats them in Fano, (Umbria,) in three battles, after 1 1 Jan. 27 1 — puts down sedition at Eome, with great cruelty, 271 — marches through Thracia, Bithynia, &c, and defeats Palmyrenes, on the Orontes, 272 — defeats them again at Emesa, 272 — captures Zenobia and Palmyra, beginning of 273 — re- turns from Byzantium and destroys Palmyra, 273 — subdues and puts Firmus to death at Alexandria, close of 273 — defeats Tetricus near Chalons, and unites the Eoman Empire, 274 — his great triumph, 274 — relinquishes Dacia; assassinated by Mucapor, between Heraclea and Byzantium, before 25 Mar., a Jan. b 275. a Clinton. b Gibbon. Aurelianus, — Consul with Fl. Stilicho, (1 153, A. U. C.) 40O. Aurelius Antoninus, M., Emperor of Eome, — b. at Eome, 26, a 2o, b Apr. 121 — adopted by Antoninus Pius, 25 Feb. 138 — mar- ries Faustina, 138 — Consul with Antoninus Pius Augustus, (893, a. u. c.) 140, and (898) 145 — tribune, 147 — succeeds Antoninus Pius, (914.) 7 Mar. 161 — triumph, with L. Verus, for Parthian victories, 166— persecution of Chris- tians, 166 — war against Marcomanni, 167-8 — ■ submission of Sarmatian confederacy, 168 — ■ war renewed, 169 — assumes title Germanicus, 172 — defeats the Quadi, (story of the Thunder- ing Legion,) 174 — visits the East, after the rebellion of Avidius Cassius, 175-6 — death of Faustina, near Mount Taurus, 175 — triumphs, 23 Dec. 176 — persecution of Christians in Gaul, 177 — war with Sarmatian confederacy, 177, 178-9 a — lj. at Vienna, 17 Mar. 180. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Aurifaber, Joannes, (Goldschmidt, Sans,) theologian, — h. about 15 19 — enters University of Wittenberg, 1537— tutor to son of Count Mannsfeld, 1540 — at Eisleben with Luther, 1546 — Prof. Theology and minister at Eostock, 1550 — Court Chaplain at Weimar, 155 1- 62 — pastor at Erfurt, 1566 — tf. at Breslau, 18 Nov. 1575. Edition of Luther's Tischreden, 1569. Auriferi, Bernardino, painter, botanist, — b. in Sicily, 1739 — becomes Cordelier, 1766 — tf. at Palermo, 29 Jan. 1796 — LLortus Fanormi- tanus, 1789. Aurispa, Giovanni, classical scholar, — b. at Noto in Sicily, 1369 — visits Constantinople, about 141 8 — returns to Italy with MSS., 1420 a — at Florence, visited by Emperor John Palseologus, 1438 b — secretary to Eugenius IV., 1441-47 — secretary to Nicholas V., 1447-49 or 50 — ft. at Ferrara, about Dec. 1460. a Erscb and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. Aurogallus, Matthaeus, philologist, — aids Luther in translating the Bible, between 1521-35 — tf. at Wittenberg, 1543. Gram- matica Sebrcece Chaldeceque Lingua, 1539. Aurunci, (Ausones ? a ,) tribe in Ltaly, — ■ [B C j — unsuccessful war against Eome, 503-2 b — defeated by the Eomans at Aricia, 495 — at war with Eome, (409, a. u. c.) 345 b — establish themselves at Suessa, 337° — Suessa, a Eoman colony, 313. a Niebuhr. b Visschei\ c Smith's Diet. Auruncus, Post. Cominius, — [B C] — Consul with T. Lartius Flavus, (253, a. u. c.) 501 — and with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, (261,) 493. Aurungzebe, (Aurangzib,) (Alamgir,) Mo- gul Emperor, — b. 22 Oct. 161 8, a 20 Oct. 1619b — Governor of theDeccan, about 1638 — Governor of Guzerat, 1645 — sent against the Uzbeks, (1057, a. h.) 1647 — treacherously at- tacks Hyderabad, (1066,) Jan. 1650 — defeats imperial army under his brother Dara at Samaghar, (Eamzan, 1068,) beg. Jun. 1658 — takes Agra, (10 Eamzan, 1068,) Jun. 1658— dethrones his father, Shah Jehan, and takes possession of the throne, (1 Zi Caad, 1068,) 20 Aug. 1658 — puts Dara to death at Delhi, (17 AUSCULTATION— AUSTBASIA. 39 Zi Caad, 1069,) 28 Jul. 1659 — dangerously ill, 1662 — conducts war against Afghans, (1083,) 1673- — marches against the Bajputs, Jan. and Jul. 1679 — arrives in the Deccan, 1683 — takes Bijapur, 15 Oct. 1686 — takes Golconda, Sep. 1687 — takes Sattara, Apr. 1700 — ft. at Ah- mednagur, (1118), 21 Feb. 1707. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Auscultation. [Stethoscope. ] Ausetani, of Spain, — [BCJ — conquered by L. Manlius Acidinus, 206-199. Ausonia, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- paris, 11 Feb. 1861. Ausonius, Becimus Magnus, poet, rhetori- cian, — ft. at Bordeaux, about 310 — tutor to Gratian, 369 — Praefect of Latium, (1130, a. u. c.) 377— Pra3f ect of Gaul, (1131,) 378— Consul with Q. Clodius, Hermogenianus Olybrius, (1132,) 379-living, 388. Ausoniu3, Julius, physician, — Prsefect of Illyricum, by Yalentinian, 364-75. Austen, Jane, novelist, — ft. at Steventon, in Hampshire, 16 Dec. 1775 — lives at Bath, 1801-4 — at Southampton, 1805-9 — settles at Chawton, 1809 — Ij. at Winchester, 18 Jul. 1 8 17. Sense and Sensibility, 18 11 — Pride and Prejudice, 18 13 — Mansfield Park, 18 14 — Emma, 18 16 — JSforthanger Abbey, and Per- suasion, 18 18. Austen, William, metal-founder, — erects tomb of Bichard de Beauchamp, Earl of War- wick, about 1 45 1. Austerlitz, in Moravia, — Napoleon defeats Emperors of Austria and Bussia, 2 Dec. 1805. Austin, John, jurist, — ft., about 1790 — called to the bar, 18 18 — appointed Prof. Jurisprudence, London Univ., 1826— goes to study at Bonn, 1826 — resigns his chair, 1832 — member of Commission on Criminal Law ; sent as commissioner with Sir G. Lewis to Malta, 1837 — if. at Weybridge, 1859. Province of Jurisprudence determined, 1832 — with addi- tional volumes, 1 86 1. Austin, Samuel, theologian, poet. Urania, 1629. Austin, Sarah Taylor, miscellaneous writer, — ft. 1793 — marries John Austin, 1820— left a widow, 1859 — ft. at Weybridge, 8 Aug. 1867. Translations of Carove s Story without an End, 1834 — Pal/c's Characteristics of Goethe, 1833 — Guizot's Causes of the Success of English Revo- volution,iS$o — Panke's History of the Reform- ation, 1845 — Panke's Popes of Pome, 1866 — Germany, 1854 — edits Austin's Province of Jurisprudence determined, 1861. Australia, discovered (N. Coast) by Dutch, 1605 — discovered (N. Coast) by Torres, 1605-7 — discoveries by Hertoge, Zeachen, Yon Edels, Yan Nuyts, De Witt, and Carpenter, 1616-28 — E. Coast, by Captain Cook, (New S. Wales,) Apr. 1770 — Bass' Land, by Bass and Flinders, 1798 — Grant's Land, by Grant, 1800 — Flin- ders' Land, 1805 — between Flinders' Land and Grant's Land, by Captain Baudin, 1805 — in- terior range crossed, 181 3 — Lachlan river, by Oxley, 1 8 17 — Macquarie river, by Oxley, 18 18 — Murrumbidgee, by Howell and Hume, 1824 —Darling, by Captain Sturt, 1828 — Mac- quarie and Hastings river, by Captain Sturt, 1829-30 — S. E. Australia, Peel and Darling rivers, by Major Mitchell, 1831 — Darling and Bogan, by him, 1835 — Darling, Lachlan, Mur- rumbidgee, Murray, 1836 — -N. Coast, byEarle, 1 841 — interior, N. of Adelaide, by Eyre, 1841 — Gipp's Land, by Count Strzelecki, 1841 — W. Australia, Landor and Lefay, 1843 — be- tween S. Australia and New S. Wales, by Gov. Grey, 1844— New S. Wales to Gulf of Car- pentaria, by Leichardt, 1846 — interior (N. Australia) by A. Gregory, 1856 — interior, by M'Douall Stuart, i860, 1861 — interior cross- ed, via Cooper's Creek, by Burke and Wills, 1 860- 1 — explored by M'Kinley and Stuart, 1861-2 — explored by Landsborough, 1861-2— explored by M'Intyre, 1863-64 and 1866. Col- onization of [See New S. Wales, Tasmania, W. Australia, S. Australia, N. Australia, Victoria, and Queensland.] Austrasia, {Austria, Oesterreich, Ostrich, East France, Metz,) — erected into a kingdom on the death of Clovis, in favour of his son Thierry, 511 — Thierry aids his brother Clo- domir against Godemar king of the Burgun- diaus, and is present at battle of Yeseronee, 524 — besieges Clermont, 525 — makes war on king of Thuringia, 528 — recovers Cler- mont from Childebert, 532 — if., 534 — Tkeo- debert succeeds his father, 534 — takes part in expedition against Burgundy, 534- — -receives embassy from Justinian, 535 — with Childebert makes war on Clotaire, 537 — aids Yitiges king of the Ostrogoths at siege of Milan, 538 — in- vades Italy, defeats Ostrogoths and army of Justinian near Tortona, 539 — invades Italy and Sicily, makes peace with Totila, assumes title Augustus, 546-548 — Theodebald (Thibaud) succeeds his father, 548 — makes truce with Justinian, 551 — invades Italy, 552 — ts., and his states pass to Clotaire, 555 — whose son Sigebert succeeds as king of Metz, 561 — seizes Soissons, defeats Chilperic, 564 — marries Brunhilda, 566 — is defeated and captured by Huns, 568 — makes war against Chilperic, 573- 575 — assassinated by servants of Fredegunda at Yitri, 575 — succeeded by his son Childe- bert, 5 years old, 575 — who invades Italy, 584 — is declared of age, 585 — invades Italy a second time, 585 — a third time, and is defeated by Antharis, 589 — sends embassy to Emperor Maurice at Carthage, 589 — invades Italy, 590 — succeeds Goutrau in the kingdoms of Orleans and Burgundy, 593 — his Ordinance published, 595 — his son Theodebert II. succeeds him ; regency of Brunhilda, 596 — expels Brunhilda, 599 — with Thierry II. of Orleans and Bur- gundy, subdues the Gascons, 602— joins Thierry against Clotaire, makes treaty with him, 604 — seizes Alsace, 610 — defeated by Thierry at Toid, and at Tolbiac, 612 — slain by Brunhilda at Chalons, 612 — the kingdom united to Bur- gundy under Thierry, 612 — and these both to Neustria under Clotaire II., 613 — who makes alliance with Lombards, 617 — associates his son Dagobert in the kingdom, 622 — who be- comes sole king of Austrasia and Burgundy on death of Clotaire, 628 — obtains kingdom of r 4 o AUSTKIA. his brother Charibert on his death, 631 — makes his son Sigebert II. king of Austrasia, about 632-3 — who succeeds on death of his father, Jan. 638 — invades Thuringia and is defeated, 640— tf„ 1 Feb. 656 — Childeric II. pro- claimed, 660 — murdered by Bodillon, 673 — succeeded by his son Dagobert II., 674 — who is murdered, Dec. 679 — Dukes Martin' and Pepin" d'Hkristal become masters of the state, 680 — Pepin defeats and captures Thierry III. at Testri, and becomes sovereign of all France, 687 — marries Alpaide, 688 — ■ defeats the Frieslanders, 689 — sends Willi- brord to preach in Friesland, 690 — defeats Eadbod, Duke of Friesland, 695 — conquers Suabia, 709 — invades Germany, 712 — fj., 16 Dec. 714 — succeeded by his son Charles Martel, as DuJce of Austrasia, 715 — whose son Carloman: succeeds, 741 — France divided between him and Pepin le Bref, 742 — Pepin becomes sole ruler, 747 — proclaimed King of the French at Soissons, Mar. 752. Austria, {Osterland, Oestreich,) [Noricum, Panncnia,] Margraviate, Duchy, Archduchy, and Empire of — conquered by Charles the Great, 791-97— governed by Margraves under him : the Margraves deprived of their dignity by Charles the Fat, and civil war excited, 883 — reinstated, they become Princes of the Empire. Possession of the Counts of Eabenberg, 944 a — Leopold III., the Pious, Oct. 1096 — Al- bert II., the Devotee, (son,) 11 36— Leopold IV., the Liberal, (son of Leopold III.,) 1136 — made Duke of Bavaria by Conrad, 1138. Duchy: Henry II., cle Jochsamergott, Oct. 1 142 — acquires Upper Austria, and gets the margraviate erected into a duchy by Frederick I., 1 156 — Leopold V., (son,) Jan. 1177 — in- terdict laid on the duchy by Celestine III., 1 191 — Frederick L, (son,) Dec. 1194 — Leo- pold VI., the Glorious, (brother,) Aug. 1198 — Frederick II., the Warlike, (son,) Jul. 1230 — Ottocar, Margrave of Moravia, makes him- self master of the duchy, about 1252 — con- quered by the Emperor Kudolph of Hapsburg, 1278. House of Hapsburg : Albert I., 1282 — Frederick I., the Handsome, (son,) 1308 — Albert II., the Wise, and Otto, (sons,) 1330 — death of Otto, 1339 — acquisition of Car- inthia, 1331^ 1336b — Eldolph II., the In- genious, (son of Albert,) 1358 — conjoint!)* with his brothers Frederick, (tf., 1362,) Al- bert, and Leopold: the Tpol acquired, 1363 — Albert III. and Leopold II. or III., 1365 — acquisition of the Ereisgau, in Suabia, 1367 a — partition agreed to, Carinthia assigned to Leopold, close of 1379 — acquisition of Trieste, 1 38o a — Albert III., sole ruler, Oct. 1386 — "William, (son of Leopold II. or III.,) Leopold IV., Erxest, Frederick IV., with Albert IV., 1395 — death of Albert IV., 1402 — of William, 1406 — Albert V. recognized sole duke on death of Leopold IV., 14.11 — elected Emperor, [Albert II.,] 1437 — Ladislaus, (son,) 1440 — King of Eohemia, 1454 — erected into Arch-Duchy by Imperial Letters Patent by Frederick III. (or IV.,) 1453 — Alsace and the Netherlands acquired by marriage of Max- imilian, son of Frederick, to Mary of Bur- gundy, 1477 — Maximilian I., 1493 — Dalmatia gained by League of Cambray, 1508 — Charles I., (V.,) 15 1 9 — acquisition of Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, and Lusatia, by marriage of Frederick I. with the daughter of Louis II., King of Hungary, 1526 — Ferdinand I., 1556 — Max- imilian II., 1564 — Kudolph II., 1576 — Matthias, 161 1 — Ferdinand II., 1619 — Lusatia ceded to Elector of Saxony, 1635 — Ferdinand III., 1637 — Alsace ceded'to France by treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — Leopold I., 1657 — the Banal Frontier formed by Leopold I., 1696 — Joseph I., 1705 — Charles II. , (VI.,) 171 1 — the Netherlands and the Milanese gained by treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — Maria Theresa, 1740 — cession of Silesia to Prussia by Maria Theresa, 1742 — loss of Parma and other Italian states, 1748 — title of Apostolical Ma- jesty assumed by the sovereign, 1758 — acquisi- tion of Galicia and Lodomeria by first Parti- tion of Poland, 1772 — the Buckowine acquired from Turkey, 1778 — Joseph -II., 1780 — Leopold II., 1790— Francis I., (II.,) 1792 — loss of the Netherlands and Lombardy, 1797 — Venice gained by treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — title of Emperor of Austria assumed, n Aug. 1804 — the Italian states, Suabia, the Breisgau, and the Tyrol lost by Peace of Pres- burg, 1805 — Salzburg gained, 1805 — title of Xing of the Eomans and Emperor of the Bonians renounced, 6 Aug. 1806 — part of Galicia, Carniola, Istria, Salzburg, with the ' Innviertel,' Venice, &c, lost by Peace of Vienna, 1809 — possessions restored by treaties of Paris, 18 14 — of Vienna, 18 15 — and of Munich, 18 16 — Ferdinand, 1835 — Cracow incorporated, 1846 — revolutions in Italy, Hungary, and Austria, 1848 — Francis Joseph, on abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, 2 Dec. 1848— Constitution published, 4 Mar. 1849° — reconquest of Italy by Eadetzky, and of Hungary by Eussians, completed, Aug. 1 849 — Constitution repealed by Imperial decree, 31 Dec. 1851° — Concordat with Pope Pius IX., 18 Aug. 1855 — loss of Lombardy by Peace of Zurich, 1859 — new Constitution, Provincial Diets and the Reichsrath established, by Im- perial Diploma, 20 Oct. i860, and Patent, 26 Feb. i86i c — joint-conquest with Prussia of Schleswig-Holstein, spring 1864 — Convention of Gastein, Aug. 1 865 — suspension of the Constitution, 20 Sep. 1865 — treaty of com- merce with Great Britain, signed at Vienna, 16 Dec. 1865 — war with Prussia and Italy, summer 1866 — [Seven Weeks' War,] excluded from German Confederation, 1866 — Venice ceded by treaty of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1866 — treaty of commerce with Italy, 23 Apr. 1867 — coron- ation of the Emperor as King of Hungary, 8 Jun. 1867 — civil marriage and equality of creeds established by the Eeichsrath, Apr. 1868 c — officially designated Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, by decree of Emperor, 14 Nov. 1868 c — abrogation of Concordat officially an- nounced, 30 Jul. 1870. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Statesman's Year Book. ATJTHENRIETH— AVEXZOAR. 141 Authenrieth, Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von, physician, naturalist^ — b. -at S.tuttgart, 20 Oct. 1772 — Prof. Medicine, Tubingen, 1797 — Chancellor of the University, 1822 — tj. at Tubingen, 2 May 1835. Handbuch der empirischen menschlichen Fhysiologie, 1801-2. Auto-da-Fe, held at Seville, by Torque- mada, 148 1 — solemnized in Mexico, 18 15. Autolycus, mathematician, — [BC] — fi. about 340. Automaton, — flute-player, exhibited by Vau- canson at Paris, 1738 — trumpeter, by Maelzel at Yienna, 1809 — chess-player, by Baron de Kempelen, about 1770^ a Ersch and Gruber. Autosthenes, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 28, 1,) 668. Autreau, Jacques, painter, poet, dramatist, — b. at Paris, 1656,* 30 Oct. 1657 b — ft. there, 1745. Portrait of Cardinal Fleury, i738. b a Moreri. b Jal. Autreau, Louis, painter, — u. at Paris, 1692 ? — received at Academy of Painting, 1741 a — &. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1760^ a Jal. Autronius. [Psetus.] Autun, {Augustodunum, Bibracte ?) in France, — [B C] — Roman colony under Augus- tus, 10? — [AD] — seized by Sacrovir, 21 — taken by Tetricus, 268 — restored by Con- stantius and Constantine, after 300 ? — be- sieged by the Alemanni, 355 — destroyed by Attila, 451 — taken by Burgundians, 414 — burnt by the Saracens, 731 — burnt by Normans, 888 and 895 — burnt by English, 1379 — attacked by Gen. Werder, who is repulsed by Garibaldi, 1 Dec. 1870. Council of , excommunicates Em- peror Henry IV., antipope Guibert, and Philip of France, 1094. Autun, (Authon,) Jehan d', historian, — v. at Saintonge, about 1466 — tj. in. Poitou, 1527. Auvray, Felix, painter, — b. at Valen- ciennes, 1800 — goes to Florence, 1826 — goes to Rome, 1827 — }r., 1833. Auxerre, (Autissiodurum, Autisioduro, Al- iisiodorum,) in France, — seat of a bishopric, about 260 — passes under dominion of the Franks, about 500 — forms part of kingdom of Burgundy, 500-600 — pillaged by Saracens, 732 —by Normans, 887 — city held by Counts of Nevers, ioi5-i273 a — burnt, 1035, 1075,1209, 1 2 16 — taken and plundered by English, 10 Mar. 1359 — united to France, 1370 — Calvinists acquire and ravage, 1567 — occupied by Ger- mans, 6 Jan. 187 1. Council of, about 586. a Cathedral, commenced, about 12 15. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, — Member of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — tf., 1691,'^ at Paris, 1695. 13 Traite die Micrometre, 1667. a Eiog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Ava, (Aingwa, Aiva,) [Birmah.] — made seat of government, 1364 — again, 1761, and 1822-37. Avallon, in France, bombarded by Germans, 16 Jan. 1871. Avalos, Ferdinand d'. [Pescara, Marquis OF.] Avanzi, Jacopo di Paolo d', painter, — fl. about 1376-78. Frescoes in church of San? An- tonio, Fadua, 1376. Avars, (Avares,) Mongolian tribe, — appear in Europe, after 500 — settle on the Danube, about 555 — send embassy to Constantinople, 557 — alliance with Lombards against Ge- pidse, 566-7 — obtain Pannonia, 568 — war with the empire, 598-9 — besiege Constantinople, 6io, a Jun. or Jul. 626 b — invade Thrace, 619 b — conclude peace with Heraclius, 620 b — driven from Dalmatia, 640 a — conquered in Pannonia by Charles the Great, 796a — disappear, after 827.* a Engl. Cyc. ' b Clinton. Avaux, Claude de Mesme, Count d', diplo- matist, — b., 1595 — Plenipotentiary to the Hague, 1643 — ft., 19 Nov. 1650. Avaux, Jean Antoine, Count d', diplo- matist, — d., 1640 — Plenipotentiary to Congress of Nimeguen, 1672 — ambassador to Holland, 1684 — ambassador to Sweden, 1693 — ambas- sador to the States- General, 1702 — U. at Paris, 1709. Avebury, (Abury,) in Wiltshire, — stone circles at, visited and described by Audley, 1648-60 — investigated by Stukeley, 1743 — surveyed by Hoare, 1812 — investigations of Bowles, 1825 — of Deane, 1833 — of Duke, 1846 — of Herbert, 1849 — of Long, 1858. [Silbury Hill.] Avein, in Luxemburg, — Marshals de Chatil- lon and de Breze defeat the Spaniards under Prince Thomas of Savoy at, 20 May 1635. Aveiro, Don J. Mascarenhas et Lancastre, Duke of, — loses the royal favour, 1750 — at- tempts murder of the king and Marquis Poni- bal, 3 Sep. 1758 — executed, 13 Jan. 1759. Avempace, (Avexpace, Abu Bekb, Mo- hammed Ibx Bajeh, Abex-pajeh,) philoso- pher, physician, §c, — practises at Seville, 11 19 — if. at Fez, 1 1 38. Avenbrugger. [Auenbrugger.] Aventine Hill, (Mons Aventinus,) Borne, — [BC] — enclosed within walls of Servius, about 570-550 ? as public land, assigned to the Plebs, by Icilian law, (298, a. u. c.) 456 — ■ occupied by the army in insurrection, 449 — [A D] — ravaged by the great fire, 19 Jul. (817,) 64. Aventine, ( Jean Tourmayer, ) historian, §c. — u. at Abensperg, 1466^ 1477 b — enters Uni- versity of Ingolstadt, 1495 — teaches Greek at Cracow, 1507 — tutor to Princes Ludwig and Ernst at Munich, 15 12-17 — &• a * Regens- burg, 9 Jan. 1534. Annalium Boiorum libri septem, 1554. a Conv.-Lex. b Erseh. and Gruber. Aventinensis, L. Genucius, — [BC]— Con- sul vrith. Q. Servilius Ahala, (389, a. u. c.) 365, and (392,] 362. Aventinensis, Cn. Genucius, — [BC] — Con- sul with L. iEmilius Mamercinus, (391, a. u. c) 3 6 3- Aventinensis, L. Genucius, — [B C] — Consul with Serv. Cornelius Lentulus, (451, a. u. c.) 3°3- Avenzoar, (Ibx Zohr,) {Abu Jlerwan Mo- hammed ben Abdu-l Malek ben Zohar,) physician, — b. at or near Seville, about (±60, a. h.) 1072-3 — chief physician to Sultan of Morocco : ft. at Seville, (557,) 1162. 142 AVENZOAK— AYESHA. Avenzoar, Alhafid, physician, — ft. at Seville, (507, a. h.) 1 1 14 — succeeds his father as chief physician to Sultan of Morocco, 11 62 — if. in Morocco, (595,) 1199. Averani, Benedetto, jurist, poet, §c, — ft. at Florence, 19 Jul. 1645 — ts. at Pisa, 28 Dec. 1707. Averrhoes, (Ibn Eoshd,) (Averroes, Abul Walid Mohammed ben Ahmed, ben Moham- med,) philosopher, physician, — ft. at Cordova, 1149 — tr., (595, a. h.) 1198^ (603,) i2o6, b (593 or 603,) 1217 or 1225.° a Casiri. b Leo Africanus. c Erscb and Gruber. Aversa, (Atella,) in Campania, — [B C] — revolts to Hannibal after battle of Cannae, 216 ■ — [AD]— first Norman settlement in Italy, 1020 — Rainulf made Count of, by Emperor Conrad, 1038 — castle built by Frederick II., 1223a — taken by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1442 ■ — capitulates to Gonzalo, 21 Jul. 1496^ a Kington. b Prescott. Avesbury, Robert of, historian, — ft. about Avicenna, (Abu Ali Ibn Sista, Abitianus,) Arab physician, — ft. near Bokhara, (Sefer, 370, a. h.) Aug. or Sep. 98o, a 97 8 b — studies medicine, about 996 — ft. at Hamadan, (Hamadh 428,) 1036, b 1037 a . Kitub al Jtfajam, 1002 — — begins his Kitub al Kdnunji'l Tibb, 1012. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Avienus, Eufus Festus, Roman poet, — ft. about 350 to 400 ? > Avienus, Gennadius, — Consul with Valen- tinianus, (1203, a. u. c.) 450. Avienus, Rufus Magnus Faustus, — Con- sul with Pompeius, (1254, a. u. c.) 501. Avienus, Faustus, junior, — Consul with Probus, (1255, a. u. c.) 502. Avignon, (Avenio Cavarum,) in France, — unsuccessfully besieged by Clovis, 500 — sub- ject to Saracens, 730 and 737 — recovered by Charles Martel — held by Carlovingian kings, to 880— by Counts of Provence and Toulouse, about 900— by kings of Aries and Burgundy, about 950 — taken by_ Eouis VIII. in Albigen- sian wars, 1226— divided between Charles and Alfonso, brothers of Louis IX., about 1230 — ceded to Rome by Philip III., 1274 — Papal residence, 1309 to 13 Sep. 1376 — purchased of Joanna, Countess of Provence and Queen of Sicily, by Clement VI., 1348— seat of an- tipopes Clement VII. and Benedict XIII. , 1 379-1408 — Benedict driven out by French, Jul. 1408 — erected into archbishopric by Six- tus IV., about 1474-5 — seized by Louis XIV., 1662 and 1688 — municipality erected, 1789 — seized by France, 1791 — Brigands under Jourdan Coup-Ute, 1791 — annexed to France, 14 Sep. 1791— ceded to France by treaty of Tolentino, 1797. Councils of, on discipline, &c, 1209 — on invasion of church property, violence to clergy, and contempt of excom- munication, 1279 — respecting temporalities of the church, 1326 — against antipope Peter de Corbiere, 1327— respecting Immaculate Con- ception, 1457. Avila y Zuniga, Luiz d', historian, — ft. at Placentia, about 1500 — accompanies Charles V. in his wars against the Protestants, 1546-52. Commentarios de la guerra de Allemanna hecha por Carlos V. en 1546 y 1547, J 54^« Avila, Juan de, apostle of Andalusia, — ft. at Almodovar del Campo, about 1500 — is. at Montilla, 10 May 1569. Avila, Sancho de, — accompanies Duke of Alva to Netherlands, 1567-77 — chief of muti- neers at Antwerp, 1576a — killed at siege of Maestricht, 1579. a Motley. Aviola, Acilius, — Consul with Corellius Pansa, (875, a. u. c.) 122. Aviola, M'. Acilius, — Consul with M. Asi- nius Marcellus, (807, a. u. c.) 54. Aviola, M\ Acilius, — Consul with M. An- tonius Gordianus Aug., (992, a. tj. c.) 239. Avisa, Order of, — instituted in Spain, 1162. Avison, Charles, musician, — ft. at New- castle F about i7io, a i72o b — tf. there, 10 May 1770. a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Avitus, Seztus Aleimus Ecdicius, Abp op Vienne, poet, — ft. in Auvergne, about 450 ? Abp of Vienne, 490-523 a — presides at Coun- cils of Epaune, 517 — and of Lyons, 523 — Is., 5 Feb. 523. a Ersch and Gruber. Avitus, — Consul with Maximus, (897, a. u. c.) 144. Avitus, — Consul with Pompeianus, (962, a. u. c.) 209. Avranches, {Ingena Abrincatuorum, Abrin- cee,) in France, — bishopric, about 5 1 1 a — castle built by Childeric, 460 — appanage of Henry (I.) of England on death of William the Con- queror, 1087 — held by Geoffrey Plantagenet, 1 141 — taken and dismantled by Gui de Thouars, 1203 — suburbs burnt by English, 1346 — ceded to France by Charles III. of Navarre, 1404 — taken by English, 141 8 — burnt by Const, de Richemond, 1428 — taken by Calvinists, 1562 — reduced by Henry IV.,' 159 1 — see merged in that of Coutances, 1791. a TJnivers Pittoresque. Avril, Jean Jacques, d', engraver, — ft., 1744 — tS., Dec. 1832. Avrillon, Jean Baptiste Elie, theologian, — ft. at Paris, 1652 — U. there, 1729. Aselson, Erick, — administers affairs in Sweden, 1465 — dethrones Charles Canutson and elevates Christian I., of Denmark, 1465 — recalls Charles, Nov. 1467 — supports election of Sten Sture, 1470 — commands as sovereign in Finland, 1470-80 — ft., 1480. Asum, (Auzume,) in Abyssinia, — mentioned as seat of a kingdom, before 200 ? — Inscription of, discovered by Salt, 18 10 — battle of, be- tween Theodore and the insurgents of Tigre, 30 Jul. 1866. Ayacucho, in Peru, — Americans under Sucre defeat Spanish viceroy near, 9 Dec. 1824. Ayala, Pedro Lopez d', historian, — ft. in Murcia, 1332 — taken prisoner at Naxara, 3 Apr. 1367 — taken prisoner at Aljubarrata, 1385 — IS. at Calahorra, 1407. Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla, P. Pedro, P. Enrique II, P. Juan I, P. Enrique III, (1780.) Ayamonte, Marquis d', — excites revolt in Andalusia, 1641 — executed, 1641. Ayesha, — marries Mohammed, 619 — ft., (58, A. H.) 677-8. ATLESBUEY— AZEVEDO. i43 Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, mathematician, astronomer, — b. in London, 1576 — enters Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1598— Bart., 19 Apr. 1627 — retires to Flanders, 1649 — tf. at Breda, 1657. Ayliife, John, jurist, — 9. 1714-34. State of the University of Oxford, 17 14 — Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani, 1726 — Pandect of Roman Civil Law, 1734. Aylmer, John, Bp of London — b. at Aylmer Hall, Norfolk, 152 1 — Archdeacon of Stow, 1553 — leaves England, after Jul. 1553 — Archdeacon of Lincoln, 1562 — B.D. and D.D. Oxford, 1573 — Bp of London, 1576 — rj. at Fulham, 3 Jun. 1594. Harborowe for faithful and true sub- jects, $c„ 1559. Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, antiquary, — fj., about 1708 — at St John's Coll. Oxford, 1724-8 — F.B.S. 3 Jun. 1731— F.S.A. 10 Feb. 1732 — Commissioner respecting State papers, 1763 — rj. at Lambeth, 19 Apr. 1781. Calendars of the Ancient Charters, %c, 1772. Aymar, Jaques, — b. at St Veran, 8 Sep. 1662 —discovers by his divining rod the perpetrator of a murder and robbery at Lyons, (?) Jul. 1692. Ayolas, Juan de, governor of Paraguay, — ■ accompanies Don Pedro de Mendoza to the La Plata, 1535 — founds Asuncion, 1536 — killed by the Indians, 1538. Ayraut, Pierre, (Petrus Aerodius,) advocate, $c, — fj. at Angers, 1536 — rj., 21 Jul. 1601. Traite de V ordre et instruction judiciaire, 1598 ■ — Traite de la puissance patemelle contre ceux qui, sous pretexte de religion, volent les enfants, 1586 — Pes Proces faits aux cadavres, aux cen- dres, §c, 159 1. Ayre, John, — b., Feb. 1 801 — B.A. Cambridge, 1823 — rj. at Hampstead, 20 May 1869. Trea- sury of Bible Knowledge, 1866 — edition of Bp JeiveVs Works, 1845 — edition of Home's intro- duction to Criticism of Old Testament, i860. Ayrer, Georg Heinrich, jurist, — b. atMem- mingen, 15 Mar. 1702 — Extraord. Prof. Law, Gottingen, 1736 — Hofrath, 1743 — Justizrath, 1768 — President of the Historical Institute, 1769 — tf. at Gottingen, 23 Apr. 1774. Opus- cula, 1746-47. Ayrer, Jacob, poet, dramatist, — citizen and magistrate of Niirnberg, 1594 — ft. there, 1605. Opus theatricum, 16 18. Ayrmann, Christoph Friedrieh, historian, — b. at Leipsic, Mar. 1695 — studies at Witten- berg, 17 10 — Prof. History, Giessen, about 1720 — Librarian to the University, 1735 — fj., 25 Mar. 1747. Be Pialectica Veterum, 17 16 — T>is$. historico-chronologica de Simla Biony- siorum tyrannide, 1726 — Bisp. de Originibus Germanicis, 1724. Ayscough, Samuel, employed in British Museum, soon after 1770 — Assistant Librarian, 1785 — o". in London, 30 Oct. 1805. Catalogue of MSS. in Brit. Mus., 1782 — Catalogue of Boohs in Brit. Mus., 1788. Ayscough, (Ayscue, Askew,) Sir George, admiral, — secures his ship for the Parliament at the mutiny, 1648 — admiral of Irish Seas, 1649— reduces Barbadoes,St Christopher's, and Virginia, 16 Oct. 165 1 to Jan. 1652 — commands against Van Tromp, Jul. and Aug. 1652 — taken prisoner by De Buyter, 2 Jun. 1666 — re- leased, end of Oct. 1667 — rj., after 12 Nov. 1667. _ Ayton, William, botanist, — b., 17 31 — Prin- cipal at Kew Gardens, 1759 — rj., 1793. Hortus Ke wen sis, 1789. Aytoun, (Ayton,) Sir Robert, poet, — b. at Kinaldie, 1570 — enters Univ. of St Andrews, 1584 — accompanies James VI. to England, 1603— ft. at Whitehall, Mar. 1638. Aytoun, William Edmonstoune, poet, — b. at Edinburgh, 1813 — Advocate, 1840 — Prof. Bhetoric and Belles Lettres, Edinburgh, 1845 — lectures on Poetry and Dramatic Literature in London, 1853 — rj. at Blackhills, Elgin, 4 Aug. 1865. Bays of the Scottish Cavaliers, 1848 — Firmilian, 1854 — Bothwell, 1856 — Bal- lads of Scotland, 1858 — translations (with Theodore Martin) of Poems and Ballads of Goethe, 1859. Azanza, Miguel Josef de, statesman, — b. at Aoiz, Navarre, 1746 — at siege of Gibraltar, 1781 — Charge d' Affaires at Berlin, 1784 — Cap- tain-general of New Spain, 1793-99 — Minister of Finance under Ferdinand, 28 Mar. 1808 — President of Junta of Spanish notables ap- pointed by Napoleon I., Jun. 1808 — Minister of the Indies under Joseph Bonaparte, 4 Jul. 1808 — condemned by Junta of Cadiz, 25 Nov. 1808 — Minister of Justice, 1809 — ambassador to Napoleon, Mar. 181 1— follows Joseph to France, 18 13 — returns to Madrid, 1820 — again goes to France, 1822 — fj. at Bordeaux, 20 Jun. 1826. Azara, Felix d', trav-eller and naturalist, — b. at Barbunales, in Aragon, 18 May 1746 — enters the army, 1764— wounded in expedition against Algiers, 1775 — commissioner to define boundaries of Paraguay, 1780 — recalled to Europe, 1801 — ft. in Aragon, 18 n. Voyage dans I Amerique meridionale, 1809. Azara, Jose Nicolas d', diplomatist, — b. at Barbunales, in Aragon, 17 31 — envoy of Spanish government to Clement XIII. , 1765 — takes part in negotiations for expulsion of Jesuits, 1767 — ambassador to Rome, from 1767 ? — with- draws to Florence, Feb. 1798 — ambassador to France, 1798-1801 — rj. at Paris, 26 Jan. 1804. Publishes Works of Mengs, 1780 — Spanish translation of Middleton' 's Life of Cicero, 1790. Azeglio, Massimo Tapparelli, Marquis d', statesman, historian, §c, — b. at Turin, 1800 — studies at Eome, 1821-29 — settles at Milan, 1 830 — President of the Council, May 1 849-52 — tr. at Turin, 11 Jan. 1866. Ettore Fieramosca, 1833 — JSiccolo de' Bapi, 1841 — Last Events in the Romagna, 1848. Lettere a sua moglie Luisa Blondcl, 1870. Azeglio, Tapparelli Cesare, Marquis d,' — b. at Turin, 1763 — enters the army, 1774 — taken prisoner by the French, 1792 — released, returns to Turin, 1796— follows the Court of Sardinia to Tuscany, 1798 — ambassador to Eome, from Victor Emmanuel, 18 14 — ft. at Genoa, 26 Nov. 1830. Azevedo, Ignacio, Jesuit missionary, — b. at Oporto, 1527 — enters order of Jesuits, 1548 144 AZEVEDO— BABIXGTON. — rector of St Antony's Coll. Lisbon, 1552 — put to death by Sourie, Vice-admiral of Na- varre, 1570. Azevedo, Luis d', Jesuit missionary, — b. at Chaves, 1573 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1589 — missionary to Ethiopia, 1604 — if. there, 1634. Azimghur, in. Hindustan, — subject to Canouj, about 1 150 — joined to Patan Kingdom of Delhi, after 1194 — becomes part of Mogul Empire, 1528 — city founded by Azim Khan, about 1620 — appropriated by Shujaud Dowlah of Oude, 1760 — ceded to East India Company, by Xabob of Oude, 10 Xov. 1801. " Aziris, (Cyrenaica,) — [B C] — founded by Thyreans under Battus, 637. Azof. [Azov.] Azores, The, in Atlantic Ocean, — discovered by J osh.ua Yanderberg of Bruges, about 1430 — taken possession of by Portugal, 1432— formal possession taken by Don Henry, Prince of Por- tugal, 1449— given by Alfonso V. to Duchess of Burgundy, 1466 — acquired with Portugal by Spain, 1580 — great earthquakes, 1591 — restored with Portugal to House of Braganza, 1640. Azote, {phlogisticated air,) — investigated by Priestley, 1772. Azov, {Azof,) — annexed to Eussia, 1774. Azpilcueta, Martin. [Navarre, Doctor.] Aztecs, [Mexico,] — migrate southwards from California, about 1160 — acquire paramount in- fluence in the country, soon after 1 300 — choose as King, Acamapitzin, 1352 — Tenochtitlan founded, 1325 a — Acamapiztli builds Tenoch- titlan, founds a Kingdom, legislates, first Kha- lif, 1380-1420 b — legislation of Motezuma- Ilhtucamina, about 1445 — Ahuitzal, VIII th Emperor on death of Acajacatl, 1477 — inund- ation of Tenochtitlan, caused by the aqueduct from the Huitzilopochoco, 1446,* 1498^ a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Azuni, Domenico Alberto, jurist, — b. at Sassari, about 1760 — Commissioner for Com- mercial Code of France, before 1804 — Pre- sident of Court of Appeal at Genoa, 1807-14 — ft. at Cagliari, Jan. 1827. Sistema universale dei principi del Dritto maritimo d' Europa, 1795 — Essai sur Vhistoire de la Sardaigne, 1798. Azzi ne' Forti, Faustina degli, poetess, — b. at Arezzo, 1 Mar. 1750 — ft. there, 4 May 1724. Serto Poetico, 1694 and 1697. Azzoguidi, Germano, physician, anatomist, — 6. at Bologna, 1740 — ft., 18 14. Medical Institutes, 1775. B Baader, Franz Xaver von, philosopher, — b. at Munich, 1765 — general director of mines, Bavaria, 1798 — Prof. Speculative Divinity, Munich, 1827-41— rj. there, 23 May 1841. Revision der Bhilosoplieme der Hegel'schen Schule, bezilglich auf das Christenthum, 1836 — Vorlesungen iiber speculative Dogmatik, 1828- 38— I)er morgenldndische und abendldndische Katholicismus, 1841. Baader, Joseph von, engineer, — b. at Mun- ich, 1763 — travels in England, 1787-95 — direct- or of Machinery and Mining, 1798 — privy councillor, general director of Mining and Saltworks, 1808 — ft. at Munich, 20 JSTov. 1835- Baalbek, (BalbcJc,Baalgad, Balagad,Heliopo- lis,) in Syria, — [BC]— made a Eoman colony by Julius Caisar, 47 ?— [AD]— temple of Jupi- ter built (or repaired) by Antoninus Pius, about J So— Jus Italicum granted to it by Severus, about 200— besieged by Mussulmans, capitu- lates, (15 a. h,) 20 Jan. 637 — sacked and dis- mantled by Khalif of Damascus, 748 — pillaged by TimourBeg, 1400 — destroyed by earthquake, 1759. Visited by Thevet, 1550 — by Pococke, 1739-40— by Maundrel, 1745 — by Wood and Dawkins, 1751 — by Volney, 1785 — by Bruce, 1767— by Chesney, 1830— by Prince of Wales, 4 May 1862. Baan, Jan de, painter,—^, at Haarlem, 20 Feb. 1633 — tf. at tbe Hague, 1702. Baan, Jacob de, painter,— b. at the Hague, l6 73 — g° es to England, 1693 — ft. at Vienna, Apr. 1700. Babel. [Babylon.] Baber, [Zuheir-ed-deen Mohammed Baber Fadishah,) Mogul Emperor, — b., (6 Moh. 888, a. h.) 14 Feb. 1483— succeeds his father, Omar Sheikh Mir za, in Ferghana, (899,) 1493,* 1494 c — conquers Samarcand, 1497 — recovers Ferghana, 1499 — recovers Samarcand, and is expelled from his dominions by Sheibani Khan, I 5°3 5 b 1504 a — king of Cabul, 1504— invades Hindustan, and conquers Candahar, 1505 — suppresses revolt of his Mogul troops, 1507-8 — acquires Bokhara and Samarcand, i5io, b 151 1 c — defeated near Bokhara by the Uzbeks, I5i4 ac — invades Affghanistan, 1519 — takes and destroys Lahore, 1524 — defeats Ibrahim Lodi at Paniput, 21 Apr. 1526 — occupies Agra, 10 May 1526— defeats the Kana of Me- war at Sikri, (13 Jamadi u Sani 933,) 16 Mar. 1527 — besieges and takes Chanderi, 20 Jan. 1528 — defeats king of Bengal, 1529 — if. near Agra, (937,) 26 Dec. 1530. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. c Elphinstone. Babeuf, Francois Noel, (Cams Gracchus,) politician and conspirator, — b. at St. Quentin, 1764 — commences his journal TribuneduFeuple, Jul. 1794 — conspires against the Directory, 1795 — arrested, 10 May 1797— executed, 25',* 24^ 27 c May 1797. a Biog rjniv. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. and Xouv. Biog. Gen. Babington, (Babyngton,) Anthony, — con- BABINGTON— BACHELIEE. 145 spires to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and raise Mary Queen of Scots to the throne, Aug. 1586 — executed, 20 Sept. 1586. Babington, William, physician, — b. at Portglenone, in Ireland, Jun. 1756 — M.D., commences practice in London, 1797 — Y.P. Geol. Soc, 1810-13 — Pres., 1822 — a. in Lon- don, 29 May 1833. Systematic Arrangement of Minerals, 1795 — JSeio System of Mineralogy, 1799. Babrius, (Babrias,) fabulist, — first mention- ed by Dositheus Magister, 207. Babylon, Babylonia, — [B C] — commence- ment of the great Chaldean empire, 2234^ i94o, b 1762° [Babylon conquered bytheMedes? 2233 b ] — change of dynasty? 1976 s — a second change of dynasty? 15 i8, a 1482b? — suprem- acy of Assyria, about 1273, a 1237, b 1323° — Era of Nabonassar, Babylon freed from Assy- ria, 747 — Nadius, 733 — CHiNzmusand Pours, 731 — Jugseus, (Flulceus,) 726 — Mardocempa- dus, (Mardocempalus, Merodach Baladan,) 721 —sends ambassadors to Hezekiah, about 7 1 3 b — driven out by Arceanus (Archianus) 709 a — In- terregnum, 704 — Hagisa (Acises) ; Merodach Baladan, 703-2 — Babylon subjugated by Sennacherib, Belibus made king, 702 — second invasion of Sennacherib : Asaridinus (Appronadius, Ashur-Nadin) becomes king, 699— Begibalus (Trigebelus,) 693 — Mesesi- mordachus, 692 — Interregnum, 688 — Esar- haddon {Asaridinus) of Assyria becomes king, 68o, a 68 1 d — Saos-duchinus, {Shamas-darou- Jcin, Sammughs,) 667 ,* 668 d — Ciniladanus, (Chimiladamis,) 647— Babylon made independ- ent by Nabopolassar, 27 Jan. 625 b — sends his son Nebuchadnezzar against Pharaoh Necho of Egypt, 605 a — Nebuchadnezzar, 2 1 Jan. 604 b — Evie-Merodach, (Illoarudamus,) his son, succeeds, 561 — assassinated by Neriglis- sar, who succeeds, 559, a 558 e — his son, Labo- rosoarchod, (labossoracus,) succeeds, S55^ 554 e — assassinated ; JSTabonidits {Nabonadius, Nabu-nahit, Labynetus) succeeds ; forms alli- ance with Egypt and Lydia against Persia, 555*551 e — Belshazzar," (Bel-shar-ezar, Bal- thasar,) his son, associated in the kingdom ? 539 a — Babylon taken by Cyrus; the empire finally overthrown, (n. e. 210) 5-10 Aug. 53V 53 6 e — Darius the Mede ? 538 b — revolt of Babylon suppressed, and the city taken by Darius Hystaspis, about 520 b — plundered by Xerxes, about 480— occupied by Alexander the Great, 323 — 'Seleucus {Nicator) made satrap of Babylonia, 321 b — recovers Babylon, 312 s — partly taken by Demetrius, 311s — be- gins to decline after the foundation of Seleuceia, about 310— plundered by the Parthians, 127 — besieged by Orodes L, (Arsaces XIV.,) about 50— [A D]— -described by Ibn Haukal as a mere village, 917 — completely deserted, before 1200 — its ruins examined by JNTiebuhr, 1765 — by Eich, 18 1 1— by Sir B. Ker Porter, 181 8— by Bawlinson, 1849, 1854— by Layard, 1850. a Rawlinson. b Clinton. c Ussher. d Newton. e Jackson and Hales. f Gumpacli. S Thirlwall. Babysm, — offshoot of Mohaminedism, founded by El Bab, (Mohammed Ali Mirza,) 1843. Bacchanalian Orgies, — [B c] — discovered and suppressed at Borne by Senatus-Consultum Marcianum, 186 — this Svtum found in Cala- bria [AD] 1640. Bacchini, Benedetto, Benedictine, — b. at San Donnino, 31 Aug. 1651 — enters the Order, 1668 — librarian to Duke of Modena, 1697 -1700 — b\ at Bologna, 1 Sep. 1721. Commences the Giornale dei letterati, 1686. Bacchylides, lyric poet, — [B C] — fi. at court of Hieron of Syracuse, 478-466 — living, 43i. a a Clinton. Baccio della Porta, (Fra Bartolomeo di S. Marco,) painter, — b. in Savignano, 1469, a 1475 b — contributes his works to the Carnival boniire at Florence, 1497 — enters Dominican Order at Prato, 1500 — returns to his profession, 1506 — tf. at Florence, 6 a Oct. 1517. last Judgment, Florence, 1498 — Madonna della Misericordia, Lucca, 15 15 — Marriage of St Catherine, Pitti Palace, 15 12 — Presentation in the Temple, Vienna, 15 16. a Biog. Catalogue. b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Baccon, battle of [Coulmiers.] Bacellar, Antonio Barbosa, historian and poet, — b. at Lisbon, 16 10 — defends the claims of the Blouse of Braganza, 1641 — ft. at Lisbon, 1663. Poems, about 1634. Bach, Johann Sebastian, musical composer, — b. at Eisenach, 21 Mar. 1685— Court Musician at Weimar, 1703 — organist at Arnstadt, 1704 — Court Organist at "Weimar, 1708 — Director of Concerts, 1714,°- b 1717 c — goes to -Dresden, 17117 a — Director of Music at St Thomas' School, Leipsic, 1723^ b 1733 d — visits Dresden, 1736 — visits Frederick the Great at Berlin, 1747 — b". at Leipsic, 28, ab 30 cd Jul. 1750. Passions-musik, 1829 — Musihalisches Opfer, 1747 — Choral-Gesdnge, 1766.68 — Die Kunst derFuge, 1752. a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. d Eetis and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, organist, — b. at Weimar, 17 10— organist at Halle, 1747-67 — tl. at Berlin, 1784. : Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel, musical com- poser, — b. at Weimar, 14 Mar. 17 14 — in the service of Frederick the Great, 1740-67 — di- rector of Music at Hamburg, 1767 — if. there, 14 Sep. 1788. Bach, Johann Christian, musical composer y — b. at Leipsic, 1735 — organist at Milan, 1754 — organist to Queen Charlotte of England, 1759 — tf. at London, 1782. Bach, Johann August, jurist, — b. at Hohen- dorf, 17 May 17 21 — L.L.D., 1750 — Prof. Ex- traord. of Legal Antiquities, Leipsic, 1752 — b\ there, 6 Dec. 1758. Historia jurispruden- ticc Romanic, 1754. Bachaumont, Louis Petit de, — b. at Paris, about 1700 — ft., 28 Apr. 1771. Memoir es secrets pour servir d Vhistoire de la republique deslettres, 1777. Bachelier, Jean Jacques, porcelain-painter, — b. at Paris, 1724— received at Academy, 2 Sep. 1752 a — tf. at Paris, 14 Apr. 1806. a j a i, 10 146 BACHELORS— BADAKHSHAX. Bachelors, — [BC] — tax upon, imposed at Borne, 403 — [AD] — disabilities imposed on, by Lex Julia et Papia Poppata, 9 — in England, taxed by 6 and 7 W. III. c. 6., 1695- 1706 — additional tax on, for servants, by 25 Geo. III. c. 43, 1785. [Degrees in Arts.] Bachmann-Anderletz, Nicolas Francois de, Baron, general, — b. at Xaefels, 27 Mar. 1740 — serves in French army, 1749-92 — serves in Sardinian army, 1793 — serves in Austrian army, 1799 — general in chief of Swiss Confederacy, 1 80 1 — opens France to the Austrians, 18 15 — rj., 1831. Bachmann, Baron Jacques Joseph Antoine Leger de, — b. atXaefels, 1733 — Major-general of Swiss Guards, 9 Aug. 1792 — executed, 3 Sep. 1792. Baciarelli, Marcello, painter, — b. at Borne, 16 Feb. 1731 — called to Dresden by King of Poland, 1753 — fr., 5 Jan. 18 18. Baciocchi, Felice Pasquale, Prince of Lucca, — b. in Corsica, 18 May 1762 — marries Elise Bonaparte, 1797 — Senator, 1804 — Prince of Lucca and Piombino, 1805 — fc. at Bologna, ? 27 Apr. 1841. Baciocchi, Maria Anna {Elise) Bonaparte, — b. at Ajaccio, 3 Jan. 1777 — married to Ba- ciocchi, 1797 — Princess of Lucca and Piombino, 1805 — Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 1808 — tf. near Trieste, 7 Aug. 1820. Backhnysen. L Baknuisen '] Bacler-D'albe, Baron Louis Albert Ghis- lain, painter and map-maker, — b. at St Pol in Artois, 21 Oct. 1761 — visits Italy, 1781 — Field-Marshal, 18 13 — in the Ministry of "War, 1815 — tr. at Sevres, 12 Sep. 1824. Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam and Yis- corxT St Albans, philosopher, statesman, §c, — b. in London, 22 Jan. 156 1— enters Trim Coll. Cambridge, 10 June 1573 — visits Paris, 1577 — returns to England, Feb. 1579 — called to the Bar, 27 June 1582 — bencher of Gray's Inn, 1586— Lent reader, 1588— M.P., 1589— Queen's Counsel Extraord., 1590 — M.P. Mid- dlesex, 1593 — M.A. Cambridge, 27 Jul. 1594 — conducts prosecution of Earl of Essex, Feb. 1601 — Knt by James I., 23 Jul. 1603 — King's Counsel, 25 Aug. 1604 — Solicitor- General, 25 Jun. 1607 — registrar of Star Chamber, Jul. 1608 — joint judge of Knight Marshal's Court, 161 1 — Attorney-General, 27 Oct. 1613 — ex- amines Peacham on the rack, 16 14 — Privy Councillor, 9 Jun. i6i6_Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, 7 Mar. 16 17 — Lord Chancellor, 4 Jan. 161 8 — Baron Verulam, 11 Jul. 161 8 — Viscount St Albans, Jan. 1 6 1 9 — charged with corruption as Lord Chancellor, 18 Mar. 1621 — confesses and submits, 24 and 30 Apr.— the Great Seal sequestered, 30 Apr. — sentence of fine and imprisonment, 3 May — sentence remitted, 1624 — If. at Highgate, 9 Apr. 1626. Of the State of Europe, 1580 — Essays, 1597 — Advancement of Learning, 1605 — Wisdom of the Ancients, 1609 — Novum Organon, Oct. 1620 — History of Henry VLL., 1622 — Apoph- thegms, 1625 — Heading on the Statute of Uses, 1643 — Felicities of Queen Elizabeth, 1651. Bacon, Roger, natural philosopher , §c, — b. near Ilchester, 1214a — returns from Paris L.L.D., 1240*? — enters the Franciscan order, at Oxford, 1 240 a ? — condemned by Franciscan Council at Paris, and imprisoned, 1278 — re- leased, ? 1289 — rj. at Oxford, a b probably, 1292 ? 1294? Opus Majus, Opus Minus, Opus Ter- tium, 1267 c — Compendium Philosophies, 1271° — Compendium Studii Theologian, 1292.° a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Brewer. Bacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, — b. at Chi- slehurst, in Kent, about 1510 — Solicitor to Court of Augmentations, 1537 — Attorney of Court of Wards, 1546— Treasurer of Gray's Inn, 1552 — Lord Keeper, 22 Dec. 1558 — opens Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament, 25 Jan. 1559 — Moderator in dispute between Popish and Pro- testant divines, Mar. 1559 — dismissed from Privy Council, 1564 — visited by Queen Elizabeth at Gorhambury, 1577 — &., 20 Feb. 1579- Bacon, John, sculptor, — b. at Southwark, 24 Nov. 1740 — R.A., 1780— tf., 7, a 4 b Aug. 1799. Monument to Lord Chatham, West- minster Abbey, 1778-1783. a Bees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. Baconthorpe, John, theologian, — provincial of Carmelite order, 1329-32 — opposes Papal claims at Borne, about 1333 — ft. in London, i34 6 . Bactria, Bactriana, {Ariana, BaUch, Bok- hara, Afghanistan, Khorassan,) — [BCj — made tributary to Persia, by Cyrus, about 538 ? a — Greeks from Barke settled by Darius, 5io b — Branchidce, of Ionia planted there by Xerxes, about 479 b — conquered by Alexander the Great, (01. 112, 3-4) 329 s — part of empire of the Seleucidae, after (01. 117, 1) 3i2 ac — made an independent kingdom by Theodotus I., {Biodotus,) who revolts against Antiochus II., about 25o, ac 255, bef 254"! — succeeded by his son Theodotx-s II., 237 k — ally of Arsaces II. of Parthia, 243 J e f — deposed by Euthydemus of Magnesia, about 222, k 22i, d 22o ef — war with Antiochus the Great, 209 d — • alliance with Antiochus and confirmed in the kingdom, 206 ad — Greeks settled in India, from 205 d — Demetrius, his son, succeeds, about 200 — Apollodotus Soter succeeds, 195* — Me- nander, {Xicator, f ) who conquers to Serica, ig6, e about 200 ? k — Eucratidas L, about i8i, bef 1 60s — Heliocles, about i6o k — Eu- cratidas II., after i48, d 147 , eh 146 f — ally of Demetrius II. of India : loses part of his territory to Parthia, about 130,° i26, d , 125' — Greeks driven out of India by the Tatar tribe of Su, 126' — Indian kingdom subjugated by the Yue-chi, about 26} a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Heeren. e Bayer. f Schlegel. S Lassen. h "Wilson. 1 De Guignes. k Bawlinson. Badajoz, in Spain, — taken from Moors by Alonso IX., 1230 — besieged and taken by Mar- shal Soult, Jan. to 9 Mar. 181 1 — attempted by English and Portuguese, 5 and 29 May 181 1— besieged by 'Wellington, from 1 6 Mar. 1 8 1 2— taken, 6 Apr. 18 12. Treaty of , between Spain, and Portugal, 6 Jun. 1801. Badakhshan, in Central Asia, — taken by BAD ALOCCHIO— BAHAMAS. 147 Humayun, 1546 — recovered by Camran, 1547 — regained by Humayun, 1548 — Mirza Soli- man, 1556-63 — Mirza Soliman driven out by Abdallah Khan of Uzbeks, about 1585. Badalocchio, (Bosa,) Sisto, painter, engraver, — b. at Parma, about 15 81 — ft. at Some, 1647. Baden, Grand Duchy of, in Germany, — Herman I., Marquis of, receives County of Ufgau as dowry with his wife Judith, daughter of Adalbert, 1052 — Herman II. takes title of Margrave, Feb. 1130 — divided into Baden- Baden and Baden-Dourlach, on death of Philip I., 17 Sep, 1533 — reunited by Charles Frederick of Baden-Dourlach, 177 1 — al- liance of Charles Frederick with France, 22 Aug. 1796 — territories increased by treaty of Luneville, 1801 — Charles Frederick cre- ated Elector by Napoleon I., 1803 — joins Confederation of the Bhine, 1805 — created Grand Duke, 1806 — acquisition of Breisgau, Ortenau, &c, by Peace of Presburg, 1805 — Charles Louis Frederick, grandson, 18 n — joins Grand Alliance, 20 Nov. 181 3 — erected into Grand Duchy by Congress of Vienna, 1 8 15 — Constitutional Charter, 22 Aug. 181 8 — Louis William Augustus, uncle, 181 8 — Leo- pold I., (of Hochberg,) brother, 1830 — joins the Zollverein, 1835 — insurrections, 1848 — flight of Grand Duke, 14 May 1849 — restored by Prussians, 18 Aug. 1849 — Frederick I., Begent, on death of his father, and renuncia- tion by his brother Louis, 24 Apr. 1852 — takes title of Grand Duke, 5 Sep. 1856 — marries Louisa of Prussia, 20 Sep. 1856— treaty of al- liance with Prussia signed, 18 Aug. 1866 — announced, 19 Mar. 1867 — takes part with X. German Confederation in war with France, Jul. 1870— joins N. German Confederation by treaty of 15 Nov. 1870 — forms part of Ger- man Empire, Jan. 187 1. Peace of, between France and the Empire, concluded, 24 Aug. 1714. Truce of, 1795-97. Concordat with Pius IX., conceding claims of the Church, signed, 29 Jun. 1859 — ratified, 12 Sep. 1859 — validity of, denied by Commission of Lower House, 16 Mar. i860 — withdrawn by Grand Duke, 7 Apr. — revocation published, 15 Oct. Badi Esseman, {Becli Olseman,) Abul Fadl Achmed ben Hossein el Hamadani, poet, — 6. at Herat, (398, a. h.) 1007. Badia y Leblic. [Ali Bey.] Badius, {Ascensius,) Josse, printer, — b. at Asche near Brussels,* 1462 — living at Lyons, 1491-1511 — at Paris, 151 1 — tf., 1535- Afa- viculce stultarum virginum, 150 1 — Kavis stul- tifercc Collectanea, 15 13. a Erschand Gruber. Badius, Conrad, printer, — b. at Paris, about 15 10 — retires to Geneva, 1549 — "a. there, about 1568,* I562. b a Ersch and Gruber, Biog. Univ. b Senebier and otbers. Baert, Alexandre Balthazar Francois de Panle de, Bakon,— traveller, statist, §c, — b. at Dunkirk, about 1750 — member of Legisla- tive Assembly, 1791 — goes to Cmited States, after 10 Aug. 1792-1794 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1815 — Tj. at Paris, 23 Mar. 1825. Tableau de la Grand Bretagne, de VIrlaade, §c, 1800. Baffin, William, maritime discoverer, — b. about 1584 — engaged in voyages of discovery in N. America, 16 12-3-5-6 — killed at siege of Ormuz, 23 May 1622. Bagaudae, in Gaul, — revolt of, 285 s — sub- dued by Maximian, 286 ab — in Spain, reduced by Merobaudes, 443- b a Zumpt. b Clinton. Bagdad, (Baghdad,) — founded by Caliph Abu Jaafer Al Mansur, 763 — improved by Harun Al Raschid, about 790-800 — taken by Togrul Beg, 1061, (451, a. h.) 1059-60 a — taken by Hulaku, (Sefer 656,) 1258 a — taken by Timur, 1393 and 1399, ( 2 ^ Dhu'l hajjah 803,) 9 Aug. 140 1 8 — taken by Ussun Cassim (Czun Hasan,) 147 o, b (842,) 1496 s — acquired by Shah Ismael, 1509, (916,) i5io a — taken by Solyman the Magnificent, (941,) 1534 — taken by Shah Abbas the Great, 1625 — taken by Sultan Murad IV., 25 Dec. 1638^ Peace of, between Otto- man emperor Ahmed III. and king of Persia, Meer Aschraf, 1727. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. ^Engl. Cyc. Bagetti, Giuseppe Pietro, landscape-painter y — b. at Turin, 1764 — at Paris, 1807-15 — Is. at Turin, May 1831. Bagge, James, admiral, — b., 1499 — revolts to Gustavus Yasa, 1520 — defends Halmstadt, 1534 — defeats Muscovites at JNoeteborg and TYiborg, 1555 — defends Bevel against Hansea- tic League : defeats Danes off Bornholm, 1562 — captured and imprisoned in Denmark, 1564. Baggesen, Jens, poet, §c, — b. at Korsoer, Zealand, 15 Feb. 1764 — travels in Switzerland and France, 1789 — is. at Hamburg, 3 Oct. 1826. Gedichte, 1803 — Ptaideblumen, 1808 — Parthenais oder die Alpenreise, 1812 — Adam and Eva, §c, 1826. Baglione, Giovanni, painter, — b. at Borne, about 1573— Principal of Academy of St Luke, 161 8 b — is. after 1642. Vite dePiitori, Scul- tori, §c, 1640^ i642. b a Erscb and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. Baglivi, George, physician, — b. at Bagusa, or Lecca, 1668— Prof, of Anatomy, Borne, soon after 1692— F.E.S., 1698— ts. at Borne, Mar. 1707. Bagnacavello, II. [Ramenghi.] Bagoas, — [B C] — commands in invasion of Egypt by Ochus, 350 — poisons Ochus and puts Arses on the throne, 338— poisons Arses and makes Darius III. king, 336 — poisoned by Darius, 336. Bagolino, Sebastiano, painter, poet, — b. at Alcamo, 19 Jan. 1560 — is. there, 27 Jul. 1604. Bagration, Peter, Prince— b., 1765— enters the army, 21 Feb. 1782 — at assault of Otcha- kov, 1788 — serves under Suwarrow in Poland, 1794 — serves under Suwarrow in Italy, 1799 — serves against France, 1 805 — at Eylau, 1 807 — raises siege of Silistria, 14 Oct. 1809 — wounded at battle of Borodino, 6 Sep. 1 8 1 2 — tf . at Sima, near Moscow, 24 Sep., a 7 Oct. b 1812. a Biog. Univ. b Conv. -Lex. Bahamas, (Bucayos,)— -discovered by Colum- bus, 1492 — New Providence settled by Eng- lish, 1629 — Spaniards expel them, 1641 — Eng- lish again take possession, 1666— expelled by French and Spaniards, 1703 — again colonized 10 * 148 BAHAR— BAIREUTH. by English, 17 18 — Nassau fortified, 1740 — Xew Providence taken and abandoned by Americans, 1776 — reduced by Spain, 1781 — restored to England, 1783 — Nassau a free port, 1787 — devastated by cyclone, 1 Oct. 1866. Eahar, in Hindustan, — conveyed to East India Company by firman from Mogul Shah Allum, 12 Aug. 1765. Bahawulpoor, in Hindustan, — tributary to Afghans, from about 1750-1811 — seized by Eajah of Lahore, 1811. Bahrain, (Varanes,) Persian general, — de- feated by Ronianus in Albania, revolts against Hormisdas, 589 — proclaims himself king, after Sep. 590 — defeated by Chosroes, summer 591. Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich, theologian, — ft. at Bischofswerda, 15 Aug. 1741 — Prof. Philoso- phy, Erfurt, 1768-71 — D.D. Erlan gen, 1769 — tr. near Halle, 24 Apr. 1792. Bahrein, (Aval) Islands, in the Persian Gulf, — occupied by Portuguese, about 1505 — by Persia, 1622 — by British a short time, 1609 — British intervention against pirates in, 1869. Baiandi, (Baiando,) Andrea, poet, — fl. about 1480-1520. Baiandi, (Baiando,) Ottavio Antonio, anti- quary, — 0. at Parma, about 1690 — charged with publication of the Monuments of Hercu- laneum, 1747 — ft., after 1760. Baier, Johann Jacob, physician, naturalist, — ft. at Jena, 1677 — Prof, of Physiology and Surgery at Altdorf, 1704 — President of Im- perial Acad, of Xat. Hist., 1730 — tf. at Alt- dorf, 14 Jul. 1735. Oryctographia Norica, 1708. Eaif, Jean Antoine de, poet, — ft. at Venice, 1532 — tf. at Paris. 19 Sep. 1589. (Ewores, 1573. Bail, — defined and regulated by Stat. West- minster I. 3 Edw. I. c. 15, 1275 ; 27 Edw. I. stat. I. c. 3, 1299 ; 1 Rich. III. c. 3, 1483-4 ; 3 Hen. VII. c. 3, 1487 ; 1 and 2 Ph. and M. c. 13, 1554; 31 Car. II. c. 2, 1678; 4 and 5 W. and M. c. 4, 1692; 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 70, 2 Jul. 1827 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 1838 — the Absconding Debtors Act, 14 and 15 Vic. c. 52, 1 Aug. 1 851 — the Common Law Procedure Acts, 15 and 16 Vic. c. 76, 30 Jun. 1852, and 17 and 18 Vic. c. 125, 12 Aug. 1854. Baillie, Joanna, poetess, — ft. at BothweH, 1762 — settles in London, 1783 — tf. at Hamp- stead,2 3 Feb. 1851. Plays of the Passions, 1798- 1812 — Dramas, 1836 — Fugitive Verses, 1840. Baillie, Robert, theologian, diplomatist, — ft. at Glasgow, 30 Apr. 1602 — enters Glasgow Univ., 1617 — regent of Philosophy, Aug. 1625 — minister of Kilwinning, 1631 — "attends sup- plicants' meeting at Edinburgh, 18 Oct. 1637 — member of Assembly at Glasgow, 21 Xov. 1638 — at encampment on Dunse Law, summer 1639 — negotiates treaty with Charles I. at Lon- don, 16 Xov. 1640 to Jun. 1 641 — joint Prof. Divinity, Glasgow, Jun. 1642 — commissioner in Westminster Assembly, 1643 — treats with Charles II. at the Hague, Mar. 1649 — First Prof. Divinity, 1651 — Principal of Glasgow Univ., 23 Jan. 166 1 — tf., Jul. 1662. Letters and Journals, 1775 — ree'dited for Bannatyne Club, .1841-42. Baillie, Matthew, anatomist, — ft. at Shotts, Lanarkshire, 27 Oct. 1761 — enters Oxford Univ., 1779 — Physician to St George's Hos- pital, 1787-99 — M.D., 1789 — ir. in Gloucester- shire, 23 Sep. 1823. Morbid Anatomy, 1793. Bailly, Jean Sylvain, astronomer, §c., — ft. at Paris, 15 Sep. 1736— member of Academy of Sciences, 1763 — member of French Academy, 1784 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — deputy to States, Gen., May 1789 — Pre- sident of National Assembly, 17 Jun. 1789 — Mayor of Paris, 15 Jul. 1789 to 16 Xov. 17 91 — fires on the people in the Champ de Mars, 17 Jul. 179 1 — tried, 10 Xov. 1793 — executed, 12 Xov. 1793. Histoire de V 'astronomie ancienne, 1775 — Histoire de V astronomie moderne, 1778- 83 — Histoire de V astronomie orientale, 1787. Baily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, — ft. at Bristol, 10 Mar. 1788 — pupil of Flaxman in London, 1807-8 — student of the Boyal Aca- demy, 1809 — A.B.A., 1817 — R.A., 1821 — ts. at London, 22 May 1867. Apollo, 1815 — Eve at the Fountain, 18 19 — Eve listening to the Voice, 1 841. Baily, Francis, astronomer, — ft. at Xewbury, 28 Apr. 1774 — aids in founding Astronomical Society, 1820 — retires from Stock Exchange, 1825— D.C.L. Oxford, 1844 — &., 30 Aug. 1844. Account of Flamsteed, 1835. Baily's Beads. [Sun.] Bainbridge, (Bambridge,) Christopher, Car- dinal, Abp of York, — Provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 1495 — Dean of "Windsor, Master of the Bolls, Privy Councillor, 1505 — Bp of Durham, 1507 — Abp of York, 1508 — ambassador to the Pope, 15 11 — Cardinal of St Praxede, Mar. 15 11 — tf. poisoned at Eome, 14 Jul. 15 14. Bainbridge, John, astronomer, — ft. at Ash- by-de-la-Zouch, 1582 — first Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 16 19 — tj. there, 1643. Baines, Edward, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Walton-le-Dale, in Lancashire, 5 Feb. 1774 — begins business as a printer, Sep. 1797 — becomes proprietor and editor of the Leeds Mercury, 1801 — exposes conspiracy of Oliver and Castles, 1817 — M.P., Leeds, 1834-41 — tS., 3 Aug. 1848. History of the Peign of , George LIB., 1814 — History, §c, of County of Tori-, 1822-23 — History, §c., of County Pala- tine and Duchy of Lancaster, 1824-25. Eaird, Sir David, Bart., general, — ft. at Xewbyth, in Scotland, 6 Dec. 1757 — enters the army, 16 Dec. 1772 — goes to India, Jan. 1779 — wounded and taken prisoner at Peram- boucum, 10 Sep. 1780 — released, 1784 — at siege of Seringapatam, 179 1-2 — at siege of Pondicherry, 1793 — takes Seringapatam, 4 May 1799 — commands expedition to Egypt, 1 801 — commander in Mahratta War, Jan. 1803— reduces C#pe Colony, 1806 — at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — wounded at Coruna, 16 Jan. 1809 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1820-1 — ft., 18 Aug. 1829. Baireuth, in Bavaria, — falls to Frederick III. burgrave of Xlirnberg, 1248 — burnt by Hussites, 1430 — conquered by Heinrich Beuss von Plauen, 1553 — burnt down, 162 1 — taken and pillaged by Marquis de Grana, 1632 — ■ taken and pillaged by General Manteuffel, 1633 — by Bavarian General Vahl, 1634 — be- BAIUS— BALDI. 149 comes 'Kesidenz' under Margrave Christian, 1603 — ceases to be so, 1769 — ceded to Bavaria, 1810. Bains, {Be Bay,) Michel, theologian, — b. at Melin in Hainault, 15 13 — Prof. S.S. at Louvain, 155 1 — condemned by Pius V., 1 Oct. 1567— Chancellor of Univ. of Louvain, 1578^ 1575 b — if., 16 Sep., b Dec. a 1589. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. Univ. Bakehouses, — regulation of, by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 40, 13 Jul. 1863. Baker, David, historian, — b. at Aberga- venny, 9 Dec. 1575 — enters Oxford Univ., 1590— enters Benedictine order, at Padua, 27 May 1605 — employed in searching for and transcribing records of Benedictines in England, about 162 1 — if. at London, 9 Aug. 1641. Baker, Henry, naturalist, — b. in London, 8 May 1698— F.S.A., 1740— F.R.S., 1741— re- ceives the Copley Medal of Boyal Society, 1744 — if. in London, 25 Nov. 1774. The Microscope made easy, 1742 — Microscopical Ob- servations, 1768 — Attempt towards a Natural History of the Polype, 1743. Baker, Sir Richard, historian— -b. in Kent or Oxfordshire, about 1568 — Knight, 1603 — if. in the Fleet prison, 18 Feb. 1645. A Chronicle of the Kings of England, §c., 1641. Baker, Thomas, antiquary,* — b. at Crook, near Durham, 14 Sep. 1656 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1674 — Fellow of St John's College, 1679 — rector of Long Newton, Jim. 1687 — resigns, nonjuror, 1 Aug. 1690 — ejected from Fellowship, 20 Jan. 17 17 — if. 2 Jul. 1740. Bakerian Lecture, Royal Society, — insti- tuted, 1775. Bakers,— incorporated in England, 1407 — brown, incorporated, 1621. Bakhuizen, Ludolf, painter, — b. at Emden, 18 Dec. 1631 — goes to Amsterdam, 1650 — if. there, 1709. Bakker, Pieter Huizinga, poet, — b. at Amsterdam, 1713,* 1715 13 — if. there, 22 Oct. 1 80 1. a Biog. Wordenboek. b Biog. Univ. Baku, on the Caspian, — ceded by Persia to Russia, i8i3, a i8oi. b a Engl. Cyc. b Maccullocli. Bala. [Alexander Balas.] Balaam, — [BC] — blesses the Israelites, 145 1. a a Ussher. Balaclava, in the Crimea, — occupied by British, 26 Sep. 1854 — the Russians defeated by British and Turks at, 25 Oct. 1854— ^evacu- ated by the British, 12 Jul. 1856. Balaghauts, in Hindustan, — acquired by East India Company, 1800. Balasore, in Hindustan, — ceded by Danes to the British, 1844. Balbi, Adriano, geographer, statist, — b. at Venice, 25 Apr. 1782 — Prof. Physics, Fermo, 181 1 — Prof. Statistics, Padua, 18 13 — in Portu- gal, i82o b — at Paris, 1821 — 32 — returns to Padua, 1832 — if. at Venice, a at Padua, b 14 Mar. 1848. Essai statistique sur le royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve, 1822 — Atlas ethno- graphique du globe, 1826 — Abre'ge de geogra- phic, 1838 — Essai sur les Bibliotheques de Vvmne, 1833. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. Balbi, Gasparo, traveller, — travels in East Indies, 1579-88. Viaggio delle Indie orientally 1590. Balbi, Hieronymus, Abp, — b. at Venice, about 1450 — goes to Paris, 1485 — resigns Professorship of Humanities there, 1496 — Prof. Imperial Law, Vienna, 1497-9 — Prof. Humanities, Prague, 1499 — tutor to the chil- dren of Ladislaus king of Hungary, 1512-15 — ■ envoy to Charles V., at Worms, 1521 — envoy to Rome, 1522 — Bp of Gurk, Carinthia, 1522 — Abp, by Clement VII., 1526 — if., pro- bably 1535. P>e Coronatione liber singularis ad Carolum V. Imp., §c, 1530 — -Be Bebus Pure ids, 1603. Balbi, Pietro, (Balbus,) philologist, — enters University of Padua, 1422 ? — studies under Victorin de Feltre, 1423 — Bp of Tropea, 1460 — if. at Rome, 9 Sep. 1479 ? Balbinus, Dec. Ccelius, Emperor of Rome, — Consul with M. Aurelius Antoninus, (966, a. it. c.) 213 — elected with Pupienus Max. by the Senate, (991,) about end of Apr., a Mar. b 238, (7 Cal. Jul. 990,) 237 c — murdered with his colleague by the soldiers, before Aug., a about 15 Jun. b 238, 242. d a Eckhel. b Clinton. c Zumpt. d Engl. Cyc. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, maritime dis- coverer, — b. at Xerez-de-Badajoz, about 1475 — accompanies Rodrigo de Bastidas, 150 1 — discovers Pacific Ocean, 25 Sep. 1513 s1 — su- perseded at Darien, by Pedrarias Davila, 15 14 — arrested and executed, 15 17. a Humboldt. Balbuena, Don Bernardo de, poet, $c.,— b. at Valdepefias, 1568 — returns from Mexico, 1608 — Bp of Porto Rico, 1620 — if. there, 1627. la grandeza Mejicana, 1609 — El siglo de oro, 1608 — El Bernardo, §c, 1624. Balbus, M' Acilius, — [BC]— 1. Consul with T. Quinctius Flamininus, (604, a. tj. c.) 150 — 2. Consul with C. Porcius Cato, (640,) 1 14. Balbus, D. LseHus, — [BC] — Consul with C. Antistius Veter, (748, a. it. c.) 6. Balbus, L. Korbanus, — Consul with M. Junius Silanus, (772, a. tj. c.) 19. Balbus, Q. Julius, — Consul with P. Juven- tius Celsus, (882, a. it. c.) 129. Balbus, L. Cornelius, — [B CJ — Major, in war against Sertorius, at Tana and Suevo, made a Roman citizen, 72 — returns from Spain with Pompey to Rome, (683, a. it. c.) 71 — in Spain with Julius Caesar, 61 — in Gaul, 58 — tried for assuming citizenship, and defended by Cicero, 55 — manages Caesar's affairs from be- fore 49 — propraetor, Consul suff. with P. Cani- dius Crassus, (714,) 40. Minor, serves under Caesar in Pharsalian war, 49 — quaestor in Further Spain, 43 — proconsul of Africa, tri- umphs over Garamantes, 19 — dedicates theatre at Rome, 13. Balde, Jacob, poet, — b. at Ensisheim, 1603 — enters order of Jesuits at Munich, 1624 — if. at Neuburg, 1668. Solatium podagricorum, 1 66 1 — Be vanitate mundi, 1638- — Urania Victrix, 1663. Balderic, (Baudry,) historian, poet, — b. at Meun-sur-Loire, about 1050 — Abbot of Bene- dictine Abbey in Anjou, 1079 — Bp of Dol, 1107 — if. in Normandy, 7 Jan. 11 30. Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, poet, §c, — b. at 150 BALDINGER-BALFE. Urbino, 6 Jun. 1553 — goes to Padua, 1573 — returns to Urbino, 1576 — Abbot of Guastalla, 1586— envoy to Venice, 161 2 — if. at Urbino, 12 Oct. 1617. Baldinger, Ernst Gottfried, physician,— %. near Erfurt, 13 May 1738 — M.D., Jena, 1760 —Ph.D., Wittenberg, 1762— First Prof, at Gottingen Univ., 1773— called to Marburg, 1785 — if. there, 21 Jan. 1804. Baldini,Baccio, £>2<7>mv?r, — fl. about 1460-80. Baldini, Bernardino, philosopher, physician, poet, §c, — b. at Borgo d' Intra, about 15 15 — if. at Milan, 12 Jan. 1600. Baldinucci, Filippo, critic and historian of Art, — h. at Florence, 1624 — if., 1696. Notizie de Prof essore del disegnodaCimabue, §c, 1702-28. Baldock, (Baudake,) Ralph de, Bp of Lon- don, Chancellor of England, — Archdeacon of Middlesex, 1276— Dean of St Paul's, 18 Oct. 1294 — Bp of London, 24 Feb. 1304 — conse- crated at Lyons, 30 Jan. 1306 — appointed a commissioner to examine charges against the Templars, 1306 — Chancellor, 21 Apr. 1307 — deprived by Edward II., 2 Aug. 1307 — if. at Stepney, 24 Jul. 13 14. Baldovini, Francesco, poet, — ft. at Pisa, a Florence, 13 27 Feb. 1635 — Secretary to Cardi- nal Nini, 1664-74 — takes orders, 1675 — if. at Florence, 18 Nov. 17 16. Lamento di Cecco di Varlungo, 1694. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. Baldung, Hans, (Hans Griin,) painter and tvood engraver, — b. at Gmiind, about 1470 — if. at Strasburg, about i552, a i545. b Altarpiece, Freiburg, 15 16. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. Baldwin I., Emperor of the East — n. at Valenciennes, 1171 — Count of Flanders on death of his mother, 11 94 — succeeds his father as Count of Hainault, n 95 — recovers part of Artois from Philip II. of France, 1199 — joins fourth crusade, 1200 — takes part in expedition to Constantinople to restore Isaac Angelus to the throne, 1202-3— elected Emperor by the Crusaders after the capture of Constantinople, and crowned, 9,* 16 b May 1204 — defeated and taken prisoner by Joannices, king of the Bul- garians, near Adrianople, 14 May, a 15 Apr. bc 1205 — if. in prison, ? 1206. ? a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Engl. Cyc. Baldwin II., Emperor of the East, — b., 1 2 1 7 — succeeds his brother Robert de Courtenay, 1228 — John of Brienne his colleague, 1231 to 23 Mar. 1237 — visits Flanders to obtain suc- cour, 1237 — seeks aid of the Pope, end of 1244 — attends Council of Lyons, which decrees aid to him, 1245 — visits England, 1238 and i247 a — Constantinople taken by army of Michael Palaeologus, 25 Jul. 1261 — escapes to Negro- pont, 1 26 1 — if. in Italy, end of 1273. a Matthew Paris. Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem, — accom- panies his brothers Godfrey and Eustace to the first crusade, 1096 — conquers and founds prin- cipality of Edessa, 1097 — visits Jerusalem, 1 099 —succeeds his brother Godfrey, and resigns 1, 1 1 00 — crowned at Bethlehem, 25 Dec. 1 1 00— defeated by Saracens at Rama, 27 May 1 102— defeats them at Joppa (Jaffa), 1102 — besieges and takes Acre, May 1104 — takes Berytus, 17 May 11 09 — takes Sidon, Dec. 1 1 10— if. at Laris in the Desert, Mar. or Apr. ui8, a ino, b ii2i. c [Jerusalem, Kings of.j a Latin authorities. b c Arabic authorities. Baldwin V., (de Lille, le Debonnaire,) Count of Flanders, — succeeds his father Baldwin IV., 1036 — invades Holland, 1045 — aids Geoffrey Duke of Lorraine to seize Verdun, 1047 — takes part in siege of Antwerp, 1048 — submits to the Emperor Henry III., 1049 -=- marries his daughter to William Duke of Norniandy, 1050 — acquires Hainault, 1051 — again makes war on Henry III., 1053 — routs him and burns his palace at Nimeguen, 1056 — makes peace with Henry IV. at Congress of Cologne, 1056^ 1057 b — guardian of Philip I. of France, and regent of the kingdom, ? 1060 — aids William Duke of Normandy in conquest of England, 1066 — if. at Lille, 1 Sep. 1067. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Baldwin. (Baudouin.) [Flanders, Counts of.] Baldwin, Thomas, Abp of Canterbury, — ■ Abbot of Ford, in Devonshire, before 1 180— Bp of Worcester, 1 1 80 — Abp of Canterbury, 1 1 84-5 — preaches the crusade in Wales, n 88 — crowns Richard I. at Westminster, 11 89 — holds council at Westminster, n 90 — follows Richard I. to Holy Land, Mar. 1191 — if. at Acre, 20 Nov. 1 191. Bale, John, (Balceus,) Bp of Ossory, theo- logian, §c, — b. at Cove, Suffolk, 21 Nov. 1495 — enters Monastery of Carmelites, Norwich, 1507-8 — enters Cambridge Univ., 15 14 — Prior of Carmelites, Ipswich, 1529 — Bp of Ossory, 1553 — takes refuge in Holland and Switzer- land, 1553-8 — Prebendary of Canterbury, Jan. 1560 — if. at Canterbury, Nov. 1563. Sum- marium illustrium majoris Britannia? scrip- torum, 1549. Bale. [Basel.] Balearic Islands, (Baleares,)—[B C~\ — Car- thaginian settlements in, before 500 — conquer- ed by the Romans under Q. Metellus, 123 — [A D] — conquered by the Vandals, 426 a — by the Moors, 798 a — Moors expelled and islands an- nexed to Aragon, 1289, i286, b 1229^ [Majorca, Minorca, Mahon, &c] a Conv. Lex. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Balechou, Jean Jacques, engraver, — h. at Aries, 17 15 — if. at Avignon, 18 Aug. 1765,3- 1784^ 1764.° a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. Balen,Hendrik wn.,painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1560 — if. there, 1632. Balestra, Antonio, painter, — b. at Verona, 1666 — if. there, i734, a i740. b a Some authorities. b Guariente, Zanetti, &c. Balfe, Michael William, musical composer, — ft. at Dublin, 15 May 1808 — appears as a singer at Drury Lane Theatre, 1824 — settles at Paris, 1827 — director of Italian Opera, Lon- don, 1845 — if. at Rowney Abbey, Hertfordshire, 20 Oct. 1870. Rivals, 1830 — Siege of Bochclle, 1835 — Maid of Artois, 1836 — Four Sons of, Aymon, 1843 — Bohemian Girl, 1843 — Bose of Castille, 1857 — Puritans Daughter, 1861 — Armourer of Nantes, 1863. BALFOUR— BALLIOL. 5r Balfour, James, lawyer, philosopher, — ft. in Scotland, 1703 — admitted to Scottish Bar, 14 Nov. 1730 — Prof, of Moral Philosophy, Edin- burgh, Aug. 1754 — Prof, of Public Law, Edin- burgh, May 1764 to spring, 1779 — &• at Pilrig, 6 Mar. 1795. Balfour, Sir James, Loud Pres. of Court of Session, in Scotland, — taken prisoner by French in battle of St Andrews, 1547 — pro- fesses Romanism, 1549 — -joins party of the Queen Regent, 1559 — parson of Flisk, 1560 — Lord of Session, 5 Nov. 1563 — Privy Coun- cillor, 5 Jul. 1565 — surrenders Edinburgh Castle to Murray, 1567 — Lord President of Court of Session, 1568 — at battle of Langside, May 1568 — attainted, 30 Aug. 157 1 — joins Morton, 157 1 — aids in Pacification of Perth, Feb. 1572 — forfeiture annulled, 1573 — joins Morton's opponents, 1578 — forfeiture renewed, 1579 — devises Morton's death, 15 81 — tf., 1583. Balfour, John, (of Burley,) Covenanter, — takes part in the murder of Abp Sharp, 3 May 1679. Balguy, John, theologian, — ft. at Sheffield, 12 Aug. 1686— enters Cambridge Univ., 1702 — B.A., 1706 — M.A., 1726 — ft. at Harrowgate, 21 Sep. 1748 — Essay on Redemption, 1741. Balguy, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Lames- ley, Durham, 27 Sep. 17 16 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1734 — M.A., 1741 — D.D., 175S — Arch- deacon of Winchester, i758, a 1759 b — tr. at Winchester, 19 Jan. 1795. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Bali, Little Java, island, — Dutch colony in, 1845. Baliol, John, and Edward. [Balliol.] Balista, prefect of Praetorians, — accompa- nies Valerian to the East, 258 — proclaims him- self emperor in Syria, 262 a — probably put to death by Odenathus, about 264 a b . a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Smith's Diet. Balize, (Belize,) in Honduras, — first settle- ment of English, from Jamaica, 1667 — settle- ment recognized by treaty, Jul. 1670 — settlers expelled by Spaniards, 1756 and Sep. 1779 — restored to English by treaty of, 1783 — unsuc- cessful attack of Spain, 1798. Balkan Mountains, — crossed by Russians under Gen. Diebitsch, 1829. Balkh, (Bactra, Zariaspa,) city, — [BC] — taken by Alexander the Great, (01. 112, 3,) 330 — he winters there, 329 a — and assembles forces for Indian expedition, (01. 112,4,) 328 b — [AD]— acknowledges authority of Persia, about 230 — conquered by the Moslems, (88, a. h.) 707 (?) — stormed by Gengis Khan, between 12 18- 24 (?) — stormed by Timur, 1370 — occupied by Baber, 15 n< — by Uzbeks, 1525 — invasion and retreat of Humayun, 1549 — governed by Au- rangzib, (1057,) 1647 — abandoned by him, end of 1647- — invaded by Nadir Shah, 1738 (?) — subject to Afghans, about 176 1 — taken by king of Bokhara, 1783 (?), 1820°— [Bactria.J a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Engl. Cyc. Ball, Sir Alexander John, Civil Commission- er for Island of Malta, — charged with convoy of merchant ships to America, 1783 — distin- guishes himself at battle of the Nile, 1798 — conducts siege of Valetta, 1798-1800 — inter- course with Coleridge, May 1804 to Oct. 1805 — ft. at Malta, 25 Oct. 1809. Ball, John, priest, follower of Wickliffe, — executed, 1381. Ballanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, poet, —ft. at Lyons, 4 Aug. 1776— settles at Paris, 1 8 14 — member of Academy, 1842 — tf. at Paris, 7 Aug. 1847. Antigone, 1814— Vision d'Hebal, 1829 — Essai sur les Institutions sociales, 18 18. Ballantyne, James Robert, orientalist, — Principal of College of Benares, 1845 — returns to England, Librarian to India Office, 1861 — ft. in London, 16 Feb. 1864. Translation of the Sahitya Darpana, 1 848 — Synopsis of Science, in Sanscrit and English, 1856 — Christianity con- trasted with Hindoo Philosophy, 1859 — First Lessons in Sanscrit Grammar, 1862. Ballard, John, Jesuit, (Captain Fortescue,) goes to Rome with Anthony Tyrrell, and obtains sanction of Gregory XIII. to murder of Queen Elizabeth, 1584 — instigates the Babington con- spiracy, 1586— arrested in London, 14 Aug. 1586 — tried at Westminster, 23 Sep. — exe- cuted, 28 Sep. Ballenden, (Balantyn,) John, translates Chronicle of Boethius, 1536 — tj. at Rome, 1550. Balleny Isles, Antartic Ocean, — discovered by Bellenyand Freeman, 9 Feb. 1839. Ballerini, Pietro, theologian, — ft. at Verona, 7 Sep. 1698 — goes to Rome, 1748 — }j. about 1764. Ballesteros, Francisco, statesman, — ft. at Saragossa, 1770 — serves against the French, 1793 — Minister of War, 1814 — Vice-President of Provisional Junta, at insurrection of Ma- drid, 1820 — Commandant-general in Navarre and Aragon against French, 1823 — takes refuge in France, Aug. 1824 — tr. at Paris, 28 Jun. 1832. Ballin, Claude, metal chaser, — ft. at Paris, 1615 — tf. there, 22 Jan. 1678. Balliol, (Baliol,) John, King of Scotland, — ft., about 1259— claims Scottish throne on death of Queen Margaret, (Maid of Norway,) 1290 — his claim established by Edward L, 17 Nov. 1292 — swears fealty to king of England, 18 Nov. — crowned at Scone, 30 Nov. — swears fealty again at Newcastle, 26 Dec. — cited before Edward I. to answer complaint of Earl of Fife, refuses to answer, 1293 — alli- ance with France, 1295 — absolved by Pope from his oath of fealty, sends renuncia- tion of homage to Edward, 5 Apr. 1295 — in- vasion of Scotland by Edward, 1295 — defeated by Earl Warrenne at Dunbar, 1296 — taken prisoner by Edward, 1296 — surrenders the crown, at Kincardine, between 2-10 Jul. 1296 — prisoner in the Tower, 1296-99 — retires to France, 1299— rj. at chateau of Bailleul, close of 1 314. Balliol, Edward, King of Scotland, — im- prisoned with his father in the Tower, 1296- 1299 — accompanies him to France, 1299 — visits English court, 1324 and 1327 — takes part with Wake, Beaumont, &c, in invasion of Scotland, 1332 — defeats Earl of Fife; defeats Earl of Mar, at Dupplin on the Earn, 1 1 Aug. 152 BALLIOL COLLEGE— BAMBOCCIO. 1332 — unsuccessfully besieged at Perth, by Earl of March, 1332 — crowned at Scone, 24 Sep. 1332 — privately swears fealty and con- cludes armistice with Edward III.,* 1332 — de- feated at Annan, escapes to the border, 16 Dec. 1332 — battle of Halidon Hill, 10 Jul. 1333 — restored, renews homage and surrenders part of Scotland to Edward, 1334 — driven from the kingdom, 1334 — sells the crown to Edward, 1355/ 20 Jan. i356 b — ft. atDoncaster, 1363. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Balliol College, Oxford, — founded by John de Balliol, 1263 or 1268 — and Lady I)evor- gille his widow, and John Balliol his son, in 1269. Ballistic Pendulum, — invented by Benja- min Eobins, about 1742. Balloon, — invented by Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, 1782 — their first experiment at Annonay, 5 Jun. 1783 — inflated with hydrogen, first, by Charles of Paris, 27 Aug. 1783 — ascent by Pilatre de Bozier and the Marquis d' Arlandes, 2 1 JSov. 1783 — first ascent of men in hydrogen balloon, by Charles and Boberfc, at Paris, 15 Dec. 1783 — first ascent in England, by Signor Vicenzo Lunardi, at Loudon, 15 Sep. 1784 — first fatal accident, bursting of balloon, and death of P. de Bozier and Bomain, at Boulogne, 15 Jun. 1785— used in war by the French, 1794 — ascent by Biot and Gay Lussac, Aug. 1804 — by the latter alone, Sep. 1804 — ■ Xassau balloon trip, 7 Nov. 1836 — ascent of Glaisher and Coxwell from Wolverhampton, above six miles, 5 Sep. 1862 — used by French, during siege of Paris, 1870. Ballot, in Rome, — [BC] — introduced in electing magistrates by Gabinian law, 139 — in trials by Cassian law, 137 — in legislation by Papirian law, 131 — in trials for state offences, by Caelian law, 107— [AD] — in England, ad- vocated by Harrington in the Oceana, 1656— in United States, adopted in election of Presi- dent and Vice-President, by Constitutional Amendment XII. 1804 — in France, tried in Chamber of Deputies and Electoral Colleges, 1840-44 — in use in political elections since Dec. 1 85 1 — in several Australian Colonies, since 1855. Ballynahinch, in Ireland, — defeat of Irish rebels near, 12 Jim. 1798. Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, Loud, Jacobite, — b., 1688 — resigns his commission on accession of George I., 17 14— joins the Earl of Mar and fights at Sheriffmuir, 13 Xov. 17 15 — escapes to France, and serves in the French army, 1715-33 — returns to Scotland, 1733 — joins the Young Pretender, 1745 — succeeds to the title, early in 1746 — taken prisoner at Culloden, 16 Apr. 1746 — tried in Westminster Hall, 29 Jul. 1746 — executed, 18 Aug. 1746. Ealmoral, in Scotland, — summer residence of Queen Victoria, from 1848 — rebuilt, 1853-56. Balnavis, Henry, — b. at Kirkaldy, 1520— Lord of Session, 31 Jul. 1538 — Secretary of State under Earl of Arran, 1543 — dismissed and imprisoned, 1543 — re-appointed Lord of Session, 11 Feb. 1563 — ft., 1570^ 1579. b a Pitmedden MSS. b Mackenzie. Balsamo. [Cagliostro.] Balsamo, Theodorus, canonist, — fj. at Con- stantinople, about 1 1 50 — Patriarch of Antioch, about 1 1 86 — ft. about 1204^ ii94- b a Some authorities. b Others. Balsora, — defeat of Turks by Persians near, 1616. Baltic, — name first used by Adam of Bre- men, about 1070 — crossed on the ice by Charles X. of Sweden, 1658 — by Bussians, 1809 — ■ British expedition to the, under Sir Charles Napier, 1 854 — under Admiral Dundas, 1 855 — French expedition, against Prussia, 1870. Baltimore, U.S., — planned, 1729 — chartered as a city, 1797 — besieged unsuccessfully by British under Gen. Boss, Sep. 18 14 — martial law proclaimed at, by Gen. Butler, 15 May 1861. Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, Loud, — receives Charter of Maryland, 20 Jun. 1632 — takes possession, 20 Mar. 1634 — recovers his rights in the Colony, 1660 — ft. 1676 ? Baltimore, Frederick Calvert, Loud, travel- ler, poet, — b., 1731 — ft. at Xaples, 1771. Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord, states- man, — fj. at Kipling, in Yorkshire, about 1582,1 c 157 8 b — B.A. Oxford, Feb. 1597— Knt by James L, 1 617— Secretary of State, Feb. 16 1 9 — enters Catholic Church, and resigns office, 1624 — Baron of Baltimore, Ireland, 1625 — visits Virginia, 1628-9 — obtains from Charles I. charter for Colony of Maryland, 1632 — ft. at London, 15 Apr. 1632. a Bees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Rose's Biog. Diet. Balue, Jean, Cahdixal, — b. at Angle in Poitou, 142 1 — Cardinal, by Paul II., 1466 — imprisoned by Louis XL, 1469-80 — legate in France, 1484— ft. at Ancona, 149 1. Baluze, Etienne, historian, — b. at Tulle, 24 Dec. 1630 — goes to Paris, 1656 — Librarian to Colbert, 1667 — Prof. Canon Law, College Boyal, 1670 — ft. at Paris, 28 Jul. 17 18. Re- gum Francorum capitularia, 1677 — Vita Fa- par um Avenionensium, 1793. Balzac, Honore de, novelist, — fj. at Tours, 20 May 1799 — ft. at Paris, i8, a 2o b Aug. 1850. Fhysiologie du mariage, 1831 — Scenes de la vie prive'e, 1831 — Scenes de la vie de province, 1832 Scenes de la vie parisienne, 1832 — Contes drola- tiques, 1833. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, — b. at An- gouleme, 1594 — goes to Borne, 1621 — ft. at Angoumois, 18 Feb. 1655. (Euwres, 1651 — Lettres, 1665. Bamberg, (Babenburg,) County of, — extinct with Albert, 908. Bamberg, Bishopric and Principality of, — founded by Emperor Henry II., 1007 — its terri- tory diminished, 1522-56 — secularized, 1801 — assigned to Bavaria, Feb. 1803 — Archbishopric erected, 1819. Councilsof 1020, io52,andii5o. Bamberg, city, surrendered to Prussians, about 1759 — taken again by them, 1763. Ca- thedral, founded by Henry II., 1004-12 — burnt, and rebuilt by Bp Otto, 1081. Conferences, held, May 1854. Bamboccio, (Bamboots,) (Zaar,) Pieter van, painter, — b. at Laaren, 1613 — ft. about 1673 or 1675. BAMEEAN— BANKS. '53 Bameean, in Afghanistan, — defeat of Dost Mohammed by British near, 18 Sep. 1840. Bampton Lectures, {Divinity,) Oxford, — founded and endowed by will of Rev. J. Bamp- ton, commenced, 1780. Ban and Arriere ban, — first regulated in France by Louis the Great, about 1 1 24 — last levied, 1672. Banbury, — defeat of insurgents under Earl of Pembroke, near, 1469 — occupied by Boyal- ists, 1642 — besieged by Parliamentarians, 1644 and 1646. Banca, island of, — tin mines discovered, about 1 7 10 — ceded to East India Company by sultan of Palembang, 1812 — exchanged with Netherlands for Cocbin, Malabar, 2 Dec. i8i6, a l8l4, b 1817.° a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. c Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer. Banckert, Joos van Trappen, naval com- mander,- — Vice-Admiral, 1622 — leads expedi- tion to the Brazils, 1646 — tf., 1647. Bancroft, Richard, Abp of Canterbuky, — b. at Farnworth, Sep. 1544— B. A. Cam- bridge, 1567 — M.A., 1570 — Bp of London, 8 May 1597 — takes part in Hampton Court Conferences, 1604— Abp of Canterbury, 1604 — Chancellor of Univ. of Oxford, 1608 — tf. at Lambeth, 2 Nov. 16 10. Banda {Nutmeg) islands, — discovered by Portuguese, 15 n — settled by them, about 1520 — Portuguese expelled by Dutch, about 1580 — settled by English, about 1 6 1 6 — fiually given up to Dutch, i8l6, a i8i7, b 1814.° a Engl. Cyc. b Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer. c Macculloch. Banda Oriental. [Uruguay.] Bandarra, Gonzales Eannes, poet, — per- secuted by Inquisition, 1541 — dedicates his Couplets to Bp of Guarda, 1556. Bandello, Matteo, novelist, — h. at Castel- nuovo, 1480 — Bp of Agen, 1550 — tf. at Bazens, near Agen, about i56i, a 1562. b Novelle, 1554. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. Bandinelli, Baccio, scidptor, — b. at Flor- ence, 1487 — "fir. there, i559, a l 5^°- h a Ersch and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. Bandoliers, — introduced, after 1572. Bane, {Benn,) James, — ambassadorto France, 1325 — Bp of St Andrews, 1328 — crowns David II., 1 33 1 — made Lord Chamberlain of Scot- land: rj. at Bruges, 22 Sep. 1332. Bangalore, in Hindustan, — carried by as- sault by Lord Cornwallis, 179 1. Bangkok, Siam, — royal residence, since 17 10. Bangorian Controversy. [Hoadly.] Bangcr-Iscoed, N, Wales, — massacre of the monks of, 607. Banim, John, novelist, — n., 1800 — ft. near J Kilkenny, 1 Aug. 1842. Tales of the 0' Kara Family, 1825. Bank, Banker, Banking. [Savings Bank.] — [B C] — State bankers, {mensarii,) appointed at Eome, 352 — Banking resembling ours at Athens, about 3 co — State Bank at Byzantium, about 340 — [A D] — Bank at Venice founded, 1 157 — Bank at Barcelona, opened by the Cloth Merchants, about 1350, ? 140 1 a — Bank at Genoa, planned, 1345 — fully in operation, 1407 — Bank at Am- sterdam, established, 1 609 — Bank at Ham- burg, 16 19 — Banking in England, about 1640 — Bank of Scotland, established, 1695 — Bank at Yienna, 1703, (issue,) 1793 — Koyal Bank of Scotland, chartered, 1727 — British Linen Company incorporated, 1746 — Bank at St Petersburg, established, about 1770 — Bank of Ireland, established by charter, 1783 — private bankers licensed, 1809 — Bank of the Netherlands, 18 14 — Provincial Bank of Ire- land, 1825 — Joint Stock Banks, commenced in England, 1827. a Prescott. Bank of England, — incorporated by charter, and by 5 and 6 \Vm. and Mary, c. 20, 27 Jul. 1694 — special privileges, monopoly conferred, 1708 — restricted, 1826, 1833 — suspends payment, ; 1797 — resumes cash payments, under Act 59 Geo. III. c. 78, 1 819— remodelled, by Bank Charter Act, 7 and 8 Vic. c. 32, 19 Jul. 1844 — Bank Charter Act suspended, 25 Oct. 1847, 12 Nov. 1857, 11 May 1866. Bank Notes, — for £10 first issued by Bank of England, 1759 — for £5, 1793 — for £2 and £1, 1797 — issue of, under £5 in England, after 5 Apr. 1829, prohibited by Act 7 Geo. IV, c. 6, 1827 — issue of, regulated by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 32, 19 Jul. 1844 — by Irish banks, regulated by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 37, 21 Jul. 1845 — by Scotch banks, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 38, 21 Jul. 1845 — stirface printing of, (Smee's electrotype,) adopted, 1854. Bank of France, — instituted by Perregaux and others, 1799- — reorganized, and obtains from First Consul exclusive privilege of issuing notes, 1803 — specie payments suspended by decree of Provisional Government, 16 Mar. 1848 — resumes specie payments, autumn 1850 — its charter renewed, 1857 — again suspends specie payments, 12 Aug. 1870 — closed, 24 Mar. 1 87 1. Building, erected by Mansard for Duke de la Vrilliere, 1620 — bought by Count of Tou- louse, 17 1 3 — bought by the Bank, 1812 — en- larged, 1854. Bankruptcy, — laws originated by Act 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 1543 — laws amended by Act 13 Eliz. c. 7, 1570; and 21 Jas. I. c. 19, 1623— laws consolidated by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 16, 2 May 1825— Court of, constituted by Act 1 and 2 Will. IV. c. 56, 20 Oct. 1831- laws, Irish, consolidated by Act 6 Wm. IV. c. 14, 20 May 1836 — laws amended by Acts 5 and 6 Vic. c. 122, 12 Aug. 1842; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 96, 9 Aug. 1844; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, 1 Aug. 1849 3 !4 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 Aug. 185 1 ; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 77, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 17 and 18 Vic. c. 119, 11 Aug. 1854 — laws, Scotch, con- solidated by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 79, 29 Jul. 1856 — laws, Scotch, amended by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 19, 10 Aug. 1857 — ]aws, Irish, amended by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 60, 25 Aug. 1857 — laws remodelled by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 134, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — amended by 31 and 32 Vic. c. 104, 31 Jul. 1868— law consolidated and amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 71, 9 Aug. 1869. Banks, John, tragedian, — fl., 1677 -1696. Banks, Thomas, sculptor,— b. at London, 22 Dec. 1735 — goes to Borne, Aug. 1772-75 — goes to St Petersburg, 1784 — returns to Eng- 154 BANKS— BARBANEGRE. innd, 1786— ft. in London, 2 Feb. 1805. Mourn- ing Achilles, about 1776. Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, — b. in Lon- don, 4 Jan. 1743 — enters Oxford Univ., Dec. 1760— F.S.A., Feb. 1766 — F.R.S., 1 May 1766— goes to Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766 — naturalist, with Dr Solander, to Captain Cook's expedition, 26 Aug. 1768 to 12 Jun. 177 1 — L.L.D. Oxford, 177 1 — goes to Ireland with Solander, Aug. 1772 — Pres. R.S., 1777 — Bart., 1781— K.B., 1 Jul. 1795 — Privy Coun- cillor, 29 Mar. 1797 — Member of Institute of France, 1802— ft. in London, 19 Jun. 1820. Bannatyne Club — established at Edinburgh, 1823. Banneret, — order discontinued, after 1642 ? Bannier, (Banner,) Johann Gustav von, general, — b. at Diursholm, about 1596— enters Swedish army, 1615 — serves in Livonia, 1625 ■ — Knt, by Gustavus Adolphus, 1629 — coun- cillor of the kingdom, and general, 1630 — com- mander of a corps after the death of Gustavus, 1632 — field-marshal and general-in-chief, in- vades Bohemia, 1634 — defeats the Saxons at "Wittstock, 24 Sep. 1636 — takes Torgau, 1636 — ravages Saxony, early in 1639 — victory over the Saxons near Chemnitz, 4 Apr. 1639 — in- vades Bohemia, 1639-40 — again ravages Saxony, and defeats Piccolomini, 1640 — unsuc- cessfully besieges Ratisbon, winter of 1641 — ft. at Halberstadt, Dec. 1641. Bannister, Charles, musician,— ft., Nov. 1 8 14. Bannister, John, actor, — b. at Deptford, 12 May 1760 — takes leave of the stage, 1 Jun. 18 15 — ft., 7 Nov. 1836. Bannockburn, — Bruce defeats Edward II. at, 24 Jun. 1 3 14. Banns, — publication of, enjoined by 4th Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — in England, regulated by Acts 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 1753 ; and 4 Geo. IV. c. 76, 18 Jul. 1823. Bantam, in Java, — visited by Portuguese, 151 1 — fort built by Dutch, 1595 — English factory at, 1602 — English presidency, 1634 — English factory taken by Dutch, 1662 — Eng- lish factory ceded to them by Charles II. ; abandoned, 1817. Bantry Bay, — the French fleet attacked by Admiral Herbert, 1 May 1689 — French in- vading squadron arrives in, 22 Dec. 1796 — returns to France, 27 Dec. Bapaume, in France, — Gen. Manteuffel defeats Gen. Faidherbe, 3 Jan. 1871 — town reoccupied by Frencb, about 10 Jan. 1871. Baptist, John Gaspar, painter, — b. at Ant- werp : ft., 1 69 1. Baptiste, Jean. [Monoyer.] Baptists, — first congregation in England, 1607. Bar, Confederation of, — formed by Catho- lics of Poland, 1768 — dissolved, 1773. Bar le Due, in France, [Barrois,] — taken by the French, summer 1632 — head-quarters of king of Prussia, 26 Aug. 1870. Baraba, Barabinskaja Steppe, — Russian colony in, 1764. Baraband, Jacques, painter, — b. at Aubus- son, 1772 — ft. at Lyons, 1809. Baraguay d' Hilliers, Louis, general, — b. at Paris, 13 Aug. 1764 — enters the army, 1784 — general of brigade, 1793 — serves under Hoche, 1795 — in Italy under Bonaparte, 1796 — general of division, 10 Mar. 1797 — in Egypt, 1798 — grand officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — distinguishes himself atElchingen, 1805 — Gov. of Venice, 1808 — takes part in Peninsular war, 1810-11— in Russian cam- paign, 18 12 — ft. at Berlin, Dec. 1812. Barailon, Jean Francois, physician, anti- quary, — b. at Viersat, in Auvergne, 12 Jan. 1743 — M.D. Montpellier, 1765 — deputy to National Convention, 1792 — one of the pro- scribed, 1793 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — member of Council of An- cients, 1799 — Pres. Legislative body, 1801 — retires to Chambon, 1806 — ft. there, 14 Mar. 1816. Barak, — [BC] — Deborah and Barak defeat Sisera, 1296^ 1406^ i392. c ? a Ussher. b Hales. c Clinton. Baraldi, Giuseppe, bibliographer, §c. } — b. at Modena, 1778 — secretary to Univ., 1799 — sub-librarian of Este Library, 1808 — censor, 1828 — protonotary apostolic, by Gregory XYL, 1 83 1 — ft. at Modena, 1832. Baranovius, (BaranowsJd,) Albert, Abp op Gnesen, — ft., 1615. Concilium Frovinciale regni Folonice, (1607,) 161 1. Barante, Amable Guillaume Prosper, Baron de Brugiere, historian, — b. at Riom, 7, a 10 b Jun. 1782 — enters the Ecole Folytechnique, 1798— councillor of state, secretary of the In- terior, 1 8 15 — member of the Chamber of De- puties, 1815- — councillor of state, 1816 — peer of France, 5 Mar. 18 19— admitted to French Academy, 2 Nov. 1828 — ambassador at Turin, 1830 — ambassador at St Petersburg, 1835 — Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 9 Apr. 1846 — retires from public life, Feb. 1848— ft. in Auvergne, 22 Nov. 1866. Tableau de la Li- terature Francaise au 18 W a i574~ b - a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. Barbarossa. [Frederick I., Emperor of the Romans.] Barbarossa I., Horush, (Aroodge, Orood,) Sultan of Algiers, — b. at Mytilene, about 1474 — becomes Mohammedan, assumes name Horush, about 1494 — enters service of the Bey of Tunis, 1504 — governor of Isle of Ierbi, 15 10 — defeated by Andrea Doria, 15 12 — Sul- tan of Algiers, 1516 — defeats Arab king of Tlemsen, 15 17 — defeated and slain by Spaniards, 151 8. Barbarossa II., KhairEddin, (Hadher,) Sul- tan op Algiers, — succeeds his brother, 15 18 — pasha, subject to the Porte, 15 19 — takes island fortress from Spaniai'ds, 1530 — constructs mole joining island to mainland, 1530-33 — drives away Hassan and takes Tunis, 1532, b 1534,° 1535 d — 'pasha of the sea' to Solyman II., 1532 — ravages coasts of Italy, 1533^ 1534 b — besieged in Tunis by Charles V., escapes, (942, a. h.) 1535 c — ravages coasts of Spain, takes Otranto, 1537 b — unsuccessfully attacks Corfu, 1537 — subdues Yemen, (945,) 1538 c — takes Castel-Nuovo, 1539— commands Turkish fleet sent to aid of Francis I., ravages Naples, 1542 — with the French besieges Nice, Aug. I543, b (950,) 1545 c — returns to Constantinople, i544, b 1545 c — tf., (5 Guimadhi I., 953,) 4 Jul. 1546.° a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Ersch and Gruber. Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, Girondist, — b. at Marseilles, 6 Mar. 1767 — goes to Paris with the Marseillese, before 10 Aug. 1792 — de- puty to Convention, allies himself with the Girondists, 1792 — shoots himself, Jul. i794- a a Carlyle. Barbaroux, Charles Oze, statesman and mis- cellaneous writer, — b. at Marseilles, i794, a 16 Aug. 1792 b — admitted advocate, 1814 — with Madier de Montjan presents petition to Cham- ber of Deputies, denouncing cruelties of the Royalists, 18 16 — settles at Paris, about 1820 — Procurateur-general at Pondicherry, 1830 — at Isle of Bourbon, 1831 — at Algiers, 1848— commander of Legion of Honour, 26 Oct. 1849 — member of Council of State, 1852 — senator, 1858— ft. at Vaux, 8 Jul. 1867. Histoire des Etats-Unis, 1824. a Times. b Vapereau. Barbarus, — [BC] — Consul with Regulus, (910, a. u. c.) 157. Barbary States. [Algiers, Marocco, Moors, Tripoli, Tunis, &c] Barbatus, M. Horatius, — [BC] — Consul with Valerius Publicola, (305, a. u. c.) 449. Barbatus Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, — [B C] — Consul with Ap. Claudius Sabinus Re- gillensis, (283, a. u. c.) 471 — with Q. Servilius Priscus Structus, (286,) 468— with Q,. Fabius Vibulanus, (289,) 465 — with Agrippa Farius Medullinus Fusus, (308,) 446— with M. Ge- ganius Macerinus, (311,) 443 — with Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, (314,) 439. Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Kibworth-Harcourt, 20 Jun. 1743 — marries Rochemont Barbauld, May 1774 — left a widow, Nov. 1808 — tf., 9 Mar. 1825. Barbazan, Arnauld Guilhem de, general,— leader on French side in tournament at Mon- tendre, about 1404 — defends Corbeil against Duke of Burgundy, 141 7 — captured by Henry V. of England at Melun, 1420 — wounded and captured at battle of Bulgneville, 143 1 — tf., 1432 ? Barbazan, Etienne, philologist, — b. at St Fargeau, 1696 — tf. at Paris, 1770. Fabliaux et contes frangais des XII e , XIII e , XIV e and XV e siecles, 1759 — Ordene de chevalerie, 1759. Barbe de Marbois, Francois, Marquis, financier, — b. at Metz, 31 Jan. 1745 — member of the Council of Ancients, 1795 — transported to Guyana, after 18 Fructidor, Aug. 1797 — ■ recalled, after 18 Brumaire, Nov. 1799 — Min- ister of the Treasury, 1801-6 — Pres. Cour des Comptes, 1808— joins the Restoration party, 1 814 — Garde- des-Sceaax, 10 Oct. 1815 to 10 May 1816— tf., 14 Jan. 1837. Barberino, Francisco da, poet, — b. at Bar- berino, 1264 — tf., 1348. Barbers, — [B C] — brought to Rome from Sicily, ? 300 — [A D] — of London incorporated by Edward IV., 146 1. Barber-Surgeons, Company of, in England, — incorporated by charter of Edward IV., 146 1 — united with Company of Surgeons, by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 42, 1540 — made separate cor- porations by Act 18 Geo. II. c. 15, 1745. [Surgeons.] , Barbes, Armand, politician, — b. in Guada- loupe, 1809 — goes to Paris, 1830 — imprisoned for conspiracy, Apr. to Sep. 1834 — implicated in attempt of Fieschi, and again arrested, Aug. 1835 — with Blanqui and others promotes in- surrection of 12 May 1839 — sentenced to death, but the sentence commuted to imprison- ment for life; liberated, Feb. 1848 — member of Constituent Assembly, 1848 — takes part in another attempt at insurrection, and is im- prisoned for life, Apr. 1849 — liberated by Napoleon III., 1854 — tf. at the Hague, 26 Jun. 1870. Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, — b. at Beziers, 15 Mar. 1674 — Teacher of Belles Lettres at Ber- lin^ at Berne, b 1697 — Prof. Law and History, Lausanne, 17 11 — Prof. Law, Groningen, 17 17 — tf. there, 1729,° 3 Mar. 1744^ b Traite du '5* BARBIANO -BARCLAY. Jcu, 1709 — Histoire des Anciem Traites, 1720 — French Translation of Puffendorf, 17 12 — French Translation of Grotius de Jure Belli et Facis, 17 14. a Ersch. and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Barbiano, Alberico, Count de,— takes part in massacre of Cesena, 1 Feb. 1377 — places his company of St George at service of Urban VI., 1378 — 'defeats Bretons at Marino, 28 Apr. 1379— Grand Constable of Naples by Charles III. of Naples, 1384 — tf. near Perugia, 1409. Barbiano, Giovanni Jacopo, Count de Bel- giojoso, — b., 1565 — serves in Netherlands under Duke of Parma, 159 1 — accompanies him to France, 1592 — general of the Pope's forces, assists at siege of Rouen, 1592 — distinguishes himself at taking of Cambrai, 1595 — enters service of the Emperor, 1603 — commands in Hungary, 1603 — disgraced, returns to Nether- lands : if., 1626. Barbie du Bocage, Jean Denis, geographer, — b. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1760 — Geographer to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1780 — keeper of the Maps in the Royal Library, 1792 — Prof. Geography, College of France, 1809 — founds Geographical Society, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1825. Atlas to the Voyage dujeune An- acharsis, 1789 — Chart of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 1796 — Atlas of Ancient His- tory , 1S16. Barbier, Antoine Alexandre, bibliographer, ■ — b. at Coulommiers, 1765 — librarian to Napo- leon I., 1807 — &., 5 Dec. 1825. Fictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, 1806-8. Barbieri. [G-uercino.] Earbieri, Giovanni Maria, philologist, his- torian, <$-c. — b. at Modena, 1519— b\, 9 Mar. 1571. Guerra d'Attila, 1568. Barbosa, {Barbessa) Edward, geographical discoverer, — rj. at Lisbon, about 1480- — pub- lishes account of his voyage in S. Asia, 15 16 — accompanies Magellan, and is assassinated at Zebu, 1 May 1521. Barbou, Jean, printer, — at Lyons, 1539. Barbou, Hugues, pr in tcr, — at Limoges, 1580. Barbou, Jean Joseph, printer, — at Paris, 1704-tf., 1752. Barbou, Joseph, printer, — 1723-37. Barbou, Joseph Gerard, printer, — 1750-89. Earbou, Hugues, printer, 1789 — 1808. Barbour, {Barber,) John, theologian, his- torian, poet, — b., i3i6, a i33o b — archdeacon of Aberdeen, 1356 — travels in England, 1365 — t}., 1395,° 1378.^ The Bruce, about 1375. a Dairy mple. b Other authorities. c Jamieson. d Biog. Univ. Barbuda, {IV. L'tdies,)— first settled by Eng- lish, 1628 — granted to General Codrington, about 1695 ? Barbula, Q,. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus, (437, a. u. c.) 317, and (443,) 311. Barbula, L. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consid with Q. Martins Philippus, carries on war against Tarent iii's, (473, a. u. c.) 281. Barbula, M. JEmilius, — [B C] — Consul with M. Junius Pera, carries on war against Ligu- rians, (524, a. u. c.) 230. Barea, Barce, {Barke,) in JS T . Africa, — [B C] — colonized by Greeks from Cyrene, about 560 — taken by the Persians, the inbabitants re- moved to Bactria, 510 — declines after building of Ptolemais, about 250 — [AD] — taken by Saracens, about 641 — disappears after 1236. Barcelona, {Barcino, Faventid,) — [BC] — founded by Hamilcar Barcas, about 235 — Ro- man colony, 206 — [AD] — acquired by Ataul- phus, Gothic king, 411 — held by Moors, 718 -801 — besieged and taken by Charlemagne, 801 — independent county, about 984^ from 87 8 b — united to Aragon, 1131,1137 a — besieged and taken by John II. of Aragon, 17 Oct. 1472 — revolts against Philip IY., 1640 — besieged by Don John of Austria, 1652 — besieged by Earl of Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 22 Aug. 1705 — fort of Monjuich cap- tured, 6 Sep. 1705 — surrenders, 4 Oct. 1705 — besieged by French and Spaniards, spring 1706 — relieved by Sir John Leake, n May 1706 — ■ taken by assault by Duke of Berwick, 12 Sep. 17 14 — seized by General Duhesme, 28 Feb. 1808 — fort of Monjuich surrendered to French by Mina, 2 Nov. 1823 — rises for Don Carlos, 1827 — pronounces for Espartero, 1840 — insur- rection against him, 1841 — bombarded by order of Espartero, 1842 — disturbances at, 1854 — in- surrection against O'Donnell, 18-20 Jul. 1856 — republican insurrection, 25 Sep. 1869. Ca- thedral, commenced, 1298. Treaty of, between Charles V. and Clement YIL, 1529. Councils of, on discipline, about 540, 599, 906 — against usurpers of church property, 1054 — on the ritual, &c, 1068. Floral Games, instituted, 1859. [Maritime Law, of B.] a Engl. Cyc. b Ford. Barchochebas, {Shimeon Bar Cochba,) — heads revolt of the Jews against the Romans, spring i32 a — takes Jerusalem, 1 32 b — killed at assault of Bither (Bethel a ) by Julius Severus, 136,° (9 Ab) Aug. i35- a b a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Barclay, {Berkley,) Alexander, — studies at Oriel Coll. Oxford, about 1495 — rj. at Croy- don,^ Bath, b Jun. c 1552. The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde, 1509. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. Barclay, William, jurist, — b. at Aberdeen, 1541, 11 1546? — Prof. Law at Pont-a-Mousson, 1578 — at Angers, i6o4, a 1605 b — rj. there, 1605. Be Regno et Regali Fotestate, 1600. a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Barclay, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Pont-a-Mousson, 25 Jan. 1582 — accompanies his father to England, 1603 — tr. at Rome, 12 Aug. 1 6 2 1 . Argen is, 1 6 1 2 — Fuphorm ion is Satyricon, 1604 — Icon animorum, 1614. Barclay, John, theologian, — b. at Muthill, Perthshire, 1734 — licensed preacher, 27 Sept. 1759 — secedes from the Kirk and founds sect of Bereans, \*]li — settles at Edinburgh, 1774 — rj. there, 29 Jul. 1798. Barclay, Robert, theologian,— -b. at Gordons- toun, 23 Dec. 1648 — joins Society of Friends, 1666 — tf. at Ury, 3 Oct. 1690. Apology for the true Christian Divinity, 1676. Barclay de Tolly, Prince Michael, — b. in Livonia, i7S5, a 1759 bc — enters the army, BARDANES— BAKLOW. 57 1769 — Colonel, May 1798 — Lieutenant-general, 1807 — Minister of "War, 1810-13 — Field-mar- shal, Mar. 1 8 14 — Prince, 12 Sep; 18 15 — tf. at Justerbourg, 25 May 181 8." a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Conv.-Lex. Bardanes, (Bhilippicus,) Emperor op the East, — proclaimed by the troops in Tauris, Dec. 711 — deposed and exiled, Jun. 713. Bardas, — rises at Court of Constantinople, 830 — guardian to Michael III., 842 — Magnus Logotheta, 854 — contrives murder of Theoctistes, 856 — Csesar, 856 — murdered by the Emperor, 21 Apr. 866. Bardas Phocas, — confined in Amasia on murder of his uncle Nicephorus, 969— escapes to Csesareia in Cappadocia and is proclaimed Emperor, 970 — surrenders to Bardas Sclerus, and is sent to a convent, 970 — called to com- mand against Sclerus, defeats him at the Halys, 979 a — assumes purple again, marches on Con- stantinople, and dies poisoned, 989. a Dufresnoy. Bardas Sclerus, — repels invasion of Bul- garians, &c, 970 — defeats and takes Bardas Phocas, 970 — proclaimed Emperor, 975 — de- feated by Phocas at the Halys, flies to Baghdad, 979 a — imprisoned by Phocas, 989 — tf., 990,° 986. b a Dufresnoy. b Blair. c Biog. Univ. Bardesanes, theologian, — ft. in Syria, 154 a — fl., about 2O0, b 173.° a Ctaron. Edessone. b Mackensie. e Clinton. Barea Soranus, (Servilius, ?) — Consul suf- feetus, (805, a. u. c.) 52 — accused by Ostorius Sabinus, and put to death by Nero, (819,) 66. Barebones' Parliament, — convoked by Cromwell, 14 Jul. 1653 — resign, 22 Dec. 1653. Bareilly, in Hindustan, — part of Rohilcund, till 1774 — ceded to East India Company by Vizier of Oude, 1801. Bareilly, City of, — mutiny at,3i May 1857 — taken by British, 7 May 1858. Barentin, Charles Louis Francois de Paule de, — ft. at Paris, 1738 — succeeds Malesherbes as President of Court of Aids, 1775 — quits France, 1790 — returns with Louis XVIII., 1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 30 May 18 19. Barentsen, (Barents,) Diedrich, painter,- — ft. at Amsterdam, 1534 — studies in Italy, about 1554-61 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1592. Barere (Barrere) de Vieuzac, Bertrand, advocate, statesman, — ft. at Tarbes, 10 Sep. 1755 — deputy. to States- General, 1789 — Pres. of National Assembly, 1 Dec. 1792 — Pres. of Jacobins, 14 Jul. 1794- — arrested, 23 Mar. 1795— member of Legislative Council, 1797 — tf., 15 Jan. 1841. Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Turin, 22 Mar. I7i6, acd 25 Apr. i7i9 b — teacher of Italian in London, 1751-60 — travels on the Continent, 1760 — tf. in London. 5 May 1789. Lettere famigliari, 1762 — Dictionary of English and Italian Lan- guages, 1760 — Spanish and English Dictionary, 1772. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Ersch and Gruber. d Engl. Cyc. EarHeur, in Normandy, — William, Duke of Normandy, embarks at, for invasion of Eng- land, Sep. 1066 — taken by Edward III., 1346. Barham, Eiehard Harris, novelist, §c, — ft. at Canterbury, 6 Dec. 1788 — Minor Canon of St Paul's, 1 821— Divinity Header of St Paul's, 1842— tf., 17 Jun. 1845. Ingoldsby Legends, 1837- Bari, in Italy, — taken by Saracens, about 850 — taken by Louis II., aided by Basilius L, after four years' siege, 868-871 — made metro- polis of Apulia under Eastern Emperors, 890 — ■ captured by Normans, 1059 — retaken by Greeks, 1060 — taken by Robert Guiscard, 1068-71 — ■ taken by Emperor Manuel Comnenus, 11 55 — recovered by William I., king of Sicily, 1156 — visited by Frederick II., 1221 — St Francis preaches before Frederick at, 1222 — the fortress dismantled, 1242. Council of, respecting the 'procession of the Holy Ghost,' Oct. 1098. Barium, (metal,) — discovered by Sir Hum- phry Davy, 1807. Bark, Peruvian, (Jesuits' ',) — introduced into Europe by Spaniards, 1640. Barkal, (Jebel BarJcal,) in Nubia, — ruins visited by Cailliaud, 1821 — by Dr Kiippel, 1824-5. Barker, Benjamin, painter, — ft., 1776 — tf. at Totness, Mar. 1838. Barker, Edmund Henry, philologist, §c., — ■ ft. at Hollym, 22 Dec. 1788 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1807 — tf. in London, 21 Mar. 1839. Classical Recreations, 18 12. Barker, Robert, inventor of panoramas, — ft. at Kells, 1739 — exhibits first panorama, 1788 — tf. in London, Apr. 1806. Barker Thomas, painter, — ft. near Ponty- pool, 1769 — studies at Borne, 1790 — tf., 11 Dec. 1847. Barlaam, (Bernard of Seminara,) theologian, mathematician, — settles at Constantinople, 1327 — abbot of St Salvator a (St Esprit b ), 1331 — envoy from Andronicus to Benedict XII. at Avignon, 1339 — censured by Council of Con- stantinople, 1 341 — Bp of Geraci, 1342' — tf., probably before 4 Aug. 1348. a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. Barleeus, (Caspar van Baerle,) poet, theologian, §c, — ft. at Antwerp, 12 Feb. 1584 — Prof. Logic, Ley den, 16 17- 19 — Prof. Philosophy and Eloquence, Amsterdam, 163 1 — tf. there, 14 Jan. 1648. Poemata, 1645 — Berum per octennium in Brasilia gestarum Historia, 1 647 . Barletta, in Italy, — Frederick II. holds a parliament at, 1228 — claimed by Venice, Sep. 1239 — occupied by Gonzalo of Cordova, Jul. 1502 to 28 Apr. 1503 — riots, and massacre of Protestants at, 19 Mar. 1866. Barlow, Francis, painter, engraver, — ft. in Lincolnshire, 1626 — tf., 1702. Barlow, Joel, diplomat ist^c, — ft. at Bead- ing, Connecticut, TJ.S , 1775 — B.A. Yale Coll., 1778- — relinquishes divinity for law, 1783 — ■ visits England, 1788 — consul at Algiers, 1795- 97 — at Paris, 17 97 -1805 — returns to U.S., 1 805 — minister plenipotentiary to France, 1 8 1 1 — tf. at Zarnowitch, Dec. 18 12. The Colum- biad, 1808. Barlow, Peter, mathematician, — ft. at Nor- wich, 1776 — Prof. Mathematics, R. Military Academy, Woolwich, 1806-47 — F.B.S., 1823 i 5 8 BARLOWE— BARRI. — receives Copley Medal, 1825 — F.S.A., 1829 — ft. at Old Charlton, 1 Mar. 1862. Ele- mentary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers, 181 1 — New Mathematical Tables, 18 14 — New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, 1 8 14 — Essay on the Strength and Stress of Timbers, 1817. Barlowe, William, mathematician, — enters Balliol Coll., Oxford, 1560 — Prebendary of Winchester, about 1573 — Prebendary of Lick- field, 1588 — Archdeacon of Salisbury, 16 14 — if. near Winchester, 1625. Navigators' Supply, 1597 — Magnetical Advertisements, 1616. B'armann, Georg Nikolas, poet, translator, — b. at Hamburg, 19 May 1785 — rj. there, 28 Feb. 1850. Theater, 1*838 — Hamburgische Chronik, 1822. Barmecides, The, — noble family of Persia, persecuted and slain by Haroun al Raschid, (187, a. h.,) 803. Barnabas, St, Epistle of, (spurious ?) — written about 71 or 72, a after 100? a Lardner. Barnabas, St, Gospel of, spurious, — written about 12 1 1-45. Barnabites, Order of, — founded at Milan, 1536/' 1533. b a Dufresnoy. b Others. Barnard, Sir John, merchant, — ft. at Read- ing, 1685 — M. P. London, 1722-58 — Knt, 1732 — Lord Mayor of London, 1737 — "is. at Clapham, 29 Aug. 1764. Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie, ad- vocate, — ft, at Grenoble, 1761 — deputy to States- General, 1789 — withPethion and Latour Mar- bourg accompanies the king and royal family from Varennes to Paris, 21 Jun. 1791 — executed at Paris, 29 Oct. 1793. Barnes, Albert, theologian, — ft. at Rome, New York State, 1 Dec. 1798 — graduates at Hamilton Coll., 1820 — Presbyterian pastor at Morris Town, New Jersey, 1825 — removes to Philadelphia, 1830 — tf. there, 24 Dec. 1870. Notes on New Testament, 1832-48 — Notes on Old Testament, completed, 1851. Barnes, Joshua, philologist, §c, — ft. at Lon- don, 10 Jan. 1654 — Fellow of Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge, 1678 — Regius Prof. Greek, 1695 — &., 3 Aug. 17 12. Edition of Homer, 17 10. Barnet, in Hertfordshire, — Earl of Warwick defeated and killed by Edward IV., near, 14 Apr. 147 1. Barneveldt, Jan van Olden, Grand Pension- ary of Holland, — ft. at Amersfoort, 1547 or 1549 — Advocate at the Hague, 1569 — Counsel- lor and Pensionary of Rotterdam, 1576— serves at siege of Haarlem, 1573 — heads deputation offering sovereignty of United Provinces to Queen Elizabeth, 29 Jun. 1585 — Advocate- general of Holland and "W. Friesland, 1585- 161 8 — ambassador to James I., 1603 — contro- versy between Arminians and Gomarites begins, 1604 — concludes truce with Spain, 9 Apr. 1609 — arrested with Grotius, &c., by States-General, 21 Feb. 161 8 — trial commenced, 19 Xov. 16 18 — beheaded at the Hague, 14 May, 16 19. _ Barney. Joshua, admiral, — ft. at Baltimore, U.S., 6 Jul. 1759 — bearer of national flag to French Convention, 1706 — tf. at Pittsburgh, 1 Dec. 1818. Baroach, district, in Hindustan, — conquered by East India Company, 1781 — ceded to them by treaty with Dowlut Rao Scindia, Dec. 1803. Baroach, city, — taken by Akber, 1572. Baroccio, (Barozzi.) [Vignola.] Baroccio, Federigo, painter, — ft. at Urbino, 1528 — at Rome, 1458-52 — lj. at Urbino, 1612. Baroda, in Hindustan, — Pillajee Guicowar assumes sovereignty of, 1730 ? —treaty between Futteh Sing Guicowar and East India Com- pany, 1780 — sequestration of part of the ter- ritory by the Company, 1828. Barometer, — invented by Torricelli, 1643 — Pascal's experiment on the Puy de Dome, 19 Sep. 1648. [Aneroid Barometer.] Baronet, Knight Baronet, Order of, — in England, instituted by James L, 22 May 161 1 — completed first, 1622 — of Ireland, in- stituted by James I., 30 Sep. 1619 — of Scot- land, (Nova Scotia baronet,) by Charles I., 28 May 1625. Baronius, Cesare, Cardinal, ecclesiastical historian, — ft. at Sora, Naples, 30 s Oct. 1538 — goes to Rome, 1557 — Superior of Congre- gation of the Oratory, 1593 — Cardinal, by Clement VIII., 1596 — tr. at Rome, 30 Jun., ac May b 1607. Annates Ecclesiastici, 15 8 8- 1607. a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. Barons, in England, — first summoned as representatives, 1265 — created, by letters pa- tent, by Richard II., 1387. Barons' Wars. [John, and Henry III., Kings of England, Montfort, Simon de, Louis, Dauphin of France, &c.] Barossa, in Spain — Marshal Victor defeated by General Graham, 5 Mar. 1811. Barquicimeto, in Venezuela, — founded by Spaniards, 1522 — destroyed by earthquake, 1812. Barrackpore, in Hindustan, — mutiny of Se- poys breaks out at, 29 Mar. 1857. Barramahal, in Hindustan, — ceded to Brit- ish by treaty of Seringapatam, 1722. Barras, Paul Jean Francois Nicolas, Count de, — ft. at Fos-Emphoux, Provence, 20, a 30 b Jim. 1755 — enters the army, 1775 — present at siege of Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789— member of Xa- tional Convention, 1792 — arrests Robespierre, (9 Thermidor,) 27 Jul. 1794 — General-in-chief for Convention, (13 Tendemiaire,) 5 Oct. 1795 — member of Directory, 1795 — dictator for the coup d'etat, (18 Fructidor,) 4 Sep. 1797 — loses all power, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Xov. 1799 — ex- iled to Toulon, 1803 — goes to Rome, 18 13 — returns to Paris, 18 14 — rj. at Chaillot, 29 Jan. 1829. a Bose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, — ft. at Paris, 1606 — B.M., 1632 — enters Dominican Order, 1635 — travels in France, Spain, and Italy as assistant to General of the Order, 1646 — re- turns to Paris, 1672 — tf. there, 17 Sep. 1673. Elantce per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam obscrvatai, §c. 17 14. Barrere. [Barere.] Barret, George, painter, — ft. at Dublin, 1732 — R.A., 1768. — U. at London, 1784. Barri, Gerald.de. [Giraldus Cambrensis.] BAEEI— BABTHEZ. Barri, {Barry,) Marie Jeanne Vaubernier, Countess du, — b. at Vaucouleurs, 19 Aug. 1746 — married to Count Guillaume du Barry, and presented at Court, Apr. 1769— procures dismissal of Duke de Choiseul, Jan. 1771 — banished from Court by Louis XVI. and con- fined in Convent of Pont-aux-Dames, May 1774 — goes to England, Jul. 1792 — returns to France and is arrested, Jul. 1793 — guillotined, 7 Dec. 1793. Barricades, Journee des, — at Paris, (1.) Henry III. expelled by populace, 12 May 1588— (2.) Disturbances of tbe Frondeurs and Mazarins, 26 Aug. 1648. Barrier, Treaty of the, — between tbe Em- peror, the King of Great Britain, and States- General of United Provinces, signed at Antwerp, 15 Nov. 1 7 15. Barrington, Daines, lawyer, naturalist, §c, — b., 1727 — called to the Bar, 1749 — Marshall of Court of Admiralty, 175 1 — Welsh piusne judge, 1757-85 — tf., n, a i4 b Mar. 1800. Ob- servations on the Statutes, 1766 — Miscellanies, 1 78 1. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Rees' Cyc. Barristers, — act as advocates, about 1600 — rules for admission to the bar, adopted by all the Inns, 1762 — new rules agreed to, 1852. Barrois, Duchy of Bar, in France — erected as early as 958 — takes title of County, 1034 — resumes title of Duchy, 1355 — united with Duchy of Lorraine, 143 1. [Bar le Duel Barros, Joso de, historian, — b. at Viseu, 1490 or 1496 — Governor of Colonies in Guinea, 1522-54 — Governor of Maranham, 1539— &• at Alitem, near Pombal, 20 Oct. 1570. Azia Portugueza, 1552- 1563. Barrow, Isaac, theologian, mathematician, — b. in London, Oct. 1630 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1645 — B.A., 1648 — Fellow of Trin. Coll. 1649 — M.A., 1652 — ad eundem, Oxford, 1653 — travels in Europe, 1655-59 — Prof. Greek, Cambridge, 1660 — B.D. 1661 — Gres- bam Prof. Geometry, 1662-64 — F.B.S., May 1663 — Lucasian Prof., 1663-69 — D.D., 1670 — Master of Trin. Coll., Feb. 1672— Vice-Chan- cellor, 1675 — tf. in London, 4 May, 1677. Lectiones Opticce, 1669 — Lectiones Geomctricce, 1670 — Theological Works, 1687. Barrow, Sir John, Bart, miscellaneous writer,— b. near Ulverstone, 19 Jun. 1764 — accompanies Lord Macartney to China, 1792 — to Cape of Good Hope, 1797 — second Secre- tary to the Admiralty, 1804-45 — F.E.S., 1805 — assists in founding Geographical Society, 1830 — Bart., 1835 — tf. in London, 23 Nov. 1848. Travels to China, 1804 — Life of Ma- cartney, 1807 — Chronological History of Arc- tic Voyages, 1818 — Mutiny of the Bounty, 1 83 1 — Memoirs of Naval Worthies of Queen Elizabeth's Reign, 1845 — Autobiography, 1847. Barrow's Strait, {Lancaster Sound,) — visited by Danes, 1226 — discovered by Baffin, 16 16 — explored by Parry, 18 19. Barry, Sir Charles, architect, — b. at West- minster, 1795 — E.A., 1 841 — F.E.S., 1849 — Knt, 1852— tf., 12 May i860. Palace at West- minster, 1840-59. Barry, James, painter,— $. at Cork, 11 Oct. 1 741 — exhibits at Society of Arts at Dublin, 1763 — studies at Eome, 1765-70 — A.E.A., 1772 — E.A., 1773 — Prof, of Painting, E.A., 1782 — expelled from E.A., 1797 — tf. in London, 22 Feb. 1806. Inquiry into the Obstructions to the Acquisitioyi of Arts in England, 1775 — Progress of Civilization, 1777-84. Barry, Lodowick, comedian. Bam Alley, or Merry Tricks, 161 1. Barry, Martin, physiologist, — b. in Hamp- shire, Mar. 1802 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1833— F.E.S. London, 1840— tf. at Beccles, Suffolk, 27 Apr. 1855. Researches in Embryology, §c, (in Philosophical Transactions,) 1838-43. Barsumas, Nestorian Bp ofNisibis, — fl. 435- 485- Bart, {Barth,) Jean, admiral, — b. at Dunkirk, 1650^ 1655 b — enters the French navy, 1671 — serves against Holland and England, 1672-97 — presented to Louis XIV., 1691 — defeats Ad- miral Vries, and is ennobled, 1694 — tf. at Dun- kirk, 27 Apr. 1702. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Bartas, Guillaume de Salnste du, poet, diplo- matist, — b. near Auch in France, 1544 — tf. of wounds received at battle of Ivry, Jul. 1590. (Euvres, 1601. Bartenstein, — Convention of, between Em- peror Alexander of Eussia and Xing of Prussia, concluded, 26 Apr. 1807. Barth, Henry, African explorer. — b. at Hamburg, 16 Feb. 1821 — goes to Berlin, 1839 — visits Italy, 1840-41 — visits Africa, 1845 — Western Asia, 1846 — Greece, 1847 — joins Eng- lish exploring expedition into Central Africa, end of 1 849 — returns to Berlin, autumn 1 855 — Prof. Extraord. Geography, Berlin "Univ., 1863 — tf. at Berlin, 26 Nov. 1865. Reise und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika, 1855-58 — Sammlung und Verarbeitung central- afrik Vocabularien, 1862-64. Barthel, Johann Caspar, canonist,— -b. at Kitzingen, 1697 — studies at Eome, 1725-27 — D.C.L., 1727 — Prof. Canon Law, Wurzburg, 1727 — D.D., 1729 — Privy Councillor, 1744 — ■ Vice- Chancellor of the Univ., 1754 — tf., 177 r. ECistoria et generalia Paoficationum Imperii circa religionem sistens, 1736 — De concordatis Germanics, 1740 — De jure reformandi antiquo, 1744. Barthelemy, Francois, Marquis de, peer of France, — b. at Aubagne, about 1750 — Plenipo- tentiary to Switzerland, Dec. 1791 — concludes peace with Prussia, 1795 — member of the Directory, 1796 — imprisoned and exiled, 4 Sep. 1797 — escapes to England; Vice-president of the Senate, Count of the Empire, Feb. 1 800 — peer, officer of the Legion of Honour, 1 8 14 — Minister of State, Marquis, 18 15 — tf., 3 Apr. 1830. Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, antiquary,— b. at Cassis, in Provence, 20 Jan. 17 16 — assistant keeper of the King's Cabinet of Medals, 1745 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1747 — imprisoned, 2 Sep. 1793 — tf., 30 Apr. 1795. Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grece, 1788. Barthez, (Barthes) Paul Joseph, physician, i6o BARTHOLDY— BASEL. physiologist, — b. at Montpellier, n Dec. 1734 — M. D., 1753 — censor royal, 1757 — Prof. Medicine, Montpellier, 1759 — assistant Chan- cellor of the Faculty, 1774 — Chancellor, L.L.D., 1780 — goes to Paris and is appointed consulting physician to the King, 1780 — first physician to Duke of Orleans, 178 1 — loses his places and retires into Languedoc, 1790 — phy- sician to Napoleon, 1802 — ti. at Paris, 15 Oct. 1806. Nouveaux Elemens de la Science de V Homme, 1778 — Nouvelle mecaniquedes mouve- ments de Vhomme et des animaux, 1798 — Dis- courssitr le genie d' PLippocrate, 1801 — Consulta- tion de Jledecine, 18 10. Bartholdy, Jacob Solomon, diplomatist, — b. at Berlin, 13 May 1779 — goes to Paris, 1801 — goes to Dresden, and becomes a Protestant, 1805 — serves in Austrian army, 1809 — takes office in Prussia, 1813 — Member of Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — ti. at Rome, 26 Jul. 1825. Bartholdy, Felix Mendelssohn. [Mendels- sohn.] Bartholine, Caspar, physician, — 6. at Mal- moe, 12 Feb., 1585 — M.A., "Wittenberg, 1607 j — M.D., Basel, 1610 — Prof. Greek, Copen- hagen, 1612 — Medicine, 161 3 — Divinity, 1624 — ti. at Sora, 13 Jul. 1629,^ 1630 b . Imtitu- ticnes anatomicce, 16 11. a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. c Zedler. Bartholine, (Partholinus,) Erasmus, geome- trician, — b. at Roeskild, 13 Aug. 1625 — be- comes successively Prof. Geometry and Medicine, Copenhagen: ft. 5 Nov. 1698. De Cometis, 1664-65. Bartholine, Thomas, anatomist, $e., — b. at Copenhagen, 20 Oct. i6i6, ac 1619 b — M.D., Basel, 1645 — Prof. Mathematics, Copenhagen, 1647 — Prof. Anatomy, Copenhagen, 1648,^ 1646 b — his Library and. MSS. burnt, 1670 — member of Grand Council of Denmark, 1675 — ti., 4 Dec., b Xov. c 1680. Historiarum ana- tomicarum Centuries FT., 1654-61. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. TJniv. c Conv.-Lex. Bartholine, Thomas, jurist, historian, §c, — b., 29 May 1659 — ti., 5 Nov. 1690. An- tiquitatum Danicarum de causis contemtce a Danis adhuc gentilibus mortis, 1689. Bartholomew, St, Massacre of, — begins at Paris, 24 Aug. 1572. Bartholomew, Island of, ( TV. Indies,) — set- tled by French, 1648 — taken possession of by English, 1689— restored to France at Peace of Eyswick, 20 Sep. 1697 — ceded to Sweden, 1785. Bartholomew Fair, London, — established by Payer (Eaherus), 11 20 — confirmed by char- ter of Henry I., 11 33 —suspended by the Plague, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1630, 1665-66 — severed from the Church, 1539 — becomes four- teen-day fair, after 1660 — decay of, about 1685 — reduced to three days, 1694 — its abolition dis- cussed, 1798 — again, 1839 — last proclamation of, 1855. Bartholomites, Order of, — founded, about 1640. Bartoli, Danielle, ecclesiastical historian, — ft. at Ferrara, 1608 — enters Order of Jesuits, about 1623 — Hector of Gregorian Coll., 167 1 — tr. at Rome, 13 Jan. 1685. Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu, 1653-73. Bartoli, Pietro Santi, painter, engraver, — b. at Perugia, 1635— tf. at Rome, 1700. Bartoli, Giuseppe, antiquary, — b. at Padua, Feb. 1 7 17 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Turin, 1745 — ti. there, about 1790. Bartolini, Lorenzo, sculptor, — b. at Yernio, in Tuscany, about 1777— goes to Paris, 1797 — obtains first prize at the Special School, 1803 — sent by Napoleon I. to found Academy of Sculpture at Carrara, 1808 — settles at Florence, 1 8 15 — director of the department for Sculpture in Academy of Fine Arts, after 18 15 — if. at Florence, 6 Jan. 185c. Bartolozzi, Francesco, engraver, — b. at Florence, 1730^ 1725 b — goes to England, 1764 — R.A., 1769— Superintendent of School of Engraving at Lisbon, i8o2, c i8o5, d i8i2, a 1806 b — rj. there, 1813. a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen, c Engl. Cyc. d Conv.-Lex. Barton, Benjamin Smith, physician, na~ turalist, $c„— b. at Lancaster, U. S., 10 Feb. 1766 — studies at Edinburgh, 1786-88 — Prof. Botany and Natural History, Philadelphia, 1789-1815 — Prof. Materia Medica, 1795 — Prof. Practice of Physic, 1813 — ti., 19 Dec. 18 16. Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania, 1800. Barton, Bernard, poet, — b. in London, 31 Jan. 1784 — tf., 19 Feb. 1849. Barton, Elizabeth, the Nun of Kent, — be- comes known, 1525 — declared by the parish priest to be inspired, 1531 — instructed by Father Booking, 1531 — takes the veil at Can- terbury, 15 3 1 — pronounces against divorce of Catherine of Aragon, threatens Henry VIII. with deposition and death, and is arrested and sent to the Tower, 1533 — brought before Star Chamber, Nov. 1533 — makes a confession at Paul's Cross, Dec. 1533 — bill of attainder against her and accomplices, passed, 6 Mar. 1534— beheaded at Tyburn, 21 Apr. 1534. Bartram, John, botanist, — b. at Marpole, in Pennsylvania, 1 701 — founds first botanic garden in America, before 1740 — ti., Sep. 1777. Bartram, William, botanist, — b. at King- sessing, Pennsylvania, 1739 — travels in South- ern States, 1773-78 — ti., 22 Jul. 1823. Travels through N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, §c, 1791. Bartsch, Johann Adam Eernhard von, en- graver, — b. at Vienna, 17 Aug. 1757 — keeper of imperial collection of engravings, 17 81 — employed in arranging them, 1791-1820 — ti. at Vienna, 21 Aug. 1821. Catalogue raisonne de toutes les estampes de Rembrandt, 1797 — Fein tre-graveur, 1802-21. Baruch. [Jeremiah.] Basaiti, Marco, painter, — fl., 1470-1520. Calling of St Peter and St Andrew, Venice, 151 1 — Calling of James and John, Vienna, 1515. Basel, {Basle, Pule,) in Switzerland, — sub- ject to the Alamanni, 406 — rises into import- ance, soon after 450 — passes to Franks, about 500 — falls to Ludwig the German, 843— de- stroyed by Magyars, 917 — and rebuilt by BASEL— BASIRE. 161 Henry I.; belongs to the Empire, 1032— ren- dezvous of French crusaders, 1202 — besieged by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273— destroyed by earthquake and great tire, 1336^ 1356 b — tournament held by Duke Leopold of Austria, 1376— joins Swiss Confederacy, 1501 — adopts the Reformation and expels the bishops, 1525 — seized by the French, 1798. Cathedral, built by Henry II., 1010-19 — burnt, 11 35— and re- built: destroyed by earthquake and rebuilt, i35 6 - b University, founded by Pope Pius II., 1459. Museum, completed, 1849. Councils of, for election of Cadalous, Bp of Parma, Pope, Oct. 1 06 1. Eighteenth General Co uncil, for reunion of Greek and Latin churches and for reform- ation, transferred from Siena by Martin V. and Eugenius IV., opens, 23 Jul. 143 1 — first session, 14 Dec. — loth, 26 Nov. 1433 — approved by bull of Eugenius IV., 15 Dec. 1433 — 17th session, before the Emperor, 26 Apr. 1434 — 18th, 26 Jun. 1434— 19th, 7 Sep.— 20th, 22 Jan. 1435— 21st, 9 Jun.— 22nd, 15 Oct.— 23rd, 24 Mar. 1436— 24th, 14 Apr.— 25th, 7 May 1437 — 26th, 26 Jul. — dissolved or transferred to Ferrara, by decree of the Pope : 27th, 27 Sep. — 29th, 12 Oct., the Pope's bull annulled: 30th, 8 Jan. 1438 — retirement of Cardinal Julian Cesarini : 34th, 25 Jun. 1439 — ^ u " genius deposed: 39th, 17 Nov. — election of Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, Pope, confirmed: [Felix V.] 45th, last session, May 1443. Treaties of, between king of Prussia and French Republic, signed, 5 Apr. 1795— be- tween Spain and French Republic, cession of Spanish part of St Domingo, signed, 12 Jul. — ratified, 22 Jul. 1795. a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. Basel, Bishopric of, German principality, — forms alliance with Catholic cantons, 1579, 1671, and 1697 — with France, 1739, 1777, and 1780 — overrun by French troops, 1792 — Hel- vetic part annexed to France, 1798 — Ger- man part, by treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 1797. Basevi, George, architect, — fj. at Brighton, 1794 — tf. at Ely, 16 Oct. 1845. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 1837-47. Bashan, Rephaims, El Bottein, (Batanaa, Trachonitis, Gaulonitis, Auranitis,) — [B C] — subjugated by Chedoiiaomer, 1928 s — Og de- feated and slain, country seized by Jews, 145 1 a ■ — ravaged by Hazael of Syria, about 850 a — recovered by Joash, after 839 — granted by Au- gustus to Herod the Great, after 30 — divided at his death, 4— Batansea given to Philip, 4 — [AD]— annexed to Syria, 34 — given to Herod Agrippa, by Caligula, 37 — reverts to the empire, 44-53 — given by Claudius to Agrippa II., 53. a Ussb.er. Bashee Islands, {E. Indies,) — visited by Dampier, about 1690 — taken possession of by Spain, 1783. Bashkirs, — subdued by Czar Ivan the Ter- rible, about 1556. Bashuysen, Heinrich Jacob van, orientalist, — ft. at Hanau, 26 Oct. 1679 — Prof. Oriental languages, Hanau, 1701 — Prof. Theology, 1703 — Prof. Theology, History, and Oriental lan- guages, Zerbst, 1716-58 — tf. there, 29 or 31 Dec. 1758. Basientello, in Apulia, — the Emperor Otto II. defeated by Saracens and Greeks, 13 Jul. 982. Basil, St, the Great, {Basilius,) Bp of C^esareia, — ft. atCsesareia, Cappadocia, 329,^ 326,° — studies at Athens, 351-55 — teaches rhe- toric at Caesareia, 355 — makes his monastic tour in Syria and Egypt, 357 — retires to re- ligious seclusion, 358 — embassy about Homoou- sians to Constantinople, 359 — returns to his monastery, 360 — invited to Julian's court, 361 — presbyter, 362 — deposed by Eusebius, 364 — restored, 365 — Bp of Caesareia, 37o, b 371 d — ft, there, 1 Jan. 379, b 38o. d a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. Basil, St, Order of, — founded by St Basil in Pontus, about 358 — introduced into Western Church, 1057^ a Moreri. Basileides, Gnostic, — fl., about 120-130. Basilica, — [B C] — first erected at Rome, by M. Porcius Cato, 184. Basilica, — authorized Greek version of the Pandect, Code, &c, of Justinian, by Basilius I. and Leo VI., about 876-900 — revised, about 945. Basilides, Epicurean philosopher, — succeeds Dionysius about 200. Basiliscus, Emperor op the East,-^- com- mands against Bulgarians, 463 — Consul with Hermenericus, (1218, a. u. c.) 465 — leads expedition against Genseric at Carthage, 468 — defeated by Genseric, 468 — banished to He- raclea; deposes Zeno and is proclaimed Em- peror, end of Nov. 475— Consul with Armatus, (1229,) 476 — seized and imprisoned in Cappa- docia, Jun. or Jul. 477 — dies of starvation, winter 477-8. Basilius I., the Macedonian, Emperor op the East, — ft. in Macedonia, 826 a ? — slave in Bulgaria, 813 b — kills Bulgarian pugilist, 842 — chief chamberlain, 854,? 861 ab — marries Eu- doxia, Dec. 865 — conspires against Bardas and made Augustus, 866 — contrives murder of Michael III. and succeeds him, 24 Sep. 867 — convokes Council of Constantinople, 869— war against Arabs, 872-75 — treaty with Russians at Kiew, before 880 ? — rj. of wounds by hunted stag, 1 Mar. 886. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Basilius, II., Emperor of the East, — ft., 958 — succeeds Zimisces, with his brother Con- stantine, 975, a 10 Jan. 976 b — rebellion of Bar- das Scleros, 979 — war against Bulgarians, 98i, a 976-1018 c — rebellion of Bardas Phocas, 987- 89 — visits Thessalonica, 990 — takes Vidin, 1002 — defeats Bulgarians, at Zetunium, 29 Jul. ioi4 b — unsuccessfully besieges Pernikon, 1016 — Bulgaria a Greek province, 1018 — war against N. Iberia, 1022 — rj., Dec. 1025. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Finlay. Basilius, — 1. Fl, Csecina, Consul with Vi- vianus, (1216, a. u. c.) 463—2. Junior, Consul, (1233,) 480—3. Fl., Consul, (1294,) 541. Basing, {De Basingstoke,) John, philologist, — fl., about 1230 — introduces Greek numerals in England : U., 1252. Basing House, in Hampshire, — stormed by Cromwell, 14 Oct. 1645. Basire, Isaac, theologian, — ft. in Jersey, 1607 BASIRE— BASTIAT. — D.D., chaplain to Charles I., 1640— travels in Syria, Greece, Turkey, &c, 1646-60 — tf., 12 Oct. 1676. Basire, James, engraver, — ft., 6 Oct. 1730 — engraver to Society of Antiquaries, 1760 — engraver to Royal Society, 1770 — tr., 6 Sep. 1 802. Plates in Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, 1786-96. Baskerville, John, printer, — ft. at Wolver- ley, Worcestershire, 1706 — settles at Birming- ham, 1726 — produces his first work, 1756 — tf. at Birmingham, 8 Jan. 1775. Basnage, Antoine, Protestant pastor, — ft., 16 10 — imprisoned at Havre de Grace, 1675 — escapes to Holland on revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685— tf. at Zutphen, 1691. Basnage, Benjamin, theologian, — ft. at Ca- rentan, 1580— deputy to Synod at Charenton, 1623 — Pres. of Synod at Aleucon, 1637 — tf., 1652. Traite de V Eglise, 1612. Basnage de Flottemanville, Samuel, — ft. at Bayeux, 1638 — escapes with his father to Hol- land, 1685 — tf. at Zutphen, 1721. Histoire de la religion des Eglises reformees, 1690 — De rebus sacris et ecclesiasticis exercitationis Historico- critica, §c., 1692. Basnage de Beauval, Henri, lawyer,— -ft. at Rouen, 7 Aug. 1656— escapes into Holland on revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1687— tf. at the Hague, 29 Mar. 17 10. Edits Histoire des Ouvrages des Savans, 1687- 1709. Basques, {Vascones, Varduli, jHuscaldunce,) — subdued by the Goths, 580 — Alava and Gui- puscoa united to Castile by Alonso VIII., 1200. Basque Eoads, — French squadron destroyed in, by Admiral Gambier and Lord Cochrane, 11-12 Apr. 1809. Bass Rock, — purchased by the English Government of Sir Andrew Ramsay, and used as prison for the Covenanters, 1671 — holds out against William III., 1690 — fortifications de- stroyed by William III., 1701 — granted to Sir Hew Dalrymple, 1706. Bass Strait,— discovered by Bass and Flin- ders, 1798. Bassano, Jaeopo da Ponte, II, painter, — ft, at Bassano, 1510 — tf. there, 13 Feb. 1592. Bassano, Francesco da Ponte, painter, — ft., I54V i55° b — tt-, i59 J » a 4 Jul- i59 2 - b a Nagler. b Biog. Catalogue. Bassano, Giambattista da Ponte, — 6., '553> a i5 6 3 b — "Om i 6 i3> a i 6 23- b a Biog. Catalogue. b Nagler. Bassano, Leandro, painter, — ft., 1558 — tf. at Venice, 1623. Bassano, Girolamo da Ponte, painter, — ft., 1560 — tf., 1622. Bassano, in Italy,— given, up to republic of Venice by the Visconti of Milan, 1404 — seized by Napoleon, 1797— given up to Austria by treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797. Bassantin, {Bassintoun,) James, astronomer, — ft., before 15 12 — returns from France to Scotland, 1562 — tf., 1568. Discours Astrono- mique, 1577. Basse, William, poet, — living, 1612-53 — Prist orals, §c. prepared for publication, 1653 — printed by Collier, ? 1870. Bassein, in Hindustan, — ceded to Portuguese by Sultan of Cambay, 153 1 — conquered by Mahrattas, 1750 — taken by English, 1774 and 1780 — restored to Mahrattas, 1783 — taken by English, 181 8 and 19 May 1852. Treaty of, between English and the Peishwa, 31 Dec. 1802. Basset Horn, — invented, 1770. Bassignana, inPied?nont, — Raymond of Car- done defeated by Marco Visconti, 6 Jul. 1322 — the Piedmontese defeated by the French, 27 Sep. 1745. Basso di Camera,— perfected, 1844. Bassompierre, Francois de, Marshal of France, — ft. in Lorraine, 12 Apr. 1579 — in- troduced to Henry IV., 1598 — first campaign, 1602 — serves in Hungary, 1603 — Colonel- general of Swiss Guards, 16 10 — Marshal of France, 1622 — ambassador extraordinary to Spain, 1624 — ambassador extraordinary to Switzerland, 1625 — ambassador to England, 1626 — arrested and imprisoned in Bastille, 23 Feb. 1 63 1 — released, Dec. 1642 — tf., 12 Oct., a Apr. b 1646. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Bassoon, — invented, 1539. Bassoon, — double, invented and used at Handel Commemoration, 1784. Bassorah, {Basra, Bussorah,) — founded by command of Omar, 636 — subject to Turks, from 1668. Bassus, — 1. Consul with Q. Epidius Rufus Gentianus, (964, a. u. c.) 211 — 2. Consul with Menimius Tuscus, (1011,) 258; with JEmili- anus, (1012,) 259 — 3. Consul with Ablavius, (1084,) 331—4. Consul vtih Philippus, (1161,) 408 — 5. Consul with Antiochus, (1184.) 431 — 6. C. Lecanius, Consul with M. Licinius Cras- sus Frugi, (817,) 64—7. L. Flavius Silva Nonius, Consul with Asinius Pollio Verrucosus, (834,) 81 — 7. M. Ceionius Virius, Consulvtith. L. Domitius Valerius Aurelianus, (1024,) 271 — with Quintianus, (1042,) 289 — 8. Consul with Gallicanus, (1070,) 317— 9.— [BC]— Q. Csecilius, quaestor, ? 59 — escapes to Tyre after battle of Pharsalia, 48 — obtains possession of Tyre, maintains himself in Apamea, against C. Antistius Vetus, Statius Murcus, and Mar- cius Crispus, 46-43 — his troops go over to Cassius, 43. Bassus, Csesius, Soman lyric poet, — killed at eruption of Vesuvius, 79. Bassus, Cassianns, writer on agriculture, — ■ fl., 911— 959. Bassus, Saleius, Soman epic poet, — fl., be- fore 100. Bast, Friedrich Jacob, philologist, — ft ; , about 1772 — tf. at Paris, Nov. 181 1. Lettre critique a M. Boissonarde, sur Antoninus Li- beralise §c, 1805. Bastarnse, (Bastemce,) — [BC] — first men- tioned, about 175 — defeated and driven over Danube by M. Crassus, 30. Bastia, in Corsica, — taken by English, 1745 — restored to Genoese, 1745 — unsuccessfully besieged by Austrians and Piedmontese, 1 748 — taken by French, 1794. Bastiat, Frederic, political economist, — ft. at Bayonne, 29 Jun. i8oi, a 1803 b — visits Eng- BASTILLE— BATHYANI. i$ s land, 1845 — XT- at Rome, 24 Dec. 1850. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Bastille, Paris, — founded by Hugues d'Au- briot, 22 Apr. 1369 — completed by addition of four towers, 1383 — strengthened by fosse and outer wall, 1634 — besieged and taken by Bur- gundians, 141 8 — besieged and taken by Henry IV., 1594 — besieged, taken, and destroyed by Parisians, 14 Jul. 1789. Bastions, in Fortification, — said to have been invented by Achmet Pasha, 1480 a — in- vented by San Michaeli of Verona, 1527. b a Folavd. b Maffei, Vasari. Bastwick, John, physician, — ft. at Writtle, Essex, 1593 — condemned by Star Chamber, 14 Jun. 1637 — set in the pillory with Prynne and Burton, and mutilated, 30 Jun. 1637 — fr., after 1648. Elenchus Religionis Papisticce, 1624 — Flagellum Pontificis, 1635 — New Li- tany, 1637 — Apologeticus ad Prcesules Angli- canos, 1636. Batavi, — [B C] — allies of Rome under Au- gustus, 31 — [ADJ — revolt, and are subdued by Civilis, 69 — allied with Frisii, about 295. [Friesland.] Batavia, (Java,) — factory at Jaccatra, estab- lished by Dutch, 16 12 — factory at Jaccatra, established by English, 161 8 — town founded by Dutch and made seat of government, 16 19 — Chinese massacred by Dutch at, 1742 — passes into hands of the French, 18 11 — taken by English, 1811 — restored to Dutch by Con- vention of, 13 Aug. 1 8 14. Batavian Republic. [Netherlands.] Bateman, Thomas, physician, — ft. at Whit- by, 29 Apr. 1778 — M.D., Edinburgh, 1801 — Physician to Carey St Dispensary, 1804-19 ■ — if. at Whitby, 9 Apr. 1821. /Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases, 181 3. Bateman, William, Bp of Norwich, — founds Trim Hall, Cambridge, 1350. Bates, John, musician, — ft. at Halifax, 1740 — director of orchestra at Handel Commemor- ation, 1784— if. Governor of Greenwich Hos- pital, 8 Jun. 1799. Bates, William, theologian, — ft., 1625 — B.A., Cambridge, 1647 — assists at Savoy Con- ference, 1660 — 1j., at Hackney, 14 Jul. 1699. Vitce selectorum aliquot Virorum, 168 1. Bath, in Somersetshire, (Aqua? Solis, Sols- bury,) — Roman settlement, not before 44 a — abandoned by Romans, not later than 410 a — legendary battle of Mons Badonicus, 520 a — Saxon conquest of, 577 a — coronation of Edgar at, 973 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 159 1 — visited by the Prince and Princess of Wales, 1738 — riots at, Aug. 1780 — visited by Queen Charlotte, 1817-18 — visited by Queen Ade- laide, 1 Aug. 1827 — visited by Princess Vic- toria, 1830. Abbey Church, built, 1503-40 — repaired, 1572-1610 — restoration of, by Scott, commenced, 1864. a Earle. Bath, Knights of the, — order instituted by Henry IY. at his coronation, 1399 — discon- tinued after coronation of Charles II., 1660? — revived by George I., 23 May 1725 — remodelled by Prince Regent, 1 Jan. 18 15 — opened to civilians, 25 May 1847 — extended admission, 1 6 Aug. 1850. Bath, Earl of. [Pulteney, William.] Bathang, in Tibet, destroyed by earthquake and fire, 11-23 Apr. 1870. Bathori, Stephen, King of Poland, — ft., 1532 — elected Prince of Transylvania, 21 May 157 1 — elected King of Poland, 15 Dec. 1575 resigns Transylvania to his brother Christopher, 1576 — crowned with his wife (Anne, sister of Sigismund Augustus) at Cracow, 1576 — be- sieges and takes Polocz, 30 Aug. 1576 — in al- liance with Sweden makes war on Russia, 1579 — makes peace with the Czar and obtains cession of Courland, 1582 — Ij. at Grodno, 13 Dec. 1586. Bathori, Christopher, — elected Prince of Transylvania, 1576 — q\, 158 1. Bathori, Sigismund, Prince of Transyl- vania, — succeeds his brother Christopher, 158 1 — surrenders his country to Austrians, 1588* — in alliance with Emperor Rudolph makes war on Turks, 1595 — takes part in campaign of Hungary, 1596 — exchanges Transylvania for Oppelen and Ratibor in Silesia, 1597 b — abandons Silesia and returns to Transylvania, 1598 — transfers the principality to his cousin, Cardinal Andrew Bathori, 1599 — attempts to recover it after death of Andrew, defeated at Moitin, 2 Aug. 1601 — ft. in prison at Prague, 20, b 27 a Mar. 1613. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Baths and Washhouses, Public, — estab- lished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 74, 26 Aug. 1846. Bathurst, Allen, Earl Bathurst, — ft. at Westminster, Nov. 1684 — enters Trin. Coll., Oxford, 1699 — M.P. Cirencester, 1705 — Baron, 17 11 — Treasurer to George, Prince of Wales, 1757-60 — created Earl Bathurst, 1772 — tf. at Cirencester, 16 Sep. 1775. Bathurst, Henry, Earl Bathurst, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft., 20 May, 17 14 B.A., Oxford, 1733— M.P. Cirencester, 1735- 54 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1736 — Judge of the Common Pleas, 2 May 1754 — joint commissioner of Great Seal, Jan. 1770 — ■ Lord Chancellor, Baron Apsley, 23 Jan. 177 1 resigns, 3 Jun. 1778 — Lord Pres. of the Council, 1779-82 — fr. near Cirencester, 6 Aug. 1794. Bathurst, Ralph, physician, theologian, §c., — ft. at Howthorpe, 1620— enters Trin. Coll., Oxford, 1634 — M.A., 1641 — M.D., 21 Jun. 1654 — F.R.S, 19 Aug. 1663 — President R.S., 23 Apr. 1668 — Dean of Wells, 28 Jun. 1670 — Vice-Chancellor of University, 3 Oct. 1673 — Bp of Bristol, 1691 — tf., 14 Jun. 1704. Literary Remains, 176 1. Bathurst, in W. Africa,— settled by Eng- land, 1 8 16. Bathurst, in New S. Wales, — settled by England, about 18 13 — gold discovered at, by Hargraves, 1851. Bathurst, island in the Arctic Ocean, — dis- covered by Parry, 18 19. Bathyani, (Battyani,) Count Ludwig, — ft. at Presburg, 1809 — enters the Austrian army, 1825 — chief minister under Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary, 17 Mar. to 11 Sep. 1848 11 * 164 BATHYANI— BAXTER. — member of Diet at Pesth, Nov. 1848 — ar- rested by Windischgrat2, 8 Jan. 1849 — shot at Pesth, 6 Oct. 1849. Bathyani, Count Casimir, — b.,4 Jun. 1807 — commands Hungarian forces occupying Essek, 1848— escapes to Debreczin on surrender of Essek to Austrians, Feb. 1849 — minister for foreign affairs, Apr. 1 849 — follows Kossuth to Arpad, imprisoned at Kutayeh, 1849-51 — Sj. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1854. Baton, (Bathon,) comic poet, — [BC] — fl. about 280. Baton, — two leaders of insurgents in Dal- matia and Pannonia, 6 — 9. [Tiberius.] Batoni, Pompeo Girolamo, painter, — b. at Lucca, 1708 — tr. at Eome, 4 Feb. 1787^ i786. b a Ersch and Gruber, and Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Batou. (Batit.) [Mogul Empire.] Battle Abbey, — founded by William I., 1067. Battle, Trial by,— last waged in Court of Common Pleas, Westminster, 157 1 — last waged in Court of Chivalry, 1631 — last waged in Court of Durham, 1638. Battus, of Thera. [Cyrene.] Batuta, Ibn, traveller, — travels in the East, and visits court of Mohammed Toghlak, at Deogiri, about 1341. Bauge, in Anjou, — the Duke of Clarence defeated and killed by the Earl of Buchan at, 22 Mar. 1 42 1. Bauhin, Gaspard, botanist, physician, — b. at Basel, 17 Jan. 1560 — goes to Padua, 1577 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany at Basel, 15 Oct. 1589 — tf. there, 5 Dec. 1624. Binax theatri botanici, 1596. Bauhin, Jean, botanist, — b. at Basel, 1541 — Prof. Ehetoric there, 1566 — tf. at Montbe- liard, 1613. Blistoria Blantarum universalis, §c, 1 650- 1. Baume, Antoine, chemist, manufacturer, — b. at Senlis, 26 Feb. 1728 — Prof. Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Coll. at Paris, about 1753 — member of the Academy of Sciences, 1773 — retires from business, 1780 — tf., 15 Oct. 1804. Manuel de Chimie, 1763 — Elemens de Bhar- macie theorique et pratique, 1762. Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, philoso- pher, — b. at Berlin, 17 Jun. 17 14 — Prof. Philosophy, Frankfort on the Oder, 1740 — rj. there, 26 May 1762 — JEsthetica, 1750. Baumgarten - Crusius, Ludwig Friedrich Otto, theologian, — b. at Merseburg, 1788 — enters Leipsic Univ., 1805 — Prof. Theology, Jena, 18 17 — fc. there, 31 May, 1843. Binlei- tting in das Studium der Bogmatik, 1820 — Lehrbuch der Bogmengeschichte, 183 1-2 — Com- pendium der Bogmengeschichte, 1840-9. Baur, Ferdinand Christian, theologian and Biblical critic, — b. near Cannstadt, 21 Jun. 1792— studies at Tubingen, 1809-14 — Prof, at Seminary of Blaubeeren, 181 7 — Prof. Theo- logy, Tubingen, 1826— rj. 2 Dec. i860. Sym- bolik und Mythologie, 1824-25 — Der Gegensatz des Brotestantismus und Katholicismus (2nd ed.,) 1836 — Bie Christliche Gnosis, 1835 — Bie Christliche Lehre von der Versohnung, 1838 — Behrbuch der Christlichen Bogmengeschichte, 1847 — Batches der Apostel Jesu Christi, 1845 — Kritische TIntersuchungen uber die Xanonischen Evangelien, 1847 — Bas Christenthum und die Christliche Kirche, 1853. Bautzen, in Saxony, — taken by Prussians, 1757 — Napoleon defeats Eussians and Prus- sians at, 21 May, 181 3. Bavaria, Kingdom of, [Boii, Vindelicia,]— tributary to Ostrogoths, about 500— to Austra- sia, about 588— governed by the Agilol fingers, about 556-786 — Thassilo II., last Agilolfinger Duke, compelled to submit to Charles the Great, condemned to death but shut up in monastery, 786, a 783 b — governed by lieutenants of Frank- ish and German kings, from 786 — Lujtwig II. declared King of Bavaria at Diet of Aix-la- Chapelle, 817 — Lieutpold, first Duke, 889, 895 a — Emperor Otto gives Bavaria to Henry of Saxony, 946, 942 a — granted by Henry IV. to the Guelphs, 1070, 107 1 a — acquired by House of Austria, n 38 — restored to Guelphs, Henry the Lion, by Frederick I., 1154 — on depriva- tion and expulsion of Henry the Lion, trans- ferred to Otto Count of Wittelsbach, by Fred- erick I., 1 1 80 — earldom of Ehenish Palatinate given to Duke Ludwig by Frederick II., I2i6, b i2i4 a — separated from the Palatinate, 1294^ 1329 b — primogeniture in royal family introduced, 1507 — and established by a law, 1573 — Maximilian first Elector, 1596 — acquires Upper Palatinate, 1621 — made an electorate by Ferdinand II., 1623 — confirmed in possession by Treaty of Westphalia, 24 Oct. 1648 — Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, suc- ceeds Maximilian Joseph, (last of Wittels- bach line,) 1777 — first King of Bavaria, Max- imilian Joseph, i Jan. 1806, 26 Dec. 1805* — Constitution established, 25 May 18 18 — Ludwig L, (Charles Augustus,) succeeds his father, 13 Oct. 1825 — Maximilian II. suc- ceeds on abdication of his father, 21 Mar. 1848 — his son Ludwig II. succeeds, 10 Mar. 1 864 — treaty of alliance with Prussia conclud- ed, 22 Aug. 1866 — announced, 19 Mar. 1867 — joins the Zollverein under Prussian regulations, Oct. 1867 — takes part with Prussia in war with France, Jul. 1 870 — joins N. German Confedera- tion, by treaty of 23 JNov. 1870 — forms part of German Empire, Jan. 1871. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. Bavian, in Khurdistan, — rock - sculptures visited and described by Eoss, 1 847 — visited by Layard, Jan. 1850. Bavius and Maevius, poetasters, — [BC] — Bavius ft. (01. 186, 3,) 35, 34. a a Biog. Univ. Bavon, St, — ft. at Ghent, 1 Oct. 653, 654, or 657- Baxter, Andrew, philosopher, — b. at Aber- deen, about 1686 — ij., 1750. Bnquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul, 1728. Baxter, Richard, theologian, — b. at Eowton, Shropshire, 12 Nov. 16 15 — introduced by Sir Henry Herbert to Court, 1633 — ordained, 1638 — minister at Kidderminster, 1640 — retires to Coventry, Oct. 1642 — chaplain in army of the Parliament after battle of ISaseby, 1 645 — - chaplain to the King, 1660 — attends Savoy Conference, 166 1 — ejected by the .Act of Uni- formity, 24 Aug. 1662 — retires to Acton, Jul. BAXTER— BEATON. 16: 1663-72 — tried before Chief Justice Jeffreys and imprisoned, 1685 — released, 26 Nov. 1686 — ft. in London, 8 Dec. 1691. Saint's Ever- lasting Rest, 1650 — Call to the Unconverted, 1669 — Dying Thoughts, 1688 — Feliqicice Bax- teriance, §c, 1696. Baxter, William, philologist, antiquary, $c, — f). at Llangollen, 1650 — Ty., 31 May 1723 — Glossarium antiquitatum Britannicarum, 17 19. Bay Islands, in Gulf of Mexico, — colony of Great Britain, 17 Jul. 1852. Bayard, (Bayart,) Pierre dvLTerr&il, Seigneur de, [Chevalier sans peuret sans reproche,) — fj. near Grenoble, 147 3, a 1476 b — accompanies Charles VIII. to Naples, 1494 — serves in Italian expe- ditions of Louis XII., 1499-1509 — takes part in combat of French and Spanish knights at Barletta, 16 Feb. 1503 — wounded at siege of Brescia, 15 12 — taken prisoner at battle of Spurs, 16 Aug. 15 1 3 — accompanies Francis I. on Italian expedition, 15 15 — confers knight- hood on Francis I. at Marignano, 13 Sep. 15 15 — commands under Bonnivet against Bourbon, 1524 — killed at the rout of the Sesia, 30 Apr. 1524. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bayazid, (Bajazet,) I., Ilderim, — Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., (748, a.h.) 1347 a — suc- ceeds his father Murad I., (792,* 791, b ) 1389— besieges and takes Philadelphia, completing conquest of Asia Minor, 1391 — obtains victory over Poles, Hungarians, and French, "(797,) 1395 — besieges Constantinople, 1393 — defeats Sigismund of Hungary, and allies, at Nicopo- lis, 28 Sep. 1396 — takes Athens, 1397 — de- feated and taken by Timur in Angora, 20 Jul. i4oi, a 2 Jul. i402 b — rj. (14 Schaban 805,) 9 Mar. 1403^ (806,) 1403^ a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Bayazid, (Bajazet,) II., Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., 1447 — succeeds his father Mo- hammed II., (886, a.h.) 1481 — defeats his bro- ther Zizim at Yenishehr, 20 Jan. 148 1 — war with Venice, 1481-82 — war with Mameluke Sultan, 1485-91 — treaty with Poland, 1490 — first inter- course with Czar of Bussia, 1495 — war with Venice, 1499 to Dec. 1502 — dethroned by his son'Selim, 25 Apr. 15 12 — tf. at Ayanear Hassa, 26 May 15 1 2. Bayer, Johann, astronomer, §c, — b. at Augs- burg, 1572 — ts. at Augsburg, 1625. JJrano- metria, 1603. Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried, linguist, #c.,— fj. at Koenigsberg, 6 Jan. 1694 — librarian to the Univ., 17 1 8 — Prof. Greek and Roman Anti- quities, St Petersburg, 1726 — tf. there, 21 Feb. 1738. Museum Sinicum, 1730 — BZistoria Osrhocna, $c, 1734. Bayeux Tapestry, — discovered in the ca- thedral of Bayeux, about 1728 — removed to Paris, by order of Bonaparte, 1803 — restored to the Town Hall of Bayeux, 1804 — copied by C. A. Stothard, 18 16. Bayle, Pierre, critic, §c, — fj. at Carlat, 18 Nov. 1647 — studies at Univ. of Puy Laurens, Feb. 1666 to Feb. 1669 — at Coll. of the Jesuits, Toulouse, 1669 — becomes a Romanist, 1669 — abjures Romanism, goes to Geneva, 1670 —at Rouen and Paris, 1674 — Prof. Philosophy, Sedan, 1675,*° i677 b — Prof. Philosophy and History at Rotterdam, Dec. 1681-93 — fo., 28 Dec. 1706. Nouvelles de la Republique des lettres, Mar. 1684-7 — Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, 1696. a Conv. Lex, b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc, Baylen, Duke of. [Castanos.] Baylen, in Spain, — the French defeated by Spaniards under Reding, 19 Jul. 1808 — capitu- lation signed, 22 Jul. 1808. Bayne, Alexander, jurist, — advocate at Scottish bar, 10 Jul. 17 14 — first Prof. Scots Law, Edinburgh Univ., 28 Nov. 1722 — tf., Jun. 1737. Edition of Hope' s Minor Fracticks, 1726 — Notes, 17 3 1 — Institutions of Criminal Law of Scotland, about 173 1. Bayonets, — in use, 1647 — introduced in English army, 1672 — fitted upon the muzzle by rings, about 1690 — fitted upon the muzzle by socket, before 1703. Bayonne, — taken by Alfonso I., of Aragon, 1 13 1 — conference of Charles IX., Catherine of Medicis, Elizabeth Queen of Spain, and Duke of Alba, at, May 1565 — citadel of, invested by the English, Apr. 18 14 — Franco-Spanish Ex- hibition at, opens, 19 Jul. 1864. Bayonne, Treaty of, — the crown of Spain resigned by Charles IV. to Napoleon L, 5 May 1808'. Bayreuth. [Baireuth.] Baza, in Spain, — taken from the Moors by Ferdinand V. after seven months' siege, 9 Dec. 1489. Bazeilles, in France, — burnt by Germans, during the battle of Sedan, 1 Sep. 1870. Eazoches-les-Hautes, in France, — repulse of Gen. Aurelles de Paladines by Prince Fred- erick 1870. Beachy-Head, — English and Dutch fleet de- feated by the French off, 10 Jul. 1690. Beacons, — authority to Trinity House to set up, by stat. 8 Eliz. c. 13, 1565. Beadan Head, (Biedan-heafd,) — battle of, between "Wulfhere and Escwin, 675.* a A.S. Chron. Beale, Mary, portrait painter, — 6. in Suf- folk, about 1632 — If. in London, 28 Dec. 1697. Beamdune, (Bampton or Bindon,) — battle of, between Saxons and Welsh, 614.* a A. S. Chron. Bear-baiting, in England, — prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Wm. IV. c. 59, 9 Sep. 1835. Beam, in France, — vice-county of, given to family of Duke of Gascoigne, by Louis le De- bonnaire, 819 — united to France on accession of Henry IV., 1589. Beaton, (Beton, Bethune,) David, Cardinal, Abp of St Andrews, — b., about 1494 — matri- culates at Glasgow Univ., 26 Oct. 15 n — . ambassador to French Court, for Scotland, 15 19 — Abbot of Arbroath, 1523 — Lord High Privy Seal, 1528 — ambassador to France with Sec- retary Erskine about marriage of James V. and the Princess Magdalene, 1533 — negotiates his second marriage, with Mary, Duchess of Longueville, 1537 — coadjutor in See of St Andrews, 1537 — Cardinal, by Paul III., Dec. r6( BEATRICE— BEAITSOBRE. 1538 — Abp of St Andrews, 1539 — imprisoned, 1543 — Chancellor of Scotland, Dec. 1543 — Legate a latere in Scotland, Jan. 1545 — con- demns and burns George Wishart and others, 1545 — assassinated by Norman Leslie and others, 29 May 1546. Beatrice, (of Lorraine,) Duchess of Tus- cany, — marries Boniface II., Duke of Tuscany, 1036 — on his death is regent for her son Fred- erick, May 1052 — marries Godfrey IV., Duke of Lower Lorraine, about end of 1053 — ar- rested by the Emperor Henry III. and carried to Germany, 1055 — returns with Godfrey to Tuscany and administers the duchy as guardian of her daughter Matilda, 1057 — widow again, 1070— tf., 28 Apr. 1076. Beatrix, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- paris, 26 Apr. 1865. Beattie, James, poet, philosopher, — fi. at Laurencekirk, Kincardine, 25 Oct. 1735 — enters Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, 1749 — Prof. Moral Philosophy and Logic, Marischal Coll., 1760 — visits London, 1763 — marries, 28 Jim. 1767 — LL.D., Aberdeen, 1770 — visits London, 177 1 — again, 1773 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1773 — resigns his chair, 1797 — tf., 18 Aug. 1803. The Minstrel, 1771-74 — Essay on Truth, 1770 — Elements of Moral Science, 1790-93. Beauchamp, Joseph, astronomer, — b. at Vesoul, 29 Jun. 1752 — -enters Order of Ber- nardines, 1767 — at Bagdad, 1781-90 — consul at Muscat, 1795 — released from prison in Turkey, 1801 — tf. at Nice, 19 Nov. 1801. Beauchamp, Richard, — Bp of Hereford, Dec. 1448 — Bp of Salisbury, Aug. 1450 — architect of St George's Chapel, Windsor, 146 1 ■ — tf., 4 Nov. 148 1. Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal, Bp op Win- chester, Chancellor of England, — it., about 1375? — legitimated by Act of Parlia- ment, Jan. 1397 — Bp of Lincoln, 14 Jul. 1398 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1399- 1400 — accompanies Richard II. to Ireland, 1399 — sent to escort Joan of Navarre to England, 1402 — Chancellor of England, Feb. 1403 a — Bp of "Winchester, 1405 — resigns the Great Seal : again Lord Chancellor, Mar. 141 3 to Jul. 141 7 a — obtains grant of pardon for all crimes, Jul. 1417 — attends Council of Constance, 1417 — named Cardinal and Apostolic Legate in Eng- land, Ireland, and Wales by Martin V., but is forbidden by the king to accept the dignity, Nov. 141 7 — goes to Jerusalem, 141 8 — in Eng- land again, 142 1 — joint guardian to Henry VI., 1422 — quarrels with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 1424 — Lord Chancellor third time, Jul. 1424 — opens the ' Parliament of Bats ' at Leicester, 18 Feb. 14.26° — is formally recon- ciled with Gloucester, 12 Mar. 1426 a — resigns the Great Seal, 13 Mar. a — created Cardinal by Martin V., 23 Jun. 1426 b — accompanies Duke of Bedford to Calais, early in 1427 d — invested with insignia of cardinalate at Calais, 25 Mar. 1427 (l — captain-general of crusaders in Bo- hemia, Mar. 1427 a — returns to England, Sep. 1428 a — raises forces for crusade against Huss- ites, 1429 — permits them to serve the king in France, 1429 — re-admitted to the Council, Dec. 1429 — crowns Henry VI. at Paris, 17 Dec. 1430 — see of Winchester attached, 143 1 — re- lieved by bill of indemnity from penalties of pra3munire, 1432 b — charged with usurpation, &c, by Gloucester, 1439 — pardoned by Act of Parliament for all crimes, up to 20 Jul. 1437 — tf. at Winchester, 11 Apr. 1447. a Foss. b Hook. c Parry's Parliaments. d Lingard. Beaufort, Margaret. [Richmond, Countess of-1 Beaufort, Louis de, historian, — tf. at Maes- tricht, 1795. Dissertation sur V Incertitude des Cinq Premiers Siecles de V Histoire Eomaine, 1738 and 1750 — Histoire de la Republique Eo- maine, 1766. Beaugency, in France, — Gen. Chanzy de- feated by Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 7-8 Dec. 1870 — the town occupied by Germans, 8 Dec. Beauharnais, Eugene, Marquis de, Viceroy of Italy, — rj. at Paris, 3 Sep. 17 81 — joins Bonaparte in Italy, 1796 — accompanies him to Egypt, 1798 — at Marengo, 1800 — Prince of the Empire, Chancellor of State, &c, Feb. 1805 — Viceroy of Italy, Jun. 1805 — marries Augusta Amelia, princess of Bavaria, and is adopted by Napoleon I., Jan. 1806 — serves in Italian cam- paign, 1809 — in Russian campaign, 18 12 — retires before Murat and Bellegarde to the Mincio, Mar. 18 14 — signs Convention of Schiarino-Rizzino with Bellegarde, 16 Apr. 1 8 14 — tf. at Munich, 21 Feb. 1824. Beauman's (Eauman's) Islands, — dis- covered by Roggewein, 1721. Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, dramatist, — 6. at Paris, 24 Jan. 1732% Dec. 1729 b — takes the name of Beaumarchais, 1756 — tf. there, 19 May 1799. Ie Earbier de Seville, 1775 — Le Manage de Figaro, 1784. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Beaumaris, in Wales, — castle founded by Edward 1., 1295 — surrendered to General Myt- ton, 2 Oct. 1648. Beaumont, near Sedan, — Marshal Mac- Mahon defeated by king of Prussia, 30 Aug. 1870. Beaumont, Claudio Francesco, Cavaliere, painter, — ft. at Turin, 1694^ 1696 b — Knt, by Charles Emanuel III., 1737 — refounds Acad- emy of Painting at Turin, 1736 — tf., 1766. a Biog. Catalogue.- b Biog. Uniy. Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, — h. pro- bably at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, 1584-5 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 4 Feb. 1597 — ti., Mar. 1616. Beaumont, Sir George Howland, Bart., painter, — fj. at Dunmow, 6 Nov. 1753 — travels in France and Italy, 1782 — M.P., 1790 — pre- sents his pictures to National Gallery, 1826 — tf. at Coleorton Hall, 7 Feb. 1827. Beaune la Rolande, in France, — Gen. Voigt- Retz defeats army of the Loire, 28 Nov. 1870. Beausobre, Isaac de, theologian, — fc. at Niort, 8 Mar. 1659 — after revocation of Edict of Nantes retires to Holland, 1685 — chaplain to Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, 1686 — minister to French Protestants at Berlin, 1694 — tf. there, 6 Jun. 1738. Histoire critique de Manichee, BEAUVAIS— BECKET. t<57 1 7 34 — Remarques historiques, critiques, et phi- lologiques sur le Nouveau Testament, 1742. Beauvais, Guillaume, numismatist, — b. at Dunkirk, 1698 — tf. at Orleans, 29 Sep. 1773. Histoire abregee des Fmpereurs Romains el Grecs, 1767. Beauvais, Vincent de. [Vincent.] Beauvais, in France, [Bellovaci,] — taken by Chilperie, 47 1 — burnt, 850 — taken by North- men, 881 and 883 — burnt, 886 — again taken by Northmen, 923 and 925 — burnt by them, 1 01 8 — taken by Louis le Gros after two years' siege, 1 1 09 — burnt, 11 80 — establishes a com- mune, 1099 — the Jacquerie begins at, 1357 — declares for Duke of Burgundy, 141 7 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by English, 7 Jun. 1433 — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles the Bold, and defended by Jeanne Hachette, 27 Jun. to 10 Jul. 1472 — submits to Henry IV., 22 Aug. 1594 — occupied by Prussians, 30 Sep. 1870. Cathedral, commenced, 1225 — dedicated, 1272 — enlarged, 1500-37 — spire added, 1555-1568 — fall of the spire, 1573. College of, founded, 1545. Councils of, 845, 1 1 14, 1 1 20, 1 1 24, and 1 161. Beauvillier. [St Aignan, Dukes op.] Beauvois, Ambrose Maria Francis Joseph Palisot de, naturalist, §c, — b. at Arras, 27 Jul. 1752 — embarks for W. Africa, 17 Jul. 1786 — imprisoned in St Domingo, his collec- tions burnt, 1793 — member of the Institute, 1806 — titular Councillor of Univ. of Paris, 1 8 15 — ft., Jan. 1820. Flore d' Oware, de Benin, 1 804-2 1 — Insectes d' Oware, 1 805-2 1 — Agrosto- graphie, 18 12. Becancelde, (Baccancelde BecJeenham, ?) — Council of, held, 694. Beccadelli, Antonio, {Panormita,) litterateur, — b. at Palermo, 1394 — studies at Bologna, about 1420 — receives poetic crown from Em- peror Sigismund, 1432 — Prof. Rhetoric, Pavia, 29 Mar. 1433 — follows Alfonso, king of Aragon, to Naples, 1435 — settles at Naples, 1436 — if. there, 6 Jan. 147 1. De dictis et factis regis Alfonsi, 1485. Beccafumi, Domenico, (Ifecherino,) painter, — b. at Siena, 1484, a i47o b — tf. there, i549, a living, 1551.* a Vasari. b Other authorities. Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, electrician, — b. at Mandovi, 3 Oct. 17 16 — studies at Rome, 1732 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Turin, 1748 — measures degree of meridian in Piedmont, 1760-74 — tf. at Turin, 27 May 1781. Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis of, po- litical economist, §c, — b. at Milan, 1735 or 1738 ■ — Prof. Political Economy, 1768 — tf. at Milan, 29 Nov. 1793. II Caffe, 1764-5 — Trattato dei Delitti e dellePene, 1764 — Plan for Uniformity of Weights and Measures, 1781. Beche, De la. [De la Beche.] Becher, Johann Joachim, physician, chemist, — b. at Spire, 1635^ c 1625 b — Prof. Medicine, Mentz, 1666 — settles at Haarlem, 1678— if. in London, b c Gustrow, a 168: 1685. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. c Zedler. Bechstein, Johann Matthias, naturalist, — b. at Waltershausen, Gotha, 11 Jul. 1757 — enters Univ. of Jena, 1777 — Director of hunting school, Saxe Meiningen, 1800 — Tf., 1822. Gemein- niitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands, 1789-95 — Forstinsectolog ie, 181 8 — Forstbotanik, 1810 — Forst- und Jagd-wissenschaft, §c, 18 18-21 — Naturgeschichte der Stubenvbgel, 1 840. Beck. [Bek, Anthony.] Beck, Christian Daniel, philologist, anti- quary, — b. at Leipsic, 22 Jan. 1757 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 1785 — Director of Philologi- cal Seminary, 1809 — Prof. History, 18 19 — ■ Prof. Greek and Roman Literature, 1825 — cele- brates his 3f agister Jubilee, 21 Feb. 1828 — Tf. at Leipsic, 13 Dec. 1832. Anleitung zur Kentniss der allgemeinen Welt- und Vblker-geschichte, 1787-1807 — Grundriss der Archdologie, 1816. Beckascog, in Sweden, — treaty of alliance between Great Britain and Sweden, 31 Aug. 1805. Becker, (Bajert Becker,) Leonard Nicolas, Count of Mons, general, — b. at Obernai, 14 Jan. 1770 — enters the army, 29 Dec. 1786 — serves in La Vendee, 1794 — arrives at Paris, (18 Fructidor,) 3 Aug. 1797 — joins army of Italy at Milan, Jan. 1799 — General of Bri- gade, 1805 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — en- gaged in Austrian campaign, 1809 — retires to command of Belle-Isle, 18 n — deputy to Chamber of Representatives, May 18 15— called to Chamber of Peers, 5 Mar. 18 19 — Grand Cross, Legion of Honour, 21 Mar. 1831 — Tf., 18 Nov. 1840. Becker, Ferdinand Wilhelm, physician, — b. at Hoxter on the "VVeser, 24 Apr. 1805 — M.D., Berlin, Jan. 1826 — conducts Inquiry on Vaccin- ation, 1833— If., 22 Jun. 1834. Becker, Karl Ferdinand, physician, gram- marian, — b. at Liser, 14 Apr. 1775 — studies medicine at Gottingen, 1799 — practises as phy- sician at Hoxter on the Weser, 1803-10 — sub- director of Powder Works, &c, Gottingen, 1 8 10— settles at Offenbach, 18 15 — Tf. there, 5 Sep. 1849. Ausfiihrliche deutsche Grammatih, 1836-39 — Organism der deutschen Sprache, 1 841 -2 — Pas Wort in seiner organischenBedeut- ung, 1833 — Lehrbuch des Deutschen Stils, 1850. Becket, Thomas (a), St Thomas of Canter- bury, Abp of Canterbury, — b.in London, 21 Dec. 1 1 1 7 , a 1 1 1 9, b 1 1 1 8 c — goes to study at Paris, about 1 140 ? — enters service of Abp Theobald, probably 1142° — Archdeacon of Canterbury, 1 154 — Chancellor, 1155 to Jun. 1162 — negoti- ates marriage of Prince Henry and Margaret daughter of king of France, 1159 — Abp of Canterbury, 24 May 1 162 d — attends Council of Tours, May 1163 — quarrels with Henry II., 1 1 63 — assents to Constitutions of Clarendon, 25 Jan. 1 1 64 — put on his trial before Parlia- ment at Northampton and escapes to France, Oct. 1 1 64 — atPontigny, 1164-66 — his relations, servants, &c, banished, 27 Dec. 1 164° — at Veze- lai, excommunicates his adversaries, Whitsun- tide n66 c — removes to Sens, n 66 — first com- mission instituted by Alexander III. for recon- ciliation of Becket and Henry II., 1166 — se- cond, May 1 168 — his interview with the king at Montmirail, Jan. 11 69 — third commission, Mar. 1 1 69 — at Clairvaux, excommunicates Bps of i68 BECKET— BEERHOUSES. London and Salisbury, and several barons, Palm Sunday 1169 — another interview with the king at Paris, fourth commission, Jan. 11 70 — meets the king at Freteval, 22 Jul. 1170 — re- turns to England, 1 Dec. 1170 — assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral, 29 Dec. 1170 — canonized by Alexander III., 21 Feb. 1173. a Fleury. b Dupin. c Hook. d Le Neve. Becket, Thomas (a), Brotherhood of, {Mer- chants' Company,) — established, before 1300 — chartered by Henry IV., 1406. Beckford, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1 76 1 — travels on the continent, Jun. 1780 to May 17 8 1 — settles at Cintra, 1794 — builds and adorns Fonthill, 1801-22 — tf., 2 May 1844. Vathek, 1784 — Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal, 1834. Beckmann, Johann, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Hoya, Hanover, 4 Jun. 1739 — travels in the Netherlands, 1762 — Prof. Natural Philoso- phy, St Petersburg, 1763-5 — Prof. Philoso- phy, Gottingen, 1766— Prof. Political Economy, Gottingen, 1770 — tf., 4 Feb. 1811. Beitrdge zur Geschichte cler Erfindungen, 1780-1805. Becmann, Johann Christoph, historian, geo- grapher, — fc. at Zerbst, Sep. 1641 — Prof. Greek, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1667 — Libra- rian to the Univ., 1673 — Prof. History, 1676 — Prof. Political Science, 1682 — Prof. Theology, 1690 — if. at Frankfort, 6 Mar. 17 17. Historia orbis terrarum, 1673 — Memoranda Francofur- tana, 1676. Bed of Justice, {Lit de justice,) — last held by Louis XVI. at Versailles, 20 Sep. 1787. Beda, ( Venerable Bede,) ecclesiastical histo- rian, — b. near Wearmouth, about 672 — in priest's orders, 702 ? — tf. in monastery of Jar- row, 26 May 735. Historia Ecclesiastica, §c, about 734. '--.- Beddoes, Thomas, physician, chemist, §c, — fc. at Shiffnall, 13 Apr. 1760 — enters Oxford Univ., 1776 — B.A., 1781 — M.D., 1786 — reader in chemistry, 1788-92 — establishes the Pneu- matic Institution at Bristol, 1798— 5j. at Clif- ton, 24 Nov., a Dec. b 1808. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet, — fi. at Clif- ton, 20 Jul. 1803 — goes to the Charterhouse, Jun. 1817 — enters Oxford Univ., May 1820 — B.A., May 1825 — studies at Gottingen, 1825-29 — M. A., Oxford, spring 1 828— M.D.,V T iirzburg, about 1830 — visits England, 1846-47 — ft. at Basel, 26 Jan. 1849. Bride's Tragedy, 1822 — Death's Jest-Book, 1850 — Poems and Memoir, 1851. Bedell, William, Bp of Kilmore, — ft. in Essex, 1570 — enters Cambridge Univ., 12 Mar. 1584 — Fellow of Emmanuel Coll., 1593 — at St Edmundsbury, 1599— accompanies Sir H. AVotton to Venice, 1604-12 — at Horningsheath, 1615-27 — Provost Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1627 — Bp of Kilmore and Ardagh, 13 Sep. 1629 — im- prisoned by rebels, Dec. 1641— tf. 7 Feb. 1642. Beder, {Bidr,) in Arabia, — Mohammed de- feats the Koreishites at, (2, a. h.) 623. Bedford, {castle,)— unsuccessfully besieged by Stephen, 1 137 — surrendered to John, 121 6 — surrendered to Henry III. and dismantled, 1224. Bedford Level, — charter granted to adven- turers in draining, 1634 — corporation of, estab- lished by Act 15 Car. II. c. 17, 1668— Acts for improving the outfall of the Nene, 1827 and 1829. Bedford, John Plantagenet, Duke of, Regent of France, — fi., about 1390 — Knt, Oct. 1399 — Duke of Bedford, 1414 — Regent of France, 1422 — defeats Charles VII. at Verneuil, 16 Aug. 1424 — commences siege of Orleans, 12 Oct. 1428. [Joan of Arc] — treaty between Charles VII. and Duke of Burgundy, 1435 — tr. before it is signed, 13 Sep. 1435. Bedford, Paul, comedian, — fc. at Bath, 1798 — first appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 2 Nov. 1824 — tf. at Chelsea, 11 Jan. 1871. Bedmar, Alfonso de Cueva, Marquis of, Cardinal, diplomatist, — ft., 1572 — ambassa- dor from Philip III. of Spain to Venice, 1607 — takes part with Duke of Ossone, in con- spiracy against the republic, 161 8 — Pres. of the Council in Flanders, about 16 19 — Cardinal, by Gregory XV., 1622 — tf., Bp of Oviedo, a Malaga, 6 2 Aug. 1655. a Engl. Cyc. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Bednore, in Hindustan, — taken by Hyder Ali, 1763 — taken by English, 1783 — recap- tured by Tippoo Sultan, Apr. 1784 — falls to English, after capture of Seringapatam, 1799. Bedriacum, in Cisalpine Gaul, — Otho de- feated by the forces of Vitellius, spring 69. Bedwyn, Wiltshire, — battle between AVul- fere, king of Mercia, and Escuin, king of Wes- sex, near, 674. Beechey, Sir William, portrait painter, — ft. at Burford, 12 Dec. 1753 — K.A., 1797 — Knt, 9 May 1797 — rj. at Hampstead, 28 Jan. 1839. Beeder, {Bidr,) in Hindustan, — acquired by Aurungzebe, before 1700 — conquered by Nizam- ul-Mulk, of Hyderabad, 17 17. [Deccan.] Beefsteaks, Sublime Society of, — estab- lished in London, 1735. Beer, (Ale,) in England, — price regulated by 51 Henry III. st. 1, 1266-7, and 23 Hen. VIII. c. 4, s. 5, 1531-2 — licence for sale of, required by Act 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 25, 1551-2 — excise duties imposed on, 1643 — again, by Act 12 Car. II. c. 23, 1660 — duties repealed and new provisions made by Act 1 ¥m. IV. c. 51, 16 Jul. 1830 — sale of, by retail, regu- lated by Act 1 V\ r m. IV. c. 60, 23 Jul. 1830. Beerhouses, (Alehouses,) in England. [Beer.] — placed under jurisdiction of Justices of the peace, by Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 2, 1495 — further regulated by Acts 2 Jac. I. c. 9, 1604; 4 Jac. I. cc. 4 and 5, 1606; 7 Jac. I. c. 10, 1609, and 21 Jac. I. c. 7, 1623; 2 Geo. II. c. 28, s. 11, 1729, and 26 Geo. II. c. 31, 1753 — statutes repealed and new provisions made by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 61, 15 Jul. 1828 — further regulated by Acts 1 ¥m. IV. c. 64, 23 Jul. 1830; 4 and 5 ¥m. IV. c. 85, 15 Aug. 1834; 3 and 4 Vic. c. 61, 7 Aug. 1840 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 49, 14 Aug. 1848; 17 and 18 Vic. c. 79, 7 Aug. 1854; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 118, 14 Aug. 1855 ; and 32 and 33 Vic. c. 27, 12 Jul. 1869 — last Act amended by 33 and 34 BEETHOYEN— BELALL RAJAS. 169 Vic. c. 29, 14 Jul. 1870 — new provisions by 33 and 34 Vic. c. Ill, 10 Aug. 1870. Beethoven, Ludwig von, musical composer, b. at Bonn, 17 Dec. 1770 — court organist to Elector of Cologne, 1785 — studies at Vienna under Haydn, 1792-94 — under Albreclitsberger, 1794 — chapel-master to king of Westphalia, 1809 — meets Goethe at Toplitz, 1812 — U. at Vienna, 24,* 26 b Mar. 1827 — his remains ex- humed and placed in a new vault, Oct. 1863. Fidelio, 1805 — Pastoral Symphony, 1807-8 — Mount of Olives, 1 803 — Sinfonia Eroica, 1 802-4 — Russian Quartetts, 1%06—Egmont, 1810. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Beet-root-sugar, — first extracted by Achard, 1800. Begarelli, Antonio, modeller, — b. at Modena, about 1498 — b\, about 1565. Beggars. [Vagabonds.] ■ Beghards, Beguards, Beguins, {Bizochi, JBocasoti, Tertiaries, Fratricelli, Brethren of the Free Spirit,) — convent at Vilvoorden founded, 1065 — first society formed at Nivelle, 1226 or 1207 — censured by Council at Vienne, (' Clem- entina]) 1 31 1 — relieved by Pope John XXII., 1324 — persecuted in Germany by Charles IV., about 1369. Behaim. [Behem.] Beham, Albert von, Archdeacon of Pas- sau, — joint legate of Gregory IX. in Germany, 1239 — excommunicates many adherents of Frederick II., 1240 — repulsed by Duke of Bavaria, 1242 — attends Council of Lyons, 1245 — driven from Bavaria, 1248. Beham, (Boehem) Hans Sebald, painter, engraver, — ft. at Niirnberg, 1500 — tr. at Frank- fort, about 1550. Beham, (Boehem) Bartel, (Bartlemy), — painter, engraver, — b. at Niirnberg, about 1496,* 1502,1* — U., about 1540.° a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber, and Nagler. c Doppelmayer. Behar, in Hindustan, — conquered by Kutb-u- din, about 1202 — conquered by Altamsh, 1225 — re-annexed to Delhi, by Secander Lodi, about 1500 — independent under Deria Khan Lohani, before 1526 — Mohammed Shah Lohani submits to Baber, 1528 a ?— seized by Sultan Mahomed Lodi, and recovered by Baber, 1529 — seized by Shere Khan, about 1531-5 — recovered by Humayun, 1538 — seized again by Sbere Khan, 1538 — occupied in part by Akber, after defeat of Shere Khan II., 1560 — -re-annexed to Mogul Empire, (984, a. h.) 1576 — mutiny of troops, 1577 — suppressed by Aziz, 1580 — acquired by Shah Jehan in his rebellion, (1033,) 1624. a Elphinstone. Behem, (Behaim) Martin, navigator, geo- grapher, — b. at Niirnberg, about 1430 or 1436 — goes to Portugal, 1480-4 — accompanies Diego Cam on his voyage, 1484-85 — revisits Niirnber! :492, a 1491 constructs a terres- trial globe, about 1492 — returns to Fayal, and lives in retirement, 1494- 1506 — ft. at Lisbon, 29 Jul. 1506. Biog. Univ. Ersch and Gruber. Behistun, — cuneiform inscription of, copied by Rawlinson, 1837 — facsimile and translation by Rawlinson, 1846. Behmen, Jacob. [Bb'hme.] Behn, Aphara, dramatist, — fc. at Canterbury, about 1644 — goes to Antwerp and discovers project for burning English war-ships in the Thames and Medway, 1666— tr., 16 Apr. 1689. Behnes, William, sculptor, — b. in England, about 1790 — student at the Royal Academy, 1 8 16 — tr. in Middlesex Hospital, Jan. 1864. Behring Island, in North Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Behring, 3 Nov. 1741. Behring Strait, — passed through by Beh- ring, 1728 — crossed by him, Jun.to Jul. 1741 — discovered and crossed by Captain Cook, Aug. to Sep. 1778. Behring, [Bering]) Vitus, geographical dis- coverer, — enters Russian navy, 1704 — sets out from St Petersburg on Kamtschatka voyage of discovery, Feb. 1725 — sets out from Niscbnei Kamtschatka Ostrog, 20 Jul. 1728 — 2nd voy- age, 1729 — 3rd voyage, 1733-41 — b., 8 Dec. 1741. Beirut. [Berytus.] Beja, in Portugal, (Pax Julia,) — taken by the Moors, 1162. Bejapoor, (Bijapur,) in Hindustan, [Dec- can.] — Eusof Adil Shah revolts, and estab- lishes dynasty in, (895, a. h.) 1489 — Eusof loses Goa to the Portuguese, about 1500 ? and retakes it — IsmaelAdil Shah succeeds, (915,) 1510 — Ismael loses Goa, 1510 — combination with Ram Raja against Ahmednagar, 1530 — Mallu Adil Shah, (941,) 1534 — Ibrahim Adil Shah, (941,) 1535 — Ali Adil Shah, (965,) 1557 — combination against Ram Raja, Carnatic, 1565 — with Ahmednagar attacks Goa and Choul, 1570 — Ibrahim Adil Shah II., (987,) 1579 — Ibrahim interferes in affairs of Ahmednagar, and Akber in his, (1004,) 1595 — combination with Ahmednagar against Akber, 1596. Bek, (Beck,) Antony de, Bp of Durham, — Archdeacon of Durham, 1279 — Bp, Jul. 1283 — administrator of Scotland, summer 1290 — am- bassador from Edward I. to the Emperor, 1294 — takes part with Edward I. in expedition against the Scots, Mar. to Apr. 1296 — commands division of cavalry at Falkirk, 1298 — excom- municates and deprives the Prior of Bolton, 1300 — cited to Rome, by Pope Boniface, and obtains his favour : named Patriarch of Jeru- salem by Pope Clement, 1305 — deprived a second time of his see by the king, 1 306 — re- stored by Edward II., and made sovereign of the Isle of Man for life, 1307 — ft. at Eltliam, 3 Mar. 131 1. Bekker, Balthasar, theologian, — b. at Met- selawier, Friesland, 20 Mar. 1634 — studies at Groningen, 1650 — D.D., i666, a 1665 b — minis- ter at Amsterdam, 1679-92 — tf., 11 Jun., a Jul., b 1698. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Bel, (Belkis,) Matthias, historian, — b. at Orsova, 24 Mar. 1684 — rector of school at Presburg, 17 14 — b. there, 1749. JSfotitia Hungarian, §c., I735-4 2 - Bela. [Hungary.] Belall Rajas, Camata, — dynasty founded, about 1050 — subverted by Mohammedans, 1310 or 1311. 170 BELCHITE— BELL. Belchite, in Spain,— Spaniards defeated by- General Suchet, 1 8 Jun. 1809. Belfast, in Ireland, — founded by Sir Arthur Chichester, about 1605 — obtains charter of incorporation, 161 1 — supports cause of "William III., 1689-90 — cotton-spinning by machinery introduced, 1777 — the linen manufacture, 1808 — riots at, on installation of statue of O'Con- ncll, 8-19 Aug. 1864. Queen's College, opened, Nov. 1849 — Royal Academical Institution, in- corporated by Act of Parliament, 18 10. Belfort, (Befort,) in Alsace, — invested by- Germans, 3 Nov. 1870 — bombardment begins, 3 Dec. — unsuccessful attempt of Gen. Bourbaki to raise the siege, 15-17 Jan. 187 1 — forts at Haut Perches and Basse Perches taken, 8 Feb. ■ — armistice concluded, 14 Feb. — capitulates, 16 Feb. — reserved to France on cession of Alsace to Germany, 26 Feb. 1871. Belgium, — revolution begins at Brussels, 25 Aug. 1830 — independence of, proclaimed by provisional government, 4 Oct. 1830 — meet- ing of the London Conference, Nov. 1830 — its separation from the kingdom of the Ne- therlands recognized by Allied Powers, 26 Dec. 1830 — the crown offered to the Duke of Nemours, and declined by Louis Philippe, 3 Feb. 1 83 1 — election of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg by National Congress, 4 Jun. 1 831 — his accession as Leopold I., 21 Jul. 1831 — boundaries of the kingdom defined, and terri- tory guaranteed to Leopold by treaty of London, 15 Nov. 1831 [Antwerp] — peace with Holland concluded, 21 May, 1833 — construction of the state railways decreed by the Legislature, May 1834 — completed, 1844 — part of Limburg and of Luxemburg annexed to the Netherlands, by treaty of London, 19 Apr. 1839 — treaty of commerce with France, 16 Jul. 1842 — treaty of commerce with the Zollverein, 1 Sep. 1844 — French invaders repelled, 25 Mar. 1848 — treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed, 27 Oct. 1851 — ratified 7, Apr. 1852 — treaty of commerce with France, signed at Paris, 1 May 1861 — with Great Britain, signed 23 Jul. 1862 — ratified, 30 Aug. 1862 — treaty with Holland for redemption of Scheldt dues, signed 16 Jul. 1863 — Leopold II. succeeds on death of his father, 10 Dec. 1865 — independence and neu- trality of, further provided for, during war of Germany and France, by treaties between Queen of England, King of Prussia, and Em- peror of the French, signed at London, 9 and 1 1 Aug. 1870. Belgrade, (Singidunum,) — attempted by Amurath II., 1440,* 1442 b — besieged by Mo- hammed II., successfully defended by Huniades, 22 Jul. 1456 — taken by Solyman II., (927, a. ir.) 9 Aug. 152 1 — recovered by Imperial army, 6 Sep. 1688 — retaken by Turks, 1690 — unsuc- cessfully attempted by Austrians, 1693 — ceded to Turkey by Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 — be- sieged by Prince Eugene, 17 16 — Eugene de- feats Turks near, 16 Aug. 17 17 — surrendered to Eugene, 19 Aug. 17 17 — left in possession of Austria by Peace of Passarowitz, 17 18 — un- successfully attacked by Turks, 1739 — restored to the Porte, 1739 — surrendered to Laudohn, 8 Oct. 1789 — given up to Turks at Peace of Sistova, 17 9 1 — occupied by Czerny George, 1806-13 — bombarded by Turks, Jun. 1862 — cession of, to Servians, evacuated by Turks, 1 8 Apr. 1867. Peace of — the Emperor cedes Belgrade and Servia to the Porte, 22 Sep. 1739. a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. b Zedler. Belidor, Bernard Forest de, military engi- neer, — fj. in Catalonia, 1697 — serves under Prince de Conti in Italy, &c, 1744 and 1746 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1756 — In- spector of Arsenals, 1758 — Inspector-general of Mines, 1759 — tf. at Paris, 8 Sep. 1761. Sommaire d'un Cours d' architecture militaire, 1720 — Architecture Hydraulique, 1 7 37-39 — Dictionnaire portatif de Vingenieur, 1755. Belisarins, (Beli-tzar,) general, — ft. in II- lyria, about 505 — serves under Justin I., be- fore 527 — General of Eastern armies, 529 — marries Antonina, commands African expedi- tion, 533-4 — triumphs, 534 — sole Consul, (1288, a. u. c.) 535 — commands in Gothic war, 535- 540 — puts Constantine to death, 535 — enters Borne, 9 Dec. 536 — besieged in Borne by Witiges, 537-8 — deposes Silverius and causes election of Vigilius, 537 — takes Bavenna, 540 — persecutes Photius, son of Antonina, 540— de- fends eastern frontier against Persians, 541-2 — escapes death by a fine, 543 — commands in Gothic war, 544-48 — restores fortifications of Borne, 547 — repels Bulgarians, 559 — accused of conspiracy against Justinian, 562 — acquit- ted, 19 Jul. 563 — If. at Constantinople, 13 Mar. ^6^. Belize. [Balize.] Belknap, Jeremy, historian, — ft. at Boston, IT. S., 4 Jun. 1744 — assists in founding Massa- chusetts Historical Society, 1794 — If., 28 Jun. 1798. History of New Hampshire, 1784-92. Bell, Andrew,— ft. at St Andrews, 1753,* 1752 b — minister at Madras, 1789 — undertakes management of Schools for the Poor in London, 1807 — tf. at Cheltenham, 27 Jan. 1832. Ex- periment in Education made at the Male Asylum of Madras, 1797. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Bell, Sir Charles, anatomist, — ft. at Edin- burgh, Nov. 1774 — F.B.C.S.E., 1799 — goes to London, Nov. 1804 — marries, Jun. 181 1 — Surgeon to Middlesex Hospital, 18 14 — Prof. Anatomy, &c, L.C.S., 1824— Knt, by "William IV., Oct. 1 83 1— Prof. Surgery, LTniv. of Edin- burgh, 1836— tf. at Hallow Park, in Worces- tershire, 29 Apr. 1842. System of Dissection, 1799-1 801 — Operative Surgery, 1807 — Treatise on the Hand, 1834 — An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body, 1824 — Essays on Anatomy of Expression in Painting, 1806 — letters, 1870. Bell, George Joseph, jurist, — ft. near Edin- burgh, 26 Mar. 1770 — Prof. Scots Law, Edin- burgh, 182 r — Principal Clerk of Session, 1831 — tf. at Edinburgh, 23 Sep. 1843. Comment- aries on Laws of Scotland, 1 804. Bell, Henry, mechanician, — ft. in Scotland, 7 Apr. 1767 — constructs a steam-vessel for the Clyde, Jan. 181 2 — tf. at Helensburgh, 14 Nov. 1830. BELL— BELLS. Bell, John, {Bell of Auchtermony,) phy- sician, traveller, — ft. at Auchtermony, Scot- land, 1691— goes to St Petersburg-, Jul. 1714 — accompanies embassy to Persia, Jul. 17 15 — accompanies Russian army to Derbent, 1722 — returns to Scotland, 1723— returns to St Peters- burg, 1734 — envoy to the Porte, 1737 — re- turns to Scotland, 1746 — tf. at Auchtermony, 1 Jul. 1780. Travels, 1763. Bell, John, surgeon, §c, — ft. at Edinburgh, 12 May 1763— F.R.C.S. Edinburgh, Aug. 1786 — goes to Italy, 1817 — tf. at Rome, 15 Apr. 1820. Anatomy of Human Body, 1793-1802. Bell {Inchcape) Rock, Scotland, — lighthouse built on, 18 1 1. Bella, Stefano della, engraver, — ft. at Flor- ence, 18 May 1610 — goes to Paris, about 1636- 47— tf. at Florence, 22 Jul. 1664. Bellair, Maryland, U. S., — Sir Peter Parker defeats Americans at, and is killed, 30 Aug. 1 8 14. Bellamy, Jacob, poet, — ft. at Flushing, 12 Nov. 1757 — enters High School of Utrecht, 1782 — tf., 11 Mar. 1786. Vaderlandsche Ge- zangen, 1785. Bellarmino, Roberto, Cardinal, — ft. at Monte Pulciano, Tuscany, 4 Oct. 1542 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1560— ordained at Ghent, by Jansenius, 1569 — Prof. Theology, Louvain, 1570 — lectures at Rome, 1577 — Provincial of the Order, Naples, 1595 — Cardinal, 1599 — Abp of Capua, 1602 — librarian of the Vatican, 1605 — tf. at Rome, 17 Sep. 1621. Lisputationes de controversiis fidei, 1587-90. Bellart, Nicolas Francois, advocate, — ft. at Paris, 20 Sep. 1761 — defends Mme de Rohan and others before the Revolutionary Tribunal, 17 Aug. 1792 — counsellor of state and grand officer of Legion of Honour, by Louis XVIIL, 1 8 14— tf., 7 Jul. 1826. Bellay, Guillaume du, Seigneur de Latt- gey, statesman, §c.,- — 6. near Montmirail, about 149 1 — Viceroy of Piedmont, 1537 — tf. at St Symphorien, Jan. 1543. Bellay, Jean du, Cardinal, — ft., 1492 — ambassador to Henry VIII., 1527 and 1533 — Bp of Bayonne, Bp of Paris, 1532 — ambassador to Clement VII., 1534 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 1535 — Lieutenant-general, 1536 — Abp of Bor- deaux, 1544 — If. at Rome, 16 Feb. 1560. Bellegarde, fortress, in France, — taken by Spaniards, 1674 — recovered by Count de Scli6m- berg, 1675 — bombarded and taken by Spaniards, Apr. to 14 Jun. 1793 — retaken by French, under Dugommier, 17 Sep. 1794. Belleisle, Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, Count of, Marshal of France, — ft. at Ville- franche, in Rouergue, 22 Sep. 1684 — enters the army, 1705 — wounded at the siege of Lille, 1708 — distinguishes himself in the war of the Spanish Succession, 1708-13 — mare'chal de camp, contributes to the capture of Fontarabie and St Sebastian, 17 19 — lieutenant-general, 1732 — assists at siege of Philipsburg, May to Jul. 1734 — negotiates peace between France and the Empire, 1735-36 — Marshal of France, about 1738 —takes Prague, Nov. 1741 — am- bassador extraord. to Diet of Frankfort, 1742 — with Marshal de Broglie defends it against Imperialists, 17 Aug. to 13 Sep. 1742 — conducts retreat from Prague, 17-26 Dec. 1742— Che- valier of the Golden Fleece : taken prisoner by English and brought to England, 1745 — Duke and Peer, 1748 — member of French Academy, 1756,* 1749 b — Minister of War, 1757,* 1750 b — tf., 26 Jan. 1761. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Belleisle, Louis Charles Armand Fouquet, Count of, general, {Chevalier de Belleisle,) — ft. at Agde, 1693 — takes Traerbach, 8 Apr. 1734 — assists in defence of Prague, 1742 — killed at attack on the Col d'Assiette, 19 Jul. 1746. Belleisle, France, — Admiral Hawke defeats French fleet off, 25 Oct. 1747 — taken by Eng- lish, 7 Jun. 176 1 — restored to France by Peace of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763. Bellenden, Sir John, poet, historian, — Knt., 1542-3 — Lord of Session, Jun. 1547 — Privy Councillor, 6 Sep. 156 1 — engaged in Pacifica- tion of Perth, 1573 — tf. at Rome, 1560^ before : 577- Rose's Biog. Diet. Engl. Cyc. Bellenden, William, — Prof. Humanity, Univ. of Paris, 1602. Bellendenus de Statu, 1615. m Bellini, Giovanni, {Giambellini,) painter, — ft. at Venice, 1426^ 1424 b — paints, 1464-1516° — tf. there, 29 Nov. I5i6, a 1514^ 1510/ 1 a Biog. Catalogue. b Ersch and Gruber. c Nagler. d Engl. Cyc. Bellini, Laurentio, physician,— h. at Flor- ence, 3 Sep. 1643 — Prof. Philosophy and the- oretical Medicine at Pisa, 1665 — tf. at Flor- ence, 8 Jun. 1703^ Jan. 1704^ 1713.° a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Ersch and Gruber. Bellini, Jacopo, {Giacomo,) painter, — ft. at Venice, about 1 395-1400— tf., 1470. Bellini, Gentile, painter, — ft. at Venice, 142 1 — sent to Constantinople, 1479 — tf. there, I50l, a 23 Feb. 1507-8. b a Nagler. b Biog. Catalogue. Bellini, Filippo, of JJrbino, painter, — H., about 1594. Bellini, Vincenzio, musical composer, — ft. at Catania, 1 Nov. 1802 — enters College of Music at Naples, 1819 — goes to Paris, 1833 — tf. near Paris, 23 Sep. 1835. La Sonnambula, 1831 — Norma, 26 Dec. 1831 — Puritani, 1834. Bellmann, Karl Michael, poet, — ft. at Stockholm, 4 Feb. 1 741 — Court Secretary, 1775 — tf., 11 Feb. 1796. Bellona, — [B C] — first temple at Rome, by Appius Claudius Coecus, after 296. Bellona, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 1 Mar. 1854. Bellot, Joseph Rene, Arctic navigator,— ft. at Paris, Mar. 1826 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1845 — accompanies Capt. Kennedy's expedition in search for Franklin, Jun. 1851 — accompanies Capt. Inglefield's expedition, Jun. 1853 — perishes on the ice, 18 Aug. 1853. Bells, — introduced in churches by Paulinus, Bp of Nola, about 400 — church bells, first men- tioned in England by Bede, who died 735 — baptism of, introduced before 800. 172 BELLTTNO— BENEDICT III. Belluno, Victor Perrin, Duke of, Marshal and Peer of France, — ft. at La Manche, 1766 — enters the army, 1788 — serves at siege of Toulon, 1793 — in campaign of Italy, 1799 — wounded at Jena, 1806 — Marshal of France at Friedland, 1807 — commander in Russian campaign, 18 12 — Minister of War, 1821 — retires, 1830 — tf., Mar. 1841. Bellutus, L. Sicinius, — [BC]— leads ple- beians in secession to Mons Sacer, 494— Trib. pleb., (one of the first,) 494 — iEd. pleb., 492 and 49 1 . Beloe, William, — ft. at Norwich, 1756 — B.A., Cambridge, 1779 — Prebendary of St Paul's, 1805 — Assistant Librarian, Brit. Mus., 1804 — rj., 1 8 17. Translation of Herodotus, 1791. Belon, Pierre, physician, naturalist, — ft. at Soulletiere, Maine, 15 17 — travels in Greece, Egypt, &c, 1546-50 — assassinated in the Bois de Boulogne, Apr. 1564. Beloochees, Beloochistan, — establish them- selves in the country, under Nasir Khan, 1739 — separation of Sinde, 1779 — harass British forces in Afghan war ; expedition sent against them, 1840. Belsham, Thomas, theologian, — ft. at Bed- ford, 15 Apr. 1750 — minister of Presbyterian church, Worcester, 1778-81 — Theological Tutor at Daventry Academy, 1781-89— min- ister at Hackney, 1794-1805 — minister at Essex St Chapel, 1805-26 — tf. at Hampstead, 11 Nov. 1829. Inquiry into the Scripture Doctrine concerning the Person of Christ, 181 1. Belsham, William, historian, — ft., about 1753 — tf. at Hammersmith, 17 Nov. 1827. History of Great Britain, 1806. Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, traveller,— -ft. at Padua, about 1774V 1 1778b — resides in England, 1803-12— visits Egypt, 18 15 — second visit to Upper Egypt, 18 17 — enters pyramid of Ghizeh, 1818 — returns to England, 1819— sets out for Timbuctoo, 1823 — tf. in Benin, 3 Dec. 1823. Narrative of Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, §c, 1820. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Conv.-Lex. Bern, Joseph, general, — ft. at Jarnow, in Galicia, 1795 — serves in French army under Davoust, 1 81 2— Captain, 18 19— Major in Po- lish army, 1830 — commands in Hungarian army against Austrians, 1848 — takes Her- mannstadt, Cronstadt, and repulses the Aus- trian and Russian forces, Mar. 1 849 — at battle of Temesvar, 8 Aug. 1849 — tf. at Aleppo, 10 Dec. 1850. Bembo, Pietro, Cardinal, — ft. at Venice, 26 May 1470 — goes to Ferrara, 1498 — at Ur- bino, 1506-12 — Secretary to Leo X., 1513-21 — sent as legate to Venice, 15 14 — settles at Padua, 152 1 — librarian of St Mark's, Venice, and historiographer to the Republic, 1529 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 24 Mar. 1539— Bp °f Gubbio, 1541— tf. at Rome, 18 Jan. 1547. Historia Veneta, 155 1 — Prose di M. Pietro Bembo, nelle quali si ragiona della Volgar Lingua, 1525 — Rime, 1530 — Carmina, 1552 — Lettere Volgari, 1548-1550. Bemmel, Willem van, painter, — ft. at U- trecht, 10 Jun. 1630 — tf. at Niirnberg, a Wohrd, b 10 Nov. I708, a I706. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Benacus, Lake, Italy, (lago di Garda,) — Claudius defeats Alamanni near, 268. Benares, Hindustan, — conquered by Mo- hammedans, 1 1 92 — governed by British, since 1775 — mutiny at, 4 Jun. 1857. Benbow, John, admiral, — ft. at Shrewsbury, about 1650 — Captain R. N., 1689 — commands squadron sent against St Malo, Nov. 1695 — commands squadron in West Indies, 1699 — Vice- Admiral, 1700 — tf. at Port Royal of wound received in naval fight, 4 Nov. 1702. Bencoolen, Sumatra, — English settlement, 1685 — destroyed by French, 1760 — given up to Dutch, in exchange, 1825. Benda, Franz, violinist, — ft. at Altbenatka, Bohemia, 1709 — in the service of Crown Prince of Prussia, 1732,* i74o b — royal concert -master, 177 1— tf. at Potsdam, 7 Mar. i786, a i788. b a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. Benda, George, musician and composer — ■ ft. at Altbenatka, 1721 — violinist in chapel of Frederick II., 1742 — chapel-master to Duke of Gotha, 1748 — goes to Italy, 1760 — resigns his office, about 1778 — tf. at Kostritz, 6 Nov. 1795. Bender, in Bessarabia, — Charles XII. takes refuge at, Jul. 1709 — stormed by Russians, 177 1 — given up to Turkey by treaty of Kutshuk- Kainarji, 21 Jul. 1774 — taken by Russians, 1809 — restored to Turkey by peace of Jassy, 1 8 10 — falls to Russians, by treaty of Bucharest, 1812. Benedetti, Alessandro, physician, — Prof. Medicine at Padua, about 1495 — tf. after 1511,* i535, b about 1525.° De Pestilente Febre, 1493 — Anatomice, 1493 — De omnium a capite ad calcem morborum causis, signis, §c, 1500. a Biog. Univ. b Mazzuchelli. e Ersch and Gruber. Benedict, St, of Aniane, monastic reformer y — ft. in Languedoc, about 750 — enters a mon- astery in Burgundy, 774 — founds one in Lan- guedoc, about 782 — tf. near Aix-la-Chapelle, 11 Feb. 821. Benedict, St, founder of the Benedictine Order, — ft. at Nursia, Spoleto, 480 — sent to study at Rome, about 492 — retires to a cavern at Subiaco, about 494 — plotted against by Florentius, withdraws to Monte Casino, 528 — ■ draws up 'Rule' of his Order, about 529— tf. at Monte Casino, 21 Mar. 542, ? 543, ? 547. ? Benedictine Order, — founded by St Bene- dict, 5 28 a — introduced into England, by St Augustine, about 600. a Dufresnoy. Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wear mouth, — visits Rome, 653 and 665 — founds monastery at Wearmouth, about 674 — visits Rome, fourth time, 678 — founds monastery at Jarrow, 682 — tf. at Wearmouth, 12 Jan. 699^ 69o. b a Annals of England. b Butler and Biog. Univ. Benedict I., (Bonosus,) Bp of Rome,— suc- ceeds John III., 575 — tf., 578. Benedict II., Bp of Rome,— succeeds Leo II., 684— tf., 685. Benedict III., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Leo IV., 855-tf., 8 Apr. 858. BENEDICT IV.— BENGAL. 173 Benedict IV., Pope, — elected, Dec. 900 — crowns Louis of Provence Emperor and King of Italy, 901 — ft., Oct. 903. Benedict V., Pope, — elected by Romans in opposition to Leo VIIL, 14 May 964 — deposed and exiled by Emperor Otto, 964 — ft. at Ham- burg, 5 Jul. 965. Benedict VI., Pope, — succeeds John XIIL, end of 972 — strangled at Borne, 974. Benedict VII., Pope,— elected, before 25 Mar. 975, a 28 Dec. 974 b — ft., 10 Jul. 983. a Pagi. b Charters. Benedict VIIL, Pope, — succeeds Sergius IV., 1012 — driven from Borne, takes refuge with Emperor Henry II., 1012 — restored by Emperor, crowns him at Borne, 14 Feb. 1014 — obtains victory over Saracens in Tuscany, 1016 — visits Emperor, 1020 — ft., 1024. Benedict IX., Pope, — fc. about 1024 (?) — succeeds John XIX., 1033— driven away by Bomans, restored by Emperor Conrad, 1038 — again expelled, early in 1044 — restored, 1044 sells pontificate to John Gratian, (Gregory VI.,) 1044 — resumes it on death of Clement II., 8 Nov. 1047 — finally abdicates, 17 Jul. 1048. Benedict X., Antipope, (John, Bp of Vel- letri,) — elected on death of Stephen IX., 30 Mar. 1058 — resigns on election of Nicholas II., about 18 Jan. 1059. Benedict XL, Pope, (Nicholas, Cardinal of Ostia,) — succeeds Boniface VIIL, 22 Oct. 1303 — ft. at Perugia, 6 or 7 Jul. 1304. Benedict XII. , Pope, (Jacques Foamier,) — Cardinal, 1327 — succeeds John XXIL, 20 Dec. 1334 — meets Philip of Valois at Avignon, Mar. 1336 — ft. there, 25 Apr. 1342. Benedict XIIL, Pope, (Cardinal Orsini,) — b. 2 Feb. 1649— Dominican, 13 Feb. 1668 — Cardinal, 1 Mar. 1672 — Abp of Benevento, 1685 — succeeds Innocent XIIL, 29 May 1724 — Council at Borne for reformation of morals and discipline, 11 May 1725 — promotes nego- tiations of Paris and Soissons, 1727-28 — ft., 21 Feb. 1730. Works, 1728. Benedict XIV., Pope, (Prospero Lamber- tini,) — b. at Bologna, 31 Mar. 1675 — Cardinal, 1 7 28 — Abp of Bologna, 1 7 3 1 — succeeds Clement XIL, 17 Aug. 1740— ft., 3 May 1758. Benedict XIIL, Antipope, (Pedro de Luna,) — b. about 1334 — elected on death of Clement VII., 28 Sep. 1394 — France withdraws from allegiance to him, Aug. 1398 — besieged in Avignon by Marshal de Boucicaut, winter 1 398 -1 403 — escapes, 12 Mar. 1403 — avoids arrest by French and escapes to Spain, summer 1408 — deposed by Council of Pisa, 5 Jun. 1409 — meets Emperor Sigismund at Perpignan, Oct. 1415 — deposed by Council of Constance, 26 Jul. 1417— ft. atPeniscola, 1 Jun. or 29 Nov. 1424,* I423. b a Muratori. b Pagi. Benefices. [Provisors, Statute of.] Benefit of Clergy, — regulated by stats. 4 Hen. VII. c. 13, 1489; 4 Hen. VIIL c. 2, 1512; 28 Hen. VIIL c. 1, 1536; 18 Eliz. c. 7, 1575-6 — allowed to women, by stats. 3 Wm. and Mar. c. 9, 1691 ; 4 iVm. and Mar. c. 24, s. 13, 1692 ; 6 and 7 Wm, and Mar. c. 14, 1695 — ceremony of reading abol- ished by stat. 5 and 6 Ann. c. 6, 1706 — abolished by stat. 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827 ; and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 22, 12 Jun. 1 841 — abolished in Ireland by stat. 9 Geo. IV. c. 54, s. 12, 15 Jul. 1828. . Beneventum, Benevento, in Italy, — [B C] — Roman colony, 268 — Hanno defeated by Ro- mans near, 214 — his camp stormed by Q. Fulvius, 212 — [AD] — taken by Totila, 542 — erected into a duchy by Narses, about 552 s — by Alboin, king of the Lombards, 57 1 b — by Autharis, about 590 c — falls under dominion of Lombards, 590 — besieged by Constans, 663 — title of Prince assumed by Arigisus after fall of Lombard kingdom, 774 — Capua and Salerno separate from the duchy, about 845 — sacked by Otto II., 981 — conquered by Normans, 1074 — falls to the Popes on death of Landul- phus, 1077 — blockaded by Frederick II., 1240 — surrenders, its walls demolished, 1241 — Man- fred, king of Sicily, defeated and killed by Charles of Anjou near, 26 Feb. 1266 — Talley- rand made Prince of, by Napoleon, 1806 — restored to the Pope, 18 15. Councils of, 1 Aug. 1059 ; Aug. 1087 ; 28 Mar. 109 1 ; 12 Oct. 1 108; Apr. n 17 ; 10 Mar. 1 1 19. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. c Kington. Benevolences, in England, — exacted by Edward IV., 1473 — declared illegal by stat. 1 Rich. III. c. 2, 1484 — exacted by Hen. VII., 1492 — imprisonment for default, by Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 10, 1494 — exacted by Hen. VIIL, 1525 and 1545 — exacted by James L, 1614 — declared illegal by Bill of Rights, 1 Wm. and Mar. st. 2, c. 2, 1689. Bengal, (Gour,) — independent under the Pala kings, from about 850 to near 11 00 — con- quered by Mohammedans, under Kutb u din, 1203 — by Altamsh of Delhi, 1225— invaded by Moguls from Tibet, 1244 — revolt of Togral suppressed by Bulbun, 1279 — revolts and is lost by the Emperors of Delhi, about 1340 — be- comes a separate kingdom under Fakr u din, i34o, a about (739, a. h.) 1338 — Ala u din, (741,) 1340 — Haji Elias (Shams u din), (743,) 1342 — invaded by Firouz Toghlak, 1353 and 1372 — independence acknowledged, 1356 and 1372 — Secander, (759,) 1357 — Gheias u din, (769,) 1367 — Sultan u Salatin, (775,) 1374 — Shams u din II., (785,) 1383 — Raja Kans, Hindu zemindar, usurps, (788,) 1386 — Jit Mal, (Jelal u din) (795,) 1392 — Ahmed, (812,) 1409— Nasir tj din, (830,) 1426 — Nasir, (830,) 1426— Barbik, (832,) 1428— Eusoe, (849,) 1445— Futteh, (866,) 1461— Shahzadeh, (886,) 1481— Firuz, (886,) 1481 — Mahmud, (899,) 1493— Mozaefer, (900,) 1494 — Ala u din II., (904,) 1497 — Nasrat, (927,) 152 1 — defeated by Baber, 1529 — Mah- mud, (940,) 1534 — invaded by Shir Khan, about 1535 — conquered by Shir Khan, (Shir Shah,) (945,) 1537 — invaded by Humayun, Jul. 1538 — recovered by Shir Khan, 1540 — revolts, recovered and divided by Shir Khan, 1541 — Selim, (952,) 1545 — Adili, (955,) 1548 — Cuttack and parts of Orissa acquired, about 1550 — Bahadur, (961,) 1553 — revolt of '74 BENGEL— BENTLEY. Mohammed Sur, suppressed by Hemu, 1555 — Jelal u din, (968,) 1560 — Soliman Kir- Aul, (971,) 1563 — Bayazid, (981,) 1573 — con- quered by Daud Khan, and re-annexed to Mogul Empire, (983-84,) 1575-76 — mutiny of troops, 1577 — revolt of Afghans, under Kuttu, 1578 — mutiny suppressed by Aziz, 1580 — death of Kuttu, 1590 — revolt finally suppressed by Baja Man Sing, 1592 — rebellion of Osman, 1600— his defeat and death, (1021,) 1612 — gained by Shah Jehan in his rebellion, (1033,) 1624 — first settlement of the English in, 1652 — subordination to Presidency of Madras ceases, and Calcutta made seat of Presidency, 1707 — war with Suraja Dowla, begins 1756— grant of the 24 Pergunnahs to Clive, 1759 — grant of the Dewannee, by Shah Allum, 12 Aug. 1765 — the 24 Pergunnahs pass to the East India Company, 1775. [India, British.] a Elphinstone. Bengel, Johann Albrecht, theologian, philo- logist, — 6. in Wiirtemburg, 24 Jun. 1687 — studies at Tubingen, 1703-7 — Tutor there, about 1708 — Prof, at Denkendorf, 17 13 — Councillor to the Consistory, and Prelate, Al- pirsbach, 1749 — D.D., Tubingen, 1751 — o\, 2 Nov. 1752. Novi Test. Grcec. recte cauteque adornandi Prodromus, 1725 — Novum Test. Grcec. cum introduction in Crisin N. T. Ap- paratu Critico et Epilogo, 1734 — Gnomon Nov. Test., 1742 — Ordo temporum, §c, 1741. Benguela, W. Africa, — subject to Portu- guese, from about 1490 — visited by Andrew Battel, 1589 — visited by Angelo and Carli, 1667 — visited by Father Merolla, 1682 — visited by James Barbot, 1688. Benin, Bight of, — first visited by Portuguese, about 1485 — first visited by English, 1553. Benjamin of Tudela, Rabbi, traveller, — fl., about 1 160 — tt. at Saragossa, about 1173. Benkelsz, "Willem,— discovers art of preserv- ing herrings in barrels, about 141 6 ? — fc. at Biervliet, 1449 — his tomb visited by Charles Y. and Queen of Hungary, 30 Aug. 1536. Benningen, Koenraad van, statesman — ft. at Amsterdam, 1622— syndic, 1650 — ambassador to Sweden, 1652 — ambassador to France, 1660 — goes to England, 1670 — retires from office, 1686 — tf., 1693. Benningsen, Bentlin Levin Augustin The- ophil, general, — 6. in Hanover, 10 Feb. 1745 — serves in Russian army against Poles, 1794 — Governor of Lithuania, 1801 — serves in French war, 1805-15 — fc. in Hanover, 3 Oct. 1826. Bennington, Vermont, U. S., — Americans defeat Germans at, 16 Jul. 1777. Benoit, Rene, theologian, — ft. at Laver- nieres, near Angers, 152 1 — accompanies Mary Stuart to Scotland, 1561 — excluded from the Faculty for his version of the Bible, 1 Oct. 1572 — Prof. Theology, Coll. of Navarre, 1587 — Confessor to Henry IV., 159 1 — Bp of Troyes, 1594- 1 604 — ft. at Paris, 7 Mar. 1608. Bensington, — Off a defeats Cynewulf at, 775. Bentham, James, ecclesiastical antiquary, — b., 1708— enters Cambridge Univ., 1727 — Minor Canon, Ely, 1736 — M.A., 1738 — Pre- bendary of Ely, 1779 — &• there, 17 Nov. 1794. History and Antiquities of the Conventual and Cathedral Church of Ely, 1771. Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, — ft. in London, 15 Feb. 1747-8 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1760 — M.A., 27 Mar. 1767— called to the Bar, about 1772 — ft. at "Westminster, 6 Jun. 1832. Fragment on Government, 1776 — Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789 — Defence of Usury, 1787 — On the Law of Evidence, 1813 — Chrestomathia, 18 17 — Booh of Fallacies, 1824 — Constitutional Code, 1830. Bentham, Sir Samuel, Inspector-general of Naval Works, — rj. at "Westminster, n !Jan. 1757 — enters the navy, 177 1 — visits the Nether- lands, 1779 — visits Eussia and Siberia, Mar. 1 7 80- 1 7 90 — charge d'affaires at St Peters- burg, 1783 — lieutenant-colonel in Bussian army, 1783 — defeats Turkish fleet, Jun. 1788 — Knt of St George, Colonel, 1788 — commis- sioner to visit British dockyards, Apr. 1795 — Inspector-general of Naval Works, Mar. 1796 — invents steam dredging-machine, 1800 — com- missioned to build ships of war in Eussia, 1805 — leaves Eussia, Sep. 1807 — office of In- spector-general abolished, he becomes member of the Navy Board, 1808 — visits France, 18 14 — returns to England, 1827 — ft. in London, 31 May 1 83 1. Naval Essays, 1828 — Memoirs, §c, 1856. Bentinck, William. [Portland, Earls or.] Bentinck, Lord "William Charles Caven- dish, Governor- general of India, — b., 14 Sep. 1774 — governor of Madras, 1803-5 — com- mander-in-chief of forces sent to assistance of King of Sicily, 18 10- 14 — Governor-general of India, 1827 — abolishes the suttee, 14 Dec. 1829 — returns to England, 1835 — rj. at Paris, 17 Jun. 1839. Bentinck, Lord William George Frederick Cavendish, (Lord George Bentinck,) politi- cian, — fc., 27 Feb. 1802 — M.P. King's Lynn, 1827 — leader of the ' country party,' 1846— ft., 21 Sep. 1848. Bentivoglio, Ercole, poet, — rj. at Bologna, 1506— ft. at Venice, 6 Nov. 1573. Bentivoglio, Giovanni, — proclaimed by the people Sovereign of Bologna, 28 Mar. 140 1 — killed by the people, 27 Jun. 1402. Bentivoglio, Giovanni II., — fj., about 1438 — chief of republic of Bologna, 1462 — proscribes the Malvezzi family, 1488 — retires to Milan, 2 Nov. 1506 — ft. there, 1508. Bentivoglio, Guido, Cardinal,—!), at Fer- rara, 1579— Nuncio of Paul V. to Flanders, 1607-17 — Nuncio to France, Jan. 16 17 — Car- dinal, 11 Jan. 1621 — Bp of Terracina, a Pales- trina, b 1641 — ft. at Eome, 7 Sep. 1644. Bella Guerra di Fiandra, 1639 — Eelazioni in tempo della Nunziatura di Fiandra e di Francia, 1630 — Memorie, 1648 — Letter c, 1645. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Unir. Bentley, Richard, philologist,— b. at Oulton, Yorkshire, 27 Jan. 1662 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 24 May 1676 — M.A., 1683 — M.A. adeundem, Oxford, 4 Jul. 1689 — Prebendary of "Worcester, 2 Oct. 1692-1700 — Eoyal Librarian, Dec. 1693 — D.D., Cambridge, 1696 — Master of Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 1 Feb. 1700 — marries, BENVENUTO— BERG. 175 Jan. 1701 — archdeacon of Ely, 24 Jun. 1701 — Regius Prof. Divinity, 17 17 — degraded to rank of undergraduate, 17 Oct. 17 18 — rein- stated by Mandamus, 7 Feb. 1724 — death of his wife, 1740 — tf., 14 Jul. 1742. Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, 1695 — -Remarks on the Discourse of Free-thinking, 17 13 — editions of Horace, 17 11 — Terence, 1726 — Milton, I73 1 - Benvenuto, Giovanni Battista. [Ortolano.J Benyowsky, (Beniowski,) Mauritius Au- gustus, Count op, — ft. in Hungary, Jan. 1741 — enters Austrian army, 1755 — at battle of Lowositz, 1756 — at battle of Prague, 1757 — in England, 1767 — joins the confederation of Bar, at Warsaw, Jul. 1767 — general, serves against Russians, 1768 — captured by Russians at Szuka and sent to Kamtschatka, 1770 — escapes, May 177 1 — forms .French settlement in Madagascar, 1774 — driven from the island, 1779 — conducts American trading expedition to Madagascar, 1784 — falls in combat with French there, 23 May 1786. Benzel, Erich, Abp of Upsala, theologian, — ft. at Benzeby, in Sweden, 1632 — Prof. Ex- traord. Hist, and Morals, Upsala, 1665 — Prof. Extraord. Theology, 1666 — Ordinary Prof., 1668 — D.D., 1675 — Abp of Upsala, 1700 — &., 17 Feb. 1709. Benzel, Erich, the younger, Abp op Upsala, — ft. at Upsala, 27 Jan. 1675 — Librarian there, 1702 — D.D., 17 19 — assists in founding Academy of Sciences, 1720 — Abp of Upsala, 1742 — fr. there, 23 Sep. 1743. Benzol, — discovered by Faraday, 1825. Beranbyrig, — combat between Britons and Saxons at, 556. Berand, Laurence, Jesuit, mathematician, — ft. at Lyons, 5 Mar. 1701,=* 1703 b — Prof. Mathematics and Director of Observatory, 1740 — &., 26 Jun. 1777. a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Biog. Univ. Beranger, Pierre Jean de, poet, — ft. at Paris, 19 Aug. 1780 — clerk to Secretary of Academy, 1809-21 — fined and imprisoned for his songs, 1821 — fined and imprisoned again, 1828 — member of the Constituent Assembly, Feb. 1848, but retires almost immediately — tf. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1857. Berar, kingdom of, — founded by Fatteh Ullah, (890, a. h.) 1484 — Ala-tj-din takes title of king, (910,) 1504— Deria, about (936,) 1520 — vassal to G-uzerat, about 1530 — Burhan Imad Shah, perhaps, 1560 — merged in Ahmed- nagar, (980,) 1572 — claims of Ahmednagar sur- rendered to Akber by Bahadur, 1596. [Dec- can.] Berbers. [Morocco.] Berbice, S. America, — settled by Dutch, i626, a about 1580 b — attacked by French, 1690 and 17 12 — negro insurrection, 1763— surren- dered to British, 1796 — restored to Dutch by treaty of Amiens, 1802 — taken possession of by British, 1 803 — ceded to England by treaty of Paris, Aug. 18 14— united with Demarara and Essequibo, 1831. [Guyana, British.] a Engl. Cyc. b Maeculloch. Berchthold, Leopold, Count von, philanthro- pist, — ft. in Germany, 1758 — tj. in Moravia, 26 Jul. 1809. Berengaria. [Richard I., King of Eng- land.] Berengario, Jacopo, anatomist, — Prof. An- atomy and Surgery, Bologna, 1520 — B. at Ferrara, 1550. Berengarius, (Berenger,) theologian, — ft. at Tours, about 1000 — archdeacon of Angers, 1039 — begins to propagate his doctrines, about 1045 — writes to Lanfranc, 1049 — excommuni- cated by synod of Rome, 1050 — summoned to Council of Vercelli, refuses to appear, is con- demned for heresy, and excommunicated, 1050 — condemned by Councils of Paris and Brionne, 105 1 — retracts, at Council of Tours, Apr. 1054 — retracts again at second Lateran Council, Apr. 1059 — withdraws his recantation, 1059 — again appears at Council of Rome, and is ac- quitted by Gregory VII., Feb. 1079— "Jj. at St Cosmas, near Tours, 6 Jan. 1088. Berenger. [Friuli, Dukes of] Berenice, (J3ernice,JBeronice,) — ft., 28* — mar- ries her uncle, Herod of Chalcis, and after his death lives with her brother Agrippa, 48 — marries Polemon of Cilicia, 48 b — Paul defends himself before her, 60, 63 a — intercedes for Jews with Gessius Florus, 65 — at Rome, 75. a Biog. Univ. b Smith's Diet. Berenice, — [B C] — marries Antiochus Theos, of Syria, 249^ 252 b — divorced by him, 247 — murdered at Daphne, 246 . b c a Smith's Diet. Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Berenice, — [B C] — marries Ptolemaeus Euer- getes, about 248, ? 246 c — murdered by her son Ptolemaeus Philopator, 22i, a 2i6. b a Smith's Diet. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Berenice, (Cleopatra,) — [B C] — Queen op Egypt, succeeds her father, Ptolemaeus Lathy- rus, marries Alexander II., and is murdered by him, 81. Berenice, — [B C] — Queen of Egypt, elected on expulsion of her father, Ptolemaeus Auletes, 58— put to death by Auletes, on his restora- tion, 55. Beresford, William Carr, Yiscount, general, — ft. 2 Oct. 1768 — serves in Nova Scotia, 1786 — brigadier-general, commands expedition against Buenos Ayres, 1806 — takes possession of Madeira, 1807 — organizes Portuguese army, 1808 — invests fortress at Badajoz, 4 May 181 1 — defeats Soult at Albuera, 16 May 181 1 — wounded at battle of Salamanca, 18 12 — con- tributes to victories of Yittoria and Bayonne, 1 81 3 — takes heights of Toulouse, 10 Apr. 18 14 — Field-marshal of Portugal, Duke of Elvas, and Baron Beresford, 18 14 — envoy to Brazil, 1814- and 18 15 — Yiscount, 1823 — Master-general of the Ordnance, 1 828-30 — tf. in Kent, 8 Jan. 1 854. Beresina, river in W. Russia, — passage of, by Napoleon I., 26-27 Nov. 1812, Berg, County and Duchy of, in Germany, — first line of Counts, from about 1068- 1348 devolves on Prince (Duke) of Juliers, 1348 — raised to duchy by Emperor "Wenceslaus, 1380 — principality of Juliers incorporated, about 1423 — held by Dukes of Cleves, 1511-1609 — claim to, disputed by Elector of Brandenburg i 7 6 BERGA-BERLIN. and Elector Palatine, 1609-24 — held by them jointly, 1624 — assigned to Elector Palatine, 1666 — ceded to France by Bavaria, 1806, 1 804 a — province of Grand Duchy of Berg, constituted by Napoleon, 15 Mar. 1806 — Joachim Murat Grand Duke, 1806-8 — Louis Napoleon Grand Duke, 3 Mar. 1809 — extinction of Grand Duchy, annexed to Prussia, 1815. a Encyc. Mod. Berga, Peter, — incites Felton to post Papal Bull against Queen Elizabeth on gates of Episcopal palace, London, 1570. Bergamo, Bergomum, in Italy, — burnt by Attila, 452 — destroyed by Hungarians, about 900 — -joins Lombard League against Barbarossa, 1 167 — independent by Peace of Constance, 1 1 84 — joins second Lombard League against Frederick II., 1226 — taken by the Visconti of Milan, about 1290? — united with republic of Venice, 142 8, a 1447 b — occupied by French, 1509-15 — part of Cisalpine Republic by treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — assigned to Austria, 18 14 — ceded to Sardinia by treaty of Zurich, 1859. a Encyc. Mod. b Meyer Conv. -Lex. Bergen, JSfortvay,— merchants of Hanse Towns settle at, 1278 — their privileges extended by King Magnus Smek, 1343 — 'Hanseatic Con- toir' established, about 1435 — burnt down, 1488 — supremacy of Hanseatic merchants de- stroyed by Frederick II. of Denmark by the ' Odense Recess,' 25 Jul. 1560 — burnt down, 19 May, 1702. Bergen, in Holland, — the Duke of York de- feated by General Brune, 19 Sep. 1799 — the French defeated by the Duke of York, 2 Oct. 1799. Bergen, in Westphalia, — Marshal de Broglie defeats Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at, 13 Apr. 1759. Bergen-op-Zoom, in Holland, — made a marquisate by Charles V., 1533 — united with the Netherlands, 1576 — unsuccessfully besieged by Spaniards, 158 1 — and by the Prince of Parma, 1588 — unsuccessfully besieged by Spinola, defended by Prince Maurice, Jun. to Oct. 1622 — taken by storm by Marshal de Lowendal, 15 Sep. i747, a 1741 b — surrenders to French, 1795,° 1792 b — attempted by Eng- lish, 8 Mar. 18 14. a Meyer Conv. Lex. b Encyc. Mod. c Eng. Cyc. Bergenroth, Gustav, historical writer, — n. in E. Prussia, 26 Feb. 18 13 — Assessor to High Court of Berlin, 1843-48 — goes to California, 1850 — comes to England, 1856 — commences exploration of archives of Simancas, summer i860 — to- in Spain, 14 Feb. 1869. Bergerac, in France, — taken by English, Jun. 1345 — finally recovered by France, Oct. 1450 — fortifications destroyed by Louis XIII., 1621. Treaty of, between Huguenots and Catholics, 17 Sep. 1577 — ratified at Poitiers, 5 Oct. 1577. Berghem, (Berehem,) Nicolas, painter, — b. at Haerlem, 1624 — to. there, 18 Feb. 1683. Bergier, Nicolas, antiquary, — b. at Rheims, 1 Mar. 1567 — to. at Grignon, 18 Aug. 1623. Mistoire des grands Chemins de V Empire Ro- main, 1622. Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre, theologian, — b. at Darnay, Lorraine, 31 Dec. 17 18 — to. at Paris, 9 Apr. 1790. Elements primitifs des Langues, 1764 — Certitude des Preuvesdu Chris- tianisme, 1768 — JDeisme refute par lui-meme, 1765-8 — Apologie de la Religion Chretienne contre Vauteur du Christianisme devoile, 1769 — Examen du Mater ialisme, 1771. Bergman, Torbern Orlof, chemist, — ft. at Catherineberg, in Sweden, 20 Mar. 1735,* 1731 b — Ph. D., 1758— Prof. Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, Upsala, 1761 — Prof. Chemistry and Mineralogy, 1767 — to. at Me- dewi, 8 Jul. 1784. Physisk Beskryving cofver jordklolet, 1766, 1769, 1773, 1774 — Opuscula physica et chemica, 1779-90. a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Berhampore, Burhampore, Hindustan, — besieged by Shah Jehan, 1625. Bering. [Behring.] Berington, Joseph, historian, — fc. in Shrop- shire, about 1743 — to. at Buckland, Berks, 1 Dec. 1827. Literary History of the Middle Ages, 1 8 14 — History of Abelard and Heloise, 1787 — Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani, 1793. Berkeley, George, Bp of Cloyne, philoso- pher, — ft. at Kilcrin, Kilkenny, 12 Mar. 1684 — Fellow of Trin. Coll. Dublin, 9 Jun. 1707 — Dean of Derry, 1724 — visits the Bermudas, Sep. 1728 to Sep. 173 1 — consecrated Bp of Cloyne, 19 May i734, a 1735 b — to. at Oxford, 14 Jan. 1753. Theory of Vision, 1709 — Principles of Human Knowledge, 17 10 — Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, 17 13 — A proposal for converting the Savage Americans to Christianity by a College to be erected in the Bermudas, 1725 — The minute Philosopher, 1732 — Letters, 177 1. a Engl. Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Berkeley, Sir Robert, Justice of the King's Bench, — ft. at Worcester, 1584 — enters Middle Temple, 1600 — called to the bar, 1608 — Serjeant-at-law, 1627— King's Serjeant, Apr. 162*7 — Knt, Justice of King's Bench, Oct. 1632 — subscribes opinion in favour of legality of Ship Money, 30 Nov. 1635 — delivers opinion against Hampden, 13 Feb. 1637 — impeached and arrested on the bench, 13 Feb. 1641 — tried and fined, 9 Sep. 1643 — to., 5 Aug. 1656. Berkeley, Sir William, Governor of Vir- ginia, — M.A. Oxford, 1629 — travels in Eu- rope, 1630 — Governor of Virginia, 1641 — defeats and makes peace with Indians, 1644 — removed from governorship by the Parliament, 1 65 1 — restored, 1660-76 — to. at Twickenham, 13 Jul. 1677. Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, — given to Robert Fitzhardinge by Henry II., about 1150 —Edward II. murdered at, 21 Sep. 1327 — be- sieged and taken by Cromwell, Sep. 1645. Berkhampstead, Herts, — the Saxon deputies swear allegiance to William I. at, 1066 — castle taken by Prince Louis of France, 20 Dec. 1216. Council of, 697. Berlin, Capital of Prussia, — residence of Electors of Brandenburg, about 1485— occupied by Austrian and Russian forces, 9-13 Oct. 1760 — occupied by Napoleon I., 21 Oct. 1806, 181 2 — Univ. founded, 1810 — insurrections at, 18 Mar. and 16 Jun. 1848 — visited by Sultan Abdul BERLIOZ— BERNIER. 177 Aziz, Jul. 1867. Peace of, cession of Silesia by- Queen of Hungary to King of Poland, 28 Jun. 1742 — Decree, by Napoleon, declaring blockade of British Islands, 21 Nov. 1806 — Convention of, 5 Nov. 1808. Berlioz, Hector, musical composer, — fi., 11 Dec. 1803 — enters the Conservatoire at Paris, about 1823 — obtains first prize for Sardana- palus, 1830 — member of Legion of Honour, close of 1839 — tf., 12 Mar. 1869. Requiem, 1837 — Romeo and Juliet, 1839 — Funeral and Triumphal Symphony, 1 840 — Hymn to France, 1844 — Traite d' Instrumentation, $c, 1844. Bermuda Floating Dock,— built, at London, 1866-69 — reaches Grassy Bay, 29 Jul. 1869. Bermudas, Sommers' Islands, — discovered by Juan Bermudez, J522/ 1 1527 b — visited by Henry May, 1593 — visited by Sir George Som- mers (Summers), 1609 — settled by English, 16 1 2. a Ersch and Gruber. b Encyc. Mod. Bernadotte. [Charles XIV., King op Sweden.] Bernard, St, Abbot op Clairvaux, — ft. at Fontaines, in Burgundy, 1091 a — enters mon- astery of Citeaux, 1 1 1 3 — founds and becomes Abbot of Monastery of Clairvaux, n 15 — visits Paris and the Grande Chartreuse, 11 25 — at- tends Council of Troyes, 11 28 — supports cause of Innocent II. at Council of Etampes, Jun. 1 1 30 — becomes chief adviser of Innocent II., 1 1 30 — accompanies him to Italy, 1132 — writes to Henry I. of England, 11 33 — again goes to Italy, spring 11 37 — attends Council of the Lateran, 4 Apr. 11 39 — procures condemnation of Abelard at Council of Sens, 1140 — perse- cutes Arnold of Brescia, 1140 — interferes in archbishopric of York, 1146 — preaches the second Crusade at Vezelay, Easter 1 146 — op- poses Gilbert de la Porree, Bp of Poictiers, at Councils of Paris, 1147 — and of Rheims, 1148 : — goes to Metz to effect reconciliation between burghers and nobles, 1152 — tf., 1153 — canon- ized by Alexander III., 1174. a Morison. Bernard, St, of Menthon, monk, — ft. near Annecy, Savoy, 923 — archdeacon of Aosta, founds the two convents, Great and Little St Bernard, on the Alps, about 960-70 — tf. at Novara, 28 May 1008. Bernard, Edward, astronomer, linguist, §c, ■ — b. near Towcester, 2 May 1638 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, Jun. 1655 — goes to Leyden to inspect oriental MSS., Dec. 1668 — Deputy to Christopher Wren, Prof. Astronomy at Oxford, 1669 — Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 1673 — in France, tutor to the sons of Charles II., 1676-7— D.D., 1684— tf. at Oxford, 12 Jan. 1697. Catalogus Manuscriptorum Anglice et Hibernice, 1697. Bernard, Simon, — arrested in London as accomplice in Orsini conspiracy, 14 Feb. 1858 —found guilty at Paris, 26 Feb.— tried at Old Bailey and acquitted, 11-17 Apr. 1858. Bernard, Mount St, in the Alps, — crossed by Napoleon, 17-20 May 1800. Monastery of founded by St Bernard of Menthon, about 960- 70. Bernardin, St, of Siena, — 6. at Massa Car- rara, 8 Sep. 1380 — joins the brotherhood in hospital of La Scala, Siena, 1396 — Fran- ciscan, 1405 — vicar-general for Italy, 1438 — tf. at Aquila, Abruzzo, 20 May 1444 — canonized by Nicholas V., 1450. Bernardines, Order of, — founded by St Bernard at Clairvaux, 11 15 — appear in Eng- land, about H28. a a Tanner. Bernardoni, Pietro Antonio, poet, — ft. at Vignola, 30 Jun. 1672 — named Poeta Cesareo, Vienna, 1701 — tf. at Bologna, 19 Jan. 17 14. Mori, 1694 — Rime varie, 1705. Bernberg, County of, [Anhalt,] — separ- ated from Anhalt on death of Henry the Old, 1252-1509. Berne, city and canton, Switzerland, — free imperial city, by Emperor Frederick II., May 12 1 8 — unsuccessfully attacked by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1288 — joins Swiss Confederation, 1352 — burnt down, 1405 — conquers part of Aargau, 141 5 — takes part in resistance to Charles the Bold, 1476 — adopts the Reform- ation, 1528 — takes the Pays de Vaud, 1536— taken by French, 5 Mar. 1798 — made separate canton by Bonaparte, {Act of Mediation,) 1803— enlarged by territories of Bp of Basel, 18 15 — new constitution, 1831 — made sovereign canton, 1847. University of, founded, 1834. Berners, Juliana, — Prioress of Sopewell Nunnery, St. Albans, about 1450. Book of St Albans, i486. Berners, John Eourchier, Lord, statesman, — fj., about i474, a 1467 b — K.B., 1485 — attends Henry VII. at siege of Boulogne, 1492 — called to parliament, about 1495 — assists in suppres- sing insurrection in Cornwall, 1497 — Chancel- lor of the king's Exchequer for life, 15 15 — at- tends the Lady Mary to Abbeville, 15 15 — am- bassador to Spain, 1518 — governor of Calais, after 1527 — tf. there, 19 Mar. 1532. Transla- tion of Froissart, 1523-25. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Bernhard, Duke of Saxe Weimar, general, — b. at Weimar, 6 Aug. 1604 — serves in the Thirty Years' War, 1621-23 — enters Dutch service, 1623 — enters service of Christian, king of Denmark, 1625 — travels in Holland, France, and England, 1628 — joins army of Gustavus Adolphus, 1 63 1 — commands at Liitzen, 6 Nov. 1632 — Duke of Franconia, 1633 — takes Re- gensburg, 1633 — makes a treaty with France, 1635 — takes Breisach, after 4 months' siege, 7 Dec. 1638 — tf. at Neuburg, 8 Jul. 1639. Bernhardi, August Friedrich, philologist, — ■ ft. at Berlin, 1769 — Director of Gymnasium, Councillor to Consistory, 1807 — tf. at Berlin, 2 June, 1820. Sprachlehre, 180 1-3 — Anfangs- griinde der Sprachwissenschaft, 1805. Berni, Francisco, {Berna or Bemia,) poet, — • ft. at Lamporecchio, in Tuscany, about 1498 ? goes to Rome, about 15 17 — loses everything at sack of Rome, 1527 — tf. at Florence, 26 Jul. 1536^ 1543. b Orlando Innamorato of Bojar- do, remodelled, 1542 — Poesie Burlesche, 1538. a Molini. b Other authorities. Bernicia, Kingdom of, — founded by Ida, 547 — united with Deira, about 600. [North- umbria.] Bernier, Francois, traveller, historian, — -s BERNINI— BERRY. goes to the East, 1654 — resides in India, 1658- 1670 — visits England, 1685— tf. at Paris, 22 Sep. 1688. Histoire de la derniere Revolution des Etats du Grand Mogol, 1670 — Suites des Me moires, 167 1. Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, painter, sculptor, architect, §c, — ft. at Naples, 7 Dec. 1598 — Cavaliere, by Urban VIII., before 1623 ? — arch- itect of St Peter's, 1629 — visits Paris, Jun. 1665 — tf. at Rome, 28 Nov. 1680. Apollo and Daphne, 16 16. Bernis, Francois Joachim de Pierres, Count de Lyon, Cardinal de, — ft. at St Marcel, 22 May 1 7 15 — ambassador to Venice, 1751-55 — minister of Foreign Affairs, 1757-58— Cardi- nal, 1758 — exiled, 1758 to 1 Jan. 1764 — Abp of Alby, Jul. 1764 — ambassador to Rome, 1769 — receives the aunts of Louis XVI., 179 1 — tf. at Rome, 2 Nov. 1794. Bernoulli, Daniel, mathematician, §c, — ft. at Groningen, 9 Feb. 17QO — Prof. Mathematics, St Petersburg, 1725-33 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany, Basel, 1733 — member of French Acad- emy, 1748 — Prof. Physics, 1750 — F.R.S., Lon- don, 1750 — tf. at Basel, 17 Mar. 1782 — Traite d ' PEydrodynamique, 1738. Bernoulli, Jacques, mathematician — ft. at Basel, 25, a 27, b Dec. 1654 — Prof. Mathematics there, 15 Feb. 1687 — Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — of Berlin, 1701 — tf., 16 Aug. 1705. a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. Bernoulli, Jacques, mathematician, — ft. at Basel, 17 Oct. 1759 — tf. at St Petersburg, 3 Jul. 1789. Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, §c, — ft. at Basel, 27 Jul. 1667 — Prof. Mathematics, Groningen, 1695 — Prof. Mathematics, Basel, 1705 — tf. there, 1 Jan. 1748. Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, — ft. at Basel, 18 May 17 10 — Prof. Rhetoric there, 1743 — Member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1747 — Prof. Mathematics, 1748 — Foreign Asso- ciate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1782 — tf. at Basel, 17 Jul. 1790. Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, astronomer, — ft. at Basel, 4 Nov. 1744 — Prof. Astronomy, Berlin, 1763 — Director of the Observatory, 1767 — Director of class of Mathematics, Academy of Berlin, 1779 — &• there, 13 Jul. 1807. Rccueil pour les Astronomes, 177 1-6. Bernoulli, Jerome, naturalist, — ft. at Basel, 1745— travels in France, Holland, Germany, 1766 — tf., 1829. Bernoulli, Nicolas, mathematician, — ft. at Basel, 27 Jan. 1695 — Prof. Mathematics, St Petersburg, 1725 — tf. there, 26 Jul. 1726. • Bernoulli, Nicolas, mathematician, — ft. at Basel, 10 Oct. 1687 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1713— F.R.S. London, 17 14 — Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 17 16— L.L.D. Basel, 17 17 — Prof. Logic, 1722 — Prof. Feudal Law, 1731— tf., 29 Nov. 1759. Bernstorf, Johann Kartwig Ernst, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Hanover, 13 May 17 12 — ambassador of Denmark to France, 1744-50 —Privy Councillor, Oct. 1749— Minister of Foreign Affairs, under Frederick V., 1 Oct. 1751-70 — Count, 1767 — tr. at Hamburg, 19 Feb. 1772. Bernstorf, Andreas Peter, Count yon, states- man, — ft. at Hanover, a Gartow, b 28 Aug. 1735 — Privy Councillor, 1769 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1773-80 and 1784-97 — tf- at Copen- hagen, 21 Jan, a Jul. b 1797. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bernward, St, Bp op Hildesheim, artist, — ft. at Hildesheim, between 950 and 955 — Tutor to Emperor Otto III., about 987 — Bp of Hil- desheim, 993 — tf., 20 Nov. 1023 — canonized by Pope Celestin III., 1193. Beroald, {Beroalde,) Mathieu, • — at Agen, preceptor of Hector Fregose, 1550 — at Paris, preceptor of Theodore Agrippad'Aubigne, 1558 — minister, Prof. Philosophy, Geneva, 1574 — tf., 1576 or 1584. Chronicon, sacrce Scriptures aucioritate constitutum, 1575. Beroaldo, Filippo, the elder, classical scholar, — ft. at Bologna, 7 Dec. 1453 — Yxoi. Belles Lettres at the Univ., named one of the Ancients of Bologna, 1489 — tj. at Bologna, 17 Jul. 1505. Editions of Pliny s BZistoria Naturalis, 1476 — and Propertius, 1487 — Annotationes in varios autores, 1488 — Orationes, 1490 and 1505. Beroaldo, Filippo, the younger, poet and classical scholar,— -ft. at Bologna, 1 Oct. 1470^ 1472 b — Prof. Belles Lettres there, 1496,* 1498 b — President of Roman Academy, 15 14 — Libra- rian of the Vatican by Leo X., 1516— tf., 15 18. Edition of Tacitus, 1515 — Latin Odes, 1530. a B,oscoe. b Biog. Univ. and Ersch and Gruber. Berosus, historian, astronomer, — [B C] — ft. at Babylon, 279, a about 255 . b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Berquin, Arnaud, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Bordeaux, about 1749 — goes to Paris, 1772 — tf. there, 21 Dec. 1791. L 'Amides enj wits, 1784 — Sandfort et Merton, 1787. Berquin, Louis, — ft. in Artois, about 1489 — imprisoned as a Lutheran, 1523 and 1526 — burnt at Paris, 17 Apr. 1529. Berquin, Louis de, — discovers means of cut- ting and polishing the diamond, 1476. Berrettini. [Cortona, Pietro da.] Berruguete, Alonzo, sculptor, architect,— b. about 1465 ? — goes to Italy, 1550 — tf. at Ma- drid, a Toledo, b i545, a 1561.° a Biog. Univ. b Rose's Biog. Diet. c Ersch and Gruber. Berry, Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon, Duke of — ft. at Versailles, 24 Jan. 1748 — taken out of France, 16 Jul. 1789 — serves under his father at Thionville, Jul. 1792 — serves in campaigns of 1795-97 — in England, 1801-14 — returns to Paris, 8 Jul. 1815 — marries Princess Caroline of Naples, 18 16 — stabbed at theoperaatParisbyLouvel, tf.,i3-i4Feb. 1820. Berry, Caroline Ferdinande Louise, Du- chess of, — ft. at Naples, 5 Nov. 1798 — marries Duke of Berry, 17 Jun. 18 16 — the Duke assassinated, 13 Feb. 1820 — birth of her son (Duke of Bordeaux), 29 Sep. 1820 — ac- companies Charles X. to Holyrood, Jul. 1830 — lands in France and attempts to excite in- surrection at Marseilles, 28 Apr. 1832 — excites civil war in Brittany, and is arrested and im- prisoned in Blaye Castle, Nov. 1832 — announces BEERY— BERTT. 79 her secret marriage, 22 Feb. 1833 — liberated, 8 Jun. 1833 — goes to Sicily ; ft., Apr. 1870. Berry, Jean, Duke or, — ft. at Vincennes, 30 Nov. 1340 — at battle of Poitiers, 1356 — hostage to the English by treaty of Bretigny, 1360-67 a -69 b — commands royal army of Gui- enne, 1372 — governor of Languedoc, 1380 — assists at coronation of Charles VI., 1381 — revolt of the Jacquerie provoked by his tyranny, 1384 — tr. at Paris, 15 Jun. 141 6. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Berry. [Bourges, County of] Berry, John, admiral, — ft. at Choweston, Devonshire, 1635 — embarks for West Indies, 1 66 1 — Vice-admiral, commands expedition to Tangier, 1683 — Xf., 14 Feb. 1691. Berry, Mary and Agnes, (sisters,) — ft. in Yorkshire, Mary, 16 Mar. 1763 — Agnes, 29 May 1764 — death of their mother, 1767 — remove to Chiswick, 1770 — travel on the Con- tinent, 1783-85 — become acquainted with Horace Walpole, 1788 — visit France and Italy, 1790-91 — lj., Agnes, at Petersham, Jan. 1852 — Mary, at London, 20 Nov. 1852. "Works of Mary Berry : editions of M™ du Deffand's Let- ters, 1 8 10; and Lady Russell's Letters, 18 15 — Comparative View of Social Life in England and France, 1828-31 — Journals and Corre- spondence, 1865, Berry, William, engraver, — ft., about 1730 • — tf., 3 Jun. 1783. Berryer, Nicolas Rene, statesman, — Intend- ant of Poitou, 1743 — Councillor of State, 1755 ■ — Minister of the Navy, 1758 — Keeper of the Seals, 1761 — ft., 15 Aug. 1762. Berryer, Pierre Antoine, advocate, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jan. 1790 — admitted advocate, 1811 — assists in defence of Ney, 18 15 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1830 — opposes Duchess of Berry's appeal to arms, May 1832 — arrested and imprisoned ; tried and acquitted, Jun. 1832 — defends Chateaubriand, 1833- — visits Charles X. at G-orz, 1836 — defends Prince Louis Na- poleon, 1 840 — visits Duke of Bordeaux in England, Dec. 1843 — deputy to Constituent Assembly, 1848 — protests against the coup d' etat,2 Dec. 1 85 1— admitted to French Academy, 1854 — deputy to the Corps Legislatif, 1863 — tJ. at Angerville, 29 Nov, 1868. Bersmanus, Gregorius, philologist, §c, — ft. at Annaberg, 10 Mar. 1538 — studies at Leipsic, 1555 — Prof. Poetry there, 157 1 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 1575 — Eector of the United Schools and the Gymnasium, Anhalt, 1582-1611— ft. at Steinschmerzen, 5 Oct. 16 11. Berta, Francisco, Abbe, bibliographer, — ft. at Turin, 17 19 — tf. there, 7 Apr. 1787. With Pasini and Bivantella edits, Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque de Turin, 1749. Bertano, Giovanni Battista, poet, — ft. at Venice, 1596. / Tormenti amorosi, 1641. Bertarolli, Francisco, Cardinal, — ft. at Lugo, 1 May 1754 — Cardinal, by Pius VII., 10 Mar. 1823 — Bp of Palestrina, Dec. 1828 — "ft., 7 Apr. 1832. Bertaut, Jean, poet, §c.,- — ft. at Caen, 1552 • — Abbot of Aulnai, 1594— Bp of Seez, 1606 — tf. at Seez, 6 or 8 Jun. 161 1. (Euvres, 1602. Berthelemy, Jean Simon, painter, — ft. at Laon, 5 Mar. 1743 — tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1811. Berthelier, Philibert, statesman, — ft. at Geneva, about 1470 — negotiates alliance be- tween Genevese and Friburgers to resist inva- sion of Charles III., Duke of Savoy, 15 17 — arrested and imprisoned by the Bishop at Geneva, 23 Aug. 15 19 — beheaded, 15 19. Berthelin, Pierre Charles, lexicographer, — ft. at Paris, about 1720 — Prof. Latin at the Military School, 1751-76 — &., about 1780. Supplement au Dictionnaire de Trevoux, 1752 — Abrege du Dictionnaire de Trevoux, 1763. Berthelot, Claude Francois, engineer, — ft. at Chateau- Chalons, 19 Apr. 17 18 — Prof. Mathematics at Military School, about 1760 — tf. at Noailles, 1800. Mecanique appliquee aux arts, $c, 1782. Berthereau, George Francois, Benedictine, : — ft. at Belesme, 29 May 1732 — appointed to examine Oriental MSS. in the royal library, about 1764-94 — tf., 26 May, 1794. Berthier, Guillaume Francois, Jesuit, — ft. at Issoudun, 7 Apr. 1704 — enters Order of Jesu- its, 1722 — chosen to continue the BZistoire de V Eglise Gallicane, 1742 — edits the Journal de Trevoux, 1745-62 — in exile, . 1764-74 — ft. at Bourges, 15 Dec. 1782. Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince op Wagram, Marshal of France, &c, — ft. at Versailles, 20 Nov. 1753 — Major-general of National Guard, 1789 — marechal de camp, 1792 —defends Saumur against the Vendeans, Jun. 1793 — serves in Italian campaign, 1796 — occu- pies Borne and sets up a republic, Dec. 1797 — serves in Egypt and Syria, 1798-99— Minister of War, by Bonaparte, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. 1799 to 2 Apr. 1800 — Marshal, 19 May 1804 — at battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — Prince of Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — Peer of France, by Louis XVIII. , 1 814 — ti. at Bamberg, 1 Jun. 1 8 1 5 . Relation des campagnes du gen eral Bona- parte en JEgypte et en Syrie, 1800. Berthold, Franciscan preacher, — ft. about 1250-70 — tf., 13 Dec. 1272. Berthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, — ft. near Annecy,9Nov., a Dec. bc i748 — goes to Paris, 177 2 — member of Academy of Sciences, i788, a i78o, b 1781° — of Institute, 1795 — appointed with Monge by the Directory to select works of art in Italy for the Louvre, 1796 — accompanies Bonaparte on expedition to Egypt, 1798 — Sen- ator, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1799 — peer of France, 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 6 Nov. 1822. Elements de Vart de la teinture, 1791 — Essai de statique chimique, 1803. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Engl. Cyc. Berthoud, Ferdinand, watchmaker, — ft. in Neufchatel, 19 Mar. 1729, n 1727, b 1725° — goes to Paris, 1745 — tf. at Paris, 20 Jun. 1807. Essai sur V ' horlogerie, 1763 — Traite des horlo- ges marines, 1773 — Supplement, 1787 — L 'art de eonduire et de regler les pendules et les montres, 1760. a Ersch and Gruber, b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Berti, Alessandro Pompeo,— ft. at Lucca, 23 Dec. 1686 — teaches Rhetoric at Naples, 17 17 — settles at Borne, 1739 — Xf. there, 23 iSo BERTI— BERTRAND. Mar. 1752. Catalogo dclla libreria Capponi, i-c-, 1747. Berti, Giovanni Lorenzo, theologian, — b. at Sarravezza, 28 May 1696 — tf. at Pisa, 26 May 1766. Be theologicis disciplinis, 1739-45. Bertie, Sir Thomas, {Thomas Hoar,) admi- ral, — u. in London, 3 Jul. 1758 — enters the navy, 1773 — Commander, 10 Aug. 1782 — Bear- admiral, 1808 — employed in blockade of coasts of Baltic, &c, 1809 — retires, 1810 — Knt and Vice-admiral, 1813— tf. at Wyford Lodge, 13 Jun. 1825. Bertier, Joseph Etienne, natural philoso- pher, — b. at Aix, 17 10 — tr. at Paris, 15 Nov. 1783. Physique des corps animts, 1755 — Phy- sique des Cometes, 1760 — Principes de physique, 1763 — Histoire des premiers temps clu nionde, 1777 or 1784. Bertin, Antoine, poet, — b. in Isle of Bour- bon, 10 Oct. 1752— goes to France, 1761 — to St Domingo, Dec. 1786 — tr. there, June 1790. (Euvres, 1782. Bertin, Henri Leonard Jean Baptiste, states- man, — b. in Perigord, 17 19 — Pres. of Grand Council, 1750 — Intendant of Lyons, 1754 — Lieutenant-general of Police at Paris, 1757 — Controller-general of Finances, Oct. 1759-63 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 1763 — of Inscriptions, 1772 — tr., about 1792. Bertin, Louis Francois, I'aine, journalist, — b- at Paris, 15 Dec. '1766 — founds with his brother the Journal des Bebats, after (18 Bru- rnaire an Till.) 9 Nov. 1799 — his property in the Journal taken from him by Napoleon I., 181 1 ■ — restored, 18 14 — follows Louis XTIII. to Ghent, 1815 — tr., 13 Sep. 1841. Bertin, Nicolas, painter, — h. at Paris, 1667 — goes to Italy, 1685 — admitted to Academy, 28 Apr. 1703 — ij. at Paris, n Apr. 1736. Bertin, Exupere Joseph, anatomist, — b. at Tremblay, in Bretagne, 21 Sep. 17 12 — Doctor regent, Paris, 1741 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1744 — tr. near Rennes, 25 Feb. 17 81. Traite d' Osteotome, 1754. Bertin, Rene Hyacinthe, physician, — b. near Rennes, 10 Apr. 1767 — sent to England as Inspector of the health of French prisoners, 1798 — serves in campaigns of Prussia and Po- land, 1807— Prof. Hygiene, Paris, 1822— tf. at Fougeres, 1827. Bertin, St, — b. at Constance, about 600 ?— retires to abbey of Luxeuil, 633 — chosen to aid St Omer in conversion of people of Artois, 639 — retires to a hermitage, 700 — tr., 9 Sep. 709. Bertin de Vaux, journalist, §c.,— b., 177 1 — co-proprietor with his brother of Journal des Debats, after (18 Brumaire an Till.) 9 Not. 1799 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Sep. 1 8 1 5 — Secretary-general of department of Police, Oct. 1 815-17 — deputy for grand college of Seine et Oise, 1820 — opposes establishment of the censorship, 6 Jul. 1821 — protests against formal ion of the Polignac cabinet, 1830 — am- or to king of the Netherlands, by Louis Philippe, Aug. 1830— tr., 23 Apr. 1842. Bertius, [Bert,) Petrus de, geographer, §c, — b. at Beveren, Flanders, 14 Nov. 1565 — Libra- rian of Univ., Leyden, about 1594 — Regent of the Coll. of the States, 1606 — embraces the Catholic faith at Paris, 25 Jim. 1620 — tr., 3, a i3 b Oct. 1629. Theatrum geographic vetetis, 16 1 9. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Bertola, Aurelio de' Giorgi, poet, §c.,— b. at Rimini, 1753 — Prof. Geography and His- tory, Naples, 1773-83 — goes to Tienna, 1783 — Prof. History, and Univ. Librarian, Pavia about 1784 — tf. at Rimini, Jul. 1798. Berton, Jean Baptiste, Bahon, general, — b. at Francheval, 15 Jun. 1769,* i774 b — en- ters the army, 1792 — serves in German cam- paigus, 1806-7 — General of brigade, 30 May 181 3 — imprisoned, 1 8 15 — dismissed the service, 25 Sep. 1820 — heads insurrection of Thouars, 24 Feb. 1822 — arrested, 17 Jun. 1822 — ex- ecuted, 5 Oct., a Aug. b 1822. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bertram, Corneille Bonaventnre, oriental- ist,— b. at Thouars, 153 1 — Prof. Hebrew, Ge- neva, 1566 — Theology, 1572 — tr. at Lausanne, 1494. Be politia Judaica, i58o, a i574- b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bertram, 'Philiji-p'ErnstJurist, — b. atZerbst, 1726 — Secretary of State, T\ T eimar, 1753-61 — Prof. Jurisprudence and History, Halle, 176 i, a 176313 — 5j t there, 13 Oct. 1777. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bertrand, Abbe, astronomer, — b. at Autun, about 1755 — goes to Dijon, 1782 — accompanies Guyton de Morveau in a balloon ascent, 25 Apr. 1784 — accompanies d'Entrecasteaux in search for la Perouse, 1791 — resigns at Cape of Good Hope, 17 Jan. 1792 — tr. there, Apr. 1792. Bertrand, Charles Ambroise, {Bertrand de la Hodiesniere,) politician, — deputy to National Convention, 1792 — one of the Commission of Twelve, May 1793 — retires from the Corps Zegislatif, 1795 — member of the Council of Five Hundred, 1798 — quits France, after law of 12 Jan. 1 81 6 — tf. at la Corneille, 18 19. Bertrand d'Alamanon, troubadour, — tf , 1295. Bertrand de Born. [Born.] Bertrand, Elie, naturalist — b. at Orba, 17 12 — pastor there, 1739- — preacher at Berne, 1744 — tf., about 1790. Recherches sar les langues anciennes et modernes de la Suisse, #. at Kakas-Lomnitz, Croatia, 15 Jim. 1763 — studies at Univ. of Gcttingen, 1784 — settles on his estates in Cro- atia, 1795 — tf., 22 Feb. 1822 — De commercio et industria BZungarice, 1797 — Be conditions indoleque rusticorum in BZungaria, 1806 — Nachrichten iiber denjetzigen Zustand der Evan- gelischen in JJngam, 1822. Besancon, in France, (Vesontio,) — [BC] — - occupied by Julius Gaesar, 56 — [AD] — improved by Aurelian, 271-75 — besieged by Vandals, 406 — by Burgundiaus, 413 — by Huns, 451 — taken by Hungarians, 937 — Emperor Frederick I. holds diet at, 1157, 1162, 1178 — Imperial city, 1 1 84 — besieged by Imperialists, 1288 — by Duke of Burgundy, 1335 — by English, 1362 and 1364 — besieged by Protestants, 1575 — ceded to Spain by treaty of Munster, 1648 — captured by Louis XIV., Feb. 1668 and 15 May 1674 — assured to France by treaty of Ninieguen, 1678— attempted by allies, 1814-15. Besborodko, Alexander, statesman,— h. 1742 — minister of the Interior, a secretary of state in Foreign department, b to Catherine II., 1780 — signs treaty of peace with the Porte at Jassy, 1791 — charged by Paul I. to negotiate treaty between Russia and England, 1797 — tf , at St Petersburg, Jan. 1799. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Beschi, Constantino Giuseppe, Jesuit mis- sionary, — arrives at Goa, 1700 — divan of Tcheuda Saib, 1736 — after the taking of Tri- chinopoli, retires to Gayalputanam, 1740 — tf. there, 1742 — Grammaire latin-t amide, 1736. Besehitzi, Elias, Karaite, — b. at Adrianople, about 1420 — tf. at Constantinople, 1490 — Adereth Eli ah u, 153 1. Besenval, Pierre Victor, Baron de, lieu- tenant-general, — b. at Soleure. 1722 — enters the army, 1731 — lieutenant-general, 1789,* 1762 b — quells insurrection of St Antoine, 28 Apr. 1789 — decamps after fall of Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jun. 1794^ 3 Jun. i7 9 i. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Besler, (Basile,) botanist, — b. at Nurhberg, 1561 — tf., 1629 — BTortus Eystettensis, 1613 — Fasciculus variorum et aspectu digniorum varii generis, 16 16. Besly, Jean, antiquary, — b. in Poitou, 1572 — at the assembly of the states opposes reception of the Council of Trent, 16 14 — tf. 18 May 1644 . — Histoire des Comtes de Poitou et Dues de Guiennc, 1647. Besoigne, Jerome, doctor of the Sorbonne, — b. at Paris, 1686 — tf. 25 Jan. 1763 — Histoire de Vabbaye de Port-Royal, 1756. Besold, Christoph, historian, — b. at Tubin- gen, 1577 — Prof. Law, 1635,* i6io b — renounces Protestantism, 1 Aug. 1630 — Prof, at Ingol- stadt, 1537 — tf. there, 15 Sep. 1638 — Bisserta- tiones Philological, 164.2 — Bocumenta rediviva monaste riorum, 1636. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bessarabia, — the Goths expelled by the Huns, 376 — the Huns by the Bulgarians, 469 — conquered by Tatars, about 1240 — so named, about 1260 — given to Prince of Wallachia by Sigismund, King of Hungary, 1396 — ceded to Mohammed II. by Drakul, 1474 — reunited to Moldavia, 1482 — recovered by Bajazet II., 1484 occupied by Eussians, 1770- — given up to Turks by treaty of Kutschuk-Xainardji, 1774 — con- quered by Eussians, 1790 — restored to Turks by peace of Jassy, 1792 — finally ceded to Eussia by treaty of Bucharest, May 18 12. Bessarion, John, Cardinal, restorer of learning, — b. at Trebizond, i395, a i389 b — ■ studies under Gemistus Pletho, 141 6- 17 — Abp of Nice, 1437 — at Council of Ferrara, (Flor- ence,) 1439 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., and returns from Constantinople to Italy, Dec. 1439 — legate to Bologna, about 1449-55 — attends Congress of Mantua, 1458-59 — visits Germany, 146 1 — Bp of Chalcis, 1463 — titular Patriarch of Constantinople, by Pius II., 1463 — legate to Venice, 1463 — legate to Louis XL of France, and Duke of Burgundy, 1472 — tf. at Eavenna, 19 Nov. 1472. Adversus calumniator em Pla- tonis, about 1469 — Orationes de hello Turcis inferendo, 147 1. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, astronomer, — b. at Minden, 22 Jul. 1784— assistant to Schroeter at Lilienthal, 1806 — gains the Lalande prize of the Academy, Paris, 18 10— director of new Observatory, Konigsberg, 18 10 — foreign mem- ber of Astronomical Society of London, 1822 — ■ F.E.S., 1825 — visits England, 1842 — tf-, 17 Mar. 1846. Fundamenta astronomic, §c, 1818 — Astronomische TJntersuchungen, 1841-42. Bessemer Process. [Steel.] Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria, Marshal op France,' — b. at Preissac, 6 Aug. 1768 — enters Constitutional Guard of Louis XVI. , 1792 — serves in Legion of the Pyrenees, Nov. 1792-95 — serves in Napoleon's campaigns, 1796-1813 — lieutenant-colonel, at Eoveredo, 4 Sep. 1796 — general of division, 1802 — mar- shal, 1804 — defeats Kutusoff at Olmutz, 1805 — at the taking of Madrid, 4 Dec. 1808 — Duke of Istria, May 1809 — commands cavalry of the Guard, 18 12 — killed near Lutzen, by a cannon- shot, 1 May 18 1 3. Besson, Jacques, mathematican, — Prof. Mathematics, Orleans, 1569 — tf., before 1578. Theatrum machinarum, 1578. Besson, Charles Jean Baptiste, {Father Besson,) Dominican, painter, — b. near Besancon, 10 Apr. 1 8 16 — studies under Delaroche, at Paris, 1835 — settles at Eome, 1838 — enters Dominican Order, May 1840 — gives up paint- ing, is ordained priest, 1 842 — Prior of Nancy, Oct. 1849 — recalled to Eome, Sep. 1850 — missionary to Mosul, 1856 — recalled, spring 1858 — returns to Mosul, Nov. 1859 — tf. near Mosul, May 1861. Besson-Bey, — b. at Eochefort, 1782 — enters service of Mehemet Ali, i82o, a i82i b — tf. at . Cairo, a Alexandria, b Oct., a 12 Sep. b 1837. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bessus, Satrap of Bactria,— [B Cj — seizes Darius after battle of Arbela, 331 — murders Darius and assumes title of King of Persia, 330 — betrayed to Alexander and put to death, 329. Bestia, L. Calpurnins,— [BC]— trib. pleb., 121 — Consul with P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, BESTUSCHEW-RJUMLN— BEUGHEM. §3 (643, a. it. c.) in — conducts war with. Ju- gurtha, in — punished for treating with him, no — goes into exile, 90. Bestuschew-Rjumin, Alexei, Count of, Chancellor of Russian Empire, — b. at Moscow, 1693 — accompanies emhassy from Peter I. to Congress of Utrecht, 1 7 1 2 — envoy from George I. of England to Russian court, 1 7 14 — returns to Russia, 17 17 — ambassador to Denmark, 1734-40 — Privy Councillor and Minister of State, 1740 — Chancellor of the Empire, 1 744 — concludes alliance between Russia and Austria, 1746 — arrested and exiled, 1757 — recalled, 14 Jul. 1762 — tf., 2i, a io b Apr. 1766. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bestuschew-Rjumin, Michael, Count of, diplomatist,: — effects renewal of alliance be- tween Russia and Sweden, i734, a 5 Aug. i735 b — quits Stockholm, 1741 — in France, 1756-60 ■ — tf., 1760. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bestusehew-Ejumin, — one of the conspira- tors on the accession of the Emperor Nicholas, 14 Dec. 1825 — executed at St Petersburg, 13 Jul. 1826. Betencourt, Pierre Louis Joseph de, — fc. in Artois, 16 Jul. 1743 — honorary member of Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, 2 Aug. 1 8 16— -tf. at Paris, 1829. Noms feodaux, £c, 1826. Betham, Sir William, antiquary, $■pliquee a laphysiologieetd la medecine, 1801. Bichloride of Amyline, — discovered and used as anaesthetic by Richardson, 1867. Bickerton, Sir Richard Hussey, admiral, — b., 11 Oct. 1759 — Lieutenant, 1777 — Vice- admiral, 9 Xov. 1805 — commands in the Me- diterranean for Xelson, 1804 — Admiral, 31 Jul. 1 8 10 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, 1812— K.C.B., 1 8 15— tf. at Bath, 9 Feb. 1832. Bicocca, La, in Italy, — Prospero Colonna defeats French at, 22 Apr. 1522. Bidassoa, (Vidasoa,) river in Spain, — bound- ary rights of France and Spain settled by com- missioners, 15 10 — crossed by Wellington, 7 Oct. 18 13 — crossed by French army, 5 Apr. 1823 — defeat of Spanish refugees at, 15 Oct. 1830. Biddle, John, theologian, — b. at Wotton- under-Edge, 1615 — enters Oxford Univ., 1632 — M.A., May 1641 — imprisoned for heresy, Dec. 1645 — in custody of officer of Parliament, 1646-51 — imprisoned, 1655, and Jun. 1662 — ■ tf. in prison, 22 Sep. 1662. BIDLOO— BIGORRE. 187 Bidloo, Godefried, physician, anatomist, — b. at Amsterdam, 12 Mar. 1649— Prof. Anatomy, at the Hague, 1688-94 — Anatomy and Surgery, Leyden, 1694 — physician to William III., 1701-2 — tf. at Leyden, Apr., a 30 Mar. b 17 13. Anatomia corporis humani, 1685 — Opuscula omnia, 1715-25. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Bie, Jacob van, engraver, antiquary, — b. at Antwerp, 158 1 — tf., about 1650. La France metallique, 1636 — Imperatorum Roman. JSu- mismata, 16 15. Bie, Adrian van, painter, — b. at Lierre, 1594 — studies at Paris, 161 2- 14 — at Rome, 1614-20 or 22 ? — returns to Lierre, 1623 — tf., about 1640 ? Biel, Johann Christian, theologian, — b. at Brunswick, 1687 — tf., 18 Oct. 1745. JS T ovus Thesaurus philoiogicus, 1779-80. Biela, Wilhelm von, astronomer, — ft. in Prussia, 19 Mar. 1782 — tf. at Venice, 18 Feb. 1856. Biela' s Comet, — -discovered by Biela, at Jo- sephstadt in Bohemia, 1826— separates into two, Dec. 1845. Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich von, statesman, — b. at Hamburg, 31 Mar, 1717,* 1711, 15 — tutor to Prince Ferdinand, brother of Frederick II. , 1745 — Privy Councillor, Baron, 1748 — tf. at Trebau, a Treben, b 5 Apr. 1770. Institutions politiques, 1759-60. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bielinski, Pierre, senator of Poland, — b., 1754 — member of Commission of Finances, 1782 — president of Grand Duchy of War- saw, 1 81 2— deprived of presidency of Senate, 1 82 1 — presides over tribunal of the Diet which acquits eight of the conspirators of Dec. 1825, 17 Oct. 1828— tf., 9 Mar. 1829. Bielski, Martin, historian, — Chronicon re- rum polonicarum, 1687. Biennaise, Jean, surgeon, — b. at Mazeres, 1601 — tf., 25 Dec. 1681. Operations cle la chirurgie par une methode courte et facile, 1688 and 1693. Bienne, Jean, (Benenatus,) printer, — suc- ceeds G. Morel as king's printer for Greek, Paris, 1566— tf., 15 Feb. 1588. Bierling, Friedrich Wilhelm, theologian, • — b. at Magdeburg, 22 Mar. 1676 — Prof. The- ology^ PMlosophy, b Rinteln, 1705, 1716 b — tf. 25 Jul. 1728. De Byrrhonismo historico, 1724 — Observationum specimina in Genesim, 1722. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Biesbosch, lake in Holland, — formed by bursting of the dykes, Nov. 142 1 . a a Engl. Cyc. Bieselinghen, Christian Jan van, painter to the king of Spain, — b. at Delft, 1560 — tf. at Middelburg, 1602. Biesius, Nicholas, physician, §c, — b. at Ghent, 27 Mar. 15 16 — tf., 28 Apr. 1572. Be methodo Medicince, 1564 — Be natura, 1573. Biester, Johan Eric, philologist, — b. at Lii- beck, 17 Nov. 1749 — LL.D., 1774 — librarian to Frederick II., 1784 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1798 — tf. at Berlin, 20 Feb. 18 16. — editor of Berlinische Monatschrift, 1783- 1811. Biet Antoine, — b. near Senlis, about 162c — director of mission of Cayenne, 18 May 1652 — ■ quits Cayenne with the surviving colonists, 26 Dec. 1653 — arrives in Normandy, 25 Aug. -1654. Voyage de la France equinoxiale, 1664. Bievre, George Marechal, Marquis de, wit, — b. at Paris, 1747 — tf. at Spa, a Ansbach, b 1792. Seducteur, 1792 — Amours de Vange Lure et de la fee Lure, 1772—Almanach en calembours, 1771. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Biffi, Gian-Ambrosio, poet, — tf. 16 18. La Bisorgente Boma, 1610 — Versi, 1616. Biffi, Giovanni, poet, — b. in the Milanese, 21 Jun. 1464 — tf. about 15 15. Bigarre, Auguste Julien, Count, general, — b. at Belle-Isle-en-Mer, 1775 — serves in St Domingo, 1788-91 — takes part in expedition to Ireland, 1797 — commands under Joseph Bona- parte at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805 — accompanies him to Spain, 1806— retires, 1825 — tf. atRennes, 19 May 1838. Bigi, Luigi. [Pittorio.] Bigland, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Skirlaugh, Yorkshire, 1750 — tf. at Finningley, 22 Feb. 1832. Bignon, Jean Paul, abbe, — b. at Paris, Sep. 1662 — Abbe of St Quentin, 1693 — librarian to the King, 1718-41 — tf. at l'lsle-Belle, 14 May *743- Bignon, Jerome, — b. at Paris, 24 Aug. 1589 ■ — chosen by Henry IY. to be attendant on Dauphin, (Louis XIII.,) 1612 — travels in Italy, visits Fra Paolo at Yenice, 16 14 — Advocate- general to the Grand Council, 1620 — Councillor of State, before 1625— Advocate-general to the Parliament, 1625-41 — Grand Master of the King's Library, 1642 — tf. at Paris, 7 Apr, 1656. Chorographie, 1600 - — Biscours de la ville de Rome, 1604 — Traite sommaire de V election du Bape, 1605 — Excellence des Rois et du Boyaume de France, 1610 — Marculfi monarchi Formulce, 1613. Bignon, Jerome, — succeeds his father as Master of the King's Library, 1656 — honorary Councillor to the Parliament, 1673 — Councillor of State, 1678 — tf., 1697. Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron, statesman, historian, — b. at Meilleraye, 3 Jan. 1 77 1 — secretary of Legation in Prussia, 1799^ i8oi b — charge d'affaires in Prussia, 1802 — plenipotentiary at Cassel, 1803 — intendant of Berlin, 1807 — Under Secretary of State, Foreign Affairs, 18 15 — deputy to the Legislative body, 1816 — peer, 1838^ 1837 b — tf. at Paris, 7 Jan. 1 841. Sistoire de la diplomatic franqaise de 1792 d 1815 — Histoire de France depuis le 18 Brumaire jusqtC a la paix de Tilsit, 1839-42. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bigod, Hugh and Roger. [Norfolk, Earls OF.] Bigorre, [Bigerri, Bigeriones,) in Aquitania, — [BC] — conquered by Crassus, 56 — [AD] — passes to Yisigoths, about 476— passes to Franks under Clovis, about 508 — raised to countskip by Louis le Debonnaire, about 820 — title to, dis- puted, sequestered in hands of Philippe le Bel, 1292 — given by Charles YI. to Gaston Phebus, BIGOT— BILXEY. Count de Foix, 1389 — re-united to crown of France by Henry IV., Oct. 1607. Bigot, Emery, scholar,— h. at Bouen, 1626 — tf. there, 18 Oct. 1689. Edition of Chrysostom, 1680. Bigot, Guillaume, poet,— h. at Laval, 1502 —Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 1535 — tf., after 1549. Catoptron, 1536 — Somnium, 1537. Bigot de Preameneu, Felix Julien Jean, statesman, — fo. at Bedon, 1750 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — retires, after 10 Aug. 1792— member of Senate, 1804 — minister of Public Worship, 1808— U. at Paris, 31 Jul. 1825. Bijanaghur, Bisnaghur, (Camata,) in Hin- dustan, — capital of state founded by Aca and Bucca Hurryhur, 1344 s — Bam Bajah defeated and slain, and the monarchy destroyed by allied Mohammedan princes at Talicota, (20 Jamadhi u Sani, 972, a. h.) 25 Jan. 1565 a — ceded to E. I. Company, by Azim ud Doulah, 31 Jul. 1 801. a Elphinstone. Bikanir, [Rajpoots,] in Hindustan, — state founded, 1459. Bilain, Antoine, — tf. at Paris, 1672. Traite des droits de la reine Marie Therese, §c, 1667. Bilbao, in Spain, — taken by French, Jul. 1 7 95 — given up by treaty of Basel, 2 2 Jul. 1 7 95 — revolt at, suppressed by Joseph Bonaparte, 16 Aug. 1808 — captured by Spaniards, 23 Sep. 1808 — recaptured by French, 31 Oct. 1808 — evacuated and re-occupied by them, Aug. 1812 — attempted by Carlists, 1835. Bilberg. [Billberg.] Bilderdijk, Catherine Wilhelmine, poetess, • — b. at the Hague, 1777: — tf. at Haarlem, 16 Apr. 1830. Gedichte voor Kinder en, 18 13. Bilderdijk, Willem, poet, — b. at Amster- dam, 7 Sep. 1756 — quits Holland, 17 86- 1806 — appointed military auditor, 1813 — tf. at Haarlem, 18 Dec. 1831. De invloed der Dicht- Icunst op het Staatsbestuur, 1776 — De onder- gang der eerste wereld, 1820 — Geschiedenis des vader lands, 1832-39. Bilfinger, Georg Bernard, philosopher, statesman, §c, — b. at Canstadt, 23 Jan. 1693 — Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 172 1 — Prof. Philosophy, St Petersburg, 1725 — obtains prize at Academy of Sciences, Paris, .1726 — Prof. Theology, Tubingen, 1731 — Privy Councillor of Duke of "Wurtemberg, 1735 — tf. at Stutt- gard, 18 Feb. 1750. Dilucidationes philoso- phic^, §c., 1725 — Elementa physices, 1742. Eilhon, Jean Joseph Frederic, — b. at Avi- gnon, 2 Feb. 1759 — serves in the Office of Finance, 1 Jan. 1790 to 1 Jul. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 8 Apr. 1834. Dissertation sur I'etat du commerce des Romains, 1788 — De V administra- tion des revenues publics chez les Romains, 1803. Bill, Bobert, mechanician, — b., 1754 — ob- tains patent for iron masts, 1820 — tf.*at Bir- mingham, 23 Sep. 1827. Bill of Exchange. [Exchange, Bill of.] Bill of Rights, [Petition of Rights,] — presented by Parliament to Prince of Orange, 13 Feb. 1688-9— passed, 1 Wm and M. st. 2, c. 2, Nov. 1689. Billard, Claude, poet, — b. at Sauvigny, about 1550 — tf., about 161 8. Tragedies, 16 10 — Henri le Grand, 16 12 — V ' Eglise triomph- ante, 161 8. Billard, Etienne, dramatist, $c, — b. at Nancy, about 1750 — tf., 1785. Lejoyeux mori- bond, 1779 — Le suborneur, 1782. Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, Septem- briseur, — b. at la Bochelle, 1 762,3- 23 Apr. 1756 b — advocate at Paris, 1785— member of the Commune, 10 Aug. 1792— joins in insti- gating the massacres, beginning Sep. 1792 — member of Convention, 20 Sep. 1792 — votes death of the king and queen, 1793 — Pres. Con- vention, member of Committee of Public Safety, 1793 — transported to Cayenne, Apr. 1795 — escapes to St Domingo, 1816 — tf., 3 Jun. 1 819. . a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Billaut, Adam, (Maitre Adam,) poet, car- penter, — tf. at Nevers, 19 May 1662. Che- villes, 1644 — Vilebrequin, 1662. Billberg, Johann, mathematician, §c, — Prof. Mathematics, TJpsala, 1679— tf., 17 17. Tractatus de Cometis, 1682 — Iter in septentr. Suecice regni provincias, 1698. Bille, Steen Andersen, admiral, — b. at Assense, 22 Aug. 1751 — Captain, 1789 — com- mands in the Mediterranean, 1796 — commands at Copenhagen against Nelson, 1801 — member of Boyal Coll. of Admiralty, 1 803 — Commander, 1804 — defends Copenhagen, 1807 — Admiral, 1829 — Minister of State, 1831 — tf. at Copen- hagen, 15 Apr. 1834. Billemaz, Francois, — b. at Belley, about 1750— registrar, civil and criminal, Lyons, 1787 — founds first Jacobin Club there, May 1790 — Justice of the Peace, 17 91 — executed, as agent of the Girondins, 5 Dec. 1793. Billich, Anton-Gunth, chemist, — b. at Je- vern, in Friesland, 1599 — tf., 1640. Exerc. de tribas chemicorum principiis et quinta essentia, 1 62 1 — Observationes et paradoxi chymiatrici, 1 63 1 — Thesaurus in chemicis redivivus, 1639. Billingsley, Sir Henry, mathematician,— ^., before 1550 — Lord Mayor of London, Knt, I597, a i596 b — tf.,22Nov. 1606. Elements of Geo- metry, 1570. a Chalmers. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Billington, Elizabeth, vocalist, — b. in Lon- don, 1769 — makes her debut at Covent Garden, 1785— studies under Sacchini, at Paris, 1785 — in Italy, 17 94- 1800 — retires from the stage, 1809 — tf. near Venice, 25 Aug. 181 8. Bills of Mortality, — compiled at London, 1593 — first weekly return of, Oct. 1603 — su- perseded by Registration Act, 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836. Billuart, Charles Rene, Dominican, — b. at Bevin, near Bocroy, 18 Jan. 1685 — enters Order of Dominicans, 1702 — Prof. Philosophy at Douay, 17 10 — Prior of Convent, Bevin, 1721 — professed Prior, 1733 — tf. there, 21 Jan. 1757. Summa sancti Thomce, 1746-51. Billy, Jacques de, Jesuit, astronomer, — b. at Compiegne, 18 Mar. 1602 — enters Order of Je- suits, 1619 — tf. at Dijon, 14 Jan. 1679 — Opus astronomicum, 1661. Bilney, Thomas, Protestant martyr, — Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge : burnt at Norwich, 6 Sep. 1531. BILS— BIRKBECK. Bils, Lodewijk de, (Bilsius,) anatomist, — announces discovery of new process of embalm- ing, 1658 — Prof, Anatomy, Louvain, about 1663-69 — tf., 1671. Bilson, Thomas, Bp of Winchester, — b. at Winchester, 1536 — Fellow of New Coll. Ox- ford, 1565 — D.D., 24 Jan. 1580 — Bp of Wor- cester, 1596 — Bp of Winchester, 1597 — preaches before James I. at the coronation, 1603 — takes part in Conference at Hampton Court, 1604 — tf. at Westminster, 16 16. Binary Arithmetic, — first proposed by John Caramuel in his Mathesis Biceps, 1670 a ■ — invented by Leibnitz, about 1700. a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Binasco, Filippo, poet, — if. at Pavia, 1576. Mime, 1588. Binck, Jacob, painter, engraver, — b. at Co- logne or Niirnberg, 1490 or 1504a — painter to Christian III. of Denmark, before 1546 a — to Duke Albert of Prussia, 155 1 a — tf. at Konigs- berg, about i56o. b c Nagler. b Engl. Cyc. Binet, Bene, translator, §c, — b. near Beau- vais, 23 Jan. 1732 — tf. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1812. (Euvres de Horace, 1783 — (Eiwres de Virgile, 1805. Bingham, Joseph, ecclesiastical antiquary, — b. at Wakefield, Sep. 1668 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, 26 May i684, ac 1683 b — Fellow, 1 Jul. 1689,*° 1687 b — M.A., 23 Jun. 1691,* c i69o b — resigns his Fellowship, 23 Nov. 1695 — rector of Havant, 17 12 — tf., 17 Aug. 1723. Origines ecclesiastics, 1708-22. a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. c Rose's Biog. Diet. Bingley, William, miscellaneous writer, — B.A. Cambridge, 1799 — tf. in London, 11 Mar. 1823. Animal Biography, 1802 — Biographi- cal Dictionary of Musical Composers of the three last centuries, 1813. Bird, Severin, (Binuts,) theologian, — tf. at Cologne, 1 641. Collection des Conciles, 1606. Binomial Theorem, — discovered by Newton, 1663-64. Bioerner, Eric Julius, antiquary, — b., 22 Jul. 1696 — interpreter of king of Sweden, 17 19 — secretary to the College of Antiquities; assessor to the College of Antiquities, 1737 — tf., 1750. Prodromus geographies Scandice vete- ris, §c, 1726 — Nordiska Kdmpadater, 1737 — Inledning till de Yfverborna Goters gamla Huf- ier, 1738. Bioernstahl, Jacob Jonas, traveller,' — b. at Rotarbo, 23 Jan. 17 31 — studies at Upsala, 1754 — M.A., 1761 — travels, 1769-75 — member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1770 — Prof. Philosophy, Upsala, Jan. 1775 — embarks for the East, Mar. 1776 — tf. at Salonica, 12 Jul. 1779. Bref rbrande des utldndska Resa, $c, 1778. Bion, of Smyrna, lucolic poet, — [BC] — fl. about 280. Bion, Borystheneitrs, philosopher, — [B C] — fl. about 250— tf. about (01. 134, 4,) 241. Biondo. [Blondus.] Biot, Eduard Constant, — b. at Paris, 2 Jul. 1803 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1847 — tf., Mar. 1850. Dictionnaire des 110ms anciens et modernes des villes $c. de V empire Chinois, 1842 — Essai sur Vhistoire de V instruc- tion publique en Chine, 1845-6. Biot, Jean Baptiste, mathematician, — b. at Paris, 1774— Prof. Natural Philosophy, Coll. of France, 1800 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1803 — accompanies Guy-Lussac in his balloon ascent, 1804 — member of Bureau des Longitudes, 1806 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — foreign member of Royal Soc, London, 18 15 — assists in measurement of meridian in Scot- land, 1 817 — receives Rumford Medal of Royal Soc, 1840 — tf., 3 Feb. 1862. Essai sur V his- toire des Sciences depuis la Revolution Fran- chise, 1803 — Traite de Physique experimental et mathematique, 18 16 — Recueil d' observations geode'siques, 1821. Birago, Karl, Baron von, military engineer, — b. near Milan, 24 Apr. 1792 — enters Military School, Pavia, 18 12 — Prof. Mathematics, Milan, 1823-26 — constructs military bridge over the Po, at Brescello, 1839 — Colonel, 1841 Baron, 1843 — tf., 29 Dec. 1845 — Tlntersuchung- en uber die Europ. Militar-briicJcentrains, §c, 1839. Birague, Bene de, Chancellor of France, — b. at Milan, 3 Feb. 1507 — takes part in planning Massacre of St Bartholomeiv, Aug. 1572 — Chancellor, 1573 — Cardinal, by Gregory XIII., 1578— tf., 24 Nov. 1583. Birch, Thomas, historian, — b. in London, 23 Nov. 1705 — takes priest's orders, Dec. 1731 — F.R.S., 20 Feb. 1734-5 — F.S.A., 11 Dec. 1735 — Secretary to Royal Society, Jan. 1752-65 — D.D. Aberdeen, 1753 — tf. near London, 9 Jan. 1766. Biographical Sketches, 1743-52 — Memoirs of the reign of Elizabeth, 1754 — His- tory of Royal Society, 1756-7 — General Diction- ary, historical and critical, 1734-41. Bird, Edward, painter, — b. at Wolver- hampton, 11 Bristol, b 1772 — painter to the Princess Charlotte, 1813 — tf. at Bristol, 18 19. a Engl. Cyc. b Hose's Biog. Diet. Bird, (Birde,) William, musical composer, — ■ b., i54o, a 1543 b — organist of the Chapel Royal, 1575 — tf., 1623. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Biren, John Ernest, Duke oe Cottrland, — b., 1687 — attains chief power under Anne, Empress of Russia, about 1730— elected Duke of Courland, 1737 — Regent after death of Anne, 1740 — arrested and sent to Siberia, 1740— re- called by Princess Elizabeth, 1741 — resigns the dukedom to his son, 1766 — tf. at Mittau, 28 Oct. 1772. Birger de Bielbo, Regent oe Sweden, — b., about 1210 — defends Liibeck against Danes, 1246— completes conquest of Finland, 1248-50 — Regent on death of Eric, 1250-66— tf. at Hialmbolund, 1266. Birger II., King of Sweden, — b., 1280 — succeeds his father Magnus I., 1290^ 1284 11 — defeated by the people and driven from the kindom, 13 19 — tf. in Denmark, 1321. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Biringuccio, Vanuccio, mathematician, — b. at Siena, about 1500? — tf., about 1560. Piro- fecnia, 1540. Birkbeck, George, physician, — b. at Settle, 190 BIRKENHEAD— BISCHOF. in Yorkshire, 10 Jan. 1776 — Prof, at the Andersonian Institution, Glasgow, Nov. 1799- 1804 — settles in London, 1806 — Pres. of Lon- don Mechanics' Institution, 15 Dec. 1823 — fr. in London, 1 Dec. 1841. Birkenhead, (Her ken head,) Sir John, politi- cal writer, — ft. at Northwich, ahout 16 15 — probationary Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1640 — D.C.L., Oxford, 6 Apr. 1 66 i—Knt, by Charles II., 1662 — F.E.S., 1663 — tr. at Westminster, 4 Dec. 1679. Mercurius Aulicus, Jan. 1642- 1645. Birkenhead, in Cheshire, — made a parlia- mentary borough, 1 861. Docks commenced, 23 Oct. 1844 — opened by Prince of Wales, 21 Jun. 1866. Birmah, Burmah, {Ava,) Birman Empire, — court removed to Ava, 1364 — conquered by Pegu, and the king, Donypdy, made prisoner, 1752 — Alompra defeats Peguans and recovers Ava, 1753 ■ — Manedodjz Pra succeeds on death of his father Alompra, 1760 — and is succeeded by his brother Chembuan, 1764 — invasion of Chinese repelled by Chembuan, 1767 — Shan country conquered, 1768 — Cassay united to, 1774 — Chegusa suc- ceeds Chembuan, 1776 — and is succeeded by his uncle Minderadjz Pra, about 1782 — con- quest of Aracan, about 1784 — Tennasserim acquired by treaty from Siam, 1793 — conquest of Salang, 18 10 — death of Minderadjz, 18 19 — invasions of Bengal, 1823 — conquest of Assam, 1823 — war with British, 1826 — Aracan and Tennasserim acquired by British by treaty of Yandabo, 26 Feb. 1826 — war with the British, l8 5 I_ 53 — [Birmese War] — annexation of Pegu to British India proclaimed, 30 Jun. 1853 — - commercial treaty with Great Britain concluded by Col. Phayre, 10 Nov. 1862— treaty with Great Britain signed, 25 Oct., ratified, 26 Nov. 1867. Birmese War, — (1851-53) — British squadron before llangoon, 29 Oct. 1851 — passage of the Irrawady forced, Nov. 1851 — Martaban stormed, 5 Apr. 1852 — Rangoon stormed, 14 Apr. 1852 — Pegu taken, 4 Jun. 1852 — Prome taken, 9 Jul. 1852- — Pegu and Prome soon evacuated; but Prome recaptured, 9 Oct., and Pegu, 21 Nov. 1852 — annexation of Pegu to British possessions, 20 Dec. 1852 — termination of war proclaimed by Governor- General of India, 20 Jun. 1853. Birmingham, — Prince Rupert forces a pas- sage through, 1643 — ravaged by plague, 1665-6 — riots at, 14 Jul. 1791 — made a parliamentary borough, 1832 — Meeting of British Association at, Sep. 1865. Free Library opened, 4 Apr. 1 861 — Industrial Exhibition at, opens, 28 Aug. 1865 — Musical Festival instituted, 1768 — Ro- man Catholic Cathedral completed, 1841 — Queen's College chartered, 1843 — Grammar School founded by Edward VI., 155 1 — new building, by Barry, erected, 1835 — Town Hall, 1834 — Birmingham and Midland Institute commenced, Nov. 1855 — completed, 1866. Eiroli, Giovanni, botanist, $c, — b. at No- 1772 — Prof. Agriculture, Pavia, before 1 014 — Prof. Botany and Materia Medica, Turin, 1 8 14 — retires, 1817 — £. at Novara, 1 Jan. 1825. Del riso, 1807 — Flora agoniensis, 1808 — Trattato d' agricoltura, 1809. Biron, Armand de Gontaut, Baron de, marshal of France, — ft. about 1524 — at the battle of Dreux, 1562 — at the battle of St Denis, 1567 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1569 — aids in concluding peace of St Germain with the Huguenots, 1570 — shuts himself up in the Arsenal on the night of St Bartholomew, Aug. 1572 — Marshal of France, 157 7 — Chevalier du Saint Esprit, 1580 — accompanies the Duke of Alencon to the Netherlands, 1583 — com- mands in Saintonge, 1586— distinguishes him- self at battle of Arques and at siege of Paris, 1589 — directs the attacks at Ivry, 1590— killed by a cannon-shot at siege of Epernay, 26 Jul. i59 2 - Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke of, and Duke of Lauzun, — b. at Pans, 13 ? i\pr. 1747 — marries Amelie de Boufflers, 4 Feb. 1766 — sets out for America, 1777— serves in the army of Flanders, 1792 — condemned and exe- cuted by the Revolutionary tribunal, 31 Dec. 1793 — his wife condemned and executed, 27 Jun. 1794. Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duke oe, marshal of France, — ft., about 1562, a 1565 h — distinguishes himself at battle of Arques, 1589 : — at Ivry, 1590 — Admiral of France, 1592 — Marshal of France, and Marshal-general of camps and armies, 1595 — governor of Bur- gundy, 1595 — serves under Henry IV. at Amiens, 1598 — Duke, Peer, 1598 — serves against Duke of Savoy, 1601 — conspires against Henry IV., 1601 — ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, 1 601 — arrested and executed in the Bastille, 31 Jul. 1602. a Biog. Univ. b Er sell and Gruber, Biron, Charles Armand de Gontaut de, marshal of France, — ft., 5 Aug. 1663 — 3j., 1756. Biron, Louis Antoine de Gontaut de, colonel of French guards, — ft., 2 Feb. 1701 — o\, 1788. Biron' s Conspiracy. [Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duke of.] Birth, [Registration,] — tax on, levied by Act 6 and 7 Wm. II J. c. 6, s. 3, 1694. Bisaccioni, Count Majolino, historian, — • ft. at Ferrara, 1582 — serves in Venetian army, 1598 — distinguishes himself in the defence of Vienna, 161 8 — at Rome, 1622— ft. at Venice, 8 Jun. 1663. Memoirs on the wars of Germany, 1633-42 — Istoria delle guerre civile di questi tempi, §c, 1653-5. Biscaino, Bartolomeo, painter, engraver, — ft. at Genoa, 1632 — if., 1657. Eiscaya. [Basques.] Bischof, Karl Gustav, chemist and geologist, — ft. at Niirnberg, 18 Jan. 1792 — goes to Univ. of Erlangen, 18 10 — Prof. Chemistry and Technology, Bonn, 1 8 1 9 — Prof. Chemistry, 1822 — tr. at Bonn, 30 Nov. 1 870. lehrbuch der Stbchiometrie, 18 19 — Vulkanische Mineral- quellen Deutschlands und FranJcrtichs, 1826 — • Miner alquellen von Foisdorf 1826 — Wdrme- lehre des Innern unsers Frdhbrpers, 1837 — lehrbuch der chem. und physi/c. Geologie,iS^'j- 54 — Popiddre Brief e an cine gebildete Dame iiber die gesammten Gebiete der Natur-wissenschaftcn, 1848-49. BISCHOFSWERDER— BLACK. Bischofswerder, Johann Rudolph von, statesman, general, — ft. at Dresden, 1737 — enters the Prussian army, 1760 — minister of Prussia under Frederick William II., 1786 — ■ plenipotentiary at conferences of Pilnitz, Jul. 17 9 1 — accompanies the king in French cam- paign, 1792 — ambassador to Paris, 1792 — to Frankfort, 1794 — tf. near Berlin, Oct. 1803. Bischop, Jan de, engraver, — ft. at the Hague, 1646,1 1664 b — iy. at Amsterdam, 1686 — Para- digmata graphices variorum artificwn, tabulis amis, 167 1. a Biog. Woovdenboek. b Ersch and Gruber. Bischop, Nicolas, (Episcopius,) printer, — ft. at Weissemburg, about 1490. Collection of the Greek Fathers, 1529. Bisciola, Lelio, Jesuit, — rj. at Milan, 1629 — Horm subcesivce, 1 6 1 1 . Biscioni, Antonio Maria, bibliographer, — ft. at Florence, 14 Aug. 1674 — keeper of the Mediceo-Laurentian Library, 17 13 — royal li- brarian, 1 741 — tf., May 1756. Biset, {Bizet,) Carl Emmanuel, painter, — ft. at Mechlin, 1633 — Director of Academy, Antwerp, 1674. Bishop, Samuel, poet, §c, — ft. in London, Oct. 1731 — enters Oxford UniT., 1750— M.A., 1758 — Head Master of Merchant Taylors' School, 1783 — tr., 17 Nov. 1795. Poetical Works, 1796. Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, musical com- poser, — ft. in London, 1780 — Prof. Music, Ox- ford, 1848 — 3j., 30 Apr. 1855. Bishops, — English, deposed by the Normans, 1070 — right of investiture given up to the Pope by Henry I. at Council of London, 1 Aug. 1106 —Papal authority in electing, limited by 25 Edw. III. st. 4, 1 350- 1 — Papal authority in electing, taken away by 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 1533-4 — excluded from parliament by Act 16 Car. I. c. 27, Feb. 1642— restored to their seats by Act 13 Car. II. c. 2, 166 1— resignation of, when incapacitated, provided for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. Ill, n Aug. 1869. [Seven Bishops.] Bisot, {Bizot,) Jean Louis, diallist, §c, — ft. at Besanc.on, 1702 — r/., 14 Sep. 1781. La Jacquemardade, 1753. Bissel, (Bisselius,) Johann, Jesuit, — ft. at Babenhausen in Suabia, 1601 — Prof, at Am- berg, 1676 — tf. there, about 1677. Icaria, 1636 — Vernalia, 1638 — Illustrium ab orbe condito ruinarum decades IV., 1656-64 — Palcestina, 1659 — Medulla historica, 1675. Bisset, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1759 — ft., 1805. Life of Edmund Burke, 1800 — JJouglas, 1800. Bitche, (Bitsche,) in France, — head of a county, before noo a — ceded by Duke of Lor- raine to Duke of Deux-Ponts, 1297 a — con- fiscated by Duke of Lorraine, 157 i b — returns to Lorraine, 1606 a — seized by France, 1624 s ■ — restored to Lorraine, 1698 a — with Lorraine passes to France, i737, a 1738° — new fortifica- tions commenced, 1744 a — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Prussians, 15 Oct.' a 17 Nov. c 1793 — Austrians defeated near, 17 Nov. 1793 a — ■ blockaded by Prussians, 1 1 Jul. to 30 Aug. 1815° invested by Germans, 1870. a Encyc. Mod. b Uniyers Pittoresque. c Conv.-Lex. Bithynia, — [BC] — Dydalsus (Bozdalsus) becomes sovereign of the Bithynians ; takes Astacus, 436-i, a 440-30 b — Botyras ; Bas, 37^, a 378° — Zipcetas succeeds his father, 326, ab 328° — makes war upon Astacus and Chalcedon, 315 a — and against Antiochus Soter, 280 — his son Nicomedes I, succeeds, 278 ab — invites the Gauls into Asia, 278-7 a — Zielas (Zellas) succeeds his father, 248 e before 246,* 232 c — slain by the Gauls at a banquet, his son Prusias I. (Claudus) succeeds him, 228 ab — ■ defeats the Gauls, 216 a — invades the kingdom of Pergamus, 207 a — included in the treaty with Philip, (the first interference of Borne,) 205 a — succeeded by his son Prusias II., (Venator,) about 180 ab — he visits Borne, 167 s1 — makes war on Attalus II., 156, but is compelled by Bomans to conclude peace : killed by his sou, who succeeds him as Nicomedes II., (Epi- phanes,) 149 a — assists the Bomans against Aristonicus, 131 a — Nicomedes III. (Philo- pator) succeeds his father, and is expelled by Mithridates in favour of his brother Socrates, 9i, a 92° — restored by the Bomans, 90 — ex- pelled again by Mithridates, 88 — restored, 84 — bequeaths his kingdom to Borne, and tr. early in 74,a 73,° 76 d — the country made a Boman province, 74. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Heeren. d Zumpt. e Rawlinson. Bithynia, Era of, — [BC] — commences, 288. Bitonto, in Apulia, — the Spaniards defeat Imperialists at, 25 May 1736. Bitsche. [Bitche.] Bivero, (Biver,) Pedro, Jesuit,— -ft. at Ma- drid, 1572 — sent to Brussels as preacher to the Infants Albert and Isabella, 16 16 — ft. at Ma- drid, 26 Apr. 1656. Bizzari, Pietro, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Sassoferato, 1530 — in England, 1565 — at Basel, 1573 — rj., after 1583. Varia Opuscida, 1565 —Latin translation of Belle guerre fatte in Un~ gheria, 1573. Blaarer, John de "Wartensee de, physician, §c, — ft. at Zurich, 1685 — member of Council of State, 1724 — introduces Swiss regiment into French service, 1752 — tf. at Zurich, 27 Jim. 1757- Biacas d' Aulps, Pierre Louis, Duke of, di- plomatist, — ft. in Provence, 1 2 Jan. 177 1 — accom- panies Louis XVIII. to England, 1800— returns to France, 18 14 — ambassador to Borne, 1817-20 — accompanies Charles X. in England, 1830 — tJ. at Prague, a castle of Kirchberg, b 17 Nov. 1839. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Blacas Collection, (Antiquities,) — acquired by British Museum, 1867. Black, Joseph, chemist, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1728 — enters Glasgow Univ., 1746 — studies medicine at Edinburgh, 1750 or 175 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Chemistry, Glasgow, 1756-66 — ■ Prof. Chemistry, Edinburgh, 1766 — ft. there, io, a 26 b Nov. 1799. Experiments upon Mag- nesia alba, $c, 1756. a Thomson's Hist. Chemistry. b Eees' Cyc, and Chalmers. I 9 2 BLACK ACT— BLAIXVILLE. Black Act, in English law, — 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 1722 — made perpetual by Act 31 Geo. II. c. 42, 1758— repealed by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27, 21 Jun. 1827. Black Assize, — beld at Oxford, Jul. 1577. Black Death, — prevails in Europe, 1348-51. Black Friars. [Dominicans, Order of) Black Pagoda, (Orissa,)— completed, 1241. Black Sea, — opened to Eussians by treaty of Kainardji, 1774 — opened to Austrians, 1784 — to British and French by treaty of Amiens, 1802 — neutralized by treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 1856 — clauses relating to, denounced by Bussia, 19 Oct. 1870 — Conference on Neutrality of, meets at Loudon, 17 Jan. 1871 — treaty for de- neutralization of, signed, and Conference closed, 13 Mar. 1 87 1. Blackburne, Francis, theologian, — b. at Eichmoud, Yorkshire, 9 Jun. 1705 — enters Univ. of Cambridge, May 1722 — archdeacon of Cleveland, prebendary, Bilton, 1750 — tf. at Eichmond, 7 Aug. 1787. The Confessional, 1766. Blackfriars Bridge, London,— commenced, 31 Oct. 1760 — finished, 1769 — taken down, 1864 — first stone of new laid, 20 Jul. 1865 — opened by Queen Victoria, 6 IS"ov. 1869. Blackheath, in Kent, — the Danes encamp on, about 1012 ? — Wat Tyler meets his fol- lowers at, n Jun. 1 38 1 — Henry IV. meets Emperor of the East at, 1400 — Jack Cade en- camps on, twice in 1450 — Henry VI. encamps on, 1452 — Falconbridge encamps on, 147 1 — Cornish insurgents under Lord Audley defeated by Henry VII. at, 22 Jul. 1497 — Henry VIII. meets Anne of Cleves at, 3 Jan. 1540- 1. Blacklock, Thomas, poet,— b. at Annan, 1721 — studies at Edinburgh, 1741-51 — takes holy orders, about 1759 — settles at Edinburgh, 1764 — D.D., Aberdeen, 1766— tf., 7 Jul. 1791. Foems,i*i4.$ — Paraclesis, 1767 — Graham, 1774. Black-Mail, levy of, made felony by Act 43 Eliz. c. 13, 1601. Blackmore, Sir Richard, poet, physician, — i. at Corsham, Wiltshire, about 1650 — enters Oxford Univ., 1668— M.A., 1676— F.E.C.P., 1687— Knt, by William III., 1697— tr., 8 Oct. 1729. Prince Arthur, 1696 — The Creation, i h ji2. Blackrock, U. S., — the British defeat Americans at, 30 Dec. 18 13. Blackstone, John, botanist, — tf., 1753. Fas- ciculus Plantar ion, 1737 — Specimen Botanicum, 174.6 — Plantce rariores Anglice, 1737. Blackstone, Sir William, Justice of the King's Bench, — fj. at London, 10 Jul. 1723 — enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, Xov. 1733 — enters Middle Temple, 20 Xov. 1741 — Fellow of All Souls, Xov. 1743 — B.C.L., Jun. 1745 — called to the Bar, 28 Not. 1746— D.C.L., 1750 — commences Lectures on Constitution and Laws of England at Oxford, Mich., 1753 — Vinerian Prof., Oct. 1758 — marries, 1761 — M.P., 1761 — Principal of Xew Inn Hall, 1761 — Justice of the Com. Pleas, 9 Feb. 1770 — Knt and Justice of the King's Bench, 16 Feb. 1770 — removes to Common Pleas, 22 Jun. 1770 — tf., 14 Feb. 1780. Commentaries on the Laics of England, 1765-69. Blackwater, river in Lreland, — Earl of Tyrone defeats Sir Edward Bagnal near the, 14 Aug. 1598. Blackwell, George, — ft. in Middlesex, 1545 — enters Triu. Coll., Oxford, 1562 — M.A., 1567 — Archpriest of England, 1598- 1607 — writes letter to the Catholics on the Gunpowder Plot. 1605 — deprived for taking oath of allegi- ance to James I., 1608 — tr., 12 Jan. 1613. Blackwell, Elizabeth, botanist, §c. Curious PLerbal, 1737-9. Blackwell, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — h. at Aberdeen, 4 Aug. 1701 — Prof. Greek there, 1723 — Principal of Marischal Coll., 1748— tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Mar. 1757. In- quiry into the Life and Writings of Ptomer, !735. Blackwood, Adam, — fj. at Dunfermline, 1539 — tf. at Poitiers, i6i3, a 1623. b Martyre de Marie Stuart, reine d'Ecosse, 1588. a Bees' Cyc. b Chalmers, and Rose's Biog. Diet. Blackwood, Sir Henry, Bart., admiral, — fj., 1770 — serves in English navy, 1793-1830 — charged to conduct Louis XVIII. to France, 1 8 14 — Bart., Eear-admiral, 18 14 — commander of naval forces in East Indies, 18 19 — Grand Admiral, commander of Chatham, 1827 — retires, 1830— tf. at Ballyhidy, Dec. 1832. Bladensburg, — General Eoss defeats Ameri- cans at, 24 Aug. 1 8 14. Blaes, Gerard, physician,— fj. at Oostvliet, near Bruges, 16 17 — M.D., Leyden, 1646 — Prof. Medicine, Amsterdam, 1660 — member of Im- perial Academy, St Petersburg, 1682 — tf., 1682,* 25 Mar. 1692. 13 Anatome compilatitia anima- lium terrestrium, $c, 1681. a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Woordenboek. Blaesing, David, mathematician, — fj. at Konigsberg, 29 Oct. 1660 — Prof. Mathematics there, 1690 — Member of Eoyal . Society of Sciences, Berlin, 1701 — "tf-, 9 Oct. 1719. ' JDe Sphccrarum coslestiwn symphonia, 1705. Blaesus, (1.) C. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul with Cn. Servilius Carpio, (501, a. u. c.) 253 — Consul with A. Manlius Torquatus Atticus, (510,) 244. (2.) — [AD] — Q. Junius, governor of Pannonia, (767,) 14 — governor of Africa, 21 — defeats Tacfarinas, 22 — Co/isul suffectus, 28 — disgraced with Sejanus, 31 — kills himself, 3 6 - Blaeuw, (Bluett-,) Willem Janszoon, charto- grapher, — fj. at Amsterdam, a Alkmaar, b 157 1 — tf. at Amsterdam, 2i, ac 18, b Oct. 1638. Grand Atlas ge'ographiqtte ou Theatrum Mundi, 1663-7. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. c Ersch and Gruber. Blaeuw, Joan, chartographer, printer, — n. at Amsterdam, about 1600 — tf., 28 Dec. 1673. Novum ac magnum theatrum ciiitatum totius Belgii, 1649. Blagden, Sir Charles, physician, chemist, — ft., 17 Apr. 1748 — tf. at Arcueil, 26 Mar. 1820. Blagrave, John, mathematician, — fj., about 1550 — tf. at Beading, 9 Aug. 161 1. The Ma- thematical Jewel, 1585 — Astrolabium Urcmi- cum Generale, 1596 — Art of Dialling, 1609. Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo- gist, — b. at Arques, 12 Sep. 1778^ 1777 b — goes to Paris, 1796 — M.D., College de France, 1808 BLAIE— BLAND. i93 — Prof. Zoology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, 1812 — in England, 18 16 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1825 — Prof. Nat. His- tory, Jardin des Plantes, 1830— Prof. Compar- ative Anatomy, 1832— F.R.S., 1832— tf. at Rouen, a at Paris, b 1 May 1850. Manuel de Malacologie, 1825-27 — Osteographie, 1839 — Sistoire des Sciences Naturelles cm Moyen Age, 1845. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Blair, Hugh, theologian, # 3 May 1545. Boccage, Marie Anne Lepage, poetess, — b. at Eouen, 22 Oct. 17 10 — ft., 8 Aug. 1802. (Euvres, 1783. Boccage, Manuel Maria Barbosa du, poet, — h. at Setuval, 177 1 — ft., 1806. Obras, 1798- 1805. Boccalini, Trajano, satirist, — b. at Loretto, 15.56 — ft. at Venice, 16 Nov. 161 3. Ragguaglj di Pamasso, 16 12- 13 — Pietra del paragone politico, 1 6 15 — Commentari sopra Corn. Tacito, i66 9 . Boccanera, Egidio, admiral of Castile,— sent to aid Alfonso XL against Moors, 1340 — con- tributes to capture of Algesiras, 1344 — defeats Portuguese fleet at the Tagus, 137 1 — ft., about 1372. Boccanera, Simone, first Doge qe Genoa, — elected, 1339 — takes part in wars with Turks, Tatars, and Moors; abdicates, 1344 — returns from Pisa and is reelected, 1351 — ft., poisoned, r 3 6 3- Boceherini, Luigi, musical composer, — b. at Lucca, 14 Jan. 1740,* 1736,^ 1730 or 1735° — at Paris, 1768-80 — ft. at Madrid, i8o6, a 1805.C a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Bocchi, Faustina, painter, — b. at Brescia, 1659 — ft., about 1742. Bocchi Francesco, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Florence, 1548 — ft. there, 161 8. Bocchus, (1.) King- or Mauritania, — [B C] — gives up Jugurtha to the Eomans, (648, a. u. c.) beginning 106. (2.) King of Mauri- tania, — [BC] — with his brother Bogud aids Ca?sar against Pompeians, 46 — sides with Oc- tavianus after death of Csesar, 44 — assumes sole government, 38 — ft., about 33. Boccone, Paolo Sylvio, botanist, %c, — b. at Palermo, 24 Apr. 1633 — enters Cistercian Or- der at Florence, 1682 — ft. at Palermo, 22 Dec. 1704. Museo di piante rare, 1697. Bocerus, {Jean Boedeker, or Bocker,) poet, §c, — b. Hausberge, 1525 — ft., 6 Oct. 1565. Boch, Jean, poet y — b. at Brussels, 27 Jul. 1555 — ft. there, 13 Jan. 1609. Poesies, 1615. Bochart, Samuel, orientalist, — b. at Eouen, 1599 — in England, 1621 — has public disputa- tion with Veron at Eochelle, Sep. and Oct. 1629 — goes to Stockholm on invitation of Queen Christina, 1652- — returns to France, 1653 — ft. at Caen, 16 May i667, ac i66i. b Opera, 17 12. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Bochat, Charles Guillaume Loys de, phi- lologist, antiquary, — b. at Lausanne, 1695 — ft., 4 Apr. 1754. Memoires critiques sur Vhis- toire ancienne de la Suisse, 1747. Bocher, Joan, {Joan of Itent,) — condemned for heresy, spring 1549 — burnt at Smithfield, 2 May 1550. Bock, Friedrich Samuel, theologian, — b. at Konigsberg, 20 May 17 16 — Prof. Theology and Greek Literature, Librarian of University, there, 1753 — ft., Sep. 1786. Specimen theo- logice naturalis, 1743 — FListoria Socinianismi Prussici, 1753. Bock, {Le Bouck,) Jerome, {Tragus,) botan- ist, — b. at Heidesbach, 1498 — ft. at Hornbach, 1554. Neues Krdaterbuch, 1539.' Bock, Karl August, anatomist, — b. at Mag- deburg, 25 Mar. 1782 — Prof. Medicine, Leipsic, 1 8 14 — ft. there, 30 Jan. 1833. Beschreibung des jiinften Nervenpaarcs, $c, 18 17 — Chirur- gisch-anatomische Tafeln, 1830-33. Bockenberg, Pieter Cornelisz, historian, %c, — b. at Gouda, 25 Dec. 1548 — historiogra- pher to States of Holland and W. Friesland, 1591 — ft. at Leyden, 17 Jan. 1617. Catalogus, %c, regulorum PLollandim, §c, 1584 — Prisci Batavice et Frisice reges, 1589. Bockhorst, Jan van, {Langen-Jan,) painter, — b. at Munster, about 16 10. Bockhorst, Johannes de, painter, — ft. at Deutekoom, 1661 — ft. at Cleves, 1724. Bbcmann, {Bockmann,) Johann Lorenz, natural philosopher, — b. at Liibeck, 8 May 1741' — Prof. Physics and Mathematics, Carlsruhe, 1764 — Privy Councillor, 1798 — ft., 15 Dec. 1802. Frste Grunde der Mechanik, 1769 — TTeber die Blitz- ableiter, 1782 — Versuch iiber Telegraphik, 1794. 198 BOCTHOR— BOEHMER. Bocthor, Ellious,— 6. at Syout, Egypt, 12 Apr. 1784 — tf., 26 Sep. 1 82 1. Pictionnaire francais et arabevulgaire, 1828. Bodasch, (Bohadsch,) Johann, naturalist, — Prof. Natural History, Prague, 1755 — tf. there, 1772. De quibusdam animalibus marinis, 1761. Boddaert, Pierre, poet—b. at Middelburg, 1694 — tf., 1760. Boddaert, Pierre, physician, naturalist, — ft. in Zealand, about 1730 — at Utrecht, 1770-72. Bode, Christoph August, orientalist,— b. at TTernigerode, 28 Dec. 1722 — Prof. Extraord. Oriental Languages, Helmstadt, 1754 — Prof. Ordinary, 1763 — tf., 7 Mar. 1796. Pseudo- critica Millio-Bengeliana, 1767. Bode, Johann Joachim Christoph, musical composer, translator, §c, — ft. at Brunswick, 16 Jan. 1730 — studies at Helmstadt, 1749 — settles at Hamburg, 1757 — goes to Weimar, agent to Countess of Bernsdorf, 1778— deputy to Paris from Masonic Lodges of Germany, 1787 — tf. at TVeimar, 13 Dec. 1793. Bode, Johann Elert, astronomer, — ft. at Ham- burg, 19 Jan. 1747 — called to Berlin by Frederick II., 1772 — titular member of Acade- my of Belles Lettres, 1782 — tf. at Berlin, 23 Xov. 1826. Anleitung zur Kenntniss des ge- stirnten Himmels, 1768 — Astronomische Jahr- biicher, §c, 1776-1829 — Prlduterung der JStemkunde, 1778 — TJranographia, 1801. Bode's Law of Planetary distances, — an- nounced by Titius, 1772. Bodenschatz, Johann Christoph Georg, orientalist, — ft. at Hof, 25 Mar. 17 17 — tf. at Baiersdorf, 4 Oct. 1797. Kirchliche Terfassung der hentigen, sonderlich der deutschen, Pnden, 1748. Bodenstein, Adam, physician, — ft. at 'Witten- berg, 11 Carlstadt, b 1528 — tf., Feb. 1577. a Biog. Uniy. b Bees' Cyc. Bodenstein, Andreas. [Carlstadt.] Boderie, Lefevre de la. [Lefevre.] Bodin, Jean, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Angers, about 1530 — enters service of Duke of Alencon, 1576 — retires to Laon, 1584 — deputy to States-General at Blois, 1588 — tf. at Laon, 1596. Methodus ad facilem historiarum cog- nitionem, 1566 — Six litres de la republique, 1577 — Pemonomanie, 158 1. '' Bodleian Library, Oxford, — refounded by Sir Thomas Bodley, 1597-99 — new building com- menced, 17 Jul. 1610 — finished, 1613 — aug- mented by libraries of Richard Gough and Edmund Malone, 181 2 — and of Francis Douce, 1834. Bodley, Sir Thomas, — ft. at Exeter, 2 Mar. 1544 — at Geneva, about 1556-58 — Fellow of Meiion Coll. Oxford, 1564 — travels on the continent, 1576-80 — employed in negotiations at the Hague, 1588-97 — refounds the public Library, Oxford University, 1597-99 — Knt, by James I., 1603 — tf. in London, 28 Jan. 1612. piliqi.no-: Bodleianee, 1703. Bodmer, Johann Jacob, poet, J 5 Jun. J 57 6 - Boisrobert, Francois Metel de, — ft. at Caen, about 1592 — enters holy orders, 1630 — If. at Paris, 30 Mar. 1662. Farnasse Royal, 1635. Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, — ft. at Besancon, 1528 — if. at Metz, 30 Oct. 1602. Romance Urbis topographic/, et antiqui- tates, 1597 — De divinat. et magic, prcestig., $•her, physician, — fj. at Milan, about 1597 — Prof. Philosophy, Pavia, 1623 — ts. there, 3 Jul. 1630. Boleyn, (Sullen, Bulleyne,) Anne, Queen of Henry VIII. , — h„ about 1507 ? — accom- panies Princess Mary to France, Oct. 15 14 — maid of honour to Queen Katherine, 1525 — Marchioness of Pembroke, 1532 — married privately to Henry VIII., Jan. 1533 — crowned, 1 Jun. 1533 — birth of Queen Elizabeth, 7 Sep. 1533 — charged with adultery, and committed to the Tower, 2 May 1536 — her trial, 15 May 1536 — beheaded in London, 19 May 1536 — the marriage declared void by Act 28 Hen. VIII. C 7, i53 6 "7- Boleyn, Sir Thomas. [Wiltshire, Earl of.] Bolgeni, Giovanni Vincenzio, Jesuit, — fj. at Bergamo, 22 Jan. 1733 — tf. at Rome, 3 May 181 1. Esame della vera idea della santa sede, 1785- Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount, statesman, — b. at Battersea, 1 Oct. 1678 — marries, 1700 — M.P., Wootton Basset, 1700 — Secretary of War, 1704-8 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 17 10 — Baron St John and Viscount Bolingbroke, Jul. 17 12 — attends at Paris signature of Peace of Utrecht, Apr. 17 13 — Prime Minister, 17 14 — takes refuge in France, Mar. 17 15 — attainted of high treason, 10 Sep. 17 15 — marries again, May 1720 — re- turns to England, 1723 — retires to France, 1735-42 — settles at Battersea, 1742—11. there, 15 Dec. 1 75 1. Letter on the Spirit of Patriot- ism, 1750 — Idea of a Patriot Xing, 1735? — Dissertation on Parties, before 1739 — letters on the Study and Use of History, 1752 — Letter to Sir William TVyndham, 1753 — Remarks on the History of England, 1743 — Letters and Correspondence, 1798. Bolivar, Simon, liberator of S. America, — fj. at Caracas, 24 Jul. 1783 — envoy to London from republic of Venezuela, Jun. 18 10 — Co- lonel, governor of Puerto Cabello, 18 n — con- vokes Assembly, resigns his authority, and is named Chief of the republic, 1 Jan. 18 14— • retires to Jamaica, May 18 15 — presents plan of republican constitution to Congress, and resigns supreme power, 18 19 — President of Colombia, Dec. 1 8 19 — defeats La Torre at Carababo, 24 Jun. 1 82 1 — named President of Bolivia, 1826 — publishes organic decree, new provisional constitution, 27 Aug. 1828— effects treaty with Peruvians, 22 Nov. 1829 — offers his abdication, 27 Apr. 1830 — tf. near Carthagena, 17 Dec. 1830,* 1831^ a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. BOLIVIA— BOMBELLES. 203 Bolivia, S. America, — becomes independent republic, 6 Aug. 1824 — named Bolivia, 11 Aug. 1825. Bollandists, Society of, — reorganized at Brussels, 1837 — continuation of the Acta com- menced, 1845. Bollandus, Jean, Jesuit, — b. at Tirlemont, 13 Aug. 1596 — enters Society of Jesuits, 1612 — tr., 12 Sep. 1665. Joint editor with. G-. Hen- schen of first 5 vols, of Acta Sanctorum, 1643- 5 8 - Bologna, (Momma, Felsina,) Italy, — [B C] — Roman colony, i9i, a i8o b — [AD] — burnt down, 58 — forms part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, 568— taken by Lombards, about 570 — given by Pepin to the Popes, 755 — separated from Ponthieu and erected into a county, about 880 — receives charter of municipal inde- pendence from Emperor Henry Y., n 12 — joins first Lombard League, 1167 — joins second, 1226 — resists Frederick II., 1238 — claimed by Borne, 1239 — war with Frederick II., 1239-40 — grand council held at, by Monte- longo, Dec. 1240 — passes to house of Auvergne, 1260 — expulsion of the Lambertazzi, (Ghibel- lines,) 1274° — recall of Ghibellines, the Pope acknowledged suzerain, 1279° — the Pope's legate expelled ; Taddeo de Pepoli proclaimed lord, 17 Mar. 1334° — allied with Florence, 1336 — sold to the Visconti of Milan, 1350° — conspiracy against the Visconti, the citizens disarmed, 1354 — Azzo Guidi heads insurrection and expels the legate, 1376 — sovereignty seized by Giovanni Bentivoglio, 140 1 — battle of, be- tween Florentines under Count of Urbino and Venetians under Bartolomeo Coleoni, 1467 — unsuccessfully attacked by Cesare Borgia, 1501 —taken by Pope Julius II., 1506 — regained by the Bentivoglio, 151 1 — surrenders to Julius II., 15 1 2 — conference of Leo X. and Francis I. at, concordat signed, 14 Dec. 15 15 — Charles V. crowned Emperor by Clement VII. at, 24 Feb. 1529 — Council of. Trent removed to, 1547 — made seat of Abpric by Gregory XIII. , 1583 — occupied by French, Jun. 1796 — made capital of Cispadane Republic, 1797 — occupied by Austrians, 18 14 — restored to the Pope, 18 15 — insurrection breaks out and is suppressed by Austrians, Feb. and Dec. 1831 — revolts again, Aug. 1848 — bombarded by Austrians, 8-16 May 1849 — surrenders, 16 May 1849 — evacu- ated by Austrians, 12 Jim. 1859 — Papal au- thority terminated by National Assembly, 3 Sep. 1859 — annexed to Sardinia, i860. Coun- cil of, for excommunication of Barons of Eng- land, held, 1264. University, famous before 1200. a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. c Sismondi. Bologna, Giovanni da, (John of,) sculptor, — f). at Douai, 1524 — goes to Genoa, 1580 — rj. at Florence, 1608. Bologna, Lorenzino da, {Lorenzo Sab- batini,) painter, — 0. at Bologna, about 1530 — assists Vasari at Florence, 1566 — Superintend- ent of works in the Vatican, by Gregory XIII. , 1575 — tr. at Borne, 1577. Bologne, Pierre de, poet, — b. in Martinique, 1706 — ft. at Angouleme, about 1789. (Euvres, 1769. Bolognese, II. [Grimaldi, Giovanni Fran- cesco.] Bolognetti, Francesco, poet, — one of 'the forty' at Bologna, 1555 — Gonfaloniere, 1556 — ft., after 1576. II Constante, 1566 — Rime, 1566. Bologni, Girolamo, poet, — 6. at Trevisa, 26 Mar. 1454 — tf. there, 23 Sep. 15 17. Apologia pro Flinio, 1479 — Mediolanum, 1626. Bolognini, Lodovico, jurist, — b. at Bologna, about 1447 — Chevalier, Councillor to Charles VIII. of France, 19 Jun. 1494 — Consistorial Advocate, by Alexander VI. , 1499 — ft. at Flor- ence, 10 Jul. 1508. Bolsec, Jerome Hermes, theologian, §c, — goes to Geneva, and is expelled, 155 1 — if. at Lyons, 1585. Ftistoire de J. Calvin, 1577 — Histoire de Th. de Beza, 1582. Bolsena. [Volsinii.] Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire, — taken from the Barons by William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, 12 15 — given to Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 15 14 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1643 — taken by Major-general Crawford, Aug. 1644. Bolswert, (Folwert,) Schelte a, engraver, — b. at Bolswert, inFriesland, about 1586 — living at Antwerp, about 1550. Bolton-le-Moors, in Lancashire, — Flemish clothiers settle at, 1337 — garrisoned for the Parliament, taken by Prince Rupert and Earl of Derby, 1644. — surrendered to the Parliament, 1651. Bolzano, Bernhardt, philosopher, theologian, — b. at Prague, 5 Oct. 17 81— Ph. D., Prof. Theology, at the tjniv., 1805 — deprived, 1820 — rj., 18 Dec. 1848. Wissenschaftslehre, 1837 — Abhandlungen zur Aesthetik, 1 843-9 — ' Athanasia, 1838. Bomare. [Valmont de Bomare.] Bomarsund, in Aland Isles, — bombarded by English and French fleet, 21 Jul. 1854 — cap- tured and fortifications destroyed, 16 Aug. 1854. Bomb, — probably invented before 1472 a — used by Turks at siege of Rhodes, 1522 — first used in Netherlands, 1588 b — first used at siege of La Mothe, 1634.° a Grose. b Strada. c Blondel. Bombay, (Mumbai,)m Hindustan, — captured by Ahmed I. of the Deccan, about 1422 — re- covered by Ahmed of Guzerat, (833, a. h.) 1429 — taken by Mahmud Begarra, (900,) 1494 — first visited by Portuguese, 1509 — ceded by Moguls to Portuguese, 1530 — ceded to English, i662, a Jun. i66i b — taken possession of, Feb. 1664 — transferred to East India Company, 26 Mar. 1668 — mutiny at, 1674-5, and 23 Dec. 1683. Presidency of, established, 1687, a 1686 c — besieged by Moguls, 1688-9 — evacuated by order of Aurungzebe, 22 Jun. 1690. a Engl. Cyc. b Hamilton. c Maeculloch. Bombelles, Henri Francois, Count of, general, — b., 1681 — enters the navy, 1696 — envoy to Cadiz and Naples, 1700 — quits the navy, 1701 — at siege of Belgrade, 1717 — mili- tary instructor to Duke of Chartres, 171 8 — tutor to Louis Philippe of Orleans, 1727 — Lieutenant- 204 BOMBELLES— BONAPARTE. general, Commander of St Louis, 1744 — tf., 29 Jul. 1760. Bombelles, Marc Marie de, Marquis,— 5., 8 Oct. 1744 — enters the army, 1757 — enters the diplomatic service, 1765 — ambassador to Portugal, 27 Jun. 1785 — Marechal de Camp, 1788 — ambassador to Venice, Jan. 1789 — resigns, 1790 — reenters the army, 1800 — Bp of Amiens, 3 Oct. 18 19 — ft. at Paris, 5 Mar. 1822. La France avant et depuis la revolution, 1799. Bombelli, Raphael, mathematician. Trea- tise on Algebra, 1572. Bombelli, Sebastiano, painter, — ft. atUdine, 1635 — living, 17 16. Bomberg^Daniel, printer, — settles at Venice, about 15 17 — tf. there, 1549. Hebreiv Bible with the Jlasora and Targums, 15 18 — Talmud of Babylon, 1520-35. Bompiano, Ignaeio, Jesuit, — b. at Frosinone, 29 Jul. 1612 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1627 — tf., 1 Jan. 1675. Sistoria pontificatus Gre- fforii XIII., 1655 — Seneca Christianas, 1658. Bon, Louis Andre, general, — b. at Romans, Dauphine, 25 Oct. 1758 — serves in French campaigns, 1792-99 — falls at siege of Acre, 10 May 1799. Bon de Saint Hilaire, Francois Xavier, miscellaneous writer — b. at Montpellier, 15 Oct. 1678 — tf. at Narbonne, 18 Jan. 1761. Dissertation sur Varaignee, 1710. Bona, in Africa. [Hippo Regius.] Bona, Giovanni, Cardinal, — b. at Mondovi, 12 Oct. 1609 — enters Order of Feuillants, 1625 — General of the Order, 1651 — Cardinal, by Clement IX., 1669 — ft. at Rome, 25 Oct. 1674. De divina psalmodia. 1663 — Res liturgical, 1671. Bonac, Jean Louis d'TJsson, Marquis of, diplomatist, — b., 1673 — ambassador to Charles XII., 1701 — envoy extraordinary to Philip V. of Spain, 17 11 — ambassador to Constantinople, 17 16 — concludes treaty between Turkey and Russia, 1724 — ambassador to Switzerland, 1727 ■ — tf. at Paris, 1 Sep. 1738. Bonacina, Martin, theologian, — b. at Milan, about 1585 — settles at Rome, 1619 — tf. at Vienna, 1631. De morali thcologia, 1624. Eonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Viscount of, political writer ; — b. at Monna, near Mil- hand, 1753^.1760 b — quits France, 1791 — re- turns, after 9 Nov. 1799 — councillor of Univ. of Paris, 18 10 — admitted to French Academy, 1 816 — peer of France, 1823 — retires, 1830 — tf. at Monna, Dec. 1840. Theorie du pouvoir, 1796 — (EuvreSy 1817-40. a Biog. UniT. b Conv.-Lex. Bonami, Franqois, physician, botanist, — b. at Nantes, 10 May 17 10 — founds Botanic Garden there, 1735 — tf., 1786. Floree Xannetensis pro- w, 1782-85. Bonamy, Charles Auguste Jean Baptiste Louis Joseph, general, — b. at Fontenay-le- Comte, 1764— serves in the army, 1791 to June 1 800 — re-entersit, 1 809 — serves in Russian cam- paign, 18 12 — taken prisoner at Moscow, Sep. 1812 — returns to France, 1814 — tf., Sep. 1830. Bonamy, Pierre Nicolas, antiquary, §c, — b. at Louvres, 1694— member of Academy of In- scriptions, 1727 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 1770. Bonaparte, Charles, — b. at Ajaccio, 29 Mar. i744, a 1746 b — joins General Paolo at Corte, 1768 — councillorof the king, assessor of Ajaccio, 1773 or 1774 — deputy from the nobles to French court, 1777 — member of Council of Twelve, 1781 — tf. at Montpellier, 24 Feb. 1785. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, — b. at Ajaccio, 15 Dec. 1784 — goes to France, 1793 — marries Elizabeth Patterson, at Balti- more, U.S., 24 Dec. 1803 — commands squadron at Martinique, 1806 — Prince of the Empire, 1806 — General of Division, 14 Mar. 1807 — marries daughter of King of Wiirternberg, 12 Aug. 1807 — made King of "Westphalia, 18 Aug. 1807 — takes part in Russian campaign, 18 12 — surprised at Smolensk and dismissed from command, Aug. 181 2 — driven from his kingdom, 27 Oct. 1813 — at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — Marshal of France, Pres. of the Senate, by Louis Napoleon, Jan. 1850 — resigns, 1852 — tf. near Paris, 24 Jun. i860. Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples, and afterwards of Spain, — b. at Ajaccio, 7 Jan. 1768 — studies at College of Autun, 1777-84 — received advocate at Bastia, 1788 — marries M mlle Clari at Marseilles, 1793 — commissary to army of Italy, 1796 — ambassador to the Pope, May 1797 — complains of violation of his residence by Papal officers, and quits Rome, 28 Dec. 1797 — deputy to Council of Five Hundred, early in 1798 — Councillor of State, 1799 — negotiates treaty with United States, Sep. 1800 — negotiates treaty of Luneville, 1 801 — negotiates treaty of Amiens, 1802 — Im- perial Prince and Grand Elector, 1804 — regent for Napoleon I., Oct. 1805 — leads expedition to Naples, Jan. 1806 — appointed by Napoleon King of Naples and Sicily, 30 Mar. 1806 — enters Naples, 11 May 1806 — has interview with Napoleon at Venice, 2 Dec. 1807 — re- moved from Naples and appointed King of Spain by decree of 6 Jun. 1808 — enters Madrid, 22 Jan. 1809 — defeated at Vittoria, retires to France, Jun. 18 13 — Lieutenant-general of the Empire, and head of Council of Regency, 25 Jan. 1 8 14 — joins the empress at Blois, end of Mar. 1 8 14 — returns to Paris, Mar. 18 15 — goes to United States, Jun. 18 15 — tf. at Florence, 28 Jul. 1844. Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, [Napoleon III.] Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, King of Hol- land, — b. at Ajaccio, 4, a 21 b Sep. 1778 — dis- tinguishes himself at Areola, 1796 — serves in campaign of Egypt, 1798-99 — marries Hortense de Beauharnais, 4 Jan. 1802 — General of Division, and Councillor of State, Apr. 1804 — Prince of the Empire, 18 May 1804— governor of Piedmont, 1805— King of Holland, 5 Jun. 1806 — is compelled by Napoleon to abdicate, 1 Jul. 1 8 10 — retires to Styria as Count de St Leu, 18 10 — tf. at Leghorn, 25 Jul., a 15 Jun. b 1846 — his remains transferred to St Leu, 29 Sep. 1847. Documents historiques et reflexions sur le goKvcrnemcnt de la Sollande, 1820. a Nout. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince of Canino, — BONAPAETE— BONGAES. 205 b. at Ajaccio, 1775 — goes to France, 1793 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — gets law adopted for creation of the Legion of Honour, 1802 — member of Institute, 3 Feb. 1803 — settles at Eome, 1804 — embarks for America, Aug. 18 10 — captured and taken to England, Dec. 18 10 — returns to Eome, 18 14 — Prince of Canino, 18 Aug. i8i4, a 1808 c — re- turns to Italy, 1815-30 — settles in London, 1 830-38 — ft. at Viterbo, a 29 Jun. 1 840. Sellina, 1799 — Charlemagne, ou V Fglise delivree, 18 15 — la Cymeide, 18 19. a Conv. Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. Bonaparte, Maria Letizia Ramolino, — b. at Ajaccio, 24 Aug. 1750 — married to Charles Bonaparte, 1767 — goes to the court of Napo- leon I., 1804 — resides at Eome, 1814-36 — ft. there, 2 Feb. 1836. Bonaparte, Marie Anne Elisa. [Baciocchi.] Bonaparte, Marie Pauline, Princess Bor- ghese. [Borghese.] Bonaparte. [Napoleon I.] Bonaparte, Napoleon Franqois Charles Joseph, {Napoleon II.) — b. at Paris, 20 Mar. 181 1 — styled King of Eome; on abdication of his father, Napoleon I., goes to Vienna, 18 14 ■ — created Duke of Eeichstadt, 22 Jul. 181 8 — Lieut.-col., Jun. 1831 — ft. at Schonbrunn, 22 Jul. 1832 — recognized as Napoleon II. by Napoleon III., 1852. Bonarelli della Rovere, Guidubaldi, poet, — b. at Urbino, 25 Dec. 1563 — ft. at Fano, 8 Jan. 1608. Filli di Sciro, 1607. Bonarelli della Rovere, Prospero, dramatist, b. at Ancona, about 1588 — founds Academy of the Caliginosi, 1624. — ft. at Ancona, 9 Mar. 1659. II Solimano, 167,0. Bonarelli della Rovere, Pietro, poet, — ft., 13 Feb. 1669. Poesie drammatiche, 1651 — Poesie liriche, 1651 Bonasio, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — architect of Modena, 1508 — ft. 1527. Bonasoni, Giulio, (il Bolognese,) painter, en- graver, — b. at Bologna, about 1498,* i5io b — ft. at Eome, about 1564,° i58o, b after 157 2. a a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Univ. Bonaventura, Federico, natural philosopher ; — fc. at Ancona, 1555 — ft., Mar. 1602. Be natura partus octomestris, 1600 — Anemologia, 1594- Bonaventure, St, {Giovanni di Fidenza), [Doctor Seraphicus,) Card in al, Scholastic phi- losopher, — fj. in Tuscany, 1221 — enters Francis- can Order, 1243^ 1248 b — Prof. Theology, Paris Univ., 1253 b — D.D., 1255^ 1257° — General of his Order, 1256 — Bp of Albano, 1273 — Cardinal, by Gregory X., 1273,* 1274 b — preaches before Council of Lyons, 1274 d ^ft. at Lyons, 14 Jul. 1274 — canonized, by Sixtus IV., 1482 — pro- claimed a doctor of the church, by Sixtus V., 1587. Opera, 1588-96. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. d Milman. Bonaventure, le Pere. [Giraudeau.] Bonavera, Domenico Maria, engraver, — b. at Bologna, about 1660— ft. about 1700? Boncerf, Pierre Francois, jurist, — b. at Chasot, about 1745 — advocate to the parliament of Besanqon, 1770 — ft. about 1794. Les In- convenients des droits feodaux, 1776. Bonchamp, Charles Melchior Arthur de, Vendean general, — b. at Jouverdeil, 10 May 1760— leads, with d'Elbee, the Vendean army, 1793 — killed, at passage of the Loire, 18 Oct. 1793- Bonciario, Marco Antonio, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Perugia, i555, a 1545 b — ft., 9 Jan. 16 1 6. Grammatica, 1603 — Epistolce, 1604 — Pia poemata, 1606 — Idyllia, 1607. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bondi, Clemenzo, Jesuit, poet, — b. at Mez- zano Superiore, 1742 — at Mantua, 1783 — libra- rian to Archduke Ferdinand, Brunn, 1797 — ft. at Vienna, 21 Jun. 1821. Conversazioni, 1783 — Giornata villereccia, 1773. Bonding System. [Warehousing System.] Bondioli, Pietro Antonio, physician, — b. at Corfu, 1765 — M. D., Padua, 1789 — Prof. Materia Medica, Bologna, 1803 — Prof, clinical medicine, Padua, 1806 — ft. at Bologna, 16 Sep. 1808. Bondt, (Bontius,) Geraert de, (Gerardus,) physician,^— b. at Eyswick, 1536 — Prof. Medi- cine, Leyden, 1575 — ft. there, 15 Sep. 1599. Bondt, (Pontius,) Jacob de, (Jacobus,) physi- cian, — ft. at Batavia, 163 1. Be medicina In- dorum, 1642. Bondt, Nicolas, historian, §c., — b. at Voor- burg, 1732 — ft., 1792. Histoire de la confede- ration des Provinces TJnies, 1756 — Be Poly- gamia, 1756. Bone, Henry, enamel painter, — b. at Truro, 1755 — exhibits at Eoyal Academy, 1780 — ■ enamel-painter to Prince of "Wales, 1800 — A.E.A., 1 801— E.A., 1 81 1— ft., Dec. 1834. Bonelli, Francesco Andrea, naturalist, — ■ b. at Cuneo, Piedmont, 1785 — ft. at Turin, 18 Nov. 1830. Boner, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1870. C.B.'s Book, 1848 — Chamois Hunting in Bavaria, 1853 — Forest Creatures, 186 1 — Transylvania, 1 865 . Boner, Ulrick, (Bonerius,) poet, — fl., about 1324-49. Edelstein, 1461. Bones, — first used as manure, 1775 — crushed, used soon after 1800. Bonet de Bates, physician, astrologer, — ft., about 1490. Be annuli astronomici utilitatc, 1506. Bonfadio, Jacopo, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Gazzano, about 1500 a — Prof. Philosophy, Genoa, 1545 — beheaded and burnt, 19 Jul. 1550 or 1560. a Annales Genuenses, 1586 — ■ Letter e famigliari, §c, 1746. a Ersch. and Gruber. Bonfini, Antonio, (Bonjinius,) — b. at Ascoli, Dec. 1427 — goes to the court of Matthias Cor- vinus, king of Hungary, 1485. — ft. 1502. Pes HungariccB, 1568 — Symposia Beatricis, §C., 1572. Bonfrere, Jacques, (Bonfrerius,) Jesuit, He- braist, — b. at Dinant, 1573 — ft. at Tournay, 9 Mar. 1643. Commentaire sur V Onomasticon, 1707 — Pentateuchus Mosis commentario illus- tratus, 1625. Bongars, Jacques, — b. at Orleans, 1546^ 1554 b — goes to Constantinople and forms col- 206 BONGO— BONN. lection of MSS., 1585— rj. at Paris, 1612. Gesta Dei per Francos, §c, 161 1 — Collect. FLungaric. rerum scriptorum, 1600 — Fpistolce, 1 64 1. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Bongo, (Bungus,) Pietro,— rj., 24 Sep. 1601. Da mystica numerorum signifcatione, 1583. Bonhomme, Jacqnes. [Caillot.] Bonhommes, Order of, — appears in England, about I250, a 1283. a Encyc. Mod. b Tanner. Boni, Mauro, archceologist, bibliographer, Jesuit, — b. at Genoa, 3 Nov. 1746 — enters Order of Jesuits, 18 14— rj. at Reggio, 4 Jan. 1 8 17. — Degli autori classici, . . . biblioteca- portatile, 1793 — Series monetce Homana, 1801. Bonichon, Franqois, oratorian, — ft., 1662. Fompa episcopalis, 1650. Boniface, St, ( Winfrid,) Apostle of Ger- many, — rj. in Devonshire, 680 a — ordained priest, about 700 — sets out as a missionary, about 7i5, a 7i6 bc — visits Borne and is sent by Gregory II. into Thuringia, 718 — goes again to Friesland, 7 19 — visits Hessia and Thuringia, 722— consecrated Bp by Gregory II., at Borne, 723 — returns to Germany, 723 — Abp by Grego- ry III., 732 — visits Borne and is sent to or- ganize church in Bavaria, 738 — founds bishop- rics in Bavaria, 739 — acquires influence oyer Carloman and Pepin, 741 — regulates Frankish church, 742 — silences and arrests Adelbert and Clement, about 744 — procures their condemna- tion and deprivation by Pope Zacharias, 745 — procures deposition of Gewillieb, Bp of Mentz, and is appointed Abp of Mentz, 745 a — consecrates Pepin le Bref, King of France, 752 — massacred in Friesland, 5 or 9 Jim. 755.° a Neander. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Boniface, Hyacinthe, advocate, — b. at For- calquier, 14 Oct. 161 2 — rector of Univ, of Aix, 1677 — rj. there, 28 Jul. 1699. Fecueil des arrets notables du parlement de Provence, 1670. Boniface I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Zosimus, 28 Dec. 418 — rj., 4 Sep., a 25 Oct. b 422. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Boniface II., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Felix IV., 15 Oct. 530— rj., 16 Oct., a 8 Nov. b 532. a Pagi. b Bianchini. Boniface III., Pope, — succeeds Sabinian, Mar. 6o7, a 25, 13 15 c Feb. 606 — lj., 12 Nov. 6o7, a 606. bc a Engl. Gyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Biog. Univ. Boniface IV., Pope, — elected i8, a 8 b Sep. 607— ordained, 25 Aug. 608 c — if., about end of 6i3, a 7 May 615,° 6i4. b a Fleuri. b Biog. "Univ. c Pagi. Boniface V., Pope, — succeeds Deusdedit, 29, a 25 c Dec. 617, 23 Dec. 619 b — &., about end of 624, a 22, b 25 c Oct. 625. a Fleuri. b Pagi. c Biog. Univ. Boniface VI., Pope, — succeeds Formosus, and o". in 15 days, 11-26 Apr. 896. Boniface VII., Anti-Pope, (Francone,) — elected, 974? — expelled, 974 or 975 — returns to Rome and imprisons John XIV., Mar. 984^ 985 b — rj., Mar., a Dec. b c 985. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Boniface VIII., {Benedetto Gaetano,) Pope, — rj. at Anagni, about 1228 — Cardinal, by Martin IV., 1281 — succeeds Celestine V., 24 Dec. 1294 — consecrated, 2 Jan. 1295 — publishes the # bull Clericis laicos, 1296 — his dispute "with the' Colonna family begins, 1296 or 1297 — ex- communicates them and confiscates their pro- perty, Ascension Day, 1297 — canonizes St Louis, 2 Aug. 1297 — proclaims crusade against the Colonna, and takes Prseneste, 1298 — arbi- trates between Philip the Fair and Edward I., 28 Jun. 1298 — proclaims a Jubilee at Rome, 2 Feb. 1300 — quarrels with Philip the Fail-, 1301 — excommunicates him, 5 Dec. 1301 — his bull burnt by Philip at Paris, 1 1 Feb. 1 302 — arrested by AVilliani of Nogaret, at Anagni, 7 Sep. 1303 — rescued by the people, 9 Sep. 1303 — lj. at Rome, 11 Oct. 1303. Boniface IX., (Pietro Tomacelli,) Pope, — rj., about 1344 — Cardinal, 1381 — succeeds Urban VI., 2 Nov. 1389 — proclaims a Jubilee, 1400 — tf. at Rome, 1 Oct. 1404. Bonifacius, general, — defends Massilia against Ataulphus, 413 — commands against Vandals in Spain, 422 — goes into Africa, Aug. 422 a — invites Vandals into Africa, at war with Rome, 427 — at war with Vandals, besieged in Hippo, May 430 to Jul. 431 — returns to Italy, regains favour of Placidia, and is killed by Aetius, 432. a Clinton. Bonifazio, Tr&ncesco,painter, — ft. at Verona, 1491— rj., i543> a J 553- b a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Diet, and Italian Painters. Bonington, Bichard Parkes, painter,— ft. near Nottingham, 25 Oct. 1801 — studies in the Louvre, 1816 — rj. in London, 23 Sep. 1828. Column of St Mark, Venice, National Gallery, 1826. Bonjour, Francois Joseph, chemist, — rj. near Sarins, 12 Dec. 1754 — M.D., Paris, 1781 — assistant to Berthollet, 1784 — serves at siege of Valenciennes, 1793 — member of Council of Agriculture and of Arts, 1795 — rj. at Dieuze, 24 Feb. 1811. Bonjour, (Bonjours,) Guillaume, orientalist, — fj. at Toulouse, 1670 — goes to Rome, 1695 — missionary of Augustine Order to China, 17 10 — Tj. in China, Feb. 17 14. Fxercitatio in monumenta Coptica, 1699. Bonn, in Prussia, (Bonna,) — Civilis and his confederates defeated by Cerialis near, 70 — de- stroyed by Germans, 355 — rebuilt by Julian, 359 — destroyed by Northmen, 881 — the Em- peror Charles IV. crowned at, 1346 — taken by French, 1673 — surrendered to Prince of Orange and Montecuculi, 12 Nov. 1673 — again taken by French, 1688 — besieged and taken by Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg, 1689 — taken by Marlborough, 1703 — fortifications razed, 17 17 — occupied by French, Oct. 1794 to 1 8 1 4. University founded, 1 8 1 8 . Bonn, Andrew, surgeon, — h. at Amsterdam, 1738 — M.D., Ley den, 1763 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Amsterdam, 177 1 — Chevalier of the Order of the Belgic Lion, member of the Academy of Brussels, 18 15 — rj. at Amsterdam, i8i9, a 2 Sep. i8i7. b De simplicitate naturce, 1772 — Tabula ossium onorbosorum, 1789 — Ta- bula anatomico-chirurgicce doctrinam herniarum BONNATERRE— BONOSUS. 207 illustrantes, 1828. a Biog. Univ. (Brussels edit.) b Biog. "Woordenboek. Bonnaterre, Pierre Joseph, naturalist,—^. at St Geniez, 1747— *• at Rodez, 1804. Ta- bleau methodique des trots regnes de la Nature, I 7 88 -9 2 - ■. ,- Bonnay, Charles Francois, Makquis de, diplomatist,— §., 22 Jun. 1750— deputy to States-General, 1789— first to take the oath at Federation Fete, 14 Jul. 1790— plenipotentiary to Copenhagen, 18 14— Peer of France, 18 15 — plenipotentiary in Prussia, till 1820— Minister of State, Privy Councillor, 1820— governor of Fontainebleau, 1821— tf., 25 Mar. 1825. Bonne, Rigobert, hydrographer—b. at Rau- court, 1727— at siege of Berg-op-Zoom, 1747 — tf. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1794. Atlas maritime des cotes de la France, 1762— with Desmarets, Atlas Encyclopedique, 1787-88. Bonnecarrere, Guillanme de, diplomatist, — b. at Muret, 13 Feb. 1754— envoy to East In- dies, 1783-86 — excluded from the Jacobin Club, 179 1— tf. at Versailles, 9 Nov. 1825. Bonnefoi, Jean Baptiste, surgeon,—^., 1756 ft., 1790. Memoir es sur V influence des passions de V dm e dans les maladies chirurgicales ; et sur V application de V electricite, a V art de g tier ir, I7 8 3. Bonnefons, Jean, (Bonnefonius,) poet,—b. at Clermont, Auvergne, 1554— tf. at Bar-sur- Seine, 16 14. Pancharis, 1587. Bonner, Edmund, Bp of London,— b. at Hanley, about 14.95— enters Oxford Univ., 15 12 — D.C.L., 1525— envoy to Rome, 1532— to Cle- ment VII. at Marseilles, 1533— Bp of Here- ford, 1538— Bp of London, 1539— ambassador to Charles V., 1547— imprisoned on refusing the oath to Edward VI., Sep. 1547— imprisoned and deprived, 1 Oct. 1549 — restored to his . diocese, Aug. 1553 — refuses to take oath of supre- macy, 30 May 1559— deprived, 20 Jun.— impri- soned in the Marshalsea, Apr. 1560 — tf. there, 5 Sep. 1569. Bonnet, Charles, philosopher, naturalist, — b. at Geneva, 13 Mar. 1720 — L.L.D. and F.R.S., 1743 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, and Berlin, 1783 — member of Grand Council, Geneva, 1752— tf., 20 May 1793. Traite d'insectologie, 1745 — De V usage des feuilles, 1754 — Considerations sur les corps organises, 1762-68 — Contemplation de la nature, 1764-65 — Essai de psychologie, 1754 — Essai analytique des faculte's de Vume, 1760-9 — Pa- lingenesie philosophique, 1769-70— Pccherches philosophiques sur les preuves du christianisme, 1770-71. Bonnet, Theophile, physician, — b. at Geneva, 5 Mar. 1620 — M.D., Bologna, 1643 — tf., 29 Mar. 1689. Pharos Medicorum, 1668 — Sepul- chretum, &c, 1679. Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Count de, (Achmed Pasha,) — b., 14 Jul. 1677 — enters the navy, 1687 — enters tbe army, 1698 — serves in Italy, 1 70 1 — passes into the service of the Emperor, 1706 — assists at interview of Prince Eugene and Marshal Villars at Rastadt, 17 14 — Lieutenant-general, Aulic Councillor, 17 14 — wounded at Peterwaradin, 17 16 — loses the Em- peror's favour, 1720 — professes himself a Mus- sulman, 1720^ 1730 b — tf. at Constantinople, 22, a 27 b Mar. 1747. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bonneville, C. de, engineer, — b. at Lyons, 171 o — living, 1 7 7 1 . Esprit des lo is de tactique, 1762 — Les Lyonnaises, protectrices des Etats souverains, 177 1 — Be V Amir i que, 1771. Bonneville, Nicolas de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Evreux, 13 Mar. 1760 — travels in Eng- land, 1786 — tf., 9 Nov. 1828. Lettrcs a Con- dor cet, 1786 — Les jesuites ch asses de la macon- ncrie, 1788 — Histoire de V Europe moderne jus- qu'en, 1783, 1789-92 — Be V esprit des religions, 1791. Bonnier d'Arco, Ange Elisabeth Louis An- toine, diplomatist, — b. at Montpellier, 1750 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to Con- vention, 1792 — assists at conference at Rastadt, 1799 — assassinated by Austrian troops, 19 Apr. 1799. Pecherches historiques et politiques sur Malte, 1798. Bonnivard, Francois de, — b. at Seyssel, 1496 — prior of St Victor, Geneva, 15 14 — taken prisoner by Charles III. at Geneva, 15 19 — liberated, 152 1 — imprisoned by Duke of Savoy, in castle of Chillon, 1530-36 — gives his library to the city of Geneva, 155 1 — tf. at Geneva, 1570 ? Bonnivet, Guillaume Gouffier de, admiral, — distinguishes himself at siege of Genoa, 1507 — at the battle of Spurs, 15 13 — falls at Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525. Bonnot. [Condillac and Mably.] Bonnycastle, John, mathematician, — tf. at "Woolwich, 15 May 1821. Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic, 1780 — General History of Mathe- matics, 1803 — Introduction to Algebra, 1782. Bono, Giovanni Battista Agostino, canonist, — b. at Verzuolo, 1738 — Prof. Canonical In- stitutions, Turin, 1767 — Prof. Canon Law, 1768-92 — member of provisional government of Piedmont, Dec. 1798 — envoy to the Directory, 8 Feb. 1799 — tf., Mar. 1799. Bonomi, Giovanni Francesco, Bp of Ver- celli, — b. at Cremona, 6 Oct. 1536 — Bp of Vercelli, 1572 — Papal legate to Switzerland and the Grisons, 1579 — Papal legate to Germany, 158 1 — tf. at Liege, 26 Feb. 1587. Vita et obitus Caroli Borromcei, 1587. Bonomi, Giuseppe, architect, — b. at Rome, 1739 — settles in England, 1767 — A.R.A., Nov. 1789 — tf., 9 Mar. 1808. Poseneath Hall, Dum- bartonshire, 1803. Bononcini, (Buononcini,) Giovanni, musical composer, — b. at Modena, about 1672,* at Bologna, 1660 b — in England, 1720-33 — tf. at Venice, after 1752. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Bonone, Carlo, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 1569— tf., 1632. Bononia. [Bologna.] Bonosus, Bp or Sardica ? — adopts views- of Helvidius and Jovinian, and is condemned by Council of Capua, 389-90. Bonosus, Emperor in Gaul, — proclaims himself, is defeated by Probus, and kills him- self, about 280. 208 BONOURS— BORDE. Bonours, Christophe de, captain, — b. at Vesoul, about 1590 — signalises himself at siege of Dole, 1636 — tf. about 1650. Siege memor- able d'Ostende, 1633. Bonpland, Aime, botanist, $c, — b. at La Rochelle, 22 Aug. 1773 — accompanies Alex.von Humboldt to America, 1799-1804 — super, intendent of the gardens of Empress Josephine- 1804-14 — goes to America, i8i6, a i8i8 b — Prof. Natural History, Buenos Ayres, 1 817-21 — arrested and detained by Francia, 5 Dec. 1 82 1— liberated, 2 Feb. 1831^ Nov. 1829 b — tf. at Monte Video, 11 May 1858. Flantes equinoctiales recueilles au Mexique, §c., 1809-16 — Description des plantes rares de Navarre et de la Malmaison, 1813-17 — Monographic des Milastomees, 1809-16. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Bonstetten, Karl Victor von, philosopher, naturalist, — b. at Berne, 3 Sep. 1745 — visits England, 1769 — visits Paris, 1770— member of Grand Council, 1775 — settles at Geneva, 1802 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 1832. EErmite, histoire alpine, 1788 — Voyage sur la scene du dernier livrc de VEneide, 1804,* 1813 b — Philosophic der Erf aiming, §c, 1827,* i828. b a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bontekoe, Cornelisz, physician,— h. at Alk- maar, about 1647 — tf. at Berlin, 14 Jan. 1685. Schriften, 1689. Bonvicino, Alessandro, (IlMoretto,) painter, — b. at Bovato, about 1500 — tf., after 1556. Boodt, Anselm Boetius de, naturalist, — b. at Bruges, about 1600 — tf., 1634. Gemmarum et lapidum historia, 1609. Book of Sports. [Sports, Book of.] Boole, George, mathematician, — b. at Lin- coln, 1 8 15 — Prof. Mathematics, Queen's Coll., Cork, 1853 — tf. near Cork, Dec. 1864. In- vestigation of the Laws of Thought, 1854 — Differential Equations, 1859 — Mathematical Analysis of Logic, 1847 — Calculus of Finite Differences, i860. Boone, Daniel, — h. in Virginia, Feb. 1735 — removes with his father to N. Carolina, about 1753 — sets out for Kentucky, 1 May 1769 — founds the town of JBoonesborough, Apr. 1775 a — removes to Upper Louisiana, 1798 — deprived of his estates by a United States Com- mission, Mar. 1805 — appeals to legislature of Kentucky and gets them restored, Feb. 18 14 — tf., 26 Sep. l820. a a Sparks. Boonen, Arnold, painter, — b. at Dordrecht, 16 Dec. 1669 — tf. there, 2 Oct. 1729. Boorhanpoor, in BZindustan, — founded by Malik Nasir, about 14 14 — seat of government for soubah of Candeish, taken by Akbar, 1599 — visited by Sir Thomas Roe, 161 1 — plundered by Mahrattas, 1685 — taken by them, about 1760 — captured by English, 1803 — restored to Dowlut Bao Sindia, 1803. Boot, Arnold, physician, — 6., 1606 — goes to England, 1630 — tf. at Paris, 1653. Observ- ations medicce de affectibus a veteribus omissis, 1649. Booth, Barton, actor, — b. in Lancashire, 168 1— joins Betterton's company, 1701 — tf., 10 May 1733. Booth, Felix, — assassinates Pres. Lincoln, at Washington, 14 Apr. 1865 — shot, in Maryland, 26 Apr. 1865. Booth, Henry. [Warrington, Earl of.] Boothia Felix, iV. America, — discovered by Boss, 1830. Bopp, Franz, linguist, philologist, — b. at Mentz, 14 Sep. 179 1 — studies at Paris, 18 12- 17 — visits London, 1 8 1 7 — Prof. Extraord. Sanscrit and Oriental Languages, Berlin Univ., 1 82 1 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1822 — Ord. Prof., 1825 — resigns, about Apr. 1867 — IS., 23 Oct. 1867. Conjugation-System der Sanscrit -Sprache, §c, 18 16 — Kritische Gram- matiJc der Sanscrit-Sprache, 1834 — Vergleich- ende Grammatih, 1833-52 — re-written, 1856- 61 — Verivandschaft der Malay isch-Folynes- ischen Sprachen mit den Indo-Germanischen, 1 841 — Ueber die Kaukasischen Glieder des Indo-Europdischen Sprachsy stems, 1847. Boquin, (Bouquin,) Pierre, theologian, — retires from Carmelite Order and goes to Basel, 1541 — Prof. Theology, Strasburg, about 1542 — returns to Strasburg, 1555 — takes refuge at Lausanne, 1575 — tf. at Lausanne, 1582. F. Boquini Apodeixis antichristianismi, 1583. Bor, Pieter Christiaansz, historian, — b. at Utrecht, 1559— tf. at Haarlem, 1635. De Oorsprunk, begin en aanvang der Nederlandsehe Oorlogen, §c, 1595,* i6i7. b a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Woordenboek. Eorch, Michel Jean, Cotjxt de, naturalist, $• 1 8 10. Eecherches sur Vindigenat helvetique, 1778. . . Boyvin, Jean, — b. at Dole, 1580— assists in defence of Dole against the French, 1636 — tf., 13 Sep. 1650. Eiistoire du siege de Dole, 1637. Boyvin, Bene, engraver, — b. at Angers, about 1530 — tf. at Rome, 1598. Eoze, Claude Gros de, numismatist, §c.,— b. at Lyons, 28 Jan. 1680 — perpetual Secretary of Academy of Inscriptions, 1706 — member of French Academy, 17 15 — keeper of the cabinet of medals, 17 19— tf., 10 Sep. 1753. Medailles, 1723 — Traite historique du jubile dcs Juifs, 1702. Boze, Joseph, painter, — b., about 1746 — in England, 1794-1814 — tf., 1826. Eozio, Francesco, Oratorian, — tf , 1635. De temporali Ecclesice monorchia, 1602. Bozio, Tomaso, Oratorian, — rj. at Gubbio, 1548 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 157 1 — tf. at Rome, 1610. De signis Ecclesice, 159 1 — De imperio virtutis, 1593 — De autiquo et novo Italia statu, 1594. Eozrah, (Bosra,) in Syria, — beautified by Trajan and made capital of Arabia, about 115 — Roman colony by Alexander Severus, about 200 — visited by Burckkardt, 18 14 — Council of, held, 244. Bozzaris, Marcos, — b. at Souli, Epirus, about 1800 — escapes with his father to the Ionian Islands, 1803 — commands under Ali Pasha against Turks, 1820 — defeats Ehourshid Pasha, May and Jun. 1822 — defeated at Petta, retires to Mesolonghi, Jul. 1822 — falls, in attack on Albanians, 20 Aug. 1823. Braani Houckgeest, Andreas Everard van, traveller, — ft. in Utrecht, about 1739 — goes to China, about 1765,* 1758 b — settles in United States, 1783 — member of Dutch embassy to Pekin, 1794 — returns to Philadelphia, 24 Apr. 1796. Voyage de Vambassade, §c, vers V Em- pereur de la Chine, 1797-98. a Biog. Unir. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Brabant, Duchy of,— forms part of kingdom of Lorraine, 855 — forms part of duchy of Lower Lorraine, 959 — on death of Philip passes to Duke of Burgundy, 1429 or 1430 — passes to Austria on death of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 1477— united -with crown of Spain, under Charles Y., 15 16 — North Brabant added to United Provinces, 1648 a — South Brabant becomes part of Austrian Netherlands, 1706, ? 1714 s — united to France, 1794 — included in kingdom of the Netherlands, 1806-10 — reannexed to France, 18 10 — forms part of kingdom of Holland, 18 15 — South Brabant revolts and forms part of kingdom of Belgium, 1830. a Ersch and Gruber. Braccesco dagli Orzi Novi, Giovanni, — fl., about 1550. La Espositione cli Geber, jilosofo, 1544-51-62 — Legno della Vita, 1542. Bracci, Domenico Agostino, archaeologist, — b. at Florence, 11 Oct. 17 17 — tf. there, about 1792. Commentaria de antiquis sculptoribus, #c, 1784-6. Braccio da Montone, Andrea, (B. Forte- bracci,) Condottiere, — b. at Perugia, 1 Jul. 1368 — serves under Count Montefeltro, 1386 — ban- ished with his family, 1393 — arrests progress of Ladislaus, King of Naples, in Tuscany, 1409 — attacks territory of Perugia, becomes sovereign, Jul. 141 6 — takes Rome, 141 7 — defeats Sforza near Viterbo, 141 9 — concludes peace with Martin Y., Feb. 1420 — Prince of Capua, Count of Foggia, and Grand Constable of the kingdom of Naples, 142 1 — renews hostilities with Sforza, 1423 — tf. from wound received before Aquila, 5 Jun. 1424. Bracciolini alle Api, Francesco, poet,—h. at Pistoia, 26 Nov. 1566 — tf. there, 31 Aug. 1645 or 1646. La Croce racquistata, 1605 — II Scherno degli dei, poem a piacevole, 1626. Bracciolini. [Poggio.] Bracelli, Jacopo, historian, — b. at Sarzano, about 1400 — tf., 1460. De bello' DZispanico, H7 7- Brachmann, Luise Karoline, poetess, — b. at Rochlitz, 9 Feb. 1777 — introduced to Novalis, at YTeissenfels, 1793 — commits suicide, 17 Sep. 1822. Auserlcsenen Dictungen, 1824. Bracht, Tielman van, Mennonite, — b. at Dort, 1625 — tf., 1664. Theatre sanglant des Mennonites, §c, 1660. Bracton, Henry de, jurist, — appointed one of the judges itinerant by Henry III., 1245 — archdeacon of Barnstaple, Jan. 1263 — resigns the archdeaconry, 1264 — tf., probably 1267. De legibus et consuetudinibus Anglice, printed, 1569. Braddock, Edward, general, — arrives with two Irish regiments in Virginia, Feb. 1755 — defeated and mortally wounded at the Monon- gahela, 9 Jul. 1755. Bradford, in Yorkshire, — unsuccessfully attacked by Royalists, 17-18 Dec. 1642 — taken and sacked by Earl of Newcastle, 2 Jul. 1643. Airedale Independent College founded at Idle, 1800 — removed to Airedale, 18^34. Exchange built, 1864-67. St George's Sail, 1853. Bradford, John, theologian, — b. at Manches- ter, about 15 10? — enters the army, before 1544 — M.A. and Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cam- bridge, 1549 — takes orders, 1550 — chaplain to Edward VI., 1552 — committed to the Tower on a charge of sedition and heresy, 16 Aug. 1553 — burnt at Smithfield, 1 Jul. 1555. Bradford, "William, one of the founders of New England, — b. at Austerfield, 1588 — elected governor of Plymouth Colony, 1621 — reelected annually, with three exceptions, till his death: tf., 1657. Ristory of Elymouth Colony, 1856. Bradley, James, astronomer, — b. at Sher- bourne, probably Mar. 1692 — M.A., Oxford, Jan. 1 7 16-17 — F.R.S., 17 18 — Vicar of Brid- stow, 17 19-21 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Ox- ford, Oct. 1721 — discovers Aberration of Light, 1727 — Astronomer Royal, and D.D., 1741-42 — discovers Nutation, 1747 — member of Acad- emy of Sciences, Paris, 1748 — receives pension, 1 75 1 — tf. at Chalford, Gloucestershire, 13 Jul. 1/62. Astronomical Observations, 1798, 1805. Bradley, Eichard, botanist, — b., about 1700 — tf., 5 Nov. 1732. Flantce succulenta, 1716-27 BRAD SHAW— BR AMHALL. ■ — Neiv Improvement of Planting, §c., 17 17 — Pictionarium Botanicum, 1728. Bradshaw, Henry, Benedictine, — ft. at Chester, about 1450 — if., 15 13 or 1508. Life of St Werburgh, before 1500. Bradshaw, John, statesman, — ft. in Cheshire, i586, a 1602 b — called to the bar, at Gray's Inn, 23 Apr. 1627 — Chief Justice of Chester, Mar. 1647 — one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal, Oct. 1646 — Sergeant at Law, 12 Oct. 1648 — President of High Court of Justice for trial of Charles I., Jan. 1649 — M.P., Cheshire, 1654 and Jan. 1659 — member of the Council of State, Apr. 1659 — Commissioner of the Great Seal, 3 Jun. 1659 — tf. at Westminster, 31 Oct., a 22 Nov. b 1659 — his body exhumed, exposed at Tyburn, and beheaded, 30 Jan. 1661. a Engl. Cyc. b Foss. Bradua, — Consul with Maternus, (938, a. u. c.) 185 — with Apronianus, (944,) 191. Bradua, Appius Annius Atilius, — Consul with T. Clodius Vibius Yarus, (913, a. u. c.) 160. Bradua, M. Atilius Metilius, — Consul with Ap. Annius Treboiiius G alius, (861, a. u. c.) 108. Bradwardine, Thomas, Abp of Canter- bury, — ft. at Chichester, about 1290? — Proc- tor of Oxford Univ., 1325 — enters household of Richard of Bury, Bp of Durham, 1334 — Chancellor of St Paul's, 1337 — chaplain to Edward III., 1338 — accompanies the king to Coblentz, Aug. 1338 — consecrated Abp of Can- terbury at Avignon, 19 Jul. 1349 — arrives at Dover, 19 Aug. 1349 — tf. of the Plague, at Lambeth, 26 Aug. 1349. Pe Arithmetica Speculativa, 1495 — Pe Geometria Speculativa, 1495 — Pe Proportionibus Velocitatum, 1505 — Pe Causa Pei contra Pelagium, 161 8. Brady, Sir Maziere, Bart., Lord Chan- cellor or Ireland, — ft., 1796 — called to Irish bar, 18 19 — Solicitor-general for Ireland, 1837 — Attorney-general, 1839— Chief Baron of Exchequer, 1840 — Lord Chancellor, 1846 — Chancellor of Queen's Univ. in Ireland, about 1853 — retires, Jul. 1866— Bart., Dec. 1868 — if. at Dublin, 14 Apr. 1871. Brady, Nicholas, theologian, §c, — ft. at Bandon, Ireland, 28 Oct. 1659— saves Bandon thrice from being burnt, 1690 — ir., 20 May 1726. With Tate, Translation of Psalms, 1696. Brady, Robert, historian, §c, — enters Cam- bridge Univ., 20 Feb. 1643 — M.D., Sep. 1660 — Master of Caius Coll., 1 Dec. 1660 — keeper of archives in the Tower, about 1670, 1685 ? — Regius Prof. Physic, Cambridge, 1677 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 168 1 and 1685 — Physician to James II., 1685 ?— tf., 19 Aug. 1700. In- troduction to Old English History, 1684 — Com- plete History of England, 1685. Braganca, inPortugal, — erected into a duchy for Alphon^o, son of John I., 1442 — John II., Duke of, succeeds to crown of Portugal as John IV., 1640. Bragelongue, Christophe Bernard de, mathematician, — ft. at Paris, 1688 — pupil at the Academy of Sciences, 1711 — takes holy orders, 17 12 — rj., 20 Feb. 1744. Examen des lignes de quatrieme ordre, 17 30-1. Braham, {Abraham,) Maurice John, singer, — ft. in London, 1774 — appears at Covent Garden, Apr. 1787— appears at Drury Lane, 1796 — reappears at Covent Garden, 1801— ■ opens St James's Theatre, 1836 — o\, 17 Feb. 1856. Brahe, Peter, Count von, statesman, — ■ founds Univ. of Abo, 1640 — ti., 1680. Brahe, Tycho [Tyge) von, astronomer, — ft. at Kundstorp near Helsingborg, Dec. 1546 — studies at Copenhagen, 1559 — studies at Leipsic, 1562-65 — travels in Germany and Italy, 1566-7 1 —observes new star in Cassiopeia, 11 Nov. 1572— lectures at Copenhagen, 1574 — founds Vranienborg on isle of Hwen, Aug. 1576 — visited there by James VI. of Scotland, 1590 — quits Denmark, 1597 — settles near Prague, 1599 — tf. there, 24 Oct. 1601. Pe nova Stella, 1573 — Astronomice instauratce me- chanica, 1598 — Progymnasmata, 1587-89 — Epistolce astronomicce, 1596 — Historia ccelestis, 1666. Brahma Gupta, mathematician, — fi., 500- 600. Braidwood, James, Pirector of the London Fire Brigade, — ft. at Edinburgh, 1799 — In- spector of the Fire Brigade, Director, in London, 1833 — killed by accident, 22 Jun. 1861. Braidwood, Thomas, teacher of the deaf and dumb, — commences teaching at Edinburgh, 1760 — tf. at Hackney, London, 1806. Brailow, Braila Ibrail, in Wallachia, — taken by the Russians, 1770 — the Russians defeat the Turks near, 19 Jun. 1773 — forti- fied, 1774 — besieged and taken by Russians, 11 May to 18 Jun. 1828 — given up to Turks by Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829. Brainerd, David, missionary, — ft. at Had- dam, Connecticut, U. S., 17 18 — enters Yale College, 1739 — commences his labours among the Indians, Apr. 1743 — tf. at Northampton, U. S., 9 Oct. 1747. Journal, 1746. Braithwaite, William, — assists in transla- tion of Bible, under James I., 1604-11. Brakel, Jan van, admiral, — ft. at Rotter- dam, 16 1 8 — enters the navy, 1640 — takes an English frigate in the Thames, 1667 — killed in an engagement with the French, 1 1 Jul. 1690. Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, — ft. at Stan- borough, 13 Apr. 1749 — takes out patent for lock, 1784 — takes out patent for hydraulic press, 1796 — takes out patent for mains, 18 12 — tf., 9 Dec. 1825,* i8i4, b 1815.° Pissertation on the Construction of Lochs, 1787. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Rose's Biog. Diet. Bramante di Urbino, Francesco (Ponato) Lazzari, architect, — ft., 1444 — accompanies Ju- lius II. to Bologna, fortifies the town, 1504 — commences rebuilding of St Peter's, Rome, 1506 — tf. at Rome, 15 14. Bramantino, (Bartolomeo Suardi,) paint- er, — fl., about 1500-29. Bramer, Leonard, painter, — ft. at Delft, 1596 — goes to Rome, 16 14 — fj., 1650. Bramhall, John, Abp op Armagh, — ft. at Pontefract, about 1593 — M.A., Cambridge, 1616 — D.D., 1630 — Archdeacon of Meath, BRAMHAM MOOR— BRANDES. 1633 — Bp of Londonderry, 1634 — impeached, 1640-1 — quits Great Britain, 1644 — Abp of Armagh, by Charles II., 1660 — tf., Jun. 1663. Works, 1677. Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, — defeat of Earl of Northumberland by Sir Thomas Rokeby at, 28 Feb. 1408. Branca, Giovanni, architect, $c, — ft. at Rome, about 1570. Manuale d' architettura, 1629 — Le machine artijiciose, 162c). Brancaleone, Dandolo, — appointed Dictator by the Romans, 1253— compels Innocent IY. to return to Rome, Oct. 1253 — deposed and imprisoned, 1256 — reinstated, 1257 — tf., 1258. Brancas. [Lauraguais.] Brancato, Francesco, Jesuit missionary, — arrives in China, 1637 — sent from Pekin, 1665 — tf. at Canton, 167 1. Branchidee, (Didyma,) Oracle of Apollo Didymeus,—\BG] — first spoken of, after 700 — temple burnt by Persians, after 499, 480 ? — massacre of the Branchidse in Sogdiana, by Alexander the Great, 330. Branciforte, Michel de Grua y Valguarnera, Marquis of, — ft. in Sicily, about 1745 — follows Charles III. of Naples to Spain, 1759 — governor of the Canary Islands, 1785 — grandee of Spain, 18 Jul. 1791 — Viceroy of Mexico, 1794-98 — Captain-general of Royal armies, 1798 — Councillor of State to Joseph Napoleon, 8 Mar. 1809 — tf. at Marseilles, 181 1. Brand, Christian, painter, — ft. at Vienna, 15 Nov. 1722 — tf. there, 12 Jun. 1795. Brand, John, antiquary, — ft. at Newcastle- on-Tyne, about 1743 — secretary of Society of Antiquaries, 1784 — tf., 10 Sep. 1806. History and Antiquities of Newcastle, 1789 — Popidar Antiquities, 1776. Brandano, Alessandro, historian. Historia delle guerre di Portogallo, $$c, 1689. Brandano, (Brandao, Brandam.) Antonio, historian, — ft., 1584 — tf., Abbot of Alcobaqa, 27 Nov. 1637. Continues the Monarquia L us it ana, 1632. Brandano, {Brandao, Brandam,) Francisco, historian, — ]}., 1601 — tf. at Lisbon, 1683. Continues the Monarquia Lusitana, 1650 and 1672. Brande, William Thomas, chemist, — ft., 1786— begins to lecture on Chemistry in London, 1808 — F.R.S., 1809 — assistant to Sir Humphry Davy, at the Royal Institution, 1809 — succeeds him as Prof. Chemistry, 18 13 — receives the Copley Medal, and is named Secretary to the Royal Society. 18 13— D.C.L., Oxford, Super- intendent of Die Department of the Mint, 1825 — Master of the Apothecaries' Company, 1851 — tf. at Tunbridge Wells, 11 Feb. 1866. Manual of Chemistry, 18 19 — 'Elements of Chemistry, 1831 — Dictionary of Science, Litera- ture, and Art, 1842 — Dictionary of Materia Medica, 1839. Brandel, "Peter, painter,— ft. at Prague, 1660 — tf. at Kuttenberg, 1739. Brandenberg, Johann, painter, — ft. at Zug, 1660 — tf. there, 1729. Brandenburg, Margraviate and Electorate of, — occupied by Vandals, from about 260 — conquered by Charles the Great, 789 — erected into a county by him, 808 — erected into a mar- graviate by Henry L, King of Germany, 926 — given to Albert the Bear by Emperor Lothaire, 11 34— seized by Henry the Proud, 1138 — restored to Albert, 1142 — Otto I. succeeds his father, Nov. 1170 — succeeded by his son Otto IL, 1184 — his brother Albert II. succeeds, 1206 — succeeded by his sons John I. and Otto III., 1221 — they acquire Ukermark from Duke of Pomerania, 1250 — divided between the two margraves, about 1 265 ? — death of John I., and division between three sons, 4 Apr. 1266 — death of Otto III., 9 Oct. 1267 — Otto IV., 1282 — succeeded by his brother Waldemar, i 309 — Henry the Young, 1 3 19 — given as lapsed fief on his death to Louis I., son of Emperor Louis (of Bavaria), 1323 — ■ invaded by Poles, Russians, &c, 1326 — peace with Duke of Pomerania at diet of Frankfort, 1338 — Louis I. cedes margraviate to his brothers Louis and Otto, 24 Dec. 1351 — declared electorate by Golden Bull, 1356 — Otto V. co-regent with Louis IL, 1360 — Otto V. alone, 1365 — invaded by Duke of Pomerania, 1370-72 — invaded by Emperor, 1373 — Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, 23 Aug. 1373 — Sigismund of Luxembourg, 1378 — Jossus (Jodocus), 1388 — Sigismund again, 141 1 — sold by him to Frederick, margrave of Niirnberg, 1415 — in- vestiture of Frederick at Council of Constance, 18 Apr. 141 7 — his son Frederick II. succeeds, 1440— he buys the New Mark of the Teutonic Knights, 1454 — and abdicates in favour of his brother Albert III., 1470 — John Cicero, son of Albert, succeeds, 1476 — succeeded by his son Joachim L, 1499 — the Jews expelled, 15 10 — Joachim II. , his son, succeeds, 1535 — Luther- anism established, 1539 — Jo^n George, 157 i — Joachim Frederick, 1598 — he marries Eleanora, daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia, 23 Oct. 1603 — succeeded by his son John Sigismund, 1608 — duchy of Prussia united to, 16 18 — George William, 16 19 — siege of Magdeburg by Tilly, 1631 — Frederick William I. the Great, 1640 — part of Pomerania given in exchange to Sweden, 1648 — becomes independent of Poland, 1658 — Frederick III. succeeds his father, 1688 — and assumes title of King of Prussia, 17 01. Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count of, general, statesman, — ft. at Berlin, 24 Jan. 1792 — Count, 28 Apr. 1794 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 18 13-15 — Lieutenant- general, 1848 — head of the ministry, 3 Nov. 1848 — Commissioner to Warsaw, Nov. 1850 — tf. there, 6 Nov. 1850. Brander, Georg Friedrich, mechanician, — ft. at Ratisbon, 1713 — settles at Augsburg, 1734 — constructs first telescopes in Germany, . 1737 — tf. at Augsburg, 1 Apr. 1783. Brandes, Ernst, statesman, §c, — ft. at Hanover, 3 Oct. 1758 — studies at Gottingen, 1775-78 — signs capitulation to the French, 1803 — Privy Councillor, 1805 — tf. at Hanover, 13 May 1 8 10. Politische Betrachtungen iiber die Franzbsische Revolution, 1790 — Betrach- tungen iiber das weibliche Geschlecht, 1802. BRANDES— BRAUWER. 223 Brandes, Johann Christian, dramatist, — ft. at Stettin, 15 Nov. 1735 — goes to Hamburg as actor, 1756 — ft. at Berlin, 10 Nov. 1799. Bramatischc Schrifte, 1790-91. Brandi, Giacinto, painter, — ft. at Poli, 1623 — ft. at Rome, 1691. Brandis, Christian August, philologist, his- torian of philosophy, — ft. at Hildesheim, i3, a i5, b 19 c Feb. 1790 — Ph.D., Copenhagen, 1 8 12 — removes to Berlin, 18 16 — accompanies Niebuhr to Rome, as secretary of legation, 18 1 6, but returns in a few months : associated with Bekker in preparing edition of Aristotle, from 1 81 8 — visits libraries of Italy, France, and England, 1 8 1 9 - 2 1 — Prof. Philosophy, Bonn, 1 82 1 — Councillor to King of Greece, 1837-41 — resumes his chair, 1841 — foreign Associate of French Academy of Sciences, 10 Feb. 1855 — ft. at Bonn, 24 Jul. 1867.° Works of Aristotle, (with Bekker,) 1831-36 — BTand- buch der Geschichte der griech.-rom. Bhiloso- phie, 1835-60 — Geschichte der Entwickelung der griech. Philosophic, 1862-64 — joint editor with Mebuhrof Rheinisches Museum, 1827-30. a Conv.-Lex. b Vapereau. c American Encyc. Brandis, Joachim Dietrich, physician, — ft. at Hildesheim, 18 Mar. 1762 — at Gottingen, 1783— M.D., 1785— Prof, at Kiel, 1803— at Copenhagen, Councillor, physician to Frederick VI., 1809 — ft. there, 28 Apr. 1846. Versuch iiber die Lebenskraft, 1795 — TJeber psychische Heilmittel, 181 8 — TJeber Leben und Bolaritdt, 1836 — TJeber humanes Leben, 1823. Brandmuller, Gregor, painter, — fj. at Basel, 1661— goes to Paris, 1678 — ft., 169-1. Brandolese, Pietro, bibliographer, — fj. at Canda in the Polesina, 10 Jan. 1754 — settles at Padua, 1778 — ft. at Venice, 3 Jan. 1809. Ap- pendice alia Serie delle edizioni Aldine, §c, 1790 — Pitture, sculture, $c, di Padova, 1795. Brandollini, Aurelio, {il Lippo,) — ft. at Florence, about 1440 — Prof. Eloquence, Univ. of Buda, 1482 — enters Order of St Augustin, Florence, 1490 — ft. at Parma, a Rome, b 1497. Paradoxorum christianorum libri duo, 15 31 — De ratione scribendi, 1498. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Brandon, Charles. [Suffolk, Duke of.] Brandt, Gaspard, theologian, — ft. at Meu- koop, 25 Jun. 1653 — ft. at Amsterdam, 1696. Historia vital Jac. Arminii, 1724. Brandt, Gerhard, theologian, — fj. at Am- sterdam, 25 Jul. 1626 — pastor there, 1667 — ft. there, 12 Oct. 1685. Historic der Reformatie en andere Kerkelijke Geschiedenissen, 167 1. Brandt, Heinrich Franz, medal-coiner, — ft. in Neuenburg, 13 Jan. 1789 — studies at Rome, 1 8 14- 1 7 — first medallist, royal Mint, Berlin, 1 8 17 — Prof, and Member of Academy of Arts, there, 1824 — ft., 9 May, 1845. Brandt, Joannes, — ft. at Antwerp, 30 Sep. i559, a 1554 b — secretary of that town, 22 Jan. 1 59 1 -162 1 — senator, 1621 — ft. there, 28 Aug. 1639. Vita Philippi Ruben ii, 16 15. Not a cum political turn critical in C. J. Caisaris et A. Hirtii Commsntaria, i6c6. a Biog. Univ. b Chalniers. Brandt, John, poet, musical composer, — ft. at Posen, about 1546 — enters Order of Jesuits, 157 1 — ft. at Leopol, 1601. Chants, 1586. Brandt, Sebastian, jurist, poet, — ft. at Strasburg, 1454,* 1458 b — Prof. Law, Basel, about 1483-89 b — ft. at Strasburg, 10 May 152 1. Varia carmina, 1498 — Narrenschijf, 1497. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Brandy wine River, U.S., — Washington de- feated by Lord Howe, 11 Sep. 1777. Brantome, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de VAbbaye de, — ft. in Perigord, about 1527,* i54o, b between 1527 and 1536° — Abbot, 1556 — serves against Huguenots, 1562 — serves in Barbary, 1564 — serves in Malta, against Turks, 1566 — chamberlain to Charles IX., 1568 — ft. at Richemont, 5, a 15 b c Jul. 16 14. Memoires % 1666. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. c Ersch and Gruber. Braschi, Giam-Battista, antiquary, — fj. at Cesena, 1664— ft. there, 1727. Be vero Rubi- cone, §c, 1733 — Memorial Ccesenates sacrce et prof ana, 1738. Braschi, Giam-Angelo. [Pius IV.] Brasenose College, Oxford, — f ounded by William Smith, Bp of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, Knt, 1509. Brasidas, general, — [BC] — relieves Me- thone, 431— sent to aid Cnemon, 429— takes part with Alkidas in attack on Korkyra, 427 — trierarch in attack on Demosthenes at Pylos, 425 — relieves Megara, 424 — marches through Thessaly into Thrace, summer 424 — arrives before Acanthus, 424 — takes Amphipolis, winter 424 — ft., 422 — honoured as a hero, (Brasideia,) 422. Brassavola, Antonio Musa, physieian, — ft. at Ferrara, 1500 — ft., 1555. Index refertissi- mus in Galeni libros, 1550 — JExamen simplicium medicamentorum, §c, 1536. Brasseur, Philippe, poet, — ft. at Mons, about 1597 — ft., 1650. Syderaillustrum Han- nonice scriptorum, 1637. Brasseur. [Le brasseur.] Brassicanus, {Johann Alexander Kohl- burger,) philologist, poet, — ft. at Wittenberg, 1500 — ft. at Vienna, 27 Nov. 1539. Brathwayte, {Braithwaite,) Richard, poet, — ft. near Appleby, 1588 — ft. near Richmond, 1673. Braun, George, theologian, §c., — ft., about 1600. With Hogendorp, Theatrum terbium prcecipuarum mundi, 1572. Braun, {Braunius,) Johann, orientalist, — ft. in the Palatinate, 1628 — Prof. Theology and Hebrew, Groningen, 1680 — ft. there, 1709,* i7o8. b Be Vestitu Hebrceorumsacerdotum, §-c, i68o, a i7oi. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gi'uber. Braun, Johann Friedrich von, — ft. at Jena, 9 Jan. 1722 — ft. at Langensalza, 1799. Ge- schichte der Kur- und Burst-lichen JELaiiser zu Sachsen, $• a 1503 b — if- at Narbonne, 14 Nov. 1514. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Bridaine, (Brydaine,) Jacques, Jesuit mis- sionary, — b. in diocese of Uzes, 21 Mar. 1701 — ft. at Boquemaure, 22 Dec. 1767. Cantiques spirituels, 1748 — Lectures et Meditations, 1821 — Sermons, 1823. Bridan, Charles Antoine, sculptor, — b. at Euviere, Burgundy, 1750 — Prof, at the Aca- demy of Painting and Sculpture, 1773 — ft. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1805. L'Assomption, 1776. Bridel, Samuel Elisee de, poet, botanist, — b. at Crassies, canton de Vaud, 28 Nov. 17 61 — tutor to the princes August and Friedrich of Saxe Gotha, about 1781- — secretary to embassy charged with negotiations with Napoleon, 1807 — ft. near Gotha, 7 Jan. 1828. JJelassements poetiques, 1788 — Loisirs de Folymnie et d' Eu- terpe, 1800 — Muscologia recentiorum, 1797, 1803. Bridewell, London, — built by Henry VIII., 1522 — given for use of the poor and as House of Correction, by Edward VI., 1553— burnt down, 1666. Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Lord Chan- cellor of England — b., about 1606 — enters Queen's Coll., Cambridge, 1619 — B.A., Jan. 1624 — called to the bar, 10 Feb. 1632 — M. P. Vfigan, 1 640 — Knt, about 1 643 — Commissioner for the king at Lxbridge, Jan. 1645 — Serjeant- at-law and Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Jun. 1660 — Bart., Jun. 1660 — presides at the ( trial of the regicides, Oct. 1660 — Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, 22 Oct. 1660 — Lord Cbancellor, 30 Aug. 1667 — retires from the Chief Justiceship, May 1668 — sanctions the Declaration of Indulgence, Mar. 1672 — de- prived of the Great Seal, 17 Nov. 1672 — ft. at Teddington, 25 Jun. 1674. Bridge, Bridges, — [BC] — of boats, across the Hellespont, constructed by Xerxes, 482-1 — of stone, at Bonie, by C. Fl. Scipio, about 127 — [AD] — in England, repair of, provided for by Acts 22 Henry VIII. c. 5, 1530-1 ; 1 Anne st. 1, c. 12, 1702 ; 12 Geo. II. c. 29, 1739; 43 Geo. III. c. 59, 24 Jun. 1803; 52 Geo. c. 110, 1 Jul. 1812; 55 Geo. III. c. 143, 6 Jul. 1815 — first iron bridge, at Coalbrook Dale, 1779 — destruction of, punishable by transportation, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 30 s. 13, 21 Jan. 1827 — liability of the county limited by Act 5 and 6 Vfm IV. c. 50, s. 21, 31 Aug. 1835 — maintenance and building of, regulated by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 64, 14 Aug. 1850. [Suspension, Tubular, Bridges.] Bridgenortli, in Shropshire, — castle of, re- built and defended against Henry I. by Eobert de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, n 02 — be- sieged by Henry II., 1156 — besieged by par- liamentary army, and burnt, 1646. Bridges, John, antiquary, — 6. at Binfield, Berks, about 1666 — Commissioner of the Cus- toms, 17 1 1 — if. in London, 30 Jul. 1724. Sis- tory of the County of Northampton, 1762-1791. Eridges, Noah, — Secretary to the Parlia- ment, 1643. Art of short and secret writing, 1659 — Lux mercatoria, Arithmetic natural and decimal, 1661. Bridget, St, — b. in Sweden, about 1302 — founds abbey of Wadstena, soon after 1348* — goes to Eome and Jerusalem, 1371'' — ft. at 23° BRIDGEWATER— BRIGNOLE-SALE. Rome 23 Jul. 1373 — canonized by Boniface IX., 1 39 1 a — canonization confirmed by Council of Constance, 1415. Bevelationes, printed. i475, b 148 8. a a Ersch. and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, — taken by Royalists, end of Jul. 1643 — taken by Colonel Wymondhani for the Parliament, 23 Jul. 1645 — Duke of Monmouth proclaimed king at, Jun. 1685. Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, Duke op — fj., 1736 — succeeds to the dukedom, 1748 — obtains Act for construction of canal between Worsley and Manchester, 1758-9 — tf., 8 Mar. 1803. Bridgewater, Francis Henry Egerton, Earl of, — ft., 11 Nov. 1758 — M.A., Oxford, 1780 — prebendary of Durham, 1780 — rector of Mid- dle, Shropshire, 17 81 — rector of Whitchurch, 1797 — Earl, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 1829. Bridgewater, John, theologian, — M.A., Ox- ford, 1556 — enters Coll. of Douai, 1574 — tf. after 1594. Concertatio Ecclesice cath. in An- glia contra calvino-papistas et puritanos sub Flizabetha regina, 1694. Bridgewater Treatises, — endowment for, by will of Francis Henry Egerton, Earl of Bridge- water, 25 Feb. 1825 — published, 1834-39. Bridlington Bay,— Paul Jones captures two English ships in, 21 Sep. 1779. Bridport, Alexander Hood, Viscount, ad- miral,— Rear- Admiral, 1780 — commands under Lord Howe at Gibraltar, 1782 — commands under Lord Howe in Channel Fleet, 1794 — dis- tinguishes himself at victory over French, 1 Jun. 1794 — defeats French Fleet off L' Orient, 22 Jun. 1795 — commander of Channel Fleet, 1796 to Apr. 1800 — Viscount Bridport, 10 Jun. 1 80 1— tf. at Bath, 3 May 18 14. Brie, Jehan de. Le Bon Berger, 1379 — printed, about 1502. Briel, The Brill, in Holland, — taken by Con- federates, 1572 — given up in pledge to Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — restored to the Dutch by James I., 1616. Brienne, in France, — Napoleon defeats allies at, 29-30 Jan. 1814. Brienne, John of. [Joannes, Latin Em- peror op the East.] Brienne, Gauthier de, — distinguishes him- self at the defence of Acre, 11 88 — tf. of wounds received at siege of a castle in Naples, 1205. Brienne, Gauthier de, — captured and killed by Saracens, 1251. Brienne, Gauthier de, — sent to Florence, lieutenant to Prince Charles of Naples, 1326 — serves under Philippe de Valois against the English, 1340 — gets himself proclaimed sove- reign of Florence, 1342 — compelled to renounce the sovereignty and quit Florence, 26 Jul. 1343 — Constable of France, May 1356 — killed, at battle of Poitiers, 19 Sep. 1356. Brienne-Lomenie. [Lomenie.] Briet, Philippe, Jeszcit,—b. at Abbeville, 1601 — tf., 9 Dec. 1668. Parallela geograjjhice veteris et novce, 1648-9 — Annales muncli, 1660. Brieuc, St, — fj., about 409— founds monas- tery in Brctagne, 479 — tf. there, 502. Brieuc, (Brieux,) St, in France, — Alain Barbe-Torte and the Bretons defeat Northmen at, 937 — attacked by Chouans, 1799. Briga, Melchior della, mathematician, — fj. at Cesena, 1686 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1703 — tj. at Siena, 25 Jul. 1749. Philosophies vete- ris et novce concordia, 1725 —Scientia eclipsium ex imperio et commercio Sinarum illustrata, I 744-5-7- Brigant, Jacques le, philologist, — fj. at Pon- trieux, 18 Jul. 1720 — tf. at Treguier, 3 Feb. 1804. Elements de la langue des Celtes, <§c, 1779 — Observations fondamentales sur les langues anciennes et modernes, $c, 1787. Brigantes, in Britain, — conquered by Peti- lius Cerealis, 71 — Calpurnius Agricola sent against, 162. Briganti, Filippo, economist, §c, — ft. at. Gallipoli, 1725 — Syndic, 1764 — member of Academy of Sciences, Naples, 1779 — tf., 1804. JSsame analitico del sistema legale, lm—Fsame economico del sistema civile, 1780 — Le quattre stagioni, 1795 — Frammenti lirici, $•?. in London, 10 Jan. 1833. Brooklyn, U.S., — fortifications thrown up, Aug. 1776. Brooks, Eleazar, general, — ft. in Massachu- setts, 1726 — member of Congress, 1774 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of White Plains, 1776 — at Stillwater, 1777 — tf. at Lincoln, 9 Nov. 1806. Broschi, Carlo. [Farinelli.] Brosky, {Broscius,) Johann, mathematician, Frof Philosophy, Cracow,— b. at Kurzelow, 1581 — M.D., Padua, Aug. 1623 — tf., 1652. Brossard, Sebastien de, musical composer, — b., 1660 — tf., 10 Aug. 1730. Bictionnaire de musique, 1703. Brosse, Gui de la, botanist, — first Intendant of Jardin des Flantes, Paris, 1626 — tf., 1641. Description du Jardin des Flantes, 1636 — Be la nature, vertu et utilite des plantes, 1640. Brosse, Jacques de, architect. Palais du Luxembourg, commenced about 1612 — Aqueduct of Arcueil, finished 1624 — Regies generates d' 'architecture, 16 19. Brosse, Jean de, [Marshal de Boussac,) — ft. about 1 375 — has Camus de Beaulieu assassin- ated at Poitiers, by order of the Constable de Richemont, 1427 — assists at coronation of Charles VII., Oct. 1422 — distinguishes himself at battle of Patai, 1 8 May 1429 — Lieutenant- general, 1430— tf., 1433. Brosse, Pierre de la, — chamberlain to Philippe le Hardi, 1270 — hung as a traitor, 1276. Brosses, Charles de, — ft. at Dijon, 17 Feb. 1709 — President a mortier, 1741 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1758 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1777. Lettres stir Vetat actuel de la ville souterraine d' Hercidaneum, 1750 — FUstoire des navigations aux terres australes, 1756 — Ftistoire du 7 e siecle de la republique romaine, 1777. Brossette, Claude, litterateur,- — ft. at Lyons, 8 Nov. 1 67 1 — founds Academy there, and is named perpetual Secretary, 1700 — tf. at Lyons, 16 Jun. 1743. Titres des droits civil et can- onique, 1705 — Eloge historique de la ville de Lyon, 17 1 1— QZuvres de Boileau, %c, 17 16. Brothers, Richard, religious enthusiast, — ■ quits the navy, 1789 — released from Lunatic Asylum, 14 Apr. 1806 — *j., 1824. A revealed knowledge of the prophecies and times, §c, 1794. Brotier, Gabriel, philologist, — fc. at Tannay, 5 Sep. 1723 — retires, 1763 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 178 1 — rj.at Paris, 12 Feb. 17S9. Corn. Taciti opera, 177 1 and 1776 — C. Flinii secundi BZistoria naturalis, 1779. Brouaut, Jean, [Brevotius,) physician, che- mist,— fl., about 1600. ? Traite de I'eaa de vie, printed, 1646. Brouerius, Daniel, theologian, missionary to the East Indies, — tf. there, 1673. Malay translation of Genesis and the New Testament, 1662. Brouerius van Nyedek, Matthew, — h. at Amsterdam, 1667 — tf., 1735. Cabinet des an- tiquites des Fays-Bas, §c, 1727-33 — Be popu- lorum, veterum ac recentiorum adorationibus, 17*3- Brougham and Vaux, Henry, Lord, Lord Chancellor of England, — fc. at Edinburgh, 19 Sep. 1779 — enters the Univ., 1794 — admitted to Scottish bar, 1800 — joins the Specidative Club, about 1800 — joint-founder with Jeffrey and others of the Edinburgh Eeviciv, 1803 — ■ F. R. S., 1 803 — calledto the bar, at Lincoln' s Inn, 1 808— M.P., Camelf ord, 1 8 1 o- 1 2— Winchelsea, 18 16 — unsuccessfully contests Westmoreland, 1818, 1820, and 1826 — procures appointment of Commission on Charities, 1818 — marries, 18 19 — with Denman conducts defence of Queen Ca- roline, 1820-21 — assists in establishing London Mechanics' Institute, 1823 — quarrels with Can- ning, 1823 — rector of Glasgow Univ., 1825 — takes part in founding London Univ., 1825-6 — • Useful Knowledge Society, 1827 — King's coun- sel, 1827 — great speech on law reform, 7 Feb. 1828— resigns his seat for Winchelsea, and is elected for Knaresborough, early in 1830 — ■ M.P. Yorkshire, summer 1830 — created Baron Brougham and Yaux, and appointed Lord Chan- cellor, 22 Nov. 1830 — great speech on parlia- mentary reform, 7 Oct. 1 83 1 — foreign Associate of Institute of France, 1833 — retires from office with the ministry, 22 Nov. 1 834 — excluded from Melbourne administration, Apr. 1835 — great 2 3 6 BROUGHTON— BROWN. speech on law reform, May 1845 — Chancellor of Edinburgh Univ., 1859 — tf. at Cannes, 7 May 1868. Speeches, 1838 — Edition of Foley's Natural Theology, 1842 — Historic Sketches of Statesmen, 1839-43 — Dialogues on Instinct, 1844 — Voltaire et Rousseau, 1845 — Lives of Men of Arts and Science, 1 845 — Experiments and Observations on Properties of Light, 1850 — •with Routh, Analytical View of Sir L. Neiv- ton's Frincipia, 1855 — Contributions to Edin- burgh Revieiv, 1856. Broughton, John Cam Hobhouse, Lord, statesman,— b. at Redland, near Bristol, 27 Jun. 1786 — B.A., Cambridge, 1808 — travels with Byron in South Europe, 1809-10 — accompanies allied armies in Germany, 1 813- 14 — at Paris, spring 1 8 15 — arrested by warrant of the Speaker of House of Commons and com- mitted to Newgate, 13 Dec. 1819 — M.P., "Westminster, 1820 — marries Lady Julia Hay, 1828 — succeeds to the baronetcy, 1831 — Se- cretary for War, Feb. 1832 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, Apr. 1833 — loses his seat, 1833 — Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, and M.P. Nottingham, 1834— Pres. Board of Control, Apr. 1835 to Sep. 1841 — again, 1846-52 — M.P., Harwich, 1847 — raised to the peerage, 1851 — tf., 3 Jun. 1869. Journey into Albania, 1812 — Letters of an English man, 1 8 1 6. Broughton, Richard, — ordained priest, 1593 ■ — tf., 1634. Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, 1633 — Monasticum Britannicum, 1655. Broughton, Thomas, — b. in London, 5 Jul. 1704 — vicar of Bedminster, 1744 — tf. there, 21 Dec. 1774. Collaborates in the Biographia Britannica, 1747-66 — Historical Dictionary of all Religions, 1756 — Defence of the commonly received Doctrines of the Human Soul, 1766. Broughton, William Robert, — b. in Gloucestershire, 1763 — Commander of the Chatham, accompanies Vancouver to the north- west coast of America, 1790-93 — embarks for the Pacific, 15 Feb. 1795 — at Trincomalee, 1798 — Colonel of the navy, 1815 — tf. at Flor- ence, 12 Mar. 1822. Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1804. Broughton Archipelago, N. America, — discovered by Vancouver and Broughton, 1793. [Chatham Islands.] Brouncker, (Brounhcr,) William, mathe- matician, — b., about 1620 — Viscount of Castle Lyons, 1645 — M.D., Oxford, 1646 — first Pre- sident of Royal Society, 1662-77 — tf. at West- minster, 5 Apr. 1684. Broussais, Francois Joseph Victor, physi- cian, — b. at St Malo, 17 Dec. 1772 — goes to Paris, 1799 — M.D., 1805 — principal physician to army of Spain, 1808 — Prof, at Hospital of Val-de-Grace, 18 14 — Prof. Pathology and general Therapeutics at School of Medicine, 1832 — tf. at Paris, 20 Nov. 1838. Histoire des phlcgmasies chroniqucs, 1808 — Examen de la doctrine medicate, 1816 — Traite de physiolo- gic appliquee a la pathologic, 1825. Broussier, Jean Baptiste, Count de, general, — b. at Ville-sur-Saulx, 10 May 1766 — enters the army, 17 91 — distinguishes himself at siege of Naples, 1799— General of Division, 1 805 — distinguishes himself at blockade of Gratz, 1809 — at Wagrarn, 1809 — in Russian campaign, 1812 — commander of Strasburg, 1 81 3 — tf. there, 13 Dec. 1814. Brousson, Claude, theologian, — b.atNismes, 1647 — deputies of the reformed churches meet in his house, May 1683 — escapes to Geneva and Lausanne, 1684 — returns, 1689 — passes into Holland, 1693 — arrested at Oleron, 1698 — executed, 4 Nov. 1698. L'Etat des reforme's in France, 1684 — Lettres des Protestants de France, $c, 1688. Broussonnet, Pierre Marie Auguste, natur- alist, — b. at Montpellier, 28 Feb. 1761 — mem- ber of Academy of Sciences, 1785 — of Elector- al College, 1789 — quits France, 1793 — Prof. Botany, Montpellier, 1796- — deputy to Corps Legislatif, 1805 — tf., 27 Jul. 1807. Varies positiones circa respirationem, 1778 — Lchthyo- logiai sistens piscium descriptiones et icones, 1782 — Annee rurale, 1787. Brouwer, {Brauwer,) Hendrik, — b. at Amsterdam, about 1580 — commander of a squadron sent to India, 161 3 — Governor-gen- eral of Dutch possessions in Asia, 1632 — leads expedition against Chili, 1641 — tf. there, 7 Aug, 1644^ 1643^ a Biog. "Univ. *> Biog. "Woordenboek. Browallius, Johan, botanist, $c, — b. at Westeras, 30 Aug. 1707 — Prof. Natural His- tory, Abo, 1737 — Bp of Abo, 1749 — tf., 25 Jul. 1755. Examen epicriseos in sy sterna plan- tarum sexuale clariss. Linncei, 1739 — Specimen de transmutaiione speeierum in regno vegetabili, 1745- Brower, Christoph, Jesuit, — b. at Arnheim, about 1560 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1580 — tf. at Treves, 2 Jun. 16 17. Antiquitates annalium Trevirensiiun, 1626 — Fuldensium antiquitatum lib. IV, 1612. Brown, Andrew, journalist, — b. in Ireland, about 1744 — goes to America, 1773 — distin- guishes himself at battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill, 1775 — settles at Philadelphia, before 1788 — if. there, 4 Feb. 1797. Federal Gazette, 1 Oct. 1788. Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, — b. at Philadelphia, 1771 — tf., 22 Feb. 1810. TVie- leend, 1798 — Ormond, 1799 — Edgar Huntley and Arthur llervyn, before 1801. Brown, George, Count, general, — b. in Ire- land, 15 Jun. 1698 — Major, in service of Rus- sia, 1730 — distinguishes himself in campaigns against the Turks, 1737-8 — Field-Marshal, by Peter III. ; Governor of Livonia, 1762 — tf., 18 Sep. 1792. Brown, Sir George, general, — b. near Elgin, 1790 — enters the army, 1805 — serves in the Peninsula, 1 808-11, and Jul. 181 3 to May 18 14 — accompanies Sir Hugh Ross on American expedition, 1814 — Major-general, 1841 — Lieu- tenant-general, 1 85 1 — commander of the Light Division in the Crimean War, 1854 — commands expedition to Kertch, May 1855 — leads the at- tack on the Redan, Sep. 1855 — Knt of the Medjidie, G.C.B., Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and of the Order of Savoy, 1 855 — Gen- BROWN— BROWNE. 237 eral, 1855 — commands in Ireland, Mar. i860 to spring 1865 — ft. near Elgin, 27 Aug. 1865. Brown, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Rotkbury, 5 Nov. 1715 — M.A., Cambridge, 1739 — rector of Great Horksley, 1754 — kills himself, 23 Sep. 1766. Barbarossa, 1755 — Essays on the Characteristics of the Earl of Shaftesbury, 175 1 — Estimate of the manners and principles of the times, 1757-8. Brown, John, theologian, — b. in Perthshire, 1722 — Prof. Theology to the Associate Sy- nod, 1768 — ft. at Haddington, 19 Jun. 1787. Self-interpreting Bible, 1778— General History of the Church, 177 1 — History of British Churches, 1784. Brown, John, physician, — b. at Buncle, Berwickshire, 1736 or 1735 — President of Medical Society, Edinburgh, 1776— ft. in Lon- don, 7 Oct. 1788. Elementa medicines, 1779. Brown, John, Anti-Slavery enthusiast, — b. in Connecticut, U. S., 1800 — joins his sons in Kansas, autumn 1855 — seizes the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, 16 Oct. — taken prisoner, 17 Oct. — hung at Charleston, 2 Dec. 1859. Brown, Lancelot, landscape gardener, — b. in Northumberland, 17 15 — Sheriff of Hunting- den, 1770— ft., 1773. Brown, Matthew, painter, — b. in America, about 1760 — ft., 1 Jun. 1831. Brown, Moses, naval commander, — b. in America, about 1741 — distinguishes himself during War of Independence, 1773-82 — ft., 1 Jan. 1804. Brown, Robert, agriculturist, — b. at East Linton, about 1770 — ft. at Dry law hill. 14 Feb. 1831. Brown, Robert, botanist, — b. at Montrose, 21 Dec. 1773 — completes his medical studies at Edinburgh, 1795 — naturalist to Australian expedition, 180 1-3 — F.R.S., 1811 — keeper of the Botanical Department, British Museum, 1827 — receives Copley medal of Royal Society, 1839 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1832 — foreign Asso- ciate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1833 — Pres. Linn. Soc, 1849 — V.P., 1853 — ft. in London, 10 Jun. 1858. Prodromus Floree Nova Hollandice, 18 10 — Supplement, 1830 — edits Plantee Javanicee Rariores, 1838-52. Brown, Robert, theologian, — b. at North- ampton, about 1550 — imprisoned at Norwich, i58i, a 1580 b — goes to Zealand, 1582 — returns, before 1585 ? — ft. in prison ? after 1630. A treatise of Reformation, $ho- cles, 1786 — Terence, 1797. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Brundisiuin, (Brindisi,) in Italy, — [BC] — conquered and colonized by Ptomans, 245 a — seized, 267 b c — colonized, 244 c — Sulla lands at, 83 — Octavius and Antony make peace at, 40 — [AD] — conquered by Saracens, 836 — sacked by X-ouis of Hungary, 1348 — destroyed by earth- quake, 1456 — present castle erected by Charles V., about 1520. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Engl. Cyc. Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, Marshal of Prance, — ft. at Brive-la-Gaillarde, 13 May, a Mar. b 1763 — civil commissary in Belgium, 1792 — enters Bepublican army, 1793 — dis- tinguishes himself at Areola, 1796 — General of Division, 1796^ 1797 b — commands in Holland, 1799— in la Vendee, 1800 — General-in-chief of the army of Italy, Aug. 1 800— ambassador to the Porte, 1803-5 — Marshal, Nov. 1804 — Governor- general of the Hanse Towns, 1807 — declares for Bonaparte, 18 15 — assassinated at Avignon, 2 Aug. 1 8 15. Voyage pittoresque et senti- mental, $c, 1788. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Brunehaut, (Brunehilde,) — marries Sige- bert, king of Metz, 566 — Sigebert murdered, 575 — with her son Childebert makes war on Fredegunda, 584-5 — regent for her grand- sons Thierry and Theodebert II., 596 — captured and put to death by Clotaire, 613. Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, engineer, — ft. at Portsmouth, 1806 — resident engineer, Thames Tunnel, 1826 — F.B.S., 1830 — engin- eer to Great Western Railway, 1833 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1857 — If., 14 Sep. 1859. Great West- ern, (steamship,) 1838 — Great Eastern, launch- ed, 1857 — Sung erf or d Suspension Bridge, opened, 1 May 1845 — Great Britain, (steam- ship,) 1845. Brunei, Sir Mark Isambard, engineer, — ft. at Hacqueville near Kouen, 25 Apr. 1769 — goes to sea, 1786-93 — surveys for canal con- necting-Lake Champlain with the Hudson, 1794 — goes to London, 1799 — invents machinery formating block-pulleys, 1802 — F.R.S., 1814 — Vice-President, 1832-33 — Knt, 1841 — ft., 12 Dec. 1849. Thames Tunnel, 1825-43. Brunelleschi, (Brunellesco,) Filippo, archi- tect, — ft. at Florence, 1377 — member of the Council degli Signori, 1423 — ts., 1444. Dome of Santa Maria, Florence, commenced about 142 1. Brunet, Claude, philosopher, — Xf., after 17 17. Projet d'tcne nouvelle metaphysique, 1703-4. Brunet, Francois Florentin, Iazarist,—h. in Lorraine, about 1750 — assistant-general to Cayla de la Garde, 1793 — returns to Paris, 1804 — "&. there, 15 Sep. 1806. Par allele des re- ligions, 1792. Brunet, Hugo, troubadour, — tf., 1223. Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, — ft. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1780 — member of Legion of Honour, 1846 — tf., 16 Nov. 1867. Manuel du Libraire, 18 10. Brunet, Jean Baptiste, general, — ft. at Eheims, 7 Jul. 1765 — Captain of Volunteers, serves in Lorraine, 1792 — General of Brigade, 1798 — distinguishes himself in Italy, 1800 — commands in expedition to St Domingo, 1801 — Lieutenant-general, 1 8 o 1 — captures Toussaint Louverture, 1802 — General of Division, 1803 — captured by the English, receives Cross of St Louis, 1 8 14 — commands at Paris, Jun. 18 15 — fr. at Vitry, 21 Sep. 1824. Brunet, Jean Louis, canonist, — ft. at Aries, 1688 — If. at Paris, Apr. 1747. PListoire du droit canonique, §c, 1720 — JRecueil des liberies de V Eglise gallicane, 17 31. Brunetto Latini. . [Latini.] Brunfels, (Brunsfeld,) Otto, physician, botanist, — ft. at Mentz, about 1500 — M.D., Basel, 1530 — physician of Berne, 1534 — if. there, 23 Dec., b 10 Nov. a 1534. Ilerbarum vivce eicones ad natures imitationem, 1530-31-36 — Onomasticon medicam, 1534. a Bees' Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Bruni, Antonio, poet, — ft. at Casal-Nuovo, about 1600 — tf. at Borne, 24 Sep. 1635. Selva di Parnaso, 1615 — Ppistole eroiche, 1626-7. Bruni, Antonio Bartolomeo, violinist and composer, — ft. at Coni, Piedmont, 2 Feb. 1759 — goes to France, 1 78 1 — leader of the Orchestra, Theatre of Monsieur, 1789 — tf. at Coni, 1823. Bruni, Leonardo, {Aretino,) miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Arezzo, 1369 — Apostolic Secretary to Innocent VII., Gregory XII., Alexander V., and John XXIL, 1405-15 — attends John XXII. to Council of Constance, 1414 — Secretary to republic of Florence, 1427 — tf. at, Florence, 9 Mar. 1444. De bello Italico adversus Gothos, lib. IV., 1470 — De bello punico, 1490 — Pcistori- arum Florentinarum, lib. XII, 1610 — Ppistolce, 1472. Brunings, Christian, engineer, — ft. at Neckerau, 8 Nov. 1736 — ft., Inspector-general of rivers, 16 May 1805. Verhandeling over het bepalen der gemiddelde snelheid van stroomend water, 1786 — Verzameling van rapporten, $c. t 1778. Brunings, Conrad Louis, engineer, — ft. at BRUNIQUEL— BRUNSWICK. 241 Heidelberg, 1775 — Secretary to Drainage Commission, Mydrecht, 1790 — Inspector of Waterstaat, 1800— tr. at Nimeguen, 18 16. Bruniquel, Cave of,— explored, 1 863— visited by Prof. Owen, and its contents purchased for British Museum, 1864. Brunn, Jean Jacques, physician, — 0. at Basel, 159 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany at the Univ., 1625-60 — tf. at Basel, 22 Jan. 1660. Sy sterna materia medicce, 1659. Brunn, in Moravia, — unsuccessfully besieged 'by the Taborites, 1428— made seat of govern- ment, 1 641 — unsuccessfully besieged by Tors- tenson, 1645 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prussians, 1742 — Bpric, 1777 — head-quarters of Napoleon I., Nov. 1 805 — occupied by Prussians, 13 Jul. 1866. Brunnemann, J dhana, jurist, — b. at Cologne, 1608 — Prof. Logic,Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1636 — tt., 15 Dec. 1672. Tractatus de inquisitionis processu, 1648 — Tractatus de processu fori, 1659 ' — Commentarius in Codicem Justinianeum, 1663. Brunner, Andreas, Jesuit,— fc. in the Tyrol, 1589 — if. at Deux-Ponts, 20 Apr. 1650. Annates virtutis et fortunes Boiorum, 1626-37. Bruno, St, founder of the Chartreuse, — ft. at Cologne, about 1030/ 105 1 b — accuser of Abp Manasses at Council of Autun, 1077 — retires with six companions to the desert of Chartreuse, io84, a 1086 c — called to Rome by Urban II., 1089 — founds a second Chartreuse at Delia Torre, 1094 — ft. there, 6 Oct. 1101— beatified by Leo X., 1514 s — canonized, by Gregory XV., 1623 a — by Leo X., 1513^ * Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Robertson. Biuno, Giordano, (Jordanus Brunus,) phi- losopher, — ft. at Nola, about 1550 — retires to Geneva, embraces Calvinism, probably about 1580— goes to Paris, about 1582, a 1584 b — visits England, 1583 — returns to Paris, 1585 — at Helmstadt, 1589 — at Frankfort, 159 1 — returns to Padua, 1592 — imprisoned by the Inquisition at Venice, 1598 — burnt at Rome, 17 Feb. 1600. Spaccio delta bestia trionfante, 1584 — Delia Causa, Brincipio e JJno, 1584— Dell' Injinito, universo, e Mondi, 1584 — De monade, numero et Jigura, $c, 159 1. a Biog. TJniv. b Ersch and Gruber. Brunon. [Leo IX.] Brunquell, Johann Solomon, jurist, — ft. at Quedlimburg, May 1693 — Prof. Laws, Jena, 1728 — Prof. Canon Law, Gottingen, 1735- — tJ. there, 21 May 1735. BListoria juris Momano- germanici, 1727. Bruns, Paul Jacob, orientalist, — ft. in Hol- stein, 18 Jul. 1743 — Librarian to the Univ., Helmstadt, 1787 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 1796 — if. at Halle, 17 Nov. 1814. Erunschwyg, {Brunswick,) Jerom, surgeon, -~U., soon after 1500. Von dem Cgrurgicus, 1497. Brunswick, city, — seized by Emperor Fred- erick II., but recovered by Otto I., 1227 — main- tains its independence against Duke Henry Julius, 1589-1613 — besieged and subdued by Duke Frederick Ulrich, 16 17 — by Rudolph Augustus, and made capital of the duchy, 1671 — occupied by French, Jul. 1757 — fortifications destroyed, 1794 — insurrection, expulsion of Duke Charles Frederick, Sep. 1830 — Royal Palace burnt, 23 Feb. 1865. Brunswick, Lordship and Duchy of, — held by Bruno I., margrave in Saxony, 955 — his son Bruno II. succeeds, 972- — succeeded by his son Ludolph, 1006— Bruno III., son, 1038- suc- ceeded by his brother, Egbert I., 1057- -Eg- bert II., his son, 1068 — Gertrude, daughter of Egbert I., 1090 — she marries Henry, Count of Nordheim ; who Ij. , 1 o Apr. 1 1 o 1 — Richen s a, their daughter, marries Lothaire, Duke of Sax- ony, 1 1 13 — Lothaire, King oe Germany, 1125 — Gertrude, daughter of Lothaire and Richensa, marries Henry the Broud, Duke of Bavaria, 1 1 27 — Lothaire invests Henry with the lord- ship, 1 1 36— Henry the Bion succeeds on death of his father, Henry the Proud, 11 39 — deprived of his possessions by diet of Wurzburg, but retains Brunswick, 1 1 80 — succeeded by his son Henry, Count Palatine, 11 95 — Otto I. the Child, grandson of Henry the Lion, 121 3 — the city seized by Frederick II. and recovered by Otto, 1227 — raised to a duchy, and made fief of empire by Frederick II., 1235 — Albert I. the Great, succeeds his father, 1152 — Albert II., his son, 1278 — succeeded by his sons Otto, Magnus, and Ernest, 13 18 — Magnus I. alone, 1334 — his son Magnus II., Torquatus, 1368 — wars with Duke of Saxony ; Frederick, his son, succeeds, 1388 — is elected Emperor, and killed in combat, 1400 — division of his estates between his brothers Bernard and Henry, 1409. Brunswick - Wolfenbuttel, Duchy of, — Henry I., 1409 — his sons William I. and Henry II. succeed, 141 6 — partition between them, William taking Calenberg, and Henry Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel ; duchy of Gottingen falls to them, 1463 — death of Henry II., and reunion of estates under William, Dec. 1473 — his sons Frederick and William II., 1482 — William alone, 1494 — succeeded by his sons Henry III. and Erick 1., 1495 — division of estates between them, Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel falling to Henry, 1498 or 1503 — Henry IV. succeeds on death of his father Henry III., 23 Jun. 15 14 — Erick is defeated and captured by Duke of Luneburg at battle of Soltau, 28 Jun. 1519 — death of Erick, 1540 — seized by Elector of Saxony and Landgrave of Hesse, 1542 — release of Duke Henry after battle of Muhl- berg, 1547 — Julius, son of Henry IV., 1568— succeeded by his son Henry Julius, 1589 — acquisition of duchy of Grubenhagen, 1596 — Frederick Ulrich, son of Henry Julius, 161 3 — siege and submission of Brunswick, (city,) 1617 — Grubenhagen reclaimed by Duke of Luneburg ; invaded by Imperialists, 1625 ? and 1629 ? — death of Frederick Ulrich, and extinc- tion of branch of Brunswick-Wolfenblittel, 1 1 Aug. 1634 — falls to Augustus, son of Henry, Duke of Luneburg, 1634 — peace with the Emperor, 1642 — evacuation of, by Swedes, after Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Rudolph Augustus succeeds his father, 27 Sep. 1666 — Anthony Ulrich, brother, 1704 — .Augustus William, son, 17 14 — Louis Rudolph, brother, 16 242 BRUXSWICK-BRUSSELS. 17 3 1 — falls to his son-in-law Ferdinand Albert, i Mar. 1735 — whose son Charles succeeds, 2 Sep. 1735 — Charles William, son, 26 Mar. 1780. [Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of.] Frederick. William, son, 1806 — made part of kingdom of "Westphalia by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — restora- tion of Frederick William after battle of Leipsic, 1813 — he falls at battle of Quatre- Bras, 16 Jim. 1815 — succeeded by Charles Frederick, his son, under Regency of George, Prince Regent of England, 18 15 to 30 Oct. 1830 ■ — the Duke driven away by insurgents, 8 Sep. 1830— his brother William, Prince of Oels, succeeds, under resolution of Diet of 2 Dec. 1830, 25 Apr. 1 83 1 — sanctions new constitu- tion, 12 Oct. 1832 — constitution modified by law of 22 Nov. 1 85 1. Brunswick, Ferdinand, Duke of, — b., n Jan. 172 1 — enters service of Frederick II. of Prussia, 1740 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — defeats French at Cre- felt, j 75 8 — takes Minden, 1758 — drives the French out of Hesse, 1762— ft. at Brunswick, 3 Jul. 1792. Brunswick-Gottingen, Duchy of, —separated from Duchy of Brunswick and assigned to Ernest, son of Albert II., 1334 — passes on the death of Otto II. to Wolfenbiittel branch, 1463 — again detached and held by Eric the Younger, son of Eric I. of B. -Wolfenbiittel, 1540-84. Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Duchy of, — falls to Henry, son of Duke Albert the Great, 1278 — on the death of Philip II. seized by Henry Julius, Duke of B. -Wolfenbiittel, 1596. Brunswick-Luneburg, Duchy of, — as- signed to Bernard, son of Magnus Torquatus, on partition of Duchy of Brunswick, 1409 — his sons Otto II. the lame, and Frederick I. le Debonnaire, succeed, 1434 — death of Otto, 1445— Henry I. succeeds his grandfather, 1478 i — contributes to victory of Soltau, 15 19 — put under ban of the empire, takes refuge in France, 1521-27 — Ernest I. succeeds his father, 1532. [Brunswick-Luneburg, Ernest I., Duke of.] Succeeded by his sons Henry and William, 1546 — resignation of Henry, 1556 — Ernest II. succeeds his father, 20 Aug. 1592 — his brother Christian, 161 i — Augustus, 1633 — Frederick II., 1636 — Christian Louis, nephew, Dec. 1648 — George William, brother, 1665 — whose brother Ernest Augustus is made Elector of Hanover, 19 Dec. 1692 — George Louis, son, 28 Jan. 1698 — becomes King of England on death of Queen Anne, 12 Aug. 17 14. [George I., King of England.] Brunswick-Luneburg, Ernest I., Duke of, — b., 26 Jun. 1497 — signs the Protest of Spires, 1529 — Confession of Augsburg, 1530— joins league of Smalkald, 153 1 — takes part against Anabaptists in Westphalia, 1535 — with Elector of Saxony and Landgrave of Hesse conquers duchy of B.- Wolfenbiittel, 1541 — 3j., 11 Jan., a Jun. b 1546. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Brunswick-Luneburg, Karl Wilhelm Fer- dinand, Duke of, — b. at Brunswick, 9 Oct. 1735 — distinguishes himself at battle of Has- tembeck, 1757 — in campaign of Lower Ehine, 1758 — marries Augusta, Princess of Wales, 16 Jan. 1764 — succeeds his father, Prince Charles, 1780 — commands Prussian expedition against Holland and reinstates the Stadtholder, 1787 — ■ commander of Prussian and Austrian forces against the French, 1792 — publishes his mani- festo, 15 Jul. 1792 — defeated by Dumouriez and Kellermann at Valmy, 20 Sep. 1792— capitulates and retreats ; resigns his command, 1793 — takes command against Napoleon, 1806 —mortally wounded at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 — ft. at Altona, a Ottensen, b 10 JSov. i8c6. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Brunswick Clubs, — formed in Ireland, 1828. Brunton, Mary, novelist, — b. in Burra, Orcades, 1778— 5j., 19 Dec. 18 18. Self -control, 1810. Brunus, physician. Chirurgia magna et parva, 1490. Brunus, {Brim,) Conrad, jurist, — h. at Kir- chen, Wurtemberg, 149 1 — charged by Charles V. to draw up rules for the Imperial Chamber, Augsburg, 1548 — fc. at Munich, Jun. 1563,* 1565. b De legationibus, 154S — Be haireticis, 1549. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. Brunus, {Alberto Bruni,) jurist, — 6., 1467 — ■ LL.D., Pavia, 1496 — ft., 1541. Consilia feu- dalia, 1579. Brunus. [Bruni, Bruno.] Brusa, {Prusa, Broussa, Bursa,) (Cius,) in Bithynia, — [B C] — besieged and taken by Philip of Macedonia and Prusias of Bithynia, 203 — its name changed to Prusa : — [A D] — taken by Orkhan and the Osmanlis, after blockade for ten years, 1326 — capital of Turkish Empire, till 1453 — destroyed by earthquake, 28 Feb. 1855. Brusantino. [Brugiantino.] Brusasorci. [Biccio.] Bruseh, {Bruschius,) Gaspard, historian, poet, — b. in Bohemia, 19 Aug. 1518 — poet-lau- reate, count palatine, by Ferdinand, King of the Romans, 1552 — murdered, 1559. De Ger- manics episcopatibus epitome, 1549 — Mqnas- teriorum Germanics prcecipuorum chrcnologia, I55 1 - Bruslart, Louis Guerin, Chevalier de, general, — b. at Thionville, 22 May 1752 — ■ enters the army, 1768 — serves in campaigns of 1792-3-4 — Commander-in-chief of Boyal army, 1 80c — Inspector-general of Infantry, 1816-22 — Lieutenant-general, 20 Apr. 1823 — if. at Paris, Dec. 1829. Brusoni, Girolamo, historian, — b., 10 Dec. 16 10 — takes part in negotiations between Spain and Duke of Parma, 1644 — U., after 1679. Istoria d' Italia, 1680. Brussels, {Bruxelles,) capital of Belgium, — ■ walled by Lambert Baldric, Count of Louvain, 1044 — taken by English, 121 3 — burnt, 1326 — Jews banished from, 1370 — burnt, 1405 — taken by Philip of Cleves, 1488 — ravaged by plague and famine, 1489-93 — recovered and depriv- ed of its privileges by Maximilian, before 15 19 — Charles V. abdicates at, 6 Feb. 1555 — the citizens demand freedom of conscience, 1566 — many of them driven away by tyranny of Alv?, BRUTO— BRYAN. 243 1567 — execution of Counts Egmont and Horn, 1568— ravaged by plague, 1578— given up to House of Austria, 1598— bombarded by Mar- shal Villeroi, Aug. 1695— occupied by French, 1701— keys of, delivered to Marlborough, 1706 ■ — besieged by Elector of Bavaria and relieved by Marlborough, 1708 — great fire, 1731— taken by Marshal Saxe, 20 Feb. 1746 — restored to Austria by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — revolt and declaration of independence, Jun. 1790 — submits to Austria, Dec. 1790 — taken by Dumouriez, 14 Nov. 1792 — entered by Na- poleon ; again taken by French under Pichegru, 10 Jul. 1794 — occupied by Prussians, 1 Feb. 1 8 14 — made one of the capitals of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 14 — revolution begins, 25 Aug. 1830 — made capital of Belgium, 1830 — Peace Conference between Germany and France, meets at, 28 Mar. 1871. University of, founded, 1834 — Cathedral of St Gudule, founded, 1220 — Townhall, commenced, 1401 — completed, 1455. Bruto, {Bruti,) Giammiehele, historian, $c, — 6. at Venice, about 15 15 — in service of Prince of Transylvania, 1574 — historiographer to Emperor Rudolph II., 1593 — ft. in Transyl- vania, 1594. Epistolce, 1593 — Florentine his- toric lib. VIII., 1562. Brutus, Becimus Junius Albinus, — [BC] — serves under J. Caesar in Gaul, 56-50 — marries Paulla Valeria, 50 — takes Massilia, 49 ■ — commander in Gallia Ult. ; defeats the Bel- lovaci; joins in assassination of Caesar, (710, a. u. c.) 44 — besieged in Mutina by Antony, (710-709,) close of 44 to Apr. 43 — put to death by Antony, 43. Brutus, B. Junius, Gallsecus, {Callaicus,) — [BCJ — Consul with P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, (616, a. u. c.) 138— Proconsul His?. Ult., (617,) 137 — wars in Spain, triumphs, 136 — serves against Iapydes, (625,) 129. Brutus, D. Junius, (Scceva,) — [B C] — magister equitum, (415, a. u. c.) 339 — Consul with L. Furius Camillus, defeats Vestini, (429,) 3 2 5- Brutus, B. Junius,— [B c] — Consul with M. JEmilius Mamercus Lepidus, (677, a. tj. c.) 77. Brutus, B. Junius, {Scceva,) — [BC] — Con- sul with Q,. Fabius Max. Gurges ; conquers the Falisci, (462, a. it. c.) 292. Brutus, L. Junius, — [B C] — {mythic,) — Con- sul with Tarquinius Collatinus, 509, (507.) Brutus, M. Junius, (Q. Ccepio,)—[BG]—h. at Eome, (668, a. u. c.) 85, (86)— adopted by Q,. Servilius Caepio, before 59 — denounced as a conspirator against Pompey by L. Vettius, 59 — accompanies Cato to Cyprus, 58 — with App. Claudius in Cilicia, 53-51 ? — defends App. Claudius, 50— joins Pompey, 49 — pardoned by Caesar, 48 — governor of Gallia Cisalpina, 46 — marries Portia, about 45 — praetor urb., (710,) 44 — joins conspirators against Caesar, 44 — goes to Athens, Sep. 44 — to Macedonia, end of 44 ■ — besieges C. Antonius in Apollonia, beginning 43 — in Thrace, autumn 43 — joins Cassius at Sardis, beginning 42— defeated at Philippi; kills himself, (712,) end of 42. Brutu3, M. Junius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., (559, a. tj. c.) 195— praetor, (563,) 191— one of the ambassadors sent into Asia, 189 — Consul with A. Manlius Vulso, war against the Istri, (576,) 178— one of the ambassadors sent into Asia, 171. Brutus, P. Junius, — [B C] — trib. pleb , (559, a. u. c.) 195 — curule aedile, 192— praetor, (564,) 190— pro-praetor in Further Spain, 189. Brutus, Pierre, Bp of Cattaro, — ft., 1498. Victoria contra Judceos, 1489. Bruyere, Jean de la, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Paris, 17 Aug. 1645 a — treasurer of France at Caen, 1673 — member of French Academy, 15 Jun. 1693 — ft. at Versailles, 10 May 1696. Caracteres de Theophraste, 1687 — Dialogues posthumes sur le quietisme, 1699. a Jal. Bruyere, Louis, engineer, — b. at Lyons. 1758 — Prof, at School of Bridges and Roads, 1799 — Secretary of Council-general of Bridges and Roads, 1805 — member of Legion of Hon- our ,_ 1809 — Maitre des Requetes, 18 10 — ft. at Paris, 31 Dec. 1831. Bruyeres, Jean Pierre Joseph, general, — ■ b. in Languedoc, 22 Jun. 1772 — aide-de-camp to Berthier, 1800 — at Marengo, Jun. 1800 — distinguishes himself at Jena, Oct. 1806— General of Brigade, Dec. 1806 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Count, General of Division, 1809 — takes part in Russian campaign, 18 12 — at battles of Liitzen and Bautzen, 181 3 — killed at Wutchen, 22 May 181 3. Bruyerin, Jean Baptiste, physician, — b. at Lyons, about 15 10— ft., after 1560. De re cibaria, 1560. Bruyn, Abraham de, painter, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, about 1540 — ft. there, about 1598. Imperii ac sacerdotii ornatus, 1577. Bruyn, Corneille de, painter, traveller,— ft. at the Hague, 1652 — at Rome, 1672/ i674. b Voyage to the levant, 1698 — Travels through Muscovy, i7ii, b 1718.° a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. Bruyn, {Bruin,) Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, 1562 — ft., after 1634. Bruys, Francois, historian, §e., — b. in the Maconuais, 7 Feb. 1708 — ft. at Dijon, 21 May 1738. Histoire des Papes, 1732. Bruys, {Brueys,) Pierre de, religious re- former, (head of the Petrobrussians,) — burnt at St Gilles, 1 147. Bruyset, Jean Marie, bookseller and miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Lyons, 7 Feb. 1749 — Inspector of printing at Lyons, 1812 — ft., 16 Apr. 18 17. Essai sur le contrat colly bisti que, $c, 1786. Brusen de la Martiniere. [Martiniere, de la.] Bry, Jean Theodore de, engraver, — b. at Liege, 156 1— ft. at Frankfort, 1623. Bry, Thierry {Theodore) de, engraver, — b. at Liege, 1528 — expelled from Litge as a Lu- theran, 1570 — travels in England, 1587 — ft., 27 Mar. 1598. Bryan, {Bryant,) Sir Francis, Bart., Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, — takes Mor- laix, 1522 — Ivnt, by Earl of Surrey, 1522 — am- bassador to France, 1528 — to Rome, 1529 — ■ 16 * 244 BRYAN— BUCHANAN. commands light cavalry at Musselburgh, 1547 — Bart., 1547 — Governor-general of Ireland, 1548 — tf. at Waterford, 1550. Bryan, Michael, — ft. at Newcastle, 1757 — in Flanders, 1781-90 — tf., 21 Mar. 1821. Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, 18 16. Bryant, Jacoh, antiquary, $c, — ft. at Ply- mouth, 17 15 — B.A., Cambridge, 1740 — M.A., Fellow of King's Coll., 1744 — secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, 1756 — tf. near Windsor, 14 Nov. 1804. Analysis of ancient Mythology , 1774-6. Brydone, Patrick, naturalist, traveller, — ft., 1741— visits Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 1767-71 — lj., 1818. Voyage to Sicily and Malta, 1773. Bryennius, Joseph, theologian, — tf., about H35- Bryennius, Nicephorus, Emperor or the East, — revolts against Michael VII., usurps throne, 1077 — defeated by Alexis Comnenus, 1080. Bryennius, Nicephorus, Byzantine historian, — friend to Emperor Alexis Comnenus, 108 1 — marries Anna Comnena, before 11 08? — con- ducts war against Bohemond of Antioch, 1107 ■ — negotiates peace, Sep. 1108 — conspires against John and banished to Oenoe, 11 18 — sent to relieve Antioch, n 37 — tf. at Constan- tinople, about 1 1 37-8. Buache, Jean Nicolas, (BuachedelaNeuville,) geographer, — ft. at Neuville-en-Pont, 15 Feb. 1 741 — first geographer to the king; member of Academy of Sciences, 1782 — Prof. Geo- graphy, Normal School, 1794 — restored, after fall of Bobespierre, Aug. 1795 — tf., 21 Nov. 1825. Buache, Philippe, geographer, — ft. at Paris, 7- Feb. 1700 — first geographer to the king, 1729 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1730 — tf., 27 Jan. 1773. Considerations geographi- ques et physiques sur les nouvclles decouvertes de la grande mer, 1753 — Essai d'tine geographic physique, 1752 — Atlas physique, 1754. Buat-Nancay, Louis Gabriel, Count of, historian, — fj. in Normandy, 2 Mar. 1732 — tf. at Nanc,ay, 18 Sep. 1787. Origines, §c, 1757 — Elements de la politique, 1773 — Maximes du gouvernement monarchique, 1778. Bubble Act, in Great Britain, — against speculative companies, 6 Geo. I. c. 18, 17 19 — repealed by 6 Geo. IV. c. 19, 5 Jul. 1825. Bubenberg, Adrian, Patrician of Beene, — deputy to Charles, Duke of Burgundy, 1740 — recalled from exile, defends Morat against the Burgundians, 1746 — deputy to court of France, 1747 — tf. at Berne, 1749. Bubna-Littiz, Ferdinand, Count of, gen- eral, — ft. at Zamersk, Bohemia, 26 Nov. 1768 — at siege of Belgrade, 1784 — distinguishes himself at the attack of Manheim, 18 Oct. 1705 — serves under Kray, 1800 — charged with defence of Bohemia, 1800 — Colonel, 1 Mar. 1801 — at battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — ac- companies Emperor in campaign of 1 809 — ambassador to Napoleon, Jan. 1813 — serves at battle of Leipsic, Oct. 181 3 — Governor-general of Piedmont. J 4 Aug. l8 5^. Vindicioe Geological, 1820 — Iteliquice JJilu- viance, 1823 — Geology and Mineralogy, §c, (Bridgewater Treatise,) 1836. Buckle, Henry Thomas, political and his- torical philosopher, — b., 1822— goes to the East, autumn 1861 — )j. at Damascus, 29 May 1862. History of Civilization in Europe, 1858-61. Bucoldianus, (Bucoldz, Bucholdz,) Gerhard, philologist, physician, — fj. at Cologne, about 1500 — at Bologna, 1534 — at Spire, 1542. Edition of Quintilian, 1527. Bucquet, Cesar, mechanician, — fj., about 1720 — obtains prize of the Academy for im- proved mills, 1785 — tf., about 1798. Bucquet, Jean Baptiste Marie, chemist, §c, — ft. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1746 — rj., 24 Jun. 1780. Introduction a V etude des corps naturels tires du regne mineral, 177 1 ; duregne vegetal, 1773. Bucquoi, Charles Bonaventure de Longue- val, Count de, general, — ft., 1561 — General of Artillery, 1598 — serves in the Netherlands, 1600 — reenters service of the Emperor, 16 13 — - commands in Bohemia, 1620 — reduces Moravia, 1 62 1 — serves in Hungary against Prince Bethlem-Gabor, 162 1 — killed before Neuhausel, 10 Jul. 1 62 1. Bucquoy, Jacques de, traveller, — fj. at Am- sterdam, 26 Oct. 1693 — engineer to the Com- pany of the East Indies, 17 19 — at Cape of Good Hope, Mar. 1720 — in Eastern Africa, Mar. 1721- — taken by pirates to Madagascar, 1722 — arrives at Batavia, 1725 — in Siam, 1731-35 — rj. at Amsterdam, about 1760. Voyages, $c, 1745. Bucquoy, Jean Albert d' Archambaud, Count de, (abbe de Bucquoy,) litterateur,- — fj. in Champagne, about 1650 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1707 — escapes, 4 May 1709 — at Han- over, pensioned by George I., 17 14 — rj., 15 Nov. 1740. Evenement des plus rares, §c, 17 19. Buda, {Of en,) in Hungary, — founded about 1250— royal residence by Ludwig I., 1351 — taken by Solyman, 1526 — retaken by Ferdinand of Bohemia, 1527 — by Solyman, 1529 — again taken by Turks, 1541 — taken and the fortress blown up by Duke of Lorraine, 1686 — seat of government, 1784 — partly burnt, 18 10 — insur- rection at, Sep. 1848 — occupied by Windisch- gratz, 5 Jan. 1849 — bombarded by Gorgey, 17, 18, and 20 May 1849 — stormed, 20 May 1849 — occupied by Russians and given up to Austrians, Jul. 1849 — Diet meets at, 2 Apr. 1861 — As- sembly of the Comitat prevented by the Mili- tary, 29 Sep. 1861 — coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph as King of Hungary, at, 8 Jun. 1867. Suspension Bridge, 1849 — Councils of, 1279 and 1309 — University of, transferred from Tyrnau by Maria Theresa, 1777 — trans- ferred to Pesth, by Joseph II., 1784. Buddseus, Johann Franz, theologian, — ft. at An clam, Pomerania, 25 Jun. 1667 — Prof. Greek and Latin, Coburg, 1692 — Prof. Moral and Political Philosophy, Halle, 1693 — Prof. Theology, Jena, 1705, 1729,* from 1695 b — ft. at Gotha, 19 Nov. 1729. Historia juris naturae, §c, 1695 — Historia ecclesiastica Vet. Test., 17 15 — Theses theologicce, 17 17. a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Unir. Buddeeus, Karl Franz, — b. at Halle, 1695 — advocate of the Court of Weimar, 17 19 — Vice-Chancellor ; rj. at Weimar, 5 Jul. 1753. Buddhism, — [BC] — established in India, about 25c — introduced into Ceylon, about 200 BUDE LIGHT-BUHLER. 247 • — established in China, 65 — [A D] 310 — declines in India, about 400-450 — recovers for a time, 700-1200. Bude Light, — invented by Goldsworthy Gur- ney, 1823. Bude, Guillaume, (Budceus,) philologist, $c, — b. at Paris, 1467 — secretary to Charles VIII., 1497— joint envoy to Eome, 1503-5 — provost of merchants of Paris, Aug. 1522 — librarian and maitre des requetes to Francis I., Aug. 1522 — b. at Paris, 23 Aug. 1540. An- notations in XXIV. libros Pandectarum, 1508 — De Asse, 15 14 — Institution d'unprince, 1547 ■ — Commentarii lingute Grcecce, 1529. Buder, Christian Gottlieb, jurist, — b. in Lusacia, 29 Oct. 1693 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Jena, 1734-63 — b., 9 Dec. 1763. Bibliotheca juris Struviana adaucta, 1720 (5th ed.) — Vitce clarissimorum Jurisconsultorum, 1722 — Amce- nitntes juris feudalis, 1 741 . Budes, Jean Baptiste. [Guebriant] Budgell, Eustace, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Exeter, about 1685 — accompanies Addison to Ireland, 17 10 — Controller-general, Ireland, 1717 — kills himself in London, 4;May i737, a I736. b a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. Buee, Adrien Quentin, — b. at Paris, 1748 — secretary to the Chapter of Notre-Dame, Oct. 1786 — goes to England, after 10 Aug. 1792 — returns to France, Jul. 1814 — b. at Paris, n Oct. 1826. Dictionnaire des termes de la revolution, 1792 — Reflexions sur les deux editions des ceuvres de Voltaire, 18 17. Bueil, Jean de, Count de Sancerre, — distinguishes himself under Charles VII. at Mans, 1427 — takes part in liberation of Or- leans, 1428— attends coronation of Charles VII. at Rheims, 1429 — Chevalier, 1433 — com- mands against the English, 1438-50 — Admiral of France, 1450 — deprived, by Louis XL, after 1460— b., after 1474. Buenos Ayres. [Argentine Confederation.] Buenos Ayres, City, — founded by Pedro de Mendoza, 1535 — abandoned, 1539 — resettled by Spaniards, 1580 — bishopric, 1620 — seat of vice-royalty, 1776 — taken by Sir Home Pop- ham, 27 Jun. 1806— recovered by Spaniards, 12 Aug. 1807 — retaken by British, Oct. 1807 ■ — unsuccessfully attempted by them, 5 Jul. 1808 — independent of Spain, 18 16— seat of government, 1826 — included in Argentine Con- federation, 1 83 1 — revolts against Urquiza and is unsuccessfully besieged, 1853 — declares itself independent: fleet and army of, defeated by Urquiza, 13 and 23 Oct. 1859 — joins Argentine Confederation, by treaty of 11 Nov. 1859 — the war renewed, i860— defeat of Urquiza, by Gen. Mitre, 17 Sep. 1861 — declared seat of government, May 1862 — [Argentine Confeder- ation] — government buildings burnt, 28 Jun. 1867. University, founded, 1821. Buffalmaco, (Buonamico di Cristofano,) painter, wit, — b. at Florence, about 1273^ — b. there, i34o, b after 1351.* a Baldinucci. b Vasari. Buffalo, U.S., — taken and destroyed by British, 30 Dec. 18 13. Bulfon, Georges Louis Leclerc, naturalist, — b. at Montbar, Burgundy, 7 Sep. 1707 — travels in Italy, &c, 1727-32 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1733 — superintendent of Royal Garden, 1739 — b. at Paris, 16 Apr. 1788. Histoire naturelle, 1749-88. Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert, Duke of Isly, Marshal of France, — b. at Limoges, 15 Oct. 1784 — enters the army, 1804 — Corporal, at Austerlitz, 1805 — wounded at Pultusk, Nov. 1806 — serves ^n the Peninsula, 1808-14 — i n retirement, 1815-30 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1 831— kills M. Dulong in a duel, 27 Jan. 1834 — sent to Algiers, con- cludes treaty with Abd-el-Kader, 1836-37 — Lieutenant-general, Jul. 1836 — Governor-gen- eral of Algeria, 1 Mar. 1840— defeats army of Morocco at Isly, 14 Jul. 1844 — reduces the Kabyles, spring 1847 — commands in Paris, 23 Feb. 1848 — b. there, 10 Jun. 1849. Bugenhagen, Johann, (Pomeranus,) theo- logian, — b. inPomerania, 24 Jun. 1485 — settles at AVittenberg, 152 1 — Prof. Theology, 1522 — crowns Christian III. of Denmark, and assists him in establishing the Reformation, 1537 — reorganizes Univ., of Copenhagen, and is named Rector and Prof. Theology, 1538 — returns to Germany, 1542 — b- at Wittenberg, 21 Mar., a 20 Apr. b 1558. Interpretatio Librum Psalm- orum, 1523. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geographer, — b. at Copenhagen, 12 Oct. 1740 — Prof. Astro- nomy and Mathematics there, 1777 — envoy to Paris, 1798 — member of French Institute, 1798 — Councillor of State, 1807 — b., 15 Jun. 1815. Erste Griinde der sphaerischen und theoreiischen Astronomie, 1796 — Erste Griinde der abstracten Mathematik, 1797 — Beschreibung der Ausmes- sungsmethode, 1787. Bugiardini, Giuliano, painter, — b. at Flor- ence, 1481 — b., 1556. Buglio, Luigi, Jesuit inissionaary , — b. at Palermo, 26 Jan. 1606 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1623 — Chevalier of Order of Malta, 1633 — ar- rives at Goa, 1636 — at Macao, 1637 — at Pekin, 1637*82 — b. there, 7 Oct. 1682. Buglioni, Francesco, sculptor, — b., 1520. Bugnyon, Philibert, {Bugnonius,) juris- consult and poet, — b., 1590. Legum abrogata- rum in curiis regni Erancice tractatus, 1564. Buhahylha-Byngezla, (Abou -Aly- Yahya, Ibn Bjazlah,) physician, — embraces Islamism, 1073— b., 1099. Buhle, Johann Gottlieb, philosopher, §c, — b. at Brunswick, 29 Sep. 1763 — Prof. Extra- ord. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1786 — Ordinary Prof., 179 1— Prof. Philosophy, Moscow, 1804 — librarian to Grand Duchess Catherine, 1 8 1 1 — returns to Brunswick, Prof. Laws, Aug. 18 14 — b. there, Aug. 1821. Grundziige einer all- gemeinen Encyklopcidie der Wissenchaften,^ 1790 — lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophic und einer kritischen Liter atur derselben, 17 96 -1804 — Geschichte der neuern Philosophic, 1800-5. Buhler, Franz Gregor, musical composer, — b. near Augsburg, 12 Apr. 1760 — enters Bene- dictine Order, 1784 — maitre de chapelle, Botzen, 1 7 94- 1 80 1 — maitre de chapelle, Augsburg, 1801-24 — b. there, 4 Feb. 1824. 24S BUISERO— BULLIAKD. Buisero, Diderik, poet—h. at Flushing," at Gravenhage, b about 1640 — rj., i72i. a ■ Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Bukowina, in Austria, ceded to Austria, i777, :i 12 May 1776 b — annexed to Galicia, Nov. 1786 — made crownland of Austrian Em- pire by patent, 31 Dec. 1851. a Engl. Cyc. b Meyer Conv.-Lex. Bulaeus. [Boulay, du.] Bularchus, painter, — [B C] — A- about 720. Bulbus, C. Atilius, — [BCj — Consul with M. Fabios Buteo, (509, a. it. c.) 245. Bulgaria, [Moesia.j Bulgarians, — con- quered by Bulgarians, about 650 — ■ conclude commercial treaty with Theodosius III., 716" — invade the Greek Empire and are defeated, 757 a — Krumx defeats and kills Nicephorus L, 802 — besiege Constantinople, and are defeated by Leo the Armenian, 813 — Christianity dif- fused in, by captives, about 813 — Mortagox makes peace with Leo V., 817 — commercial treaty renewed, 852 — conversion of the Prince, Bogoris, 853— disputes respecting their allegi- ance to the Greek Church begin, about 864 d — submit to the Greek Church, 870 — Symeox defeats Byzantine army under Leo Phocas at Achelous, 20 Aug. 917 a — compels Bomanus I. to conclude treaty with him before Constanti- nople, by which independence of national church is recognized, 924 — invaded by the Bussians under Swiatoslaff, and the Bulgarian army de- feated, 968 a — regain their independence ; again conquered by the Bussians, 970 — conquered by John Zimisces, 97 1 — conquered by Basilius II., 10 1 9 — kingdom overthrown, and patriarchate reduced to archbishopric by Basilius II., 1018 — Peter II. and Asax 1. throw off yoke of the Greek Empire, about n85, b 11 86 c — they defeat Isaac Sebastocrator, 1195 — Asan murdered, 1 1 95 — Peter murdered, 11 96— Joaxxice (John I., Calo- Johannes,) succeeds his brother, n 96 — crowned by Papal legate at Trinova, 8 Nov. 1204 — the Emperor Baldwin defeated and captured by Bulgarian army, 15 Apr. 1205 — Joannice defeats Emperor Henry, at Adrianople, 23 Dec. 1 206 (1 205 ?)— takes Varna, Easter 1 206 — threatens Constantinople ; succeeded by Vo- Jiylas, (Fhrorglas) his nephew, 1207 — who is defeated by the Franks, 31 Jul. 1208 — besieged in Trinova and captured by John Asax, who imprisons and succeeds him, 12 15 or 12 16 — war with Theodore Angelus, Emperor of Thessalonica, ended by treaty of alliance, 122 1 — Theodore defeated and imprisoned, 1229 or 1230— with John Vataces, Asan unsuccessfully besieges Constantinople, 1235 — Calomax I., son of Asan, succeeds, 1241 — Michael, 1245 — cedes to John Vataces conquests in Thessaly and Thrace: Calomax II., 1258 — Mytzes, 1258 or 1259 — the kingdom made tributary to Hungary by Stephen IV., 127 1 — partly conquered by Sultan Amurath, 1392 — made province of Ottoman Empire, by Biijazet, 1396 — archbishopric abolished and church subjected to patriarch of Constantinople, 1767 — restora- tion of ecclesiastical independence demanded, about 1849 — again, 1856 and i860 — conver- sion of, to Itoinish faith, on consecration of the Archimandrite as Abp and Vicar Apostolic, 14 Apr. 1 86 1 — commission for arrangement appointed by the Porte, 1862 — two projects submitted by the Porte to Greek Patriarch, 15 Oct. 1868, both rejected. a Finlay. b Engl. Cyc. c Gibbon. d Milman. Bull, George, theologian,— ft. at Wells, 25 Mar. 1634 — enters Oxford Univ., 1648 — Pre- bendary of Gloucester, 1678 — Archdeacon of Llandaff, i686, a 1679 b —Bp of St David's, 1705 — tf., 28 Feb. 17 10. Defensio fidei licence, 1685-8 — Judicium ecclesice catholicce, §c, 1694. a Bose's Biog. Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Bull, Golden. [Golden Bull.] Bull, John, musical composer, — ft. in Somer- setshire, about 1563 — organist to Queen Eliza- beth, 1591— Mus. D., Oxford, 1592 — Prof. Music, Gresham College, 1596-1607 — private musician to James L, 1607 — goes to the Netherlands, 1613 — tf. atLiibeck or Hamburg, about 1622 ? Bull Run, U.S., — the Federal forces defeated by Gen. Beauregard, 21 Jul. 186 1 — second defeat of Federals, 30 Aug. 1862. Bull, William, statesman, — ft., 1709 — member of Council, South Carolina, 1768 — Speaker of the Bepresentative Assembly, 1774 — tf. in London, 4 Jul. 1791. Bullant, Jean, architect, sculptor, — ft., pro- bably 1520 — charged by Catherine de Medicis to build the palace of the Tuileries, 1564 — tf. at Ecouen, after i573, a 10 Oct. 1598^ Fteigle gcneralle d 'architecture des cinq manieres, §c, 1564. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Bullart, Izaak, — ft. at Rotterdam, 5 Jan. 1599 — tf., 17 Apr. 1672. Academie des sciences et des arts, 1682. Bull-baiting, in Great Britain, — common in England, before 1200 — bill to abolish, rejected by House of Commons, 1 8 Apr. 1 800, and 24 May 1 802— prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Wm. IV. c. 59, 9 Sep. 1835. Buller, Charles, statesman, — ft. at Calcutta, 1806 — B.A., Cambridge, 1828— M.P. West Looe, 1830 — called to the Bar, 1831 — M.P. Liskeard, 1832-48 — Secretary to Earl of Dur- ham, accompanies him to Canada, 1838 — Se- cretary to Board of Control, 1841 — Privy Councillor, 1847 — President of Poor Law Board, Nov. 1847 — tf. in London, 28 Nov. 1848. Bullet, Jean Baptiste, theologian, philologist, —ft. at Besanc,on, 1699 — Prof. Theology there, 1728 — tf., 6 Sep. 1775. Histoire de V etablisse- ment du christianisme, §c, 1764. — Me moires sur la langue critique, §c, 1754-59-70. Bullet, Pierre, architect, — ft., about 1650 — erects the Forte St Martin, 1674 — constructs the Quai Telletier, 1673. Architecture pratique, §e., 1 69 1. Bull-fights, — [B C] — known to Greeks, be- fore 300 — introduced at Borne by Julius Ca3sar, 45 — [A D ] — introduced in Spain by the Moors, before 800. [Bull-baiting.] Bullialdus. [Boulliau.] Bulliard, Pierre, botanist,— %. at Aubepierre, 24 Nov. 1752 — tf. at Paris, Sep. 1793. Flora Farisiensis, 1774 — Herbier de la France, 178c, BULLItfGER— BTOSEN. 249 1793 — Histoire des plantes ve'ne'neuses de la France, 1774. Bullinger, Heinrich, theologian, — ft. at Bremgarten, 18 Jul. 1504 — studies at Cologne, 1520 — accompauies Zwingli to conference of Berne, 1528 — succeeds Zwingli as pastor there, 1532 — receives freedom of the city, 1534 — pre- vents renewal of Swiss league with Henry II. of France, 1549 — tf. at Zurich, 17 Sep. 1575. Bullinger, Jean Balthazar, painter, — ft. at Langnau, Zurich, 31 Dec, 17 13 — first Prof. School of Design there, 1773. Bullion, Claude de, statesman, — maitre des requetes, hy Henri IV., 1605 — commissioner from Marie de Medicis to the Assembly at Saumur, 161 1 — at Conference of Soissons, 1614 — superintendent of finances, 1632 — keeper of the seals, by Louis XIII., 1639 — tf., 22 Dec. 1640. Bulls, Papal, in England, — declared void by stat. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16, 1536 — publication of, made treason by stat. 13 Eliz. c. 2, 157 1. In Austria, without permission, prohibited by Joseph II., 178 1. Buhner, "William, printer, — ft. at JNWcastle- on-Tyne, 1758 — in partnership with Xicol, superintends printing of Shakspeare, 1787 — re- tires from business, 1819 — tf. at Clapham, 9 Sep. 1830. Shakspeare, 1791-1805 — Milton, 1793-7 — Museum Worsleyanum, 1798-1803. Biilow, Adam Heinrich Dietrich von, — mili- tary writer ', — ft. at Falkenberg, about 1757 — enters the army, 1772 — goes to the Netherlands, 1789 — to America, 1791 — returns, 1792 — in England, Dec. 1801 — tf. in prison at Biga, Jul. 1807. Geist des neuen Kriegssystems, 1799 — Geschichte dss Feldzugs von 1800, 1801 — Nunc permissum est, 1809. Biilow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von Dennewitz, general, — ft. at Falkenberg, 16 Feb. 1755 — enters the army, 1769 — tutor of Prince Louis Ferdinand, 1792-5 — distinguishes himself at siege of Mentz, 1793 — Lieutenant- colonel, 1806 — distinguishes himself at Eylau and Friedland, 1807 — Major-general, 1807 — blockades Stettin, 1813 — defeats the French, at Lukau, 4 Jun. 18 13 — at Gross-Boern, 23 Aug. — at Dennewitz, 6 Sep. — Count von Den- newitz, 1 8 1 3 — takes several French towns, 1 8 14 — Commander- General of Prussian in- fantry, and Governor of East Prussia, 18 14 — . commands, under Bliicher, in the Netherlands, May 1 8 15 — brings up succour at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 1 8 15 — titular Colonel of Infantry, 1815 — tf. at Ivonigsberg, 25 Feb. 18 16. Biilow, Heinrich, Baron von, statesman, — ft. at Schwerin, 1790 — enters the army, 18 13 — accompanies, as Secretary of Legation, Wil- helm von Humboldt to London, 18 17 — ambassador to London, 1827 — to Frankfort, 1 841 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1842-5 — tf. at Berlin, 6 Feb. 1846. Biilow, Ludwig Friedrich Victor Hans, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Espenrode, 14 Jul. 1774 — enters service of Prussia, 1794— President of Chamber of Magdeburg, 1804 — Minister of Finance to Jerome, King of West- phalia, May 1808 — Minister of Finance to king of Prussia, 18 13-17 — tf. at Landek, Aug. 1825. Bulow-Cummerow, Ernst von, publicist, — ft. in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 13 Apr. 1775 — set- tles in Pomerania, 1802 — tf. at Berlin, 26 Apr. 1 85 1. Folitische tind Jinanzielle Abhandlung- en, 1844-5 — Das Bankwesen, 1846 — Der Zollverein, 1846. Bulteau, Louis, (Bultellus, Bultellanus,) his- torian, — ft. at Bouen, 1625 — secretary to the king, 1647-61 — tf. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1693. Essai sur V histoire monastique de V Orient, 1678 — Abre'ge de Vhistoire de St Benoit et des moines d' Occident, 1684-94. Bulwer, John. Fhilocophus, 1648 — An- thropo - metamorphosis, 1653 — Chironomia, 1644. Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, — between Great Britain and United States of America, respect- ing ship-canal between Atlantic and Pacific, signed at Washing-ton, 19 Apr. 1850 — ratified there, 4 Jul. 1850. Bumaldus. [Montalbani, Ovidio.] Bunau, Heinrich, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Weissenfels, 2 Jun. 1697 — called to the Court of Saxony, 17 17 — Privy Councillor, 1734 — Count, 1742 — ft. at Ossmanstadt, 7 Apr. 1762. Deutsche Kaiser- und Feichs-historie, 1728-43 — Historic des Kriegs zivischen Frank- reich, England und Feutschland, 1763-7. Bundelcund, Hindustan, — partly ceded to the Peishwa, 1734 — partly ceded to E. I. Company by the Peishwa, 31 Dec. 1802 — dis- turbances in, suppressed, 1809 and 1812 — treaty of Poonah signed, 13 Jun. 1817. Bunderen, [Bundere,) Jean, {Bundcrius,) theologian,— -ft. at Ghent, 148 1 — tf. there, 8 Jun. 1557. Compendium rerum theologicarum, 1540 — Fetectio nugarum Lutheri, 155 1. Bunel, Pierre, — ft. at Toulouse, 1499 — tf. at Turin, 1546. Epistolce, 155 1. Eunemann, Johann Ludolph, bibliographer, §c, — ft. at Calb, 24 Jun. 1687— tf. at Hanover, 1 Jul. 1759. F)e bibliothecis Mindensilus an- tiquis et novis, 17 19. Eunhill Fields, London, — consecrated as a cemetery, 1665 — preservation of, provided for, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 38, 15 Jul. 1867. Buniva, Michel Francois, physician —h. at Pignerol, 1761 — M.D.,' Turin, 1781 — Prof, there, 1790— Prof. Pathology, 1 801 -14 — ex- cluded from Univ. and from Academy of Sciences, 18 14 — tf., Oct. 1834. Sur les insectes qui ravagent la recolte des ble's, 1793 — Fiscorso sulla vaccina, 1805 — Be' diversi metodi delta litotrizia, 1833. Bunker Hill, near Boston, U. S., — General Howe defeats Americans at, 17 Jun. 1775. Bunnik, Johan van, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, 1654— tf., 1717^ 1727-° a Biog. UniY. and Biog. "Woordenboek. ° Nagler. Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias, Baron, philologist, theologian, diplomatist, — ft. at Corbach, in Waldeck, 25 Aug. 1791 — studies at Marburg, 1808-9 — at Gottingen, 1809-15 — Ph.D., Jena, 1813 — goes to Berlin, INov. 1815 — studies at Paris, 18 16 — goes to Florence and Borne, 18 16 — marries at Borne, 1 Jul. 18 17 — 250 BTJNYAN— BUONTEMPT. Secretary to tlie Embassy there, Dec. 1817— Counsellor of Legation, Dec. 1822 — Charge , 1764— resigns his pension, Apr. 1765 — private secretary to Lord Rockingham, Jul. 1765 — M.l*. Wendover, 1765— his first speech, 14 Jan, 1766— agent for State of New York, 177 1 — makes his speech on American taxation, 19 Apr. 1774— M. P. Bristol, summer 1774 -M.I\ Milton, 1780 — Paymaster-general Privy Councillor, spring 1782 — retires, Jul. 1782 — again Paymaster-general, Feb. to Dec. 1 7 S3 — Eector of Glasgow Univ., 10 Apr. 1784 — conducts prosecution of Warren Hastings, -94 — LL.D., 1791— the 'Dagger Scene,' >T. 1792 — retires from parliament, Jun. 1794 — loses his only son, 2 Aug. 1794 — re- ceives a pension, 1795 — if. at Beaconsfield, 9 Jul. 1797. Vindication of Natural Society, 1756 — Inquiry into Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1756 — Thoughts on the cause of Present Discontents, 1773 — Reflections on the French Revolution, Nov. 1790 — Thoughts on a Regicide Eeace, 1796. Eurlamaqui, Jean Jacques, jurist, — b. at Geneva, 19 Jul. 1694 — Prof. Law there, 1723- 40 — member of Sovereign Council, 1740-48 — ■ if., 3 Apr. 1748. Erincipes du droit nature!, 1747 — Erincipes du droit politique, 1751. Burleigh, William Cecil, Baron, statesman, — h. at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 13 Sep. 1520 — ■ enters Cambridge Univ., 1535 — at Gray's Inn, 1541 — introduced at Court, 1541 — Custos Bre- vium, about 1546 — Master of Bequests to the Protector Somerset, 1547 — present at battle of Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1547 — Secretary of State, 1548 — committed to the Tower, 1549 — restored to office, Oct. 155 1 — Knt, member of Privy Council, 155 1 — resigns office, 1553 — M.P. Lin- colnshire, 1555 — Secretary of State, Privy Councillor, 1558 — Master of the "Wards, 156 1 — Baron Burleigh, 157 1 — Knt of the Garter, 1572 — Lord High Treasurer, 1572 — If., 4 May 1598. Burley, Gauthier, (Doctor planus,) scholastic philosopher, — b. at Oxford, 1275 — tf., 1357. Be vita et moribus philosophorum, 1477. Burlingame, Anson, diplomatist, — b. in N. York State, 1822 — senator of Massachusetts, about 1850 — ambassador to Pekin, 1861 — • enters into service of China, and is sent special ambassador to the Great Powers, to procure re- vision of treaty of 1859; first, to U. S., Dec. 1867 — to England, Sep. 1868 — to France, early in 1869 — to Eussia, 1869 — ft. at St Petersburg, 23 Feb. 1870. Burlington Fine Arts Club, London, — established, 1867. Burlington Heights, in New Jersey, U.S., — ■ the British defeat the Americans at, 6 Jun. 1 8 1 3. Burlington House, London,- — built, about 1665 — remodelled, 1720 — transferred to Eoyal Academy, 1868 — colonnade and gateway re- moved, 1869. Eurlton, Peter Henry, geographer, — Lieu- tenant . of artillery, Bengal ; employed to unite the Brahmapootra and the Ganges, 1825-9 — massacred, 1829. Burmah. [Birman Empire.] Burmania, Bouwe Bothnia van, naturalist, - — tf., 1726. Ee MetJwdo ratiocinandi de more cceli dubio, 17 13 — Nicuice Manier en Onderstel- linge over JVeer, 17 15. Burmann, Eric, mathematician, — b. in West Gothland, 23 Sep. 1692 — assistant Prof. Mathe- matics, Upsala, 1 7 19 — member of Eoyal Society of Sweden, 1728 — tf., 2 Kov. 1729. Specimen academician de Triade harmonia, 1727. Burmann, Franz, theologian, — h. at Ley- den, i628, a 1632 b — Prof. Theology, Utrecht, 1662 c — Prof. Church History, 167 1 — "if., 12 Nov. 1679. Synopsis theologica, 1671 — Ora- tiones, 1700. a yjiog. rjniv. b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. BURMANN— BURR. *55 Burmann, (Bormann.) Gottlob Wilhelm, poet, — b- in Lusace, 18 May 1737 — "0. at Ber- lin, 5 Jan. 1805. Gedichte ohne den Buchstaben R. t 178 8 — Fabeln und Erzdhlungen, 1769 — Lie- der in drei BUchern, 1774. Burmann, Jan, botanist, $c,, — b. at Amster- dam, 26 Apr. 1706— Prof. Botany there, 1738 — if., 1780. Thesaurus Zeylandicus, fte., 1737 — Africanarionplantarum decades decern, 17 38-9. Burmann, Kaspar, historian, — rj. at Leyden, 22 Aug. 1755. Hadrianus VI., §c, 1727 — Trajectum erudition, 1738 — Utrechtsche Jaar- boe/cen, §c, 1 750-1. Burmann, Nicolas Laurent, botanist, §e., — b. at Amsterdam, 1734 — Prof. Botany, Amster- dam, 1780 — tf., 1793. Flora Indice, 1768. Burmann, Pieter, philologist, — b. at U- trecht, 6 Jul. 1668— LL.D., 1688— Prof. His- tory and Eloquence, Utrecht, 1696 — visits Paris, 17 14 — Prof. History, Eloquence, &c, Leyden, 17 15 — rj. there, 31 Mar. 1741. De vectigalibus populi Eomani, 1694 — editions of Ovid, 1756 — Virgil, 1746 — Quintilian, 1720 — Sylloges epistolarum a viris illustribus scrip- tar ion, 1717. Burmann, Pieter, philologist, — b. at Amster- dam, 13 Oct. 1714^ i7i3 b — Prof. Eloquence and History, Franeker, 1735 — Prof. Poetry, 1 741 — Prof. History and Languages, Amster- dam, 1742 — Prof. Poetry, 1744 — keeper of public library, 1752 — inspector of Gymnasium, 1753 — if., 24 Jim. 1778. Anthologia veterum Lati- norum epigrammatum, 1759-73 — editions of Aristophanes, 1760 — Fropertius, 1780. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Burn, Richard, — b. at \Vinton, Westmore- land, about 1720 — LL.D., Oxford, 1762— vicar of Orton, 1736-85 — if. there, Nov. 1785. Just- ice of the Feace, 1755 — Ecclesiastical Law, 1760 — joint author of History and Antiquities of Westmoreland and Cumberland, 1777. Burnes, Sir Alexander, colonel, — 6. at Montrose, 16 May 1805 — sets out for Bengal, 1821 — envoy to Runjeet Singh, 1830 — political resident at Cabool, 1839 — assassinated, 2 Nov. 1842. Travels into Bokhara, 1834 — Cabool, 1842. Burnet, Gilbert, Bp of Salisbury, — b. at Edinburgh, 18 Sep. 1643 — studies in Hol- land, 1664— F.R.S., 1664— Prof. Theology, Glasgow, 1669 — resigns, goes to London, 1675 — preacher at the Rolls, 1675 — retires to Prance, 1685 — goes to the Hague, 1687 ? — ac- companies Prince of Orange to England, 1688 — Bp of Salisbury, by William III., 1689 — if., 17 Mar. 17 15 History of the Reformation, 1679-8 1 -1 7 14 — Life of Sir Matthew Hale, 1682 — History of his own Time, 1723-34 — Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles, 1669. Burnet, John, engraver, and writer on Art, — ft. at Edinburgh, 20 Mar. 1784 — comes to London, 1806 — studies in the Louvre, 18 13 — if. in London, 29 Apr. 1868. Education of the Eye, 1837 — Practical Treatise on Fainting, 1 827 — Rembrandt and his Works, 1 849 — Turner and his Works, 1852 — Landscape Fainting in Oil Colours, 1849. Burnet, Thomas, physician, — if., 17 15. Hip- I pocrates contractus, §c, 1685 — Thesaurus me- dicines practice, 1673. Burnet, Thomas, theologian, §c, — b. in Yorkshire, about 1635 — M. A., Cambridge, 1658 — senior proctor, 1661 — Master of the Charter- house, 1685 — if. in London, 27, a 7 15 Sep. 17 15. Telluris theoria sacra, 1680-9 — Archceologice philosophies, §c, 1692. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo, — b. in Scotland, 17 14 — ir. at Edinburgh, 26 May 1799. Ancient Metaphysics, 1778. Burney, Charles, musician, historian, — b. at Shrewsbury, 1726 — studies in London, under Dr Arne, 1744— Mus. D., Oxford, 1761,* i769 b — F.R.S., 1773 — organist of Chelsea Hospital, 1790 — if.., 1 8 14. General History of Music, 1776-89. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. Burney, Charles, — b. at Lynn, Norfolk, 4 Dec. 1757 — LL.D., Aberdeen, 1792 — if., 1817. Burney, Frances. [D'Arblay, Madame.] Burney, James, — b., 1749 — accompanies Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-4 — and third, 1776-80 — if. in London, 17 Nov. 1 82 1. History of Discoveries in the South Sea, 1803 — History of North-Eastern Voyages of Discovery, 18 19. Burning' alive, — of women, altered to hang- ing, by Act 30 Geo. III. c. 48, 1790 — of heretics, abolished by Act 29 Car. II. c. 9, s. 1, 1677. Burning- the dead, — [BC] — introduced at Rome, before Twelve Tables, 449 — general, about 100-80 — [A D] — discontinued, before 400. Burning Glasses, — [BCj — spoken of by Aristophanes in the ' Clouds,' 423-2 — [A3)]— constructed by Tschirnhausen, before 1699,^ 1687 b — improved by Bulfon, 1747 — by Tru- daine, about 1774 — by Parker, about 1S01. a Engl. Cyc. " b Kees' Cyc. Burns, Robert, poet, — b. at Alloway, Ayr- shire, 25 Jan. 1759 — death of his father, 13 Feb. 1784 — goes to Edinburgh, Nov. 1786 — returns to Ayrshire, spring 1788 — takes a farm at Ellisland, May 178S — marries Jean Armour, 5 -Aug. 17 S 8 — appointed exciseman, 1789 — settles at Dumfries, about Dec. 1791 — if. there, 21 Jul. 1796. Poems, 1786 — Works, 1800. Buronzo del Signore, Carlo Lodovico, theologian,-^,, at Vercelli, 23 Oct. 1731— D.D., 1749 — Vicar-general, 1752 — Bp of Acqui, 1784 . — Bp. of Novara, 1791 — Abp of Turin, 1797— if. at Yercelli, 22 Oct. 1806. Attonis S. Vercellensis ecclesice episcopi opera, 1768. Burr, Aaron, Vice-President of the United States, — b. in New Jersey, 1756 — en- ters the army under Washington, 1775 — resides with Washington at New York, 1776— aide- de-camp to Gen. Putnam, distinguishes himself at Long Island, Aug. 1776 — Lieutenant-colonel, retires, 1779— senator of the United States, 1791 — unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency, 1 8 co — Vice-President, 1800 — kills Gen. A. Hamilton in a duel, Jul. 1804 — arrested for conspiracy, 1807 — acquitted, visits England, 1808 — seeks British aid against S. Americans, and is ordered to quit the kingdom ; returns to America, 181 2 — 3X. at Staten Island, 14 Sep. 1836. 256 BURRA— BUSEMBAUM. Burra Burra, in Australia, — copper mines discovered at, 1845. Burrhus. [Borri, Burrus.] Burriel, Andrea Marco, Jesuit, — ft., 17 19 — fc., 19 Jun. 1762. Noticia de la California, 1758. Bnrrough, Edward, Quaker,— h. at Kendal, about 1634 — goes to London ; imprisoned, 1654 — tf. in prison, 1662. Works, 1612. Burrow, Sir James, — master of the Crown Office, 1724— F.R.S., 1737— F.S.A., 175 1 — Knt, 1773 — &., 5 Nov. 1782. Reports, 1766- 71-76 — Reports, 1768-72-76. Burrus,— Consul with L. Aurelius Commo- dus Aug., (934, a. u. c.) 181. Burrus, Afranius, (Burrhus,) — proef. prset., 52 — secures Xero's accession, 55 — poisoned, 63. Bursa. [Brusa.] Burtin, Francois Xavier de, physician, §c, — ft. at Maestricht, 1743 — if., 9 Aug. 1818. Oryctographie de Bruxelles, 1784 — Des ve'ge- taux indigenes qui peuvent remplacer les ex- otiques, 1783. Burton on Trent, — Abbey founded by Wuliric Spott, 1002 — restored by Abbot Nigel, 1 100 — church rebuilt, 1722— bridge im- paired, 1 15 1 -75 — town burnt, 1 255 — Trent made navigable to, 1698. Burton, Edward, theologian, — ft- at Shrews- bury, 13 Feb. 1794— enters Christ Church, Oxford, 15 May 1812— B.A., 1815 — M.A., 18 1 8 — travels in France and Italy, 18 18-19 —marries, 1825— B.D., 1828 — Beg. Prof. Divinity, 1829 — Bampton Lecturer, 1828 — D.D., 1829 — "0. atEwelme, Oxfordshire, 19 Jan. 1836. Description of Antiquities of Rome, 1 82 1 — Inquiry into the Heresies of Apostolic Age, 1829 — Attempt to ascertain Chronology of Acts of the Apostles, §c, 1830 — Greek Testa- ment, with notes, 1830 — Lectures on Ecclesi- astical History, 1833. Burton, Henry, theologian, — ft. at Birdsall, Yorkshire, 1759 — rector of St Matthew's, Loudon, 1625 — sentenced with Prynne and Bastwick, to fine, the pillory, loss of his ears, and imprisonment, 14 Jun. 1637 — restored to his rectory, 1640 — tf., 7 Jan. 1648. Burton, Robert, — ft. at Lindley, 8 Feb. 1576 — enters Oxford Univ., 1593 — rj. at Ox- ford, Jan. 1639. Anatomy of Melancholy, 1624 Burton, William, topographer, §c, — ft. in London, 1609 — ft., 28 Dec. 1657. Commentary on Antoninus In's Itinerary, §c, 1658. Burton, William, antiquary, — ft. at Lindley, 24 Aug. 1575 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 159 1 — Is. in Staffordshire, 6 Apr. 1645. Description of the county of Leicester, §c, 1622. Bury, Arthur, Principal of Exeter Coll., Oxford, — expelled the Univ., 19 May 1690. The Naked Gospel, condemned to bo burnt, 19 May 1690 — Lalitudinarius orthodoxus, 1697. Bury, Guillaume, — ft. at Brussels, Dec. 16 18 — tJ. at Mechlin, 30 Apr. 1700. Brcvis Roman- nrum pontifieum notitia, 1675. Bury, Richard de. [Richard de Bury.] Bury St Edmunds,— King Edmund mur- dered by the Danes at. 20 Nov. 870 — meeting of Earls and Barons at, 1205 — King John meets Barons at, 20 Nov. 12 14 — Henry III. assembles his Barons at, Feb. 1267 — Parliament held at, by Henry III., 1 Sep 1272 — visited by Edward I. and Queen Eleanor, Aug. 1289 — Parliament at, by Edward I., 3 Nov. 1296 or 1298 — Edward II. keeps Christ- mas at, 1326 — visited by Richard II. and his Queen, 1383 — Henry VI. resides at, Christmas 1433 to Apr. 1434 — holds a Parliament at, 1446 and 1448 — visited by Henry VII., i486— by Queen Elizabeth, 7 Aug. 1578 — partly burnt down, 1608. Bus, Cesar de, — ft. at Cavaillon, 3 Feb. 1544 — founds Congregation of the Christian Doctrine, 1592 — ft. at Avignon, 15 Apr. 1607. Instructions familieres, $c, 1666. Busaco, in Portugal, — Wellington repulses Massena at, 27 Sep. 18 10. Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de, (Busbequius,) diplomatist, traveller, — ft. at Comines, 1522 — goes to England, 1554 — ambassador from Ferdinand, King of the Romans, to Solyman II., 1555 — charged by Maximilian II. to accompany Archduchess Elizabeth to France, 1570 — ambassador of Rudolph II. there, 1592 — if. near Rouen, 28 Oct. 1592. Legationis Turcica epistola IV., 1589 — Epistolce ad Rodolph. II. Imp., §c, 1630. Busby, Richard, Head-Master of Westminster School, — ft. at Lutton, Lincolnshire, 22 Sep. 1606 —enters Oxford Univ., 1624 — M.A., 1631 — rector of Cudworth, 1639 — Head-Master of Westminster School, 1640 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1660 — tf., 6 Apr. 1695. Busch, Johann Georg, economist, — ft. in Luneburg, 3 Jan. 1728 — Prof. Mathematics, Hamburg, 1756 — first President of Society of Arts and Trades, 1765 — founds School of Com- merce, 1767 — tf., 5 Aug. 1800. Handlungs- bibliothek, 1784-97 — Erfahrungen, 17 90-1 802 — Lehrbuch der gesammten Handelswissenschaft, 1796-8. Buschetto, architect, sculptor, — ft. at Duli- chio, probably about 1020 or 1030 — called to Pisa to direct reconstruction of the cathedral, 1063 — ft., after 1080. Biisching, Anton Friedrich, geographer, — ft. at Stadthagen in Westphalia, 27 Sep. 1724 — accompanies Count de Lynar to St Peters- burg, 1 740- 1— settles at Copenhagen, 1752 — Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1754 — his lectures prohibited, 1757 — Prof. Philosophy, 1759 — pastor of German church at St Peters- burg, 1761-5 — director of Gymnasium, Berlin, 1766 — is. there, 28 May 1793. Erdbeschrei- bung, 1754-92 — Magazin f'iir Historie und Geographic, 1767-93 — Beitriige zur Lebensge- schi elite merkwiirdiger Personen, 1783-9. Biisching, Johann Gustav Gottlieb, his- torian, antiquary, — ft. at Berlin, 19 Sep. 1783 — Prof. Philosophy, Breslau, 1822— tf., 4 May 1829. Sammlung Deutscher Volkslieder, 1807 — Leben Gotz von Berlichingen, 181 3 — Erzdh- lungen, Dichtungen, §c, 1814-15 — Lied der Nibelungen, 1 815 — Die heidnischen Alterthumer Schlesiens, 1 820-24. Busembaum, Herman, Jesuit, — ft. in West- BUSHEL— BUTLEE. 2 57 phalia, 1600 — Prof. Theology, Cologne, 1640 — tf. at Munster, 1668. Medulla theologice moralis, §c , 1645. Bushel, — use of, regulated by 14 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 12, 1340; 12 Hen. VII. c. 5, 1496-7 5 22 Car. II. c. 8, s. 1, 1670; 8 and 9 Wmlll. c. 22, s. 9, 1696-7 ; and 4 and 5 WmlV. c. 49, 13 Aug. 1834 — repeal of statutes, and new regulation respecting the, by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824. Bushire, (Abu-shehr,) in Persia, — English factory established at, about 1620-30 ? — taken and held by British, 10 Dec. 1856 to 2 May 1857- Busius, Paul, jurist, — Prof. Law, Franeker, 1610 — tf-, 23 Sep. 1617. Comment. in Pandectas, 1610 — Subtilium Juris libri VII., 1604. Buskagrius, Johann Peter, orientalist, — tf., Prof. Hebrew, Upsala, 1692. Dissertation (in Hebrew) on the Masora, 1651 — Be usu et ne- cessitate linguarum orientalium, 1654. Busleyden, (Buslidius,) Jerome, diplomatist, — ft. in Luxemburg, about 1470 — Councillor of State, 1503 — 1(. at Bordeaux, 27 Aug. 15 17. College of the three Languages, Louvain, found- ed and endowed by his will, 1517. Busmann, Johann Eberhard, theologian, — ft. at Verden, 1644 — M.A., Helmstadt, 1667 — visits France and Italy, 1670-3 — Prof. Orien- tal Languages, Helmstadt, 1673 — D.D. and Prof. Theology, 1684— tf. at Helmstadt, 18 May 1692. Bussaeus, Andreas, antiquary y — ft. in Nor- way, 1679 — burgomaster of Elsinore, 17 18 — tf. there, 4 Jan. 1755. Arngrimi Jonce Grcen- landia in linguam Banicam translata, 1733 ? — Arii Frodce polyhistoris schedce, §c, 1733. Bussi. [Bussy.] Bussieres, Jean de, — ft. at Villefranche, near Lyons, 1607 — tf., 26 Oct. 1678. Scanderbergus, 1662 — BZistoria Francica, §c, 1670 — Memoires de ce qu'il y a de plus remarquable dans Vil- lefranche en Beaujolais, 167 1. Bussolari, Jacopo de, — preaches at Pavia, Lent 1356 — heads a sortie and compels the Milanese to raise the siege of Pavia, 27 May 1356 — defends Pavia against the Visconti, i35 6 -9- Bussone, Francois. [Carmagnole.] Bussy d' Amboise, Louis de Clermont de, — ft., about 1550 — joins in the massacre of St Bartholomew, 1572 — killed, 19 Aug. 1579. Bussy-Castelnau, Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis be, general, — ft. near Soissons, 17 18 ■ — defends Pondicherry against tbe English, 1748 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1752 — Marechal de Camp, 1765 — Commander of the Order of St Louis, 1782 — Grand Cross of the Order of St Louis, 1783 — tf. at Pondicherry, Jan. 1785. Bussy-Leclerc, Jean, governor of the Bas- tille, — arrests and imprisons several deputies in the parliament of Paris, 1589 — exiled, retires to Brussels, 1591 — tf. there, after 1630. ? Bussy-Rabutin, {Roger de Rabutin, Count de Bussy,) — ft. at Epiry, Nivernais, 3 Apr. 161 8 — enters the army, 1630— tf. at Autun, 9 Apr. 1693. Histoire amoureuse des Gaules, 1665. Busti, Agostino, {II Bambaia,) sculptor, — fi. at Milan ; tf., probably about 1540. Monu- ment to Gaston de Foix, commenced about 15 15. Busto, Alexis Vanegas, philosopher, §c, — ■ ft. at Toledo, about 1500. Biferencia de libros, que hay en el universo, 1546 — Tratado de orto- grafia, %c., 153 1. Buston, (Busten,) Thomas Stephen, Jesuit missionary,— $., 1549 — goes to the East Indies, 1578 — tf. at Goa, 161 9. Arte da lingoa Cana- rina, 1640. Bute, Isle of, Scotland, — taken by Haco of Norway, 1263 — falls into possession of Bruce, 1 31 2 — Earl of Argyle lands in, 1685. Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, statesman, — ft. in Scotland, 17 13 — enters House of Lords, 1737— goes to London, offers his services to the Government, 1745— Privy Councillor, 27 Oct. 1760 — Secretary of State, Mar. 1761 — Prime Minister, May 1762 — KG., Sep. 1762 — concludes Peace of Paris, Feb. 1763 — resigns office, Apr. 1763 — tf. in London, 10 Mar. 1792. Eutel-Dumont, George Marie, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 28 Oct. 1725— tf., about 1800. Memoires historiques sur la Louisiane, §°i x 753 — Fssai sur les causes principals, qui ont contribue d de'truire les deux premieres races des rois de France, 1776. Buteo, Fabius, — [BC] — 1. N\, Consul with L. Caecilius Metellus, (507, a. tj. c.) 247. 2. M., Consul with C. Atilius Bulbus, (509,) 245 — Dictator, 216. Buteo, Jean, mathematician, §c, — ft. at Charpey, 1492 — tf. at Canar, 1572. Opera geometrica et- juris civilis, 1554. Butet, Pierre Eoland Francois, grammari- an, — ft. at Tuffe, le Maine, 1769 — tf. at Paris, Mar. 1825. Abrege d'un cours complet de lexxcographie et de lexicologie, 1801 — Bisserta- tion philologique, 1 8 19. Butler, Alban, hagiographer, — ft. in North- amptonshire, 17 10 — goes to College of Douai, 17 1 8 — ordained priest, 1 7 34 — sent on the Eng- lish Mission, 1745 — Principal of the College of St Omer, 1766 — tf., 15 May 1773. Lives of the Saints, 1745. Butler, Charles, jurist, §c, — ft. in London, 1750— Secretary of Committee for the defence of Catholic interests, 1787 — called to the Bar, 1791 — tf. in London, 2 Jun. 1832. BZorce BMicai, 1799 — FLorce juridicce subcessiva?, 1807. Butler, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Wycombe, 1560 — tf., 29 Mar. 1647. Feminine monarchy, 1609. Butler, James. [Ormond, Duke op.] Butler, Joseph, Bp op Durham, theologian, — ft. at Wantage, Berks, 1692— enters Oxford Univ., 1714 — preacher of the Bolls, 1718-26 — rector of Stanhope, 1724 — Clerk of the Closet, to Queen Caroline, 1736 — Bp of Bristol, 1738 — Dean of St Paul's, 1740 — Clerk of tbe Closet to George II., 1746 — Bp of Durham, 1750 — tf. at Bath, 16 Jun. 1752. Analogy of Religion, 1736 — Sermons, \*]i(>. Butler, Samuel, poet, — ft. at Strensham, Worcestershire, about 1612 — tf., 25 Sep. 1680. FLudibras, 1663-64-78. Butler, Thomas. [Ossory, Earl of.] Butler, William Archer, theologian, — ft. 17 258 BUTRIO— BYNG. near Clonmel, about 1814 — first Prof. Moral Philosophy, Dublin Univ., 1837 — visits Words- worth, 1844 — tf-, 5 Jul. 1848. Letters on the Development of Christian Doctrine, 1850 — Sermons, 1849 — Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy, 1856. Butrio, Antonio, jurist, — b. at Bologna, about 1338 — envoy to Benedict XIII., 1407 — tf. at Bologna, 1408. Opera, 1575. Butron, Juan Alfonso, — b. in Old Castile, about 1600. Bialogos apologeticos por la pin- tura, 1626. Butterfield, mechanician, — b., about 1635 — settles in Paris, about 17 14 — visited by Peter the Great, 17 17 — tr., 28 May 1724. Niveau Faneas,) — [BC] — beautiliedby Philip,tetrarch, 3— [A D]— taken by Christians, n 29 — given as fief to Rayner Brus; taken by Sultan Ismail of Damascus, and recaptured, 1 132 — restored to Rayner Brus, and made Latin bishopric, n 39. Caesarean Era, {Era of Antioch,) — [B C] — ■ commences, 1 Sep. 48. Caesarius, Bp of Aries, — fj. at Chalons-sur- Saone, about 470 — enters monastery of Lerins, 490 — Bp of Aries, 501 — President of Council of Agde, 505 — of second Council of Orange, 529— tf., 27 Aug. 542 ? Caesarius, Flavius, — Consul with Nonius Atticus, (1150, a. u. c.) 397. Caesars, Era of the, {Spanish Era,) — [B C] — commences, 1 Jan. 38. Caesianus, L. Apronius, — Consul with C. Caesar Augustus Germanicus, (792, a. u. c.) 39. Caesoninus. [Piso.] Caffa, {Kaffa,) in the Crimea, {Theodosia,) — taken and refounded by Genoese, 1266 — by Venetians, 1297 — retaken by Genoese, soon after — captured by Turks, 1474 or 1475 — taken by Russians, 1770 — their possession re- cognized by Treaty of Jassy, 1792. Caffarelii, (Gaetano Majorano,) singer, — fc., about 1703 — goes to England, 1738 — tf. at Naples, 1783. Caffraria, {Kaffraria,) — explored by Barrow, between 1797 and 1803 — by Duncan, 1844 — by Ruxton, 1 845 — British, constituted a colony by Letters Patent, 7 Mar. 1854 — incorporated with Cape Colonv, by Act 28 Vic. c. 5, 27 Mar. 1865. Caffre War, — Sir Harry Smith appointed governor of the Cape, 1850 — he meets the Chiefs at Fort Cox, 19 Dec. — despatches Col. Mackinnon to capture Sandilli, 24 Dec. — Caffre attack on Mackinnon in the Keiskamma defile, and general rising of the natives ; repulse of Colonel Somerset, 29 Dec. — 1851 : defeat of Caffres by Major Somerset before Fort Hare, 21 Jan. — Hottentot insurrection, end of May — the rebels defeated by Major-general Somer- set, 3 and 5 Jun. — repulse of Caffres by Col. Fordyce, 8-9 Sep. — expedition against Macomo, Nov. — martial law proclaimed, 31 Dec. — 1852 : Major-general Cathcart appointed governor, Jan. — defeat of the Basitos, 20 Dec. — 1853: submission of Macomo, Sandilli, and Kreili, 27 Feb. — terms of peace proclaimed, 2 Mar. — con- ference between Gen. Cathcart and the chiefs at Yellow Woods, 9 Mar. Cagliari, in Sardinia, (Carales,) — captured by Spaniards, 1330 — unsuccessfully bombarded by French, 1793 — residence of kings of Sar- dinia, 1798-1814. Cagliari, {Caliari,) Paolo, {Paolo Veronese,) painter, — rj. at Verona, 1528,* 1530, 13 ? 1532° ? — tf. at Venice, 20 Apr. 1588. a Eidolfi. b Zanetti. c Others. Cagliostro, Alessandro de, {Giuseppe Balsa- mo,) Count, impostor, — fj. at Palermo, Jun. 1 743 — settles at Strasburg, Sep. 1780— goes to Paris, 30 Jan. 1785 — implicated in affair of the dia- mond necklace, and imprisoned in the Bastille, 22 Aug. 1785 — discharged, retires to England, 31 May 1786 — ouits London for the Continent, 1788 — arrested at Rome, 27 Dec. 1789 — con- CAGNIABD— CALAMY. 263 demned to death, 7 Apr. 1791 — tf. at Chateau of St Leo, 1795. Cagniard de la Tour, Charles, Baron, natural philosopher, — fo. at Paris, 1777 — enters the Ecole Poly technique, 1794 — attached to Ministry of the Interior, 181 1 — member of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — Baron, 1818 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 Jan. 1851 — &., 5 Jul. 1859. Invents the Sirene, 1819 — Suspension Aqueduct, Crouzol, 1826. Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis de, architect, — 6. at Milan, 1762,* 1759 b — studies at Univ. of Pavia, 1781 — member of State Council, 1799 — If., 14, a 12 b Aug. 1833. Arco della Pace, i8o6, b 1807 a — Campanile of JJrgnano, 1824-9. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Cagnoli, Antonio, mathematician, — 1). at Zante, ac Verona, b 29 Sep. 1743 — goes to Yerona, 1786 a — Prof. Mathematics, Modena, 1798 — fr. at Verona, Aug. i8i6, ac i8i8. b Trigonometria piana e sferica, 1785, 13 i786. a a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Caille. [La Caille.] Caillet, Guillaume, {Jacques Bon-homme,) — heads insurrection of peasantry, (la Jacquerie,) 1358 — captured and beheaded, 1359. Caillie, Bene, traveller, — ft. at Mauze, 19 Nov. 1799 — sails for the Senegal, 18 15 — and again, 1824 — reaches Timbuctoo, Jan. 1828 — If. at Saintonge, May 1838. Cainan, — [BC] — b., summer 3679,* 3813 b — birth of Mahalaleel, summer 3069 a — "if., sum- mer 27 69. a a Ussher. b Clinton. Cainites, religious sect, — appear, about 160. Cairo, (Kahira,) in Egypt, — founded, (358, A. h.) 969 a — capital of Egypt, (362,) 973 a — threatened by Crusaders and partly burnt by the inhabitants, 1171 — fortified by Saladin, about 1 17 6 — army of Crusaders destroyed near, 1 22 1 — unsuccessfully attacked by Louis IX., 1249 — taken by Sultan Selim, 15 17 — entered by Napoleon, 23 Jul. 1798 — insurrections at, 21 Oct. 1798 and 20 Mar. 1800 — taken by English and Turks, 22 May 1801 — massacre of the Mamelukes at, Mar. 18 11 — great fire, 13 Feb. 1863. a Wilkinson. Cairo, Francesco, Cav. del, painter, — b. at Milan, 1598 — o\, 1674. Caius, (Kaye, Key,) John, physician, — h. at Norwich, 6 Oct. 15 10 — enters Gonville Hall, Cambridge, 12 Sep. 1529 — Fellow, 1533 — M.D., Bologna, a Padua, b 1541 — lectures on Aristotle at Padua, 1542 — physician to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, about 1548-68 — F.B.C.P., 1547 — o\ at Cambridge, 29 Jul. 1573. De Ephemera Britannica, 1556. a 'Rees' Cyc. b Rose's Biog. Diet. Caius Caesar, (Caligula,) Roman Emperor, — b., 31 Aug. 12 — succeeds Tiberius, (790, a. u. c.) 37 — expedition to Gaul and the Ocean, (793,) 40 — assassinated, (794,) 24 Jan. 41. Caius College, Cambridge, — [Gonville Hall,] — extended and endowed by Dr John Caius, 1558. Cajetan, (Thomas da Vio,) Cardinal, — b. at Gaeta, 20 Feb. 1469 — enters the Dominican Order, 1484 — General of Dominican Order, 1508 — Cardinal, by Leo X., 15 17 — legate in Germany, 15 18 — Bp of Gaeta, 15 19 — sent into Germany, 1523 — taken prisoner at sack of Borne, 1527 — recalled to Borne, 1530 — tf. there, 9 Aug. 1534. Cajetan, Constantine, Benedictine, — ft. at Syracuse, 1560 — enters Benedictine Order at Catania, 1586 — librarian of the Vatican to Clement VIII., 1592-1605 — tr. at Borne, 17 Sep. 1650. Calabria, (Messapia,) — [BC] — conquered by Bomans, 272-68 — [AD] — conquered by Odo- acer, about 480— becomes part of Ostrogothic Kingdom under Theodoric, 493 — recovered by Belisarius for Justinian, 536 — taken by Autharis, king of the Lombards, and made part of Duchy of Beneventum, about 589 — ravaged by Saracens, about 820-30 — invaded by Normans in service of Melo, 1017 — conquered by Bobert Guiscard and his brother Boger, the former taking title of Duke of Apulia and Calabria, 1058 — the title confirmed by Nicholas II., 1059 — [Guiscard, Robert] — Boger, son of Bobert, succeeds him, 1085 — succeeded by his son, William II., 1111 — the Duchy seized by Roger II., Count of Sicily, 1 1 27 — [Sicily, Counts and Kings of] — overrun by Emperor Otto, aut. 121 1 — Saracen troops settled in, by Frederick II., 1250 — in- surrection under Cardinal Buffo, and expulsion of the French, 1799 — again in 1806-7 — great earthquake in, 6-14 Oct. 1870. [Apulia.J Calais, in France, — invested by Edward III., 1 Aug. 1346 — entered by him, 29 Aug. 1347 — John of Gaunt lands at, Jul. 1373 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Duke of Burgundy, Jul., Aug. 1436 — Earl of Warwick made captain of, 1455 — Earl of Warwick and Duke of Clarence- re- fused entrance to, Apr. 1470 — Edward IV. with his army lands at, Jul. 1475 — Henry VII. lands at, 2 Oct. 1492 — Wolsey holds fruit- less conferences with Francis I. at, and forms league with Charles V., Aug. 152 1 — Henry VIII. lands at, Jul. 1544 — invested and taken by Duke of Guise, 1-7 Jan. 1558 — taken by Spaniards, Apr. 1596 — restored to France by Treaty of Vervins, May 1598 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Spaniards, 1657 — Louis XVIII. lands at, 18 14 — connected with Dover by submarine telegraph, 1851. Calame, Alexandre, painter,— b. at Neuf- chatel, 28 May 18 10 — visits Italy, 1845 — If. at Mentone, 19 Mar. 1864. Calamis, sculptor, — [BC] — fl. at Athens, about 467-429. Calamy, Edmund, theologian, — b. in Lon- don, Feb. 1600 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cam- bridge, 4 Jul. 1 6 15 — lecturer of Bury St Edmunds, 1626-36 — B.D., Cambridge, 1632 — minister of St Mary's, Aldermanbury, 1639 — attends the Savoy Conference, 1641 — one of the deputation sent to congratulate Charles II. on his restoration, 1660 — chaplain to Charles II., 1660 — resigns his living, 15 Aug. 1662 — com- mitted to Newgate, Dec. 1662 — ft. in London, 29 Oct. 1666. Calamy, Edmund, theologian,— ft. in Lon- don, 5 Apr. 1 67 1 — studies at Univ. of Utrecht, 1688-91 — nonconformist minister in London, 1692 — D.D., 1709 — U., 3 Jun. 1732. Account CALAXDRIXI— CALEXDAR. of Ministers, §c, ejected in 1662, 1727— De- fence of Moderate Nonconformity, 1703. Calandrelli. Joseph, the Abbe, astronomer, — b. at Zagarola, 1749 — Prof. Mathematics, Rome, 1774 — Director of Observatory, 1787- 1S24— tf. there, 27 Dec. 1827. Calandrini, Jean Louis, mathematician, — ft. at Geneva, 1703 — Prof. Mathematics, 1724 — Prof. Philosophy, 1734-50— Councillor of State and Treasurer, 1750— tf. at Geneva, 30 Dec. 1758. Theses de coloribus, 1722 — Theses de vyetatione, §c, 1734 — Theses de veritatis m- quisitione, 1734. Calanus, gymnosophist, — [B C] — tr. on funeral pile at Pasargada, (01. 113, 4,) 325. Calas, Jean, — b. in Languedoc, 1698 — mar- ries and settles at Toulouse, 173 1 — accused of strangling his son to prevent his entering the Romish Church, Oct. 1761 — his cause pleaded by Voltaire : broken on the wheel at Toulouse, 9 Mar. 1762— declared innocent, 9 Mar. 1765. Calasio, Mario de, Franciscan, — ft. at Calasio near Aquila, about 1550— tf., 1620. Con- cordantice sacrorum Bibliorum hebraicce, 1621. Calatinus, A. Atilius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Paterculus, carries on the war in Sicily, (496, a. u. c.) 258 — again with Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina, and takes Panormus, (500,) 254 — Dictator, carries on the war in Sicily, (505,) 249. Calatrava, Order of,— instituted in Spain by Sancho III. of Castile, 1158. Calcagnini, Celio, classical scholar, — ft. at Ferrara, 17 Sep. 1479 — accompanies Cardinal Hippolito d'Este to Hungary, 15 18 — Prof. Lelles Lettres, Lniv. of Ferrara, about 1520-41 — tf. at Ferrara, 7 Apr. 1541. Opera, 1541. Calcar, (Kalkar,) John, painter, — b. at Calcar, in Cleves, 1499 — tf. at Xaples, 1546. Calceolari, Francesco, naturalist and phy- . — 9. at Verona, about 1550. Iter montis Baldi, 1 57 1. Calchi, Tristan, historian, — b. at Milan, about 1462 — historiographer to the city, 1502 — arch-treasurer to Louis XII. , 1503 — tf., before 15 17. Historic/, patriae, 1628. Calcium, — discovered by Davy, 1808. Calculating-machine, — invented by Mor- land, 1666 — by Babbage, 1822— Swedish, by the Scheutzes, completed, 1853 — applied to the calculation of Lite-tables, by Farr, 1864. Calculus. [Differential Calculus.] Calcutta, — English factory removed from Hoogly to site of, 1698 — captured by Surajah lid Dowlah, who shuts up the prisoners in the B luck Hole, Jun. 1756 — retaken by Clive, Jan. 1757 — Fort William built by Clive, 1757-73 — 1 British Government, 1773 — bishopric, 1 8 14 — the Supreme Court of, closed, 30 Jun. 1862— new High Court opened, 1 Jul. 1862 — cyclone at, 5 Oct. 1864 — another, 1 Xov. 1867. rsity of, founded, 1857. Asiatic Society, founded by Sir W. Jones, 1784. Caldani, Leopold Marc-Antonio, anatomist, — b. at Bologna, 21 Xov. 1725 — Prof. Ana- tomy, Padua, 1771 — tf., 20 Dec. 1813. Icones anatomiete, 1 801-14 — ExpUcatio icontm ana- tomicarum, 1802-14. Caldani, Patrone Maria, mathematician, — Prof. Mathematics, Bologna, Dec. 1763 — am- bassador at Rome, 1795-9 — tf. at Padua, 1808. Delia proporzione Bernouilliana frd il diametro e la cir confer enza del circolo, 1782. Caldara, Polidoro, [Polidoro da Caravaggio,) painter, — ft. at Caravaggio, about 1495 — em- ployed as assistant by Raphael, about 15 12 — ■ visits Naples, 1527 — u\, 1543. Caldas, Francisco Jose de, natural philoso- pher, — b. at Popayan, about 1773 — director of Observatory of Santa Fe de Bogota, 1805-6 — captured and executed by Morillo, 30 Oct. 1816. Semenario de la Xueva Granada, 1807. Calder, Sir Robert, admiral, — b. at Elgin, 2 Jul. 1745 — enters the navy, 1759 — com- mander of the Theseus under Lord Howe, 1794 — distinguishes himself at battle of Cape St Vincent, 13 Feb. 1797 — Knt, 1797 — Rear- admiral, 1799 — Vice-admiral, Apr. 1804 — blockades ports of Brest and Corogne, 1805 — defeats Admiral Villeneuve off Cape Fmisterre and captures two vessels, 23 Jul. 1805 — tried by Court Martial and reprimanded, Oct. 1805 — tf. at Holt, Hants, 31 Aug. 181 8. Calderari, Ottone, architect, — b. at Vicenza, 1730 — -tf. at Vicenza, 26 Oct. 1803. Talazzo Cordellina, Vicenza, 1776 — Villa Porto, Vivaro, 1778 — Palazzo Loschi, Vicenza, 1782 — Diseyni e scritti cli Architettura, 1808-17. Calderon delaBarca, Don Pedro, dramatist, — b. at Madrid, 17 Jan. 1600 — begins to write plays, 1614 or 1615 — leaves Univ. of Salamanca, 16 19 — gains a prize at poetical contest at Madrid, 1622 — attached to Court of Philip IV., 1636 — knighted, 1637 — serves in campaign against rebels, 1 640 • — takes holy orders, 165 1 — chaplain to the king, 1663 — priest of Congregation of St Peter, 1663 — head of the Congregation, about 1666 — tf., 25 May 1681. Works, 1682-91. Calderwood, David, theologian, — b., 1575 ? — parish minister of Crelling, 1604 — protests against ecclesiastical measures of James I., 16 1 7 — imprisoned and sentenced to exile, he goes to Holland, 16 19 — returns to Scotland, probably 1636 — tf. at Jedburgh, probably 1651. Altare Damascenum, 1621-3. Caldiero, in Italy, — Xapoleon defeated by Alvmzi at, n Xov. 1796. Caldus, C. Coelius, — [B C] — Consul with L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (660, a. tj. c.) 94. Caleb, — [BC] — b., 1530 a — goes as one of the spies from Kadesh Barnea, end of Aug. 1490 a — obtains Hebron, 1445/ a Usslier. Caledonia, Caledonians, — invaded by Agri- cola, 83-4 — under Galgacus, defeated by Agri- cola, 84 — pass the Roman Wall and are defeated by Ulpius, 181 — conquered by Severus, 209. Caledonian Canal, — constructed by Telford, 1803-23. Caledonian Mercury, — established, 1662 — discontinued, 20 Apr. 1867. Calendar, — [BC] — correction of, provided for, by Decree of Canopus, 238 — Roman: lunar months used to 448 — correction by Decemviri, 450 — by M' Acilius Glabrio, 169 — by Julius CALENDARIO-CALLENBURGH. 165 Caesar, 46 — by Augustus, 8 — [A D]— by Gregory XIII., by Bull, 24 Feb. 1582 — [Gregorian Style] — French Revolutionary, used, 26 Nov. 1793 to 31 Dec. 1805 — adopted by Commune of Paris, Apr. 187 1. Calendario, Filippo, architect and sculptor, — fl. at Venice, and constructs porticoes round Place of St Mark tbere, about 1350. Calenus, Q. Fufius — [B C]— trib. pleb., 61 — praetor, 59 — legate to Caesar in Gaul, 51- — in Spain, 49 — in Pharsalian War, 48 — Consul vrith P. Vatinius, 3 last months (707, a. u. c.) 47 — joins Antony, 44-3 — tf., 41. Calepino, (Da Calepio,) Ambrogio, philo- logist, — b. at Calepio, 6 Jun. 1435 — enters Augustine Order, 145 i, a 1458 b — tf. at Ber- gamo, 30 Nov. 15 1 1. Lexicon Latinum, 1502. a Biog. Univ. b Zedler Univ. Lex. Caletti, Giuseppe, painter, — b. at Ferrara, about 1600 — tf-, about 1660. Calhoun, John Caldwell, statesman, — b. at Abbeville, S. Carolina, 18 Mar. 1782 — graduates at Yule Coll., 1804— enters on practice of Law, 1807 — member of House of Representatives, 1808 — of Congress, 181 1 — Secretary of War, 1 8 17— Yice-president, 1825- — re-elected, 1829 ■ — senator, 1831 — Secretary of State, 1843 — senator, 1845 — tf. at Washington, 31 Mar. 1850. Works, 1853-4. Calico-printing, — practised in England/from 1676,* 1696 b — introduced in Lancashire, 1768 ■ — printing of cotton cloth permitted by parlia- ment, 1774 — freed from taxation, 1831 — the Factories Act extended to print-works, by 8 and 9 Vic. c. 29, 30 Jun. 1845. a Anderson. b Thomson. Calicut, (Malabar,) — sacked by Vasco de Gama, 1498 — taken by Hyder Ali, 1766— re- stored, when taken possesion of by the English, Calidasa, Indian dramatist, — $., before 500. California, V. S., — Hernando de Alarcon, a (Grixalva, b ) explores Gulf of, 1540-1,* 1534 b ■ — visited by Cabrillo, 1542— visited by Drake, 1578 — colonized by Spaniards, 1768 — gold dis- covered in, 1847 — ceded to tlnited States by treaty, Feb. 1 848 — sovereign State of the Union, 1850. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Caligula. [Caius Caesar.] Calippic Cycle,— [B c]— begins, (01.112,3, beginning of,) evening 28 Jun. 330. Calippus, (Calhppus,) of Cyzicus, astronomer, — [B Cj — 9., about 330. Calixtus (Kallistas) I., St, Bp of Rome, ■ — succeeds Zephyrinus, early 2i9, a 2 Aug. 217 b ■ — martyred, 14,* 12 b Oct. 222, 223.= d a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. Calixtus II., Pope,— Abp of Yienne, 1088 —succeeds Gelasius II., 11 19 — concludes peace with Emperor at Diet of Worms, 23 Sep. 1122 - — tf., 12 Dec. 1 124. Calixtus III., (Alphonzo Borgia,) Pope, — b. in Spain, 1379 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., 1444 — succeeds Nicholas V., 8 Apr. 1455 — ap- points Commission which declares Joan of Arc a martyr, 7 Jul. 1456 — tf., 6 Aug. 1458. Calixtus III., Antipope, — elected, 1168; Calixtus, George, theologian, — b. inHolstein, 14 Dec. 1586 — Prof. Theology, Helmstadt, 1614 — tf., 19 Mar. 1656. Compendium Theo- logian, 1634 — Be conjugio clericorum, 1631. Caliyuga, (KaUyuga,) Era of, — [B C] — com- mences, (17-18 Feb. 1612, J.P.) 3102. Calkoen van Beck, Jan Frederick, theologian and natural philosopher, — b. at Groningen, 5 May 1772 — Prof . Extraord. Astronomy, Leyden, 1799 — Ordinary Prof., 1804 — Prof, at Utrecht, 1805 — tf. at Utrecht, 25 Mar. 181 1. Onderzoek naarden oor sprung van den Mosaischenen Christe- lijlcen godsdienst, §c, 1797 — Euryalus over het schoone, 1802. Call, Jan van, engraver, — b. at Nimeguen, 1655 — tf. at the Hague, 1703. Callaniar, Charles Antoine, sculptor, — b., 1776 — member of the Philotechnic Society, 181 1 — commits suicide, 1821. Callao, Peru, — destroyed by earthquake, 1746 — surrenders to the patriots, Sep. 1821 — capitulates to the patriots, 1826 — bombardment of, attempted by Spanish fleet, defeated by Peruvians, 2 May 1866. Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, painter, — b. at Kensington, 20 Feb. 1779 — first exhibits at the Royal Academy, 1799 — A.R.A., 1807 — R.A., 1 8 10 — marries Maria Graham, about 1824 — Knt, 19 Jul. 1837 — Keeper of Royal pictures, 1844 — tf. at Kensington, 25 Nov. 1844. The Brook, 1806 — Littlehampton Bier, 181 8 — Return from Market, 181 8 — Raphael and the Fornarina, 1837. Callcott, (Maria Graham,) Lady, writer, on Art—i., 1788— marries Sir A. W. Callcott, about 1824— tf. at Kensington, 21 Nov. 1842. Memoirs of Boussin, 1820 — Essays toicards the History of Bainting, 1836 — Little Arthur's History of England, 1836. Callcott, John Wall, musical composer, — b. at Kensington, 1766 — assists in forming Glee Club, 1787 — studies under Haydn, 1790 — Mus. D., Oxon., 1790 — tf., May 1821. Musical Grammar, 1805. Calle, (Collet,) Jean Francois, mathematician, — b. at Versailles, 25 Oct. 1744 — goes to Paris, 1768 — Prof. Hydrography at Yannes, 1788 — ■ Prof, des ingenieurs geographes, 1792 — presents plan of telegraph and telegraphic language, 1797 — tf-, 14 Nov. 1798. Tables of Loga- rithms, 1795. Calleja, Don Felix del Key, Count of Cal- depon, — b. in Spain, 1750 — commands in Mexico against Hidalgo and defeats him, 7 Nov. 18 10 — captures Hidalgo, 21 Mar. 181 1— returns to Spain, 18 17 — Count of Calderon, by Ferdinand VII., 181 8 — imprisoned by Col. Riego and the army, 1 Jan. 1820 — tf. in retire- ment, 1820. Callenberg, Johann Heinrich, orientalist,— b. inSaxe-Gotha, 12 Jan. 1694 — Prof. Philoso- phy, Halle, 1727 — Prof . Theology, Halle, 1739 — tf., 16 Jul. 1760. Callenburgh, Gerard, admiral — b. at Willem- stadt, 8 Apr. 1642 — commands under de Ruyter against the French, 1676 — Commander-in-chief at Vigo, 1697 — bombards Gibraltar with the English, 1704 — tf. at Vlaerdingen, 8 Oct. 1722. 266 CALLEPIUS— CALO-JOANNES. Callepius, — Consul with Ardabures, (1200, A. U. C.) 447. Callet, Jean Francois. [Calle.] Calli, Pierre, philosopher and theologian, — Prof. Philosophy, Caen, 1660 — Principal of Coll. of Arts there, 1675 — exiled to Moulins, 1686-8 — tj. at Caen, 31 Dec. 1709. Calliades,— [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 75, 1) 480. Calliarchus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 119, 4) 301. Callias, architect, — [BC] — fl., about 290. Callias, {Calliades ?) comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 432-402 ? Callias, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 81, 1,) 456. 2. Archon, (01. 92, 1,) 412, and (01. 93, 3,) 406. 3. Archon, (01. 100, 4,) 377. Callicles, sculptor, — [BC] — fl. at Megara, about 420. Callicrates, architect, — [BC] — fl. at Athens, and takes part in erecting the Parthenon, about 444. Callicrates, Adman strategus, — [BC] — am- bassador of Achaean League to Pome, 180 — as strategus maintains Eoman policy in the League, 179 — opposes alliance with Perseus, 174 — denounces the partisans of Perseus to Home, 168 — bribed by Menalkidas, 150 — U. at Rhodes, 149. Callicratidas, — [B C] — supersedes Lysander as admiral of Spartan fleet, Sep. 406 — killed at Arginusaj, 406. Callieres, Francois de, statesman, — ft. at Thorigny, 14 May 1645 — Plenipotentiary of France at Congress of Eyswick, 1693 — member of French Academy, 7 Feb. 1689 — if., 5 May 1717. Calliergi, (Calloergi,) Zacharie, printer, — ft. in Crete, — fl., about 1480-1520. Dictionnaire etymologique de la Ian g ae grecque, 1499. Calligenes, physician, — [B C] — aids Perseus to seize throne of Macedonia on death of Philip II., 179. Callimachus Experiens. [Buonaccorsi.] Callimachus, general, — [BC] — commands and falls at Marathon, 490. Callimachus, (Battiades,) poet, grammarian, §c, — [B C] — librarian at Alexandria, about 260-240. Callimachus, — [BC] — fl., about 256 — lived to 230. Callimachus, — [B C] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 83, 3,) 446. 2. Archon, (01. 107, 4,) 349. Callimedes, — [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 105, 1,) 360. Callimedon, (Carabus,) orator, — [BC] • — flees to Antipater, 323 — escapes with Demetrius Phalerens, Apr. to May 317. Callinghur, (luillcenjur,) Hindustan, — founded, about 600 — capital of a powerful state, about 1020 — besieged by Kutb-ud-deen, 1202 — unsuccessfully besieged by Humayun, 1532 — jjed by Shir Shah, 1543 — seized by Rajah 01 Punna, about 1750 — unsuccessfully blockaded by Ali Behadur, about 1790-1800 — besieged by tin British, 19 Jan. 1812 — stormed by them, 20 Feb. 1 81 2 — ordered to be destroyed, 1854. Callinicus, — deserts service of Caliph, and communicates secret of the ' Greek fire ' to the Romans, 670. Callinicus, Seleucus. [Seleucus.] Callinus, of JEphesus, elegiac poet, — [B C] — fl., probably 736-7 i2, a 7oo, b 68o, c 634.° a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Others. Calliope, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 16 Nov'. 1852. Callisen, Henry, surgeon, — ft. in Holstein, 11 May 1740 — visits Paris and London, 1767- 71 — Prof. Surgery, Copenhagen, 1773 — Physi- cian to Royal Family, 1801 — tf., 5 Feb. 1824. Institutiones chirurgice hodiernce, 1777 — Sys- tema chirurgice hodiernal, 1 815-17. Callisthenes, philosopher, historian, — [B C] — ft. at Olynthus, Thrace, about 365 — ac- companies Alexander into Asia, 334 — put to death, about 328. Callistratus, orator, — [B C] — warns Leon- tiades of the attempt on the Cadmeia, 379 — ■ commands forces against Agesilaos with Cha- brias and Timotheus, 378 — with Iphicrates, prosecutes Timotheus, Nov. 373 — colleague of Iphicrates, in aid of Korkyra, autumn 372 — at Congress at Sparta, 37 1 — condemned to death, Jul. 361 — at Methone, Nov. 361 — in the Cher- sonese, 356 — put to death at Athens, 356 ? Speech on of air of Oropus, 366. Callistratus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 106, 2,) 355. Callistratus, jurist, — fl., about 198-21 1. Callon, statuary, of JEgina, — [BC] — fl., about (01. 59) 544 ? 5 16. a a Smith's Diet. Callot, Jacques, painter, engraver, — ft. at Nanci, 1593,* 1592 b — goes to Italy, 1605 — . refuses pension offered by Louis XIII. , 1631 — U. at Nanci, 27 Mar. 1635-6. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Calmar, Union of, — between Sweden, Den- mark, and Norway, formed, 13 Jul. 1397 — dis- solved by Gustavus Vasa, 1 Sep. 1524. Calmet, Augustin, theologian, historian, — ft. near Commerci, Lorraine, 26 Feb. 1672 — enters Benedictine Order, 23 Oct. 1689,* 1688 b — sub-prior and lecturer on Holy Scripture in Abbey of Munster, 1704 — Abbe and lecturer on Holy Scriptures in Abbey of St Leopold of Nanci, 17 18 — Abbe of Senones, 1728 — tj. at Senones, 23 Oct. 1757. Dictionnaire historique et critique de la Bible, 1730 — Histoire de VAncien et du Nouveau Testament, 1737. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Calne, Wiltshire, — Synod held at, 978. Calogiera, Angelo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Padua, 1699 — enters Order of the Camal- dolesi, 17 16 — appointed Bevisore at Venice, 1730 — Abbot, 1756 — o\, 29 Sep. 1768. Rac- colta d'Opuscoli Scientifici e Filologici, 1728-53, and 1754-68. Calo-Joannes, Joannes II. Comnenus, Emperor of the East, — ft., 1088 — succeeds his father Alexis Comnenus, 15 Aug. 11 18 — wars with the Turks, 11 19-43 — with Servians, 1 1 23-4 — with Hungarians, 11 24 — with Ar- menians of Cilicia, 11 31 — Armenia annexed to Empire, 11 37— at Antioch, 11 38 — war with CALOMARDE— CALVINUS. 267 Raymond against Turks; defeats Sultan of Iconium, and returns to Constantinople, 1141 —sets out for Cilicia, 1 142 — fc. at Anazarba, 8 Apr. 1 143. Calomarde, Don Francisco Tadeo, Duke of, statesman,— b. in Galicia, a Aragon, b 10 Feb. i773, b 1775 c — First Commissioner of Ministry of the Indies under Ferdinand VII., 1814 — exiled, Sep. 1815 — Secretary of Pro- visional Regency, May 1823 — Minister of Grace and Justice, Jan. 1824— U. at Toulouse, 19,* 21 b Jun. 1842. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, statesman, — fo. at Douai, 20 Jan. 1734 — Intendant of Metz, 1768— Minister of Finance, 3 Nov. 1783 — makes his statement in Assembly of No- tables, 22 Feb. 1787 — dismissed and exiled to Lorraine, 1787 — joins the princes at Coblentz, 1791 — returns from London to Paris, Sep. 1802 — tf. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1802. Calotype Process, in Photography, — pa- tented by Fox Talbot, 1841. Calov, (Calovius,) Abraham, theologian, — h. in Brunswick, 16 Apr. 161 2 — D.D., Rostock, 1637 — Rector of College, Dantzic, 1643 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1650 — rj. there, 25 Feb. 1686. Calprenede, Gauthier de Costes, novelist, • — enters the army, about 1632— If., Oct. 1663. Calpurnian Laws, — [B C] — De repetanclis, carried by L. Calpurnius Piso, 149. Lex Acilia Calpurnia, carried, 67. Calpurnianus, M. Pupius Piso, — [BC] — Consul with M. Valer. Messalla, (693, a. u. c.) 61. Calpurnius, (Calphurnius,) Titus Julius, a (Siculus, b ) poet, — fl., about 280,? 290. b ? a Engl. Cyc. b Smith's Diet. Calpurnius Flamma, Marcus, military tri- bune, — [B C] — rescues army of Atilius from the Carthaginians, about 259. Caluso, Tommaso Valperga de, de' Conti di Masino, astronomer, §c., — b. at Turin, 20 Oct. i737, a 1735 b — enters the Church, at Naples, 1761 — Director of Observatory, Turin ; Prof. Greek and Oriental languages, to 18 14 — o\, 1 Apr. 1 8 15. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. Calvart, Denis, painter, — b. at Antwerp, I 5 6 5* l 555 b — *• at Bologna, 1619. a Biog. Univ. b Kees' Cyc. Calvena, C. Matius, miscellaneous writer, • — [B C] — joins Caesar at Brundisium, 49 — sides with Octavianus, 44. Calvert. [Baltimore, Lord.] _ Calvert, Leonard,— arrives with colonists in Maryland, 20 Mar. 1634. Calvi, in Com'm,— taken by Lord Hood, 1794 — abandoned by English, 1795. Calvi, Lazzaro, painter, — b. at Genoa, 1502 — ft., 1607. Calvin, (Cauvin,) Jean, theologian, — b. at Noyon, 10 Jul. 1509— goes to the High School of Paris, 1523 — removes to Montaigu Coll., 1526 — obtains the living of Marteville, Sep. 1527 — goes to study at Univ. of Orleans, autumn 1527 — goes to Bourges, 1528 — begins to teach the doctrines of the Reformation, 1528 — preaches at Noyon, 1529 — returns to Paris, Jun. 1529 — assumes the name Calvinus, Apr. 1532 — flies from Paris, suspected and pursued, close of 1533— meets Le Fevre d'Etaples at Nerac, 1533 — returns to Paris, May 1534 — resigns his benefices at Noyon, 4 May 1534 — contest with the Libertines begins, summer 1534 — challenged by Servetus to a disputation, 1534 — retires to Basel, autumn 1534 — visits Ferrara, 1536 — arrives at Geneva, summer 1536 — appointed to lecture on Theology, Sep. 1536 — accused of Arianism, Mar. 1537 — attends synod of Lausanne, mid-lent 1538 — banished from Geneva, 23 Apr. 1538 — attends synod of Zurich, 29 Apr. 1538 — becomes a pastor at Strasburg, 1538 — attends Diet at Frankfort and has interview with Melancthon, Mar. 1539 — marries, 1540 — attends Diet at Hagenau, Jun. 1540 — at Worms, Nov. 1540 — at Ratisbon, Apr. 1 54 1 — visits Neufchatel, and mediates between Farel and his church, Sep. 1541- — re- turns to Geneva, 13 Sep. 1541 — his plan of Church Government published, 20 Nov. 1541 — intercedes for the Waldenses, 1545 — his sentence on Ameaux excites disturbances, Mar. 1546 — his life threatened, Jun. 1547 — im- prisons Perrin, Aug. 1577 — suppresses sedition thereby excited, 16 Sep. 1547 — admonished by the Council, 9 Jul. 1548 — reprimanded, 18 Oct. 1548 — loses his wife, 5 Apr. 1549 — draws up the Zurich ' Consensus,' May 1549 — persecutes Bolsec, 1551 — invited to England by Cranmer, Mar. 1552 — sends evi- dence against Servetus to the Inquisition at Vienne, Mar. 1553 — appears against him at Geneva, 21 Aug. 1553 — visits him in prison, 1 Sep. and 27 Oct. 1553 — Servetus is burnt, 27 Oct. 1553 — disputes with the ministers of the Pays de Vaux, 1554 — controversy with Lu- therans begun, May 1554 — visits Frankfort, Aug. 1556 — corresponds with Knox, 1559 — suspected of originating conspiracy of Amboise, close of 1559 — invited to settle at Paris, but de- clines, 1 56 1 — prevented by illness from attend- ing the conference of Poissy, Aug. 156 1 — If. at Geneva, 27 May 1564. Institutio Christiana Religionis, 1536 — Commentarii in Novum Testamentum, 156 1 — Epistolcs, 1586, §c. Calvinus, Cn. Domitius,— [B C] — 1. Consul with A. Corn. Coss. Arvina, (422, a. u. c.) 332. 2. Maximus — [B C] — unsuccessful can- didate for cur. 83d., 304 — cur. sed., 299 — Consul with P. Corn. Dolabella, (471,) 283— defeats Etrurians and Gauls on the Tiber, 283 — dictator, 280 — first pleb. censor, 280. 3. — [B C] — legate to L. Val. Flaccus in Asia, 62 — trib. pleb., 59 — candidate for consulship, 54 — ■ accusedof ambitus, Oct. 54 — Consul with M. Val. Messalla,(701,)53 — serves under Curio in Africa, 49 — battle of the Bagradas ; in Macedonia, 48 — at Pharsalia, 48 — commands in Asia, defeated at Nicopolis by Pharnaces, 47 — at Rome, 45 — • Consul with C. Asinius Pollio, (714,) 40 — pro- consul in Spain, 39 — triumphs, 36. Calvinus, C. Sextius, — [BC] — Consul with C. Cassius Longinus, (630, a. u. c.) 124 — pro- 2 68 CALYIXUS— CAMBRIDGE. consul in Gaul, conquers the Salluvii and founds Aqua Sextice, 123,* I22. b a Zumpt. b Clinton. Calvinus, T. Veturius — [B C]— Consul with Sp. Postumius Albums, (420, a. u. c.) 334 and (433) 321. Calvisius, Sethus, (Calvitz,) chronologist, musician— b. in Thuringia, 21 Feb. 1556— chantor, Leipsic, 1582— tf. there, 23 Nov. i6i7, a 1615. 13 Opus chronologicum, 1605—JElenchus Calendarii, 161 1 — Melopoia, 1592. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Calvus. [Metellus, L. Csecilius.] Calvus. [Scipio, Cn. Corn.] k Calvus, C. Licinius Macsr,— : [B C] — orator, — b., 28 May 82— tf., 48. Calvus, C. Licinius Stole-,— [BC]— trib. pleb., 376-367 — carries Licinian Laws, 366 — Consul with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (390, a. u. c.) 364— and again, (393,) 361 — fined for violating Licinian Laws, 357. Calypso, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 4 Apr. 1858. Camaldulensian Order, — founded by St Romuald, 1012 — approved by Alexander II., 1072. Camarina, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by Syracusans under Dascon and Menecolus, 599,* 598, b (01. 39, 2,) 623°— destroyed by Syracu- sans, 553,* (01. 56, 3,) 554-3 — restored by Hippocrates of Gela, about 492,° 495 d — de- stroyed by Gelon, (01. 74, 1,) 484° — restored by Gelonus, (01. 79, 4,) 461 c — ravaged by Himilco, 405. d a Clinton. b Armen. Hieron. c Miiller. d Smith's Diet. Cambaceres.Etienne Hubert de, Cakdinal, Abp, — b. at MontpeUier, 11 Sep. 1756 — Abp of Rouen, 1802 — Cardinal, 1803 — member of Legion of Honour, 1803 — Senator, 1803 — Peer, 1 8 14 — tf. at Rouen, 25 Oct. 1821. Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis, Duke of Parma, ecc, statesman, — ft. at Montpellier, 18 Oct. i757, a 1753 bc — deputy to National Con- vention, 1792 — member of Committee of Pub- lic Safety, 26 Mar. 1793— Pres. Convention, Oct. 1793 — Pres. Commission on the Directory, 22 Oct. 1796 — Minister of Justice, (30 Prairial an VII.,) Jun. 1799 — second Consul, 25 Dec. 1799 — Duke of Parma, 1808 — receives offici- ally consent of Bonaparte and Josephine to their divorce, 15 Dec. 1809 — opposes the Aus- trian alliance, 10 Feb. 18 10 — joins in recall of the Bourbons, Apr. 18 14 — banished as regicide, Mar. 1 81 6 — recalled, 23 May 181 8 — tf. at Paris, 8 Mar. 1824. Projet clu Code Civil, 1796. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Cambiaso, (Cangiajio,) Luca, {Luchetto da ,) painter, — b. at Moneglia, 1527 — goes to Spain and paints in the Escurial, for Philip II., 1583 — tf. there, 1585. Cambini, Jean Joseph, musical composer, — b. at Leghorn, 13 Feb. 1746 — settles at Pans, 1770 — leader of orchestra at the Theatre Louvois, 1791 — retires to Holland, 1810 — tf. at BicStre, ': before 181 8. Cambio, Arnolfo di. architect, — b., 1232 — assists Xicola Pisano at Siena, 1267 — architect to Charles of Anjou at Naples, 1277 — tf-, 1300,* i3io. b Church of Santa Croce, Florence, com- menced, about 1294 — Santa Maria del Fiore, commenced, about 1294. a Engl. Cyc. b CroTve and Cavalcaselle. Cambodia, — visited and described by a Chinese traveller, 1295-7 — conquered by Siam- ese, 1351-74 — discovery of ruined Naga tem- ples, by Mouhot, 1858-61 — ruins visited by Bastian, 1863. Cambon, Jean Louis Auguste Emmanuel de, statesman, — b. at Toulouse, 1737 — member of first Assembly of Notables, 1787 — and of second, 1788 — quits France, 1789— tf., 1808. Cambon, Joseph, statesman, — b. at Mont- pellier, 17 Jun. i754, a 1756 b — member of Legislative Assembly, Sep. 1791 — opposes establishment of revolutionary tribunal, 10 Mar. 1793 — member of Chamber of Repre- sentatives, 1 8 15 — quits France, 18 16 — tf. at Brussels, 15, a 2 b Feb. 1820. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Cambrai, in France, (Camaracum,)— held by the Franks, from 481 — Bishopric, probably before 500 — fortified by Charlemagne, 780- 800? — ceded to its Bishops by Charles the Bald, 850-870? — taken by the Xormans, 870 —ceded to Emperor Henry I. by Charles the Simple, 922 — attacked by Hungarians, 953 — unsuccessfully besieged by English, 1339 — oc- cupied by Louis XI., 1477 — restored to Bur- gundy, 1478 — taken by Charles V., 1543 — unsuccessfully besieged by Henry II., 1553 — archbishopric, 1559 — taken by Duke of Alen- con, 158 1 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prince of Parma, 1582 — taken by Spaniards, 1595 — unsuccessfully attacked by Turenne, 1657 — taken by Louis XIV., 1677 — reunited to France, by treaty of JSimeguen, 1678— be- sieged by Austrians, 1793 — taken by Eng- lish, Jun. 1 8 15 — bombarded by Germans, 23-4 Jan. 1871. Councils of, 27 Dec. 1303, and 1 Oct. 1383. League of, between the Pope, the Emperor, France, and Spain, against Venice, 10 Dec. 1508. Peace of, ' Paix des Dames,' between France and the Emperor, 5 Aug. 1529. Cambrai, A. A. P., general, — defends St Florent, 1794 — represses disorders in La Man- che, 1797 — killed at battle of Trebia, 1799. Cambrensis, Giraldus. [Giraldus.] Cambrian Archaeological Association, — founded, 1846. Cambridge, {Grantabridge,) — burnt byXorth- men, 871 and 10 10 — castle built by William I., about 1067 — visited by Xing John, Sep. 1 2 16— the castle taken by Barons, 1216 — the townsmen destroy the charters of the Univ., and are deprived" of their charter by Richard II., 1381 — occupied by Cromwell, 1643. Uni- versity of, first mentioned, in charter of 15 Hen. III., 1 23 1 — its charters burnt by towns- men, 1 38 1 — declared to have ecclesiastical jurisdiction over its scholars by Martin Y., 1430 — charter by Queen Elizabeth, 1561 — incorporated by Act 13 Eliz. c. 29, 157 1 — C AMBRID GKE— C AMMAS. 269 Statutes of, confirmed by Victoria, 31 Jul. 1858. Fitzioilliam Museum, founded by be- quest of Richard Yiscount Fitzwilliam, 1816 — built, 1837-47. Free Library, opened, 28 Jun. 1855. [See names of Colleges.] Cambridge, Richard Owen, poet, §c.,— b. in London, 14 Feb. 17 17 — enters Oxford Univ., 1734 — U. at Twickenham, 17 Sep. 1802. The Scribleriad, 1742 — Works, 1803. Cambronne, Pierre Jacques Etienne, Baron, &c, — b. at Nantes, 26 Dec. 1770 — enters the army, about 1792— distinguishes himself at bat- tle of Zurich, 1799 — and in campaigns of 1812- 13 — accompanies Napoleon to Elba, 18 14 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour and Lieu- tenant-general by Napoleon, Mar. 18 15 — dis- tinguishes himself at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 ■ — arrested at Paris, Sep. 18 15 — tried and ac- quitted, Mar. 1 8 16 — commander at Lille, 1820 — 5j. at Nantes, 28 Jan. 1842,* 5 Mar. i826. b a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Cambry, Jacques, antiquary, $c, — 6. at Lorient, 1749 — Administrator of Department of Paris, 1799 — tf., 31 Dec. 1807. Monuments celtiques, 1805. Cambuskenneth, {Stirling Bridge,) — Wal- lace defeats the English at, 10 Sep. 1297. Cambyses. [Persia.] Camden, U. S., — Lord Cornwallis defeats General Gates at, 16 Aug. 1780. Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl, Lord Chan- cellor of England, — b., 17 13 — enters Middle Temple, 1728 — enters King's Coll., Cambridge, 17 3 1 — Fellow of King's Coll., 1 7 34 — B. A., 1735 ■ — called to the bar, 1738 — M.A., 1740 — At- torney-general, Jun. 1757 — M.P., 1757 — Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, Dec. 1761 — created Baron Camden, 17 Jul. 1765 — Lord Chancellor, 30 Jul. 1766 — removed from office, 17 Jan. 1770 — president of the Council, 1782-3 ■ — created Yiscount Baybam, Earl Camden, May 1786 — ft. in London, 18 Apr. 1794. Camden, William, herald and antiquary, — b. in London, 2 May 155 1 — enters Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 1566— *B. A., 1573 — Second Mas- ter of Westminster School, 1575 — travels in Suffolk, Yorkshire, and Lancashire, 1582 — in Devonshire and Wales, 1589, 1590 — Head Master of Yfestminster School, 1593 — Claren- cieux King at Arms, 1597 — travels in North of England, 1600 — founds a History Lecture at Oxford, 1622 — tf. at Chislehurst, 9 Nov. 1623. Britannia descriptio, 1586 — Anglia Normanica, BZibernica, Camerica, 1603 — He- mains concerning Britain, 1604 — Annates rerum Anglicarum, §c, regnante Elizabetha, 1615. Camden Society, — established in London, 1838. Camel, — [B C] — known to European Greeks, and many taken after battle of Platsea, 479. Cameniata, Joannes, Byzantine historian, — captured at taking of Thessalonica by Arabs, (189, a. h.) 904. Camera Lucida,' — invented by Wollaston, 1807. Camera Obscnra, — invented by Baptista Porta (?), about 1550. Camerarius, Joachim (I.), classical scholar, — b. at Bamberg, 12 Apr. 1500 — studies at Leipsic, 15 15- 18 — Rector of the Univ., 1541 — ft. at Leipsic, 17 Apr. 1574. Commentarii Ungues Grcecce et Latince, 1551 — JEpistolcc, I583-95- Camerarius, Joachim (II.), physician, — b. at Niirnberg, 6 Nov. 1534 — M.D., Bologna, 1562 — returns to Niirnberg, 1564 — Dean of Medical Coll. there, 1592-8 — if. there, n Oct. 1598. Kortus medicus et philosophicus, 1588. Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob, botanist, — b. at Tubingen, 17 Feb. 1665 — M.D. there, 1687 — Director of Botanic Garden, 1688 — ft., 11 Sep. 1721. Be sexu plantarwn Epistola, 1694. Camerinus, Q. Sulpicius, — [B C] — 1. Consul with Sp. Larcius Flavus, (264, a. u. c.) 490. [AD] — 2. Consul with C. Poppaeus Sabinus, (762,) 9. Camerinus, Serv. Sulpicius, — [B C] — 1. Consul with M' Tullius Longus, (254, a. u. c.) 500. 2. Consul with P. Yolumnius Amintinus Gallus, (293,) 461. 3. Consul with L. Lucre- tius Flavus, (361,) 393. 4. Consul with M. Fabius Dorso, (409,) 345. Camerinus, Sulpicius, — Consul with Qu. Nic •1, A. U. C.) 138. Cameron, John, theologian, — b. at Glasgow, about 1580 — goes to France, 1600 — minister at Bordeaux, 1608-18 — Prof. Divinity, Saumur, 1618-21 — tf. at Montauban, from assault in the streets, 1625. Cameron, Kichard, Covenanter, — retires to Holland, 1677 — returns to Scotland, 1680 — surprised with bis followers by royal troops and killed, at Airds Moss, 20 Jul. 1680. Cameronians, The, — form a presbytery under M'Millan, (' Reformed Presbytery,') 1743. Camillus, L.Furius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with App. Claudius Crassus, defeats the Gauls, (405, a. u. c.) 349. 2. Consul with C. Msenius, takes Tibur, and with Maenius subdues Latiuni, (416,) 338 — Consul with D. Junius Brutus Scseva, (429,) 325. Camillus, M. Furius, — [B C]— 1. cons. trib. (rightly censor), 403 — cons, trib., 401 and 398 — interrex, 398— dictator, commands against Yeii, the Falisci and Fidenates, 396 — cons, trib., 394 — interrex, 391 — accused by L. Appuleius, goes into exile, 391 — dictator, recalled, 390 — ■ interrex, 3^9 — -dictator, 389 — cons, trib., 386, 384, and 381 — dictator, opposes the Licinian rogations, 368 — dictator against Gauls, 367 — tf., 365. [A D] — 2. proconsul in Africa, defeats Tacfarinas, (770, a. it. c.) 17. 3. Scribonianus : Consul with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (785,) 32 — conquered in Dalmatia and exiled, 42 — ft., 53. 4. Consul with Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus, (761,) 8. Camilo, Francisco, painter, — b. at Madrid, about 1 6 10 — tf., 167 1. Camisards, The, — appear in France, 1702 — Marshal Montrevel sent against them, 1703 — Marshal Yillars, 1704 — Marshal M. de Bar- wick, 1705. Cammas, Lambert Francoise Therese, CAMOENS— CAMPEN. painter, architect, — b. at Toulouse, 1743 — tf., 1804. Camoens, (Luis de Camb'es,) poet, — b. at Lisbon, 1517/ 1525 b — embarks for the Indies, 1553— returns to Lisbon, 1569 — tf. there, 1579. Os Lusiados, 1572. a Biog. Univ. b Manoel de Faria. Campagnola, Domenico, painter, — b. at Padua, 1482 — tf. there, 1550. Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest, Dime, — b. at Paris, 6 Oct. 1752 — presented at Versailles, 1767 — marries M. Campan, enters service of Marie Antoinette, 1770 — establishes school at St Germain, 1794 — tf. at Mantes, 16 Mar., a May b 1822. Memoires sur la vie priiee de Marie Antoinette, 1822. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Campanella, Tomaso, Dominican, philo- sopher, — b. at Stillo, Calabria, 5 Sep. 1568 — enters Dominican Order, 1583 — imprisoned for treason and heresy, 1599-1629 — goes to Paris, 1634 — tf. there, 21 Mar. 1639. Atheismus triumphatus, 1631 — Monorchia Messice Jest, 1633 — Discorsi della Liberia, 1633 — Prodro- mes Philosophies Instaurandce, 16 17 — De monarch ia Hispanica Discursus, 1640. Campani, Gianantonio, Bp of Teramo, statesman, — b. at Carelli in Campania, 1427 — Secretary to Pope Calixtus III., 1458 — sent by Paul II. to diet of Ratisbon, 147 1— governor of Todi, by Sixtus IV., 147 1 — tf. at Siena, 15 Jul. 1477. Opera, 1495. Campania, Campanians, — [B C]— surrenders itself to Rome, 343 — with the Latins, defeated near Mt Vesuvius, 340— submits to Hannibal, 216-15 — recovered by Romans, 211. [Samnite Wars, Capua, Nola, &c] Campanus, Johann, theologian, — b., about 1500 — teaches in Wittenberg, 1528 — disputes with Luther at Marburg, 1529 — imprisoned at Cleve, 1555-74 — tf. there, after i574, a about i58o. b Wider die ganze Welt nach den Apos- teln, 1 sii—Gbttliche und heilige Schrift, $c, I53 2 . a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. Campanus, John, — publishes Translation of Euclid, (from Arabic,) about 1030? 1200? 1261 ? Campbell, Sir Alexander, lieutenant-general, b., 1760 — enters the army, 1776 — at siege of Gibraltar, 178 1 — goes to India, 1793 — at Ser- ingapatam, 1799 — Commander-in-chief, My- sore, 1805 — returns to England, 1808 — Major- general, 1 8 10 — Commander of forces at Isle of Bourbon, &c, 1 812- 16 — tf. at Calcutta, 11 Dec. 1824. Campbell, Sir Colin. [Clyde, Lord.] Campbell, George, theologian, — b. in Argyle- shire, 1696 — Prof, of Church History, St Andrews, 1728. — tf., 1757. Defence of the Christian Religion, 1736. Campbell, George, theologian, — b. at Aber- (1 'ii, 25 Dec. 1 7 19 — enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 1741 — Principal of Marischal Coll., 1759 — Prof. Theology, Jun. 1771-9-; — tf., Apr. 1796. Dissertation on Miracles, 1763 — Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1776. Campbell, John, historian, $c, — b. at Edinburgh, 8 Mar. 1708 — LL.D., Glasgow. 1754 — Royal Agent for Georgia, U. S„ 1765- 75 — tf. in London, 28 Dec. 1775 Lives of English Admirals, 1742-4 — Sermippus Redi- vivus, 1743 — Biographia Britannica, com- menced, 1745. Political Survey of Britain, *774- Campbell, John, Lord Campbell, Lord Chancellor of England, biographer, — b. near Cupar in Scotland, 15 Sep. 1779 — enters at Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 1800 — called to the bar, Michaelmas 1806 — M.P. Stafford, 1830 — Solicitor-general, 1832 — Attorney-General, Feb. to Nov. 1834, and Apr. 1835 — Lord Chan- cellor of Ireland, Baron Campbell, Jun. to Sep. 1 841 — Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Jul. 1846 — Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, 1850— Lord Chancellor of England, 1859 — tf. in London, 23 Jun. 1861. Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1846-7 — Lives of the Chief Jus- tices, 1849. Campbell, Sir Niel, lieutenant-colonel, — b., about 1770 — serves in TVest Indies, 1797-18 00 — at siege of Dantzic, 181 3 — accompanies Na- poleon I. to Elba, 1 8 14 — travels on the Niger, 1 8 15 — Governor of Sierra Leone, 1826 — tf. there, 14 Aug. 1827. Campbell, Thomas, poet, — b. at Glasgow, 27 Jul. 1777 — settles in London, 1803 — lectures at Royal Institution, 18 12 — Rector of Glasgow Univ., 1827-8-9 — tf- at Boulogne, 15 Jun. 1844. Pleasures of Hope, 1799 — Gertrude of Wyoming, 1809 — edits New Monthly Magazine, 1820-30 — founds Metropolitan Magazine, 1831 — Life of Petrarch, 1841. Campe, Johann a (Joachim b ) Heinrich, — b. at Deensen, Brunswick, 1746 — Director of Educational Institute of Dessau, 1776 — estab- lishes Educational Institute at Hamburg, 1777 — retires from the Directorship, 1787 — tf. at Brunswick, 22 Oct. 18 18. Brief e aus Paris zur Zeit der Revolution, 1790 — Wbrterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, 1 807-1 1 — Sammtliche Kinder- und Jugendschriften, 1829-32. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Campe, Peace of, — between Henry VIII. and Francis I., concluded, 7 Jun. 1546. Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal, Abp, — b. at Bologna, a Milan, 5 1474 — Bp of Feltre and Papal Nuncio in Germany, 15 12 — Cardinal, by Leo X., 15 1 7 — legate to London, 15 19 — Bp of Bologna, 1524 — commissioned with Wolsey to try the question of Henry VIII. 's marriage with Catherine of Aragon, Jun. 1528 c — arrives in England, Oct. 1528 c — holds legatine court at the Black Friars, Jun. to Jul. 1529 — legate at diet of Augsburg, 1529 — tf. at Rome, 19 Jul. J539- a Biog . Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Annals of England. Campeggio, Tomaso, Bp, — at Council of Trent, 1545 — tf. at Rome, 11 Jan. 1564. De auctoritate SS. conciliorum, 156 1. Campen, on the Loiver Rhine, — the Prince of Brunswick defeated by the Marquis de Castries, 16 Oct. 1760. Campen, (Kampen,) Jacob van, Anabap- tist, — beheaded and burnt at Amsterdam, 1534. CAMPEN— CANADA. 271 Campen, Jacob van, painter and architect, — tf. at Amersfort, 1657 or 1658. Town Hall, Amsterdam, 1648-55. Campen, Jan van, Hebraist, — b. at Campen, about 1490 — Prof. Hebrew, Louvain, about 15 1 9-3 1 — travels in Germany, Poland, Italy, 1531-8 — Ij. at Friburg, 7 Sep. 1538. De natura literarum et punctorum Hebraicorum, 1520 — Psalmorum omnium jaxta Hebraicam veritatem paraphrastica Interpretatio, 1532. Camper, Peter, physician, naturalist, — b. at Leyden, 11 May 1722— M.D., Ph.D., 1746 — goes to England, 1748 — Prof. Philosophy, Medicine, and Surgery, Franeker, 1749-55— Prof. Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery, Am- sterdam, 1755-61 — discovers air cavities in skeleton of birds, 177 1 — Foreign Associate, Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1785 — Councillor of State, Friesland, 1787 — tf. at the Hague, 7 Apr.. 1789. Demonstrationum anatomico-patho- logicarum libri II, 1760-2 — Verhandeling van P. Camper over het natuurlik Vershilder Wezenstrekkan, 1791 — Icones herniarum, 1801. Camperdown, — Admiral Duncan defeats Dutch fleet off, 11 Oct. 1797. Camphuys, Joannes, naturalist, — b. at Haarlem, 1634 — Governor-general of Dutch Indies, 1684-91 — tf. at Batavia, 18 Jun. 1695. Camphuysen, Dirk Rafaelz, painter, — b. at Gorcum, 1586 — tf., 9 Jul. 1627. Campi, Antonio, painter and architect, — tf., after 159 1. Campi, Bernardino,i?#m&r, — b. at Cremona, 1522 — tf., about 1590^ i592. b Parere sopra la pittura, 1580. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Catalogue. Campi, Giulio, painter, — b. at Cremona, about 1500 — tf., 1572. Campi, Toussaint, Baron, general, — b. at Ajaccio, 1777 — enters the army, 1795 — defends Turin against Suwarrow, 1799 — captured, im- prisoned, 1799 — aide-de-camp to Massena, 1805 — Lieutenant-general, 1820 — tf. at Lyons, 1832. Campi Raudii, — [B C] — Marius and Catulus defeat the Cimbri at the, 101. Campian, (Campion?) Edmund, Jesuit, — b. in London, 1540 — Fellow of St John's Coll., Oxford, 1557 — M.A., 1564 — goes to Douai, 1570 — to Borne, 157 1 — enters Order of Jesuits, Apr. 1572^-returns to Borne, 1579 — sent by Gregory XIII. to England, Jun. 1580 — im- prisoned in the Tower, Jun. — executed at Tyburn for treason, 1 Dec, 158 1. Campillo, — Treaty of, between kings of Castile and Aragon, for cession of part of Murcia to Aragon, 1305. Campistron, Jean Galbert de, dramatist, — b. at Toulouse, 1656 — member of French Academy, 1701 — tf. at Toulouse, 11 May 1723. (Euvres, 1750. Campo Formio, — Treaty of, between Napo- leon I. and Austria, Venice given to Austria in exchange for Lombardy and Flanders, 17 Oct. 1797. Campolongo, Emmanuel, poe.t, archceologist, — b. at Naples, 30 Dec. 1732— Prof. Humanity there, 1765 — tf., Mar. 1801. Compomanes, Pedro Rodriguez, Count or, statesman, — b. in Asturias, 1 Jul. i7io, a 1723b — President of Supreme Council of Castile, 1788 — tf., 3 Feb. 1802. Antiguidad mari- tima de la republica de Cartago, §c, 1756 — Discorso sobre la educacion popular, §c, 1775 — Apendice, §c, 1776-7. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Campredon, Jacques David Martin, gen- eral, — b. at Montpellier, 1761 — director of military works at Mantua, 1 805 — accompanies Massena to Naples, 1806 — serves in Bussian campaign, 181 2 — released and returns to France, 1 8 14 — tf. at Montpellier, 1837. Camuccini, Vicenzo, painter — b. at Borne, about 1775 — tf. at Borne, 2 Sep. 1844. Camus, Armand Gaston, statesman, — b. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1740 — deputy to States-General, May 1789 — secretary of the Convention, 1792 — ■ arrested by Dumouriez, 3 Apr. 1793 — Pres. of Council of Five Hundred, 23 Jan. 1796 to Feb. 1797 — tf. 2 Nov. 1804. Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, mathema- tician, — b. at Cressy en Brie, 25 Aug. 1699 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, 18 Apr. 1733 — assists Clairaut, Maupertuis, and Le Monnier in measuring degree at north polar circle, 1736 — F.B.S., London, 1765— tf., 2 Feb., ac 4May b 1768. a Biog. Univ. b Hutton. c Ersch and Gruber. Camus, Etienne le, Cardinal, — b. at Paris, 24 Sep. 1632 — Doctor of the Sorbonne, 1650 — Bp of Grenoble, 167 1 — Cardinal, 1686 — tf. at Grenoble, 12 Sep. 1707. Camus, Jean Pierre, Bp of Bellay, — b. at Paris, 3 Nov. 1582 — Bp of Bellay, 1609-29 — tf. at Paris, 26 Apr. 1652. Canaan,— [B C] — conquest of, by Joshua ; the land divided amongst the 12 Tribes, i445, a i6o2, b 1579.° a Ussber. b Hales. c Clinton. Canachus, — [BC] — statuary, — fl., (01. 60- 68,) 54<>5°8, a (01. 73,) 488-4 b a Thiersch. b Miiller. Canada, Dominion of, {Provinces of Upper and Lower,) — discovered by John and Se- bastian Cabot, 1497 — visited and claimed for France by Verazani, 1525 — visited by Jacques Cartier, 1535 — French settlement in, about 1604 or 1605- — French under Champlain settle on site of Quebec, 1608 — first French settle- ments broken up by Sir Samuel Argal, 16 14 — Quebec taken by English and restored to France, 1629 — made a royal government, 1663 — Quebec taken by General Wolfe, Sep. 1759 — ceded to England by treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — Legislative Council appointed by the Quebec Act, 1774 — invaded by Americans, 1775 — evacuated by them, 1776— divided into tipper and Lower provinces, and constitution estab- lished by Act 31 Geo. III. c. 31, 1791 — in- ■ vaded by Americans, 18 12 — Peace of Ghent, 24 Dec. 1 8 14 — insurrection in, constitution suspended, 1837-8 — the two provinces reunited by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 35, 23 Jul. 1840 — sale of Clergy Beserves provided for and regulated 272 C AN AD A— C AND IANO. by Act 3 and 4 Tic. c. 78, 7 Aug. 1840 — Geological Survey of, established, 1843 — To- ronto made seat of government, alternately with Quebec, 1849 — legislature of, authorized to make provision concerning Clergy Reserves, by Act 16 Yic. c. 21, 9 May 1853 — constitution modified under Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 118, 11 Aug. 1854 — visited by Prince of Wales, i860 — troops sent to, after affair of the Trent, Dec. 1 861 — debates in House of Commons on the defences of, Feb., Mar., and Apr. 1865 — termination of Eeciprocity Treaty with United States, 17 Mar. 1866 — suspension of Habeas Corpus Act, 8 Jun. 1866 — [Fenians] — Do- minion of, (Confederation of British N. Ameri- can provinces,) proclaimed, 21 May 1867 — first parliament of the Dominion opened at Ottawa, 6 Nov. 1867 — incorporation of British Co- lumbia with, Apr. 187 1. Canada Company, — incorporated, 1826. Canaletto, (Canale,) Antonio, painter, — b. at Venice, 18 Oct. 1697 — in England, 1746-8 ■ — 0". at Venice, 3 London, b 20 Aug. 1768. a Erscli and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. Canaletto, Bernardino, [Bernardo JBellotto,) painter, engraver, — b. at Venice, 1724 — mem- ber of Academy, Dresden, 1764 — if. at "War- saw, 1780. Canani, Giambattista, anatomist, — 6. at Fer- rara, 15 15 — tr., 29 Jan. 1579. Musculorum humani corporis picturata dissectio, before 1540. Cananore, Hindustan, — captured by General Abercrombie, 17 Dec. 1791. Cananus, Joannes, Byzantine historian. — fl., about 1425. Canara, Hindustan, — independent soon after A. D. 1 — overturned by Belall rajas, before 1200 —conquered by Cafur, (710, a. h.) 1310, (712,) 1312 — subdued by Hyder Ali, 1763, 1765-6 a — subject to British rule, 1799. a Macculloch's Diet. Canaries, Canary Islands, — discovered, about 1330 — granted to De Bethencourt by Henry III. of Castile and Leon, 1405 — claim- ed by Spanish crown, 146 1 — subjugation com- pleted, 1493 — made Spanish province, 1822. Canaye, Philippe, Sieur de Fresne de, states- man, — b. at Paris, 155 1 — travels through Ger- many, Italy, to Constantinople, 1566 — assists at Conference of Fontainebleau between Cardinal du Perron and Duplessis-Mornay, 1600 — ambas- sador to Venice, 1601 — Ij. at Paris, 17 Feb. 16 10. Ambassades, 1635. Cancellieri, Francesco Girolamo, philologist, antiquary, — b. at Pome, 10 Oct. 1751 — Secre- tary of the Grand Penitentiary, Rome, 1798 — Director of Printing of the Propaganda, 1 802 — accompanies Cardinal Antonelli to Paris, 1804 — o". at Pome, 29 Dec. 1826. De Secre- tariis Basilica Vaticance, 1788 — II Mercato, il Lago dell' Acqua Vergine, t$c, 181 1. Canclaux, Jean Baptiste Camille, general, — b. at Paris, 2 Aug. 1740 — enters the army, 1756 — Commander in Morbihan, 1791 — General in Chief of Army of the West, 1793 — ambas- sador at Naples, Dec. 1796 to Sep. 1797 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 1800 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — Count of the Empire and Senator, 22 Oct. 1804 — o\, 30 Dec. 1817. Cancrin, Georg, general, statesman, — b. at Hanau, 8 Dec. 1774 — studies at Giessen and Marburg, 1790-4 — enters the service of Pussia, 1799 — Lieutenant-general, 1815 — Minister of Finance, 1823-45 — tf. at St Petersburg, 22 Sep. 1845. JJeber die Militarbkonomie, §c, 1822-3 — Weltreich thum, §c, 1 8 2 1 . Candace, Queen of Ethiopia, — [B C] — at- tacks Egypt, 22. Candahar, — conquered by Baber, 1505 — taken by Sheiban Khan of Uzbeks, 1506 ? — re- possessed by Arghums, 1507-22 — Camran suc- ceeds his father Baber, 1530 — taken by Hu- mayun and Persians, Mar. to Sep. 1545 — ceded to Persians, and recovered by Humayun at Morad Mirza's death, 1545 — reconquered by Persia, 1556 — recovered by Akber, (1003, a. h.) 1594 — taken by Persia, (1031) 1621 — taken by Ahmed Shah and made capital of Aff- ghanistan, 1754 — seat of government removed to Cabul by Timur Shah, 1774 — entered by British, 24 Apr. 1839. Candeish, Candesh, Khandeish, Hindustan, — NasirKhan, (first king,) (801, a. h.) 1399 — Miran Adil Khan, (841,) 1437 — Miran Mobarik, (844,) 1441— Adil Khan I.. (861,) 1457 — Daud Khan, (909,) 1503 — Adil Khan II., 1510 — Miran Mohammed Shah, . (926,) 1520 — vassal to Guzerat, about 1530 — Miran Moberik, (II. ?) (942,) 1535 — Miran Moham- med Khan, (974,) 1566 — Eaja Ali Khan, (984,) 1576 — Bahadoor Shah, (1005,) 1596 — conquered by Akber and annexed to Delhi, (1008,) 1599 — ce( ied by Holkar to the British, 1818. Candia, [Crete,] — city founded by Saracens, about 823 — blockaded by Turks, 1648 — siege commences, spring 1667 — surrenders, 16 Sep. 1669 — revolt against Turks, begins Aug. 1866 — cession of, to Greece, urged by France, Russia, Prussia, and Italy, and refused by Fuad Pasha, Mar. 1867 — fugitives removed to Greece, by French and Eussian ships, Jul., Aug. 1867 — ■ destruction of the Arkadi, Greek blockade runner, by Turks, 19 Aug. — suspension of hos- tilities, amnesty to insurgents, 13 Sep. — sur- render of provisional government, Dec. 1868. Candiano, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Giovanni Particiaco II., 17 Apr. 887 — killed in sea-fight against the Slaves, 6ep. 887. Candiano, Pietro II., Doge oe Venice, — succeeds Orso Particiaco II., 932 — his troops take and burn Comacchio, 935— tf., 939. Candiano, Pietro III., Doge of Venice, — succeeds Pietro Badoer, 942 — associates his son in the dogate, and suppresses his revolt, 955 — B., 959. Candiano, Pietro IV., Doge of Venice,— associated with his father, revolts against him, 955 — excluded from the dogate by decree of the states, 955 — elected to succeed his father, 959 — ■ his palace besieged and burnt by conspirators, 976 — captured and put to death, 976. Candiano, Vitale, Doge or Venice, — succeeds I Pietro OrseoloL, 978 — fc., about end of 979. CANDIDUS— CANO PUS. 273 Candidas, Tib. Julius, — Consul with A. Julius Quadratus, (858, a. u. c.) 105. Candish. [Cavendish.] Candito, [Candido,)[Eierre de Witte,) painter, — b. at Bruges, about 1548. Candles,— making and selling of, regulated by Acts 23 Geo. II. c. 21, 1750; 5 Geo. III. c. 43, 1765; 10 Geo. III. c. 44, 1770; 24 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 36, 1784; 25 Geo. III. c. 74, 1785 ; 26 Geo. III. c. 77, 1786 ; 42 Geo. III. c. 93, 1802; 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 1803 — annual licence for making, required by Act 24 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 41, 1784 — duty on, imposed by Act 8 Anne c. 9, s. 1, 1709 — repealed by Act 1 and 2 fm IV. c. 19, 6 Sep. 1831. Candorier, Jean, — by stratagem recovers the citadel of Eochelle from English garrison, 8 Sep. 1372. Candy. [Kandy.] Canes, Francois, orientalist, — b. at Valencia, about 1730 — if. at Madrid, 1795. Grammatica arabigo-espanola, 1775 — Biccionario espanola- latino-arabigo, 1787. Canga, Arguelles Jose, statesman, $c, — b. in Asturias, about 1770 — member of the Cortes, 1813-14 — Ministerof Finance, 1820-2 — in Eng- land, 1822-9 — if., 1843. Diccionaria de Ha- cienda, 1827-8 — Observaciones sobre la Historia de la Guerra de Espana, 1829-30. Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur du. [Du- cange,] Canina, Luigi, architect, antiquary, — b. in Piedmont, 23 Oct. 1795 — graduates as civil architect at Univ. of Turin, 18 14 — goes to Eome, 1 8 1 8 — visits England, 1855 — if. at Florence, 17 Oct. 1856. Architettura antica descritta e dimostrata coi monumenti, 1832-44 — Eicerche sulV architettura piu propria dei tempi cristiani, 1843 — Edifizii di Eoma antica, 1848-51 — Storia e topografia di Eoma antica, 1839-48. Canini, Angelo, philologist, — b. at An- ghiari, 152 1 — goes to Paris, 1550 — if. in Au- vergne, 1557. Institutiones Lingua} Assyriacce atque Thalmudicce, $c, 1554 — Hellenismi, 1555. Canini, Giovanni Angelo, painter, en- graver, — b. at Eome, 16 17 — if. there, 1666. With Marc Antonio Canini, Iconografia, 1669. Canisius, Henry, theologian, §c, — if., Prof. Canon Law, Ingolstadt, 1610. Antiques, lectiones, 160 1-3. Canisius, {de FEondt,) Petrus, First Pro- vincial of Jesuits in Germany, — b.at Ninieguen, 8 May 152 1— enters Order of Jesuits, 1543 — at Council of Trent, 1545 — if. at Friburg, 21 Dec. 1597. Summa Doctrines Christiana, 1585- Canitz, Friedrich Rodolph Ludwig, Baron von, — poet, diplomatist, — b. at Berlin, 27 Nov. 1654 — sent by Frederick I. to Congress of the Hague, 1698 — Baron of the Empire, by Leo- pold, 1698 — if. at Berlin, 16 Aug. 1699. Cannae, — [BC] — Hannibal defeats the Bo- mans under Varro at, (538, a. u. c.) summer 216. Canning, Charles John, Earl, Governor- General of India, — b. in London, 14 Dec. 1 8 1 2 — marries, 1835 — M.P. Warwickshire, 1836 — Viscount, on death of his mother, Mar. 1837— Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1841 — Commissioner of Woods, &c, Jan. 1842 to Jul. 1846— Postmaster-general, Jan. 1853 to Jul. 1855 — appointed Governor- general of India, Jul. 1855— G.C.B., 1859— created Earl, May 1859— death of Lady Can- ning, Nov. 1 86 1— returns to England, 1862— K.G., May 1862— if. in London, 17 Jun. 1862. Canning, George, statesman, — b. in London, 11 Apr. 1770— enters Christ Church, Oxford, Oct. 1787—M.P., 1793— Under-secretary of State, 1796-1801 — Treasurer of the Navy, 1804-6 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1 807 — wounded in duel with Lord Castlereagh, and resigns office, 1809 — M.P. Liverpool, 1 8 12 — ambassador extraordinary to Portugal, 1 8 14 — Pres. Board of Control, 1816-20 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1822— First Lord of the Treasury, 12 Apr. 1827 — if. at Chiswick, 8 Aug. 1827. , Cannon, [Gynes, gonnes,) — use of, by Flo- rentines, mentioned, Feb. 1326 — in France, 2 Jul. 1338 — in England, 1339 — cast, first, about 1450 — cast, first, in bronze, in England, T 535— [Eifled Cannon.] Cano, Alonzo, painter, §c, — b. at Granada, i6oo, a 1 60 1 b — -removes to Toledo, 1643— if., 1676. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. Cano, Sebastien del, maritime discoverer, — b. in Biscay, about 1500 ? — accompanies Magel- lan to Southern Seas, 1519-21 — after death of Magellan aids in establishing Spanish factory in the Moluccas, 1521- — returns to Seville, having circumnavigated the globe, 1522 — if. on second voyage to South Seas, 4 Aug. 1526. Canon of Scripture, — Melito's canon of Old Test, published, about 170 — settled by decree of Gelasius at Council of Eome, 494 (?) — controversy respecting, raised by Sender, 1771. Canon Law, — collection of, by Dionysius Exiguus, 520 — collection of, begun by Ivo, Bp of Chartres, 11 14 — and completed by Gratian, 1150 — the Decretals published, 1234 — the ' Sext,' 1298 — the Clementines, pub- lished at Council of Vienna, 1308 — the Ex- travagants, of John XXII., 13 17. Canonica, Luigi, architect, — b. at Milan, 1742 — if. there, Feb. 1844. Canonization, — first example of, by John XVI. of Uldaric, Bp of Augsburg, 30 Jan., a 3 Feb. b 993 — right of, restricted to the popes by Alexander III., about 1160. a Fleuri. b Pagi. Canons, Apostolical,— alleged to be drawn up by Clement, Bp of Eome, 93 — published, after 200. Canons, of the Church of England, — the king's licence for their promulgation made necessary by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1533-4 — the Reformatio Lcgum Ecclesiasticarum pro- duced in parliament, 157 1 — prepared under letters-patent of James I., 1603 — alteration of, by commission under Great Seal, (but not in force,) 1640. Canopus, Decree of, [Tablet of San,) bilingual inscription on stone, — [BC] — synod- 18 274 CANOSSA-CANZ. ical decree in honour of Ptolemy Euergetes I., and Berenice, and for reform of the Calen- dar, dated (7 Apell.,) (17 Tybi,) 3 Dec. 238— [AD] — discovered by Lepsius at San, 15 Apr. 1 866— removed to Museum of Boulaq, close of 1867. Canossa, in Modem, Gregory VII. accepts submission of the Emperor Henry IV. at, and absolves him, Jan. 1077. Canova, Antonio, sculptor, — b. at Possagno, 1 Nov. 1747 — studies under Torretto, about 1761 — goes to Rome, 1779 — accompanies Prince Rezzonico to Germany, 1798 — goes to France on the invitation of Napoleon, 1802 — ambassador of the Pope to Paris, 18 15 — returns to Rome, made Marquis of Ischia, 18 16 — lays foundation-stone of church at Possagno, 11 Jul. 1819 — fr. at Venice, 13 Oct. 1822. Dce- dalus and Icarus, 1770 — Theseus and the Minotaur, 1787 — Monument to Clement XIII. , 1792. Canovai, Stanislaus, mathematician, — h. at Florence, 27 Mar. 1740 — gains prize for Eloge of Amerigo Vespuccio, 1788 — tf. at Florence, 17 Nov. i3ii. Canstein, Karl Hildebrand de, — b. at Lin- denberg, 15 Aug. 1667 — stereotypes New Testament, at Halle, 17 12 — stereotypes Bible, 17 1 3 — tf., 19 Aug. 17 19. Cantabrian War, — [BC] — carried on by Augustus, 27-25 — renewed, 24 — finally termin- ated by Agrippa, 19. Cantacuzenus, John, Joannes V., Emperor of the East, Byzantine historian, — b., after 1300 — great domestic to Emperor A ncu ' on icus III., 1332 — Regent for John, 15 Jun. 1341 — as- sumes the purple, at Demotica, 26 Oct. 1341 a — forms alliance with Umur Beg, 1343 — civil war, 1343-7 — takes Constantinople by surprise, 8 Jan. 1 347 — re-crowned with his wife Irene, 1 3 May 1347 — war with the Genoese, 1348-52 — sends envoys to Innocent VI. respecting re -union of the churches, 1353 — unsuccessful rebellion of Paheologus, 1353 — has his son Matthew Cantacuzenus crowned Emperor, Feb. 1354 — abdicates and retires to a monastery, Jan. 1355 — tf., 20 Nov. 141CV 141 i. b History of the Eastern Empire, 1645 — Four Discourses, {Apologies,) 1543. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ducange. c Biog. Univ. Cantacuzenus, Matthseus, E.mperor of tiik East,— joint Emperor with Joannes V., Cantacuzenus, his father, Feb. 1354— defeated and exiled, 1354 — abdicates, 1355 — tf., before 1400. Cantarini, Simone, (Pesarese, Simone da .Pesaro,) painter, — b. at Pesaro, 1612 — tf. at Verona, 1648. Canter, "William, linguist, philologist, — b. at Utrecht, 24 Jul. 1542 — studies at Paris, 1559-62 — tf. at Louvain, 1575. JSovce. lectiones, 1564-66-71. Canterbury, — Augustine baptizes Ethelbert at, 597 — archbishopric erected, 602 — taken by Northmen, 851 and ion — murder of Thomas ;! Becket at, 29 Dec. 1170 — Queen Elizabeth holds her court at, 1573 — tne Cathedral oc- cupied by Parliamentary troops, Aug. 1642. Cathedral, rebuilt by Lanfranc, 1070-89 — . partly taken down and rebuilt by Priors Ernulph and Conrad, 1 100-30 — the choir burnt, 1 1 74 — rebuilt, 1174-84 — new nave and tran- septs by Prior Chillenden, about 1 380-1410 — ■ central tower, by Prior Goldstone II., about H95- Canterbury, Charles Manners, Viscount, statesman, — ft., 20 Jan. 1780 — B.A., Cambridge, 1802 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1805 — M.P. Scarborough, 1807— Judge Advocate- general, 1 809 — marries, 1 8 1 1 — Speaker of House of Commons, Jun. 18 17 — M.P. Cam- bridge Univ., 1832 — K.B., 1832 —Viscount Canterbury, and Baron Bottesford, 1835 — tf. in London, 21 Jul. 1845. Canton, {city,) — Portuguese admitted to trade at, 15 1 7 — British ships first touch at, 1634 — besieged and destroyed, 1650 — English factory established at, 1680 — partly destroyed by in- undation, 1833 — British inhabitants imprisoned by Commissioner Lin, Mar. to May 1839 — opium given up by the merchants, 3 Apr. to 4 May 1839 — besieged and taken by Sir Hugh Gough, 24 May 1841 — opened to British com- merce by treaty of Nankin, 26 Aug. 1842 — bombarded by the English, Oct. to Nov. 1856 — taken by English and French, 28-29 -^ ec - 1857 — evacuated by the allies, 21 Oct. 1861 — typhoon at, 27 Jul. 1862 — French cathedral founded at, end of 1863. Canton, John, natural philosopher, — b. at Stroud, 31 Jul. 17 18 — goes to London, 4 Mar. 1737 — F.R.S., 22 Mar. 1750 — M.A., Aberdeen, 21 Apr. 1750 — verifies Franklin's discovery by experiment, 20 Jul. 1752 — tf., 22 Mar. 1772. Canuleian Law, — [B C] — connubium between the patricians and plebeians established at Rome t>Y 445- Canute, (Cnut,) King of Denmark and Eng- land, — b., about 995 — lands in Scotland, and is defeated, 1012 — succeeds Sweyn as King of Denmark (?) and is chosen King of England by the Danish fleet, Feb. 10 14 — driven away by Ethelred, 1014 — returns and. subdues Wessex, 1 01 5 — with Eadric wastes Mercia, 1016 — ■ unsuccessfully besieges London, 1016 — makes treaty with Edmund and obtains Mercia, 1016 — chosen king on death of Edmund, and marries Emma, (JElfgiva,) widow of Ethelred, 1017 — visits Denmark, 1019-20 and 1025 — makes pilgrimage to Rome, 1031^ 1027 b — conquers Norway, 1028 — invades Scotland, 1031a — visits Glastonbury, 1032— tf. at Shaftesbury, 12 Nov. 1035. a A.S. Chron. and Florence. b Lappenberg, after YVipo. Canuti, Doinenico Maria, painter, — b. at Bologna, 1620 — tf. there, 1684. Canvassing 1 , (Ambitus,) canvassing at elec- tions at Rome — [B C] — first law against wear- ing white, (322, a. tj. c.) 432 — another an- onymous law against, (595,) 159 — Sen. Cons, respecting, (3 Id. May 699,) 13 May =30 Apr. 55. a [Calpurnian. Cornelian, Julian, Pceti- lian, Pompeian, Tullian Laws.] a Fischer. Canz, Israel Gottlieb, philosopher, theologian, — b. in "Wiirtemberg, 26 Feb. 1690 — 1 rof. Rhetoric and Poetry, Tubingen, 1734 — Prof. CAONABO— CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. 275 Logic and Metaphysics, 1739 — Prof. Theology, 1747 — lj., 28 Jan. 1753. Philosophies Leib- nitzianee et Wolftance usus in theologia, §c, 1728-39 — Compendium Theologies pur torts, J 752- Caonabo, {Seigneur de la maison d'Or,) Ca- nbbee Adventurer, — attains sovereignty of mountain tribes in St Domingo, about 1490 — puts to death the Spaniards left there by Columbus, 1492 — -captured by stratagem by Ojeda, on second voyage of Columbus, 1495 ? ■ — embarks for Spain, 10 Mar. 1496 — ft. on voy- age, before n Jun. 1496. Caoutchouc. [India Rubber.] Cape Breton. [Breton, Cape.] Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, Africa, — Portuguese settlement, 16 10 — taken by Dutch, soon after: by English, 166 1 — ceded to them by treaty of Breda, 25 Jul. 1667. Cape Colony, — first charter, legislative, 1834 — first charter, representative system, 23 May 1850 — first charter suspended by order of Lord Grey, 13 May 1851 — first Cape parliament held at Graham's town, Apr. 1864 — British Caffraria incorporated with, by Act 28 Yic. c. 5, 27 Mar. 1865 — diamonds discovered in, 1870. Cape Finisterre, — Admiral Anson defeats and captures French squadron near, 14 Jun. 1747 — Admiral Hawke destroys French squad- ron off, 25 Oct. 1747. Cape of Good Hope, — discovered by Bartho- lomew Diaz, 1493— doubled by Yasco de Gama, Nov. 1497 — Dutch settlement at, 1650 — taken possession of by the British, 1795 — restored by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — again taken by British, 1806 — finally ceded to them, 1815. Cape Horn, — discovered and named by Schouten, 16 16. Cape St Vincent, — Sir George Rooke de- feated by Admiral Tourville off, 17 Jun. 1693 • — Sir John Jervis defeats Spanish fleet off, 14 Feb. 1797. Cape Town, — founded by Dutch, 1650 — taken by English, 1795 — restored to Dutch by Peace of Amiens, Mar. 1 802 — again taken by English, 1806 — ceded to England, 1815. Cape Verd Islands, — discovered by Portu- guese, 1449. Capel, Arthur, Loud, — M.P., 1640 — Baron, 1641 — raises body of cavalry for Charles I., 1642 — Lieutenant-general, North Wales, 1643 ■ — one of the King's Commissioners at Uxbridge, 1645 — holds Colchester during siege, 1648 — surrenders to Fairfax, 28 Aug. 1648 — im- prisoned in Tower ; beheaded in London, 9 Mar. 1649. Capel, Arthur. [Essex, Earl of.] Capell, Edward, — b. at Troston, Suffolk, 1 1 Jun. 1713 — if. in London, 24 Feb. 1781. Notes and various readings of Shakspeare, §c, 1775- Capella, Galeazzo Flavio Capra, historian, — ft. at Milan, 7 Mar. 1487 — State Secretary to Charles V., 1536 — Xf. at Milan, 23 Feb. 1537. De bello Mediolancnsi, §c, 1532. Cupella, Martianus Milieus Felix, — encij- clopecdic writer,- — ft, before 500,* 240. b a Smith's Diet. b Others. Capellari, Cardinal. [Gregory XVI.] Capellen, Godard Alexander Gerard Philip, Baron van der, statesman, — b. at Utrecht, 15 Dec. 1778 — Councillor of State, Minister of Inte- rior, 1 809 — quits Holland with King Louis, Jan. 18 1 1 — commissioner to Brussels, May 18 14 — Governor-general of Dutch East Indies, Aug. 1 8 14 — recalled, 1826 — ambassador to England on coronation of Queen Victoria, 1838 — &. near Utrecht, 10 Apr. 1848. Capellen de Marck, Robert Gaspard Burne van der, statesman, — b. at Zutphen, 30 Apr. 1743 — member of the States of Guelderland, 177 1 — persuades the States- General to form alliance with France, 1783 — sentenced to death as rebel and traitor, 8 Aug. 1788 — lj. at Paris, 1798. Capellen, Thomas Francois van der, vice- admiral, — b., about 1750 — enters the navy, 1772— serves in war with France, 1793-9 — sur- renders with his fleet to the English, 1799 — returns from England with Prince of Orange, 18 13 — Vice-admiral, and Governor-general of Dutch East Indies, 18 14-^joins British squadron in attack on Algiers, 1816 — ft., Apr. 1824. Capello, Bianca, — b. at Venice, about 1542 — elopes with Pietro Buonaventuri, Dec. 1563 — ■ privately married to Francis, Duke of Tuscany, 5 Jun. 1578 — proclaimed Grand Duchess, 16 Jun. 1579 — &• at Florence, 20 Oct. 1587. Capellus, (Cappel,) Lewis, the Younger, theologian, — b, at Sedan, a (Saumur, b ) 15 Oct. 1585 — studies at Oxford, 16 10 — Prof. Hebrew, Saumur, 16 13 — Prof. Theology, 1633 — b". there, Jun. 1658. Critica Sacra, 1650 — Arcanum punctuationis revelatum, 1624. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Capet, Hugh, King of France, — elected on death of Louis V., at Noyon, May 987 — crowned at Bheims, 3 Jul. 987 — associates his son with him, 1 Jan. 988 — tj., 24 Oct. 996. Capilupi, Ippolito, diplomatist, — b. at Mantua, 15 11 — while secretary and minister at Borne of Cardinal Hercule de Gonzaga, im- prisoned by Paul IV. in Castle of St Angelo, 1556-7 — Bp of Fano, 1560— Nuncio of Pius IV. to Venice, 1561 — -tf. at Rome, 1580. Capistranus, (Capistrano,) Johannes, monJc, — b. at Capistrano in the Abruzzi, 24 Jun. 1385,* 1386 b — enters Franciscan Order at Perusia, about 141 5 — preaches in Italy, Ger- many, Hungary, Poland, legate in Germany, 1450 — preaches against Hussites, about 1452 — aids in delivering Belgrade from Turks, 1456 — tf., 23 Oct. 1456 — beatified by Alexander VII., 1690 — canonized by Benedict XIII. , 1724. a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. Capital Punishment, — in England, laws in- flicting, for offences relating to the revenue, consolidated by Act 52 Geo. III. c. 143, 23 Jul. 18 1 2— abolition of, for numerous offences, by Acts lGeo.IV.cc. 115, 116,117, 25 Jul. 1820; and 4 Geo. IV. c. 46, 4 Jul. 1823 — Courts en- abled, in capital felonies, (except murder,) to order judgment of death to be recorded, by Acts 4 Geo. IV. c. 48, 4 Jul. 1823; and 7 AVm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 77, 17 Jul. 1837 — forgeries subjecting to, reduced into one Act by '.-6 CAPITATION— CAPPADOCTA. 11 Geo. IV. and 1 ¥m IV. c. 66, 16 Jul. 1830 — [Forgeryl — abolished, in many cases, by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 67, 13 Aug. 1834; 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 81, 10 Sep. 1835 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 84 and 91, 17 Jul. 1837 — transportation or imprisonment substituted for, in certain cases, by Acts 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 91, n Jul. 1837 ; 4 and Vic. c. 56, s. 1, 22 Jun. 1 841 ; and 6 and 7 Vic. c. 10, 11 Apr. 1843 — law respecting, consolidated by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95, 100, and 101, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — Report of Commission on, published, Dec. 1865 — carrying out, within prisons, pro- vided for and regulated by Act 31 Vic. c. 24, 29 May 1868. In France, abolition of, recom- mended by Murat, 1778 — proposed by Lepelle- tier and Robespierre, 1790 — again proposed by Victor de Tracy and Lafayette, 17 Aug. 1830 — law respecting, reformed, 1832. In Russia, abolished by the Empress Elizabeth, 1742. In Saxony, abolished, 1868. Capitation. [Poll-Tax.] Capito, C. Ateius, jurist, — Consul sufFectus, 5, (759, a. u. c.) 6 a — curator aqu. publ. 13 — lj., 22. a Zumpt. Capito, C. Fonteius, — Consul with German- icus Caesar, (765, a. u. c.) 12. t Capito, C. Fonteius, — Consul with C. Vipsa- nius, (812, a. u. c.) 59. Capito, L. Fonteius, — Consul with C. Julius Rufus, (820, a. u. c.) 67. Capito, "Wolfgang Fabricius, theologian, — b. at Hagenau, Alsace, 1478 — in the service of Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg, 1520-3 — assists at conference of Marburg, 1529 — Pro- testant delegate at diet of Ratisbon, 1541 — ti. at Strasbourg, 1541,* i542. b a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. Capitol, at Rome, — [BC] — rebuilt by Catu- lus, 69^ 62 b — [AD] — rebuilt, 21 Jun. 70 — burnt, 80. a Zumpt, Clinton. b Merivale. Capitoline Games, — [BC] — instituted at Rome, 387 — [AD]— restored by Domitian, 86. Capitolinus, C. Julius, — Consul with Aure- lian, (1027, a. u. c.) 274. Capitolinus, Cn. Manlius, — [BC]— Consul with M. Popillius Lamas, (395, a. v. c.) 359 — with C. Marcius Rutilus, (397,) 357. Capitolinus, M. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul with L. Valerius Potitus, (362, a. u. c.) 392 ■ — JEquian war; saves the Capitol from the Gauls, 390 — intcrrex, 387 — espouses plebeian cause, 385 — condemned for treason and thrown from Tarpeian rock, 384. Capitolinus, P. Cestius, — [BC] — Consul with 'J'. Menenius Lanatus, (302, a. u. c.) 452. Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, Barbatu3, — [BC] — Consul with Numer. Fabius Vibulan., (333, a. u. c.) 421. Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, Barbatus, — [B c] — Consul with App. Claudius Sabinus Regil- lensis, (283, a. u. c.) 471 — suppresses Pub- liliau law; war with JSquians; Consul with Q. Servilius Priscus, (286,) 468 — war with Volscians and JEquians; triumphs; Consul with Q. Fabius Vibulauus, (289,) 465— war with Volscians and iEquiaris; Consul with Agrippa Furius Fusus, (308,) 446— war with Volscians and JEquians ; Consul with M. Ge- ganius Macerinus, (311,) 443 — mediates in plebeian and patrician contests ; Consul with Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, (315,) 439— ob- tains acquittal of son of Dictator Cincinnatus, 437- Capitolinus Crispinus, T. Quinctius Pen- nus, — [B C] — Consul with M. Fabius Ambustus, (400, a. u. c.) 354. Capivaccio, (Capo di Vacca,) Jerome, phy- sician, — h. at Padua, about 1525? — Prof. Medicine, 1552-82 — at Venice, on occasion of fever there, 1576 — tf., 1589. Capmany y de Montpalan, Antonio de, historian, archaeologist, — b. at Barcelona, 24 Nov. 1742 — conducts colonists to the Sierra Morena, 1770 — perpetual secretary of Royal Academy of History, Madrid, 1790— escapes to Seville, 1808 — deputy to the Cortes, 1812-13 — tf. at Cadiz, 14 Nov. 181 3. Memorias his- toricas sobre la marina commercio y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona, 1779-92 — Codigo de las costumbres maritimas de Barcelona, 1791 — -Filosofia de la elocuencia, 1777 — Diccionario frances-espanol, 1805. Capmartin de Chaupy, Bertrand, — 6. near Toulouse, about 1720 — at Rome, 1756-76 — tf. at Paris, 1798. De'couverte de la inaison de camp agne d' Horace, 1767-9. Capo d'Istria, John, Count op, diplomatist, — b. at Corfu, 1780 — enters service of Russia, 1806 — plenipotentiary of Emperor Alexander to Switzerland, 18 13: — at Congress of Vienna, 1 8 15 — signs Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15— Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1 8 15 — at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 — ■ arrives at JNauplia,- as President of Greece, 1 8 Jan. 1828 — assassinated tbere, 9 Oct. 1831. Capodilista, Giovanni Francisco, Count, jurist, diplomatist, — Prof. Jurisprudence at Padua, about 1400 — one of the Paduan de- puties to Venice, 1405 — one of the Venetian ambassadors at Council of Easel, 143 1 — created Count Palatine, by Emperor Sigismund ; employed by Eugenius IV., 1440. Cappadocia, — [B C] — subject to Persia, after 546-331 — Ariarathes I. asserts independence, about or after 331 — subjugated by Perdiccas, 322— assigned to Eumenes, 322 — nominally in- dependent under Ariarathes II., 315 — Ariamnes II., about 280 — part conquered by Mithridates II. of Pontus, before 266— Aria- rathes III., 248 ? — Ariarathes IV., 220 — ■ marries Antiochis, 192 — takes part in battle of Magnesia, 190 — makes peace with Romans, 188 — assists Eumenes in war against Pharnaces, 183-179 — tf., winter 163-2 — Ariarathes V., (Philopator,) 162 — loses his kingdom to Oro- phernes, 158 — regains it, 157 — assists Attalus in war against Prusias, 156-4 — ally of Rome against Aristonicus, 133 — Ariarathes VI. and regency of Laodice, 131 — marries sister of ]\] ithridates the Great, about 115 — put to death by Mithridates, 96 — Ariarathes VII., about 96 — put to death by Mithridates, 94 — Aria- rathes VIII. , 94 — Ariarathes IX., 93 — pro- claimed independent of Rome, Ariobarzanes I. elected, 93 — expelled by Tigranes, 93 — re- CAPPEL— CABAVAGGIO. '■11 stored by Sulla, 92— expelled, 90— restored by Aquillias, 89— expelled by Mithridates, 88— restored by Curio, 84— again expelled, 67 — restored by Pompey, 66— Ariobarzanes II., (Eusebes,) about 64— put to death by Cassius, 42 — Ariarathes IX., 42— put to death by An- tony, 36 — Archelaus, 36 — part of Cilicia and Lower Armenia added to the kingdom by Augustus, about 31 — added to Galatia, about 20 — [ad] — regent appointed by Augustus during the imbecility of Archelaus, 14 — and by Tiberius, 15— on death of Archelaus, made a Boman province by Tiberius, 17— Cilicia and Lycaonia added by Eome, about 1 30. Cappel, — the army of Zurich and Berne de- feated by the army of the five Catholic Cantons, and Zwingli killed, .11 Oct. 153 1. Cappelle, Jean Pierre van, historian, §c, — fc. at Flushing, 1783— gains gold medal of Scientific Society of Haarlem, for Memoir on the burning glasses of Archimedes, 1804 — Prof. National Literature, Amsterdam, 18 15 — Prof. National History, Amsterdam, 18 19 — ft. there, 26 Aug. 1829. Capperonnier, Claude, philologist, — b. at Mont-Didier, 1 May 167 1— goes to Paris, 1688 —Prof. Greek, Eoyal Coll., Paris, 1722— ft. there, 24 Jul. 1744. Quintilian, 1725 — An- tiqui Rhetores Latini, 1756. Capranica, Domenico, Cardinal, — b. near Palestrina, 31 May 1404— Cardinal, by Martin V., 1423 — envoy to Council of Sienna, 1424— legate of the March of Ancona, 1443 — Go- vernor of Perugia and Spoletto, 1445 — ft., 1 Sep. 1458. Caprara, Giovanni Eattista, Cardinal, Abp, &c.,— 6. at Bologna, 29 May 1733— Nuncio from Clement XIII. to Cologne, 1767 — Nuncio from Pius VI. to Lucerne, 1775 — Nuncio to Vienna, 1785-93 — Cardinal, 18 Jun. 1792 — Legate a latere to French Government, 4 Sep. 1 801-10 — celebrates mass at Notre Dame, 18 Apr. 1802 — crowns Napoleon King of Italy, at Milan, 28 May 1805 — ft. at Paris, 21 Jun. 1810. Caprarius, C Csecilius Metellus, — [B C] — Consul with Cn. Papirius Carbo, (641, a. u. c.) Capreae, Capri, island. [Tiberius.] Capreolus, theologian, — Bp of Carthage, 430— ft., before 439. Letter to Synod at Bphe- sus, 431. Capriata, Pier-Giovanni, historian, — b. at Genoa, about 1600. ? Bella istoria di P. G. Capriata libri dodici dal 1613 al 1634, 1638. Capua, {Vulturnum,) Capuanus, Capuen- sis, Campanus, — [B C] — conquered by tbe Sam- nites, 420 — again attacked, claims protection of Borne, 343 — revolts to Hannibal, who makes it his winter quarters, 2 1 6 — recovered by Borne, 211 — and governed by a pisefect; receives a Boman colony, 59 — [AD] — receives a colony of veterans under Nero, 57 — destroyed by Gense- ric, 456 — by Saracens, about 840 — rebuilt on site of Casilinum, and head of an earldom, by Landulph, 856 — archbishopric, 968. Capuchins, Order of,— founded by Matthew Baschi, 1525 — confirmed by bull of Clement VII., 3 Jul. 1528. Caracalla, (Caracallus,) M. Aurelius An- toninus Augustus, {Bassianus,) Boman Em- peror, — b., 4 or 6 Apr. 188 — Csesar, 196 — pontifex, 197 — Augustus, trib. pot., 198 — takes part with Severus in expedition against Parthia ; receives toga virilis, 201 — Consul with his father Severus, (955, a. u. c.) 202 — with P. Septimius Geta Csesar, (958,) 205, and (961) 208 — goes with Severus and Geta to Britain, 208 — Emperor with Geta, (4) Feb. 211 — mur- dersGeta, 212 — visits imperial provinces, 213-14 — Consul with D. Cselius Balbinus, (966,) 213 — campaign against the Alamanni, 214 — mas- sacre at Alexandria, 215 — invasion of Parthia, sack of Arbela, 216 — assassinated near Edessa, 8 Apr. 217. Caracas, S. America, — earthquakes at, 18 12, 1826. [Venezuela, Colombia.] Caraccioli, Antoine, Prince oe Melfi, Marshal op France, — b. at Melfi, about 1500? — Abbe of St Victor, 1543 — has con- ferences with Calvin and Bezaat Geneva, 1557 — ft. at Cbateauneuf-sur-Loire, 1569. Caraccioli, Francesco, admiral, — b. at Na- ples, about 1748 — -enters the navy, 1764 — at Toulon, 1793 — commands one of the vessels convoying royal family to Sicily, 1798 — com- mander of the expedition against Procida and Ischia, 1799 — tried by court-martial and hung by Lord Nelson's orders, 1799. Caraccioli, Giovanni, — favourite of Jane II., Queen of Naples, 1414-32 — assassinated, 17 Aug. 1432. Caractacus, (Caradoc,) King of the Si- lures,- — defeated by Ostorius Scapula, and be- trayed to the Bomans by Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes, 50 — taken prisoner to Borne, 5 1 - Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro. [Paul IV., Pope.] Caraffa, Hector, Count op Buvo,— b. at Naples, 1767 — arrested for liberal opinions, 1796 — escapes, and quits Naples ; returns with French army, 1799 — arrested at Pescara, tried, and executed, 1799. Caraglio, {Car alius,) Giangiacomo, engraver, — b. at Verona, or Parma, about 1500 — ft. at Parma, 1551. Caraman, Victor Maurice de Eiquet, Count of, — b., 16 Jun. 1727 — captain in the Berri Cavalry, 1743 — Grand Cross of St Louis, Com- mander-general of Provence, 1786 — joins French princes at Coblentz, 1792 — returns to France, 1803 — ft. at Paris, 24 Jan. 1807. Caratal, in Guiana — gold mines on the Orinoco discovered by Plassard, 1849 — settle- ment formed, 1857. Carausius, M. Aurelius Valerius, Boman Emperor, — assumes title of Augustus in Bri- tain, 287 — colleague of Diocletian and Maxi- mianus, about 289, 292 a — murdered by Allec- tus, 293, bcd 294^ a Annals of England. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Clinton. Caravaggio, {Amerighi or Merigi,) Michel Angelo da, painter, — b. at Caravaggio, 1569 — ft. at Porto Ercole, 1609. Caravaggio, Polidoro da. [Caldara.] 2-S CARBAJAL-CARDS. Carbajal, (Carabajal,) Luis, painter— h. at Toledo, 1534— employed in the Escurial; rj , about 161 3. . Carberry Hill, near Edinburgh,— meeting of Mary Queen of Scots and Bothwell and the insurgents at, flight of Bothwell and capture of the Queen, 14 Jun. 1567. Carbines, {Carabines,)— employed by Henry II. of France, 1559. Carbo, C Papirius,— [BC]—b., about 164— trib. pleb., 131 — suspected of murder of Scipio Africanus, 129 — Consul with P. Manlius, deserts the Gracchi, (634, a. u. c.) 120— accused by L. Licinius Crassus, commits suicide, 119. * Carbo, Cn. Papirius,— [B C]— commands at the stockade of Borne by Marius, 87— Consul with L. Cornelius China, (669, a.u.c.) 85— self- appoiuted Consul with L. Cornelius Cmna, (670 } ) 84— procurator of Gaul, suspected of burning the Capitol, 83— Consul with C. Marius, carries on Avar with Sulla, slain in Sicily by Pompey, 82. Carbon Printing, in Ph otography, —practised by Poitevin, 1 855— improved by Pouncey, 1858 — perfected by Swan, 1864. Carbonara, Lodovico, Count, statesman,— b. at Genoa, 11 Mar. 1753— senator, 1793— one of the deputies to Bonaparte at Milan, 1797 — member of Provisional Government of Genoa, Apr. 1799 — of commission of Government of Genoa, 1800 — Count of the Empire, officer of Legion of Honour, 1809 — one of the three delegates to Charles Felix, on the abdication of King Victor Emmanuel, 1821 — b. at Genoa, 25 Jan. 1826. Carbonari, The,— Society of, formed (?) in Italy, 1 808 — take part in insurrection at Nola, 2 Jul." 1820— -joined by the garrison of Naples; compel Ferdinand to grant a constitution, 7 Jul. 1820 — establish themselves in France, close of 1820 — capitulate to Austrians at Naples, 24 Mar. 1821. Carbonic Acid, — described by Black, 1757-— liquified by Faraday, 1823 — solidified by Thi- lorier, about 1836. Carcauo, Giovanni Battista, anatomist, — b. at Milan, 1538 — Prof. Anatomy, Pavia, 1563. Carcassone, (Carcaso } Carcasum Volcarum Tectosagum,) in France, — passes under dominion of the Visigoths, about 420— unsuccessfully besieged by Clovis, 508 — taken by Burgundians, under Gontran, about 586 — retaken by Visi- goths, 587-8 — taken by the Moors of Spain, 7 24 — retaken by Charles Martel, soon after ; governed by Counts, from 819 — passes to Counts of Barcelona, 1060 — taken by Crusaders, (Albigensian,) 1209 — recovered by Raymond Trencavel, the last Viscount, 1224 — conquered by Louis VIII., 1226 — unsuccessfully besieged by Raymond, 1 240 — given up by him to the king at Beziers, 7 Apr. 1247 — revolts, 1262 — partly burnt by Prince of Wales, 1355 — parliament of Toulouse established at, 1589 — falls into the hands of the Leaguers, 1591 — recovered by Henry IV., 1596. Cardano, Girolamo, (Cardan us,) physician, matlwnatician, fc, — b. at Pavia, 24 Sep. 1501 — sent to Univ. of Pavia, 1520— M.D., Padua, 1526— settles at Sacco, Sep. 1526 — marries, 153 1 — lecturer on Mathematics, Milan, 1534 — ■ rector of Coll. of Physicians, 1541 — Prof. Physic, Univ. of Pavia, 1543 — resigns his chair, 155 1 — visits Hamilton, Abp of St Andrews, at Edinburgh, Jun. to Sep. 1552 — presented to Edward VI. in London, 1552 — Prof. Medicine, Pavia, 1560-2 — at Bologna, 1562-70 — im- prisoned there, 13 Oct. 1570 — reaches Rome, Mar. 157 1 — tf. at Rome, 20 Sep. 1576. Prac- tica Arithmelice, 1539 — -®e Arte Magna, 1543 — De varietate rerum, 1550 — Be subtilitate, 1551 — Ars curandi parva, $• by George IV., 1820 — 11 unterian Lecturer, 1820 and 1826 — Pres. R.C.S., 1829 and 1839 — **• in London, 2 Nov. 1 840. Essay on the Disorders of Old Age, 1 81 7 — Alleged discovery of the Use of the Spleen and Thyroid Gland, 1829. Carloman, King of France, — b., 751 — succeeds his father Pepin, jointly with his bro- ther Charles (the Great,) 24 Sep. 768 — crown- ed at Soissons, 9 Oct. 768 — tf., 4 Dec. 771. Carloman, King of France, — succeeds his father Louis the Stammerer, jointly with his brother Louis, 879 — the kingdom divided be- tween them, Mar. 880— tr., 6 Dec. 884. Carloman. [Austrasia.] Carloni, Giovanni, painter, — 6. at Genoa, 1591 — tf. at Milan, 1630. Carloni, Giovanni Battista, painter, — n. at Genoa, 1594^ 1592 b — tf., i68o, a i659. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Carlos, Don, — h. at Valladolid, 8 Jan. 1545 — acknowledged heir to the crown of Spain by States at Toledo, 1560— imprisoned by his father, 18 Jan. 1568 — tf., 24 Jul. 1568. Carlos, Don, Pretender to the crown of Spain, — fj , 29 Mar. 1788 — compelled by Na- poleon I. to join in renunciation of the kingdom, 1808 — protests against repeal of the Salic Law by Ferdinand, 1830 — insurrection in his favour against Queen Isabella, autumn 1833 — civil war, 1833-9 — retires to Bourges, Aug. 1839 — abandons his claim, 1845 — tf. at Trieste, 10 Mar. 1855. Carlos, Don. [Charles III. of Spain. .] Carlow, — the Exchequer established at, by Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 1361 — the castle taken by Sir Edward Poynings, 1494 — be- sieged by the rebels, 1641 — taken by the Royal- ists, May 1647 — besieged and taken by Sir Hardress Waller, 24 Jul. 1650 — unsuccessfully attacked by the rebels, 25 May 1798. Carlowitz, Treaty of, — between the Em- peror Leopold and the Turks, the latter ceding Hungary, Transylvania, and Sclavonia to the Empire, concluded, 26 Jan. 1699. Carlsbad, — meeting of the Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia at, 22-24 ^ un - 1864. Con- gress of, meets, 1 Aug. 18 19. Carlstadt. [Carolostadt.] Carlstadt, {Carolostadt,) Andreas Boden- stein, reformer, — b. at Carlstadt, about 1483 — settles at Wittenberg, 1504 — D.D., 15 10 — Dean of Hniv., 15 12— becomes adherent of Luther, 15 17 — disputation with Dr Eck at Leipsic, 15 19 — excommunicated by the pope, 1520 — occasions tumult by suppressing private masses, removing images, &c, 1522 — opposes Luther in the Eucharist Controversy, 1524 — ■ expelled from Saxony, 1524 — recalled, 1525 — Prof. Divinity, Basel, 1534 — tf. there, 25 Dec. Carlyle, Alexander,— 6., 1722 — serves as volunteer in rebellion of 1745 — Presbyterian minister, Inveresk, 1747 — tf., 1805. Auto- biography, i860. Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, — b. at Carlisle, 1759 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1775 — Prof. Arabic, 1794 — accompanies Lord Elgin to Constantinople, as chaplain, 1799 — returns to England, Sep. 1801 — tf. at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, 1 2 Apr. 1804. Maurad allatofat, §c, 1792. Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone di, con- dottiere, — rj. at Carmagnole, about 1390 — en- ters army of Duke of Milan, 141 2 — escapes from Milan, and goes to Venice, 1425 — defeats at Macalo the Milanese forces, 1 1 Oct. 1427 — arrested at Venice on suspicion of treachery, 15 Apr. 1432 — beheaded, 5 May 1432. Carmathians, followers of Carmath, Mus- CARMEL— CARPENTER. sulman Reformer, — appear in Arabia and Persia, (277, a. h.) 890 a — defeat and capture general of the Caliph, (287,) 900 b — conquer Bahrein, about 900 — pillage Mecca, (317,) 929— take Baghdad, (318,) 930.^ a Gibbon. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Carmel, Mount, Order of Our Lady of— established by Henry IT. of France, 1607 — united with Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem, 1608. Carmelite Order, Carmelites, — founded in Syria, 1 1 7 1 a — rule of the Order confirmed by Honorius III., 1224 — driven from the Holy Land, about 1238 b — established in England, 1240 — reformed by St Theresa, about 1533 a — the Bare-footed separated from the Ancient Observance by Gregory XIII., 1580. a Du Fresnoy. b Stevens. Carmontelle, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Paris, 25 Aug. 17 17 — o - ., 26 Dec. 1806. Pro- verbes Dramatiques, 1768-81, 1811. Carnarvon. [Caernarvon.] Carnata. [Canara Bijayanaghur.] Carneades, — [B C] — -philosopher, — b., about 213 — ambassador to Rome with Diogenes and Critolaos, 155 — "0., 129. Carneia, — [BC] — musical contests at the, instituted at Sparta, (01. 26,) 676-673. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, states- man, mathematician, — h. at Nolay, in Bur- gundy, 13 May 1753 — enters the army, 177 1 — member of Academy of Dijon, 1784— of Legis- lative Assembly, 17 91 — of deputation to Louis XVI., 10 Aug. 1792 — of National Convention, 1792 — joins army of the North, 1793 — pro- scribed, 1795 — Minister of War, Apr. 1800— called to the Tribune, Mar. 1802 — Commander of Antwerp, 18 14 — if. at Magdeburg, May, a 2 Aug. b 1823. Essai sur les machines en general, 1786 — Reflexions sur la metaphysique du calcul infinitesimal, 1797 — De la defense des places fortes, 1809 — Geometric de position, 1803. a Biog. Univ. Engl. Cyc. Caro, Annibale, poet, miscellaneous icriter,— I), at Civita Nuova, 1507 — secretary to Pier Luigi Farnese, 1543— o". at Frascati near Rome, 21 Nov. 1566. Rime, 1569 — Letter e famigliari, i57 2 -75- Caro, don Ventura or Bonaventura, general, — 6. at Valencia, about 1742 — Commander of Minorca, 1782 — restores order in Galicia, 1790 — commands in war against France, 1793 — re- signs office, 1794 — Captain-general of Valencia, 1 801 — of the army, 1802 — a"., about 1808. Carolina, IT.S., — first colony in, on the Roanoke, by Raleigh, Jun. 1585 — first per- manent settlement, 1650 — given by Charles II. to Clarendon, Monk, Shaftesbury and others, 24 Mar. 1663 — receives constitution, 1667 — constitution for, drawn up by Locke, 1669 — but abrogated, 1693 — the colonists refuse submission to the proprietors, 17 19 — purchased by the Crown, and divided into North and South Carolina, May 1729, i7i9 a — territory extended by grant from the Cherokees, 1755 — opposition to the Stamp Act, 1769 — [American War] — boundary between S. Caro- lina and Georgia adjusted by Commissioners, 1787. a Maccullocb. Carolina, N., U.S., — admitted to the Union, 27 Nov. 1789 — adopts ordinance of Secession, 20 May 1 861 — proclaimed in rebellion and slaves declared free, by Pres. Lincoln, 1 Jan. 1863 — [Confederate States] — readmitted tore- presentation in Congress by bill of 11 Jun. 1868. Carolina, S., L T .S., — admitted to the Union, 23 May 1788 — declaration that the encroach- ments of the Federal government justified secession adopted in a Convention, 2 Apr. 1852 — ordinance of Secession passed at Charleston, 20 Dec. i860— blockade of ports proclaimed by Pres. Lincoln, 19 Apr. 1861 — proclaimed in rebellion and slaves declared free, by Pres. Lincoln, 1 Jan. 1863 — [Confederate States, Charleston] — readmitted to representation in Congress by bill of 11 Jim. 1868. Caroline Amelia Augusta, {Elizabeth,) Queen of England,— h. at Brunswick, 17 May 1768 — marries George, Prince of Wales, (George IV.,) 8 Apr. 1795 — birth of the Princess Charlotte, 7 Jan. 1796 — separated from her husband, 1 7 96 — commission appointed to investigate her conduct, 29 May 1806 — de- clared innocent ; quits England and travels, 9 Aug. 1 8 14 — arrives in London, 6 Jim. 1820 — bill of pains and penalties introduced, 6 Jul. — ■ trial begins, 17 Aug. — bill abandoned, 10 Nov. — returns public thanks at St Paul's, 29 Nov. — is refused admission to Westminster Hall and Abbey at the coronation of her husband, 19 Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. at Hammersmith, 7 Aug. 1821. Caroline Maria, Queen of Naples, — ft. at Vienna, 13 Aug. 1752 — marries Ferdinand IV., (or I.,) King of the Two Sicilies, 12 May 1768 — her influence supreme, opposes French policy, 1792-5 — embarks for Sicily, 1798 — returns with the king, 27 Jul. 1799 — quits Naples and returns to Vienna, 18 11 — U. at Schonbrunn, 8 Sep. 18 14. Caroline, Wilhelmina, Queen of England, — 6., 1682 — marries Prince George of Hanover, (George II. of England,) 1705 — crowned Queen with her husband, 22 Oct. 1727 — o\, 1 Dec. J 737- Carotto, Gian Francesco, painter, — t>. at Verona, about 1470 — tf., 1546. Carpaccio, Vittore, painter, — fr., probably at Venice, about 1450 — o - ., after 152 1. St Ursula and her Companions, Venice, 1493-5 — Christ adored by Angels, Vienna, 1496 — Madonna and Child enthroned, National Gallery, about 1478. ? Carpenter, Lant, theologian, — h. at Kidder- minster, 2 Sep. 1780 — minister of Unitarian congregation, Exeter, 1805-17— LL.D., Glas- gow, 1806 — minister at Bristol, 1817-26, 1829- 39 — drowned, on coast of Italy, 5 Apr. 1840. Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament, 1805 — Harmony of the Gospels, 1835 — Principles of Education, <§c, 1820. Carpenter, Nathaniel, — b. in Devonshire, 7 Feb. 1588 — Fellow of Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1607 — cbaplain to Abp Ussher, about 1626 — ft. at Dublin, 1628^1635^ Philosophia libera, 1621. a Wood. b Fuller. CARPENTER— CARRE. Carpenter, William Hookham, art critic, — ft. in Loudon, 1792 — Keeper of Prints and Drawings, British Museum, 1845 — tr. at the Museum, 12 Jul. 1866. Fictorial Notices of ) 'andykc and Rubens, 1 844. Carpentier, Pierre, Benedictine, — ft. at Char- leville, 2 Feb. 1697 — tr. at Paris, Dec. 1767. Alphabet ion tyronianum, 1747 — Glossarium novum, 1766. Carpentier, Pierre, Governor-general of Di/tch East Indies, — ft., probably about 1 5S 8— goes to the Indies, 1616 — Director-gen- eral of commerce, Amboyna, 16 18 — Governor- general of Dutch East Indies, 1623 — returns to Holland, 1628— chief of the India Company, j 629-59— o\, 5 Sop. 1659. Carpi, in Italy, — Prince Eugene defeats the French at, 9 Jul. 1701. Carpi, Girolamo {Bianchi) da, painter, — ft. at Ferrara, 1488, a i5oi b — tJ. there, 1556. a Tiraboschi. b Vasari. Carpi, Hugo da, wood-engraver, — ft. at Rome, about i486 ? — ft, about 1518-32. Carpini, (Carpin,) Johannes de Piano, Franciscan, — ft. in Italy, about i220, a i2io b — envoy from Innocent IV. to the Tatars, 1246 — to St Louis, to dissuade him from the cru- sade, 1247.° a Erscb and Gruber. b Engl. Cyc. c Kington. Carpov, Jacob, philosopher, — fj. at Goslar, 29 Sep. 1699 — studies at Halle, 1721 — Prof. Mathematics, Weimar, 1742 — tf. there, 9 Jun. 1768. Disputatio de rationis sufficient-is prin- cipio, 1725 — (Economia salutis novi Testamenti, §c, 1737. Fensees sur Vavantage de la gram- maire universelle, 1744. Carpzov, {Carpzovius^ "Benedict, jurist, — ft. at Wittenberg, 27 May 1595 — Prof. Laws, Leipsic, 1645 — tr. there, 30 Aug. 1666. Frac- tica nova nrum criminalism, 1635. Comment. ad legem regiam Ger manor um, 1640. Ftejini- tiones forenses, 1638. Carpzov, (Carpzovius,) John Benedict, philo- sopher, — ft. at Leipsic, 20 May 1720 — Prof. Philosophy there, 1747 — Prof. Greek, Helm- stadt, 1748— tf., 28 Apr. 1S03. Fhilosophorum de qui etc Bei placita, 1740 — Exercitationes sa- cra, 1758. Carr, Thomas, [Miles Finkney,) Catholic priest, — ft., 1599 — founds monastery of English Augustines at Paris : tr., 31 Oct. 16*74. Fietas parisiensis, 1666. Carra, Jean Louis, — ft. at Pont-de-Vesle, 1743 — goes to Paris, 1789 — declares war at the Jacobin Club, on the Emperor Leopold, 22 Dec. 1790 — recalled from mission to Blois, 12 Jun. 1793 — beheaded, with the Girondists, 31 Oct. J 793- Carra-Saint-Cyr, Jean Francois, Count of, fft tu ral, — ft., 1756 — General of Brigade, 1794 — accompanies Aubert Dubayer to Constanti- nople as secretary, 1796-8 — wounded at pass- age of the Mincio, Jun. 1800 — General of Division, 27 Aug. 1803 — serves in Prussian campaign, 1807 — in Austrian campaign, 1809 — recalled from Illyria, 18 13 — Chevalier of St . and Governor of Guyana, 1817 — 1(. at Yely, 5 Jan. 1834. Carracci, Agostino, painter, engraver, %c, — ft. at Bologna, Aug. i559, a 1558 bc — teaches in the Academy there, 1589-1600 — goes to Rome, 1600 — tf. at Parma, 22 Mar. 1601. a Biog. rniv. b Erscb and Gruber. c V\*ornum. Carracci, Annibale, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 1560 — studies works of Correggio at Parma, 1580-2 — takes part in founding Academy at Bologna, 1589 — goes to Rome, 1600— employed in the Farnese Palace, till 1604 — tf. at Rome, 15 Jul. 1609. Carracci, Antonio, painter, — ft. at Venice, 1583 — tf. at Rome, 1618. Carracci, Lodovico, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 21 Apr. 1555 — with his cousins founds and directs the Academy of Painting there, 1589- 1600 — sole Director, from 1600 — tf. at Bologna, 13 Dec. 1619. Carradori, Joachim, natural philosopher, — ft. at Prato, Tuscany, 7 Jun. 1758— Prof. Phi- losophy, Pistoia, about 1786 — tf., Nov. 18 18. Teoria del colore, 1787 — Sulla fertilitd delta terra, about 1801. Carranza, Bartolomeo de, ABr of Toledo, — ft. at Miranda-del-Ebro, 1503,* 1520 b — sent by Charles Y. to Council of Trent, 1545 — con- fessor to Queen Mary of England, 1554 — Abp of Toledo, by Philip II., 1557^ 1558 b — im- prisoned at Rome, 1566-76— tr., 2 May 1576. Comentarios sobre el catequismo cristiano, 1558 — Summa conciliorum, 1546. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Carrara, Francesco da, Sovereign of Padua, — commands army of the Lombard league, 1354 — assists Hungarians in the war against Venice, 1358 — compelled to makepeace with Venice, 21 Sep. 1373 — war of Chiozza, 1378-81 — acquires Trevisa, Feltre, Belluna, &c, 1384 — attacked and defeated by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, 1388 — loses Padua and Trevisa to Visconti, 1388 — tr. at the castle of Como, 6 Oct. 1393. Carrara, Francesco II., (Kovello,) da, — be- comes sovereign of Padua, 29 Jun. 1388 — surrenders Padua to the Milanese, 23 JSov. 1388 — reenters, and carries on war against the Visconti, 19 Jun. 1390 — reestablished, by peace concluded, 2 Feb. 1392 — seizes Verona and Brescia and is attacked by Venice, 1404 — capi- tulates, and is carried prisoner to Venice, ISov. 1405 — strangled in prison, 17 Feb. 1406. Carrara, Giovanni Michel Alberto, his- torian, §c., — ft. at Bergamo, soon after 1400? — Count Palatine, by Emperor Frederick III., 24 Feb. 1488 — tf. at Bergamo, 26 Oct. 1490. Carre, Guillaume Louis Julien, jurist, — ft. at Rennes, 21 Oct. 1777 — Prof. Law there, 1806 — tf-, 13 Mar. 1832. Introduction ge- nerate d l' etude du droit, 1808 — les his de la procedure civile, 1824. Carre, Jean Baptiste, — ft. at Varennes, 12 Apr. 1749 — goes to Paris, 1770 — Justice of Peace, 1793-1823 — Inspector of Forests, to Prince of Conde, 1815-32— tr. at Varennes, 16 Feb. 1835. Panoplie, 1795. Carre, Louis, mathematician, — ft. in La Brie, 26 Jul. 1663 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1697 — tr., 11 Apr. 17 11. Meihode CAERE— CARTHAGE. 283 pour la mesure des surfaces, la dimension des solides, §c, par V application da calcul integral, 1710. Carre, Robert. [Somerset, Earl of.] Carrel, Armand, historian, journalist, — ft. at Rouen, 8 Aug. i8oi, a 8 May 1800 b — enters the army, 18 17 — secretary to Augustin Thierry, about 1825 — if. of wound received in a duel, 24 Jul. 1836. Joint editor of the National, from 1 Jan. 1830 — Histoire de la Contre-Reoolution en Angleterre, 1827. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Carreno de Miranda, don Juan, painter, — ft. in Asturias, 16 14 — court painter to Philip IV., 165 1— if., 1685. Carrera, Pietro, historian, §c, — 6. at Mili- tello, Sicily, 157 1 — if. at Messina, 8 Sep. 1647. Varia epigrammata, 16 10 — II giuoco de'scacchi, 1 6 1 7 — II mong ibello descritto, 1636 — Belle memorie istoriche della cittd di Catania, 1639- Carrere, Francesco, physician, — ft. at Per- pignan, 11 Mar. 1622 — M.D., Barcelona, 1654 —first physician of the army, 1667-90 — if. at Barcelona, 14 May 1695. Be salute militum tuenda, 1679. Carrere, Joseph Barthelemi Francois, physician,— -ft. at Perpignan, 24 Aug. 1740 — settles at Paris, 1773 — sent to Spain, 1795 — if. at Barcelona, 20 Dec. 1802. Bibliotheque litteraire, historique, et critique, de la medecine ancienne et moderne, 1776 — Catalogue raisonne des ouvrages sur les eaux minirales, 1785. Carrey, Jacques, painter, — ft. at Troyes, Jan. 1646 — if. there, 18 Feb. 1726. Carrhse, Carrhene, Harran, in Mesopotamia, • — [B C] — Crassus defeated and slain by Par- thians at, 53 — [AD] — taken by Odenathus, 264 — Narses defeats Galerius near, 297 — Julian reaches, 19 Mar. 363. Carrickfergus, in Ireland, — castle besieged and taken by Edward Bruce, 13 15 — burnt by Scots, 1386 — stormed and plundered by Earl of Arran, 1513 a — besieged by MacDonnell, 1555 — relieved by Sir Henry Sidney, Jul. 1556 — surrenders to Schomberg, 29 Aug. 1689 — "William III. lands at, 14 Jun. 1690 — captured by the French, 21 Feb. 1760 — abandoned by them, 26 Feb. 1760 — Paul Jones captures the sloop Drake off, 24 Apr. 1778. a Tytler. Carrier, Jean Baptiste, Jacobin leader, — ft. in Auvergne, 1756 — deputy to National Con- vention, 1792 — aids in forming revolutionary tribunal, 10 Mar. 1793 — arrives at Nantes, 8 Oct. 1793 — first noyade, 15 Nov. 1793 — exe- cuted by sentence of revolutionary tribunal, 16 Dec. 1794. Carriera. [Rosalba.] Carrion, Louis, — ft. at Bruges, about 1547 — Prof. Royal of Civil Law, Louvain, 1 Dec. 1586 — Prof. Canon Law, 10 Jun. 1589 — Director of Coll. of St Yves, 1587-93 — if. at Louvain, 23 Jun. 1595. Antiquarum lectionum commentarii tres, §c„ 1576 — Emendationum et observationum libri duo, 1583. Carron, Gui Toussaint Julien, abbe—h. at Rennes, 23 Feb. 1760 — founds there a sailcloth factory and a penitentiary, 1789 — exiled to Jersey, 1792 — comes to London, 1796 — returns to France and has direction of the Institute of Marie Therese, 18 14 — if. at Paris, 15 Mar. i820, a i82i. b Modeles du clerge, 1787 — Trois Heroines Chre'tiennes, 1790 — Bensees Eccle'sias* tiques, 1800. a Biog. Unh\ b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Carronade, — invented by General Melville, 1752 — first cast and brought into use, 1779. Carstares, William, theologian, §c, — ft. at Cathcart, near Glasgow, n Feb. 1649 — arrested as conspirator, [Ryehouse Plot,] 1682 — chaplain to Prince of Orange, 1685 — confidential secre- tary to William III., 1688-1702 — Principal antl Prof. Divinity, Edinburgh Univ., 1704 — if., 28 Dec. 17 15. State Bapers, 1774. Carstens, Asmus Jacob, painter, — ft. at Sleswick, 10 May 1754 — goes to Rome, 1792 — if., 25 May 1798. Carte, Thomas, historian, — ft. at Clifton, Warwickshire, Apr. 1686— enters Oxford Univ., 1698 — M.A., Cambridge, 1706 — takes part in Stuart rebellion, and flees to France, 17 15 — returns to England, about 1729 — if. at Caldecot House, near Abingdon, 2 Apr. 1754. Life of James, Buke of Ormoncl, 1735-6 — History of England, 1747-55 — Catalogue of Gascon, Nor- man, and French rolls preserved in the archives of the Tower of London, 17 13 — Collection of Letters and Memoirs concerning the Affairs of England from 1641 ta 1660, 1738. Carte de Visite, Photographic,— patented by Disderi, 27 Nov. 1854. Carteaux, Jean Francois, general, — ft. at Aillevans, 1751 — enters the army, 1767 — takes part with National Guard, Paris, 10 Aug. 1792 — General of Brigade, 1793 — defeats Marseillese and enters Marseilles, 25 Aug. 1793 — represses insurrection at Caen, 1795 — returns from Piombino, 1805 — if., Apr. 18 13. Carteia, (Tartessus ?) Carthaea, Carpia, Carpessus, — [B C] — C. Lselius defeats Adherbal at sea, off, 206. Cartellier, Pierre, scidptor, — ft. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1757 — Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, 1808 — member of Institute, 18 10 — Prof, at School of Fine Arts, 18 16 — ii., 12 Jun. 1831. Carter, Elizabeth, classical scholar, — ft. at Deal, Kent, 16 Dec. 17 17 — if. in London, 19 Feb. 1806. Translation of Epictetus, 1758. Carteret, John. [Granville, Earl.] Carthage, Carthaginians, — [B C] — founded by Dido, {mythic,) 794,* 8i8, b 825,° 86i,d 1025^ before 1200 f — acquire part of Sardinia, before 550 — destroy Phocsean fleet, about 550* — first treaty with Rome, 508 s — attempt con- quest of Sicily, and are defeated by Gelon at Himera, 480 — second treaty with Rome, 480- 4io,s 345 k — second expedition to Sicily, be- ginning of a long war, 410 — destroy Selinus and Himera, 409 — war with Dionysius I. of Syracuse, 405-368 * — war with Dionysius II., 346-340' — defeated by Timoleon at the Cre- misus, Jun. 339 — war with Agathocles, 311- 304' — third treaty with Rome, 278 — defeat Pyrrhus and drive him out of Sicily, 276 — aid Tarentum, 272 — first Punic War com- mences, 264 — ends with cession of Sicily to 284 CARTHAGENA— CARYAJAL. Rome, 241 — African (Libyan) War, between 241-238 — send Hamilcar into Spain, 238 — second Punic War, begins with siege of Sagun- tnm, 218— ends, 201 — tbird begins, 149 — siege of three years, and tbe city razed, 146 — colo- nized by tbe Gracchi, 122 — by Augustus, 19 — [AD]— taken by Genseric, 439 — retaken by Eelisarius, 533 — destroyed by Saracens, 697 — excavations and researches of Davis on its site, 1856-7. Councils of, respecting re-baptism of heretics, about 200 — on discipline, about 217 — to confirm election of Cornelius as pope, to regulate readmission of apostates to the church, and to condemn the schism of Felicissimus, 251 — respecting treatment of the fallen within the churcb, 252 — respecting baptism of infants, 253 — respecting the deposition of Basilides and Martial, Spanish bishops, 254- -held by Cyprian on re-baptism, 255 — confirming the previous Council, two Councils in 256 — election of Csecilianus as Bp of Carthage, and his deposition bv the Donatists, 312 — under Donatus, the tradi tores received to communion, about 330 — on discipline, 348 or 349 — on discipline, con- firming synodal letter of Pope Siricius, 386 — on discipline, 390; 397 ; 398 — on the admission of Donatist clergy, 401 — on reunion of Dona- tists with the church, 403— on the Donatists and on discipline, 404; 405— on appeals, the Donatists, and new Sees, 407 — against pagans and heretics, 40S ; 409 — against the Donatists, 410 — conferences between Donatists and Catho- lics, 411 — against Celestius, 412 — against Pela- gius and Celestius, 416, 417, and 418 — on the appeal of Apiarius to the Pope, 419, 425 — conference appointed by Hunneric between the Catholics and tbe Arians, not held, the Catho- lic bishops exiled, 484 — on the liberties of monasteries, 525 — for the restitution of the rights and possessions of the churches usurped by the Yandals, 535 — [Punic Wars, Kamilcar, Hannibal, &c] a Servius. b Yell. Paterculus. c Justin, and Orosius. d Josephus. e Eusebius. f Philistus. S Gi - ote. h Casaubon. 1 Eawlinson. Carthagena, {Carthago Nova,) in Spain, — [B C] — founded by Carthaginians under Has- drubal, 243, a 242 b — taken by Scipio Africanus, 210 — [AD] — occupied by Sir John Leake for Charles III., summer 1706 — retaken by Duke of Berwick, 1707. a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Carthagena, in S. America, — founded by the Spanish, 1533 — seized by the French, 1544 — taken by Sir Francis Drake, 1585 — by the French, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ad- miral Yernon, 1 741 — besieged and taken by the patriots, under Bolivar, 18 15 — surrendered to royalists, 6 Dec. 18 15. Cartheuser, Friedrich August, mineralogist, §c, — b. at Halle, 1734 — Prof. Physics, Giessen, 1766 — Is. at Schierstein, 12 Dec. 1796. JSlementa mineralogies, 1755 — Jlineralogische Abhtmdltmgen, 177 1. Cartheuser, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, physician, $c, — b. at Hayn, 29 Sep. 1704 — Prof. Chemistry, &c, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1740 — member of Academy of Sciences, Ber- lin, 1758 — is., first Prof. Medicine, there, 22 Jun. 1777. JElementa chemicce medica dogmatico- experimentalis, 1736 — Rudimenta materia me- dicce rationalis, 1741. Carthusians, Order of, — founded at Char- treuse, by Bruno, 1084 — introduced in Eng- land, about 1 1 80 — [Charterhouse.] Cartier, (Quartier,) Jacques, maritime dis- coverer,- — b. at St Malo, about 1500 ? — embarks for coast of North America, 1534 — second time, 10 May 1535 — arrives at St Malo, 16 Jul. 1536 — third voyage, 1540-2. Cartridges, {Cartouches,) — 'invented, 1670. Cartwright, Edmund, mechanician, — b. at Marnham, Notts, 1743 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 1760 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1764 — settles at Doncaster, 1779 — invents his power-loom, 1785 — takes out patent for combing wool, 1790 — receives grant of £10,000 from parliament, 1809 — Is., 30 Oct. 1823. Cartwright, George, traveller, — b. at Marn- ham, 1739 — in India, 1754-7 — makes six voyages to Labrador, 1766-82 — brings six Es- quimaux to London, 1772 — Is., 18 19. Jour- nal of facts and events during a stay of nearly 16 years on the coast of Labrador, 1792. Cartwright, John, political writer, — b. at Marnham, 1740 — enters the navy, 1758 — Major in the militia, Notts, 1775-92 — convicted of political conspiracy and fined, Aug. 1820— tr., 23 Sep. 1824 — statue erected to him in London, 1 83 1. Independence of America considered as supremely useful and glorious to Great Britain, 1774- Cartwright, Thomas, Bp of Chester, — b. at Northampton, 1 Sep. 1634 — dean of Ripon, 1677 — Bp of Chester, Oct. 1686— one of the commissioners sent to Oxford, 1687 — follows James II. to France, 1688 — accompanies him to Ireland, early in 1689 — o\ in Ireland, 15 Apr. 1689. Cartwright, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Hertfordshire, about 1535 — enters Cambridge Eniv., 1550 — Fellow of St John's Coll., 1560 — ■ Lady Margaret Prof. Divinity, 1570 — deprived by Whitgift, 157 1 — returns to England and is imprisoned, 1582 — imprisoned again, 1585 and 1591 — is., 27 Dec. 1603. Cartwright, William, theologian and poet, — b. in Gloucestershire, 161 1 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1628— M.A., 1635— takes holy orders, 1638 — reader in Metaphysics, Oxford L T niv., 1643 — Is. at Oxford, 23 Dec. 1643. Poems and. Plays, 1651. Carus, M. Aurelius, Roman Emperor,— made prsefectus pwetorio, by Probus, about 277 ? — succeeds Probus, 282 — defeats the Sar- niatae, end of 282 ? — war with Persia, takes Ctesiphon, 283 — is. near Ctesiphon, end of 283. Caruso, Giovanni Battista, historian, — b. at Polizzi, near Palermo, 27 Dec. 1673 — Is., 15 Oct. 1724. Memorie istoriche delta ' Sicilie, §c, 17 16-37. Bibliotheca historica Sicilice, 1720-3. Carvajal, Francesco de, captain, — distin- guishes himself at battle of Pavia, 1525 — and at the sack of Rome, 1527 — Major-general of royal army in Peru, 1540 — disperses the Royal- ists, gains la Plata and mines of Potosi, 1546 — hung, as a traitor, 1548. CARVAJAL— CASANATA. 285 Carvajal, Joseph Michael de. [San-Carlos.] Carvajal, {Caravajal,) Juan de, Cardinal, Bp,- b. at Truxillo, about 1400 ? — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., 17 Dec. 1446 — contributes to victory over Turks, 22 Jul. 1456 — ft. at Borne, 6 Dec. 1469. Carvajal, Tomas Jose Gonzalez, statesman, $c, — b. at Seville, 21 Dec. 1753 — Intendant of Colonies in the Sierra Morena, &c, 1795 — serves against the French, 1809- 11 — president of Junta of Finance, 1 8 1 2 — secretary of Min- istry of Finance, 1813 — imprisoned, 1815-20 — Director of Studies, Madrid, 1820 — Councillor of State, 1821-23 — member of the Council of War, 1833 — tf., 9 Nov. 1834. Los salmos, 18 19 — Los libros poeticos de la Santa Biblia, 1827. Carvalho d'Acosta, Antonio, topographer, — b. at Lisbon, 1650 — ft., 17 15. Corografia Por- tugueza e descripgam topografica de reino de Portugal, 1706-8-12. Carve, Thomas, priest, — b. in Tipperary, about 1590 — "&., 1664. Ptinerarium, §c, 1639-46. Lgra, 1666. Carver, Jonathan, traveller, — b. at Still- water, Connecticut, U.S., 1732 — explores inte- rior of North America, 1766-8 — -comes to England, 1769 — tt., 31 Jan. 1780. Travels through the interior parts of North America, 1778 — Treatise on the Culture of the Tobacco Plant, 1779. Carvilius, Sp. Maximus, — [BC] — 1. Consul with L. Papirius Cursor, victories over the Sam- nites and Faliscans, (461, a. u. c ) 293 — Consul with the same, brings Samnite war to an end, (482,) 272, ab 273.° 2. Consul with L. Postumius Albinus, (520,) 234 — divorces his wife, 231 — Consul with Q,. Fab. Maximus Verrucosus, (526,) 228 — living, 216. a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. Carwithen, John Bayly Somers, ecclesias- tical historian,— b. in Devonshire, 10 Apr. 178 1 — enters Oxford Univ., 1796 — B.A., 1800 — M.A., 1803 — ordained priest, 1805 — Bampton Lecturer, 1809 — perpetual curate of Sandhurst, 1 8 10 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1832. Views of the Brahminical Religion, 18 10 — History of the Church of England, 1829-33. Gary, Felix, historian, — b. at Marseilles, 24 Dec. 1699 — visits Paris, 1723 and 1734 — correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 175 1 — If., 15 Dec. 1754. Dissertation sur la fonda- tion de Marseille, 1744 — Histoire des rois de Thrace et du Bosphore Cimmerien, eclairce'e par les medailles, 1752. Gary, Henry Francis, translator, — b. at Birmingham, 1772 — enters Christ Church, Ox- ford, 1790 — M.A., 1796 — vicar of Bromley Abbots, 1797 — assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1826-32 — ft. in London, 14 Aug. 1844. Translation of P) ante, 1805-14. Cary, Lucius. [Falkland, Lord.] Cary, Robert, chronologist, — b. at Cooking- ton, Devonshire, 16 15 — enters Oxford Univ., 4 Oct. 1631— M.A., 23 Feb. 1638-9-LL.D., 4 Nov. 1644 — archdeacon of Exeter, 18 Aug. 1662 — "3. at Fortlemouth, Sep. 1688. Pa- Iceologia chronica, 1677, Caryl, Joseph, theologian, — b. in London, 1602 — appointed one of the 'triers,' 1653 — attends with Dr Owen on Cromwell in Scot- land, 1650 — lives in retirement, after 1660 — tf. in London, 7 Feb. 1673. Commentary on Job, 1644-66. Carvstius, — [B C] — grammarian, — fl., before 100. Casa, Giovanni della, poet, §c.,— b. at Mu- gello, near Florence, 28 Jun. 1503 — Com- missary Apostolic at Florence to Paul ILL, and member of Academy there, 1541 — Abp of Benevento, Nuncio to Venice, 1544 — tf., 14 Nov. 1556,* 1559. 15 Galateo, 1560 — Rime, 1558. * a Biog. Univ. b Ughelli. Casa-Bianca, Lucien, naval officer,— enters French navy, about 1755 — member of National Convention, 1792— Captain of the Orient, killed, with his son, at battle of Aboukir, 1 Aug. 1798. Casa-Bianca, Count Raphael de, general, — b. at Vescovato, Corsica, 27 Nov. 1738 — in France, 1770-2 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1779 — commander in French army, 17 89- 18 14? — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — member of Upper Chamber on return of Napoleon, 18 15 — re- stored to the peerage, 21 Nov. 1819 — ft. at Bastia, 28 Nov. 1825. Casa-Irujo, Carlos Maria Martinez, Mar- quis de, statesman, — b. at Carthagena, 4 Nov. 1765 — serves in ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1789-93 — first Secretary of Legation, London, 1793 — minister plenipotentiary to United States of America, 17 95- 1807 — from Central Junta of Seville to the Prince Begent of Portugal, at Bio Janeiro, 1808 — named plenipotentiary to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 28 Aug. 181 8 — provisional minister of Foreign Affairs, 14 Sep. 1818 — minister plenipotentiary to Paris, 10 May 1 82 1 — returns to Madrid, minister of Foreign Affairs and president of the Council, 1822 — rj., 17 Jan. 1824. Casalanzio, Joseph de, — b. at Peralta, Aragon, 1556 — establishes at Borne the Pauline Congregation, 1617 — *&. at Borne, 25 Aug. 1648 — canonized by Clement XIII. , 1757. Casale, in Piedmont, — taken from the Spaniards, 1640 — sold to France by Duke of Mantua, 168 1 — taken by the allies, 1695 — but recovered by the French : taken by king of Sardinia, 1706 — by the French, 1745 — retaken, 1746 — by French, 1796. Casali, Giovanni Battista, antiquary, — {(., about 1640. Be profanis et sacris vcterum ritibus, 1644-5 — Be veteribus sacris Chris- tianorum ritibus, 1647 — Be urbis ac Romani olim imperii spkndore, 1650. Casali, Giuseppe, numismatist, §c, — b. at Borne, 1744 — tf. there, 4 May 1797. Be duobus Bacedcemoniortcm nummis ad Sen. San- Clementum epistola, 1793 — Lettera su una antiqua terra cotta trovata in Palestrina, nelV anno 1793, 1794 — Conjecturas de num- miculis privesa inscriptis, $• ainter i — &• at Cassana, 1511 — tf. at Mirandola, 1591. Ca3sana, Niccolo, {Nicoletto,) painter, — ft. at Venice, 1659 — tf. in London, Court painter to Queen Anne, 17 13. Cassander, — [BCj — King of Macedonia, — ft., about or before 354 — goes to Babylon to defend his father, 323 — made chiliarch by Polysperchon, 321 — by Antipater, 319 bc — ally of Ptolemaeus and Antigonus, war with Polysperchon, 319 — gains Athens and marches into Macedonia, 318 — besieges Olympias at Pydna, winter 3i6-3i5, a 317-316 b — founds (refounds ?) Thessalonica, 316? — captures and puts Olympias to death, by spring 315 — re- builds Thebes, before midsummer 315 — marries Thessalonike, daughter of Philip, 315 — carries on war in Peloponnesus, gains Polysperchon and Alexander, ? 314-313 — Antigonus detaches all the cities in Peloponnesus except Corinth and Sicyon, 313 — Peace concluded, 311 — puts to death Roxana and Alexander ; war renewed, 310 — Corinth and Sicyon lost, 308 — Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — takes title of king, 306 — takes part against Deme- trius at Rhodes and Athens, 305 — successes of Demetrius against him, 303-2 — makes peace with Demetrius, 302 — receives Macedonia and Greece by partition after battle of Ipsus, 301 — invades Korkyra, 299-8 — intrigues in S. Greece, 298 — tf., former part 297, autumn 297^ 296. a a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. d Droysen. Cassander, George, theologian. — ft. near Bruges, 15 15 — tf., 3 Feb. 1566. De officio pii, §c, in hoc dissidio religionis, 1561 — Consultatio de art i cults fidei, 1565. Cassandreia. [Potidaea.] Cassano, battle of, [Agnadello] — Suwarow defeats Moreau at, 27 Apr. 1799. Cassard, Jacques, — ft. at Nantes, 1672 — ac- companies Pointisto Cartkagena, 1697 — defeats English fleet near Sciily Isles, Sep. 1708 — en- voy to the Porte, 17 11 — embarks at Toulon for Portuguese colonies in the West Indies, Mar. 17 1 2 — imprisoned by Cardinal de Fleury in the Castle of Ham, 1726-40 — tf. there, 1740. Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, architect, — ■ ft. at Azay-le-Feron, 3 Jun. 1756 — travels through Magna Grsscia, 1 7 84-6 — tf . at Versailles, 1 Nov. 1827. Voyage pittoresque de V Istrie et de la Dalmatie, 1802 — Voyage pittoresque de la Fhenicie, de la Palestine, et de la basse Egypte, 1799. Cassation, Court of, — at Paris, established, 1790. Cassebohm, Johann Friedrich, physician, — ■ tf. Prof. Anatomy, Berlin, 7 Feb. 1743. Trac- tat. anatomici de aure humana, 1730-5. Cassel capital of Hesse-Cassel, — conference at, for union of Protestants, 1661 — capital of kingdom of Westphalia, 1807-14 — [Hesse-Cas- sel] — entered by Prussians, 16 Jun. 1866. Cassel, (Montcassel,) in Flanders, — sacked by the Northmen, 928 — Philip I. of France de- feated by Robert-le-Frison, Count of Holland, at, 20 Feb. 107 1 — taken by Philip Augustus, and retaken by Flemings, 12 13 — taken by Robert of Artois, 1297 — burnt, 131 1 — Philip VI. of France defeats the revolted Flemings at, 23 or 24 Aug. 1328 — seized by the English, 2S8 CASSEL— CASSIUS. under Bp of Norwich, 1383— retaken and pil- laged by Clisson, soon after; pillaged and burnt by Louis XI., 1477 — the Prince of Orange de- feated by the Duke of Orleans at, n Apr. 1677 — ceded'to France by treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — captured by Prince Frederick of Brunswick, 1762. Cissel, Francois Pierre, botanist, §c, — Prof. Natural History and Botany, Ghent, 1818-21 — tr. there, 1821. SJcizzen fur Zoono- mie, 1808 — Yermch iibcr die naturlichen Fami- lies 1S08 — Morphonomia botanica, 1820. Cassel, Hesse. [Hesse-Cassel.] Cassella, Giuseppe, astronomer, — fi. at Na- ples, about 1760 — tf. there, 1808. Casserio, Giulio, anatomist, — h. atPlacentia, 1545 — Prof. Medicine and Anatomy, Padua, 1609-16 — tf., 1616. Devocis auditusque organis hist, anatom., 1600 — Pentaesthesion, 1609 — Ta- bula Anatomicce, 1627 — Tabulce de formato foetu, 1645- Cassiani, Giuliano, poet, — ft. at Modena, 25 Jun. 1 7 1 2 — tf . , 2 3 Mar . 1778. Sagg io di rime, 1770. Cassianus, Joannes Massilianus, Fremita, monastic theologian, — b., about 360 — visits the Thebais, about 390— ordained deacon at Con- stantinople by Chrysostoni, 403 — visits Inno- cent I. in behalf of Chrysostoni, 404 — presbyter at Marseilles, 414 or 415 — tf., 440, 11 434 or 435, b 448 . c I)e Inst it. Coenob., before 418 — Collationcs, 419-27 — De Incarnatione Christi, about 430. a Dupin. b Dom Rivet. c Baillet. Cassini, Alexandre Henri Gabriel de, Peer of France, — b. at Paris, 9 May 178 1 — Judge of the tribunal of first instance, Paris, 18 10 — Vice-president, 18 15 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1827 — Peer of France, 19 Nov. 1*830 — tf., 16 Apr. 1832. Opuscules phytologiques, 1826. Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, astronomer, — b. at Perinaldo, Nice, 8 Jun. 1625 — Prof. As- tronomy, Bologna, 1650 — traces a meridian in the church of San Petronio, 1653-5 — Inspector- general of fortifications of Frbino, 1663 — dis- tinguishes the shadows of Jupiter's satellites on the planet, 1665 — Astronomer Poyal at Paris, 1669 — naturalized in France, 1673 — mathe- matician to the king, before 1677 — discovers the Zodiacal Light, 1683 — discovers four satel- lites of Saturn, "1684— tr., 14 Sep. 17 12. Ephe- merides des Satellites de Jupiter, 1668 — Opera astronomica, 1666. Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, — fc. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1677 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1694 — F.R.S., 1696 — continues, with his father, nn asurement of meridian as far as Canigou, 1 70 1 — Astronomer Poyal, Paris, 17 12 — com- pletes the meridian to Dunkirk, 17 18— super- intends measurement of longitude from Brest to Strasburg, 1733— tf. at Thury, 16 Apr. 1756. J) In grandeur et de la figure de la terre, 1720 — Tables astronomiques, 1740. Cassini, Jean Dominique, astronomer, — b. at Paris, 30 Jun. 1748— member of the Acade- 11. v, 1770 — resigns directorship of Observatory, Sep. 1793 — tf. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1845. Cassini de Thury, Cesar Francois, astro- nomer, — ft. at Paris, 17 Jun. 17 14— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1735 — Director of Observ- atory, 1756 — tf., Sep. 1784. Cartede V Academie, or Carte de Cassini, presented to National As- sembly by Jacques Dominique Cassini, 13 Oct. 1789 — Relation de deux voyages faits en 1761 et 1762 en Allemagne pour determiner la figure de la terre, 1762 — Opuscules divers, 1771. Cassiodorus, {Cassiodorius,) Magnus Au- relius, statesman, historian, — b., about 468, a beginning 480 b — secretary to Theodoric, 497 b — Consid, (1267, a. u. c.) 514 b — magister, before 526 — withdraws from public life, 524 — - pra?fectus praetorio, 534-8 — founds monastery of Yiviers, and retires to it, about 545 — tf., 575-' b Computus Paschalis, ^c.,562 — Historia Gothica, before 533 — De orthographia, 573. a Smith's Diet. h Clinton. Cassiterides, {Tin Islands,) — [BC] — men- tioned by Herodotus, about 410 ? Cassito, Lodovico Vincenzio, theolcgian, antiquary, — b. at Bonito, 1765 — tf., 1 Mar. 1822. Cassius Agrippa, theologian, — £(., about 632. Cassius Avidius, — carries on war with Parthia, 163-5 — serves on the Danube, about 166 — quells insurrection in Egypt, 170 — go- vernor of Eastern Provinces ; has correspondence with Faustina ; claims the empire, May 175 — assassinated, Aug. 175. Cassius Longinus, ft, — [BC] — quaestor to Crassus in Parthian war, 53- — pro-quaestor, defeats Parthians, in Antioch, 52-51 — tribu. pleb., joins Pompey, 49 — commands fleet of Pompey in the Hellespont, 48 — surrenders to Caesar, and is pardoned, 48 — studies at Eome, 46 — retires to Bmndusium, 45 — praetor pere- grinus, 44 — conspirator against Caesar, kills him, Mar. 44 — goes to Syria, after Jul. 44 — defeats Dolabella and is master of Syria, 43 — ■ joins Brutus at Sardis, beginning 42 — defeated by Antony at Philippi, and kills himself, 42. Cassius Longinus, ft, jurist, — governor of Syria, under Claudius, 50 — banished by ISTero, 66 — recalled by Yespasiau, 70. Cassius Longinus, ft, — [BC] — Consid with P. Licinius Crassus, (583, a. ti. c.) 171 — censor, 154- Cassius Longinus, L., — [BC]— 1. praetor, brings Jugurtha to Eome, 1 1 1 — Consid with C. Marius, defeated and killed by the Tigurini, (647, a. it. c.) 107. 2. Consid with Cn. Donii- tius Ahenobarbus, (658,) 96. Cassius Longinus, L., — Consul with M. Yinicius, (783, a. v. c.) 30 — proconsul in Asia, 40. Cassius Longinus, Q., — [BC] — praetor ur- banus, 167 — Co«6«/with A. Manlius Torquatus, (590, a. tr. c.) 164— tf., 164. Cassius Longinus, Q,— [BC] — quaestor to Pompey in Hither Spain, 54 — trib. pleb. with Antony, 49 — joins Caesar, 6 Jan.- — accom- panies Caesar to Spain, 49 — puts down con- spiracy at Corduba, and engages in civil war, 48 — escapes from Spain and is drowned, 47. Cassius Longinus Eavilla, L., — [B C] — trib. pleb., proposes the lex tabellaria, 137 — Consul CASSIUS-CASTELLI. - s 9 with L. Cornelius Cinna, (627, a. u. c.) 127 — censor with Cn. Servilius Csepio, 125 — investi- gator of incest of Licinia, Marcia, iEmilia, 113. Cassius Longinus Varus, C. , — [B C] — Consul with M. Terentius Yarro Lucullus, proposes the lex Terentia Cassia, (681, a. u. c.) 73 — defeated by Spartacus near Mutina, 72 — put to death by triumvirs, 43. Cassius Parmensis, — [B C]— joins in con- spiracy against Caesar, 44 — joins Antony, 36 — put to death by Octavianus, about 30. Cassius Viscellinus, Sp., — [BC] — Consul with Opiter Verginius Tricostus, conquers the Sabines, (252, a.tj.c.) 502 — Consul with Post. Cominius Auruncus, makes a league with the Latins, (261,) 493 — Consul with. Proculus Ver- ginius Tricostus Rutilus, makes a league with the Hernicans, carries first agrarian law, (268,) 486 — accused of treason, and put to death, 485. Cassivelaunus, British chieftain, — [BCJ — defeated by Csesar, summer 54. Cassova, — Amurath I. defeats army of the Christians at, (791, a. h.) 1389. Castaglione (Castiglione,) Giuseppe, anti- quary, poet, §c, — Governor of Corneto, 1598 — tf. at Eome, 161 6. Castagno, Andrea del, painter, — b. in Tus- cany, 1390 — employed in Cathedral of Florence, 1444 seqq. — tf. at Florence, 19 Aug. 1457. Castaing, Edme Samuel, — b. in Alencon, 1796— M.D., Paris, Jul. 1 821— extorts 100,000 fr. from Auguste Ballet, for suppression of a forged will, Oct. 1822 — poisons him, 30 May 1823— executed at Paris, 6 Dec. 1823. Castalion, Sebastien, theologian, — b. in Daupkiny, 15 15 — introduced to Calvin at Strasburg, 1540 — Prof. Humanity, Geneva, 1541-4 — banished from Geneva, goes to Basel, 1544 — Prof. Greek there, 1544-63 — tf. at Basel, 29 Dec. 1563. De hcereticis variorum senten- tice, 1554 — Colloquia sacra, 1545 — Moses la- times, 1546. Castaneda, (Castanhcda, Castagneda,) Fer- nando Lopez de, historian — fl., about 1500-60. Historia de descobrimento e Conquista da India per los Portuguezes, 1552-61. Castanos, don Francisco Xaver de, Duke of Baylen, general, — b. at Madrid, about I756, a 1753 b — enters the army, 1768 — Lieu- tenant-general, 1798 — defeats the French under Dupont at Baylen, 22 Jul. 1808— defeated by the French at Tudela, Nov. 1808 — General- in-chief of a division, 1 8 1 1 — distinguishes himself at Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Duke of Baylen, 1813 ? — Captain-general of Catalonia, 1 8 14 — again, 1823 — called to the Council of State, 1825 — in retirement, 1833-43 — guardian to Queen Isabella, 1 843 — Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour, by Louis Philippe, 1844 — senator, 1845 — tt- at Madrid, 24 Sep. 1852. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex., and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Castel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, — b. at Montpellier, n Nov. 1688 — enters Order of Jesuits, 16 Oct. 1703 — settles at Paris, Dec. 1720 — F.R.S., 1728 — tf. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1757. Traite de la pesanteur universelle, 1724 — Mathematique universelle, 1728 — Optique des couleurs, 1740. Castel, Rene Richard Louis, poet, botanist, — b. at Vii-e, in Normandy, 6 Oct. 1758 — enters Coll. Louis le Grand, Paris, 1770— member of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — Prof. Rhetoric, Coll. Louis le Grand, (Imperial Lyceum,) 1798 — Inspector-general of the Univ., 1808-14 — if. at Rheims, 1832. Poeme des Plantes, 1792-7 — Foret de Fontainebleau, 1805 — with Patrin, Sonnini, &c, Cows complet d'histoire naturellc, 1799-1802 — Lettres, 1834. Castell, Edmund, orientalist, — b. in Cam- bridgeshire, 1606 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1621 — chaplain to the king, Prof. Arabic, Cambridge, 1666 — prebendary of Canterbury, 1668— tf. in Bedfordshire, 1685. Lexicon hep- taglotton, 1669. Castella, in Sjjain, — General Suchet defeated by the allies at, 13 Apr. 1813. Castella, Rodolphe de, general, — enters French army, 1723 — serves in campaigns on the Rhine and in Flanders, 1742— Marechal de Camp, 1748 — Colonel, 1756 — Grand Cross of St Louis, 1769 — tf., 1775. Castellamare, in Naples, — [Stabige] — sacked by Papal army, 146 1 — by Duke of Guise, 1654 — excavations at, 1745. Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, architect, antiquary, — b. at Montpellier, 1772 — member of Institute, Apr. 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1838. Lettres sur la Iforee, §c, 1808 — la Grece, §c, 181 1 — Vltalie, 1 819 — Mceurs, usages, costume des Ottomans, §c, 18 12. Castellane, Esprit Victor Elisabeth Boni- face, Count de, Marshal of France, — b. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1788 — enters the army, Dec. 1804 — aide-de-camp to Count Lobau in Spain, 1807 — distinguishes himself at Eckmuhl, 22 Apr. 1809 — at Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — receives cross of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 18 12 — distinguishes him- self at the Beresina, 26 Nov. 181 2 — receives cross of St Louis, officer of Legion of Honour, 1 815 — Marechal de Camp, serves in Spain, 1 824- 27 — at siege of Antwerp, Nov. to Dec. 1832 — > Lieutenant-general, 9 Jan. 1833 — raised to the peerage, Oct. 1837 — serves in Algeria, end of 1837 to Mar. 1838 — commander of Rouen, 1847 — of Lyons, 1851 — Marshal of France, about 1854 — tf. at Lyons, 16 Sep. 1862. Castellanus, (Pierre Duchutel or Chatelan,) antiquary, physician,- — b. in Flanders, 5 Mar. 1585 — Prof. Greek, Louvain, i6i6, a 1609 b — M.D., 161 8 — tf., 23 Feb. 1632. Ludus, 1616 — Lortologion, 1617 — Vitce illustrium medi- corum, §c, 1618. a Biog. Univ. b Rces' Cyc. Castellanus. f Chatelain, George.] Castellesi, Adriano, (C'astellensis, Castellus,) Cardinal, miscellaneous writer, — envoy from Innocent VIII. to Scotland, 1488 — agent of Henry VII. at court of Rome, before 1503 — Bp of Hereford, 1503 — Cardinal, by Alexander VI., 1503-4 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1504 — ■ takes part in conspiracy against Leo X., and flees from Rome; if., i5x8. a Le sermone latino, 15 1 3 — L>e vera philosophia, 1507. a Chacon. Castelli, (Castello,) Bartolomeo, physician, '9 2QO CASTELLI— CASTILE. — ft., before 1607. Lexicon medicum grceco- latinum, 1607 — Totius Artis Medicce Com- pendium et Synopsis, 1597. Castelli, Benedetto, mathematician, — ft. at Brescia, 1577— Prof. Mathematics, Pisa, 1615- 25 — Prof. Mathematics, Eome, 1625 — )J. there, 1644. Bella misura delV acque correnti, 1638, a 1628 b — Bimostrazioni geometriche, §c, 1628. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Castelli, (Castello,) Bernardo, painter, — ft. near Genoa, 1557 — tf., 1629. Castelli, (Castello.) Giovanni Battista, painter— b. at Genoa, 152-7,* 1547 b — tf., 1637. a Erscb and Gruber. b Nagler. Castelli, Valerio, painter, — fj. at Genoa, 1625 — Tt. there, 1652^ i6^g. hc a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Erscb and Gruber. Castello, Gabriel Lancelot, antiquary,— fc. at Palermo, 18 Feb. 1727 — tf., 5 Mar. 1794. Storia de Alesa antica citta de Sicilia, 1753 — Le antiche inscrizioni de Palermo, 1762 — Sicilice vcterum inscriptionum descriptio, 1769. Castello, {Castillo, Castelli,) Gio-Battista, (II Bergamasco,) painter, — ft. at Bergamo, about 1500— invited to Spain by Philip II., 1567— 3j. at Madrid, about 1570 ? Castelnau, Jacques de Castelnau Mauvis- siere, Makquis de, general, — ft., about 1620 — wounded at siege of Catelet, 1638 — wounded at Nordlingen, 1645 — Marechal de Camp, 1645 — at siege of Dunkirk, 1 646 — Lieutenant-general, 1650 — serves under Turenne, 1653 — commands in Flanders, 1656 — Marshal of France, Jim. 1658 — ft. at Calais, of musket wound, 15 Jul. 1658. Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la ITauvis- siere, diplomatist, — ft. in Touraine, about 1520 — serves under Brissac in Piedmont, about 1553-7 — attaches himself to Francis of Lor- raine, Grand Prior of France, and returns to France, 1557 — employed on embassies to Mary Stuart, to Queen Elizabeth, to princes of Germany, &c, 1557-9 — contributes to election of Pope Pius IV., summer 1559 — discovers the Conspiracy of Amboise, Mar. 1560 — accom- panies Queen Mary to Scotland, Aug. 156 1 — attempts to make peace between her and Queen Elizabeth, 156 1-2— returns to France, 1562 — taken prisoner by the Protestants, but soon exchanged, 1562 — serves at siege of Rouen, Sep. to Oct. 1562 — distinguishes himself at Dreux, Dec. 1562 — reports a plot of Conde and Coligny to carry off the Royal Family, but is not believed, 1567 — made governor of Dizier and commander of a company by Catherine de' Medici, 1568 — takes part in battles of Jarnac, Mar. — and Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — ambassador to England, Germany, and Switzer- land, 1572 — again to England, 1574-84 — declares against the League and is deprived of his government, obtains confidence of Henry IV., 1589 — o". at Joinville, 1592. Memoir es, 1 62 1— complete, 173 1. Castelnau, Raimond de, troubadour, — rj., about 1274. 1 il Nouv. Biog. Gen. Castelnaudary, in France, — defeat of Ray- mond VI., Count of Toulouse, and the Count of Foil, by Simon de Montfort, 121 1 — burnt by the English, 1355 — the Duke of Montmorenci defeated and made prisoner by Marshal Schom- berg, 1 Sep. 1632. Castelvetro, Lodovico, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Modena, 1505 — excommunicated, 156 1 — rj. at Chiavenne, 21 Feb. 157 1. La Boetica d' Aristotile volgarizzata, 1570 — Opere critiche, 1727. Casti, Giovan-Battista, poet, §c, — ft. at Prato in Tuscany, 1 721— goes to Vienna, 1769 — to St Petersburg, 1778 — settles at Florence, 1789^ after 1796 b — goes to Paris, 1798 — tr. there, 16 Feb. 1804/ 1803. b Gli Animali parlanti, 1802 — Novelle galanti, 1793 — I Tre Giuli, 1762. a Biog. TJniv. b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. Castiglione, — taken by the allies, 170.1 — defeat of Imperialists by the French, 1706 — Napoleon defeats General Wmanser at, 5 Aug. 1796. Castiglione, Baldassarre, miscellaneous winter, — ft. in Mantua, 6 Dec. i478, ac 1468 b — enters service of Duke of Urbino, 1504 — envoy to Henry VII. , 1506 — to Leo X., 1513 — Nuncio from Clement VII. to Charles V., 1524 — Xf. at Toledo, 2 Feb. 1529. II Corte- giano, 1528 — Boems, 1533 — lettere, 1769. a Biog. TJnir. b Bees' Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, ill Gre- chetto,) painter, engraver, — ft. at Genoa, 1616 — a", at Mantua, 1670. Castile, (Cast ilia,) in Spain, — after the death of Garcia, the last Count, is reunited to the kingdom of Navarre, 1028 — erected into a kingdom, for Ferdinand, son of the king of Navarre, 1033— Ferdinand defeats Bermuda III. of Leon, and reunites Castile and Leon, 1037 — [Ferdinand I.] — his son, Sancho II., succeeds him in Castile, 1065 — he carries on war with Alfonso VI. of Leon, 1067— defeats him and seizes Leon, 1070 — seizes Galicia, 107 1 — on his death, at siege of Zamora, the kingdom is reunited to Leon, under Alfonso VI., Oct. 1072 — his daughter, Urraca, suc- ceeds, with her husband Alfonso VII., 11 09 — war between Urraca and Alfonso, 1111 — Ur- raca convokes an assembly at Burgos to decide respecting her marriage, 11 13 — the marriage declared void by Papal legate, 1 1 14 — on death of Urraca, Alfonso Eadiond, (VIII. or II.,) (king of Galicia since 1112,) n 26 — he marries Berengaria of Barcelona, 1128 — assists Ramirez of Aragon and Garcia-Ramirez of Navarre, against the Moors, n 34 — gets himself crowned Emperor of Spain, 11 35 — receives Louis VII. of France at Burgos, 11 54— victorious over the Almohades, 1157 — ft., 21 Aug. 1157 — the kingdoms separated : succeeded in Castile by his son, Sancho III., 1 157 — his son, Alfonso (III. VIII. or IX.) succeeds, Aug. 1158 — succeeded by his son, Henry I., 12 14 — Fer- dinand III. the Holy, Aug. 12 17— the king- doms of Castile and Leon reunited : his son, Alfonso X. the Wise, 1252 — succeeded by his son, Sancho IV. the Great, 1284 — by treaty with Philip the Fair of France, resigns Murcia to the sons of Don Ferdinand, 13 Jul. 1289 — the princes refuse to ratii'y it : war with the CASTILHON— CASTRO. 291 Moors, 1290-2— succeeded by his son, Fer- dinand IV., Apr. 1295 — war with several rivals, 1296 — Ferdinand takes Gibraltar from the Moors, 1309 — his son, Alfonso XI., suc- ceeds, Sep. 1 312 — his son, Pedro the Cruel, Mar. 1350 — succeeded by Henry II. the Mag- nificent, natural son of Alfonso XI., 1368 — op- posed by the Duke of Lancaster and other rivals: his son, John I., succeeds, 1379 — holds the Cortes at Segovia, 1383 — makes war on Portugal, 1384 — defeated at Aljubarotta, 1385 —the Duke of Lancaster proclaimed King of Castile, 1386 — treaty of peace with him, 1387 — succeeded by his son, Henry III., Oct. 1390 — war with Portugal, 1396-9 — conquers Tetuan, 1400 — sends embassy to Tamerlane, 140 1 — receives embassy from him, 1402 — war with the Moors, 1406 — his son, John II., suc- ceeds, Dec. 1406 — Henry IV. the Feeble, son of John II., succeeds, Jul. 1454 — Ferdinand V. the Catholic, son of John II. of Navarre and Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, Dec. 1474 — union of Castile and Aragon : Philip I. the Fair, succeeds to Castile on death of Isabella, Nov. 1504— on death of Philip, Ferdinand V. becomes regent during minority of Charles, Sep. 1506 — Charles I., (V. Emperor,) succeeds his grandfather, Jan. 15 16 — his son, Philip II., succeeds on abdication of his father, Jan. 155 6 — [Spain, Kings of.] Castilhon, Jean, miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Toulouse, 17 18 — tf., 1 Jan. 1799. Amuse- ments philosophises et litteraires cle deux amis, 1754 — -Bibliotheque bleue, 1770 — edits Journal encgclope'dique, 1769-93— Journal de Trevoux, 1774-8. Castilhon, Jean Louis, miscellaneous writer, — r/., about 1793. Essai sur les erreurs, §c, 1765 — Fssai de philosophic, §c, 1770. Castiliejo, Cristofero (Cristoval) de, poet, — ft. at Ciudad Bodrigo, about i494 a — tf . at Toledo, about 1596,5 at Vienna, 12 Jim. 1556^ Obras poeticas, 1573. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. Castillo, Augustin del, painter, — fj. at Se- ville, 1565 — ft., 1626. Castillo, Bernardo Diaz del, historian, — fc. at Medina del Campo, about 1500 — accompanies Cortez to Mexico, 1519 — tf. there, about 1560. Historia verdadera de la conquista de Nueva Fspaha, 1632. Castillo, Fernando del. Cancionero general de los mas principales trobadores de Fspana, 1511. Castillo y Saavedra, Antonio del, painter, — fj. at Cordova, 1603 — tf., 1667. Castillo-Solorzano, don Alfonso del, poet, novelist, §c. Garduna de Sevilla, 1634 — Quinta de Laura, i649, a i6z$ h Sagrario de Valencia, 1635. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Castillon, in Guienne, — Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, defeated and killed by Charles VII., i7, a 23 b Jul. 1453. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. Castillon, Jean de. [Mouchan.] Castillon, Jean Francois Andre le Plane, — statesman, — b. at Aix, 9 Mar. 17 19 — deputy to Assembly of Notables, 1785 and 1788 — Jj. at Brignolles, 24 Feb. 1800. Castillon, Jean Francois Salvemini de, mathematician, miscellaneous writer, — f). at Castiglione, 16 Jan. 1709 — Prof. Philosophy and Mathematics, Utrecht, 175 1 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Berlin, 1763 — ft. at Berlin, 1 1 Oct. 1791. Castinus, — defeated by the Vandals in Spain, 422— Consul with Victor, (1177, a.u.c.) 424 — banished for supporting Joannes, 425. Castlebar, in Ireland, — Generals Lake and Hutchinson defeated by General Humbert, 27 Aug. 1798. Castlemaine, Robert Palmer, Lord, — tried for high treason and acquitted, 23 Jan. 1680 — member of secret council of Romanists under James II., 1685 — ambassador to Pome, 1686. Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, Earl and Marquis of Londonderry, — fj. in County Down, 18 Jun. 1769 — enters St John's Coll., Cambridge, 1786 — member of the Irish Parliament, 1789 — marries a daughter of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, 1794— M. P., 1795 — Viscount Castlereagh, 1796 — Keeper of the Privy Seal for Ireland, 25 Jul. 1797 — one of the Lords of the Treasury, 14 Oct. 1797 — chief secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, Apr. 1798- 1801 — Privy Councillor and Pres. Board of Control, 6 Jul. 1 802 — Secretary of War and the Colonies, Jul. 1805— retires on the death of Pitt, Jan. 1806- — reinstated, Apr. 1807 — duel with Canning, Oct. 1807 — and resigns office: Foreign Secretary, 1812 — plenipotentiary to the Allied Powers, 18 14 — to Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — receives the thanks of Parlia- ment and is created E.G., 18 15 — promotes the Holy Alliance, 18 15 — attends Congress of Aix- la-Chapelle, 1818 — succeeds to the title of Marquis, 1821 — kills himself, 12 Aug. 1822. Castor Philorornaeus, grammarian, rheto- rician, — fi., about 125-45^ about 150. b a Clinton. u Smith's Diet. Castracani. [Castruccio.] Castrejon, Antonio, painter, — h. at Madrid, 1625 — tf., 1690. Castren, Matthias Alexander, philologist, — fj. near Torneo, Finland, 2 Dec. 181 3 — travels in Lapland, 1838 — in Lapland and in North Pussia, 1845-9— Prof. Finnish and old Scandi- navian languages, 1851 — tf. at Helsingfors, 7 May 1852. Translation of Kalevala, 1841 — Vorlesungen iiber Finnische Mgthologie, 1853 — " Flementa Grammatics Tcheremissa, 1845 — ■ Flementa Grammatical Syrjanee, 1844. Castries, Charles Eugene Gabriel de la Croix, Marquis de, Marshal of Prance,— b., 25 Feb. 1727 — commands in Germany, 1757-8 — distinguishes himself at Clostercamp, 1760 — Marshal, 1783 — deputy to Assembly of Notables, 1787 — emigrates, 1790— tf. at "YVolf- enbiittel, 11 Jan. 1801. Castriot, George. [Scanderbeg.] Castro, Alvarez Gomez de, miscellaneous writer, — fj. in diocese of Toledo, i52i, a i5i4 b — Prof. Rhetoric and Greek, Toledo ; tf. there, 17 Sep. 1586,* i58o. b Idgllia, 1558 — De re- bus gestis Francisci Ximenii, 1569. a Biog. Univ. b Erscn and Gruber. Castro, Cristoval Vaca de, — Governor of Peru, by Charles V., 1541 — defeats, captures, 19 * 292 CASTRO— CATANIA. and beheads Almagro, 1542 — arrested by the new viceroy, 1544 — tf., 155^- Castro. Filippo de, sculptor,— %. in Galicia, 1 7 1 1 — obtains first prize at Academy of St Luke, Koine, 1739— director of Academy of St Ferdi- nand, Madrid, 1752 — tf., 1775. Castro, Gabriel Pereira de, poet, — b. at Braga, 157 1 — tf., 1632. XTlyssea, {Lisboa edifi- cada,) 1636. Castro, Guilhen (Gislen) de, dramatist,— -b. at Valencia, 1580,* 1564^ 1569,° 1567^— mem- ber of the Noctumos, 159 i d — assists Lope at festival of canonization of San. Isidro, 1620 — if., about 1630,* 1626, b 1631.° d Comedias, 1614-25. * Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Ticknor. Castro, Inez de. [Inez de Castro.] Castro, J'oao de,— b. at Lisbon, 7 Feb. 1500 — serves in expedition to the Red Sea, 1540 — governor of the Indies, 1545— tf. at Ormuz, 6 Jun. 1548. Castro, don Jose Rodriguez de, biblio- grapher, §c.,—b. in Galicia, 1739— librarian to Charles III. and Charles IV. ; tf. at Madrid, 1799. Biblioteca espanola, 1781-6. Castro, Paul de, jurist,— Prof . Law, Padua, before 1429— tf. there, about 1436,* 1447, or 1457. b Commentar. super codicem, §c, 1527 — Singularity 1596 — Responsa, 1607. a Bees' Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. Castro, Rodriguez, (Roderic,) physician, — Prof. Philosophy and Medicine, Hamburg, 1596-1627 — tf. there, 20 Jan. 1627. Medicus politicus, 16 14 — De universa muliebrum mor- borum medicina, 1666. Castro Sarmento, Jacopo de, physician, — b. in Portugal, about 1692 — tf. in London, 1762. Matiere medicate physico-historico-mecanique, 1758. Castro, Stefano Rodriguez de, physician, — b. at Lisbon, about 1559 — Prof, at Univ. of Pisa, about 1615 '< — tf., 1637. De meteoris Micro- cosmi, 1 62 1 — De compdexu morboram tractatus, 1624 — Qucc ex quibus, 1627 — Commentaria in Hipptocratem de alimento, 1635 — Medicce con- sultationes, 1644 — De animalibus Microcosmi, 1661. Castruccio-Castracani, Ghibelline Chief, — b. at Lucca, about 1283 — visits England, about 1303 — returns to Italy, 13 13 — chief of republic of Lucca, 1 3 16— defeats Florentine army at Alto Pascio, Sep. 1325 — accompanies Emperor Louis of Bavaria to Home, 1327 — Count Pala- tine, 1328 — tf., 3 Sep. 1328. Cat, Claude Nicholas le, physician, — b. in Picardy, 6 Sep. 1700 — correspondent of Acade- my of Sciences, Dec. 1739 — of Royal Society, London, 1740 — receives letters of nobility, 1762 — tf. at Rouen, 20 Aug. 1768. Trait e des Sens, 1740 — Theorie do VOuie, 1758. Catacombs, at Rome, — adorned by Damasus, Bp of Rome, about 370-380 — abandoned as burial-places, by 410° — pillaged by Lombards under Astolphus, 756 s1 — translation of bodies of saints from, to city churches, by Paul I., about 76o ;l — by i'aschal L, 20 Jul. 8 1 7 a — visited by Joannes Lonck, 1432 — by Pompouio Leto, be- tween 1460-90— re-discovered, 1578 — explored by Bosio, 1593-1629— destruction of antiquities in, stopped by Clement IX., about 1688 a — ex- plorations of Fabretti, 1688-1700 — of Boldetti, before 1720 — of Marangoni, before 1740 — of D'Agincourt, 1 825 — of Rao ul-Rochette, 18 26-27 — of Marchi, 1841 — of De Rossi, 1840-60. a De Bossi. Catalan Grand Company, — formed and led by Roger di Flor, enter the service of the Em- peror Andronicus the Elder, Sep. 1303 — in winter quarters at Cyzicus, 1303-4 — obtain victories over the Turks and raise siege of Philadelphia, summer 1304 — besiege Magnesia unsuccessfully, 1305 — winter at Gallipoli, 1305-6 — fortify themselves there, spring 1306 — assassination of Roger at Adrianople, 4 Apr. 1 306 — defeat Imperial forces at Apros ; pass into Greece, 1308 — enter service of the Duke of Athens, 13 10— defeat Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, in the battle of the Cephissus, 15 Mar. 1 3 1 1 —conquer Attica, 1 3 1 1 — finally de - feated by Philes, near Bizyn, 13 15. Catalogues of New Books,— first published by Wilier of Augsburg, about 1554. Catalonia, (Cataluna,) — occupied by the Goths and Alans, about 470 — by the Moors, 712 — conquered by Charles the Great, 788 — subject to Counts of Barcelona, 801 — annexed to Aragon, on marriage of Raymond Berenger with Petronilla of Aragon, n 37 — rebels against Pedro III., 1277 and 1283 — against Juan II., 1460 — submits to France, 1640 — becomes pro- vince of Spain, by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — supports Archduke Charles in War of the Suc- cession, 1705 — deprived of its cortes and liber- ties by Philip V., 17 14 — occupied by the French, 1808-13 — scene of civil war, 1823. Catana, Catina, (Catania,)— [BC] — founded by Naxos ? Chalcis ? 730, 704 a — taken by Hieron L, who removes inhabitants and settles Syracusans and Greeks in it, 476 — earthquake at, 475 — recovered by its inhabitants after Hieron's death, 467, 461 e — earthquake, 425 — conquered by Dionysius, 4oi-40o, b 403-6^ — victory of Carthaginian fleet under Magon near, 396, 395 b — [Agathocles] — submits to Pjrrrhus, 278 — to the Romans, 263 s — suffers from eruption of Mt Etna, 121 — suffers from the ravages of Sextus Pompeius, 38 — Ponian Colony by Augustus, after 30 — [AD"] — taken by Goths, 534— by Belisarius, 535 e — destroyed by earthquake, 4 Feb. 1169, 1173° — confer- ence between Richard I. and Tancred, 1190 — treaty between Frederick II. and Louis VIII. concluded at, Nov. i224 d — castle built by Frederick II., 1233 — reached by lava-stream, 1669 — earthquakes, 1693 and 5 Feb. 1783 — bombarded and taken by Royalist troops, end Mar. to Apr. 1849 — conquered by Garibaldi, 20 Aug. 1862. University, founded by Alfonso of Aragon, 1445 — [Sicily.] a Ersch and Gruber. b Grote. c Dufresnoy. d Kington. e Smith's Diet. Cataneo, Girolamo, architect, engineer. Opere nuova ' di fortificare, §c, 1564. Cataneo, Pietro, architect. Arclriteltara, 1567. Catania. [Catana.] CATANI— CATHERINE. 2 93 Catani, Damiano, admiral, — takes Nicosia, Cyprus, i6Jun. 1373. Catanzaro, in Italy, — partly destroyed by earthquake, 1783 — republican insurrection at, 8 May 1870. Cateau-Cambresis, — Peace of, between Eng- land, France, and Spain, signed, 2 Apr. 1559. Catel, Charles Simon, musical composer, — b. at l'Aigle, i77o, a 1773 b — Prof. Harmony, at the Conservatoire, Paris, 1795 — member of Academy of Fine Arts, 1827 — ft. at Paris, n, a 29 b Nov. 1830. Traite d' harmonic, 1802. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Catesby, Mark, naturalist,— h., about 1680 — goes to America, 17 12-19 — again, 1722-6 — ft. in London, 1749. Natural History of Caro- lina, Florida, $c, 1731-43 — Hortus Europce jlmericanus, 1763. Catesby, Eobert, — takes part in insurrection under Earl of Essex, Feb. 1 601— originates the Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — shot, while at- tempting insurrection in Worcestershire, 8 Nov. 1605. Catharine Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Dr Robert Wodelarke, 1473. Catharine, St, of Bologna, — b. at Bologna, 141 3 — ft., 9 Mar. 1463 — canonized by Benedict XIII., 1724. Libretto composto da una beata religios. del corpo de Cristo, about 1474. Catharine, St, of Genoa, — b. at Genoa, 1448 — ft., 14 Sep. 1510 — canonized by Clement XII., 1737. Catharine, St, of Siena, — fj. at Siena, 1347 ■ — enters the Order of Sisters of St Dominic, 1367 — attaches herself to the party of Urban VI., 1378 — ft., 29 Apr. 1380 — canonized by Pius II., 146 1. Opere della serafica S. Catarina, 1707-21. Cathcart, Sir George, general,— b. in London, 12 May 1784 — enters the army, 18 10 — present with the grand army in campaigns of* 181 3-14 — aide-de-camp to Wellington, 18 15 — at Qua- tre-Bras and Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— serves in Canada, 1837-44 — Deputy-lieutenant of the Tower, 1846 — Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 1852 — terminates the Kaffir war; Gener- al of Division, sent to the Crimea, 1 854 — killed at Inkermann, 5 Nov. 1 854. Commentaries on the Campaigns of 1813 and 1814, 1850. Cathelineau, Jacques, Vendean leader, — fj. near St Florent, 5 Jan. 1759 — heads insurrection against the Convention, 1793 — falls at attack on Nantes, 29 Jun. 1793. [Vendean "War.] Catheliniere, Ripault de la, Vendean leader, — b., about 1760 — commander of in- surgents of Retz, Mar. 1793 — distinguishes himself at attack of Machecoul, 20 Jun. 1793 — executed at Nantes, 1794. [Vendean War.] Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England, — marries Arthur, Prince of Wales, 14 Nov. 1501 — death of Arthur, 2 Apr. 1502 — betrothed to Henry, Prince of Wales, under dispensation by Pope Julius II. of 13 Mar. 1504 a — protest of Henry against the betrothal, 27 Jun. 1505 b — marries Henry VIII. , 3 Jun. 1509 — croAvned with her husband, 24 Jun. 1509 — the king ceases to live with her, 1524 — commission appointed by the pope to inquire into the law- fulness of the marriage, 1527— a new commis- sion to Wolsey and Campegio, Jun. 1528 ■ appears before legates, and is declared con- tumacious, 18 and 21 Jun. 1529 — the affair referred to Pome by bull of 15 Jul. 1529— obtains inhibition from the pope against further proceedings, autumn 1529 — another, Mar. i53o b — opinions of the Universities sent to the pope, 13 Jul. 1530— and laid before parlia- ment, 30 Mar. 153 1— refuses to withdraw her appeal, Jun. 15 31 a — finally leaves the king, mid. Jul. 153 1 » — takes up her residence at Ampthill, summer 1532 a — court at Dunstable opens, 10 May 1533 s — refuses to appear, and is pronounced" contumacious ; her marriage pronounced void by Cranmer, 23 May 1533 — ; protests against the sentence, and refuses title of Princess Dowager a few days later; the sentence reversed by the pope, 12 Jul. 153^ a — removes to Iftmbolton, Oct. 1535 — ft. at Kimbolton, 7 Jan. 1536. a Froude. b Lingard. Catherine of France, Queen of England, — b., 1401— marries Henry V. of England, at Troyes, 2 Jun. 1420 — crowned, Mar. 142 1— death of Henry, 31 Aug. 1422 — marries Owen Tudor, 1423 — ft. at Bermondsey, 4 Jan. 1438. Catherine, {Howard,) Queen of England, —marries Henry VIII., 28 Jul. 1540— charged with licentious conduct, and imprisoned in the Tower, Nov. 1541 — execution of two of her paramours, 10 Dec. — bill of attainder (33 Hen. VIII. c. 21) passed, Jan. 1542 — executed, 12 Feb. 1542. Catherine, (Parr,) Queen of England, — marries Henry VIII., Jul. 1543 — death of Henry, 28 Jan. 1547 — marries Lord Seymour, Mar. 1547 — ft., Sep. 1548. Catherine de Medici, Queen of France, — b- at Florence, 15 19 — marries Henry (II.) of France, at Marseilles, 1533 — Henry succeeds to the throne, 1547 — he dies, 1559— Regent on accession of Charles IX., 1560 — permits con- ference of Poissy to be held, 157 1— grants freedom of worship to the Protestants, 1572— counsels the massacre of St Bartholomew, of Aug. 1572 — Regent on death of Charles IX. till return of Henry III., Oct. 1574 to Jan. 1575 — ft. at Blois, 5 Jan. 1589. Catherine of Portugal, Queen of Eng- land, — b., 1638 — marries Charles II., 1661,* 1662 b — -accused of favouring the Catholics, 1678 — returns to Portugal, 1693 — Regent of Portugal, 1704 — ft., 31 Dec. 1705. a Biog. Univ. b Annals of England. Catherine I., Empress of Russia, — b., about 1689 — captured by Tcheremetof, in Li- vonia, 20 Aug. 1702 — becomes mistress of Peter the Great; marries him secretly, 1707 — accompanies him in Turkish war, 17 n — crowned as successor of her husband, 7 May 1724 — succeeds to the throne, Jan. 1725 — founds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1725 — ft., 27 May 1727. Catherine II., Empress of Russia, (Sophia Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst,) — b. at Stettin, 2 May 1729 — marries Charles Peter Ulric, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 1 Sep. 1745 — he becomes ; 94 CATHERINE— CATO. Czar on death of Elizabeth, 5 Jan. 1762 — pro- claimed Empress on his deposition, 8 Jul. 1762 — crowned at Moscow, 3 Oct. 1762 — insur- rection in favour of Prince Ivan, Jul. 1764 — suppresses it, and puts Ivan to death ; pro- motes election of Stanislaus Poniatowski to throne of Poland, Sep. 1764 — publishes in- struction for a new code, 1767 — assembly of the States at Moscow, 1768 — war with the Turks begins, 1768 — conquest of the Crimea, 1771 — unsuccessful negotiations at Tokshani and Bu- charest, 1772-3 — first partition of Poland, 1773 — rebellion of Pugatchev, 1773 — which is suppressed, Aug. 1774 — peace of Kutchuk- Kainardji, 26 Jul. 1774 — founds Kherson, 1778 — projects the Armed Neutrality, 1780 — conference with Emperor Joseph II. at Mohi- low or Moscow, May or Jun. 1780 — seizes the Crimea, 1783 — visits the Crimea, 1787 — war with Turkey begins, 1787 — Peace of Jassy, 1792 — second partition of Poland, 1793 — in- surrection at Warsaw, 1794 — Suwarof sup- presses it, 1795 — third partition of Poland, 1795 — *., 17 ^° v - i79 6 - Catherine, St, Order of, Russia, — instituted by Peter L, 17 14. Catholic Association, in Ireland, — formed, close of 1824 — abolished by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 4, 9 Mar. 1825 — dissolves itself, Feb. 1829. Catholic Emancipation, in United Kingdom, — bill for, brought in by Mr (Sir Ji.) Peel, 10 Mar. 1829 — read a second time, 18 Mar. — third time, and passed by Commons, 30 Mar. — read first time by Lords, 3 1 Mar. — second time, 4 Apr. — third time, and passed, 10 Apr. — re- ceives royal assent, 13 Apr. [Roman Cath- olics.] Catilina, L. Sergius, — [BC]- ft., about 109 — partisan of Sulla, 82— quaestor, about 77 — legatus to Scribonius Curio in Macedonia, 75 — praetor, 68 (67) — propraetor in Africa, 67 — dis- appointed of consulate, forms a conspiracy, end of 66 — acquitted on trial for oppression in his province, 65 — for share in Sulla's pro- scription, spring 64 — begins his great con- spiracy, Jim. 64 — candidate for consulate, 63 — denounced by Cicero, 8 Nov. 63 — leaves Rome ; killed in battle, beginning 62. [Catili- narian War.] Catilinarian War, — [B C] — first meeting of Catiline and conspirators, beginning Jun. 64 — Catiline fails to obtain the consulship, 64 — troops levied under superintendence of C. Man- lius, 63 — Cicero accuses Catiline in the senate, 21 Oct. 63— dictatorial power given to the con- suls, 22 Oct. 63 — Catiline again unsuccessful at consular election, 63— meeting of the con- spirators at the house of M. Porcius Loeca, night of 6-7 Nov. 63 — the senate assembled by Cicero, who delivers his first oration against Catiline, 8 Nov. — Catiline refused a hearing, quits Rome in the night, 8 Nov. — Cicero as- sembles the people in the forum, delivers his second oration, 9 Nov. — Catiline and Manlius declared public enemies; arrest of Allobro- gian envoys with documents of the conspirators on the Milvian Bridge, night of 3 Dec. — arrest of Lentulus, Cethegus, &c, in the Temple of Concord, 4 Dec. — Cicero delivers his third oration in the forum, 4 Dec. — debate in the senate respecting punishment of the conspir- ators, Cicero's fourth oration delivered, and sentence of death passed, 5 Dec. — Lentulus and his accomplices strangled in prison, night of 5 Dec. — Catiline endeavours to pass into Gaul, is intercepted by Metellus Celer ; the consul An- tonius sent against him, Catiline defeated and killed by M. Petreius, early in 62. Catinat, Nicolas, Marshal of France, — ■ ft. at Paris, 1 Sep. 1637 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Lille, 1667 — Lieutenant-general, 1688 — Marshal, 1693— defeated by the Im- perialists at Carpi, 9 Jul. 1701 — If. near Mont- morenci, 25 Feb. 17 12. Catineau-Laroche, Pierre Marie Sehastien, — h. at St Brieux, 25 Mar. 1772 — Secretary- general of Customs in Austria, 1809 — Inspector- general, Illyria, 18 10 — sent on mission for the government into Italy, Switzerland, and Ger- many, 1811-12 — commissioner to explore French Guyana-, 1819 — -If., 22 May 1828. Nouveau Dictionnaire, $c, 1802 — Notice sur la Guyane Francaise, 1822. Cato, C Porcius, — |_ BC ] — Consul with M' Acilius Balbus, (640, a. u. c.) i 14. Cato, L. Porcius,— [B C] — Consul with Cn. Pompeius Strabo, (665, a. u. c.) 89 — killed in battle against the Marsi, 89. Cato, M. Porcius, — [B C] — Consul with Q. Marcius Rex, (636, a. u. c.) 118 — ft., 118. Cato, M. Porcius Censorius, (Prisms, Ma- jor,) — [BC] — ft., 234 — serves in campaign against Hannibal, 217— serves at Capua, 214 — ■ at siege of Tarentum, 209 — against Hasdrubal, 207 — quaestor to Scipio in Sicily, 204 — aedile, 199 — praetor, 198— propraetor in Sardinia, 197 — Consul with L. Valerius Flaccus, (559, a. u. c.) 195 — proconsul Hispaniae Citerioris, triumph, 194 — military tribune against Antiochus, at Thermopylae, 191— legatus to M. Fulvius No- bilior, in iEtolia, 189 — censor, 184 — defends cause of Hispania Citerior, 171 — procures dis- missal of Greek philosophers (ambassadors) from Rome, 155 — ambassador to Carthage, 150 — tf., 149. Cato, M. Porcius Licinianus, jurist, — [B C] — engaged in military service, 173-168 — tf. praetor, 152. Cato, M. Porcius TJticensis,— [B c]— fc., 95 — serves in Avar with Spartacus, 72, 73 — tri- bunus militum, serves in Macedonia, 67 — brings Athenodorus from Pergamus ; quaestor, 65 — visits Deiotarus ; trib. pleb., 63 — takes possession of Cyprus for Rome, 58-57 — settles affairs of Byzantium; unsuccessful candidate for praetorship, 55 — praetor, 54 — unsuccessful can- didate for consulate, 52 — at Dyrrachium with Pompey, 49 — goes to Cyrene, 48 — joins Scipio and the Pompeians, spring 47 — kills himself at Utica, 46. Cato Street Conspiracy, The, — formed by Thistlewood and others, to murder the cabinet ministers, 20 Feb. 1820 — arrest of several con- spirators, 24 Feb. — and of Thistlewood, 25 Feb. — execution of Thistlewood and four others, 1 May, CATO— CAUSSIN. 295 Cato, Valerius, — [B C] — grammarian, poet, — K., about 8i. a a Fischer. Catron, Francois, Jesuit, — b. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1659 — enters the Order of Jesuits, 1677 — lj. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1737. Edits Journal de Trevoux, 1 701-13 — Histoire du fanatisme dans la religion protestante, 1706 — Histoire Jiomaine, 1725-37. Cats, Jacob, poet, — b. at Brouwershaven, Zealand, 10 Nov. 1577 — settles at the Hague, 1621 — pensionary of Dort, 1625 — ambassador to England, 1627 — J£nt, by Charles I.; pen- sionary of Holland, 1636-51 — ambassador to England, 1652 — tf. atZorgvliet,nearthe Hague, 12 Sep. 1660. Emblemata, 161 8 — Spiegel van den Ouden en Nieuwen Tijd, 1635 — Ouder- dom en Buitenleven, 1664 — Houwelyck, 1625. Cattani da Diacetto, Francesco, philosopher, — b. at Florence, 16 Nov. 1446 — tf. there, 1522. Opera, 1563. Cattaro, in Dalmatia, — submits to Venice, 1420 — earthquake at, 1563 and 1667 — ceded to Austria by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — ceded to France at Peace of Presburg, 1805 — held by Russians, from 4 Mar. 1806 — given up to France by Treaty of Tilsit, Jul. 1807 — cap- tured by allies, 16 Oct. 1813 — given up to Aus- tria, by Treaty of Vienna, 1815 — revolts, 1849 ■ — reduced, Jan. 1850. Catteau-Calleville, Jean Pierre Guillaume, historian, — b. at Angermunde, about 1760 — ft. at Paris, 19 May 181 9. Tableau des Etats Danois, 1802 — Histoire de Christine, reine de Suede, 1 8 15. Cattermole, George, painter, — b. in Norfolk, 1 800 — member of Society of Painters in Water- colours, 1833 — resigns, 1851^ 1853 b — if., 24 Jul. 1868. a AthenfEum. b Engl. Cyc. Cattier, Philippe, philologist. Gazophyla- cium Grcecorum, about 1650 — Gazophylacium Latinitm, 1665 — Jar din des racines Latines, 1667. Cattle Disease, — spreads from steppes of W. Russia into Europe, 809 — rages in England, 1745-67 — breaks out again, end of Jun. 1865 — removal of cattle from England to Ireland pro- hibited, 25 Aug. — Royal Commission appointed, 4 Oct. — first report publisbed, 13 Nov. — Cattle JDiseases Act, 29 Vic. c. 2, 20 Feb. 1866 — amended by 29 and 30 Vic. c. 110, 10 Aug. 1866. Catullinus, Aco, — Consul with Ulpius Lime- nius, (1102, a. u. c.) 349. Catullinus, Q. Fabius, — Consul with M. Flavius Afer, (883, a. it. c.) 130. Catullus, C. Valerius, poet, — [B C] — b. at Verona, 87 — ft., after 47. ■ Catulus, Lutatius,— 1. C., ab L. c — [BC]— Consul with A. Postumius Albinus, carries on war in Sicily, (512, a. xj. c.) 242 — proconsul in Sicily, defeats Carthaginians at the JEgates Islands, and ends first Punic War, 241 — triumph, 6 Oct. 241. 2. Q.— [B C]— Consul with C. Ha- rms, (652, a.u.c.) 102 — proconsul, victory over the Cimbri, near Vercellse, 1 01— partisan of Sulla, proscribed by Marius, 87— kills himself, 87. 3. Q.— [BC]— Consul withM. ^milius Le- pidus, (676,) 78 — defeats Lepidus at the Mil- vian bridge, 77 — opposes Gabinian and Mani- lian laws, 67-6 — Censor with M. Crassus, 65 — ■ ft., 60. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Zumpt. Catus Decianus, — procurator of Britain, provokes the revolt under Boadicea, and escapes to Gaul, 6i, ab 62.° a Clinton. b Annals of England. c Smith's Diet. Catus, Sex. iElius Psetus, — [BC] — Consul with T. Quinctius Flamininus, (556, a. u. c.) 198. Catus, Sex. iElius, — Consul with C. Sentius Saturninus, (757, a. u. c.) 4. Caucasus, The, — -Military line of, North, fixed by Catherine II., 1777 — first Russian set- tlements in, about 1786. [Circassia, Cossacks, Georgia, &c, Schamyl.] Cauche, Francois, traveller, — visits Mada- gascar, 1638-41. Cauchon, Pierre, Bp of Beauvais, — driven from his See, 1429 — condemns Joan of Arc, 30 May 1431 — tf., 1443 — excommunicated by Ca- lixtus III., between 1455-58. Caudex, App. Claudius, — [B C]— Consul with M. Fulvius Flaccus, commences first Punic War, in Sicily, (490, a. it. c.) 264. Caudine Forks, (Furculce Caudina,) in Samnium, — [B C] — the Romans surrender to the Samnites and pass under the yoke, 321. Caudinus. [Lentulus.] Caulaincourt, Armand Augustine Louis de, general, — b. at Caulaincourt, 9 Dec. 1773, a 1772 b — enters the army, 1788 — serves in cam- paign of Germany, 1798-9 — • General, officer of Legion of Honour, Duke of Vicenza, 1805 — ambassador to St Petersburg, 1 807-11 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, b 181 3 — plenipoten- tiary of Bonaparte for treaty of 11 Apr. 18 14 — ft. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1827. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Caulaincourt, Auguste Jean Gabriel de, Count, general, — b. at Caulaincourt, 16 Sep. 1777 — Lieutenant, 21 Jan. 1796 — wounded at Marengo, Jun. 1800 — aide-de-camp of Mar- shal Berthier, Jun. 1804 — General, 1806 — dis- tinguishes himself in Spain, 1809— commands in expedition to Russia, 181 2 — killed at battle of Moscow, 7 Sep. 1812. Cauliac, Gui de, (Guido de,) surgeon,— -phy- sician to Clement VI., 1348 — to Urban V., 1362. Chirurgice tractatus scptem cum anti- dot aiiio, 1363. Caumont. [Force, la.] Caus, Salomon de, architect, engineer, — b. in Normandy, about 1600 — tf., 1630. Per- spective, dfc, 16 1 2 — liaisons des forces mou- vantes, 16 15. Causans, Joseph Louis Vincent de Mauleon de, mathematician, — b. at Avignon, about 17 10 ■ — rj., 1770. La vraie Geometric, <$c., 1754 — ■ Eclair cissements sur le peche originel, 1755. Caussin, Nicolas, Jesuit, confessor to Louis XJLL., — b. at Troyes, 1583 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1607 — ft. at Paris, 2 Jul. 165 1. Caussin de Percival, Jean Jacques Antoine, — b. at Montdidicr, 24 Jun. 1759 — Prof. Arabic, College de France, 1783 — Keeper of Royal MSS., 1787-92 — member of the Institute, 1809 — of the Legion of Honour, 1814—13., 29 Jul. 1835. 296 CAUSTIC— CAVE. Caustic Curve, — properties of, demonstrated I by Tchiruhausen, 1682. Cautionary Towns, {Flushing, Uriel, JRam- mekens,) — pledged to Queen Elizabeth, Jul. 1585 — delivered up to the Dutch by James I., 27 May 161 6. Cavaceppi, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — tf., about 1795. Raccolta d'antiche statue, busti, §c, 1768-72. Cavaignac, Jean Eaptiste, statesman, — fj. at Gordon, 1762 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — at Brest, May 1793 — contributes, with Barras, to triumph or' Convention, Sep. 1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — called to Naples, by Joseph Napoleon, 1806 — Counsellor of State; at Paris, Mar. 18 15 — retires to Brussels, 1816 — "&. there, 24 Mar. 1829. Cavaignac, Louis Eugene, general, — fj. at Paris, 15 Oct. 1802 — enters the Ecole Poly- technique, 1820 — serves in the Morea, 1828-9 ■ — signs the proj ect of Association Rationale, 1 8 3 1 — sent into Africa, 1832 — distinguishes himself at capture of Tlemsen, Jan. 1 836 — and is named commander of the town : commands vanguard at battle of Isly, 1844 — General of Brigade, and governor of Oran, 1844^ 1847 b — Marechal de Camp, 16 Sep. 1844 — invades Morocco, Feb. 1846 — General of Division, and Governor- general of Algeria, 2 Mar., a 24 Feb. 1 1848— member of Constituent Assembly, Apr. — quells insurrection at Paris, 23-26 Jun.— retires, 20 Dec. — arrested, 2 Dec. 1851, but soon after released— tf., 28 Oct. 1857. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Cavalca, Domenico, — tf., Nov. 1342. El tractato dicto, pongie lingua, 1472 — Spccchio di Croce, 1480 — Frutti delta lingua, 1493. Cavalcabo, ITgolino, Marquis of, Guelpliic leader, — imprisoned by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, 1397- 1403 — captured by the Ghibel- lines at Manestrio, 14 Dec. 1404 — escapes from prison, 1406 — massacred, by Fondolo, 26 Jul. 1406. Cavalcanti, Bartolomeo, — b. at Florence, 1503 — tf. at Padua, 9 Dec. 1562. Trattaii, #*•» iSSS—Rettorica, 1559. Cavalcanti, Guido, poet, philosopher,—^, at Florence, probably 1230 a — tf- at Florence, 1300. a Ersch and Gruber. Cavalier, Jean, Camisard chief, — b. at Ri- baute, in Languedoc, 1679,* i685, b between 1679-81 c — driven by persecutions to Geneva, 1701 — returns and is chosen one of the chiefs of insurgent Calvinists, Jul. 1702 — victorious on the Ardeche, 10 Feb. 1703 — defeated at Tour- de-Bellot, 30 Apr. 1703 — encounters Montrevel at Nages, 16 Apr. 1704— conference with Mar- shal Yillars at Nismes, and agrees to lay down his arms, 16 May 1704 — presented to Eouis XI V. ; distinguishes himself at battle of Al- manza, 25 Apr. 1707 — enters service of Eng- land, and is appointed governor of Jersey, after 1707 — tf. at Chelsea, May 1740. a Some authorities. b Others. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Cavaliere, Battista del, sculptor, — b., 15 18 -a., 1583. Cavalieri, (Cavalerius,) Buonaventura, ma- thematician,— b. at Milan, 1598 — enters the Order of Jesuits, 1613 — Prof. Mathematics, Bologna, 1629 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1647. Spec* chio ustorio, §c, 1632 — Directorium generate uranometricum, 1632 — Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota, 1635 — Sfera astronomica, 1690. Cavalieri, Giovanni Miehele, Cardinal,— tf., Abp Beneventum, 1701. Galleria de' summi pontifci, 1696. Cavalleriis, (Cavallerii,) Giovanni Battista, engraver, — fj. in Brescia, about 1530 — tj. at Pome, 1597. Antiques statuce urbis Fowce, 1685-94 — Ecclesice militantis triumphus, 1585. Cavalli, Francesco, musical composer, — h. at Venice, about 1600— called to Paris by Car- dinal. Mazarin, 1660— tf., Apr. 1676. Cavalli, Giuseppe Francesco Alessandro, Count or Olivola, statesman, — b. at Turin, 6 Jan. 1761 — LL.D., 1780 — accompanies Na- poleon, in campaign of 1800 — member cf Pro- visional Government of Piedmont, Jun. 1800 — ■ president of Court of Appeal, Turin, 1802 — member of Legion of Honour, 1804 — of Legis- lative body, 1808 — first president of Imperial Court of Pome, 1811 — tf. atCasal, 27 Jun. 1828. Cavalli, Jaccpo, orientalist, — b. at Verona, 1678 — tf. at Pome, 1758. Cavallini, Bernardo, painter, — b. at Naples, 10 Dec. i6i2, a 1622 bc — tf., 1656^ i654. b a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Nagler. Cavallini, Pietro, painter, sculptor, — fj. at Koine, 1259 ?— tf., i344, a living 1364. 1 a Baldinucci. b Vasari. Cavallo, Tiberio, natural philosopher, — b. at Naples, 1749 — goes to London, 177 1 — member of Academy of Sciences, Naples, 1779 — F.P.S., London, 1779 — tf. in London, 26 Dec. 1809 (o. s.). Treatise of Electricity, 1777 — Essay on the theory and practice of medical electricity, 1780 — Treatise on the nature and properties of air, 1781 — Magnetism, 1787 — Mineralogical Tables, 1785. Cavalucci, Antonio, painter, — b. at Ser- moneta, 1752 — tf. at Rome, 1795. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose, botanist, — h. at Valencia, 16 Jan. 1745 — accompanies Spanish ambassador to Paris, 1777 — Director of Royal Garden, Madrid, 1801 — tf. there, Aug., b May a 1804. Monadelphice classis dissertationes, 1785 — Icones et descriptiones plantarum, §c, 1791-9 — Observaciones sobro la historia natural, §c, del regno de Valencia, 1795-7. a Ersch and Gruber. b Biog. Univ. Cavazza, Giovanni Battista, painter, en- graver, — b. at Bologna, 1620. Cavazza, Pietro Francesco, painter, — b. at Bologna, 1675 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1733. Cavazzi, Giovan- Antonio, missionary, — ft. in Modena, about 1600 — sent to Angola, 1654 — returns to Rome, 1668 — tf. at Genoa, 1692. Descrizione dei tre regni de Congo, Matamba, ed Angola, §c, 1687. Cavazzone, Francesco, painter, — fj. at Bo- logna, 1559 — tf., after i6i2. a a Biog. Catalogue. Cave, Edward, printer, — fj. at Newton, War- wickshire, 29 Feb. 1 69 1 — projects the Gentle- man'' s Magazine, 1731 — tf., 10 Jan. 1754. Cave, William, theologian, — b. in Leicester- shire, 30 Dec. 1637 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1653— M.A., 1660— D.D., 1672— D.D., Ox- CAVEDONE— CAXTON. 297 ford, 1 68 1 — canon of Windsor, 1684 — vicar of Isleworth, Nov. 1690 — tf. at Windsor, 4 Aug. 17 13. Primitive Christianity, 1672 — Antiquitates apostolkce, 1676 — Apostolici, 1677 ■ — Ecclesiastici, 1682 — Scriptorum Ecclesiasti- coram historia literaria a Christo nato usque ad sceculum XIV., 1688-98. Cavedone, Giacomo, painter, — b. near Mo- dena, 1577 — tf. at Bologna, 1660. San Petronio and other saints, 16 14. Caveirae, Jean Novi de,— 5. at Nismes, 6 Mar. 17 1 3 — tf., 1782. La Verite vengee, 1756 — Apologie de Louis XIV., fye., 1758 — Appel a la raison des ecrits publies contre lesjesuites de tFrance, 1762. Cavelier, Robert. [Salle, La.] Cavendish. [Devonshire, Newcastle, Duk.es OF.] Cavendish, Henry, chemist, — b. in London, a at Nice, bc 10 Oct. 17 31 — enters Cambridge Univ., 18 Dec. 1749 — his controversy with Watt and Lavoisier respecting the discovery of the composition of water, begins Mar. 1784 11 — foreign Associate of French Institute, 1803 — tf. at Clapham, 24 Feb. 18 10. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. d Y, r ilson. Cavendish, (Candish,) John, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, — Chief Justice, 1365 a ■ — Judge of the Common Pleas, 27 Nov. 137 i ab ■ — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 15 Jul. 13"; -Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1380- 1 — joint commissioner with Robert de Hales to suppress insurrection, 1381 — [his son kills Yv T at Tyler, Jim. 1381 (?)] — beheaded by insurgents, at Bury St Edmunds, 15 Jun. 1381. a Dugdale. b Foss. Cavendish, (Candish,) Sir Thomas, mari- time adventurer, — accompanies Sir R. Grenville to Virginia, about 1585 — embarks for S. America, 22 Jul. 1586 — enters Strait of Magellan, 6 Jan. 1587 — returns to Plymouth after circumnavigation of the globe, 9 Sep. 1588. Knt, by Q,ueen Elizabeth ; embarks on second voyage, 6 Aug. 1591 — tf. at sea, 1593. Cavendish, Sir William, Gentleman Usher to Card. Wolsey, — b., about 1505 a — attends Wolsey on his embassy to France, 1527 b — attends him at his death, Nov. 1530 — enters service of Henry VIIL, close of 1530 — named one of the Commissioners for taking surrenders of the Monasteries, 1536 — one of the Auditors of Court of Augmentations, 1539 — Treasurer of the Chamber to the king, 1546 — Knt, Easter Day 1546 — Privy Councillor soon after: tf., 1557. Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, 1607, 1667. 13 a Chalmers. b Collins. Cavendish Spencer, Sir Robert, naval com- mander, — b., 24 Oct. 1 79 1 — follows Nelson to the East Indies, 1804 — assists at the blockade of Toulon, 1808 — serves in the United States, 18 10 — Commander, 181 3 — serves in the Medi- terranean, 1 8 16 — tf. at Alexandria, 4 Nov. 1830. Cavino, Giovanni, engraver, — b., 1499— tf., i57°- Cavolini, Filippo, naturalist, $c, — fc. at Naples, 1756 — tf., 25 Mar. 1810. Memoria sulla generazione de pesci et de granchi, 1777 — Nuove ricerche sulla Gorgonia e sulla Madre- pora, 1783. Cavour, Camillo Bensodi, Count, statesman, — b. at Turin, 10 Aug. 18 10 — Lieutenant of Engineers, 1828 — quits the army and travels, 1831— visits France and England, establishes the journal II Risorgimento, Sep. 1847 — at Re- form Meeting at Genoa urges the demand of a Constitution, Jan. 1848 — loses his seat in the Chamber under the Gioberfci ministry, 1849 — reelected, 1849 — joins the Azeglio administra- tion, autumn 1850 — Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Minister of Finance, beginning 1 85 1 — President of the Council, 1852 — allies himself with Ratazzi as Minister of Jus dee, 1 853 — promotes the alliance with Western Powers against Russia, 1854 — attends Congress of Paris, meets Napoleon III. at Plombieres, au- tumn 1858 — resigns after Treaty of Villa Franca, 1859 — returns to office, 21 Jan. i860 — Minister of War and Marine, Sep. i860 — vote of confidence in his policy, 13 Oct. i860 — re- signs, 19 Mar. 1 86 1 — reappointed Pres. of the Council, Mar. 1861 — tf. at Turin, 6 Jun. 1861. Cawnpore, in Hindustan,— made British mi- litary cantonment, 1777. 1857 : mutiny of the Sepoys at, the Europeans retire to the entrench- ment, end of May — attack on the entrenchment by Nana Sahib, begins 7 Jun. — negotiation between General Wheeler and the Nana for the removal of the Europeans to Allahabad, 25 Jun. — the boats fired on by the Sepoys, 27 Jun. — massacre of the women and children, their bodies thrown into the well, 15 Jul. — the magazine blown up by the Nana, 1 8 Jul. — ■ taken possession of by General Havelock, 18 Jul. — General Windham attacked by the rebels at, 26-28 Nov. — arrival of Sir Colin Campbell, evening 28 Nov. — removal of the women and children, 1-3 Dec. — unsuccessful attack by the rebels, 5 Dec. — defeat of the rebels by Sir C. Campbell, 6 Dec. Caxes, Eugenio, painter, — b. at Madrid, 1577 — painter to the king, 16 12 — tf., 1642. Lady Chapel, cathedral of Toledo, 1616. Caxes, Patricio, architect, painter, — in serv- ice of Philip II. and Philip III., Spain, about 1590-1600. Caxton, William, printer, — b. in Kent, a at Caxton, Cambridgeshire, 13 1412,° 1422.3 s1 — ■ apprentice to Bobert Large, mercer, London, 1438— settles in the Low Countries, probably at Bruges, 1441 — freeman of the Mercers' Com- pany and begins business for himself, about 1446 — visits London, 1453 — acting as ' Go- vernor of the English Merchants ' at Bruges, 1462-3 — Governor, 1464 — ambassador with Sir B. Whitehill to Duke of Burgundy, Oct. 1464 — ^joint-ambassador to the Duke again, Sep., Oct. 1468 — begins to translate 'Le Re- cueil des Histoires de Troye,' 1 Mar. 1469 — ceases to appear as Governor, after 12 May 1469 — in service of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, about Mar. 147 1 — returns to Eng- land and establishes his printing press at West- minster, latter half of 1476 a — tf. there, be- tween 1490-2. The Recuyell, probably printed CAYENNE— CELEE. 147 1 — Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, Nov. 1477 — Cordyale, Mar. 1479 — Golden Le- gend, Nov. 1483 — JEsop, Mar. 1484 — King Arthur, Jul. 1485 — Dircctorium, 2nd ed., Jul. 1489— ity/te of Arms, Jul. 1490. a Blades. b Fuller. c Biog. Brit. Cayenne, S. America, — colony of France, about 1635,* 1605, b 1604 and 1635° — held by the English, 1654-64° — again occupied by the French, 1664— taken by English, 1667 b — by Dutch, i6-]i, h 1676° — recovered by France, 1674^ 1675° — taken by Portuguese, 1809^ — restored to France, 1814.° a Rees' Cyc., Maeculloca. b Diet, de la Conversation. c Diet. Geog. Univ. Cayet, Pierre Victor Palma, — b. at Mont- richard, 1525 — abjures Calvinism at Paris, 1595 — Prof. Hebrew, College Royal, 1596 — priest, 1597 — tf., 10 Mar. 1610. Paradigmata de IV. Unguis orientalibus, 1596 — Chronologie novennaire, 1608 — Chronologie septennaire, 1605. Caylus, Anne Claude Philippe de Tubieres, de Grimoard, de Pestels, de Levi, Count of, archceologist, §c, — b. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1692 — travels in Italy, Turkey, 17 14-7 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 17 31 — to Academy of Inscriptions, 1742 — tf. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1765. Jiecueil d'antiquite's egyptiennes, grecques, §c., 17 52-67— Recueil de peintures antiques, 1757 — (Euvres badines, 1787. Cayot, Auguste, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 1667 ■ — member of Academy of Sculpture, 17 11 — tf., i7 T 7- % Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, orator, • — b. at Grenade sur Garonne, 1752 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — returns from England, Feb. 1792 — emigrates, after 10 Aug. 1792 — returns to France, 1803 — tf. at Grenade, 24 Nov. 1805. Cazali, (Casali,) Giovanni Vincenzio, sculp- tor, architect, — b. at Florence, about 1540 — tf., 1593- Cazali, Giuseppe, antiquary,— h., 1746 — ft. at Rome, 4 May 1797- Dissertations, 1793. Cazes, Pierre Jacques, painter, — b. at Paris, 1676 — member of Academy of Painting, 1703 — tf., 25 Jun. 1754. Cazotte, Jacques, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Dijon, 1720 — settles at Paris, 1768 — ar- rested with his daughter, Aug. 1792 — saved by her from massacre, Sep. 1792 — executed, 25 Sep. 1792. Olivier, 1763 — le Lord impromptu, 177 1 — le Liable amoureux, 1772. Ceadwalla. [Wessex, Kingdom of] Cean-Bermudez, Juan Augustin, — b. at Gijon, Asturias, 1749 — accompanies Jovellanos to Madrid, 1778— tf. at Madrid, a 1834^ 1829. a Diccionario historico de los mas illustres Pro- fessores de las Bellas Artes en Espana, 1 800 — Descripcion Artistica de la Catedral de Sevilla, 1804 — Carta sobre el Estilo, §c, de la Escucla •'iia, 1806 — Xoticias de los Arquitectos y Arqnitectura en Espana, 1829 — Sumario de las autiqucdades romanas que hay en Espana, §c, 1832. a Conv.-Lex. b Engl. Cyc. Ceawlin, Bretwalda of England, — King of Wessex, 560 — takes many towns in Gloucester- shire, and becomes Bretwalda, about 584 — de- feated by his brother Ceol and driven from his kingdom, 591 — killed, 593. [Anglo-Saxon Kings of England.] Ceba, Ansaldo, poet, — b. at Genoa, 1565 — ■ tf. there, 1623. Rime, 1611 — LI Gonzaga, 162 1 — II Cittadino republicano, 16 17. Cebes, {Kebes,) moral philosopher, — [B C] — ■ ft., about 400. Cebornico, volcano in Mexico, — eruption begins, 22 Feb. 1870 — continuing, 1 Apr. Ceccati, Domenieo Francesco, sculptor, — b. at Stiano, 1642 — tf. there, 17 17. Ceechi, Giammaria, poet, — ft. at Florence,^ about 1510-50. Cecco d'Ascoli, (Francesco Stabili,) — b. at Ascoli, about 1257 — Prof. Astrology, Bologna, 1322-5 — burnt by the Inquisition at Florence, 1327. Acerba, 14.76. Cecil, Richard, theologian,—- -b. in London, 8 Nov. 1748 — enters Oxford Univ., May 1773 — ■ B.A., 1777 — minister at St John's cbapel, Bed- ford Row, 1780 — tf. at Hampstead, 15 Aug. 1 8 10. Works, 181 1. Cecil, Robert. [Salisbury, Earl of.] Cecil, William. [Burleigh, Baron. ]_ Cecilia, St, — martyred, 177 ? — translation of her body, by Paschal I., 821 a — the body dis- covered by Card. Sfondrati, 1599 a — crypt of, discovered by De Rossi, 1855. a De Rossi. Cecryphaleia, (Kekryphaleia,) — [B C] — battle of, spring 458. a a MUller. Cedar Creek, near Strasburg, IT. S., — defeat of Gen. Longstreet by Gen. Sheridan, 19 Oct. 1864. Cedar Mountain, U. S., — Gen. Banks de- feated by Gens. Jackson and Ewell, 9 Aug. 1862. Cedrenus, Georgius, Byzantine historian, — £(., about 1050. Cei, Francesco, poet, — tf., after 1523. Sonetti, capitoli, §c, 1503,* 1507 . b a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. Ceillier, (Cellier,) Remi, Benedictine, — b. at Bar-le-duc, 1688 — tf., 17 Nov. 1761. Histoire generate des auteurs sacres et ecclesiastiques, 1729-63. Celakowsky, Frantisek Ladislaw, poet, philologist, — b. at Strakonice, 7 Mar. 1799— Prof. Bohemian language, Prague, before 1831 — Prof. Sclavonic literature, Breslau, 1842-8 — Prof. Sclavonic Philology, Prague, 1849 — tf-, 5 Aug. 1852. Celano, Lago. [Fucinus.] Celano, Thomas von, Franciscan, — keeper of the convents of Worms, Mentz, and Cologne, about 1 22 1 — living in 1250. Celebes, Eastern Archipelago, — Portuguese settlement at Macassar, 15 12 — conquered by the Dutch, and the Portuguese expelled, 1660 — conquered by the English, 181 1 — ceded by them to the Dutch, i8i5, a i8i6 b — Macassar declared a free port, 1 846 — Menado and Kema made free ports, 1849. a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. Celer,— joint commander in Persian war, 503 — recovers Aniida, and concludes peace with CELESIA— CENIS. 299 Cabades, 505 — Consul with. Venantius, (1261, A. U. C.) 508. Celesia, Pietro Paolo, statesman, — ft. at Genoa, 1 Oct. 1732 — ambassador to London, 1755-9 — minister plenipotentiary to Court of Spain, 1784 — member of Legislative Commis- sion, 1800 — Dean, charged to instal constitu- tional government, Jun. 1803 — tf., 12 Jan. 1806. Celesti, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Venice, 1637 — tf. there, 1706. Celestine I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Boni- face I., Sep. 422 — tf., 432. Celestine II., Pope, — succeeds Innocent II., 26 Sep. 1 143— tf., 9 Mar. 1144. Celestine III., Pope, — succeeds Clement III., Mar. 1 19 1 — crowns Emperor Henry VI., 14 Apr. 1191 — excommunicates Leopold, Duke of Austria, and the Emperor Henry VI., on account of imprisonment of Bichard I., 1194- — tf., 8 Jan. 1 198. Celestine IV., Pope, — elected to succeed Gregory IX., Oct. 1241 — tf., before consecra- tion, 17 or 18 Nov. 1 24 1. Celestine V., Pope, (Pierre de Moron,) — founds Order of Celestines, i274, a about i254 b - — elected at Perugia, 5 Jul. 1294 — abdicates, 13 Dec. 1294 — tf., 19 May 1296 — canonized by Clement V., 1313. a Dufresnoy. b Engl. Cyc. Celestines, Order of, — founded by Pierre de Moron, (Celestine V.,) i274, a i264, b 1254° — suppressed in France by Pius VI., 1776-8. a Dufresnoy. b Rees' Cyc. c Engl. Cyc. Celestino, historian, — ft. at Bergamo, about 1550. Istoria quadripartita di Bergamo, Qc., 1617. Celestius, theologian, — publishes his doc- trine, about 402, 409 a — goes to 'Carthage, is condemned and excommunicated by the Synod, 409, 412 a — the sentence confirmed by Innocent I., 416 — declared orthodox by Zosimus, 417 — Zosimus revokes his sentence and adheres to the condemnation of Celestius, 418— protected by Nestorius, about 430 — unsuccessfully appeals to Council of Ephesus, 431. a Gieseler. Celibacy of the Clergy. [Marriage.] Cellarius, Andreas, geographer, $c. Traite d' architecture militaire, 1656 — Harmonia ma- crocosmica, 1661. Cellarius, Christopher, philologist, — ft. at Smalkald, 22 Nov. 1638 — Prof. Philosophy and Oriental Languages, "VVeissenfels, 1668 — rector of Coll. of Weimar, 1673 — Prof. History and Rhetoric, Halle, 1693-1707 — tf. there, 4 Jun. 1707. Notitia orbis antiqui, 1701 — Breviarium antiquitatum Roman arum, 17 10— Antibarbarus, §c, 1677 (ed. IV.) — Orthographia Latina, 1704. Cellarius, Daniel, geographer. Speculum orbis terrarum, 1578. Cellarius, Solomon, physician, — ft. at Zeitz, 1676 — tf., 1700. Origines et antiquitates me- dicce, 1 701. Celles, Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain Vischer, Count or, statesman, — ft. at Brussels, 10 Oct. 1779 — enters the French army, 1805 — Count, member of Legion of Honour, 1808 — retires, 18 14 — deputy to States-General of the Netherlands, 1821 — concludes concordat with the Pope, Jun. 1827 — naturalized in France, 1832 — tf. at Paris, 1 Nov. 1841. Cellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, engraver, §c. t — ft. at Florence, 1500 — goes to Borne, about 151 8 a — defends Castle of St Angelo against Constable de Bourbon, 1527 a — imprisoned on a charge of theft, 1538 — in the service of Francis I. of France, 1540-5— tf. at Florence, 25 Feb. 1570, 157 i, a 1572. b Vita de Benvenuto Cellini da lui medesimo scritta, §c, 1728 cd — Due trat- tati, §c, 1568. a Perkins. b Some authorities. c Conv.-Lex. d Ersch and Gruber. Celsius, Andreas, astronomer, — ft. at Upsala, 27 Nov. 1701 — Prof . Astronomy there, 1730 — travels in Germany, 1732 — in Italy, 1733 — ■ goes to Paris, 1734 — tf., 25 Apr. 1744. Dis- sertatio de novo methodo dimetiendi distantiam solis a terra, 1730 — Bissertatio de chronologia ecclesiastica,i']\Q> — Bissertatio de origine artium mechanicarum, 1739. Celsius, Olaus, botanist, theologian, — ft. ,1670 — tf. Prof. Theology, Upsala, 1756. Hiero- botanicon, 1745 — Be sculptura BTebrceorum, 1726. Celsus, Epicurean philosopher, — fl., about 180. Celsus, Aurelius (Aldus) Cornelius, phy- sician, — fl., about 20 ? Celsus, Juventius, jurist, — £(., about 75. Celsus, L. Puhlilius, — Consul with C. Clodius Crispinus, (866, a. u. c.) 113 — put to death for conspiracy by Adrian, 118. Celsus, P. Juventius, jurist, — ft., 67 — ■ prsetor, 101 — Consul II. with Q,. Julius Bal- bus, (882, a. u. c.) 129 — tf., about 135. Celsus, P. Juventius, — Consid with M. Pom- peius Macrinus, (917, a. u. c.) 164. Celsus, P. Marius, — Consul with L. Asinius Gallus, (815, a. tj. c.) 62. Celtes Protucius, Conrad, (Meissel,) poet, — ft. in Wurtzburg, 1 Feb. 1459 — tf- at Vienna., 3 Feb. 1508. Ars versijicandi, 1487 — Amores, 1502 — Odce, 15 1 3. Celtiherians, — [B C] — subdued by Hannibal, they assist him against the Bomans, about 220 — defeated by Q,. Fulvius, 181 — pacification effected by Tib. Gracchus, 179 — defeat the consul Fulvius Nobilior, 153 — war against, carried on by Marcellus, 152 — by Lucullus, 151 — Viriathus carries on the war with success against the Bomans, 149-146 — join the Lusita- nians, 145 — the war carried on by Metellus, 143-142 — by Pompeius, 141 — Viriathus assas- sinated, 140 — Popillius conducts the war, 139- 138 — defeat Mancinus, who makes treaty of peace, the treaty disowned by the senate, 137 — Scipio sent to conduct the war, 1 34 — siege and destruction of Numantia, 134-133— subject to Bome, 133 — insurrection of, suppressed by Didius, 97 — serve under Sertorius, about 80-72. Cenci, Beatrice, — takes part in the murder of her father, 9 Sep. 1598 — beheaded at Bome, 11 Sep. 1599. Cenis, Mont, — crossed by Frederick Barba- CENNINI— CEOLWTJLF. rossa, ii74 a — the pass of, improved by Catinat, 1 69 1 — taken by the French, May 1794 — road over, constructed by the French, 1 802-11 — railway tunnel, construction of, authorized by law, and commenced, Aug. 1857 — boring com- pleted, 25 Dec. 1870. a Kington. Cennini, Bernardo, Dcmenico, and Pietro, printers, — introduce printing at Florence, about 1470? Virgilii opera, 147 1. Cennino- Cennini, painter. Trattato della pittura, §c, 1437. Censorinus, grammarian, §c. Be die natali, about 238. Censorinus, C Marcius,— [B C] — 1. accuses Sulla, 91 — shares in proscription by Harms, 87 — defeated and killed by Sulla, 82. 2. Consul with C. Asinius Gallus, (746, a. u. c.) 8 — fr. in Asia, [AD] 2. Censorinus, C. Marcius Rutilus, — [BC] — Consul with Q. Fabius Rullianus, (444, a. u. c.) 310— defeated and wounded in Samnite war, 310 — Pontiff, 300 — Censor, 294 and 265. Censorinus, L. Marcius, — [B C] — 1. Consul wiili M' Manilius Xepos, conducts with him the war with Carthage, (605, a. v. c.) 149. 2. Brvtor, 43 — Consul with C. Calvisius Sabinus, (715,) 39. Censors, — [B C] — first appointed at Rome, 443 — otiice limited to 18 months, {Lex JEmilia, of JEmilius Mamercintts,) 433 — plebeians admitted as, 351 — one to be a plebeian, (Publilian Laws,) 339 — a plebeian censor performs lustration, 280 — two plebeian censors, 131 — power of, limited by Clodius, 58 — his law repealed, 52 — last chosen, 22. Censorship of Books, —ordered by Berchthold, Abp of Mentz, i486 a — by Pope Alexander VI., 1 50 1 — general, established by Council of the Lateran, 15 15 — [Index Expurgatorius.] In England, — importation and sale of bound books from the Continent prohibited by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 15, 1534 — Tyndale's Bible prohibited by Act 34 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1543 — popish books prohibited by Act 3 and 4 Edw. Yl. c. 10, 1549 — licence of council or ordinary made neces- sary by proclamation of Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — books against the Queen prohibited by Act 13 Eliz. c. 1, 1570 — licence of Abp of Canter- bury or Bp of London required by Ordinances of Star Chamber, 1585 b — royal proclamation against seditious and schismatical books, 1589 b — established by Ordinances of Star Cham- ber, 11 Jun. 1637 c — exercised by Commons House, Mar. 1642 — adopted and regulated by order of parliament, Jun. 1643 — attack- ed by Milton, {Areopagitica,) 1644 — publica- tion of news prohibited Avithout leave of Se- cretary of State, by order of the Council, Oct. 1653 a — committee appointed by parlia- ment to watch blasphemous publications, 1654 — committee for regulating, appointed by parlia- mi nt, 1656 — BudisnaD.' BStstory of Scotland and l)i Jure Regni seized by order of Council, Jun. 1 660 ''—the Licensing Act passed, 13 and 14 II. c. 33, 1662— continued by Acts 16 Car. II. c. 8, 1664; 16 and 17 Car. II. c. 7, 1665 ; and 17 Car. II. c. 4, 1665 — expiration of the Licensing Act, 27 May 1679 — resolution of the Judges against unlicensed printing ; print- ing news without licence prohibited, May 1680 — the Licensing Act revived for 7 years, by Act 1 Jas. II. c. 17, 1685 — and for 2 years by Act 4 AYm and Mar. c. 24, 1692 — attacked by Blount, 1693 d — petition of booksellers and printers against, 1693 — censorship ceases, 1694 d — the Commons refuse to reestablish, 1 695 . In France, — delegated to the faculty of theology, by Francis L, 1520 — four royal censors created by the chancellor Seguiex*, i653, a 1648 e — abolished, 1789 — the newspaper press subject to the government by decree of 17 Jan. 1801 — direc- tor-general of the press appointed, Feb. 18 10 —all works under 20 sheets subject to censorship, and a council of 20 censors established, 18 14 — abolished by Charles X., 1 8 24 — revived by ordin- ance of 25 Jul. 1830 — abolished by Charter of 1830 — reestablished, 9 Sep. 1835. In Russia, — abolished for books of a certain size, 6 Apr. 1 865. In Germany, — works under 20 sheets sub- ject to, by Congress of Carlsbad, 18 19 — popular opposition to, and partially abolished, after Jul. 1830 — abolished, 1848 — restored by Austria, Mar. 1849 — and by other states, before 1851. In Spain, — established by ordinance, 8 Jul. 1502 f — abolished by constitution of, 1837 a — partly revived, 1850. a Engl. Cye. b Hallam. c Lingard. d Macaulay. e Moreri. f Prescott. Census, in Great Britain, appointed to be taken by Act 41 Geo. III. c. 15, 31 Dec. 1800 — first taken in Great Britain, 1801. Centenera, JDox Martin del Barco, poet, — accompanies expedition to S. America, 1573. Argentina y couquista del Bio de la Flat a, 1602. Centeno, Amaro. BTistoria de las cosas del Oriente, 1595. Centeno, Diego, — 6. in Castile, 1505 — accom- panies Pizarro to Peru, 15 31 — distinguishes himself at battle of Chupas, 1542— defeated by Gonzalo, at Cuzco, Oct. 1547 — tf., 1549. Centho, C. Claudius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Sempronius Tuditanus, (514, a. u. c ) 240. Centigrade Thermometer. [Thermometer.] Centlivre, Susanna, dramatist,— h., about i68o, a i667, bc — marries Joseph Centlivre, 1706 — tf. in London, 1 Dec. 1723. The Berjured Husband, 1700 — The Busybody, 1708 — The Wonder, 1 7 1 4 — A Bold Stroke for a Wife, 1 7 1 7 . a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Chalmers. Central Criminal Cowct,Bondon, — established by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 36, 25 Jul. 1834. Centumalus,Cn.Fulvius, — [B C] — 1. Legatus to M. Valerius Corvus, 301 — Consul with L. Cornelius Scipio, (456, a. it. c.) 298 — defeats the Samnites ; — propraetor, defeats the Etruscans, 295. 2. Consul with L. Postuniius Albinus, carries on Illyrian war, (525,) 229. 3. Curule tedile, 214 — praetor, 213 — Consul with E. Sul- picius Galba, (543,) 211 — killed in battle, 210. Cenwalch, King of "Wessex, — succeeds his father Cynegils, 643— driven from his kingdom by Penda, 645 — baptized, 646 — defeats the Britons at Petherton, 658 — ft., 672. Ceol. ["Wessex, Kingdom of] Ceolred. [Mercia, Kingdom of] Ceoiwulf. [Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex, Kingdoms of] CEPEDA— CERISIER. 301 Cepeda, Joachim Romero de, poet. La De- struction de Troia, 1583 — metrical translation of JEsop's Fables, 1590 — Obras in verso, 1582. Ce^haioiia, Kephallenia, (Samos, Same,) — [B C] — taken by the .Romans, 189 — [AD] — captured by the Normans, 1146 — given to Venice by Gaio, 1224 or 12 13 — taken by the Turks, 1479 — recovered by Venice, about 1499 — earthquakes, 1766 and 1767 — seized by the French, 1797 — forms part of republic of Ionian Islands, 1807 — earthquake at Argostoli and Lixure, 4 Feb. 1867. [Ionian Islands.] Cephalus, (Kephalos,) — [B C] — orator,— joins in overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants, 411 — moves decree to aid Theban exiles after recovery of the Cadmea, end of 379. Cephisodorus, (Kephisodoros,) — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 103, 3,) 366—2. Ar- chon at Athens, (01. 114, 2,) 323. Cephisodotus, (Kephisodotos,)—{& C] — Ar- chon at Athens, (01. 105, 3,) 358. Cephisodotus, — [B CJ — ambassador with Cal- lias and others to Sparta, 371— opposes pro- position of Sparta, 369 — commands the fleet at the Hellespont, about 359 — recalled, tried and mulcted for mismanagement; defends law of Leptines against Demosthenes, ? 355 — opposes Chares, ? 347. Cephisodotus, sculptor, — [BC] — fi., about (01. 102) 372. Cephisodotus, the younger, sculptor, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 120) 300. Cepi, (Kepi,) — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 750. Cepion, (Coriolan Cippico,) historian, — b. in Dalmatia, 1425 — serves in Venetian navy against the Turks, 1470-4 — if., 1493. Gesta Petri Mocenici, 1477. Cepola. [Coepolla.] Ceporin, (Ceporinus,) Jacob, philologist, — b. in Zurich, 1499 — if., Prof. Theology, Greek, and Hebrew there, 20 Dec. 1525. Ceracchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, — 6. in Corsica, about 1760 — joins French army at Milan, 1796 — takes part in establishing republic at Borne, 1798 — goes to Paris, 1799 — arrested as conspirator against Napoleon, 10 Oct. 1801 — executed at Paris, 10 Feb. 1802. Ceratin, Jacob, philologist, — if. at Louvain, 20 Apr. 1530. Lexicon Grceco-latinum, 1524 — Be sono Grcec. literarum, 1529. Cerceau. [Androuet] Cerceau, Jean Antoine du, poet, miscel- laneous writer, — b. at Paris, 12 Nov. 1670 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1688 — if. near Tours, 4 Jul. 1730. Carmina, 1695-6 — Poesies fran- $aises, 1720 — Histoire de la derniere revolution de Perse, 1728 — Conjuration de Rienzi, 1733. Cerco, Q. Lutatius, — [BC] — Consul with A. Manlius Torq. Atticus, (513, a. u. c.) 241. Cerda, Bernarda Ferreira de la, poetess, — b. at Porto, 1595 — if., 1644. Fspaiia libertada, 1618. Cerda, Jean Louis de la, Jesuit, — b. at Toledo, about 1560 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1574 — Prof. Theology, Logic, &c, about 1592- 1643— tf. at Madrid, 6 Aug. 1643. Commentary on Virgil, 1608-17 — Adversaria sacra, §c, 1626. Cerda, Melchior de la, Jesuit, — Prof. Belles Lettres, Philosophy, Theology, at Seville and Cordova; tf. at Seville, 16 15. Apparatus Latini Sermonis, 1598 — Campi eloquentice, 1 6 14 — Consolatio ad BZispanos, $c. t 162 1. Cerdagne, (Ceritania,) — held as a countship, about 863 — given by Mirou, Count of Barcelona, to his son Oliba, about 928 — falls to Raymond Berenger III., Count of Barcelona, 11 17 — ■ freed from suzerainty of France by Treaty of Corbeil, n May 1258 — confiscated and united to Aragon by Pedro IV., by Pragmatic Sanction, 29 Mar. 1 344— pledged to Louis XI. of France, by Juan II., 1462 — Juan attempts to recover it, 1473 — restored by Charles VIII. to Ferdinand of Aragon, by treaty of Figuieres, Jan. 1493. Cerdic, Kixg of Wessex, — settles in the west of England, 495 a — establishes kingdom of Vfessex, 519 a — conquers Isle of Wight, 530 a — if., 534- a a A. S. Chron. Cere, Jean Nicolas, botanist,— b. in Isle of France, 1737 — officer in Royal Navy, 1757 — returns to Isle of France, 1759 — Director of Royal Garden there, 1775 — receives gold medal from Agricultural Society, Paris, 1788 — tj., 2 May 1 8 10. Cerealis, — Consul with Loetus, (968, a. tj. c.) 215. Cerealis, L. Tutius, — Consul with L. Cejonius Commodus Verus, (859, a. tj. c.) 106. Cerealis, Neratius, — Consul with Datianus, (1111, A. IT. C.) 358. Ceremonies, Master of the,— first appointed by James I., 1603. Ceres, — [B C] — first temple to, built at Rome by A. Postumius Albinirs, (258, a. v. c.) 496. Ceres, asteroid, — discovered by Piazzi, at Palermo, 1 Jan. 1801. Cereso, Matteo, painter, — b. at Burgos, 1 6 35— if. at Madrid, 1685. Ceresola, (Cerasola,) Domenieo, Jesuit, poet, — b. at Bergamo, 1683 — if. at Rome, 1746. Rime sacre, 1747. Ceresuola. [Cerisoles.] Cerialis, (Cerealis, Ccerialis,) Petilius, — routed with the Ninth Legion by the Britons, 61 — supports claim of Vespasian to the empire, 69 — defeats Civilis on the Rhine, 70 — Lieu- tenant in Britain, 70, a 7i. b a Annals of England. b Smith's Diet. Cerignola, in Apulia, — Gonsalvo of Cordova defeats the French at, 28 Apr. 1503. Cerini, Giuseppe, poet, — b. at Solferino, 1738 — tf. at Milan, 7 Sep. 1779. Dialogo fra Gracchi a e Mastr agora, 1760 — Dramas, 1773 — Anacreontics, 1776. Cerinthus, theologian, — teaches at Antioch, before 100, after ioo. a a Basnage and others. Cerise, Doctor, (Lorenzo Alessandro Serisi,) physician, — fj. at Aosta, 1809^ 1807 b — M.D., Turin, 1828 — authorized to practise in France, 1834 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 25 Apr. 1 845 — of Order of Merit of Savoy, 1 849 — tr. at Paris, 5 Oct. 1869. Examen critique du systeme phrenologique, 1836 — Medeein des salles d'asile, 1836 — Des Fonctions et des maladies nerveuses, 1842. Cerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, §c, — CEEISIEES— CETTI. b. at Chiitillon les Dombes, 1749 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — tf. at Chatillon, 1 Jul. 1828. Tableau de V histoire generate des Pro- vinces Units, 1777-84 — Histoire de la fondation des colonies des anciennes republiqu.es, §c., 1778 — founds Gazette unirerselle, Dec. 1790. Cerisiers, Rene de, Jesuit, — rj. at Xantes, 1603. Innocence reconnue, Qc, 1647. Cerium, metal, — discovered by Hisinger and Berzelius, 1803. Cermenati, Giovanni di, historian, — living at Milan, 1336. PListoria de situ, origine et cultoribus Ambrosianee urbis, §c, after 13 13. Ceroni, Giovanni Antonio, sculptor, — b. at Milan, 1579 — tf. at Madrid, 1640. Ceroni, Giuseppe, poet, — fj. at Verona, about 1775 — imprisoned, 1806 — tf. at Verona, 18 14. Cerquozzi. [Michel- Angelo delle Bat- taglie.] Cerretanus, Q,. Aulius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Longus, (431, a. d. c.) 323 — with L. Papirius Cursor, (-135,) 319. Cerretti, Luigi, poet, — b. at Modena, 1 ~Ko\. 1738 — member of Commission of Public In- struction, 1796 — takes refuge in France, 1799- 1801 — Prof. Eloquence, Pavia, 1804 — tf. Eector of the Univ. there, 5 Mar. 1808. Poesies, 1799 — Instituzioni di eloqucnza, 1S11. Cersobleptes, (Kersobleptes,) Kixg of Thrace, — [B C] — with Berisades andAmadocus succeeds Cotys, 358 — cedes Chersonese to Athens, 357 — an object of jealousy, 356 s — en- deavours to gain sole power, 352 — attacked by Philip of Macedonia, 352 and 346 — reduced to a tributary by Philip, 343. a Clinton. Certon, Salomon, poet, — b., about 1550 — tf., about 16 10. V Odyssee d" Homere, 1604. Cerularius. [Michael I.J Cerutti, Giuseppe Antonio Gioachimo, Jesuit, — b. at Turin, 13 Juu. 1738 — allies him- self with Mirabeau, 1789 — tf., 3 Feb. 1792. Apologie de I' institution des jesuites, 1762 — (Euvres diverse*, 1793— Les jardins de JBetz, 1792. Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel, — b. at Alcala dc Henares, Xew Castile, 9 Oct. 1547 — page to Cardinal Giulio Acquaviva, 1569— wounded at battle of Lepanto, 157 1 — captured by pirates, carried to Algiers, 1575 — released, 19 Sep. 1580— settles at Madrid, and marries, about 1585 ? — removes to Seville, 1588 — tf. at Madrid, 23 Apr. 1616. I)on Quixote, 1605-15 — No- velas Exemplares, 16 13 — Galatea, 1584 — Yiage al Parnaso, 16 14. Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. Obras que J'. Cervantes ete Salazar Ita hecho, glossado y traducido, 1546. Cervole, (Ccrrollc,) Arnaut de, (VArchi- pretre,) — ft. in Perigord, about 1300 — wounded and made prisoner at battle of Poitiers, 18 Dec. 1356 — returns to France, 1357 — overruns, with his Rentiers, Provence and Burgundy, 1357-8 lieutenant-general in French army, 1359 — forms and leads the compagnie blanche, 1360 — tj. in Provence, 1366. Cervoni, Jean Baptiste, general, — b. in I \ 176S— Lieutenant of Horse, 1792 — at negeof Toulon, 1793— General of l)ri igade, joins army of Italy, 1794 — distinguishes himself at Loano and Lodi, 1796 — General of Division, 13 Feb. 1798 — killed at battle of Eckmuhl, 23 Apr. 1809. Cesalpini, Andrea, physician, philosopher, — b- at Arezzo, 1519 — tf.,Prof. Medicine, Coll. of the Sapienza, and first physician to Clement VIII., 23 Feb. 1603. Qu&stiones peripatetics, 1569 — Dcemonum invest igatio peripatetica, 1580 — Qusstiones medics, 1595 — ALrs medica, (Catoptron,) 160 1-3. Cesari, Antonio, philologist, — b. at Verona, about 1750^ 1760 b — tf. at Bavenna, Oct. 1828. Edition of Yocabolario de la Crusca, 1806-9 — translation of theirs poetica, (Horace,) 18 16 — Alcuni novelle, 18 10. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Cesari, Bernardino, painter, — assists his brother Giuseppe, and tf. young, i6i4. a a Xagler. Cesari, Giuseppe, painter, — b. at Some, i57o, a 1560, 11 about 1568 c — tj. there, 1640 or 1642. a a Nagler. b Ersch and Gruber. c Engl. Cyc. Cesaris, Angelo, first astronoemr of Milan Observatory, — b., about 1750 — tf. at Milan, 18 Apr. 1832. Cesarotti, Melchiorre, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Padua, 15 May 1730 — Prof. Rhetoric there, 1749 — Knight of the Iron Crown, by Xapoleon I., 1807 — tf. at Padua, 3 ]STov. 1808. Poesie di Ossian, 1762 — Saggio della Filosofia delle Lingue, §c., 1785 — Ppistolario, 18 n. Cesi, Bartolomeo, painter, — b. at Bologna, 1556 — tf., 1627 or 1629. Cesi, (Cesio,) Carlo, painter, engraver, — b. near Eieti, 1626 — tf. at Eieti, 1686. Cesi, Prince Federico, naturalist, — b. at Eome, 1585 — founds Academy of the Lincei, 1603 — tf., 1630. Apiarium, 1625 — De Coelo, 1630. Cespedes, Paolo de, painter, §c., — b. at Cordova, 1538 — canon, 1577 — tf. there, 1608. Cessart, Louis Alexandre de, engineer, — b. at Paris, 17 19 — engineer in chief, Tours, 175 1 — assists in construction of bridge of Saumur, 1756 — Director of works at Cher- bourg, 1781 — tf. Inspector-general of Bridges and Eoads, 1806. Cestoni, Hyacinthe, naturalist, — b. in An- cona, 3 May 1637 — tf., 29 Jan. 17 18. Cethegus, Cornelius, — [BC] — 1. M., curule eedile and pontifex maximus, 213 — prsetor in Apulia, 211 — censor, 209 — Consul with P. Sempronius Tuditanus, (550, a. tj. c.) 204 — proconsul in Cisalpine Gaul, defeats Mago, 203 — tf., 196. 2. C, proconsul in Spain, 200 — ■ aedile, 199 — Consul with Q. Minucius Eufus, (557,) 197 — defeats Insubrians and Cenoma- nians in Gaul, and triumphs, 197 — censor, 194. 3. P., curule a?dile, 187 — praetor, 185 — Consul with M. Boebius Tamphilus, (573,) 181. 4. M., Consul with L. Anicius Gallus, (594,) 160. 5. C, put to death for taking part in Catiline's conspiracy, Dec. 63. [AD] — 6. Ser., Consul with Visellius Varro, (777,) 24. 7. M., Consul with C. Erueius Clarus, (923,) 170. Cetti, Francesco, naturalist, — b. in the Mi- CEUTA— CBL2ER0NEIA. 303 lanese, 1726 — Prof. Philosophy, College of Sassari, 1760 — tf. there, about 1780. Quadru- pcdi di Sardegna, 1774 — Gli ucelli di Sardegna, 1776. Ceuta, Septa, (Mons Abyla,) Africa, — taken by Eelisarius, 534 — by the Visigoths, 616 — occupied by the Moors, 930— taken from them by John I., king of Portugal, 1415, 1414,* 1409 b — falls under dominion of Spain, 1580 ■ — confirmed to Spain by revolution of 1640 — ceded to Spain by Portugal by Treaty of Lis- bon, 1668 — besieged by Moors, 1697 — the Moors defeated and siege raised by Marquis of Leyden, 1720.° a Mellado. b Langlois. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Cevallos. [Zevallos.] Cevennes, The, in France, — Huguenot insur- rection in, 1703 — which is suppressed by Duke of Berwick, 1705. [Cavalier, Jean.] Ceylon, (Taprobane,) — [B C] — visited by Nearchus, 326-325 — [AD] — embassy from, to Koine, under Claudius, 41-54 — visited by Marco Polo, about 1292 — by Sir John Mandeville, about 1350? — the Portuguese settle in, about 1505 — conflicts between Portuguese and Dutch, 1632-56 — the coast districts taken by Dutch,. 1656— conquered by the English, 1796 — ceded to them by Treaty of Amiens, Mar. 1802 — deposition of the native king, occupation of the whole island by the English, 18 15 — insur- rection, 1848. [Kandy, Trincomalee, Co- lombo.] Chabanel, Jean, — b. at Toulouse, about 1560 — tf. there, about 1615. De Vantiquiik des eglises paroissiales, §c, 1608 — Sources de V elegance francaise, $• 156 1 — tf. in London, 7 Oct. 1565, De repub- lica Anglorum instauranda, 1579. Chaloner, Sir Thomas, — ft., 1559 — Knt > 159 1 — -Tutor to Prince Henry, 1603 — tf. at Chiswick, 17 Nov. 16 15. Chalons-sur-Marne, in France, (Catelauni,) — Tetricus defeated by Aurelianus near, sum- mer 274^ 273 b — Jovinus defeats the Alamanni, about Jun. 366 — Aetius defeats Attila, 451 — besieged and burnt by Herbert and Eobert de Yermandois, 963 — free State under its Bishops : reunited to the royal domain, 1360 — the de- puties of Eheims received by Charles VII. and Joan of Arc at, 1429 — besieged by the English, 1430 and 1434 — bums bulls of Gregory XIV. and Clement VIII. against Henry IV., 1591-2 • — occupied by Prussians, Aug. 1870. Cathedral, consecrated, 1147 — rebuilt, 1672. Camp of, head-quarters of Napoleon III., 17 Aug. 1870 — retreat of Marshal MacMahon from, camp broken up, 20 Aug. 1870. a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Chalons-sur-Saone, in France, (Cabillonum, §c.,) — burnt by Attila, 451 — ravaged by Sara- cens, 732 — head of a county under Pepin the Short, about 760 — sacked by Lothaire, 834 — taken by Huns, 937 — Lambert, first hereditary Count, 968 — passes by exchange to Duchy of Burgundy, 1237 — passes with Burgundy to kings of France, 1477. Council of, on disci- pline, 813. Chalotais, Louis Rene de Caradeuc de la, — ft. at Eennes, 6 Mar. 1701 — reads his Gompte rendu des constitutions des Je'suites, 1 Dec. 1761 — reads a second, Mar. 1762 — arrested, 11 Nov. 1765 — released, Nov. 1775 — tf. at Eennes, 12 Jul. 1785. Essai d' education nationale, 1763 — - Trois Memoires, 1766-7. Chalus, in France, — Eichard I., king of England, mortally wounded at, 26 Mar. 1199. Chamberlain, Lord Great, of England, — office of, held by the De Veres, from about 1 102 — ranks after the Lord Privy Seal by Stat. 31 Hen. VIII. c. 10, s. 0, 1539— office of > passes to the families of Willoughby de Eresby and Cholmondeley, 1779. Chamberlayne, Edward,— ft. at Odington, Gloucestershire, 13 Dec. 1616 — M.A., Oxford, 1641— returns to England, about 1660 — F.E.S., 1668 — accompanies Lord Carlisle to Sweden, 1670 — LL.D., Cambridge, 1670 — tf. at Chel- sea, 1703. Magna? Britannice notitia, i66$-']i. Chamberlayne, John, translator, — enters Oxford Univ. ?, 1685 — F.B.S., 1702 — tf., 1724. Oratio dominica in diversas omnium fere genti- um linguas versa, 17 15. Chamberlen, Hugh, surgeon, — ft., 1664 — M.D., Cambridge, 1690 — tf. in London, 17 Jun. 1728. Translation of Mauriceau's Mid- wifery, 1683 — invents the Forceps, about 1692 ? Chambers, Ephraim, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Kendal, probably about 1680 — F.E.S., 6 Nov. 1729 — tf. at Islington, 15 May 1740. Cyclopaedia, 1728. Chambers, George, painter, — ft. at Whitby, about 1 800 — tf • marine painter to "William IV. and Queen Adelaide, Oct. 1840. Bombard- ment of Algiers, 1836 — Portobello taken, 1839. Chambers, Robert, publisher, historical and miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Peebles, 1802 — * begins business as a bookseller at Edinburgh, 1 81 7 — marries, about 1829 — enters into part- nership with his brother William, 1832 — visits Switzerland, 1848 — Sweden and Norway, 1849 — authorship of Vestiges of Natural History of Creation attributed to him, 1 844 — visits Iceland, 1855 — LL.D., St Andrews, 1863 — death of his wife, 29 Sep. 1863 — marries again, 1867 — ■ death of his second wife, Jan. 1870 — tf. at St Andrews, 17 Mar. 1871. Traditions of Edin- burgh, 1823 — Popular Bhymes of Scotland, 1826 — Picture of Scotland, 1827 — Histories of Scottish Rebellions, (for Constable's Miscellany,) 1826 — Scottish Ballads and Songs, 1829 — Bio- graphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen, 1835 — with his brother, Gazetteer of Scotland, 1832 — Cyclopedia of English Literature, 1844 — Domestic Annals of Scotland, 1858 — Ancient Sea Margins, 1 848 — edition of Burns' s Works, 1 85 1 — Booh of Bays, 1864 — Essays, 1866 — contributes to Chambers' 's Edinburgh Journal, from 1832 — -joint editor of Chambers's Encyclo- pedia, 1860-8. Chambers, Sir William, architect, — ft. at Stockholm, 1726— settles in London, 1744 — ■ Knt of the Polar Star, 177 1 — rebuilds Somerset House, 1775 — tf. in London, 8 Mar. 1796. Designs for Chinese Buildings, 1759 — Finns, Elevations, §c, of Gardens and Buildings at Keiv, 1765 — Treatise on Civil Architecture, 1759-68. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, — com- menced, 4 Feb. 1832. Chambert, Germain, painter, engraver, — ft. at Grisolles, 1784 — tf., 13 Feb. 1821. Chambery, Savoy, — ceded to Thomas L, Count of Savoy, 1220 — taken by the French, 1690 — restored by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — occupied by French and Spaniards, 1742-8 — entered by General Montesquiou, 25 Sep. 1792 — taken by Austrians, 20 Jan. 18 14 — the Austrians driven out by the French, 19 Feb. 1 8 14 — restored to Savoy by second Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 18 15 — Archbishopric, 18 17 — • ceded to France by Victor Emmanuel, 24 Mar. i860. Chambon de Montaux, Nicolas, physician, — ft. at Brevaimes, 1748 — settles at Paris, 1780 — Maire de Paris, Dec. 1792 to 2 Feb. 1793 — tf. at Paris, 1826. Maladies des files, 8$c., 1799 — Trait e de V education des moutons, 1810. Chambrai, Roland Freard, Sieur de, writer on art, — sent to Italy by Louis XIV. to collect objects of art, 1640 — examines projects for restoration of the Louvre, 1666— tf. at Mans, 1676. Par allele de V architecture ancienne et moderne, 1650 — Idee de la perfection de la peinture, §c, 1662. Chambray, Georges, MAnauis de, — ft. at Paris, 1783 — serves in campaigns in Germany, 1806-9 — captured by the Eussians at Wilna, 1 81 2 — returns to France, 18 15 — Marechal de 20 306 CHAMBRE— CHAMPAGNY. camp, 1829 — ft., 1850. Hisioire de V expedition de Bussie, 1833. Chambre Ardente, — established by Francis I. of France for trial of heretics, about 1535 — ceases to sit, about 1560. Chambre, Marin Cureau de la, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Mans, about i594, a 1613 b — member of French Academy, 1635 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — "Jj. at Paris, 29 Nov. 1669. Caracteres des passions, 1640-62 — Art de connaitre les hommes, 1660 — Systeme de I'Ame, 1664. a Niceron. b Condorcet. Chambrier d'Oleyres, Jean Pierre, Baron de, statesman, — b., 1752 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1792 — ft., 30 Dec. 1822. Notices preliminaires relatives a VFtat de Neuchatel et Vallengin, 1789 — Fssai sur le droit des Gens, 1795. Chambure, Laurent Auguste Lepelletier de, — b. in Burgundy, 30 Mar. 1789— distinguishes himself at defence of Dantzic, 1807 — surrenders himself prisoner to Prince of Wiirtemberg, 1808 — Commander of Free Corps, 18 15 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 21 Mar. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1832. Napoleon et ses contemporains, §c, 1826-7. Chamfort, Sebastien Roch Nicolas, miscel- laneous ivriter, — b. in Auvergne, 1741 — member of French Academy, 17 81 — is. at Paris, 13 Apr. 1794. Floge de Moliere, 1769 — Floge de la Fontaine, 1774 — (Euvres, 1795. Chamier, Daniel, theologian, — b. at Monte- limart, about 1570 — Prof. Theology, Academy of Montauban, 1612 — killed at siege of that town, i6, a 2i b Oct. 1621. Tanstratia cutholica, §c, i6io, a 1626 13 — >Epistolce jesuiticce, 1599 — Corpus theologicum, 161 3. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Chamier, Frederick, Captain, B.N., novelist, — b. in London, 1796 — enters the navy, 1809 — leaves it, 1833 — ft., 1870. Life of a Sailor, 1834 — Ben Brace, 1835 — Arethusa, 1836 — Tom Bowline, 1839 — edition with continuation of James's Naval History, 1837. Chamillard, Etienne, antiquary, — b. at Bourges, 1 1 Nov. 1656 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1673 — ft. at Paris, 1 Jul. 1730. Brudentii opera, §c. } 1687 — Dissertations sur plusieurs medailles, §c, 171 1. Chamilly, Noel Bouton, Marquis de, Marshal of France, — b. at Chamilly, 6 Apr. 1636 — serves under Schomberg in Portugal, 1663 — distinguishes himself by defence of Grave, 1675 — Marshal of France, 1703 — ft., 8 Jan. 1715,* 1705. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Chamir, Eleazar, Armenian, — b. near Ispahan, about 1720 — settles at Madras, 1748 — ft. there, about 1790. Hortorag, 1772 — Map of Armenia, 1770^ 1778 b — History of the Remnant of the Armenians and Georgians, 1775. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Chamisso, Adelbert von, (Louis Charles Adelaide de Chamisso de Boncourt,) poet, naturalist, §c, — b. at Boncourt in Champagne, 27 Jan. 1781 — goes to Berlin, 1796 — returns to France, i8io, :l 1806 b — accompanies Russian expedition under Kotzebue round the world, 1815-18 — b. at Berlin, 21 Aug. 1838. Beter Schlemil, 18 13 — Bemerkungen und Ansichten auf einer Beise urn die Welt, 1821 — Gedichte, 1831. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Chamouni, Valley of, in Switzerland, — • visited by Windham and Pococke, Jun. 1741 — ■■ by Pierre Martel, and mapped, 1743 — by de Saussure, 1760. Champ de Mars. [Federation.] Champagne, in France, Counts of Cham- pagne, — conquered from the Bomans by Clovis and made part of his kingdom, 486 — forms part of Austrasia, 511 — governed by Counts of the House of Vermandois, from about 940 (?) to 1030,* 1019 b — by Counts of the House of Blois, 1019-1234 — EudesII. succeeds Stephen, 1019 — Stephen II. succeeds, 1037 — succeeded by his brother, Theobald L, (III. of Blois,) 1047 or 1048 — succeeded by his son, Hugh L, about 1089 (?) — he goes to Palestine, n 13, 1121, and 1 125 — his nephew, Theobald II., succeeds, about 1 1 25 — who intrigues with Henry I. of England, and is attacked by Louis le GrOs, 11 35 — Henry I., the Liberal, son of Theobald II., Jan. 1152 — his son, Henry II., n8oorn8i, c ii97 d — Henry goes to Palestine, 1 190 — and is named King of Jerusalem, 1192 — tf. at Acre, 1197 — succeeded by his brother, Theobald III., 1197 — his son, Theobald IV., succeeds, 1201 — becomes part of kingdom of JNavarre by succession of Theobald, May 1234 — Theobald V., his son, 1253 — his brother, Henry III., succeeds, 1270 — Joanna I., his daughter, under the guardianship of her mother Blanche, 1274 — Prince Edmund of England marries Blanche and receives title of Count of Champagne, 1275 — marriage of Joanna to Philip the Fair of France, 16 Aug. 1284— - Louis Hutin, their son, succeeds on his mother's death, 1305 — Joanna II., daughter of Louis, under the regency of Philip the Tall, 1 316 — she marries Philip of Evreux, 131 8 — ceded by her and Philip to Philip of Valois by treaty of 15 Mar. 1335 — united to the crown of France by John II., 1361 — invaded by Charles V., 1544— entered by Prussians, 1792 — held in pledge by Germans, 1871. a Pithou. b others. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Pagi. Champagne, Jean Eaptiste, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1643^ 1645^ 1635?° — received at the Academy, 14 Sep. 1671° — ft. at Paris, i688, a 28 Oct. i68i. c a Biog. Univ. b Villot. c Jal. Champagne, Philippe de, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1602 — goes to Paris, 1621 — member of Academy of Painting, 1648 — ft. at Port- Boyal, a at Paris, b 12 Aug. 1674. Les Be- ligieuses, about 1662. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Champagny, Jean Eaptiste Nompere de, Duke of Cadore, statesman, peer of France §c, — b. at Boanne, 4 Aug. 1756 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — arrested, 1793 — member of Council of State, 1799 — ambassador to Vienna, 1801 — officer of Legion of Honour, Minister of the Interior, 1804 — assists at coron- CHAMPANEE— CHANDEENAGOEE. 3°7 ation of Napoleon I. at Milan, 1805 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1807-11 — Duke of Cadore, 1808 — follows Napoleon in campaign of Wa- gram, 1809 — Senator, 5 Apr. 181 3— Peer, by Louis XVIII., Jun. 1814 — by Napoleon, 1815 —retires, 1815 — tf., 3 Jul. 1834. Champanee, taken by Humayun, (Sefer 942,) Aug. 1535. Chainparty, {Champerty,) — defined by 33 Edw. I. st. 1, 1304-5 — prohibited by Stat. 3 Edw. I. c. 25, 1275 ; 13 Edw. I. c. 49, 1285; 28 Edw. I. st. 3, c. 11, 1299-1300; 7 Eic. II. c. 15, 1383; & 32 Hen. VIII. c 9, 1540. Champeaux, Guillaume de, scholastic philo- sopher, —his disputation with Abelard, at Paris, about no8 a — discontinues teaching at Paris, and retires to chapel of St Victor, n 08 — founds Abbey of St Victor, 11 13 — Bp of Chalons-sur- Marne, 11 13 — consecrates Bernard abbot of Clairvaux, ni5 a — Cistercian, 11 19— represents Calixtus II. at Conference of Mousson, 1 1 1 9 — tf., 1121. a Morison. Champier, Symphorien, physician, historian, — h. in the Lyonnese, 1472 — physician to Duke of Lorraine, 1509 — tf. at Lyons, 1539. ^ es grans Chroniqueurs des princes de Savoy e, §c, 15 16 — Vie du capitaine Bayard, 1525 — Be origine, §c, civitatis Bugdunensis, 1507 — Casti- gationes pharmacopolarxmi, 1532. Champion of the King, in England,— office held by the family of Dymocke from the coron- ation of Eichard II., 1377 — last appears at coronation of George IV., 1821. Champion de Nilon, Charles Francois, Jesuit, — ft. at Eennes, 1 Feb. 1724 — tf., about 1794. Morceaux choisis des prophetes mis en francais, 1777. Champion de Pontalier, Francois, Jesuit, — ft. at Eennes, 21 Oct 1731 — tf. there, 10 Sep. 18 1 2. Varietes d'un philosophe provincial, 1769 — Le Tre'sor du chre'tien, 1778 — Le The'o- logien philosophe, 1786. Championnet, Jean Etienne, general, — ft. at Valencia, 1762 — serves at siege of Gibraltar, 1781 — distinguishes himself at the recapture of the lines of Weissenburg, 1793 — commands in army of the Ehine, 1794-95-97 — defeats Nea- politan army, takes prisoner General Mack, Jan. 1799 — deprived, imprisoned, 1799 — tf. at Nice, 9 Jan. 1800. Champlain de Brouage, Samuel, maritime discoverer, — goes to the East Indies, about 1600 — sent to Canada, ascends the St Lawrence, 1603 — returns to France, 1607 — embarks for Canada, 1608 — founds Quebec, Jul. 1608 — governor, 1620 — capitulates to the English, 1627 — tf., Dec. 1635. Bes Sauvages, §c, about 1606? Champlain Lake, in AT. America, — discover- ed by Samuel Champlain, 1608 — American flotilla defeated by the English, 1 1 and 1 3 Oct. 1776 — English squadron defeated by the Ameri- cans, 11 Sep. 1 814. Champmesle, Charles Chevillet, Sietjk, de, actor, dramatist, — tf. at Paris, 22 Aug. 1701. (Euvres, 17.42. Champmesle, Marie Desmares, actress, — ft. at Eouen, 1644— goes to Paris, 1660— tf., i r arsaw, 18 10 — goes to Paris, about 1832 — tf. there, Oct. 1849. Choregos. [Liturgy.] Chorier, Nicolas, historian, #c, — ft. at Vienne, 1609 — tf- at Grenoble, 14 Aug. 1692. Recherches sur les antiquites de la ville de Vienne, 1659 — Histoire generate du Bauphiny, 1661-72 — La jurisprudence de Guy-Eape, §c, 1692 — Aloysice Sigcce Toletance satyra sotadica, i'C, 1670. CHORIS— CHRISTIAN. 329 Choris, Ludwig, — fi. in Little Russia, 22 Mar. 1795 — accompanies M. de Riberstein to the Caucasus, 1813 — accompanies expedition under Kotzebue, 18 14 — goes to France, 18 19 — embarks for Mexico, 1825 — assassinated, near Vera Cruz, 22 Mar. 1828. Voyage pit- toresque autour du monde, 182 1-3 — Vues et pay sages des regions equinoxiales, 1824. Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, — h. at Caen, 21 Oct. 1771 — director of the Opera, 1 8 15 — founds School of Music, 1817 — Cor- respondent of Institute, 18 10 — tf., 29 Jun. 1834. Dictionnair-e historique des musiciens, 1 810-1 1 — Methode concertante de musique, 1817. Chosroes, King op Parthia. [Arsaces.] Chosroes I., Nushirvan, (Khosrou,) King of Persia, — succeeds his father Cobades, 531 — makes peace with Justinian, between 1 Jan. and 1 Apr. 533 — invades Syria, beginning of spring 540 — master of Antioch, Jun. 540 — Belisarius sent against him, 541 — invades Col- chis, 541 — marches towards Palestine but is compelled by Belisarius to return to Persia, 542 — enters Mesopotamia, raises siege of Edes- sa, 544 — makes peace with Justinian for five years, Apr. 545 — negotiations with the Romans, Apr. 550 — siege and capture of Petra by Bes- sas, 550-1 — makes a truce with Justinian for 5 years, autumn 551 — gains some advantages in Colchis, 554 — recalls Nacoragan and puts him to death, 557 — concludes another truce with Justinian, 557 — truce for 50 years, 562 — persecution and revolt of Armenians, the war with Romans renewed, spring 571 — takes Da- ras, winter 57 3-4 — truce for a year ; fresh ne- gotiations, 575-6 — invades Armenia, spring 576 — defeated by Justinian at Melitene, 576 — tf. at Ctesipbon, Mar. 579. Chosroes II., {Khosrou Penvis,) King of Persia, — succeeds his father Hormisdas, (Hor- mouz,) 589^ Sep. 590 b — takes refuge with Emperor Maurice, 590 — Bahrain pro claims him- self, after Sep. 590 — defeats Bahram and is re- stored, summer 591 — declares war against Phocas, 603 — invades the empire, 604 — ravages Syria and Palestine, 607 — conquers Syria and takes Antioch, 6 1 1 — occupies Caesarea in Cappa- docia, 612 — takes Damascus, 614 — takes Jeru- salem, Jun. 614 — refuses to treat with Heraclius, 615 — conquers Egypt, and occupies Alexan- dria, 616 — besieges and takes Chalcedon, re- fuses again to treat, 618 — takes Ancyra, 620 — Heraclius commands expeditions against him, 622, 623, 624, 625 — collects three armies and sends one to cooperate with the Avars against Constantinople, 626 — defeat of Rhazates at Nineveh, 12 Dec. 627 — his palace of Dasta- gerd plundered by the Romans, 1 Jan. 628 — retires to Ctesiphon, Jan. 628 — his son Siroes rebels ; deposed and imprisoned, 25 Feb. 628 — murdered, 28 Feb. 628. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. Chouan, (Jean Cottereau,) — b., 30 Oct. 1757 ■ — head of royalist insurgents at St Ouen, Aug. 1792 — killed in combat, 28 Jul. 1794. Chouans. [Vendean War.] Chouet, Jean Robert, philosopher,— b. at Geneva, 30 Sep. 1642 — Prof . Philosophy, Sau- mur, 1664 — at Geneva, Jul. 1669— councillor of the republic, 1686 — rj. there, 17 Sep. 1731. Chremes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 113, 3,) 326. Chrestiens, (de Troyes,) romance-writer, — 3J., 1191. Chrestus, rhetorician, — fl., about 179. Chretien, Florent, poet, — b. at Orleans, 26 Jan. 1541 — a". atVendome, 3 Oct. 1596. Juge- ment de Paris, 1567 — Jephte, (translation,) 1566. Christ, Johann Friedrich, — miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Coburg, 1700 — Prof. History, Leipsic, 1729 — Prof. Pcetry, Leipsic, 1739 — if. there, 3 Aug. 1756. Pictionnaire des Mono- grammes, 1747 — Nodes academics, 1727-9. Christ, Order of the Knights of, — founded by Dionysius, king of Portugal, 1317 — ac- quires the possessions of the Templars, 13 19 — grand mastership vested in John III. by Adrian VI., 1522 — vestedin the crown by Julius III., 155*. Christ, Order of, in Livonia, — instituted by Albert, Bp of Riga, 1205. Christ Church College, Oxford, — founded as 1 Cardinal College ' byAVolsey, 1524 — re-found- ed by Henry VI II., 27 Sep. 1532 — further en- dowed, and thus named, 1546. Christian (Christiem) I., King of Den- mark, — h., 1426 — elected, 1 Sep. 1448 — elected King of Norway, but dispossessed by Canutson, 1449 — crowned at Copenhagen, 28 Oct. 1449 — marries Dorothea, widow of Chris- topher his predecessor, Oct. 1449 — goes to Norway, annuls election of Canutson, and is crowned at Drontheim, 29 Jul. 1450 — King of Sweden, on deposition of Canutson, Jun. 1457 — claims succession to Schleswig and Holstein, but makes compromise with Count of Schauen- burg, 1459 — loses crown of Sweden, 1465 — sets out for Palestine, Jan. 1474— visits Rome, Apr. 1474 — founds University at Copenhagen, 1478 — founds Order of the Elephant, 1478 — "&. at Copenhagen, 22 May 1481. Christian (Christiem) II., the Cruel, King of Denmark, — n. at Copenhagen, 2 Jul. 148 1 — ■ recognized as successor to his father John, i486 —succeeds him in Denmark and Norway, 15 13 — crowned at Copenhagen, May 15 13— crown- ed King of Norway, at Opslo ; marries Isa- bella, sister of Charles V., 12 Aug. 15 15 — • unsuccessful expeditions against Sweden, 15 18 and 15 1 9 — defeats and kills Sten Sture at Bogesund, Jan. 1520 — recognized King of Sweden, 6 Mar. 1520 — besieges Stockholm, held by Christina, widow of Sten Sture, middle of May to Aug. 1520 — enters Stockholm, 7 Sep. — crowned there, 4 Nov. — massacres the leading families of Sweden at Stockholm, 8 Nov. — perpetrates other massacres in the chief towns ; returns to Denmark, 152 1 — Gustavus Vasa raises an army in Dalecarlia, and takes title of administrator, spring 1522 — revolt in Jutland, Jan. 1523 — flies from Denmark, 24 Apr. 1523 — makes a descent on Norway, 15 31 — besieged in Opslo by the Danes, 1532 — im- 35° CHRISTIAN III.— CHRISTINA. prisoned at Sonderburg, 1532 — ft. at Callan- burg, 25 Jan. 1559. Christian III., King of Denmark, — Ik, 1502 — proclaimed, after interregnum, 4 Jnl. 1534 — captures and puts to death Clement, general of the Count of Oldenburg, 1534 — besieges Assens and defeats rebels, 1535 — be- sieges Copenhagen and makes alliance with king of Sweden, 1535 — Copenhagen capitu- lates, 29 Jul. 1536 — establishes Lutheranism, 30 Oct. 1536 — crowned at Copenhagen, 12 Aug. 1537 — makes Norway province of Den- mark ; concludes treaty of alliance with Francis I. of France, 29 Nov. 1541 — has tbe Bible translated into Danish, 1545 — tf. at Colding, 1 Jan. 1559. Christian IV., King of Denmark, — b., 12 Apr. 1577 — succeeds his father Frederick II., Apr. 1588 — crowned, 19 Aug. 1596 — marries Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, 27 Nov. 1597 — visits James I. of England, 1606 — war with Sweden, 161 1 — concludes peace, and restores his conquests, 28 Jan. 16 13 — sends expedition to India, acquires Tranquebar, 161 8— founds Academy at Soroe, 1623 — head of league for restoration of the Elector Palatine, 1625 — defeated by Tilly near Lutter, 27 Aug. 1626 — driven from Brandenburg, Silesia, &c, by \Vallenstein, 1626 — Holstein conquered by TVallenstein, 1627 — Peace of Liibeck, 27 May 1629 — declares war against Sweden, 1643 — conquest of Jutland and part of Holstein by the Swedes, 1643 — defeated in naval fight by them, 23 Oct. 1644 — peace concluded by me- diation of France, 23 Aug. 1645 — tj., 9*Mar., (o. s.,) a 28 Feb.b 1648. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Christian V., King of Denmark, — I)., 18 Apr. 1646 — named successor of Frederick III., his father, 1655 — succeeds him, Feb. 1670 — acquires duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, 1675 — war with Sweden, 1675-9 — Peace of St Ger- main, 2 Sep. 1679 — treaty of commerce with France, 1691 — publishes his Code, 1693 — in- vades Holstein, 1697 — ft. at Copenhagen, 4 Sep. 1699. Christian VI., King of Denmark, — ft., 10 Dec. 1699 — marries Sophia Madeline of Bran- denburg-Culmbach, 7 Aug. 172 1 — succeeds his father Frederick IV., 13 Oct. 1730 — crowned, 6 Jun. 17 3 1 — founds the Palace of Copen- hagen, 1732 — buys duchy of Schleswig, 1740 — establishes India Company, 1740 — founds Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen, 1743— U. at Christianburg, 6 Aug. 1746. Christian VII., King of Denmark, — b., 29 Jan. 1749 — succeeds his father Frederick V., 13 Jan. 1766— marries Princess Caroline Matilda of England, 1 Oct. 1766 — crowned with his queen, 1 May 1767 — travels in Ger- many, Holland, France, and England, May 1768 to Jan. 1769 — makes Count Struensee first minister, 1770 — arrests Struensee, Brandt, and others, and imprisons the queen, 18 Jan. 1772 — Struensee and Brandt executed, Apr. 1772— death of the queen at Zell, 10 May 1775 — names his son regent, 1784 — ("Frederick VI.] — tf. at Rcndsburg, 13 Mar. 1808. Christian VIII., King of Denmark,— fo., 18 Sep. 1786 — marries Princess Charlotte Frederick of Mecklenburgh, 11 Jun. 1806 — sent to Norway as lieutenant of the king, 1 8 1 1 — death of the Princess, 1812 — takes title of Prince-Governor, early in 18 14 — proclaimed King of Norway, i7, a 19 b May 1814 — dis- avowed by king of Denmark, about end of Jun. — abdicates crown of Norway, 15 Aug. — returns to Denmark, 26 Oct. — marries Princess Caroline Amelia of Augustenburg, i8i3, a 22 May 18 15 b — visits the principal countries of Europe, 1819-22— member of the Council of State, 183 1 — succeeds his cousin, Frederick VI., 3 Dec. 1839 — declares by letters patent the permanent imion of Schleswig, with Denmark, 1846 — U. at Copenhagen, 20 Jan. 1848. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Ann. Beg. Christian, first Bp and Apostle of Prfs- sia, — sets out with other monks to plant Gospel among the heathen, about 1209-10 — goes to Rome, 121 1 — again, 12 14 — primus Episcopus Pncssice generalis, from 12 14 — ft., about 1243. Christian, Abp of Mentz, — sent by Fred- erick Barbarossa to Italy, 1167 — defeats Romans near Tusculum, 30 May 1167 — com- mands Tuscan Ghibellines, 1171 — undertakes siege of Ancona, 1 1 74 — reconciles himself with Alexander III., 1177 — Jj. near Tusculum, 11 83. Christian, (Christ ien Reisen,) Charles, en- graver of gems, — ft. in London, about 1695 — tf. there, 1725, Christian, Thomas, physician, — fc. in the Ukraine, 17 Dec. 1735 — M.D. Vienna, 1771 — fr. there, 9 May 1800. Beytriige zur Geschichte und Behandlung der naturlichen Poclccn, §c., 17 1 8 — Kurze Geschichte, §c, der neueren Epi~ demie, 1782. Christian, Wilhelm Ernst, historian, — I). at Kiel, 23 Apr. 17 31 — Prof. Eloquence and Public Law, there ; if., 1 Sep. 1793. Geschichte der Herzogthiimer Schlesivig und Kolstein, I775-84- Christian Era, [Nativity, &c.,] — first used by the monk Dionysius Exiguus, about 527 — introduced in Italy, before 600— propagated by Bede, who died, 7 35 — legal and popular, before 1000. Christian Knowledge, Society for Promo- tion of, — incorporated, 1701. Christie, Charles, traveller, — accompanies Henry Pottinger on exploring expedition to Beloochistan and Persia, 18 10 — killed in attack by the Russians on Persian camp, 31 Oct. 1812. Christie, James, antiquary, — n., about 1773 — tf. in London, 2 Feb. 1831. Inquiry into the Game of Palamedes, 1801 — Disquisition on Etruscan Vases, 1806 — Essay on the earliest species of Idolatry, 1 8 15. Christina, (Marie Christine,) Queen of Spain, — fc., (daughter of Francis I. of Naples,) 27 Apr. 1806 — marries Ferdinand VII., 11 Dec. 1829 — declared queen-regent, Oct. 1832 — left a widow, 29 Sep. 1833 — privately marries Fernando Munoz, 28 Dec. 1833 — grants the Estatuto Real, 15 Apr. 1834 — re- nounces the Regency, 10 Oct. 1840 — and re- CHRISTINA— CHRYSOSTOMUS. 33i tires to France ; returns to Spain, 1 843 — again withdraws to France, Jul. 1854. Christina, Queen op Sweden, — ft.,?$ Dec. 1626 — succeeds her father, Gustavus Adolphus, 14 Mar. 1633 — Oxenstiern head of the regency; assumes the government, 1644 — concludes treaty with Denmark, 1645 — takes part in Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 1648— names her cousin, Charles Gustavus, her successor, 18 Oct. 1650— abdicates, 16 Jun. 1654 — received into Roman church by Nuncio Holstein at Inns- priick, Nov. 1656 — enters Rome as an Amazon, 1656 — visits France, Sep. 1656 and summer 1657 — has her equerry Monaldeschi murdered at Fontainebleau, 8 Nov. 1657 — returns to Rome, 1658 — visits Sweden, 1660 — tf. at Rome, 19 Apr. 1689. Works, 1751. Christine of France, Regent of Savoy, — marries Victor-Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, 10 Feb. 1619 — Regent on death of her husband, Oct. 1637 — her title disputed; renews al- liance with France, 3 Jun. 1638 — Regent again on accession of her second son, Charles Emmanuel, Oct. 1638 — hostilities with the princes of Savoy begin, Mar. 1639 — gives up the fortresses to the French, 1639 — her re- gency continued by treaty with France, 16 Jun. 1642 — declares Charles Emmanuel of age, 20 Jun. 1648 — tf. at Turin, 27 Dec. 1663. [Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy.] Christine de Pisan, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Venice, about 1363 — accompanies her father to France, and is brought up at the court, 1368 — marries, 1378^ left a widow, 1397 — tf., soon after 1415, ? about 1431.? Cent histoires de Troie, 1497 — Le Livre des faits et bonnes moeurs du sage roi Charles V., written, 1404 — Le Tresor de la cite des dames, $c, 1497. Christmann, Jacob, orientalist, — ft. near Mentz, 1554 — Prof. Hebrew, afterwards Logic and Arabic, Heidelberg, about 1583-1613 — tf., 16 Jun. 16 1 3. Alphabetum Arabicum, 1582 ■ — Muhammedis Alfragani Arabis chronologica et astronomica elementa, 1590 — Theoria Lunce, 1611. Christodorus, epic poet, — fl., about 500. Christophe, Henri, King of Hayti, — ft., about 1767 — joins the insurgents, St Domingo, 1790— defends Cape Town against Leclerc, 1802 — heads insurrection, murders Dessalines, gets himself proclaimed Generalissimo, and President for life of republic of Hayti, Oct. 1806 — King of Hayti, 1811 — crowned, 2 Jun. 18 12 — kills himself, 8 Oct. 1820. Christophe, Joseph, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, 1498 — tf. at Lisbon, 1557. Christopher's, St, St Kitts, island, — dis- covered by Columbus, Nov. 1493 — English set- tlement in, 1623 — French settlement in, 1625 — attacked by Spaniards, 1629 — hostilities be- tween French and English, 1666 — the English expelled, 29 Jul. 1689 — reconquered by Eng- lish, Jun. to Jul. 1690— ravaged by the French, 1706 — ceded to English by Treaty of Utrecht, Apr. 17 1 3— taken by the French, 1782 — re- stored to the English by Peace of Versailles, Jan. 1783 — ravaged by the French, 1805 — the capital, Basse Terre, burnt, 3 Jul. 1867. Christ's College, Cambridge, — founded by Margaret, Countess of Richmond, 1505. Christ's Hospital, Blue Coat School, Lon- don, — patent of foundation by Edward VI., 26 Jun. 1553— partly burnt down, 1666— rebuilt by Wren: entirely rebuilt by Shaw, 1825. Christus, (Christophsen,) Petrus, painter, — ft., about 1393— visits Cologne, 1438 and after 145 1. Madonna and Child, Frankfort, 141 7 ■ — Portrait of Edward Grimstone, 144.6. Christy, Henry, antiquary, naturalist, §c. y — ft., about 1811 — tf. in France, 4 May 1865. * * Christyn, Jean Baptiste, jurist, historian, — ft. at Brussels, 1622 — Privy Councillor, 167 1 — ambassador of king of Spain to Congress of Nimeguen, 1678 — first commissioner to the conferences at Courtrai, j 681— superintendent of military justice, 1685 — Baron, by letters patent, 11 Jan. 1687 — chancellor of Brabant, 22 Apr. 1687 — tf., 28 Oct. 1690. Jurispru- dentia heroica, 1689— Basilica Bruxellmsis, 1677 — Tabula chronologica ducum Loiharingice, §c, 1669. Chromatins, Bp of Aquileia, — fl., aboi.t 370 — 1>., about 410. Chromium, metal, — discovered by Vauquelin, 1797. Chronometer, — Harrison gains parliament- ary reward for his, 1765. Chroscinski, {Chroscienski, Chruscinski,) Adalbert Stanislaus, poet, — fl., about 1700. Traba wieJcopomney slawy Jana LLL., 1684 — Translations from Ovid, 1695? — Translations of Job, and Lamentations of Jeremiah, 1705. Chry sander, (Goldmann,) Wilhelm Christ- ian Justus, theologian, orientalist, $c, — ft. near Halberstadt, 9 Dec. 17 18 — tf. at Kiel, 10 Dec. 1788. Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] — ft., 280 — tf., 207. Chrysoberges, Lucas, theologian, — patriarch of Constantinople, 1 155 — presides at Synod of Constantinople, 1166 — tf., 1167. Chrysocephalus, Macarius, Abp of Phila- delphia, — fl., about 1290,* about 1351. 13 a Oudin. b Fabricius. Chrysococces, Greorgius, physician, astrono- mer, — fl., about 1350. Chrysologue, Noel Andre, astronomer, %c, — ft. at Gy, (Franche-Comte,) 8 Dec. 1728 — tf. there, 8 Sep. 1808. Planisphere, 1778. Chrysoloras, Bemetrius, theologian, philoso- pher, astronomer,— -fl., about 1400. Chrysoloras, Manuel, (Emmanuel,) Greek scholar,— ft. probably at Constantinople, about 1 355 — ambassador from Emperor of the East to European Courts, about 1389? 1396?— teaches Greek in Italy, about 1397 -141 3 — visits England, 1405 ? — ambassador from Martin V. to Emperor Sigismund, 141 3 — tf- at Constance, 15 Apr. 1415. Greek Grammar, {Erotemata,) about 1480. Chrysostomus. [Bion.] Chrysostomus, Johannes, Patriarch of Constantinople, — ft. at Antioch, about 344> a 354, b 347 c — baptized, 370 ? — retires to moun- 33 2 CHRYSUS— CIAMPIXI. tain solitude, about 374 4 — deacon at Antioch, 381 b — presbyter, 386 c — succeeds Nectarius as patriarch, 26 Feb. 398 — promotes missions among the Goths, 398, Sec. — holds a council at Constantinople, 400 d — at Ephesus, winter 400 -401 d — refuses to condemn Origen, 401-2° — deposed, by Theophilus, at synod of the oak, and goes into exile, about Jul. 403 e — recalled a few days after : another synod assembled against him, Dec. 403 e — again exiled, Jun. 404 — arrives at Cucusus in Armenia, Sep. 404 — removed to Arabissus, beginning 406 — ordered to be removed to Pityus, in Pontus, Jun. 407 — tf. at Comana, 14 Sep. 407 — his remains brought to Constantinople, 43 8. e a Biog. Univ. b .£ngl. Cyc. c Neander. d Butler. e Clinton. Chrysus, — [ B C] — Asclepiad of Cos, (01. 47, 3,) 590. a a Miiller. Chtcherbatov, Michel, historian, — ft., about 1700 — rj., 12 Dec. 1790. History of troubles and revolutions of Russia, 1777. Chubb, Thomas, Deist, — fj. near Salisbury, Sep. 1679 — rj. there, 8 P'eb. 1746. Supremacy of God the Fatlur asserted, 17 15 — True Gospel of Jesus asserted, 1738 — Tracts, 1727 and 1730 — Posthumous works, 1748. Chumnus, Nicephorus, theologian, philoso- pher, statesman, — forms alliance with Imperial family, 1295 — ft., after 1330. Chumpaner, (Champaner,) in Hindustan, — taken by Mahmud, king of Guzerat, (888, a. h.) 1483, 1484 a — taken by Huniayun, (Safar 942,) Aug. 1535, 1534 a — taken by English, 17 Sep. 1802 — annexed to Scinde, 1803. a Thornton. Chunar, in Hindustan, — attacked by J3en- galese Confederacy, 1529 — seized by Shir Khan, about 1530 — attacked by Humayun, but retained by Shir Khan, 1532 — besieged and taken by Humayun, Jan. to Jun. ? 1538,* 1539 b — recover- ed by Shir Khan, autumn 1538^ 1539 b — taken by the English, 1764 — ceded to them 1768. Treaty of between East India Company and the Xabob of Oude, 19 Sep. i78i. c a Elphinstone. b Thornton. c Encyc. Brit. Chund, (Chand or Chandra-Bardai,) poet, — fl. at Delhi, about 1200. Church, States of the. [Papal States.] Church-building Commission, — established by Act 58 Geo. III., c. 45, 30 May 1818. Church Discipline, — better enforcing of, pro- vided for by Act 3 and 4 Tic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 1840. Church of England, — separated from Church of Home, by Act 25 Henry VIII. c. 21, 1534 — Henrv VIII, declared supreme head of, by Act 26" Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1534— [Articles, Thirty-Nine, &c] — Church of Ireland united with, 1800— [Irish Church.] Church-lands, — confirmed to lay holders by Stat. 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, "1554 — those held by the crown given up by Queen Mary, 1555- Church-rates, — recovery of, by civil process provided for by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 18 1 3 — time of imprisonment for non- payment limited by Act 12 and 13 Tic. c. li, 11 May 1849 — compulsory, abolished by Act 31 and 32 Vie. c. 109, 31 Jul. 1868. Churchill, Charles, poet, — fj. at Westminster, Feb. 1731 — ordained priest, 1756— curate of St John's, "Westminster, 1758 — contributes to North Briton, 1762 — fr. at Boulogne, 4 Nov. 1764. Rosciad, 1761 — Apology, 1761 — Ghost, 1762 — Author, 1763 — Epistle to Hogarth, Gotham, 1764 — Candidate, 1764 — Independ- ence, 1764. Churchill, John. [Marlborough, Duke of.] Churchill, Sir Winston,— 6., 1620— M.P., 1661— Knt, by Charles II., 1663 — F.R.S., 1664 — rj., 26 Mar. 1688. Divi Britannici, i 6 75. Churchyard, Thomas, poet, — ft. at Shrews- bury, about 1520 — rj. in London, Mar. or Apr. 1604. Chippes, 1575 — Worthiness of Wales, 1580 — Description of the wofull Warres in Flounders, 1578 — Hiserieof Flaunders,§c, 1579 — Challenge, 1593. Churchyards, in United Kingdom, — consecra- tion of, newly regulated by Act 30 and 31 Tic. c. 133, 20 Aug. 1867— amended by 31 and 32 Tie. c. 47, 13 Jul. 1868. Churruca y Elorza, Cosme Damian de, naval commander, — fj. at Motrico, (Guipuzcoa,) 27 Sep. 176 1 — commands expedition to survey Gulf of Mexico, 1791 — falls, at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805. Chusan, Chusan Islands, — taken by the English, 5 Jul. 1840 — abandoned by them, 24 Feb. 1 841 — again captured, 1 842— restored to the Chinese by Treaty of Nankin, 26 Aug. 1842. Chytrssus, David, theologian, §c, — ft. at Ingelfingeu, 26 Feb. 1530 — Prof. Theology. Eostock, 155 1 — tf. first Prof. Theology there, 25 Jun. 1600. De lectione historica recte institu- enda, 1565 — Historia Augustana confessionis, 1578 — Chronicon Saxonice, 1593. Ciakeiak, Armenian, — ft., 177 1 — fj. near Venice, Jan. 1835. Italian and Armeno- Turhish Dictionary, 1804 — Armenian-Italian Dictionary, 1834. Ciamberlano, Lucas, painter, engraver, — ft. at Urbino, 1586 — rj. at Eome, 1641. Ciamciam, Michel, Armenian, — ft. at Con- stantinople, 1738 — 5j. there, 1823. Armenian Grammar, 1779 — History of Armenia, 1784-6. Ciampelli, Agostino, painter, — ft. at Flo- rence, 1578 — tf. at Rome, 1640. Ciampi, Sebastiano, archaeologist, — ft. at Pistoia in Tuscany, 30 Oct. 1769 — Prof, at Univ. of Pisa, 1803-18 — Prof, at Univ. of Warsaw, 1818-22 — returns to Italy, 1822 — ft. near Florence, 14 Dec. 1847. De usu linguce Italicce saltern a scecido quinto, 1817 — Jlomimenti d'un manuscritto autograft) di Giov. Boccaccio da Certaldo, 1827-30 — Notizie inedite della Sagrcstia Fistoiesc, §c, 18 10 — Bibliografia critica delle antiche reciproche corrispondenze dell' Italia colla Russia, §c, 1834-43. Ciampini, Giovanni Justin, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Rome, 1633 — founds Academy of Ecclesiastical History, 1 67 1 — of Natural Science, 1677 — ft., 12 Jul. 1698. Vetera monumenta, §c., 1690-99 — Synopsis historica CIAMPOLI— C rGNANI. 333 de sacris mdificiis a Constantino Magna eon- strtictis, 1693. Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, poet, — b. at Florence, 1589 — tf. at Jesi, 8 Sep. 1643. Mime, 1648 — Prose, 1667. Ciantar, Jean Antoine, — b. at Malta, 1696 — correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 1745 — tf., Nov. 1778. Epigrammata, 1737 — De B. Paulo apostolo in Melitam, £$c., 1738. Cibalis, in Pannonia, — Constantine defeats Licinius near, 8 Oct. 314. Gibber, Cams Gabriel, sculptor, — ft. at Flensburg, Holstein, about 1630 — settles in London, about 1660— tf. there, 1700. Gibber, Colley, dramatist, actor, — b. in London. 6 Nov. 1671 — volunteer under Earl of Devonshire, in support of Prince of Orange, 1688 — enters upon the- stage, 1689 — Poet Laureate, 1730 — tf., 12 Dec. 1757. Works, 1777. Gibber, Susanna Maria, {Mrs Charke,) actress, — ft., 17 16 — makes her debut on the stage, 1736 — tf., 30 Jan. 1766. Gibber, Theophihis, actor, — b., 26 Nov. 1703 — tf. by shipwreck on coast of Scotland, Oct. 1758. Cibot, Pierre Martial, Jesuit missionary, — ft. at Limoges, 1727 — arrives in China, Jul. 1759 — at Pekin, Jun. 1760 to Aug. 1780 — tf. there, 8 Aug. 1780. Ciccione, Andrea, sculptor, architect, — tf., 1455. Monument to King Ladislaus of Naples, between 1414-50. Cicero, M. Tullius, — [BC] — orator, philoso- pher, — b. at Arpinum, 3 Jan. 106 — receives toga vir., 91 — serves under Cn. Pompeius Strabo, 89 — begins to plead, 81 — marries Te- rentia, about 80-79 — travels and studies, Athens, Asia Minor, 79 — Rhodes, 78 — returns to Rome, 77 — quaestor in Sicily, 75 — returns to Pome, beginning 74 — aedile, 69 — praetor, 66 — Consul with C. Antonius Hybrida, defeats conspiracy of Catiline, (691 a. u. c), 63 — retires to Thessalonica, by Apr. till Nov. 58 — recalled, 4 Aug. — arrives, 4 Sep. 57 — admitted to College of Augurs, 53 — proconsul of Cilicia, &c, Jul. 5 1 to Jul. 50 — at Formise, near Rome, 4 Jan. 49 — leaves Italy for Greece, 7 Jun. 49 — re- turns to Brundusium, end Nov. 48 — pardoned by Caesar, 12 Aug. 47 — divorces Teren- tia; marries Publilia, close of 46 — divorces her, 45 — death of his daughter Tullia, begin- ning 45— sets out for Greece, soon after Mar. 44 — returns to Rome, 31 Aug. 44 — acme of glory, beginning Apr. 43 — put to death, 7 , Dec. 43. De Inventione Ehetorica, 87-84 — Partitio Orat., end 46 to beginning 45, 49 ? De Orator e, 91,? 55 s1 — Brutus, 46 — Orator, beginning 45 — Topica, Jul. 44 — De Eepublica, before 51 — De Legibus, mid. or end 52 — De Officiis, after Aug. 44 — Cato Major, end 45, beginning 44 — P)e Gloria, before 4 Jul. 44 — . De Consolatione, 45 — Academica, 45 — De Fini- bus, 45 — Tuscul. Disput., early 44 — Para- doxa, 52-46 — Hortensius, 45 — De Nat. Deor., early 44 — De Divinatione, early 44. Orations : Pro Quinctio, 81 — Pro Sex. Eoscio, 80 — Pro Q. Eoscio Com., 76? — Pro Scamandro, 74 a — In Q. Ccecilium^ 70 — In Verrem Actio, I., 5 Aug. 70 — Pro M. Fonteio, 69 — Pro lege Ma- nilla, 66 — Pro A. Cluentio, 66 — Pro C. Cor- nelio, 65 b c (n.) — In Toga Candida, 64 — Pro C. Eabirio, 63 — In Catilinam, I., 8 Nov. — II., 9 Nov., -r- IY., 5 Dec. 63 — Fro Mu- rena, Nov. or Dec. 63 — Pro P. Comelio SiUla, 62 — Pro Archia Poeta, 61 » — Pro I. Flacco, 59 — Fro A. Thermo, 59 — Pro L. Bestia, 56 — ■ De Ftaruspicum Eesponsis, 56 — Pro P. Sextio, 12 Mar. ^ — In Vatinium, 12 Mar. 56 — Pro M. Ccelio Eufo, 56 c — Pro I. Comelio Balbo, 56 — De Frovinciis Consularibus, 56 — De Eege Alexandrino, 13 Jan. 56° — In I. Fisoncm, 55 — Pro On. Flancio, 55* 54° — Pro C. Eabirio Fostumo, 54 — Fro Vatinio, 54 — Fro M. AiJmi- lio Scauro, 54 — Pro Crasso, 54 — Pro Druso, 54 — Pro C. Messio, 54 — De Eeatinorum Causa contra Inter amnates, 54° — Pro T. Annio Mi- lone, 18 Mar. 52 c — Pro Saufeio, (2) 52 — In T. M. Plancum, 52 — Pro M. Marcello, 47, » 46 bc — Pro Q. ligario, 46 — Fro Eege Deiotaro, 45— Philippic®, I. to IV., 44— V. to XIV., 43. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Fischer. Cicero, M. Tullius, {junior,)— [B Cj — b., 65 — goes to Cilicia with his father, 5 1 — receives toga vir., Mar. 49 — joins Pompey, serves in Greece, 49-48 — studies at Athens, 45 — serves under Brutus in Macedonia, 42 — returns to Rome, 39. Consul by Octavianus, 13 Sep. 30 — governor of Asia, (Syria,) 29-28. Cicero, Q. Tullius, — [BC] — b., about 102 — at Athens, 79 — sedile, 67 — praetor, 62 — govern- or of Asia, 61-58 ? — at Rome, 58 — legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 55-54 — defeats Ambiorix, 54 — legatus to his brother in Cilicia, 51 — joins Pompey, 49 — joins Caesar, 47 — put to death, 43. Cicognara, Count Leopoldo, antiquary, — b. at Ferrara, 26 Nov. 1767— settles at Mo- dena, about 1 795-1 808 — President of Academy of Fine Arts, Venice, 1808 — tf. at Venice, 5 Mar. 1834. Storia delta scultura, 18 13- 18 — Fabriche piu cospicue di Venezia, 1820 — Cata- logo ragionato dei libri d'arte e (V antichitd, 1 821. Cicurinus, C. Veturius, — [B C] — Consul with T. Romilius Rocus Vaticanus, (299, a. u. c.) 455. Cid, The, {Eodrigo Diaz de Bivar,)—b. at Burgos, about 1040 — Knt, by Ferdinand I. of Castille, about 1060 — serves under Sanchez II. at battle of Graos, 1063 — offends Alfonso VI., and retires from the court, 1085 — besieges and takes Valencia, 1094. — tf. at Valencia, about 1099. Cieco da Ferrara, Francisco Bello, poet. Libro d'arme e d'amore nomato Maiubriano, 1509. Cienfuegos, Mcasio Alvarez de, poet, — b. at Madrid, 14 Dec. 1764 — tf. at Orthez, Jul. 1809. Works, 1 8 16. Cieza, Josef de, painter, — b. at Granada, 1656— painter to the king, 1689 — tf. at Madrid, 1692. Cieza, Miguel Geronimo, painter, — tf., 1677. Cieza, Vicente, painter, — painter to the king, 16-92 — tf. at Granada, about 1701. Cigala, Lanfranc, troubadour, — ambassador to Raymond, Count of Provence, 1241 — assas- sinated, near Monaco, 1278. Cignani, Carlo, painter, — b. at Bologna, 25 334 CIGNAROLI— CIPRIAXI. May 1628 — ft. at Forli, a at Bologna, b 6 Sep. 17 19. Cupola of church of the Madonna del Fuoco, Forli, about 1686- 1706. a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. Cignaroii, Giambettino, painter, — b. at Salo, near Verona, 1706 — fr. at Verona, 1770. Cigoli, Lodovico Cardi da, painter, — b. at Cigoli, ;l Empoli, b in Tuscany, 12 Sep. 1559 — rj. at Home, 8 Jun. 16 13. Martyrdom of St Stephen, Florence, 1587. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Cilicia, — [BC] — given to Ambris, king of Tubal, by Sargon, about 711 a — invaded by Sennacherib, about 701 a — by Esarbaddon, about 685 a — Syennesis, with Labynetus of Babylon, mediates between Cyaxares and Alyattes (Croesus?), 6io bc — submits to Persia, 546 ? — reduced by Alexander tbe Great, 333 — assigned to Pbilotas, 323 — to Philoxenus, at Triparadisus, 32o, a 321 c — to Pleistarchus, after battle of Ipsus, 301 — taken possession of by Demetrius Poliorketes, 300 b — acquired by Seleucus Nieator, for Syria, 286 b — by Ptolemy Pbiladelphus, before 247 — M. Antonius, pro- praetor : beginning of the war against the pirates, 103 — Sulla, proprsetor, 92 — taken in part by Tigranes, 83-76 c — held till 69 or 66 c — pirates and Tigranes conquered by Pompey, and reduced in part to a province, 67-66° — Cicero proconsul, 51-50 — Tarcondimotiis, aids Pompey, but has his dominions increased by Caesar, 48 — Polemon, made sovereign of part, by Antony, 39, 41 c — Tarcondimotus II. receives his paternal possessions from Augustus, 20. [Armenia, Cilician Pontus.] a Rawlinson. b Fischer. c Smith's Diet. Cilo, L. Fabius Galerius Septiminus, — [B Cj — Consul with Fabius Libo, (957, a. u. c.) 204. Cima da Conegliano, Giambattista, painter, — painted at Venice, 1489-15 17. Ciniabue, {Gualtieri,) Giovanni, painter, — b. at Florence, 1240 — employed in the Duomo at Pisa, 1 301 -2. Cimarosa, Domenico, musical composer, — b. at Aversa, 3 Naples, bc 1754,3 b 1755° — goes to St Petersburg, 1787-91 — to Vienna. 1792 — tf. at Venice, 11 Jan. 1801. Matrimonio Segreto, 1792. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Evsch and Gruber. Cimbri, The, — [BC] — migrate south ward, about 1 20 ? — the consul Carbo defeated by, near Noreia, 1 1 3 — retire from Italy into Gaul, 113 — the consul Silanus defeated, in Gallia Transalpina, 109— M. Scaurus sent against, 108— defeat Manlius, 105 — defeat proconsul Csepio, 6 (Jet. 105— invade Spain, 104 — re- pulsed by the Celtiberians, 103— Catulus holds command against, on the Athesis, 102 — over- thrown by Marine and Catulus at Vercellse, 30 Jul. 101. Cimmerians. [Kimmerians.] Cimon. [Kimon.] Cinaethon. [ Kinaethon.] Cinaethus. [Kinsethus.] Cincinnati, Society of the, in United States, — founded, 1783. Cincinnato, Romulo, painter, — b. at Flor- ence, 1502 — goes to Madrid, 1567 — ft. at Madrid, 1593, ab i6oo. c a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Nagler. Cincinnatus, Cn. Manlius Vulso, — [BC] — Consul with M. Fabius Vibulanus, (274, a. tj. c.) 480. Cincinnatus, L. Quinctius, — [BC] — &., about 519 — Consul suffectus with C. Claud. Sabinus Eegillens, (294, a. tj. c.) 460 — dictator, against the iEquians, 458 — unsuccessful can- didate for decemvirate, 450 — dictator, against Sp. Maelius, 439. Cincinnatus, T. Quinctius Pennus, — [BC] — Consul with C. Julius Mento, (323, a. u. c.) 431 — Consul with A. Cornelius Cos'sus, (326,) 428 — military tribune, 426 and 420. Cincinnatus Capitolinus, T. Quinctius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Peticus, (403, a. tj. c.) 351. Cincius. [Alimentus, L. Cincius.] Cinna, C. Helvius, poet, — [B C] — trib. pleb. ? murdered by the mob after Caesar's as- sassination, Mar. 44. Cinna, Cn., — Consul with L. Valerius Mes- salla Volesus, (758, a. tj. c.) 5. Cinna, L. Cornelius, — [B C] — Consul with L. Cassius Longinus, (627, a. tj. c.) 127. Cinna, L. Cornelius, — [BC] — prset. leg. in Marsic war, 89 — Consul with Cn. Octavius, (667, a. tj. c.) 87 — impeaches Sulla ; defeated in attack on the constitution, leaves Eome ; with Marius besieges and takes Eome, 87 — [Marius] — Consul with C. Marius, (668,) %6— Consul with Cn. Papirius Carbo, (669,) 85 and (670,) 84 — killed in a mutiny at Ancona, 84. Cinnamus, {Cinamns, Smnamus,) Joannes, Byzantine historian, — fl., about 1143-80. Cino da Pistoia, poet, §c, — b. at Pistoia, 1270 — Prof. Eaw, Florence, 1334 — ft. there, 24 Dec. 1336. Rime, 1559. Cinq-Mars, Henri Coiffier de Ruse, Mar- quis de, — b., 1620 — Master of the Horse, 1639 — executed for conspiracy, at Lyons, 12 Sep. 1642. Cinque Ports, in England. — return each two barons to parliament, as early as 18 Edw. I., 1290 — general charters of, given up to Con- stable of Dover Castle, 1685 — lord wardens lose power of nominating members by Act 2 Wm and Mar. c. 7, 1689— further changes effected by Reform Act, 1832 — and Municipal Corpor- ations Act, 1835. Cinqui, (del Cinque,) Giovanni, painter, — b. at Florence, 1667— tf., 1743. Cintra, Convention of, — between French and English, for evacuation of Portugal by French, signed, 30 Aug. 1808 — court of in- quiry respecting, Nov. — approved by the court, 22 Dec. Ciocchi, Giovanni Mario, painter, — b. at Florence, 1658 — ft., 1725. La Fittura in Famasso, 1725. Cionacci, Francesco, grammarian. Saggio della Favellatoria, 1679. Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, painter, en- graver, — b. at Florence, 1732,* i727, b Pistoia, 1716° — is at Eome, 1750 — goes to London, CIRCASSIA— CIVITA VECCHIA. 335 i755, b 1754° — R.A., 1769—0". in London, 14 Dec. 1785. a Naglei\ b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Circassia, Circassians, — first submit to Rus- sians, 1555 — incorporated with Russian Empire, by Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — traffic in female slaves reestablished by treaty with Russia, 1845— defeated by Russians, escape to Turkey, 1864. [Schamyl.] Circe, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac at Paris, 6 Apr. 1855. Circensian Games,— [BC~\ — mythic institu- tion by Romulus; — [AD] — pompa Gircensis abolished by Constantine, about 315 ? — games abolished by the Goths, 410. Circesium, {Carchemish,) in Mesopotamia, — [B C]— taken by Pharaoh Necko, 6io, a 608 b — retaken by Nebuchadnezzar, 605. b a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Circignano, {Circiniani,) Antonio, [ilPomer- ancio,) painter, — ft., i56o, a 1559 b — tf. at Rome, 1619. a Tilkington. b Ersch and Gruber. Circignano, {Circiniani,) Niccola, {dalle Pomcrancio,) painter, — ft. near Vcltena, 15 16 — fo. at Eome, 1588,* after 1591. 13 a Ersch and Gruber. b Lanzi. Circle, Squaring the, — problem proved im- possible by demonstration of incommensurability of diameter and circumference of circle, by Lambert, 176 1. Circuits, Judges', — England divided into six, by Henry II., 1176. Circulating Library, — first established in London, by Samuel Fancourt, 1740 or 1745. Circulation of the Blood, — discovered by Harvey, about 161 6. Circumcelliones. [Donatists.] Circumnavigation of the Globe, — by Ma- gellan's squadron, 1521-22. [Drake, Caven- dish, Anson, &c] Circus Factions, {Nika Sedition,) — outbreak of, at Constantinople, 13-18 Jan. 532. Circus Flaminius, Home, — [BC] — built by C. Flaminius, 221. Cirencester, {Corinium, Corinum, Burocor- novium,) — taken by West Saxons, 577 — battle of, between "West Saxons and Mercians, 628 — taken by Northmen, 878 — Guthrum stays with his army at, 879 — Council held at, by Canute, 1020 ? — garrisoned for Empress Maud, 1150 — skirmish at, between the Earls of Kent, Salis- bury, and Iluntingdon, &c, and the townsmen, 6 Jan. 1400 — garrisoned for the Parliament, and taken by Prince Rupert, 1642 — surrenders to Parliamentarians, 1643. Cirignuola. [Cerignuola.] Cirillo, Domenico, botanist, %c. } — ft. in Naples, 1734 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, Naples, 1779 — President of Legis- lative Assembly, 1799 — arrested, executed by Xing Ferdinand, 13 Jul. ? 1799. Fundamenta botanica, 1787 — Be essentialibus nonnullarum plantarum characteribus, 1 7 84 — Plants rariores, $c, 1788-93. Cirillo, Niccolo, physician, natural philo- sopher, — ft. near Naples, 167 1 — Prof. Physics there, 1705 — Prof. Practical Medicine, 17 17 — F.R.S., 1718 — tr. at Naples, 1734. Cirino, Andrea, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Messina, 16 r 8 — fo. at Palermo, 6 Sep. 1664. Be venatione et natura animalium, 16^3 — An- tique lectiones de urbe Roma, §c, 1665. Cirrhaean {Kirrhaan) War. [Sacred War.] Cisalpine Republic, — constituted by Napo- leon, 1 7 96 — the Valteline annexed to it ; recog- nized by Treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — Napoleon Pres. of, and names it Italian Re- public, Jan. 1802 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, 1805-14 — given to Austria, as the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, by Congress of Vienna, 1815. Cisinge, John de, {James Pannonius,) poet, — ft. in Hungary, 29 Aug. 1434 — Bp, about 1460 — ft. in Carinthia, about Dec. 1472. Poems, 1512. Cisneros. [Ximenes.] Cispadane Republic, — founded by Napo- leon, 1796— forms part of Cisalpine Republic, 1797. Cistercian Order, Order of Citeaux, — found- ed by Robert de Molesme, 1098 — reconstituted by Stephen Harding, the Chapter-General in- stituted, 1 1 19 — introduced in England, 1128. Citadella, Alfonso, {Alfonso Lombardi, or Alfonso Ferrarese,) sculptor, §c, — ft., about 1487 — tf. at Bologna, 1536. Citate, — occupied by Russians, 1853 — the Russian camp stormed by Turks, 6 Jau. 1 854. Cities of the Plain, {Pentapolis,) — [B Cj — • destroyed, spring 1897.' 1 a Ussher. Cittadini, Celso, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Rome, 1553 — tf. at Siena, 1627. Rime pla- toniche, 1585— Tre orazioni, 1603. Cittadini, Pierfrancesco, {il Milanese,) painter, — ft. at Milan, i6i6, a i6i3 b — ft. at Bologna, 1 68 1. a Crespi. b Oretti. City Mission, — established at Glasgow, by David Nasmith, 1826. Ciudad Rcdrigo, in Spain, — held by Portu- guese, unsuccessfully attacked by Henry II. of Castile, 1370 — taken by the English, 1706 — ■ retaken by Spaniards, 1707— surrenders to the. French, 10 Jul. 18 10 — stormed by Wellington,- 18 Jan. 1812. Ciullo D'Alcamo, poet, — 0., about 1190 ? Cius. [Kios.] Civil Engineers, Institute of, — founded, 2 Jan. 18 1 8 — incorporated, 3 Jun. 1828. Civil List, — better regulation of, proposed by Burke, 11 Feb. 1780 — again, 15 Feb. 1781 — regulated by Act passed, 1782 — settlement of the, by Act 1 Wm IV. c. 25, 22 Apr. 1831. Civil Rights Bill, U. S., — vetoed by Pres. Johnson, Mar. 1866 — passed by Congress, 10 Apr. 1866. Civil Service Examinations, in England, — ■ instituted by Order in Council, 21 May 1855. Civilis, Claudius, — heads a revolt of the Batavi from Rome, 69-70. Civita Castellana, — the Neapolitans defeated by Macdonald at, 4 Dec. 1798. Civita Vecchia, {Centum Cellcc,) — port of, constructed by Trajan, about no — taken by Belisarius, 536 or 538 — by Totilas, 542-3 — by Narses, 553 — destroyed by Saracens, 812 — made boundary of Pisan territory by charter of CI VITALI— CLARENDON. Frederick II., 24 Nov. 1220 a — fortified by Urban YIIL, between 1623 and 1644 — taken by tbe English, 30 Sep. 1799 — French expedition lands at, 1849 — French troops evacuate Koine, and sail from, Aug. 1870. • a Kington. Civitali, Matteo, sculptor, — fl., about 1440. Clair, (Ci'airs,) St, first Bp of Nantes, — sent from Eome to Gaul, about 280. Clair, (Clo\) St— tf. abbe of St Marcel, Vienne, about 660 ? Clair, Jean Marie le, violinist, — ft. at Lyons, 1697 — assassinated at Paris, 22 Oct. 1764. Clairac, Louis Andre de la Mamie de, en- gineer, — n., about 1690— brigadier of the armies, 1748 — is. at Bergue, 6 May 1752. Ingenieur de campagne, 1750. £■ ey Clairambault, Pierre de, genealogist, — fc. in Champagne, 1651 — rj. at Paris, 1740. Clairant, Alexis Claude, mathematician, — is. at Paris, 7, a 13 b May 17 13 — admitted to the Academy, 17 31 — accompanies expedition to Lapland for" measuring degrees of the meridian, 1735 — Is. at Paris, 17 May 1765. Mecherches sur les courbes a double courbure, 1731 — Memoire sur la theorie de la lime, 1752 — Traite de la figure de la terre, 1743 — Recherches sur les cometes, 1762. a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber, Clairon, Claire Josephe Hippolyte Leyris de la Tude, actress, — rj. in Flanders, 1723 — enters on the stage, 1735 — at the Theatre Francois, Aug. 1743-65 — rj. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1803. Clairvaux, Abbey of, — founded by St Ber- nard, autumn 1 1 15— the site changed, larger buildings erected, n 35. Claissens, Anton, painter, — fl., about 1500? Clajus. [Clay.] Clanricarde, Marquis of, — ft. in London, 1604 — governor of Galloway, 1641 — commis- sioner with Earl of Ormond and others to re- ceive the remonstrance of the Catholics, Jan. 1642 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1648 — Is., about 1659^ 1655. 13 Memoirs concerning the affairs of Ireland from 1640 to 1653, 1722. a Leland. h Clarendon. Claparede, Count, Peek, of France, gen- eral, — h. at Chignac, (Herault,) 1774 — enters the army, 1792 — accompanies expedition to St Domingo, 1802— General of Division, 1808 — distinguishes himself at battle of Wagrani, 1809 — wounded at the Beresina, 18 12 — Peer of France, 1819 — Is. at Montpellier, Oct. 1842. Clapies, de, engineer, astronomer, — rj. at Montpellier, 1671 — correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 1702 — director of the banks of the Phone, 17 12 — Prof. Mathematics, 17 18 — saves Tarascon from inundation, 1724 — Is., 19 Feb. 1740. Clapperton, Hugh, African traveller, — fc. at Annan, Scotland, 1788 — Lieutenant in the British flotilla in Canada, 1814-17 — goes to Edinburgh, 1820— sets out with Dr Oudney and Major Denham for Timbuctoo, i823, a 1 82 1 b — returns to England, Jnn. 1825 — second visit to Africa, Nov. 1825— tf. near Saccatoo, 13 Apr. 1827. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Clara, St, monastic foundress, — ft. at Assisi, 1 1 93— founds Sisterhood of St Clara, 1212— Is., 11 Aug. 1253 — canonized, by Alexander IV., Clare, John, poet,— It. near Peterborough 13 Jul, 1793 — is., 19 May 1864. Foems descript- ive of Rural Life, 1820 — Rural Muse, 1836. Clare, Nuns of St, — founded at Assisi, about 12 1 2 — settle in England, about 1293. Clare, Richard de. [Pembroke, Earl of.] Clare Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Lady Elizabeth, sister of Gilbert, Earl of Clare, 1326. Clareniont, in Surrey, — built by Vanbrugh, between 1702 and 17 14 — bought by government as residence for Princess Charlotte, 181 6. [Louis Philippe, Marie Amelie.] Clarence, George, Duke of, — fi. at Dublin, 1449 — created Duke of Clarence, summer 146 1 — Lieutenant of Ireland, 28 Feb. 1462— marries Isabel, daughter of the Earl of "Warwick, at Calais, 11 Jul. 1469 — leagues with Warwick; denounced as traitor by Edward IV., Mar. 1470 — retires with Warwick to France, Apr. 1470 — lands with Warwick at Dartmouth, 13 Sep. 1470 — the crown settled on him on failure of issue of Henry VI. by parliament of West- minster, 147 1 — joins Edward IV. at Coventry, 30 Mar. 147 1 — on death of his wife, retires from court, 1477 — committed to the Tower, 16 Jan. 1478 — tried and sentenced to death, 7 Feb. — found dead, 18 Feb. Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, — b. at Antwerp, 29 Nov. 1338 — marries Elizabeth, heiress of William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, Lieutenant of Ireland, 1 Jul. 1361 — created Duke of Clarence, 1362 — marries Violante, daughter of Galeazzo, Duke of Milan ; holds parliament at Kilkenny, Feb. 1366 — tf. in Italy, 1368. Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, — fc., 1389 — Lieutenant of Ireland, 140 1 — Duke of Clarence, 141 2 — takes part with Henry V., his brother, in French war, 1415 — defeated and killed at battle of Beauje, 22 Mar. 1421. Clarence, William Henry, Duke of. [Wil- liam IV., King of England.] Clarendon, Constitutions of, — subscribed by the bishops, Becket refusing, 25 Jan. 1164. [Henry II., Becket.] Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, historian, — b. at Dinton near Salisbury, 18 Feb. 1608 — enters Oxford Univ., 1621— M. P. Wootton Bassett, spring 1640 — becomes one of the king's ad- visers, 1641 — attends the king at York, 1642 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Knt, Privy Coun- cillor, 1643 — royal commissioner for Treaty of Uxbridge, 1644 — attends Prince of Wales, Mar. 1645-6 — rejoins him at the Hague, Sep. 1648 — ambassador from Prince Charles to Madrid, 1649 — returns to Antwerp, 1651 — comes to England with Charles II., May 1660 — Speaker of House of Lords, Lord Chancellor, Jim. 1660 — Earl of Clarendon, Apr. 1661 — takes part in negotiating marriage of^ Charles II. with Catherine of Braganza, 1662 — negoti- ates loan from Louis XIV., 1662 — negotiates sale of Dunkirk, Nov. 1662 — resigns the great seal, 30 Aug. 1667 — impeached by Commons, 12 CLARENDON— CLAUDE GELEE. 337 Nov. — quits England, 29 Nov. — tf. at Rouen, 9 Dec. 1674. History of the Grand Rebellion, 1702 — His own Life, 1759. Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil- liers, 4th Earl of, statesman, — ft. in London, 12 Jan. 1800 — negotiates commercial treaty with France, 1831 — -minister plenipotentiary at Madrid, 1833 — succeeds his father, and returns to England, 1838 — G.C.B., (civil,) 1838 — marries, 1839 — Lord Privy Seal, Jan. 1 840-1 — Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 1 840 — Pres. Board of Trade, 1 846 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, May 1847 to Feb. 1852— K.G., 1849 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Jan. 1853 — joint-plenipotentiary at Congress of Paris, Mar., Apr. 1856 — retires from office, early fn 1858 — Chancellor of Duchy of Lan- caster, Apr. 1864 — again Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1865 — envoy to the pope and the king of Italy, 1868 — ft., 27 Jun. 1870. Clarendon, Henry Hyde, Earl op, states- man, — ft. in Wiltshire, 1638 — Privy Councillor, by James II., 1685 — Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, 1685 — imprisoned in the Tower, on re- fusing oath of allegiance, 1689 — tr., 1709. Letters on the Affairs of the Time, 1763. Clarendon Press, Oxford,— established, 17 13. Claret. [Fleurrieu and Tourrette.] Clarici, Paolo Bartolomeo, botanist, — ft. at Ancona, 1664 — tf. at Padua, 22 Dec. 1724. Lstoria e cultura delle piante, §c, 1726. Clario, (Clarius,) Isidore, — ft. near Brescia, 1495 — distinguishes himself at the Council of Trent, 1546 — Bp of Foligno, 1547 — ft. there, 1555. Vulgata editio Veteris et Novi Testa- menti, 1542. Clark, Sir James, Bart., physician, — ft. in Banffshire, 14 Dec. 1788 — serves in the navy, 1809-15— M.D. Edinburgh, 18 17 — practises at Rome, about 1818-26 — returns to England, 1826— member of Senate of London Univ., 1826 — F.R.S., 1832 — physician to Duchess of Kent, 1835 — physician in ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1837 — Bart., 1838 — ft. at Bagshot Park, 29 Jun. 1870. Sanative Influence of Climate, 1829 — Pulmonary Consumption, 1835. Clark, William Tierney, engineer, — ft. in Somersetshire, 23 Aug. 1783 — draughtsman to Rennie, London, 1 808-11 — engineer of West Middlesex Waterworks, 181 1-52 — F.R.S., 1837 — tf-y 22 Sep. 1852. Hammersmith Sus- pension Bridge, 1824-7 — Suspension Bridge at Festh, 1839-49. Clarke, Adam, theologian, — ft. in Ireland, 1762 — Wesleyan preacher, 1782 — LL.D. St Andrew's, 1806 — sub-commissioner of Public Records, 1807 — resides at Millbrook, Lanca- shire, 1815-23 — tf. in London, 26 Aug. 1832. Bibliographical Dictionary, 1802 — Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, 1810-26. Clarke, Edward Daniel, traveller, — ft. at Willingdon, Sussex, 5 Jun. 1769 — enters Cam- bridge Univ., 1786 — accompanies Lord Berwick in a tour on the continent, 1792-3 — Fellow of his College, 1798 — travels in North Europe, Asia Minor, &c, 1799-1802 — LL.D. Cam- bridge, 1802 — Prof. Mineralogy there, 1808 — &. in London, 9 Mar. 1822. Travels, 181 0-19. Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Duke of Feltre, Marshal of France, — ft. at Landrecies, 17 Oct. 1765 — enters military school, Paris, 1 7 Sep. 17 81 — Lieutenant-colonel, joins army of the Rhine, Feb. 1792 — General of Division, Dec. 1795— Governor of Vienna, Lower Austria, &c, 1805 — Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1 805 — takes part in battle of Jena, Oct. 1806— Governor of Berlin, Oct. 1806 — Minister of War, 19 Aug. 1807 — Duke of Feltre, 1809 — Peer, by Louis XVIII., 18 14 —Marshal of France, 18 15— tf., 28 Oct. 181 8. Clarke, Jeremiah, musical composer, — ft., about 1668 — organist of St Paul's, about 1693 — organist of Chapel Royal, 1704 — commits suicide in London, Jul. 1707. Clarke, John, engraver, — ft. in Scotland, about 1650 — if. in London, 1721. Clarke, Samuel, orientalist, — ft. at Brackley, 1623 — enters Oxford Univ., 1638— assists in preparation of Walton's Polyglot, 1650 — tf. near Oxford, 27 Dec. 1667. Clarke, Samuel, philosopher, theologian, — ft. at Norwich, n Oct. 1675 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1 69 1 — Boylean lecturer, Oxford, 1704— chaplain to Queen Anne, 1706 — master of Wigston Hospital, 1724 — U. in London, 17 May 1729. The Being and Attributes of God, 1704 — Scripture doctrine of the Trinity, i^iz — Ctesar's Commentaries, 17 12 — Homer's Iliad, 1729-32. Clarke, William, antiquary, — ft. in Shrop- shire, 1696 — Fellow of St John's, Cambridge, Jan. 1 7 16- 17 — M.A.,i7i9, a i735 b — prebendary of Chichester, 1738 — iy., 21 Oct. 177 1. Con- nexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English coins, 1767. a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist, — ft. at Wisbeach, 26 Mar. 1760 — gains prize for Latin dissertation on Slavery, 1786 — cooperates with Wilberforce for abolition of the Slave Trade, 1787-1807— U. at Playford Hall, Suffolk, 26 Sep. 1846. Portraiture of Quakerism, 1806 — History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1808 — Memoirs of William Fenn, 18 13. Clarus, C. Erucius, — Consul with M. Cor- nelius Cethegus, (923, a. u. c.) 170. Clarus, C. Julius Erucius, — Consul with Q. Sosius Falco, (946, a. u. c.) 193. Clarus, Julius, jurist, — ft. at Alessandria, 6 Jan. 1525 — LL.D. Pavia, 1550 — senator at Milan, by king of Spain, 1550 — tf. at Saragossa, a Carthagena, b 13 Apr. 1575. Receptarum Sententiarum opus, 1559. a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. Clarus, Sex. Erucius, — Consul with Cn. Claudius Severus, (899, a. it. c.) 146 Clastidium,— [BC]— Marcellus defeats and kills Viridomarus at, 222 — betrayed to Hanni- bal, 218. Clauberg', Johann, philosopher, — ft. at So- lingen, (Berg,) 24 Feb. 1622 — if. at Dinsburg, 31 Jan. 1665. Opera, 1691. Claude, painter on glass,— -ft., about 1470 — employed by Julius II. in the Vatican, between 1503 and 15 1 3 — tf. at Rome, about 1527. Claude Gelee, Claude Lorraine, painter, — ft. in Lorraine, 1600 — pupil of Agostino Tassi, pro- 22 338 CLAUDE— CLAVITJS. bably between 1605 and 1621 — known as good landscape painter, by 1630 — tf. at Koine, 1682. Liber Veritatis, 1777. Claude, Jean, theologian, — ft. at Sauvetat, near Agen, 1619— pastor, 1645 — Prof. Theology, Nismes, about 1654-62 — member of the Con- sistory, Charenton, 1666-85— takes refuge in Holland, Dec. 1685— If. at the Hague, 13 Jan. 1687. Reponse aux deux Traites intitules ; la Perpetuite cle la Foi, 1665 — Reponse aulivre de M. Arnaidd ; la Perpetuite de la Foi, $c, 1670 — Defense de la Reformation, 1673 — Les plaintes des Protestants, $-c, 1686. Claudianus, Claudius, poet,— ft., 3 6 5~ begins to write, 395 — involved in Stilicho's fall, ? 408. Claudini, [Chiodini,) Griulio Cesaie,physician, Prof. Medicine, Bologna,— tf., 2 Feb. 1618. Responsiones et considtationes medicinales, 1606 — Be crisibus et diebus criticis tractatus, §c, 16 1 2 — Be ingressu ad infirmos, 1627. Claudius, App. Cascus, poet and prose writer, — [BC] — censor, 312-308 — Consul with L. Volumnius Mamma, (447, a. u. c.) 307 — interrex, 298 — Consul with L. Volumnius Flamma, (458) 296 — defeats Etruscans and Samnites; prsetor, 295 — opposes proposition of peace with Pyrrhus, 280. Claudius, App. Pulcher,— [B C]— prosecutor of Terentius Varro, 75 — serves under Lucullus in Asia, 70 — collects paintings, &c, in Greece, 61 — praetor, 57 — propraetor in Sardinia, ^6 — visits Caesar at Lucca ; Consul with L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (700, a. u. c.) 54 — proconsul in Cilicia, Jul. 53 — acquitted on trial about Provincial Government, 51 — censor, 50 — joins Pompey, 49— tf. in Eubcea, before Pharsalia, 48. Claudius I., Brusus Nero Germanicus, Roman Emperor., — [B C] — ft. at Lyons, 1 Aug. 10 — [AD] — Consuhvith Caligula, (790, a. it. c.) 1 Jul. 37 — succeeds Caligula, 41 — Consul with C. Caecina Largus, (795,) 42- — Consul with L. Yitellius, (796,) 43 — visits Britain, 43 — Consul with L. Yitellius, (800,) 47 — marries his niece Agrippina, 49 (50) — Consul with Ser. Cornelius Aufitus, (804,) 51 — poisoned by Agrippina, 54. Claudius II., M. Aurelius Gothicus, Roman Emperor, — ft., 214 — succeeds Gallienus, 24 Mar. 268 — defeats the Goths at Naissus, 269 — tf. at Sirmium, 270. Claudius Crassus, Appius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with L. Furius Camillus, (405, a. u. c.) 349. 2. (Rufus ?) Consul with P. Sempronius Sophus,.(486,) 268. Claudius, C. Quintius, — [BC] — Con sul with L. Genucius Clepsina, (483, a. u. 0.) 271. Claudius, Matthias, (the Wandsbcch Mes- senger,) poet, theologian, §c., — ft. in Holstein, 15 Aug. i743, a 1740 b — settles at Wandsbcck, near Hamburg, 1777 — tf. at Hamburg, 21 Jan. 1815. Asmus omnia sua secum portans, $•; 1635. Clement, David, bibliographer, — ft. in Hesse, 16 Jun. 1701 — tf. at Hanover, 10 Jan. 1760. Bibliotheque curieuse, historique et critique, $c, 1750-60. Clement, Francois, Benedictine, — ft. at Beze, near Dijon, 17 14 — enters the Order of Bene- dictines, 17 3 1 — member of Academy of Inscrip- tions, 1785 — tf., 29 Mar. 1793. Prepares the second edition of Art de Verifier les Dates, 1770 — third, 1783-92 — Art de Verifier les Dates avant V ere Chretienne, 1820. Clement, Jacques, Dominican, — ft. in Cham- pagne, • about 1567 — assassinates Henry III. at St Cloud, and is massacred by the nobles, 1 Aug. 1589. Clement, Jean Marie Bernard, critic, — ft. at Dijon, 25 Dec. 1742 — tf. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1 8 12. Observations critiques sur les Foemes des Saisons, §c, 1771—Fssai de critique sur la litter ature, §c, 1785 — Lettres a Voltaire, 1773-6. Clement, Jean Pierre, historian, economist, CLEMENTI— CLEOMENES. 341 • — ft., 2 Jun. 1809 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 3 May 1849 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1855— tr., 1870. Histoire de la vie et de V administration de Colbert, 1846 — Gou- vernement de Louis XIV., 1848 — Jacques Coeur et Charles VII., 1853 — Portraits historiques, 1 $54.— let ires, instructions et memoir es de Col- bert, 1863-8. Clementi, Bartolomeo, sculptor, — tf., 1525. Clementi, Muzio, musical composer, pianist, — ft. at Rome, 1750 or 1752 — at Paris, 17 80-1, 1783 and 1 7 84 — visits principal cities of Europe, 1802-10 — assists in founding Philharmonic Society, 1813 — ^3j. at Evesham, 16 Apr., a 10 Mar. b 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Clementi, Prospero, sculptor, — ft. at Reggio, about 1500 — tf. there, 26 May 1584. Clementini, Cesare, historian, — tf. at Rimini, 9 May 1624. Eaconto istorico delta fondazione de Rimini, §c, 1617-27. Clementinus, — Consul with Probus, (1266, a.u. c.) 513. Clementinus, Sex. Catius, — Consul with L. Virius Agrippa, (983, a. u. c.) 230. Clementone, Bocciardi, (II Clementone,) painter,— -ft. at Genoa, 1620. Clenard, (Kleinaerts,) Nicholas, philologist, — ft. in Belgium, 5 Dec. 1495 — goes to Sala- manca, 1532 — tf. at Granada, 1542. Tabula in grammaticam hebrceam, 1529 — Institutiones lingua Graca, §c, 1530 — Epistolce, 155 1. Cleobulus, (Kleoboulos,) lyric poet, one of the Seven Sages, — [BC] — fl., about 560, 58o, a (01. 50,) 580-576^ a Smith's Diet. b Muller. Cleobury, — Griffith, the "Welsh king, defeats and kills Leofgar, Bp of Hereford, at, 17 Jun. 1056. Cleocritns, (Kleocritos,) — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 91, 4,) 413. Cleombrotus, (Kleombrotos,)—\B C] — leads back Spartan army from the Isthmus on eclipse of the sun, 2 Oct. 480.* a Miiller. Cleomenes (Kleomenes) I., King op Sparta, — [B C] — succeeds Anaxandrides, his father, not later than 519, about (01. 64) 524 a — defeats Argives, 519 — expels Hippias from Athens, (01. 67, 3) 510 — endeavours to put down Cleisthenes, is besieged in the Acropolis, and compelled to retire, (01. 68, 1,) 508 ;i — third expedition against Athens, dispute with Demaratus, 506 — unsuccessful attempt to seize hostages at iEgina, 491, 492 a — deposes De- maratus, and seizes the iEginetan hostages, 491 — banished, returns, and dies mad, (01. 72, 2,) 49I. a a Muller. Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, — [BC] — marries Agiatis, 240 — succeeds Leonidas II., 236 — seizes the Arcadian cities, and Belbina, beginning 227— defeats Aratus at Mount Ly- cseum, summer 226 — intrigues for revolution, 226-225 — kills the Ephors and restores the Lycurgan institutions, 225— Cleomenic War, 225 to spring 222 — death of his wife, Agiatis ; flies to Ptolemy Euergetes, 221 — charged with conspiracy, imprisoned, and commits suicide, 221-220. Cleomenes, — [BC] — viceroy of Egypt, by I Alexander the Great, 331 — charged with the building of Alexandreia, late 332 — hy parch under Ptolemy, put to death by him, 323. _ Cleomenic War, — [B C] — Cleomenes be- sieges Mantineia, Tegea, and Orchomenos, 229 a — Cleomenes seizes and fortifies the Athenaeum in Belbina, Aratus attempts to surprise Tegea and Orchomenos, 228/ 227 b — Cleomenes re- called by the Ephors ; the Achaean League declare war on Sparta ; reduction of Caphyaa by Aratus, 228, a 227 b — Cleomenes takes Me- thydrium and overruns Argolis, 228, a 227 b — Aristomachus declines battle and retreats before Cleomenes at Pallantium, 227 — Aratus invades Elis. 227 — he is defeated by Cleomenes near Mt Lycaeum, 226 a — Aratus takes Mantineia, 226 — murder of Archidamus at Sparta, 226— Cleomenes captures Leuctra, and defeats Aratus at Ladocea, 226 — the League refuse to support Aratus in carrying on the war ; Aratus defeats Spartans near Orchomenos ; revolution at Sparta, Cleomenes introduces his reforms, 225, b 226 a — Cleomenes invades territory of Megalo- polis, early in spring 224, b 225 s — and sur- prises Mantineia, 224, b 225 a — he invades Achaia, and defeats Hyperbatas at Hecatom- baeon, 224, 15 225 a — restores Langon to Eleans, 224, 13 225 a — proposes a truce with the League ; illness of Cleomenes delays ratification of the treaty, 2 24, b 225 a — Aratus sends embassy to Antigonus with proposals of alliance, 225, ? a 224°? b — he breaks off negotiations with Cleo- menes, who invades Achaia, surprises Pellene, and makes himself master of Argos, 223 » — Corinth surrenders to Cleomenes, who blockades the citadel, 225, a 223 b — Aratus flies to Sicyon and is created Strategics Autocrator, 224, a 223 b — Cleomenes unsuccessfully attempts to make terms with him ; ravages Sicyon, 224, a 223 b — Aratus attends assembly at JEgium ; decree passed that the Acrocorinthus should be given up to Antigonus, 224, a 223 b — Cleomenes fortifies the Isthmus, iEtolians refuse passage to Antigonus by Thermopylae ; insurrection at Argos, supported by Aratus and the Macedo- nians, 224, a 223 b — Megistonous, sent to re- cover the city, is slain; Cleomenes quits his entrenchments and marches into Argolis, Corinth taken by Macedonians, 224, a 223 b —Cleomenes sends his mother and children hostages to Ptolemy Euergetes ; Argolis sub- mits to Antigonus ; Assembly at ' JEgium, Antigonus declared chief of the allies, 224, a 223 b — Antigonus winters at Sicyon and Cor- inth, 223-2 — he besieges and takes Tegea, early in spring 222 — storms and pillages Orchomenos, 224, a 222 b — takes Mantineia, and sells citizens into slavery, 224, a 222 b — Heraea and Tilphusa submit to him, 224, a 222 b — puts his troops in winter quarters, 224-3 a — Cleomenes surprises Megalopolis, 223, 11 222 b — his terms rejected by the citizens, he destroys the city ; Antigonus retires to Argos for winter, 222-i, b 223-2 a — invasion of Argolis by Cleo- menes, spring 221 — invasion of Laconia by Antigonus, summer 22i, b 222 a — defeat of Cleomenes by Antigonus and the Achaeans at Sellasia, end of the war, 221. [Cleomenes, 142 CLEOX— CLERMONT. Achaean League, JEtolian League, Arcadia, &C. ] a Brandstater. b Tbirlwall. Cleon, (Kleon,) — [BC] — begins to influence affairs at Athens, 429 — reduces Spbacteria,425, a 424 b — goes into Thrace, 422 — defeated and killed by Brasidas, before Amphipolis, (Metagit. 01. 89, 3,) end of summer 422.* u Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Cleopatra, {Kleopaira,) Queen of Egypt, — [BCJ — b., latter part 69 — succeeds her father, Ptolemy Auletes, 51 — driven from the kingdom, 49 — restored by Julius Caesar, 48 — visits Csesar at Rome, 4*6-44 ;i — meets Antony [Antonius, M.] at tbe Cydnus, 40, 41 a — receives part of Judrea from Antony ; causes the defeat at Actium, 31 — destroys herself, 30. a Smith's Diet. Cleophon, [JHeophon,) — [B C] — defeats nego- tiations for peace between Athens and Sparta, 410, late in 406, 405 — put to death during siege of Athens by Lysander, 405. Cleostratus, (Kleostratos,) astronomer, — [BC]— fl., between (01. 58-87) 548-432. Clepsina, C. Genucius, — [B C] — Consul with Q. Fabius Gurges, (478, a. v. c.) 276 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Rlasio, (484,) 270. Clepsina, L. Genucius, — [BC] — Consul vith. C. Quintius Claudius, (483, a. u. c.) 271. Clepsydra, — [ Bc ] — in common use at Athens, before Aristophanes, 444-380 — public one at Rome, by P. Scipio Nasica, 159 — that of Ctesibius of Alexandria, about 135. Clere. [Leelerc, Jean.] Clerc. [Leclere, Sebastien.] Clerc, Jacques Gabriel Louis de, general, — fc., May 1727 — at battle of Dettingen, Jun. 1743 — Marecnal de Camp, 25 Jul. 1762 — plenipotentiary to St Petersburg, Dec. 1774 — Lieutenant-general, 10 Mar. 178c — serves in campaigns of emigrants, 1792, &c. — if., 7 Aug. 1807. Cierck, Karl, entomologist. Aranei Succici, 1757 — iiecueil de figures coloriees de pavilions, 1759; Clerembault, Philippe de, Marshal of France, — b., 1606 — enters the army, 1622 — at siege of Landrecies, 1637 — at the "taking of Arras, 1640— Marechal de Camp, 1642 — serves under Conde, 1644 — commands at Nordlingen, 1645— takes part in conquest of Courtrai, Furnes, and Dunkirk, 1646 — Lieutenant- general, serves in Flanders under Conde, 1648 —commands the army of Berri, 1651— Marshal of France, 165 1 — Governor-general of Berri, l6 55— Chevalier, 1661— &., 1665. Clerfayt, Francois Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count vox, field-marshal, — b. in Hainaut, 14 Oct. 1733 — distinguishes himself at battles of Prague, Liegnitz, &c, J 757-5 8 — Lieutenant-general, serves against the Turks, 1788-89— General of Artillery, 1790 — commands against the French, 1792— con- ducts the retreat after the battle of Jemmapes, 1-92 — distinguishes himself at Maestricht, at Neerwinden, 1793 — Field-marshal, commands on the Rhine, 1795— recalled to Vienna, 1796 — K. there, 18 Jul. 1798. Clergy, in England, — [Marriage]— forbidden I to take lands to farm, by Act 21 Hen. Till, c- J 13, 1529 — disabled from sitting in Parliament by Act 41 Geo. III. c. 63, 1801 — permitted to hold lands to farm, by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 99, s. 2, 1 8 17 — limited freedom from arrest, by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 23, 27 Jun. 1828— dis- abled from being aldermen and councillors by Act o and 6 ¥m IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835 — per- mitted to be shareholders in commercial company, by Act 1 Vic. c. 10, 20 Feb. 1838 — proceedings against, regulated by Church Uis- cipline Act, 3 and 4 Vic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 1840— relieved from disabilities by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 91, 9 Aug. 1870. Clergy, Festival of the Sons of the, — in- stituted, 1658 — the Society incorporated, 1 Jul. 1678. Clergy Eeserves. [Canada.] Cleri. [Clery.] Clerical Subscription, to the Articles of Religion in England, — required by Act 13 Eliz. c. 12, 1570- 1 — law amended by Act 23 Geo. II. c. 28, s. 2, 1750 — again amended by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 122, 5 Jul. 1865. Clerion, Jean Jacques, sculptor, — ft. in Provence, 1640 — pensionary of the King in Academy of Rome, 1668 — tr., 17 14. Clerisseau, Charles Louis, architect, — b., 1720 — admitted to Academy of Painting and Sculpture, 1770 — tf. at Auteuil, 19 Jan. 1820. Antiquites de la France, §c, 1778. Clerk, John,— b. at Eldin, in Scotland, about 1730 — tf. there, Jul. 1812. Essay on Naval Tactics, §c, 1782. Gierke, Charles, — h., 1741 — follows Com- modore Eyron in his voyages of discovery, 1764- 66 — follows Captain Cook, 1768, 1772-76— if. in Kamtschatka, 22 Aug. 1779. Clernicnt, College of, Paris, — established by the Jesuits, under letters patent of 20 Aug. 1610. Clermont en Beauvaisis, — head of a county, about 1654 — Ralph I., Count of, Constable of France, 1158 — he accompanies Louis VII. to Palestine, n 90 — and if. at siege of Acre, Jul. 1 191 — county given by St Louis to his son Robert, 1269 — Robert succeeds to the lordship of Bourbon, with which the county is then held, 1283. Clermont, Jean de, Marshal op France, — Marshal, 1352 — employed to negotiate peace with the English, 1354 — Lieutenant of the king in Poitou, &c, 1355 — falls at Poictiers, 19 Sep. 1356. Clermont, Louis de Bourbon-Conde, Count of, — b., 15 Jun. 1709 — receives the tonsure, 17 1 8 — receives dispensation to enter the army, 1733 — serves in Germany and the Netherlands, 1733 — in campaign of 1747 — commands army of Hanover, 1758 — tf, at Versailles, .15 Jun. 1770,* i7 7 i. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Clermont-Ferrand, in France, {Clarus lions, Augustonemetum,) — [Gergovia] — sacked by Vandals, 408 — by troops of Honorius, 412 — besieged by Euric, king of the Visigoths, 413 — taken by him, 415 — conquered by Thierry, son of Clovis, 507 — seized by Childebert, 532 — CLEEMONT-GALLEEANDE— CLIGNETT. 343 retaken by Thierry, 532 — taken by Pepin, 761 — plundered by Northmen, 853 and 916 — be- sieged by Louis le Gros, 11 00 — reunited to the crown by Philip Augustus, 1 2 1 2— capital of Duchy of Auvergne, till 1285 — Estates- General assemble at, 1374 — again made the capital, 1556. Councils of held by Urban II., publication of the first crusade, on discipline, &c, 18-28 Nov. 1095 — held by Innocent II., 11 30. Clermont - Gallerande, Charles George, Marquis de, Peer of France,— ft. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1744 — serves in Seven Years' "War, 1756-63— imprisoned, Aug. 1792 — Peer, 4 Jun. 1 8 14 — Lieutenant-general, 18 16 — ft., 19 Apr. 1823. Memoires particuliers pour servir, $■ I ^37* Guerras de los Estados Baxos, 1625. Colombel, Nicolas, painter, — b. near Bouen, 1646^ 1644 b? — at Borne, 1682-94? 1692? — admitted to the Academy, Mar. 1694 — tf. at Paris, 27 May 17 17. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Colombia, 8. America, — republic of, con- stituted by union of New Granada and Vene- zuela, 17 Dec. 18 19 — Bolivar chosen dictator, Feb. 1824 — independence of, acknowledged by Great Britain, Jan. 1825 — Venezuela separates from, 1829 — resignation of Bolivar, and reunion with Venezuela, 1830 — separation into three republics, Nov. 1831. [Bolivar.] Colombier, Jean, physician, — b. at Toul, 2 Dec. 1736 — M.D. Paris, 1764,1 1765 b — In- spector-general of Military Hospitals, 1780 — tf., 4 Aug. 1789. Code de medecine militaire, 1772 — Medecine militaire, 1778. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Colombiere. [Vulson de la Colombiere.] Colombieres, Francois de Briqueville, Baron de, — engaged with the Protestants at Rochelle, 1568 — falls at defence of St Lo, 1574. Colombini, St John, monastic founder, — • obtains sanction of Urban V. to institution of the Order of Jesuates, Jun. 1367 — Is., 31 Jul. 1367. Colombo, Domenico, poet, — b. near Brescia, Jan. 1749 — tf. there, 2 Apr. 1813. F piaceri della solitudine, 17 81 — Sciolti campestri, 1796. Colombo, Realdo, (Matthceus Realtus Colum- bus,) anatomist, — Prof. Logic, Padua, 1540 — Prof. Anatomy, Padua, 1544 — Prof. Anatomy, Pisa, 1546 — ft., probably 1577. FJe re anato- mica, 1559. Colomera, Count. [Alvarez, Martin.] Colomies, Paul,— b. at Bochelle, 2 Dec. 1638 — tf. in London, 13 Jun. 1692. Gallia orientalis, 1665 — Bibliotheque choisie, 1731. Colonia, Domenico da, Jesuit, — b. at Aix, (Provence,) 25 Aug. 1660 — ft. at Lyons, 12 Sep. 1 741. Antiquites de la ville de Fyon, 1 70 1 — Histoire litter aire de la ville de Fyon, $c, 1728-30— Bibliotheque Janseniste, 1752. Colonies — [American "War, and names of British colonies'] — Secretary of State for the, established, 1768 — office abolished, 1782 — ■ joined with War department, 1794 — constituted third Secretary of State, 1801 — naval defence of, further provided for, by Act 28 Vic. c. 14, 7 Apr. 1865. Colonna, JEgidius de, scholastic theologian, — b., 1247 — Prior-general of the Augustine Order, 1292 — Abp of Bourges, 1296 — )j. at Avignon, 22 Dec. 1316. F)e regimine principis, printed, 1473. Colonna, Antonio, — Prince of Salerno and Duke of Amalfi, 1419 — with his brothers, seizes the Papal'Treasury, 143 1 — deprived of his principality, 1431. Colonna, Fabio, {Fabius Columna,) botanist, — b. at Naples, 1567 — tf. at Naples, 165CV 1 1630^ i66o. c Fhytobasanos, 1592 — Minus cognitarum rariorumque stirpium descriptio, 16 1 6 — Sambuca lincea, 16 18. a Biog. Univ. b Cbalraers. c Rose Biog. Diet. Colonna, Fabrizio, general, — serves in army of Charles VIII. of France, 1494 — in Neapo- litan army, 1497 — Grand Constable, by Ferdi- nand the Catholic, 1507 — enters service of Pope Julius II., and is captured by Alfonso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, at battle of Bavenna, 15 12 — rescues the Duke from the Papal troops, 15 13 — tS., 1520. Colonna, Filippi Alessandro, — b. at Rome, COLONNA— COLUMBAN. 355 1663 — Grand Constable of kingdom of Naples, 1689— tf., 6 Nov. 17 14. Colonna, Fra Francesco, Dominican, — ft. at Venice, about 143 3, a 1449 b — D.D. Padua, 1473 — &• there, JuL 1527. Foliphili hypnero- tomachia, 1499. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Colonna, Giovanni, — Cardinal, by Honorius III., 1216 — tf., 1245. Colonna, Giovanni, — tf. Abp of Messina, about 1285. Colonna, Guido Giudice delle, — judge at Messina, 1276 — follows Edward I. to England, 1289 — tf., probably at Messina, about 1292. Ristoria Troy ana prosayce composita, (print- ed,) 1477. Colonna, Jacopo, — Cardinal, by Nicholas III. ; deprived by Boniface VIII., 1297 — re- established, 1305 — tf., 131 8. Colonna, Lorenzo Onofrio, Duke of Ta- gliaoozzo, Viceroy op Aragon, Viceroy of Naples, — marries Maria Mancini, 1 1 Apr. 1661 — she leaves him, before 1678 — Viceroy of Aragon, before 1680 — Grand Cross of the Order of Malta, 1680 — tf. at Borne, 15 Apr. 1689. Colonna, Marco Antonio, general, — in service of Julius II. defends Bavenna, 15 12 — enters service of the Emperor Maximilian, and de- fends Verona against French and Venetians, 15 15 — enters service of Erancis I., 1517 — killed, before Milan, 1522. Colonna, Marco Antonio, the younger, — n., 1535 — contributes to the peace of Siena, 1557 — takes command of Papal fleet, 1570 — under Don John of Austria contributes to the victory of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — tf. Viceroy of Sicily, 2 Aug. 1584. Colonna, Mario, poet, — 6. at Borne, about 1540. Poems, 1589. Colonna, Michelangelo, painter, — b., 1600 — if. at Bologna, 1687. Colonna, Ottone. [Martin V.] Colonna, Pompeo, — Cardinal, by Leo X., 1517 — decides election of Clement VII., 1523 —attempts to carry him off, 1526 — deprived, 1526 — procures liberation of Clement, and is restored, 1527 — tf., 1532. Colonna, Prospero, general, — joins Charles VIII. in invasion of Naples, 1494 — reconciles himself with Frederick of Aragon and assists at his coronation, 1497 — charged by Gonsalvo to conduct Borgia to Spain, 1504 — obtains victory over Venetians near Vicenza, 151 3 — enters service of Duke of Milan ; captured by the French at Villa-Franca, 15 Aug. 15 15 — takes Milan from the French, 15 21 — defeats Marshal de Lautrec at La Bicoque, 22 Apr. 1522 — takes Genoa, 1522 — defends Milan against Admiral Bonnivet, 1523 — tf., end of 1523. Colonna, Sciarra, — governor of Palestrina, surrenders it to Boniface VIII., 1299 — with William of Nogaret surprises Boniface at Anagni, 7 Sep. 1303 — exiled with the Ghibel- lines from Borne, 4 Aug. 1328. Colonna, Stephano, — Count of Romagna, about 1290 — Senator of Bome, 1328 — submits to Government of Rienzi, 1 347 — killed in attack on Romans, 1347. Colonna, Vittoria, poetess, — fc. at Marino, about 1490 — marries Ferdinand, Marquis of Pescara, 1507— left a widow, 1525 — meets Michel Angelo at Rome, 1536— follows Cardi- nal Pole to Viterbo, 1541— returns to Rome, autumn 1542— tf. at Rome, close of Feb. 1547. Rime spirituali, 1538. Colophon, in Asia Minor, — [B C] — taken by Gyges of Lydia, about 700 — by Lysimachus of Thrace, about 300. Colorado, N. America, — bill for the admission of, to the Union, vetoed by Pres. Johnson, 16 May 1866. Colosseum, at Rome, — dedicated by Titus, 80 — repaired by Antoninus Pius, about 150 — struck by lightning on the day of the Vul- canalia, in the reign of Macrinus, 218 — re- stored by Elagabalus, 220 — and by Alex. Severus, about 230 — struck again, in reign of Decius, 250— last show of wild beasts under Theodoric, about 500 — consecrated by Pope Benedict XIV., 1750 — arena excavated, 181 3. Colossus, of Rhodes, — [B C] — erected by Chares, about 290 — broken by earthquake, 224 — [A D] — fragments bought and carried away by a Jew, 672. Colotes, Epicurean philosopher, — [B C] — fl.. 277. Colpoys, John, admiral, — enters the navy, 1766 — commands Boyal George in the Channel, 1779 — Vice-admiral, 1795 — distinguishes him- self in resistance to mutineers at Portsmouth, K.B., 1797 — Admiral, 1 Jan. 1801 —Com- mander-in-chief, Plymouth, 1803 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1804 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1 8 16 — tf., 4 Apr. 1821. Colquhoun, Patrick, political economist, — fi. at Dumbarton, 14 Mar. i745, a 1746 b — goes to Virginia, 1761 — returns, settles at Glasgow, 1766 — Provost of Glasgow, 1782— settles in London, Nov. 1789— one of the stipendiary Justices of the Peace, 1792 — LL.D, Glasgow, 1797 — tf., 25 Apr. 1820. Treatise on the Folice of the Metropolis, 1796 — Treatise on the Com- merce and Folice of the River Thames, §c, 1800 — Treatise on the Population, §c, of the British Empire, 18 14. a Chambers' Biog. Diet, b Biog. Univ. Colson, Jean Francois Gille, painter, §c, — ft. at Dijon, 2 Mar. 1733— goes to Paris, 1752— tf. there, 1 Mar. 1803. Colson, John, mathematician, — 6., about 1700 — Lucasian Prof. Cambridge, 1739 — tf., 1760. English edition of Newton's Fluxions, 1736 — translation of Maria Agnesis Analytical Institutions, 1801. Colston, Edward, philanthropist, - — ■ ft. at Bristol, 2 Nov. 1636 — retires to Mortlake, Surrey, 1689— tf. there, 11 Oct. 1721. Colt, Samuel, inventor of Revolver,—^, in Connecticut, U.S., 18 14 — patents the Revolver, 1835 — tf. at Hartford, Conn., 1862. Columba, St, founder of the Culdees, — ft. in Donegal, 521 a — arrives in Iona, 563 *— jfounds monastery in Iona, 565 b — tf., 597, ? c 615 ? * a Ewing. b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. d Biog Univ. Columban, {Columbanus,) St, founder of 356 COLUMBIA— COMENIUS. Zuxueil, — b. in Ireland, 543 a — enters monas- tery of Banchor; goes to preach in Ganl, 57 3 a ■ — settles at Luxueil (Luxovium) in Elsass, 590 — and founds the monastery : his conflict with Thierry II. of Burgundy and Brunehaut begins, 607-8 — expelled from Luxueil, 610 — escapes from Besan^on and returns to Luxueil, and is again expelled, 610 — inLombardy, 612 — founds Abbey of Bobbio ; ft., 21 Nov. 6i5. a a Montalembert. Columbia, U.S., — occupied by Gen. Sher- man, 17 Feb. 1865. Columbium, — discovered by Hatchett, 1801. Columbus, Bartholomew, — b., about 1437 — visits Cape of Good Hope, about i486 — ex- plains his brother's project to Henry VII., 1488 — ennobled, by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493 — accompanies his brother to St Domingo, 1494 — accompanies him on his fourth voyage, 1502 — tf. at St Domingo, 15 14. Columbus, (Ital. Colombo, Span. Colon,) Christopher, maritime discoverer, — b. in Genoese territory, about i445, a i44i, b i447, c 1436^ 1449^ 1455/ 1430,8 1446-7 11 — settles at Lisbon, 1470 — marries, soon after ; corresponds with Toscanelli, 1474 — sails beyond Iceland, Feb. 1477 (before 1470 ?) — discusses his pro- ject with Garcia Fernandez, at monastery of Palos, autumn 1484 — serves against Moors at siege of Baza, Dec. 1489— unfavourable report of committee on his scheme, 149 1 — obtains sanction of Ferdinand and Isabella, 17 Apr. 1492 — sets sail, 3 Aug. 1492 — lands at San Salvador, 12 Oct. 1492 — arrives at Palos, 15 Mar. 1493 — embarks on second voyage, at Cadiz, 25 Sep. 1493 — returns, 11 Jun. 1496 — embarks on his third voyage, 30 May 1498 — arrested at Hispaniola, brought home in chains, 1 501 — embarks on fourth voyage, 9 May 1502 — returns, 7 Nov. 1504 — tf. at Valladolid, 20 May 1506 — his remains taken to St Domingo, 1536 — removed to cathedral of Havana, 1796. a Bossi. b Charlevoix. c Robertson, &c. d Navarrete, Humboldt, &c. e Willard. f Others. S Ramusio. h Major. Columbus, Ferdinand, (Fernando Colon,) biographer, geographer, — rj., 15 Aug. 1488 — enters the church, about 1530 — &., 8 Jul. 1539. Historia del Amirante don Christoval Colomb, before 157 1. Columella, L. Junius Moderatus, writer on Agriculture, — fl., about 25-50. Column, — [BC] — beaked, in honour of Duilius, erected, 261 — tax on, levied in Syria, by Metellus Seipio, 49-8. Colvius, Pietro, philologist, — ft. at Brugee, 1567 — U. at Paris, 1594. Edition of Apuleius, 1588 — of Sidonius Apolliuaris, 1598. Comazon, Eutychianus, — Consul with M. Aurelius Antoninus, Aug. (973, a. u. c.) 220. Combat. [Gladiators, Wager of Battle.] Combe, Andrew, physician, — b. at Edin- burgh, 27 Oct. 1797 — commences practice there, 1823 — Consulting Physician to the king of the Belgians, 1836 — ft., 9 Aug. 1847. Principles of Physiology applied to the preservation of health, 1834 — Physiology of Digestion, 1836 — Treatise on the physiological and moral manage- ment of Infancy, 1 840. Combe, George, phrenologist, §c, — b. at Edinburgh, 21 Oct. 1788 — Writer to the Signet, 1812-37 — introduced to Spurzheim at Edin- burgh, 1 8 16 — travels in America, 1838-40 — tf., 14 Aug. 1858. Essays on Phrenology, §c, 1 8 19 — founds Edinburgh Phrenological Jour- nal, 1823 — Constitution of Man, $c, 1828 — Notes on the United States, §c, 1 840 — Life and Correspondence of Dr Andrew Combe, 1 850. Combe, Michel, — b. at Feurs, (la Loire,) 1787 — enters the army, 1802 — at battle of Wagram, 1809 — Lieutenant, 181 1 — commands battalion of Old Guard at Waterloo, 18 15 — goes to America, 1822-30 — Colonel, serves in Africa ; killed at taking of Constantine, 1837. Combefis, Francois, Dominican, — b. at Mar- mande, 1605 — goes to Paris, 1640 — rj. there, 23 Mar. 1679. S. S. Patrum Amphilochii, Methodii, et Andrece Cretensis opera omnia, 1644 — Dibliothecce Patrum concionatoria, 1662 — Bibliothecce Grcec. Patrum auctuarium no- vissimum, $e. 3 1672. Combermere, Stapleton Cotton, Viscount, field-marshal, — b. in Denbighshire, 17 JSov. 1773— enters the army, 26 Feb. 1790 — serves in Flanders, 1793 — takes part in con- quest of Cape of Good Hope, 1796 — in siege of Seringapatam, 1799 — sent to Spain, 1808 distinguishes himself at Talavera, Jul. 1809 — • commander of cavalry of Allies, 18 10 — wound- ed at Salamanca, 1812 — Baron Combermere, 17 May 1814 — declines a pension, 1814— Governor of Barbadoes, 18 17 — Commander-in- chief in India, 1822 — General, May 1825 — takes Bhurtpore, Dec. 1825 — created Viscount, 1826 — Constable of the Tower, 1852 — Field- marshal, 2 Oct. 1855 — tf. at Clifton, 21 Feb. 1865. Combes, Francesco, Jesuit, — b. at Saragossa, 161 3 — £f. at Acapulco, 1663. Historia de las islas de Mindanao, §c., 1667. Comedie Francaise, La, — company founded, 1680 — constitution revised by Acte de Societe, (27 Germinal an XII.,) 17 Apr. 1804 — modified by decree of Moscow, 15 Oct. 18 12 — again mo- dified, 1850 and 1859 — appear in London, May 1871. Comedy, (Greek,) — [BC] — prohibited at Athens, 440 — prohibition repealed, 437 — but revived for a short time, about 415 — silenced, 411 — begins to decline, soon after 406 — only one prize, 388 — licence adverted to by Isocrates, de Pace, 356— restored by Lycurgus, orator, 337 — introduced at Borne by Livius Androni- cus, 240. Old, lasts from Epicharmus, 500, or Cratinus, 458, to Theopompus, 404 (01. 80- 94). Middle, from Eubulus, 375, to Simylus, 353 (01. 94-110). New, from Philippides, 335, to Posidippus, 289, or about 340-260. Comeiras, Victor Delpuech de, miscellaneous ivriter, — b. at St Hippolyte du Gard, 11 Sep. 1733 — tr., 29 Mar. 1805. Abre'ge de Vhistoire generate des voyages, faits en Europe, 1 804-5 — ■ Tableau general de la Russie modcrne, §c, 1802. Comenius, Johann Amos, philologist— b. near Brunn, in Moravia, 28 Mar. 1592 — banished, 1624 — rector of School at Desna, Poland, visits England, i638, a 1641 13 — ft. at Amsterdam, 11 Kaarden, c 15 Oct. 167 1. Janua COMES— COMMON PEAYEE BOOK. 357 linguarum reserata, 1631 — Opera didaclica om- nia, 1657 — Orbis sensualium pictus, §c, 1659 — Historiola Ecclesice Slavonivce, 1660. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. and Chalmers. c Conv.-Lex. Comes, {Count,) — made an honorary title, about the time of Constantine, 306-337. Comes, Natalis. [Conti, Noel.] Comestor, Pierre, (le Mangeur,)—tl. .at Paris, ahout 1 1 80. Scolastica historia, §c, (printed,) H73- Comeyras. [Comeiras.J Comgall, {Congel,) $>t, monastic founder, — ft., 516 — founds abbey of Bangor, (Benchor,) Ire- land, about 550 — ft., 10 May 601. Comiers, Claude, mathematician, §c, — be- comes blind, 1690— ft. at Paris, Oct. 1693. Duplication du cube, 1677 — Traite de la parole, 1690 — Pratique curieuse avec les oracles des iSibi/lles, 1690. Comines, Philippe de, {Cominceus,) histo- rian, — ft. near Menin, Flanders, 1445 — medi- ates between Charles the Bold and Louis XI., 1468 — enters service of Louis XL, 1472 — ar- rested, imprisoned at Loches, i486 — accom- panies Charles VIII. in expedition to Naples, 1494 — does homage to Louis XII., 1498 — ft. at Argenton, 17 Oct. 1509. M'emoires, 1523-28. Comino, Giuseppe, printer, — head of the printing establishment of the Volpis at Padua, 1717 — ft., 1762. Comitia Centuriata, of Some,— [B C]— elect magistrates without previous sanction of Senate, about 482 — shake oif power of the Curiae by Publilian Law, 337 — authority changed, by C. Flaminius, 22o, a 304, b as early as 396° — vote by voting-papers introduced by Lex Gabinia tabellaria, 139 — in trials also, by L. Cassius, 137. [Sulla, Pompey, Julius Csesar, Augus- tus.] a Some authorities. b Niebuhr and others. c Smith's Diet. Cominagene, — [B C] — independent of Syria, about ioo. a Antiochus L, 6g h — makes war against Pompey, 65 — peace and addition to territory by Pompey, 64 — aids Pompey against Caesar, 48 — attacked by Ventidius, 38 a — Mi- thbidates I. ally of Antony at Actium, 3 1 — An- tiochus II. summoned to Eome and put to death by Augustus, 29 — Mithmdates II. made king, 20 — [A D] — made a Eoman province on death of Antiochus III., 17 — Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, made king by Caligula, 38 — deposed, 39 — restored by Claudius, 41 — serves under Corbulo against Tiridates, 59 — recovers part of Armenia, 61 — aids Titus against Jeru- salem, 70 — deposed, and Commagene finally made a Roman province by Vespasian, 72,°- 73- b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Commandino, Pederieo, mathematician, — ft. at Urbino, 1509 — ft. at Verona, 3 Sep. 1575. Latin translation of the Psammites and Statical Treatise of Archimedes, 1558 — Ptolemtfs Plan- isphere, (Latin,) 1558 — Archimedes on Floating Bodies, 1565 — Geodesy of Mohammed of Bagdad, 1570 — Euclid in Latin, 1572 — Pappus, 1588. Commelin, Isaac, historian, — ft, at Amster- dam, 19 Oct. 1598— ft. there, 13 Jan. 1676. JLollondsch Placcaat Boek, 1644 — Frederik Mendrik van Nassau, $c, 1651 — Begin en voort- gang van- de vereenigde Nederlandsche Oost-Ln dische Maatschappij, $c., 1646. Commelin, Jan, botanist, — ft. at Amsterdam, 23 Apr. 1629 — Director of Botanical Garden, there, 1682— ft. there, 19 Jan. 1692. Cata* logus plant arum BZorti medici Amstelodamen- sis, §c, 1689. Commelin, Jerome, printer, — ft. at Heidel- berg, 1598. Commelin, Kaspar, botanist, — ft. at Amster- dam, 1667 — ft., 25 Dec. 1731. JLorti medici Amstelod. rar. plant, descriptio, 1697-1701 — BZorti medici Amstelod. planted rariores exoticce, 1706 — Flora Malabarica, 1696. Commendon, Giovanni Francisco, cardinal, — ft. at Venice, 1524 — Bp of Zante and Cepha- lonia, 1555— Cardinal, by Pius IV., 1565— en- voy from Pius V. to Emperor Maximilian, 1569 — ft. at Padua, 26 Dec. 1584. Commerson, Philibert, botanist, — ft. at Cha- tillon-les-Dombes, 18 Nov. 1727 — studies medicine at Montpellier, 1747 — travels in the Alps, 1755— goes to Paris, 1764 — accompanies the expedition under Bougainville, Jan. 1767 — at the Isle of France, 1768 — ft. there, 1773. Commire, Jean, poet, — ft. at Amboise, 1625 — ft. at Paris, 25 Dec. 1702. Poemata, 1678. Commissions of Inquiry, — said to have been used in the time of Henry VII., 1485- 1509. Committee of Safety, in England, — ap- pointed, 9 May and 23 Oct. 1659. Committee of Public Safety. [Public Safety.] Commodianus, poet, — $., about 270.* * cave. Commodus, L. lEiius Aurelius, Eoman Emperor, — ft., 31 Aug. 161 — Caesar, 12 Oct. 166 — admitted to sacerdotal colleges, 20 Jan. 175 — assumes the toga virilis, 7 Jul. 176 — col- league with his father in tribunician power, 23 Dec. 176 — Consul with Qjuintillus, Augustus, Pater Patriae, (930, a. u. c.) 177 — serves on Upper Danube, Aug. 177, 1 7 8 -'—succeeds his father, M. Aurelius, 17 Mar. 180 — unsuccessful plot of Lucilla, 1 8 3 — deifies himself as Hercules Eomanus, 191 — strangled by Narcissus, 31 Dec. 192. a Clinton. Commodus, L. iEIius Aurelius, — Consul with T. Sextius Lateranus, (907, a. u. c.) 154 — and with M. Aurelius Caesar, (914,) 161. Commodus, L. Ceionius, — Consul with D. JSfovius Priscus, (831, a. u. c.) 78. Common Pleas, Court of, in England, — estab- lished as separate Court, and made stationary at Westminster, by Magna Charta, 12 15 — appeals from, to Exchequer Chamber, under Act 1 Win IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830 — business consolidated and vested in masters, by Act 1 Vic. c. 30, 12 Jul. 1837 — thrown open to all barristers of superior courts by Eoyal warrant, Apr. 1834 — confirmed by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 54, 18 Aug. 1846 — juris- diction over railway and canal companies con- ferred by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 31, 10 Jul. 1854. Common Prayer Book, — first sketch of, in the King's Primer, 1546- — first revision of, under Act of Uniformity, 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 —second, under Act 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1552 — revision, under Act 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1559 — under James I., 1604 — under Charles I., 1633 — under Act of Uniformity, 14 Car. II. c. 4, 358 COMMONS— COMPREHENSION. 1662 — revision of, proposed and rejected, 1689. Commons, House of. [Parliament.] Commons, Metropolitan, ■ — improvement, protection, and management of, provided for by Act 29 and 30 Yic. c. 122, 10 Aug. 1866. Commonwealth of England,— established on death of Charles I., Jan. 1649 — first charter of the, drawn up by Council of Officers, Dec. 1653 — second, ' Petition and Advice,' by the Parlia- ment, May 1657 — ends with the Restoration, 29 May 1660. [Cromwell, Oliver and Richard. J Commune, Communal Insurrection. [Paris.] Communion, — reduced to three times a year by Council of Agde, about 506 — and by Council of Tours, 8 1 3 —reduced to once a year (Easter) by Lateran Council, 1215 — in one kind, en- joined on the laity by Council of Constance, 1415 — confirmed by Council of Cologne, 1536 — and by Council of Trent, sess. XIIL, 155 1 — in both kinds, allowed by Pius IY. in diocese of Mentz, 1564 — of children, prohibited by Odo, Bp of Paris, in his diocese, 11 75 — and by Council of Bordeaux, 1255 — still practised in some places, till about i4oo. a a Gieseler. Communism. [Owen, Robert ; Saint Simon ; Fourier, &c] Commutation. [Tithes.] Comnena, Comnenus. [Alexis, Anna, An- dronicus, David, Isaac, John, and Manuel.] Como, (Comum,) in Italy, — [B C] — occupied by M. C. Marcellus, 196— colony sent to, by C. Pompeius Strabo, 89 ? — and by Jul. Csesar, about 55 — obtains the lull Roman jus civitatis, 49 — [AD] — besieged and burnt by Milanese, 1 127 — engaged in destructive wars, 1241-1335 — forms part of territory of Milan, from 1335- Comorn, {Komorn,) in Hmgwy, — fortified by Mathias Corvinus, 1472 — taken from Zapolya by Archduke Ferdinand, 1527 — fortifications renewed by Ferdinand I., 1543 — unsuccessfully besieged by Turks, 1594 and 1663 — rebuilt and fortified, i8o5, a 1808 b — unsuccessfully at- tempted by Napoleon, 1809 — besieged by Austrians, Oct. 1848 — capitulates to them, 28 Sep. 1849. a Engl. Cyc. b Meyer, Cony. -Lex. Compact, Family, — concluded by the Bour- bons, 15 Aug. 176 1. Compactata, of Basel, (or Prague,)— between Hussites and Council of Basel, concluded, 20 Nov. 1433— rejected by Taborites ; accepted by Sigismund, 5 Jul. 1436 — declared null by Pope Pius II., 1462. Compagni, Dino, historian,— -$. at Florence, about 1250 — prior, 1289- — Gonfalonier of Justice, 1293 — tj. at Florence, 26 Feb. 1323. Istoria Piorentina, after 1311. Compagnoni, Giuseppe,— b. in Lombardy, 1754 — member of Legislative Council of Cis- alpine Republic, 1796 — rj., 29 Dec. 1834. Edits Notizie del mondo, 1787 — Saggio sugli Ebrei, e sui Greei, 1792. Compagnoni, Pompeo, antiquary, — b. at Macerate, 11 Mar. 1693 — studies at Rome, 17 12 — Bp of Osimo,by BenedictXIV., 1740 — founds Academy of Antiquities there, 1747 — »., 25 Jul. 1 7 74- Memorie istorico-critiche della chiesa e aJ 1 vescovi d' Osimo, 1782. Compagnoni, Pompeo. Regia Picena, 166 1. Companies of Adventure. [Merchant Ad- venturers.] Companies' Clauses, in Acts of Parliament, — consolidation of, effected by Act 8 and 9 Vic. cc. 16 and 17, 8 May 1845. Compans, Jean Dominique, general, Peer of Fuajs t ce, — b. at Saliere (Haute Garonne), 26 Jun. 1769 — distinguishes himself in the army of Italy, 17 98-1 801 — General of Brigade, 1798 — wounded at battle of Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — member of Legion of Honour; dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Jena, Oct. 1806 —in Russian campaign, 1812 — at battle of Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 — member of Council of War, 1 8 14 — receives Cross of St Louis, 18 14 — taken prisoner at Waterloo, 18 15 — Peer, 17 Aug. 181 8— rj., 1838. Comparetti, Andrea, anatomist, — ft. at Vicinale, (le Frioul,) Aug. 1746 — Prof. Medi- cine, Padua; n\ there, 22 Dec. 1801. Obser- vationes cle luce infiexa et coloribus, 1787 — Observationes anatomicee de aure interna com- parata, 1789 — Prodromo di un trattato cli fisiologia vegetabile, 1791-99. Compass, Mariner's,— mentioned by Guyot of Provence, 1 1 90— by Raymond Lully, 1286. Compass, Variation, — constructed by Gam- bey, Paris, before 1842 — another, invented by Swan, 1852. Compensation Balance, — invented by Har- rison, 1726 — improved by Berthoud, 1760 — ■ another, invented by Hardy, 1805. Compiegne, in Prance,- — Clotaire I. dies at, Xov. 561 — Parliament held, 757 — Louis the Debonnaire surrenders to his son Loth aire, 830 — Louis le Begue crowned at, 8 Dec. 877 — Carloman assembles the nobles at, 884 — Louis V. crowned at, 986 — Hugh, son of Robert, king of France, crowned as associate with his father, 9 Jun. 1017 — taken by Burgundians, 141 3 — surrendered by them to Charles VI., 1414 — entered by English and Burgundians, 141 7 — occupied by Charles VII., 1423 — besieged by English, defended by Joan of Arc, who is captured, May 1430 — residence of Charles IV. of Spain, 1808 — first meeting of jNapoleon I. and Maria Louisa at, 18 10. Councils of, on disci- pline, 22 Jun. 756 ; 816 ; 823 — against the Em- peror Louis, 1 Oct. 833; 871; 877; 1085 — to declare null the marriage of Philip II., king of France, with Ingelburga, 4 IS T ov. 11 93— re- specting some Royal Articles affecting liberties of the Church,- 5 Aug. 1235; 1270; 1278; i3 3; i3 2 9- Compitalia, — [B C] — public games suppressed by senate, 68 — celebrated by Piso, 58 — festival restored by Augustus, after 3 1 . Complutensian Polyglot. [Polyglot.] Compostella, Order of St James of, — in- stituted, Jul. 1 1 75 — administration of, assumed by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493 — Grand Mastership vested in the crown of Spain by bull of Adrian VI., 12 May 1522. Comprehension, Scheme of, for Church of England, — proposed by Sir Orlando Bridgman, 1667-8 — again proposed and abandoned, 1674. and 1689. COMPTON— CONDE. 359 Compton, Henry, Bp of London, — fc. at Compton, 1632 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1649 — takes holy orders, about 1653 — canon of Christ-church, 1669 — Bp of Oxford, 1674 — Bp of London, Privy Councillor, 1676 — sum- moned for contempt by Ecclesiastical Commis- sion, 3 Aug. 1686 — suspended, 6 Sep. 1686 — joins in invitation to Prince of Orange, 1688 — reinstated by William III., 1688 — President of Convocation, 1689 — accompanies the king to the Hague, 1690 — tf. at Fulhain, near London, 7 Jul. 17 1 3. Compurgation. [Wager of Law.] Comtat Venaissin. [Venaissin.] Comte, Auguste, philosopher, — b. at Mont- pellier, 12 Jan. 1798 — enters the Polytechnic School at Paris, 18 14 — becomes disciple of Saint-Simon, 18 15 — deserts the Saint-Simo- nians, 1825 — Prof. Mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique, 1832 — tf., 5 Sep. 1857. Cours de Philosophic Positive, 1839-42 — Traite Ble- mentaire de Geometrie Analytique, 1843 — Biscours sur V Ensemble dit Posit ivisme, 1848 — Culte Syste'matique de VPZumanite, 1849 — Catechisme Positiviste, 1852 — Systeme de Po- litique Positive, 1 85 1-4. Comte, Francois Charles Louis, publicist, — fc.at Sainte-Enimie, (Lozere,) 25 Aug. 1782 — condemned to imprisonment, escapes to Geneva, 1820 — Prof. Natural Law, Lausanne, 1821 — in England, 1823-5 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1831 — rj., 1837. Censeur, 1814-15, 1818-19 — Traite de legislation crimiuelle, 1827. Comte, le. [Lecomte.] Comyn, John, Earl of Badenoch, — com- petitor for throne of Scotland on death of Queen Margaret, Oct. 1290 — joins in submis- sion to Edward I., May 1291 — joint Regent of Scotland with Bruce, 1299 — defeats the Eng- lish at Roslyn, 24 Feb. 1303 — concludes treaty with Edward, 4 Feb. 1304 — killed by Bruce at Dumfries, 29 Jan. or 10 Feb. 1306. Conca, Sebastiano, painter, — ft. at Gaeta, 1679^ 1676 b — settles at Bome, 1716 — tf. at Naples, 1764. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Concan, in Hindustan, — North, ceded to the British, 181 7 — South, partly conquered, partly ceded to them, 1817-18. Concepcion, Chili, — built, 1763 — destroyed by earthquake, 1835. Conception, Immaculate, of the Virgin, — feast of, established in Europe, about 1140 — condemned by St Bernard, about 1142 — and by Thomas Aquinas, about 1260 — controversy re- specting the, revived at Paris, 1384 — confirmed by Council of Basel, 143 1 — sanctioned by Coun- cil of Trent, 1545-63 — vow to defend, first taken by Spanish Orders of Knighthood, 1652 — made a dogma of the Bomish Church by Pius IX., 8 Dec. 1854. Conchillos Falco, Joao, painter, — b. at Valencia, 1641 — "&., 17 11. Conchylius. [Coquille.] Concina, Daniel, theologian, — fc. in Friuli, about 1686 — tf. at Venice, 21 Feb. 1756. Disciplina apostolica monastica, 1739 — Bella storia del probabilismo, 1743 — Theolugia Chris- tiana dogmatico-moralis, 1746. Concini. [Ancre, Marshal D'.] Conclave, The, — constituted for election of the pope, by Council of Lyons, May to Jul. 1274 — regulated by bull of Gregory XV., Nov. 1621. Concord, battle of. [Lexington.] Concord, Formula of, — drawn up at Torgau, 1576 — convocation respecting, at Quedlinburg, 1583 — suppressed in Brandenburg, about 1614 — new, published in Switzerland, {Consensus,) i 6 75- Concordance, to the Bible, — first, by Antony of Padua, who died, 123 1 — Hebrew, by Rabbi Nathan, 1523 — first English, by Marbeck, 1550. [Cruden, Alex.] Concordat, — of Worms, between Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V., concluded, 8 Sep. 1 1 22 — between Francis I. of France and Leo X. for abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction, signed at Bologna, 14 Dec. 1515, i5i6 a — be- tween the Emperor Charles V. and Clement VII., signed at Barcelona, 29 Jun. 1529 — between Ferdinand VI. of Spain and Bene- dict XIV., respecting collation to benefices, signed at Rome, 11 Jan. 1753 — between Napo- leon I. and Pius VII., respecting the organiz- ation of worship in France, signed, 15 Jul. 1801 — ratified, 15 Aug. — between the same, signed at Fontainebleau, 25 Jan. 18 13 — re- jected soon after by the pope ; with the king of the Netherlands, 1827 — between Pius IX. and the Queen of Spain, signed at Madrid, 16 Mar. 1 85 1 b — between the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria and Pius IX., concluded at Vienna, 18 Aug. 1855 b — abrogated, Jul. 1870. a Encyc. Mod. b Ann. Beg. Concordia, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 24 Mar. i860. Condamine, Charles Marie de la, mathema- tician, — u. at Paris, 28 Jan. 17 01 — serves at siege of Roses, 17 19 — accompanies Bouguer and Codin to the Equator to measure degree of meridian, 1736-43 — in Italy, 1757 — admitted to French Academy, 1760 — "0. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1774. Relation abrege'e d'un voyage fait dans Vinterieur de VAmerique meridionale, 1745 — Ba figure de la Terre determinee, §c, 1749 — Journal du voyage fait, §c., a Vequateur, 1751 — BTistoire des pyramides de Quito, 157 1. Conde, Jose Antonio, orientalist, historian, — h. at Paralija, (Cuen^a,) about 1765 — archi- vist of the Ministry of the Interior uuder Joseph Bonaparte, 1808— quits Spain, 18 13-17 — rj. at Madrid, i82i, a 20 Oct. i82o. b Be- scripcion de Bspana, 1799— Ptistoria de la domination de los Arabes en Bspana, 1820-21. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Conde, Louis I. de Bourbon, Prince of, — ■ ft. at Vendome, 7 May 1530— serves in expe- dition against English at Boulogne, 1550 — ■ serves under the Duke of Guise at defence of Metz, 1552 — distinguishes himself at St Quentin, 1557 — at sieges of Calais and Thion- ville, 1558 — quits the court and professes Cal- vinism, 1559— sentenced to death at Orleans, 1560 — discharged by edict of the parliament, Dec. 1560^ — recognized as head of the Hugue- nots at Orleans, 12 Apr. 1562 — wounded and 3 So CONDE-COKDILLAC. captured by Royalists at battle of Dreux, 18 Dec. 1562 — liberated, 1563 — follows the Queen to the siege of Havre, May to Jul. 1563 — claims and is refused the post of Lieutenant- general of the kingdom, 1563 — unsuccessfully attempts to seize the king at Monceaux, 1567 — blockades Paris, 1567 — indecisive battle of St Denis, death of Montmorenci, 10 Xov. 1567 — escapes to Eocbelle, 1568 — wounded and taken prisoner at battle of Jarnac, and put to death, 13 Mar. 1569. Conde, Henri I. de Bourbon, Prince of, — b., 9, a 29 b Dec. 1552 — joins Protestant army, 1569 — escapes to Germany, 1572 — present at siege of Eocbelle, 1573 — seizes Brouage, 1577 — but loses it again: excommunicated, 1585 — takes part in battle of Coutras, 1587 — poisoned at St Jean d'Angely, 5 Mar. 1588. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Conde, Henri II. de Bourbon, Prince of, — b. at St Jean d'Angely, 1 Sep. 1588 — declared a prince of the blood, and heir, presumptive of the crown, Nov. 1595 — imprisoned in the Pastille, 1 Sep. 161 6 — liberated, 20 Oct. 16 19 — takes Sancerre, 1621 — at siege of Mont- pellier, 1622 — commands against the Protest- ants in Lauguedoc, unsuccessfully besieges Dole, 1636 — and Fontarabie, 1638 — takes Salces in Roussillon, 1639 — takes Erne, 1642 — member of Council of Eegency, 1643 — ft. at Paris, n, a 26 b Dec. 1646. a Biog. TJniv. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Conde, Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of, — b. at Paris, 29 Jul. 1643— Grand Master of the King's House, 1660 — follows the king to sieges of Tournay, Douai, and Lille, 1665 — to siege of Dole, 1668 — Marechal de Camp, 1672 — Lie ut. -general of armies of the king, Apr. 1673 — at siege of Pesancon, Apr. 1674 — of Dole, May 1674 — at battle of Senef, 1674 — takes Limbourg, Jun. 1675 — serves at sieges of Bou- chain, 1676 — of Valenciennes and Cambray, 1677 — of Ghent, 1678 — succeeds his father, Dec. 1686 — at sieges of Mons, 1690 — ofNainur, 1692 — commands army of Flanders, Apr. to May 1693 — if. at Paris, 1 Apr. 1709. Conde, Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince of, the Great. — b. at Paris, 8 Sep. 1 621— bears title of Duke d'Enghien till 1646 — enters the army, 1638 — at sieges of Arras, 1640 — of Hire, 1 641 — marries a niece of Cardinal Eichelieu, 7 Feb. 1 641— at siege of Perpignan, 1642 — de- feats Spaniards at Eocroi, 19 May 1643 — takes Thionville, 10 Aug. 1643 — seizes Sirek, 1643 — attacks Imperialists at Friburg, 3-5 Aug. 1644 — takes Pbilipsbuvg, AVorms, and Mentz, 1644 — defeats Imperialists at Xordlingen, 3 Aug. 1645 — takes Wimpfen, Nordlingen, &c., 1645 — wounded at siege of Mardyck, 1646 — takes Dunkirk, 10 Oct. 1646 — succeeds to the title on bis lather's death, 26 Dec. 1646 — un- successfully besieges Lerida, 28 May to 17 Jun. 1747 — sent into Flanders, takes Ypres, retakes S 1648 — defeats Archduke Leopold be- fore Lens, 20 Aug. 1648 — besieges and enters Paris, Aug. 1649 — arrested and imprisoned, 18 Jan. 1650 to i6, a 13 c Feb. 1651 — retires to his government of Guienne, Sep. 165 1 — takes Montargis, 6 Apr. 1652— defeats Turenne and enters Paris, 5, c 2 d Jul. 1652 — retires to Flanders and is appointed generalissimo in service of Spain, Oct. 1652 — unsuccessfully be- sieges Arras, retreats safely, 25 Aug. 1654 — defeats and captures Marshal de la Ferte before Valenciennes, 16 Jul. 1656 — enters Cambrai and compels Turenne to raise the siege, 1657 — with Don John of Austria defeated by Turenne before Dunkirk, (battle of the Dunes,) 14 Jun. 1658— restored to royal favour at the Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — subdues Franche-Comte, 1668 — takes Dole, 1668 — wounded at the pas- sage of the Ehine, 12 Jun. 1672 — defeats Prince of Orange at Senef, 11 Aug. 1674 — raises siege of Oudenarde, 1674 — drives Monte- cuculli across the Ehine, Aug. 1675 — retires, 1679 — ij. at Fontainebleau, 11 Dec. 1686. a Biog. UniT. b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Le Bas. Conde, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of, — b. at Paris, 9 Aug. 1736— Chevalier du Saint- Esprit, 1752 — governor of Burgundy and Bresse, May 1754 — distinguishes himself at battle of Hastembeck, 1757 — Marechal de Camp, Feb. 1758 — Lieut. -general of armies of the king, n Aug. 1758 — distinguishes himself at battle of Minden, 1759 — at combat of Corbach, 10 Jul. 1759 — takes Meppen, Sep. 1761 — defeats Duke of Brunswick at J ohannisberg, 30 Aug. 1762 — takes part in Assembly of Notables, 1787-8 — escapes to Brussels, 17 Jul. 1789 — publishes his project of rescuing Louis XVI., Jul. 1790— re- fuses invitation of the Assembly to return to France, his property sequestrated, 1791 — declar- ed a rebel, 1 Jan. 1792 — takes part in campaign of 1792 — takes village of Berstheim, 1793 — re- ceives subsidy from English government, 1795 — saves Austrian army at Biberach, 1796 — en- ters service of Eussia, 1797 — rejoins Austrian army, end of 1799 — settles in England, Jun. 1 80 1 — enters Paris with Louis XVIII. , 4 May- 1 8 14 — accompanies him to Belgium, Mar. 1815 — if. at Paris, 13 May 1818. JEssai sur la vie du grand Conde, 1806. Conde, Louise Adleai'de de Bourbon, Mar- chioness of, — b. at Chantiily, 5 Oct. 1757 — abbess of Eemiremont, 1786 — quits France, 17 Jul. 1789 — enters monastery at Martiguy, 27 Sep. 1797 — enters Benedictine monastery at Warsaw, Sep. 1802 — returns to France, 18 15 — ■ if. at Paris, 10 Mar. 1824. Conder, Josiah, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 17 Sep. 1789 — becomes proprietor and editor of Eclectic Review, 18 14— if., 27 Dec. 1855. Protestant Nonconformity, 18 18 — Mo- dern Traveller, 1824 — edits Congregational Hymn-book, 1836 — edits the Patriot, 1832-55. Condianus, Sex. Quintilius, — Consul with Sex. Quintilius Maximus, (904, a. tj. c.) 151 — Consul with L. Fulvius Bruttius Preesens, (933,) 180. Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, philosopher, — b. at Grenoble, 17 15 — admitted to the Aca- demy, 1768 — if. near Baugenci, 3 Aug. 1780. Essai sur Vorigine des connaissances humaines, 1746 — Traite des sensations, 1754 — Cours d' etudes, 1755 — Traite des systemes, 1749 — La Logique, 1780 — Langue des Calculs, 1798. Condivi, Ascanio, painter, — b. in Ancona CONDOTTIERI— CONFEDERATION. 3 6r about 1520. Life of Michelangelo, 1553. Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de, mathematician, philoso- pher, — h. at Saint Quentin, a Ribemont, b in Pi- cardy, 17 Sep. 1743 — enters Coll. of Navarre, 1758 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 25 Feb. 1769 — visits Voltaire, 1770 — perpetual secretary of Academy of Sciences, 177 1 — ad- mitted to French Academy, 21 Feb. 1782 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, Sep. 179 1 — president, 5 Feb. 1792 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 — member of the Committee of the Constitution, 11 Oct. 1792 — proscribed as Gi- rondist, 1793 — D.in prison, at Bourg-la-Reine, 28 Mar. 1794. Du calcul Lntegral, 1765 — Du probleme des trois corps, 1767 — Essai oV analyse, 1768 — Lettres d'un theologien, 1774 — Esquisse des progres de V esprit humain, 1795 — Eloges des Acade'miciens, 1799 — Elements du calcul des probability, 1804. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen, Condottieri. [Grand Company, Sforza, &c] Conegliano, Giambattista Ckna da, painter, — fl. at Venice, 1493- 15 17. Confederate States, N. America, (1 861-66,) — constituted by delegates from S. Carolina, Geor- gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, in convention at Montgomery, 4 Feb. 1 86 1 — Jefferson Davis elected President, same day : bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, 12-13 Apr. — denounced by Pres. Lincoln, 15 Apr. — accession of Virginia, 17 Apr. — the ports blockaded, 19 Apr. — Act of Congress recognizes war with the United States, 4 May ■ — accession of Arkansas, 6 May — accession of Tennessee, 8 May — neutrality of Great Britain proclaimed, 13 May — seizure of tele- grams received' in Free States, by Federals, 20 May — accession of N. Carolina, 20 May — mail- service discontinued in, 31 May — neutrality of France declared, n Jun. — of Spain, 17 Jun. — recognition of, as belligerents, by Great Britain and France, 15 Jun. — seat of government trans- ferred to Richmond, 20 Jul. — battle of Bull Sun, 21 Jul. — commercial intercourse with Federal States prohibited by Pres. Lincoln, 16 Aug. — introduction of passports in the Federal States, 19 Aug. — capture of Lexington, 20 Sep. — affair of the Trent, 8 Nov. — Davis elected Pres. for six years, 30 Nov. 1862 — surrender of Fort Donnelson to Gen. Grant, 16 Feb. — evacuation of Nash- ville, 23 Feb. — the Merrimac in Hampton Roads, 8 Mar. — evacuation of Centreville and Manassas, 8 Mar. — battle of Pittsburg Land- ing, 6-7 Apr. — Conscription Act passed by Congress, 16 Apr. — capture of New Orleans, 26 Apr. — evacuation of "Williamsburg, 6 May — destruction of Norfolk Navy Yard, 9 May — Pres. Lincoln takes possession of all the rail- roads, 25 May — evacuation of Corinth, 30 May ■ — battle of Fair Oaks, 31 May to 1 Jun. — bat- tles of the Chickahominy, 25 Jun. to 1 Jul. — second battle of Bull Bun, (Manassas,) 28-29 Aug. — battle of South Mountain, 14 Sep. — capture of Harper's Ferry, 15 Sep. — battle of Antietam, 1 7 Sep. — Emancipation Proclamation of Pres. Lincoln issued, 22 Sep. — Suspension of Habeas Corpus Act, 24 Sep. — second Conscrip- tion Act, passed, 27 Sep. — battle of Corinth, 3-4 Oct.— Military exemption Act, passed, 4 Oct. — joint intervention of France and England pro- posed by Napoleon III., 10 Nov.— declined by England, 13 Nov.— battle of Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. — battle of Murfreesborough, begins, 31 Dec. 1863 — proclaimed as being in rebellion, and slaves declared free, by Pres. Lincoln, i.Jan. — Western Virginia admitted as a State into tbe Union, 1 Jan. — siege of Charleston by Federals, begins, 7 Apr. — battle of Chancellors- ville, 2 May — battles of Gettysburg, 1-3 Jul.^-surrender of Vicksburg to Gen. Grant, 4 Jul. — Proclamation of Pres. Davis for putting in force the Second Conscription Act, 15 Jul. — ■ evacuation of Chattanooga, Sep.— battle of Chi- camanga, 19-20 Sep. — the British consuls sus- pended and expelled by Pres. Davis, close of Oct. — battle of Chattanooga, 24 Nov. — conditional amnesty proclaimed by Pres. Lincoln, 9 Dec. 1864 — capture of Fort Pillow, 13 Apr. — battles in Virginia, between Gen. Grant and Gen. Lee, early in May — battle of Spottsylvania, 1 2 May — invasion of Maryland, early in Jul. — battle of Petersburg, 30 Jul. — evacuation of Fort Powell, 5 Aug. — surrender of Fort Mor- gan, to Admiral Farragut, 23 Aug. — evacuation of Atlanta, 4 Sep. — battle of Winchester, 19 Sep. — battles of Cedar Creek, 19 Oct. — march of Gen. Sherman through Georgia to Savannah begins, 12 Nov. — battle of Nashville, 16 Dec. — capture of Savannah by Sherman, 21 Dec. 1 865— surrender of Fort Fisher, 15 Jan. — Conference of Confederate Peace Commissioners with President Lincoln and Mr Seward at Hamp- ton Roads, 3 Feb. — evacuation of Charleston, 17 Feb. — of "Wilmington, 22 Feb. — battlebetween Gen. Early and Gen. Sheridan in the Sbenan- doah Valley, 1 Mar. — the Congress adjourned sine die, 18 Mar. — evacuation of Petersburg and Bichmond, 2 Apr. — surrender of Gen. Lee to Gen. Grant, 9 Apr. — evacuation of Mobile, 12 Apr. — assassination of Pres. Lincoln, 14 Apr. — Convention between Gen. Sherman and Johnston repudiated by Federals, 21 Apr. — surrender of Johnston to Sherman, 26 Apr. — restrictions on commerce with States east of Mississippi removed by Pres. Johnson, 29 Apr. — capture of Pres. Davis and his family, 10 May — surrender of Confederate forces under Gen. Kirby Smith, 26 May — recognition of Confederates as belligerents in British ports ceases, 2 Jun. — blockade of the ports raised, r Jul. — repeal of Secession Ordinance by S. Caro- lina Reconstruction Convention, 15 Sep. — repeal of same by N. Carolina, 7 Oct. — excepted from ordinance restoring Habeas Corpus Act, 1 Dec. 1866 — Proclamation of Pres. Johnson de- claring insurrection at an end, 2 Apr. — general amnesty proclaimed by Pres. Johnson, 8 Sep. 1 867 — all Confederates pardoned and restored to constitutional rights, by Pres. Johnson, 25 Dec. 1868 — end of the war fixed to 17 Aug. 1866 by decree of Supreme Court, U.S., 28 Feb. 1870 — general Amnesty Bill passed, Apr. 187 1. [Reconstruction.] Confederation,Germanic, — constituted, 8 Jun. 1 8 15 — dissolved, 1866. [Seven "Weeks' War. 162 CONFEDERATION— CONQUEST. Confederation of the Rhine, — act of, signed at Paris, 12 Jul. 1806 — dissolved, Mar. 1813. Confession, — of Augsburg, presented by the Protestants to Charles V., 25 Jun. 1530. (Scotch) General, adopted, 158 1 — a second drawn up, 1660. Westminster, adopted, 1643 — declared by Act of Parliament to be stand- ard of faith in Scotland, 1690. Conflans, Treaty of, — between Louis XI. of France and the League, to put an end to the * war of the public good,' signed, 5 Oct. 1465. Confucius, {Koong-foo-tse,) moralist, — [B C] ■ — fl., about 550 ? 450 ? Conge d'elire, — for appointment of bishops, granted by the sovereign, under Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 1533-4. Congleton, Henry Brooke Parnell, Lord, statesman, — t>., 3 Jul. 1776 — succeeds to his father's estates, 1801 — marries Elizabeth, daughter of first Earl of Portarlington, 1801 — M.P. Portarlington, 1802 — resigns in a few weeks: M.P. Queen's County, 1806-32 — Lord of the Treasury in Ireland, 1806 — succeeds to baronetcy on death of his brother, 181 2 — chairman of Finance Committee, 1828 — Secre- tary at War, 1830 — resigns, 1832 — M.P. Dun- dee, 1833 — member of Commission on Excise, 1833 — created Baron Congleton, Aug. 1841 — kills himself , 8 Jun. 1842. Principles of Cur- rency and Exchange, 1 805 — History of Penal Laws against Irish Catholics, 1808 — Financial Peform, 1830. Congo, Africa, — reached by Diego Cam, 1484 — Portuguese settlements in, soon after 1490 — explored by Captain Tuckey, 1816 — by Donville, 1832. Congregation of the Lord, — formed in Scotland, 1557. Congregational Union, of England and Wales, — established, 1830— -declaration of faith, Church order and discipline, adopted, 7, 8, and 10 May 1833. Congregationalists, {Independents,) — rise of in England, about 1580. Congregations on the Aids, {de Auxiliis,) — polemical consultations (conferences) between Dominicans and Jesuits begin, 2 Jan. 1598 — fourth investigation, Jan. to Jul. 1601 — fre- quently renewed, 20 Mar. 1602 to 22 Jan. 1605 — renewed by Paul V., 14 Sep. 1605 to 1 Mar. 1606 — continuance of, prohibited by Paul V., Aug. 1607. Congreve, William, dramatist, — ft. near Leeds, Feb. 1670 — tr. in London, 19 Jan. 1729. Old Bachelor, 1691 — Love for Love, 1695 — Mourning Pride, 1697. Congreve, Sir William, Bart.,— fc. in Mid- dlesex, 20 May 1772 — invents the rocket, about 1804 — F.R.S., 181 1 — obtains patent for manu- facture of gun-powder, 18 15 — Lieutenant- colonel of artillery, 18 16 — attends Grand Duke Nicholas on his tour through England, 1 8 16- 1 7 — obtains patent for manufacture of bank-note paper, 18 19 — tr. at Toulouse, 14 May 1 828. Elementary Treatise on the mount- ing of Naval Ordnance, 18 12. Congreve Rocket, — invented by Sir William Congreve, about 1804. Coni, Cuneo, in Piedmont, — unsuccessfully be- sieged by the French, 1691 — and by French and Spaniards, Sep. to Oct. 1744 — the king of Sardinia defeated by Don Philip and the Prince de Conti near, 30 Sep. 1744 — surrendered to Napoleon, 28 Apr. 1796 — besieged by Aus- trians, Nov. 1799— surrendered to them, 5 Dec. 1799 — again given up to the French, by con- vention of Alessandria, Jun. 1800 — occupied by Austrians, 26 Jul. 1821 to Sep. 1822. Conington, John, classical scholar and trans- lator, — b. at Boston, Lincolnshire, 10 Aug. 1825 — Fellow of Univ. Coll. Oxford, May 1847 — Prof. Latin, Oxford, Jun. 1854 — tf. at Bos- ton, 23 Oct. 1869. Agamemnon of JEscJtylus, with translation inverse, 1848 — Works of Vir- gil, with commentary , 1858-63 — translations of Odes of Horace, 1863 — of JE-neid, 1866. Conlie, in Brittany, — Camp of, established by Col. Jieratry, Oct. 1870 — occupied by Ger- mans, 17 Jan. 1 87 1. Connaught, in Ireland, — ceases to be a king- dom and is divided into counties under Act 1 1 Eliz. c. 39, 1590 — unsuccessfully claimed by Lord-deputy Wentwortk as belonging to the crown, 1634— a jury in Galway fined and im- prisoned for setting aside his claim, Aug. 1635.* a Lingard. Connor, Ireland, — See of, said to be founded about 514 — united with Down, by Eugenius IV., 1442 — united with Dromore, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. Conolly, John, physician,- — b. in Lincoln- shire, 1794 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1821 — Prof. Principles and Practice of Medicine, Univ. Coll. London, 1828-31 — consulting physician at Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, 1839-43 — tr. at Han- well, 5 Mar. 1 866. Inquiry concerning the Indi- cations of Insanity , 1830 — Construction and Go- vernment of Lunatic Asylums, 1847 — Treatment of the Insane, 1856 — Study of Hamlet, 1863. Conon, naval and military commander, — ■ [B Cj — commander at Naupactus, 41 3 — Strate- gics at Korkyra, 410 — Strategus with Alki- hiades and Thrasybulus, 409 — Strategus to supersede Alkibiades, blockaded in Mitylene by Callicratidas, defeats him at Arginusae, 406 — escapes from Lysander at iEgos-potami to Evagoras of Cyprus, end of 405 — appointed to command Persian fleet, 397 — Pharnabazus appointed his colleague, 395 — defeats Spartans under Peisander off Cnidus, before 14 Aug. 394 — with Pharnabazus harasses Peloponnesian coast, takes Kythera, spring 393 — begins re- storation of Long Walls and fortifications of Peiraeeus, 393 — imprisoned by Tinbazus, 392 — ft. at Cyprus, about 390. Conon, mathematician, astronomer, — [B C] — ft., about 283-222. Conon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 79, 3,) 462. Conon, {Quenes,) poet, captain, — goes to court of France, 11 80 — joinsihe Crusade, 1190 — returns with the French knights ; joins the Crusade again, 11 98 — grand master of the wardrobe to Baldwin, Emperor of Constantin- ople, 1204 — Regent on death of Emperor Henry, 1216 — ft., soon after Mar. 1221. Conquest, John Trickey, physician, — h., about 1789— M.D. Edinburgh, 18 13— settles CONRAD I.— CONSTABLE. 363 in London, 18 14 — o% in Kent, 24 Oct. 1866. BToly Bible, with Emendations, 1841. Conrad I., King op Germany, — elected, while Count of Franconia, to succeed Louis IV., Sep., :l before 29 Oct. b 911 — tf. of wound re- ceived in battle with the Huns, 23 Dec. 918. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Conrad II., {the Salic,) King of Germany, Emperor of the Romans, — succeeds Henry II., 1024— crowned at Mentz, 8 Sep. 1024 — crowned King of Italy at Milan, and again at Monza, spring 1026 — crowned Emperor, and his wife Empress, by the Pope at Rome, 26 Mar. 1027 — crowned King of Burgundy on death of Rudolph, Feb. 1033 — war with Eudes, Count of Champagne, respecting succession to Burgundy, 1033-7 — employed in suppressing revolts in Italy, 1037-8 — returns to Germany, summer 1038 — gives up crown of Burgundy to his son, 1038 — ft. at Utrecht, 4 Jun. 1039. Conrad III., King of Germany, Emferorof the Romans,—!)., 1093 or 1094 — competitor with Lothaire for crown of Germany, 11 25 — crowned King of the Romans at Monza and at Milan, 1128 — excommunicated and the coronation declared null ; defeated by Lo- thaire, 1 1 32 — elected to succeed Lothaire at Diet of Coblentz, mid-lent 11 38 — opposed by Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony ; puts Henry under the ban of the empire, and deprives him of his estates, 11 38 — defeats Welf at Weinsberg, 1 140— restores La- dislaus to throne of Bohemia, 1 142 — protects the Jews against crusade preached by the monk Rudolph, 1 146 — persuaded by St Bernard, sets out on crusade, 28 May 1147 — returns from Palestine, 1149 — tf. at Bamberg, 15 Feb. 1152. Conrad IV., Emperor of the Romans, — fj. in Apulia, Apr. 1228 — Duke of Suabia and Al- sace, 1236 — crowned King of the Romans, Jan. 1237 — defeated by William, Count of Holland, at Oppenheim, 1248 — succeeds his father, Dec. 1250 — passes into Italy, 1251 — his claim con- tested by William, Count of Holland : excom- municated, 1252 — and again, Apr. 1254 — takes Naples, 1254 — poisoned (?) at Lavello, 27 May 1254. Conrad. [Montferrat, Marquis of.] Conrad, {the philosopher,) Benedictine, — tf., 1 241. Chronicon Schirense, published, 1623. Conrad, Bp. Chronicon vetus rerum Mo- guntinarum, (1140-1251,) published, 1530. Conrad, Minnesinger, — ft., 1280. Conrad, Frederik Willem, engineer, — ft. at Delft, 21 Dec. 1769 — geometrician of Hol- land, 1788 — rj. at Zwanenburg, 6 Feb. 1808. Conrad of Heresbach, classical scholar, the- ologian, — b. at Heresbach in Cleves, 2 Aug. 1496 — Privy Councillor to Duke of Cleves, about 1546-76 — ts. at Wesel, 14 Oct. 1576. Relation de la prise de Munster par les Ana- baptistes, 1637 — Be educandis principum liberis, 1592 — Psalmorum explicatio, 1578. Conradi, David Arnold. Cryptographic/, de- nudata, §c, 1739. Conradi, Georg Chri3toph, physician, — 6. in Hanover, 8 Jun. 1767 — ft. at Northeim, 16 Dec. 1798. Conradin, — fc., about 125 1 — acknowledged Duke of Suabia on death of his father, the Emperor Conrad IV., 1254 — assumes title of King of the Two Sicilies, and goes into Italy, autumn 1267 — excommunicated, Easter 1268 — at Rome, Aug. 1268— defeated by his rival Charles of Anjou, at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 1268 — beheaded at Naples, 26," 29 bc Oct. 1268. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Conrart, Valentin, miscellaneous writer, — ■ n. at Paris, 1603 — first perpetual Secretary of French Academy, 1629 — ft., 23 Sep. 1675. Conring, Hermann, (Conringius,) physician, §c, — h. in Friesland, 9 Nov. 1606 — Prof. Philosophy, Helmstadt, 1632 — Physician to Queen Christina of Sweden, 1650 — tf., Senior of University of Helmstadt, 12 Dec. 1681. Opera, 1730. Conroux de Pepinville, Nicolas, Baron, general, — 6. at Douai, 17 Feb. 1770 — enters the army, 17 Feb. 1786 — aide-de-camp to Championnet, 1798- — distinguishes himself at combats of Fossano and Mondovi, 1799 — of Blankenberg, 16 May 1804 — serves in Austrian campaign, 1805 — General of Brigade, 1805 — serves in Prussian campaign, 1806 — wounded at battle of Jena, Oct. 1806 — serves at battle of Friedland, Jun. 1807 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 27 Jun. 1807 — Baron of the em- pire, 19 Mar. 1808 — General of Division after battle of Wagram, 1809 — serves in Spain, Sep. 1810— at battle of Fuentes-de-Onoro, 5 May 18 1 1 — defeats the Spaniards at Bornos, 31 May 18 12 — falls at Sarre, Nov. 181 3. Consalvi, Ercole, Cardinal, — fj. at Rome 8 Jun. 1757 — auditor of the Rota, 1792 — Secretary of State to Pius VII. , Aug. 1800 — concludes Concordat with First Consul at Paris, 1801 — resigns office, 1806 — exiled, 1809 — re- instated, 1814-23 — tf. at Rome, 24 Jan. 1824. Consarbriick, in Germany, — defeat of Mar- shal de Crequi by the Allies, 11 Aug. 1675. Conscience, Courts of. [Requests.] Conscription, — law of the, adopted in France, 5 Sep. 1798. Conscription Bill, U.S., — passed by Congress, Mar. 1863 — occasions riots at New York, which are suppressed by the military, 13-17 Jul. 1863. Consecration,— of churches, practised soon after 300 — of church at Jerusalem by Synod of bishops of the East, 335. Consistory Court, — app?al from, to the Arch- bishop, by Act 24 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1532-3. Consolidated Fund, of Great Britain, — formed by union of the Aggregate, General, and South Sea Funds, by Act 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787 — combined with that of Ireland, under Act 56 Geo. III. c. 98, 1 Jul. 18 16. Conspiracy to murder, in Great Britain, — amendment of law relating to, proposed by Lord Palmerston, 8 Feb. 1858— bill rejected by House of Commons, 19 Feb. — consequent re- signation of ministry, 22 Feb. Constable, Archibald, bookseller and pub- lisher, — b. in Scotland, 24 Feb. 1776 — begins business at Edinburgh, 1795 — publisher of Edinburgh Review, 1802-26 — his connection with Sir Walter Scott begins with publication 3^4 CONSTABLE OF ENGLAND— CONSTANTINOPLE. * of the Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1 805 — quarrels with Scott, 1807 — reconciled, 18 13 — publishes Scott's Works, 1813-26 — becomes bankrupt, Jan. 1826 — tf. at Edinburgh, 21 Jul. 1827. His Miscellany of Original and Selected Works commenced, 1826. Constable of England, Lord High, — office of, forfeited by Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, by attainder, 1522. Constable of France, — office abolished, Jan. 1627^ 1607 b — revived by Napoleon, (an XII.,) 1804 — again abolished, 18 14. a Eneyc. Mod. b Engl. Cyc. s Constable, John, painter, — ft. in Suffolk, 1776— student at Royal Academy, 1800— settles at Hampstead, 1820 — E.A., 1829 — if. in Lon- don, 30 Mar. 1837. Constables, — in England, for the hundred, appointed by Statute of "Winchester, 13 Edw. I. st. 2, c. 6, 1285. Special, appointment of , pro- vided for by Acts 1 and 2 ¥m IY. c. 41, 15 Oct. 183 1, and 5 and 6 Vm IV. c. 43, 31 Aug. 1835. Parish, appointment and duties of, regulated by Acts and 6 Yic. c. 109, 12 Aug. 1842 ; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 52, 29 Jul. 1844; and 13 and 14 Yic. c. 20, 31 May 1850. County and District, instituted and regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Yic. c. 93, 27 Aug. 1839 ; 3 and 4 Yic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1840; 22 and 23 Yic. c. 32, 13 Aug. 1859. [Police, Metropolitan, &c] High, abolition of office provided for, by Act 32 and 33 Yic. c. 47, 2 Aug. 1869. Constance, (Konstanz, Kostnitz,)'m Germany, ■ — seat of a bishopric, 553 — visited by Charles the Great, 785 — walled, about 900 — free im- perial town, 1 1 92 — resists attempt of Charles IY. to subject to the bishops, 1380 — adopts Re- formed faith, 1526— refuses to submit to the Interim and is placed under ban of the empire by Charles Y., 15 Oct. 1548 a — annexed to Austria by Ferdinand I., 1549 — besieged by Swedes, 7 Sep. to 5 Oct. 1633— bishopric sup- pressed, 1802 — transferred to Baden by Treaty of Prcsburg, Dec. 1805. Cathedral, founded, 1048 — tower erected, 1850-58. Treaty of, between the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and confederate towns of Italy, confirming their privileges, signed, 25 Jun. "1183. Councils of, 1005 ; for establishment of 'public and universal peace' in Germany, 1043 ; against simony and incontinence, and for regulation of Easter and Whitsuntide, 1094; for divorce of Emperor Frederick from Adelaide, 1153 ; against Wick- liffe, Huss, and Jerome of Prague, opens, 5 Nov. 1414 — first session, 16 Nov. — second, 2 Mar. 1415 — act of cession by the pope, John XXIIL, same day — retirement of the pope, 23 Mar. — thirdsession, 26 Mar. — fourth, 30 Mar. — fifth, 6 Apr. — 7th, doctrines of Wickliife condemned, 2 May — the pope deposed, 29 May — 14th session, abdication of Gregory XII., 4 Jul. — John Huss burnt, 6 Jul. 1415 — Jerome of Prague burnt, 30 May 1416 — Benedict XIII. deposed, 26 Jul. 1 41 7— 41st session, election of Otho Colonna as Martin V., 11 Nov. 1417 — 45th session closed, 22 Apr. 141 8. a Menzel. Constance, Queen of the Two Sicilies, — ft., about 1 146 — marries Henry, son of the Emperor Frederick I., 1185,* 1 1 86 b — crowned with him at Rome, 15 Apr. 1190 — recovers the Two Sicilies from her cousin Tancred, 1194 — &., 27 Nov. 1 198. • a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Constance, of Brittany, — marries Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, son of Henry II. of England, 1 1 81 — widow, 19 Aug. 1 1 86— birth of her son, Prince Arthur, 29 Mar., a 30 Apr. b 11 87 — mar- ries Ranulph, Earl of Chester, 11 87 — expelled from Brittany, 11 89 — imprisoned by order of Richard I., 1196-97 — marries Guy of Thouars, 1 199 — places Arthur. under protection of Philip Augustus, 1 1 99 — ft., close of 1201. a Annals of England. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Constance Faulkon, (PhaidJcon,) adventurer, — ft. in Cephalonia, about i55o, a 1648 b — enters service of king of Siam ; renounces Protestant- ism, May 1682 — takes part in negotiations be- tween king of Siam and Louis XI V., 1685 — gives up Bankok and Merguy to the French, Oct. 1-687 — beheaded, Jim. 1688. a Biog. TJnrv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Constans I., Flavius Julius, Roman Em- peror, — appointed Ccesar, 23 Dec. 333 a — ■ governor of W. Illyricum, Italy, Africa, 335 a — Augustus, 337 — Emperor of West on the death of Constantine, his brother, 340 — -war with the Franks, 341-3 a — Magnentius as- sumes the Empire, Constans killed in the Pyrenees, early in 350. a a Clinton. Constans II., Flavius Heraclius, Emperor of the East, — ft., 7 Nov. 630 s — co-regent with usurper Heracleonas, early 641 — sole Em- peror, autumn 641 — war with Mohammedans, at Alexandria, in Syria, Tripolitana, Cyprus, Cilicia, 646-8 — publishes edict {Type) in fa- vour of Monothelites, 648 — truce with Moham- medans, 648-651 — war with them in Sicily and Rhodes, ^S 1 -^ ) 5S — defeated off Syrian coast, by Moaviyah, 6^^ — puts his brother Theodosius to death, 659 a — leaves Constantinople, end of 662 — war in Italy, plunders Rome, Jul. 663 — Africa revolts and is lost to the Empire, 665 — drown- ed in the bath, at Syracuse, 15 Jul., b end of Sep. a 668. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Constant, Pierre, poet, — ft. at Langres, 1560 — living at Dijon, 1595. Mepublique des Abeilles, 1582. Constant de Refteeque, Henri Benjamin, publicist,- — ft. at Lausanne, 23 Oct. 1767 — goes to Paris, 1795 — member of the Tribunate, Dec. 1799 to Mar. 1802 — exiled, about 1803 — re- turns to Paris, 18 14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1819-30 — tf. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1830. De V esprit de conquete et de V usurpation, 18 14 — De la religion considered dans sa source, ■ 1823-31 — Dn polytheisine Somain, 1833. Constantin, Robert, physician, §c, — ft. at Caen, 1530 s1 — M.D., 1564 b — ft. in Germany, 27 Dec. 1605. Lexicon Grceeo-Latinmn, 1562 — A. Corn. Celsi de re medica libri, 1549. a Erscn and Gruber. b !S T ouv. Biog. Gen. Constantinople — [Byzantium]— begun by Emperor Constantine the Great, 328 — inaugur- ated, May 330 — besieged by Moawiyah, 654 — by Yezid, 667 — by Sonen ben Aouf, 672 — by Moslema and Omar Abd-el Aziz, 715 — taken by surprise by Theodosius 111., Jan. 716 — be- CONSTANTINOPLE— CONSTANTINUS VI. 365 sieged by Soleyman, son of Caliph Abd-el Melek, 739 — by Paganos, Krai of Bulgarians, 764 — by Harun al Eashid, 780 — by Abd-el Melek for Harun al Eashid, 798 — by Kramus, despot of Slavi, 811 — by Slavian, Thomas, 820 — by Oswald and Dir, Eussians, 866 — by Simeon, Krai of Bulgarians, 914 — by Thorni- cius, 1048 — taken by Alexius Comnenus, 1081 — by Dandolo and the Crusaders, 1204 — by Michael Palseologus, 1261 — by Andronicus III. the Younger, 23 May 1328 — besieged by Bajazet Yilderim, 1356 and 1402 — by Musa, son of Bajazet, 1414 — by Amurath II., 1422 — taken by Mahomet II., 1453 — great fire, 2 Aug. 1 83 1 — visit of Prince of Wales to, 20 May 1862 — Old Seraglio burnt, 10 Aug. 1863 — great fire, 6 Sep. 1865 — cholera Conference, opens, 13 Feb. 1866— great fire, British Em- bassy bmnt, 6 Jim. 1870. Imperial Academy of Sciences, founded, 1851. Councils of, in favour of Arians, 336 ; 339 ; 360 ; Second General Council, May to 30 Jul. 381; to ap- pease dissensions in the churches, 382 ; for reunion of schismatics, 383 ; 394; in favour of Chrysostom, 403 ; to depose Chrysostom, 404 ; 426 ; to condemn Eutyclies, Nov. 448 and Apr. 449 ; against dogmas of Nestorius and Eu- tyches, Aug. 450 ; against the Simoniacs, 459 ; 478; to confirm Council of Chalcedon, 492; to depose Euphemius, 495 or 496 ; to condemn Council of Chalcedon, 516 ; for the restoration of the exiled partisans of Euphemius and Macedonius, 518 ; to ordain Epiphanius patri- arch, 520; 531; 532; to condemn heretical bishops, 536; to condemn Origen, 543; 547; 551 ; Fifth General Council, respecting the three chapters, and against Origen, 4 May to 2 Jun. 553 ; 588 ; 626 ; in favour of the Mono- thelites, 638 ; Sixth General Council, against the Monothelites, 680-681; ('in Trullo ') on discipline, 691 ; against the 6th General Council, 712; 715; 730; Iconoclast, 10 Peb. to 8 Aug. 754; against the Iconoclasts, dis- solved by their violence, 1 Aug. 786; 806; 809; 812; 814; for deposition of the patri- arch Nicephorus, by the Iconoclasts, Feb. 815 ; for conference between Catholics and Icono- clasts, the former refusing to meet, 821 ; 829 ; to confirm second Council of Nice, condemn the Iconoclasts, &c, Feb. 842 ; 847 ; to depose Photius, 858 ; to depose St Ignatius and con- firm Photius, 861 ; to depose Photius, 867 ; Eighth General Council, to depose Photius, to Condemn Iconoclasts, &c, 5 Oct. 869 to 28 Feb. 870; respecting Photius, the Nicene Creed, &c, Nov. 879 to 13 Mar. 880; 906; 911; 920 ; 931 ; to confirm marriage of the Emperor Nicephorus Phocas with Theophanon, 963 ; 1027 ; 1029 ; to anathematize legates of the pope, 1054 ; against incestuous marriages, 1066 ; 1067 ; against the Bogomiles, 1110 ; to condemn the works of Constantine Chrysomale, 1 140; 1 143; 1 144; 1 147 ; 1 157 ; respecting marriage, 1166; respecting union of the two churches, 1170 ; on elections of certain bishops, 1186; 1222; 1275; for profession of Catholic faith by the patriarch Veccus, about Apr. 1277 ; to excommunicate opponents of reunion of the churches, 16 Jul. 1277; 1280; to condemn Veccus, Jan. 1283; to condemn the bishops who had promoted reunion of the churches, Easter 1283 or 1284; 1285; respecting ana- thema of the Emperor by Athanasius, 1297; 1299; respecting doctrines of Barlaam and Palamas, Jun. 1341 ; 1345; 1347; against reunion of the churches decreed at Florence, 1450. Constantinople, Mundane Era of, — [B C] — 55°9- Constantinus, the ' Tyrant,' — Emperor of Britain, Gaul, Spain, 407-8 — acknowledged by Honorius, 409 — marches into Italy to aid Honorius, recalled by revolt of Gerontius, be- sieged by Gerontius and Constantius in Aries, taken, and put to death by Honorius, 411. Constantinus I., Flavins Valerius Aurelius, Magnus, Eoman Emperor, (306-337,)— n. in Mcesia, 27 Feb. 274,* 27 2 b — hostage with Diocletian and Galerius, 306 — serves under Galerius in Persian war, 296 — proclaimed Augustus on the death of his father, Constan- tius Chlorus, 25 Jul. 306 — marries Fausta, acknowledged as Augustus by Maximian and Maxentius, 308 — takes Maximian at Mar- seilles and puts him to death, 309-10 — his vision and conversion, 312 — defeats Maxentius at Turin, Verona, and at Eome, at the Mulvian Bridge, 27 Oct. 312 a — defeats Licinius at Cibalis and Hardin, 314 — peace concluded, 314 a — war with Sarmatians in Illyricum, Pan- nonia, and Dacia, 322 — war with Licinius, defeats him at Adrianople, 3 Jul. 323 — and at Chrysopolis, 18 Sep. 323 — and becomes sole Emperor; Council of Nice, 325 — puts his son Crispus and his wife Fausta to death,. 326 a — dedicates Constantinople as metropolis, 1 1 Hay 330 — divides his empire amongst his sons, and i. at Nicomedia, 22 Hay 337. a Clinton. b Biog. Univ. Constantinus II., Flavius Claudius, Eoman Emperor, (337-340) — 6., 7 Aug. 312 — Csesar, 1 Mar. 317 — governor of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, 335 — Emperor of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, with part of Africa, 337 — invades terri- tory of Constans, and is defeated and killed at Aquileia, before Apr. 340. Constantinus IV., Flavius Pogonatus, [Barbatus,) Eoman Emperor, (668-685) — succeeds his father, Constans II., 668— quells insurrection in Sicily and puts Mizizus to death, 669 — quells rebellion of his brothers ; besieged by Yezid in Constantinople, yearly, 672-9 — ■ holds Council at Constantinple, 680 — makes his son Justinian Augustus, 681 — rj., Sep. 685. Constantinus V., Copronymus, Emperor op the East, (741-775) — 6-, 719 — succeeds his father, Leo III., [the Isaurian,) 741 — dethroned by Artavasdes, recovers Constantinople, 2 Nov. 743 — holds Iconoclast Council at Constanti- nople, 754 — war with Bulgarians, defeats them, 765 — defeated, 766, 774— if., 14 Sep. 775. Constantinus VI., Flavius, {Porphyrogeni- tus,) Emperor of the East, (780-797) — fc., 771 — succeeds his father, Leo IV., 780 — — troubles with his mother Irene ; banishes her, Sep. 790 — reinstates her, Jan. 792 — defeated by Bulgarians, 792 — conspiracy ol Nicephorus 3 66 CONSTANTINUS VII.— CONTARINI. suppressed, 792 — attempted assassination, 17 Jim. 797— tJ., about 797 ? Constantinus VII., Flavius Porphyrogeni- tus, Emperor of the East, (911-959) — b., 905 — succeeds his father, Leo VI., 911 — under Alexander and Romanus Lecapenus, till 944 — *>-, 15 ^OV. 959. Constantinus X., Monomachus, Emperor op the East, (1042- 1054) — marries Zoe and becomes Emperor, 1042 — war against Arabs, rebellion of Tomicius, 1047 — defeats Petche- negius, 1053 — lj., 1054. Constantinus XIII., Palaeologus, {Bra- gases,) Emperor of the East, (1448-1453) — 6., 1394, Feb. 1403 a — despot in Chersonesus Taurica and Peloponnesus, before 1448 — suc- ceeds his brother, John VII., 1448 — besieged in Constantinople by Mahomet II., 6, 2 a Apr. 1453 — killed at capture of the city and fall of the Empire, 29 May 1453. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Constantinus, jurist, — commissioner for the first code, 528 — for the Digest, 530. Constantinus Africanus, (Synesius,) phy- sician, — fl., 1050 — monk at Cassino, 1072 — Sj., 1087. Constantius I., Flavius Valerius Chlorus, Roman Emperor, (305-306) — ft., 250? — governor of Dalmatia under Carus, 283 ? — Caesar, by Maximian, 1 Mar. 292 — acquires Britain from Allectus, 293-96 — Consul with C. Galerius Maximianus, (1047, a. u. c.) 294 — Consul with C. Aurel. Val. Diocletianus, (1049,) 296 — defeats Alemanni in the country of the Lingones, 298, 300 a — and at Vindonessa : Consul with Maximianus, (1053,) 300, (1055,) 302, and (1058,) 305 — Augustus and joint Em- peror, Apr., May 305 — Consul with Maxi- mianus, (1059,) 306 — lj. at York, 25 Jul. 306. a Clinton. Constantius II., Flavius Julius, (Fl. Claud. ; FL Valerius; Constantinus^) Roman Emperor, (337-3 61 ) — &., 6 Aug. 317— Consul with Fl. Jul. Crispus, (1077, a. u. c) 324— or with Fl. Val. Constantinus, (1079,) 326— Emperor of Greece, Asia, Egypt, &c, Sep. 337 — Consul with Fl. Jul. Constans, (1092,) 339 and (1095.) 342 — defeated by Sapor II. at Singara, 343 — Consul with Fl. Jul. Constans, (1099,) 346 — defeats Vetranio, 351 — defeats Magnentius at Mursa, 28 Sep. 351 — Consul with Fl. Constan- tius, (1105,) 352 — defeats Magnentius at Mount Seleucus, 10 Aug. 353 — Consul with Fl. Jul. Constantius, (1106,) 353— sole Em- peror, 353 — marries Eusebia, before 10 Oct. 353 — Consul-mtla. Fl. Jul. Constantius, (1107,) 354 — Consul with Fl. Claudius Julianus, (1109,) 356 and (1110) 357 — visits Rome, Apr. to May 357 — Consul with Fl. Claudius Julianus, (1113,) 360 — tf. at Mopsucrenas, 3 Nov. 36i. a a Clinton. Constantius III. , Emperor of the West, (421)— ft., before 400 — Consul with Fl. Constans, (1167, a. u. c.) 414 — overthrows Attalus, 416 ■ — marries Placidia, 417. Augustus and joint Emperor, 8 Feb., 421 — ft., m Sep. 421. Constitutional Amendment, U.S. [Slavery.] Consular Era, The, at Home,— [B C] — (245, A. U. C.) 509. Consulate, The, — in France, established, (19 Brumaire,) 10 Nov. 1799 — ends on estab- lishment of the Empire, 18 May 1804. Consuls, Consulship, at Rome, — [B C] — insti- tuted, (mythic,) 509 — judicial power transferred to prsetor, 366— opened to plebeians, bylaw of Licinius, 366 — plebeian right established, 342 — attempts to exclude plebeians, as late as 297 — augurs oppose election of two plebeians, 215 — two plebeians elected, 172 — not to go to their provinces for 5 years, by a law of Pompey, 53 — power of, abridged by Jul. Caesar, about 45 — destroyed by Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — last consul at Rome, Dec. Theodoras Paulinus, 536 — last at Constantinople, Flavius Basilius, Junior, 541. Contades, Louis George Erasme, Marquis de, Marshal of France, — b., Oct. 1704 — enters the army, 1720 — Colonel, distinguishes himself in Italy, 1734 — commands at battles of Parma and Guastalla, 1735 — Marshal of France, 24 Aug. 1758 — defeated by allies at Minden, 1 Aug. 1759— commander of Alsace, 1762 — Dean of the Marshals, 1788 — tf. at Livry, 19 Jan. 1795. Contagious Diseases, in United Kingdom, — prevention of, at naval and military stations provided for, by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 85, 25 Jul. 1864, and 29 Vic. c. 35, n Jun. 1866 — amended by Acts 31 and 32 Vic. c. 80, 31 Jul. 1868, and 32 and 33 Vic. c. 96, 11 Aug. 1869— Associations to procure repeal of Acts, formed, 1870 — Commission on, appointed, Nov. 1870. Contagious Diseases, (Animals,) in Great Britain, — laws relating to, consolidated, amend- ed, and made perpetual by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 70, 9 Aug. 1869. Contarini, Ambrogio, diplomatist, traveller, — ambassador to king of Persia, 1473-77 — po- destat of Vicenza, 1482. Viaggio al Ussum- Cassan, re di Bersia, 1487. Contarini, Andrea, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Marco Cornaro, 20 Jan. 1367 — de- fends Venice against Genoese, recovers Chiozza, 1380 — captures fleet of the enemy and reenters Venice, 24 Jun. 1380 — ft., 5 Jun. 1382. Contarini, Domenico, — Doge of Venice, 1042 — ft., 1 07 1. Contarini, Domenico (II.,) Doge of Venice, — succeeds Giovanni Pesaro, Oct. 1659 — siege of Candia by the Turks, begins, May 1667 — ca- pitulation, 6 Sep. 1669 — tf.,26 Jan. i675, a i674. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal, — ft. at Venice, 16 Oct. 1483 — ambassador from Venice to Charles V., 152 1 — accompanies Charles V. to Flanders, England, and Spain, and returns to Venice, 1525 — ambassador to the Pope at Vlterbo, 1527 — negotiates peace between Venice and Charles V. at Bologna, 1529 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 21 May 1535 — receives pension from Charles V., 1536 — legate to Diet of Ratisbon, 1541 — named legate of Bologna, J542 — tr. there, 24 Aug. 1542. Opera, 157 1. Contarini, Giovanni, painter, — ft- at Venice, 1549— if. at Prague, a Venice, b 1605. a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. Contarini, Vincenzo, — h. at Venice, 1577— CONTE— CONZ. 367 Prof. Greek and Latin, Padua, 1603-14— b". at Venice, 1617. Variarum lectionwn liber, §c, 1606 — Be . frumentaria Romanorum largitione, 1609 — Be militari Romanorum stipendio, 1609. Conte, Jacopino del, painter, — b. at Flor- ence, 15 10 — tf. at Borne, 1598. Conte, Nicolas Jacques, chemist, mechani- cian, — b. in Normandy, 4 Aug. 1755 — accom- panies the expedition to Egypt, 1798 — tf., 6 Dec. 1805. Conte, Primo del, — b. at Milan, 1498 — charged to prepare questions to be submitted to Council of Trent, and assists at the Council, i545- 6 3— &• at Milan > J 595> a !593- b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. Contessa, Karl Wilhelm Salice, dramatist, $c, — b. at Hirschberg, 19 Aug. 1777 — studies at Halle, 1797 — ft. at Berlin, 2 Jun. 1825. S'dmmtliche Schriften, 1826. Conti, Antonio Schinella, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Padua, 22 Jan. 1677 — quits Congregation of the Oratory, 1708 — visits London, 17 15 — at Paris, 1718-26 — tf. at Padua, 6 Apr. 1749. Prose epoesie, 1739-56 — Trage- dies, 175 1. Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince of, — b. at Paris, 1629 — takes part in war of the Fronde, 1649 — imprisoned, Jan. 1650 — tf. Governor of Languedoc, 21 Feb. 1666. Conti, Bernardo de', painter, — b. at Pavia, about 1450 — tf., 1525. Conti, Francesco, painter, — b. at Florence, 1680 — tf., 1760. Conti, Francois Louis de Bourbon, Prince of, — b., 1664 — distinguishes himself at siege of Luxemburg, 1684 — in Hungary, 1685 — in Flanders, 1692-3 — elected King of Poland, but deprived by Elector of Saxony, 1697 — tf., 22 Feb. 1709. Conti, Giovanni Battista, translator, §c, — b. at Lendinara, 26 Oct. 1740 — tf., 7 Dec. 1820. Colleccion depoesias Castellanas., con la tra- duccion en verso Toscano, 1782-90 — Opere, 18 19. Conti, Giusto de', poet, — tf. at Eimini, 19 Nov. 1449. La Bella Mano, 1472. Conti, J. F. [Quinzano.] Conti, Michel- Angelo del. [Innocent XIII.] Conti, Niccolo, traveller, — visits the East, India, China, Ethiopia, &c, about 1419-44. Conti, Noel, — b. at Milan, about 1520 — tf., about 1580? Carniina,i$6o — Mythologies,! 551. Contile, Luca, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Siena, about 1505 — Spanish Commissary, Pavia, 1562-74. — tf., 28 Oct. 1574. LaBescara, la Cesar a Gonzaga, la Trinozia, 1550 — Rime, 1560 — Littere, 1564. Continental System, of Napoleon, — first announced in armistice of Foligno, 9 Feb. 1 80 1 — the Berlin Decree, against English Com- merce, 21 Nov. 1807 — accession of Austria to the, 24 Aug. 1807 — accession of Sweden, 17 Sep. 1809 — introduced into the Boman States, Dec. 1809 — relaxation of, in Bussia, by ukase of 31 Dec. 1 8 10 — convention between France and Prussia for enforcing the, Feb. 18 12. Contractors, {Government^) — prohibited from sitting in parliament by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 45, 1782 — prohibition extended to Ireland by Act 41 Geo. III. c. 52, 1801. Contreras, Juan Senen de, general, — b. at Madrid, 1760— in service of Charles III. visits England, France, Prussia, &c, 1787 — serves against the Turks, 1788— against the French, 1 808— takes part in battle of Talavera, Jul. 1 809 —charged with defence of Tarragona, taken prisoner there, sent to France, 181 1— returns to Spain, 18 14— tf. at Madrid, 1826. Contri, Antonio, painter, — b. at Ferrara, about 1660 — tf. at Cremona, 1732. Control, Board of. [Board of Control.] Contucci, Andrea, {Andrea Sansavino,) sculp- tor, architect, — b. at Sansavino, Tuscany, 1460 — tf. there, 1529. Contucci, Archangelo Cintuccio de, archce- ologist, — b. in Tuscany, 21 May 1688 — enters Order of Jesuits, 15 Dec. 1704 — tf. Conservator of Kircher's Museum at Borne, 19 Mar. 1768. Muscei Kircheriani cerea notis illustrata, 1763-5. Conventicle Act, The,— 16 Car. II. c. 4, 1664 — second, 22 Car. II. c. 1, 1670 — repealed by Toleration Act, 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689. Conventicles, in England, — frequenting of, punishable by imprisonment and death by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593. Convention, National, of France, — consti- tuted, 20 Sep. 1792 — dissolved, (4 Brumaire, an IV.,) 26 Oct. 1795. Convention Parliament, of England, — first, meets 25 Apr. 1660 — dissolved, 29 Dec. 1660 — second, convened by Prince of Orange, meets, 22 Jan. 1689 — declared a parliament, 13 Feb, 1689— prorogued, 27 Jan. 1690— dissolved, 29 Jan. 1 69 1. Convocation, in England, — clergy summoned to, free from arrest by Act 8 Hen. VI. c. 1, 1429 — cannot assemble or make canons with- out royal consent, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, x 533"4 — l as t grant of subsidies by, 1662 — as- sembles at "Westminster for despatch of business, 26 Feb. 1861. Convulsionists, The, — appear at Paris, about 1730— the cemetery of St Medard closed by the government, 1732 — disappear, about 1750. Conway, — castle built by Edward I., 1283 — Edward I. besieged at, by Welsh, 1290 — Bichard II. takes refuge at, and is given up to Henry IV., Aug. 1399 — taken by Parliament- ary forces, Aug. 1646 — the castle surrenders, soon after. Tubular Bridge, by Stephenson, 1 848. Conybeare, John, theologian, — b. near Exe- ter, 31 Jan. 1692 — takes orders, 17 16 — D.D. Oxford, 1729 — Master of Exeter College, 1730 — Dean of Christ-church, 1732 — Bp of Bristol, 1750 — tf. at Bath, 13 Jul. 1755. Befence of revealed religion, §c, 1732. Conybeare, John Josias, antiquary,— h. in London, Jim. 1779 — Canon of York, 1805 — Prof. Anglo - Saxon, Oxford, 1 807 — Prof. Poetry, 18 12— Vicar of Bath-Easton, 1812 — ■ 0". at Blackheath, 10 Jun. 1824. Conz, Karl Philipp, poet, §c, — b. in Wiir- temberg, 28 Oct. 1762 — Prof. Classical Litera- ture, Tiibingen, 1804 — Prof. Eloquence, 181 2 — a. there, 20 Jun. 1827. Morgenldndische Apo- logien, 1803 — Komodien von Schwaben, 1783 — 3 68 COOK— COOTE. Gcdichte, 1 8 19, 1824 — Analekten, 6,'C, 1793 — Biblisehe Gemulde und Gcdichte, 18 18 — Kleine prosaische Schriften, 1821. Cook, James, {Captain Cool;) circumnaviga- tor, — fc. at Marion, Yorkshire, 27 Oct. 1728 — enters the navy, 1755 — a * siege of Quebec, Sep. 1759 — marine Surveyor of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1764-8 — Lieutenant, conducts expedition to the South Pacific, 1768 — sails round Xew Zealand, 1769-70 — reaches New Holland, 19 Apr. 1770 — arrives in England, Jun. 177 1 — commander in the navy, 177 1 — em- barks on second voyage, 13 Jul. 1772 — in New Zealand, Mar. 1773 — returns to England, 30 Jul. 1774 — post-captain, Captain of Greenwich Hospital, 1774 — F.R.S., 7 Mar. 1775,* 29 Feb. 1776 b — embarks on third voyage, 12 Jul. 1776 — discovers Sandwich Islands, 18 Jan. 1778 — discovers Owhyhee, Dec. 1778— killed by the natives of that island, 14 Feb. 1779. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Cooke, Sir Antony, preceptor to Edward YI., — b. in Esses, about 1506 — lives in exile, 1553-8 — &., n Jun. 1576. Cooke, Benjamin, organist, composer, — b. in London, 1739 — conductor of Academy of Ancient Music, 1752-89 — Organist of West- minster Abbey, 1762-93 — Mus. D. Cambridge, 1777 — sub-director of Handel Commemoration, 1784 — ft., 14 Sep. 1793. Cooke, Sir George, engraver, — b. in London, 22 Jan. 1781— ft., 27 Feb. 1834. Cooke, George Frederick, actor, — b. at "Westminster, 17 Apr. 1755 — makes his debut, in London, 1778 — ft. at Xew York, 26 Sep. 181 2. Memoirs, 181 3. Cooke, George Wingrove, litterateur, be, — b., about 1 81 3 — called to the bar, 1835 — Special Correspondent of the Times, in China, 1857 — Copyhold and Enclosure Commissioner, 1862 — ft. at Chelsea, 18 Jun. 1865. Memoirs of Lord Baling broke, 1835 — Historg of Part g, 1836 — Conquest and Colonization of X. Africa, i860 — Inside Sebastopol, 1856 — China and Lower Bengal, 1858. Cooley, Thomas, architect, — b., 1740 — ft., 1784. Rogal Exchange, Dublin, 1769 — com- mences the Four Courts, 1776. Coombe, William, novelist,— b. at Bristol, 1741 — ft., 19 Jan. 1823. Devil upon Two Sticks in England, (2nd ed.,) 1810 — Tour of Dr Syntax, 1812. Cooninxloo, Giles van, painter, — fj. at Ant- werp, 1544 — ft. there, soon after 1600. Cooper, Abraham, painter, — b. in London, 1787— exhibits at British institution, 1812 — A.R.A., 1S17— R.A., 1820— retires, 1866 — ft. at Greenwich, 24 Dec. 1868. Sketch of battle of Ligny, 18 16 — JIarston Jloor, 18 19. Cooper, Bransby Blake, surgeon, — b. at Great Yarmouth, 2 Sep. 1792 — assistant sur- geon in Koyal Artillerv, 1 8 1 2 — serves in Penin- sular War! 1812 — M.R.C.S., Dec. 1823 — prosecutes Wakley for libel, 1828 — Hon. Fellow R.C.S., 1843 — member of Council, 1848 — ft. in London, 18 Aug. 1853. Lectures on Anatomy, 1829 — Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery, 1851 — Life of Sir A. Cooper, 1843. Cooper, Charles Henry, topographical his- torian and antiquary, — b. at Great Mario w, 1808— Town Clerk of Cambridge, 1849 — ft. there, 21 Mar. 1866. Annals of Cambridge, 1842-52 — (with his son) At hence Cantabri- gienscs, 1858-61 — Memorials of Cambridge, 1858. Cooper, Anthony Ashley. [Shaftesbury, Earl of] Cooper, Sir Astley Paston, surgeon, — b. at Brooke, Norfolk, 23 Aug. 1768 — goes to London, 1784 — studies at Edinburgh, 1787 — visits Paris, Aug. to Sep. 1792 — Prof. Anatomy, Surgeons' Hall, 1792-94-95 — surgeon to Guys Hospital, 1 800 — obtains Copley Medal 01 Royal Society, 1802 — F.R.S., 1805 — assists in founding Medico-Chirurgical Society, 1805 — ■ Prof. Comparative Anatomy, College of Sur- geons, 1813 — surgeon to George IY., 1820 — Baronet, 1821 — member of Court of Exam- iners, College of Surgeons, 1822 — President of College of Surgeons, 1827 — Yice-president of Royal Society, 1830 — member of Institute of France, correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 1832— D.C.L. Oxford, 1834— LL.D. Edin- burgh, 1837 — Surgeon to Queen Yictoria, 1837 — ft. in London, 12 Feb. 1841. Medical Bc- cords and Researches, 17 98 — Treatise on Hernia, 1804-7 — Treatise on Dislocations and Frac- tures, 1822 — Anatomy and Diseases of the Breast, 1829-40 — Anatomy of the Thymus Gland, 1832. Cooper, James Fenimore, novelist, — b. at Bui'lington, Xew Jersey, U.S., 15 Sep. 1789 — at Yule College, 1802-5 — enters the navy, 1 805-1 1 — visits Europe, 1826-36 — ft. at Coop- erstown, 14 Sep, 1851. The Spy, 1821 — Pio- neers, 1823 — Pilot, 1823 — Last of the Mohicans, 1 826 — Prairie, 1 8 27 — Pathfinder, 1 840— His- tory of the Xavy of the United States, 1839 — Ways of the Hour, 1850. Cooper, John Gilbert, poet, §c., — b. in Not- tinghamshire, 1723 — ft., 1769. Cooper, Richard, engraver, — b. in England, about 1736. Cooper, Samuel, painter, — h. in London, 1609 — ft. there, 5 May 1672. Cooper- Walker, Joseph,— b. at St Yalery, Ireland, 1761 — ft., 18 10. Historical memoirs of the Irish bards, 1786 — Historical essay on the dress of the ancient and. modern Irish, 1788. Coorg, (Caduga,) in Hindustan, — conquered by British, 1834. Coote, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1759 — ft. there, 1835. History of England, 179 1 -1803 — translation of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, 1 8 1 1 . Coote, Sir Charles,— governor of Dublin, 1 641 — one of the Commissioners for manage- ment of Ireland, 19 Jan. 1659-60 — Baron, Yis- count Coote, Earl of Montrath, 6 Sep. 1660 — ft., Dec. 1661. Coote, Sir Eyre, general, — b. in Ireland, 1726 — serves in the army, in Scotland, 1745 — goes to India, 1754 — governor of Calcutta, 1757— contributes to tne victory of Plassey, 23 Jun. 1757 — takes Pondicherry, 14 Jan. 1761 — Commander-in-chief to East India Company, COPENHAGEN— COQUEREL. 3 6 9 1769 — returns to England, Dec. 1770 — K.B., 31 Aug. 177 1 — defeats Hyder Ali near Porto Novo, 1 Jul. 1781— tr. at Madras, 27 Apr. 1783. Copenhagen, {Kjobenhafn,) — founded, 1168 ■ — made capital of Denmark, 1443 — besieged and taken by Frederick, Duke of Gottorp, 1523 — capitulates to Christian III., 29 Jul. 1536 — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles X., winter of 1658-59 — -unsuccessfully besieged by Charles XII., 1700— great fire at,* 20 Oct. 1728 — royal palace of Christiansburg burnt, 26 Feb. 1794 — defeat of Danish fleet by Nelson at, 2 Apr. 1 80 1 — bombarded by the British, Aug. 1807 — capitulates, 7 Sep. 1807 — inundation at, 1824. University of, founded by Christian I., 1478. Copernican Theory, — prohibited by Congre- gation of the Index, 5 Mar. i6i6. a a Humboldt. Copernicus, (Kopemil;) Nicolaus, astrono- mer, — ft. at Thorn, Prussia, 19 Feb. 147 3, a 19 Jan. 147 2 b — at Bologna, 1497 — at Eome, 1500 — completes his great work, about 1530 — if., 24 May 1543. Be revolutionibus orbium cosiest turn, §c, May 1543. a Moestlinus. b Junctinus. Copineau, Abbe, litterateur. Essai synthe- tique sur Vorigine et la formation des langues, 1774 — Ornithotropliie Artijicielle, 1780. Copleston, Edward, Bp of Llandaff, — ft. in Devonshire, 2 Feb. 1776 — enters Ox- ford Univ., 1791 — Fellow of Oriel, 1795 — Prof. Poetry, 1802 — Provost of Oriel, 1814 — D.D. by diploma; dean of Chester, 1826 — Bp of Llandaff, dean of St Paul's, 1827 — ft. near Chepstow, 14 Oct. 1849. Frcelectiones A.cademicce, 18 13 — Enquiry into the doctrines of Necessity and Predestination, §c, 1821. Copley, John Singleton, painter, — ft. at Boston, U. S., 3 Jul. 1737 — settles in London, 1775 — R.A., 1783 — o\, 9 Sep. 1815. Death of Lord Chatham, National Gallery, 1783. Copley, John Singleton. [Lyndhurst, Lord.'] Copper, — [B C] — coined at Athens, but re- called, 406. Coppetta, II. [Beccuti.] Coppi, Jacopo, painter, — ft. in Florence, 1523— lj., 159 1. The Crucifixion, Bologna, 1579- Copyholds, in England, — excepted from Stat. 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660 — made assets for payment of debts by Act 3 and 4 Win IV. c. 104, 29 Aug. 1833 — Commissioners appointed, and enfran- chisement of, permitted by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 35, 21 Jun. 1 841 — conveyance and enfranchise- ment of, under ' The Lands Clauses Conso- lidation Act,' 8 and 9 Vic. c. 18, 8 May 1845 — Commissions consolidated and continued by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 53, 1 Aug. 1851 — en- franchisement of, facilitated and regulated by Acts 15 and 16 Vic. c. 51, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 16 and 17 Vic. c. 57, 4 Aug. 1853 ; and 21 and 22 Vic. c. 94, 2 Aug. 1858. Copying - machine, — invented by James Watt. 1780. Copyright, in England, — established by Act 8 Ann. c. 19,1710 — perpetual, conferred on the Universities, by Act 15 Geo. III. c. 53, 1775 — regulated by Acts 41 Geo. III. c. 107, 2 Jul. 1801 ; 54 Geo. III. c. 156, 29 Aug. 1814; 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 15, 10 Jun. 1833 ; 5 and 6 Vic. c. 45, 1 Jul. 1842 — importation of foreign reprints prohibited or regulated by Acts 8 and 9 Vic. c. 86, s. 63, and c. 93, s. 9, 4 Aug. 1845 ; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 95, 22 Jul. 1847; and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853 — Inter* national, provided for, by Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 59, 31 Jul. 1838 ; and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 12, 10 May 1844 — established with France, by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 12, 28 May 1852— with Belgium, 1854 — with Prussia, 1855 — between France and Italy, by convention of Oct. 1862 — between Italy and" Belgium, 25 Apr. 1867 — between France and Papal States, 21 Jul. Copyright in Designs for manufactures, — established by Act 27 Geo. III. c. 38, 1787 — extended and regulated by Acts 2 Vic. c. 13, 4 Jun. 1839; 2 ^ic- c - 17> *4 ^ }m - l8 39 5 5 and 6 Vic. c. 100, 10 Aug. 1842 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 65, 22 Aug. 1843; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 104, 14 Aug. 1850; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 8, 11 Apr. 1 85 1 ; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 70, (Copyright of Designs Act,) 2 Aug. 1858 ; and 24 and 25 Vic. c. 73, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. Copyright in Engravings,— established by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 13, 1735 — confirmed and regulated by Acts 7 Geo. III. c. 38, 1767 ; 17 Geo. III. c. 57, 1777 — extended to Ireland by Act 6 and 7 Wni IV. c. 59, 13 Aug. 1836 — ex- tended to foreign engravings, by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 12, 10 May 1844 — law amended by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 12, 28 May 1852. Copyright in Paintings, Drawings, and Photographs, — established by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 68, 29 Jul. 1862. " Copyright in Sculpture, — established by Act 38 Geo. III. c. 71, 21 Jun. 1798 — extended, and regulated by Acts 54 Geo. III. c. 06, 18 May 1 8 14; and 13 and 14 Vic. c. 104, 14 Aug. 1850. Coquebert de Montbret, Ch. Etienne, Baron de, — b. at Paris, 3 Jul. 1755 — visits Great Britain, as agent of the navy, 1789-93 — cor- respondent of Academy of Sciences, 1802 — • charged by Champagny to collect materials for general Statistics of France, 1806-14 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, 1815 — tj., 9 Apr. 1831. Coqueley de Chaussepierre, Claude Gene- vieve, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, about i7io, a 1730 b — tf. there, 1791. Editor of Journal des Savants, 1752 — Code de Louis XV.> §c, 1758 — Etudes du droit civil, §c, 1789 — le Roue vertueux, 1770 — AT. Cassandre, §c, 1775-81. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Coquereau, Charles Jacques Louis, phy- sician, — ft. at Paris, 1744— admitted to Royal Society of Medicine, 1777 — tf. at Paris, 11 Aug. 1796. With Jussieu, (Economiam inter animalem et vcgetabilem analogia, 1770. Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles, theo- logian, — ft. at Paris, 27 Aug. 1795 — ordained Pastor, 1 8 16 — Pastor of Reformed Church, at Paris, 1830 — member of Legion of Honour, 1835 — deputy to Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 1848-9 — retires from political life, 24 370 COQJJILLART— CORDOVA. after 2 Dec. 1851 — if. at Paris, Jan. 1868. Biographic Sacre'e, 1837 — Histoire Sainte, 1839-42 — Beponse a Br Strauss, 1841 — Or- thodoxie Moderne, 1842 — Christologie, 1858 — Meditations, 1859. Coquillart, Guillaume, poet— official of the Church of Rheims, 1478 — assists at conse- cration of Charles VIII., 1484 — if., about 1490. (Euvres, 1493. Coquille, Guy, (Conchylim,) jurist, — ft. in the Nivernais, 11 Nov. 1523 — if. at Nevers, 11 Mar. 1603. (Euvres, 1666. Coquille. [Dugommier.] Coram, Thomas, captain, — ft,, about 1688 — establishes the Foundling Hospital, Nov. 1739 — if. in London, 29 War. 1751. Coran. [Koran.] Corancez, Louis Alexandre Olivier de,— ft. at Paris, 1770 — member of Scientific Commis- sion attached to the army of Egypt, 1798 — Consul-general, Aleppo, 1802 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1810 — Correspondent of the Institute, 1811 — returns to France, 1812 — if. in Italy, 2 Jul. 1832. Histoire des Wahabees, §c, 1 8 10. Corax, of Syracuse, rhetorician, — [B C] — fl., after 467 . Coray, Adamante, (Biamant,) philologist, — ft. at Smyrna, 7 Apr. 1748 — goes to Amster- dam, 1772 — M.D. Montpellier, 1786 — if. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1833. Edits ' Characters' of Theo- phrastus, 1799 — ' Geography' of Strabo, (trans- lation,) 1805-19 — Collection des Classiques Grecs, 1805. Corbach, in Prussia, — defeat of Hanoverians by the French, 10 Jul. 1760. Corbeil, Treaty of, — between St Louis and Jayme I. of Aragon for exchange of count- ships, concluded, 11 May 1258. Corbet, Bichard, Bp of Norwich, poet, ■ — b. at Ewell, Surrey, 1582 — M.A. Oxford, 1605 — dean of Christ Church, 1627 — Bp of Oxford, Jul. 1629 — Bp of Norwich, 1632 — if. there, 28 Jul. 1635. Boetica Stromata, 1647. Corbieres, Pierre de. [Nicholas V., Anti- pope.'] Corbiesdale, in Scotland, — defeat of Mont- rose by Covenanters, 27 Apr. 1650. Corbineau, Jean Baptiste Juvenal, Count de, general, — ft. at Marchiennes, 1776 — enters the army, 1793 — distinguishes himself at battle of Eylau, 1 807 — officer of Legion of Honour, 1808 — wounded at AVagram, 1809 — serves in Russian campaign, 18 12 — distinguishes him- self at passage of the Beresina, 18 12 — aide- de-camp general, serves in Saxony, 1813 — General of Division, 23 May 18 13 — saves life of Napoleon I., at Montmirail, 18 14 — receives cross of St Louis, 19 Jul. 18 14 — grand officer of Legion of Honour, 17 Jan. 18 15 — if., about 1830. Corbinelli, Jacopo, — cd. of the Corbaccio of Boccaccio, 1569— Dante's Be vulgari eluquio, 1577 — Conti's Bella Mano, 1595. Corbulo, Cn. Domitius,— praetor, before 37 — Consul suffectus, 39— commands in Germany, 47 — against Vologeses of JParthia, 54, 58, 63 — against Tiridates, 58, 63 — commits suicide to avoid assassination by Nero, 67. Corcyra, (Korkyra,) — [B C] — [Corfu.] — founded by Chersicrates of Corinth, 734, (01. 5, 3,) 758° — sea-fight with Corinth, 665,* 664, b 668 c — Periander, of Corinth, tyrant of, 625-585 a — [Peloponnesian War] — civil war in, summer 427-425 a — subjugated for Athens by Timotheos, 375 — attacked and ravaged by the Peloponnesians, 373 — seized by Cleonymus, 303 — besieged by Cassander, taken possession of by Agathokles, 300 — acquired by marriage with Lanasse, by Demetrius Poliorketes, 288 — recovered by Pyrrhus, 274 — surrendered to Borne, 229. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Miiller. Corda, August Joseph, botanist, — b. at Reichenberg, Bohemia, 10 Sep. 18 10 — Custos of Zoological department of the Museum, Prague, 1834 — travels in Texas, 1847-9 — if. at sea, Sep. 1849. Bcones fungorum hucus- que cognitorum, 1837-42 — Brachtflora Burop. Schimmelbildungen, 1839 — Beitrage zur Flora der Y or welt, 1845. Cordara, Giulio Cesare, Jesuit, poet, — ft. at Alexandria, Piedmont, 16 Dec. 1704 — enters Order of Jesuits at Borne, 17 18 — if. at Alex- andria, 6 Mar. 1784. Opere, 1804. Corday D' Annans, Marie Anne Charlotte, — ft. at St Saturnin, near Seez, Normandy, 1768 — goes to live at Caen, 1792 — assassinates Marat, at Paris, 13 Jul. 1793 — guillotined, 17 Jul. 1793. Cordeliers, Order of — founded by Bernar- doni, about 12 10 — confirmed by Honorius III., 1223 — suppressed in France, 1793. Cordeliers Club, Baris, — dissolved by Com- mittee of Public Safety, 24 Apr. 1794. Corder, {Corderius,) Balthasar, Jesuit, — ft. at Antwerp, 1592 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1612 — if. at Borne, 24 Jun. 1650. Job elucida- tus, 1646 — Bxpositio patrum Grcecorum in psalmos, §-c, 1643-46. Cordonnier. [Saint-Hyacinthe.] Cordova, (Corduba), — [BC] — Roman colony, 152 — partly destroyed by Jul. Csesar, 45 — [AD] — held by Goths, from 572 — taken by Moors, (92, a. h.) 711 — besieged and taken by Thalaba, (126,) 743 — taken by Samail ben Hattim, (127 or 128,) 745 — seat of Caliphate by Abderahman, (139,) 756 — great fire, (305,) 917 — taken by Suleiman ben Alhakem, (403,) 1 01 2 — on fall of the Caliphate becomes seat of a kingdom under the Giawarides, (422-52,) 1031-60 — taken by Almoravides under Yussef. ben Taxfyn, (484,) 1091 — entry of auxiliary Christian army into, 1091 — insurrection against Almoravides, (515,) 1121 — entered by King Yussef, 1 121 — revolt at, (Ramazan 539,) 1144 — surrenders to AbenGania, (541,) 1146 — taken from him by Almohades, (543,) 1148 — be- sieged by Alfonso of Toledo, (545,) 1149 — ■ taken by Ferdinand III. of Castile, (23 Shawal 633,) 29 Jun. 1236 — unsuccessfully besieged by Moors, (745,) 1365 — pillaged by the French, 8 Jun. 1808— again captured by Soult, end of Jan. 1 8 10 — entered by the Frencb, 11 Jun. 1823 — by the Carlists, 1 Oct. 1836. Mosque COKDO\ r A— CORIOLANUS. 37i {Cathedral) of , founded by Abderahman (170-8,) 786-94. Cordova, general, — b. in New Grenada, 1797 — enters the army, 1 8 1 2 — distinguishes himself at battle of Boyaca, 8 Aug. 17 19 — defeated by the forces of Bolivar, at Santuario, and mortally wounded, 17 Oct. 1829. Cordova, Luiz, admiral, — fi., 17 16 — com- mands Spanish squadrons in American War of Independence, 1775-80 — commander of the navy at Cadiz, Feb. 1780 — ft., Jun. 1796. Cordus, Enricius, poet, physician, — ft. at Simsthausen, (Hesse,) about i475, a i486 b — goes to Italy, 15 12— accompanies Luther to Worms, 152 1 — physician to town of Brunswick, 1524 — physician to town of Bremen, 1534 — tf. there, 24 Dec. i538, a 1535. b Regiment tvie Mann sich von den neuen plage der Englisch Schweis genant bewahren solle, 1529 — Opera poetica, 16 14 — Botanologicon, 1534. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Cordus, Valerius, botanist, — b. at Simsthau- sen, (Hesse,) 18 Feb. 1515 — goes to Witten- berg, 153 1— tf. at Borne, 25 Sep. 1544. Dis- pensatorium pharmacorum omnium quae in usu potissimumsunt, 1533 — Historic stirpium, 1561 — Stirpium descriptio, 1563. Cordwainers' Company, of London, — incor- porated by Henry IV., 14 10. Corean Archipelago, — discovered by Alceste, 1816. Corelli, Arcangelo, musical composer, — b. at Fusignano, Feb. 1653 — visits Germany, 1680 — tf. at Eome, 18 Jan. 17 13. Concerti Grossi, Dec. 17 12. Corenzio, 'BQlis&xio, painter, — b. in Greece, 1558 — settles at Naples, about 1590 — tf. there, 1643. Corfe Castle, in Dorsetshire, — Edward the Martyr assassinated at, by his mother, 18 Mar. 979 — held for Charles I. by Lady Bankes, and betrayed to Parliamentary forces, Feb. 1645-6. Corfu, {Korkyra,) — becomes subject to Vene- tians, about 1390 — city unsuccessfully besieged by Turks, 17 16 — given up to the French by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — blockaded by Russians and Turks, and united with Ionian Islands, 1798-99 — subjugated by the British, 3 Oct. 1809 — [Ionian Islands] — fortifications destroyed by the English, Mar. 1864. Corinna, lyric poetess, - — [BC] — 9., about 500. Corinth, — [BC] — mythical kingdom over- thrown, annual Frytanes appointed, from 745- 6^6, 748 b — attention to naval affairs begins, triremes built, 704 — sea-fight with Korkyra, about 66^ — Kvpselos tyrant, the Bacchiadae expelled, 655, (01. 30, 3,) 658,*' 657 d_I>ERi- ander succeeds, 625, 627 d — Kypselid.^:, over- thrown by Sparta, (01. 49, 3,) 581 c — defeated by Megara and Argcs, about (01. 60) 540 b — battles with Athenians in the Megarid, 457 — sea-fight with Korkyra, 435 — [Peloponnesian War] — attempt of democrats to incorporate it with Argos, 395-4 — in alliance with Athens, defeated by Sparta near, midsummer 394 — [Coroneia] — makes separate peace with Thebes, about 366 — oligarchy established, (Dion,) 356 — Timophanes, attempting to become tyrant, is slain by Timoleon, 346, 344 d — delivered from Macedonians by Aratus, joins the Achsean League, 243 — surrendered to Antigonus Do- son, 223 — reunited to Achsean League, 196 — pillaged and destroyed by Mummius, 146 — restored by Julius Caesar, about 46 — [AD] — sacked by Georgius Antiochenus, [Eoger I.] 1 146?— besieged by Boniface of Thessalonica, 1204-6 c — by Villehardouin and Otho de la Boche, spring 1209 — taken by Villehardouin, 1247 « — taken by_ Morosini, 7 Aug. 1687 — taken by Ali Oomourgi, 25 Jun. to 3 Aug. 1715^ a Eratosth. b Mailer. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. e Finlay. Corinth, V. S., — occupied and fortified by Gen. Beauregard, Mar. 1862- evacuated by Confederates, 29 May 1862— the Federals de- feated by Gen. Bosecranz at, 4 Oct. 1862. Corinth, Isthmus of, — fortified by Justinian, before 565 — fortifications repaired by Manuel II., 141 3 — demolished by Amurath II., 1445"- — restored by Venetians, i687. a a Finlay. Corinthian War,— [B C]— battle of Haliar- tus, 395 — Agesilaos recalled from Asia, 394 — battle of Corinth, about midsummer — of Cni- d.us, before 14 Aug. — on the borders of Bceo- tia, 12 Aug.— battle of Coroneia, after 14 Aug. — sedition at Corinth, 393 — battle of Lechaeum, 393 — Pharnabazus and Conon ra- vage coasts of Peloponnesus, spring 393 — Athens restores the long walls of Corinth, 393 — Teleutias cooperates with Agesilaos, 393 — Lacedaemonians invade Corinth, summer 392 — Iphicrates cuts off a mora, 392 — expedition of Agesilaos into Acarnania, summer 391 — Acar- nanians submit to Lacedaemonians, beginning of winter 390 — expedition of Agesipolis into Ar- golis, 390 — Teleutias captures Athenian ships sent to Cyprus, 390 — Thrasybulus sent to op- pose Teleutias, 390 — Thrasybulus slain at Aspendus, beginning 389 — Agyrrhius suc- ceeds him at Aspendus, beginning 389 — Iphi- crates sent to the Hellespont, 389 — Hierax Lacedaemonian commander, 388 — Antalkidas Lacedaemonian commander, 388 — Mcolochus besieged at Abydos by Iphicrates, 388 — Chabrias sent to Cyprus to aid Evagoras, 388 — Peace of Antalkidas, excepting Cyprus .. and Evagoras, about autumn 387. Corio, Bernardino, historian, — ft. at Milan, 1459 — fr-> I 5 I 9- Milanese History, §-c, 1503. Coriolano, Eartolomeo, Cav., engraver, — h. at Bologna, 1590 — works at Bologna, 1630- 47 a - — Cavaliere di Loretto, by Urban VIII., 1636 — tf., 1654. Fall of the Giants, 1638.* a Nagler. Coriolano, Cristoforo, (Christoph Xederer,) engraver, — rj. at Hiirnberg, i56o, a about 1540 b — goes to Italy, about 1560° — tr. there, d at Bologna, e Venice/ 1600. Portraits in Vasari, 1568. a Huber and others. b Malpe. c Ticozzi. d Nagler. e Biog. Univ. f Ersch and Gruber and Engl. Cyc. Coriolano, Giambattista, painter, engraver, — b. at Bologna, 1595? — tf., 1649. Coriolanus, C. (Cn.) Marcius, — [B c] — 24* 37* CORIPPUS— CORNELIUS. mythical hero, 470-450^ about 48 8. b a Niebuhr. h Visscher. Corippus, Flav. Cresconius, poet, — fl., 550- 580. Cork, city, in Ireland, — English colony and royal garrison, 1172— taken by Marlborough, 1690. Diocese of, united to Cloyne, about 1464 — with Cloyne annexed to Ross, 1586 — separ- ated with Ross from Cloyne, 1678 — the three united again, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. Cork, Richard Boyle, Eaul of, statesman, — ft. at Canterbury, 3 Oct. 1566 — goes to Dub- lin, Jun. 1588 — Ivnt, by Sir G. Carew, Lord- deputy of Ireland, 1603 — Privy Councillor for province of Minister, 1606 — for Ireland, 16 12 — raised to the peerage, 16 16 — created Earl of Cork, 1620 — Lord Justice of Ireland, 1629 — Lord Treasurer, 163 1 — raises and maintains two troops of horse, 1642 — tf., 15 Sep. 1643,* l644. b a Chalmers. b Engl. Cyc. Cork and Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of, — ft., 2 Feb., a Jun. b 1707 — D.C.L. Oxford, and F.R.S., 1743 — Earl of Cork, 1753 — in Italy, 1754-5 — tf. at Marston, 16 JS"ov. 1762. Pliny's Letters, 175 1 — Letters from Italy, 1774. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Cormontaingne, Louis de, military engineer, ■ — fj., about 1695 — enters corps of Engineers, 17 1 3 — engaged at principal sieges, 1713-45 — tf. Marechal de Camp, 20 Oct. 1752. (Euvres, 1806-9. Corn Laws, in England, — prohibition of ex- portation, by Stat. 34 Edw. III. c. 20, 1 360-1 — exportation permitted by Stat. 17 Ric. II. c. 7, 1394, and 4 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1425 — export limited according to price by Act 15 Hen. VI. c. 2, 1436, and 23 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1444 — import limited according to price by Act 3 Edw. IV. c. 2, 1463 — export prohibited except by licence from the crown, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1534— regulated by Acts 1 and 2 Ph. and Mar. c. 5, 1554, and 5 Eliz. c. 5, s. 26, 1562 — per- mitted on payment of certain duties, by Act 13 Eliz. c. 13, 1570 — prices raised by Acts 2 Jac. I. c. 25, 1604; 21 Jac. I.e. 28, 1624; 12 Car. II. c. 4, 1660; 15 Car. II. c. 7, 1663 — per- mitted on payment of duties, by Act 22 Car. II. c. 13, 1670 — encouraged by bounties, by Act 1 Wm and Mar. c. 12, 1689— duties abolished by Act 11 and 12 ^\ T m III. c. 20, 1700— pro- visions against fraudulent importation, by Act 5 Geo. II. c. 12, 1732 — violent attempts to hinder exportation or transport, made punish- able by Act 11 Geo. II. c. 22, 1738 — importa- tion at nominal duties allowed and former bounties repealed by Act 13 Geo. III. c. 43, 1773 — new system introduced by Act 31 Geo. III. c. 30, 1791, and by Act 44 Geo. III. c. 109, 1804 — bounties and duties abolished by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 69, 17 Jun. 18 14— gradu- ated scale of duties (Peel's ' Sliding Scale ') established by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, 15 Jul. 1828 —new scale of duties, under Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 14, 29 Apr. 1842 — abolished, by Act 9 and 10 Me. c. 22, 26 Jun. 1846. Corn Laws, at Home,— [BC]— Lex Frumen- taria of C. Sempronius Gracchus, for sale of wheat at low prices, 123 — Lex Appuleia, lower- ing the price, 100 — Lex Octavia, raising it, about 9 1 — Lex Cornelia of Sulla, abrogating the former laws, 82 — Lex Terentia Cassia, restoring Lex Sempronia, 73 — Lex Clodia, gratis distri- bution of corn, 58 — number of recipients diminished by Jul. Caesar, 45 — increased at his death, 44 — diminished by Augustus, 2 — [AD] — wheaten bread distributed, before 270. Cornacchini, Tomaso, physician, — ft. at Arezzo, about 1550 — tf. Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 1605. Tabulce medicce, $c, 1605. Cornaro, (Corner Cornelio,) Flaminio, ar- chcsoloyist, — ft. at Venice, 4 Feb. 1693 — senator, 1730 — tf. at Venice, 27 Dec. 1778. Ecclesice Venetce antiquis monumentis, $c, illustratce, 1749 — Creta sacra, §c., 1755. Cornaro, Luigi, centenarian, — ft. at Venice, 1467 — tf. at Padua, 26 Apr. 1566. JDiscorsi della vita sobria, 1558. Cornaro Piscopia, Lucrezia Helena, — ft. at Venice, 5 Jun. 1646 — crowned Ph D. Padua, 1678— tf., 26 Jul. 1684. Opere, 1688. Cornax, Matthias, physician. Historia quinqliennis fere gestationis, §c, 1550 — Medicce consultationis, §c, enchiridion, 1564. Cornazzano, Antonio, miscellaneous writer, — *ft. at Placentia, 143 1 — goes to Ferrara, 1480 — tf. there, about 1500. Be re militari, 1493 ■—Proverbii in facetie, §c, 1523. Corneille, Jean Baptiste, painter, engraver, —ft. at Paris, 1646,* 2 Dec. 1 649 b — received at the Academy, 3 Jan. 1675 b — tf. at Paris, 12 Apr. 1695. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Corneille, Michel, painter, engraver, — ft. at Orleans, i6oi, a 1603 b — one of the founders of Academy of Painting, 1648 — tf. rector of the Academy, 13 Jun., c 16 Jul. d 1664. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Jal. d Yillot. Corneille, Michel, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1642, a 1 644 b — admitted to Academy of Paint- ing, 19 Sep. 1663° — tf. at Paris, 16 Aug. 1708.° a D'Argenville. b Michaud. c Jal. Corneille, Pierre, dramatist, — ft. at Rouen, 6 Jun. 1606 — admitted to French Academy, 1647 — tf. dean of the Academy, 1 Oct. 1684. Me- lite, 1625 — Le Cid, 1636 — Les Horaces, Cinna, 1639 — Folyeucte, 1640 — (Edipe, 1659. Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, §c, — ft. at Rouen, 20 Aug. 1625 — admitted to French Academy, 1684 — pensionary of Academy of Inscriptions, 1701 — if. at Andelys, 1709. (Em-res dramatiques, 1722 — Lictionnaire des arts et de sciences, §c, 1694 — Lictionnaire universe], ge'ographique et historique, 1708. Cornejo, Pedro, historian, — tf. at Salamanca, 31 Mar. 161 8. Compendio y b'reve relacion de la liga, 1590. Cornelia, ' mother of the Gracchi] — [B C] — marries T. Sempr. Gracchus, 169. Cornelianus, — Consul with Perpetuus, (990, A. U. C.) 237. Cornelisz, Cornells, (Cornelius van Haarlem,) painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 1562 — assists in founding Academy of Painting, 1595— tf. there, 1638. Cornelisz. [Vermeyen.] Cornelius a Lapide, (Ccrneille van den CORNELIUS— CORONEIA. 373 Stecn,) theologian, — ft. in Liege, about 1570 — ' enters the Order of Jesuits, 1592 — Prof. He- brew and Theology, Louvain, about 1596— Prof, at Rome, 16 17— tf. at Rome, 12 Mar. 1637. Commentarius in sacram Scripturam, 1614- 45- Cornelius, Peter von, painter, — ft. at Diis- seldorf, i6, a 23 b Sep. i787, a 1783 b — removes to Frankfort, 1810 — goes to Rome, 181 1 — with Overbeck applies himself to fresco-painting ; as Director, reorganizes Academy of Dlissel- dorf, 1 8 19 — Director of Academy of Munich, 1825 — visits Rome, 1833 — visits Paris, 1839° — called to Berlin by Frederick William IV., 1 841 — visits England, aut. 1841 — visits Rome again, 1853 — tf-, 7 Mar. 1867. Designs for the Villa Massimi, before 1820 — Frescoes of the Glyptothek, 1820-30 — Frescoes of Luclwigs Kirche, 1830-35 — Frescoes of the Campo Santo, Berlin, 1841 — Frescoes in the Finacothek, fin- ished, 1 841 — Cartoon of the Four Horsemen, 1848. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Vapereau. Cornet, Mathieu Augustin, Count de, Peer op France, — ft. at Nantes, 19 Apr. 1750 — imprisoned at Paris, Jan. 1794 — member of Council of Ancients, 1797 — President, 19 Aug. 1799 — Senator, 24 Dec. 1799 — Com- mander of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — Count of the Empire, 18 10 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 30 Jul. 181 1 — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 4 May 1832. Corneto, Adriano. [Castellesi.] Corney, Bolton, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Greenwich, 1784— tf. there, 1 Sep. 1870. New Curiosities of Literature, 1838 — editions of GolcUmitlis Foetical Works, 1846 — Voyage of Sir LL. Middleton to Bantam, §c, 1855 — and Locke's Conduct of the Understanding, 1859. Cornhert, (Coornhert,) Diedrich, (Dirk,) Volkertszoon, engraver, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1522 — imprisoned at the Hague, 1568^ 1567 b — Secretary of State, 1572 — tf. at Gouda, 29 Oct. 1590. Werken, 1630. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Corniani, Giovanni Battista, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near Brescia, 1742 — tf. at Brescia, Oct. 1 81 3. Secoli della letteratura Ltaliana, §e., 1804-13. Cornicen, Postumus iEbutius Elva, — [B C] — Consul with M. Fabius Yibulanus, (312, a. u. c.) 442. Cornides, Daniel von, historian, fc, — ft., 1732 — studies at Erlangen, 1754 — librarian, Prof. Diplomacy and Heraldry, Univ. of Pesth, 1784 — tf., 4 Oct. 1787. Reges Hungarice, qui seculo XL. regnavere, 1778 — Bibli&theca Run- garica, §c, 1792 — Commentatio de religione veterum Rungarorum, 1791. Cornificius, L., — [BC]— commands for Oc- tavianus against Sex. Pompeius, 38-36 — Consul with Sex. Pompeius, (719, a. u. c.) 35. Cornificius, Q., — [B C]— quaestor _ to Caesar, 48 — augur, 47 — governor of Syria, 45 — of Africa Vetus, 44 — defeated and killed by T. Sextius. Cornille, (Comeille,) Engelbrechtsen,i?aw£- er, — 3b. at Leyden, 1468— tf., 1533. Cornille, Kunst, painter, — ft. at Leyden, about 1493 — tf., 1544. Cornuti, Jacques Philippe, botanist, — ft. at Paris, about 1600— tf., 23 Aug. 1651. Ca- nadensium plantarum, §c, historia, 1635. Cornutus, L. Annaeus, Aristotelian com- mentator and philosopher,— banished by Nero, 68. a a Hieron. Cornwall, Duchy of, — settled on Prince of Wales for the sovereign's life, 1337. Cornwall, Richard, Earl of, Ring or the Romans, — ft. at Winchester, 5 Jan. 1209 — ■ commands expedition to Guienne, 1225 — takes the cross, 1236 — sets out for Palestine, 1240 — returns to England, Jan. 1242 — accompanies Henry III. to France, 1242 - — deprived of- Guienne, 1242 — escapes to England, 1242 — marries Sanchia of Provence, 1243 — crowned King of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, 17 May 1257 — returns to England, Jan. 1259 — revisits Germany, 1260 and 1262 — taken prisoner by De Montfort at the battle of Lewes, 13 May 1264 — returns to Germany, 1268 — holds diet at Worms, 1269 — marries Beatrice von Falken- stein, and returns to England, 1269 — tf., 2 Apr. 1272. Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis, Governor- general of India, — ft., 31 Dec. 1738 — aide- de-camp to Marquis of Granby, serves in Seven Years' War, 1761 — succeeds to the peerage, 1762 — aide-de-camp to the king, 1765 — governor of the Tower, 1770-82 — serves in America under Howe and Clinton, 1776-79 — defeats General Gates at Camden, 16 Aug. 1780 — and General Green at Guilford, 15 Mar. 17 81 — besieged at York Town, surrenders, 19 Oct. 17 8 1 — again governor of the Tower, 1784- 1 805 — K.G., 1786 — Governor-general and Commander-in-chief, Bengal, 17 86 — invades Mysore, and captures Bungalore, Mar. 1791 — attacks Seringapatam, and concludes treaty with Tippoo Saib, Mar. 1792 — returns to England, created Marquis, and appointed Mas- ter-general of the Ordnance, 1792-3 — Lo d- lieutenant of Ireland, 1798-1801 — Plenipo- tentiary to France, negotiates Treaty of Amiens, 1 80 1 -2 — Governor-general of India, 1804 — tf. at Ghazipore, 5 Oct. 1805. Cornwallis, William, Admiral, — ft., 25 Feb. 1744— Lieut. R.N.,i 761 — Captain, 1765— com- mands under Sir S. Hood, in the West Indies, 1781-82 — commander of English station in the East Indies, 1783 — takes Pondicherry, Aug. 1793— Vice-admiral, 4 Jul. 1794— engagement with French off Brest, 17 Jun. 1795 —Ad- miral, Feb. 1799 — K.C.B., 1816 — tf., 5 Jun. 1819.. ft Corcebus, {Koroibos,) Victor at Olympia, mythic,— [BC]- (01. 1,) 776. Corcebus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 118, 3,) 306. Coronation, — first performed by a clergy- man ; Leo I. crowned by Anatolius, 457. Coronation Oath, in England, — new, ap- pointed by 1 Wm and Mar. c. 6. 1689. Coroneia, — [B C] — defeat of the Athenians by Boeotians, 447 — Agesilaos defeats allied Greeks at, few days after 14 Aug. 394, "4 CORONELLI— CORTEZ. Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geographer, — 6. at Venice, 1650 — cosmographer to the republic, 1685 — General of the Order of Minimes, 1702 — tf. at Venice, Dec. 17 18. Memorie istorico gcografche del regno della Morea, $c, 1685 — Atlante Veneto, 1690 — Isolario, 1696. Coroner, in England, — empowered to hold inquests in cases of sudden death by Act 4 Edw. I. st. 2, 1276. Corporation Act, — 13 Car. II. st. 2, c. 1, 1661 — repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828— [Municipal Corporations.] Corr, Erin, engraver, — b. at Brussels, 1803 — tf. at Paris, 1862. Corrado, Giaquinto, a ( Carlo, h ) painter, — 6. at Molfetta,* Xaples, b 1693- — goes to Madrid, 1753— rj. at Naples, 1765,* 1768. b a Biog. Catalogue. b Xagler. Corrado, Quinto Mario, — b. at Oria, (Naples,) 1508' — tf. there, 1575. Epistols, 1565 — Be lingua lalina, 1569. Corrado, Sebastiano,— Prof. Ancient Litera- ture, Bologna, 1545 — tf. at Reggio, 19 Aug. 1557. In M. T. Ciceronis qusstura, 1537 — Qusstura, §c., 1538 — Pgnatius, 1555. Correa, Louis, historian. Conquista del regno de Navarro, 15 13. Correa, Manoel, — tf. at Lisbon, about 1600. Commentary on Camoens, 161 3. Correa de Serra, Jose Francisco, botanist, — ft. at Serpa, Portugal, 1750 — perpetual secre- tary of Academy of Sciences, Lisbon, 1779 — retires to France, 1786 — F.R.S. London, before 1797 — correspondent of the Institute, about 1 8 10 — visits United States, 181 3 — Plenipo- tentiary to the government of the U.S., 1816- 20— member of Council of Finance, Lisbon, 1819 — Deputy to the Cortes, 1823 — tf. at Calclas da Rainha, n Sep. 1823. Collecedo de livros ineditos da historia Pcrtugueza, 1790- 1816. Correggio, {Antonio Allegri,) painter, — B. at Correggio, 1493-4 ? — in reputation at Parma, 15 19 — marries, 1520 — tf. at Correggio, 5 Mar. 1534. Ascension, Parma, 1520-4 — Assumption, 1522-30 — St Jerome, 1524 — Madonna della Scodella, 1530 — Penitent Mag- dalen, 1533. Corresponding Society, — established at Lon- don, about 1792 — meetings of, in Copenhagen Fields, Oct. to Nov. 1795 and 12 Nov. 1796 — the leaders arrested, 28 Jul. 1797. Corrodi, Heinrich, philosopher, theologian, — h. at Zurich, 1752 — Prof, of Natural and Moral Law there, 1786— tf., 14 Sep. 1793. Kritische Geschichte des Chiliasmus, 17 8 1-3 — Versuch eincr Belcuchtung dcr Geschichte des Judischcn und Christlichen Bibelkanons, i*]()i — Philosophische Aufsatze und Gcsprdche, 1786- 91 — Beitriige zur Befdrderung des vcrnunftigen Denkens in Religion, 1780-93. Corsica,— [B C] — ravaged by the Romans, 259 — subject to Rome, 238 — subjugated, 236- 230 — [AD] — ravaged by Vandals, about 456-70 — conquered for Eastern Empire by Belisarius, 533 — coasts ravaged by Lombards, 580 — con- quered by Franks, about 754 — invaded by Saracens, 806 — conquered by them, 850 — in- surrection, independent government established, 1002 — annexed to Holy See, by Gregory VII. , 1077 — administration of, entrusted by him to bishops of Pisa ; sold to bishops of Pisa by Urban II., 1091 — seizure of Bonifazio by the Genoese, H95 a — the Pisans defeated and ex- pelled by Genoese, 1284 — offered by the pope to James II., a (Alfonso, b ) of Aragon, 1297 ;i — submits to Genoese, 1 347 — revolts against them, 1380 — transferred to Duke of Milan, 1466 — ■ given up to Genoese, 1480 — subject to the Company of St George, 1485 — ceded to Genoese by Treaty of Cateau Cambresis, 1559 — begins revolt, 1729 — Theodore von Neuhof king, 1736— subdued by the French, 1739 — evacuated by them, 1741 — freed from Genoese by Pas- quale Paoli, 1755 — claims of Geneose resigned to French, 1768 — conquered by the French, May 1769 — the French expelled, "placed under protection of England, 1793 — retaken by French, 1796 — occupied a few months by Eng- lish, 18 14. a Engl. Cyc. b Eneyc. Mod. Corsini, Bartolonieo, poet, — tf., 1675. Tor- rachione desolato, 1768 — translation of Ana- creon, 1672. Corsini, Edward, antiquary, — fc. in Modena, 4 Oct. 1702 — Prof. Logic, Pisa, 1735 — Prof. Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy, 1746 — tf. at Pisa, 27 Nov. 1765. Fasti Attici, 1744-61 — Dissertatio IV. Agonistics, 1747 — Inst it u- tiones philosophies, §c, 1731 — Plementi di matematica, 1735. Cort, Cornells, engraver, — fc. atHoorn, 1536 — tj. at Rome, 1578. Martyrdom of St Law- rence, 157 1 — Diana and Callisto, 1566. Corte, Girolamo dalla, historian, — tf., about 1600. History of Verona, 1594. Corte, Juan de la, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1587 — tf. there, 1660. Cortenuova,— Frederick II. defeats Milanese at, 27 Nov. 1237.* a Kington. Cortereal, {Corte Peal.) Gasparo, maritime explorer,- — explores Labrador, «fcc, 1500 — em- barks at Lisbon for Arctic seas, 15 May 1501 — his brother Miguel sent in search of him, 1502 — another searching expedition, 1503. Cortereal, Jeronymo, poet, — commands expe- dition against Moors of Africa and Asia, 157 1 — tf. at Evora, before 1593. Austriada, 1578. Cortes, The, of Spain, — deputies from the towns to, about 11 88 — dissolved by Charles V., 1538 — abolished by Philip II., 1556-98 — as- semble at Cadiz, 24 Sep. 18 10 — proclaim a con- stitution, 1 812 — abolish the Inquisition; dis- solved by Ferdinand VIL, spring 18 14 — re- stored by him, 1820 — again dissolved by the French, 1823 — restored, 10 Apr. 1834 — assem- ble, early in 1837 — publish a constitution, 16 Jun. 1837 — suspended, 27 Dec. 1843— sum- moned again, 1 844 — reestablished by Espartero, 1848. Cortesi, Giovanni Battista, physician, — n. at Bologna, 1554 — Prof. Anatomy, Messina, 1598 — tf. at Bologna, 1636. Miscellaneorum viedicinalium decades dens, §c., 1625 — Practica Medic ins, 1635. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, — fc. at Medellin, in Estremadura, 1485 — goes to St COETI— COSMAS. 375 Domingo, 1504 — distinguishes himself under Velasquez in the conquest of Cuba, 15 11 — as captain-general of the Armada, embarks at Sant Iago for Mexico, 18 Nov. 15 18 a — defeats Indi- ans and takes Tabasco, 15 19 — founds Vera Cruz, 15 19 — destroys his fleet, i5i9 a — massacre at Cholula, 1519 — ascent of Popocatepetl, 1519 — captures Mexico, Montezuma submitting to him, 8, a i8 b Nov. 15 19 — defeats and captures Narvaez, 1520— storms the great temple, i52o a — evacuates Mexico, beginning Jul. — great slaughter of the Spaniards : defeats the Mexi- cans at Otumba, 8 Jul. 1520a — returns in triumph to Tlascala, Dec. 1520 — begins siege of Mexico, May 152 1 — the city surrenders, 15 Aug. 15 2 1 — a commissioner sent to arrest him, Dec. 152 1 — confirmed in his powers by the emperor, 15 Oct. 1522 a — goes to Honduras, 1524 — returns to Mexico, Jun. 1526 — returns to Spain, May 1528 — created Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca, 6 Jul. 1529a — returns to Mexico, spring 1530— discovers California, 1533 — returns to Spain, 1540 — follows Charles V. to Algiers, 1541 — xj. near Seville, 2 Dec. 1547 a — his remains removed to Tezcuco,i562 — again, to Mexico, 1629. a Prescott. b Engl. Cyc. Corti, Matteo, (Curthcs,) physician, — ft. at Pavia, 1475— Prof. Medicine there, 1497-1515 — Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 1515-24 — Prof. Medi- cine, Padua, 1524 — Physician to Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1541 — Prof. Medicine, Pisa, 1543 — o\ there, 1544. Qucestio de phlebotomia in pleuresi, §c, 1534 — Be curandis febribus, §c, 1561. Corticelli, Salvadore, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Bologna, 1690 — enters Order of Barna- bites, 1718 — xj., 5 Jan. 1758. Begole ed osser- vazioni della lingua Toscana, 1745 — Bella Tos- cana Bloquenza, 1752 — edition of the Became- rone, 1751. Cortona, Fietro da, (Berrettini,) painter, — ft. at Cortona, 1 Nov. 1596 — xj., 16 May 1669. Coruna, {Corunna,) in Spain, — Spanish Ar- mada refitted at, May 1588— repulse of Soult by Sir John Moore, death of Sir John 'Moore, 16 Jan. 1809. Coruncanius, Tib., jurist, — [B C] — Consul with P. Valerius Laevinus, commands in Etruria, (474, a. u. c.) 280 — triumphs over Vulsini and Volci, 28o, a — censor, 270 — pontifex maximus, about 254 — dictator, 246 — ft., soon after. Corvetto, Lodovico Emmanuelo, statesman, — ft. at Genoa, 11 Jul. 1756 — Councillor of State, Officer of Legion of Honour, by Napoleon L, 1 805 — goes to Paris, 1 806 — Minister of Finance, 18x5-18 — Minister of State, 18 18 — ft. at Genoa, 23 May 1822, a i82i. b a Biog. Univ. b Erscb. and Gruber. Corvinus. [Matthias Corvinus.] Corvinus, Johann Arnold, jurist, — ft. at Leyden, about 1590— xj. Prof. Jurisprudence at Amsterdam, 1650. Enchiridion juris civilis, 1640 — Elementa juris civilis, 1645. Corvinus, M. Valerius, — [BC]— Consul vifh Q. Coedicius Noctu*, (465, a. u. c.) 289. Corvinus, M. Valerius Messalla. [Mes- salla.] Corvinus, T. Statilius Taurus, — Consul with M. Vinicius, (798, a. u. c.) 45. Corvinus de Belderen, Arnold, jurist. Bosthumus Bacianus, 1643 — Jurisprudentice Bo?nance summarium, 1655. Corvisart-Desmarets, Jean Nicolas, physi- cian, — ft. at Dricourt, (Champagne,) 15 Feb. 1755 — received Doctor-regent of the Faculty, 1782— Prof. Clinical Medicine, Hospital of La Charite, 1788— Prof. Practical Medicine, Col- lege de France, 1797— surgeon to Napoleon I., 1802-14 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1803 — member of Institute, 181 1 — honorary member of Boyal Academy of Medicine, 1820 — ft., 18 Sep. 1 82 1 . Bssais sur les maladies et les lesions organiques du cceur, §c, 1806. Corvus, M. Valerius,— [BC] — ft., about 371 — trio, milit. under Camillus against the Gauls, 349 — Consul with M. Popillius Lsenas, (406, a. u. c.) 348 — Consul with C. Poetilius Libo Visolus, war and triumph over Volsci, (403,) 346 — Consul with A. Corn. Cossus Arvina, de- feats Samnites at Mount Gaurus and Suessula and triumphs, (411,) 343 a — dictator, war in Campania, 342 — Consul with M. Atilius Begu- lus, storms Cales, (419.) 335 s — interrex, 332 — legatus to dictator Papirius Cursor, serves against Samnites, prastor 4th time, 309 — dic- tator against Marsians and Etruscans, 301 — Consul with Q. Appuleius Pansa, (454,) 300 — Consul sitffectus (in place of T. Manilas Tor- quatus) with M. Fulvius Ptetinus, (455,) 299 — Xj., about 271. a Visscber. Coryat, Thomas, traveller, — ft. at Odcombe, in Somersetshire, 1577 — travels in Em-ope, 1608 — sets out for the East, 161 2— rj. at Surat, Dec. 1617. Coryat' 's Crudities, 161 1. Cos, — [BC]— given to Skythes, tyrant of Zancle, by Persian king, 497 — taken "by Arte- misia, about 484 — [AD] — made free state by Claudius, between 41-54. Cosa, — [BC] — colony from Eome, 273. Cosenza, (Consortia,) in Italy, — death and burial of Alaric at, autumn 410. Cosimo, Piero di, painter, — ft. at Florence 1462 — assists Cosimo Eoselli at Eome, about 1480, seqq. — tf., 152 1. Cosimo Eoselli. [Eoselli.] Cosin, John, Bp of Durham,— ft. at Nor- wich, 1594 — D.D. Cambridge, 1628 — Master of Peterhouse, 1634 — Vice-chancellor of the Univ., 1640 — Dean of Peterborough, 1640 — ■ deprived and impeached, 1642— joins in sending the Univ. plate to Charles I., and is ejected from his mastership, 1642 — retires to France, 1642 — Bp of Durham, Nov. 1660 — xj., 15 Jan. 1672. Cosmao-Kerjulien, Admiral, — ft. at Cha- teaulin, 1759 — Captain, 1793 — distinguishes himself at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1803— xj., Feb. 1816. Cosmas, of Jerusalem, hymnologist, — Bp Mai- uma, (Palestine,) about 743, 73o. a a Zedler. Cosmas, of Prague, chronicler, — ft., 1045 — xj., 21 Oct. 1 1 26. Cosmas Indicopleustes, maritime discoverer, — makes his voyage to the Indies, about 522 a — writes his Topograph ia Christiana, 535- 547. a a Gibbon. 37 6 COSME— COSTELLO. Cosme, Jean Baseilhac, (& Frere,) surgeon, — b., 5 Apr. 1703— enters the Order of Feuil- LTnts, 1729— tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 17 81. Recucil des pieces importantcs conccrnant la taille par le lithotome cache, 1751 — JSfouvclle methode d 1 extra ire la pierre par-dessus le pubis, 1779. Cosmo de' Medici. [Medici.l Cossa, Balthasar. [John XXIII.] Cossacks, — accompany Ivan IV. against Turks, 1570 — settle a colony on the Don, I57 o — serve as guards of the frontier under Stephen Bathori, king of Poland, 1592 — revolt, under Chraielnicki, 1648— put themselves under protection of Russia, 1654. [Mazeppa.] Cossali, Pietro, mathematician, — b. at Verona, 29 Jim. 1748 — Prof. Astronomy, Parma, 1785-1807— Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 1807^ 1806 ll — "0. there, 20 Dec. 18 15. Storia critica delV origine, #c, delV algebra, 1797. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Cosse de Brissac, Artus de, Marshal of France, — distinguishes himself at siege of Lens, 155 1 — at defence of Metz, 1552 — super- intendent of finances, 1563 — Marshal of Prance, 1567 — distinguishes himself at battle of St Denis, 1567— imprisoned in the Bastille, 4 May I574 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 31 Dec. 1578 — tf. at Chateau de Gonnor, Anjou, 15 Feb. 1582. Cosse, Charles de, Count of Brissac, — b., about 1505 — at siege of Naples, 1528 — Grand Falconer of France, 1540 — commands cavalry in Piedmont, 1543 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1547 — Marshal of France, 1550 — Governor- general of Piedmont, 1550 — governor and Lieutenant-general of Picardy, 1559 — com- mander at Paris, 1562 — commands in Nor- mandy under the king at siege of Havre, 1563 — 1». "at Paris, Dec. 1563. Cosse, Charles II. de, Marshal of France, — serves in royal army, 1582-8 — resigns government of Paris, Marshal of France, 22 Mar. 1594— "a"., 1621. Cosse, Jean Paul Timoleon de, Marshal, Duke of Brissac, — b., 12 Oct. 1698 — at siege of Corfu, 17 16 — serves in the army, till 1768 — Marshal of France, 1768— tf., 1784. Cosse, Timoleon de, Count of Brissac, — b., 1545 — Colonel-general of infantry, 1561 — at siege of Bouen, at defence of Paris, 1562 — at siege of Lvons, Mar. 1563 — serves against the Turks in Malta, 1565 — commands at battle of St Denis, 1567 — at Jarnac, 1569 — killed at siege of Mucidan in Perigord, 28 Apr. 1569. Cossigny, Joseph Francois Charpentier de, — b. in the Mauritius, about 1731,° 1735 b — member of Academy of Sciences, 1773 — named deputy extraordinary at Paris, 1789 — tf. at Paris, 29 Mar. 1 809. Lcttre a Lcmonier sur la culture du cafe, 1773 — Essai sur la fabrication de V indigo, 1779 — Voyage a. Canton, 1798. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Cossin, Louis, engraver, — b. at Troyes, about 1633, 1 1635 b — tf. at Paris, 1682. '* Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Cossova. [Kossova.J Cossus, — [BC] — 1. Ser. Cornelius Malu- ginensis, Consul with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, (269, a. u. c.) 485. 2. L. Cornelius Malu- ginensis, Consul with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, (295,) 459. 3. A. Cornelius, Consul with T. Quinctins Pennus Cincinnatus, (326,) 428. 4. M. Cornelius, Consul with L. Furius Medul- linus, (341,) 413. 0. Cn. Cornelius, Consul with L. Furius Medullinus, (345,) 409. 6. A. Cornelius, (Arvina,) Consul with M. Valerius Corvus, (411,) 343 — with Cn. Domitius Cal- vinus, (422,) 332. 7. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, (753,) 1. Costa de Beauregard, Joseph Henri de, Marquis,— b. in Savoy, 20 Apr. 1752 — enters the army, May 1772 — signs armistice with the French, at Cherasco, Apr. 1796 — chief of the permanent staff, Jan. 1797 — tf., n Nov. 1824. Memoires historiques sur la liaison royale de Savoie, §c, 18 16. Costa, George da, Cardinal, — b. in Portu- gal, 1406 a — receives oath of Edward I. and Henry IV. of Castille for execution of treaty, 1464 — Cardinal, by Sixtus IV., 1476 — tf. Bp of Tusculum, 19 Sep. 1508. a a Biog. Univ. Costa (da). [Gonzaga.] Costa, Lorenzo, painter, — b. at Ferrara, 1460 — tf. at Mantua, 5 Mar. 1535. Madonna Enthroned, Bologna, 1488. Costa, Manoel da, Jesuit, — tf., 1604. His- toire des missions de V Orient, 157 1. Costaeus, {Costco,) Giovanni, physician, — teaches medicine at Bologna, 1581— tf. there, 1603. De venarum mesaraicarum tisu, 1565 — Annotationes in Avicennm canonem, §c, 1595 — De humani conceptus, formationis, motus et partus tempore, 1596 — De igneis medicines Frce- sidiis, 1595. Costanzi, Carlo, engraver of gems, — b- at Naples, 1703. Costanzo, Angelodi, historian, — b. atNaples, about 1507 — tf. there, 159 1. Istorie del regno di Xapoli, §c, 1582. Costard, George, astronomer, %c.,— b., about 17 10 — M.A. Oxon., 1753 — vicar of Twicken- ham, 1764 — tf. there, 10 Jan. 1782. History of Astronomy, §c, 1757, 11 1767 . b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Costaz, Louis, Baron, statesman, — b. at Belley, (l'Ain,) 17 Mar. 1767 — goes to Paris, 1787 — Prof. Mathematics there, 1789 — mem- ber of Commission of Arts and Manufactures, 1794 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — Intendant of buildings of the Crown, 1809 — Councillor of State, 3 Apr. 181 3- 15 — Officer of Legion of Honour, Apr. 181 3 — Director-gen- eral of Roads and Bridges, Nov. 181 3 — reenters Council of State, 30 Jan. 1820 — Vice-presi- dent of Geographical Society, 1829— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1831 — tf., 9 May 1842. Coste, Jean Francois, physician, — b. at Villebois-Bugey, 4 Jun. 1741 — first physician to army sent to America, 1780 — physician-in- chief to Hotel des Invalides, 1796 — fr. at Paris, 8 Nov. 1 8 19. Du service des hopitaux mili- taires ramene aux rrais principes, 1790. Costello, Dudley, journalist, miscellaneous writer, — b., 1803 — assistant to Cuvier, 1829- 31 — returns to London, 1833 — tf. there, Sep. 1865. Stories from a Screen, 1855 — Million- COSTELLO— COTTIUS. 377 naive, 1858 — Holidays ivith Hobgoblins, i860 — Italy, 1 86 1. Costello, Louisa Stuart, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Ireland, about 18 15 — rj. at Boulogne, 22 Apr. 1870. Pilgrimage to Auvergne, 1842 — Lives of Eminent Englishwomen, 1844 — Me- moirs of Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, 1853 — Memoirs of Anne of Brittany, 1855. Coster. [Koster.] Coster, Samuel, dramatist, — fi. at Amster- dam, about 1590 — tf., after 1646. Costha Ben Luka, philosopher, — fl. at Heliopolis, about (250, a. h.) 864 — ft., about 890,* about 250. b a Abulfaragius. b Casiri. Costs, in Law, — allowed to defendant in case of wardship by Stat, of Marlbridge, 52 Hen. III. c. 6, 1267 or 1269 — made recoverable by demandant by Stat, of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I. c. 1, s. 2, 1278 — allowed to defendant in personal actions by Stat. 23 Hen. VIII. c. 15, 1531-2 — taxing, regulated by Act 2 Geo. II. c. 23,1729 ■ — double or treble costs abolished by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 1842 — the crown to pay or receive in civil cases, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 90, 14 Aug. 1855. Cosway, Richard, painter, — ft. at Tiverton, 1740 — E.A., 1771 — ft., 1821. Cota, Rodrigo, poet, — writes first Act of Celestina, forerunner of Spanish secular drama, 1480. Cotelier, Jean Baptiste, (Cotelerius,) Hel- lenist,— b. at Nismes, 1629,* 1627 b — Fellow of the Sorbonne, 1649 — assists Ducange in pre- paring catalogue of Greek MSS. in Eoyal Library, 1667 — Prof. Greek, College de France, 1674,8 1676 b — rj., 12 Aug. 1686. SS. Batrum qui temporibus apostolicis fioruerunt opera, 1672 — Ecclesice Grcecce monumenta et analecta, 1672-86. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gvuber. Cotes, Francis, painter, — ft. in London, 1725 — takes part in founding Eoyal Academy, 1768 — o". in London, 20 Jul. 1770. Cotes, Roger, mathematician, — ft. at Eur- bage, in Leicestershire, 1 o Jul. 1 682 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, Apr. 1699 — Fellow of his Coll., 1705 — M.A., Plumian Prof. Astronomy, 1706 — takes orders, 1713 — tf., '5 Jun. 1716. Harmonia Mensurarum, §c., 1722 — edits New- ton* s Brincipia, 17 13. Cothb-Eddyn, Mohammed, historian, — tf., (988, a. h.) 1580-1. Cothb-Eddyn-Shirazy, Mahmoud Ben Ma- soud, philosopher,- — 1>. at Shiraz, (634, A. h.) 1236-7 — tf., (710,) 1310-11. Cotman, John Sell, artist, engraver, — b. at Norwich, about 1780 — goes to France, 1817 — teacher of Drawing, King's College, London, about 1834 — ft. there, 28 Jul. 1842. Miscel- laneous etchings of Architectural Antiquities in Yorkshire, 1812 — Architectural Antiquities of Norfolk, 1 812-17 — Sepulchral brasses in Nor- folk, 1813-16 — Architectural Antiquities of Normandy, 1820. Cotta, C. Aurelius, — [B C] — 1. Consul with P. Servilius Geminus, (502, a. u. c.) 252 — again, (506,) 248 — victories over Carthaginians in Sicily, 252 and 248. 2. Consul with P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus, (554,) 200. 3. Orator, o., 124— goes into voluntary exile, 91- 82 — Consul with 0. Octavius, (679,) 75 — Pro- consul in Gaul, 74 — Xf. before his undeserved triumph. Cotta, L. Aurelius, — [BC] — 1. Consul -with Ser. Sulpicius Galba, (610, a. tj. c.) 144. 2. Consul with L. Caecilius Metellus, (635,) 119. 3. Consul with L. Manlius Torquatus, (689,) 65. Cotta, M. Aurelius,— [BC]— 1. Consul with L. Licinius Lucullus, (680, a. tj. c.) 74 — defeated by Mithridates. 2. [A D] — Consul with M. Valerias Messala, (773,) 20. Cotta, Giovanni, poet, — h. near Verona, about 1483,* 1479 b — l° ses his MSS. at battle of Agnadello, 1509 — envoy to Pope Julius II. ; ft. at Viterbo, about 151 i, a i5io. b Carmina, 1527. a Chalmers. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Cotta, Giovanni Battista,i?o^,— b. atTende, (Nice,) 20 Feb. 1688 — Prof. Logic, Florence, 1693 — if. at Tende, 31 May 1738. Bio, sonetti ed inni, con note, 1709. Cotta, Johann Friedrich, theologian, — b. at Tubingen, 1701 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages, Gottingen, 1736 — at Tubingen, 1739 — Chancellor of University, 1777 — **• there, 31 Dec. 1779. Edition of Gerhard's Loci Theologici, 1762-77 — translation of Josephus, 1736 — Entwurf einer ausfiihrlichen Kirchenhistorie des Nenen Testaments, 1768-73. Cotta de Cottendorf, Johann Friedrich, bookseller, statesman, — h. at Stuttgard, 27 Apr. 1764 — settles at Tubingen, 1787 — envoy from the States of Wurtemberg to France, 1799 — settles at Stuttgard, 1810 — deputy to the Diet of Wurtemberg, 18 15— at Congress of Vienna, 1 8 15 — member of Second Chamber, 18 19 — Vice-president of Second Chamber, 1824 — sent to Berlin to conclude Treaty of Commerce, 1828 — Privy Councillor of Prussia, 1828 — If. at Stuttgard, 29 Sep., a Dec. b 1832 — founds the Allgemeine Zeituug, 1798. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Cotte, Robert de, architect, — b. at Paris, 1656 — Director of Academy of Architecture, 1699 — first architect of the king, vice-pro- tector of Academy of Painting, 1708 — tf. at Passy, 1735. Cottenham, Charles Christopher Pepys, Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, — b. in London, 29 Apr. 1781- — LL.B. Cam- bridge, 1803 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 23 Nov. 1804— Solicitor-general to Queen Adelaide, 1830 — to the King, Feb. 1834 — Knt ; M.P. High am Ferrers, Jul. 1831 — Master of the Eolls, Sep. 1834 — Commissioner of the Great Seal, Apr. 1835 — Lord Chancellor, 16 Jan. 1836 — raised to the Peerage, same time : resigns, Sep. 1 841 —reinstated, Aug. 1846 to Jun. 1850 — Earl, Jun. 1850 — ft. in Italy, 29 Apr. 1 85 1. Cottereau, Thomas Jules Armand, jurist,— b. at Tours, 1733 — 3?. there, 28 Nov. 1809. Broit generate de la France, §c, 1778-88. Cottin, Sophie Ristaud, novelist, — h. at Tonneins, 1773 — "0. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1807. Malvina, 1801 — Mathilde, 1805 — Elisabeth, on les exiles de Sibevie, 1806, Cottius, M. Julius; Cottian Alps, — [BC] 378 COTTLE— COURIER. — Ligurian cliief, made praefect of Cottian Alps by Augustus, about 40 — makes roads, triumphal arch, &c, 8 — [AD] — 011 bis death his son, M. Jul. Cottius, made king by Claudius, 44 — reduced to province by Nero, about 60. Cottle, Joseph, publisher, litterateur, — ft., 1774,* about 1770 b — gives up book trade, autumn 1798 — "Cf. near Bristol, 7 Jun. 1853. Recollections of Coleridge, 1837. a Engl. Cyc. b Gent. Mag. Cotton, Charles, poet, translator, — ft. at Beresibrd Hall, Staffordshire, 1630 — tf. at Westminster, 1687. Scarronides, 1678 — trans- lation of Montaigne's Essays, (4th ed.,) 17 11 ■ — Complete Angler, 1676. Cotton, George Edward Lynch, Bp of Cal- cutta, — ft. at Chester, 181 3 — B.A. Cambridge, 1836— Head Master of Marlborough Coll., 1852 — Bp of Calcutta, 1858 — drowned at Kooshtea, 6 Oct. 1866. Cotton, (Coton,) Pierre, Jesuit, — ft. at Ne- ronde, near the Loire, 1564 — Confessor to Henri IV., before 1610 — to Louis XIII., 1610-1617 — provincial of the Order, in Aqui- taine, 1623 — in Isle of France, 1626 — tf. at' Paris, 19 Mar. 1626. Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, antiquary, — ft. at Denton, Huntingdonshire, 22 Jan. 1570 — B.A., Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1585 — accompanies Camden to Carlisle, 1600 — Knt, by James I., 1603 — appointed one of the commissioners on state of the navy, 1608 — Bart., 161 1 — M.P., 1625 — if. at Westminster, 6 May 1631. Cotton Manufacture. [Spinning Jenny, Power-loom, Steam-engine, &c] Cottonian Library, — formed by Sir R. B. Cotton, who died, 1631 — partly burnt, 1731 — transferred to British Museum, 1757. Cotugno, Domenico, physician, — ft. at Ruvo, 29 Jan. 1736 — ft-, 6 Oct. 1822. Deaqueducti- bus auris humance internee dissertatio, 1761 — Letter a riguardante V electricitd d'wt sorcio, 1 7 84. Cotys, King op Thrace, — [B C] — begins to reign, 382 — obtains aid of Charidemus against Athens, 364 — Athens denies citizenship to him, 362 — bribed by Philip against Pausanias, 359 ■ — assassinated, 358. Cotys. [Paphlagonia.] Coucy, Robert de, architect, — ft., about 1250 ? a about i2oo c — completes church of St Nicasius, at Rheims, 1229 b — tf., 131 i. a Com- pletes rebuilding of Cathedral of llheims, by 1 247 . a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. c Biog. Univ. Coudray, du. [Tronson.] Coulmiers, (or Baccon,) near Orleans, — Gen. D'Aurelles de Paladine defeats Gen. von der Tann, 9-10 Nov. 1870. Coulomb Charles Augustin {Auguste) de, natural philosopher, — ft. at Angouleme, 1736 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1782^ 1 7 86 b — Intendant-general of waters and foun- tains of France, 1784 — member of Institute, 1796 — 0., 23 Aug. 1806. liecherches sur les moyens d'ezecuter sous Veau toutes sortes de travaux hydrauliques, $• County Courts, in England, {ancient,) — to be held monthly, by Acts 9 Hen. III. c. 35, 1224-5 5 and 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 25. 1548 — {new,) es- tablished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 1846 — jurisdiction extended by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 102, 22 Jul. 1847 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 61, 14 Aug. 1850; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 54, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 17 and 18 Vict. c. 16, 2 Jun. 1854 ; 19 and 20 Vic. c. 108, 29 Jul. 1856; 24 and 25 Vic. c. 134, 6 Aug. 1861 — regulated by Acts 12 and 13 Vic. c. 101, 1 Aug. 1849; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 54, 30 Jun. 1852 ; 21 and 22 Vic. c. 74, 2 Aug. 1858 — limited jurisdiction in Equity conferred on, by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 99, 5 Jul. 1865 — offices of Treasurer and of High Bailiff of, abolished by Act 29 Vict. c. 14, 23 Apr. 1866 — Admiralty jurisdiction conferred on, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 71, 31 Jul. 1868— amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 51, 2 Aug. 1869. Cour de Balleroy, Charles Auguste, Count de la, general, — ft., 25 Feb. 172 1 — enters the army, 1738 — serves in Flanders, 1742 — distin-* guishes himself atLawfeld, Jul. 1747 — at Berg- op-Zoom, 1747 — atMaestricht, 1748 — Marechal de Camp, 1758— executed, 26 Mar. 1794. Courayer, Pierre Francois le, theologian, translator, — ft. at Vernon, a Rouen, b in Nor- mandy, 17 Nov. 1 68 1 — canon of St Genevieve, 1706 — librarian, 17 11 — corresponds with Abp Wake, 1721-2 — excommunicated for his work on English ordinations, 1727 — D.D. Ox- ford, Aug. 1727 — retires to England, 1728 — ft. in London, 17 Oct. 1776. Dissertation sur la validite des ordinations des Anglais, §c, 1723 — Defense de la dissertation, 1726 — French trans- lations of Father Faul's History of Council of Trent, 1736 — and Sleidan's History of the Re- formation, 1769-77 . a Chalmers. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Courbiere, Guillaume Rene, Baron de l'Homme de, field-marshal, — ft. at Groningen, 25 Feb. 1733 — enters the army, 1747 — at the defence of Berg-op-Zoom, 1747 — enters service of Prussia, as engineer, 1757 — distinguishes himself at siege of Schweidnitz, 1758 — com- mander of free corps, 1759 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Dresden, 1760— Lieutenant- general, 1787 — Governor of Graudenz, 1798 — receives Order of the Black Eagle, 1802 — • defends Graudenz against French, 1806-7 — ■ Field-Marshal, Governor of West Prussia, 1807 — tf., Jul. 181 1. Coureelles, near Metz, — Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia defeats the French at, 14 Aug. 1870. Coureelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre Jullien de, genealogist, — ft. at Orleans, 14 Sep. 1759 — settles at Paris, 1807 — tf. at Saint Brienne, 24 Jul. 1834. Joint editor of Art de verifier les Dates, 1 82 1 — Armorial general de la chambre des pairs, 1822 — Histoire ge'ne'alogique des pairs de France, 182 1. Courier, Paul Louis, political and miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jan. 1773,* i774, b 1772° — officer of artillery, 1793 — serves in campaigns of Rome, 1798-9 — of Italy, 1806 — of Austria, 1809 — marries, 12 May 18 14 — COURLAND— COUSIN. 379 settles at Paris, 1814 — mui'dered, at Veretz, 10 Apr. 1825. (Euvres, 1834 — translation of Longus, 18 10. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Courland, Duchy of, — separated from Li- vonia, and constituted by Gothard Kettler, 1559 — he receives investiture from Sigismund Augustus, king of Poland, 156 1 — seized by Peter the Great on death of Duke Frederick "William, 17 11 — Maurice of Saxony elected by the States, 28 Jun. 1726 — but expelled by Russians, 1727 — Biren elected, by influence of the Empress Anne, 1737 — he is exiled, Nov. 1740 — governed by the States till 1759— given to Charles Christian, son of king of Poland, Jan. 1759 — restoration of Biren, expulsion of Charles Christian, 1763 — Biren' s son Peter succeeds, Nov. 1769 — annexed to Bussia, 1795. Court, {de Gebelin,) Antoine, — fc.atNismes, 1725 — goes to Paris, 1760^ 1763 c — joint founder and president of the Museum, 1780 — if. at Paris, 10, ac 13 b May 1784. Monde primttif, 1773-84. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Court Journal, London, — commenced, 1829. Courtenay, {Courtney,) "William, Abp of Canterbury, — b. at Exeter, (or Exminster,) about 1342,* 1327 b — studies at Oxford: Chancellor of the Univ., 1367 — Bp of Hereford, 17 Aug. 1369 — enthroned, 5 Sep. 1370 — Bp of London, 1375 — member of the Council of Regency, soon after ; publishes a bull of Gre- gory II. at Paul's Cross, 1376 — summoned be- fore Court of Chancery and compelled to recall his words, 1376 — opposes in Convocation the grant of a subsidy to the king, 3 Feb. 1377 — Wickliffe appears before him at St Paul's, 19 Feb. 1377 — saves the palace of the Duke of Lancaster from destruction by the mob, Lent 1377 — Abp of Canterbury, 5 Aug. 1381 — Chancellor of England, 10 Aug. 1381 — resigns the seals, 30 Nov. 1381 — officiates at marriage of Richard II. and Anne of Bohemia, 14 Jan. 1382 — crowns the Queen at West- minster; holds a synod against Wickliffe at the Grey Friars, 17 May 1382 — issues a com- mission against heresy at Oxford, 28 May 1382 — obtains the king's authority to im- prison WicklifHtes, 12 Jul. 1382 — obtains royal brief against the Univ., in support of his in- junctions, 1382 — commences his provincial visitation, 1382 — crowns Richard II. a second time, 1388 — excommunicates Lollards at Leicester, and lays the town under an inter- dict, 1 Nov. 1389 — publishes his constitution against choppe-churches, 5 Mar. 1391 — if. at Maidstone, 31 Jul. 1396. a Hoot. b Foss. Courtenay. [Peter, Kobert, Baldwin de, Emperors of the East.~) Courtepee, Claude, n. at Saulieu, 1721 — if., 1782. Description historique et topographique du duche de Bourgogne, 1774-85. Courtin, Eustache Marie Pierre Marc An- toine, b. at Lisieux, 1770 — if. at Paris, 1839. Encyclopedic moderne, 1824. Courtois, Edme Bonaventure, politician, — b. at Arcis-sur-Aube, 1756 — deputy to National Convention, 1792 — member of Council of An- I cients, 1795 — president, 20 Apr. 1797— his papers seized by order of Louis XVIII. , 1816 — if. at Brussels, 6 Dec. 18 16. Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargee de V examen des pa.picrs trouves chez Robespierre, §c, 1795 — Ma Catilinaire, $• a J 59 2b — &• a * Milan, 1630. a Biog Catalogue. b Biog. UniY. Crespi, Giovanni Battista, (II Cerana,) painter, — b. at Cerano, 1557 — rj. at Milan, 1633. Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, (Do Spagnuolo,) painter, — b. at Bologna, 16 Mar. 1665 — &., 17 Jul. 1747. Crespin, Jean, printer, — goes to Geneva with Beza and establishes a printing press, 1548 — tf. there, 1572. Livre des martyres, §c, 1554-70 — Marchand converti, 1558 — assists Bob. Constantin in his Lexicon Grceco-Latinum, 1562. Cressey, (Cressy,) Hugh. Paulin, (Serenus,) theologian, — b. at Wakefield in Yorkshire, 1605 — enters Oxford Univ., 1619 — Fellow of Merton College, 1626 — chaplain to Lord Falkland, accompanies him to Ireland, about 1638 — canon of Windsor, 1642 — abjures Protestantism, at Rome, 1646 — enters the Benedictine Order, at Douai; chaplain to Queen of Charles II., about 1660— tf. at East Grinstead, Sussex, 10 Aug. 1674. Church History of Brittany, 1668. Crestin, (Cretin,) Guillaume Dubois, (Pierre ?) poet, — tf. at Paris, about 1525. Chants royaulx, oraisons, §c, 1527. Creswell, Sir Creswell, Judge of the Court of Divorce, — b., 1794 — called to the bar, 18 19 — M.P. Liverpool, 1837 — Justice of the Com- mon Pleas, 1842 — first Judge of the Divorce Court, 1858— tf., Jul. 1863. Creswick, Thomas, painter, — b. at Sheffield, Mar. 181 1 — removes to London, about 1826 — first exhibits at Royal Academy, 1828 — A.R.A., 1842 — R.A., 1 85 1 — tf. at Bavswater, 28 Dec. 1869. Crete, — [BC] — subdued by Amphoteros for Alexander the Great, 333 — a Roman province, (01. 178, 2,) 67. [Candia.] Creutz, Gustaf Philipp, Graf von, poet, statesman, — b. in Finland, i726, a i729 b — am- bassador from court of Sweden to Madrid, 1763— negotiates (with Franklin) a treaty be- tween Sweden and United States, at Paris, 3 Apr. 1783 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1783 — tf., Chancellor of Univ. of Upsala, 1785. Atis og Camilla, 17 61. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Creutziger, (Cruciger,) Gaspard, theologian, — b. at Leipsic, 1 Jan. 1504 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1528 — assists Luther in translating Bible ; accompanies him to Conference of Mar- burg, 1529 — to Worms, 1540— at Diet of Augs- burg, 1548 — tf. at Wittenberg, 16 Nov. 1548. Creutziger, Georg, — b., 1575 — &■> 8 Jul- 1637. Karmonia linguarum quatuor car- dinalium, $c, 16 16. Creuz, Friedrich Karl Kasimir, Baron von, poet, — b. at Homburg, 24 Nov. 1724 — tf., 6 Sep. 1770. Die Grdber, 1760 — Oden tend andere Gedichte, 1769. Creuzer, Georg Friedrich, philologist, arch- ceologist, — b. at Marburg, 10 Mar. 177 1 — Prof. Eloquence there, 1802 — Prof. Philology and Ancient History, Heidelberg, 1804 — founds Philological Seminary at Heidelberg, 1807 — foreign member of French Academy of In- scriptions, 1825 — retires from Professorship, 1845— tf. at Heidelberg, 16 Feb. 1858. Sym- bolic und Mythologie der alien Vblker, 18 10- 12 — edition of Plotinus, 1835 — BZistorische Kunst der Griechen, 1803 — Dionysus, $c, 1808 — Abrissder Rom. Antiquitdten, 1824. Crevant, in France, — the English and Bur- gundians defeat the French and Scotch at, 31 Jul. 1423, Creveldt, on the Rhine, — the Count of Cler- mont defeated by Prince Ferdinand of Bruns- wick, 23 Jun. 1758. Crevenna, (Bolongaro Crevenna,) Pietro Antonio, ' bibliophile^ — tf. at Rome, 8 Oct. 1792. Catalogue raisonne de la collection de livres de Crevenna, 1776. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, — Prof. Rhetoric, College of Beauvais, — b. at Paris, 1693 — tf. there, 1 Dec. 1765. BZistoirt des empereurs Romains jusqiC d Constantin, 1756 — Histoire de Vuniversite de Paris, 1761 — Rhetorique Prancaise, 1765 — edition of Livy, I( 735-42. ^ * Crewe, Nathaniel, Bp of Durham,— b., 1633 — M.A., 1658 — in holy orders, about 1664 — Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1666 Rector of Lincoln Coll., 1668 — Bp of Oxford, 167 1 — Bp of Durham, 1674 — excepted from Act of Indemnity, 1690 — Baron Crewe of Stean, 1691 — tf., 18 Sep. 17 21. Crichton, James, (the Admirable,) — b. in Scotland, 1561^ Aug. i56o b — M.A., St Andrews, 1575 — goes to Paris, about 1578 — at Padua, 15 8 1 — assassinated by Prince of Mantua, at Mantua, 3 Jul. 1582. a Engl. Cye. b Chalmers. Crillon, Francois Felix Dorothee, Duke or, Peer op France, — b. at Paris, 22 Jul. 1748 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — Lieutenant- general, 1 Feb. 1792 — Peer of France, 17 Aug. 1 8 15 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1820. Crillon, Louis de Balbe (Balbis de Berton) de, general, — b. at Murs, (Provence,) 1541 — aide-de-camp to Duke of Guise, 1557 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Calais, 1558— defeats conspirators of Amboise, 1560 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Rouen, 1562 — wounded at battle of St Denis, 1 567 — at battle of Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — at siege of Poitiers, Jul. to Sep. 1569 — at battle of Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — and at siege of St Jean d'Angely, Oct. to Dec. 1569 — assists Venetians against Selira II. in Cyprus, 1570-71 — distinguishes himself and is wounded at siege of Rochelle, 1573— receives ci- tizenship of Venice ; Governor of Boulogne, about 1574— commands and is wounded at siege of la Fere, 1580 — Chevalier de l'ordre du St Esprit, 158 1 — Lieutenant-colonel-general of Infantry ; commands under d'Espernon in Provence, 1586 — defends Tours against the Leaguers and is wounded, 1588 — distinguishes himself at battle of Ivry, Mar. 1590— at siege of Paris, 1590— 3 86 CRILLON-MAHON— CRIMEAN WAR. commands in Savoy, 1600 — tf. at Avignon, 2 Sep. 1615. Crillon-Mahon, Louis Antoine Francois de Paule, Duke of, — fc. at Paris, 1775— exiled from the court, Aug. 1798 — governor of Tortosa, 1803 — Lieutenant-general, 1808 — Viceroy of Navarre, by King Joseph Bonaparte, about 1808 — tf. at Avignon, 5 Jan. 1832. Crillon-Mahon, Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quiers, Duke of, — fc..., 17 18 — enters the army, 1731 — serves in campaign of Italy, 1733 — taken prisoner at Landau, 1742 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1744 — at battle of Fontenoy, 1745 — distinguishes himself at battle of Mesle, 10 Jul. 1745 — Marechal de Camp., 1745 — wounded at Rosbach, named Lieutenant-general, 3 Nov. 1753 — commands at battle of Liitzel- berg, 10 Oct. 1758— enters service of Spain, 1762 — takes Minorca, 1782 — Duke of Mahon, 1782 — tf. at Madrid, 1796. Crimea, The, — [B CJ — Greek colonies in, about 550 — [Bosporus, Kingdom of ~\-—[A.T)']-— conquered by Hungarians, 464 — the Hungari- ans expelled by Justinian, about 530 — con- quered by the Khozars, 679 — invasion of, and capture of Cherson, by Vladimir, Grand Duke of Russia, 988 — invasion of, by Tatars, 1237 — in- corporated with Empire of Captchak by Batu Khan, 1240 — the Genoese obtain privileges for trade with, from the Emperor Michael Palseolo- gus, 1261 — they establish themselves in, 1270 — warbetweenGenoeseandTatars,i342 — Khanate, about 1407 — Hadji-Gherai becomes sovereign, 1440 — succeededbyhissonMengly-Gherai, 1467 ■ — conquered by Mahomet II., Jun. 1475 — the Khan joins the Cossacks in making war on Po- land, 1 647 , 1 649, and 1 65 1 — alliance of the Khan with Poland, and of the Cossacks with Russia, 1652 — invasion of the Muscovites repelled by Selym Khan, 1689, and again, 1692 — war with Russia, ends with Peace of Azof, 171 1 — Russian invasions, 1736-7-8 — seized by Russians, 1770 — Treaty of Kainardji, 1774 — again seized by Russians, 1776 — they engage to evacuate it, by treaty of 21 May 1779 — Sahim abdicates in favour of Russia, 1783 — sovereignty confirmed to Russia by Treaty of Constantinople, 1784 — visited by Catherine II. and the Emperor Joseph II., 1787. [Crimean War.] Crimean War, (1853-5) — the Porte publishes a firman denying the exclusive right of the Latins to the guardianship of the Holy Places, Mar., a mid. Feb. c 1852 — Russia claims the pro- tectorate of the Greek Church in the Turkish Empire, Nov. — the key and silver star delivered to the Latin Patriarch, 22 Dec. c — Russian troops advance to the Pruth, close of 1852. — 1 853 : secret correspondence between Sir George H. Seymour and the British Government, Jan. to Feb. — Prince Menschikoff arrives at Con- stantinople as plenipotentiary, 28 Feb. — French squadron sent to Salamis, Mar. — arrival of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe at Constantinople, 5 Apr. — Prince Menschikoff addresses a note of Russian claims to the Porte, 19 Apr. — pub- lication of two firmans by the Porte, making -concessions, beginning of May — Prince Men- schikoff delivers an ultimatum demanding signature of convention within 5 days, (23 Apr.) 5 May— the Porte refuses to enter into the convention, 10 May — final rejection of Russian proposal, 20 May — Menschikoff quits Constantinople, 2 i, ac 28 b May — firman confirm- ing privileges of the Greek Church, published, end of May — note of Count Nesselrode threaten- ing that Russian troops would cross the frontier, 31 May — Admiral Dundas ordered to proceed with the fleet to the Dardanelles, 2 Jun.— manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas, 26 Jun. — ■ Prince Gortschakoff occupies the Principalities, 2-3 Jul. — protest of the Porte against the in- vasion, 14 Jul. — the Porte requires the Hos- podars to quit the Principalities, 25 Jul. — the Vienna Note agreed to by the Four Great Powers, end of Jul. — but rejected by the Porte, 19 Aug. — fruitless negotiations at Olmutz, end of Sep. — declaration of war by the Porte, 5, a 23 c Oct. — English and French fleets enter the Dardanelles, i4, a 22° Oct. — Russian manifesto, 1 Nov., a 3i Oct. c — the Turks cross the Danube, between 28 Oct. and 4 Nov. — battle of 01- tenitza, 4 Nov.— General von Berdberg appoint- ed Commissary in the Principalities, 8 Nov. — the Turks evacuate Oltenitza and recross the Danube, 1 3 Nov. — arrival of General Baraguay d'Hilliers at Constantinople, middle of Nov. — destruction of the Turkish fleet by the Rus- sians at Sinope, 30 Nov. — Vienna protocol of the Four Great Powers, 15 Dec. — 1854: the French and English fleets enter the Black Sea, 4 Jan. — the French and English governments announce to Russia that their combined fleets must have command of the Black Sea, 12 Jan. — suspension of diplomatic relations of Russia with Great Britain, 4 Feb. — Baron Brunnow quits London a few days later ; fruitless mission of Count Orloff to Vienna, 28 Jan. to 8 Feb. — and of Baron de Budberg to Berlin, same time : circular of M. Drouyn de Lhuys, 5 Mar. — English squadron sails for the Baltic, 1 1 Mar. — Treaty of alliance between England, France, and the Porte, signed 1 2 Mar. — passage of the Danube by Russians, 23, a 24° Mar. — declara- tion of war by France, 27 Mar. — by England, 28 Mar. — French forces land at Gallipoli, 30 Mar. — English, 5 Apr. — Treaty of alliance between France and England, 10 Apr. — de- claration and war manifesto of the Czar, 11 Apr. — bombardment of Odessa, 22 Apr. — Lord Raglan arrives at Constantinople, 29 Apr. — Marshal St Arnaud, 8 May : council of war of the allies at Varna, 19 May — siege of Silistria, begins about 19 May — raised, 18- 19/ 22 c Jun. — the allied armies land at Varna, 29 May — convention between Austria and the Porte, 14 Jun. — Captain Parker destroys tbe batteries at Sulina, 26-27 Jun. — the Turks recross the Danube, beginning of Jul. — Cap- tain Parker destroys inner Sulina batteries, 8 Jul. — battle of Giurgevo, 8 Jul. — cholera at Varna, 2 1 Jul. — fire at Varna, 1 1 Aug. — Aus- trian occupation of the Principalities, begins about 23 Aug. — council of war at Varna, 26 Aug. — order to embark for the Crimea issued, 3 Sep. a — embarkation begins, 24 Aug. c — French fleet sails, 5 Sep. — English fleet, 7 Sep; CEIMESUS— CEOFT. 387 — the allies land in Eupatoria Bay, 14 Sep. — they begin the march from Old Fort, 19 Sep. — battle of the Alma, 20 Sep. — occupation of Balaklava, 26 Sep. — earthworks for defence of Balaklava constructed, 7-12 Oct. — bombard- ment of Sebastopol begins, 17 Oct. — battle of Balaklava, 25 Oct.— battle of Inkermann, 5 Nov. — great storm on the Black Sea, 14 Nov. — Miss Nightingale takes management of the hospital at Scutari, 5 Nov. — cholera at Balaklava, 28 Nov.— Treaty of alliance between Austria, France, and England, signed at Vienna, 2 Dec. — 1855 : Sardinia joins the allies, 26 Jan. — Eussian attack on Eupatoria repulsed, 17 Feb. — death of the Emperor Nicholas, 2 Mar. — Conference at Vienna, opens 15 Mar. — ends, 4 Jun.— expedition to Kertch leaves Sebasto- pol, 22 May — death of Lord Eaglan, 28 Jun. —storming of the Malakhoff, and the Redan, 8 Sep. — Sebastopol evacuated by Eussians ? 8-9 Sep. — expedition to Kinburn leaves Kamiesch Bay, 7 Oct. — [Kars, Siege of] — mission of Count Esterhazy to St Petersburg, middle of Dec. — 1856 : Conference of Paris, opens 26 Feb. — an armistice concluded, 26 Feb. — Treaty of Paris signed, 30 Mar. — evacuation of the Crimea by the allies, 12 Jul. a Ann. Reg. b Encyc. Mod. c Kinglake. Crimesus, in Sicily, — [B C] — Timoleon de- feats Carthaginians at the, Jun. 339. Criminal Law, in England, — improvement of administration of, provided for by Acts 7 Geo. IV. c. 64, 26 May 1826; 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827 ; lWffl. IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830 ; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 24, 26 Jun. 1846 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 46, 14 Aug. 1848, and c. 78, 31 Aug. 1848 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, 7 Aug. 1851; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855; 19 and 20 Vic. c. 118, 29 Jul. 1856; 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 94-100, 6 Aug. 1861 ; and 30 and 31 Vic. c. 35, 20 Jun. 1867. Criminals, — Convention for mutual sm> render of, between Queen of England and King of Denmark, signed, 1862 — carried into effect by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 70, 29 Jul. 1862. Criminals, Habitual, in Great Britain, — registration, supervision, and punishment of, provided for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 99, 9 Aug. 1869. Crinagoras, epigrammatist, — [BC] — ft., 31 to [ADJ 9. a a Jacobs. Crinesius, Christoph, orientalist, — 6. at Schackenwald, 1584 — Ij. Prof. Theology, Alt- dorf, 1630. Lexicon Syriacum, $c, 16 12 — Gymnasium Syriacum, <$;c, 161 1 — Gymnasium Chaldaicum, §c, 1627-8. Crinito, (Crinitus,) Pietro, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Florence, about 1465 — ft., about 1505. De honesta disciplina, 1504 — De poetis Latinis, 1505. . Criscuolo, Gio.Filippo, painter, — ft. at Gaeta, about 1509 — o\, about 1584. Crisp, Tobias, theologian, — ft. in London, 1600 — if. there, 27 Feb. 1643. Sermons, 1646. Crispinus, — 1. Consul with iElianus, (940, a. u. c.) 187. 2. Consul with. Julianus, (977,) 224. Crispinus, C. Clodius, — Consul with L. Publilius Celsus, (886, a. tj. c.) 113. Crispinus, L. Quinctius (II.),— Consul with M. Statilius Taurus, (797, a. u. c.) 44. Crispinus,T. Quinctius,— [B C]— Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (546, a. u. c.) 208 — killed in ambuscade by Hannibal at Venusia, 208. Crispo, Giovanni Battista, poet, § c .,—t!., 1595. Vita di Sannazaro, 1583 — De ethnicis philosophis caute legendis, 1594 — De Medici laudibus, $e., 159 1. Crispus, Fl. Julius, {son of Constantine,) — Csesar, 1 Mar. 317 — Consul, 318 — destroys fleet of Licinius at the Hellespont, 323 — put to death by his father, 326. Cristall, Joshua, painter, — ft. in Cornwall, 1767 — assists in founding Society of Painters in Water Colours, 1804 — Pres., 1 821 -31 — lj. in London, 18 Oct. 1847. Cristofano, B. di. [Buffalmaco.] Critias, — [B C] — endeavours to excite rebel- lion in Thessaly, 406— one of the 30 tyrants at Athens, 404 — slain at Munychia, 404. Critolaos, Peripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — ambassador from Athens to Eome, 155 — U., be- fore in. Critolaos, — [BC] — strategus of Achaean League, 147 — defeated by Metellus, in Scar- phea, 146. Crivellari, Bartolomeo, sculptor, engraver,— ft. at Venice, 1725 — ft. there, 1777. Crivelli, Antonio, natural philosopher, — ft. at Milan, 2 Feb. 1783 — assistant- engineer to Council of Mines, 18 10 — visits Turkey, 1817— tf. at Bergamo, 18 Aug. 1829. Art de fabri- quer les lames de sabre de Damas, 18 18 — De- scription d'une nouvelle serrure, §c, 1821 — De- scription d'une hydro-barometro statique, 1837.. Crivelli, Carlo, painter, — ft. at Venice, before 1436 ? — paints, 1468-95 — Cav., by Ferdinand II. of Naples, 1490. Annunciation, National Gallery, i486. Madonna and Child enthroned, National Gallery, 1476 — -another, 149 1. Crivelli, Giovanni, mathematician, §c., — ft. at Venice, 20 Sep. 169 1 — lj., 14 Feb. 1743. Elementi di arimetica, §c, 1728 — Elements de physique, 17 31 — Algorismo, $c, 1739. Croatia, — occupied by Goths, 489 — by Croa- tians, 640 — annexed to Hungary, about 11 00, n8o a — passes with Hungary to Austria, 1526. Banal frontier to Austria, formed by Leopold I., 1696. Military, ceded to France at Peace of Vienna, 1809 — restored to Austria, 18 15— incorporated with Hungary, 11 Apr. 1848 — separated, after Aug. 1849 — Diet protests against Imperial Patent of 26 Feb. 1861 — Diet dissolved by Eoyal Eescript, 25 May 1867 — de- clared to be incorporated with Hungary, Jun. 1867 — visited by Emperor and Empress, Mar. 1869. a Macculloch. Croese, Gerard, — ft. at Amsterdam, 26 Apr. 1642 — if. at Dort, 10 May 17 10. Kistoria Quakeriana, §c, 1695-6 — BZomerus ELebrceus, 1704. Croesus. [Lydia.J Croft, William, musical composer, — ft. in "Warwickshire, 1677^ 1657 b — organist of Cha- pel Eoyal, 1707— organist of Westminster Ab- 25 * 388 CHOKER— CROMWELL. bey, composer to Chapel Royal, 1708— Mus. D. Oxford, 17 15 — Tr. in London, 14 Aug. 1727. Musica Sacra, 1724. * Biog. Univ. and Rose's Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. Croker, John Wilson, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Galway, 20 Dec. 1780— enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, Nov. 1796 — studies at Lincoln's Inn, 1800 — called to Irish bar, 1802 — M. P. Downpatrick, 1808 — secretary to the Admiral- ty, 1809-30— M.P. University of Dublin, 1827- 32 — Is. at Hampton, 10 Aug. 1857. Edition of Boswell's Life of Johnson, 1831 — Contribu- tions to the Quarterly Review, from 1809. Croker, Thomas Crofton, litterateur, anti- quary, — b. at Cork, 15 Jan. 1798 — clerk in the Admiralty, Feb. 1819-50 — takes part in found- ation of Camden Society, 1839— of Percy So- ciety, 1840 — tf. in London, 8 Aug. 1854. Researches in South of Ireland, 1824 — Fairy legends and traditions of South of Ireland, 1825 — Legends of the Lakes, 1829 — Popular Songs of Ireland, 1839. Croll, Oswald, alchemist, — b. in Hesse, about 1580 — is., 1609. Basilica chimica, §c, 1609. Croly, George, theologian, poet, §c, — b. at Dublin, Aug. 1780 — rector of St Stephen's, "Walbrook, 1835 — a", in London, 24 Nov. i860. Angel of the World, 1820 — Salathiel, 1827 — Modem Orlando, 1846 — Personal History of George IV., 1830 — Political Life of Burke, 1840 — edition of Jeremy Taylor's Works, 1838 — Historical Sketches, §c, 1842. Crome, August Friedrich Wilhelm, statis- tician, — b. in Oldenburg, 6 Aug. 1753 — goes to Berlin, 1774 — Prof. History and Geography at Dessau, 1778 — Prof. Political Economy at Giessen, 1786-1830— ti. near Frankfort-o -the- Maine, 11 Jun. 1833. TJeber Leutschland und Europa's Staats und National-Interesse, 18 14 and 1 817 — Geographisch-statistische Darstel- lung der Staatskrafte der sammtlichen zum deutschen Bunde gehorigen Lander, 1820-27. Crome, John, (Old Crome,) painter, — b. at Norwich, 1769 — assists in founding the Nor- wich Society of Artists, 1803 — o". there, 22 Apr. 1 82 1. Norfolk Picturesque Scenery, (etch- ings,) 1834. Cromer, Martin, historian, — b. at Biecz, Poland, 15 1 2 — Bp of Ermland, 1579 — &•> 2 3 Mar. 1589. De origine et rebus gestis Polono- rum, 1558. Crompton, Samuel, mechanical inventor, — b. near Bolton, 1753 — completes his 'Mule,' 1779 — if. at Bolton, 26 Jun. 1827. Cromwell, Henry,— b. at Huntingdon, Jan. 1627-28 — Colonel, accompanies his father to Ireland, 1649 — member of Barebone's Par- liament, 1653 — M.P. Univ. of Cambridge, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1654 — Lord-Lieu- tenant, Sep. 1658 — compelled to resign, 1659 — fc. at Soham, Cambridgeshire, 1673-4. Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth op England, — b. at Hunt- ingdon, 25 Apr. 1599 — enters Cambridge Univ., 23 Apr. 1616 — quits it after his father's death, Jun. 16 1 7 — marries Elizabeth Bourchier, 22 Aug. 1620— M.P.Huntingdon, 1628— Justice of the Peace, 1630 — prevented from emigrating by Order in Council, (?) 1637 — successfully op- poses the king in council in respect to a public wrong in the draining of the fens, 1638— '. LP. Cambridge, Apr. or May 1640 — and in the Long Parliament, Nov. 1640 — Captain of Par- liament horse, Sep. 1642 — present at Edgehill, 23 Oct. 1642 — Colonel, Jan. 1643 — takes Low- estoff, 17 Mar. 1643 — takes Stamford, Jul. 1643 — defeats Royalists at Gainsborough, 27 Jul. 1643 — governor of the Isle of Ely, end of Jul. 1643 — narrowly escapes killing at Winceby Fight, 11 Oct. 1643 — distinguishes himself at Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — at second battle of Newbury, 27 Oct. 1644 — Lieutenant-general of the Horse, Jun. 1645 — exempted from the Self-denying Ordinance of 3 Apr. 1645 — with Fairfax defeats Charles I. at Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — at storming of Bristol, 10 Sep. — takes "Winchester, 5 Oct.— takes Basing House, 14 Oct. — his daughter Bridget married to Ireton, 15 Jun. 1646 — charged with ordering arrest of the king by Joyce, Jun. 1647 — suppresses a mutiny at "Ware, 15 Nov. 1647 — suppresses Royalist insurrection in London, Apr. 1648 — takes Pembroke, 11 Jul. 1648 — defeats the Scots at Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 — at "Wigan, 18 Aug., and at "Warrington, 19 Aug. — enters Scotland, 20 Sep. 1648 — concludes treaty with Argyle, 22 Sep. — occupies Berwick, 30 Sep. — occupies Carlisle, about same time — Pride's Purge, 6 Dec. — returns to London, 7 Dec. 1648 —signs the order for the king's execution, 29 Jan. 1649 — visits the royal remains in the coffin: member of Council of State, 13 Feb. 1649 — named commander in Ireland, 15 Mar. 1649— chases and disperses the Levellers, at Burford, 13-14 May 1649 — received at Oxford Univ., 17 May 1649 — lands at Dublin, 15,* 18 b Aug. 1649 — storms Drogheda, 10- 11 Sep. — puts the townsmen to death, c 12 Sep. storms "Wexford, n, a 9, b 12 c Oct. — takes Ross, 19 Oct. — recalled to London, arrives there, 31 May 1650 — Captain-general, 26 Jun. 1650 — enters Scotland, 22, a i6 bc Jul. — defeats the Scots under Leslie at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 — takes Edinburgh Castle, 19 a Dec. — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., beginning of Feb. 1651 — ill- ness at Edinburgh, Feb. to Mar. 1651 — takes Perth, 2 Aug. 1651 — pursues Charles (II.) to Worcester, where he arrives 28 Aug. — defeats Charles at Worcester, 3 Sep. — arrives in Lon- don, 12 Sep., a Oct. c — takes up his residence at Hampton Court, 12 Oct. c — Dutch war begins, 9 Jul., a 14 May b 1652 — expels the ' Rump,' 20 Apr. 1653 — forms Council of State, 30 Apr. — summons the Little Parliament, (Barebone's,) 6 Jun. 1653 — which ends, 12 Dec. — becomes Lord Protector under the Instrument of Government, 16 Dec. 1653 — removes to "Whitehall, 14 Apr. 1654 — opens his first parliament, 4 Sep. — death of his mother, 16 No v. — dismisses his parliament, 22, a 31 b Jan. 1655 — Royalist insurrections, spring 1655 — sends assistance to Protestants in Piedmont, Jun. 1655 — appoints Major-generals, middle of Aug. 1655 — meets his second parlia- ment, 17 Sep. 1656 — interferes on behalf of the Yaudois, 1656 — declines title of King, 8 May 1657 — installed in Protectorship, 26 Jun. 1657 CROMWELL— CRUQUIUS. 389 ■ — falls ill, early in Aug. 1658 — death of Lady Claypole, 6 Aug. 1658 — third interview with George Fox, Aug. 1658 — rj. at Whitehall, 3 Sep. 1658 — buried in Westminster Abbey, 23 Nov. 1658 — his remains exhumed by Charles II., beheaded and burnt at Tyburn, 30 Jan. 1 66 1. a Carly!e. b Engl. Cyc. c Lingard. Cromwell, Richard, Protector, — ft. at Huntingdon, 4 Oct. 1626 — studies at Lincoln's Inn, 1647 — M.P., 1654 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1657 — becomes Protector of the Com- monwealth, 4 Sep. 1658 — resigns, 22 Apr. 1659 — tf. at Cheshunt, 17 12. Cromwell, (Crumwell,) Thomas, statesman, — ft. at Putney, near London, probably about 1490 — at Florence, 15 15 a — enters service of Wolsey, about 1525 — employed in breaking up the lesser monasteries, 1525-27 — present at sack of Rome, 1527 b — attends Wolsey at Esher, 1529-30 — defeats attempt to impeach Wolsey, Dec. 1529 — enters the service of Henry VIII. as Secre- tary, 1530 — Knt, Privy Councillor, 153 1 — Secretary of State, Master of the Polls, Chan- cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1534 — visitor-gen- eral of English monasteries, summer 1535 — Keeper of the Privy Seal, 1536 — Baron, k vice- gerent,' and Vicar-general of the king, 1536 — K.G,,Dean of Wells, 1537 — Constable of Caris- brook Castle, 1538 — procures bill of attainder against the Countess of Salisbury, 1539 — Lord High Chamberlain, 1539 — dismissed from the Privy Council, 1539 — created Earl of Essex, Apr. 1540 — arrested for treason and imprisoned, 10 Jim. 1540 — Act of attainder passed, (32 Hen. VIII. a ) Jun. 1540 — beheaded in London, 28 Jul. 1540. a Froude. b Fox. Cronaca, Simon Pollaiolo, II, architect, — ft. at Florence, 1454 — tr., 1509. Cronstadt, (Kronstadt,) in Russia, — founded by Peter the Great, 17 10 — blockaded and attacked by the English fleet, May 1855. Cronstedt, Axel Friedrich von, mineralogist, ■ — ft. in Sweden, 1722 — member of Academy of Stockholm, 1753 — $., 19 Aug. 1765. Fbrsbk til mineralogie, §c, 1758. Crook, (Croke,) Richard, {Crocus,) Greek scholar, — ft. in London, about 1490 ? — enters King's Coll., Cambridge, 4 Apr. 1506 — studies at foreign universities, about 1508-14 — Prof. Greek, Leipsic, 15 14-17 — public orator and Prof. Greek, Cambridge, 1519 — D.D., 1524 —sent by Henry VIII. to obtain sanction of Universities of Padua and Bologna for the divorce, 1530 — Prof. Greek, Oxford, 1532 — rj. in London, 1558. Grammatica Grceca, 1520 — Orationes de utilitate Linguce Grcecce, 1520. Cropani, Giovanni Fiore da, Franciscan, historian, — ft. at Cropani, in Calabria, 1622 — tr. there, 1683. Calabria illustrata, con inscri- zioni e medaglie, 1691-1743. Cropredy-Bridge, (near Banbury,) — Charles I. defeats Waller at, 29 Jun. 1644. Crotch, William, musician, composer, — ft. at Norwich, 5 Jul. 1775 — Prof. Music, Oxford, 1797 — Mus. D., soon after — Principal of Royal Academy of Music, 1822 — fc. at Taunton, 29 Dec. 1847. Elements of musical composition, Crotona, Croton, — [B C] — founded by Myscellus and Achseans, (01. 5, 4,) 757, a (01 17, 3,) 7 io- 9 ,b (01. 18, 1,) 708-7,° (01. 19, 2,) 703 d — battle of Sagras, 560/ 48o e — destroys Sybaris, 510 — dissensions respecting division of territory of Sybaris, 510 a — Cleinias tyrant, 504 a — attacked by Dionysius, 389 e — taken by Agathocles, 299 s1 — taken by Pyrrhus, 278 — retaken by Corn. Rufinus, 277 — taken by Aris- todemus and Hanno, 2i5 e — colonized from Rome, 194.° a Muller. b Dion. Halic. (Euseb.) c Euseb. d Scaliger. e Smith's Diet. f Grote. Crousaz, Jean Pierre de, philosopher, — ft. at Lausanne, 13 Apr. 1663 — Rector of Academy, Lausanne, 1706-22 — Prof. Philosophy and Mathematics, Groningen, 1724 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, about 1725 — Prof. Philo- sophy, Lausanne, 1737^ 1738° — &., 22 Mar. I750, a 1748. b Logique, 17 12.— Traite du beau, §c, 17 15 — Examen du pyrrhonisme, §c, 1733 — Traite de l' esprit hi/main, 1741. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Erscb and Gruber. Crowe, Eyre Evans, historian, — ft. about 1799 — &., 25 Feb. 1868. Lives of Eminent Foreign Statesmen, 1830 — The Greek and the Turk, 1853 — Reigns of Louis XVTII. and Charles X, 1854 — History of France, 1858-68. Crown Point, AT. America, — French fortress at, 1731 — General Johnson defeats the French near, 8 Sep. 1755 — taken by the English, 1759 — surprised by Americans, May 1775 — abandoned by them, summer 1776. Croy, Charles Alexandre, Duke of, general, — ft. inFlanders, 1580 — follows Archduke Albert to Amiens, 1597 — to Italy, 1598 — commands cavalry at siege of Ostend, 1604 — distinguishes himself at battle of Prague, 1620 — killed, by musket-shot, 24 Nov. 1624. Memoires guerriers de ce qui s'ept passe aux Fays-Fas, §c, 1619. Crozat, Joseph Antoine, — ft. at Toulouse, 1696 — visits Italy, 17 14 — reader to the king, 1719— tf., 1740. Recueil d'Estampes d'apres les plus beaux tableaux, §c, qui sont en France dans le Cabinet du Roi, §c, 1729. Crucifix, — in general use, before 800 — de- clared necessary to every altar by decree of Benedict XIV., 1754. Crucifixion of Our Lord, — assigned to 29, a 30, b 20 Mar. 31,° 23 Mar. 32, d 33. e a Lactantius, Augustine, Clinton, &c. b Africanus. c Epipbanius, &c. d Pascb. Cbron. e Euseb. Crudeli, Tommaso, poet, — ft. in Tuscany, 1703 — ts., 1745. Rime e prose, 1805. Cruden, Alexander, {The Corrector,) — ft. at Aberdeen, 31 May 1700^ 1701 b — settles in London, 1732 — fc. there, 1 Nov. 1770. Con- cordance of Old and FFeiv Testaments, 1737. a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. Cruikshank, William, anatomist, — ft. at Edinburgh, 1746 — goes to London, 177 1 — F.R.S., 1797 — tf. in London, 27 Jun. 1800. Anatomy of the absorbing vessels of the human body, 1786 — Memoirs on the yellow fever, §c, 1790 — Experiments on the insensible perspira- tion, §c, 1795. Cruquius, (de Crusque,) Jacques, philolo- ; 9 o CRUSADE— CRYOPHORUS. gist, — Prof. Greek and Latin, at Bruges, 1544. Horatius cum com men tar its, §c, 1578. Crusade, Crusaders, — conquest of Palestine by the Caliphs of Egypt, 969 — persecution of the Christians by Hakem, between 996 and 102 1 — Sylvester II. preaches crusade against Turks, about 1 002— Peter the Hermit visits Palestine, 1093 — he obtains sanction of Pope Urban II. and preaches the crusade, 1094. First : Proclaimed by Urban II. at Council of Placentia, Mar. 1095 — and at Council of Cler- mont, Nov. 1095 — general indulgence to, pro- claimed at Council of Clermont ; departure of first bands under Walter the Pennyless, Peter the Hermit, &c, spring 1096— defeat and death of Walter at Nicaea ; the army under Godfrey of Bouillon sets out, Aug. 1096 — meet at Con- stantinople, close of 1096 — do homage to the Emperor Alexius ; Nicsea invested by Godfrey, 15 May 1097 — captured, 28, a 20 b Jun. 1097 — battle * of Dorylaeum, 4 Jul. — capture of Edessa, 1097 — siege of Antioch, begins, 21 b Oct. — capture of Antioch, by Godfrey, 3 Jun. 1098 — battle of Antioch, capture of the citadel, 28 Jun. — set out from Antioch, May 1099 — siege of Jerusalem, 7, b 9 a Jun. — capture, 15 Jul. — [Jerusalem, Kingdom of] — battle of Ascalon, 12 Aug. — [Baldwin, Daimbert, Godfrey of Bouillon, Assize of Jerusalem, Knights of St John of Jerusalem, Knights Templars.] Second : Proclaimed by Eugenius III., 1145 s — promoted by St Bernard, 1146 — Louis VII., his queen, and nobles receive the cross from St Bernard at Yezelay, Easter 1 146 — the Emperor Conrad sets out, May 1147 — Louis sets out, beginning of Oct. — Louis re- ceived by Emperor Manuel at Constantinople, Oct. 1 147 — Conrad defeated by Saracens, Nov. 1 147 — and returns to Constantinople ; passage of the Maeander by the French, defeat in the defiles of the Taurus, Jan. 1 148 — reach Antioch, Mar. — at Jerusalem, 1148 — siege of Damascus undertaken and raised, 1148 — return to Europe, 1 149. Third: Conquest of Palestine by Sala- din, 1 187 — promoted by Gregory Till. , n 87 — the ' Saladin tenth' imposed, n88 a — one division sets out, under Frederick Barbarossa, 1 1 89 — siege of Acre commenced by Duke of Suabia, Aug. — another division under Philip Augustus of France and Richard I. of Eng- land, 1 1 90 — meeting of Philip and Richard at Tezelay, Jun. — arrive at Acre, Philip, 2 Apr., and Richard, 8 Jun. 1191 — surrender of Acre, 1 2 Jul. — Philip sets out for Europe, 3 Aug. — march to Azotus, 22 Aug. — defeat Saladin at Adsoof, 6 Sep. — occupy Jaffa, soon after — abandon the march on Jerusalem, and winter at Ascalon, Jan. 11 92 — advance towards Jeru- salem, May — abandon the enterprise, 6 Jul. — Jaffa attacked by Saladin, 26 Jul. — relieved by Richard, Aug. — truce with Saladin for 3 years and 8 months, autumn 11 92 — Richard quits Palestine, 25 Oct. — death of Saladin, 1194. Fourth : Preached by Fulk of Neuilly, 1198 — ' Saladin tax ' imposed by Innocent III., 1200 — capture of Zara, for Tenetians, 10-15 Nov. c 1202 — excommunicated by the pope, but soon absolved; storm and pillage Constantinople, io, a 17 c Jul. 1203 — war renewed by Alexis Angelus, 1204 — again take Constantinople, 12 Apr. — election of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, May. Fifth : Under Andrew, king of Hun- gary, land at Ptolemais, 1217 — join John of Brienne ; siege and capture of Damietta, 12 1 8- 19 — the Sultan Melek el Earned recovers Damietta, 1221. Sixth : The Emperor Frede- rick II. takes the cross, 25 Jul. I2i5 d — Greg- ory IX. excommunicates him for not going to Palestine, 29 Sep. i227 d — again, 1228 — set out under Frederick, 1228 — arrive in Palestine, Sep. 1228— truce of 10 years concluded with Sultan of Egypt, 18 Feb. 1229 d — Frederick crowned King of Jerusalem, 18 Mar. d 1229. Seventh : Palestine conquered by Sultan of Egypt, 1244 — led by Louis IX. of France, em- bark, 25 Aug. 1248 — winter in Cyprus, 1248-9 — capture of Damietta, Jun. 1249 — Louis made prisoner by the Saracens, 1250 — truce of 10 years, Jun. 1250 — in Palestine, repair fortifi- cations, 1 25 1 -4 — Louis arrives at Tincennes, 5 Sep. 1253. Eighth: Led by St Louis and Prince Edward of England against Tunis, 1270 — death of St Louis, 25 Aug. 1270 — arrive at Acre, Apr. 127 1 — take Nazareth, after Easter 1271 ? — truce of 10 years concluded, Jul. 1272 — new crusade unsuccessfully proclaimed by Gregory IX. at Council of Lyons, May 1274. a Dufresnoy. b Gibbon. c Mills. d Kington. Crusade, The Childrens' , — preachedin France by Stephen, a peasant boy, spring 121 2 — con- demned by Univ. of Paris, and by royal edict : muster at Tendome, mid. Jun. — embarkation at Marseilles, Aug. — part perish by shipwreck on island of St Pietro, Aug. — the 'rest sold into slavery to Mohammedans : tidings of their fate reach Europe, 1240 — church built to their memory on St Pietro, by Pope Gregory IX., 1230 — ruins of the church discovered, 1867. Preached in Germany by Nicholas, a peasant boy, spring 1212 — muster at Cologne, Jun. — reach Genoa, before end of Aug. — ends in dis- persion of the band and various disasters, before spring 1213. Crusius, Christian August, philosopher, — h. at Leuna, Merseburg, 1712^ i7i5 bc — 5j., first Prof. Theology, Leipsic, 18 Feb. 1775-6. Fnt- wurf der nothivendigen Vernunftwahrheiten, <£-c, 1745 — logik, oder Weg zur Gewissheit, §c, 1747. a Engl.Cyc. b Biog. Univ. ■ c Ersch and Gruber. Crusius, Gottlieb Lebrecht, engraver, — ft. near Zwickau, 1730 — goes to Paris, 1764 — tf. at Leipsic, 1769. Crusius, Martin, philologist, — b. in Bam- berg, 19 Sep. 1526 — Prof. Greek, &c, Tubin- gen, about 1556 — tf. there, 25 Feb. 1607. Poemata Grceca,orationes, 1567 — Turko-Grcvcia, Germano-Grcecia, 1584 — Annates Suerici, 1596. Cruz, Agostino da, poet, — h. in Portugal, 1540 — lj., 14 Mar. 161 9. Cruz, Juana Ines de la, poetess, — b. in Mexico, 12 Nov. 1651 — enters convent of St Jerome, Mexico, about 1668 — ft. there, 17 Apr. 1695. Cryophorus, — invented by Wollaston, about 1813. CRYSTAL PALACE— CUMBERLAND. 39i Crystal Palace, in Hyde Park, — opened, i May 1 85 1 — closed, 11 Oct. 1851. Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, — opened, 10 Jim. 1854 — north wing burnt, 30 Dec. 1866. Csokonai, Mihaly Vitez, poet, — fc. at De- breczin, 17 Nov. 1773,* 1774 b — tf. there, 28 Jan. 1 805 . Works, 1 8 1 3 . a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. , Csoma de Kbrb's, Alexander, philologist,— h. at Korcs, Transylvania, about 1790 — studies at Gottingen, 18 15 — sets out for the East, 1820 — at Buddhist monastery of Kanam, 1827-30 — goes to Calcutta, 1830 — tf. at Darjeeling, 11 Apr. 1842, Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibet- an and English, §c., 1834. Ctesias, (Ktesias,) physician, historian, — [B CJ — made prisoner and kept as court physi- cian to king of Persia 17 years, 415, ? 401 ? — returns to Cnidus, 398. Persika, brought down to 398. Ctesibiu3, (Ktesibios,) mechanician, — [B C] — fl., about 250. Ctesiphon, (Ktesiphon,) — taken by the Em- peror Trajan, 115 — by Severus, 198 — Julian defeats Persians near, 363 — taken by Saracens, Mar. 637. Council of, to confirm canons of Council of Selencia, 420. Cuba, — discovered by Columbus, 28 Oct. 1492 — its conquest by Spaniards completed. 15 1 1 — negro slaves introduced, 1524 — occupied by them, 1762 — restored to Spain, 1763 — com- mercial monopoly of Spain terminated, 1801 — attempts of American filibusters against, 1850- 1— conference of U.S. Ministers about, held at Ostend, Aug. 1854 — insurrection breaks out, 30 Nov. 1868 — troops sent from Spain, 18 Feb. 1869 — Captain-General compelled by Volun- teers to resign, 2 Jun. — additional troops sent from Spain, 24 Aug. and 16 Sep. — religious liberty established by decree of Spanish govern- ment, 24 Oct. Cubieres, Simon Louis Pierre, Marquis de, naturalist, — h\ at Boquemaure, 12 Oct. 1747 — accompanies Louis XVI. to Paris, 27 Jul. 1789 — imprisoned, Mar. 1794 — tf., 10 Aug. 1 82 1. Histoire abregee des coquillages de mer, $c, 1800 — Mtmoire sur les abeilles, 1800. Cuddalore, in Hindustan, — ceded to East In- dia Company by Kajah of Gingee, 168 1 — taken by the French, 1758 — taken from them by Colo- nel Coote, Apr. 1760 — taken by Baja of Mysore and the French, Apr. 1782 — attempted by General Stuart, Jun. 1783 — restored to British, 1795 a — comes into possession of the English by treaty, 180 1. b a Maccullocb. b Engl. Cyc. Cudena, Pedro, — fc. at Villena, 1602. De- scription of Brazil, 1634. Cudworth, Ralph, philosopher, — fc. at Aller, Somersetshire, 16 17 — enters Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge, 1630 — Fellow of his Coll., about 1639 or 1640 — M.A., 1639 — D.D., 1651 — Master of Christ's College, 1654— vicar of Ashwell, Herts, 1662 — prebendary of Glou- cester, 1678 — tf. at Cambridge, 26 Jun. 1688. True intellectual system of the Universe, 1678 — Treatise on eternal and immutable morality, i73i- Cuesta, Gregorio Garcia de la, general, — b. in Biscay, 1740 — serves in the army in cam- paign of 1793 — Marechal de Camp, Dec. 1793 — president of Council of Castille, 1798 — Cap- tain-general of Old Castille, Mar. 1806 — de- prived, Oct. 1809 — tf. in Majorca, 18 12. Cueva, Juan de la, poet, — fj. at Seville, about 1550 — tf., after 1607. Obras, 1582 — la Conquista de la Betica, 1603 — Primer a parte de las cmnedias y tragedias, 1583-88. Cujas, (Cujacitcs,) Jacques, jurist, — ft. at Toulouse, 1520,* 1522 b — lectures on Justin- ian's Institutes there, 1547 — Prof. Law, Bourges, J 555> a Jul- I 55^ h — Prof- Law, Valentia, 1567- 75 — returns to Bourges, 1577 — &• there, 4 Oct. 1590. Opera, 1577-1614. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Culant, Louis, Baron de, Admiral of France, — bailiff of Melun, 141 7 — Admiral of France, 1422 — distinguishes himself at siege of Orleans, 1429 — tf-, 1444. Culant, Philippe de, Marshal op France, — distinguishes himself in Normandy, 1436 — at siege of Meaux, 1439 — a ^ siege of Pontoise, 1441 — Marshal of France, 1441 — commands under Charles VII., in Guienne, 1442 — at siege of Mans, 1447 — contributes to conquest of Normandy, 1450 — distinguishes himself at battle of Castillon, 1453 — assists at reduction of Bordeaux, 1453 — tf., i454, a Dec. 1453. b a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Cullen, William, physician, — b. in Lanark- shire, Scotland, 1712^ 15 Apr. i7io b — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1734-6 — M.D. Glasgow, 1740 — marries, 17 41 — lecturer on Chemistry, Univ. of Glasgow, 1746 — on Materia Medica, 1747 — Prof. Medicine, 1751 — Prof. Chemistry, Edinburgh, Jan. 1756-66 — Prof. Materia Medica, 1763 — Prof. Theoretical Medicine, Nov. 1766 — Prof. Practical Medicine, Feb. 1773-89 — death of his wife, 1786 — tr. at Edin- burgh, 5 Feb. 1790. First lines of the practice of Physic, 1775 — Institutions of Medicine, 1777 — Synopsis Nosologic Methodicce, 1780 — Treatise of the Materia Medica, 1789. a Engl. Cyc. b Tbomson. Culloden, in Scotland, — the Duke of Cum- berland defeats the Pretender at, 16 Apr. 1746. Culm, in Prussia, — the French defeated by the allies, 29-30 Aug. 1813. Culpeper, Nicholas, astrologer, — h. in Lon- don, 18 Oct. 1 616 — tf. in London, 1654. Her- bal, 1653, Cuinee, in Italy, — [B C] — Aristodemus, tyrant of, 502 — pillaged by Samnites, 420 — taken by Campanians, 417— successfully de- feuded by Gracchus against Hannibal, 215 — Octavius defeats Sextus Pompeius near, 38 — — [AB] — taken by Narses, 553 — ruined and forsaken, by 1207 — discoveries at, by Prince of Syracuse, 1853. Cumberland, Richard, theologian, — ft. in London, Jul. 1632 — enters Cambridge Univ., ^49 — D.D., 1680 — Bp of Peterborough, 1692 — tf., 9 Oct. 17 1 8. I)e legibus natures dis- quisitio philosophica, 1672 — Essay on Jewish Weights and Measures, 1686 — Fragment of Sanchoniathon on Phoenician history, 1720. Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, §c, — ft. 39 2 CUMBERLAND— CURETON. at Cambridge, 19 Feb. 1732 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1746 — accompanies Earl of Halifax, as secretary, to Ireland, 1760 — Secretary to Board of Trade, 1775-82 — envoy to Madrid, 1780 — tf. in London, 7 May 181 1. The West Indian, 177 1 — Anecdotes of eminent painters in Spain, 1782 — The Observer, 1783. Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, general, — ft., 15 Apr. 172 1 — wounded at battle of Dettingen, 1743 — commands in chief at battle of Fontenoy, 1745 — takes Carlisle, Nov. 1745— defeats the Young Pretender at Cullo- den, 27 Apr. 1746 — defeated at battle of Law- feldt, 1747 — again, at Hastembeck by Marshal d'Estrees, 1757 — signs capitulation of Closter- Seven, 8 Sep. 1757 — tf. at Windsor, 31 Oct. I?65 ' Cumming, Roualeyn George Gordon, ' Af- rican Lion-Hunter,' — b. in Scotland, Mar. 1820 — quits the army and begins his hunting expeditions in S. Africa, 1843 — exhibits his collection in London, 1 85 1 — tf. at Fort Augustus, in Scotland, 24 Mar. 1866. Hunter's Life in S. Africa, 1850. Cunaeus, Pieter, — ft. at Flushing, 1586 — Prof. Rhetoric, Leyden, 1611 — tf. , 1638. Sardi venales, §c, 1612 — Be republica He- brceorum, 161 7 — Lpistolce, 1725 or 1732. Cunaxa, — [B C] — battle of, between Cyrus the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, Cyrus killed, autumn 401. Cunego, Domenico, engraver, — ft. at Verona, 1727 — settles at Rome, 1761 — tf. there, 1794,'" 1 i8oo. b Last Judgment of Michael- Angelo, 1780. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Cuneiform (Cuneatic) Inscriptions, — [B C] — date from about 2000-340 ?— [AD] — first specimens of, in Europe, published by Taver- nier, 1676 — and by Chardin, 1686 — imperfectly deciphered by Grotefend, 1802 — decipherment of, advanced by St Martin, 1822 — by Rask, 1826 — by Burnouf and Lassen, 1836— at Be- histun, copied by Colonel Rawlinson, 1837 — Assyrian, discovered by Botta, 1843 — by Layard, 1845 — Behistun, facsimile and transla- tion of, by Rawlinson, 1846. Cunersdorf, — the Russians and Austrians defeat Frederick II. of Prussia at, 12 Aug. 1759- Cunha, Joseph Anastasius da, mathemati- cian, — ft. at Lisbon, 1744 — Prof. Mathematics, Coimbra, 1774 — imprisoned by the Inquisition, 1778-80 — Is., 31 Dec. 1787. Principles of Mathematics, 1782. Cunha, Nuno da, — ft., 1487 — follows his father to the Indies, 1508 — Governor-general of the Indies, 1528 — tf. at sea, about 1538. Cunha, don Pedro, — distinguishes himself in expeditions to Tangier and Azamor, 1532- 34 — accompanies dom Garcia de Noronba to India, 1538 — returns to Europe, 1544 — general of the galleys, 1550-57— governor of Ceuta, 1572 — commandant of Lisbon, Aug. 1580 — taken prisoner at battle of Alcantara, 25 Aug. 1580. Cunha, donRodrigo, — ft. at Lisbon, 1577— Abp of Lisbon, 1635 — contributes to restora- tion of John IV., 1640 — tf., 1643. Historia ecclesiastica de Braga, §c, 1624-35 — Historia ecclesiastica da igreja de Lisboa, 164.2. Cunha, Tristam da, maritime discoverer, — embarks at Lisbon, commander of expedition to the Southern Ocean, Jan. 1508 — chief of em- bassy from Emmanuel, king of Portugal, to Leo X., 15 15 — tf., before 1550. Cunitz, Maria, astronomer, — ft. in Silesia, about 1600 — tf. there, after 1669 ? Urania propitia, 1650. Cunningham, Alexander, historian, — ft. at Ettrick, Selkirkshire, 1654 — ambassador to Venice, 1715-20 — tf. probably 1737. History of Great Britain, §c, 1787. Cunningham, Allan, poet, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Blackwood, Dumfriesshire, i785, ac 7 Dec. 1784 b — goes to London, 1810 — assistant to Chantrey, 1814-42 — tf. in Lon- don, 5 Nov., a 29 Oct. b c 1842. Songs of Scot- land, §c, 1825 — Lives of British Fainter s, Sculptors, and Architects, 1829-33 — Life and works of Burns, 1834 — Life of Sir David Wilkie, 1843 — Poems and Songs, 1847. a Engl. Cyc. b Ann. Reg. c Chambers' Biog. Diet. Cunningham, John, poet, — ft. at Dublin, 1729 — tf. at Newcastle, 1773. Boons, 1766. Cunningham, Peter, antiquary and miscella- neous writer, — ft. in London, 7 Apr. 18 16 — ob- tains post in Audit Office, 1 834 — one of the chief clerks, 1854 — retires, i860 — tf. at St Albans, 18 May 1869. Life of Drummond of Haw- thornden, 1833 — Songs of England and Scotland, 1835 — Handbook of London, 1849 — edition of Goldsmith's Works, 1854 — edition of Johnson's Lives of the Foets, 1 854 — Life of Lnigo Jones. 1848 — Story of Nell Gwynn, 1852. Cunningham Lecture, — at Edinburgh, founded by Webster, 1862. Cunyngham, William, engraver, §c, — ft. at Norwich, about 1520 — tf. in London, 1577. A Cosmographical Glass, 1559. Cuper, Ghisbert, philologist, — ft. in Guelder- land, 14 Sep. 1644— Prof. History, Deventer, 1669 — Burgomaster, 1675 — tf. there, 22 Nov. 17 16. Observations, 1670 — Harpocrates, §c, 1676 — Be elephantis in nummis obviis, 17 19 — Letters, 1743. Curacoa, Curacao, island, — settled by the Spaniards, before 1600 — taken by the Dutch, 1632— by the English, 1798 — restored to the Dutch by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — taken by the English, i8o6, a 1807 b — given up to Hol- land, 18 14. a Eng. Cyc. b Macculloch. Curadi, Domenico. [Ghirlandajo.] Curaudau, Francois Rene, chemist, §c., — ft. in Normandy, 1765 — tf. at Paris, 25 Jan. 18 13. Cureau. fChambre, de la.] Cureton, William, orientalist, — ft. at West- bury, Shropshire, 1808 — enters Oxford Univ., 1826 — sub-librarian of the Bodleian, 1834 — assistant-keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum, 1837-50 — chaplain to the Queen, 1847 — canon of Westminster, 1849 — corre- sponding member of French Institute, 1 855 — Crown Trustee of British Museum, 1859 — chairman of Oriental Translation Fund, 1863 — tf., 1 7 Jun. 1 864. Catalogue of Arabic MSS. CURETTS— CUSTRIN. 393 in British Museum, 1846 — edits Syriac version of Epistles of Ignatius, 1845 — Vindicice Ig- natiance, 1846 — Spicilegium Syriacum, 1855. Cureus, Joachim, historian, §c, — b. in Si- lesia, 1532 — tf., 21 Jan. 1573. Annates Si- lesia, $c, 157 1. Curial, Philibert Jean Baptiste Joseph, Peer of France, general, — b. in Tarentaise, 2r Apr. 1774 — distinguishes himself in cam- paign of Egypt, 1798 — at Austerlitz, 1805 — at Eylau, Feb. 1807 — at Friedland, Jun. — Ge- neral of Division, commands in Eussian cam- paign, 1 8 1 2 — Chevalier de St Louis, Peer of France, 18 14 — at battle of Waterloo, Jun. 1 8 15 — Inspector-general of Infantry, 18 15 — commands in Spain, 1823 — assists at consecra- tion of Charles X. at Eheims, 1825 — tr. at Paris, 29 May 1829. Curio, C Scribonius, — [B C]— 1. Trib. Pleb., 90 — war against Archelaus, besieges Aristion m Acropolis of Athens, 88 — praetor, 82 — Con- sul with Cn. Octavius, (678, a. u. c.) 76— war against Dardanians and Masians, 75 — triumphs, 71 — Pontifex Maximus, 57 — tf., 53. 2. Tri- bune, 50 — Propraetor in Sicily, by Ca?sar, 49 — defeated by Juba, before Utica, and killed, 49. Curne, la. [Sainte-Palaye.] Curran, John Philpot, — b. in Ireland, 24 Jul. 1750 — studies at the Temple, London, 1773 — member of Irish House of Commons, 1784 — Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 1806 — resigns, 18 15 — tf. in London, 14 Oct. 181 7. Speeches, 1805. Currie, James, physician, — b. in Dumfries- shire, 31 May 1756 — M.D. Glasgow, 1780 — settles in Liverpool, 1781 — F.R.S., 1792 — tr. at Sidmouth, 31 Aug. 1805. Medical Reports on the effects of water, cold and warm, as a remedy in febrile diseases, 1797 -1804 — edition of Works of Robert Burns, §c, 1800. Cursor, L. Papirius,— [B C] — 1. Magister equitum to L. Papirius Crassus, 340 — Consul with C. Poetelius Libo, (421, a. u. c.) 333 — again, ( ?) 326— dictator, war against Samnites, 325-324 — triumphs, 324 — Consul with Q. Pub- lilius Philo, (434,) 320 — blockades Luceria, triumphs, 319 — Consul with Q,. Publilius Philo, (439,) 315— with C. Junius Bubulcus, (441,) 313 — dictator, war against Samnites, triumphs, 309. 2. Consul with Sp. Carvilius Maximus, war against Samnites, and triumph, (461,) 293 — again with same, (482,) 272. Curtatone, in Italy, — stormed by the Austri- ans, 29 May 1848. Curti, Francesco, engraver, — b. at Bologna, 1603. Curti, Girolamo. [Dentone.] Curtis, "William, botanist, — b. at Alton, Hampshire, 1746 — ft. in London, 7 Jul. 1799. Flora londinensis, $c, 1777 — Botanical Maga- zine, 1787-98. Curtius. [Corti and Curtz.] Curtius, Michael Conrad, historian, — b. in Mecklenburg, Aug. 1724 — Prof. History, Mar- burg, 1767 — Principal of the Faculty of Philo- sophy, 1795 — tf., 22 Aug. 1802. Commentarii de senatu Romano, §c, 1768 — edition of Aris- totle's Poetics, 1753. Curtius, Q. Rufus, historian, — fl., about 75, a about 200. b a Some authorities. b Others. Curtz, Albert, (Curtius,) Jesuit, — b. at Munich, 1600 — ft. there, 1671. Novum cceli sy sterna, 1626 — Amussis Ferdinandea, 1651 — Sylloge Ferdinandea, 1657. Curvus, L. Fulvius, — [_B C] — Consul with Q. Fabius Max. Rullianus, (432, a. u. c.) 322. Curzola, (Korkyra Nigra,) island, — ceded by Ragusa to Venetians, 1386. Cusa, Nicolas de, (Cusanus,) cardinal, — b. at Cusa, (Treves,) 1401 — assists at Council of Basel, 143 1 — Cardinal, by Nicolas V., 1448 — ft. at Todi, (Umbria,) n Aug. 1464. Custine, Adam Philippe, Count op, general, — b. at Metz, 4 Feb. 1740 — distinguishes him- self at the taking of York-Town, America, 17 81 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — commands army of the Rhine, 1792 — arrested, 29 Jul. 1793 — executed at Paris, 28 Aug. 1793. Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de, travelltr and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, about 1793 — visits England, Scotland, Switzerland, Calabria, 181 1-22 — Spain, 1835 — Russia, 1839 — ft., end of Sep. 1857. Memoires et Voyages, 1830 — I'Fspagne sous Ferdinand VII, 1838 -^-la Russie en 1839, 1843 — Romuald, 1848. Custine, Renaud Philippe, diplomatist, — ■ charged with mission to Duke of Brunswick, 1792 — executed at Paris, 3 Jan. 1794. Custis, Charles Francois, — b. at Bruges, 28 Aug. 1704 — if., 26 Feb. 1752. Annates de la ville de Bruges, §c., 1738. Customs, — [B C] — on exports and imports of subject states imposed by Athens, 415 — on ex- ports and imports of the Euxine, by Alkibiades and others, 410, 405, 391 — [AD] — in England, first granted by parliament, 3 Edw. I., 1274 — new ones granted by ordinance of 31 Edw I., 1305 — [Tonnage and Poundage] — 'book of rates ' under authority of House of Commons, 1642 — second, 1660 — laws respecting, con- solidated by Acts 27 Geo. III. c. 13, 1787, and 43 Geo. III. c. 68, 1803 — again, by Act 6 Geo. IY. cc. 106-116, Jul. 1825— again, by Act 3 and 4 ¥m IY. cc. 50-57, 28 Aug. 1833 — laws amended by Acts 5 and 6 Yic. c. 47, 9 Jul. 1842; 8and9 Yic. cc. 84-91, 4 Aug. 1845; 12 and 13 Yic. cc. 29, 90, 26 Jun. and 1 Aug. 1849, an d 13 and 14 Yic. c. 95, 14 Aug. 1850 — laws consolidated by Acts 16 and 17 Yic. cc. 106 and 107, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 18 and 19 Yic. cc. 96 and 97, 14 Aug. 1855. Gustos, Dominique, engraver, — b. at Ant- werp, 1560 — tr. at Augsburg, 16 12. Atrium hcroicumCcesarum,regum, §c, 1600 — Fuggero- rum et Fug ger arum imagines, 1593. Custos Brevium, — office abolished by Act 1 Wm IV. c. 58, 23 Jul. 1830. Custos Rotulorum,— appointment of, regu- lated by Acts 37 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1545 ; 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 ; and 1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 21, 1688. Custozza, in Italy, — Radetzky defeats the Piedmontese at, 23 Jul. 1848 — Victor Emman- uel defeated by Archduke Albert of Austria, 24 Jun. 1866. Ciistrin. [Kiistrin.] 394 CUTCH-CYPRUS. Cutch, in Hindustan, — enters into agreement ■with East India Company, 1809— the Rao concludes treaties with Great Britain, Jan. and 18 Jun. 1 8 16— the Rao deposed for nrisgovern- ment, 18 19 — treaty with. Great Britain, 13 Oct. 1 8 19 — another, May 1822. Cuthbert, St, — Bp of Lindisfarne, 685 — re- signs soon after ; a", at his hermitage off coast of Northumbria, 20 Mar. 687 — his remains re- moved from Lindisfarne, 875 — and translated to Durham Cathedral, 11 04. Cuttack, in Hindustan,— becomes subject to Mohammedans, 1592 — invaded by Mahrattas, tributary to Rajah of Nagpore, 1750— passes to Mahrattas, 1756— conquered by the British, Oct. 1803. Cuvier, George Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert, Baron, — b. at Montbeliard, 23 Aug. 1769 — assistant Superintendent of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 1795 — member of the Insti- tute, 1796— Prof. Natural Philosophy, College de France, 1800— appointed one of the Inspec- tors-general for establishing public schools, 1802— charged with the organization of the new Academies, 1809-10 — organizes the Uni- versities at Rome, 1813 — Councillor of State, 1 8 14 — Chancellor of the University, 18 15 — visits England, 18 18 — member of French Academy, 181 8 — President of Committee of the Interior, Baron, 18 19— Grand Master of the Faculties of Protestant Theology, 1822 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1826 — visits Eng- land, 1830— Peer of France, 1832,* 19 Nov. i83i b — ft. at Paris, 13 May 1832. Tableau elementaire de Vhistoire naturelle des animaux, 1798-99 — Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe, §c., 1818 (oth ed.) — Recherches sur les ossements fossiles des quadrupedes, 1812 — le Regne animal, §c, 18 16 — Histoire naturelle des poissons, 1828 — Description geologique des environs de Paris, 1812 — Rapport historique sur les sciences naturelles depuis 1789, <$;c., 1810 — Eloges historiques des membres de I'Academie des Sciences, §c, 1819-27. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Cuvier, Frederic, natural historian, — b. at Montbeliard, 28 Jun. 1773 — tf. at Strasburg, 17 Jul. 1838. Histoire naturelle des Mam- mi feres, 1824. Cuyp, Albert, painter, — b. at Dort, 1605 — living, Jan. 1683. Cuzco, in Peru, — taken by Pizarro, 1534. Cyanogen, — discovered by Guy Lussac, 1815. Cyaxares. [Media.] Cybele, (Kybele, Kybele,) — [B C] — "Wor- ship of, introduced at Rome from Phrygia, 204, Cyclades, — [B c l — conquered by Ampho- terics for Alexander the Great, 333. [Archi- pelago.] Cycloid, The, — properties of, investigated by Galileo, about 1599 — observed by Mersenne, about 1615. Cydias, (Kijdias,) orator,— [BC]- fl., 352. Cydonia, (Kydonia,) — [BC]— colonized by JEgina, (01. 65, 2,) 519.* "Miiller. Cylon, (Kg Ion,) — [B C] — victor in the diau- lus at Olympia, (01. 35, 1,) 640 — seizes the Acropolis in an attempt to make himself tyrant of Athens, and is killed, 62o, a (01. 42, 1,) 6i2. bc a Clinton. b Casini. c Muller. Cyme, (Kyme,) — [BC] — founded, 977, 1033.* a Eratosth. Cynoscephalae, (Kynoskephalai,) — [BC] — Philip of Macedonia defeated by Flaminius at, 197. Cynossema, (Kynossema,) — [B C] — the Athenians defeat Mindarus at, 411. Cyprian "War, — [BC] — Evagoras becomes master of almost all Cyprus, 391 — Teleutias aids him against the Persians, 391 — Athens aids him with two fleets, Thrasybulus sent with the second, 390 — Chabrias sent to aid him, 388— Cyprus excluded from Peace of Antalkidas, 387 — Tyrians aid Evagoras; Evag- oras defeated in a sea fight, Salamis besieged, 385— assisted by Acoris of Egypt, 380 — Sala- mis given up by Evagoras to Orontes, war ends, 37 6 . Cyprianus, St, Thascius Csecilius, Bp of Carthage, Christian Father, — b. at Carthage, about 210 — converted, about 246 —presbyter, 247 — Bp of Carthage, 248 — retires before persecution of Decius, 250-251 — assembles Council at Carthage, 251 — exiled by Paternus to Curubis, Sep. 257 — recalled by Galerius Maximus, 258 — beheaded, (Oct. kal. 18,) 14 Sep. 258. He Gratia Dei, 24.6 ? — De Disci- plina et Habitu Virginum, 248 — De TJnitate Ecclesiee Catholicce, 252 — De Lapsis, Nov. 252 — De Oratione Dominica, about 252 — De Mor- talitate, 252, 253 s — Ad Demetrianum, 151 — ■ De Exhortatione Marty rum, 252 — De Opere et Eleemosynis, 253 or 254 — De Patientia, about 256. a Clinton. Cyprus, (Kupros,) — [BC] — held by Phoeni- cians, about 1000-725 e — mythic dominion of the sea, 880-858,* 865-833 b — rebels against Tyre, about 720,° 725 e — divided into petty kingdoms, Salamis, Paphos, Citium, Soli, &c. : subdued by Amasis I. of Egypt, about 550 c e — by Cambyses of Persia, about 525 c e — revolts, 499 — recovered by Persia, 498 a — Pausanias subdues great part of the island, 477 a — Evag- oras II. of Salamis drives out Abdemon and acquires almost all the island, 391 d — [Cyprian War] — ceded to Persia by Peace of Antalkidas, 387* — subdued by Persia, 380 — submits to Macedonia, 333 e — joins Alexander the Great at siege of Tyre, 332 c — conquered by Ptolemy Soter of Egypt, 315^ 313° — conquered by Antigonus and Demetrius, 3o6, d 307 c — re- covered by Ptolemy, 294 c — betrayed to Antio- chus Epiphanes, about 171 c — given to Ptolemy Physcon by Rome, after 164° — defeat and ex- pulsion of Ptolemy Physcon, 154 d — who re- covers it, 146-1 17 d — Alexander rules for Egypt, 117 — makes himself king, 1 14-107 d — Ptolemy Lathyrus king, 107-81° — Ptolemy king, 80- 57 d — reduced to Roman province by Cato of Utica, 57 — given to Cleopatra by Antony, 37 — Imperial province, by Octavianus, 27 — handed over to Senate by Augustus, 22 — [AD] — falls to Byzantine Emperors at division of Empire, 365— captured by Arabs under Moawiyah, 648 CYPSELTTS-CYZICUS.' 395 % — regained by Constantine Copronymus, about 746 — recaptured by Saracens, about 805 — re- gained by Mcephorus II., 964-75 — seized by Isaac Comnenus, who makes himself king, 1182-91 — taken by Eichard I. of England, 1 191 — given to Guy of Lusignan, who be- comes king, 1 192 — Amauri succeeds, 1194 — Hugh L, 1205 — Henry I., 12 19 — Hugh II., 1253— Hugh III., 1267 — John L, 1284 — Henry II., 1285— Hugh IV., 1324— Petron, 1369— James I., 1382 — James, (John II.,) 1398— John II., (III.,) 1432-1439 ?— Char- lotte and Louis of Savoy, 1458— civil wars in which the Sultan of Egypt and Venice take part, 1458 — James II., 1464— James III., 1473 — Catherine Cornaro, 1475 — she abdi- cates, and the island is acquired by Venice, 1489— the Turks under Selim II. invade and seize the island, 1570-1 — ceded by Venice to the Turks, 1573. a Clinton. b Blair. c Heeren. d Smith's Diet. e Rawlinson. Cypselus, (Kypselos,) King or Corinth, — [BC] — expels Bacchiadse and becomes king, (01. 30, 3,) 658.* a Miiller. Cyrenaica, (Kyrene,) — [B C] — colonized from Thera, Platea founded, (01. 35, 4,) 639- 8, a b 640 c — Azius founded, 637,* 638 c — Ky- rene, 63i, a (01. 37,) 632— Battus L, sovereign, 63i-59i, a 640-599 c — Arkesilaos I„ 591-576,* 59 1_ 575> dh 599 - 5 8 3 c — Battus II., (Eudamon,) 575? a 554. de 5 8 3-57°-6° ? c — ne defeats Apries in Irasa and conquers Libya, about 570 dh — Arkesilaos II., {Burns,) 554-544> 55°, d 57°- 60-550 c — he loses Libya, defeated at Leucon, about 550 — is assassinated, 570-60,° 544 d — Battus III., (Claudus,) 544-529^ 550-530 c — popular supremacy given by legislation of De- monax, about 540, 538 h — Arkesilaos III., 529-5 i6, d 530 to about 514° — becomes tributary to Persia, about 524^ 525 h — Arkesilaos at- tempts to regain regal supremacy, and is assas- sinated, about 5i6, d 514 c — Pheretima regent for Battus IV., about 512, 11 before 514 11 — he takes revenge on Barca, about 5i2, d 514 11 — Battus IV., (Calus,) adopts Medizing policy, about 512 c — Arkesilaos IV., about 466",° 47o, h about 431 f — popular government estab- lished, about 457, 13 before 460-400 c — insur- rection of Ariston, 403,° 400 d — submits to Alexander, and becomes dependency of Egypt, 332 h — Thimbron attempts to get possession of, 324-2 c — subject to Egypt by Ophelias, 321 d — revolt supported by Agis, 313° — revolt of Ophelias, after 313-308 c — subdued by Magas, 308 c — revolt of Magas, 283-258 c — Demetrius, (Calus,) 258, before 247 c — subject to Egypt under Ptolemy Euergetes, before 247 — Ptoiemy Physcon, after 1 64-1 17 e — independent govern- ment, after 164-96 — Apion, 117-96° — be- queathed to Rome by Apion, 96,° 97 d — Pom an province, about 65 a — [AD] — Greek colonies extirpated by Chosroes, 6i6.g a Clinton. b Miiller. c Smith's Diet. d Heeren. e Larcher. f Eusebius. 8 Gibbon. h Rawlinson. Gyrene, (Kyrene,) [Cyrenaica,] — [BC] — founded by Battus I., (01. 37,) 631,* 597 b — besieged by Thimbron, 322 c — [AD] — ruins explored by Dr Delia Cella, 1817 — byBeechey, 1821-2 — by M. Pacho, 1826 — by Smith and Porcher, 1860-61 — marbles from, added to British Museum, 1861. a Clinton. b Solinus. c Smith's Diet. Cyril Lucar, (Kurillos Loukaris,) Patriarch oe Constantinople, — b. inCandia, 1572 — op- poses union of Greek and Latin Churches, 1595 — Patriarch of Alexandria, 1602 ? — administrator of Church of Constantinople during exile of Neophytus, 1611-13 a — Patriarch of Constanti- nople, 5 Nov. 1 62 1 a — preaches Protestant doctrines, and projects union of Greek and Re- formed Churches, 1622 — deposed and banished to Ehodes through influence of the Jesuits, 1622 — reinstated, 1623 — sends Alexandrian Codex to England, 1628 — banished to Tenedos by Sultan Amurath, 1631 — again restored, 1633 — again driven away, 1634 — recalled, 1634 — banished to Rhodes, 1636 — restored a fifth time, 1637 — seized and sent away, end of Jun. 1637, b 1638, a and put to death : his name and doctrines anathematized by his successor, Cyril of Berea, Sep. 1638 a — again condemned by Synod of Constantinople, May 1642." a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Notw. Biog. Gen. Cyvilhis, jurist, — ft., before 535. Cyrillus, St, (Constantine,) Apostle of the Slaves, — sent with Methodius to preach in Bulgaria, about 860 ? — ft. at Rome, 882, ? about 869? Cyrillus, (Kyrillos,) St, Bp of Jerusalem, — b. at Jerusalem, about 315 — Deacon, about 334-5 — Presbyter, 345 — succeeds Maximus as Bp, 348, a 350 b — vision of luminous cross, 7 May 351 — deposed, retires to Tarsus, 358 — restored, by Council of Seleucia, 359 — de- posed and banished by Constantius, 360 — restored, 362 — restored by Theodosius, ? Dec. 380 a — banished by Valens, 367 — returns, 378 — restored by Council of Constantinople, 381 a — 0"., 388, a 386.^ Lectures to catechumens §C, about 347. a Clinton. b Engl. Cyc. Cyrillus, St, Bp of Alexandria, Christian Father, — succeeds Theophilus as Bp of Alex- andria, 412 — holds Synod at Alexandria, 430 — presides at Gen. Council at Ephesus against Nestorius, 23 Jun. 431 — ft., 28 Jun. 444. Cyrus, King of Persia, — [B C] — defeats Astyages (?) and becomes king of Media and Persia, 559 — defeats Croesus, takes Sardis, and conquers Lydia, 546 — takes Babylon, 538 — issues decree for the return of the Jews to Jerusalem, 536 — killed in battle against the Massagetse, 529^ a Clinton. Cyrus, the Younyer, — [B C] — satrap of Lydia, &c, 407 — visits the court, 404 — expedition against Artaxerxes, killed at Cunaxa, spring 401. [Xenophon.] Cysat, Jean Baptiste, mathematician, — b. at Lucerne, 1588 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1604 — if. at Lucerne, 3 Mar. 1657. Mathe- matica astronomica de loco, §c, cometce annorum 1618^ 1619, 1619. Cythera, (Kythera,) — [B C]— occupied by the Athenians, summer 424. Cyzicus, (KyziJcos,) — [BC] — colonized by Milesians, 756*— byMegarians, 675 b — Arista- 39 6 CZACKI— DADDI. goras tyrant of, by Darius, about 500 ? — re- covered by Athens, after revolt, 411 — given up to Persia by Peace of Antalkidas, 387— makes itself independent of Persia, about 365 — be- sieged by Mithridates, 75 — made a free city by Ro me, about 75 — [AD] —deprived of its freedom by Tiberius, 25 — earthquake at, 443 — con- quered by Saracens, 675. ».. a Some authorities. b Others. Czacki, Tadeusz, statesman, historian, — fj. in Volhynia, 28 Aug. 1765 — member of Con- stitutional Diet, 1788-91 — his property confis- cated by Catherine II., 1795— joint founder of Society of Friends of Science, "Warsaw, 1800 — founds Polish Commercial Society, 1802 — founds High School at Krzemieniec, 1805 — tf. at Dubno, 8 Feb. 18 13. litewskich i polskich prawach, 1800 — his scientific institutions sup- pressed by Nicholas I., and their treasures carried off to St Petersburg, 1832. Ozarniecki, Stephan, general, — ft., 1599 — castellan of Kiow, serves against Sweden, 1655 — surprises van-guard of the Swedes, 20 Mar. 1656 — compels Prince of Transylvania to sign treaty, 23 Jul. 1657 — contributes to victory over 'Kussians atPolonka, 27 Jun. 1660 — enters Warsaw, 7 Jun. 1661 — If. in Yolhynia, 1664* 1665* a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Czarnowo, in Poland, — the French defeat the Russians at, 23 Dec. 1806. Czartoryski, Adam Casimir, — fj. at Dantzic, 1 Dec. 1734— Marshal of supreme tribunal of Lithuania, 178 1 — assists at Constituent Diet, Warsaw, 1788 — envoy extraordinary to Dres- den, 1 79 1 — at Vienna, 1794— Marshal of the Diet, Jun. 181 2 — retires from public life, 18 13 — tf. in Galicia, Mar. 1823. Czartoryski, Adam George,— fj. at "Warsaw, 14 Jan. 1770 — serves under Zabiello, against Russia, 1792 — ambassador to Sardinia, by Em- peror Paid, 1797 — assistant to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1802 — curator of University of W r ilna, 1803 — at battle of Austerlitz, 1805 — takes part in conferences of Tilsit, 1807 — accompanies Emperor Alexander to Vienna and Paris, 1 81 3- 14 — President of Provisional Go- vernment in Poland, 1830 — elected President of National Government, 30 Jan. 1831 — escapes to Paris, Aug. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1861. Czaslau, — Frederick II. of Prussia defeats Prince Charles of Lorraine at, 17 May 1742. Czerni - George, {Black - George,) (FLenri- George,) Hospodab, op Seevta, — fc. at Nancy , a near Belgrade, 15 about 1775 ? — enters French army, about 1791 ? — captain of banditti, about 1800 — Hospodar, 1803 — takes arms against Turks, 1 806 — concludes armistice with them, Aug., a Jul. b 1808 — defeats Turks on the Dvina, 24 Jul. 1 8 14 — named Prince and General by Emperor Alexander : beheaded, Jul. 1817. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Les. D Dabelow, Christoph Christian, Baron von, jurist, — ft. in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 19 Jul. 1768— Prof. Law, Halle, 1793 — Prof. Law, Derpt, (Livonia,) 1819-30 — tf. there, 27 Apr. 1830. Meletematum Juris Feodalis Collect io, 1 79 1 — Geschichtes6.mmtlicherQuellendesgemein- en deutschen positiven Rechts, 1797 — Handbuch der Pandecten, 18 16-18. Dach, Simon, poet, — fi. at Memel, 1605 — Prof. Poetry, Konigsberg, 1638^ 1639 b — tf. there, 15 Apr. 1659. Werke, 1696. a Biog. Univ. -' b Ersch and Gruber. Dacia, the Daci, Daeians, (Getce,) — [B C] — invaded by Alexander the Great, 335 — by Ly- simacbus, who is defeated and captured, 292 — invaded by the Romans, 10 — [AD] — cross the Danube under their king Decebalus, and de- feat Ap. Sabinus, 86 — Domitian sends forces against, 86— defeat and kill Cornelius Fuscus, 88 — make peace with Domitian on his agreeing to pay annual tribute, 90 — Trajan sets out on expedition against, 100 — refuses to pay the tribute, and takes their chief town Zarmize- gethusa, ior — the war renewed, 104 — made a Roman province, 106 — overrun by the Goths, 250 — abandoned by Aurelian, 270 — conquered by the Huns, 376— ravaged by Attila, 447 b — conquered by the Gepidse after death of Attila, 453 — by Lombards and Avars, 566 — the Mag- yars settle in, about 900. [Hungary.] a Zumpt. b Clinton. Dacier, Andre, translator, §c, — fc. atCastres, 6 Apr. 1 65 1 — admitted to Academy of In- scriptions and French Academy, 1695 — tf. at the Louvre, 18 Sep. 1722. QZuvres d' Horace, 1 68 1-9 — Reflexions morales de Vempereur Marc- Antonin, 1690 — Poetique dAristote, 1692 — Vies des homines illustres de Plutarque, §c., 172 1. Dacier, Anne, (Anne Lefevre,) philologist, translator, — rj. at Saumur, 1651 — goes to Paris, about 1672 — marries M. Dacier, 1683 — re- nounces Protestantism, 1685 — tf-,i7 Aug. 1720. Callimachi hymni, $c., 1674 — L. A. Flori his- toria Romana, 1674 — Comedies de Terence, 1688 — Iliade d 'Home? -e, 1699 — Odysse'e, 1708 — Des causes de la corruption du gout, 17 14. Dacier, Bon Joseph, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Valogne, 1 Apr. 1742 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1772 — perpetual Se- cretary, 1782 — member of Institute, 1795 — keeper of MSS. of the Bibliotheque Rationale, 1800 — admitted to French Academy, 1822 — tf. at Paris, Feb. 1833— translation of JElian, 1772 — of Xcnophon's Cyropcedia, 1777. Dacosta. [Acosta, Costa, da.] {Bernardo of Florence,) DAEHNEET— DAINE. 397 painter, — living at Florence, 1346 — ft., 1380. Madonna, Church of Or San Michele, Florence, 1346.7. Daehnert, Johann Karl, jurist, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Stralsund, 17 19 — Prof. Philoso- phy, Greifswald, 1748 — Prof. Swedish Law, 175 8 — ft. , 5 Jul. 1 7 85 . Edition of Erickson' s Bibli- otheca Runica, i~ t 66 — Historische Finleitung in das Fommersche Biplomawesen, 1786 — Acade- mics Grypeswaldensis bibliotheca, 1775. Daendels, Herman Willem, general, — b. in Guelderland, 21 Oct. 1762 — serves under Dumouriez in Holland, 1793 — General of Brigade, 1794 — serves under Pichegru in Hol- land, 1795 — takes part in aristocratic revolu- tion there, 1797 — retires, 1803 — enters service of Xing Louis Bonaparte, 1 806 — Marshal of Holland, 1807 — Governor-general of Dutch East Indies, 1808- 11 — General of Division in French army, takes part in Eussian campaign, 1 8 12-13 — Governor of Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast, Oct. 1 815— ft., Aug., a 2 May b 1 818. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Dagalaiphus, — (1.) Consul with Flavius Gratianus, (1119, a. u. c.) 366 — sent to oppose Alemanni in Gaul, delays, and is recalled, he- fore 1 Jan. 366. (2.) Consul with Fl. Severi- nus, (1214,) 461. Daghistan. [Derbend] — ceded by Persia to Eussia, 1812, i8i3. a a Encyc. Mod. D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George Seroux, antiquary and art-historian, — b. at Beauvais, 1730 — visits Italy, 1778 — ft. at Eome, 1 8 14. BZistoire de V Art par les Monu- ments, 1810-23. Dagomari, Paolo, geometrician, — b. near Florence, about 1300 — ft. at Florence, 1366. Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, inventor, — b. at Cormeille, (Seine et Oise,) 1789 — invents the diorama, 1822 — discovers the da- guerreotype process, 1839 — Officer of Legion of Honour, Jun. 1839 — ft. at Petit-Brie-sur- Marne, 12 Jul. 1851. Sistoire et description des procedes du Daguerreotype, et du Diorama, 1839. Daguerreotype. [Daguerre.] Daguesseau. [Aguesseau, d'.] Dahl, Johann Conrad, historical and topo- graphical writer, — b. at Mentz, 19 Nov. 1762 — canon of Mentz, 18 19 — ft. there, 10 Mar. 1833- Dahl, Johann Christian Clausen, painter, — b. at Bergen, Norway, 24 Feb. 1778 — visits Italy, 1820 — admitted to the Academy, Dres- den, 1820 — Prof. Painting there, 1821 — ft. at Dresden, 14 Oct. 1857. Dahl, Michael, painter, — b. at Stockholm, 1656 — visits England, 1678 — Paris, 1679 — Italy, 1680-3 — settles in England, 1688 — ft. in London, 1743. Dahlberg, Eric, Count of, field-marshal, $c, — b. at Stockholm, 10 Oct. 1625 — Director- general of fortresses, 1648 — Count, Field-mar- shal, 1693 — Governor-general of Livonia, 1696 — ft. at Stockholm, 16 Jan. 1703. Suecia antiqua et hodierna, about 1700. Dahlgren, John A., admiral, inventor of the Dahlgren Gun, — enters U.S. navy, 1826 — em- ployed on ordnance duty, from 1847 — com- mander, Sep. 1855 — ft. at Washington, 12 Jul. 1870. System of Boat Armament, 1852 — Shells and Shell Guns, 1856. Dahlgren, Karl Johann, poet, — b. in East Gothland, 1791 — ft., May 1844. Samlade Arbeten, 1847-9. Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, historian, — b. at Wismar, 13 May 1785 — goes to Univ. of Halle, 1803 — teaches at Dresden, 1809 — Ph.D. Wittenberg, 1 8 10 — Prof. Extraord. History, Kiel,. 18 12 — Prof. Political Science, Gottingen, 1829 — protests against suspension of Hanoverian constitution by Ernest August, and is banished, 1837 — Prof. History, Bonn, 1 842 — member of Assemblies of Frankfort and Liibeck, 1846 and 1847 — takes part in liberal movement, deputy to National Assembly, 1 848 — ft., 5 Dec. i860. Quellenkunde der deutschen, Geschichte, 1830 — Geschichte Bdnemarks, 1840-3 — Geschichte der Fnglische Revolution, 1 844 — Geschichte der Franzbsischen Revolution, 1845. Dahomey, Dahomans, in Africa, — becomes known to Europeans, soon after 1700 — King Trudo destroys the European forts, 1724 — con- • quers kingdom of Whyda, 1727 — visited by. Snelgrave, 1727 and 1729 — Trudo destroys-. European forts at Jaquin, Mar. 1732 — visited by Norris, 1772 — by McLeod, 1803 — unsuc- cessfully attack Abbeokuta, 1848 — visited by Forbes, 1849-50 — defeated at Abbeokuta, 3 Mar. 1 85 1 — British mission to, to remonstrate against human sacrifices and the Slave Trade, Dec. 1862 — visited by Burton, Dec. 1863 to Feb. 1864 — again defeated, 15 Mar. 1864. Dahra, Dahara, in Algeria, — the French massacre the Kabyles in caverns of, 18-19 ^ xm ' 1845. Daille, Jean, (Ballceus,) theologian, — b. at Chatellerault, 6 Jan. 1594 — tutor to grandsons of Duplessis Mornay, 161 2-1 9 — settles at Paris, 1626 — ft. there, 15 Apr. 1670. Traite de 1 Vemploi des SS. Feres, pour le jugement des differ ends de la religion, 1632 — Apologie des Eglises reforme'es, 1633 — La Foi fonde'e sur les saintes Fcritures, 1634 — Be sacramentali sive auriculari Latinorum confessione, i66j. Dailly. [Ailly, Pierre d\] Daily Courant, first daily newspaper in England, — commenced, 11 Mar. 1702. Daily News, London, — commenced, 21 Jan. 1846. Daily Telegraph, London, — commenced, 29 Jun. 1855. Dalmachus, {Be'imachus,) — [BC] — histo- ' rian, — ambassador to Allitrochades, king of India, about 312. Daimbert, (Bagobert,) Abp of Pisa,— Abp by Urban II., 1092 — assists at Council of Clermont, 1095 — commands Pisan and Genoese army and fleet in first crusade, 1099 — Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, autumn 1099 — unsuc- cessfully claims kingdom of Jerusalem on death of Godfrey of Bouillon, 11 00 — ft. in Sicily, Jun. 1 107. Daine, Nicolas Joseph, general,— b. in Bel- gium, 13 Oct. 1782 or 1780 — enters the French 39* DAIRVAL— DALLAS. army, about 1796 — passes into the service of Grand Duke of Warsaw, 1807 — member of Le- gion of Honour, 7 May 1807 — at defence of Dantzic, 18 13 — taken prisoner by Russians, 2 Jan. 1814— General of Brigade, 24 Nov. 1816 — commander of province of Limbourg, 20 Dec. 1826 — takes Yenloo, n Nov. 1830 — com- mander-in-chief of the army of the Meuse, 16 Jun. 1 83 1 — Chevalier of Order of Leopold, 2 Oct. 1833 — commander of Yenloo, 31 Dec. 1838— tf. at Charleroi, 14 Jun. 1842,* 18 Oct. 1843.* a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Dairval, Baudelot de. [Baudelot.] Dalayrac, Nicolas, musical composer, — b. in Comminge, 13 Jun. 1753 — goes to Paris, 1774 — composer for theatre of the Opera Comique, 1 7 8 1 - 1 809 — member of Academy of Stockholm, 1798 — tf. at Paris, 27 Nov. 1809. Dalberg, Emmeric Joseph Frank Keinrich Felix Dismas, Duke vox, statesman, peer of France, — b. at Mentz, 30 May 1773 — studies at Gottingen, 1792 — minister of Baden to Paris, 1803-8 — Councillor of State, Duke, 1810 — one of the French plenipotentiaries at Congress of Vienna, 1815 — Peer, 1815 — ambassador to Turin, Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 18 16 — recalled, 1820 — tf. at Hernsheim, 27 Apr. 1833. Dalberg, Johann Friedrich Hugo, Baron von, musical composer, — b. at Coblentz, 1752 — tf. at Aschaffenburg, 181 2. Dalberg, Johann Kamerer von, (Dalbur- gius,) Bp of Worms, — b. at Oppenheim, 1445 — visits Italy, 1467 ? — founder and president of the Societas literaria Bhenana, Heidelberg, 1480 — Bp. of Worms, 1482 — ambassador to Innocent VIII., 1485 — tf. at Ladenburg, Jul. i5°3- Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, Baron, Elector and Abp of Mentz, — b. near Worms, 8 Feb. 1744 — LL.D. Heidelberg, , 176 1 — Vicar-general of Mentz and Worms, 1770 — governor of Erfurt, 1772— coadjutor of , Elector of Mentz, 1787 — of Bp of Constance, 1788 — Elector and Abp of Mentz, 25 Jul. 1802 — assists at coronation of Napoleon I., 1804 — correspondent of Institute, 1804 — Prince-prim- ate of Bhenish Confederation, 1805 — Grand Duke of Frankfort, by Napoleon, 1 Mar. 18 10 — abdicates, 30 Oct. 1813 — tf. at Begensburg, 10 Feb. 1 817. Betrachtung iiber das Univer- sum, 1777 — Grundsasse der Aesthetik, 1791 — Von dem Einjiusse der Wissenschaften, §c, 1793 — Per ikies, iiber den Einjiuss.der schbnen KUnste, $c, 1806. Dalberg, Wolfgang Heribert, Baron von, poet, §c, — b. near Worms, 1750 — tf. at Mann- heim, 27 Sep. 1806. Dalby, Isaac, mathematician, — b. in Glou- cestershire, 1744 — goes to London, 1772 — as- sistant to Major-general Roy in trigonometrical survey, 1787 — carries on survey of England, 1790 — Prof Mathematics, Royal Military Col- lege at High Wycombe, 1799-1820 — tf. at Favnham, Surrey, 14 Oct. 1824. Dale. [Van Dale.] Dale, Samuel, physician, §c, — b. at Brain- tree, Essex, 1659 — tf. at Booking, 6 Jun. 1739 — Pharmacologia, 1693. Dale, Thomas, Dean of Rochester, poet, — b. at Pentonville, 22 Aug. 1797 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge, 18 17 — B.A., 1822 — ordained priest, 1823 — Prof. English Language and Literature, Univ. Coll. London, 1828-30 — Prof. English Language and Litera- ture, King's Coll. London, 1836-39 — canon of St Paul's, Oct. 1843 — fr., 14 May 1870. Translation of Sophocles, 1824 — Sermons preached before University of Cambridge, 1832-36 — Poetical Works, 1836 — Edition of Cowper's Poems, 1867. Dalecarlia, in Sweden, — joins in revolt against Eric XII., 1433 — Gustavus Vasa takes refuge in, 152 1 — joins in revolt, expels Chris- tian II., and makes Gustavus king, 1523 — op- poses the Reformation, 1527 — revolt, suppressed by Gustavus, 1533. Dalechamps, Jacques, botanist, — b. at Caen, 1513— tf. at Lyons, 1586,3 i588. b BZistoria generalis plantarum, Qc., 1586 — edition of Pliny, 1587. a Biog. Unrv. b Ersch and Gruber. Dalemille, poet, chronicler, — canon of Prague, 1308 — tf., probably 13 14. Chronicle of Bohe- mia, finished, 13 14. Dalen, Cornells von, {the younger]) engraver, — b. at Haarleni, a Antwerp, d 1640,3 b 1626.° a Biog. TJniY. b Biog. Woordenboek. c Erscb and Gruber. d Nagler. Dalgarno, George, — b. at Aberdeen, about 1627 ? — tf. at Oxford, 28 Aug. 1687. Ars signorum vulgo character universalis et lingua philosophica, 1661. Dalhousie, James Andrew Brown Ramsay, Earl and Marquis of, Governor-general of India, — b. at Dalhousie Castle, 22 Apr. 1 81 2 — B.A. Oxford, 1833 — marries, 1836 — M.P. East Lothian, 1837— M.A., 1838— suc- ceeds to the peerage, 1838 — V.-Pres. Board of Trade, Jun. 1843 — Pres., Feb. 1845 — Governor- general of India, close of 1847 — arrives at Calcutta, 12 Jan. 1848 — annexes the Punjab to British possessions, Mar. 1 849 — Marquis, 1 849 — annexes Pegu, 1852 — Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1852 — annexes Oude, 1856 — leaves Calcutta, Mar. 1856 — tf. at Dalhousie Castle, 19 Dec. i860. Dalimkote. [Bhootan.] Dalin, Olaus van, historian, $&, — b. in Swe- den, 1708 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1743 — librarian to the king, 1737,3 1747 b — Chancellor of the Court, 1759 — tf. at Drotling- holm, 12 Aug. 1763. Svea rikes historia, 1747-62. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Dallaeus. [Daille.] Dallas, Charles Robert, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Jamaica, 1754 — tf. at Havre, 20 Nov. 1 824. Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron, 1824 — History of the Maroons, 1803-4. Dallas, George Mifflin, statesman,— b. at Philadelphia, 10 Jul. 1792 — graduates at Princeton, 18 10 — admitted to the bar, 1813 — ■ U. S. Senator, 1831 — Minister to Russia, 1837- 39 — Vice-Pres., U. S., 1844-49 — Minister to Great Britain, 1856-61 — tf. at Philadelphia, DALLAS— DAMASCUS. 399 31 Dec. 1864. Letters from London, 1869. Dallas, Sir George, miscellaneotis writer, — ft. in London, 6 Apr. 1758 — enters service of East India Company, 1776 — Bart., 1798 — M.P. Newport, 1799-1801— Xf. at Brighton, 14 Jan. 1833. Dallaway, James, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Bristol, 20 Feb. 1763— M. A. Oxford, 1784— F.S.A., 1789 — chaplain and physician to em- bassy at the Porte, about 1795 — official secre- tary to Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, 1797 — vicar of Leatherhead, 1801 — tf. there, 1834. Edits Bigland's Collections for Gloucestershire, 1791-96 — Constantinople, §c, 1797 — Enquiries into the origin and progress of Heraldry in England, 1792 — History of Western Sussex, 1815-32. Dallemagne, Claude, Baron, general, — ft. near Belley, 1754 — enters the army, 1773 — aids in suppression of revolt of Nancy, 1790 — receives cross of St Louis, 1792 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — retires, 1802 — tf. at Nemours, 25 Jun. 1810. Dalmasio, Lippo di, {Lippo dalle Madonne,) painter, — fl., 1376-1410. Dalmatia, Delmatia, Dalmatians,— [B C] — revolts from Gentius, king of Illyricum, and becomes independent, i88, a 180 b — at war with Borne, Delminicum taken by C. Marcius Figu- lus, 156 — the war closed by Scipio Nasica, 155 — invaded by L. Csecilius Metellus, 119 — defeat of Gabinius, 48 — successes of Vatinius, 45 — defeated by Asinius Pollio, 39 — subdued, and their capital Salona burnt, by Octavius, 34, b 36 c — made an Imperial Province, after 3 1 — subdued by Statilius Taurus, 23 — revolts against Eome, 16 and 11 — [AD] — the insur- rection of Baton, 6 — Tiberius defeats Baton and closes the war, 7-8-9 — attacked by the Suevi, about 461 b — conquered by Theodoric, 489 c — overrun by the Sclavonians and other tribes, 548 c — occupied by Servians and Croats, about 650— under protection of Charles the Great, 806 — coasts occupied by Croats, about 890 — Crescimir Peter takes title of King of, 1052 — conquered and annexed by Hungarians, 1 103-5 — part acquired by Venice, 11 15 — given up by Venetians to Hungary, 20 Feb. 1358 — con- quered by Venetians, about 1412-20 — Turks first appear here, 1429 — in part conquered by the Turks, about 1537 — given up to Venetians, 1573 — reconquered by Turks, 1669— given to Austria by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — seized by Napoleon, and annexed to kingdom of Italy, 1805 — restored to Austria, 18 14 — insur- rection breaks out at Cattaro, 18 Oct. 1869 — leaders of insurrection submit, 23 Dec. 1869. a Enyc. Mod. b Smith's Diet. c Ersch and Gruber. Dalmatin, George, theologian, orientalist, — Pastor at Saint-Khaziam, 1585 — banished by Catholics, 1598. Sclavonic translation of the Bible, executed, 1568 — printed, 1584. Dalmatius. [Delmatius.] Dalrymple. [Stair, Viscounts and Earls of ] Dalrymple, Alexander, hydrographer,—b. at New Hailes, Scotland, 24 Jul. 1737 — enters service of East India Company, about 1753 — visits Eastern Archipelago, 1759 — returns to England, 1765 — member of Council, Madras, I 775"7 — hydrographer to the Admiralty, 1795- 1808 — tf. in London, 19 Jun. 1808. Dalrymple, John, surgeon, — ft. at Norwich, 1804 — settles in London, 1827 — F.B.S., 1850 — member of Council of Boyal College of Sur- geons, 1851 — iy., 1852. Anatomy of the Human Eye, 1834. Dalton, John, chemist, — ft. near Cocker- mouth, Cumberland, 5 Sep. 1766 — Prof. Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, New College, Manchester, 1793-99 — President of Literary and Philosophical Society, 1817-44 — F.B.S., about 1821 — visits Paris, 1822 — re- ceives gold medal of Boyal Society, 1826 — D.C.L., Oxford, 1832 — LL.D., Edintmrgh, F.E.S.E., 1834 — ir. at Manchester, 27 Jul. 1844. Meteorological Observations and Essays, 1793 — New System of Chemical Fhilosophy, 1808-10-27. Damas, Francois Etienne, general, — ft. at Paris, 22 Jun. 1764, 11 1769 b — serves under Jourdan, 1795— forces passage of the Bhine, at Neuwied, 2 Jul. 1796 — distinguishes him- self in campaigns of Egypt and Syria, 1798-99 — General of Division; commands in Bussian campaign, 181 2 — U. at Paris, 23 Dec. 1828. a Biog. Univ. b Conv-Lex. Damas, Joseph Francois Louis Charles Cesar, Duke or, Peer or France, general, — ft., 1758 — enters the army, 177 1 — serves under Count Bochambeau in American War, 1780-81 — charged by Bouille to secure the passage of royal family to Varennes, 179 1 — ■ emigrates soon after ; serves in expedition of Champagne, 1792 — Marechal de Camp, 1795 — . Peer of France, Lieutenant-general, and Com- mander of St Louis, 1 8 14 — follows Louis XVIII. to Belgium, 18 15— Duke, 1825— tf. at Paris, 5 Mar. 1829. Damascenus, Joannes, ecclesiastical writer, — ft. about 700 — If., not earlier than 756. Damascenus, Nicolaus, — [B C] — historian, intercedes in behalf of Ilium, i6, a 14 b — aids in securing the ethnarchy to Archelaus, 4. a a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Damascius, the Syrian, Neo-platonic philo- sopher, — ft., before 500 — taught by Isidorus of Alexandria, before 525 — goes into Persia, 529, beginning of 532 a — returns, beginning of 533.* a Clinton. Damas-Crux. Louis Etienne Francois, Count de, general, — ft. in the Nivernais, about 1750 — emigrates, 1792 — takes part in de- fence of Maestricht, Feb. 1793 — enters service of Duchess of Angouleme, 1799 — follows her to Bussia, Poland, and England, 1799-1814 — Lieutenant-general, Peer of France, 18 14 — Jj. at Paris, 18 14. Damascus, (Es Sham,) in Syria, — [B C] — . place of note in time of Abraham, about 1850 ? — taken by David, 1044 s — sea ^ 0I a kingdom under Bezon, before 1015 — taken by Jeroboam II. , 825 — taken and destroyed by Tiglath Pileser, the inhabitants carried captive into Assyria, about 74o, b about 732 d — surrendered to Parmenio, 333 — seat of kingdom of Antiochus 400 DAMASCUS— DAMPIERRE. Cyzicenus, in — submits to Pompey, 64 — [AD] — seat of a bishopric, before 325 — besieged and taken by Khalid and Abu Obeidah, 635 — made seat of the Caliphate under the Ommeyades, by Moawiyah, 661 — seized by Ahmed the Tu- lanide, 877 c — becomes subject to the Seljuks, 1075 c — unsuccessfully attacked by crusaders, 1 148 — submits toNoureddin, 1154 — surrenders to Hulagu, the castle besieged and taken, 1260 — taken and burnt by Timur, massacre of the inhabitants, 1401 — taken by Sultan Selim I., autumn 1516 — earthquake, 1759° — seized by Mehemet Ali, 1832 — ceded to him, 1833 — re- stored to the Porte, 1840 — Protestant mission established at, 1843 — massacre of Christians, 9-1 1 Jul. i860. Great Mosque, built by Walid ben Abdelmalik, 707.° a Ussher. b Robinson. c Ersch and Gruber. d Ra-wlinson. Damascus, Roger, Count of, general, — b., 1765 — enters the army, 1777 — Colonel in Russian army, serves against Turks, 1789 — distinguishes himself at battles of Akerman and Klia, 1790 — at taking of Ismael, 1790 — aide- de-camp to Count of Artois, 1791 — commands under the Prince of Conde, 1796-97 — enters service of king of Naples, 1798— returns to France, 18 14 — if. at Cirey, Sep. 1823. Damasius, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 35, 2,) 639. 2. Archon at Athens, (01. 48, 3,) 586. Damask, Silk, — weaving of, introduced into England by Flemings, 1567. Damastis, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 450. Damasus, Bp of Rome, — b. about 305 — succeeds Liberius at Rome, 1 Oct. 366 — rj., 10 Dec. 384. Damasus II., Pope, — succeeds Clement II., 16 Jul. 1048 — ft., 8 Aug. 1048. D'Amboise. [Amboise.] Dambray, Charles Henri, Chancellor op France, — b. at Rouen, 1760 — Advocate- general to Court of Aids, Paris, 17 88 -1829 — Chancellor of France, 18 14 — President of Chamber of Peers, Minister of Justice, 1814 — ft. near Dieppe, 13 Dec. 1829. Darner, Anne, sculptor, — b., 1748 — marries Mr Darner, 1767 — ft. in London, 28 May 1828. Damery, Jacques, painter, engraver, — b. at Liege, 1622 — b. at Rome, 1678. Damery, Simon, painter, — b. at Liege, about 1600 ? — b. at Milan, 1640. a a Nagler. Damery, Walter, painter, — b. at Liege, 1 6 14 — tf. there, 1678. Damhouder, (Pamhauder,) Joost, (Jodocus Damhouderius,) jurist, — b. at Bruges, 1507 — b. at Amiens, a Antwerp,* 5 22 Jan. 158 1. En- chiridion rerum criminalium, 1544 — Patro- cinium piqrillorum, minorum, et prodigorum, 1544 — Praxis rerum criminalium, 1562. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Damiano, (Damiani,) Pietro,— Cardinal, Bp op Ostia, — b. at Ravenna, about 98 8, a 1 002, b 1007 c — abbot of Font-Avellana, 1041 — Car- dinal, Bp of Ostia, 1057, b 1058 b — opposes election of Benedict X., 1058 — legate to Milan, with Anselm, 1059 d — supports Alexander II. against Emperor, 1062 — retires to Font-Avel- lana, 1062 — attends Council of Augsburg, 1062 — legate to France, 1 06 3, a 1069 b — to Germany, 1069 — sent to reestablish order at Ravenna, 107 1 — b. at Faenza, 22 Feb. 1072. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Robertson. d Milman. Damiens, Robert Francois, — b. near Arras, 1 7 15 — attempts assassination of Louis XV. at Versailles, 5 Jan. 1757 — executed, at Paris, 28 Mar. 1757. Damietta, (Thamiatis,) in Egypt, — fortified, 858 a — seized by Roger, king of Sicily, 1155 — besieged by crusaders, May 12 18 — taken, 5 Nov. I2i9 b — given up to the Sultan, Sep. 1 22 1 b — taken by St Louis, late in 1249 — re- covered by Turan Shah, early in 1250 — destroy- ed by the Saracens, 1250 — rebuilding com- menced, 1250° — fortified by Napoleon, 1798 — the Turks defeated by Kleber, near, 1 Nov. 1799 — capture of detachment of Turks at, by Gen. Belliard, Apr. 1800 — evacuated by the French, May 1801 — occupied by the English, Mar. 1807 — given up to Viceroy of Egypt, I 833. d ... a Encyc. Mod. b Kington. c Ersch and Gruber. d Conv.-Lex. Damin, Christian Tobias, Hellenist, %c, — b. near Leipsic, 1699 — prorector of Gymnasium, Berlin, 1742 — ft., 27 May 1788. Novum Lexi- con Gr cecum, $c, 1765-78. Damini, {Domino,) Pietro, painter, — b. at Castelfranco, Venice, 1592 — ft. at Venice, 1631. Damini, Vincenzo, painter, — comes to Lon- don, about 1720 — returns to Italy, 1730. Dampier, William, maritime discoverer, — b. in Somersetshire, 1652 — takes part in buc- caneering expedition in the Pacific Ocean, 1679 — sails round the world, 1684-91 — commands expedition of discovery in South Seas, 1699- 17 01 — goes to sea again, 1 708-11. Voyages, 1697-1709. Dampierre, Guy of, Count op Flanders, Peer of France, — associated in the govern- ment with his mother, Margaret II., does hom- age to Louis IX., 1251 — taken prisoner by the Count of Holland, at Walcheren, 4 Jul. 1253 — liberated, 1256 — becomes Count of Namur, 1263 — accompanies St. Louis to Africa, 1270 — receives oath of fealty by Flemish towns and nobles, 11 Sep. 1279 — succeeds his mother, Feb. 1280 — attacks Walcheren and takes pri- soner Florent, Count of Holland, 1288— negoti- ates the marriage of his daughter Philippa with Prince Edward of England, 1294 — arrested with his countess at Paris, by Philip the Fair, 1 295 — liberated on giving his daughter as host- age, 1295 — declares Avar on France, 1296 — de- feated by Robert, Count of Artois, at Furnes, 13 Aug. 1297 — concludes truce with France for two years, 1297 — on renewed invasion by the French, goes to Paris with his sons and is kept prisoner, 1300 — sent into Flanders to arrange a peace, 1 303 — fails, and returns to his prison at Compiegne, Apr. 1304 — ft. in the prison of Pontoise, 7 Mar. 1305. Dampierre, Henri du Val, Count de, general, — b. in Champagne, 1580 — enters serv- ice of Rudolph II. ; defeats Turks and Tran- sylvanians, 1604 — rescues Archduke Ferdinand DAMPIERRE— DANES. 401 from Protestant insurgents, Vienna, 1 6 1 9 — com- mands in Bohemia and Hungary, 1620— -Gen- eral-in-Chief of Cavalry, 1 1 Apr. 1620 — killed by musket-shot near Presburg, 9 Oct. 1620. Bampierre, Auguste Henri Marie Picot de, general, — b. at Paris, 19 Aug. 1756 — aide-de- camp to Marshal Rochambeau, 1 791— serves in the expedition of Mons, 1792 — contributes to the victory of Jemappes, 6 Nov. 1792 — com- mands at battle of Neerwinden, 16 Mar. 1793 — killed by cannon-shot, 8 May, 1793. Bampmartin, Anne Henri de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Uzes, 30 Jun. 1755— tutor to son of Countess of Lichtenau, 1 Apr. 1797 — censor imperial, Paris, 10 Feb. 18 10 — deputy to the Corps Legislatif, 1 8 1 3 — Viscount, officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — librarian to the Depot de la Guerre, 20 Apr. 1816 — if. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1825. Histoire de la rivalite de Car- thage et de Home, 1789 — Evenements quese sont passes sous mes yeux durant le cours de la revo- lution Francaise, 1799 — -^ a France sous ses rots, 1 8 10. Dan, Pierre, — sent to Barbary to redeem captives, Jul. 1634 to Mar. 1635 — if., 1649. Histoire de Darbarie et de ses corsaires, 1637. Banae, asteroid, — discovered by Goldschmidt, 9 Sep. i860. Banbury, Connecticut, U.S., — burnt by the English, 26 Apr. 1777. Danby, Earl of. [Leeds, Duke of.] Banby, Francis, painter, — b. at Wexford, Ireland, 16 Nov. 1793 — settles at Bristol, 1820 — A.R.A., 1825— if., 17 Feb. 1861. Upas Tree of Java, 1 820 — Sunset at Sea after a Storm, 1824 — Delivery of Israel out of Egypt, 1825-— Embarkation of Cleopatra, §c, i%i^ — Morning at Rhodes, 1841. ' Bance, George, architect, — if., 8 Feb. 1768. Mansion House, London, 1739-40. Bance, George, architect, §c, — b., 1740 — E.A., 1768 — Surveyor to City of London, 1768-1816 — if. in London, 14 Jan. 1825. Newgate, begun 1770 — Series of portraits, 1811-14. Banckerts, Cornelis, engraver,— b. at Am- sterdam, 1 56 1. Banckerts, {Danckert,) Pieter, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, i6oo, a 1605 b — if. at Stockholm, 1659. a Eiog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Bancourt, Florent Carton, dramatist, — b. at Fontainebleau, 1 Nov. 1661 — enters com- pany of the king's comedians, 1685 — retires, 1723,* 17 18 b — if., 6 Dec. 1726. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Bandelot, {Frangois de Coligni,) general, — b. at Chatillon-sur-Loing, 152 1 — Chevalier, at battle of Cerisoles, 1541 Inspector-general of Infantry, 1547 — taken prisoner at siege of Parma, 1556 — takes part in defence of St Quentin, 1557 — at battle of Dreux, 1562 — de- fends Orleans, 1563 — directs siege of Chartres, 1568' — at battle of Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — if. at Saintes, 27 May 1569. Bandini, Cesare, painter, — b. at Florence, about 1595 — if. there, 1658. Bandini, Ereole Francesco, jurist, — b..at Ancona, 4 Nov. 1695 — if. there, 7 Mar. 1747. De servitutibus prcediorum, 1741. Bandini, Girolamo, Jesuit, — b. at Cesena, 1554— sent by Clement VIII. to visit the Maronites, 1596-7 — if. at Forli, 29 Nov. 1634. Missione apostolica al patriarca e Maroniti de monte Libano, 1656 — Ethica sacra, 165 1. Bandini, Pietro, painter, — b. at Florence, 1647^ 1646 b — if., 1712. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Bandini, Vincenzio,i?aw«^r, — b. at Florence, 1607 — if., 1675. Bandolo, Andrea, Doge and historian of Venice, — b., about 1306 — proctor of St Mark's, 1330— Doge, 4 Jan. 1343 (1342, Florentine style,) — war with Louis, king of Hungary, 1345 — capture of Zara by Venetians after a long siege, Jan. 1347— war with the Genoese begins, *IS°— *•> 7 Oct. 1354. Bandolo, Enrico, Doge of Venice, — b. at Venice, 1 108 — ambassador to the Emperor Man- uel, 1 17 1 — elected Doge, 1192 — concludes a treaty with the chiefs of the crusade to furnish them with a fleet, 1202 — with the aid of the crusaders takes Zara, 24 Nov. 1202 — takes Constantinople, and restores Isaac Angelus, 18 Jul. 1203 — takes it again, refuses the Imperial crown (?), and is named despot of Bomania, Mar. 1204 — if. at Constantinople, Jun. 1205. Bandolo, Francesco, — ambassador to Cle- ment V., 1313 — elected Doge of Venice, 8 Jan. 1328— if., 31 Oct. 1339. Bandolo, Giovanni, — elected Doge of Venice, Mar. 1279 — carries on war with the patriarch of Aquileia, 1283-9 — °"-> Nov. 1289. Bandolo, Vincenzio, chemist, — b. at Venice, 26 Oct. 1758, a 1759 b — Prof. Chemistry there, before 1796 — Pres. of new government estab- lished by the French, 1796 — takes refuge in France, 1799 — returns to Milan, 1800 — pro- vediteur -general of Dalmatia, 1805 — Count and Senator, by Napoleon I., 1805 — deprived of his offices, 1 8 14 — if. at Varesa, 13 Dec. 1819. Fondamenti delta fisica chimica, before 1796 — Del governo delle pecore, 1 804 — II buon govemo de' bachi da seta, 1806 — Enologia, §c„ 1820. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bandre-Bardon, Hichel Francois, painter, — b. at Aix, Provence, 1700— if., Director of Academy, Marseilles, 14 Apr. 1783. Traite de peinture, <$;c., 1769 — Costume des anciens peuples, 1772. Banedi, Giovanni Stefano, {Montalto,) painter,- — b. at Treviglio, 1608 — if., 1689. Banedi, Gioseffo, {Montalto,) painter, — b. at Treviglio, 161 8 — if., 1689. Banegelt, {Denagyld,) in England, — pay- ment of, proposed, 865 — first paid by Ethelred II., 991. [Heregeld.] Banelagh. [Banes.] Banes, {Northmen,) The, — first ravage England, 787 — first land in Ireland, 795 — defeat Egbert at Carrum, (Charmouth,) 833 — defeated by him at Hengestesdun, (Hengston,) 835 — winter in Thanet, take Canterbury and London, 851 (853) — take "Winch ester, and are defeated by Osric and iEthelwulf, 860 — defeat and kill Eadmund, and subdue E. Anglia, 870-1 — battles with 26 402 DANES— DANNECKER. JEthered and Alfred, 871 — conquer Mercia, 874 — naval victory of iElfred, 875 — occupy Northumbria, 876 — occupy part of Mercia, 877 — conquer Normandy, under Rolf, 876-7 — conquer Wessex, 878 — battle of Ethandun; Guthrum defeated ; the kingdom divided into England and Danelagh., 878 — occupy E. Anglia, 880 — invade France, 881 and 882 — siege of Rochester, 885— ^winter at Paris, 886- 7 — invade N. Wales, 895 — battle of Tetten- hall, 910 — break the peace in Northumbria, and are defeated by Eadward, 911 — invade Ireland, autumn 915— defeated by Eadward, 921 — submit to him, 922-4 — baptism of Anlaf, 943 — tribute first paid to, 991 — receive tribute from iEthelred, 1002 — massacre of, by his order, 1002 — invade E. Anglia, 1004— tribute paid to, 1007 — take Canterbury and murder Abp iElfeah, Sep. ion — tribute paid to, 1012 — under Sweyn, (Svein,) conquer England, 10 1 3 — choose Cnut king, 10 14 — besiege Lon- don, 1 01 6 — land in Italy, 101 6— tribute paid to, 1 01 8 — -join Hereward and plunder Peter- borough, 1070. Danes, Pierre, (Danesius,) — ft. at Paris, 1497 — first Prof. Greek, College Royal, 1530 — visits Venice, 1535 — joins in condemnation of Ramus, 1543 — ambassador of France to Council of Trent, 1545 — tutor to Dauphin, (Francis II.,) 1547 — Bp of Lamour, 1557 — ft. at Paris, 23 Apr. 1577. Danet, Pierre, (Danetius,) lexicographer, — ft. at Paris, about 1640 — tr. at Paris, 1709. Dictionnaire Latin -Frangais, 1685 — Diction- naire Francais - Latin, 1691 — Radices, §c, 1677- Dangeau, Louis de Courcillon, abbe de, gram- marian, §c, — ft., Jan. 1643 — reader to the king, 2671a — received at the French Academy, 26 Feb. 1682 — ti. at Paris, 1 Jan. 1723. a jal. Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, Marquis de, — ft., 21 Sep. 1638 — serves in Flanders, under Turenne, 1657 or 1658 — member of French Academy, Jan. 1668 — abjures Protest- antism, Oct. 1668 — aide-de-camp to the king, 1672 — envoy to England, negotiates marriage of James, Duke of York, with Princess Mary of Este, 1673 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1704 — rj. at Paris, 9 Sep. 1720. Dangerfield. [Meal-Tub Plot.] Danican. [Phillidor.] Daniel,— [B C]— taken captive to Babylon, 6o6, a 6o5, b 604 c — Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the image, 603 — made Governor of Babylon, 602 a — Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree, 57 o a — vision of 4 beasts, (cap. 7,) 555, a 558 d — vision at Susa, (cap. 8,) 553, a 556 d — the ' handwriting on the wall,' 538 a — delivered from the lions' den, 538,* 537 — prayer, (cap. 9,) 53 8 > b 537, a 553 d — ^sion at the Tigris, (cap. 10,) 534- ac a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. d Hales and Jackson. Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, — b. at Rouen, 1649 ■ — enters Order of Jesuits at Paris, 1 667 — tJ. his- toriographer of France, at Paris, 23 Jun. 1728. Voyage au Monde de Descartes, 1699 — Histoire de France, 17 13 — Histoire de la milice Fran- gaise, 1721. Daniel, Samuel, poet, — ft. near Taunton, Somersetshire, 1562 — enters Oxford Univ., 1579 — becomes tutor to Lady Anne Clifford ; fr. in Somersetshire, Oct. 1619. History of the Civil Wars between the Houses of York and Lancas- ter, 1595 — Musophilus, 1599 — Epistles, 1601 — History of England, 1613-34 — Hymen's Tri- umph, 1623. Daniele, Francesco, historian, antiquary, — - rj. near Caserta, 11 Apr. 1740 — historiographer royal, Naples, 1778 — of Order of Malta, 1782 — perpetual secretary of the Academia Ercolanese, 1787 — deprived of offices, &c, 1799 — director of royal printing-press, perpetual secretary of Academy of History and Antiquities by King, Joseph, 1806 — fc. near Caserta, 13 Nov. 18 12. Le Forche Caudine illustrate, 1778 — Eegali sepolcro, del duomo di Ealermo, 1784 — Monete antiche di Capua, 1802. Daniell, John Frederick, chemist, — ft. in Lon- don, 12 Mar. 1790— F.R.S., 1814— Prof. Che- mistry, King's Coll., London, 1831 — receives Rumford medal of Royal Society for his Pyrome- ter, 1832 — receives Copley medal for improve- ment in voltaic battery, 1836 — foreign Secre- tary to Royal Society, 1839 — obtains Royal Medal of Royal Society, 1842— D.C.L. Oxford, 1843 — rj. in London, 13 Mar. 1845. Edits with Prof. Brande, Quarterly Journal of Science and Art, 1816— Meteorological Essays, 1823 — Introduction to Chemical Fhilosophy, 1839. Daniell, William, painter, engraver, — ft., 1769 — visits India, 1783-93 — if. in London, 16 Aug. 1837. Oriental Scenery, 1808 — Voyage round Great Britain, 1813-25. Dankelman, Eberhard Christoph Bal- thazar, Baron von, statesman, — ft. in Prussia, Nov. 1643 — principal Minister to Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, 1695 — tf. at Berlin, 31 Mar. 1722. Dankelmann, Heinrich Wilhelm August Alexander, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Cleves, 10 May 1768 — Count, president of re- gency, Tipper Silesia, 1800 — president of re- gency, "Warsaw, 1803-6 — of Glogau, 1808-25 — Minister of Justice, 23 Apr. 1825 — charged with revision of Prussian laws, 11 Jul. 1825 — ■ tf., 29 Dec. 1830. Dankers de Ry (Danc/certs,) Cornells, archi- tect, — ft. at Amsterdam, 156 1 — tf. there, or at Antwerp, 1634. The Exchange, Amsterdam, 1608-13 — Architectural moderna, 1631. Dannebrog, Order of the, — said to be found- ed by Waldemar II., 1 2 1 9 — founded or restored by Christian V., 12 Oct. 167 1 — new statutes of, 1693 — reconstituted by Frederick VI., 28 Jun. 1808. Dannecker, Johann Heinrich, sculptor, — ft. at Stuttgard, 15 Oct. 1758 — studies at Lud- wigsburg, 1 77 1 — sculptor to Duke of Wiirtem- berg, 1780 — studies at Paris, 1783-85 — at Rome, 1785-90 — Prof. Sculpture, Stuttgard, 1790 — tf. at Stuttgard, 8 Dec. i84i, ac Oct. i834. b Mourning Friendship, Ludicigsburg, 1804 — Ariadne reclining on a leopard, Frank- fort, 1809 — figure of Christ, 1816-24 — Fsyche, 1 82 1 — John the Baptist, 1826 — bust of Schiller, 1797. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. DANNENMAYEE—D'AEBLAY. 403 Dannenmayer, {Bannemayr,) Mathias, his- torian, — b. in Suabia, Feb. i74-i, a 1744 b — Prof. Theology and Ecclesiastical History, Vienna, 1786— First Keeper of the University Library, 1803 — ft. there, 8 Jul. 1805. Introductio in historiam ecclesm Christians universam, 1778 — Institutiones historice ecclesiasticce, $c, 1783, 1788. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Dannewerk, The, in Sehleswig-Holstein, — rebuilt by Queen Thyra, about 936-950 a — strengthened by "Waldemar, 1157" — by Mar- garet, about 1261 s — the Danes defeated by Prussians near, 23 Apr. 1848 — evacuated by Danes, 6 Feb. 1864. a Conv.-Lex. Dante, {Bur-ante, Burando,) Alighieri, {Alli- ghieri) poet, — b. at Florence, 8 May 1265 — first sees Beatrice, 1274 — studies at Bologna and Padua, about 128 1 — contributes to victory of the Guelfs at Campaldino, 11 Jun. 1289 — death of Beatrice, 1290 — serves in expedition against Pisa, 1290 — marries Gemma Donati, 1291 — appointed chief of the priori of Florence, 15 Jun. to 15 Aug. 1300 — ambassador to Eome on behalf of the Bianchi, 1301 — sentenced to exile and fine, 27 Jan. 1 302 — condemned to be burnt alive, 16 Mar. 1302 — joins in unsuccessful attack on Florence, 1304 — visits Padua, about 1306 — wanders in Italy, visits Paris, 1308 — takes refuge at Verona, a Bavenna, b 1313 — goes to Bavenna, a 13 19 — ts. there, Jul., b 14 Sep. c 1 32 1 — his bones removed by Father Antonio Santi, 1677 — the coffin rediscovered, 1865 — Sexcentenary of his birth celebrated at Florence, May 1865. Bivina Commedia, com- menced about 1 300 ? — Be monarchic, about 1310 — Vita Nuova, 1294. a Engl. Cyc. b Cary. c Sismondi. Dante, Egnazio, mathematician, — fc., 1537 — ft., 19 Oct. 1586. Be Scienze matematiche ridotte in tavole, 1577 — Anemographia in anemoscopium verticale instrumentwn, 1578. Dantines. [Antines, Maur Francois.] Danton, George Jacques, revolutionary leader,— b. at Arcis-sur-Aube, 28 Oct. 1759 — advocate to the Council, 1789 — Pres. of Cor- deliers District, 1789 — presents to Louis XYI. petition of the Sections against ministers, 1790 ■ — member of departmental administration of the Seine, Mar. 1791 — promotes Assembly of the Champ de Mars, 1791 — Minister of Justice, Aug. 1791 — organizes massacres of September, 1792 — arrested, 31 Mar. 1794 — condemned by Eevolutionary Tribunal, 2 Apr. — guillotined, 5 Apr. 1794. Dantz, {Banz,) Johann Andreas, orientalist, - -b. near Gotha, 1 Feb. 1654 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Jena, 1685 — D.D., Prof. Theology, 17 10 — rj. there, 20 Dec. 1727. Dantzic, {Banzig,) — place of importance as early as 997 — taken and rebuilt by Teutonic Knights, 1 3 10 — obtains the Calmer Recht, 1378 — independence recognized by kings of Poland, 1454 — recovery of, unsuccessfully attempted by Teutonic Knights, 1456 and 1462 — given to Poland by Peace of Thorn, 1466 — receives the Beformation, 1523 — revolts, 1526 — ravaged by pestilence, 1709— receives Stanislaus, king of Poland, 1733 — bombarded by Eussians and Saxons, and taken, Mar. to Jun. 1734 — incor- porated with Prussia, 1793 — garrisoned by Prussians under convention of 8 Mar. 1793— capitulates to the French, 24 May 1807 — re- established as free state by Treaty of Tilsit, but still garrisoned by the French, 9 Jul. 1 807 — capitulates to Eussians after 8 months' siege, Dec. 1 81 3 — restored to Prussia, 3 Feb. 18 14 — cholera rages at, 1831. Danube, The, {Ister,) — [B C] — formsnorthern boundary of the Eoman Empire under Augus- tus, 29 — [AD] — and under Aurelian, 270 — free navigation of, by Austria and Bavaria, agreed to by Peace of Teschen, 1779 — confirmed by treaty of 14 Apr. 18 16 — islands at the nioutn of, ceded to Eussia by Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829 — steam navigation introduced on, 1830 — Society for promoting navigation of, established, 1836 — opened to British commerce by treaty with Austria, 7 Jul. 1838 — navi- gation free by Treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 1856 — placed under regulation of European Commis- sion, and Commission of the Danubian-shore States, 1856 — Navigation- Act signed, 7 Nov. 1857 — ratified at Vienna, 9 Jan. 1858 — regu- lation of course of, at Vienna, commenced, 16 May 1870 — European Commission on, extended for 12 years by Treaty of London, 13 Mar. 1 87 1 — [See articles on battles in vicinity of the Eiver, Darius, Trajan's Bridge, &c] Danubian Principalities, [Moldavia and WallachiaJ — constituted by Convention of Paris, between the Great Powers, 19 Aug. 1858 —united provisionally by firman of the Sultan, 12 Nov. 1 86 1 — union of, as Roumania, pro- claimed, 23 Dec. 1 861 — Conference on, at Paris, opens, 10 Mar. 1866. D'Anville. [Anville, D\] Daoyz, Etienne, Benedictine, — ft., 1619. In- dex du droit civil, 1610 — Index du droit canon- iqiie, 161 3. Daphne, near Antioch, — [BC] — Temple of Apollo at, built by Antiochus Epiphanes, about 170 — [AD] — Olympic games celebrated at, 44 — visited by the Emperor Verus, 163 — Christ- ian church built by the Caesar Gallus, about 352 — visited by the Emperor Julian, 362-3 — the temple burnt, 22 Oct. 362 — heathen wor- ship revived by Julian, 362. Daphne, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- schmidt, 22 May 1856. Dapper, Olfert, {Olivier,) geographer, §c, — rj. at Amsterdam, 1690. Ilistorische beschrij- ving der stad Amsterdam, 1664 — Beschrijving van Afrika, 1676. Dappes, Valley of the,— dispute respecting, settled by treaty between France and Switzer- land, 8 Dec. 1862. Daran, Jacques, surgeon, — fj. in Gascony, 6 Mar. 1701 — ennobled byLoxds XV., 1755 — )J., 1784. Observations chirurgicales &tir les mala- dies de I'uretre, 1745. Daras, in Mesopotamia, — fortified by the Emperor Anastasius, 506 or 507— strengthened by Justinian ; captured by Chosroes, winter of 573-4 — captured by Saracens, 641.* a Ersch and Gruber. D'Arblay, Madame, {Frances Barney,) — b., 26 * 4°4 DARBOY— DAENAIT. 13 Jun. 1752 — lady of the "Wardrobe to Queen Charlotte, 1786 — marries M. d'Arblay, 1793 — resides in France, 1802-12 — becomes a widow, 1 8 1 8 — ft. at Bath, 6 Jan. 1 840. Eveline, 177 8 — Madame d' ' Arblay 's Diary and Letters, 1842-46 — Memoirs of Br Burney, 1832. Darboy, George, Abp of Paris, — b. at Fayle-Billot, (Haute Marne,) 16 Jan. 1813 — ordained priest, 1836 — Prof. Philosophy, Sem- inary of Langres, 1839 — Prof. Dogmatic Theo- logy, 1841 — almoner to Coll. Henri Grand, Paris, 1846 — honorary canon of Notre Dame, 1846— accompanies Abp Sibour to Pome, and is named Protonotary Apostolic, Nov. 1854 — titular Vicar-general of Paris, 1 855 — Bp of Nancy, 1859 — member of Legion of Honour, 12 Aug. i860— Abp of Paris, Jan. 1863 — Grand Almoner to Napoleon III., 8 Jan. 1864— sena- tor, 5 Oct. 1864 — member of Council of Public Instruction, Aug. 1866 — Grand Officer of Le- gion of Honour, 15 Aug. 1868 — takes part in Council of the Vatican, 1869-70 — arrested and imprisoned by Communal insurgents, 5 Apr. 1871 — shot, 27 May 1871. (Euvres de Saint- Deny rovincia de Santiago de Mexico, ^c.,1590. Davis, Edward, engraver, — n. in Wales, about 1640. Davis, Jefferson, President of the Con- federate States, Ff. America, — h in Ken- tucky, 3 Jun. 1808 — studies at Westpoint, 1824-28 — Lieutenant in the Cavalry of the United States, 1829 — quits the army, Jim. 1 835 — joins the Democratic party, 1 843 — mem- ber of Congress, 1844,* Nov. 1845 — Colonel, commands volunteers in Mexican war, 1846-7 — distinguishes himself at battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 1847 — senator, for Mississippi, Jan. 1848— Secretary of War, 1853— senator again, 1857 to Jan. 1861 — Pres. Confederate States, 4 Feb. 1 861— elected Pres. for six years, 30 Nov. 1861 — his private library and correspondence seized by Federals, at Jackson, Mississippi, 29 Jul. 1863— reward for arrest of, offered by Pres. Johnson, 4 May 1865 — captured at Irwinsville, Georgia, 10 May 1865 — imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, 22 May 1865 — released on bail, 20 May 1867. a Statesman's Year Book. b Yapereau. Davis, John, maritime discoverer, — conducts three expeditions for discovery of North-west passage, 1585-7 — accompanies expedition of Cavendish to the Pacific, 159 1-3 — makes several voyages to the East Indies, 1598-1605 — killed near Patana, Straits of Malacca, 29 Dec. 1605. The World's hydrographical de- scription, §c, 1595 — The Seaman s secrets, §c, I 595- Davis's Strait, — discovered by John Davis, I585-7- Davison, John, theologian, — h. at Morpeth, in Northumberland, 28 May 1777 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 27 Oct. 1794 — B.A., 6 Jun. 1798 — Fellow of Oriel, 1800— M.A., 9 Jul. 1 801 — ordained deacon, 20 Dec. 1801 — priest, 6 Mar. 1803 — tutor of Oriel, about 1 8 10 — vicar of Sutterton in Lincolnshire, Nov. 1 817 — marries, 20 Jul. 1819 — prebendary of "Worcester, 1826 — rector of Upton -upon - Severn, 1826 — ft. at Cheltenham, 6 May 1834. J(emai>is, 1841. Davison, William, statesman, — ambassador from Queen Elizabeth to the Netherlands, 1757 — recalled, 1578 — sent again, Mar. 1584 — ambassador to Scotland, Apr. 1584 — again sent to Holland, Jan. 1585 — concludes treaty of alliance Avith the Netherlands, Jul. 1585— returns, Feb. 1586 — Privy Councillor, Secre- tary of State, 1586 — presents warrant for Queen Mary's execution to Queen Elizabeth, 1 Feb. 1587— deprived, imprisoned in the Tower, Feb. 1587 — tried and acquitted, Mar. 1587. Davoust, (Davout ?) Louis Nicolas, Peer and Marshal of France, — fc. at Annoux, 10 May 1770 — sub -lieutenant of cavalry, 1787 — distinguishes himself under Dumouriez, at battles of Jemappes, Nov. 1792 — and Neerwin- den, Mar. 1793 — Adjutant-general, Jun. 1793 — deprived, 1793 to Jul. 1794 — distinguishes himself at siege of Luxemburg, 1795 — taken prisoner at Mannheim, 1795 — takes distin- guished part at passage of the Shine, 1797 — ■ accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — defeats the Turks, takes Aboukir, Jul. 1799 — General of Division; Marshal of France, 19 May 1804 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1804 — commands right wing at Austerlitz, 1805 — defeats Duke of Brunswick at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 — created Duke of Auerstadt, 1806 — distinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 1 809 — commands right wing at Wagram, 1 809 — commander in Poland ; wounded at battle of Borodino, Sep. 18 12 — fixes his head-quar- ters at Hamburg, 30 May 1 8 1 3 — surrenders the place to General Gerard, Apr. 18 14 — Minister of War, 18 15 — submits to Louis XYIIL, and resigns his command, Jul. 1815 — fl\, 4, a 1 b Jun. 1823. a Biog. Tjniv. b Engl. Cye, Davy. [Duperron.] Davy, Sir Humphrey, Baronet, chemist, — ft. at Penzance, Cornwall, 17 Dec. 1778 — director of Pneumatic Institution, Bristol, 1798 — goes to London, 1801 — Prof. Chemistry, Boyal Insti- tution, 31 May 1802 — F.B.S., 1803 — discovers composition of the fixed alkalies, 1807 — obtains prize of French Institute, 1807 — Knt, 8 Apr. 1 812 — invents the Safety Lamp, 18 15- 17 — created a Baronet, 181 8 — President of Boyal Society, 1820 — £f. at Geneva, 28 May 1829. Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, i8co — Elements of Chemical Philosophy, 1810 — ■ Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 1813 — Salmonia, 1828 — Consolations in Travel, 1830. Dawe, George, painter, — ft. in London, about 1781 — A.B..A., 1810 — B.A., 1814 — at St Petersburg, painter to the Emperor Alex- ander, about 1 8 19 to Aug. 1829 — member of Academy of Fine Arts there ; ft. in London, 15 Oct. 1829. Life of George Morland, 1807. Dawes, Eichard, philologist, — 6. at Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, 1708— enters Em- manuel College, Cambridge, 1725 — Fellow, 17 3 1 — Master of Grammar School, Newcastle, 1738-49 — "a. at Haworth, 21 Mar. 1766. Mis- cellanea Critica, 1745. Day, {Page, Paie,) John, printer, — com- mences printing in London, 1544 — Master of the Stationers' Company, 1580 — ft. in London, 23 Jul. 1584. Fox's Acts and Monuments, 1562— folio Bible, 1549 — Boohe of Christian Prayers, (' Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book,') J 5^9 — Cunningham 's ' Cosmographical Glasse,' *559- DAY— DE CANDOLLE. 409 Day, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 1748 — enters Oxford Univ., 1764 — ft., 28 Sep. 1789. Dying Negro, 1773 — The de- voted Legions, 1776 — History of Sandford and Merton, 1783-9. Deaconesses,— ordination of, prohibited by Council of Laodicea,* 314, b 319,° 352° — by first Council of Orange. 441 — by Council of Epaon, 517 — and second Council of Orleans, 533 — office of, continued in Eastern Church, till after 11 00— Institute of, originated in Ger- many, by Fliedner, 1836. a Bingham. b Baronius. c Others. Deacons, — prohibited from celebrating Holy Communion by Act of Uniformity, 14 Car. II. c. 4, 19 May 1662. Dead Sea, Salt Sea, Sea of the Arabah, — visited by Seetzen, 1807 — by Irby and Mangles, 181 8 — depression of, below Mediterranean, as- certained by Moore and Beck, Mar. 1837 — visited by Dr Eobinson, May 1838 and 1851 — surveyed by Count Bertow, 1838 — by Busseg- ger, 1838 — by Lieut. Symonds, 1841— Ameri- can exploring expedition, Apr. 1848 — visited by Lieut. Lynch, May 1848 — by De Saulcy, 1850-51 — by Holman Hunt, 1854 — by Poole, Nov. 1855 — by Clowes, Apr. 1863 — observ- ations on, by Terrell, 1865. Deaf and Dumb Persons, (Deaf-mutes,) — declared incapable of making wills, giving free- dom to slaves, &c, by Justinian, 534 — method of teaching, practised by Pedro de Ponce, before 1584— [Wallis, Dr; L'Epee, Abbe; Sicard, Abbe] — school for, at Edinburgh, commenced by Braidwood, 1764 — government institution for, established at Leipsic, 1772— London Asylum for, established, 1792. Deal, in Kent, — annexed to Cinque Ports, as member of Sandwich, between 1200-30 — castle built, by Henry VIII., 1539. Dean and Chapter, — appointment of, &c, regulated by Acts 3 and 4 Vie. c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840, and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 39, 21 Jun. 1841. Dean, Forest of, — exempted from taxation by Edward the Confessor, who *&., 1065 — Wil- liam I. hunts in, 1069 — royal licence required for moveable forges, by Henry III., 1216-72 — first perambulation of, 1282 — first Justice Seat for, j 2 82 — the ' Miners' Laws and Privileges ' com- piled, about 1300 — destruction of, said to be purposed by Spaniards, 1588 — mining restricted to foresters, 161 3— survey of, 1635 — last Justice Seat, 1635 — sale of, to Sir John Winter, 20 Feb. 1640 — care of, entrusted to Committee of Commons, 1649 — laws amended by Act of Par- liament, 1656 — Commission for survey of, 1662 — first session of Court of Mine Law, 1 8 Mar. 1663 — new enclosures ordered by Act 20 Car. II. c. 3, 1668 — riots in, 1688 — Commission on management of, 1692 — survey of, 1763 — last Court of Mine Law, about 1777 — Commission of Inquiry, by Act 26 Geo. III., 1786 — ' Bread Biots ' in, Oct. to Nov. 1795 — new plantations authorized, and Commissioners appointed, by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 72, 1808— riots in, May to Jun. 1^31 — Commission appointed by Act 1 and 2 Win IV. c. 12, 23 Aug. 1831 — peram- bulation, 30-14 Sep. 1833 — Commission, under Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 42, 27 Jul. 1838. Dean, Rural, — instituted before 900 — facili- ties for reviving office of, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840. Death. [Registration.] Death, Punishment of. [Capital Punish- ment.] Debraux, Paul Emile, poet, — ft. in La Meuse, 30 Aug. 1798 — rj., 12 Feb. 1831. Chansonnettes, 1819-22 — Chansons nouvelles, 1825, 1826 — Passage de la Berezina, 1825. Debt. [Arrest, Imprisonment.] Debtors, Absconding, in Great Britain, — arrest of, facilitated by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 76, 9 Aug. 1870. Debts of deceased persons in Great Britain, — distinction as to priority of payment between specialty and simple contract, abolished by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 46, 2 Aug. 1869. Debucourt, Louis Philibert, painter, en- graver, — ft. at Paris, 1755 — ly. at Belleville, 1832. Debure, Guillaume, bookseller, bibliographer, — ft. at Paris, 10 May 1734 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 23 Jan. 1778 — "0. librarian to Academy of Inscriptions, 4 Feb. 1820. Catalogue de la bibliotheque du due de la Valliere, 1783 — Cata- logue de la bibliotheque de Ran don de Boisset, 1777 — Catalogue de la bibliotheque de Goutard, 1780. Debure, Guillaume Francois, bibliographer, — ft. at Paris, Jan. 1731 — ij., 15 Jul. 1782. Musceum typographicum, 1755 — Bibliographic instructive, 1763-68. Decaduchi, Council of Ten, — [B C] — succeed the Thirty Tyrants at Athens, (01. 94, 2,) 403. Decaen, Charles Mathieu Isidore, Count, general, — ft. near Caen, 13 Apr. 1769 — enters the army, 179 1 — at siege of Mentz, 1793 — charged with reconnaissance on frontier of Switzerland, 1795 — General of Brigade, 1796 — effects passage of the Bhine, 1796 — contributes to victory of Ettingen, 11 Jul. 1796 — General of Division, 16 May 1 80c — contributes to victory of Hohenlinden, Dec. 1800 — Inspector-general of Infantry, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, , 1 80 1 — goes to India, Captain-general of French establishments there, May 1 803 — surrenders the Mauritius to the English, Dec. 18 10 — ■ Chevalier de St Louis, 2 Jun. 18 14 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 19 Jul. 18 14 — ■ imprisoned at Paris, 23 Oct. 18 15 to Jan. 1817 — o\, 11 Sep. 1832. Decamps, Gabriel Alexandre, painter, — ft. at Paris, 3 Mar. 1803 — visits Switzerland, 1824 — visits the East, probably 1 827 — member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1848 — Pres. National Society of Artists, 1848 — ts. at Fontainebleau, 21-2 Aug. 1866. Lapwing Hunting, 1827 — Defeat of the Cimbri, 1834 — The Connoisseurs, Joseph sold by his Brethren, 1839 — Drawings for the History of Samscn, 1845. De Candolle, Augustin Pyrame, physician, botanist, — ft. at Geneva, 4 Jun. 1778 — escapes with his mother to the Jura, 1792 — goes to Paris, 1796 — Prof . Medicine, Montpellier, i8o8, a i8o7 b — Prof. Botany, Montpellier, 1810 — ■ travels in France, 1810, 1812, 1813 — returns to 4io DECCAN— DEFENCE. Geneva, i8i6 b — Prof. Natural History there, 1816 — visits England, 18 16 — tr., 9 Sep. 1841. Flore Fraucaise, i8o5 a -i5, i8o3 b — Organo- graphie vegetale, 1827 — Frodromus systematic naturalis regni vegetabilis, 1824. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Deccan, (Feckan, Fekkan,) in Hindustan, — invaded by Ala u din, Desgiri taken, (693, a.h.) 1294 — conquered by Cafur, (706,) 1306 — in- surrection of Harpal, 13 16 — reduced by Mo- barik, 1318 — completely conquered by Moham- med, about 1330 — general revolt, an Afghan, Ismael Khan, proclaimed king, and then Hasan Gangu, (748,) 1347 — [Bahmani Kings] — inde- pendence acknowledged bv Firuz Toghlak, 1356 —Mohammed I., (759,) 1*358— Mujahid, (776,) 1375 — Daud, (780,) 1378— MahmudL, 1378— Ghciasu din, (799,) 1397 — Shamsudin, 1397 — Firuz, (800,) 1397 — Ahmed Shah takes "Waran- goL 142 1 — Ahmed L, (825,) 1422 — Ala u din, (838,) 1435 — Humayun, (862,) 1457 — Nizam, (86-5,) 146 1— invasion of Kajas of Orissa and Te- lingana, 1461 — King of Malwa invades, 1461- 62 — Mohammed II., (867,) 1463 — partly reduces the Concan, (876,) 147 1 — conquers Raj amandri and Masulipatam, (882,) 1477— Mahmud II., (887,) 1482 — broken up during his reign — [Bejapoor, Ahmednugar, Golconda, Berar, Beeder] — Nominal kings, — Ahmed II., (924,) 15 1 8— Ala u din II., (927,) 1520— Wali, 1522 - — Kalim, [526. Decebalus, (Fiurpaneus, Forphaneus,) KrxG of Dacia, — carries on war with Domitian, 86-91 a — with Trajan, 101-103 — renews "war "with Trajan, 104 — kills himself , 106. a Clinton. Deceleian War, (Fekeleian,) — [BC] — oc- cupation of Dekeleia suggested to Spartans by Alkibiades, 415-4— Dekeleia seized and fortified by Agis, spring 413 — held by Spartans till the end of the Peloponnesian war, 404 Decembrio, Pietro Candido, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Pavia, 1399 — President of republic of Milan, 1447 — rj. there, 12 Nov. 1477. Vita Fhilipjpi Maria, duels Mediola- oicnsis, 1625. Decemviri, at Borne, (Fegislators,) — [BC] — appointed, 451 — abolished, 449. Decemviri, (Civil Magistrates,) — [B C] — instituted, 292. Decemviri, (Curators of Sibylline Books,) — [B C] — at first 2 (Duumviri) appointed by Tar- quin, mythical: — increased to 10 by Licinian Laws, 366 — to 15 by Sulla, ? after 82 — to 16 by Julius Caesar, after 46. Dechales, Claude Francois Milliet, mathe- matician, — b. at Charubery, 161 1 — tf. at Turin, 1678. Cursus mathematicus, 1674 — Fyrotech- nie, 1695. Decianus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul with. L. JEmilius Mamercinus, (425, a. u. c.) 329. Decimal Fractions,— probably invented by P.egiomontanus, about 1464 — first treatise on, by Stevinus, 1582. Decimal System. [Metric System.] Decius, — 1. Consul with Longinus, (1239 a. u. c.) 486. 2. Consul, 529. Decius, C. Messius Quintus Trajanus, Emperor of PtOME, — commands on the Danube, 245 — proclaimed Augustus in Mcesia, 249 — defeats Philippus at Verona, and succeeds him, Sep. or Oct. 249 — persecution of the Christians begins, Jan. 250 — defeated by the Goths and killed at Forum Trebonii, Nov. 251. Decius Mus. [Mus.] Decius Sabellius,— [BC] — seizes Rhegium, 281 — taken by Fabricius and imprisoned, kills himself, 271. Decker, Jeremias de, poet,— b. at Dort, about 1610 — tf. at Amsterdam, Nov. 1666. Bijmbefeningen, 1656. Decker, Karl von, writer on the Art of TFar, — b. at Berlin, 1784 — enters the army, 1800 — serves in campaigns of 1 813-15 — Prof, at the School of Artillery, 181 8 — Colonel, 1835 — Major-General, 1842 — tf., 29 Jun. 1844. Fie Artillerie fur alle Waffen, 18 16 — Versuch einer Geschichte des Geschiitzwesens, §c., 18 19 — ■ Bonaparte's Feldzug in Fallen, 1825. Decker, Paul, architect, $c, — rj. at Niirn- berg, 1677 — tf., 17 13. Fiirstlicher Baumeister, 171 1 — Architectura theorico-practica, 1720. Decker, Sir Matthew, Bart., — naturalized in England, 1703 — Bart., 1716 — if., 18 Mar. 1749. Serious considerations on the several high duties which the nation, §c., labours under, §c, 1743. Decker, (Fekker,) Thomas, dramatist, — • publishes his Flays, and Gull's hornbook, about 1600-35. Declaration of Independence,— by Congress of United States, 4 Jul. 1776. Declaration of Rights, — tendered by Con- vention and accepted by William and Mary, 1 3 Feb. 1689. Declaration of Rights of Man, — adopted by National Assembly at Paris, 18 Aug. 1789. Declaration of Title, — obtainable by Act 25 and 26 Tic. c. 67, 29 Jul. 1862. Declination of the Magnetic Needle, — line of no variation in, first observed by Columbus, 13 Sep. 1492. [Variation.] Decretals, Isidorian,— forged, between 835- 845 — appealed to as authority for universal jurisdiction of the pope, by Nicholas I., about 865 — by Leo IX., 1048-54— form basis of the Hildebrandine system, 1073-80 — appealed to by Abbot Barlaam, 1341 — at Council of Flor- ence, 7 May 1437 — by Council of Trent, 1563 — proved to be forgeries by Contius, before 1586 — his evidence suppressed : again proved forgeries by Blondel, 1628 — his book placed on the Index : the fraud admitted by Pius VI., 1789. Decula, M. Tullius, — [BC] — Consul with Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (673, a. u. c.) 81. Dee, John, astrologer, — fj. in London, 13 Jul. 1527 — enters St John's College, Cambridge, 1542 — Fellow of Trinity College, about 1548 — visits Louvain and Rheims, 1548-51 — released from prison, Aug. 1555 — sent to Germany by Queen Elizabeth, 1578 — warden of Manchester College, 1595 — ft. at Mortlake, Surrey, 1608. Works, 1659. Defamation. [Libel.] Defence of the Realm, — purchase of lands for, authorized and regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Vic. c. 94, 10 Aug. 1842; 18 and 19 Vic. c. DEFENDER— DEIRA. 117, 14 Aug. 1855 ; 23 and 24 Yic. c. 112, 28 Aug. i860; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 89, 29 Jul. 1864; and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 65, 29 Jan. 1865. Defender of the Faith, (Fidei Defensor,) — title conferred on Henry VIII. by bull of Leo X., 11 Oct. 1521. Defenders, Catholic faction, — organized in Ireland, cause disturbances in 1794-5 — combat with Peep-o'-Day Boys at the Diamond in Armagh, Sep. 1795. Defenders, Church officers, — mentioned, 407 — appointed to each patriarchal church, about 420. Defiant, [Deffand,) Marie de Vichy-Cham- ron, Marquise dtj, — b., about 1696 ? — marries the Marquis du Defiant, 17 18 — separated, 1728 — widow, 1750 — tf. at Paris, 23 Sep. 1780. Correspondance avec M. Walpole, §c, 18 10 — avec D'Alembert, Montesquieu, §c, 1809. Deflection. [Diffraction.] Defoe, {De Foe,) Daniel, political and miscel- laneous writer, — b. in London, 166 i, a 1663 b — joins insurrection under Duke of Monmouth, 1685— escapes and begins business, 1685 — free- man of the city, 26 Jan. 1688 — joins army of Prince of Orange, Nov. 1688 — his controversy with John Howe on Occasional Conformity, 1700 — imprisoned, Mar. 1703 — set in the pillory, 29-30-31 Jul. 1703 a — liberated, about Jul. 1704 — sent to Scotland to promote the Union, 1 7 06 — sent again, 1 7 1 o — again im- prisoned, spring 1 7 1 3 — secretly engages in service of the government, Nov. 17 15 — ft. in London, 24, b 26 a Apr. 1731. /Speculum Crape-Gownorum, 1682 — True-born English- man, 1701 — Shortest way with the Dissenters, 1702 — Hymn to the Fillory, 1703 — Revieiv, 1704-13 — Jure Divino, 1706 — Religious Court- ship, 1722 — Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Apr. to Aug. 17 19 — Journal of the Plague Year, 1722 — Fortunes of Moll Flanders, 1722 — History of John Sheppard, 1724 — Account of Jonathan Wild, 1725 — Folitical History of the Devil, 1726 — History of Apparitions, 1727. a Lee. b Chalmers. Defrance, Jean Marie Antoine, Count, general, — b. at Vassy, 21 Sep. 177 1 — as Gen- eral of Brigade serves in Austrian campaign, 1805 — iu Prussia, 1806-7 — distinguishes him- self at Wagram, 1809 — General of Division, 1 8 1 1 — commands under Murat in Eussian cam- paign, 18 12 — distinguishes himself at combat of Montmirail, 18 14 — Count, Inspector-general of cavalry, 18 14 — fr. at Epinay, 1835. Degeer, Karl, Baron, naturalist, — b. in Sweden, 1720 — Knt of the North Star, 1761 — Commander of Order of Vasa, 1772 — Baron, 1773 — a., 8 Mar. 1778. Memoires pour servir a V histoire des insectes, 1752-78. Degerando. [Gerando, De.] De Grasse. [Grasse.] Degrave, Charles Joseph,— b. in Flanders, 24 Oct. 1736 — member of the Council of An- cients, Paris, 1797 — ft. at Ghent, 2 Aug. 1805. La republique des Champs-Elysees, $e. 9 1806. Degree of Meridian, — [BC] — first measured by Eratosthenes, between Syene and Alexandria, before 196— by Posidonius, between Alexandria and Ehodes, 112-50 — [AD] — by the brothers Ben Shaku, by order of the Caliph Al Mamun, in the plain south of Damascus, 813-33 — D T Norwood from London to York, 1633, 1635 a — by Picard, between Amiens and Malvoisine, 1669-71 — his measurement continued through France by the Cassini, 1683-17 18 — by Mau- pertuis, Clairaut,and others in Lapland, 1735 — by Bouguer and others in Peru, 1735 — by La- caille, at the Cape of Good Hope, 1752^ 1751* — arc from Dunkirk to Barcelona, by Mechain and Delambre, 1792-1806 — English arc, by direction of Board of Ordnance, commenced, 1791 — first Indian arc, by Lambton, commenced, 1 801 — second Indian arc, by Everest, com- menced, 1823 — Busso- Scandinavian arc, by Struve, 1819-27 — Prussian arc, by Bessel, 1831-38. a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Deidier, Abbe, mathematician. Arithme- tique des Geometres, Science des Geometres, 1739 — La mesure des surfaces et des solides, 1740 — Mecanique generate, 1 741 . Deidier, Antoine, physician, — M.D. Mont- pellier, 1691 — Prof. Chemistry, 1696-17 32 — • F.B,. S. London, about 1720 — ft. at Marseilles, Apr. 1746. Fhysiologia, 1699 — Fathologia, 17 10 — Lnstitut. medicince theoretics, §c> 17 16 — Matiere medicate, §c, 1738 — Chimie raison- nee, 17 15. Deilemites, {Bowides,) Dynasty of the, — conquer western provinces of Persia from the Samanis, seize Baghdad, and rule in name of the Caliph, (321, a. h.) 932 — conquered and dispossessed by the Seljukides, under Togrul Begh, (448,) 1055. Deiman, Jan Rudolph, physician, chemist, — b. in Friseland, 29 Aug. 1743 — M.D. Halle, settles at Amsterdam, 1770 — physician to king of Holland, 1806 — ft. at Amsterdam, 15 Jan. 1808. Verhandeling over het mit van den groei der boomen en planten, §c, 1780 — Over den steen- en metaalregen, $c., 1804. Deimier, Pierre de, poet,— b. at Avignon, about 1570. Lllustres Aventures, 1603 — Aus- triade, 1600 — Nereide, 1605. Deinarchos, orator, — [BC] — b., about 361 — commences oratory, about 336 a — his greatest activity, under Demetrius Phalereus, 321-307 a — accuses Demades, 318 — goes into exile to Chalcis, (01. 118, 2,) Sep. 307 a — returns to Athens, (01. 122, 1,) Sep. 292^ De Donis, adversus Fhiloclem, adv. Demosthenem and adv. Aristogitonem de Harpalicis, 324^ a Clinton. Deinocrates, architect, — [BC] — builds temple of Artemis, at Epbesus, after 356 — accompanies Alexander the Great into Egypt and is employed in building Alexandreia, 332. Demon, {Dinon,) historian, — [BC] — fl., about 360. Deiotarus, King of Galatia, — [B C] — defeats generals of Mithridates in Phrygia, 74 — named ' King ' by the Senate : his dominions increased by Gadilonitis and Armenia Minor, 63 — present with Pompey at Pharsalia, 48 — aided by Caesar against Pharnaces, 47 — deprived of Armenia by Csesar, 47 — defended by Cicero before Csesar, 45— joins Brutus and Cassius, 42. Deira, in England, — separated from North- 412 DEJEAN— DELAROCHE. umbria and seized by Ella, 560 — reunited to Nortlnmibria by Ethelfrith, 593 — on death of Edwin, seized by Osric, who is expelled by Oswald, 634 — Oswine, 644 — Adelwald, Aug. 651 — reunited to Bernicia, by Oswy, 6 55- , „ Dejean, Jean Francois Aime, Count, Peer or France, — b. at Castelnaiidary, 6 Oct. 1749 — Engineer-in-chief, Picardy, 17 81 — General of Division, 1795 — Minister of War, 1802 to Jan. 1 8 10 — senator, treasurer of Legion of Honour, 1 8 10 — Peer of France, governor of Polytechnic School, 1 8 14 — deprived, 18 15 — reenters Cham- ber of Peers, 18 19 — if. at Paris, 12 May 1824. Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, — b. near Artois, 173 1 —admitted to the Academy, 1779 — tf. member of the Institute, 18 Oct. 18 16. St Sebastian, 1779 — Ajax and Cassandra, 1787. Le la Beche, Sir Henry Thomas, geologist, ■ — b near London, 1796 — F.G.S., 1817 — F.R.S., 1819 — travels on the continent, 1820 — visits Jamaica, 1824 — director of Geological Survey of England, 1832— Pres. G. S., 1847 — Knt, 1848 — corresponding member of Aca- demy of Sciences, Paris, 1853 — a", in London, 13 Apr. 1855. Geological Manual, 1831 — Re- searches in theoretical Geology, 1834 — How to observe in Geology, 1835 — Geological Observer, 1851. Delaborde, Henri Francois, Count, general, — b. at Dijon, 21 Dec. 1764 — distinguishes himself at combat of llhinzabern, 17 May 1793 — serves against Federalists, General of Brigade, 1793 — commands in army of the Pyrenees, 1794 — passes the Rhine, occupies Brisgau, Jul. 1796 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — governor of Lisbon, 1807 — commands under Marshal Moitier, 18 12 — Chevalier de St Louis, 7 Jun. 1 8 14 — ij. at Paris, 3 Feb. 1833. Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, painter, — b. at Charenton, near Paris, 26 Apr. 1799 — studies under Pierre Guerin, 18 16 — visits England, 1826 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Mar. 1831 — visits Morocco, 1831 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 846 — com- mander, 1 855— member of Institute, 1857 — fc. at Paris, 13 Aug. 1863. Dante and Virgil, 1822 — Massacre of Scio, 1824 — Death of the Doge Marino Faliero, 1826 — Milton dictating his Paradise Lost, 1827 — Cardinal Richelieu, 1828 — Liberty guiding the People on the Barricades, 1831 — Women of Algiers, 1834 — Medea, 1838 — Library of the Luxembourg, 1845 — Library of the Corps Le'gislatif 1847 ■ — Chapel of the Holy Angels, St Sidpice, 1861. Delahaye, Guillaume Nicolas, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1725—0". at Charenton, 1802. Delaistre, Francois Nicolas, sculptor, — b. at St Germains, 9 Mar. 1746 — obtains first prize of the Academy, Aug. 1772 — Associate of the Academy, 1784 — tf. at Paris, 23 Apr. 1832. Philoctetes in Lemnos, 1785 — Figure of the Virgin, 1787 — Peace, 1800 — Phocion, 18 13 — Psyche, 18 14. Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astrono- mer, — b. at Amiens, 19 Sep. 1749 — obtains prize of Academy of Sciences, for his Tables of Jupiter and Saturn, 1792 — appointed with Mechain to measure arc of the meridian in France, 1792— perpetual secretary of the In- stitute, 1803 — member of Legion of Honour, 1803 — Prof, at the College of France, 1807 — treasurer of University, 1808 — member of Council of Public Instruction, 18 14-15 — Chevalier of St Michael, 1817 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1821 — tf., 19 Aug. 1822. Traite complet d' astronomic, \%\\—Histoire de Vastronomie, §c, 1 817-21, 1827 — Methodes analytiques pour la determination d'un arc du Meridien, 1799 — Tables du Soleil, 1806 — Base du Systeme metrique decimal, 1806-10. Belandine, Antoine Francois, bibliographer, — b. at Lyons, 6 Mar. 1756 — correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 1780 — imprisoned, 1793 — librarian to city of Lyons, 1803 — ft., 1820. Supplement au Dictionnaire historique de Chaudon, 1804 — L'enfer des peuples anciens, 1784 — Tableau des prisons de Lyon, 1799. ©dangle, Claude Alphonse, statesman, — b. at Varzy, (Nievre,) 6 Apr. 1797 — Advocate- general to Court of Cassation, 1840-6 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1846 — Procureur- general to Royal Court of Paris, 1847 — de- prived by Provisional Government, Feb. 1848 — member of Consultative Commission, Dec. 1 85 1 — Procureur-general to Court of Cassation, Jan. 1852 — first Pres. Imperial Court, 30 Dec. 1852 — Senator, 31 Dec. — Minister of Interior, 5 Jun. 1858 — member of Academy of Sciences, 5 Mar. 1859 — Minister of Justice, (Keeper of the Seals,) 5 May 1859 — resigns, 23 Jun. 1863 — Yice-Pres. Senate, 18 Oct. 1863 — again Procureur-general, 14 Nov. 1865 — fr., 21 Dec. 1869. Belano, Amasa, traveller, — b. in United States, 21 Feb. 1763 — tS. there, about 1817. Narrative of voyages and travels, §c, 18 17. Belany, Mary, painter, $c., — b. in Wilt- shire, 14 May 1700 — marries Dr Delany, 1743 — tS. in London, 15 Apr. 1788. The Flora, 1774-88 — Autobiography and Correspondence, 1861-2. Delany, Patrick, theologian,— -b. in Ireland, about 1686 — "H. at Bath, May 1768. Revela- tion examined with candour, 1732-6 — History of the Life and Reign of David, 114.0-z. Delaram, Francis, engraver, — b. in London, 1590 — tf. there, 1627. Delaroche, Hippolyte, called Paul, painter, — b. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1797 — receives Cross of the Legion of Honour, 26 Apr. 1828 — member of the Institute, 3 Nov. 1832 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 Mar. 1834 — visits Italy, 1834 — marries Louise Vernet, at Rome, 28 Jan. 1835 — employed to paint the hemycycle of the Palais des Beaux Arts, 1837-41-F-visits Rome, 1843 — death of his wife, 15 Dec. 1845 — ft. at Paris, 4 Nov. 1856. St Vincent de Paid, 1824 — Death- of the President Duranti, 1827 — Cromwell contemplating the corpse of Charles L., 1 83 1 — Children of Fdicard LV., 1831 — Lady Jane Grey, 1834 — Assassination of the Duke of Guise, 1834 — St Cecilia, 1835 — Straf- ford, 1837 — Napoleon at Fontainebleau, 1845 — Marie Antoinette after her condemnation, DELAUNY— DELIUS. 4*3 iS$i — The Young Martyr, 1855 — The Giron- dists, 1856. Belauny, Louis, mineralogist, — ft. in the Netherlands, about 1740 — admitted to Acade- my of Brussels, 1770 — tf., after 1805. Mine- ralogie des anciens, 1803. Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet, — ft. at Havre, 4 Apr. 1793 — librarian of the Chancery, 1815 — librarian to Duke of Orleans, 1822 — admitted to the Academy, 7 Jul. 1825 — ft. at Lyons, 11 Dec. 1843. (Euvres, 1832-40. Delaware, U. 8., — visited by Lord Delaware, 1610 — settled by Swedes, 1627 — passes to the Dutch, 1655— ceded by them to English, 1664 — separate colony, 1704 — becomes one of the United States, 4 Jul. 1776 — constitution amend- ed, 183 1. Delcour, Jean, sculptor, — ft. at Liege, 4 Apr. 1707. Delcour, Jean Gilles, painter, — ft. at Liege, 1694. Delegates, Court of,— established by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1533-4— jurisdiction trans- ferred to Privy Council, bv Act 2 and 3 ¥m IV. c. 92, Aug. 1832. Deleuze, Joseph Philippe Francois, na- turalist, — ft. at Sisteron, Mar. 1753 — librarian of Museum of Natural History, 1828 — tf. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1835. Translation of Darwin's Loves of the Plants, 1799 — Thomson's Seasons, 1 80 1 — Histoire critique du magnetisme natural, 181 3 — Histoire et description du museum d 'his- toire paturelle, 18 19. Deleyre, Alexandre, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near Bordeaux, 1726— deputy to National Convention, 1792 — member of the Institute, 1795 — of Council of Ancients, 1795 — &., Mar. 1797. Analyse de la philosophic de Bacon, 1755 — Genie de Montesquieu, 1758. Delfico, Melehiorre, jurist, — ft. at Teramo, (Naples,) 1 Aug. 1744 — imprisoned, 1798 — Councillor of State, by Joseph Bonaparte, 1806 — President of Commission of Archives, 1815- 23 — tf. at Teramo, 21 Jun. 1835. Saggio fdosojico nel matrimonii), 1774 — Hiccrche sul vero carattere delta giurisprudenza Eomana, §c, iiyi—Memorie storiche delta republica di Sanmarino, 1804 — Pensieri su' la storia e su V inccrtezza ed inutilitd delta medesima, 1806. Delfi.no, Federico, physician, astronomer, — ft. at Padua, 1477— Prof, Astronomy there, 1521-47 — ft. there, 1547. Delfino, Girolamo, — proveditore-general of Venetians, commands in Dalmatia, 1694-9 — defeated by the Turks, loses the Morea, &c, 1714. Delfino, Giuseppe,— Captain -general of Ve- netian fleet, defeats the Turks at the Darda- nelles, 6 Jul. 1654. Delft, {Delff, Van Delphus,) Jacob, engraver, — ft. at Delft, 24 Jan. 16 19 — ft. there, 12 Jun. 1661. Portrait of Hugo Grotius, 1652. Delhi, in Hindustan, — Visal, ancestor of Pritwi Raja, takes the throne, 1050 — Puitwi Raja, conquered by Mohammedans under Shahab u "din, 1 192 — [Afghan Dynasty at Delhi, Mogul Empire] — Delhi (and Agra) in- dependent of Mohammed Sur Adili, aids Ibra- him Sur, (961,) 1554 — taken by Secander Sur, J 554 or 1555— by Humayun, Jul. 1555— by Hema, 1555 — by A-kber, near end of 1556— city taken by Nadir Shah, 8 Mar. 1739 — eva " cuated by him, 14 Apr. — taken by the Abdallees, 1756 — taken by the Mahrattas, 1760— entered by Mogul Emperor, with the Mahrattas, 25 Dec. 177 1 — Delhi taken by the Rohillas, 1788 —Lord Lake defeats Dowlut Rao Scindiah, and takes the city and territory of Delhi, 1 Nov. 1803 — successfully defended against Hol- kar, 14 Oct. 1804 — death of Shah Alum, 1 806 — succeeded by his son, Akbar, : Moham-. med Bahadur succeeds on death of Akbar, 1837 — seized by Sepoy mutineers, 11 May, 1857 — king of Delhi proclaimed Emperor, 12 May — siege of, by Gen. "Wilson, begins early in Jun. — bombardment, begins 1 1 Sep, — taken by as- sault, 20 Sep. — the king and his two sons cap- tured, and the latter shot by Lieut. Hodson, 2 1 Sep. Delille, Jacques, poet, — ft. at Aigue-Perse, in Auvergne, 22 Jun. 1738 — admitted to French Academy, 1774 — Prof. Latin Poetry, College de France, before 1780 ?— accompanies Choiseul Gouffier to Constantinople, 1 7 84 — quits Paris, 1794-1801 — tf. there, 1 May 1813. Transla- tion of the Georgics, 1769 — Les Jar dins, 1782 — L Homme des Champs, 1800 — translation of Paradise Lost, about 1801 — Trois Eegnes de la Nature, 1808. Delinquents, in English History, — denounc- ed by the Long Parliament, early in Nov. 1640. Delisle, Claude, geograpiher, §c., — ft. at Vaucouleurs, 5 Nov. 1644 — ft. at Paris, 2 May 1720. Abre'ge de V histoire universelle, 173 1 — ■ Traite de chronologie, 1730 — Lntroduction d la geographic, §c., 1747. Delisle, Guillaume, geographer, — ft. at Paris, 28 Feb. 1675 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1702 — tf., 5 Jan. 1726. Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, — ft. at Paris, 1688 — member of Academy of Sciences, 17 14 — visits England, chosen F.R.S., 1724 — called to St Petersburg, astronomer to the czar, 1727-48 — Prof. Astronomy, College Royal, Paris, 1748 — a", there, 11 Sep. 1768. Memoir e pour servir a V histoire de V astronomic, 1738. Delisle de Sales, ( after 1384. Demetrius Pepanus, {Pepano,) theologian, — studies at Rome, about 1637-44. Opera, 1781. Demetrius Phalereus, — [B C] — b., about (01. 108-9,) 345 — begins to take part in public affairs at Athens, 325 a — begins to govern Athens, Sep. 317 a — Archon, 309 — expelled from Athens by Demetrius Poliorketes, with- draws to Thebes, (ThargeL) May, b Sep. a 307 — and to Egypt, 296 a — tf- in prison, after 283. 11 H Clinton. b Grote. Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria,— [B C ] — b., about 187 a — hostage at Rome, through- out reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164 — ■ escapes and gains throne of Syria from Antio- chus Eupator, 162 — expels Ariarathes from 4 i6 DEMETRIUS— DEMOSTHENES. Cappadocia, 158 — defeated and killed by Alex- ander Balas, 150. a Smith's Diet. Demetrius I., Poliorketes, King of Mace- donia, — [B C] — b., about 338 — commands hetairoi at Gabiene, 317 — commands right wing at Gabiene, 316 — chief command in Syria, 314 — defeated at Gaza by Ptolemy and Seleucus, alter midsummer 312— recovers Babylon, 311 — acquires Athens, Jim. 307 — defeats Ptolemy at sea, before midsummer 306 — besieges Rhodes, spring 304 to spring 303 — opposes Cassander in Greece, after midsummer 303, a late in 304 b — campaign against Cassander in Greece, 302, a 303 b — Commander-in-chief of Greece at Corinth, 303 b — initiated in Eleusinian Mys- steries, Apr. 3oi, a 302 c — joins Antigonus at Ephesus, 301, a 302 bc — defeated at Ipsus by Lysimachus and Seleucus, Aug. 301 — alliance with Seleucus, 301 — occupies Cilicia, 301 — takes Athens by blockade, 299,* 295 b c d — at- tempts Athens in vain, 267 b c — assassinates Alexander and succeeds him. 294 e — takes Thebes, 292 b — again, after a siege, 291-290"° — celebrates Pythian games at Athens, autumn 290 — war with Pyrrhus, 289 — prepares for recovering Asia, 288 — driven from Macedonia by Pyrrhus, 287 — war in Asia, surrenders to Seleucus, 286 — ft., 283,* b de 284.= a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Thirl wall. d Zumpt. e Grote. Demetrius II., Nicator, King of Syria, — [B C] — sent to Cnidus, 150— invades Syria, 148-7 — defeats Balas at the CEnoparas, 146 — loses Antioch, [The Maccabees, Tryphon,] 145 — taken prisoner by Parthians, 138 — re- established in his kingdom by Phraates, 128 — defeated by Alexander Zebina, and assassinated, Demeunier, (Desmeunier,) Jean Nicolas, statesman, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Francbe- Comte, 15 Mar. 1751 — deputy to States-Gen- eral, 1789 — member of Tribunate, Dec. 1799 ■ — Pres., Jan. 1800 — Senator, Jan. 1802 — >f. at Paris, 7 Feb. 18 14. Esprit cles usages et des coutumes des differents peuples, 1780. Demide, armourer, — discovers mines of Koli- wan, Siberia, 1725 — establishes first iron foundry there, 1726. Demidow, Anatoli, Prince, art critic, — b. at Florence, about i8io : ' — marries Princess Matilda de Montfort, at Florence, 1840,'° 1841 a ■ — separates from his wife, 1845 — ft. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1870. Voyage dans la Russie Meri- dionale, $c, 1839. a VaJ>ereau. b Engl. Qye. Demidow, Nicolay Nikitich, Count of, philanthropist, — b. near St Petersburg, 3 Nov. 1773 — aide-de-camp to Prince Potemkin, 1789 ■ — Lieutenant-colonel, 1792 — gentleman of the chamber to Empress Catherine, 1794 — equips and commands regiment against French, 1812 ■ — settles at Paris, 18 15 — if. at Florence, 22 Apr. 1828. Deranie, Hermann Christoph Gottfried, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Miihlhausen, 7 Sep. 1760 — first pastor, Cathedral of Saxe- Altenburg, 1801 — tj. there, 26 Dec. 1822. JPachtef Martin und sein Voter, 1792-3- — Erzdhlimgen, 1792-3. Demmen, Fomerania, — besieged by German crusaders, 1 148 — stormed by Henry the Lion, 1164 — occupied by Yfaldeniar II., 1210-27 — taken by the Swedes, 1631 — by the Imperial- ists, 1637 — recovered by the Swedes, 1639 — taken by the Great Elector, 11 Nov. 1659 — retaken by the Swedes, 12 Oct. 1676 — given up to Prussia by Peace of Stockholm, 1720 — ■ the fortifications demolished, 1759 — occupied for a short time by the French, Apr. 1807. Demochares, Athenian orator, — [BC] — b., about 380 — is engaged in public affairs at Athens, 322 — supports Sophocles' law against philoso- phers, 316 — head of patriot party, 307-303 — • banished, 302 — returns, 298 — fortifies Athens, 297 — ambassador to Philip and Antipater, 296 — concludes treaty with Bceotia and is exiled, 296 — returns to Athens, 287 or 286 — ambassador to Lysimachus, 282 — proposes statue to De- mosthenes, 280 — rj., between 280-270. Democles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 125, 3,) 278. Democlides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 116, 1,) 316. Demoeritus, philosopher, — [B C] — b., (01. 80, 1,) 460,* (01. 77, 3,) 470 b — visits Persia and Egypt in his travels, between 423-405 — #., (01. 105, 4,) 357. a a Clinton. b Thrasyllus. Demogenes, — [B C] — Arch on at Athens, (01. 115, 4,) 317. Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, — b. at Yitry, Champagne, 26 May 1667 — settles in London, 1685 — if. there, 27 Nov. 1754. Mis- cellanea Analytica, de Seriebus et Quadratures, 1730 — The doctrine of Chances, §c, 17 18 — Annuities on Lives, 1724. Demokedes, Greek physician, — [B C] — taken prisoner with Polycrates of Samos, and sent to Susa, 522 — accompanies Persian exploring ex- pedition, escapes, and settles at Crotona, about 518. Demonax, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — fl. about 125. Demophilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 99, 4,) 381. De Morgan, Augustus, mathematician, — b. at Madura, E. Indies, Juii. 1806 — B.A., fourth wrangler,Cambridge, 1827 — marries, abouti828 — Prof. Mathematics, London Univ., 1828-31 — ■ again appointed, 1836 — begins to contribute to Athenceum, 1840 — resigns his professorship, 1866 — tf. in London, 18 Mar. 1871. Elements of Arithmetic, 1830 — Elements of Algebra, 1835 — Connection of Number and Magnitude, 1836 — Elements of Trigonometry, 1837 — -Essay — on Probabilities, 1838 — Differential and Inte- gral Calculus, 1842 — Formal Logic, 1847 — Arithmetical Books, 1847 — Trigonometry and Double Algebra, 1 849 — Book of Almanacs, 1 85 1 — contributes to Fenny Cyclopaedia, 1833- 43 — to Companion to the Almanac, from 1828. Demosthenes, — [BC] — [Peloponnesian Y/ar] — Admiral with Procles, 426 — seizes Pylos and blockades the Spartans in Sphacteria, 425 — takes Nicaea, 424 — conducts reinforce- ments to Sicily, 413 — taken and put to death, 4i3- Demosthenes, orator, — [BC]— b., 385^ Jul. DEMO STRAT S— DENMARK. 4i7 382^ (01. 99, 4,) 381,° 3 8 4 d_ieft an orphan, 378, a Sep. to Oct. b 376 — admitted to citizen- ship after examination, (01. 103, 3,) 366 b — accuses his guardian, (01. 104,) 364— quarrel with Meidias, 361-353— begins his career as a statesman, (01. 106,) 356 — acts as choragus voluntarily, 354, e Feb. 350 b — with JEschines and others ambassador to Philip, Mar. 346 b — ambassador with others to Peloponnesus and Ambracia, (01. 109, 2,) 343 — at Chseroneia, (7 Metag. 01. 110, 9,) 338— demanded by Alex- ander, Nov. 335 — prosecuted for receiving bribes from Harpalus, fined and withdraws to Trcezene and JEgina, summer 324 — recalled, after Jun. 323 — flies from Athens and is sentenced to death, Sep. 322 — tf. at Calauria, (16 Pyaneps. 01. 114, 3,) 13 Oct. 322.^ Orations: In ApJwb. I. II., 364 — Contra Aphob., 364 — In Onetor. I. II., 364 — In Calippum, 364 — In Poly clem, after 361 — Be Corona Naval., after 361 — In Euerg. et Mne- sibul., after 356 — In Androtionem, 355 — In Beptinem, 355 — In Zenothemim, after 355 — In Timotheum, before 354 — Be Classibus, 354 — Pro Megalopol., 353 — In Timocratem, 353 or early in 352 — Philippic, I., latter part 352 — In Aristocratem, 352 or early in 35 1 — Pro Rhodiis, latter part 351 — In Boeotum, before midsummer 350 — Pro Phormione, 350 — Olynthiac, I. II. III., latter part 349 and early 348 — In Mei- diam, before midsummer 348, 355 s — In Boeotum de Bote, 347 — In Pantcenet., after 347 — Be Pace, latter part 346 — In Eubulid., after 346 — Philippic, II., 344 — In Stephanum, I. II., be- fore 343 — Be Haloneso, 343 — Be Falsa Begat., Jun. 343, b 342 e — In Cononem, about 343 — In Olympiodor., after 343 — Be Chersoneso, spring 341 — Philippic, III. IV., about midsummer 341 — In Epistolam, beginning 339 — In Phor- mionis paragr., after 336, 332 ? e — In Biony- siodor., after 331, 329 ? e — Be Corona, after midsummer 330. a Becker, Thirlwall, &c. b Clinton. c Dionys. Halic. d Others. e Smith's Diet. Demostratos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 96, 4,) 393,* and (01. 97, 3,) 390.* a Clinton. Demotion, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 77, 3,) 470. Demours, Antoine Pierre, oculist, — b. at Paris, 16 Dec. 1762 — ft. ,4 Oct. 1836. Memoire sur V operation de la cataracte, 1784 — Traite des maladies des yeux, §c, 18 18 — Precis his- torique et pratique sur les maladies des yeux, 1821. Demoustier, Charles Albert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Villers-Cotterets, 11 Mar. 1760 — lj. there, 9 Mar. 1801. Bettres a Emilie sur la mythologie, 1786 — Conciliateur, 1791 — Tole- rant, 1794. Dempster, Thomas, archceologist, §c, — b. at Muiresk, Aberdeenshire, 23 Aug. 1579 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1589 — regent of College of Navarre, Paris, 1596 ? — lj. near Bologna, 6 Sep. 1625. Be Etruria regali, 1723 — Kistoria ec- clesiastica gentis Scotorum, 1627. Denain, — Marshal Villars defeats Earl of Albemarle at, 24 Jul. 17 12. Denarius, — [B C] — first coined at Rome, 269 — gold denarius, first, about 205 ? — half dena- rius first coined, under Lex Clodia, ? -77 Denbigh, in N. Wales, — castle built, about 1283 — Charles I. takes refuge at, Sep. 1645 — surrendered to Parliamentary troops alter several months' siege, Nov. 1646 — dismantled by order of Charles II., after May 1660. Denderah, Egtjpt, — one of the Zodiacs of, removed to Paris, 1 8 2 1 . Dendermonde, (Termonde,) in E. Flanders, — citadel built, 1584 — unsuccessfully besieged by Louis XIV., 1667 — taken by Marlborough, 1706 — falls into hands of the French, 1745. Denham, Dixon, traveller, — b. in London, 1 Jan. 1786 — enters the army, 181 1 — sets out for Africa, 1821 — returns, 1825 — Lieutenant-col- onel, superintendent of free Africans, Sierra Leone, Dec. 1826 — tf. vice-governor of Free- town, 9 May 1828. Narrative of travels and discoveries, §c, 1823. Denham, Sir John, poet, — b. in Dublin, 1615 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1631 — Sur- veyor-general of Royal Buildings, 1660 — K.B., 1660— o\, Mar. 1688," 1668 b . Coopers Hill, 1643 — The Sophy, 1641. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Denina, Carlo Giovammaria, historian, $c, — b. at Revello, Piedmont, 28 Feb. 173 1 — Prof. Humanities and Rhetoric, Pignerol, 1754 — Turin, 1758 — goes to Berlin, 1782 — librarian to Napoleon, 1804 — fr. at Paris, 5 Dec. 181 3. Biscorso sopra le vicende della letteratura, 1760 — Istoria delle Rivoluzioni d' Italia, 1769-91 — Ba clef des Langues, §c, 1805 — Rivoluzioni della Germania, 1804 — Istoria delV Italia Occiden- tale, 1809. Denis, Michel, bibliographer, poet, — b. in Bavaria, 1729 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1747 — first keeper of Imperial Library, Vienna, 179 1 — Tf. there, 29 Sep. 1800. Ossians und Sineds Bieder, 1784 — Carmina, 1794 — Grundriss der Bibliographie und Biicherkunde, 1774— Grund- riss der Eiterar-geschichte, 1776 — Wiens Buch- drucker-geschichte, 1782-93. Denman, Thomas, Lord, Chief Justice op England, — b. in London, 23 Feb. 1779 — ' enters St John's College, Cambridge, 1796 — B.A., 1800 — M.A., 1803 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1803 — marries, 1804 — called to the bar, 1806 — M.P. Wareham, 1818— M.P. Nottingham, 1820-6 — Solicitor-general to Queen Caroline, 1820-1 — M.P. Nottingham, 1830-1 — Attor- ney-general, 26 Nov. 1830— Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, and Privy Councillor, 4 Nov. 1832 — raised to the peerage, Mar. 1834 — retires from the bench, Mar. 1850 — loses his wife, 1852 — tf. at Stoke Albany, 22 Sep. 1854. Denmark, (Chersoncsus Cimbrica,)—[BC] — Cimbri inhabit, and become known to the Ro- mans, about 100 — [AD] — overrun by Goths under Odin, about 250 — [Danes, Northmen]— Christianity introduced by Anscharius, 826 — Gorm, the Old, subdues Jutland, about 863 — he unites the country under his rule, before 900— Harold II. Bluetooth, (son,) succeeds, 935 — goes to assist Richard, Duke of Normandy, against king of France, 945 — makes a descent 2 7 4 i8 DENMARK. on Norway and restores Harold Grafeld to the throne, 950 — partitions Norway and makes it tributary to Denmark, 962 — again aids the Duke oi' Normandy, 962 — ravages Schleswig, 964 — driven hack by Otto I., 965 — assists Henry of Bavaria against Otto II., 974 — revolt of his son, Sweyn, retires for several years to Normandy, and is reestablished by aid of the duke : killed in fresh revolt of Sweyn, 985 — Sweyn I. Forhbeard, (son,) elected, 985 — Cnut II. the Great, (son,) 1014 — Cnut III. (Hartha- cnut,) (son,) 1036 — Norway independent under Magnus, 1036 — Magnus the Good, succeeds, 1042 — revolt of Sweyn, invasion of Yandals, 1043 — divides Norway with Harold, brother of St Ohms ; tf., 1047 — Sweyn II., (son of Ulph,) 1047 — carries on war with Harold, 1049-64 — descent on England hy his brother, 1069 — enters the Humber and the Thames, makes treaty with William I., and withdraws, 1070 — massacre of nobles in church of Roeskild, 1072 — does penance : joins league of the emperor Henry IV. against Saxons, 1073 — rj., 28 Apr. 1074 — Interregnum, 1074-77 — Harold III. elected, 1077— tf., 17 Apr. 1080 — Cnut IV., the Saint, (brother,) 1080 — conquers and an- nexes Livonia ; revolt excited by imposition of tithes, 1086 — Olaus, {Olaf,) IV., (brother,) 1086 — tf., 18 Aug. 1095 — Eric I., the Good, (brother,) 1095 — victorious over the Vandals; visits Rome and ohtains from Pascal II. erec- tion of Lunden into archbishopric : tf . in Cyprus, n Jul. 1 103 — Interregnum, 1103-1105 — Ni- cholas, {Niels,) (brother of Eric,) 11 05 — de- posed in favour of Eric, (brother of Cnut,) 1131 — war with him, 1 1 31-4 — acknowledges himself vassal of the empire, 1 1 34 — hattle with Eric, 4 Jun. 1 1 34 — murdered in Schleswig, 25 Jun. 1 1 35 — Eric II., {Fmund,) (nephew,) 11 35 — mur- dered, 18 Sep. 1137— Eric III., the Lamb, (grandson of Eric the Good,) elected, 11 37 — war with his rival Olaf, defeats and kills him, 1 143 — unsuccessfully attacks the Vandals, 1 144 — abdi- cates and tf., 1 147 — Sweyn III., (son of Eric Emund,) and _ Cnut, (son of Magnus,) elected hy rival parties, 1147 — war between them; refer claims to the emperor Frederick I., 1152 — appear at Diet of Mersehurg ; crown ad- judged to Sweyn, isle of Zealand to Cnut; in- vasion of Sweden, 1154 — new rival in AValde- mar, (son of St Cnut,) 1 156— alliance of Walde- mar with Cnut ; treaty for partition of Den- mark hetween the three, signed at Roeskild, 1 1 57 — Cnut assassinated by Sweyn ; war with Waldemar ; Sweyn defeated and killed, 23 Oct. 11 57 — Waldemar I., the Great, 1157 — Cnut VI., the Pious, (son,) succeeds", 12 May 11 82 — Waldemar II., the Victorious, (brother,) Christ- mas Day 1202 — Norway made tributary, 1203 — conquest of E. Pomerania, 12 10 — Eric IV., (son,) Mar. 1241 — murdered, night of 9-10 Aug. 1250— Abel, (brother,) elected, 1250 — defeated and killed hy the Frisians, 29 Jun. 1252 — ChristopherI., (brother,) 1252 — quar- rel with Abp Lunden begins, 1256 — Abp arrested, and interdict laid on kingdom, 1258 — tf. at Rypen, 29 May 1259 — Eric V., (son,) succeeds, under regency of his mother, 1259— Eric VI., (son,) Nov. 1286 — Interreg- num, 13 Nov. i3i9to25 Jan. 1320 — Christo- pher II., (brother,) 1320 — revolt suppressed, 1323 — driven away, 1326 — regency of Ger- hard, Count of Holstein ; recovers the throne, 1330 — tf., 15 Jul. 1334 — Interregnum, 1334-40 — Waldemar III., (son,) 1 340— Interregnum, 24 Feb. 1375 to 13 May 1376 — Olaf, (grand- son,) 1376 — regency of his mother Margaret, queen of Norway; tf., 3 Aug. 1387 — Margaret, (mother,) queen of Denmark and Norway, 1387 — and of Sweden, 1388— Eric VII., (grand- nephew,) king of Denmark, Norway, and Swe- den, under administration of Margaret, 1 3 Jun. 1397 — [Calmar, Union of,] — Eric alone, on death of Margaret, 27 Nov. 141 2 — deposed, 1439 — Christopher III. of Bavaria, (nephew,) elected, 9 Apr. 1440 — king of Sweden, 8 Sep. 1441 — king of Norway, 1442 — tf., 6 Jan. 1448 — Dissolution of the Union of Calmar, 1448. Oldenburg Family : Christian I., Count of Oldenburg, elected king of Denmark, 1 Sep. 1448 — crowned king of Norway, 1450 — Uni- versity of Copenhagen founded, 1478 — John I., (son,) May 148 1 — king of Norway, Jan. 1483 — king of Sweden, Aug. 1483 — Triple Alliance he- tween Denmark, France, and Scotland, 1498 — Sweden separated, May 1502 — Christian II. suc- ceeds his father, in Denmark and Norway, 15 13 — recognized in Sweden, 6 Mar. 1520 — revolt of Sweden under Gustavus Vasa, 1522 — revolt of Danes, Christian deposed, 1523 — Frederick I., the Peaceful, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, pro- claimed king of Denmark and Norway, Jan. 1523 — religious liberty established by royal edict, 1525 — confirmed by Diet of Odensee, 1527 — Interregnum after death of Frederick I., 3 Apr. 1533 to 4 Jul. 1534— Christian III., (son,) proclaimed, 4 Jul. 1534 — siege of Copen- hagen, 1535-6 — the Reformation established, 30 Oct. 1536 — incorporation of Norway, 1537 — the Bible translated into Danish, 1545 — Frederick II., (son,) Jan. 1559 — subdues Dithmarsh, 1559 — war with Sweden, 1563 to Nov. 1570 — tf., 4 Apr. 1588— Christian IV., (son,) succeeds, 1588 — war with Sweden, 161 1 to Jan. 161 3, and 1643 to 23 Aug. 1645 — Frederick III., (son,) Mar. 1648 — war with Sweden, Jun. 1657 to Jun. 1660 — declared absolute sovereign, and the throne hereditary, 23 Oct. 1660 — the law of settlement {Konge- Lov) promulgated, 1665 — Christian V., (son,) succeeds, Feb. 1670 — war with Sweden, 1675-9 — Frederick IV., (son,) 4 Sep. 1699 — war with Charles XII., begins, 1699 — renewed, 1709 — treaty of peace, at Stockholm, 14 Jun. 1720 — Christian VI., (son,) succeeds, Oct. 1730 : — Frederick V., (son,) h. 1723 — marries Princess Louisa of England, 11 Dec. 1743 — ■ succeeds, Aug. 1746 — crowned, 4 Sep. 1747 — maries Julia Maria of Brunswick Wolfenbiittel, 8 Jul. 1752 — tf., 13 Jan. 1766 — Christian VII., (son,) succeeds, 13 Jan. 1766 — affair of Count Struensee and Brandt, 1772 — attack on Copenhagen, by Lord Nelson, 1801 — war with England begins, Aug. 1807 — bombardment of DENNER— DERBY. 419 Copenhagen, by Lord Gambier, 4-7 Sep. 1807 — the fleet carried to England ; Frederick VI., (son,) succeeds, 13 Mar. 1808 — war with Eng- land, continued : war with Sweden, Mar. 1808 to Dec. 1 809 — Swedish Pomerania accepted in exchange for Norway, by Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 1 8 14 — religions toleration complete by admission of Jews to equal civil rights, 29 Mar. 1 8 14 — electoral districts formed, bylaw of 28 May 1 83 1— further regulations by decree of 15 May 1834— Christian VIII., (cousin,) suc- ceeds, Dec. 1839 — sale of East Indian and African colonies to England, 1845 — by letters patent Schleswig declared inseparable from crown of Denmark, 1846 — Frederick VII., (son,) 20 Jan. 1848 — promulgation of Con- stitution, before end of Jan. — insurrection or- ganized, Mar. — revolt of Duchies of Sehles- wig-Holstein, spring 1849 — relations with Schleswig - Holstein settled by decree of 28 Jan. .1852 — Treaty of London, 8 May 1852 — of Copenhagen, abolition of Sound Dues, 14 Mar. 1857 — on extinction of Oldenburg line by death of Frederick VII., Christian IX., {Prince of Sonderburg^Glucksburg,) succeeds, 15 Nov. 1863 — sanctions new Constitution, 18 Nov. 1863 ■ — the Schleswig-Holstein War, Feb. to Oct. 1 864 — loss of the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, by Treaty of Vienna, 1 Aug. 1864. Denner, Balthazar, painter, — ft. at Ham- burg, 1685 — ft. at Rostock, or Hamburg, 1747 or 1749. Dennewitz, — the Crown Prince of Sweden defeats Marshals Ney and Oudinot at, 6 Sep. 1813. Dennis, John, critic,—^, in London, 1657— enters Caius College, Cambridge, 1675 — M.A., 1683 — tf., 6 Jan. 1733. Select Works, 1718. Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron, traveller, writer on Art, — ft. at Chalons sur Saone, 4 Jan. 1747 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1787 — accompanies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — directeur-general des Musees, about 1802-14 — fr. at Paris, 1825. Voyage dans la Saute et Basse Egypte pendant les campagnes du General Bonaparte, 1 802 — Monuments des Arts du dessin, 1829. Dentatus, L. Sicinius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 454 — assassinated, 450. Dentatus, W Curius, — [BC] — Consul with P. Corn. Rufinus, (464, a. it. c.) 290— con- quers Samnites and triumphs : conquers Sa- bines : ovation over Lucanians, 286 or 285 a — praetor, 283 — Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, (479,) 275 — defeats Pyrrhus, and triumphs over him and Samnites ; Consul with. Ser. Corn. Merenda, (480,) 274 — censor, 272 — builds aqueduct, {Aniensis Vetas,) 272 — duumvir, 270 — tf., 265. a Niebuhr. Denter, M. Livius,— [B C]— Consul with M. JEmilius Paullus, (452, a. u. c.) 302. Dentzel, George Frederic, general, — ft. at Turkheim, (Linange,) 25 Jul. 1755 — enters the French army, 1774 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — secretary to Convention, 1795 — serves in Prussian campaign, 1806 — General of Brigade, 1 8 1 3 — Officer of Legion of Honour ; Marshal of Infantry camp, 3 Apr. 18 14 — re- ceives Cross of St Louis, 21 Aug. 18 14 — at "Waterloo, 18 15 — rj., about 1820. Denys le Chartreux, — ft. in Liege, 1394 — 0"., 12 Mar. 147 1. Speculum conversionis peccatorum, 1473 — Contra Alcoranum, §c, } 1533- Deodands, — abolished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 62, 18 Aug. 1846. Deogiri, (Loivlatabad,) [Mahrattas,] — sub- mits to Ala u din, 1294 — taken by Cafur, 1312 — made seat of government by Mohammed Toghlak, about 1340-50? — besieged by Nizam Shahi, King of Ahmednagar, and relieved by Mahmud Begara of Guzerat, (905, a. h.) 1499/ Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, — ft. near Nismes, 18 Oct. 1703 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1746 — tr., 2 Sep. 1768. Traite de trigonometric, 1.741 — Essai sur les probabilites de la duree de Ihviehumaine, 114-6. Departments, — division of France into, pro- posed in Constituent Assembly, 1789 — effected, 1790. Depping, George Bernard, historian, — ft. at Miinster, n May 1784 — goes to Paris, 1803 — obtains prize at the Institute, 1826 — na- turalized in France, 1827 — "rj. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1853. Expeditions maritimes des Normands, §c, 1826 — Histoire du commerce entre le Le- vant et V Europe, $c, 1830 — Histoire de la Normandie, 1835 — Les Juifs dans le Mot/en Age, 1840. Depres, (JDespres,) Josquin, musical coon- poser, — ft. in Hainault, 1450 or 1455 — 3j. at Conde, 153 1. Deptford, in Kent, — Royal dockyard closed, 13 Mar. 1869. Deputies, Chamber of, French, — constituted by Charter of Louis XVIII. , 4 Jun. 18 14 — payments to deputies suppressed, Feb. 1 8 1 7 — dissolved by Charles X., Nov. 1827 — prorogued by him, 19 Mar. 1830 — dissolved, soon after: new elections, Jul. — dissolved before meeting, by ordinance of 25 Jul. — distinctive costume of members discontinued, 1830 — personal pre- sentation of petitions to, prohibited, by De- claration of 7 Aug. 1830. De Quincey, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, ft. at Manchester, 1786— enters Oxford Univ., Dec. 1803 — makes the acquaintance of Cole- ridge, Wordsworth, and Southey, 1807 — settles at the Lakes, 1809 — removes to London, about 1820 — settles near Edinburgh, 1843 — tf. there, 8 Dec. 1859. .Confessions of English Opium Eater, 1822 — Logic of Political Economy, 1844 — Works, 1856-60. Derand, Francois, — ft. at Metz, 1588 — tr. at Agde, 26 Oct. 1644. Architecture des voutes, 1643. Derbend, in JDaghcstan, (Albana, Albinian Gates,) — occupied by Peter the Great, 1722 — restored to Persia, 1735 — again seized by Rus- sia, 1795. Derby, in England, — recovered from the Northmen by Ethelfleda, 917 — again taken by 27 * 420 DERBY— DERMOT. them ; retaken by Edmund I., 941 a — reached by Prince Charles Edward, (the Young Pre- tender,) 4.Dec. 1745. a Annals of England. Derby, Henry, Earl of. [Lancaster, Earl OF.J Derby, Robert Ferrers, Earl of, — takes part in the Barons' War, 126 1-5 — seizes the castle of Chesterfield, 1265 — captured and im- prisoned ; "&., 1278. Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of,— summoned to parliament, 24 May 146 1 — Chief Justice of Chester, 1462 — serves in the war in France, 1474 — marries the Couutess of Rich- mond, 1482— has a command in the Scottish expedition, 1483 — imprisoned by Richard III., Jun. 1483 — released and made Lord Steward of the Household ; Constable of England, 16 Dec. 1483 — E.G. ; goes over to the side of Richmond at Bosworth Field, 22 Aug. 1485 —proclaims him king on the field : created Earl of Derby, 27 Oct. 1485 — a commissioner for executing the office of Lord High Steward at the coronation, 30 Oct. 1485 — takes part in concluding peace with France, at Etaples, 3 Nov. 1492 — holds a chapter of the Garter at Windsor, 7 May 1503 — tJ., 1504. Derby, Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of, — succeeds his grandfather in the title, 1504 — attends Henry VIIL to France, 15 13 — one of the peers at the trial of Buckingham, 13 May 1521 — &., 23 May 1521. Derby, Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of, — fc., about 1510 — succeeds his father, 1521— attends Henry VIIL in his interview with Francis I., Oct. 1532 — K.B., 1533 — aids in suppression of the 'pilgrimage of grace,' 1536 — takes part in invasion of Scotland, 1542 — elected E.G., 17 Feb. 1547 — Lord High Steward of England, 1 Oct. 1553 — sent against the Scots, 1557 — Privy Councillor, by Queen Elizabeth, 1558— tf. at Lathom House, 4 Dec. 1574. Derby, Henry Stanley, Uh Earl of, — K.G., Apr. 1574 — succeeds his father, Dec. 1574 — summoned to parliament, Feb. 1576 — ambassador to France, invests Henry III. with Order of the Garter, Feb. 1584-5 — one of the commissioners for trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — sent to Flanders to treat for peace with the Prince of Parma, 1589 — Lord High Stew- ard at the trial of the Earl of Arundel, Apr. 1589— *•> 25 Sep. 1592. Derby, James Stanley, Lord Strange, 7th Earl of, — summoned to parliament as Lord Strange, Feb. 1628 — succeeds his father, Sep. 1642 — attempts to seize Manchester, 1642 — defeated by Lilburne, and wounded, at Wigan, 25 Aug. 1 65 1 — taken prisoner at Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — beheaded at Bolton, 15 Oct. 1651. Derby, Charlotte de la Tremoille I., (Tre- mouille,) Countess of, — b. at chateau of Thouars, 1601 — marries James, Lord Strange, at the Hague, Jul. 1626 — arrives in England, Aug. 1626 — besieged in Lathom House by Sir Thomas Fairfax, 27 Feb. 1644 — relieved by Prince Rupert, 27 May 1644 — retires to Isle of Man, 1644 — execution of her husband, 15 Oct. 165 1 — comes to England, Dec. 165 1 — imprisoned with her children, 1651-60 — ir. at Knowsley, 31 Mar. 1663. Derby, Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of, — succeeds his father, 1 651— takes part in the Royalist rising in Cheshire, and is taken prison- er, Aug. 1659 — Lord-lieutenant of Lancashire, 1660 — &., 21 Dec. 1672. Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14iAEARL of, — fc.at Knowsley, 29 Mar. 1799 — M.P. Stockbridge, 1820 — first speech, 1824 — marries, 1825 — Under-Secretary of State for Colonies, 11 Mar. 1827 to Jan. 1828 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1830 — M.P., N. Lanca- shire, 1832 — Secretary of State for Colonies, 1833-4 — takes courtesy-title of Lord Stanley 1834 — joins Conservative party, 1834 — Co- lonial Secretary again, 1841-5 — created Baron Stanley, 1844 — head of Protectionist party, 1846 — succeeds his father, 30 Jun. 1851 — First Lord of the Treasury, Feb. to Dec. 1 852 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1852 — again First Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 1858 to 11 Jun, 1859 — third time, 26 Jun. 1866 to 25 Feb. 1868 — visited by Queen of the Netherlands, 1867 — if., 23 Oct. 1869. Translation of the Iliad, 1864. Dercyllidas. [Derkyllidas.] Dereeyah. [Wahhabees.] Derfflinger, Georg, Baron von, Field- marshal, — b. in Brandenburg, Mar. 1606 — enters the Swedish army, before 1635 — serves under Gustavus Adolphus ; contributes to vic- tory of Leipsic, 1642 — Major-general in service of the Elector Frederick William, 1 654 — Lieu- tenant-general, 1656 — Field-marshal, 1670 — Baron, 1674 — Governor of fortresses in Pome- rania, 1677 — takes Stralsund, 1678 — com- mands against the Swedes, 1678-9 — tr., 4 Feb. 1695. Derham, William, theologian, — b. at Stow- ton, near Worcester, Nov. 1657 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, May 1675 — rector of Upminster, Essex, 1689 — F.R.S., 1702 — canon of Windsor, 1716 — D.D. Oxford, 1730 — rj. at Upminster, 5 Apr. 1735. Physico -theology, 1713 — Astro-the- ology, 17 14 — Christo-theology, 1730. Derkyllidas, — [B C] — excites revolt in Aby- dos and Lampsacus, 41 1 — supersedes Thimbron in Asia, 399- — winters inBithynia, 399-8— goes to Lampsacus, 398 — makes a truce Avith Phar- nabazus, 398 — makes a wall in Chersonesus, spring 398 — besieges Atarneus 3 months, 398 — ordered to invade Caria, 397 — meets Pharna- bazus and Tissaphernes in vale of Mseander and makes armistice, summer 397 — ratifies armistice with Tissaphernes, 396 — carries news of battle of Corinth to Agesilaos, and is sent into Asia, 394- Dermody, Thomas, poet, — b. at Innis, Clare, 1774 — goes to Dublin, 1783 — tf. in London, 15 Jul. 1802. Dermot, (Dermond,) MacMurragh, — becomes King of Leinster, 11 40 — expelled, unsuccess- fully seeks aid from Henry II. , 1168 — obtains aid from Richard de Clare, Jun. 1169 — besieges DEROI— DESEZE. 42: and takes Wexford, n 70— marries his daugh- ter Eva to Strongbow, 1170 — tf., 1170. Deroi, Bernard Erasme, general, — b. at Manheim, 11 Dec. 1743 — Major-general, 1792 —commands at Manheim against French, 1794 — taken prisoner at Hohenlinden, 1801 — Lieu- tenant-general, 1 804 — contributes to deliverance of Bavaria, 1804 — distinguishes himself at battle of Abensberg, 20 Apr. 1809 — General of Infantry, 1811 — % of wound received at battle of Pultusk, Aug. 1 8 12. Berossi, Giovanni Gerardi, poet, — b. at Rome, 12 Mar. 1754 — corresponding member of Institute of France, 1 8 1 2 — director of Royal Academy of Naples at Rome, 18 16 — tf., 28 Mar. 1827. Opere, 181 8. Berwentwater, James Ratcliffe, Earl of, — b. in London, 28 Jun. 1689 — companion of the Pretender at Court of St Germains, till 17 10 — marries, 17 12 — remains in concealment, end of Aug. to beginning Oct. 17 15 — takes arms for the Pretender, 6 Oct. 17 15 — defeated, taken prisoner at Preston, 13 Nov.— imprisoned in the Tower, early in Dec. — impeached, pleads guilty, 16 Jan. 17 16 — his countess intercedes for him with the king, 19 Feb. — last interview with his countess, 23 Feb. — beheaded on Tower Hill, 24 Feb. 17 16 — his estates given to Greenwich Hospital, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 29, 1735. Berzhavin, (Derzawin,) Gabriel Romano- vich, (Romanowicz,) poet, statesman, — b. at Ka- zan, 3 Jul. 1743 — enters the army, 1760,* 1762 b — Councillor of State, 1784 — Secretary of State, 179 1 — Minister of Justice, 1802 — tf. in Novogorod, 6 Jul. 1816. Works, 1810-15. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Besaguliers, Jean Theophile, natural philo- sopher, — b. at Rochelle, 12 Mar. 1683 — Prof. Experimental Philosophy, Oxford, 1702^ i7io b — settles in London, I7i2, a I7i3 b — F.R.S.,Jul. 17 14 — tf., i743, c i744, b 1749. a Course of lec- tures on Experimental Philosophij, 1734. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. c Biog. Univ. Besaix de Voygoux, Louis Charles Antoine, general, — b. at St Hilaire d'Ayat, Auvergne, 17 Aug. 1768— enters the army, 1783 — aide-de- camp to Victor de Broglie, 1792 — General of Division, 2 Sep. 1794 — defeats allies, takes Frankenthal, 8 Oct. 1794 — commands at pas- sage of the Rhine at Kehl, Jan. 1796 — capitu- lates to Austrians, 9 Jan. 1797 — Commander- in-chief of army of England, Dec. 1797 — ac- companies Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — subdues Upper Egypt; arrives at Toulon, 3 May 1800 — killed at Marengo, 14 Jun. 1800. Besault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, — • b. in Franche Comte, 6 Feb. 1744 — goes to Paris, 1764 — Surgeon-in-chief, Hotel Dieu, 1788 — Prof. Clinical Surgery at School of Health, 1794 — tf. at Paris, 1 Jun. 1795. Traite des maladies chirurgicales, 1780 — Journal de chir- urgie, 1791-95. Besbillons, Francois Joseph Terrasse, poet, — b. in Berri, 171 1 — tf. at Manheim, 19 Mar. 1789. Fabulcs JEsopicce, 1754 — Eclaircisse- ments sur la vie et les outrages de Guillaume Tostel, 1773 — Miscellanea posthuma, 1792. Besbois. [Chesnaye-Besbois.] Bescamps, Jean Baptiste, painter, $c, — b. at Dunkirk, 17 14 — tf. at Rouen, 30 Jul. 1791. Vies des peintres Flamands, Allemands, §c. t *7 53-65 — Voyage pittoresque de la Flandre, §c, 1769. Bescartes, {Des Quartes,) Rene, {Cartesias, De Quartis,) philosopher, — b. at La Haye, in Touraine,3i Mar. 1596 — studies in the Jesuits' school at La Fleche, 1604-12 — serves in the army in Holland and Bavaria, 1616-19— at battle of Prague, 1620 — visits Rome, 1624-25 — retires to Holland, Mar. 1629 — visits France, 1644, 1 647, and 1648 — receives a pension from the king, 1 647 —goes to court of Sweden, aut. 1649 — tf. at Stockholm, n Feb. 1650. Prin- cipes de la philosophic, 1644 — Meditationes de primaphilosophia, 1 641 — Discoursde la methode, $•itiques de Rome dessines et mesure's, §c, 1682 — Lois des buti- ments, 1748. Deshais (Eeshays) de Colleville, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at Bouen, 1729 — member ' of Academy of Painting, 1758,* 26 May 1759 b — tf. at Paris, io, a n b Feb. 1765. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Deshauterayes, Michel Ange Andre le Koux, orientalist, — ft. near Ponioise, 10 Sep. 1724 — Prof. Arabic, College de France, 1763 — tf. at Ruel, 9 Feb. 1795. Edits Ristoire generate de Chine, §c, 1777. Deshoulieres, Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde, poetess, — ft. at Paris, about 1633 or 1634 — marries Deshoulieres, 1651 — arrested at Brussels, Feb. 1657 — escapes from prison, Oct. 1657 — tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1694. Eoesies, 1687. Desiderins, (Eidier,) [Lombards, Kingdom of] Last King of the Lombards, Duke of Istria(?) — proclaimed, 8 Dec. 756 (?) — opposed by llatchis, 756-7 — associates his son Adalgisus in the government, 769 — marries his daughter Desiderata to Charles the Great, and Ger- berge to Carloman, 770 — Desiderata repudi- ated and returns ; quarrel with Pope Adrian I. respecting Ferrara and other towns, 772 — Charles on' the request of the Pope invades Italy, summer 773 — defeat of Adalgisus at Mont-Cenis; blockaded by Charles in Pavia, Oct. — capitulates, May 774 — carried with his wife and daughter to France, 774, and tf. there. Desiderius, Tope. [Victor III.] Design, School of,— founded at Edinburgh, 1760— Central, establishedin London, beginning 1837 — reconstituted as Department of Practical Art, and merged in Department of Science and Art, 1853. Desjardins, Martin van den Bogaerts, sculptor, — ft. at Breda, about 1640 — admitted to Academy, Paris, 1671 — ft. at the Louvre, 1694. Desmahis, Joseph Francois Edonard de Corsembleu, poet, — ft. at Sully sur Loire, 3 Feb. 1722 — goes to Paris, 1740 — tf., 25 Feb. 1761. CEuvres, 1778. Desmaillot, Antoine Francois Eve, dra- matist,— b. at Dole, 1747 — tf. at Paris, 18 Jul. 1 814. La file garcon, 1787 — La Chaumiere, 1797 — Tableau historique des prisons, d 'Etat en France, §c, 18 14. Desmaizeaux, Pierre, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Auvergne, 1666 — in England, 1692- 1745 — F.R.S., 1720 — tf. in London, Jun. i745, a i743- b Vie de Boileau, 17 12 — Vie de Bayle, 1722-32 — edition of Works of Saint Evremont, 17 03-1709 — translation of Kcemp- fers Japan, 17 29 — collaborates for the Biblio- theque Raisonnee des Ouvr ages des Savants, 1728- 53 — and the Bibliotheque Britannique, 1733-47. a Biog. "Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Desmarets, (Ecsmarais,) Jean Seraphin Kegnier, Sieur, grammarian, — ft., 1632, (?) 1654 (?) — tf. Perpetual Secretary of the French Academy, 6 Sep. 1713.* a Jal. Desmarets, Nicolas, statesman, — Intendant of Finances, 1683— Director of Finances, 1702 — Controller-general of Finances, 1708-15— tf., 1721. Desmarets, Nicolas, naturalist, — ft. in Champagne, 16 Sep. 1725 — sent to Holland to examine the paper-mills, 1768 —admitted to Academy of Sciences, Jan. 177 1 — inspector of manufactures of Champagne, 177 1 — Inspector- general, director of manufactures of France, 1788-92 — imprisoned, 1792 — tf., 28 Sep. 18 15. Eictionnaire de la geographic physique, 1798- 1828. Desmarets, Samuel, [Maresius,) theologian, — b. in Picardy, 9 Aug. 1599 — **• at Gronin- gen, 18 May 1673. Joanna papissa restituta, 1658. Desmarets de Saint Sorlin, Jean, — b. at Paris, 1595 — member of French Academy, 1635 — tf., 28 Oct. 1667. Theatre, 1641 — Morales d'Epictete, §c., 1653 — Eelices de V es- prit, 1658. Desmasnres, Louis, (Masurius,) poet, — h. at Tournai, about 1523 — secretary to Cardinal John of Lorraine, before 1550 — tf. probably at Strasburg, about 1580. CEuvres poetiques, 1553 — Ene'ide de Virgile, 1560 — Eavid combattant, $c-* *555- Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionary leader, — b. at Guise, Picardy, 1762^ 1760 b — studies at Coll. of Louis le Grand, 1776 — harangues the people on the dismissal of Keeker, 12 Jul. 1789 — takes part in attack on Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789 — takes the title of Frocureur-general de la lanterne, and commences his journal Zes Re- volutions de France et de Brabant, 1789— joins DESNOYERS— DESSAU. 423 the club of the Cordeliers with Danton, 1790 — marries, 29 Dec. 1790° — takes part in insur- rection, 10 Aug-. 1792 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — arrested by Committee of Public Safety, 30 Mar. 1794 — tried, 2 Apr. — executed, 5 Apr. ■ — his wife executed, 13 Apr. Histoire des Brissotins, 1793 — Le Vieux Cordelier, 1794. a Biog. Univ. b Carlyle. c Jal. Desnoyers, Auguste Gaspard Louis Bouch- er, Baron, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 20 Dec. 1779— pupil of Lethiere, 1791 — of A. Tardieu, 1799— member of the Institute, 1816 — chief engraver to the king, 1825 — Baron, 1828 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1835 — tf. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1857. La belle Jardiniere, after Baphael, 1801 — La Vierge a la chaise, 18 14 — Transfiguration, 1 840. Desnoyers, Louis Claude Joseph Florence, journalist and litterateur, — fj., 1805 — goes to Paris, 1828 — founds the Charivari, 1 Dec. 1832 — founds the Siecle,iS^6 — rj.,i6Dec.i868. Desodoarts. [Fantin.] Desolation Island, Kerguelen's Land, — discovered by Kerguelen, 1772 — visited by Captain Cook, 25-30 Dec. 1776. Desormeaux, Joseph Louis Ripault, his- torian, — ft. at Orleans, 3 Nov. 1724 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1793. Abrege chronologique de F his- toire d'Espagne, 1758 — Histoire de Louis de Bourbon, prince de Conde, 1766-8 — Histoire de la maison de Bourbon, 1772-88. Despard, Edward Marcus, colonel, — ft. in Ireland, about 1755 — sent to Jamaica as en- gineer, 1779— superintendent °^ English estab- lishments in Honduras, 1783-90 — imprisoned, 1794 — forms conspiracy against the king, 1802 — arrested, 16 Nov. 1802 — executed with six of his associates, in London, 21 Feb. 1803. Despautere, Jean, {van Pauteren,) gram- marian, — ft. in Brabant, about 1460 — tf. Prof. Humanity, Comines, about 1520." Commentarii Grammatici, 1537 — Orthographia, 1530. Despenser. [Spenser.] Desplaces, Louis, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1682 — tf., 1739. Desplaces, Philippe, astronomer, — ft. at Paris, 1659 — tf., Apr. 1736. Epkeme'rides, i7!5-34- Desportes, Francois, painter, — ft. in Cham- pagne, 1 66 1 — admitted to the Academy, 1 Aug. 1699 — tf. at the Louvre, 20 Apr. i743, a I745. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Desportes, Philippe, poet, — ft. at Chartres, 1546 — tf. at Bonport, 5 Oct. 1606. Premieres (Euvres, 1575 — Psaumes, 1603. Despreaux. [Boileau.] Despremenil. [Espremenil, D\] Desprez, Alexandre Francois, general, — ft. at Amiens, 22 Nov. 1778 — enters the army, 22 Dec. 1 801 — aide-de-camp to Joseph Napoleon, 1809 — serves in Peninsular war, 1809- n — in campaigns of 18 12-13 — reenters service of France, 18 13 — Marechal de Camp, 18 14 — tf., Lieutenant-general, in Belgium, 6 Aug. 1833. Desprez, Jean, poet, chronicler, §c, — ft. at Liege, 1338 — writes his Chronique en rimes francaises: tf., 1399. Desprez, Louis Jean, painter, architect, — ft. at Lyons, about 1740 — tf. at Stockholm, 1804. Despuig y Daneto, Antonio, Cardinal,— ft. in Majorca, 31 Mar. 1745 — Bp of Orihuela, 179 1 — Abp of Yalentia, 1 Jun. 1795 — Abp of Seville, 1796 — Councillor of State, 1798 — Cardinal, n Jul. 1803 — pro-vicar of Rome, follows Pius VII. to Paris, 18 10 — imprisoned there, 18 10- 12 — tf. at Lucca, 30 May 18 13. Desrey, (Besray, Berrey, or Besrez,) Pierre, — tf., after 15 14. Postilles et expositions des epitres, §c, 1492 — Genealogies, faits et gcstes despapes, 15 19. Desroches, Jean, historian, — ft. at the Hague, 1740 — goes to Antwerp, 1757 — per- petual secretary of Imperial Academy, 1776-87 — tf. there, 20 May 1787. Epitome histories Belgicce, 1783 — Histoire ancienne des Pays Bos Autrichiens, 1787. Desroches, Jean Baptiste, {de Parthenay,) miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Rochelle, about 1695-1700 — tf., 1766,* after Jan. 1763^ His- toire de Banemark, §c, 1730 — Histoire de Po- logne, a Conv.-Lex. b Ure's Diet. Didymus, grammarian, — [B C] — fl., about 46- a a Clinton. Didymus, of Alexandria, theologian, philoso- pher, grammarian, §c, — 6., 301 — ft., 396. Diebitsch-Sabalkanski, Hans Karl Fried- rich Anton von, field-marshal, — fo. in Silesia, 13 May 1785 — enters the Prussian army, 1797 — passes into service of Russia, 1801 — wounded at battle of Austerlitz, 1805 — distinguishes himself at battles of Eylau and Friedland, Feb. to Jun. 1807 — Lieutenant-colonel, 18 12— saves the corps of Wittgenstein in retreat, 18 Oct. 18 12— Major-general, 181 2 — Quartermaster- general of Barclay de Tolly, 1 8 1 3— concludes secret treaty of Reichenbach, 14 Jun. 181 3 — at battle of Dresden, Aug. 1 813— at battle of Leipsic, Lieutenant-general, Oct. 1813 — advises march of the Allies on Paris, 18 14 — member of Congress of Yienna, 18 15— chief of Imperial staff, 1820 — present at death of Alexander, at Taganrog, Dec. 1825 — distinguishes himself in war against Turkey, 1828-29 — takes Varna; Commander-in-chief, 27 Feb. 1829 — passes the Balkan; occupies Adrianople, Aug. 1829 — concludes Treaty of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829 — Field-marshal, envoy to Berlin, Jul. 1830 — commander of army for suppression of Polish insurrection, Dec. 1830 — defeated by the Poles near Praga, 25 Dec. 1830 — ft. nearPultusk, 10 Jun. 1 83 1. Diecmann, Johann, philologist, — n. at Stade, 30 Jun. 1647 — D.D. Kiel, 1683 — ft. at Stade, 4 Jul. 1720. Be naturalismo, 1683 — Specimen glossarii MSS. Batino-theotisci, §c, 172 1. Diederichs, Johann Christen Wilhelm, 428 DIEDO— DIETRICH. orientalist, — ft. at Pyrmont, 1750 — tf. Prof. Oriental Languages, Konigsberg, 28 Mar. 1781. Spicilegium observationes quarumd. . . . ad loca nonnidla Vet. Test., 1774 — Specimen variant, lectionum . . . in psalmos, 1775. Diedo, Francisco, jurist, — LL.D. Padua, about 1458 — ambassador from Venice to king of Hungary, 1474 — to Sixtus IV., 148 1 — podestat of Verona, 1483 — tf. there, 1484. Diedo, Giacomo, historian, — b. at Venice, 1684 — tf. there, 1748. History of Venetian republic, 1751. Dielhelm, Johann Hermann, antiquary, $e., — b. at Frankfort- on-the- Main, about 1708 or 17x1 — tf., 1764/ 1781 or 1784. 13 Benkwiir- diger Antiquarius des Bheinstroms, 1744 — Benkwurdiger Antiquarius des Elbstromes, 1748 — Allgemeines hydrographisches JVbrter- bach, §c, 1741. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Diemen, Anton van, Governor- general of Dutch East Indies, — b. at Culemburg, 1593 — member of Supreme Council of Dutch East Indies, 1625 — Governor-general, 1 Jan. 1636 — sends Tasman on exploring expedition, 1642 — tf., 19 Apr. 1645. Diemerbroeck, Isbrand van, physician,— b. at Montfort, Holland, 13 Dec. 1609 — dis- tinguishes himself by his services during the plague, at Nimeguen, 1636-37 — Prof. Medicine, i Utrecht, 1642, a 1649 b — tf. there, 17 Nov. 1674. Be peste, 1644 — Anatome corporis humani, 1672. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Diepenbeke, Abraham van, painter,— b. at Bois-le-Duc, 1607 — Director of Academy, Ant- werp, 1641-75 — tf. there, 1675. Tableaux du Temple des Muses, 1655. Dieppe, France, — castle built by Henry II. of England, 11 88 — destroyed in war between Richard I. and Philip Augustus, 11 95 — cap- tured by tbe English, and soon retaken by the French, 1433 — invested by Talbot, Nov. 1442 ■ — relieved by the dauphin, Aug. 1443 — taken by Henry IV., 1589 — desolated by the plague, 1668 —bombarded by the English and Dutch, 22 Jul. 1694 — occupied by Germans, 9 Dec. 1870 — evacuated, 10 Dec. — again occupied, 14 Dec. Diericx, Charles Louis Maximilien, topo- grapher, — b. at Ghent, 1 Jan. 1756 — tf. near Tournai, 1 Apr. 1823. Topographie de Van- cienne ville de Gand, 1808 — Memoires sur la ville de Gand, i%i^-i$—Het Gend's Charter- Boekje, 1826. Diersheim, — passage of the Rhine at, by Moreau, 19-20 Apr. 1797. Dies, Albrecht, painter, engraver, — b. at Hanover, 1755 — goes to Pome, 1775 — settles at Vienna, 1796 — tf. there, 1822. Dies, Gasparo, painter, — studies at Pome, under Raphael, before 1520 — tf. at Lisbon, 157 1 . Diesbach, family, — settled in Switzerland, about 1 1 90. Diesbach, Johann Friedrich von, general, — b. at Freiburg, 1677 — enters Imperial army, 17 10 — Major-general, 17 14 — Count of Jhe Empire, 17 18 — at siege of Messina, 17 19 — Prince of the Empire, 1722 — Governor of Syracuse, and Field-marshal general, 1723 — serves in Italy, 1733 — wounded at battle of Parma, 1734— tf. at Freiburg, 1751. Diesbach, John de, — distinguishes himself at battle of Marignano, 1515 — commands auxiliaries in service of Francis L, 152 1 — Marechal de Camp, Councillor of State ; falls at Pavia, 1525. Diesbach, Nicolas de, — b. at Berne, 1430 — member of the Council, 1454 — avoytr, 1463 — tf., 1475- Diesbach, Sebastian de, — in service of France, at battle of Novara, 15 13 — councillor at Berne, 15 14 — signs treaty of alliance with France, 152 1 — commands auxiliaries in service of France, 1523 — avoyer of Berne, 1529 — tf., about 1540. Diest,in S. Brabant, — taken by Marlborough, and retaken by the French, who demolish the fortifications, 1.705 — fortress erected at, 1838. Diest, Henrik van, theologian, — b. at Altona, "Westphalia, 19 Dec. 1595 — D.D. Basel, 1 62 1 — Prof. Theology and Hebrew, Harderwyck, 1629-41,* i627~39 b — Prof. Theo- logy and Hebrew, Deventer, 1641,* i639, b 1673 — tf. there, 17 Jun. 1673. Be ratione studii theologici necessaria instructio, 1634 — Gram- matica BZebrcea, $c. t 1665. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. "Woordenboek. Dietenberger, Johann, theologian,— tf., 30 Aug. 1534. German translation of the Bible, !534- Dieterich, Helvicus, physician, — b. in Hesse Darmstadt, 1601 — tf., 13 Dec. 1655. Elogium planetarum celestium et terrestrhmi macrocosmi et microcosmi, 1627 — Vindicice adversus Ottomen Tackenium, 1655. Dieterich, Johann Conrad, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Wetteravia, 19 Jan. 1612 — tf. at Giessen, 24 Jun. 1669. Edits Eistoria imperator. German, familice Saxonicce, 1666 — Antiquitates Biblicce, 1671 — Antiquitates Nov. Test., 1680. Dieterich, Johann Georg Nicolas. [Wein- mann.] Dietpold, {Theobald,) Bp of Passau, — follows Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to Philippopolis, May 11 89 — tf., 1190. Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, painter, — b. at "Weimar, 30 Oct. 17 12 — studies at Dresden, 1724 — in service of Count Briihl, 1730 — court-painter to king of Poland, 1734,^ 1730 b — studies in Italy, 1745,* 1743 bc — In- spector of Picture Gallery, Dresden, 1746 — Prof. Painting, Academy of Arts, 1763—13. at Dresden, 24 Apr. 1774. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Dietrich, Friedrich Gottlieb, botanist, — b ., 15 Mar. 1768 — Prof. Botany, Eisenach, 1823 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1850. Vollstdndige Bexikon der Gdrtnerei und Botanik, 1802-10 — Mand- buch der botanischen Lustgdrtnerei, 1826-28. Dietrich, Philipp Friedrich, Baron von, — b. at Strasburg, 1748— imprisoned at Paris, Nov. 1792^ — condemned to death by Revolu- tionary tribunal, 28 Dec. 1793. Translation of Berber's Betters on Mineralogy, $c. t 1776 — DIETTERLIN— DILKE. 429 translation of Scheele's Treatise on Air and Mre, 178 1 — Description desgites de minerai, §c. } 1786. Dietterlin, Wendelin, painter, architect, — h. at Strasburg, about 1540 — &., 1599. Treatise on Architecture, 1593. Dietz, (Diez,) Heinrich Friedrich von, ori- entalist, — b. at Bernburg, 2, a 22 b Sep. 1751 — ambassador extraordinary to tbe Porte, 1786^ 1784 b -90 — tf. at Berlin, 8 Apr. 1817. JJeber Inhalt und Vortrag . . des honiglichen Buches, 18 1 1 — Buch des Kabus, 181 1 — Wesentliche Be- trachtungen, 18 13. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Bieu, St Jean de, monastic founder, — b. in Portugal, 1495 — founds Hospital of La Charite, Granada; tf., 8 Mar. 1550 — beatified, by Ur- ban VIII., 1630 — canonized, by Alexander VIII., 1690. Dieu, Louis de, orientalist, — b. at Flushing, 7 Apr. 1590 — preacher at Leyden, 1619 — "&. there, 23 Dec. 1642. Critica sacra, 1693 — Grammatica Linguarum Orientalium, §c, 1628 — Rudimenta linguce Persicce, 1639. ' Dieu et mon Droit,' — assumed as motto by Richard I., 1189-99 — revived by Edward III., about 1340. Dieze, Johann Andreas, historian, — b. at Leipsic, 1729 — Prof. Ancient and Modern Li- terature, Gottingen, 1764 — first librarian to the University, Mentz, 1784 — tf. there, 14 Sep. 1785. Uebersetzung von Velasquez ' Origines de la poesia,' 1754. Differential Calculus, — [Fluxions] — in- vented by Leibnitz, 1684 — systematized by James and John Bernoulli, 1684-90 — made known in France by L'Hopital, 1696. Differential Thermometer, — suggested by Sturm, 1672 — invented and applied by Leslie, about 1795. Diffraction, (Deflection of rays of light,) — discovered and described by Grimaldi, before 1665 — investigated by Newton, 1674- 17 04 — by Young, 1802 — by Fresnel, 1821. Digby, Sir Everard, — b., 158 1 — Knt, by James 1., 1603 — takes part in the Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — arrested at Dudley, Nov. 1605 — executed in London, 30 Jan. 1606. Digby, George and John. [Bristol, Earls OF.] Digby, Kenelm, — b. in Buckinghamshire, 1 1 Jun. 1603 — enters Oxford Univ., 1618 — Knt, by James 1., Oct. 1623 — Governor of the Trinity House ; equips and commands a squadron against the Algerines and Venetians, 1628 — enters Church of Rome, 1636 — settles in Eng- land, 1661 — tf. in London, 11 Jun. 1665. Ob- servations on Religio Medici, 1 643 — Five books of Peripatetic Institutions, 1651 — Discourse on Vegetation, 1661 — Private Memoirs, 1827. Digeon, Alexandre Elisabeth Michel, gen- eral, — b. at Paris, 26 Jun. 177 1 — enters the army, 1 Jan. 1792 — serves in Italy, 1796 — in campaign of Austria, 1805 — General of Bri- gade, distinguishes himself at Friedland, 1 807 — sent to Spain, 1808 — Governor of provinces of Cordova and Jaen, 1812 — distinguishes him- self in Andalusia, 181 3 — General of Division, 3 Mar. 1 813 — wounded at battle of Vittoria, Jun. 1 813 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 18 14 — Peer of France, 5 Mar. 18 19 — interim Min- ister of War, 1823 — Minister of State, Privy Councillor, Commander-in-chief of army of occupation of Spain, 1824 — lj. near Paris, 2 Aug. 1826. Digest, — [Pandects] — of Justinian, com- piled by Tribonian and others, published, 533 — MS. of, discovered at Amalfi, (?) 11 37 — carried from Pisa to Florence, 1411. Digest of the Law of Fngland, — Commis- sion on, appointed, 1866 — first Report, 13 May 1867. Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, — b., 1583 — enters Oxford Univ., 1598 — ambassador to Russia, 16 1 8 — M.P., 1621 — compelled to go to Ireland on king's service, 1622 — named one of the Commissioners to conduct impeachment of Buckingham, 3 May 1626— sent to the Tower with Sir John Eliot, io, a 11 b May — released a few days later : Master of the Rolls, Apr. 1636 — lj., 8 Mar. 1639. Defence of Commerce, 1615 — Compleat ambassador, 1655. a Annals of England. b Guizot. Digges, Leonard, mathematician, — o\, about 1573. Tectonicum, 1556 — Pantometria, 1591 — Prognostication everlasting of Right Good Effect, %e., 1555. Digges, Thomas, mathematician, — tf. in London, 1595. Alee sive scalce mathematicce, 1573 — Arithmetical Military Treatise, 1579 — ■ Stratioticos, 1579. Dijon, {Dibio, Divio, Divionense Castrum,) in France, — enlarged by Aurelian, about 274 a — burnt by the Saracens, 731 — sacked by the Normans, 888 — head of a County, 900 — taken by RobertofVermandois,959 — retaken by Lothaire, 960 — annexed to Duchy of Burgundy on death of the last Count, 1082 — burnt, ii27, a ii37 b — rebuilt about 20 years later : residence of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1 179-1477 — fortified by Philip de Rouvres, 1357 — castle com- menced by Louis XL, completed by Louis XII., 15 1 3 — besieged by the Swiss, saved by a treaty, 15 13 — bombarded and taken by Ger- mans, 29 Oct. 1870 — evacuated, 28 Dec. 1870 — head-quarters of Gen. Bourbaki, early in Jan. 1 87 1 — reoccupied by Germans, 1 Feb. 187 1. Treaty of, between the citizens and the Swiss, which Louis XII. refused to ratify, 15 13. Councils of, against simony, Jul. 1077 — on dis- cipline, 1 1 16 — respecting marriage of Philip Augustus with Ingeburga, 1199 or I200 « a Univevs Pittoresque. b Encyc. des Gens du Monde. Dilettanti Society, — established in England, 1760. Dilherr, Johann Michael, philologist, $c, — b. in Henneberg, 14 Oct. 1604 — Prof. Elo- quence, Jena, 1631 — Prof. History and Poetry, 1634 — Prof. Theology and Philosophy, Nurn- berg, 1642 — if. at Niirnberg, 8 Apr. 1669. Atrium linguce sanctce, 1660 — Apparatus phi- lologicus, 1632. Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Bast.,— b. in London, 18 Feb. 18 10 — LL.B. Cambridge, 1834 — promotes the first Great Exhibition, 43° DILLEN— DION. 1 85 1 — visits America as English Commissioner at Industrial Exhibition, N. York, 1853 — one of the Commissioners of Great Exhibition, 1862— Bart., 22 Jan. 1862— M. P. Walling ford, Jul. 1865 to Nov. 1868 — U. at St Petersburg, 10 May 1869. Dillen, {Dillenius,) Johann Jacob, botanist, —ft. at Darmstadt, i687, ac 1681 b — Prof. Botany, Oxford, 1728— tf. there, 2 Apr. 1747. If ort us Elthamensis, 1732 — Historia muscorum, 1 741. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. Dillon, Arthur, Count, general, — b., 1670 — Brigadier in service of France, 1702 — Lieuten- ant-general, 17 06 — contributes to victory of Cas- tiglione, 1706 — retires, 1730 — tf., 5 Feb. 1733. Dillon, Arthur, Count,— b. in Ireland, 3 Sep. 1750 — serves in French army, and dis- tinguishes himself in West Indies, 1777 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — condemned to death by revolutionary tribunal, 14 Apr. 1794. Dillon, Roger Henri de, Abbe, publicist, — b. at Bordeaux, 11 Jun. 1762 — emigrates, 1790-1804 — exiled to Dijon, 1806-14 — keeper of the Mazarin Library, about 1817 — tf., 1829. Guide des etudes historiques, 181 2 — Histoire tmiverselle, 1814-22. Dillon, Theobald, Count, — Mareehal de Camp, 13 Jun. 1783 — serves under Rochambeau, 1792 — massacred by his soldiers, Apr. 1792. Dillon, Wentworth. [Roscommon.] Dimsdale, Thomas, physician, — b. in Essex, 17 1 2 — Counsellor of State, physician to Empress Catherine of Bussia, 1768 — tf. at Hertford, 30 Dec. 1800. Tracts on Inocula- tion, 178 1. Dinant, in Belgium, — belongs to bishops of Liege, 559 — comes into possession of Charles the Bald, 870 — taken, pillaged, and burnt by Philip the Good, Aug. 1466 — taken and pillaged by the French, 1554 — by Marshal de Crequi, 29 May 1675 — the fortress destroyed by the French, 1690 — restored to Bp of Liege by Treaty of Byswick, 1697 — taken by the French, 27 May 1794 — occupied by the allies, 1813. Dinge, Antoine, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Orleans, 2 May 1759 — ft. at Paris, 23 Apr. 1832. Figures de I'histoire de France, 1785 — Histoire de la maison de Bourbon, 1772-88. Diniz da Cruz, Antonio, .port, — b. at Ca-stello de Vide, 1730 — tf. Chancellor of Supreme Court, Bio Janeiro, 1798. Dinner, Conrad, philologist, — b. in Fries- land, 1540 — tf., about 1600. Epithetorum Grcecoruni farrago locupletissima, 1589. Dinophilos, — Archon at Athens, 49. Dinter, {Dinterus,) Edmond,— Tj. at Brussels, 17 Feb. 1448. Genealogia ducum Burgundies, Brabantice, §c, 1529. Dinter, Gustav Friedrich, — b. near Leipsic, 29 Feb. 1760 — director of normal school, near Dresden, 1797 — Councillor of Schools and the Consistory, Konigsberg, 18 17— Prof. Theology, 1822— tf. there, 29 May 1831. S&mmtlichen ■"•■ hi if ten, 1 841 -5 1. Dio, — Consul with Tibcrianus, (1044, a. u.c.) 291. Diodes, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 92, 4,) 409. Diocles, legislator, — [BC] — proposes the death of Nikias and Demosthenes, 413 — gives laws to Syracuse, 412 — commands against Hannibal at Himera, 409— banished, 408. Diocles Carystius, physician, — [B C] — fl., about 325. Diocletian, Era of, {Era of the Martyrs,) — commences, 29 Aug. 284. Diocletianus, C Aurelius Valerius, (Diodes,) Roman Emperor, — b., 245 — serves under Probus in Mcesia, 278 — -under Cams against Persia, 283 — proclaimed Emperor at Chalcedon, on death of Numerianus, (15 Kal. Oct.) 17 Sep. 284 — defeated by Carinus, and proclaimed Emperor by his army, May 285 — appoints Maximianus Augustus, Kal. Apr. 286 — appoints Galenus Caesar, Kal. Mar. 292,^ 291 c — defeats Achilleus in Egypt, 297^ 299 or 303 c — makes peace with Narses, 298^ 297 c — publishes edict against Christians, Feb. 303 — triumphs at Rome, before Oct. 302, b Nov. 303,° Nov. 304 d — abdicates, 1 May 305— tf., Jul. 313, Nov., Dec. 3i6. d a Gibbon. b Clinton. c Others. d Tillemont. Diodati, Domenico, — b. at Naples, 31 Oct. 1736 — tf., 1801. De Christo grace loquente, 1767 — Illustrazione di varie monete Siciliane, 1788. Diodati, Jean, theologian, — ft. at Geneva, 6 Jun. 1576— Prof. Hebrew, 1597 — Theology, 1609-45 — charged to draw up Acts of Synod of Dort, 161 8-19 — tf. at Geneva, 3 Oct. 1649. Italian translation of the Bible, 1603 — French translation of the Bible, 1644 — French transla- tion of Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent, 1 62 1 — Annotationes in Biblia, 1607. Diodorus, jurist, — -commissioner in compila- tion of Theodosian Code, 435. Diodorus, Peripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — fi., in. Diodorus Siculus, historian, — [BC] — in Egypt, (01. 190,) 20 — writes his History, about 8. Diogenes, Cynic philosopher, — [BC] — ft., about 412 — tf. at Corinth, May or Jun. 323. Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher, — [B CJ— fi. after 468. Diogenes Babylonius, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] — ambassador from Athens to Rome with Carneades and Critolaos, 155 — tf., before 151. Diogenes Laertius, historian, philosopher, — fi. about 200 ? a — tf-, about 222. b a Smith's Diet. b Blair. Diogenianus, of Heracleia, grammarian, §c, — £{., about 125. Diognetos, — [BC] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 72, 1,) 492. 2. Archon at Athens, (01. 129, 1,) 264. Diomedon, — [B C] — commands in Ionia, &c, 412-41 1 — opposes the 400, and recalls Al- kibiades, 411 — one of the ten generals, 407 — at Arginusse, 406 — condemned to death, 406. Dion,TvRANTor Syracuse, — [B C] — b., about 408 a — becomes acquainted with Plato, about 387 a — banished from Syracuse, 367-6 a — leaves Zakynthus, after eclipse, 9 Aug. 357 b — reaches DION CASSTUS— DIPLOMATICS. 43i Sicily, Sep. 357 — despot of Syracuse, 356 — killed, before midsummer 353. [Dionysius, the Elder and the Younger.] a Grote. b Clinton, Dion Cassius Cocceianus, historian,— ■%., about 155 — goes to Rome, about 180— senator, 190 — -praetor, 194 — at JSTicomedia with Caracal- la, 17 Dec. 214 — appointed by Macrinus Go- vernor of Pergamus and Smyrna, about 218 — \Consul, 219*26] — inBithynia, 222 — proconsul in Africa, 224 — legate to Dalmatia, 226 — legate to Pannonia, 227 — Consul with. Alexan- der, (982, a. u. c.) 229. Dion (Prusceus,) Chrysostomus Cocceianus, rhetorician and sophist,- —b., about 50 — with- draws from Rome, 90 — returns to Rome, about 97 — returns to Prusa, about 100 — tf. at Rome, about 117. Dionis,. Pierre, surgeon, — u. at Paris, about 1640 — Demonstrator Royal of Anatomy and Sur- gery at the Jar din des Plantes, 1673 — first sur- geon to Queen Marie Therese, 1 680 — tf. at Paris, Dec. 1718. Anatomie de Vhomme, §c, 1690 ■ — Cours d' operations de chirurgie, §c, 1707 — Traite general des accouchements, 1718. Dionis du Sejour, Achille Pierre, astrono- mer, — b. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1734 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1765 — F.R.S. London, 1775 — tf. at Angerville, 22 Aug. 1794. Traite analytique des mouvements apparents des corps celestes, 1786-9 — Recherches sur la gnomonique, 1761. -> Dionisi, Filippo Lorenzo, antiquary, — fc. at Rome, 17 1 1 — tf., 11 Mar. 1789. Sacrarum Vaticance basilicce cryptarum monumenta, 1773- Dionisi, Giovanni Giacomo, antiquary, phi- lologist, — c. at Verona, 1724 — tf. there, 14 Apr. 1808. Delia zecca di Verona, $c, I773, a I l%5 h — Dei santi Veronesi, 1786 — Prepara- zione istorica e critica alia nuova edizione di Dante Ali ghieri, 1806. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Dionysius L, {the Elder,) Tyrant op Syra- cuse, — [BC] — b., about 431-0 — attempts the restoration of Hermocrates, 407 — serves against Hannibal, 406 — accuses the generals, and is named one of their successors ; becomes tyrant, Dec. 406 a — Strategics autocrator, spring 405 — defeated by Himilco at Gela, makes peace, 405 — puts down Khalkidian cities, 403 — unprosper- ous war against Carthage, 397-6-5 — defeats Mago at Abacsena, 393 — treaty with Carthage, 392 — war with Italian cities, 390-387 — ally of Sparta, 387-367 — [Korkyra, Thebes] — disad- vantageous war and peace with Carthage, 383 b — war renewed, 368 b — gains prize for tragedy at the Eenaea, {Redemptio BZectoris,) Feb. 367 — tf., Feb. 367."- a Clinton. b Grote. Dionysius II., {the Younger,) Tyrant or Sy- racuse, — [B C] — b., before 372 ? a about 395 b — succeeds his father, Dionysius I., Feb. 367 — aids Sparta against Thebes, 366 — banishes Dion, [Plato,] 367-6 a — expelled on return of Dion, establishes himself at Locri, about Aug. 356 c — regains Syracuse, 346 — expelled again by Timoleon, goes to Corinth, after midsummer 343. a Grote. b Smitb's Diet. c Clinton. Dionysius, of Colophon, painter, — [B C] — fl., about 450. Dionysius, Epicurean philosopher, — [B Cj — after Poly stratus, and is succeeded by Basilides, about 200. Dionysius, of Salicamassus, historian, — ■ [BC] — b., between 78 and 54a — goes to Italy, about (01. 187, 3,) 29 b — completes his History, after 7. b a Dodwell. b Clinton. Dionysius, of Byzantium, poet, — fl., before 197. Dionysius, of BZeracleia, {Metathemenus,) philosopher, — [B C] — tf., after 263. Dionysius Periegeta, geographer, — [B C] — ■ fl., about I. a a Clinton. Dionysius Periegetes, poet, geographer, — ft., about 28o-3oo. a a Clinton. Dionysius Thrax, grammarian, — [BC] — teaches at Rome, about 80. Dionysius, Bp of Alexandria, — head of theological school, about 232 — Bp after Hera- clas, beginning 249 s — imprisoned in Decian persecution and escapes, 250-1 — exiled under Valerian's persecution, 257-260 — tf., 265. a Clinton. Dionysius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Sixtus II., 259 — tf., 269. Dionysius, — Consul with Florentius, (1182, a. u. c.) 429. Diopeithes, — [B C] — leads Athenian cleruchs to Thracian Chersonesus, about 344 — Athenian general at Hellespont, 342-341 — accused for his proceedings against Philip and defended by Demosthenes, 341. Diophantos, orator, — [BC] — fl., about 372. Diophantos, of Alexandria, algebraist, — ft., about 365, a after 6oo. b a Abulfar. Colebrooke. b De Morgan. Dioscorid'es Pedacius, {Pedanius,) writer on Materia Medica, — £(., before 200. Dioscorus, — Consul with Eudoxius, (1195, A. U. C.) 442. Dioscorus, Bp of Alexandria, — succeeds Cyrillus, /\\ \ — accuses Theodoret, 447 — pre- sides at second Council of Ephesus, [Robber Synod,) 8 Aug. 449 — excommunicates Leo, Bp of Rome, 451 — condemned and deposed, by Council of Chalcedon, and banished by the em- peror, 451. Dioscurias, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 750. Diotimos, — [B C] — 1. Archon at Athens, (01. 88, 1,) 428. 2. Archon, (01. 106, 3,) 354. Diphilos, of Sinope, comic poet, — [BC] — • (New Comedy) — fl., about 320. Diphilos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 84, 3,) 442. Diplomatic Service, in England, — salaries and allowances provided for, by Civil List Act, 2 and 3 ¥m IV. c. 116, 1832 — provisions re- pealed, salaries and pensions to be paid out of money annually voted by parliament, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 4-3, 2 Aug. 1869 — Select Com- mittee on, appointed, Feb. 1871 — first report, 18 May 1871. Diplomatics, — science of, originated by Papebroch, about 1675 — reduced to scientific form, by Mabillon, {De Re Diplomatica,) 168 1 — ■ 43 2 DIPCENOS— DITMARSH. further developed by Benedictine fathers, Tous- saint and Tassin. [Nouveau Traite de Diploma- tique,) 1750-60. Dipcenos and Skyllis, sculptors, — [B C] — (mythic?) — fl., before 550 :i — in Peloponnesus, (01. 50,) 580-576. b a Pliny. b MUller. Dippel, Johann Conrad, theologian, chemist, — b. at Frankenstein, 1673 — goes to Berlin, 1706 — M.D. Leyden, 171 1 — fc. at Wittgenstein, 25 Apr. 1734. Works, 1747. Dipping Needle, — invented by Eobert Nor- man, 1576. Diratzou-Baghdassar, Armenian historian, — b\, about 17 1 9. 1 Directions for Public Worship,'— prepared by Westminster Assembly of Divines, 1643 — substituted for the Liturgy, by parliament, Jan. 1645. Directory, French, — established by decree of Convention, 22 Aug. 1795 — installed, 27 Oct. — abolished by Napoleon, (18-19 Brumaire,) 9-10 Nov. 1799. Discipline, Book of, — First, compiled by General Assembly of Church of Scotland, 1560 — Second, Apr. 158 1. Disney, John, theologian, §c, — b. at Lin- coln, 1677 — takes priest's orders, 1719 — fr. vicar of St Mary's, Nottingham, 1730. Dispensation, Papal, — prohibited in England, and power to grant, given to the two arch- bishops, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 1534. Dispensing Power, in England, — abolished by Bill of Rights, 1689. Dispersion of Mankind. [Babel.] Disraeli, {1)' Israeli,) Isaac, miscellaneous writer,— h. at Enfield, May 1766— D.C.L. Ox- ford, 1831 — ts. at Bradenham House, 19 Jan. 1848. Curiosities of L iter a ture, 1791- 3 — Mis- cellanies of Literature, iZiz-ii — Life and Reign of Charles I., 1828-31 — Amenities of Literature, 1841 — Genius of Judaism, 1833. Dissection, ( Anatomical^) — [B Cj — practised by Democritus of Abdera, about 400 — by Erasistratus and Herophilus at Alexandria, about 280-260 — [AD] — of human subjects publicly practised by Mondino at Bologna, 1 3 15 — authorized in school of Montpellier by royal ordinance, May 1 396— practice of, re- vived by Leonardo da Vinci, 1495 — by Vesa- lius, about 1550. Dissen, Georg Ludolf, philologist, — b. near Gottingen, 17 Dec. 1784 — enters the Univ., 1804 — founds Philological Society there, 181 x — Prof. Classical Philology, Marburg, 1812 — Prof. Classical Literature, Gottingen, 1813 — if., Sep. 1837. Be Temporibus et Modis Verbi Graci, 1809 — edition of Pindar, 1830 — of Tibul- lus, 1835 — of Demosthenes, {De Corona,) 1837. Dissenters, in England, — the Savoy Confer- ence, 1 66 1 — excluded from municipal offices by Corporation Act, 13 Car. II st. 2, c. 1, 1 66 1 — become a distinct body after ejection from the Church of England under Act of Uni- formity, 14 Car. II. c. 4, 1662 — assemblies of, prohibited by Conventicle Act, 16 Car. II. c. 4, 1664— the Five-mile Act, 17 Car. II. c. 2, 1665 — Comprehension of, unsuccessfully attempted, 1668 — second Conventicle Act, 22 Car. II. c. 1, 1670 — Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II., 15 Mar. 1672 — withdrawn, on complaint of parliament, 8 May 1673 — ex- cluded from government offices by the Test Act, 25 Car. II. c. 2, 1673 — royal proclama- tions for enforcing laws against, early 1675 — favour shown to, by James II., 1686— Declara- tions for liberty of conscience published by James II., Feb. and Apr. 1687 — and again, 25 Apr. 1688— [Seven Bishops] — Bill for re- peal of Corporation Act defeated by prorogation of parliament, 10 Jan. 1681 — exempted from certain penalties by Toleration Act, 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689— motions for relief of, negatived by House of Commons, 28 Mar. 1787 and 8 May 1789 — the Corporation and Test Acts repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828 — chapels exempted from church and poor rates by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV.. c. 30, 24 Jul. 1833— authorized to solemnize marriages by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836 — titles to trust property for purposes of wor- ship simplified by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 28, 15 Jul. 1850. Dissidents, in Poland, — appear during reign of Sigismund Augustus, 1548-72 — freedom of worship secured to, by the ' Pacta Conventa ' of Henry of Valois, 10 Sep. 1573 — unsuccessfully oppose his coronation, 24 Feb. 1574 — perse- cution of, 17 17-18 and 1733 — intervention in favour of, by Empress of Russia and the King of Prussia, Sep. 1764 — unsuccessful appeal of England, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, and Rus- sia, to the Diet of 1766 — forma Confederation, 1767 — which is dissolved by the Diet, Mar. 1768 — Confederation of Bar and other associ- ations formed, 1768 — take the name of crusaders and occasion great disorders, 1770— intervention of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and the first Partition of Poland, 1772 — partly restored to their rights, 1775. Dissolution of Monasteries. [Monasteries.] District Parishes, — constituted under Acts 58 Geo. III. c. 45,30 May 181 8; 59 Geo. c. 134, 12 Jul. 1819; 1 and 2 Win IV. c. 38, s. 23, 15 Oct. 1831 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 107. s. 10, 15 Aug. 1838; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 37, 28 Jul. 1843 ; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 94, 9 Aug. 1844; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 94, s. 27, 14 Aug. 1850 ; 19 and 20 Vic. c. 104, 29 Jul. 1856 — further regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 72, 1827 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 69, ss. 2 and 3, 15 Jul. 1837; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 70, 31 Jul. 1845; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 68, 26 Aug. 1846; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 37, 31 Aug. 1848; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 97, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 — annexation of tithes to, facilitated by Act 28 Vic. c. 42, 19 Jun. 1865. Ditmar, (Dithmar, Diethumur,) Bp of Mehseburg, chronicler, — b., 25 Jul. d 978^ 976 bc — Bp of Merseburg, Apr. 1009° — )j., 1 Dec. 1 01 8. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. Ditmar, Theodor Jacob, historian, — fc. at Berlin, 1734.— ■&. there, 7 Jul. 1791. De methodo qua BZistoria universalis doceri queat, 177 9 — Geschichte der Israeliten, 1788. Ditmarsh, (Dithmarsh,) Holstein, — seized by Waldemar II. of Denmark, 1203 — given DITMER— DOBRO. 433 up as part of his ransom, 1225 — reconquered by him, 1226 — lost again, 1227— united to Holstein Proper, 1459 — unsuccessfully invaded by John I. of Denmark, 1500. Ditiner, {Ditmar,) Jan, engraver, — 6. in the Netherlands, about 1538— &. at Antwerp, 1603. Christ dans les nues, 1574. Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, musical com- poser, — fj. at Vienna, 1739 — ti., Oct. 1799. Bitton, Humphrey, mathematician, — ft. at Salisbury, 29 May 1675 — 3j. Mathematical Master of Christ's Hospital, 15 Oct. 17 15. General Laws of Nature and Motion, 1705 — Institution of Fluxions, $c, 1706 — Treatise on Perspective, 17 12 — Discourse on the Resur- rection of Jesus Christ, 17 14 — New Law of Fluids, 17 14. Diu, in Hindustan, — its temple destroyed and pillaged by Mahmud of Ghizni, 1025 — the Portuguese defeated, and afterwards defeat combined fleet of Mamelukes and Guzerat near, (913, a. h.) 1508 — taken possession of by Por- tuguese, 15 15 — Portuguese obtain permission to build a factory, on aiding Bahadur Shah, 1535— fortified, 1536— pillaged by the Arabs of Muscat, 1670. Diveeus, {Van JDieven,) Pieter, antiquary, — ft. at Louvain, 1536 — investigates charters and privileges of Louvain, 1575-82 — ft. at Mechlin, 159 1, a i58i. b Be antiquitatibus Gallia Bel- gicce, 1566 — Berum Brabanticarum lib. XIX., 16 10. a Biog. TJniT. b Biog. Woordenboek. Dividends, on Fublic Stocks, in Great Britain, — payment of, facilitated and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 104, 11 Aug. 1869— amended and extended to Ireland by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 47, 1 Aug. 1870. Divine Eight of Kings, — maintained in the Book of Canons of the Convocation, 1604. Diving Armour, — devised by Klingert, 1798 — by Tonkin, 1804. Diving Bell, — experiment with, before Charles V., at Toledo, before 1558 — improved by Halley, about 1715,* I7i7 b — by Triewald, 1732 — by Spalding, 1775 — by Smeaton, and applied to engineering operations, 1779 and 1788 — used to examine the 'Royal George,' May 1 8 17 — improved by Jones, 1838. a Encyc. Brit. b Engl. Cyc Divino, El. [Morales, Louis de.] Divo, {Divus,) Andrea, translator, — ft. at Capo d'Istria, about 1500. Latin translations of Homer, 1537 — Aristophanes, 1538 — and Theocritus, 1539. Divorce, — [B C] — first case in Rome, of L. Antonius, before or in 307 — case of Sp. Car- vilius Ruga, 234. [AD] — In England, right to, by Act of Parliament, established by cases of the Countess of Macclesfield, 1697, and the Duke of Norfolk, 1700 — Commission on the law of, appointed, Dec. 1850 — Court for, and Matrimonial Causes, established by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857 — amended by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 108, 2 Aug. 1858— further provisions by Acts 22 and 23 Vic. c. 61, 13 Aug. 1859; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 144, 28 Aug. i860; 25 and 26 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 1862 ; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 44, 14 Jul. 1864; and 29 Vic. c. 32, 11 Jun. 1866 — law relating to appeals, amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 77, 31 Jul. 1868. In France, established by law of 20 Sep. 1792 — law amended by the Code Civil, art. 229-305, (an XII.,) 1803-4— abolished, 28 May 1816. Dixmerie, Nicolas Bricaire de la, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. in Champagne, about 1731 — tf. at Paris, 26 Nov. 1791. Contes philoso- phiques et moraux, 1769 — L'Fspagne litteraire, 1744 — Floge analytique et historique de Michel de Montaigne, §c, 1780. Dizier, St, in France, — taken by Charles V., 1544 — Marshal Victor defeated by allies at, Jan. 1 8 14 — Napoleon repulses the allies, 27 Jan. 1 8 14. Djami, (Moulla Nouheddin Abdukrah- man ben Ahmed,) poet, — ft. in Khorassan, (817, a. h.) 1414— &., (898-9,) 1492-3. Djuzak. [Bokhara.] Dlugosz, John, historian, — ft. in Poland, 1415 — tutor to the sons cf Casimir IV., about 145 1 — if. at Cracow, May 1480. Historia Folonice, 1711-12. Dmitri. [Demetrius.] Dmitri, {Demetrius,) Abp op Rostof, — ft., 1651 — tr., 28 Oct. 1709 — canonized, 1732. Lives of Saints honoured by the Greco-Russian Church, 1 689- 1 705 — Inquiries concerning the heresy of Raskolniki of BruinsJc, 1745. Dmitriev, Ivan Ivanovich, poet, — ft. in Russia, 1760 — ft., 15 Oct. 1837. Dmochowzki, Francis Xavier, poet, trans- lator, <$rc, — ft. in Poland, 1762 — enters congre- gation of Fiarists, 1779 — member of Supreme Council, takes part in Polish insurrection, 1794 — If. at Warsaw, 20 Jun. 1808. Translation of Homer's Iliad, 1800 — of Homer's Odyssey, 1806 — of Epistles of Horace, 1802 — of Virgil's JEneid, 1809 — of Milton's Paradise Lost, 1803. Doab, in Hindustan, (between Ganges and Jumna,) — southern part acquired by the Eng- lish from king of Oude, 1801 — northern part ceded to them by Dowlat Rao Scindia, 1803. Dbbereiner, Johann Wolfgang, chemist, — ft. at Hof, 13 Dec. 1780 — Prof. Chemistry, Jena, 1810-49 — tf. there, 24 Mar. 1849. ^ ur pneumatischen Chemie, 1821-25 — Zur Gdhrungs- chemie, 1822 — Ueber neuentdeckte hbchst merJc- wiirdige Eigenschaften des Platins, %c, 1824. Dobner, Gelasius, {Felix Job,) historian, — ft. at Prague, 17 19 — if, there, 24 May 1790. Wenceslai Hugek annates Bohemorum, §c, 1762-82 — Monument a historica Bohemia, §c, 1764-86 — Examen criticum . . . originem Czech- orum a Zechis Asice petitam, §c, 1770. Dbbrentei, Gabor, {Gabriel,) poet, antiquary, §c, — ft. in Hungary, 1786 — tutor to Count Louis Gyulay, Transylvania, 1807 — settles at Pesth, 1820— Secretary of Hungarian Academy, 1831-37 — If., 27 Mar. 1851. Dobrizhoffer, Martin, Jesuit missionary, — ft. at Gratz, Styria, 17 17 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1736 — sent to Paraguay, 1749-67 — "&. at Vienna, 17 Jul. 1791. Historia deAbiponi- bus, §c, 1784. Dobro, in the Ukraine, — defeat of the Swedes under Rosen, by Prince Galitzin, 29 Aug. 1708. 434 DOBEOWSKI— DOES. Dobrowski, Joseph, philologist, — b. near Baub, Hungary, 17 Aug. 1753— enters Order of Jesuits at Brunn, Oct. 1772 — tutor to family of Count von Nostitz, Prague, 1776 — Rector of Seminary of Olmiitz, 1789 — visits Denmark, Sweden, and Bussia, 1792-93 — rj. at Brunn, 6 Jan. 1829. Fragment urn Pragense ewngelii S. Marci, §c, 1778 — Institutiones lingua Slavonics dialecti veteris, 1822 — Scriptores rerum Bohemicarum, 1783-4 — Geschichte der B'dhmische Sprache, §c, 1792 — Entwurf zu einem allgemeinen Etymologikon der slaio. Sprachen, 1813 — Slawin, 1806 — Glagoliti/ca, 1807. Dobrudscha, The, in Turkey, — occupied by the Eussians, Apr. 1854. Dobson, 'William., painter, — b. in London, 16 10 — tf. there, 1646 or 1647. Docks, in England, — provisions respecting, consolidated, in Act 10 and 11 Yic. c. 27, n May 1847. Dockyard. [Chatham, Portsmouth, Wool- wich, &c] Doctor, — title of, in use, about ii4o a — in England, about 1207. a a Sp-elman. Doctors' Commons, London, — founded by Harvey, (Hervie,) about 1570 ? — the College incorporated, 1768 — the building taken down, Apr. 1867. Doctrinaire, — term first used as political de- signation in France, 18 15. Dodart, Denis, physician, — b. at Paris, 1634 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1673 — b\, 5 Nov. 1707. Statica medicina Gallica, 1725. Dodd, Charles, {Richard Tootle,) historian, — Jj. in Worcestershire, about 1745. Church History of England, 1737-42. Dodd, Robert, engineer, — b. at Cheltenham, about 1755 — tf., 11 Apr. 1822. Dodd, William, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 1729 — B.A. Cam- bridge, 1750 — takes holy orders, 1753 — tutor to Philip Stanhope, (Earl of Chesterfield,) 1763— executed for forgery, 27 Jun. 1777. Reflec- tions on death, 1763 — Thoughts in prison, 1777 — Beauties of Shakespeare, 1752. Doddridge, Philip, theologian, — b. in Lon- don, 1702 — minister at Kibwortk, 1722 — founds Theological Academy, 1729 — ft. at Lisbon, 26 Oct. 1 75 1. Rise and Progress of Religion in. the Soul, 1745 — Family Expositor, 17 39- 56 — Coiirse of Lectures, # Mar. 1 801 — Prof. Mineralogy, Museum of Natural History, 6 Jan. 1799 — ^- a ^ Chateau - neuf, 26 Nov. 1 80 1. Philosophie miner alogique, 1802 — Voyage aux ties de Lipari, %c, 1783 — sur le tremblement de terre de la Calabre, 1784 — sur les ties Ponces et les produits vol- caniques de V Etna, 1788. Dolscius, Paul, theologian, — ft. at Plauen, 1526 — ft., 9 Mar. 1589. Psalmi Bavidis Grcecis versibus elegiacis redditi, 1555. Domairy, (Demiri,) Kemal Eddin Abulbaca Mohammed, naturalist, jurist, — ft., (808, a. h.) 1405. Domat, (Poumat,) Jean, jurist, — ft. at Cler- mont, (Auvergne,) 30 Nov. 1625 — ft. at Paris, 14 Mar. 1696. Lois civiles dans leur ordre naturel, 1689-97 — Legum delectus, 1703. Dombasle, Christophe Joseph Alexandre Mathieu de, agriculturist, — ft. at Nancy, 26 Feb. 1777 — founds Agricultural Institute at Eoville, 1822 — ft. at Nancy, 27 Dec. 1843. Faits et observations sur la fabrication du sucre de better aves, 1818-23 — Calendrier du bon culti- vateur, 1821, 24, 30. Dombay, Franz von, orientalist, — ft. at Vienna, 1758 — employed as interpreter at Marocco, Madrid, &c, 1783-92— Councillor of State, court interpreter at Vienna, 1792 — ft. there, 21 Dec. 18 10. Geschichte der Konige von Mauritanien, 1794-5 — Populdre Philoso- phie der JLraber, Perser, und Turhen, 1797 — Grammatica linguce Mauro-arabicce, 1800. Dombes, (Pombarum Principatus,) — given by Edward II., Count of Beaujeu, to Louis II. of Bourbon, 23 Jun. 1400 — passes to Louisa of Savoy, 1522 — confiscated by Francis I. and united to Crown, 1557 — restored to Louis of Bourbon by Charles IX., 1560 — given up to the Duke of Maine, 1682 — ceded in exchange to Louis XV., 1762. Parliament of, established by Francis I., 1523 — suppressed, 1771. Dombey, Joseph, botanist, — ft. at Macon, Feb. 1742 — goes to Paris, 1772 — visits South America, 1778^85 — ft. in prisons of Montserrat, i793> a i795- b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Dornbrowski, Jan Henryk, general, — ft. in Cracow, 29 Aug. 1755 — serves in army of Saxony, 1770-91 — distinguishes himself at defence of Warsaw, 1794 — leads expedition DOMENICHI— DOMINICI. 437 against Prussia, Sep. 1794 — capitulates _ at Badoszyce, 18 Nov. — organizes Polish ^ legion for service of France, 1796 — takes part in con- quest of Naples, 1799— captures the post of Casa-Bianca, 15 (13?) Jan. 1801 — commands in Poland, 1806-7 — distinguishes himself at siege of Dantzic, 1807 — commands against the Austrians, 1809 — takes part in llussian cam- paign, 18 12 — wounded at the Beresina, 26 Nov. 18 12 — distinguishes himself at battle ol'Leipsic, 1813 — charged to reorganize Polish army, 18 14 — Colonel-general of Cavalry, 1815 — tf. in Posen, 16 Jul., a 6 Jun. bc 1818. a Biog, Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Conv.-Lex. Domenichi, Lodovico, miscellaneous writer and translator, — b. at Piacenza, about 15 14 — tf. at Pisa, 1564. Istoria del suo tempo, 1558 ■ — Polibio tradotto, 1546 — Opere morali di Plutarco, 1 560 — Istoria naturale di Plinio, 156 1 — Orlando innamorato del. Bojardo, rifatto da L.I)., 1545. Bomenichino, {Bomenico Zampieri,) paint- er, architect,— b. at Bologna, 21 Oct. 1581,* 1582 b — goes to Borne, about 1600-5 — marries at Bologna, 1619 a— again at Borne, 1621 — architect of the Vatican, 1621 — goes to Naples, spring 1636 s1 — tf. at Naples, 15 Apr. 1641. Communion of St Jerome, the Vatican, about 16 14 — Martyrdom of St Agnes, Rome, about 1622-3 ? — Madonna del Rosario, Bologna, about 1624. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. Bomenico, of Pistoia, and Pietro, of Pisa, printers, — fl. at Florence, 1476-83. La legenda delta mirabile vergine heata Catarina da Siena, §-c, 1477. Bomenico, Alexis, painter, engraver, — b., about 1547 — tf. at Toledo, 1625. Bomenico degli Camei, (des Camees,) (Com- pagni,) engraver of gems, — b. at Milan, about 1400 ? — tf., about 1490. Bomenico del Barbiere, (D. Fiorentino,) painter, sculptor, engraver, — b. at Florence, about 1506. Bomesday Book, — the Survey ordered by "William L, 1085 — completed, Easter 1086 — publication of, ordered by George III., 1767 — publication of, completed, 1783 — fac-simile, by photozincography, by Topographical Dep. of the War Office, 1864-5. Bomingo, St, (BTayti, LTispaniola,) — dis- covered by Columbus, 5 Dec. 1495, a Nov. 1492,° i493, b Jan. 1493 d — attacked by Drake, 1586 — French occupation of part begins, 1664 — cultivation of sugar-cane commences, 1690 e — western part ceded to France by Treaty of Byswick, 1697 — French and Spanish boundaries fixed by treaty, 3 Jun. 1777 c — Bodney defeats and captures De Grasse near, 12 Apr. 1782 — y revolt of the slaves breaks out, 22 Aug. 1791 — the blacks declared free by Legislative As- sembly, 4 Apr. 1792 — commissioners of the Con- vention arrive, Nov. 179 1, and Jun. 1792 — Eng- lish intervention, Jan. i794, e Sep. 1793° — ceded to France by Treaty of Basel, 1795 — evacuated by the English, 1798 — Toussaint L'Ouverture master of, Dec. 1800 — French expedition, under Villaret-Joyeuse and Leclerc, arrives at, 1 Feb. 1802 — Cape Town burnt by the natives, 4 Feb. — defeat of Toussaint by Bochambeau, at Couleuvre, 17 Feb.— general pacification, May — insurrection breaks out again, Oct. — expulsion of the French, Nov. 1 803 — independ- ence of, proclaimed, 29 Nov. — its ancient name, Hayti, restored, 1 Jan. 1804 — [Bessalines, Christophe, Petion, Boyer,] — recovered by Spain, 1809, 1808 d — confirmed to Spain by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — insurrection, throws off the Spanish yoke, 1821 — united under govern- ment of Boyer, 1822 — independence recognized by France, 1825 d — Spanish part seized by the blacks, who form a republic under Santana, Feb. 1 844 — Faustin Soulouque, President, Mar. 1847— Emperor, Aug. 1 849— [Soulouque] — independence of the republic recognized by England, 1850 — conspiracy of Geffrard, Dec. 1858 — siege and capture of Port-au-Prince by Geffrard, Jan. 1859 — abdication of Soulouque; Geffrard Pres. of Bepublic; Spanish flag hoisted at, by emigrants from Cuba, 16 Mar. 1861 — declared reannexed to Spain, 5 Apr. — protest of the President, 6 Apr. — reincorporated with Spain by decree of Spanish Government, 19 May — insurrection in Spanish portion, 18 Aug. 1863 — bill for abandonment of, passed by Spanish Chamber of Deputies, 1 Apr. 1865— Committee of Public Safety established by Salnave, May — abdication of Geffrard, Feb. 1867 — Salnave Pres. from 15 May — Pres. Sal- nave defeated and captured by allied rebels and Dominicans, n Jan. 1870 — tried by court- martial and shot, 15 Jan. — treaty for annexa- tion of, to United States, rejected by Senate, 30 Jun. 1870. a McCulloch. b Conv.-Lex. c Encye. Mod. d Engl. Cyc. e Alison. Bominic, St, founder of Bominican Order, — b. at Caluhorra, Old Castile, 11 70 — canon of Osma, 1 193 — priest and archdeacon, 1198 — preaches in Languedoc ; instigates the cnijade . against the Albigenses, 1208 — founds Bomini- can Order at Toulouse, 12 15 — Master of the sacred palace, about 1216 — tf. at Bologna, 6 Aug. 1 22 1 — canonized, by Gregory IX., 3 Jul. 1234. Bominica, island of the West Indies, — dis- covered by Columbus, 3 Nov. 1493 a — LordWil- loughby named Governor, by Charles II. 1673 a — declared neutral by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 a — taken from the French by the English, 6 Jun. 176 1 a — their claim recognized by Treaty of Paris, 1763 — taken by the French, Sep. 1778 — Boseau, the capital, burnt by the French, 178 1 — restored to England, 1783 — unsuccess- fully attacked by the French, 22-27 Feb. 1805* — devastated by hurricane, 9 Sep. i8o6. a a Bayley. Bominican Order, Black Friars, Preaching Friars, Jacobins, — founded by St Dominic, 12 15 — approved by Honorius III., 12 16 — introduced in France, 121 8 — establish themselves at Ox- ford, 1 22 1 — obtain direction of University of Paris, 1229-31 — become the most zealous agents of the Inquisition, 1233. Bominican Republic. [Bomingo, St.] Bominici, Bernardo de' ', painter, — b. at Naples, 1684. Vite dei Piitori, Scultori, ed Architetti Napolitani, 1742-3. 438 DOMINIS— DONATISTS. Dominis, Marco Antonio de, theologian, natural philosopher, — b. at Arba, in Dalniatia, i566, ab 156 1 c — enters Order of Jesuits, about 1580 — secularized and is made Bp of Segni, about 1600 — Abp of Spalatro, 1602 — resigns his See, 16 15 — visits England, 1616 — Master of the Savoy, 26 Mar. 161 8 d — Dean of Wind- sor, 13 May i6i8 e — expelled by James I., early in 1622— "0. in prison, at Bonie, Sep. i624, ab 1625.° Be republica ecclesiastica, 16 17 — cen- sured by the Sorbonne, 15 Dec. 1618 — Beradiis visits et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride, 161 1. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. d Fuller. e Le Neve. Domitian Road, in Gaul, — [BC]— con- structed by Cn. Domitius Abenobarbus, 122-1. Domitianus, T. Flavius, Augustus, Bom an Emperor, — b. at Eome, 24 Oct. 52, (9 Kal. Nov.) 5 1 a — Ca3sar, and consular praetor, winter 69-70 — Consul with M. Valerius Messalinus, (826, a. u. c.) 73— Consul with Titus, (833,) 80— succeeds Titus, (Id. Sep.,) 13 Sep. 81— leads expedition against the Cbatti, 83* — triumphs, is named Germanicus, and made censor for life, 84 — Dacian War, 86-91 — de- feated by Decebalus, makes peace, 87 — expels the philosophers from Eome, 90 — Sarmatian War, May 93 to Jan. 94 — persecutes the Christians, 95 — assassinated, (14 Kal. Oct.) 18 Sep. 96. a Clinton. Domitius, Cn. and L. [Ahenobarb.us, Cal- vinus.J Dommartin, Elzeard Auguste, general, — b. 26 May, 1768 — enters French army, 1785 — General of Brigade, 1793— at siege of Verona, Aug. 1794 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — General of Division, takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — wounded at battle of the Nile, Aug" 1798 — killed at Eosetta, 9 Aug. 1799. Dommerieh, Johann Christoph, theologian, %c, — b- at Buckeburg, 1723 — studies at Halle, 1740 — Prof. Philosophy, Helmstadt, 1759 — rj. there, 28 May 1767. Be seholis veterum, §c., 1749 — Meditationes philosophies et theologicce, J 744- Domna Julia, Eoman Empress, — marries Sept. Severus, about 175 — starves herself, 217. Domnizo (Bonizo). Writes his Vita Comi- tissce Mathildis, about 1100. . Domnus {Bonus) I., Pop , — succeeds Adeodatus, Nov. 676 — puts an end to the schism of Bavenna, 677 — rj., 11 Apr. 678. Domnus {Bonus) II., Pope, — succeeds on expulsion of Boniface VII., 974 — a\, 974 or 975- Don, David, botanist, — b. at Forfar, 1800 — librarian to Linna^an Society, 1822 — Prof. Botany, King's College, London, 1836-40— -ft., 8 Dec. 1840. Prodromus Flora Nepalensis, 1825. Donald. [Scotland, Kingdom of.] Donald VII. [Duncan.] Donald (VIII.) Bane, King of Scotland, — escapes to the Hebrides on the murder of Duncan his father, 1039 — succeeds his brother Malcolm Cean-mohr, Nov. 1093 — expels foreigners, 1093 — deprived by Duncan, 1094 — restored, shares the throne with Edmund, 1095 — again expels foreigners, and is imprisoned and blinded by his nephew Edgar Atheliug, 1098 — tf. in prison, 1098. Donaldson, John William, philologist, — b., about 1 812 — B.A. Cambridge, 1834 — Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1835 — tf. in London, 10 Feb. 1861. New Cratylus, 1839 — Theatre of the Greeks, 1827 — Jashar, 1854 — Comparative Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 1853 — Greek Gram- mar, 1848 — Latin Grammar, 1852. Donalitius, Christian, poet, — b. in Lithuania, 17 14 — ft., 1780. Poems, 1 81 8. Donatello, (Bonato di Betto Bardo,) sculptor, §c., — b. at Florence, 1 383,3- 1386 15 — goes to Eome, about 1403 — returns to Florence, 1406 ? — goes to Eome, 1433 — at Padua, 1451-6 — goes to Ferrara, Mar. 1457 — returns to Flo- rence, 1463 — fc. there, 13 Dec., a Mar. b 1466. Monuments of Pope John XXIIJ., at Florence, and of Card. Brancacci, at Naples, 1425-7 — St John, Judith and JLolofemes, Bavid, St Cecilia, §c, between 1434-51. a Engl. Cyc. b Perkins. Donati, Alessandro, Jesuit, — b. at Siena, 1584 — rj. at Eome, 23 Apr. 1640. Pomavetus ac recens, §c., 1639 — Constantinus Pomce liberator, 1640. Donati, Corso de', — contributes to victory over the Aretins, at Campaldino, 1289 — heads party of the Neri against the Cerchi, at Flo- rence, 1300 — arrested, and kills himself, 1308. Donati, Vitaliano, naturalist, — b. at Padua, I7i3, a 17 17 b — ft. at Bassora, i763 b . Bella Storia Naturale Marina delV Adriatico, 1750. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. Donati' s Comet, — discovered by Dr Donati, at Florence, 2 Jun. 1858 — seen in England, Sep. to Oct. 1858. Donatists, Sect of, — arise in Africa, in op- position to Csecilianus, Bp of Carthage, about 311 — Donatus accuses Csecilianus, who is ex- communicated by Synod of Carthage, 313 — the cause remitted to Eome by the proconsul, 15 Apr. 313 — Melchiades, Bp of Eome, decides in favour of Csecilianus, Oct. 313 — condemned by Council of Aries, Aug. 314 — Donatus becomes head of the party, on death of Majorinus, 315 — appeal to the Emperor Constantine, 316 — condemned by him, Oct. 316 — imperial laws passed against, 316— the Circumcelliones take up arms, 317^ about 340 b — petition the Em- peror, 321 — rescript of toleration by Constantine, 321 — Constans sends Ursacius and Leontius to win them over, 340 — failure of attempt by Paul and Macarius to win over, 347 — revolt of Circumcelliones, and persecution, 347 — condemned by Constans, 348 — petition Julian and are reinstated in their churches, 362 — edicts against, by Valentinian I., 373 — by Gratian, 377—7 division among, on death of Parmenian, 392 — Augustine begins to write against, 393 — invited to a discussion, by Council of Carthage, Aug. 403 — penal laws against, demanded by Council of Carthage, Jun. 404 — fresh laws against, Feb. 405, 408, and 410 — conferences of, with Catholics, at Carthage, under presidency of Marcellinus, 1, DONATO— DONNELSON. 439 3, and 8 Jim. 41 1— condemned by the commis- sioner : again persecuted, by Honorius, 412 and 414 — Dulcitius sent to persecute, 420 — exist as a party till after 500. a Some authorities. b Others. Donato, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Pietro Lando, Nov. 1545 — tf., May 1553. Bonato, Leonardo, Doge of Venice, — am- bassador to Eome, 1605 — elected on death of Grimani, 10 Jan. 1606 — excommunicated, with the senate, by Pope Paul Y., 17 Apr. 1606 — Paul Sarpi writes in defence of the republic, 1606 — effects accommodation with the pope, 21 Apr. 1607 — if.', 1612. Donato, Nicolo, Doge of Venice, — Mar. to Apr. 161 8. Donatus, Bp of Casa Nigra, Numidia, 312 — opposes Caecilianus, Bp of Carthage, 3i3 a — fl., 328. a [Donatists.] a Clinton. Donatus, Bp of Carthage, 316 — tf. in ex- ile, 355- Donatus, iElius, grammarian, rhetorician, — fc., about 333 a — teaches at Eome, about 356, b 354. <• a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. Donatus, Junius, — Consul with P. Cornelius Secularis, (1013, a. u. c.) 260. Donauwerth, Bavaria, — belongs to the Ho- henstaufen family, 1191 — seat of the dukes of Upper Bavaria, about 1250 — Duke Louis the Strong has his wife, Mary of Brabant, beheaded at, 18 Jan. 1256 — free imperial city, by Albert I., 1308 — put to ban of the empire, and seized by Duke Maximilian, i6o6, a 1609 b — restored to privileges of imperial city, 16 10 — stormed by Gustavus Adolphus, 1632 — conquered by King Ferdinand, 1634 — besieged by Prince Louis of Baden and the Duke of Marlborough, Jul. 1704 — free city again, by Joseph I., 9 Jun. 1705 — given to Bavaria by the Peace of Baden, 17 14 — Soult defeats Mack near, 6 Oct. 1805. a Conv.-Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. Dondi, {Bondus or Be Bondis,) Jacopo, physician, §c, — ft. at Padua, about i300 b — tf., after 1 355, a about i37o. b Promptuarium medi- cines, 85c, 148 1. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Dondi dall' Orologio, Carlo Antonio, na- turalist, — fc., about 1750 — visits Naples, 1788 ■ — tf., May 1 801. Prodromo dell' istoria na- turale de' monti Euganei, 1780 — Saggi di osservazioni fisiche, §c, 1782. Dondi dall' Orologio, Francisco Scipione, Bp of Padua, — h. at Padua, Jan. 1756 — Bp of Padua, 1807 — assistant Bp of Holy See, 1809 — at Council of Paris, 181 1 — tf. at Padua, 6 Oct. 1829. Bissertazioni sopra V istoria ec- clesiastica di Padova, 1702-17 — Serie storico- cronologica dei canonici di Padova, 1805. Dondi dall' Orologio, Giovanni, mathema- tician, physician,— b. at Chioggia, 131 8 — Prof. Astronomy, Padua, 1352 — reader in Medicine, Florence, 1368 — returns to Padua, 1370 — If. at Genoa, i38o, a Feb. 1389^ Planetarium, written, 1364. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Dondini, Guglielmo, historian, — fc., 1606— enters Order of Jesuits, 1627 — tf., after 1675. Be rebus in Gallia gestis ab Alexandro Par- nesio, §c, 1673. Doneau, Hugues, (Bonellus,) jurist, — b. at Chalons-sur-Saone, 23 Dec. 1527 — LL.D. Bourges, 1551 — teaches Law there, 1551-72 — Prof. Law, Leyden, 1575 — tf. at Altorf, 4 May 159 1. Comnientarii de Jure Civili, 1596. Dongelberge, (Bonghelberge,) Henri Charles de, — fc. at Brussels,? 18 Aug. 1593 — Coun- sellor to Sovereign Council of Brabant, 1641- 59 — Baron of Reves, 1651 — tf. at Brussels, 3 Apr. 1660. Dongola, in Africa, — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Mohammedans, (31, a. h.) 651 a — seat of a kingdom, about 693-1290 a — conquered and destroyed by army of Sultan Bibars, (674,) 1275 a — visited by Ibn Batuta, about 1340 ? — by Makrizi, between 1400-40 — by Poncet, 1698 — ravaged and subjugated by the Sheygia Arabs, between 1700 and 1800 — the Mamelukes settle in, 18 12 — made a dependency of Egypt by Ibrahim Pasha, 1820. a Bitter. Doni, Antonio Francisco, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Florence, about 1503,* 1513 b — quits Florence, 1540 — tf. at Monselice, near Padua, Sep. 1574. La Zucca, 155 1-2 — Imondi celesti, tervestri, ed infernali, §c., 1552 — / mar mi, 1552 — La Libraria, 1550 — La seconda Libraria, 155 1. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Doni, Giovanni Battista, antiquary, musi- cian, — ft. at Florence, 1593 — studies at Bourges, 16 13- 18 — LL.D. Pisa, 16 18 — visits Paris, 162 1 -2 — Secretary of the Sacred Col- lege, about 1624 — Prof. Eloquence at Florence, 1640 — member of Academy of Florence ; tf. at Florence, 1646,* 1647. b Be prcestantia musics veteris, 1647 — Lira barberina, 1763 — Lnscrip- tiones antiquce, 17 31. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Donizetti, Gaetano, musical composer, — b. at Bergamo, 25 Sep. i798, a 1797 b — Prof. Coun- terpoint, Eoyal College of Music, Naples, 1835 —Chapel-master, composer to Imperial Court, Vienna, 1842 — tf. at Bergamo, 8 Apr. 1848. Anna Bolena, i83o, a 1831 b — Lucia de Lam- mermoor, 1835 — Linda di Chamouni, 1842 — Bon Pasquale, 1843. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Donne, John, poet, — ft. in London, 1573 — enters Oxford TJniv., about 1584 — removes to Cambridge, 1587 — admitted to Lincoln's Inn, about 1590 — travels abroad with Earl of Essex, 1596-7 — secretary to Lord Chancellor Egerton, about 1597 — marries daughter of Sir G. More ; dismissed from his secretaryship, and im- prisoned, about 1602 — takes orders, chaplain to James L, i6i3, a i6i4 bc — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 1610 — D.D. Cambridge, 1613° — death of his wife, Aug. 16 17 c — Dean of St Paul's, Nov. i62i, ac 1620 b — tf. in London, 31 Mar. 1 63 1. Poems, 17 19 — Sermons, 1640-49- 60 — Essays in Bivinity, 1651 — Ignatius his Conclave, 1626. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Walton. Donneau. [Vise.] Donnellan, Lectureship, — in Dublin Univ., instituted under will of Anne Donnellan, 1794. Donnelson, Fort, U.S., — surrendered by Gen. Floyd to Gen. Grant, 16 Feb. 1862. 44° DONNINI— DORCHESTER. Donnini, Girolamo, painter, — ft. at Cor- reggio, 1 68 1 — tf. at Bologna, 1743. Donop, Friedrich Wilhelm, general, — ft. at Cassel, 3 Jun. 1773 — enters the army, 1789 — member of Legion of Honour at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — serves in campaigns of 1806- 1807 — distinguishes himself at combat of Las Rosas, 1809 — -O nicer of Legion of Honour, n Aug. 18 1 2 — Marechal de Camp, 25 Dec. 1813 — falls at battle of Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15. Donoso Cortes, Juan Francesco Maria de la Salud, Marquis de Valdegamas, diplomatist, §c, — ft. in Estremadura, 6 May 1809 — enters Univ. of Salamanca, 1 821— receives appoint- ment in Ministry of Grace and Justice, 1832^ 1833 b — royal commissioner to Estremadura, 1 835 — enters service of Queen Christina, 1 840 — accompanies her to Spain, 1 843 — promotes the Spanish Marriages, and is named Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Marquis de Yaldegamas, 1844 — ambassador to Prussia, 1848 — tf. at Paris, 3 May 1853. Coleccion escogida de los escritos, Qc, 1848 — Gonsideraciones sobre la diplomacia, 1834 — La ley electoral, 1835 — Essai sur le Catholicisme, le Liberalisme, et le Soeialisme, 1851. *• Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Donoso, Josef, Ximenez, painter, architect, — ft. in Castile, 1628 — if. 1686. Donoughmore, John Hely Hutchinson, Earl op, general, — ft., 15 May 1757 — enters the army, 1774 — member of Irish parliament for Cork, 1777 — Colonel, 1794 — aide-de-camp to General Abercromby, serves in Flanders, 1794 — wounded in the expedition of the Helder, 1799 — distinguishes himself under Abercromby in Egypt, 1801 — succeeds to command of Eng- lish forces there, 21 Mar. 1801 — takes Cairo, Jun. — takes Alexandria, Aug. — envoy to king of Prussia and emperor of Russia at Memel, 1806 — General, 1813 — deputy to Queen Caro- line at St Omer, 1820 — succeeds his brother in the earldom, 1825 — tf., 1832. Donoughmore, Richard Hely Hutchinson, Earl of, — ft. at Dublin, 29 Jan. 1756 — mem- ber of Irish parliament for Cork, 1779 — Baron of Donoughmore, 1788 — Viscount of Suirdale, 1797— charged with suppression of rebellion in Cork, 1798 — Colonel, Earl of Donough- more, 1800 — Major-general, 1805 — Councillor of State, 1 806 — Peer of United kingdom, Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. in London, 25 Aug. 1825. Donovan, Edward, naturalist, — tf., 1 Feb. 1837. Natural History of British Insects, 1 7 9 2 - 1 8 1 6 — of British Birds, 1 7 94-7 — Epitome of Insects of China, 1798 — of India, 1800 — of Asia, 1798-1805 — Naturalists' Repository, 1823, &c. Donzelli, Giuseppe, Baron de Digliola. Synopsis de opobalsamo orientali, 1640 — Par- tenope liber ata, §c, 1647. Donzello, Ippolito, painter, — visits Florence, after 1463, 1468^ a Zani. Donzello, Pietro, painter,— b. at Naples, about 1405 ? — tf., about 1470^ i468. b a Domenici. b Zani. Donzelot, Francois Xavier, Count, general, ■ — ft. at Mamirolle, (Doubs,) 7 Jan. 1764 — enters the army, 1783 — serves in army of the Rhine, 1793 — in Holland, 1794 — in Italian campaign, 17.96 — in Egyptian campaign, 1798 — Governor of Ionian Isles, by Napoleon I., Apr. 1810-14 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, by Louis XVIII., 18 14 — distinguishes himself at Waterloo, 18 15 — chief of the staff, 1 8 15 — Count, 1 8 17 — Governor of Martinique, Oct. 1817-25 — tf. at Mamirolle, 11 Jun. 1843. Doolittle, Amos, engraver, — ft. near New- haven, Connecticut, about 1755 — tf., 31 Jan. 1833. Doppelmayer, Johann Gabriel, mathema- tician, — ft. at Niirnberg, i67i, abe 1677,° 1667^ — visits England, 1701 — Prof. Mathematics and Astronomy, Niirnberg, 1704-50 — F.R.S. Lon- don, 17 1 3 — member of Academies of Sciences of Berlin, 1739 — of St Petersburg, 1741 — tf., 1 Dec. 1750. Physica experimentalis illustrata, 173 1 — Nachrichten von den Nilrnberger Mathe- maticis und Kiinstlem, 1730 — Neu-entdeckte Phamo?nena von Bewundernswiirdigen Wiirck- ungen der Natur, $c., 1774. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. d Rees' Cyc. e Ersch and Gruber. Doppert, Johann, antiquary, — ft. at Frank- fort-on-the-Maine, 167 1 — tf., 1735. Be an- tiquitate super stitiosm ignis venerationis, 1709 — Be tribus minimis, §c, 1708-13. Dorat, Claude Joseph, poet, — ft. at Paris, 31 Dec. 1734 — tf., 29 Apr. 1780. (Euvres, 1786. Dorat, (Baurat,) Jean, (Auratus,) poet, — ft. in the Limousin, about 1508 (?) — Prof. Greek, College Royal, 1560 — tf. at Paris, 1 Nov. 1588. Poemata, 1586. Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, — seat of a bishopric, by Birinus, 635 — See removed to "Winchester, 676 — refounded, by Alfred, 886 — united with Sidnacester ; removed to Lincoln, 1078. Dorchester, (Burnovaria, Burinum, Born- ceaster,) capital of Borsetshire, — mints estab- lished at, by Athelstan, about 925 — walls partly demolished by Sweyn, 1003 — burnt, 6 Aug. 161 3 — fortified for the Parliament, 1642-3 — reduced by Royalists, 1643 — taken possession of by Essex, 15 Jul. 1644 — Cromwell at, end of Mar. 1645 — assizes, by Jeffreys, for trial of Monmouth's adherents, 3-4 Sep. 1685. Dorchester, Carleton Guy, Lord, states- man, general, — ft. at Strabane, 3 Sep. 1724 — Lieutenant - colonel in the Guards, 1748 — wounded at siege of Havannah, Feb. 1762 — Major-general and Governor of Quebec, 1772 — ■ Ia.B., Jul. 1776 — Lieutenant - general, Aug. 1777 — succeeds Sir Henry Clinton as Com- mander-in-chief of American colonies, 1781 — Governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, Apr. 1786 — created Peer, Aug. 1786— tf. at Maidenhead, 10 Nov. 1808. Dorchester, Dudley Carleton, Viscount, statesman, — ft. in Oxfordshire, 10 Mar. 1573 — enters Oxford Univ., about 159 1 — M.A., 1600 — ambassador to Venice, Sep. 16 10- 15 — to Holland, 1616-28 — Viscount, and Secretary of State, 1628 — tf., 15 Feb. 1631-2. Letters to and from Sir B. Carleton during his embassy to Holland, 1757. DORDONI— DORPAT. 441 Bordoni, Antonio, engraver of gems, — fo. m Parma, 1528 — rj. at Rome, 1584. Dordrecht. [Dort.] Dorfling, Georg, Baron von, field-marshal, — h. in Bohemia, 1606 — Major-general, 1642 — in service of Elector of Brandenburg, 1648 — Field-marshal, 1670 — Governor -in-chief of forts in Pomerania, 1677 — Governor of Lower Pomerania, 1678 — r/., 4 Feb. 1695. Doria, Andrea, Liberator of Genoa, — b. at Oneglia, ab Can«ascosa, c 1466,* 1468 bc — Captain- general of Genoese galleys, 15 13 — Admiral of French galleys, 1524-25 — re-enters service of Francis I., 1527 — of Charles V., 1528 — re- covers Genoa from the French, 12 Sep. 1528 — reorganizes the government, Censor for life with title of Father and liberator of his country, 1528— escorts Charles V. to Tunis, takes part in capture of the town, 1535 — commands expe- dition against Algiers, i54i, a 1542 c — commands fleet against Turks, 1552 — resigns, 1556— "&. at Genoa, Nov. 1560. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Doria, Laniba, admiral, — defeats Yenetians under Andrea Dandolo,near Corzola, 8 Sep. 1298. Doria, Luciano, admiral,— commands Vene- tian fleet, captures Rovigno, &c, 1358 — falls at battle of Pola, 29 May 1379. Doria, Paganino, admiral, — commands Genoese fleet in Archipelago, 1351 — defeats Venetians under Pisani, near Constantinople, 13 Feb. 1352 — captures Pisani and Venetian fleet at Porto Longo, 1354. Doria, Paolo Matteo, philosopher, — b. at Naples, 1675 — ft., 1743. Trattato della vita • civ He, 172 9 — Esercitazioni geometriche, 172 9 — J)iscorsi critici filosofici intorno allafilosofia, $•-ce, — taken prisoner at siege of Acre, 1 1 90 — taken prisoner by English, near Milli, 1 196 — takes part with Philip Augustus in battle of Bouvines, 12 14 — q\, 4 Nov. 12 17. Dreux-Breze, Henri Evrard, Marquis of, — ft., 1762 — succeeds to office of Grand Master of Ceremonies of France, 17 81 — Chevalier de St Louis, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 17 Aug. 1815 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 19 Aug. 1823 — Chevalier des Ordres du Roi, 30 May 1825 — rj. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1829. Dreux du Radier, Jean Francois, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Chateauneuf, 10 May 17 14 — fr. there, 1 Mar. 1780. Bibliotheque historique et critique du JPoitou, 1754 — V Europe illustree, 1755 — Tablettes historiques et anecdo- tiques des rois de France, 1759. Drevet, Imbert, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 23 Jun. 1697 — engraver to the king, 1729 — fr. at the Louvre, 2 8 Apr. 1739. Portrait of JBossuet, 1721 or 1727. Drevet, Pierre, engraver, — ft. at Lyon, 1664 — received at the Academy of Painting, 7 Oct. 1707 — o". at the Louvre, 9 Aug. 1738. Drew, Samuel, theologian, — ft. at St Austell, Cornwall, 3 Mar. 1765— settles in London, 1819 — rj. at Helston, 29 Mar. 1833. Fssay on the immateriality and immortality of the soul, 1802 — Fssay on the identity and the general resurrection of the human body, 1809 — BZistory of Cornwall, 1820-4. Drexel, (Brexelius,) Jeremias, — ft. at Augs- burg, 1581 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1598 — ri. at Munich, 19 Apr. 1638. Zodiacus Chris- tianus, 1622 — Trismegistus Christianus, 1626 — Keliotropium, 1627 — Orbis Phaeton, 1629. Dreyer, Johann Karl Heinrich, jurist, antiquary, — ft. at AVahren, 13 Dec. 1723 — rj. at Liibeck, 15 Feb. 1802. Sammlung von Abhandlungen zur Frluuterung der Teutschen Rechte, §-c., 1754-63-8 — B eitr age zur Liter atur und Geschichte des Teutschen Rechts, 1783 — ■ Antiquarische Anmerkungen, $c, 1792. Dreyse, Nicholas von, inventor of Needle- Gtin, — ft. at Sommerda, near Erfurt, 1787 — employed at Paris under Col. Pauly, 1809-14 — constructs the Needle-Gun, 1836 — rj. at Sommerda, 9 Dec. 1867. Driedo, (Bridceus,) Jan, theologian, — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of Faneou, 1499 a — D.D. Louvain, 1512 — ft. there, 4 Aug. 1535. Be Scripturis et Bogmatibus Fcclesiasticis, 1533 — Be Gratia et liber Arbitrio, 1547 — Be Libertate Christiana, 1552. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Driesche, van der. [Drusius.] Drillenbourg, "Willem van, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, about 1625 — settles at Dort, 1668 — &., probably 1697 ? Drivere, Jeremias, (Briverius or Thriverius,) —physician, — ft. in Flanders, 1504— tf., Prof, at Univ. of Louvain, Dec. 1554. Bisceptatio de securissimo victu, 153 1 — Universal medicine brevissima . methodus, 1592. Drogheda, (Trcdagh,) in Ireland, — synod held at, by Cardinal Paparo, 1 152 — submission of four Irish princes to Richard II., at, 1394 — seat of Poyning's Parliament, 1494 — invested by Sir Phelim 0'iN"eil, 1 Dec. 1641 — siege raised, 28 Feb. 1642 — stormed by Cromwell, 12 Sep. 1649 — garrisoned for James II., 1690 — James II. encamps near, 16 Jun. 1690 — surrenders to William III., 2 Jul. 1690. DROLLING -DRUMMOND. 447 Drolling, Martin, painter, — b. at Oberg- heem, (Upper Rhine,) 19 Sep. 1752 — tf. at Paris, 16 Apr. 181 7. Dromoclides, — [B CJ — archon at Athens, (01. 76, 2,) 475. Dromore, Ireland, — See of, incorporated with Down and Connor, under Act 3 and 4 Win IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. Drontheim, (Trondhjem,) Norway, — found- ed by Olaf I., 997 a — seat of archbishopric, 1 152 — the kings crowned at, from Magnus V., 1 1 64— conquered by the Swedes, 1658— retaken by the Danes, 21 Dec. 1658 — confirmed to Denmark, by Peace of Copenhagen, 1660 — visited by Christian V., Jul. 1685. Cathedral, founded, n83 b — burnt, 1530.° a Conv.-Lex. b Bouillet. e Rees' Cyc. Dropides, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 46, 4,) 593. Dropilos, — [BC] — archon at Athens, (01. 34, 1,) 644. Droste-Hiilshoff, Annette Elisabeth, Freiin von, poetess, — b. near Munster, 12 Jan. 1798 — tf., 24 May 1848. Gedichte, 1844 — Das geistliche Ja.hr, §c, 1852. Droste-Hiilshoff, Clemens August Maria Antonius Aloysius Paulus de, jurist, — b. in "Westphalia, 2 Feb., a Apr. b 1793 — studies at Berlin, 1817 — Prof. Laws, Bonn, 1823 — tf., 13 Aug. 1832. Grundsdtze des gemeinen Kirchenrechts der Katholiken und Evangelisch- en, 1828-33. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gvuber. Drouais, Francois Hubert, painter, — b. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1727 — admitted to the Academy, 25 Nov. 1758— tf., Oct. 1775. Portraits of the Dulce of Berri [Louis XVI.) and the Count of Provence, (Louis XVIII.,) 1757 — Portraits of Coustou and Bouchardon, 1758. Drouais, Germain Jean, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 Nov. 1763 — obtains first prize of the Academy, 1784 — goes to Rome, 1785 — tf. at Rome, 13 Feb. 1788. Christ and the woman of Canaan, 1784. Drouais, Hubert, painter, — b. at La Roque, 1699 — received at the Academy of Painting, 29 Nov. 1730 — tf-, 9 Feb. 1767. Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste, Marshal of France, — b. at Rennes, a Rheims, b 29 Jul. 1765 — enters the army, 1792 — aide-de-camp to General Lefebvre, 14 Aug. 1794 — serves in campaigns of 1793-6 — distinguishes himself at Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 1800 — General of Di- vision, 1803 — wounded at battle of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 29 May 1808 — aide-de-camp to Mar- shal Soult, 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — Peer, 2 Jun. 18 15 — at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — Governor of Algeria, 1834 — Marshal of France, 1843 — tf., 25 Jan. 1844. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Drouet, Etienne Francois, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 17 15 — tf. there, 11 Sep. 1779. Fdits Dictibnnairede Moreri, 1759 — and Methode pour e'ticdier Vhistoire (of Lenglet-Dufresnoy), 1772. Drouet, Jean Baptiste, maitre de poste, — b., 8 Jan. 1763 — recognizes Louis XVI. at St Menehould, and procures his arrest at Varennes, 21 Jun. 1 79 1 — deputy to Convention, 1791 — taken prisoner by Austrians, 1793-5 — tf., n Apr. 1824. Drouin, sculptor, — b. at Nancy, about 1600 — tf. there, 1647. Drouot, Antoine, Count, general, — b. at Nancy, 1774 — Lieutenant of Artillery, serves at Fleurus, 1794 — at Hohenlinden, 1800 — distinguishes himself at Trafalgar, 1805 — at Wagram, 1809 — at the Moskwa, 1812 — Com- mander of the Legion of Honour ; dis- tinguishes himself at Liitzen and Bautzen, 1 8 13 — General of Division, Sep. 1813 — aide- de-camp to Napoleon, 181 3 — follows him to Elba, 1 8 14 — fights at Waterloo, 18 15 — retires to Nancy, 18 15 — Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, Oct. 1830 — tf. at Nancy, 24 Mar. 1847. Drowning, Punishment of, — obsolete in England, by 1600 — inflicted in Switzerland, as late as 1652 — in Scotland, 1685 — abolished in Russia, soon after 1700 — inflicted in Saxony, as late as 1734— in Austria, 1776 — in Iceland, 1777. Droz, Francois Xavier Joseph, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Besanqon, 31 Oct. 1773 — Prof. Belles Lettres there, about 1796 — settles at Paris, 1802 — member of French Academy, 1825 — Prof. Moral and Political Science at the Institute, 1832 — tl., 4 Nov. 1850. Lina, 1804 — Eloge de Montaigne, 1811 — Histoire du regne de Louis XVI, 1839. Droz, Jean Pierre, mechanician, — b. in Neufchatel, 1746 — tf. at Paris, 1822. Droz, Pierre Jacques, mechanician, — b. in Neufchatel, 28 Jul. 17 21 — tf. at Bienne, 28 Nov. 1790. Druids, — slaughter of, at Mona, by Sueto- nius, 61. Drumclog', in Scotland, — Graham of Clavcr- house defeated by the Covenanters at, 1 Jun. 1679. Drummond, James, statesman, — b., 1638 — Councillor of State, 1670 — Grand Justiciary of Scotland, 1680 — Grand Chancellor of Scotland, 1684 — joins James II. at Rome, after 1688 — tf. at St Germain, 10 May 17 16. Drummond, Thomas, mathematician, §c, — b. at Edinburgh, Oct. 1797 — studies at the Univ., 1 8 1 o — cadet at Woolwich, 1 8 1 3 — enters the Royal Engineers, 18 15 — assistant in the Ordnance Survey, 181 9 — invents the Lime Light, (Drummond Light,) and the Heliostat, 1825 — superintendent of the Boundary Com- mission, 1832 — Under-Secretary of State for Ireland, 1835 — Chairman of Commission on Railways in Ireland, 1836 — tf. at Dublin, 15 Apr. 1840. Drummond, William, poet, — b. at Haw- thornden, 13 Deo. 1585 — tf. there, 4 Dec. 1649. Works, 1 7 1 1 . Drummond, Sir William, statesman, anti- quary, §c, — M.P. St Mawes, 1795 — Envoy Extraord. to Naples, 1796 — ambassador to the Porte, Knt of the Crescent, 1801 — tf. at Rome, 1828. Review of the Governments of Sparta and Athens, 1794 — Academical Questions, 1805 — withWalpole, Herculanensia, 18 10 — (Edipus 448 DRURY— DUBLIN. Judaicus, printed, 1811; published, 18 16 — Origines, 1824. Drury, Robert, traveller, — rj. in London, 1687 — shipwrecked on coast of Madagascar, 1702. Madagascar, 1729. Drary Lane Theatre, London, — established as The Phoenix, before 1623— burnt, 1672 — rebuilt by Wren, 1672-4 — burnt, 24 Feb. 1809 — rebuilt by Wyatt, and opened, Oct. 1812 — interior remodelled, 1822. Druses, {of the Lebanon,) — appear in Egypt as followers of Hakem-Bamr Allah, are perse- cuted by the Caliph and take refuge in the Lebanon, (386, a. h.) 996 — mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela, about 11 50 — made tribu- tary by Amurath III., 1588 — under the Emir Fakr-ed-din, become masters of Syria, between 1600-13 — chief power devolves on the house of Shehab, about 1650 (?) — dissensions with the Maronites begin, 1 840 — allowed by the Porte to have a chief of their own nation, 1842. — i860 : Massacre of the Maronites, begins in the villages, 28 May — attack Hasbeya, and dis- arm the Christians, 29 May — massacre at Hasbeya, 5 Jun. — attack Zahleh, 19 Jun. — massacre at Deir-el-Kammar, 21 Jun. — at Damascus, 9-10 Jul. — European intervention agreed on by Convention of Paris, 3 Aug. — French troops sail for Syria, beginning of Aug. — 1 86 1 : the country evacuated by the French, 5 Jun. — a Christian (Daoud Effendi) appointed governor of the Lebanon, 22 Jun. Drusius, Jan, ( Van den Driesche,) orientalist, — ft. at Audenarde, 28 Jun. 1550 — goes to England, 1567 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Oxford, 1572 — Prof. Hebrew, Franeker, 1585- 1616 — tf. there, 12 Feb. 1616. Alphabetum Hebraicum vet as, 15%7—Grammatica linguce sanetce nova, 1612 — Proverbia Ben Sirce, 1597. Drusus Caesar, junior, — Quaestor, 10 — quells mutiny of legions in Pannonia, autumn 14 — Consul with C. JSTorbanus Flaccus, (768, a. u. c.) 15 — campaign against Maroboduus, in Germany, 19 a — -Consul with Emperor Tiberius, (774,) 21 — tribunicia potestas, 22 — poisoned by Sejanus, 23. a Clinton. Drusus, M. Livius, — [BC] — 1. trib. pleb. with C. Gracchus, 122 — Consul with L. Cal- purnius Piso, (642, a. u. c.) 112 — drives the Scordisci across the Danube, 112 — censor, and ft., 109. 2. sides with Saturninus and Marius, 100 — trib. pleb., 91 — assassinated, after (Id. Sep.) 91. Drusus, Nero (Pecimus) Claudius, senior, — [BC] — &., 38 — permitted by decree of senate to fill magistracies before le^al age, 19 — quaestor, defeats Rhaetians, 15— left by Augustus in Germany, 13 — 1st campaign in Germany, pene- trates to the German Ocean, 12 — aedile, 11 — 2nd campaign in Germany, 11 — praetor urbanus, 10 — 3rd campaign in Germany, 10 — Consul with T. Quinctius Crispinus Yolcanus, (745, a. u. c.) 9 — 4th campaign, and tf. early in 9. Dryander, Jonas, naturalist, — fj. in Sweden, 1748 — librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, 1782 — rj. F.L.S. London, 1810. Catal. biblioth. hist, nat. Josephi Banks, 1796-1800. Dryden, {Priden,) John, poet, — ft. at Ald- winckles, in Northamptonshire, 9 Aug. 163 1 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 11 May 1650 — B.A., Jan. 1654 — M.A., 1657 — goes to London, 1657 — begins to write for the stage, 1660 — marries Lady Elizabeth Howard, in London, r Dec. 1663 — poet laureate, and historiographer royal, 1668 — assaulted by Rochester, 17 Dec. 1679 a — ft. in London, 1 May 1700. Heroic Stanzas on the death of Cromwell, 1658 — Astrcea redux, 1660 — Wild Gallant, 1663 — Annus Mirabilis, 1667 — Rehearsal, 167 1 — All for Love, 1678 — Spanish Fryar, 1681 — Mae Flecknoe, 1682 — Absalom and Achitophel, 1681- 82 — Puke of Guise, 1682 — Religio Laid, 1682 — Hind and Panther, 1687 — Ode on St Cecilia's Pay, 1687 — translation of the JEneid, 1697 — Alexander's Feast, 1697. a VVood. Dual Arithmetic, — invented by Byrne, 1863. Duaren, (Pouaren,) Francois, jurist, — h. in Brittany, about 1509 — rj. at Bourges, 1559. Opera, 1579. Dubet, A., naturalist, — ft at Chateauroux, 1730. Muriographie, 1770. Dubienka, — Kosciusko defeats the Russians at, 17 Jul. 1792. Dublin, (Pubh-linn, Fblana,) taken by the Danes, about 840-50 — fortified, 1000— burnt by Malachy, king of Leinster, 1005 — taken by Strongbow, n 70 — unsuccessfully attacked by the Danes, 1171 — delivered up to Henry II. by Strongbow,' Oct. 117 2 — burnt, 11 90 — castle built, 1205-20 — King John holds his court at, 12 10 — burnt, 1283, 1 30 1, and 1304 — attacked by Edward Bruce, 13 16 — desolated by the plague, 1348, 1361, 1370, and 1383 — visited by Richard II., 1394-5, and Jun. 1399 — par- liament held at, by Earl of Ormond, 1404 — plague rages, 1447 — mint established, 1459 — ' plague, 1466, 1470, 1477, and 1484 — corona- tion of Lambert Simnel, as Edward VI., at, 2 May 1487 — plague, 1525 and 1528 — rebellion of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 1534 — the mass suppressed by Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — plague, 1575 and 1604 — conspiracy of Tyrone and Tyrconnel to surprise the castle frustrated, 1607 — parliaments held at, May 1613-14-15, Jul. 1634, May 1 641, and Jul. 1642 — threatened by the Irish, 1646 — taken by Parliamentarians under Col. Jones, 18 Jun. 1647 — threatened by Prince Rupert, summer 1649 — besieged by Ormond, Jun. to Aug. 1649 — plague, 1650 — • High Court of Justice for trial of rebels at, 1652 — castle seized for Charles II., Jan. 1659 — taken by Sir Hardress Waller for the Par- liament, but again taken by the Royalists, 1660 — occupied by Tyrconnel, 1688 — James II. enters, 24 Mar. 1689 — and holds a par- liament, Mar. to Jul. — occupied for William III. by Duke of Ormond, Jul. 1690 — National Congress held at, 1784-5 — British standard dis- played on the castle, 1 Jan. 1801 — Emmett's insurrection, Jul. 1803 — visited by George IV., 12 Aug. to 3 Sep. 1 82 1 — meeting of British Association at, 1 835 — visited by Queen Victoria, Aug. 1849 — Industrial Exhibition at, opens 12 May 1853 — visited by the Queen and the DUBLIN SOCIETY— DUC. 449 Prince Consort, 29 Aug. — visited by the Queen, 22 Aug. 1861 — International Exhibition opened by Prince of "Wales, 8 May 1865 — closes, 9 Nov. [Fenians]. Archbishopric founded, 1 152 — See of Glendalough annexed to, 12 14 — Kil- dare consolidated with, by Church Tempor- alities Act, 3 and 4 Will. IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. St Batrick's Cathedral, founded by Abp Comyn, 1 190 — restored by Guinness, 1860-5. University of Trinity College, — founded by Queen Elizabeth, 1593 — represented in parlia- ment, 16 1 3 — building erected, 1759— professor- ships regulated and other provisions made by Act 30 Vic. c, 9, 5 Apr. 1867. Queen's University in Ireland, founded by letters patent of Queen Victoria, 15 Aug. 1850. Council of, on dis- cipline, 1 35 1. National Gallery, established under Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1854. Dublin Society, Uoyal, — incorporated by George II., 1749. Dubois, traveller, — visits Madagascar, Isle of Bourbon, &c, 1669 to Jan. 1673. Voyages, $c, 1674. Dubois, Antoine, Baron, physician, — b. near Cahors, 17 Jul. 1756 — Prof. Surgery, Paris, 1790 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — ft. at Paris, 1837. Dubois, {Be le Bo'e,) Francois, {Sylvius,) physician, — b. at Hanau, 16 14 — ft. Prof, at Univ. of Leyden, 1672. Opera medica, 1679. Dubois, Guillaume, Cardinal, — b. in Li- mousin, 6 Sep. 1656 — goes to Paris, 1668 — ac- companies the Duke of Chartres to battle of Steenkerk, Jul. 1692 — follows Tallard ambas- sador to England, 1700 — secretary to Duke of Orleans, 1701— Councillor of State, 17 15 — conducts negotiation for Triple Alliance of France, England, and Holland, 17 17— takes holy orders, Abp of Cambray, 1720 — Cardinal, by Innocent XIIL, 172 1— first Minister of State, 20 Aug. 1722 — ft., 10 Aug. 1723. Dubois, Guillaume. [Crestin.] Dubois, Jacques, {del Bo'e or Sylvius,) phy- sician, — b- at Amiens, 1478 — Prof. Medicine, College Royal, 1550 — ft., 13 Jan. 1555. Opera medica, 1630 — CEuvres poetiques, 1534. Dubois, Jean, sculptor, — b. at Dijon, 1626 — ft. there, 29 Nov. 1694. Dubois, Philippe Goibard, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Poitiers, 1626 — admitted to French Academy, 12 Nov. 1693 — ft., 1 Jul. 1694. Lettres de Saint Augusiin, 1684 — Bes Confessions, 1686. Dubois, Philippe, philologist,— \s. at Caen, about 1636 — ft. canon of St Etienne des Grez, 17 Feb. 1703. Edition of Catullus, Tibullus, and Bropertius, in Usum Belphini, 1685 — Biblio- theca Telleriana, 1693. <- Dubois de Crance, Edmond Louis Alexis, statesman, general, — b. at Charleville, 1747 — deputy to States- General, 1789— Marechal de Camp, 1789— takes part in insurrection of 10 Aug. 1792 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 — sent against Lyons, Aug. 1793— member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795-7 — Inspector- general of Infantry, 1797 — Minister of War, 14 Sep. 1799 — retires after (18 Brumaire) Nov. 1799— ft. at Bethel, 29 Jun. 1814. Dubois de Saint Gelais, Louis Francois, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 1669 — secre- tary to Spanish ambassador at Congress of Utrecht, 1713 — secretary of Academy of Paint- ing, about 1 7 16 — ft. near Gentilly, 23 Apr. 1737. Histoire jour nalie re de Baris, §c, 17 17 — Bescription des tableaux da Balais Royal, 1727. Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, §c, — b. at Beauvais, Dec. 1670 — admitted to French Academy, 1720 — perpetual secretary, 1722 — ft. at Paris, 23 Mar. 1742. Histoire de la ligue de Cambrai, 1709 — Histoire critique de Veia- blissement de la monarchic Francaise dans les Gaules, 1734 — Reflexions critiques sur la poe'sie et sur la peinture, 17 19. Dubost, Antoine, painter, — b. at Lyons, 16 Jul. 1769 — in England, 1806-13 — ft., 6 Sep. 1825. Dubouchage, Francois Joseph de Gratet, statesman, — b. at Grenoble, 1 Apr. 1749 — en- ters the army, 1763 — Marechal de Camp, In- spector-general of Maritime Artillery, 1792 — Minister of Marine, 1792 — Commander of St Louis, 1 8 14 — Minister of Marine, 27 Sep. 18 15 to Jun. 1 8 17 — Peer, 18 17 — ft. at Paris, 12 Apr. 1821. Dubouehet, Denis Jean Florimond Langlois, general, — b. at Clermont, (Auvergne,) 20 Oct. 1753 — enters the army, 1767 — serves in Ameri- can war, 1776 — Colonel, 1788 — emigrates, joins Prince of Conde, 1791 — Marechal de Camp, by Louis XVIII. , 1795 — Commander of Ypres, 1 809 — Commander of Breda, Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — Marquis, 18 15 — Lieutenant- general, Apr. 1 816— ft. at Paris, Oct. 1826. Dubourg, Louis Fabrice, painter, engraver, — b. at Amsterdam, 1691 — ft. there, 1775. Dubourg, Matthew, violinist,— -b. in Eng- land, 1703 — director of the king's band, 1752- 67— ft., 1767. Dubraw, {Bubrausky,) John, {Bubravius,) historian, — takes part in relief of Vienna be- sieged by Turks, 1529 — ft. Bp of Olmiitz, 6 Sep. 1553. Historia regni Bohemice, $c. } 1552 — Be piscinis, 1557. Dubreuil, Jean, Jesuit, — b. at Paris, 1602 — ft., 27 Apr. 1670. Berspective pratique neces- saire d tons pemtres, §c, 1642-8. Dubreul, Jacques, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 17 Sep. 1528 — ft. there, 17 Jul. 1614. Edition of Works of Isidore of Seville, 1601 — Vie de Charles de Bourbon, $c, 16 12— Bes Bastes et antiqttites de Baris, 1605-8. Dubufe, Claude Marie, painter,— b. at Paris, about 1790 — ft., 21 Apr. 1864. Apollon et Cy- parisse, 1822 — Souvenirs, Regrets, 1827 — For- trait of Bouis Bhilippe, 1837. Duby, Pierre Aneher Tobiesen, — b. in Soleure, 1721 — ft., 19 Oct., a Nov. b 1782. Re- cueil general de pieces obsidionales et de necessity, §c, 1786 — Traite des monnaies des barons, pairs, §c„ de France, 1790. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. Due, Fronton du, {Bucceus,) Jesuit, — b. at Bordeaux, 1558 — ft. at Paris, 25 Sep. 1624. Histoire tragique de la pucelle de Bomremy, 1581 — Bibliotheca veterum Batrum, 1625. 29 45° DTTCAMP— DUCIS. Ducamp, Theodore, surgeon, — b. at Bor- deaux, 10 Apr. 1792 — if., 1 Apr. 1823. Traite des retentions d' 'urine, 1822. Ducancel, Charles Pierre, dramatist, #c, — b. at Beauvais, 1766 — if. near Clermont, 1835. L 'inte'rieur des comites revolutionnaires, 1793 — Fsquisses historiques, §c, du gouvernement re- volutionnaire en France, 1821. Ducange, Charles Dufresne, historian, ^., — b. at Amiens, 18 Dec. 1610 — advocate to parlia- ment of Paris, 11 Aug. 163 1 — settles at Paris, 1668 — t!., 23 Oct. 1688. Histoire de V empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs Francais, 1657 — Glossarium ad scriptores media etinfimce latinitatis, 1678 — Historia Byzantina duplici commentario illustrata, 1680 — Joannis Zonara annates, $c, 1686 — Glossarium ad scriptores media et infimce gracitatis, 1688 — Chronicon Faschale, 1689. Ducarel, Andre, antiquary, — b. at Caen, 1713 — enters St John's College, Oxford, 1731 — LL.D., 1742 — member of Doctors' Commons, 1743 — F.S.A., 1755 — ij. in London, 29 May 1785. Anglo-Norman Antiquities, 1767 — Series of above 200 Anglo-Gallic or Norman and Aqui-, taine coins of the ancient kings of England, §e., 1757 — History of the Collegiate Church of St Catherine, §c, 1782. Ducarla-Bonifas, Marcelin, astronomer, — b., 1738 — settles at Paris, 178 1 — if. at Villeneuve du Tarn, 16 Apr. 18 16. Des grands mouve- ments de la matiere, 1775 — Cosmogonie, 1779-80. Ducart, Isaac, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 1630 — if. there, 1694 or 1697. Ducas. [Constantine Ducas.] Ducas, Michael, Byzantine historian, — takes refuge in Lesbos on capture of Constantinople, 1453 — employed by Donno and Domenico Ga- teluzzi, 1455-6 — if., after 1462. Duccio Di Buoninsegna, painter, — b. at Siena, about 1260 a — fl., probably, i285-i3i5, b 1282-1339 a — Altarpiece, Duomo of Siena, 1308-10. a Wornum. b Engl. Cyc. Ducerceau. [Androuet du Cerceau.] Ducerceau. [Cerceau, Jean Antoine du.] Ducetius, — [BC] — founds Palice and at- tempts to unite the Sicelian tribes, 452 a — gives himself up to Syracuse and is exiled to Corinth, about 448 a — returns to Sicily and founds Calacte, 446 a — if., about 440. a Grote. Duchange, Gaspard, engraver, — b. at Paris, about 1662— received at the Academy, 1707 — if. there, 1756,=* 7 Jan. i757. b a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Duchat, Jacob le, philologist, — ft. at Metz, 23 Feb. 1658 — if. at Berlin, 23 Jul. 1735. Edition of Satire Menippee, 1709 — of CEuvrcs de Rabelais, 17 11. Duchatel, Francois. [Chatel, du.] Duchatel, Pierre, (Castellanus,) Grand Almoner of France, — b. at Langres, about 1500 — Bp of Tulle, by Francis L, 1539 — Bp of Orleans, 155 1 — Grand Almoner, 1547 — if. at Orleans, 2 Feb. 1552. Duchatel, Tannegui, military commander, — makes a descent on coast of England, 1404 — serves under the Duke of Anjouin expedition to Naples, 1407 — Provost of Paris, 14.13 — serves atAgincourt, 1415 — rescues the Dauphin from Burgundians, May 141 8 — negotiates with Duke of Burgundy at Montereau, when the Duke is assassinated, 1419 — disgraced, retires to south of France, 141 9 — Grand Seneschal of Provence, 1443 — ambassador to Rome, 1448 — tf., 1449. Duche de Vancy, Joseph Francois, dra- matist, — b. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1668 — if., member of Academy of Inscriptions, at Paris, 14 Dec. 1704. Abraham, 17 12 — Be'bora, 1712-— Jonathas, 1714. Ducher, Gilbert, (Vulton,) poet, — b. in Limagne, about 1500? — iJ., about 1538. Edi- tions of Ccesar's Commentaries, 1522 — and of Martial, 1526—Fpigrammata, 1538. Duchesne, Andre, (Chesncus, Buchenius, Quercetanus, or Querneus,) historian, — b. at lie-Bouchard, Touraine, May 1584 — if., geo- grapher and historiographer to the King, at Paris, 30 May 1640. Les antiquites et re- cherches de la grandeur et de la majeste des rois de France, 1609 — Histoire des rois, dues, et comtes de Bourgogne, 161 9 — Historian Norman- norum Scriptores antiqui, 16 19 — Histories Francorum Scriptores coetanei, 1636-41. Duchesne, Antoine Nicolas, naturalist,— b. at Versailles, 7 Oct. 1747 — visits England, 1776— tf. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1827. Manuel de bot unique, §c, 1764 — Le Jardinier pre'voyant, 1770-81 — Le Fortefeuille des enfants, 1784. Duchesne, Francois, historian, — b. at Paris, 1616 — ts. historiographer of France, 1693. Histoire des papes, 1653 — Histoire des cardinaux Francais, 1660 — Histoire deschance- liers et gardes des sceaux de France, 1680. Duchesne, Henri Gabriel, miscellaneous ivriter, — b. at Paris, 1739 — tf. there, 21 Dec. 1822. Manuel du naturaliste, (withMacquer,) 1770 — Bictionnaire de V Industrie, 1776 — • Comedies de Terence, 1806. Duchesne, Joseph, {Quercetanus^) physician, chemist, §c, — b. in Armagnac, about i544, a 1546 b — M.D. Basel, 1573 — if., physician to Henri IV., at Paris, 1609. Traite de la cure generate et particuliere des arquebusades, 1576 — L' Ombre de Gamier Stauffacher, 1583 — Diateticon polyhistoricum, 1605 — Quercetanus redivivus, 1648. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Duchesne, Leger, (Leodegarius a Quercu,) philologist, — if. Prof, at the College Boyal, 1588. Frcelectiones et poemata, 1559 — Flores epigrammatum, 1555. Duchesnois, Catherine Josephine, actress, — b. near Valenciennes, 5 Jim. 1777 — appears at the Theatre Francais, Aug. 1804 to Jan. 1820 — if. at Paris, 8 Jan. 1835. Duchi, (Bucci,) Lorenzo, {Buccius.) Trat- tato della nobiltd, delV infamia, §c, 1603 — Be elocutione, 1600 — Ars historica, 1604. Duchoul, Guillaume, (Caulius,) antiquary. Biscours sur la castrametation et discipline militaire des anciens Romams, 1555— Biscours sur la religion des anciens Romains, 1556. Ducis, Jean Francois, poet, translator of Shakespeare, — $. at Versailles, Aug. 1733 — admitted to the Academy, 1778 — member of DUCKWORTH— DUFFET. 45i Council of Ancients, 1798 — secretary to Louis XVIII., 1 8 14 — if. at Versailles, 30 Mar. 18 16. Translation of Samlet, 1769 — Borneo et Juliette, 1772 — CEdipe chez Admete, 1778 — King Lear, 1783 — Macbeth, 1784— Othello, 1792. Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, admiral, — ft. at Leatherhead, Surrey, 28 Feb. 1748 — enters the navy, 1759 — serves in America, 1776-9 — distinguishes himself under Lord Howe against the French, 1 Jun. 1794 — takes Minorca, 1798 — Rear-admiral, 1799 — takes part in reduction of Danish and Swedish West India islands, 1 801 — K.C.B., 1 801 — Commander-in-chief, Jamaica, 1 803— -defeats French at St Domingo, 6 Feb. i8o5, a 1806 b — Vice-admiral, forces pas- sage of the Dardanelles, 1807 — governor of Newfoundland, 1810-15 — Bart., 1813 — go- vernor of Plymouth, 18 15 — if. at Devonport, 31 Aug., a 14 Apr. b 1817. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Duclercq, Jacques, sieur de Beauvoir, — ft., 1420. Memoires, printed 1823. Duclos, Antoine Jean, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1742 — if., about 1800-5. Duclos, Charles Pinot, historian, — ft. at Dinan, in Brittany, 1704,* i705 b — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1739 — to French Academy, 1747 — perpetual secretary, 1748 — historiographer of France, 1750° — ennobled, 1755 — if. at Paris, 26 Mar. 1772. Histoire de Louis XL., 1745 — Memoires secrets des regnes de Louis XIV. et de Lotus XV., about 1792 — assists in preparing edition of the Dictionnaire- de I'Academie, 1762. a "Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. e Jal. Ducos, Nicolas, general, — ft. at Dax, 7 Mar. 1756 — enters the army, 1774 — aide-de-camp to Massena, distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — serves in campaigns of 1805-7 —governor of citadel of Antwerp, 18 13 — he- sieged at Longwy by Prussians, 18 15 — receives cross of St Louis, 1815 — if. at St Omer, 13 Oct. 1823. Ducoudrai. [Tronson du Coudrai.] Ducq, Jan le, painter, — ft. at the Hague, 1636 — if. there, 167 1 or 1672. Ducq, Joseph Francois, painter, — ft. in Flanders, 10 Sep. 1762 — studies under Paul de Cock, at Bruges, 1780 — goes to Rome, 1807- 1 3 — first Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, Bruges, 18 15 — if., 9 Apr. 1829. Antonello de Messine visitant V atelier de Jean Van Eyck, 1820. Ducros, Pierre, painter, engraver,- — ft. in Switzerland, 1745 — if. at Lausanne, 18 Feb. 1810. Ducrotay de Blainville, Henri Marie, anatomist, zoologist, — ft. at Arques near Dieppe, 12 Sep. 1778 — M.D. Paris, 1810 — Assistant Prof. Comparative Zoology, Anatomy, and Physiology, Paris Univ., 1812 — member of Institute, 1825 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, Museum of Natural History, 1832 — if., 1 May 1850. Edits Journal de Physique, 1817-25 — Faune Francaise, 1821-30 — De V organisation des animaux, 1822 — Cours de physiologie gene- rale et comparee, 1833 — Osteographie, 1839- 49. Dudith, (Dudich, Dudics,) Andreas, theolo- gian, — ft. at Buda, 6 (16) Feb. 1533 — accom- panies Cardinal Pole to England, 1554 — sen * by Emperor Ferdinand III. to Council of Trent, 1562 — envoy to king of Poland, 1565 — if. at Breslau, 23 Feb. 1589. Dudley, Ambrose. [Warwick, Earl of.] Dudley, Sir Edmund, — ft., 1462 — Privy Councillor, 1484 — signs ratification of peace with France, 1499 — with Empson, agent of Henry VII., for extorting moneys, about 1495- 1507 — Speaker of House of Commons, 1504 — arrested for high treason, 1509 — executed, in London, 18 Aug. 15 10. Dudley, Lord Guildford, — ft. about 1536 — marries Lady Jane Grey, 25 May 1553 — sent to the Tower by Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — exe- cuted, 12 Feb. 1554. Dudley, Sir Henry Bate, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Fenny Compton, 25 Aug. 1743 — settles in London, 1775 — Bart., 1812 — if. at Cheltenham, 1 Feb. 1824. Founds Morning Herald, 1780 — Rival Candidates, 1775 — Flitch of Bacon. 1779. Dudley, John. [Northumberland, Duke of.] Dudley, John William Ward, Earl of, and Viscount Ednam, statesman, — ft., 9 Aug. 17 81 — M.P. Downton, 1802 — Worcestersbire, 1803 — Warebam, 1807 — Ilchester, 18 12 — M.A. Ox- ford, 14 Jan. 1813 — M.P. Bossiney, 1820 — suc- ceeds his father as Viscount Dudley and Ward, and Baron Ward, 25 Apr. 1823 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Privy Councillor, 30 Apr. 1827 — created Ear], 24 Sep. 1827— re- signs office, May 1828 — if. at Norwood, Surrey, 6 Mar. 1833. Dudley, Robert. [Leicester, Earl of.] Dudley, Thomas, engraver, — ft., 1638. yEsops Fables, 1678. Duel, private, — first recognised as establish- ed custom by edict of Philip the Fair, 1308^ 1306 bc — prohibited in France by Henry II., 1547 — licenses for, granted by the crown, till about 1550 a — treatise on, byAttendoli, printed 1565 — Saviolo's Treatise of Honour, published 1594 — repression of, by Act of Parliament, unsuccessfully attempted in England, 17 13 — slaying in, punishable in France as homicide, since 1837 — in England, made punishable in the army by cashiering, 1 844. a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Encyc. Mod. c Ducange. Duelli, Raimond, — ft., about 1670 — if., 1740. Historia Gothica JEnece Sylvii Piccolomini, 1702 — Miscellanea ex codicibus mamiscriptis col- lecta, 1723 — L)e quibusdam inscriptionibits gem- misque ac minimis Momanis epistola, 1725 — Fxcerpta genealogico-historica, 1725. Duez, Nathanel, — ft. in Holland, about 1600. Fpitome dictionum quarumdum (equivo- carum et ambiguarum in lingua Gallica, 1651 — Dictionnaire Francais-allemand-latin, §c, 1660 — Dictionnaire Italien-francais, §c, 1660. Dufau, Fortune, painter, — ft. in St Do- mingo, about 1770 — goes to France, about I7 8 2 — ft. at Paris, 18 May 1821. Dufaur, Guy. [Pibr-ac] Buffet, {Douffet,) Gerard, painter,- — ft. at Liege, 16 Aug. 1594 — studies under Rubens, 29 * 452 DUFF-GORDON— DUHAMEL. at Antwerp, about 1609 — at Rome, 16 14-21 — tf. at Liege, 1660. Duff-Gordon, Lucie, Lady, miscellaneous writer, — ft-, 1820 — tf. in Egypt, 13 Jul. 1869. Translation of Eunice's History of Prussia, 1849 — The French in Algiers, 1845 — Moltlce's Russian Campaigns, 1 854 — Letters from Egypt, 1865. Duflas, Claude, engraver,— b. at Paris, 1678 — tf., 1747. Dufour, Francois Bertrand, Baron, general, — ft. at Souillac' (Lot,) 22 Jan. 1765 — enters the army, 1792 — serves in campaign of the Rhine, 1795 — Commander of Presburg, Nov. 1809 — distinguishes himself at battle of Auster- litz, Dec, 1805 — General of Brigade, 24 Dee. 1 806 — distinguishes himself at siege of Dantzic, 1807 — Baron of the Empire, 19 Mar. 1808 — Commander of Legion of Honour, receives cross of St Louis, 17 Jan. 1813— at battle of Fleurus, Jun. 1 8 15 — tf. at Souillac, 19 Oct. 1831. Dufour, Louis Thomas, orientalist, — ft. at Fecamp, 27 Jan. 1613 — tf. at Jumieges, 2 Feb. 1647 or 1645. Linguae hebraicae opus grammati- cum cum hortulo sacrarum radienm, 1642. Dufour, Louis. [Longuerue.] Dufourny, Leon, architect, — ft. at Paris, about 1760 — studies in Italy and Sicily, about 1780-95 — returns to France, 1795 — assists in direction of the Museum, 1795 — tf., member of Institute, 1818. Edits D'Agincourt's Histoire de I'Art, 1810-23. Dufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poetess, — ft. at Nantes, 3 Dec. 1765 — tf., 7 Mar. 1825. (Euvres, 1827. Dufresne. [Francheville.] Dufresne. [Ducange.] Dufresnoy. [Lenglet-Dufresnoy.] Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, painter, poet, — ft. at Paris, 161 1 — tf. near Paris, 1665. De arte graphica, 1684. Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, — ft. at Paris, 1648 — tf., 6 Oct. 1724. (Euvres, 1731. Dufriche-Valaze. [Valaze.] Dugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, translator, —ft. at Saint Chamond, (Forez,) n Mar. 1776 • — tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1834. Iliade, 18 15 — Odysse'e, 1818. Dugdale, Sir William, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Shustoke, "Warwickshire, 12 Sep. 1605 — poursuivant-at-arms, Sep. 1638 — Rouge-Croix, 18 Mar. 1639-40 — attends on Charles I. at York, 1642 — at battle of Edgehill, Oct. 1642 — and at Oxford, 1642 to 22 Jun. 1646 — M.A., 1 Nov. 1642 — Chester-Herald, 16 Apr. 1644 — Norroy King of Arms, 1660 — Garter King of Arms, May 1677 — Knt, May 1677 — tf. at Blythe Hall, 10 Feb. 1686. Monasticon Anglicanum, 1655-73 — Antiquities of War- wickshire, 1656 — History of St PauVs Cathe- dral, 1658 — History of Embanking and Drayning of divers Fenns, §c, 1662 — Origines Judiciales, §c, 1666 — Baronage of England, 1675-6 — The Antient usage in bearing of such ensigns of Honour as are commonly called arms, §c, 168 1 — Short View of the late troubles in England, 1681. Dugoinmier, Jean Francois Coouille, gen- eral, — ft. in Guadaloupe, 1736 — Commander of the National Guard of the island, 1789 — goes to France, 1792 — Commander-in-chief of army of Italy, 1793 — distinguishes himself at the siege of Toulon, 1793 — commands army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and wins the battle of Alberdes, 1794 — seizes the post of Montesquieu, 1794 — killed at St Sebastian, 17 Nov. 1794. Dugua, Charles Francois Joseph, general, — ft. at Toulouse, 1740 — enters the army, 1769 — at siege of Toulon, chief of the staff of Dugommier, 1793 — distinguishes himself in campaign of the Pyrenees, 1793 — serves under General Hoche, 1794 — under Bonaparte in Italy, 1796 — in Egypt, 1798 — under General Leclerc in St Domingo, 1802 — falls at attack of Pierrot, 16 Oct. 1802. Duguay-Trouin, Rene, naval commander, — ft. at St Malo, 10 Jun. 1673 — volunteer in war with England, 1689 — captured by English, 1694 — captures two English vessels of war, 1694 — defeats the Dutch under Wassenaer, 1696 — enters the royal navy, 1696 — cruises at Spitzbergen, Jul. 1703 — on coast of England, 1 7 04-5 — Captain, sent to Cadiz, 1 7 06 — Chevalier de St Louis, 1706 — attacks English convoy sent to Spain, 1707 — takes Rio Janeiro, Sep. 171 1 — member of council of the Indies, 1723 — Lieutenant-general, 1728 — commands squadron in the Mediterranean, 17 31 — commands squad- ron of Brest, 1733 — tf., 27 Sep. 1736. Duguernier, Louis, painter, — ft. about 1550 — tf., about 1620. Duguernier, Louis, painter,- — ft., 1614 — Prof, at Academy of Painting, 1655 — tf., 16 Jan. 1659. Duguesclin, Bertrand, Constable op France, — ft. near Rennes, about 13 14 — obtains prize at tournament, 1338 — distinguishes him- self in the conflicts between Charles of Blois and the Count Montfort, 1342 — in the service of France, defeats forces of king of Navarre, takes prisoner Captal de Buch, 1364 — captured by the English at battle of Aurai, Sep. 1364 — charged to subdue the Grand Companies, puts himself at their head, leads them into Spain, 1366 — captured by the Black Prince, but soon liberated, 1367 — Constable of France, recovers Guienne and Poitou from English, 1370-2 — accused of treason, quits army, 1373 — tf. before Randon, 13 Jul. 1380. Duguet, Jacques Joseph, theologian, — ft. near Lyons, 9 Dec. 1649 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 1667 — Prof. Philosophy, Col- lege of Troyes, 1671 — tf. at Paris, 25 Oct. 1733- Duhalde, Jean Baptiste, — ft. at Paris, 1 Feb. 1674 — tf. there, 18 Aug. 1743. Descrip- tion geographique, historique de V empire de la Chine et de la Tartaric Chinoise, 1735. Duhamel, Jean Baptiste, philosopher, ma- thematician, §c, — ft. at Vire, in Normandy, 1624 — enters the Oratory, 1643 — withdraws, 1653 — almoner to the king, 1656 — first per- petual secretary of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — assists at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — visits England, about 1659 ? — retires from secretaryship of Academy, 1697 — tf. at Paris, DUHAMEL— DULWICH COLLEGE. 453 6 Aug. 1706. Jlstronomia physica, 1659 — Be Meteoris et Fossilibus, 1659 — Be consensu veteris et novae philosophies, 1663 — Theologia specula- trix et practica, 1691 — Regies scientiarum acaclemice historic/,, 1698. Duhamel, Jean Pierre Francois Guillot, metallurgist, — ft. near Coutances, (Manche,)3i Aug. 1730 — appointed to visit mines of Forez, 1752-3 — of Hartz, 1754 — correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 1775 — Prof. Mining and Metallurgy, School of Mines, 1781-1811 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1786 — mem- ber of Institute, 1795 — Inspector-general of Mines, 1795 — U., 19 Feb, 18 16. Geometrie souterraine elementaire, 1788. Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, agri- culturist, — ft. at Paris, 1700 ■ — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1728 — tf., 23 Aug. 1782. Traite de la culture des terres, 1751-60 — Traite des arbres et arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre, 1755 — La physique des arbres, 1758 — Traite des arbres fruitier s, 1768. Duhesme, Philippe Guillaume, Count, Peer oe France, general, — ft. in Burgundy, 7 Jul. 1766 — equips a company of 200 men, Lieutenant-colonel, serves under Dumouriez, 1 79 1 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Holland, 1792 — v/ounded at Villeneuve, stays fugitive grenadiers, 6 Jul. 1793 — General of Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself at Char- leroi, Marchiennes, and Fleurus, 1794 — Gen- eral of Division, 8 Nov. 1794— commands under General Hoche, 1795 — takes part in battle of Biberach, 1796 — contributes to de- fence of Kehl, Oct. 1796 to Jan. 1797— dis- tinguishes himself under Moreau, 1797 — con- tributes to taking of Naples, Dec. 1798 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — occupies Barcelona, 1806 — commander in Catalonia, 1806-10 — serves under Marshal Victor, 1814 — Inspector-general of Infantry, 1 8 14 — receives decoration of St Louis, 27 Jun. 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 1 Jun. 18 15 — taken prisoner at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— assassinated at Genape, 18 Jun. 18 15. Precis historique de Vinfanterie leg ere, $c., 1806. Duilius, C, — [BC] — Consul -with. Cn. Cor- nelius Scipio Asina, (494, a. u. c.) 260 — defeats Carthaginians off Lipari Islands ; triumphs, 259 — censor, 258 — dictator to hold comitia, 231. Duilius, Caeso, — [BC] — Consul with L. Papirius Crassus, (418, a. u. c.) 336. Duilius, M.,— [BC]- trib. pleb. with C. Sicinius, 471 — advises secession of plebs to Mons Sacer, 449 — trib. pleb. with C. Sicinius, 449. Duiller, Fatio de. [Fatio.] Duisbourg, (Busbourg,) Pierre de, chronicler, — fl., about 1330. Dujardin, Benigne, historian, $c, — ft. at Paris, about 1700 — Maitre des Bequetes, 1722 — Councillor of State, 1738 — tf., soon after 1770. Mistoire de Nicolas Rienzi, $ 1748. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Dullaert, Heiman, painter, — fj. atBotterdam, 1636 — rj. there, 6 May 1684. Dulon, Ludwig, flute-player, composer, — ft. at Oranienburg, Prussia, 14 Aug. 1769 — loses his sight, 1777 — visits the chief cities of Europe, after 1782 — U. at Wurtzburg, 7 Jul. 1826. Autobiography, 1 807 -8 . Dulong, Pierre Louis, chemist, natural philo- sopher, — ft. at Bouen, 12 Feb. 1785 — obtains prize of Academy of Sciences for researches on temperature, 16 Mar. 181 8 — Prof. Physics, Polytechnic School, 5 Nov. 1820 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1823 — director of studies at the Fcole Poly technique, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 19 Jul. 1838. Dulwich College, in Surrey, — built by Ed- ward Alleyn, 161 3-16 — patent passes Great Seal, 21 Jun. 16 19 — Sir Francis Burgeois' Pic- ture Gallery begun, 18 10 — Charity reconstituted by Act of Parliament, 1858 — new buildings, by 454 DUMANOIR LE PELLEY— DUMONT. Barry, commenced, 26 Jun. 1866.— opened by- Prince of Wales, 21 Jun. 1870. Dumanoir le Pelley, Pierre Etienne Bene Marie, admiral, — rj. at Granville, 2 Aug. 1770 — enters the navy, 1787 — Captain, 1795 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — Rear- admiral, 1799 — takes part in attack by Ville- neuve on the English, squadron, Aug. 1805 — at battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 1805 — commander of the fleet of Dantzic, 18 n — wounded, taken prisoner there ; returns to France, Chevalier of St Louis, 1815 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — Vice-admiral, 18 19 — Com- mander of St Louis, Aug. 1820 — lj. at Paris, Jul. 1829. Dumarest, Rambert, engraver of medals, — v. in Forez, 1750 — ti. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1806. Dumarsais, Cesar Chesneau, grammarian, — ft. at Marseilles, 17 Jul. 1676 — rj. at Paris, 11 Jun. 1756. (Euvres, 1797. Dumas, Alexandre, novelist, dramatist, — ft. at Villers-Cotterets, (Aisne,) 24 Jul. i8o3, a 1802 bc — begins to write plays, 1820 — goes to Paris, Mar. i8i2, a i823 bc — in service of Duke of Orleans, 1822-30 — marries, 1842 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1 844 — accompanies Garibaldi in expedition of Naples, i860 — rj. at Puys, near Dieppe, 5 Dec. 1870. Plays: Henri III., 1829 — Christine, 1830 — Charles VII., 1831 — Antony, 1831. Novels: Trots Mousquetaires, 1844 — Comle de Monte- Christo, 1844. a Engl. Cyc. b Nour. Biog. Gen- c Vapereau. Dumas, Alexandre Davy, geyieral, — fc. in St Domingo, 25 Mar. 1762 — enters the army, 1786 — General of Division, 3 Sep. 1793 — dis- tinguishes himself in Army of the .Alps, 1793-4 — General-in-chief of Army of Brest, 1795 — serves in Italy, 1796— in Egypt, 1798 — if. at Villers-Cotterets, 1807. Dumas, Charles Louis, physician, — b. at Lyons, 8 Feb. 1765 — M.D. Montpellier, 1784 — Prof. Anatomy and Physiology, Montpellier, 1795 — correspondent of the Institute; if., 3 Apr. 1 81 3. Systtme methodique de nomencla- ture et de classification des muscles du corps humain, 1797 — Principes de Physiologie, 1800. Dumas, Mathieu, Count, general, — v. at Montpellier, 23 Dec. 1753 — enters the army, 1768 — aide-de-camp to Rochambeau, follows him to America, 1780 — chief of the staff, St Domingo, 1783 — assists at siege of Amsterdam by Prussians, 1787 — aide-de-camp to Lafayette, 1789 — commands escort of Louis XVI. return- ing to Paris, 1791 — deputy to Legislative As- sembly, 1793 — to Council of Ancients, 1795 — Chief of the Staff of Army of Reserve at Dijon, 1800 — General of Division, 1805 — Minister of War at Naples, 1806 — assists at battle of Wagram, 1809 — Intendant-general of Army of Russia, 1812 — follows Napoleon to Saxony, 1 8 1 3 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 — Councillor of State, 18 14 — Peer of France, 1830— rj., 1837. Precis des evenements mili- taires, §c, 1817-26. Dumay, Louis, publicist, — rj. at Tubingen, 22 Sep. 1 68 1. La Science des Princes, §c, 1673. Dumbarton Castle, {Alcluyd,) — given up to Edward I., 1291 — to JohnBaliol, 1292 — Bruce gets possession of, 1309 — besieged by the Eng- lish, 148 1 — annexed to the crown, 1485 — visited by James V., 1540 — the Queen takes refuge at, 1547-8 — taken by troops of the Regent, 2 May 157 1 — seized by the Covenanters, Mar. 1639 — • recovered by the king, 1639 — again taken by the Covenanters, 1640 — taken by Cromwell, 1652 — one of the forts agreed to be kept in re- pair, at the Union, 1706. Dumblane. [Sheriff-Muir.] Dumfries, in Scotland, — of importance, before goo a — murder of the Comyns by Bruce at, 29 Jan. or 10 Feb. 1305 — Edward II. receives hom- age of some of the nobles at, Aug. 1 307 — taken by Bruce, 13 12 — burnt by the English, before 1448 — again, 1536 — castle built by the Maxwells, about 1540 (?) — peace with England ratified by Queen Mary at, 1563 — threatened by Queen Mary, and the- castle surrendered to her by Maxwell, 1565 — taken and sacked by the Eng- lish, 1570 — visited by James I., 1617 — the Articles of Union burnt by the Cameronians, 20 Nov. 1706 — fortified and held for the king, 17 15 — attacked by the rebels, 1745 — burial of Burns at, 1795 — cholera rages, Sep., Oct. 1832. a Statist. Account of Scotland. Dumolinet, Claude, antiquary, — rj. at Cha- lons -sur-Marne, 1620 — £f. at Paris, 1687. Le Cabinet de la bibliotheque de Sainte Genevieve, 1692 — JEListoria summorum pontificum a Mar- tino V. ad Innocentium XI. usque per eorim nu- mismata, §-c, 1679. Dumonceau, Jean Baptiste, general, — v. at Brussels, 7 Nov. 1760 — enters the army in Bra- bant, 1787 — serves against Austrians, 1789 — under Dumouriez, 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of Jemappes, Colonel, Nov. 1792 — in campaigns of 1793-4 — General of Brigade, 1793 — Lieutenant-general in service of Batavian Republic, n Jun. 1795— defeats English and Russians near Bergen, Nov. 1797 — General-in- chief, Inspector-general, 28 Jun. 1805 — contri- butes to defeat of Austrians near Nordlingen, 1805 — takes part in combat of Dirnstein, 14 Nov. 1805 — Commander-in-chief of Dutch forces in campaign of Prussia, 1806 — Council- lor of State, Marshal of Holland, 1806 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 21 Dec. 1806 — Commander of Legion of Honour ; defeats English at Walcheren, 1 809 — distinguishes himself at battle of Culm, 30 Aug. 181 3 — ■ taken prisoner at Leipsic, Oct. 181 3 — released, 1 Jun. 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — quits the army, 30 Sep. 18 15 — deputy to States- General, Feb. 1820 — 3j. at Brussels, 29 Dec. 1821. Dumonin, Jean Edouard, — b. at Gy, about 1557 — assassinated at Paris, 5 Nov. 1586. JBeresithias, §c, 1579 — Nouvelles (Euvres, §c, 1582 — Phoenix, 1585. Dumont, Francois, sculptor, — h., about 1687 — admitted to Academy of Painting and Sculp- ture, 24 Sep. 17 12 a — first sculptor to Duke of Lorraine, 1726 — ly. at Lille, 14 Dec. 1726^ a Jal. Dumont, Gabriel Martin, architect, — rj. at Paris, about 1720 — U., after 1790. (Euvres de DUMONT— DUNDALK. 455 gravure el d' 'architecture, 1765 — Ruines de Pcestum, 1764. Dumont, Jacques, (lePomain,) painter,— -b., about 1700 T — received at Academy of Painting, 1728— tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1782. Duinont, Jean, publicist, — tf. at Vienna, 1726. Voyages en France, en Italie, §c, 1699 — Eecueil de traites d' 'alliance, de paix, et de com- merce, §c., 17 10 — Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens, §c, 1726. Dumont, Pierre Efcienne Louis, publicist, — n. at Geneva, 18 Jul. 1759 — minister of Pro- testant Church there, 17 81 — of French Pro- testant Church, St Petersburg, 1783— tutor to sons of Marquis of Lansdowne, introduced to Jeremy Bentham, 1791 — member of Representa- tive Council, Geneva, 1814 — establishes Peni- tentiary there, 1824 — tf. at Milan, 29 Sep. 1829^ i825. b Edits Bentham's Traite de la legislation, 1802 ; The'orie des peines et des re- compenses, 1 8 1 1 ; Tactique des assemblers legis- latives, i8i6, a 1 8 15 b ; Preuves judiciaires, 1823 — Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, §c, 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Dumont. [Butel-Dumont, and Gages.] Dumont D'Urville, Jules Sebastien Cesar, maritime discoverer, naturalist, — h. in Nor- mandy, 23 May 1790 — enters the navy, 1808 — ■ accompanies scientific expedition to Mediterra- nean and Black Sea, 1820 — to Oceania, 1822 — commands expedition in search of La Perouse, 1826-9 — expedition to South Pole, 1837-40 — killed on Versailles railway, 8 May 1842. Enumeratio JPlantarum quas in insulis Archi- pelagi, §c:, collegit et detexit, 1822 — Voyage de la corvette V Astrolabe, §c., 1830 — Expedition au Pole Austral, $c, 1839. Dumoulin, Charles, (Molhueus,) jurist, — fo. at Paris, 1500— Advocate, 1522 — tf., 27 Dec. 1566. Dumouriez, (Dumourier,) Charles Fran- cois Duperier, general, — b. at Cambray, 25 Jan. 1739 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — charged with secret mission to Poland, 1770 — Marechal de Camp, 1788 — commands in La Vendee, 1791 — Lieutenant-general; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 15 Mar. to 15 Jul. 1792 — Commander-in-chief against Prussians, after 10 Aug. 1792 — distinguishes himself in cam- paign of Argonne, Sep. — conquers Belgium, Oct. to Nov. — defeated at Neerwinden, Mar. 1793 — fixes head-quarters at St Amand, 30 Mar. — arrests Commissioners of the Convention, there, 2 Apr. — takes refuge with Austrians, Apr. 1793 — settles in England, about 1805 — tf. at Turville Park, near Henley upon Thames, 14 Mar. 1823. Memoires du General Du- mouriez, e'critspar lui-meme, 1794. Dumoustier, Pierre, Count, general, — b. at Nismes, 17 Mar. 177 1 — aide-de-camp to Gen- eral Krieg, 1795 — distinguishes himself at battle of Pultusk, Dec. 1806 — General of Brigade, serves in various campaigns, 1807- 11 — General of Division, 1812 — distinguishes himself at battles of Liitzen and Bautzen, 1 8 1 3 — wounded at battle of Dresden, 26 Aug. — tf. at Nantes, Jun. 1831. Dumoutier, Daniel, painter, — b. at Paris, about 1550 — tf. there, 1631. Dunbar, Dunbar Castle, — town burnt by Kenneth, 856 — conferred by Malcolm Canmore on Cospatrick, Earl of Northumberland, who takes the title of Earl of Dunbar, 1072 — town burnt by King John, 1 216— the Scots defeated by Edward I. at, 27 Apr. 1296 — Edward II. takes refuge at, 13 14 — razed by the Earl, 1333, and soon rebuilt: successfully defended by ' Black Agnes ' against the Earl of Salisbury, about 1337 — royal burgh, by David II., 1369 — castle passes to the crown and is given to the Duke of Albany, the title of Earl of, extinct, 1434 — death of Jane Seymour at, 1446 — the castle surrendered to the English by Duke of Albany, 1484 — recovered by Scots, summer 1485 — destruction of the castle ordered by par- liament, 1488 — burnt by the English, 1548 — Mary Queen of Scots flees to, 1565 — visits it, Nov. 1566 — carried to, by Bothwell, Apr. 1567 — again flees to, in disguise, 1567 — castle de- molished, 1567 — gives title of Earl to George Home, Lord High Treasurer, 1605 — Cromwell defeats the Scots under Leslie, 3 Sep. 1650 — ■ head-quarters of Royalist troops, Sep. 1745— threatened by squadron under Paul Jones, spring 1778. Dunbar, William, poet, — b. in Scotland, about 1460 ? — studies at University of St An- drews, 1475 — B.A., 1477 — M.A., 1479 — re_ ceives pension from James IV., 1500— in Eng- land, 1501 — tf., before i53o, a about 1520^ Thistle and the Pose, May 1503 — Golden Targe, 1508. a Lyndsay. b Engl. Cyc. Duncan I., King of Scotland, — succeeds his grandfather, Malcolm II., 1033 — assassin- ated by Macbeth, near Elgin, 1039. Duncan II., King of Scotland, — by the aid of William Rufus, drives Donald Bane from the throne, and succeeds him, May 1094 — as- sassinated by Malpedir, Earl of Mearns, end of 1095. Duncan, Adam, 1st Viscount, admiral, — b. at Dundee, 1 Jul. 17 31 — enters the navy, 1746 —distinguishes himself at action of Cape St Vincent, Jan. 1780 — Rear-admiral, 1787 — Vice- admiral, 1794 — commands in North Sea, Feb. 1795 — Admiral, Jun. 1795 — defeats Dutch fleet at Camperdown, 11 Oct. 1797 — Viscount Camperdown, 21 Oct. 1797 — tf. in Scotland, 4 Aug. 1804. Duncan, William, translator, §c, — b. at Aberdeen, Jul. 17 17 — enters Marischal Coll., 1733 — M.A., about 1738 — settles in London, 1739 — Prof. Natural and Experimental Philo- sophy, Aberdeen, 1752 — tf., 1 May 1760. Ele- ments of Logic, 1748 — Commentaries of Ccesar, 1752 — Select Orations of Cicero, 1771. Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby, politician, — fc., 1797 — M.P. Hertford, 1826-32 — M.P. Finsbury, 1834-61 — tf. at Lancing, Sussex, 13 Nov. 1861. Dundalk, in Ireland, — taken by Edward Bruce, 13 15 — his defeat by the English near, 5, a 14 b Oct. 131 8 — taken by O'Neil, 1641 — stormed by the English, Mar. 1642 — surrenders to Cromwell, 1649 — Marshal Schoniberg en- DUNDAS— DOTS SCOTUS. camps near, Sep. 1689° — occupied by William III., 27 Jim. 1690. a Pict. Hist. England. b Annals of England. c Macaulay. Dundas, David, general, — ft. at Edinburgh, 1735 — Major-general, 1790— serves at Toulon, 1793 — distinguishes himself at affair of Tour- nai, 10 May 1794 — Quartermaster-general, 1797 — Commander-in-chief, 1809- 11 — Govern- or of Chelsea Hospital, Privy Councillor, 181 1 — rj., 18 Feb. 1820. Dundas, Henry. [Melville, Viscount.] Dundee, in Scotland, — royal burgh, by Wil- liam I., 1 164 — besieged by Wallace, 1297 — burnt by the English, 1385 — taken and pillaged by Montrose, 3 Apr. 1645 — sacked and burnt by Monk, 1 65 1 — meeting of British Association at, Sep. 1867. Dundee, Viscount. [Graham, John.] Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of. admiral, — fj. in Lanarkshire, 14 Dec. 1775 — enters the navy, Jun. 1793 — captures Spanish frigate, May 1801 — Post-captain, 6 May 1801 ■ — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1802 — takes part in blockade of Boulogne, 1803 — M.P. West- minster, 1 807 — destroys French fleet in Basque roads, n Apr. 1809 — K.B., 1809 — imprisoned on charge of fraud, 5 Jul. 18 14 — deprived of his naval rank, and expelled the House of Commons, 1814 — Commander-in-chief of fleet of the Chilians, Nov. 1818 — takes Yaldivia for Chili, 2 Feb. 1820 — cuts out the Esmeralda, Spanish man-of-war, in Callao harbour, 5 Nov. 1820— enters service of Brazil, 1822 — Marquis of Maranao, 1823 — takes command in Greek navy, 1827-28 — Bear-admiral, 1830 — succeeds to the Earldom, 1831 — Yice-admiral, 1841 — K.B., (restored,) 1847— G.C.B., 1847— Com- mander-in-chief on West Indian and North American stations, 1848 — Bear-admiral of the United Kingdoms, 1 854 — rj. at Kensington, 30 Oct. i860. Autobiography, 1859-60. Dunes, Battle of the, — the Spaniards de- feated by French and English, 4 Jun. 1658. Dunfermline, Fifeshire, — Malcolm Can- more's Tower built, probably between 1056-70 — coal worked as early as 1291 — visited by Edward I., 1291, 1296 — winter quarters of Edward I., 1303 — abbey burnt by him, 1303 — again visited by Edward, 1304 — burial of Bruce at, (?) 1329— visited by Richard II. and burnt by his troops, 1385 — abbey demolished, Mar. 1560 — second Confession of Faith signed by James VI. at, 28 Jan. 15 81— royal burgh, by James VI., 1588 — Convention of the 'Estates' for recalling the Popish Lords, 1596 — burnt, 1624 — Solemn League and Covenant sworn and subscribed at, Nov. 1643 — the ' Dun- fermline Declaration' of Charles II. (submission to the Covenant) signed, 16 Aug. 1650 — defeat of the Scots by the troops of Cromwell near, Jul. 1 65 1 — a Jacobite detachment surprised at, 24 Oct. 17 15 — tomb of Bruce opened, 181 8. Dungan-hill, in Ireland, — the Irish defeated by Colonel Jones, 1647. Duni, Egidio Romoald, musical composer, — b. in Naples, 9 Feb. 1709 — fc. at Paris, 11 Jun. 1775- Dunker, Balthazar Anton, engraver, — 6. at Saal, near Stralsund, 1746 — goes to France, about 1765. Dunkers, Religious sect of, — formed in Pennsylvania, 1724.* a Brande & Cox's Diet. Dunkirk, (Bunkerque,) in France, — raised to rank of a town, and walled by Baldwin III., Count of Flanders, 961 a — attacked by North- men, about .ii7o b — seized by Philip the Fair, ; 99 — regains its freedom, i3°5> 1 3°4 a — con- gress held at, and peace concluded between Philip of Valois and Edward III., 1347— unsuccessfully j besieged by the French, 1448 — the English ex- pelled, 1558 — given up to Spaniards, 1559 — taken by the French, 1583 — retaken by the Spaniards, 1583 — taken by Duke of Enghien, (Conde,) 12 Oct. 1646— recovered by Spaniards, 16 Sep. 1 65 2— taken by French and English and given up to English, 17 Jun. 1658 — sold to Louis XIV. by Charles II., Nov. 1662 — fortified by Louis XIV., (Vauban,) 1662-7 — bombardment attempted by English, 1695 — the Pretender, James Edward, sails from, for invasion of Scot- land, 6 Mar. 1708 — fortifications razed, after Treaty of Utrecht, 171 3 — partly restored, 1740 — again demolished, after Treaties of Aix-la- Chapelle and Paris, 1748 and 1763 — restored, 1783 — unsuccessfully besieged by Duke of York, 1793 — free port, i823, c 1826. d a Univers Pittoresque. b Encyc. Mod. c Engl. Cyc. d Chambers's Encyc. Dunlop, Alexander, — h. in America, 1684 — Prof. Greek, Glasgow Univ., 1720 — tr. there, 1742. Greek Grammar, 1736. Dunning, John, Lord Ashburto> t , — {1. at Ashburtou, Devonshire, 18 Oct. 17 31 — called to the bar, 2 Jul. 1756 — Solicitor-general, Dec. 1767 — M.P. Calne, 1768 — Baron Ashburtou, 1782 — tr. at Exmouth, 18 Aug. 1783. Diinnwald, Johann Heinrich, Count vox, field-marshal, — h., about 1620 — distinguishes himself at battle of St Gotthardt, Hungary, 1664 — Commander of Cavalry, 1670 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Ensisheim, 1674 — Count, 1675 — obtains victory over the Turks, 14 Aug. 1686 — General-Field-marshal, assists at siege of Belgrade, 1688 — sent against Turks in Hungary, 1691 — rj. at Essek, 31 Aug. 1691. Dunod de Charnage, Francois Ignace, his- torian, — fo. at St Claude, 30 Oct. 1679 — tf. at Besancon, 1752. Traitt des prescriptions, 1734 — FListoire de I'e'glise, ville et diocese de Besancon, 1750 — FListoire du comte de Bour- gogne, 1735-40. Dunois, Jean, Count or, [Bastard of Or- leans,) general, — fc. at Paris, 23 Nov. 1402 — defeats English at siege of Montargis, 1427 — conducts defence of Orleans, Oct. 1428 to May 1429 — with the Constable of France, takes Paris from the English, Apr. 1436 — defeats English at Castillon, 145 1 — completes conquest of Guienne, 145 1 — Count of Longueville, and Grand Chamberlain to Charles VII. : joins the League of the ' Public Good,' 1465 — negotiates Treaty of Conflans, Oct. 1465 — rj., 28 Nov. 1468. Duns Scotus, John, philosopher, theologian, — b., 1265, ? 1275 ? — Prof. Theology, Oxford, DTTNSE— DU PONT. 457 I3 oi — Prof. Theology, Paris, 1307— ft. at Cologne, 1308. Dunse, Pacification of, — between Charles I. and the Scots, concluded, 18 Jun. 1639. Dunstable, Bedfordshire, — town given to the Priory by Henry I., 1 131— one of the halting- places of Queen Eleanor's remains, 1290 — Cran- mer holds court at, to annul marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon, 23 May 1533. Dunstan, Saint, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. at or near Glastonbury, Somersetshire, 925 — —abbot of Glastonbury, 942^ 943 c — Councillor to King Edmund, about 944-946 — minister to Edred, 946 — banished by Edwy, 955, a 956 b — recalled by Edgar and made Bp of Worcester, 958 b — Bp of London, 958 — Abp of Can- terbury, 959 — his influence predominant through reign of Edgar, 958-975 — escapes injury at the Council at Calne, 978 — retires to Canterbury after accession of Ethelred, 979 — ft. at Canterbury, 19 May 988. a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. e Hook. Dunton, John, bookseller, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Graifham, Hunts, 4 May 1659— com- mences business as bookseller, about i68o, a 1685 b — ft., 1733. Life and Errors of John Dunton, 1705 — Athenian Mercury, 1690-6. a Knight. b Engl. Cyc. Dupaty, Charles Mercier, sculptor, — ft. at. Bordeaux, 29 Sep. 1771 — ft., 12 Nov. 1825. Duperier, Charles, poet, — ft. at Paris, 28 Mar. 1692. Duperray, Slichel, canonist, — ft. at Mans, 1640 — advocate to parliament of Paris, 1661 — ft. there, 1730. Traite historique et chrono- lo gi que des dimes, 17 19. Duperre, Victor Gui, Baron, admiral,— ft. at La Bochelle, 20 Feb. 1775 — enters the navy, 1795 — distinguishes himself in Indian Ocean, 1808-9 — Baron °f the Empire, B,ear- admiral, 20 Aug. 18 10 — contributes to capture of Cadiz, 1823 — Commander-in-chief of fleet in the Antilles, 1826 — commands expedition to Algiers, May to Jul. 1 830 — Peer, by Charles X., 14 Jul. — Admiral, 13 Aug. — Minister of Marine, 22 Nov. 1834-36 — ft. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1846. Duperron. [Anquetil.] Duperron, Jacques Davy, Cardinal, — ft. in Berne, 25 Nov. 1556 — assists at States- General, 1614 — ft., 5 Sep. 1618. (Euvres, 1622. Dupin, Andre Marie Jean Jacques, (Lupin Vaine,) jurisconsult, statesman, — ft. at Varzy, (le Nievre,) 1 Feb. 1783 — received advocate, 1800 — member of Commission for classification of laws of the Empire, 1811 — member of Chamber of Representatives, May 18 15 — with the Berryers defends Marshal Ney, 18 15 — consulting lawyer to Duke of Orleans, 1820 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — con- ducts defence of the Journal des Debats, 1829 ■ — declares illegal the ordinances of Charles X., Jul. 1830, and contributes to the elevation of Louis Philippe : Procureur-General to the Court of Cassation, Aug. 1830 — member of French Academy, 1831 — Pres. Chamber of Deputies, end of 1832-40 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 30 May 1837 — refuses port- folio of Justice, Mar. 1 840 — presents the Comte de Paris to the Chamber of Deputies, 24 Feb. 1848 — member of the Constituent Assembly, 1 848 — assists in framing the new constitution ; member of Legislative Assembly, May 1849 — Pres., 1 Jun. 1849 — resigns office of Frocureur- general, Jan. 1852— resumes it, and is made Senator, Nov. 1857 — ft. at Paris, 10 Nov. 1865. Precis historique du Droit Romain, 1809 — Principia Juris Civilis, 1806 — Manuel du Droit public Fcclesiastique Frangais, (4th ed.,) 1845 — Memoires, 1855-63. Dupin, (Durpin, Durpain,) Jean, — ft., 1302 — ft., 1372 ? Livre de bonne vie, 1485. Dupin, Louis Ellies, historian, — ft. in Nor- mandy, 17 Jun. 1657 — D.D. Sorbonne, 1684 — ft., 6 Jun. 17 19. Nouvelle bibliotheque des auteurs ecclesiastiques, <§c, 1686-1719— J. Gcr- sonii doet, opera, §c., 1703 — Liber psalmorum cum notis, §c., 1691 — Bibliotheque universelle des historiens, 17 16. Dupleix, Joseph Francois, Governor of French East Indies, — member of Council of French East India Company at Pondicherry, 1720-30 — Director of settlement at Chanderna- gore, 1730 — Governor of Pondicherry, Director- general of French establishments in India, 1742 — recalled to France, Oct. 1754 — ft., 1763. Dupleix, Scipion, historian, — ft. at Condom, 1569— follows Margaret of Valois to Paris, 1605 — historiographer of France, 16 19 — ft. at Condom, Mar. 1661. Histoire generale de France, 1621-43. Duplessis, Claude, /wm^, — ft., 1683. Traites sur la coutume de Paris, 1699. Duplessis, Joseph Sifrede, painter, — ft. at Carpentras, 1725 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1744 — ft. at Versailles, 1802. Duplessis, Michel Toussaint Chretien, Benedictine, — ft. at Paris, 1689 — ft. at Abbey of Sfc Denis, 1767. Description geographique et historique de la Haute JSformandie, §c, 1740 — Histoire ds V eglise de Meaux, 1731 — Descrip- tion de la ville et des environs d' Orleans, 1736. Duplessis-Belliere. [Kouge, Jacques de.] Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe. [Mornay.] Duplessis-Praslin. [Choiseul.] Duponceau, Peter S., — ft. in the He de Bhe, about 1760 — President of American Phi- losophical Society, 1828 — obtains Volney prize of the French Institute, 1835 — ft. at Phila- delphia, 2 Apr. 1844. Memoire sur le systeme grammatical des Langues de quelques nations Lndiennes, §c, 1838 — Dissertation on the na- ture and character of the Chinese system of writing, 1838. Dupont, Denis, (Pontanus,) jurist, — ft. at Blois, about 1500. Commentaire de la Cou- tume, 1677. Dupont, Pierre, poet, — ft. at Lyons, 1821 — goes to Paris, 1839 — collaborateur on Diction- ary of French Academy, 1842-7— ft. at Lyons, 25 Jul. 1870. Chants et Chansons, 1850-4 — Dix Fglogues, 1864. Du Pont, Samuel Francis, admiral, — ft. in New Jersey, U. S., 27 Sep. 1803 — enters the navy, Dec. 18 15 — Commander, 1845 — distin- guishes himself in Mexican war, 1846-8 — Cap- 458 DUPONT DE NEMOURS— DTTQT7ESNE. tain, 1855 — sent to China, 1857 — Commander of Philadelphia navy yard, Jan. 1861 — takes command of S. Atlantic squadron, Sep. 1861 — bombards and captures Forts Beauregard and Walker, Port Royal Harbour, 1 861— takes Cumberland Island and Sound, &c, Mar. 1862 — Rear-admiral, 16 Jul. 1862 — leads attack on Charleston, Apr. 1863 — fails, and is deprived of command: tf. at Philadelphia, 23 Jun. 1865. Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, econo- mist, — ft. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1739 — assists Tur- got in his reforms, 1774 — member of Assembly of Notables, 1788— deputy to States-General, 1789 — member of Council of Ancients, 1795 — member of Institute, 1795 — goes to America, autumn 1797 — returns, 1 802 — Secretary of Pro- visional Government, 18 14 — Chevalier of Le- gion of Honour, Councillor of State, 18 14 — embarks for America, 20 Mar. 18 15 — tf. at Delaware, 6 Aug. 1 8 1 7 . Reflexions stir V ecrit in- titule ; RichessesdeVEtat, 1763 — Physiocratie, 1768 — Me moire sur la vie et les ouvrages de Tur- got, 1782 — Philosophic de V Univers, 1790-9. Duport, Jean Louis, violinist, — ft. at Paris, 4 Oct. 1749 — settles at Berlin, 1789 — tf. at Paris, 7 Sep. 18 19. Duport, Jean Pierre, violinist, — ft. at Paris, 27 Xov. 1 741 — first violinist to Frederick II., Berlin, 1773 — superintendent of Court Con- certs, 1 7 87 -1 806 — ft. at Berlin, 31 Dec. 181 8. Duppa, Brian, Bp op Winchester,— ft. at Lewisham, Mar. 1589 — D.D. Oxford, 1625 — Dean of Christ Church, 1629 — chaplain to Charles I., 1634 — tutor to Prince Charles, 1638— Bp of Winchester, 1660 — founds alms- house at Richmond, 1661 — tf. at Richmond, 1662. Duppa, Richard, miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1755 — LL.B. Cambridge, 1814—0"., 11 Jul. 1 83 1. Life and Works of Michael Angelo, 1806 — Life of Raff aelo, 18 16. Diippel, (Dybbbl,) in Denmark, — defeat of Prussians at, May 1848 — indecisive battle of, 5- 6 Jun. 1 848 — defeat of Prussians by Danes at, 22 Feb. 1864 — siege of , by Prussians, begins, 15 Mar. 1864 — West, taken by Prussians, 16 Mar. — battle of, 28 Mar. — stormed by Prussians, 18 Apr. Duprat, Antoine, Cardinal-legate, Chan- cellor of France, — ft. in Auvergne, 17 Jan. 1463 — Master of Requests to Louis XII., 1503 — First President of Parliament of Paris, 1507 — Chancellor, 7 Jan. 15 15 — follows Francis I. to Italy, Aug. — conducts negotiation with Leo X. at Bologna, Dec. — with Cardinal Wolsey, 1520-1 — chief adviser to the Regent Louisa, 1521-26 — deprives Constable de Bourbon of his estates, 1523 — Cardinal, 1527 — 'Legate a latere, 1530—0. at Xantouillet, 9 Jul. 1535. Duprat, Pardoux, {Paradulphus Prateius,) jurist, — ft. at Aubusson, about 1520 — tf., pro- bably 1569. Jurisprudentia vetus, 1559 — Lexi- con juris civilis et canonici, 1569 — edits (Euvres d'Alciat, 1560. Dupre, Abraham, medallist, — 6., about 1604 —O. at Paris, 8 Jun. 1647.* a Jal. Dupre, Guillaume, medallist, — ft., 1574? — If., before 19 Feb. 1643.* a Jal. Dupre, Maurice, Premonstratensian, — ft. at Paris, about 1600 — tf-, 1645. Annates breves ordinis Prcemonstratensis, 1645. Dupre de Saint-Maur, Nicolas Francois, ■miscellaneous writer, — ft, at Paris, about 1695 — admitted to French Academy, 1733 — tf., 1 Dec. 1774. Translation of Paradise Lost, 1729 — Essai sur lesmonnaies, §c, 1746. Dupreau, Gabriel, (Prateolus,) theologian, translator, — ft. at Marcoussis, 15 11 — tf. at Pe- ronne, 19 Apr. 1588. Devitis, sectis, et dogmati- bus omnium hcereticorum, §c, 1569 — Histoire de Vetat et succes de VEglise, <§-c., 1585 — trans- lation of William of Tyre 's History of the Holy War, 1573. Dupuis, Charles, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1685 — tf. member of Academy of Painting, 1742. Dupuis, Charles Francois, statesman, §c, — ft. at Trye-le-Chateau, 26 Oct. 1742 — Prof. Rhetoric, College of Lisieux, 1766 — Advocate to the Parliament, 1770 — construct^ telegraph, Belleville to Bagneux, 1778 — Prof. Latin Elo- quence, College of France, 1787 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1788 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — of Institute, 1796 — member of Legislative Body, 1799-1802 — tf. at Is-sur- Tille, 29 Sep. 1809. Memoire sur Vorigine des constellations, &c, 178 1 — Origine de tons les cultes, $• *543- . , Butlingen— the French defeated by DuLe of Lorraine at, 25 Nov. 1643. Butrochet, Rene Joachim Henri, physiolor- gist, — ft. in Poitou, 14 Nov. 1776 — M.D. Paris, 1 806 — physician to Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain, 1808 — returns to France, 1809 — rj. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1847. Nouvelles recher dies sur V Endosmose et V Exosmose, §c, 1828 — Memoires pour servir a Vhistoire anatomique et physiolo- gique des ve'ge'taux et des animaux, 1837. Buumvirs, ■ — [BC] — naval, first elected at Rome, 311. Buval, {Valentin Jameray,) numismatist, — ft. in Champagne, 1695 — librarian to Duke of Lorraine, about 17 18 — keeper of Imperial Ca- binet, Vienna, about 1739 — tf. there, 3 Sep. 1775. Numism. cimelii Ccesarei regii Austria- ci Vindobonensis, §c, 1754-55 — Monnaiesen or et en argent qui composcnt une partie du cabinet de Vempereur, 1759-69. Buval, Francois, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Tours, about 1690 — tr., about 1730 ? Memoires historiques de la revolte des Cevennes, 1708. Buval, Guillaume,— tf. Dean of Royal Pro- fessors of College of France, 22 Sep. 1646. EListoire du College Royal, 1644 — edition and Latin translation of Aristotle, 1619. 462 DUVAL— EADBEET. Duval, Jules, publicist, — b. at Rodez, (Avey- ron,) 18 13 — Advocate, 1836 — goes to Algeria, 1847 — returns to France, 1850 — again in Al- geria, 1852-54 — attached to Journal des JDebats, 1855 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 24 Jan. 1863 — ij. at Tours, 20 Sep. 1870. Algerie, 1854 — Histoire de V emigration Europeenne, Asiatique, et Africaine au XIX e siecle, 1862 — Colotiies et la politique coloniale de la France, 1864. Duval, Robert, — b\, about 1500 — rj., 1567. De veritate et antiquitate artis chemicce, 156 1. Duval Le Roy, Nicolas Claude, — mathema- tician, — b. at Bayeux, about 1730 — tf. corre- spondent of the Institute, 6 Dec. 1810. Traits' d'optique, (translation,) 1767 — Supplement, 1784 — Supplement au Traite d' ' Optique de New- ton, 1783. Duval. [Valla, Nicolas.] Duvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, — b. at Paris, 1792 — sets out for India, as naturalist of the king, 18 18 — U. at Madras, Aug. 1824. Duverdier, Antoine, — b. in Forez, n Nov. 1544 — tf. at Duerne, 25 Sep\ 1600. La Proso- graphie, 1573 — La JBibliotheque, 1585. Duvernet, Theophile Imarigeon, abbe, his- torian, — b. in Auvergne, about 1730 — rj., 1796. Vie de Voltaire, 1786 — Histoire de la Sorbonne, 1790. Duverney, Joseph Guichard, anatomist, — rj. in Forez, 5 Aug. 1648 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1676 — Prof. Anatomy, Jardin Royal, 1679 — fr., 10 Sep. 1730. Traite de for- gone de I'oiiie, 1683. Duvernoy, Georges Louis, anatomist, §c, — b. at Montbeliard, 6 Aug. 1777 — graduates at Paris, 1 80 1 — Prof. Natural History, Strasburg, 1827 — -Prof. Natural History, College de France, 1837 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, 1850 — ft. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1855. Duvet, Jean, engraver, — rj., 1485. Duvivier, Ignace, painter, — ft., 1832. Dwellings, (Artisans' and Labourers' ,) in England, — improvement of, provided for, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 130, 31 Jul. 1868. Dwight, Timothy, theologian, — h. in Massa- chusetts, 14 May 1752 — graduates at Yale Col- lege, Newhaven, 1769 — President of Yale Col- 1 ege, Prof. Theology, 1795-18 17 — ft., 1.1 Jan. 18x7. Travels in New England and New York, 1 82 1 — Theology explained and defended, 181 8 — Conquest of Canaan, 1785. Dyce, William, painter, $c, — b. at Aber- deen, 1806 — M.A. Marischal College, 1822 — visits Italy, and studies at Rome, 1825 and 1827 — first exhibits at the Royal Scottish Academy, 1827 — exhibits at Royal Academy, London, 1831 — A.R.A.S., 1835 — head-master of School of Design, 1838-43 — A.R.A., 1845 — employed at Buckingham Palace, 1845— R. A., 1848 — ft. at Streatham, 14 Feb. 1864. St JDunstan separating Edwy and Elgiva, 1839 — ' King Joash, 1 844 — Baptism of Ethelbert, Souse of Lords, 1 845 — Virgin and Child, 1 846 — 'Meeting of Jacob and Rachel, 1 850 — frescoes in All Saints' Church, Margaret-st, (completed,) 1859 — St John, i860. Dyck, Anton van. [Vandyck.] Dyck, (Lijk,) Floris van, painter, — b. at Haarlem, 1577. Dyck, Philip van, painter, — b. at Amster- dam, 1680 — ft. at the Hague, Feb. 1752 or 1753. Dyer, George, classical scholar, — b. in Lon- don, 15 Mar. 1755 — enters Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1774 — settles in London, 1792 — ft. there, 2 Mar. 1841. Engaged as joint editor of Valpy's Classics, 18 19-30 — History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge, 18 14 — Privileges of the University, 1824. Dyer, Sir James, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, — b. in Somersetshire, about 1511-1,2 — called to the bar, before 1537 a — Serjeant-at-law, 17 Oct. 1552 a — Speaker of House of Commons, Mar. 1553 — Knt, before 8 May 1557 — judge in Court of Common Pleas, 8 May 1557 — Chief Justice C.P., 22 Jan. 1559 — ft. in Huntingdonshire, 24 Mar. 1582. Re- ports, 1585. a Foss. Dyer, John, poet, — b. at Aberglasney, Car- marthenshire, 1700 — ft., 1758. Grongar Hill, 1727 — Ruins of Rome, 1740 — The Fleece, 1758. Dymond, Jonathan, moralist, — b. at Exeter, 1796 — ft., 1828. Essay on the Principles of Morality, 1829. Dynamometer, — Regnier's invented, about 1798 — Morin's exhibited, 1851. Dyrrachium, [Epidamnus,] — [B C]— occu- pied by Pompey, winter 49-48— unsuccessfully besieged by Csesar, spring 48 — [AD] — earth- quake at, 345— taken by Theodoric the Ostro- goth, 479. [Durazzo.] Dyskinetos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 102, 3,) 370. Dzialinski, Xavier, general, — member of the deputation to prepare Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791 — promotes insurrection at "Warsaw of 17 Apr. 1794 — imprisoned by Prussians at Glo- gau ; sent to Siberia by Empress Catherine, Mar. 1795- — recalled by Paul I., 1796 ? — rj., 1798. Dzondi, Karl Heinrich, physician,—b. in Saxony, 25 Sep. 1770 — librarian to University of Wittenberg, 1800 — surgeon to Military Hospital, 1806 — visits Vienna, 18 10 — Prof. Surgery, Halle, 1811 — ft., 1 Jun. 1835. E Eadbald, King of Kent, — succeeds Ethel- bert, 616 — is baptized; ft., 20 Jan. a 640. a Lappcnberg. Eadbert, King of Kent, — succeeds Wiht- red, 23 Apr. 725 — ft., 748. Eadbert, King of Northumbria, — sue- EADBERT— EAST INDIA COMPANY. 463 ceeds his cousin Ceolwulf, 737 — resigns and enters a monastery, 757 — tf., 20 Aug. 768. Eadbert (Edbert) Praen, King op Kent, 794 — captured by Cenwulf, (Cynulf,) 796. Eadburga, daughter of Offa, — marries Briht- ric of Wessex, 787 — poisons Mm, and is ex- pelled the kingdom, 800. Eadmer, (Edmer,) historian, — becomes friend of Anselm, about 1093 — cbosen Bp of St An- drews, 1 1 20 — but returns to Canterbury; and Jj., Jan. 1 1 24? Historic? Novorum, §c, 1122 ? Eadric Streona, Earl .op Mercia, — takes a leading part in massacre of the Danes, Nov. 1002 — made ealdorman of Mercia and marries Eadgytb, soon after : minister of Ethelred II., 1 014— murders Sigefertb and Morcar, at Ox- ford, 1 014 — joins Cnut, 10 15 — gets Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria, put to deatb, and succeeds Mm, 1 015 — fights against Edmund Ironside at Sceorstan, 1016 — returns to the service of Ed- mund, and betrays him at Assandune, 1016 — put to death by Cnut, 1017. Eagle, — [B C] — adopted as Eoman standard, 104 — [AD] — emblem of the Teutonic Knights, 1 148 — double-headed, appears on arms of the Empire under Sigismund, 1433 — adopted as Eussian symbol, by Ivan Vassilivich, (tf., 1584) — adopted by United States, 1783 — in France, adopted by Napoleon I., 1804 — superseded by the Jleur de lys, 18 15 — restored by Napoleon III., 1852. Eagle, {base coin,) — current in Ireland, about 1272. Eagle, Order of the, — founded by the Em- peror Albert II., 1433 a a Erscli and Gruber. Eagle, Black, — Order of the, instituted by Frederick I. of Prussia, 17 Jan. 17 01. Eagle, Golden,— Order of the, instituted at "Wiirtemberg, by Duke Eberhard Ludwig, 1702 —reconstituted 1807 — united with the Order of the Crown of Wurtemberg, 1818. Eagle, Red, — Order of the, instituted as Ordre de la Sincerite, by Margrave of Baireuth, 1705 — reconstituted as the Brandenburg Red Eagle, 13 Jul. 1734 — made second Prussian Order, 1791 — reorganized, 18 10. Eagle, "White, — Order of the, instituted in Poland, by Ladislaus V., 1325 — confirmed by Pope Urban VIIL, 1634 — suppressed, about 1638 — reestablished by Augustus II., 1 Nov. 1705 — included in Eussian orders by statute of 26 Feb. 1832. Eardwulf, King op Northumbria, — sup- ports Alfwold against Ethelred, before 780 — is sentenced to death, but is saved by the monks, 792 — succeeds Ethelred, 14 May 795, 796 a — defeats Wada, 2 Apr. 798 — expelled, goes to the court of Charles the Great, 806 — restored to the throne, 809^ a Lappenberg. Earl Marshal's Court, — abolished by Long Parliament, 1641. Earle, John, theologian, — ft. at York, about 1 60 1 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 1620 — M.A., 1624 — D.D., 1642 — Bp of Worcester, 1662 — Bp of Salisbury, 1663 — attends the king and queen to Oxford, 1665 — ft. there, 17 Nov. 1665. Microcosmography, 1628 — Latin trans- lation of the Ikon Basilike, 1649. Earlom, Richard, engraver, — .ft. in Somerset- shire, 1728 — lj. in London, 1794^ Liber Veritatis, 1779. a Nagler. Early English, or Lancet, style in Architec- ture, — appears, about 11 90 — merges in the De- corated, (Geometrical,) about 1275 — term brought into use by Millers, 1805^ a Parker. Early English Text Society, — established in London, 1864. Earth, Figure of the, — theoretically deter- mined by Newton, in the JPrincipia, 1687. [Degree, Measurement of, Pendulum.] Earthquake, Council of the, — held in Lon- don, respecting Wickliffe, 17 May 1382. East Anglia, Kingdom of, East Angles, — constituted by Uffa, 57 1— Redwald (Bretwalda) succeeds, 593,* 599b — Eorpwald, 617 — Jr., 628 a — baptism of Eorpwald, 632 b — Sigebert, 631 — resigns, 634 — ft., 635 — Eigric, 634 — Anna, 635— iEthelhere, 654 — Ethelwold, 655— Eald- wulf, 663 — Sees founded at Domnoc and Elm- ham, 673 — Alfwold, 713 — tf., 749 — annexed to Mercia, by Offa, who murders Ethelbert, 792 — submits to Egbert, 823 — ravaged by Danes, 838, 866, 870 — settlement of Guthrum in, 880 — support the Danes, 893-4-7 — make peace with Edward the Elder, 906 — conquered by him, 921. a Lappenberg. b Annals of England. East India Company, (English,) — formed, 1599 — incorporated by Eoyal Charter, 31 Dec. 1600 — obtains permission from native princes to establish factories, about 16 12 — invested with powers of government, 1624 — other bodies empowered to trade with India, 1636 and 1655 — new charter, 1657- — reincorporatedby Charles II., 3 Apr. 1 66 1 — new company formed, about 1688 a — charter (monopoly) renewed, 7 Oct. 1693 — parliamentary examination of its ac- counts, 1 695 d — rival company incorporated by 9 "Wm III. c. 44, 1698 — chartered, 5 Sep. 1698 b — union of the two companies, by 1 Ann. st. 1, c. 12, 1 70 1 — charter of ' United Company,' 1702 — exclusive rights conferred by parliament, 1707, 1708 ab — select committee on, 1772° — loan for, granted by parliament, 1773 — Go- vernor-general appointed at Bengal, by Act 13 Geo. III. c. 63, 1773 — charter renewed and modified by Act 53 Geo. ILL c. 133, 18 13— charter expires and trading privileges cease, 1833— charter renewed and affairs administered under Act 3 and 4 Wm IY. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1833 — number of directors reduced to 18 by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 95, 20 Aug. 1853 — go- vernment of India transferred to the Crown, by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 106, 2 Aug. 1858 — management of the stock of, provided for by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 102, 20 Aug. i860. [Board of Control, India BilL] a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Annals of England. c Pict. Hist. England. d Macaulay. East India Company, — Danish, established, i6i6, a i6i8 b — dissolved, 1634 — new one formed, 1670 — third, 1686 a — fourth, i73i, a I - 7 32 b — rights of the company purchased by the king, 1777 — charter renewed, 1792. Dutch, formed, 1595 — union of several companies con- firmed by the States, 1602. French, established, 1664 — dissolved by ordinance of Louis XV., 8 4 6 4 EASTER— EASTERN EMPIRE. Apr. 1770 — new, formed, 178,$ — dissolved, 1790. Swedish, established, 1741 — reorganized, 1806. Ostend, by Leopold, 17 18 — the Dutch prohibited from supporting it, under pain of death, 172 i a — dissolved by the Emperor Charles VI., 17 31. a Rees' Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Easter, — controversy respecting time of keeping, begins, between Polycarp and Anicetus, 162 a — breaks out afresh, Victor Bp of Rome excommunicates churches of Asia Minor, 1 90* — letter of Polycrates of Ephesus, 197 b — celebra- tion on same day throughout the world, decreed by Council of Aries, 314 — unsuccessful attempt of Constantine to procure uniformity by nego- tiation, 324° — uniform celebration on Sunday decreed (?) by Council of Nice, 325 — the dis- sidents (Qaartodecimani) excluded from the church, 325 — new method of reckoning pro- posed by Dionysius Exiguus and adopted by Eastern and Western Churches,532, e 525, fc 530g — conferences of Augustine with British bishops, 6o3, d (601, 602, 604, 599 ?) — Columban writes to Popes Gregory and Boniface and to a synod of Gaul respecting, 590-610 — discussion re- specting, at synod of Streoneshealh, (Whitby,) 664 cd — dispute settled in accordance with Roman view, at Council of Hertford, 24 Sep. 673 — conformity of monks of Iona, 716. a Neander. b Clinton. c Robertson. d Annals of England. e Pinkerton. f Hook. 8 Engl. Cyc. Eastern Empire, Greek, Byzantine, or Lower Empire, Emperors of Constantinople, —dedication of Constantinople as capital of the Roman Empire, 330 or 334 — division of the Eastern and Western Empires made by Val- entinian, 364 — Valens, named Emperor of the East, spring 364 — Theodosius the Great, Jan. 379— Arcadius, (son,) Jan. 395 — Theodosius II., (son,) May 408 — Marcianus, Aug. 450— Leo I., Feb. 457 — associates his grandson Leo II. with him, close of 473 — Leo II.,. Jan. 474 — the Regent Zeno declared Emperor, Peb. 474 — Zeno, sole, on Leo's death, Nov. 474 — dethroned by Basiliscus, Jan. 476," 475 b — re- stored, Aug. 47 7, a 475 b — [Henoticon] — Anastasius I., Apr. 491 — Justinus I., Jul. 518 — Justinianus, (nephew,) Aug. or Apr. 527 — [Belisarius] — Justinus II., (nephew,) Nov. 565— Tiberius II., Constantine, Sep. 578 — Mauricius, Aug. 582 — Phccas, Nov. 602 — Heraclius, Oct. 610 — [Ecthesis] — Heraclius II., Constantine, (son,) associated with his father, Jan. 613 — sole, Feb. 641 — Heracleonas, (brother,) May 641 — Constans II., (nephew,) on exile of Heracleonas, Sep. or Oct. 641 — Constantine III.,Pogonatus, (son,) Augustus, Apr. 654 — succeeds, Sep. 668— Justinianus II., (son,) Augustus,68i — succeeds, Sep. 685 — Leontius dethrones and succeeds him, 695 — Tiberius III., Apsimar, deposes Leontius, 698 — Justinianus II. restored, close of 705 — Philippicus Bardanes puts to death and succeeds him, Dec. 711 — is deposed and succeeded by Anastasius II., (Artemius,) Jun. 713 — abdicates: Theodosius III., Jan. or Feb. 716 — resigns Empire to Leo III., the Isaurian, about May 717,° Mar. 718 d — Constantine IV., Copronymus, (son,) Augustus, Mar. 720 — suc- ceeds, Jan. 741— Leo IV., Chazar, (son,) asso- ciated in the Empire, Jan. 751 — succeeds, Sep. 775— Constantine V., (son,) associated in the Empire, Apr. 776 — -succeeds, with his mother Irene, Sep. 780 — alone, 790 — murdered by Irene, Aug. 797 — Irene deposed and succeeded by Nicephorus I., Oct. 802 — Stauracius, Jul. 811 — abdicates: Michael I., Rhangabe, (brother-in-law,) Oct. 811 — abdicates : Leo V., the Armenian, Jul. 813 — murdered: Michael II., the Stammerer, Dec. 820 — Theophilus, (son,) Oct. 829 — Michael III., the Sot, (son,) Jan. 842 — Theodora regent ; murdered and succeeded by Basilius I., the Macedonian, Sep. 867 — Leo VI., (son,) Augustus, 870 — succeeds, Mar. 886 — Alexander, (son,) and Constantine VI., Porphyrogenitus, May 911 — Constantine sole, Zoe regent, Jun. 912 — Romanus I. Leca- penus, jointly with Constantine, Dec. 919 — as- sociates his son Christopher, May 920 — and his sons Stephen and Constantine VII., 928— Christopher if., Aug. 931 — Romanus exiled, Dec. 944 — Stephen and Constantine VII. exiled, Jan. 945 — Constantine VI. poisoned and succeeded by his son Romanus II., (colleague since 948,) Nov. 959— Nicephorus II., Phocas, after interregnum of about 4 months, Jul., c Aug. d 963 — assassinated by his successor John Zimisces, Dec. 969 — declares Basilius II. and Constantine VIII. his colleagues : death of Zimisces, Jan. 976 — death of Basilius II., Dec. 1025 — Romanus III., Argyrus, Nov. 1028 — murdered by his wife, and succeeded by her paramour Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, Apr. 1034 — abdicates : Michael V., Calaphates, (nephew,) Dec. 1041 — deposed : Zoe and Theodora, Apr. to Jun. 1042 — Constantine IX., Monomachus, on marrying Zoe, Jun. 1042 — Theodora, sole, Nov. d 1054 — Michael VI., Stratioticus, Aug. 1056 — deposed: Isaac I., Comnenus, Aug. 1057 — abdicates: Con- stantine X., Bucas, Dec. 1059 — Eudocia, (widow,) with her sons Michael VII., Para- pinaces, Andronicus I., Constantine X., May 1067 — Romanus IV., Biogenes, marries Eudocia, and reigns with her, Jan. io68, c Aug. 1067 d — Michael VII., sole, on death of Ro- manus, Oct. 107 1 — deposed: Nicephorus Boto- niates and Nicephorus Bryennius, Mar. 1078 — Alexius I., Comnenus, Apr. 1081 — John Comnenus, (son,) Augustus, 1092 — succeeds, Aug. 1 118 — Manuel I., Comnenus, Apr. 1143 —Alexius II., Comnenus, (son,) Sep. 11.80— murdered by his successor, Andronicus I., Comnenus, Oct. 1183 — murdered and succeeded by Isaac II., Angelus Comnenus, Sep. 1185 — deposed: Alexius III., Angelus, Apr. 11 95 — deposed: Isaac II. restored, Jul. 1203 — with his son Alexius IV., Aug. 1203 — Nicholas Canabus elected, Jan. 1204 — Alexius Bucas, (Murzuphle,) usurper, Feb. 1204 — Constanti- nople taken by the crusaders, Apr. 1204. Latin Emperors : Baldwin I., Count op Flanders, May 1204 — Henry I., (brother,) Aug. 1206 — tf., Jun. 1 2 16 — Peter of Courtenay, Apr. 12 17 — Robert of Courtenay, (son,) suc- ceeds, 1 21 9 — crowned, 1221 — Baldwin II., EASTLAKE— ECBATANA. 465 (brother,) 1228 — John of" Brienne, during minority of Baldwin, 1229-37 — Constantinople taken by the army of Michael Palaeologus, Jul. 1261. Greek Emperors : [Theodore Lascaris I. and II., John Ducas Vataces, John Las- caris,] — Michael Palaeologus, joint Emperor with John Lascaris at Mcaea, 1260 — enters Constantinople, Aug. 1261 — Andronicus II., Palaeologus, (son,) joint Emperor, 1273— suc- ceeds alone, Dec. 1282 — compelled to retire, May 1328— Andronicus III., Palaeologus, joint Emperor, 1325 — succeeds, Feb. 1332 — John Palaeologus, (son,) Jun. 1341 — John Canta- cuzene assumes joint power, Oct. — deposes John, 1347 — but abdicates, Jan. 1355— -Manuel II., Palaeologus, (son of John,) jointly, 1373 — succeeds, 1391 — John Palaeologus II., (son,) Jul. 1425 — Constantine XII., Palaeologus, (Bragases,) (brother,) Nov. 1448 — Constanti- nople taken by Mahomet II., 29 May 1453. a Pagi. b Muratori. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Gibbon. Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, President of the Roya;l Academy, — fc. at Plymouth, 17 Nov. 1793 — student at Royal Academy, 1808 — settles at Plymouth, 18 15 — visits Italy with Sir C. Barry and Brockedon, 1817 — at Rome, 1820-29 — A.R.A., 1827— R.A., 1830— F.R.S., 1838 — Secretary to Commission of Fine Arts, 1841 — Librarian to R.A., 1842-4 — Keeper of National Gallery, 1843-7— Pres.R.A., 1850— D.C.L. Ox- ford, 1853 — Director of National Gallery, 1855 — member of Legion of Honour, 1855 — tf. at Pisa, 23 Dec. 1865. Pilgrims arriving in sight of Rome, 1828 — Christ blessing little Children, 1839— Christ weeping over Jerusa- lem, 1 841 — Helena, 1849 — Ippolita Torelli,, 1 85 1 — Violante, 1853 — translation of Goethe's Farbenlehre, 1840 — Materials for a History of Oil-Painting, 1847. Easton, Adam, Cardinal, — accused of con- spiracy against Pope Urban VI., and imprisoned, Jan. 1385 — removed to Genoa, Sep. — pardoned, on intercession of Richard II., 1386. Ebbo, Bp of Rheims, — assists at Council of Thionville, Oct. 822 — missionary to the North- men, 822-6 and 831 — presides at Assembly of Compiegne, deposes Louis le Debonnaire, Oct. 833 — deprived of his See by Council of Thion- ville, Feb. 835 — withdraws to court of Ba- varia, and is made Bp of Hildesheim, 844 — tf. there, 851. Ebel, Johann Gottfried, geologist, £c, — b. at Zullichau, ac Frankfort-on-the-Oder, b 6 Oct. 1764,^ 1768 a— M.D., 1788— goes to Paris, 1796- — tf. at Zurich, 8 Oct. 1830. Anleitung auf die nutzlichste . . Art die Schweiz zu bereisen, 1793 — Schilderung der Gebirgsrblker der Schweiz, 1798- 1802 — TJeber den Bau der Erde in den Alpengebirgen, 1808. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Erscb and Gruber. Ebeling, Christoph Daniel, geographer, — h. near Hildesheim, 1741 — studies at Gottingen, 1763 — Prof. History and Greek, Hamburg, 1784 — tf., 1 8 17. Erdbeschreibung und Ge- schichte von Amerika, (part of Biischings Erd- beschreibung ,) 1787. Ebelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, — ft. at Beaume-les-Danies, 10 Jul. 18 14 — Prof. Analy- sis at the Ecole des Mines, 1 840 — Director of Royal Manufacture of Sevres, 1 847 — Engineer- in-chief of Mines, Mar. 1852 — tf., 31 Mar. 1852. Recueil des travaux scientiftques de M. Ebelmen, 1855. Eber, Paul, theologian, — ft. in Franconia, 8 Nov. 1511 — M.A. "Wittenberg, 1536— sent with Melanchthon to conference at Worms, i54i, a 1557 b — Prof. Philosophy, Wittenberg, 1544 — Prof. Hebrew, 1556 a— Prof. Theology, 1557 b — first pastor, 1558 — tf. at Wittenberg, 10 Dec. 1569^ 20 Dec. 1589.° JBiblia Ger- manico-Latina, 1565. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. c Cbalmers. Eberhard, August Gottlob, poet, miscel- laneous writer, — fc. at Belzig, 1769 — tf. at Dresden, 13 May 1845. Ferdinand Werner, 1802 — Federzeichnungen von Ernst Scherzer, 1805 — Der erste Mensch und die Erde, 1828. Eberhard, Johann August, philosopher, — fc. at Halberstadt, 31 Aug. 1739 — studies at Halle, 1756-9 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 17*78 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1786— D.D., 1808— tf. at Stockholm, 6 Jan. 1809. Sittenlehre der Vernunft, 17 81 — Theorie der schonen Kiinste und Wissenschaften, 1783 — Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophic, 1788 — Synonymisches Handwbrterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 1802. Eberhard. [Wurtemberg.] Eherl, Anton, musical composer, — h. at Vienna, 13 Jun. 1766 — tf., 15 Mar. 1807. Ebert, Friedrich Adolf, bibliographer, — fc. near Leipsic, 9 Jul. 17 91 — secretary to Royal Public Library, Dresden, 18 14— Librarian to Duke of Brunswick, Wolfenbiittel, 1823 — Librarian to the king, Dresden, 1825 — Chief Librarian, 1828 — tf. at Dresden, 13 Nov. 1834. Geschichte und Beschreibung der koniglichm bffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden, 1822 — All- gemeines bibliographisches Lexicon, 1821-30. Eberwein, Traugott Maximilian, musical composer, — b. at Weimar, 27 Oct. 1775 — tf., 2 Dec. 1831. Ebionites, — first so designated by Irenaeus, 177-197 — continue to exist as a sect, after 300. Ebko, (Ecco,Eyke de Pep/cow,) — Q„ 1210-30 — compiles the Speculum Saxonicum, [Sachsen- Spiegel,) about 1230; printed, 1472. Eble, Jean Baptiste, general, — fc. in Lor- raine, 21 Dec. 1758 — enters the army, 1767 — serves under Dumouriez, Pichegru, and Jourdan, 1792 — General of Brigade, Dec. 1793 — takes part in conquest of Holland, 1794 — defends Kehl against the Austrians, 1797 — serves in campaign of Hohenlinden, 1 800-1 — directs siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 18 10 — serves in expedition of Russia, 1 81 2— tf. at Konigsberg, 21 Jan. 1813. Ebro, (Iberus,) in Spain, — [BC] — made boundary of Carthaginian Empire by treaty be- tween the Senate and Hasdrubal, 227. Eburones,— [B C] — revolt under Ambiorix, 54 — subdued by Caesar, winter 54-53. Ecbatana, (Aehmetha, Agbatana,) Hamadan, — [BC] — built, about 709, 700 — festival of 30 466 ECCELINO-^ECTHESIS. Dionysus observed at, by Alexander, 324 — dis- mantled by Alexander at Hephsestion's death, 324. [Hamadan.] Eccelino. [Romano, Eccelino da.] Ecclesiastical Commission* Court of, —estab- lished by James II., 14 Jul. 1686 — dissolved, 8 Oct. 1688— by William III., for revision of the Liturgy, 30 Nov. 1689. Ecclesiastical Commissioners, — appointed by William IV., 1835 — permanent, incor- porated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 77, 13 Aug. 1836 — constitution amended by Acts 3 and 4 Vic. c. 113, 10 Aug. 1840; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 39, .21 Jun. 1 841 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 37, 28 Jul. 1843; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 94, 9 Aug. 1844; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 94, '14 Aug. 1850; and 14 and 15 Vic. c. 104, 8 Aug. 1851 — order arrange- ments for prelates' salaries, 25 Aug. 1851 — powers of Church Building Commissioners transferred to, by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 55, 21 Jul. 1856. [Probate and Divorce Court.] Ecclesiastical Courts, in Eng land,— erected by the king, declared illegal by Act 1 Wm and Mar. Sess. 2, c. 2, 1689 — excommunication abolished by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 1 81 3 — duties and emoluments of officers re- gulated by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 53, 19 Jun. 1829 — Statute of Limitations as to real estate extended to suits in, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 27, 24 Jul. 1833 — proceedings in, under Church Discipline Act, regulated by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 86, 7 Aug. 1840 — may examine wit- nesses viva voce by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 47, 24 Jul. 1854' — jurisdiction of, in defamation, abolished by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 41, 26 Jun. 1855 — testamentary jurisdiction abolished, and transferred to Court of Probate, by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 77, 25 Aug. 1857 — matrimonial jurisdiction transferred to Court for Divorce by 20 and 21 Vic. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857 — juris- diction in brawling, except for persons in holy orders, abolished by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 32, 3 Jul. i860. Ecclesiastical Titles, — assumption of, in respect of places in the United Kingdom, pro- hibited by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 60, 1 Aug. 1 85 1 — repeal of Act recommended by Select Committee, Aug. 1867. Ecco de Repkow. [Ebko.J Echard, Lawrence, historian, — fc. in Suf- folk, 1671 ? — M.A. Cambridge, 1695— Pre- bendary of Lincoln, 17 12— if. F.S.A., 16 Aug. 1730. Roman History, 1699 — General Ec- clesiastical History ', 1702 — History of England, 1707-18. Echinus. [Erizzo, Sebastiano.] Echion, painter, sculptor, — [B Cj — fl., about (01. 107,) 352. Echo, asteroid, — discovered by Ferguson, 14 Sep. i860. Eck, Johann Mayr von, (Eckius,) theologian, — b. at Eck, in Suabia, 13 Nov. i486 — goes to Heidelberg Univ., 1498— to Tubingen, 1500 — M.A., and removes to Cologne, 1501 — settles at Freiburg, (Breisgau,) 1502 — ordained priest, 1508 — D.D., 1509 — Prof. Theology, Ingol- stadt, 15 10 — canon of Eichstadt, 15 12 — visits Bologna, 15 15 — visits Vienna, 15 16 — becomes acquainted with Luther, about 1516 — has a controversy with Carlstadt, 15 18- 19 — disputa- tion with Carlstadt and Luther at Leipsic, 27 Jun. to 16 Jul. 15 19 — goes to Rome and pro- cures a bull against Luther, spring 1520 — visits Eome again, 1521 and 1522 — visits the Netherlands and England, 1525 — opposes 03co- lampadius in Switzerland, 1526 -- fakes a prominent part at Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — attends Conference at Worms, 1540 — attends Diet at Ratisbon, 1541 — ir. at Ingolstadt, 10 Feb. 1543. Exercitamenta Logics, 1506 — Obelisci, 15 18 — Enchiridion locorum commu- nium adversus Lutheranos, 1 525. Eckhard, Johann Friedrich, philologist, — b., 1723 — Director and Librarian of College of Eisenach, 1758-93 — ft., 10 Dec. 1794. De elegantiorum litteramm studiis inter Ghris- tianos tempore Juliani, 1764 — Ees biblioiheques chez les Romains, 1790 — Exercitatio critica de editione librorum apud veteres, 1777. Eckhart, {Eckard,) Johann Georg von, historian, — b. in Brunswick, 7 Sep. 1674 — Prof. History, Helmstadt, 1706 — abjures Pro- testantism, at Cologne, 1724 — if. historiographer and librarian to Bp of Wurtzburg, Feb. 1730. Leges Erancorum et Ripuariorum, 1720 — Ori- gines Habsburgo-Austriacce, 1721 — Corpus Ms- tor, medii cevi, §c, 1723 — Be origine German- orum, § 30 May 1756. Saxon Grammar, 17 15. Elstob, William, theologian, antiquary, — b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 Jan. 1673 — Fellow of University College, Oxford, 1696 — M.A., 1697 — rector of St Swithin and St Mary Bothaw, London, 1702 — if., 3 Mar. 17 14-15. Latin translation of Homily of Lupus, 1701 — edits Roger Ascham's Letters, 1703. Elva, L. JEbutius, — [B C] — Consul with P. Servilius Priscus, (291, a. r. c.) 463. Elva, T. .ffibutius,— [B C]— Consul with P. Veturius Geminus, (255, a. u. c.) 499. Elvira, in Granada, — Council of, on disci- pline, about 3oo, a 305, 13 before 250,° about 313,° 324.° a Tilleniont and Art de Verifier les Dates. b Neander. c Others. Elwes, John, miser, — b. in London, about 1 7 14 — M.P. Berkshire, 1774 — lj., 26 Nov. 1789. Ely, Isle of, — Etheldreda retires to, about 670 — monastery founded by her, about 673 — ravaged by the Danes, and the monastery burnt, 87P — monastery refounded by Ethelwold, Bp of Winchester, 970 — the ' Camp of Refuge ' defended by Hereward, 1071 — attacked and taken by William the Conqueror, 1071 — cathe- dral commenced, by Abbot Simeon, 1083 — See founded, 1 io7, a 1 108, b 1 109 c — Henry II. holds a council at, soon after Easter 1177 d — some of the barons take refuge in, 1265— reduced by Prince Edward, Jul. 1267 — convocation of the clergy held at, 2 Oct. 1290 — visited by Edward I., Feb. 1297 — Edward II. spends Easter at, 1 3 14 — restorations of cathedral in progress, since 1840. a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. c Chambers' Cyc. d Bentham. Elymais, (Elam.) [Assyria, Persia, &c] Elyot, Sir Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ambassador to Rome, 1532 — to Charles V., 1536 — tr., 1546. The Governor, 153 1 — Castell of Health, 1541 — Eictionarium, 1538. Elzevir, Abraham, printer, — associated with Bonaventura, 1626-52 — 0*., 14 Aug. 1652. Elzevir, Bonaventura, printer, — partner ELZEVIE— EMMANUEL. 481 with his father, Matthew, 1618-26— with his brother Abraham, 1626-52 — Is., 1654. Elzevir, Daniel, — b., 26 Nov. 1617 — asso- ciated with his cousin John, 1652-54 — tj., 13 Sep. 1680. Elzevir, Gille, (JE^ms,)— bookseller at the Hague, 1599. Elzevir, Isaac, printer,— Q., 1617-28. Elzevir, Jacob, printer, — 1626. Elzevir, John,— b., 27 Feb. 1622— if., 8 Jun. 1661. Elzevir, Louis, bookseller, — fl. at Leyden, 1592-1617. Elzevir, Louis, (II.,) bookseller, — at Amster- dam, 1638 — "ft., 21 Jul. 1662. Elzevir, Matthew,— b., 1565 — tf. at Leyden, 6 Dec. 1640. Elzevir, Peter, (I.)— b., Mar. 1643— printer at Utrecht, 1669 — living, 1680. Elzevir, Peter, (II.,) — prints at Utrecht, 1692. Emadi, poet,— is. at Scheheriar, (673, a. h.) 1274-5- Emanuel Ben Schelomo, poet, — b. at Eome, about 1250. Embden, (Emden,) in. Hanover, — of note, be- fore 800 — seized by the Hamburgers, 1402 — reunited to East Friesland, 1440— secured to the Counts of Friesland by treaties with Hamburg, 1453, 1466, 1494, and 1545 a --adopts Luther- anism, 15 19 — revolts against Count Edzard III. and compels him to grant a liberal consti- tution, 15 Jul. 1595 — obtains from Count En- non III. authority to receive a foreign garrison, by Treaty of the "Hague, 8 Apr. 1603 — seat of an African trading company, 1682 — sold to Prussia, 1744 — free port, 175 1 — East India Company established at, i75i, b 1769° — seized by the French, 3 Jul. 1757 — again, 25 Sep. 1 76 1 — restored to Hanover by Treaty of Fon- tainebleau, Nov. 1762 — comes into possession of Holland, i8o6, d i8o7, e 1808 f — of France, 1809 — of Prussia, 18 14 — incorporated "with Han- over, 1 8 15 — ceases to be the capital of E. Fries- land, l823. a a Encyc. Mod. b Ersch. and Gruber. c Diet. Geog. d ConT.-Lex. e Rees' Cyc. f Engl. Cyc. Embezzlement, of public stores, — in England, provisions for preventing, by Acts 9 and 10 Wni III. c. 41, 1698 ; 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 25, 17 14 ; 9 Geo. I. c. 8, 1722; 17 Geo. II. c. 40, 1744; 9 Geo. III. c. 30, s. 5, 1769; 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 89, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 55 Geo. III. e. 127, 29 Jun. 1 8 15 — punishable by transportation, by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 53, 8 Jul. 1823. By public officers: provisions against, by Acts 50 Geo. III. c. 59, 9 Jun. 1 8 10 ; 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 4, 20 Feb. 1832; 22 and 23 Vic. c. 32, 13 Aug. 1859; 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95 and 96, 6 Aug. 1861. By workmen : provisions against, by Acts 1 Ann. st. 2, c. 18, 1702; 13 Geo. II. c. 8, 1740; 22 Geo. II. c. 27, 1749; 27 Geo. II. c. 7, 1754; 17 Geo. III. c. 56, s. 18, 1777 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 40, 1 Aug. 1843. By clerks and servants: made a felony, by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 85, 12 Jul. 1799 — conviction of larceny allowed by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, s. 13, 7 Aug. 1851 — punishable by penal servitude or imprison- ment, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, s. 68, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. By bankers, brokers, and agents: made a misdemeanor, punishable by transport- ation or imprisonment, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, 21 Jun. 1827 — new provisions by Acts 20 and 21 Vic. c. 54, 17 Aug. 1857 ; 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, s. 75, 6 Aug. 1861. By bankrupts : punishable by transportation for life, by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, 1 Aug. 1849. Emelraad, painter, — b. at Brussels, about 1612. Emeric, (Henry,) King of Hungary, — succeeds his father, Bela III., 1196 — capture of Zara by Venetians, Nov. 1202 — ts-, close of 1203 or beginning 1204. Emeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archaic- logist, — b. in Provence, 1755 — printer to the king, 1787 — deputy to legislative body, 1809- 14 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 18 16 — "iS., 1840. Recherches sur I'art statuaire, $-c, 1805 — Jupiter, 1833 — Vulcain, 1837. Emerson, William, mathematician, §c, — b. near Darlington, Jun. 1701 — XS. there, 20 May 1782. Emery, — deposit of, discovered near Smyrna, by Smith, 1847. Emesa, (Emissa, Hems,) in Syria, — [B C] — Sampsiceramus sets up an independent king- dom, 69 — Alexander captured by Augustus, 31 — [AD] — colony by Caracalla, 215 — Zenobia defeated by Aurelian near, 272. Emigration, — from England, restrictions on, by Charles L, 30 Apr. 1637 — Commission estab- lished, 1 83 1 — Board, Jan. 1840 — Commission- ers appointed by Boyal Warrant, 27 Nov. 1847 — facilitated and regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 53, 31 Aug. 1835 > ^ an d 6 Vic. c. 107, 12 Aug. 1842 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 91, 7 Aug. 1851 ; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 44, 30 Jun. 185! ; 16 and 17 Vic. c. 84, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 119, 14 Aug. 1855. Of Paupers, provided for, by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 76, s. 62, 63, 14 Aug. 1834; 7 and 8 Vic. c. 101, s. 29, 9 Aug. 1844; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 110, s. 5, 4 Sep. 1848; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 103, s. 20, 1 Aug. 1849 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 101, s. 4, 14 Aug. 1850. Emili, Paolo, (Paulus JEmilius^) historian, — called to France, about 1499 — &•> 5 ^ av 1529. Be rebus gestis Francorum, 1539. Eminence, — title appropriated to Cardinals, by Urban VIII. , Jun. 1630. Emir al Omra, — office created by the Caliph Ehadi, (324, a. h.) 936. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. Emma, (JElfgifu-Emma,) Queen of Eng- land, (Lady of the English,) — marries Ethelred II., 1002 — sent -with her sons to Normandy, Aug. 10 1 3 — left a -widow, Apr. 10 16 — marries Cnut, Jul. T017 — again a widow, Nov. 1035 — her treasures seized by Harold I., 1035 — banished, takes refuge -with Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, 1037 — her treasures seized by Edward the Confessor, Nov. 1043 — tf., 6 or 14 Mar. 1052. Emmanuel, the Great, King op Portugal, — b. 3, a 31 b May 1469 — succeeds his cousin John II., Sep. or Oct. 1495 — expels the Jews, and establishes the distinction of ' old ' and 'new Christians,' 1496 — promotes expedition 31 4S2 EMMANUEL COLLEGE— ENGELBRECHTSON. of Yasco and Paul de Gama, 1497 — marries Isabella of Aragon, 1497 — death of his queen, 24 Aug. 1498 — with Ferdinand of Spain demands, of Pope Alexander YL, reform- ation of the clergy, 1499 — sends out expedi- tion under Cabral, 1500 — marries Mary of Castile, 30 Oct. 1500 — revokes edict excluding ' new Christians ' from public offices, 1 Mar. 1507 — sends embassy to Leo X., 1514° — death of his queen, Mary, at Lisbon, 7 Mar. 15 17 — marries Eleonora of Austria, 15 19 — writes to Frederick the Wise against Luther, 21 Apr. 1521 — ft. at Lisbon, 13 Dec. 152 1. a Art de Terifier les Dates. ^Biog. Univ. c Boseoe. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, — founded by Sir Walter Mildmay, 1584. Emmanuele Filiberto, (Tete-defer,) Duke of Savoy, — fj. at Chambery, 8 Jul. 1528 — follows the Emperor to Africa, 1541 — serves against the League of Smalcald, 1545 — unsuc- cessfully attempts recovery of Savoy from the French, 1552 — at sieges of Metz and Terouane, 1552 — commands at siege of Hesdin, 1553 — succeeds his father, Charles III., Sep. 1553 — gains the victory of St Quentin, 10 Aug. 1557 — restored to his estates by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 3 Apr. 1559 — marries Margaret of France, at Paris, 9 Jul. 1559 — is compelled to grant freedom of worship to the Yaudois, 1561 — recovers Turin and other towns from the French, 1562 — institutes (re- constitutes ?) Order of St Maurice, Jul. 1572 — acquires Oneglia, 1576 — claims crown of Portugal, 1579 — r/., 30 Aug. 1580. Emmett, Robert, — ft. at Cork, about 1780 — joins the United Irishmen, and takes part m insurrection at Dublin, 1 803 — executed, 20 Sep. 1803. Emmius, (Emmen,) Ubbo, historian, $c, — ft. in Friesland, 5 Dec. 1547 — Eector of the School at Groningen, 1594 — Prof. History and Greek, Rector of Univ., 1614 — ij., 1625. Vetus Grcecia illustrata,. 1626 — Opus chronologicum, 1619 — Rerum Erisicarum historia, 1632^ l6i6. b c a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Graber. Empedocles, philosopher, — [B C] — fl., 470- 435- Empoli, Jacopo Chimenti da, painter, — ft. at Empoli, about 1554 — tf. at Florence, 30 Sep. 1640. Empson, Richard,— agent with Dudley of Henry VII., about 1495-1509 — convicted of high treason at Northampton, 1 Oct. 1509 — executed on Tower-hill, 18 Aug. 15 10. Emser, Hieronymus, theologian, — ft. at TJlm, 26 Mar. 1477 — secretary to Duke George, 1505 — U. atLeipsic, a atDresden, b 8 Nov. 1527. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Enamel Painting, — revived, in Italy under Pope Julius II., 1503-13. Enamelled Ware, — patent for, by Hickling, 1799 — new process, by Clarke, 1839. Encaustic Painting, — [B C] — comes into use among the Greeks, after 330 — [AD] — art of, lost, before 1400 — revival of, attempted by Count Caylus and Bachelier, 1749-54 — again revived at Munich, about 1830. Encke, Johann Franz, astronomer, — ft. at Hamburg, 179 1 — assistant in the Observatory of Seeberg, 18 15— Secretary to the Academy of Sciences and Director of the Observatory, Berlin, 1825 — ft., 2 Sep. 1865. Edits the Berlin Astronomisches Jahrbuch, from 1830. Encke' s Comet, — seen by Mechain, 17 Jan. 1786 — by Caroline Herschel, 7-27 Nov. 1795 — by Bonvard, Pons, and Huth, 20 Oct. to 19 Nov. 1805 — by Pons, 25 Nov. 18 18 to 12 Jan. 1 8 19 — observation on, by Encke, leads to dis- covery of resisting medium, 1823. Encratites, — religious sect of, founded by Tatian, about 173. Encumbered Estates, in Ireland, — sale of, facilitated by Act 11 and 12 Vie. c. 48, 14 Aug. 1848. Court, established by Act 12 and 13 Yic. c. 77, 28 Jul. 1849 — opens, 25 Oct. 1849 — further regulations by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 67, 30 Jim. 1852 — Court closes, 31 Aug. 1858. In the West Indies, — Court established by Act 17 and 18 Yic. c. 117, 11 Aug. 1854 — further regulated by Act 21 and 22 Yic. c. 96, 2 Aug. 1858. Endios, — [B C] — ambassador to Athens, re- specting alliance with Argos, 420 — ephor, 413 — ambassador to Athens after battle of Cyzicus, 410. Endosmose and Exosmose, {Osmose,) — dis- covered by Dutrochet, 1828 — investigated by Graham, 1854. Enfantin, Bartheiemi Prosper, (Fere Enfantin,) head of the Saint-Simonians, — ft. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1796— admitted to the Ecole Polytechnique, 1813 — becomes a disciple of Saint-Simon, 1825 — proclaimed ' Father ' of the Society, end of 1830 — separates from Bazard and Rodrigues, Nov. 1831 — establishes a 'model community' at Menilmontant, 1832 — prosecuted and imprisoned for a year, Aug. 1832 — goes to Egypt, 1833 — member of scientific commission of Algeria, 1841 — director of the Lyons Railway, 1845 — fc. at Paris, 1 Sep., a 31 May b 1864. Founds le Producteur, 1825 — Economic politique et Politique, 1831 — Morale, 1832 — Correspondence philosophique et religieuse, 1847. a Gent. Mag. b Vapereau. Enfield Rifle, — invented by Pritchett, at the Enfield factory, and adopted in the English army, 1852-3 — converted into Snider breach- loaders, 1866-7. Enfield, William, miscellaneous writer,— b. in Suffolk, 1 741 — minister at Norwich, 1785 — tf. there, 3 Nov. 1797. The Speaker, 1774 — History of Philosophy, 1791. Engel, Johann Jacob, philosopher* — ft. in Mecklenburg, n Sep. 1741 — chief director of National Theatre, 1787-94 — ft. in Mecklenburg, 28 Jun. 1802. Philosophfilr die Welt, 1775-77 — Eiirstenspiegel, 1798 — Anfangsgriinde einer Theorie der Pictungsarten, 1783 — Ideen zur einer Mimik, 1785. Engelbrechtsen, Cornells, painter, — ft. at Leyden, 1468 — ft. there, 1533. Engelbrechtson, Engelbrecht, — deputy from the Swedish peasants to Erick XII., ENGELHAEDT— ENO S. 483 and leader of the revolt, 1433 — procures deposition of Erick, early in 1435 — makes a truce with Erick before Stockholm ; named generalissimo of Swedes and administrator of the kingdom, 1435 — assassinated by order of Carl Canutson, 4 May 1436. Engelhardt, Karl August, historian, §c, — b. at Dresden, 4 Feb. 1768 — assistant in the Eoyal Public Library, Dresden, 1805 — archiv- ist to the Chancery of War, 1 8 1 1 — secre- tary to the Ministry of War, 1831 — U. at Dres- den, 28 Jan. 1834. Keuer Kinderfreund, 1797 — Tdgliche L)enkwiirdigkeiten aus der sachsischen Geschichte, 1809-12 — Geschichte der kur- und herzbglich sachsischen Lande, 1802-5. Engen, — Moreau defeats Austrians at, 3 May 1800. Engenio, Cesare Caraccioli, historian, — tf., about 1650. Kapoli sacra, 1624. Engern, (Angaria.) [Angrivani.] Engestroem, Lawrence, statesman, — b. at Stockholm, 24 Dec. 1751 — first secretary to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1776 — Charge d' Affaires, Vienna, about 1776-88 — Knt of the Polar Star, 1790 — ambassador to England, 1793-5 — to Berlin, 1798-1803 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1809— Baron, 1809 — Chancel- lor ofUniv. of Lund, 18 10 — Chevalier, 18 14 — Count, 1 816 — ij. in Poland, 19 Aug. 1826. Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke of, — b. at Chantilly, 2 Aug. 1772 — goes to Turin, Jul. 1789 — serves in campaigns of the emigrants, 17 91 -6 — settles at Ettenneim, near Strasburg, 1801 — taken prisoner, 15 Mar., and shot, by order of Napoleon, at Yincennes, 21 Mar. 1804. England, Kings of. [Anglo-Saxon Kings of England.} Norman line : William I., the Conqueror, 25 Dec. 1066 — William II., Ritfus, (son,) 26 Sep. 1087 — Henry I., Beauclerc, (brother,) 5 Aug. 1 1 00 — Stephen, of Blois, (nephew,) 26 Dec. 1 1 35. Plantagenet line : Henry II., grandson of Henry L, 19 Dec. 1154 — Richard I., Cceur de Lion, (son,) 3 Sep. n 89 — John, Lackland, (brother,) 27 May 1199 — Henry III., (son,) 28 Oct. 1 2 16 — Edward I., (son,) 20 Nov. 1272— Edward II., (son,) 8 Jul. 1307 — Ed- ward III., (son,) 25 Jan. 1327 — Richard II., (grandson,) 22 Jun. 1377. House of Lancaster : Henry IV., (son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,) 30 Sep. 1399 — Henry V., (son,) 21 Mar. 141 3 — Henry VI., (son,) 1 Sep. 1422. House of York: Edward IV., (son of Eichard, Duke of York,) 4 Mar. 146 1 — Henry VI. restored, 9 Oct. 1470 to Apr. 147 1 — Edward V., (son of Edward IV.,) 9 Apr. 1483 — Richard III., (son of Richard, Duke of York,) 26 Jun. 1483. Tudor line : Henry VII., (son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort,) 22 (21 ?) Aug. 1485 — Henry VIII., (son,) 22 Apr. 1509 — Edward VI., (son,) 28 Jan. 1547 — [Grey, Lady Jane] — Mary, (daughter of Henry VIII.,) 6 Jul. 1553 — Elizabeth, (daughter of Henry VIII.,) 17 Nov. 1558. [Great Britain, Kings of] Englefield, — Ethelwulf defeats the Danes at, 871. English Language, — ordered to be used in law pleadings by Act 36 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 15, 1362 — to be used in all proceedings in courts of justice, by Acts 4 Geo. II. c. 26, 173 1, and 6 Geo. II. c. 14, 1733. Engraving, Copper-plate, — invented by Maso Finiguerra, about 1450. [Etching, Lithography, Photo-zincography, Copyright.] Engraving on Wood, — the earliest known, dated 141 8. [Playing Cards, Block Books.] Enguerrand. [Marigny, Monstrelet.] Enkibping, — Albert, king of Sweden, de- feats Haco and Magnus at, 1365. Enlistment, in Great Britain, — in the army, taken into the hands of the government, 1802 — in foreign service, made a misdemeanor by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 69, 3 Jul. 18 19 — repealed, law amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 90, 9 Aug. 1870 — period of, limited to ten years, by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 37, 21 Jun. 1847— of foreigners, permitted by Act 18 Vic. c. 2, 23 Dec. 1 854 — law amended and time of service shortened by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 67, 9 Aug. 1870 — in the navy, encouraged and regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 24, 21 Aug. 1835 ; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 30, 8 Jun. 1847 5 and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 69, 15 Aug. 1853. Enna, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by Syra- cusans, 664,* (01. 23, 1,) 688.* a Clinton. b M filler. Ennery, Michelet de, numismatist, — 6. at Metz, 1709 — if. at Paris, 1786. Enniscorthy, in Lr eland, — castle built by Raymond le Gros, about 1 170-5 — takenby Crom- well, 1649 — stormed by the rebels, 28 May 1798 — defeat of the rebels by Lord Lake, near, 21 Jim. 1798. Enniskillen, in Ireland, — royal fort erected, about 1602 — asylum for the Protestants of Ulster, 1641 — resists Tyreonnel's ' dragoons, early in 1689 — William and Mary proclaimed at, 11 Mar. 1689 — volunteers of, defeat the Jacobites at Newtown Butler, 30 Jul. 1689 — ■ gives title of Viscount to the Cole family, 1776 — of Earl, 1789. Ennius, Q., poet, — [BC] — b., (515, a. u. c.) 2 39 — brought to Rome by M. Porcius Cato, (550,) 204 — serves under M. Fulv. Nobilior in iEtolian campaign, (060,) 189 — admitted to citizenship ; tl., (585,) 169. Ennodius, Magnus Felix, Bp of Pavia, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 476 — Bp of Pavia, 511 — sent to Constantinople, against Eutychians, 514 and 517 — o\, 17 Jul. 521. Enoch,— [BC] — b., summer 3382^ 3516 b — birth of Methuselah, summer 3317 a — trans- lated, summer 3017.* a TJssher. b Clinton. Enoch, Book of, — [B C] — written about 40 ? a — [A D] — quoted by Jude, between 64-90 ? — Ethiopic version brought to Europe by Bruce, 1773 — complete English translation by Lau- rence, 1 82 1. a Davidson. Enos, — [BC] — b., summer 3769," 3903 b — 31 * 4.84 ENSENADA— EPHOES. birth of Cainan, summer 3679 a — rj., summer 2864^ a Ussher. b Clinton. Ensenada, Zenon Silva, a (Garcia de la Silva, b ) Marquis de la, statesman, — b. near Valladolid, 1690— Minister of Finance to Fer- dinand VI., 1746 ? — dismissed by Charles III., 1759 — tf. at Madrid, 1762. a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. Entail, Fee-Tail, in England,— originated by Stat, de Donis, 13 Edw. I. c. 1, 1285— bar of, by common recovery, established, temp. Edw. IV., 1461-83— bar by fine, recognized by Acts 4 Hen. VII. c. 24, 1488, and 32 Hen. VIII. c. 36, 1540— abolition of fines and re- coveries, ancl new method of barring, introduced by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 74, 28 Aug. 1833 — further regulated by Acts 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, s. 208, 1 Aug. 1849, and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 120, 29 Jul. 1856. Entomological Society, of London,— estab- lished, 22 May 1833. Entraigues, (Antraigues,) Emmanuel Louis Henri de Launey, Count d', — b. in Vivarais, about 1755 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — quits France, Jan. 1790 — at Venice, 1797 — enters the Greek Church, 1800— murdered at Barnes, near London, 18 12. Envelope-making Machine,— invented by De la Eue, 1845 — Eemond's, patented, 1849. Enzina, Juan de \dL,poet — b. in Old Castile, about 1446. Cancionno, 1501. Enzio, King of Sardinia,- — b., 1224,* 1220 b — marries Adelasia, and takes title of King of Sardinia, 1238 — named by his father, Frederick II., Vicar Imperial in N. Italy, 1239 — defeats Genoese fleet and captures the cardinals, prelates, &c, 3 May 1241 — with his brother Conrad defeats the Mongols on the Danube, 1241 — carries on the war with the Guelfs in Lombardy, 1242-43 — excommunicated by Innocent IV., 1245 — unsuccessfully besieges Parma, Jun. 1247 — besieges Colorno, Oct. 1247 — takes the castle of Arola and' puts to death 112 Reggian Guelfs, 1249 — wounded and captured by the Bolognese, 26 May 1249 — ft. in prison, 14 Mar. 1272. a Milman. Kington. Eon de Beaumont, Charles Genevieve Louise Auguste Andre Timothee D', — b. at Tonnerre, 5 Oct. 1728,* _i7_Oct. 1727 b — em- ployed in political negotiations at St Peters- burg by Louis XV., 1755— aide-de-camp to Marshal Eroglio, 1759 — secretary of embassy in London, 1761 b — tried for libel in the King's Bench, 9 Jul. 1764 — prosecutes Count de Guerchy for conspiracy, 1765— discussions re- specting his sex, begin about 1769 — leaves England, Aug. 1777 — assumes female attire at Paris, 1777 — returns to London, dressed as a woman, 1783 — rj., in London, 21 May i8io, a 181 i. b Loisirs du Chevalier d'Eon, 1775. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. Ebtvbs, Joseph, Baron, statesman, novelist, § c ^ — D . a t Ofen, 3 Sep. 181 3 — completes his 6tudies at Univ. of Pesth, 1 831 —travels in Germany, France, and England, 1836— begins to distinguish himself in the Diet, about 1838 —honorary member of Hungarian Academy, 1 841— attends Diet of Presburg, 1848— Minis- ter of Public Instruction under Batthyani, Mar. 1848 — resigns and leaves Hungary, Oct. 1848 — Vice-Pres. Hungarian Academy, 1 855 — Pres., 1866 — again Minister of Public Instruction, Jan. 1867 — rj., 2 Feb. 1871. Edits the Bu- dapesti Arvizkbnyv, 1838-41 — Carthusian, 1 841 — Village Notary, 1845 — Hungary in 1514, 1847 — hifluence of leading Ideas of the Nineteenth Century on the State, 185 1-4. Epameinon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 87, 4,) 429. Epameinondas, statesman and general, — [B C] — wounded at siege of Mantinea, 385 — joins Pelopidas after seizure of the Cadmeia, 379 — ambassador to Sparta, 371 — defeats Cleombrotus at Leuctra, 370 - — 1st invasion of Peloponnesus, reestablishes Messene, wint. : 369 — 2nd invasion against Sikyon and Pellene, early in 368 — serves in Thessaly, late in 368 — ■ releases Pelopidas, 367 — 3rd invasion, into Achaia, before mids. 366 — 4th invasion, defeats Agesilaos and is killed at Mantinea, Jun. 362. Epee, Charles Michel de 1', teacher of deaf mutes, — ft. at Versailles, 25 Nov. 17 12 — tf., 23 Dec. 1789- Instruction des Sourds et Muets, §c„ 1776. Epeiros, (Albania,) in Greece, — [BC] — Alexander the first king, about 332 a — as- sists Tarentines and is killed at battle of Pan- dosia, 326 b — JEacides defeated and killed by Cassander, 313 b — Pyrrhus secures the king- dom, 295 — republic established on the death of Ptolom^us, 239-229 b — falls under the power of Eome, 168. a Grote. b Smith's Diet. Epernay, in France, — burnt by Francis I., 1544 — taken by Henry IV., 1592 — given to Duke of Bouillon in exchange for principality of Sedan, 1642 — pillaged by allies, 21-22 Mar. 1 814 — occupied by Prussians, 1870. Epernon, Duke d'. [Espernon.] Ephesus, — [B C]— falls under the power of Croesus, 560-546 — defeat of the Ionians near, 499 — battle of, defeat of Thrasyllus, 409 — defeat of Athenian fleet by Lysander, 407 — ■ named Arsinoe by Lysimachus, after 300 — given by the Eomans to Attalus Philadelphus, 190 — capital of the province of Asia, 130 — [AD] — visited by Chandler, 1764 — by Arun- dell, about 1833 — by Fellows, 1838 — by Tre- menheere, spring 1864. Temjrfe of Artemis — [B C] — built, about 600-560 — burnt, Jul. 356 — takes two centuries to rebuild : — [A D] — destroy- ed by the Goths, 260. Councils of 196— against Noetus, 245 — for election of bishop, 401 — third General Council, against ]S"estorius and Pela- gius, 22 Jun.to 31 Jul. 43 1 — the 'Eobber Synod,' against Flavianus, 8 Aug. 449 — respecting Basiliscus and the Council of Chalcedon, 476. Ephialtes, the Median,— [BC] — betrays to the Persians the way into the Pass of Ther- mopylae, 480. Ephialtes, — [B C] — cooperates with Pericles in establishment of democracy at Athens, about 464 — assassinated, 456 ? 453 ? Ephoros, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 408- 333- Ephors, — [BC] — instituted, or reconstituted, at Sparta, by Theopompus, (Oi. 5, 4,) 758-7,* 770-720? — - abolished by Cleomenes, 225 — EPHRAEM— ERASMUS. 485 restored by the Romans, after 146. a Eusebius, Miiller, Clinton. Ephraem (Ephrem) Syrus, theologian, — accompanies Bp of Nisibis to Council of Nice, 325 a — at Nisibis during siege by Sapor, 350 b —settles at Edessa, about 365 a — fc. there, (E.S. 684,) Jun. 373. b a Erscb and Gruber. b Clinton. Ephraim, (Euphraim,) Patriarch of An- tioch— fl., 527-545-6. Epicharmus, comic poet, Pythagorean philo- sopher,— [BC]- ft. at Cos, about (01. 60,) 54_o a — taken to Megara, (Sicily,) 540 — accompanies Cadmus, son of Sythes, to Messana, about (01. 73,) 488-4 b — removes to Syracuse, 484-3, a 482 b — Nasoi exhibited, 477 — tf., about 450, 443.° a Smitb's Diet. b Miiller. c Lucian. Epicrates, — [B C] — aids in the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants, 404 — bribed by Tithraustes, 395 — recommends peace of Antalkidas at Athens, 387 — -banished for corruption. Epictetus, Stoic philosopher, — grown up, by 67 a — leaves Rome in consequence of decree of Domitian, 90 a — teaches at Nicopolis, 103 a — rj., about 125, a about 161. b a Clinton. b Blair. Epicurus, (Epikouros,) philosopher, — [B C] — ft., Jan. 34 1, a 342 b — goes to Athens, 323 — goes to Colophon, 322 ? — teaches at Mitylene and Lampsacus, 310-9 — returns to Athens, 306 — tf., (01. 127, 2,) Jan. 270. a Clinton. b Smitb's Diet. Epicycles, — [B C] — in astronomy, devised by Apollonius of Perga, about 250-220 — [AD] — hypothesis adopted by Ptolemy, 140-160. Epicycloid, {curve,) — invented by Romer, about 1674 a — rectification of, by Newton, 1687 — properties of, demonstrated by John Bernoulli, about 1 69 1. a Hutton. Epicydes, — [B C] — with Hippocrates his brother, serves under Hannibal, 221-216 — sent to Syracuse, 215 — seizes upon Syracuse and defends it against Marcellus, 214-212 — re- tires to Agrigentum, 212 — returns to Carthage, 210. Epidamnus, (Byrrachium,) — [B C] — found- ed by Corinthians and Korkyrgeans, (01. 38, 2,) 627-6, a 625, b [626 c ] — Procles tyrant, about 624 — expels the oligarchs, submits to Corinth, obtains Corinthian garrison, and is besieged by Korkyrgeans, 435 — attempt of Corinthians to relieve, defeated, surrenders to Korkyrseans, (01. 86, 2,) aut. 435, or spring 434^ [Pelo- ponnesian War.] a Miiller. b Eusebius. ' c Hieron. d Curtius. Epidaurus, — [BC] — Procles tyrant, (01. 35,) 640.* a Miiller. Epimenides, Cretan prophet, — [BC] — ft., 659 a — comes to Athens, 596, about (01. 46 b ) 592. a Suidas. b Diog. Laert, Miiller. Epinal, in France, — taken by Germans, 12 Oct. 1870. Epinay, Louise Florence Petronille, Ma- dame d', — ft. at Paris, about 1725 — marries La Live d' Epinay, 1743— becomes acquainted with Rousseau, 1748 — receives him at her 'Her- mitage,' 1756 — tf., Apr. 1783. Conversations d' Emilie, 17 81 — Memoires et correspondence de Mine d' Epinay, 18 18. Epiphanes. [Antiochus, Ptolemseus.] Epiphanius, Br of Pavia, (Ticinum,) — ne- gotiates peace between the Emperor Julius Nepos and Euric, king of the Visigoths, 474 a — tf. at Pavia, Jan. 496^ a Clinton. b Ersch and Gruber. Epiphanius, of Petea ? sophist, rhetorician, fl., about 350. Epiphanius, Patriarch of Constanti- nople, — elected, 25 Feb. (512, Alex.,) 519-20 — ft., 5 Jun. (529, Alex.) 536. Epiphanius, St, Bp of Const antia, — ft. in Palestine, about 310 a — Bp of Salamis, (Con- stantia,) about 368, b 367 c — disputes about Ori- gen with John, Bp of Jerusalem, 391 b _ con- vokes a Council in Cyprus, 401 — takes part with Theophilus against Chrysostom, 402 — ft., returning from Constantinople to Cyprus, winter 402-3. Work on heresies, 376 — Be Ponderibus et Mensuris, 392. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Clinton. Epiphanius Scholasticus, theologian, — fl., after 500. Epiphany, Feast of the, — first celebrated in the Western Church, about 36o. a a Neandei\ Episcopius, (Bisschop,) S'imori,theologian, — ft. at Amsterdam, Jan. 1583 — studies at Leyden Univ., 1600 — minister of Bleyswyck, near Rot- terdam, 1610 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 1612- 18 — deputy to Synod of Dort, 16 18 — deposed, retires to France, 1618-26 — minister at Rotter- dam, 1626 — Prof. Theology, Amsterdam, 1634- 43 — tf. there, 1643. Opera, 1650-71. Epping Forest, in Essex, — metes and bounds of, determined under Royal Commission, 8 Sep. 1640 — partly disafforested, (Hainault,) by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c 43, 1 Aug. 1851 — meeting of the Verderer's Court ceases, 1854 — forestal rights of the Crown authorized to be sold, 1855. Epremenil, Jean Jacques Duval d', politi- cian, — ft. at Pondicherry, 1746 — carried in triumph at Paris, 1787 — deputy to States- General, May 1789 — quits Assembly, 1791 — executed at Paris, 23 Apr. 1794. Equinoxes, Precession of, — [BC] — dis- covered by Hipparchus, 160-125 — [AD] — cor- rected by Albategnius, about 880 — researches of Euler and D'Alembert concerning, 1749. Equitable Councils, in England, — for dis- putes of Masters and Workmen, authorized and regulated by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 24, Aug. 1867. Equites, (mythic,) — [B C] — established by Romulus, 753 ? — a second class established, 403 — annual procession of, established by Q. Fabius and P. Decius, 304 — an Equestrian Order formed by Lex Sempronia, 123 — privi- leges curtailed by Sulla, and by Lex Aurelia, 70 — Lex Roscia Theatralis confers peculiar seats in theatre on, 67 — raised in dignity by Augustus, 29 — [AD] — become a mere city guard, after 300 — retain the same privileges, 3 6 4- Equitius, — Consul with Fl. Gratianus, (1127, a. u. c.) 374. Erasistratos, physician, anatomist, — [B C] — fl., about 298. Erasmus, Desiderius, classical scholar, theologian, — ft. at Rotterdam, 28 Oct. 1467 — enters Augustine Order at Stein, i486 — takes priest's orders, 1492 — studies at Paris, 1496 — visits England, 1497 — D.D. Bologna, a Turin, b 486 ERASTUS— ERICK VI. 1506 — returns to England, 15 10, and is appoint- ed Lady Margaret's Prof., Cambridge ; Coun- cillor, Brabant, 15 14 — at Basel, 15 16 — settles there, 152 1 — goes to Friburg, 1529-35 — ft. at Basel, 12 Jul. 1536. New Testament in Greek and Latin, 15 16 — Colloquia, 1522 — Encomium Morim, 15 10 — Adagia, 1498 — Enchiridion Mi- litis Christiani, 1503. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Erastus, Thomas, physician, 8;c., — fj< at Baden, Switzerland, 7 Sep. 1524 — studies at Basel, 1540 — takes part in conference of Maulbronn, 1564 — ft. at Basel, 31 Dec., a 1 Jan. b 1583. Explicatio Qucestionis gravissimai de Excomrnunicatione, 1589. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Erato, asteroid, — discovered by Forster and Lesser, 14 Sep. i860. Eratosthenes, geometer, astronomer, geo- grapher, philosopher, historian, grammarian, — [BC]- fj., (01. 126,) 276-5^ — invited from Athens to be librarian at Alexandria by Ptolemy Luergetes, about 240 a — ti., i94, a i96. b a Clinton. b A. de Morgan. Erben, Karel Jaromir, poet, archaeologist, — b. in Bohemia, 181 1 — archivist of Prague, 1851 — fj., 1870. Collection of Bohemian Songs, 1842-45 — Bartosch's Chronicle of Prague, 1851 — Popular Tales, 1852 — Book of Ballads, 1853 ■ — Regesta diplomatica necnon epistolaria Bo- hemia et Moravice, (600-1253,) 1855, &c. — joint editor of Select Fragments of Bohemian Literature, 1845. Erchenwin, (Erhemoin,) — founds kingdom of East Saxons, (Essex,) 526. Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso, poet, — fj. at Madrid > I 533. ab i54o c — ^ to Philip II., accompanies him on his travels in Europe, 1547-51 — accompanies him to England, 1554 — goes to America, i554, a c 1547 b — returns to Spain, 1562 — marries, 1570 — if. at Madrid, 1595. a Araucana, 1569-78-90. * T icknor. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Graber. Ercolani, Giuseppe Maria, poet, — h. at Sinigaglia, about 1690 — ft. at Borne, about 1760. Maria, rime, 1725-28 — La Sulamitide, I73 1 - Erebus, Mount, Antarctic Ocean, — discovered in eruption, by Boss, Jan. 1841. Eretria, in Euboea, — [BC] — joins in the ex- pedition of Aristogaras, 500 a — destroyed by Persians, 490 b — Agesandridas defeats Athenians in seafight near, 41 1 — Themison tyrant, 366 b — Plutarchus tyrant, 354 — Cleitarchus tyrant, by Philip, after 346 — expelled by Athens, 341 b ■ — Themison tyrant, 336. a Thirlwall. b Smith's Diet. Erfurt, — raised to importance by Charles the Great, about 805 — Diet of the Empire held at, 852 — last Diet at, held, 1566 — revolt against Elector of Mentz suppressed by aid of Louis XIV., 15 Oct. 1664 — ceded by the French to the Elector of Mentz, 1667 — ceded to Prussia at Peace of Luneville, 1801 — invested by the French, 15 Oct. 1806 — capitulates, 16 Oct. — annexed to kingdom ^of Westphalia, 18 Aug. 1 807 — transferred by Napoleon I. to the Duke of Saxe-Weiniar, 1808 — restored to Prussia, spring 1 8 14 — German parliament meets at, 20 Mar. 1850. University of, founded, 1362,=* 1378 b — suppressed, 18 16. Congress of, attended by the emperors Napoleon and Alexander, the kings of Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, and Westphalia, meets, 27 Sep. 1808 — breaks up, 14 Oct. 1808. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. Erhard, Heinrich August, bibliographer, historian, — fj. at Erfurt, 13 Feb. 1793 — M.D., 1 8 1 2 — Prof. Philosophy, 1 8 1 3 — Librarian, 1 82 1 — keeper of archives, Magdeburg, 1824 — at Munster, 1831 — rj., 22 Jun. 1851. Be biblio- thecis Erfordice, 1813-14 — Geschichte des Aufbluhens wissenschaftlicher Bildung, 1827- 32 — Geschichte der Landfrieden in Beutschland, 1829. Ericeira, Eernand de Menezes, historian, — fj. at Lisbon, 27 Nov. 16 14 — ft., 22 Jim. 1699. Historian Lusitance, 1734 — History of Tangier, 1732. Ericeira, Francisco Xavier de Menezes,^*', — h. at Lisbon, 29 Jan. 1673 — secretary of Portuguese Academy, 17 14 — director of Aca- demy of History, 1721 — ft., 21 Dec. 1743. Henriqueida, 1741. Erick, — chosen king of Nortkumbria, in op- position to Edred, 948 — deserted by his ad- herents the same year : recalled and made king, 952 — expelled, 954. Erick I., (II. ?) the Good, King op Den- mark, — succeeds Olaus IV., 1095 — carries on war with the Vandals ; sets out for Palestine, 1103— rj. in Cyprus, n, a 16 b Jul. 1103. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ersch and Grnber. Erick II.,, {Edmund,) (son,) Xing or Den- mark, — succeeds his father, no3 a — chosen by the people in rivalry with Nicholas, ii3i b — Avar with Nicholas, 11 32-4 — succeeds Nicholas, Jun. 1 1 35 — murdered, 18 Sep. 11 37. a Ersch and Gruber. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Erick III., the Lamb, King of Denmark, — succeeds Erick II., 11 37 — Olaus disputes the throne with him : defeat and death of Olaus, 1 143 — unsuccessfully attacks the Van- dals, 1 1 44 — abdicates and enters a monastery at Odensee, 1147 — If., 1147. Erick IV., King of Denmark, — succeeds his father Waldemar II., Mar. 1241 — revolt of his brothers; peace concluded, 1249 — makes war on Counts of Holstein, 1250 — captured by treachery by his brother Abel, and murdered, 9-10 Aug. 1250. Erick V., King of Denmark, — ft., 1249 — succeeds his father Christopher, 1259 — revolt of Erick, son of King Abel, 1259-60 — defeated and captured with his mother, the regent, by Abp Lunden and Count of Holstein, 28 Jul. 1261 — released, 1264, 1265 s — marries Agnes of Brandenburg, 1273 — peace concluded with the Abp and the interdict removed, 1275 — league formed against him by Duke of Holstein, 1285 — murdered, 21-22 Nov. 1286. a Ersch and Gruber. Erick VI., King of Denmark, — h., 1274 — ■ succeeds his father Erick V., 1286 — war with Haco, king of Norway, begins, 1288 — im- prisons Grandt, Abp Lunden, 1294 — excom- municated by Boniface VIII., 1298 — the ERICK VII.— ERLACH. 487 quarrel ended by retirement of Grandt, 1303 — peace with. Haco, 1308 — his brother Christo- pher forms a league against him ; peace with Christopher, 1317 — assists Birger, king of S.weden, 1318 — gives him an asylum in Den- mark, 1 3 19 — tf. at Roeskild, 13 Nov. 13 19. Erick VII., (VIII. ?) King of Denmark, Norway, and (XIII., of) Sweden, — fc., 1382 —has title of King of Norway, from 1387 — proclaimed King of Sweden, on resignation of Queen Margaret, his aunt, 23 Jul. 1396 — crowned, sovereign of the three kingdoms, (after the Union of Calmar,) under administra- tion of Margaret, 17 Jun. 1397 — marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV. of England, 1406 — death of Margaret, 27 Nov. 141 2 — war with Duke of Schleswig, 1414-35 — revolt of the Swedes under Engelbrecht, 1433 — deposed by States of Sweden, i435, a 1439 b — agrees to a truce with Engelbrecht, 1435 — meets deputies of the three kingdoms at Calmar, and renews the Union, 27 Jul. 1436 — retires to isle of Gothland, 1438 — the crown of Denmark given to Christopher of Bavaria, 1439 — the throne of Sweden declared vacant by his desertion, 1439 — driven from Gothland by Canutson, retires into Pomerania, 1449,* I 44° b — fr-> about 1459, ac 1449. d a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Erscb. and Gruber. c Encyc. Mod. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. Erick VIII., the Victorious, King of Sweden, — reigns, 970-94 a — succeeds, 954. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Erick IX., the Saint, King of Sweden, — recognized by 1 155 elected, ii5o, a 1152 the Goths, H55 b — gains a victory over the Finns, 1157,° 1154 s — compiles his code, about 1 160 — assassinated, at Upsala, 17 May 1162,* II May Ii6i. c a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. Erick X., {Canutson,) King of Sweden, — disputes the crown with Swerker, 1 192 — defeats and kills Swerker, and succeeds him, 17 Jul. 1 2 10 — marries Richsa, daughter of Waldemar I. of Denmark, 1210 — fr., 1219. Erick XL, the Stammerer, King of Sweden, ■ — succeeds John I., i223, a 1222 b — defeated by his rival, Canute, (Folkunger,) and driven into Denmark, 1223 — recovers his throne, 1234 — tf., 2 Feb. 1250^ 12 Feb. 1252. c a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. and Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Erick XII., King of Sweden, — made King- in opposition to his father, Magnus II., 1348,* 1 344 b — carries on war with his father : divides the kingdom with him, 1 354 — poisoned (by his mother ?), 1357. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. and Biog. Univ. Erick XIII., King of Sweden. [Erick VII., Denmark, ,] Erick XIV., King of Sweden, — ft., 13 Dec. 1533 — acknowledged heir to the throne, at Diet of Westeraas, 13 Jan. 1544 — succeeds his father, Gustavus Vasa, 29 Sep. 1560 — crowned at Upsala, and creates the dignities of Count and Baron, 29 Jun. 156 1 — besieges his brother John in Abo, captures and imprisons him, 1563 — makes proposals of marriage to Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — afterwards to Mary, Queen of Scots • war with Denmark, 1563-70 — loses the battle of Swastera and disgraces Nilson-Sture, 1566 — sends him ambassador to the Duke of Lorraine, 1566 — assassinates him and puts his relations to death, 1567 — projects murder of his brothers, is besieged by them in Stockholm, 1568 — capitulates, and is deprived of the crown and imprisoned, 30 Sep. 1568 — ■ poisoned in prison by his brother John, 22 Feb. 1578^ 26 Feb. 1577^ a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Ersch and Gruber, and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Erie Canal, in New York State, — con- structed, 1817-24. Erie, Fort, Canada, — taken from the British by the Americans, 3 Jul. 18 14 — abandoned by the Americans, 5 Nov. 18 14. Erie, Lake, — the Americans capture the British squadron on, 10 Sep. 1813. Erigena, Joannes Scotus, philosopher, — #., about 850 a — teaches at Oxford, 877 b — U. in France, about 875^ ? 884. b a Engl. Cyc. b Erscb and Gruber. Erinna, epic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 600. Erivan, in Armenia, — besieged by the Turks, 1553 — taken by them, 1582 — retaken by Persians, 1604 — again captured by the Turks, 1635— conquered by the Tatars, 1734 ■ — submits to Persia, 1769 — attacked by Rus- sians, 1808 — captured by Prince Paskiewich, 13 Oct. 1827 — ceded to Russia by Treaty of Turkmanjai, 22 Feb. 1828 — devastated by an earthquake, Jun. 1840. Erizzo, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Niccola Contarini, 1632^ 1631 b — ty., 1645,* 3 Jan. i646. b a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Erizzo, Sebastiano, {Echinus, Ericius,) an- tiquary, — b. at Venice, 19 Jun. 1525 — ft., 5 Mar. 1585. Eiscorso sopra le medaglie degli antiche, 1559 — Le sei Giornate, 1567. Erlach, Jerome von, general, — I)., 1667 — enters Imperial army as colonel, 1702 — retires, 17 15 — avoyer of Berne, 1721-47 — fr., 28 Feb. 1748. I Erlach, Johann Ludwig von, Marshal of France, — ft. at Berne, 1595- — conquers Brisach for France, 1639 — contributes to victory of Lens, 1648 — Commander-general of French forces, 1649 — Marshal of France, 1650 — &., 1650. Erlach, Johann Ludwig von, admiral, — ft., at Berne, 1648 — distinguishes himself in Dutch fleet under Van Tromp, 1665 — Rear-admiral, 1676 — Vice-admiral of Denmark, 1678 — ft., 1680. Erlach, Karl Ludwig von, — ft. at Berne, 1726 — Marechal de Camp in army of France, before 1789 — Commander-in-chief of Swiss army, 1798 — murdered by his soldiers, 1798. Erlach, Rudolph von, — obtains victory at Laupen over Count of Nydau, 21 Jul. 1339— assassinated, 1360. Erlach, Sigismund von, — ft., 1614 — Mare- chal de Camp in army of France, distinguishes himself at battle of Lens, 1648 — subdues the revolted peasants of Berne, 1653 — defeated by 488 ERLANGEN— ERXLEBEN. the troops of the Catholic cantons, 1655 — ■ banneret, 1667 — avoyer, 1675-85 — tf., 1 Dec. 1699. Erlangen, — ceded to Prussia by the Mar- grave, 1792 — given up to Bavaria, 1809. University of, founded by Frederick, Mar- grave of Baireuth, 1743. Ermengarde, — marries Boson, Duke of Lombardy, about 877 — instigates him to make himself king of Provence, 879 — defends Vienne against Louis and Carloman, 880-882 — capitu- lates to Bichard, Duke of Burgundy, Dec. 882 — imprisoned by him at Autun ; present at Boson's death at Vienne, Apr. (?) 887 — regent of Provence, 887 — procures coronation of her son Louis, 890 — tf. at convent of St Sixtus, Piacenza, soon after 900. Ernest, Archduke of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands, — ft. at Vienna, 1553— appointed Viceroy of the Netherlands, Jan. 1594 — takes La Fere, 19 May 1594 — tf. at Brussels, 21 Feb. 1595. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, and King of Hanover, — ft. at Kew, 5 Jun. 1 77 1 — studies at Gottingen, 1786-90— serves in the English array in the Netherlands, 1793-5 — is wounded and loses an eye in engagement near Tournay, 1794 — Lieutenant-general, 1798 — Duke of Cumberland, Apr. 1799 — General, 1 803 — again serves abroad, against France, 1808-15 — Field-marshal in British army, 18 13 — G.C.B., 2 Jan. 18 15 — marries Princess Caro- line of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, 29 May 18 15 — succeeds his brother, William IV., as King of Hanover, 20 Jun. 1837— abolishes the Con- stitution, 5 Jul. and 1 Nov. 1837 — proclaims a new one, 1840 — death of his queen, 21 Jun. 1 841 — consents to reforms, 1848 — tf. at Her- renhausen, 18 Nov. 1851. Ernest. [Brunswick, Saxe-Coburg, Swabia, Saxony.] Ernesti, August Wilhelm, philologist, — ft. near Tennstadt, 26 Nov. 1733 — Prof. Philo- sophy, Leipsic, 1765 — Prof. Eloquence, 1770 — Eector of the Univ., 1782 — tf. there, 20 Jul. 1 801. Edition of Livy, 1769 — of Ammianus Marcellinus, 1773. Ernesti, Johann August, philologist, — ft. at Tennstadt, 4 Aug. 1707 — Prof. Ancient Liter- ature, Leipsic, 1742 — Prof. Eloquence, 1756- 70— Prof. Theology, D.D., 1758— tf., n Sep. 1 7 81. Edition of Cicero, 1737-9 — °f Homer, 1759-65 — of Callimachus, 1761 — of Tacitus, 1752 — Initio, doctrince solidioris, 1736 — Insti- tute interpretis Nov. Test, y 1761. Ernesti, Johann Christian Gottlob, philolo gist—b. at Arnstadt, 1756 — Prof. Philosophy, Leipsic, 1782-1801 — Prof. Eloquence, 1801 — tf., 5 Jun. 1802. Edition of Msopi's Fables, 1781 — Glossa sacroe Hesychii, 1785 — Lexicon techno- logies Homanorum rhetorics, 1797 — Lexicon technologic? Grcccce rhetoricce, 1795. Ernst, Antoine- Nicolas Joseph, statesman, $c, — ft. at Aubel, Liege, 1796— Prof. Law, Liege, 1822-33 — deputy to Chamber of Repre- sentatives, 1833 — Minister of Justice, Aug. 1834 to Feb. 1839 — Prof- Law, Louvain, Jun. 1839 — tf. at Boppart, 10 Jul. 1841. Ernst, Heinrich, (Ernstius,) jurist, — ft. at Helmstadt, 3 Feb. 1603 — tf. at Copenhagen, 7 Apr. 1665. Hegum aliquot Danice genealogia, §c, 1646 — Sabbatismus, 1656. Erpenius, {Thomas van Erpe,) orientalist, — ft. at Gorcum, Holland, Sep. 1584— -M.A. Leyden, Jul. 1608 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 161 3 — tf. at Leyden, 13 Nov. 1624. Gram- matica Arabica, 16 13 — Proverbiorum Arabi- corum centurice duce, $c, 16 14 — Lohmani sapientis fabulce, §c, 1615, Ersch, Johann Samuel, Editor of Encyclo- paedia of Arts and Sciences, — ft. at Glogau, in Silesia, 23 Jun. 1766 — librarian to Univ. of Jena, 1800 — Prof.' Geography and Statistics, Halle, 1803 — librarian, i8o8, ac 1803 b — tf. at Halle, 16 Jan. 1828. (With Gruber,) Encyclo- pddie der Wissenschaften und Kiinste, 1818-28. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian, — ft., 22 Jun. 1680 — minister of Portmoak, 1703-31 — ■ minister at Stirling, 1731 — founds the Secession Church, 1736 — tf., 22 Jun. 1754. Erskine, John, Baron of Dun, — ft. near Montrose, about 1509 — commissioner sent to France to witness the marriage of Queen Mary with the Dauphin, 1557 — superintend- ent of Angus and Mearns, 1560 — tf., 21 Mar. I59 1 - Erskine, John, theologian, — ft. at Edinburgh, 2 Jun. 1 721 — minister of Kirkintilloch, 1744 — D.D. Glasgow, 1763 — minister of Greyfriar's, Edinburgh, 1767,* 1758 b — tf., 19 Jan. 1803. a Engl. Cyc. h Chalmers. Erskine, John, jurist, — ft., 1695 — Prof. Scots Law, Edinburgh, 1737-60 — tf. at Card- ross, 1765. Principles of the Law of Scotland, 1754 — Institute of the law of Scotland, 1773. Erskine, Ralph, theologian, — ft., 18 Mar. 1685 — minister of Dunfermline, 17 11 — takes part in founding Secession Church, 1736 — tf., 6 Nov. 1752. Erskine, Thomas, Lord, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft. at Edinburgh, 21 Jan. 1750^ 1748 b — marries, 1770 — enters Lincoln's Inn, Apr. 1775 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Jan. ■ 1776 — M.A., Jun. 1778 — called to the bar, 3 Jul. 1778 — defends Capt. Baillie, 28 Nov. 1778 — M.P. Portsmouth, Nov. 1783— At- torney-general to Prince of Wales, before 1792 — -undertakes defence of Paine, and is deprived of his office, Feb. 1793 — defends Hardy, Home Tooke, and Thelwall, 1794 — Chancellor of Duchy of Cornwall, 1 802— death of his wife, Dec. 1805— Lord Chancellor, Baron Erskine, 7 Feb. 1 806— retires, 7 Apr. 1 807 — takes prominent part in defence of Queen Caroline, 1820 — tf. near Edinburgh, 17 Nov. 1823. a Foss. b Engl. Cyc Erwin de Steinbach, architect, — tf., 13 18. Cathedral of Strasburg, commenced, 1277. Erxiclides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 58, 1,) 548. Erxleben, Johann Christian Polycarp, na- tural philosopher, — ft. in Saxony, 22 Jun. 1744 — Prof. Philosophy, Gottingen," 177 1 — 1(. at Gottingen, 19 Aug. 1777. Anfangsgriinde der Naturgeschichte, 1^6"] — Anfangsgriinde der EEYTHE.E— ESPEENON. 489 Naturlehre, 1771—Anfangsgriinde der Chemie, J 775- Erythree, — [B C] — prepares to revolt, spring 412. Erythrogen, — discovered by Bizio, 1821. Eryx, in Sicily,— [BC] — sea fight between Carthaginians and Syracusans off, 406 — sup- ports Dionysius, 397 — recovered by Himilco, 396 — taken by Pyrrhus, 278— destroyed by Hamilcar, 260— surprised by Hamilcar Barca, abandoned by him, 241. Temple of Venus at, famous as early as 415. Eryxias, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 22, 1,) 692, Erzeroum, {Er serum, Arsen-er-Rum,) in Armenia, — receives the name of Theodosiopolis, 415— taken and sacked by the Seljuks, 1049 — taken by Sultans of Iconium, 1201 — by the Mongols, "1241 — by Tamerlane, 1387 — taken by the Turks, 15 17 — devastated by the plague, 1807 — taken by Paskievich, 9 Jul. 1829 — restored to Turkey by Peace of Adrianople, 14 Sep. 1829 — visited by Wilbraham, 1837 — by Layard, Sep. 1849 — earthquake, 2 Jun. 1859. Esaias of Egypt, theologian, — fl., about 370.3- a Cave. Esau, — [BC]— fc., spring 1836,* 1970 b — marries, spring 1796/ 1930 b — defrauded of his father's blessing, autumn 1760 a — reconciled to Jacob, I743. a a Ussher. b Clinton. Escalante, Juan Antonio, painter, — fc. at Cordova, 1630 — tf-, 1670. Eschenbach, Wolfram von, poet, — fl., about 1200. Eschenburg, Johann Joachim, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Hamburg, 7 Dec. 1733 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Brunswick, 1777 — tf. there, 29 Feb. 1820. Shakspeare's Theatralische Werken, 1775-87 — Shakspeare's Schauspielen, 1 798- 1 806 — Entwurf einer Theorie und Lite- ratur der schbnen TVissenschaften, 1783. Eschenmayer, Karl Adolf, philosopher, — h. in Wurtemberg, 4 Jul. 1768 — Extraord. Prof. Philosophy and Medicine, Tubingen, 1 81 1 — Prof. Practical Philosophy, 1818 — retires, 1836 — tf., 1854. Psychologic in drei Theilen, als empirische, reine, angewandte, 1817 — Re- ligions-philosophie, 1818-24 — Grundriss der Natur-philosophie, 1832 — Grundziig eder christ- lichen Philosophic, 1840. E&cher, Hans Kaspar, burgomaster of Zu- rich,—^, at Zurich, 15 Feb. 1678— studies at Utrecht, 1696 — member of the Great Council, Zurich, 1 70 1 — envoy to Diet of Eatisbon, 17 12 — to Geneva, 1734 and 1737 — burgomaster, 1740 — tf. at Zurich, 23 Dec. 1762. Escher, Heinrich, burgomaster of Zurich, — b. at Zurich, 19 Jul. 1626 — member of the Great Council, 1651 — accompanies deputies to Paris, to establish alliance with Louis XIV., 1663 — envoy to Court of France, 1687 — tf. at Zurich, 21 Apr. 17 10. Escher, Johann Erhard, — b., about 1656 — tf., 27 Nov. 1689. Description of the Lake of Zurich, 1692. Escher von der Linth, Hans Konrad, states- man, — b. at Zurich, 24 Aug. 1767 — studies at Gottingen, 1786-8 — member of Convention, Feb. 1798 — of Helvetic Council, Mar. — of Council of State, 1815 — tf., 9 Mar. 1823. Eschinardi, Francesco, Jesuit, — b. at Eome, 1623 — tf., not before 1699. Microcosmus physico-mathematicus, 1658 — Simulacrum ex chisiis montibus, 1661. Eschke, Ernst Adolf, philanthropist, — b. in Meissen, 17 Dec. 1766 — settles at Berlin, 1788 — founds private Institute for Deaf and Dumb, 1788 — If. at Berlin, 17 Jul. 1811. Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich, naturalist, traveller, — b. at Dorpat, 1 Nov. 1793 — ac- companies Kotzebue on voyage of discovery, 1 8 15-18 — Prof. Medicine, Director of Zoological Cabinet, Dorpat, 181 8— accompanies Kotzebue on second expedition, 1823-26 — tf., 19 May 1 83 1. Entomographien, 1823 — System der Akdlephen, 1829 — Zoologischer Atlas, 1829. Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, casuist,— ft. at Valladolid, 1589 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1604— tf. at Valladolid, 4 Jul. 1669. Sum- inula casuum conscientice, 1626 — Examen y pratica de confesores, 164.7 — Commentaria in Vet. et Nov. Test., 1652. Escoubleau. [Sourdis.] Escurial, (Escorial,) The, in Spain, — com- menced by Philip II., 1563 — completed, 1584 — partly burnt, 167 1 — additions to, made, 1773 — pillaged by the French, 1808 and 181 3. Escwin, King op Wessex, — succeeds, 674 — tf., 676. Esdras, Book of,— [BC] — written, 30 a — [A D] — 97 . b a Hilgenfeld. b Volkmar. Espagnac, Jean Baptiste Joseph Damazit de Sahuguet, Baron de, general, — b. at Brive la Gaillarde, 25 Mar. 17 13 — enters the army, 17 31 — at taking of Prague, 1741 — Marechal de Camp, 1761 — governor of Hotel des In- valides, 1766 — Lieutenant-general, 1780 — tf. at Paris, 28 Feb. 1783. Journal historique des campagnes du roi en 1743, 1748 — Essai sur la science de la guerre, 1751. Espagne, Jean Louis Brigite, Count, general, — b.at Aucb, 16 Feb. 1766 — enters the army, 1787 — serves under Moreau, 1795 — General of Brigade, 1799 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Hohenlinden, Dec. 1800 — and in campaign of Italy, 1 800 — General of Division, 1 Feb. 1805 — sent against army of Naples, 1806 — wounded at Heilsberg, 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 1 Jul. 1807 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — dis- tinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 1809 ■ — mortally wounded at Essling, 21 May 1809. Espejo, Antonio, maritime discoverer, — dis- covers New Mexico, 1582-3. Espen, Zeger Bernard van, canonist, — b. at Louvain, 9 Jul. 1646 — tf. at Amersfort, 2 Oct. 1728. Opera, 1753. Esper, Eugene Johann Christoph, naturalist, — b. at Wunsiedel, 2 Jun. 1742 — Ph.D. Erlan- gen, 17 8 1 — Prof. Philosophy, 1783 — tf. at Erlangen, 18 10. Die Europtiischen Schmetter- linge, 1777-1807 — Die Ausldndischen Schmet- terlinge, 1785-98 — Die Pjianzenthiere, 1788- 1809. Espernon, Jean Louis de Nogaret de la 49° ESPINAY— ESSEX. Valette, Duke of, — $>. in Languedoc, 1554 — at siege of Rochelle, 1573 — governor of Metz, 1583 — Brigadier-general, 1584 — Admiral of France, 1587 — tf. at Loch.es, 13 Jan. 1642. Espinay. [Saint -Luc] Espinel, Vicente, poet, novelist, — u. in Granada, i544, a i54i, b about 1540 c — rj. at Madrid, 1634^ about 1630.° Eimas, 1591 — Eelaciones de la Vida del Escudero Marcos de Obregon, 1618. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog-. Gen. Espinosa, Diego de, cardinal, statesman, — b. in Old Castile, 1502 — Cardinal, Inquisitor-gen- eral of all Spain, 1568 — rj. at Madrid, 5 Sep. Espinosa, Hyacinthe Jerome, painter, — fc. in Valencia, 1600 — tf. at Valencia, 1680. Espinosa, Nicolas, poet, — ft. at Valencia, about 1520 a — tf., after 1563. Segunda parte del Orlando, §c, 1555. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Espinoy, Philippe d', — it. at Ghent, about 1552 — o"., about 1633. Reciter dies d'antiqui- te's et noblesse de Flandres, §c, 163 1. Espronceda, Jose de, poet, politician, — b. in Estremadura, i8io, a i8o8 b — imprisoned as a 4 Numantine,' about 1825 — comes to England, about 1829 — fights on the barricades at Paris, Jul. 1830— returns to Spain, 1833— enters the National Guard, 1 840 — member of the Cortes, 1 841 — tf., 23 May 1842. Poesias, 1840. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Esquilinus, C. Cornelius Lentulus, — [B C] — Consul stiff., (276, A. u. c.) 478. Esquimaux, The, — visited by Moravian missionaries, about 1730 — by Hearne, 1772 — by Cook, 1776 — by Boss, 181 8 — by Parry, 1821-23— by Hall, May to Sep. 1862. Esquirol, J. Etienne Dominique, physician, ■ — f>. at Toulouse, 4 Jan. 1772 — M.D. Paris, 1805 — physician of La Salpetriere, 1811 — commences lectures on mental maladies, 1817 — Inspector-general of Faculty of Medicine, 1823 — correspondent of Academy of (Moral) Sciences, 1834— fr., 1841^ 12 Dec. 1840^ Des passions consideries comme causes, symptomes, et moyens curatifs de V alienation mentale, 1805 — Des e'tablissements d' alie'ne's en France, §c, 1819 — Des maladies mentales, §c. f 1838. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Essarts, Pierre des, statesman, — fc., about 1360 — taken prisoner by the English at battle of Honiildon Hill, 1402 — made provost of Paris by Duke of Burgundy, 1408 — Superintendent of Finance, about 1408 — escapes to Cherbourg, 141 3 — returns to Paris and makes himself mas- ter of the Bastile, Apr. 141 3— executed at Halles, 1 Jul. 141 3. ' Essays and Reviews,' — by Williams, Wil- son, and others, published, autumn i860— con- demned by Conference of Clergy, at Sion House, 25 Jan. 1861 — the judgment of the Court of Arches against "Williams and Wilson reversed by Judicial Committee of Privy Coun- cil, 18 Feb. 1864 — Synodical judgment on, 24 Jun. 1864. Essen, Hans Henrik, jield-marshal, — b. in West Gothland, 1755 — enters service of Gusta- vus III., 1777 — governor of Pomerania, 1800 — concludes armistice with French at Stralsund, 1807 — Councillor of State, 1809 — ambassador to Paris, 1 809 — commands in expedition to Norway, 18 14 — Governor-general of Norway, 1 8 14- 1 6 — Grand Marshal of Sweden, 1816* — fr. Field-marshal, at Udde valla, 28 Jul. 1824. Essenius, Andreas, theologian, — 6. in Guel- derland, Feb. 1618 — D.D. Utrecht, 1645 — Prof. Theology, 1654 — rj. at Utrecht, 18 May 1677. Sy sterna Theologies Dogmatics, 1659 — ■ Triumphus Cruris, 1649. Essequibo, in Guiana, — settlement of the Dutch at, 1580 — taken by the English, 1796 — restored to the Dutch, 1 802 — retaken by English, 1803 — ceded to them by Convention of 18 14. Essex, {East Saxons,) Kingdom of, — founded by Erkenwin, 526, a 527 b — converted by Mellitus, 604 — paganism restored on death of Sabekt, (Ssbyrht,)6i6 b — Christianity restored by Sigebert, about 653 — submits to Eg- bert, 823 — part of territory ceded to the Danes, 878^ 877° — seized by Ethelwald, 904 — reco- vered by Edward the Elder, 905,* 913 d — sub- jugated by Danes, lon. d a Annals of England. b Lappenberg. e Engl. Cyc. d A.S. Chron. Essex, Arthur Capel, 1st Earl op,— ft., 1635 — marries Lady Elizabeth Percy, 19 May 1653 — Viscount Maiden and Earl of Essex, 20 Apr. 1661 — ambassador to Christian V. of Den- mark, 1670 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1672- 6 — Privy Councillor, 1672 — First Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1679 — implicated in the Eyehouse Plot, and arrested, beginning of Jul. 1683 — found dead in the Tower, 13 Jul. 1683. Essex, Earl oe. [Cromwell, Thomas.] Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, — b. at Netherwood, Herefordshire, Nov. 1567 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1577 — appears at court, 1584 — Master of the Horse, and E.G.; serves under Leicester in the Netherlands, 1587 — becomes the favourite of Queen Eliza- beth, 1588 — takes part in expedition to -Por- tugal, 1589 — fights a duel with Sir Charles Blount ; marries widow of Sir Philip Sidney, 1590 — sent with troops to aid Henry IV. of France, Jul. 159 1 — exposes the plot of Lopez, 1594 — with Lord Howard of Effingham com- mands expedition to Spain, and captures Cadiz, Jun. to Aug. 1596 — Master of the Ordnance, 1596 — unsuccessful expedition against the -Azores, May, a Jul. and Aug. b 1597 — named Earl Marshal, 1597 — quarrels with the Queen, 1598 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 12 Mar. 1599 — holds secret conference with O'Neal, 1599 — returns to England, close of Sep. 1599 — placed in free custody, 2 Oct. 1599 — confined to his own house, 5 Jun. 1600 — intrigues against Cecil and Ealeigh, 1600 — liberated, 26 Aug. 1600 — arrests the Queen's messengers, 8 Feb. 1 60 1 — marches into London and at- tempts to excite insurrection ; fails and gives himself up, same night : tried at Westminster, 19 Feb. — executed, 25 Feb. 1601. a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl op,— 6. in London, 1592 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 1602 — restored to his titles, 1603 — marries Lady Frances Howard, 1606 — divorce obtained ESSEX— ESTEEES. 491 by her, 161 3 — raises troops and serves, in Holland, 1620 — again in 1625 — takes part in expedition against Spain, 1625 — commands fleet sent to Holland, 1635 — Lieutenant-general, sent against Covenanters, 1639 — one of the Commissioners to treat with the Scots at Bipon, Oct. 1640 — Lord Chamberlain, close of 1640 — Lieutenant-general of the king's forces south of the Trent, summer 1641 — deprived of his commission, Nov. 1641 — Captain-general, by the Parliament, 12 Jul. 1642 — proclaimed traitor by the king, 2 Aug. — recovers "Worcester from the Eoyalists, Oct. — commands against the king at Edgehill, 23 Oct. — the king retires before him at Turnham Green, 1 3 Nov. — takes Eeading, 27 Apr. 1643 — compels the king to raise siege of Gloucester, 6 Sep. — repulses the king at Newbury, 20 Sep. — marches into Corn- wall, Jun. 1644 — escapes by sea, beginning Sep. — resigns his commission, 2 Apr. 1645— if., 1646. Essex, Walter Devereux, Earl of, — ft. in Carmarthenshire, about 1540 — succeeds to the titles of Viscount Hereford and Lord Ferrers, about 1559 — assists in suppressing the rebellion, close of 1569 — K.G. and Earl of Essex, 1572 — commands expedition for establishing a colony in Ulster, and fails, Aug. to Dec. 1573 — returns to England, and is named Governor of Ulster, 1574 — named Earl Marshal of Ireland, and returns to his post : orders the massacre of Kathlin, 1575 — if. at Dublin, 22 Sep. 1576. Essex, James, -architect, — ft. at Cambridge, 1723— if. there, 14 Sep. 1784. Eepairs Ely Cathedral, 1770. Essling and Aspern, — Napoleon defeated by Archduke Charles at, 21-22 May 1809. Estaing, Charles Hector, Count d', admiral, — ft. in Auvergne, 1729 — commander of combined fleets at Cadiz, 1783 — member of Assembly of Notables, 1787 — commander of National Guard of Versailles, 1789 — Admiral, 1792 — executed, 28 Apr. 1794. Estaing, Jacques Zacharie d'. [D'Estaing.] Este, House of, — Oberto I., titular Marquis of, attaches himself to Berenger II., king of Italy, 951 — passes over to Otto I. of Saxony, 968 — is made by him Count of the Sacred Palace; if., about 972 — Obekto II., (son,) titular Marquis of, Lord of Lunigiana and of the County of Obertenga in Tuscany, 972 (?) — with his sons supports Hardouin, king of Lombardy, against Henry of Bavaria, is captured by Henry and deprived of his fiefs, but is re- stored the same year, 1014 — Albert-Azzo I. (son) succeeds, about 1014 — opposes election of Conrad the Salic, 1025 — if., 1029^ 1021 b — Albert-Azzo II., (son,) 1029 ? 1021 ? — inherits Este, Eovigo, Montagnana, Casal-Maggiore, Pontremoli, and Obertenga ; Governor or Count of Milan, by Henry III., 1045 — marries, soon after, Cunegunda, sister of "Welf III. ; marries Garisenda, Countess of Maine ; inherits County of Maine on death of Herbert, 1069— his son, "Welf IV., becomes Duke of Bavaria, 107 1 — assists at synod of Eome, 1074 — sells his herit- age to his son Fulk, and retires into Burgundy; if., 1097,* ni7 b — EulkL, (son,) 1097 or 1117-1135 — Obizzo, (son,) Marquis of, n 37 — joins the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa, 1167 — chosen podestat of Padua, 1 1 82 — titular Marquis of Milan and of Genoa, 1 184 — if., 25 Dec. 1 193 — Azzo V., (son,) 1193 — Azzo VI., (son,) soon after 1200 ? — marries Alice, sister of the Prince of Antioch, 1204 — recognized as Lord of Ferrara and Verona, 1 205 — war with Eccelino II. and Salinguerra, 1208 — peace with Eccelino and Salinguerra, and re- ceives from the Emperor Otto IV. the marquis- ate of Ancona in lieu of Ferrara, 12 10 — joins league against Otto, 121 1 — recovers Ferrara, 121 1 — prepares for war with Otto, and if., 18 Nov. 1 2 1 2 — Aldobrandino, (son,) 1 2 1 2 — AzzoYII., JS T ovello, (brother,) 12 15 — is deprived of most of his lordships ; titular Lord of An- cona, by Honorius III., 1217 — Podesta of Vicenza, 1236 — reconciled with Frederick II., 1237 — renews the war with him, 1239 — seizes Ferrara, and imprisons Salinguerra, 1240 — his hereditary states seized by Eccelino, 1241 seq. — recovers Este and other fortresses, 1256 — takes part in crusade against Eccelino, 1256 — ■ combats at Cassano, 27 Sep. 1259 — if., 17 Feb. 1264 — Obizzo II. , (grandson,) ft., about 1240* — Marquis of, and Lord of Ferrara, 1264 — chosen Lord of Modena, 15 Dec. 1288 — of Eeg- gio, Jan. 1290— if., 13 Feb. 1293. [Modena.] a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Esteve, Jean, troubadour, — fi., about 1580. Esther, — [B C] — made queen by Ahasuerus (Xerxes) of Persia, 479, a (Darius,) winter 5 14-3. b a Smith's Diet. ■ b TJssher. Esthonia, (Revel Werova,) — subjugated by the Danes, 1220 — sold by them to the Teutonic knights, 1346^ 24 Jun. i347 b — king of Po- land acknowledged lord paramount, 1561 — . province of Sweden, by Treaty of Oliva, 1660 — conquered by Peter the Great, 17 10 — ceded to Eussia by Treaty of Nystadt, 172 1. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Estoile, Pierre de L', grand auditor of the Chancery of Paris, — ft., about 1540 — if., Oct. 161 1. Journal of the Reign of Henri III., 1621 — of Henri IV., 1 7 1 9 . Estourmel, Jean d', — defends Peronne against the Flemings, 1536 — maitre d'hotel to Francis I., 19 Sep. 1541 — ambassador to Eng- land, 1546— if., 16 Aug. 1557. Estouteville, Guillaume d\ cardinal, — ft., before 1403 — Cardinal, by Eugenius IV., 1437,* 1439 b — legate of Holy See, at Bourges, 1452 — Abp of Eouen, by Nicolas V., 1453 — charged to reform University of Paris, about 1453 — if. at Eome, 22 Dec. 1483. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Estrades, Godefroid, Count d', Marshal of France, diplomatist, — ft. at Agen, 1607 — Councillor of State, 1639 — negotiates purchase of Dunkirk from Charles II., 1662— concludes Treaty of Breda, 1667 — one of the plenipoten- tiaries for Peace of Nimeguen, 1678 — ft., 26 Feb. 1686. Estrees, Cesar d', cardinal, — ft. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1628 — admitted to French Academy, 1656 — ambassador to Eome, 1671 — negotiates the Peace of the Church, about 1674 — Cardinal, 49 2 ESTREES— ETHELRED. 1674 — effects reconciliation of the Pope and French clergy, 1693 — tf. at St Germain-des- Pres, 18 Dec. 17 14. Estrees, Francois Annibal d', Peer and Marshal of France, — b., 1573 — Marshal, 1626 — ambassador to Rome, 1636 — tf. at Paris, 5 May 1670. Memoires de la regence de Marie de Medicis, 1666. Estrees, Gabrielle d', — b., about 157 1 — re- ceives Henri IV. at Chateau of Coeuvres, and becomes his mistress, 1590 — tf. at Paris, 10 Apr. 1599. Estrees, Jean, Count d , admiral, — b., 1624 — wounded at siege of Gravelines, 1644 — serves at battle of Lens, 1648 — raises the siege of Arras, 25 Apr. 1654 — Lieutenant-general, 1654 — enters the navy, 1668 — Vice-admiral, 1670 — commands at battle of Soultsbay, 7 Jun. 1672 ■ — takes Cayenne from the Dutch, 1676 — defeats Admiral Byng at Tobago, 1677 — Marshal of France, 1 681— bombards Algiers, 1682— bom- bards Tunis, 1685 — tf. at Paris, 19 May 1707. Estrees, Louis Cesar Letellier, Count and Duke d', Marshal of France, — b., 2 Jul. 1695,* 4 May 1697 b — serves in Spain, 17 19 — Lieutenant-general, 2 May 1744 — serves in Flanders, 1 744 — contributes to victories of Fon- tenoy, 1745 — Raucoux, 1746 — and Lawfeld, 1747 — Chevalier, 1 7 48 — Marshal, 1756,* 24 Feb. 1757 b — Commander-in-chief of army in Ger- many, 1757 — defeats Duke of Cumberland, near Hastembeck, 26 Jul. 1757 — Duke, 1763 — tf., 177 I. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Estrees, Victor Marie, Duke d', Admiral, Marshal of France, — b. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1660 — enters the army, 1678 — enters the navy, 1679 — Lieutenant-general of naval armies of Spain, 1 701 — commander of French and Spanish fleets, 1703 — Marshal of France, 1703 — mem- ber of French Academy, 17 15 — tf. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1737. Estremoz, — Don John of Austria defeated by Count Schomberg at, 1663. Etampes, in France, (Stampce,) — mentioned in a treaty between. Gontran and Childebert, 587 — defeat of Clotaire II. by his nephew Thierry near, 604 — burnt by Rollo, 911 — as- sembly of grandees at, crusade resolved on, 1 147 — ceases to be royal residence after death of Philip Augustus, 1223 — erected into a County by Charles IV., 1327 — taken by Burgundians, 141 1 — erected into a Duchy for Jean de Brosses, 1536 — captured by the Protestants, 1562 and 1567 — taken from the League by Henry III., but soon recovered, 1589 — retaken and fortifi- cations razed by Henry IV., 1590 — given to Gabrielle d' Estrees, 1598 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Turenne, 1662 — falls to the Crown again, 17 12 — corn riot at, 3 Mar. 1792. Coun- cils of, held 1091 or 1092, Apr. 1130, and J247. Etaples, — Peace of, between Henry VTI. of England and Charles VIII. of France, con- cluded, 5 Nov. 1492. Eteonicus, — [B Cj — lieutenant to Astyochus at Lesbos, 412 — expelled from Thasos, 410 — blockades Conon in Mitylene, 406 —serves un- der Anaxibios at Byzantium, 400 — harmost at iEgina, 389. Ethandune, ' {Edington ?) in Wiltshire, — Alfred defeats the Danes at, 878. Ethelbald, {JEthelbald,) King of Mercia, — succeeds Ceolred, 7 1 6 — invades Northumbria, 737 — defeated by Cuthred of "Wessex, 752 — killed, 755. Ethelbald, King of "Wessex, — succeeds on his father's death, 858 — marries Judith, his father's widow ; tf-, 860. Ethelbert, (JEthelbert,) King of East An- glia, — killed by Off a of Mercia, 792. Ethelbert, King of Kent, — succeeds his father Ermenric, 560 — marries Bertha, daugh- ter of Charibert, king of Paris, 57o, a about 575 b — Bretwalda, about 589 a — receives Au- gustine, 597 — baptized by him, Feast of Pen- tecost 597 — publishes his Code, about 600 — founds See of Canterbury, 602 — founds See of Rochester, 604 — tf., 23 Feb. 616. a Engl. Cyc. b Annals of England. Ethelbert II., King of Kent, — succeeds his brother Eadbert, 748 — tf., 760. Ethelbert, King of England, — succeeds his father Ethelwulf, except in "Wessex, 858 — King of all England on death of his brother Ethelbald, 860 — carries on war with the Danes ; tf., 866. Ethelburga, {JEthelburga,) (of Kent,) — mar- ries Edwin, king of Northumbria, 625 — widow, retires with Paulinus to Kent, 633. Etheldreda, (JEtheldrida,) (of East Anglia,) — marries Tonbert, 652 — left a widow, 655 — marries Egfrid of Northumbria ; becomes queen on his succession, Feb. 670 — retires to Colding- ham Abbey, 672 — founds monastery at Ely, and becomes abbess, 673 — tf., 679. Ethelfleda, {JEtheljleda,) l Lady of the Mercians,' — assists her brother, Edward the Elder, against Ethelwald, 901-5 — rebuilds Chester, 907 — builds forts at Tamworth and Stafford, 913 — defeats "Welsh at Brecknock, 916 — obtains possession of Leicester, 918 — York submits to her, 918 — tf., 12 Jun. 922. Ethelfrith, {JEthelfrith,) King of North - umbria, — succeeds Ella in Bernicia, 588 — also in Deira, 593 — victory over the Scots at Degsastan, (DalstonP) 603 — slaughter of the Welsh at Chester, 607, 605, or 613 — killed by Redwald of East Anglia, 617. Ethelheard, {JEthelheard,) King of "Wessex, — succeeds Ina, 728 — tf., 739 or 741. Ethelred, (JEthelred,) King of Mercia, — succeeds Wulfhere, 675 — invades Kent, 676 — carries on war with Egfrid of Northumbria, 679 — peace concluded, through Abp Theodore ; his queen Ostrith murdered, 697 — becomes a monk, 704. Ethelred, (JEthelred,) King of North- umbria, — succeeds Alchred, 774 — expelled by Alfwold, 778 — restored on expulsion of Osred, 790 — murdered, 19 Apr. 795. Ethelred (JEtfrelred) I., King of England, — succeeds his brother Ethelbert, 866 — with Alfred, unsuccessfully besieges Danes in Not- tingham, 868 — wounded at battle of Merton, early 871 — tf , soon after Easter 871. Ethelred (JEthelred) II., the Unready, King of England, — b., 968 — succeeds his brother ETHELWULF— EU. 493 Edward the Martyr, Mar. 979^ 978 b — crowned at Kingston, by Dunstan, 4 May 979, a 14 Apr. 978 b — Danish invasions begin, 981 — besieges Rochester and ravages the diocese, 986 — battle of Maidon, 991 — first payment of Danegelt, 991 — peace with Duke of Normandy by me- diation of Pope John XV., 991° — collects a fleet at London, 992 — defeat of the Northmen, 992 — makes peace with Anlaf, winter 994 — ravages Cumberland, 1000 — again buys off the Danes, 1002 — marries Emma, 1002 — massacre of the Danes by his order, 13 Nov. 1002 — Eadric Streona becomes his favourite, 1006 — defeated at Kennet, retires into Shropshire, 1006 — pays tribute again to the Danes, 1007 — collects fleet at Sandwich, 1009— takes Thur- kill and Danish ships into his service, 1012 — London submits to Sweyn, summer 1013 — the Queen and her sons escape to Normandy, Aug. 1013 — Ethelred joins them, Jan. ioi4 c — re- turns to England after Sweyn' s death, Lent 1014 — defeats Cnut, 1014 — Sj. at London, 23 Apr. 1 01 6. a Annals of England. b Florence of Worcester. c Freeman. Ethelwulf, (Jtthelwulf,) King of England, — succeeds his father Egbert, 837,* 836 b — makes his son Athelstan governor of Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and E. Anglia ; defeated by the Danes at Carrum, 840,* 839 b — defeats them at Ockley, 851 — makes his son Ethelbert governor of Kent, 852 — assists the Mercians against the Welsh, and marries his daughter Ethelswith to Burgred, king of Mercia, 853 — gives the tenth part of his lands to the Church, 855 — goes with his son Alfred to Rome, 855 — returns, 856 — marries Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, 1 Oct. 856 — shares the king- dom with his son Ethelbald, 857 — if., Jan. or Jun. 858.* a Annals of England. b Engl. Cyc. Ether, — anaesthetic properties of, discovered by Jackson, (of Boston, U.S.,) 1842 — intro- duced in surgical practice by Morton, Oct. 1846. Etherege, (Ftheridge,) Sir George, drama- tist, — fj. near London, about 1636 — ft., about 1688 ? Plays and Poems, 1701. Ethiopia. [Abyssinia.] Ethnological Society, — of London, founded, 1843. Etienne. [Stephens.] Etna,— [B C]— eruptions of, (01. 11, 3,) 733a —before 504b— (01. 75, 2,) 475 or 476^ alluded to by ^schylus and Pindar ; (01. 88, 3,) 425^ mentioned by Thucydides ; (01. 96, 1,) 396,° by Diodorus Siculus; 135, Ser. Fulv. Flaccus, Q. Calpurnius Piso, Coss. ; 125, 121,43 — [ AD ] — 4°> 2 53, 312, 420, 4 Feb. 1169, 11 81, 23 Jun. to 15 Jul. 1329, 1333, 25 Aug. 1381, 1444, 25 Sep. 1446, 25 Apr. 1536, Apr. and May 1537, 1579, J un - ^03, 1607, 1609, 1614, 1650, 10 Dec. 1664, 8-25 Mar. 1669, May 1678, Dec. 1682, 24 May 1686, 1755, 1763, 1766, Feb. to May 1780, Jul. to Oct. 1787, Mar. 1792 to Ma y J 793> 2 7 Mar. 1809, 1811, May 1819, Jun. 1830, Nov. 1832, autumn 1852, Nov. to Dec. 1868. a Encyc. Metrop. b Nat. Cyc. c Engl. Cyc. d Clinton. Eton College, — founded by Henry VI., by Procuratorium of 12 Sep. 1440, and by Char> ters of 12 Sep. and 21 Oct. 1441 and 25 Mar. 1452. Chapel, commenced, Jul. 1441 — the charters confirmed by parliament, May 1444 and 1459 — Edward IV. obtains, from Pope Pius II., bull for dissolving and uniting it to Windsor College, Nov. 1463 — the Bulla TJni- onis revoked by Paul II., 1467 — buildings completed, 1523. [Schools, Public] Montem, ceremony transferred to Whit Tuesday, 1759 — abolished, since 1844. Etruria, Etruscans, — [B C] — defeated at Cumse, 474, a about (283, a. v. c. b ) 47 1 — cap- ture of Veii, by Rome, 396 — defeated by Q. Fabius Maximus, 310 — by Corn. Dolabella, become subject to Borne, 283 — receive Bo- man franchise, 91. a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Etruria, Kingdom of, — erected in favour of Louis, Duke of Parma, by Napoleon I., 21 Mar. 1801 — Charles Louis succeeds his father, under regency of his mother, Maria Louisa, 27 May 1803 — taken possession of by Napoleon, 10 Dec. 1807. Etruria, in Staffordshire, — seat of Wedg- wood's porcelain works, founded by Josiah Wedgwood, 1766. Ettmiiller, Michael, physician, — b. at Leip- sic, 26 May 1644 — M.D., 1668 — Prof. Botany, 1 68 1 — ft. at Leipsic, 9 Mar. 1683. Opera medica, 1708. Etty, William, painter, — b. at York, 10 Mar. 1787 — goes to London, Nov. 1805 — student at Boyal Academy, 15 Jan. 1807 — becomes pupil of Lawrence, Jul. 1807 — visits Italy, 1816 and 1822-3 — A.R.A., 29 Oct. 1824 — R.A., 19 Feb. 1828 — visits Paris, 1830 — settles at York, Jun. 1 848 — tf • there, 1 3 Nov. 1849. Coral Finders, 1820 — Cleopatra 1 s arrival in Cilicia, 1821 — The Combat, 1825 — Judith, 1827-30-31 — Youth and Pleasure, National Gallery, 1832 — Ulysses and the Sirens, 1837 — Female Bathers surprised by a Swan, National Gallery, 1841 — Joan of Arc, 1847. Eu, Chateau d', — taken and pillaged by William, Duke of Normandy, 1049 — given by him to Bobert Guiscard; marriage of Wil- liam with Maud of Flanders celebrated at, 1054 — burnt, with the town, by order of Louis XL, 1475 — rebuilding commenced, by Duke of Guise, 1581 — sequestrated by decree of the Convention, 4 Oct. 1793 — restored to Duchess- dowager of Orleans, 18 14— visit of Queen Vic- toria to Louis Philippe, 1 843 — sold, by decree of Louis Napoleon of 2 Dec. 1852. Eu, County of, — created for Geoffrey, son of Bichard L, Duke of Normandy, by Richard II., 996 — passes by marriage of Mary, heiress of Balph III., to Alfonso of Brienne, 1249 — given to John of Artois, Apr. 1352 — erected into a peerage, by Louis XL, Aug. 1458 — passes to the Guises by marriage of Catherine of Cleves to Henry, Duke of Guise, Sep. 1570 — ■ sold by Henry of Lorraine to Maria Louisa of Orleans, 1660 — given by her to Louis Augustus, Duke of Maine, 1682 — reestablished as peer- age, 5 May 1694. 494 EUJENETOS— EUDOCIA. Euaenetos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. HI. 2,) 335- Eubcea,— [B C] — invaded and colonized by Athenians, about 506 — [Chalkis, Eretria] — revolts, and is subdued by Pericles, and made tributary to Athens, 445 — revolts again, 411 — — Athenian expedition into, after midsummer 358 — revolts again, 350, 349 a — Phocion's ex- pedition into, 350, 342-1 a — falls under Mace- donian influence, about 350 — its cities made independent again by Borne, 194 — forms part of province of Achaia, 146. . • a Grote. Eubulides, {Euboulides,) — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 96, 3,) 394. Eubulus, (JEuboulos,) comic poet, [Middle Comedy,)— [B C]— exhibited, (01. 101,) 376-5. Eubulus, (JSuboulos,) orator, — [BC] — pro- motes alliance of Athens with Thebes, 362 — promotes peace with confederates at close of Social War, (01. 106, 1,) 355 — opposed to Demosthenes respecting Olynthiac war, 349-8 — incites Meidias against Demosthenes, before midsummer 348 — Archon at Athens, (01. 108, 4,) 345 — a leading orator, 340 — "ft. before the cause Be Corona, after midsummer 330. Eueharistos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 105, 2,) 359. Eucheir and Eugrammos, mythic, — [BC] — introduce plastic art into Italy, 664. Eucherius, Bp of Lyons, — retires from the world, 410 — elected Bp of Lyons, 434 — assists at first Council of Orange, 441 — if., about 45°- Eucherius, FL, — Consul with Fl. Syagrius, (1134, a. u. c.) 381. Eucleides, geometrician, §c, — [BC] — fl., about 300. Eucleides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 94, 2,) 403. Eucleides, of Megara, Eleatic philosopher, — [B C] — taught, from 399. Euctemon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 93, 1,) 408. Eudemos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 106, 4,) 353. Eudemos, — [BC] — kills Porus and seizes his territories, 323 — aids Eumenes against Antigonus, 317 — put to death by Antigonus, 3i5- Eudemos, of Rhodes, Aristotelian philoso- pher, — [B C]— fl., about 325. Eudes, Count of Paris, — defends Paris against Northmen, 885— proclaimed King of Prance, 887 — drives the Northmen from Paris, and defeats them in Argonne, Jun. 889 — de- feated by them, 890 — has a rival in Charles the Simple, 893 — divides the monarchy with him, summer 896 — tf. at La Fere, 1 Jan. 898. Eudes, (Odon,) Duke of Aquitaine, — succeeds, 688 — recognized by Chilperic II. and joins with him against Charles Martel, 717 — defeated by Charles, 718 or 719 — surrenders Chilperic to him, 719 or 720— defeats Saracens under Zama at Toulouse, 721 — compelled to make peace with Munuza and give him his daughter in marriage, 730 — defeated by Ab- derahman, 731 — with Charles Martel defeats Abderahman near Poitiers, (or Tours,) Oct. 732 — *., 735- Eudes, 5th Count of Champagne, 4th Count of Blois, — takes Melun, 999 — succeeds his brother, Theobald II., as Count of Blois, Chartres, and Tours, 1004 — takes title of Count of the Palace : defeated by the Count of Anjou at Pontlevoi, 6 Jul. 1016 — succeeds Stephen as Count of Champagne and of Brie, 1019 — war with Count of Anjou, 1026 — de- feated by Herbert, Count of Maine, 6 Aug.' 1626 — leagues with the queen, Constance, against her son Henry, 103 1 — takes and for- tifies Sens, 103 1 — concludes treaty with the king and gives up half the town of Sens to him, 1034 — claims and invades Burgundy, op- posed by the Emperor, Conrad the Salic, 1034 — invades Lorraine and unsuccessfully besieges Toul, 31 Oct. 1037 — takes the chateau of Bar- le-Duc, 1037 — defeated and killed by Gon- thelon, Duke of Lorraine,, near Bar, 15 or 23 Nov. 1037. Eudes I., Borel, Duke of Burgundy, — succeeds his brother, Hugh L, 1078 — assists Alfonso VI. of Castile against Saracens, 1087 — sets out to arrest Anselm on his way to Eome, but makes friends with him, Dec. 1097 — Ij. in Palestine, no2, a 23 Mar. I I03. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Eudes III., Duke of Burgundy, — begins to govern, 11 90 — succeeds on death of his father, Hugh III., 1193 — assists Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 1 193 — marries the daughter of Alfonso I. of Portugal, 11 94 — the marriage annulled, 11 97 — marries Alice de Vergi, 1199 — refuses leadership of the crusade, 1201 — is at the Court of Peers which condemns John, king of England, for the murder of Arthur, and confiscates his territories in France, 30 Apr. 1203 — assists at the parliaments of Ville- neuve-a-Boi, May 1209 — and of Compiegne : takes part in crusade against the Albigenses, Jun. 1209 — commands right wing at battle of Bouvines, 12 14 — named honorary canon of St Martin of Tours, 1 215 — sets out on the crusade, but ft. at Lyons, 6 Jul. 121 8. Eudes IV., Duke of Burgundy, — succeeds his brother, Hugh V., spring 13 15 — marries Jane, daughter of Philip the Tall, 18 Jun. 1 318 — Prince of Achaia and the Morea, and King of Thessalonica, on death of his brother Louis, 1320 — sells the principality and kingdom to the Prince of Tarentum, 6 Oct. 1321 — does homage to Charles the Fair, 1322 — accom- panies Philip of Valois into Flanders, 1328 — contributes to victory of Montcassel, 22 Aug. — Count of Burgundy and Artois on death of his mother-in-law, 1330 — again assists Philip in Flanders, 1340 — defends St Omer against Robert of Artois, Jul. — treaty of alliance with Amadeus VI., Count of Savoy, 16 Jun. 1347 — tf. at Sens, 1350. Eudocia, (JEudoxia,) Augusta, — marries Arcadius at Constantinople, 27 Apr. 395 — pro- cures exile of Chrysostom, about Jul. 403 — a:ad again, Easter 404 — tf., 6 Oct. 404. Eudocia, Augusta, (Athenais,) — b., 393-4 EUDOCIA-EUMENIUS. 495 — marries Theodosius, 7 Jim. 42 1 a — declared Augusta, 2 Jan. 423 a — visits Jerusalem, 438 — exiled to Palestine, 444 a — 0"., 460-1 . a Clinton. Eudocia, Augusta, of Macrembolis, — marries Constantine Ducas, before 1059 — Augusta, 1059 — obtains the government, 1067 — marries Eomanus Diogenes, 1068 — imprisons him ; banished to a convent by John Ducas, 107 1 — living in 1096. Eudoxia, — marries Valentinian, Oct. 437 — after his death is compelled to marry Maximus, Mar. 455 — carried off by Genseric to Carthage, Jun. 455 — restored with Placidia, 462. Eudoxius, — Consul with Dioscorus, (1195, A. TJ. C.) 442. Eudoxius, Heros, jurist, — fl., about 450. Eudoxos of Cnidus, geometrician, astronomer, — [B C] — fl., about 406-360. Eudoxos of Cyzicus, geographer, — [BC] — voyages to India, about 125. Euenos, (Evenus,) poet,— [BC]— ft., about (01. 80) 46o. a a Eusebius. Eugamon, cyclic poet,—\B C] — ft., about (01. 53, 3) 566. Eugene, Francois of Savoy, Prince, general, — b. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1663 — enters service of Austria, 1683 — distinguishes himself in cam- paigns against the Turks, 1683-7— at siege of Belgrade, 1688 — commands Imperial forces in Piedmont, 169 1« — defeats Turks at Zenta, n Sep. 1697 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of Italy, 1 701-2 — President of Council of War, Vienna, 1703 — commands Imperial troops at battle of Blenheim, 13 Aug. 1704 — wounded at battle of Cassano, Aug. 1705— defeats French before Turin, 7 Sep. 1706 — governor of Milan, Apr. 1707 — contributes to victory of Oudenarde, Jul. 1708 — of Malplaquet, Sep. 1709 — envoy to England, 17 n — invades France, 17 12 — signs Peace of Rastadt, 6 Mar. 17 14 — obtains victory over Turks at Peterwaradin, 6 Aug. 1 7 1 6 — takes Belgrade, 17 17 — commands on the Rhine, 1733 — tf. at Vienna, 21 Apr. 1736. Eugene, Prince. [Beauharnais.] Eugenia, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- schmidt, 28 Jun. 1857. Eugenicus, M., theologian, Abp, — Abp of Ephesus, 1436 — attends Council of Florence, 1438— tr., 1447. Eugenius I., Pope, — governs as Vicar- general on imprisonment of St Martin, Jun. 653 to Sep. 654 — elected, 8 Sep. 654 — o\, 1 Jun. 6 57- Eugenius II., Pope, — succeeds Pascal I., 5 Jun., a 14 Feb. b 824 — ft., Aug. 827. a Fleury. b Pagi. Eugenius III., (Bernard,) Pope, — succeeds Lucius II. , 27 Feb. 1145 — preaching of Arnold of Brescia; revolt at Borne, and he retires ; subdues the Romans and returns, Christmas 1 145 — abolishes the senate and ex- communicates the patrician ; again quits Rome, Mar. 1 1 46 — takes refuge in France, early in .1147 — at Council of Rheims, Mar. 1148 — reenters Rome, end of 1149 — again expelled, 1 1 50 — returns, 1152 — Xf. at Tivoli, 7 or 8 Jul. ii53, a 1154." a Art de Verifier les Dates. Biog. Univ. Eugenius IV., (Gabriel Condolmero,) Pope, — succeeds Martin V., 3, a 4, b 6 c Mar. 1431 — prosecutes the Colonna, who quit Rome and collect troops, Mar. to Apr. 143 1 — defeats them, and concludes peace, 22 Sep. — recog- nizes Council of Basel by bull of 15 Dec. 1433 — escapes from Rome and resides at Bologna, 1437 — sends legates to Constanti- nople to conduct John Paheologus to Italy, May 1437 — summoned before Council of Basel, Jul — dissolves the Council, and convokes an- other at Ferrara — [Basel, Ferrara, Councils of] — removes Council to Florence, Feb. 1439 — deposed by Council of Basel, 22 Jun. 1439 — " signs decree for reunion of Greek and Latin churches, same day : antipope, Felix V. elected, 5 Nov. 1439 — incites Hungarians and Poles to break the peace with the Turks, 1444 — ij. at Rome, 23 Feb. 1447. a Sponde, Fagi, and Muratori. b Dupin. c Papebroch. Eugenius, Bp op Carthage, — appointed, 480 — banished by Hunneric, 494 — recalled by Gundemund, ? 495-6 — banished by Thrasa- mund to Vienna, after 496 — U. at Albi, 13 Jul. 505. Eugubine Tables, — discovered near Gobbio, (Eugubium,) 1444. Euhemeros, (Evemerus,) logographer, — [B C] — ft., about 325. Euler, Leonard, mathematician, — b. at Basel, 15 Apr. 1707 — Prof. Mathematics, St Peters- burg, 1733 — settles at Berlin, 1741-66 — re- turns to St Petersburg, 1766 — if. there, 7 Sep. 1783. 3Iechanica, 1736 — Tentamen novce theories musicce, 1729 — Introductio in analysin infinitorum, 1748 — Institutiones calculi dijfer- entialis, $• Sep. 1803. Vita Italorum Boctrina illustrium, 1766-83 — Historia Acad- emic® Pisance, 1791 — Flogj di alcuni Illustri Italiani, 1789 — Baurentii Medicei magnijici vita, 1784 — Magni Cosmi Medicei vita, 1789 — Leonis X, pontifcis maximi vita, 1797. a Eiog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Fabbroni, {Fabroni,) Giovanni Valentino Matteo, natural philosopher, — b. at Florence, Feb. 1 752 — sub-director of the cabinet of Grand Duke, 1780-1806— sent to France to assist in verification of weights and measures, 1798 — — honorary Prof. Univ. of Pisa, 1802 — ■ director of the Mint, about 1804 — director of Academy of Pisa, 1 808 — deputy to the Corps Begislatf, 1809 — member of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — Baron of the Empire, 18 11 — > master of requests to the Council of State, director of bridges and roads beyond the Alps, 18 1 1— Chevalier of St Joseph, 1821 — tf., Dec. 1822. Bel Bombice e del Bisso degli antichi, 1782 — Guida agli Agricoltori d' Italia, 1791 — Synopsis Plantarum Horti botanici Musei regii Floroitini, 1797 — Bella Economia agraria dei Chinesi, 1802. Faber, Basilius, lexicographer, — b. in Lusace, 1520 — rj. Rector of Academy of Erfurt, 1575, :i 1576. b Thesaurus eruditionis scholas- tics, 1571. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. Faber, Frederick William, poet, theologian, — b. at Durham, 18 14 — Vicar of Elton, 1843 FABER— fabric ius. 5° I ■ — goes over to the Church of Rome, 17 Nov. 1845 — settles in London, and founds the Oratory of the brotherhood of St Philip Neri, 1849 — ft. at the Oratory, Brompton, 26 Sep. 1863. Cherwell Water •-Lily, $c, 1840 — Sir Lancelot, 1844 — Fathers of the Oratory, 1849. Faber, Felix, historian, — ft. at Zurich, about 1441 — first preacher at the Dominican monastery, Ulm, about 1477 — visits Palestine, 1483 — tf. at Ulm, 14 Mar. 1502. Historia Suevorum, 1604. Faber, George Stanley, theologian, — b., 25 Oct. 1773 — enters Oxford Univ., 1789 — Fellow of Lincoln College, 1794 — M.A., 1796 — Vicar of Long Newton, 181 1-32 — Prebendary of Salisbury, 1831 — Master of Sherburn Hospital, Durham, 1832 — tf. there, 27 Jan. 1854. LForce Mosaicce, 1801 — Origin of Lagan idolatry, 1 8 1 6 — Sacred Calendar of Froph ecy, 1828. Faber, Johann, {Malleus hcereticorum,) Do- minican,— It. in Suabia, about 1470,* 1479^ 1478° — Vicar-general to Bp of Constance, 1519/ 15 1 8 c — confessor to Emperor Ferdinand, 1526 — Bp of Vienna, 1531 — tf., 12 Jun„ a 21 May c i54i, ac 1542. b Malleus hcereticorum, 1524 a 1522° — Opera, 1537-41. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. Faber, Johann, anatomist, botanist, — b. at Bamberg, about 1570 — tf. at Rome ? about 1640 ? Be animalibus indicis apud Mexicum, 1628? Faber, Johann Ernst, orientalist, — b. in Hildburghausen, Feb. 1745, a 1746 b — Prof. Oriental Languages and Philosophy, Kiel, 1770 — at Jena, 1772 — tf. there, 15 Mar., a Apr. b 1774. Bescriptio commeutarii in septua- qinta interpretes, 1768-69 — Archaeologie der TLebrder, 1773 — Arabische Grammatik, 1773. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Fabert, Abraham, Marshal of France, — b. at Metz, 11 Oct. 1599 — distinguishes him- self at the retreat from Mentz, 1635 — at siege of Saverne, 1636 — of Landrecies, 1637 — wounded at siege of Turin, 1 640 — Marechal de Camp, 1646 — takes Porto-Longone and Pioni- bino, 1646 — Lieutenant-general, takes Stenai, 1654 — Marshal of France, Governor of Sedan, 1658 — "ft. there, 17 May 1662. Fabian, St, Bp of Rome, — succeeds An- terius, Jan. 236 — martyred under Decius, 20 Jan. 250. Fabian, Robert. [Fabyan.] Fabiano, San, — Piccinino defeats Frederick, Duke of Urbino, and Alexander Sforza, at, 27 Jul. 1460. Fabianus, L. Annius, — Consul with M. Nonius Mucianus, (954, a. u. c.) 201. Fabianus, Papirius, rhetorician, philoso- pher, — fl., about 30. Fabii, The. [Cremera.] Fabius. [See family names, Ambustus, Buteo, Labeo, Maximus, Pictor, §c.~\ Fabre, Francois Xavier, Baron, painter, — b. at Montpellier, 1 Apr. 1766 — wins the grand prize and goes to Rome, 1787 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 May 1830 — tf. at Mont- pellier, 12 Mar. or May 1837. La Sainte Familleen repos, 1812. Fabre, Jean Claude, miscellaneous writer, — • b. at Paris, 15 Apr. 1668 — tf. there, 22 Oct. 1753. CEiwres de Virgile traduites en francais, 17 2 1 — continues Fleury's Histoire ecclesias- tique, 1726 — Nouveau Dictionnaire francais, 1709. Fabre, Pierre, surgeon, — b. at Tarascon, 17 16 — admitted to Academic Society of Sur- geons, Paris, 30 Oct. 175 1 — tf. at Paris, about 1795 ? Traite des maladies veneriennes, 1758 — Recherches sur differents points de physiolo- gic, §c, 1783 — Essai sur les faculte's de I'ume, $c, 1785 — Recherches sur les vrais principes de I'art de gue'rir, 1790. Fabre de l'Aude, Jean Pierre, Peer of France, — b. at Carcassone, 8 Dec. 1755 — de- puty to States of Languedoc, 1783 — to Coun- cil of Five Hundred, 1795 and 1797 — Presi- dent of Tribunate, 1801 — Commander of Le- gion of Honour : Member of Senate, Count, 14 Aug. 1807 — Member of Grand Council of Administration of the Senate, 18 10 — Xf. at Paris, 6 Jul. 1832. Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois Nazaire, politician, litterateur, — b. at Carcas- sone, 28 Dec. 1755 — deputy to National Con- vention, 1792 — ■ Member of Committee of Public Safety, Sep. 1792 — condemned to death, 5 Apr. 1794. Le Fhilinte de Moliere, 1790 — Lntrigue epistolaire, 1791 — Les Frecepteurs, 1799. Fabretti, Raffaele, antiquary, — b. at Urbino, 161 8 — secretary to Alexander VIII., 1689 — tf. at Rome, 7 Jan. 1700. Be Columna Trajani, 168 3 — Be Aquis et Aqumductibus Veteris Romce, 1680 — Lnscriptionum antiquarum . . . explica- te, 1699. Fabriano, Gentile di Niccolo di Giovanni Massi, (Francesco di,) painter,- — b. at Fabriano, Ancona, between 1360-70-* — settles at Florence, 1422 a — removes to Rome, before 1431 s — tf. there, about 1450. Madonna, Cathedral of Or- vieto, 1425 a — Adoration of the Kings, Florence, 1423 — Altar-piece of San Niceolo, 1425. a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Fabricius, David, astronomer, — b. in Fries- land, 1564 — discovers variable star in the Whale, 1596 — tf., 7 May 161 7. Xarte von dem alien Fmden, 1599 — Chronica von etk/ken be- sondem Geschiednissen, §c, 1609. Fabricius, Franciscus, philologist, — b. at Dlireu, about 1525 — rector of Gymnasium, Dusseldorf, about 1550 — tf. there, 1573. Lysice orationes dum, 1554 — Flutarchi Charonensis Be liberis educandis Liber, 1563 — Ciceronis FLis- toria, §e., 1564. Fabricius, Georg, poet, historian, — b. at Chemnitz, 24 Apr. 15 16 — tf. at Meissen, 13 Jul. 157 1. Roma, 1550 — Foematum veterum ecclesiasticorum opera Christiana, §c., 1562,* I 574 ,b a Biog. Uniy. b Ersch and Gruber. Fabricius, Joannes Albertus, bibliographer, — b. at Leipsic, 11 Nov. i668, ac 1667 t> — tf. at Hamburg, 30 Apr. 1736. Bibliotheca Grceca, i705-28, ab 1708° — Bibliotheca Latina, 1697 — Bibliotheca Latina Fcclesiastica, 17 18 — Biblio- theca Latina Medice et Infimce JEtatis, 1734 — Codex apocryphus Nov. Test., 17 19 — Bibliogra~ 5 oz FABRICIUS— FACTTXDUS. phia Antiquaria, 17 13 — Conspectus Thesauri Litter arii Italia, 1749 — Salutaris Lux Evan- gelii, 1731. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Fabricius, Johann, astronomer, — tf., not before May 16 17. Be maculis in sole observa- tis, §c, 16*11. Fabricius, Johann, orientalist, — b. at Dant- zic, 17 Feb. 1608 — pastor there, 1642 — Prof. Theology and Hebrew, 1650 — tf. there, to Sep. 1653. Bissertatio philologica de nomine Jeho- vah, 1636 — Specimen Arabicum, §c, 1658. Fabricius, Johann, theologian, bibliographer, — b. at Altorf, 1644— D.D., 1690— Prof. The- ology, Helmstadt, 1697 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1702 — tf., 29 Jan. 1729. Historia bibliotheca Fabriciana, 1717-24. Fabricius, Johann Andreas, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Magdeburg, 1696 — tf. at Nordhausen, 28 Feb. 1769. Conspectus The- ologian thetico-polemico-moralis, 1766 — Anivei- sung zur theoretischen Philosophic, 1746 — Krit- ische BibliotheJc, 1748-59 — Abriss einer allge- meinen Historie der Gelehrsamkeit, 1752-54. Fabricius, Johann Christian, entomologist, ' $c, — b. in Sleswick, i742, a 1743 b — M.D. Up- sala, 1767 — Prof. Natural History, Kiel, about 1767,° 1775 b — tf- at Copenhagen, Kiel, b 1807. Systema Entomologia, 1775 — Philosophia En- tomologica, 1778 — Reise nach Norwegen, §c, 1779 — Species Lnsectorwn, 1781 — Entomologice Systematica, 1792-94. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. Fabricius, Karel, painter, — b. at Delft, about 1624 — tf. there, 12 Oct. 1654. Fabricius, Lorenz, orientalist— b. at Dant- 2 i c > I 555 — M.A. Wittenberg, 1587 — Prof. He- brew, 1593-1629 — tf. there, 21 Apr. 1629. Partitiones codicis Hebrai, 16 10 — De reliquiis Sanctis Syrarum vocum in Nov. Test, asservatis, 1613. Fabricius, Otto, naturalist,—^, in Denmark, 6 Mar. 1744 — missionary to Greenland, 1768- 73 — tf. in Denmark, 20 Apr. 1822. Fauna Groenlandica, 1780. Fabricius, Q,., — [BC] — trib. pleb., proposes recall of Cicero, Jan. 57. Fabricius, Theodor, theologian, — b. in Prus- sia, 2 Feb. 1501 — in service of Philip of Hesse, 1532 — imprisoned, 1540 — goes to Wittenberg, 1543 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1544 — Pastor at Zerbst, 1544 — tr. there, 15 Sep. 1570. Lnsti- tutiones grammatics in linguam sanctum, 1528. Fabricius, Vincent, poet, §c, — b. at Ham- burg, 25 Sep., a 28 Aug. b 1612 — tf. at Warsaw, 11 Sep., a Apr. b 1667. Eoemata, 1632. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Fabricius Hildanus, (Fabri de Hildcn,) Wilhelm, physician, — b. near Cologne, 25 Jun. 1560— studies at Lausanne, 1586— physician of Berne, about 1614 — tf. there, Feb. 1634. Opera, 1646. Fabricius Luscinus, C.,— [B C]— Consul with Q. JEmilius Papus, (472, a.u.c.) 282 — defeats Samnites, Lucanians, and Bruttians : joint am- bassador to Pyrrhus at Tarentum, 280 — legate in war with Pyrrhus, 279 — Consul with Papus, (476.) 278 — conducts war against Pyrrhus suc- cessfully : censor, 275 — expels P. Corn. Eufi- nus from the senate. Fabriey, Gabriel, Dominican, — b. in Pro- vence, about 1725 — tj. at Pome, 1800. Bes titres pritnitifs de la revelation, §c., 1772 — Pecherches sur V epoque de V equitation, §c., 1764-65. Fabrini, Giovanni, philologist, — b. in Tus- cany, 15 16— Prof. Eloquence, Yenice, 1547-77 — tf., about 1580. Bella interpretazione della Lingua rolgare e Latina, §c, 1544 — Teorica della Lingua, 1565 — LI Terentio Latino comen- tato, §c, 1548. Fabrizio, Geronimo, [Fabricius ab Acqua- pendente,) anatomist, — fj. at Acquapendente, 1537 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Padua, 1565 — tf. there, May 1619. Opera omnia ana- tomica et physiologica, 1687 — Opera chirurgica, i'C., 1617. Fabro - Bremundano, {Francois Faivre \_Febvre~\ de Bremondans,) historian, — b. at Be- sanc,on, about 1620 — goes to Italy, about 1650 — tf., after 1693. Historia de los hechos de don Juan d' Austria, §c„ 1673 — Yiage del rey don Carlos LL., §c, 1680 — Floro historico de la guerra de Ungria, 1684. Fabroni. [Fabbroni.] Fabrot, Charles Annibal, jurist,— b. at Aix, about 1580 — Prof. Law there, 1609-37 — tf. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1659. Basilicorum Libri sexa- ginta, cum versione Latina, 1647 — Lnstitu- tionum Justiniani Lmperatoris Paraphrasis Grceca, §c, 1638 — edition of Cujacius, 1658. Fabyan, {Fabian.) Robert, historian,— sheriff of London, 1493 — tf. there, about 15 12. Con- cordance of Histories, 15 1 6. Faccini, Pietro, painter, — b. at Bologna, about 1566, a 1562 b — tf., 1602. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Facciolati, Jacopo,— b. near Padua, 4 Jan. 1682 — Prof. Logic there, 1722,* 1723 b — co- operates with Forcellini in the Lexicon Totius Latinitatis, from about 1730 — tf. at Padua, 25 Aug. 1769. Edition of Calepino, 1731 — Fasti Padua Universitatis, 1757 — Orationes Latina, 1744 — Epistola Latina, 1765. a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. Factories, — employment of children in, re- gulated by Acts 42 Geo. III. c. 73, 22 Jun. 1802; 59 Geo. III. c. 66, 22 Jun. 1816; 10 Geo. IV. col, 19 Jun. 1829; land 2 Win IV. c. 39, 15 Oct. 1 831 — Committee of House of Com- mons on labour in, appointed, 1832 — further re- gulated by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 103, 29 Aug. 1833 ; 4 Wm IV. c. 1, 20 Feb. 1834; 7 Vic. c. 15,6 Jun. 1844; 10 Vic. c. 29, 8 Jun. 1847; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 54, 5 Aug. 1850; 16 and 17 Vic. c. 104, 20 Aug. 1853 — provisions of Acts relating to, extended by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 48, 25 Jul. 1864, and 30 and 31 Vic. c. 103, 15 Aug. 1867 — law amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 62, 9 Aug. 1870. [Bleaching Works, Lace Factories.] Facundus, — Consul with Xepotianus (1089, a. u. c.) 336. Facundus, Bp of Heumiana, opposes Justi- nian's Edict, 544 — defends the Tria Capitida, at Constantinople, 547. FAENZA— FAIRHOLT. 5°3 Faenza, (Faventia,) — [BC] — Carbo defeated by the generals of Sulla near, 82 — [AD] — destroyed by Totila, 541— joins the renewed Lombard League against Frederick II., 1226 a — declares for him, Sep. 1237 — treaty of alliance with Aragon, Jun. 1238 — besieged by Frederick, late in Aug. 1240 — blockaded, Oct. 1240 — ca- pitulates to him, 14 Apr. 1241 — reduced by Car- dinal Octavian, Jun. 1248 — confirmed to Pope Gregory X.,as part of Exarchate of Ravenna, by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1274 — and again, 1275 — seized by the Bolognese, about 1281 — subject to the Manfredi, and the fortifications restored, 1286 b — seized for Alexander VI. by Csesar Borgia, 1500 b — taken by the Venetians, 1503 — surrender of, demanded by Julius II., 1504 — recovered for the pope by the French, 1509 — taken by Imperialists, 1708 c — by the French, 1796 — by the Papal troops, 1796— expulsion of the latter, 1797 — annexed to Sardinia, 1859. a Kington.- b Encyc. Mod. c Bees' Cyc. Faerne, Gabriele, poet, philologist, — tf. at Rome, 17 Nov. 1561. Centum Fabulce, §c., 1564 — edition of Terence, 1565. Faesi, Johann Conrad, historian, geo- grapher, — b. at Zurich, 1727 — fj. near Schaff- hausen, 1790. Abhandlungen iiber ivichtige Begebenheiten der dltern undneuern Geschichte, 1763-4 — Abhandlungen iiber die Geschichte des Friedensschlusses zu Utrecht, 1790. Faesulae, Faesulanus, (Fiesole,) — [B C]— military colony, by Sulla, 81 — head-quarters of Catiline, Nov. 63 — [AD] — taken by Belisarius, summer 539. Fagel, Francois Nicolas, general, — enters the army, 1672 — distinguishes himself at battle of Fleurus, 1690 — at defence of Mons, 1691 — at taking of Bonn, 1703 — at battle of Ramilies, 1706 — at battle of Malplaquet, 1709 — in cam- paign of Flanders, 1711-12 — ft. commander of TEcluse, 23 Feb. 17 18. Fagel, Gasper, statesman, — b. at Haarlem, ab Gravenhage, c 1629 — Pensionary of Haarlem, 1663 — Registrar to the States-General, 1670 — Grand Pensionary, 1672-88 — negotiates with Sir William Temple the Peace of Nimeguen, 1678 — prepares expedition of William of Orange to England, 1688 — ft. at Gravenhage, 15 Dec. 1688. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Woordenboek. Faginoli, Giovanni Battista, poet, — fc. at Florence, 24 Jun. 1660 — ft. there, 12 Jul. 1742. Rime piacevoli, 1729-34 — Commedia, I734-3 6 - Fagius, {Paul Biicher,) theologian, — b. in the Palatinate, 1504 — Pastor at Isny, 1537 — Prof. Hebrew, Strasburg, 1544 — reorganizes Univ. of Heidelberg, 1546 — driven from Stras- burg, 1548 — accompanies Martin Bucer to Eng- land, Apr. 1549 — tf. at Cambridge, 12 Nov. 1549 — his remains (with Bucer's) exhumed and pub- licly burnt, 6 Feb. 1557. a Pirskoavol, §c, 1^1 -^Frecationes hebraicce, §c, 1542 — Isagoge xn linguam hebraicam, 1543. a Froude. Fagnani, Prospero, canonist, • — b., about 1600 — rj., 1678. Commentaries on the De- cretals, 1 66 1. Fagnano, Giulio Carlo, mathematician, — b. at Sinigaglia, 1690— Tj., about 1760. Pro- duzioni matematiche, 1750. Fagon, Gui-Crescent, botanist, §c, — b. at Paris, 11 May 1638 — Prof. Botany and Chemistry, Jardin des Plantes, 1664 — first physician to Louis XIV., 1693 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 1699 — ij. at Paris, 11 Mar. 17 18. Fa-Hian, — Chinese pilgrim, travels through India, 399-413. Fahlcrantz, Karl Johann, painter, — b. in Sweden, 29 Nov. 1774 — Prof. Painting, 18 15 — "&., 1 Jan. 1 86 1. Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, natural philo- sopher, — fj. at Dantzic, i686, a 1690 b — intro- duces use of mercury for thermometers, about 1720 — discovers fluctuation of the boiliug point of water, about 1724 c— F.R.S. London, 1724 — rj., I736, a 1740.° d a Biog. Univ. b Nonv. Biog. Gen. c Brande and Cox's Diet. d Engl. Cyc. Faille, Germain de la, miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Castelnaudary, 161 6 — secretary to Academy of the Jeux Floraux, 1694-17 11— rj. at Toulouse, 12 Nov. 171 1. Annates de la ville de Toulouse, 1687-1701. Fairfax, Edward, poet, — 0". in Yorkshire, about 1632 ? Translation of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, 1600. Fairfax, Thomas Lord, general, — fc. at Denton, Yorkshire, Jan. 161 1 — General of the Horse, 1642 — serves under Earl of Manchester at "Winceby (Horncastle) fight, 11 Oct. 1643* — defeats the Royalists under Colonel Bellasis, Apr. 1644 — effects junction with the Scots at Wetherby, 20 Apr. — distinguishes himself at battle of Marston Moor, 2 Jul. — General-in- chief of New Model army, Jan. 1645 a — victory over the king at Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — takes Leicester, 1 8 Jun. — his interview with Clubmen at Dorchester, 3 Jul. — takes Bridgewater, 22 Jul. — takes Bristol, 10 Sep. — blockades Exeter, Oct. 1645 to 13 Apr. 1646 — receives capitulation of Oxford, 20 Jun. 1646 — commissioned to convey £200,000 to the Scots army, Dec. 1646— meets the king near Nottingham, 11 Feb. 1647 — M.A. Cambridge, 12 Mar. 1647 — Governor of Hull, spring 1647 — Constable of the Tower, Aug. 1647 — succeeds his father, Mar. 1648 — suppresses insurrection in Kent, 1 Jun. 1648 a — besieges Colchester, Jun. to Aug. 1648 — attends first session only of High Court of, Justice, Jan. 1649 — member of Council of State, Feb. 1649— marches against Levellers in Oxfordshire, May 1649 — LL.D. Oxford, 1649 — refuses to fight the Scots and resigns his commission, Jun. 1650 — one of the lay Church Commissioners, Mar. 1654 s — member of Crom- well's first parliament, Sep. 1 654 a — takes part with Monk in the defeat of Lambert, Dec. 1659 — takes York, 1 Jan. 1660 — member of Council of State, Jan. — one of the Committee charged to procure return of Charles II., May — fc. at Nun Appleton, 12 Nov. 167 1. a Carlyle. Fairholt, Frederick William, artist, anti- quary, %c, — b. in London, 18 14 — draughtsman to the Brit. Archseol. Association, 1845-52— tf. at Brompton, 3 Apr. 1866. History of Costume 5©4 FAIRS— FALCUCCI. in England, 1 846 — Dictionary of Terms in Art, 1854 — Up the Nile, 1862 — edition of John Lilly's Plays, 1848 — illustrations to Smith's Antiquities of Richborough, 1850 — to Evans' Coins of the Ancient Britons, 1 864 — to Wright's History of Caricature, 1865. Fairs, in England, — regulations respecting, by Acts 2 Edw. III. c. 15, 1328 ; 5 Edw. III. c. 5, 1331 ; 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448 — provisions consolidated by 'Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 14, 23 Apr. 1847 5 an d 15 and 16 Vic. c. 62, s. 6, 30 Jun. 1852. [Markets and Fairs.] Faithorne, William, engraver, — ft. in Lon- don, about 16 1 6 ? — commences business as printseller in London, about 1650 — relinquishes his shop, 1680 — tf. there, May 1691. Art of Graveiny and Etching, §c, 1662 — Sir William Paston, Bart., 1659. Fakr-eddin, — envoy from Sultan Earned to Frederick II., in Sicily, about 1227 — again, at Jaffa, 1228-29 — knighted by Frederick, 1229 (?) — razes Tiberias and Ascalon, 1247. Fakhr Eddin, historian, — fi., about (701, a. h.) 1302. Fakhr Eddin Eazy, {Mohammed ben Omar,) philosopher, §c, — ft. in Persia, about (543, a. h.) Jan. 1 149— tf. at Herat, (606,) 29 Mar. 1210. Falaise, in Normandy, — important fortress, before 1027 — taken by Philip Augustus, 1204 ■ — the town taken by Henry V. of England, after four months' siege, 2 Jan. 141 9— the fortress surrenders to him, 1420 — lordship of, given to Talbot by Henry VI., 1420 — capitulates to Charles VII., 10 Jul. 1430 — taken by the Calvinists, May 1562 — retaken by Royalists, Dec. 1562 — captured by Coligny, 1563 — by Montgomery, 1568 — by Matignon, 1574 — em- braces the party of the League, 1585 — taken and dismantled by Henry IV., 1590. Falck, Anton Reinhard, diplomatist, — ft. at Utrecht, 19 Mar. 1776 — ambassador to Madrid, 1805 — Secretary of Marine and the Colonies, 1 808 — Captain in National Guard of Amsterdam, decides Municipal Council to embrace the popular cause. Nov. 1813' — honorary member of Academy of Brussels, 1818 — envoy to Vienna, 1 8 19— Minister of Commerce, of Public In- struction, &c, 1820 — ambassador to London, 1824 — visits Italy, 1829 — representative of king of the Netherlands at Brussels, 1840 — tf. there, 16 Mar. 1843. Falckenskiold, Seneca Otho de, general, — ft. in Denmark, 15 Apr. 1738 — enters the army, 1 75 1 — serves in Russian army against Turks, 1768 — assists at siege of Choczim, 1769 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Larga, 1770— envoy to St Petersburg, and is arrested and imprisoned, 1772 — tf. in Switzerland, 30 Sep. "1820. Falckenstein, Johann Heinrich von, antiquary, §c, — ft. in Silesia, 1682 — tf. at Schwabach, 3 Feb. 1760. Antiquitates Nord- gavienses, 1733 — Belicice topo-geographicce Noribergenses, 1733 — Antiquitates et memora- bilia Nordgavice vetcris, 1734-88 — Civitatis Erfurtensis historia, $c, 1739-40 — Beschrei- buny von Niimberg, 1750. Falco, Benedetto di, philologist. Be oriyine Hebraicarum, Grcecarum, Latviarum que lit- terarum, §c, 1510 — Rimario, 1535 — La Be- scrittione de i luoghi antichi di Napoli, 1539. Falco, Q. Sosius, — Consul with C. Julius Erucius Clarus, (946, a. u. c. ) 193. Falcon, Order of the, — instituted by Duke Ernst August of Weimar, 2 Aug. 1732 — revived by Grand Duke Karl August as the Order of the White Falcon, 18 Oct 18 15. Falcone, Aniello, (Angela,) painter, — ft. at Naples, i6co — tf. there, 1665. Falconer, Hugh, botanist, palceontologist, — ft. at Forres in Morayshire, 29 Feb. 1808 — studies at King's College, Aberdeen, 1822-6 — M.A., 1826 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1829 — goes to India, 1830 — begins exploration of the Sewalik Hills, 1 8 3 1 — superintendent of botanical gardens at Seharunpoor, 1832 — receives Wollaston medal of Geological Society, 1837— visits Eng- land, 1843-47 — F.R.S., 1845 — appointed super- intendent of Botanical Garden, Calcutta, Jun. 1847 — arrives at Calcutta, Feb. 1848— returns to Europe, 1855 — tf. in London, 31 Jan. 1865. Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, 1846 — Palceonto- logical Memoirs, 1868. Falconer, William, poet, — ft. in Scotland, about 1730 — shipwrecked in the Mozambique Channel, 1769. The Shipwreck, 1762 — Nau- tica I Biction ary, 1769. Falconer, William, physician,—^, at Ches- ter, i74i, a 1744 b — Physician to Bath Hospital, 1789 — tf., 1824. Remarks on the influence of Climate, §c, 1782 — Bissertation on the influence of the Passions on the disorders of the body, 1788. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Falconet, Etienne Maurice, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, 3 Vevay, b 1 Dec. c 17 16 — studies under Lemoine, at Paris, 1733 — received at the .Aca- demy, 1754 c — called to St Petersburg by Ca- therine II., 1766 — returns to Paris, end of 1780 — tf. in the Isle of St Louis, 24 Jan. 1791. Statue of Peter the Great, 1766-78 — (Euvres, 17 81. a Biog. IJniv. b Engl. Cyc. c Jal. Falconia (Ealtonia) Proba, (Valeria,) (Anicia, Veccia,) poetess, — fl., 393. Falconieri, Ottavio, antiquary, — ft., about 1 646 — tf. at Rome, 1676. Inscriptiones athleticce, 1668 — edition of Nardinis Roma antica, 1666. Falconry,— mentioned by Julius Firmicus, about 350 — practice of, prohibited to ecclesias- tics by Councils of Agde, 505, Epaon, 517, and Macon, 5 85 — prohibited to serfs by Cbarles the Great, about 770 ? — favourite pastime in Eng»- land, from about 800 — rules of, systematized by Frederick II., (1212-50) — office of Grand Fal- coner to the king, exists in France, by 1250 — practice of, by Emperor of China, witnessed by Marco Polo, 1269 — treatise of Demetrius on, published, 1270 — stealing a hawk made felony by Act 34 Edw. III. c. 22, 1 361— attempt to revive in England, by George, Earl of Orford, before 1790. Falcucci, Niccolo, (Niccolo di Fiorenza,) physician, — ft. at Florence, about 1350 — tf. there, 141 1. Sermonesmedicinalesseptem, 1474 — Commentaria super aphorismos Hippocratis, 1522 — Liber de medica materia, 1535. FALCZY— FANT. 505 Falczy, Peace of, — between Russia and Tur- key, cession of Azof and other territories on the Black Sea to Turkey, signed, 2 Jul. 17 11. Falda, Giovanni Battista, engraver, — fi. in Milan, about 1640— tf., about 1700. Faledro, {Faliero,) Ordelafo, Doge of Ven- ice,— succeeds Vitale Micheli, 11 02 — recovers Zara from the Hungarians, 11 15 — receives the emperor Henry V. at Venice, Mar. 11 16 — killed in battle, 1 1 1 7 . Faledro, (Falieri,) Vitale, Doge of Venice, — procures deposition of Domenico Salvio and succeeds him, 1084 — tf., 1096. Falerii, {Falisci,) in Italy, — [B C] — assists the Fidenates against Eome, 437— assists the Veientes against Rome ; defeated by Camillus, (the treachery of the school-master,) 396 • — i'oins the Tarquinians, defeated by C. Martius lutilus, 356 — joins the Etruscans; again re- duced, 293 — revolts, and is reduced in six days, 241. Faletti, {Falietti,) Geronimo, poet, diplo- matist, — b. atTrino in Piedmont, about 15 18 — at Ferrara, 1534 — in service of Duke of Fer- rara, about 1544? — envoy to king of Poland, 1548 — sent to congratulate Julius III. on his election, 1550 — ambassador to Venice, 1554 — tf. at Padua, 3 Oct. 1564. Delia guerra di Germania in tempo di Carlo V., 1552 — Genea- logia degli principi Estensi, 1581. Falieri, Marino, Doge or Venice, — fo., 1274 — succeeds Andrea Dandolo, 11 Oct. 1354 • — accused of a conspiracy to make himself sove- reign, and is beheaded, 17 Apr. 1355. Falisci. [Falerii.] Falk, Johann Daniel, miscellaneous writer, philanthropist,— h. at Dantzic, 1768 — settles at Weimar, 1793 — tf., 14 Feb. 1826. Der Mensch und die Helden, 1798 — Groteskcn, Satiren, und Naivetaten, 1806-7 — Falk' 's Liebe, Leben und Leiden in Gott, 18 17 — Goethe aus naherm per- sbnlichem Umgange dargestellt, 1832. Falkibping, — Albert, king of Sweden, de- feated and captured by forces of Margaret of Denmark at, 24 Feb. 1389. Falkirk, — Edward I. defeats Wallace at, 22 Jul. 1298 — General Hawley defeated by the army of Prince Charles Edward near, 17 Jan. 1746. Falkland, Henry Cary, Viscount, states- man, — K.B., 1608 — Privy Councillor, 1617 — Viscount, 1620 — Lord-deputy of Ireland, Sep. 1622-9— tf., 1633. Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, — h. at Burford, Oxfordshire, about 1610 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1622 — removes to St John's, Cambridge, 1629 — joins expedition against Scots, 1639— M.P. Newport, (Isle of Wight,) 1640 — interposes for Strafford, n Nov. 1640 • — Secretary of State, Jun. 1641 — killed at battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643. Falkland Islands, — seen byDavies, 1592 — by Hawkins, 1594 — so named by Strong, (Stra- han,) 1639^ 1690 b — French colony established, 1764— British colony, Jan. 1765 a — French settlement ceded to the Spaniards, 1767 — British settlement taken by the Spaniards, 1770, 13 i774 a • — restored to England, 177 i b — East Falkland occupied by Buenos Ayres, 1820 — given up to the English, 1833 — new English colony, 1840. a Rees' Cj'c. b Macculloch. Falietti. [Faletti.] Fallopian Tubes,— discovered by Falloppio, about 1550-60. ' Falloppio, (Fallopius,) Gabriello, anatomist, — n. at Modena, about 1523 ? — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Padua, Inspector of Botanic Gar- den, 1 55 1 — tf. at Padua, 9 Oct. 1562. Ob- servations A.natomicce, 156 1 — Opera genuina omnia, 1584. Falsen, Knutsen Magnus, statesman, his- torian, — fc. in Norway, 17 Sep. 1782 — Advo- cate, 1802 — deputy to Constituent Assembly, 1 8 14 — Solicitor-general, 1822— Judge of Su- preme Court, Christiania, 1827 — tf. there, 13 Jan. 1830. Norges Historic, 1823-4. Falto, Q. Valerius, — [B C]— first prsetor pe- regrinus, 246— praetor a second time, 242 — at battle of iEgates insula?, 242 — triumphs, (Prid. Non. Oct. 513, a. u. c.) 6 Oct. 24i, a (6 Id. Mar.) 10 Mar. b — Consul with C. Mamilius Turrinus, (515,) 239. a Some authorities. h Others. Famagosta, Cyprus, — taken by Eichard Cceur de Lion, 1191 — fortified by Guy of Lusignan, 1193 — Frederick II. embarks at, for the East, 3 Sep. 1228— captured by the Ge- noese, 1373 — siege of, by the Turks, begins, Sep. 1570 — taken by them, 9 Aug. 157 1 — • destroyed by earthquake, 1735. Famars,— burnt by the French, 1340 — de- feat of the French by the allies at, 23 May !793. Family Compact, — between the different branches of the House of Bourbon, signed at Paris, 15 Aug. 1 76 1. Fano, (Fanum Fortunce,) — Aurelian defeats the Alemanni (Marcomanni) near, after 11 Jan. 27 1. a a Clinton. Fanshaw, Sir Eichard, diplomatist, trans- lator, — h. at Ware, in Hertfordshire, Jun. 1608 — enters Jesus Coll. Cambridge, 12 Nov. 1623 — enters Inner Temple, Jan. 1626 — resigns post of Secretary to Embassy, Madrid, 1638— de- clares for the king, 1642 — marries, May 1644 — D.C.L. Oxford, Secretary at War to Prince of Wales, 1 644 — Treasury to the Navy, under Prince Rupert, 1648 — Baronet, 1650 — envoy to Madrid, 1650 — Secretary of State for Scot- land, 1650 — taken prisoner at battle of Worces- ter, 1 65 1 — Latin Secretary to Charles II. at Breda, Feb. 1659— Knt, Apr. 1659 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., May 1661 — Privy Councillor of Ireland, 1 661— ambassador to Portugal, ne- gotiates marriage of Charles II. with Princess Catherine, 1661 — again ambassador to Portu- gal, 1662-3 — Privy Councillor, 1663— ambassa- dor to Court of Spain, beg. 1664— signs peace between England and Spain, 1665 — tf. at Ma- drid, 16 Jun. 1666— interred at Ware, 18 May 167 1. Translation of Guarini's Pastor Fido, 1646 — of Camoens' Lusiad, 1655 — Letters, 1701. Fant, Erik Michael, historical writer, — — b. in Sweden, 9 Jan. 1754 — Assistant -libra- rian, Upsala Univ., 1779 — Prof. History, 1781-1816 — tf. there, 23 Oct. 1817. Scrip- 506 FANTIN— FARMER. tores rerum Svecicarum medii cevi, 1818-28. Fantin-Desodoards, Antoine Etienne Nico- las, historian, §c, — fa. at Pont-de-Beauvoisin, 26 Dec. 1738 — ft. at Paris, 25 Sep. 1820. I)ic- tionnaire raisonne du gouvernement, §c, de V Eglise, 1788 — Histoire philosophique de la revolution francaise, §c, 1801 — Continuation du Nouvel Abrege chronologique de V histoire de France, 1788-9. Fantoni, Giovanni, anatomist, — fa. at Turin, 1675 — Prof. Anatomy there, 1697 — tf. there, 15 Jun. 1758. Dissertationes anatomicce, 1701 ■ — Anatcmia corporis humani, §c., 17 11 — Opus- cula, 1738. Fantucci, Marco, Count, — fa. at Ravenna, 1745 — If. at Pesaro, 10 Jan. 1806. Monumenti ravennati de secolo di mezzo, 180 1-4. Fantuzzi, Giovanni, historian. Notizie degli scrittori Bolognesi, 1 7 8 1 -94 Fantuzzi. [Trento, Antonio da.] Fanucci, Giovanni Battista, historian, — fa. at Pisa, 7 Mar. 1756 — Prof. Maritime Law, Pisa, 1800 — rj. there, 11 Feb. 1834. Storia dei tre celebri popoli maritimi delV Italia, §c, 1817-22. Faraday, Michael, chemist, natural philo- sopher, — fj. in London, 22 Sep. 1791 — appoint- ed assistant in Laboratory of Royal Institution, Mar. 1 813 — travels with Sir H. Davy, 1813- 14 — marries, 12 Jun. 1821 — discovers benzol, 1825 — commences his lectures to children, 29 Dec. 1827 — discovers Magneto - Electricity, 1 83 1 — discovers Electro-chemical decomposi- tion, 1833 — Fullerian Prof. Chemistry, Royal Institution, 1833 — receives a pension, 1835 — •visits Switzerland, 1841 — discovers magnetiza- tion of light, 1845 — Diamagnetism, 1845 — receives Rumford medal of Royal Society, 1846 — discovers magnetic character of oxygen, 1847— tf. at Hampton Court, 25 Aug. 1867. Chemical Manipulation, 1827 — Experimental Researches in Electricity, 1839-44-55 — in Chemistry and Physics, 1859. Fardella, Michelangelo, mathematician, — fa. in Sicily, 1650 — Prof. Geometry, Rome, 1676 — Prof. Astronomy, &c, Padua, 1694 — Prof. Philosophy, 1700 — mathematician to Archduke of Austria, 1709 — rj. at Naples, 2 Jan. 17 1 8. TJniversce p>hilosophi(B systemata, 169 1 — TJniversce. usaalis mathematics theoria, 1691. Fare, Anne Louis Henri de la, Cardinal, — fa. in La Vendee, 8 Sep. 1752 — Pp of Nancy, 1788 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — goes to Austria, about Dec. 1792 — returns to France, 1 8 14 — Abp of Sens, 1821 — Cardinal, 16 May 1823— "is., 10 Dec. 1829. Fa'rel, Guillaume, theologian, reformer, — b. at Gap, (Higher Alps,) 1489— quits France, 1523 — at Easel, 1524 — settles at Geneva, 1534 — resigns the conduct of affairs to Cal- vin, 1536 — expelled from Geneva, 1538 — organizes church at Neufchatel, 1538 — ac- companies Beza to the Princes of Germany, 1557 — marries, about 1558 — visits Calvin on his death-bed, 1564 — tf. at Neufchatel, 1565. Farey, John, engineer, — fa. in London, 20 Mar. 1 79 1 — obtains silver medal of Society of Arts for instrument for making perspec ive drawings, 1 807 — obtains gold medal, for ma- chine for drawing ellipses, 18 13 — employed in Russia, 1819— rj. in London, 17 Jul. 1851. Treatise on the Steam-Engine, 1827. Farget, (Eerget,) Pierre, translator, — fj., not before 1490. With Julien Macho, Livrcs histories de V Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, 1477- Faria e Sousa, Manoel, poet, historian, — fa. in Portugal, 18 Mar. 1590 — envoy to Rome, 1630-34 — tf. at Madrid, 3 Jun. 1649/ c 1647.'' Epitome de las historias Portuguesas, 1628 — Comentarios sobre la Lusiada, 1639 — Imperio de China, 1642 — Asia Portuguesa, 1666-75 — Europa Portuguesa, 1667-79 — Africa Portu- guesa, 1 68 1 — Fuente de Aganippe, rimas varias, 1644-46. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Farinacci, Prospero, jurist, — fa. at Rome, 1554 — tf. there, 30 Oct. 161 8. Opera, 1620. Farinato, (Farinati,) Paolo, — painter, en- graver, — fa. at Verona, 1525, !l 1522^ c — tf. there, 1606. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nagler. Farine, Pierre Joseph, Viscount, general, — fa. in Franche-Comte, 2 Oct. 1770 — enters the army, 1793 — serves under Moreau, 1796 — aide-de-camp to General Michaud, follows him to Italy, 1800 — serves under Massena, 1805 — Colonel, 1809 — distinguishes himself at siege of Badajoz, 18 11 — at battle of Albuera, 16 May 181 1 — takes part in defence of Dantzic, 1812 — General of Prigade, 1 8 1 3 — Chevalier de St Louis, Commander of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — wounded at battle of Waterloo, Jun. 1815— Inspector, 18 16 — Viscount, Inspector-general of Cavalry, 1821 — 3j. at Paris, Oct. 1833. Farinelli, (Carlo JBroschi,) vocalist, — fa. at Naples, 24 Jan. 1705 — visits London, 1734 — assumes the name Farinelli, before 1735 — goes to Madrid, 1737-61 — 53. at Pologna, 15 Jul. 1782. Farini, Carlo Lnigi, statesman, historian, — fa. at Russi, States of the Church, 1822— ex- ile, 1 843 — returns after the amnesty published by Pius IX., 1846 — again exiled, 1848 and 1849 — Minister of the Interior in Piedmont, 1850 — ■ takes part in the negotiations with Napoleon III., and is named Dictator of Modena, 1859 — ■ Commissioner Extraordinary to court of Naples, i860 — Minister of State and private secretary to the king, Jan. 1861 — President of the Ca- binet, Dec. 1862 — retires, 24 Mar. 1863 — rj. at Genoa, 1 Aug. 1866. Lo Stato Romano dalV anno 1815 all' anno 1850, 1850 — Letters to Lord John Russell, 1859 — Letters to Mr Glad- stone, 1856. Farissol, Abraham, rabbi, — fa. at Avignon, about 1450 — rj., after 1527. Farjat, Benoit, engraver, — fa. at Lyons, 1646 — Xf., about 1720. Farmer, Hugh, theologian,— b, near Shrews- bury, 1 7 14— minister at Walthamstow, about 1746 — if, there, 6 Feb. 1787. Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of our Lord's Tempta- tion in the Wilderness, 176 1 — Dissertation on Miracles, 177 1 — Essay on the Demoniacs of the FARMER— FASTOLFF. 5°7 Neiv Testament, 1775 — Prevalence of the wor- ship of Human Spirits in ancient Heathen Na- tions, 1783. Farmer, Richard, — ft. at Leicester, 1735 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1753 — classical tutor of Imraanuel College, 1760-75 — F.S.A., 1763 — Master of Emmanuel, 1775— chief librarian to the Univ., 1778 — prebendary of. Lichfield, 1780 — prebendary of Canterbury, 1782 — canon of St Paul's, 1788 — if. at Cambridge, 8 Sep. 1797. Essay on the learning of Shakespeare, 1766. Farmers-General, (Fermiers-Generales,)— of the public revenue, an organized association in France, 1728 — their contracts quashed by Sil- houette, 1759 — swept away by the Revolution, 1789. Farnaby, (Farnabie,) Thomas, philologist, — ft. in London, 1575 — servitor of Merton College, Oxford, 1590 — accompanies Drake and Haw- kins in their last expedition, 1595 — M.A. Cam- bridge, 16 1 6 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 24 Apr. 1616 — imprisoned, 1641 — Tj. at Seven- Oaks, Kent, 12 Jun. 1647. Index rhetoricus scholis accominodatus, 1625 — Sy sterna Gramma- ticum, 1 64 1 — edition of Juvenal and Per sins, 1612— of Seneca, 1613 — of Martial, 1615 — of Virgil, 1634. Farnese. [Parma, Dukes of. ] Farnese, Alessandro. [Paul III., Pope.] Farnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma, GOVERNOR OF THE NETHERLANDS,- — ft., about 1552 — accompanies his mother, the Duchess Margaret, to the Netherlands, 1559 — marries the Princess Mary of Portugal, 18 Nov. 1565 — distinguishes himself at Lepanto, 16 Sep. 157 1 — leads back Spanish troops to the Netherlands, end of 1577 — defeats the Dutch at Gembloux, Jan. 1578 — succeeds his uncle Don John as Governor of the Netherlands, Oct. 1578- — pro- cures submission of the Catholics to Philip II., and the Union of Utrecht, 1580 — besieges Cambrai, 1580 — compelled to raise the siege, by the Duke of Anjou, 158 1 — takes Breda, St Ghislain, andTournay, 158 1 — Ypres, 8 Apr. — Bruges, 26 May — Ghent, Sep. 1584- — Antwerp, 17 Aug. 1585 — invades France and compels Henry IV. to raise siege of Paris, 1590 — com- pels him to raise the siege of Rouen, 1592— wounded before Caudebec, and U. at Arras, 2, a 3 b Dec. 1592. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, — obtains possession of his estates, t-SS°? i55 6h — *., 18 Sep. 1585,* 1587.* a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Farnese, Piero Luigi, Duke of Parma and Pjacenza, — ft., before 1493— gonfalonier of the church, 1537 — created Duke of Parma and Pia- cenza, by Paul III., Aug. 1545 — assassinated, at Piacenza, 10 Sep. 1547. Farnese, Pietro, — commander of Florentine army against Pisa, 1363 — defeats Pisans, n May— ft., 19 Jim. Farnham, in Surrey, — given to Bishops of Winchester, by Ethelbald, king of Wessex, 858- 860 — Alfred defeats Northmen at, 894 — castle taken by the Dauphin Louis, 12 16 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1641 — taken by Sir William Waller, Dec. 1642 — dismantled, 1648 — restored by Bp Morley, 1684. Faroe Islands, — discovered by Norwegians, 858-68 — pass to Denmark by Union of Calmar, 1397 — held by the English, 1807-14. Farquhar, George, dramatist,—]), at Lon- donderry, 1678 — goes to London, 1696 — ft. there, Apr. 1707. Love and a Bottle, 1698 — Constant Couple, 1700 — Beaux" Stratagem, 1707. Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral, — ft. in Tennessee, U.S., 1801 — enters the navy, 18 12 — ■ assistant-inspector of Ordnance, 1851 — sent to construct navy-yard in California, 1854 — Cap- tain, 1 855 — takes command of expedition against Confederates in Gulf of Mexico, Jan. 1862 — receives surrender of New Orleans, 28 Jan. — takes Natchez, spring — attacks Vicks- burg, May — Vice-admiral, Mar. 1863 — co- operates with Gen. Grant in reduction of Vicks- burg, Jun. to Jul. 1863 — engages Confederate fleet at Mobile, and takes the city, Aug. 1864 — visits England, Oct. 1867 — fr,, 13 Aug. 1870. Farrant, Richard, musician, — ft., soon after i5oo, a 1530 b — gentleman of the Chapel-royal, 1564 — tf., about 1585. a Engl. Cyc. b Fetis. Farringdon, (Feringdon,) Hugh, Abbot of Reading, — executed as a traitor, at Reading, 1539- Farsetti, Giuseppe Tomaso, poet, — ft. at Venice, 1720 — tf., 1792. Opera, 1776. Farthing, — of gold, mentioned in Act 9 Hen. V. c. 7, 1 42 1 — of silver, not coined after the reign of Edward VI., 1547-53 — of copper, coinage of, proposed to Richard Cromwell, 1659 — of tin, project for, about 1679 — coined, 1684 and 1690 — half, coined for the colonies, 1852. Farthing Tokens, — private, abolished by royal proclamation, 19 May 161 3 — first legal, coined, 1613 — proclamation of their currency in Ireland, 28 Sep. 1622 — made in Ireland, and proclaimed not current, 15 Dec. 1674. Fasch, Karl Friedrich Christian, musician, — ft. at Zerbst, 1736 — in service of Frederick II., 1756 — founds Academy of Singing, Berlin, about 1790 — tf. there, 1800. Fascitelli, Honorio, (Fasitcllus,) Benedictine, — ft. at Isernia, 1502 — enters the Benedictine Order, 1519— Bp of Isola, 1551,* 1555 h — assists at Council of Trent, 1562-3 c — Ij. at Rome, Mar. 1564. Edition of Lactantius, 1535. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Waterworth. Fasti, Roman, — [B C] — made public by Cn. Flavius, 304. Fasti Capitolini, — discovered in the Forum Romanum, 1547, 18 17, and 181 8. Fasting, in England, — ordained by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 19, 1549. Fastolff, Sir John, general, $c.,— ft., proba- bly about 1377 — at the battle of Agincourt, 14 1 5 — K.G., 1425 — defeats the French at the 'battle of the herrings,' 12 Feb. 1429— Lieu- tenant of Caen, 1430 — ambassador to conclude peace with France, 1435 — returns to England, 1440— tf. at Caistor, (Norfolk,) 6 Nov. 1459. 5 o8 FATIMA— FAVIEK. Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, — b., about 605 or 608 — marries her cousin Ali, (2, a. h.) 623 — tJ. at Medina, 632. Fatirnites, Fatimides, (Aliades,) Mahadis and Caliphs of iV. Africa and Egypt. Abu Obeidallah, — b., 882 — proclaimed Mahadi, at Segelmessa, (Ramadan, 296, a. h.) May or Jun. 909^ 910 b — subjugates Sicily, 910 — tf„ (3 Rabia I., 323,) 10 Feb. 935— Kaiem Abtjl Casem, (Mahadi,) (son,) (324,) 936,* 933 h — Almansor, (Ismael Abu Taher,) (son,) (335,) 946 — Moez Ledinallah, (son,) succeeds, (end ot Shawal, 341,) 19 Mar. 953^ 955 b — con- quest of Egypt by bis general, (358,) 969^ 972 b — founds Cairo and makes it his capital, 974 b — takes title of Caliph, 974, b (20 Shawal, 358,) 6 Sep. 969 : > — Aziz-Billah, (son,) (17 Rabia, 365,) 24 Nov. 975,* 978, 13 — Hakem Bamrillah, (son,) succeeds (28 Ramadan, 386,) 14 Oct. 996 — assassinated, (11 Shawal, 411,) 28 Jan. 1 02 1 — his son, Daher Ledinil- lah, succeeds, (26 Shawal, 411,) 12 Feb. j 02 1 — assassinated by his aunt at Cairo, suc- ceeded by his son, Abu Tamin Mostanser Billah, (15 Shawal, 427,) n Aug. 1036,* 1037 b — loss of Syria and Palestine to the Turks, (468,) 1076 — Abul Casem Mostali, (son,) succeeds, (18 Dhu'l hajjah, 487,) 29 Dec. 1094 — capture of Jerusalem by his vizier Aifdhal, (489 or 491,) 1096 or 1098— loses Jerusalem to the crusaders, (492,) 1099 — defeat of Aifdhal by Crusaders at Ascalon, 1099 — Abul Mansor Amer Kamillah, (son,) (17 Sapher, 495,) 11 Dec. 1101 — Hafed Ledinil- lah, (cousin,) (524,) ii3o, a ii29 b — Daeer Bamrillah, (son,) (544,) 1149 or 1150 — loss of Ascalon, taken by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, (548,) 1 15 3— assassinated and succeeded by his son, Fayez Ben Nasrillah, (Moharram, 550,) Mar. or Apr. ii55, a ii54 b — Adhed Ledinil- lah, (grandson of Hafed,) succeeds, {555,) 1 1 60 — deprived by Saladin, who proclaims Mostadhi, the Abbaside, (566,) 1171 — "&., (10 Moharram, 567,) 13 Sep. 1171. [Abbasides.] !l Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. Faubourg Saint-Antoine, Pares,— defeat of Turenne by Prince of Conde, 2 Jul. 1652. Fauehe-Borel, Louis, — b. at Neufchatel, 12 Apr. 1762 — devotes himself to service of Louis XVIII., 1 7 95- 1 8 14 — sent to negotiate with Pichegru, Aug. 1795 — arrested at Strasburg, 21 Nov. 1795, but soon released : again sent to Pichegru, Jun. 1796 — proscribed, Sep. 1797 — escapes to England, Oct. 1797 — goes to Paris, 18 16 — commits suicide at Neufchatel, Sep. 1829. Precis historique des differentes missions dans lequelles M. L. Eauche-Borel a ete em- ploye, §c., 1 816. Faucher, Leon, statesman, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Limoges, 1 804 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1838-48 — Minister of Interior, 29 Dec. 1848 to 14 May 1849,— again, 10 Apr. 1 85 1 to 22 Jan. 1852 — tf. at Marseilles, 15 Dec. 1854. Contributes to Revue des deux Mondes, from 1843 — Etudes sur VAngleterre, 1845. Fauchet, Claude, historian, — &. at Paris, 1529 — tf., 1601. Faujas de Saint-Fond, Barthelemi, geologist, — b. at Montelimart, 17 May 1741 — ts. in Dauphiny, 18 Jul. 18 19. Recherches sur ks volcains e'teints du Vivarais et du Ve'lay, 1778 — Voyage en Angleterre, §c, 1797 — Histoire naturelle de la montagne de Maestricht, 1789 — Essai de geologie, 1803. Faulhaber, Johann, mathematician, — b. at Ulm, 1580— fc. there, 1635. Himmlische geheime Magia, oder Kunst- und Wunder-Rcch- nung von Gog und Magog, .1613. Faur. [Pibrac, Saint Jaury.] Fauriel, Claude Charles, historian, $c, — b. at St Etienne, 21 Oct. 1772 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1836— ft. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1844. Histoire de la Gaule meridionale sous la domination des conquerants Germains, 1836 — Histoire de la croisade contre les here- tiques albigeois, 1837 — Histoire de la poe'sie provencale, 1846 — Dante et les origines de la langue et de la litterature italiennes, 1 854. Fauris de Saint Vincens, Jules Francois Paul, antiquary, — b. at Aix, Provence, 17 18 — if. there, 1798. Tables des monnaies de Provence, 1770 — Memoires sur les monnaies et les monuments des anciens Marseillais, 177 1. Faust, Johann. [Fust] Fausta, Flavia Maximiana, — married to Constantine, 307— put to death by Constantine, 327," 326. 15 a Clinton. b Hieron. Faustina, Annia, — married to her cousin, Marcus Aurelius, 145 or 146 — tf.in Cappadocia, I75, a I76. b a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Faustinus, theologian, — fl., about 380. Faustinus, — Consul with Gallienus, (1015, A. U. C.) 262. Faustinus, M'Acilius, — Consul with Tri- arius Eufinus, (963, a. u. c.) 210. Faustus, — (1.) Anicius, Consul with Gallus, (1051, a. u. c.) 298. (2.) Anicius Acilius Glabrio, Consul with Theodosius, (1191,) 438. (3.) Sole Consul, (1236,) 483. (4.) Consul with Longinus, (1243,) 490. (5.) Cornelius Sulla, Consul with L. Salvius Otho Titianus, (805,) 52. Faustus Eeiensis, (Regensis,) theologian, — Bp of Pdez, 472 — ft., 490. Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, — b. at Paris, 13 Nov. 17 10 — marries Mile Du Eonceray, Dec. 1745 — tj., 12 May 1792,' 1 i793. b Theatre choisi, 1809. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Favart de Langlade, Guillaume Jean, Baron, jurisconsult, — b. at St Florent, (Puy de Dome,) 20 Apr. 1762 — advocate to Parliament of Paris, 1785 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795 and 1799 — President of Tri- bunate, 1 801 — member of Corps Legislatif, 1 807 — Counsellor to Court of Cassation, 1 809 — Baron, 181 1 — master of requests to Council of State, 1 813 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1 8 15 — Councillor of State, 18 17 — Pres. Court of Cassation, 1823 — ft. at Paris, 14 Nov. 1831. Edition of the Code Civil, 1804 seq. — Con- ference du Code civil avec la discussion parti- culiere du conseil d'Etat, §c, 1805. Favier, Jean Louis, publicist, — b. at Tou- louse, about 1720 — tr. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1784. FAVONIUS— FEDERICI. 509 Politique de tons les cabinets de V Europe pendant les regnes de Louis XV. et de Louis XVI., 1793 — Memoir es secrets de Bolingbroke, *754- Favonius, M., — [BC] — opposes Clodius, 61 — accuses Met. Scipio Nasica of bribery, 60 — opposes Caesar's agrarian law, 59 — attacks Ptolemy Auletes in the Senate, 57 — JEdile; and is imprisoned by Q. Pompeius Eufus, 53 — Praetor, 48 — joins Pompey, and follows his flight, and is pardoned by Caesar, 48 — joins Brutus and Cassius, 44 — outlawed, and put to death after Philippi, 43. Favorinus, orator, sophist, — S., about 125. Favorinus, {Varinus, Guarino,) lexico- grapher, — librarian to the Medici, Florence, 1512 — Bp of Nocera, 1514 — tf., 1537. Magnum ac perutile dictionarium, §c, 1523. Favoriti, Agostino, poet, — b. at Lucca, 1624 — tf., 13 Nov. 1682. (With other poets of the Pleiad) Septem illustrium virorum poemata, 1672. Favras, Thomas, Marquis de, — b. at Blois, 1745 — accused of plotting against the Revolution, end of 1789 — executed, 19 Feb. 1790. Favre, Antoine, jurist, — b. at Bourg-en- Bresse, 4 Oct. 1557 — senator of Savoy, 1584 — first President of Senate, 16 10 — commander of Duchy of Savoy, 161 7 — accompanies Cardinal Maurice to Paris, 16 18 — tf. at Chambery, 28 Feb. 1624. Opera, 1658-63. Favre, CI. [Vaugelas.] Favre, Pierre, Jesuit, — b. in Geneva, 1506 — founds College of Cologne, 1544 — founds College of Valladolid, 1546 — tf. at Rome, 1 Aug. 1546. Favyn, Andre, antiquary. Traite des pre- miers offices de la couronne de France, 16 13 — Le Theatre d'honneur et de chevalerie, §c, 1620 — Histoire de Navarre, §c, 1622. Fawkes, Francis, poet, translator, — b. in Yorkshire, about 172 1 — M.A. Cambridge, 1745 — tf. at Hayes, 26 Aug. 1777. Poems, 1761 — Poetic Calendar, 1763 — translations of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, 1760 — of Theocritus, 1767. Fawkes, Guy, (Guido,) — at taking of Calais by Archduke Albert, 1598 — takes part with Catesby, &c, in Gunpowder Plot, 1604-5 — visits Romish refugees in Flanders, summer 1605 — arrested, 5 Nov. 1605 — executed at Westminster, 31 Jan. 1606. Fayd'herbe, Lucas, sculptor, architect, — b. at Malines, 20 Jan. 1617—tf. there, 31 Dec. 1694. Faydit, (Faidit,) Cancelm, (Anselm,) trou- badour, — b. in Upper Vienne, 11 90 — goes to Palestine, 12 12 — tf. in Provence, i22o, a i24.o. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch. and Gruber. Fayette, La. [Lafayette.] Fazelli, (Fazzello,) Tomaso, historian, — b. in Sicily, 1498— tf. at Palermo, 8 Apr. 1570. De rebus Siculis, 1558. Fazio, Bartolomeo, historian, — b. at Spez- zia, about 1400 a — in service of Alfonso I., king of Naples; tf. at Naples, Nov. 1457. De bello Veneto Clodiano, 1558^ 1568 a — De rebus gestis ab Alphonso primo, $c, 1560 — De viris cevi sui illustribus, 1745. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Fazzello. [Fazelli.] Fea, Carlo, archceologist, — b. in Piedmont, 1753 — tf. at Pome, Mar. 1836^ 1834^ Mis- cellanea filologico-critica ed antiquaria, 1790 — ■ L'integritd del Panteone di Marco Agrippa, 1 801 — BZoratii Flacci opera omnia, $c., 181 1. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fearne, Charles, jurist, — b., about 1749 — tf., 1794. Essay on the Learning of Contingent Remainders, 1772 — Posthumous Works, 1797. Fearnley, Thomas, painter, — b. at Fred- erickshall, 1802 — goes to Pome, 1832— visits England, 1836 — tf. at Munich, 16 Jan. 1842. Feast of the Etre Supreme, — celebrated by decree of Convention at Paris, (An II. Prair. 20,) 8 Jun. 1794. Feast of Fools, in France, — abolished by Charles VII., 17 Apr. i444 a — observed at Antibes as late as 1644. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Feast of Keason, — celebrated by decree of Convention at Paris, (An II. Brum. 20,) 10 Nov. 1793. Febronius. [Hontheim.] Febvre, (Fabri,) Jacques le, theologian, — • b. at Etaples, near Amiens, about 1455 — visits Italy, 1486-92 — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of Card. Lemoine, 1493 — attaches himself to Bric,onnet, and is presented at Court, 1507— his Commentary condemned by the Sorbonne, 1523 — takes refuge at Strasburg, 1525 — re- turns to France and is named tutor to Prince Cbarles, 1526 — follows the Queen of Navarre to Nerac, 153 1 — tf. there, 1536^ 1537. b Psal- terium quintuplez, §c, 1509 — Commentaire sur les Evangiles, 152 1 — French version of the Bible, 1530 — Aristotelis totius philosophice na- turalis Paraphrases, 150 1 — Aristotelis Opus Metaphysicum, 1505 — Joannis Damasceni The- ologia, 1507. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Febvre. [Lefevre.] Fecamp, in France, — occupied by Germans, 3 Feb. 187 1. Fecht, Johann, theologian, — b. in Brisgau, 1636 — Prof. Hebrew and Metaphysics, Bade- Douriach, 1668— Prof. Theology there, 1669-89 — at Rostock, 1689 — tf. there, May 17 16. Dis- quisitio de Judaica ecclesia, 1670 — Historian ecclesiasticce . . supplementum, 1684 — Philo- calia sacra, 1708. Feckenham, John de, Abbot of Westmin- ster, — b. at Feckenham, Worcestershire, about 1515? — chaplain to Bp Bonner, 1543-9 — ^ m ' prisoned in the Tower, 1549-53 — chaplain to Queen Mary, 1553 — sent to convert Lady Jane Grey, 9 Feb. 1554 — Dean of St Paul's, 1554 — abbot of Westminster, 29 Nov. 1556 — attends first parliament of Elizabeth, Jan. 1559 — at_ tends theological controversy at Westminster, Apr. 1559 — imprisoned in the Tower, 1560-63 — tf., prisoner in Isle of Ely, 1585. Federation of the Champs de Mars, at Paris t — held, 14 Jul. 1790— second, 14 Jul. 1792 — third, 14 May 18 15. Federici, Camillo, {Giovanni Battista Ca- 5io FEDERICI— FELLOWS. millo Federico Viassolo,) dramatist, — b. in Piedmont, 9 Apr. 1749,* 175 !» b x 755 c — "&• at Turin, Feb. i8o3, c 23 Dec. i8o2. a Opere teatrali, 1794-7. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. ITniv. c Conv.-Lex. Federici, Cesare, traveller, — visits the East Indies, 1563-81. Viaggio nel India e oltra V India, 1587. Federici, Domenico Maria, — b. at Verona, I7 3 9 — ft. a t Trevisa, Dec. 1808. Storia di eamlieri Gaudenti, 1787 — Memorie trevigiane sulle opere di disegno, 1803. Fees,— in Common Law Courts, payable in stamps, by Act 28 Vic. c. 45, 19 Jun. 1865— in Public Departments, by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 76, 6 Aug. 1866. Fehrbellin,— Frederick William I., Elector of Brandenburg, defeats the Swedes at, 18 Jun. Fehrman, Daniel, engraver of medals, — b. at Stockholm, 17 10— tr., 1780. Feitama, Sybrand, miscellaneous writer, — h. at Amsterdam, Dec. 1694 — tr. there, Jun. 1758. Toneel Poezij, 1735 — Nagelaten dicht- werken, 1764. — BLcndrik de groote, {FCenriade of Voltaire,) 1743. Feith, Rijnvis, poet,— b. at Zwolle, Overys- sel, 7 Feb. 1753 — LL.D. Leyden, 1770 — tr. at Zwolle, 8 Feb. 1824. Oden en Gedichten, 1796-1814 — Ines de Castro, 1793 — Thirsa, 1784 — Brieven over verschillende onderiverpen, 1784. Felibien, Andre, architect, writer on art, — b. at Chartres, May 16 19— Secretary of Em- bassy, Rome, 1647 — one of the first members of Academy of Inscriptions, 1663 — historio- grapher of the King's Buildings, 1666— secre- tary to Academy of Architecture, 1671 — keeper of the Cabinet of Antiques, 1673— tr., n Jun. 1695. Tableaux du cabinet du roi, §c, 1677 — Entretiens sur les vies et les ouvrages des plus excellents peintres, §c. s 1666-88 — Brin- cipes de V Architecture, de la Sculpture, §c, 1676-90. Felibien, Jacques, theologian, — b. at Char- tres, 1636 — Archdeacon of Vendome, 1695 — tr. at Chartres, 23 Nov. 17 16. Bentateuchus His- toricus, 1703. Felibien, Jean Francois, architect, — b., about 1658 — succeeds his father as historio- grapher of the King's Buildings, &c, 1695 — tf. at Paris, 23 Jun. 1733. Becueil historique de la vie et des ouvrages des plus celebres ar- ch it ectes, 1687. Felibien, Dom Michel, historian, — h. at Chartres, 14 Sep. 1666 — tf. at St Germain des Pres, 25 Sep. 17 19. Histoire de V abb aye royale de St Bern's en France, 1706 — Brojet aVune histoire de la ville de Bar is, 17 13 — His- toire de la ville de Bur is, 1755. Felice, Fortuna Bartolomeo de, — b. at Rome, 24 Aug. 1723— tf. at Yverdun, 7 Feb. 1789. B'Estato delta letteratura Europcea, 1779-83 — Encyclopedic, 1770-80. Felicianus, — Consul with Ti. Fabius Ti- tianus, (1090, a. u. c.) 337. Felinski, Aloysins, poet, — b. in Poland, 1763 — Prof. Poetry and Eloquence, Krzemie- niec, about 18 10 — tf. there, 12 Feb. 1822. Works, 1 8 16-21. Felix I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Dionysius. 28 or 29 Dec. 269— tf., 22 Dec. 274. Felix (II.,) Bp of Rome,— elected on exile of Liberius, 355 — driven away on his return, 358— tf., 22 Nov. 365. Felix III., (II.,) Bp of Rome, — succeeds Simplicius, 2 Mar. 483 — condemns Acacius, 28 Jul. 484 — tf., 24 or 25 Feb. 492. Felix IV., (III.,) Bp of Rome,— succeeds John I., 24 Jul. 526 — tf., Oct. 530. Felix V., (IV.,) antipope, — [Amadeus VIII., Duke of Savoy] — elected by Council of Basel, 5 Nov. 1439 — consecrated, 24 Jul. 1440 — renounces the pontificate, 9 Apr. 1449. Felix, Bp of Ukgel, — promulgates the Adoption heresy, and is condemned (?) by Council of Narbonne, 27 Jun. 791 — condemned by Council of Ratisbon, about Aug. 792 — abjures his heresy at Rome; condemned by Councils of Frankfort, 794 — of Rome and Urgel, 799— renounces bis doctrine at Council of Aix-la-Chapelle, but is deposed and exiled to Lyons, 799 — living, 816. Felix, (Bratensis,) — tf., 1557. Bsaltcrium, 15 15 — edits Bomberg' s B iblia sacra hebrcea, 1 5 18. Felix, — (1.) Consul with Taurus, (1181, a. u. c.) 428. (2.) Consul with Secundinus, (1264,) 511. Felix, Antonius, — proconsul, in Judaea, about 51-62. Felix, Laelius, jurist, — £(., about 125. Felix, M. Minucius, lawyer,— fl., about 230. Fell, John, theologian, — b. iu Berkshire, 1625 — enters Oxford Univ., 1636 — M.A., 1643 — Prebendary of Chichester, Dean of Christ Church, 1660 — -D.D., chaplain to the king, 1660 — Vice-chancellor of the Univ., 1666-69 — Bp of Oxford, 1675 — tr., 10 Jul. 1686. Latin translation of Wood's History and An- tiquities of Oxford University, 1674 — edition of the Greek Testament, 1675. Fellenberg 1 , Philipp Emanuel von, philan- thropist, — b. at Berne, 177 1 — studies at Tu- bingen, 1789 — with Pestalozzi, establishes school at Hofwyl, about 1800 — landamman of Berne, 1833 — tf., 21 Nov. 1844. Feller, Francois Xavier, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Brussels, 18 Aug. 1735 — enters Order of Jesuits, at Tournai, 1754 — tf. at Rat- isbon, 23 May 1802. Catechisme philosophique, 1773 — IHctionnaire historique, biographique, §c, 1781. Feller, Joachim Friedrich,— b. at Leipsic, 26 Dec. 1673 — secretary to Duke of Weimar, 1706 — tf., 15 Feb. 1726. Monumenta varia inedita, 17 14- 18 — Genealogische Historie des chur-fiirstlichen Braunschiveigischen Ftauses, 1717. Fellows, Sir Charles, traveller and archaeolo- gist, — b. at Nottingham, 1799 — visits Asia Minor, and discovers Xanthus and Tlos, 1838 — second visit, with G. Scharf, 1839-40 — third, Oct. 1 841 to spring 1842 — fourth, brings home the Lycian Marbles, 1844 — Knt., 1845 — tf., 8 Nov. i860. Journal during an Excursion in Asia Minor, IS08, 1 839 —Journal of Second Ex- FELLT HAM— FEN WICK. 5" carsion, 1841 — Xanthian Marbles, 1843 — Ac- count of Ionic Trophy Monument, 1848 — Coins of Ancient Lycia, §c, 1855. Felltham, Owen,— fc., before 1610— tf., pro- bably after 1677. Resolves, 1628. Felton, John, —posts the bull of Pius V. against Queen Elizabeth on the palace gate of the Bp of London, 24 May 1570 — executed as a traitor, 8 Aug. 1570. Felton, John, — assassinates Duke of Buck- ingham, at Portsmouth, 23 Aug. 1628 — exe- cuted at Tyburn, 28 Nov. 1628. Feltz, Guillaume Antoine Francois, Baron De, diplomatist, — 6. at Luxemburg, 5 Feb. 1744 — Commissioner-general for registration of Luxemburg, 1770 — Councillor of State, Brus- sels, 1790 — retires to Vienna, 1792 — Council- lor of State and Commander of Order of the Belgic Lion, 18 14 — President of Academy of Brussels, 18 16 — tf., 1820. Fenaroli, Fidelio, musician, — ft. in Abruzzi, 1730,* 1733 b — tf. at Naples, i8i7, a i8i8. b Megole musicali, 1795. a BLog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Fencing 1 , — teaching of, prohibited by stat. 13 Edw. 1. c. 5, 1285. Fendi, Peter, painter, engraver, — ft. at Vienna, 1796 — tf., 28 Aug. 1842. Fenelon, Bertrand de Salagnac, (Salignac,) Marquis be, diplomatist,— ambassador to Eng- land, respecting Massacre of St Bartholomew, 1572 — tf. i599, a 1589^ Siege de Metz en 1552, 1553 — Me'moire touchant V Angleterre et la Suisse, §c, 1659 — Negociations de La Mot he Fenelon et de Michel sieur de Mauvissiere, en Angleterre, 1731. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de Lamotte, Abp of Cambray, — d. at Chateau de Fenelon, Perigord, 6 Aug. 1651 — goes to the Univ. of Cahors, 1663 — removes to the Coll. of Plessis; preaches his first sermon, 1666 — receives holy orders, about 1675 — Superior of the Nouvelles Catholiques, 1678 — sent by Louis XIV. to Poitou to convert Protestants, 1686 — preceptor to the Duke of Burgundy, 1689 — tutor to the Duke of Anjou, 1690 — tutor to the Duke of Berri, 1693 — member of French Academy, 1693 — Abp of Cambray, Feb. 1695 — defends Madame Guyon, 1695 seq. — denounced by Bossuet as a heretic, 1697 — signs renunciation, 1699 — tf. at Cambray, 7 Jan. 17 15. JDe V 'edu- cation desfilles, 1687 — Explication des Maximes des saints, 1697 — Aventures de Tele'maque, 1699— JJialogues des Morts, 17 12 — Correspond- ence, 1827. Fenestella, L., historian, — fl., 51 [BC] to [AD] 21. Fenians, Fenian Brotherhood, — project of association formed in America, by Stephens, 1858 — formally organized, 1863 — : hold Con- gress at Chicago, Nov. 1863 — Congress at Cincinnati, 17 Jan. 1865. 1865 : organization of, in Ireland, begins; office of the Irish People newspaper, at Dublin, taken possession of by the police, several leaders arrested, 15 Sep. — the prisoners committed for trial on a charge of hi&h treason, 2 Oct.— -hold I Congress at Philadelphia, 16 Oct. — capture of Stephens, ' head-centre,' 1 1 Nov. — who escapes from prison, at Dublin, 24 Nov. — -Special Com- mission for trial of, opens at Dublin, 27 Nov. — Luby sentenced to 20 years' penal servitude, 1 Dec. — 0' Donovan, to penal servitude for life, 13 Dec. — Commission opens at Cork, 14 Dec. 1866 : Commission at Coi-k, closed, 2 Jan. — county and city of Dublin proclaimed under Peace Preservation Act, 16 Jan. — sittings of Commission end, 2 Feb. — Suspension of Ha- beas Corpus Act in Ireland, by Act 29 Vic. c. 1, and 100 arrests in Dublin, 17 Feb. — invasion of Canada threatened, Feb. — arrest of Murphy and others in Canada, 9 Apr. — seize British schooner off coast of Maine, 2 May — arrival of Stephens at New York, 10 May — raid into Canada at Fort Erie, 3 r May— arrest of Sweeney at St Albans, 6 Jun. — another raid, 7 Jun. — ■ Proclamation of Pres. Johnson against, 7 Jun. — - arrest of Roberts at New York, 7 Jun. — suspen- sion of Habeas Corpus Act in Canada, 8 Jun. — in Ireland, continued by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 119, 10 Aug. — renewed agitation in Ireland, Nov. — additional troops sent to Ireland, 27 Nov. 1867 : insurrection breaks out at Cahirci- veen, Feb. — threaten Chester Castle, 11 Feb. — rising in Kerry suppressed, 13 Feb. — ris- ings at Dublin, Drogheda, &c, Ash Wednes- day, 6 Mar. — Special Commission sits at Dublin, 8 Apr. to 24 May — at Cork, 31 May — at Limerick, 11 -19 Jun. — riot at Manchester, rescue two prisoners, and kill Serjeant Brett, 18 Sep. — Special Commission at Manchester, 28 Oct. to 12 Nov. — blow up wall of Clerken- well House of Detention, 1 3 Dec. — special con- stables sworn in, in London, 19 Dec. Attempt assassination of Duke of Edinburgh, at Sydney, 12 Mar. 1868 — assassinate D'Arcy M'Gee at Ottowa, 7 Apr. — monster meeting at Dublin, to demand release of prisoners, 10 Oct. 1869 — release refused by Government, 18 Oct. — condemned by decree of Pius IX., 12 Jan. 1870 — raid on Canada repulsed, 25 May — pro- clamation of Pres. Grant against, 14 Oct. Fenn, Sir John, antiquary, — fr. at Norwich, 26 Nov. 1739 — M.A. Cambridge, 1764 — tf. at East Dereham, Norfolk, 14 Feb. 1794. Edits the Paston Letters, 1787 — Three Chronological Tables, 1784. Fenton, Elijah, a (Elisha, h ) poet, — b. in Staffordshire, 1683 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1700 — M.A., 1704c — tutor to son of the Earl of Orrery, 17 14 — tf. in Berkshire, 1730. Assists Pope in translating Odyssey, between 1720-25 ■ — edition of Milton's Works, 1727 — of Wal- ler s Poems, 1729. a Chalmers. b Bees' Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Fenton, Sir Geoffrey, statesman, miscel- laneous writer, — Privy Councillor, and Secretary of State in Ireland, about 15 81 — tf. at Dublin, 19 Oct. 1608. History of the Wars of Italy, by Guicciardini, 1579. Fenwick, Sir John, — arrested as accomplice in the Assassination Plot, and committed to the Tower, 11 Jun. 1696 — bill of attainder against him, 8 and 9 ¥111 III. c. 4, 1 r Jan. 1697 — • executed, 28 Jan. 1697. 5" FEODOR I.— FERDINAND V. Feodor I. Ivanovich, Czar of Russia, — b., 1549 — succeeds his father Ivan IV., 19 Mar. 1584— crowned, 31 Jul. — if., 1598. Feodor, (II.,) Czar of Russia, — elected on death of his father, Boris Gudunof, Apr. 1605 — put to death by the False Demetrius, 10 Jun. 1605. Feodor II., (III.,) Czar of Russia, — suc- ceeds his father Alexis, 8 Feb. 1676 — If., 27 Apr. 1682. Feraud, Jean Francois, lexicographer, — b. at Marseilles, 17 Apr. 1725 — rj. there, 8 Feb. 1807. Dictionnaire grammatical de la langue francaise, 1786 — Dictionnaire critique de la langue francaise, 1787-8. Ferber, Johann Jacob, mineralogist, — b. at Carlscrona, 1743 — Prof. Physics, &c, Mittau, Courland, 1774 — ft. near Berne, 1790. Brief e aus Welschland iiber natiirliche Merkwiirdig- keiten dieses Landes, 1773 — Bey tr age zu der Miner algeschichte von Boehmen, 1774 — Neue Bey tr age, 1778. Ferchault. [Reaumur.] Ferdinand, the Just, King of Aragon, — co-regent of Castile and Leon, end of Dec. 1406 — succeeds Martin as king of Aragon after interregnum of two years, 24 Jun. 141 2 — de- feats and imprisons the Count of Urgel, 141 3 — rj., 2 Apr. 1416. Ferdinand I., King of Bohemia and Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b. at Alcala, 10 Mar. 1503 — marries Anne Jagellon, 5 May 152 1 — king of Bohemia, 24 Feb. 1527 — king of Hungary, 28 Oct. 1527 — king of the Romans, 5 Jan. 1531 — death of his wife, 27 Jan. 1547 — takes title of Emperor after abdication of his brother Charles V., end of Sep. 1556 — re- cognized by electors at Frankfort, 12 Mar. 1558 — forbidden to take title of Emperor, by Paul IV., 1558 — sends ambassadors to Council of Trent, beginning 1562— concludes truce of 8 years with the Turks, 1562 — ft. at Vienna, 25 Jul. 1564. Ferdinand II., King of Bohemia and Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b., 9 Jul. 1578 — crowned King of Bohemia on re- signation of his cousin, Mathias, 29 Jul. 16 17 —persecutes the Protestants ; crowned King of Hungary, at Presburg, 1 Jul. 1 6 1 8 — deposed by states of Bohemia, 19 Aug. 16 19 — elected Emperor, 28 Aug. 161 9 — battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — puts Frederick, Elector Palatine, to the ban of the empire, 1620 — gives the pala- tinate to the Duke of Bavaria, 1623 — makes peace with Bethlem Gabor, 8 May 1624 — resigns crown of Hungary to bis son Ferdinand III., Dec. 1625 — resigns crown of Bohemia to him, Nov. 1627 — publishes 'edict of restitution' of church estates, 6 Mar. 1629 — invasion of Germany by Gustavus Adolphus, 1630 — battle of Leipsic, Sep. 1631 — battle of the Lech, Apr. 1632 — of Liitzen, Nov. 1632 — of Nordlingen, Sep. 1634 — France declares war against him, 1635 — makes peace with Elector of Saxony, 30 May 1635 — tr. at Vienna, 15 Feb. 1637. Ferdinand III., King of Bohemia and Hungary, Emperor of the Romans, — b., 20 Jul. 1608 — king of Hungary, 8 Dec. 1625 — king of Bohemia, 25 Nov, 1627 — marries Princess Mary Anne of Spain, 1631 — gains battle of Nordlingen, 6 Sep. 1634 — king of the Romans, 22 Dec. 1636 — succeeds his father in the Em- pire, 1637 — battle of Thionville, Jun. 1639 — of Friburg, 1644 — death of his consort, 1646 — battle of Sommershausen, 1648 — marries Maria Leopoldina, 1648 — Peace of West- phalia, 24 Oct. 1648 — death of his second' wife, 1649 — marries Eleanora of Mantua, 1651 — )j. at Vienna, 2 Apr. 1657. Ferdinand IV., King of Bohemia and Hungary, — b., 1634 — crowned King of Bo- hemia, 5 Aug. 164.6— King of Hungary, 16 Jun. 1647 — elected King of the Romans, 1653 — &., 9 Jul. 1654. Ferdinand I., the Great, King of Castile and Leon, — marries Donna Sancha of Leon, and is named King of Castile, 1033 — succeeds as such on death of his father Sancho III. of Navarre, 1035 — crowned King of Leon, 22 Jun. 1037,* 1038 b — invades Portugal, 1044 — ac- quires Coimbra, 1045 — wars against the Moors, 1046-9 — defeats and kills Garcia III., king of Navarre, near Burgos, 3 Sep. 1054 — conquers Mohammed ben Abad, 1063 — divides his king- dom between his three sons, 1064 — ravages territories of Toledo and Saragossa, 1065 — If. at Leon, 27 Dec. 1065. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc Ferdinand II., King of Leon, — succeeds his father Alfonso VIIL, 1157 — seizes and governs Castile as protector, 1158 — confirms order of St Iago, 1161 — marries the Princess Urraca of Portugal, 1164 — his marriage annulled, 1 175— marries Teresa de Lara, 1176 — her death, 1 1 80 — marries Urraca Lopez, 1181— &., 21 Jan. u88, a 1187.^ a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. and Engl. Cyc. Ferdinand III., the Saint, Kikg of Castile and Leon, — b., 1200— succeeds in Castiie on abdication of his mother Berengaria, 31 Aug. 1217 — marries Ethisa, (Beatrice,) daughter of the Emperor Philip, 30 Nov. 1219 — succeeds his father Alfonso IX. in Leon, 1230 — death of his queen, 1234 — takes Cordova from the Moors, 26 Jun. 1236 — marries again, 1237 — makes tributary Abusaid, king of Granada, and acquires Jaen, 1246 — takes Seville, after 15, a 20 b months' siege, 23 Nov. 1248 — takes Xeres, Cadiz, St Lucar, &c, 1250 — b*., 30 May 1252 — canonized by Clement X., 167 1. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Ferdinand IV., King of Castile and Leon, — b., 6 Dec. 1285 — succeeds his father Sancho IV., under regency of his mother, Maria, Apr. 1295 — successfully supported against several rivals by the Regent, 1296 — marries Constance of Portugal, 1303 — treaty of peace with Aragon, signed at Campillo, 1 305 — takes Gibraltar from the Moors, 1309— if. at Jaen, 17 Sep. 1309. Ferdinand V., the Catholic, King of Cas- tile, then of Castile and Aragon, — b. 10 Mar. 1452 — marries Isabella of Castile, 18 Oct. 1469 — proclaimed with her at Segovia, on death of her brother Henry IV., 13 Dec. 1474 — the rival claim of Joanna, niece of Isabella, sup- FERDINAND. 5i3 ported by Alfonso, king of Portugal : defeats Alfonso at Toro., 1476 — concludes peace with France, 9 Nov. 1478 — on death of his father, John II., succeeds in Aragon, Jan. 1479 — as " sembles the states of Castile at Toledo, 1480 — establishes the Inquisition at Seville, 1480 — begins war with the Moors of Granada, 1482 — captures Abu Abdallah and sets him at liberty, Apr. 1483 — takes Baza after 7 months' siege, 9 Dec. 1489 — the Sultan Zagal submits to him ; takes Granada after 8 months' siege, 2 Jan. 1492^ 24 Nov. 149 1 b — enters Granada with Isabella, 6 Jan. 1492 b — title of Catholic conferred on, by Innocent VIII., and confirmed by Alexander VI., 1492 — expels the Jews, 1492 — first voyage of Columbus, 1492 — obtains from Alexander VI. bull of investiture of the new world, 1493 — reacquires from Charles VIII. of France the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne, 1493 — sends Gonsalvo of Cordova to oppose Charles in Italy, 1495 — promotes expedition of Amerigo Vespucci, 1497 — concludes treaty of alliance with Louis XII., 1498 — conquest of Naples, 1500-4 — expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 1501 — death of Isabella, 26 Nov. 1504 — his son-in-law Philip becomes king of Castile, Nov. J504 — makes terms with Philip, 24 Nov. 1505 — marries Germaine de Foix, 14,' 18 d Mar. 1506 — renounces administration of Castile by treaty with Philip, 27 Jun. 1506 — regent of Castile on death of Philip, Sep. 1506 — appoints Ximenes his minister, 1507 — deprives Gon- salvo of viceroyalty of Naples, 1507 — accedes to the League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — withdraws from it, 1509 — joins the Holy Xeague against France, Oct. 151 1 — conquest of Navarre, 1512 — tf., 23 Jan. 1516. a Cardonne. b Crespi. c Biog. Univ. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Ferdinand VI., the Wise, King of Spain, — b. at Madrid, 23 Sep. 1713,* 10 Apr. I7i2 b — marries the Princess Magdalene Theresa of Portugal, Jan. 1729 — succeeds his father Philip V., 10 Aug. 1746 — accedes to Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, 28 Jun. 1748 — Treaty of Assiento, Oct. 1748 — concordat with the pope, Benedict XIV., Jan. 1753— death of his queen, 27 Aug. 1758— U., 10 Aug. 1759. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Ferdinand VII., King op Spain, — b. at St Ildefonso, 13 Oct. 1784 — proclaimed Prince of Asturias and heir to the crown, 1790 — marries Maria Antoinetta Theresa of Naples, 6 Oct. i8oi, a 21 Aug. 1802 b — death of his wife, 21 May 1806 — succeeds on abdication of his father Charles IV., 19 Mar. 1808 — meets Napoleon at Bayonne, 28 Apr. — compelled to resign, 1 May — sent with his brother and uncle to the cha- teau of Valenc,ay; liberated, Mar. 18 14 — an- nuls the constitution and dissolves the Cortes, May 18 14 — marries Isabella Maria, Infanta of Portugal, 29 Sep. 18 16 — her death, 26 Dec. 18 1 8 — marries Maria Josephine of Saxony, 2 Oct. 18 19 — insurrection of Riego, 1 Jan. 1820 — swears to the constitution of 1812, 9 Mar. 1820 — opens the Cortes, 9 Jul. — French invasion un- der Duke of Angouleme, Apr. 1823 — declared incapable by the Cortes, and regency appointed, 11 Jun. — sent to Cadiz, Jun. — restored, 28 Sep. — proclaims amnesty and promises good govern- ment, 30 Sep. — marries daughter of Prince Maximilian of Saxony, 1824 — her death, 1829 — marries Maria Christina of Naples, 1829 — reestablishes Pragmatic Sanction of 1789, 29 Mar. 1830 — rj„ 27, b 29° Sep. 1833. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. Ferdinand, King op Portugal, — ft. at Coimbra, 27 Feb. 1340 — succeeds his father Pedro the Cruel, 18 Jan. 1367 — claims Castile, 1369 — makes peace with Henry II. of Castile, and agrees to marry his daughter, 1371 — marries Eleonora Tellez, 1372 — the war with Henry renewed : alliance with John of Gaunt ; compelled to make peace, 1373 — renewed war with Castile, assisted by Edmund, Earl of Cam- bridge, 138 1 — ft., 20 or 22 Oct. 1383. Ferdinand I., King op Naples, — b., about 1424 — marries Isabella de Clermont, 1434— suc- ceeds his father Alfonso the Wise, Jun. 1458 — > defeated by his rival John of Anjou, near Nola, 7 Jul. 1460 — battle of San Fabiano, 27 Jul. 1460 — supported by Alessandro Sforza, 1460 — with the aid of Scanderbeg defeats John of Anjou near Troja, 18 Aug. 1462 — master of the king- dom, 1463 — attends the Jubilee at Rome, 1475 — marries Joanna of Aragon, 1476 — declares war on the Florentines, 1478 — visit of Lorenzo de' Medici to him, Dec. 1479 to Mar. 1480— makes a league with the Florentines, 6 Mar. 1480 — revolt of the nobles, i486 — makes peace with them, 1 1 Aug. i486— arrests and massacres them at the palace, 13 Aug. — excommunicated by Innocent VIII., 29 Jun. 1489 — makes peace with the pope, May 1492 — ft., 25 Jan. 1494. Ferdinand II., King op Naples, — b., about 1470 — succeeds on abdication of his father, Al- fonso II., Jan. 1495 — conquest of Naples by Charles VIII. of France, 1495 — escapes with his wife to Ischia, Feb. 1595 — recovers his kingdom by aid of Ferdinand V. of Spain, sum- mer 1495 — ft., 5 Sep. or Oct. 1496. Ferdinand III., King op Naples. [Ferdi- nand V., the Catholic.~\ Ferdinand IV., King op Naples, I. of the Two Sicilies, — b. at Naples, 12 Jan. 1751 — succeeds on the accession of his father Don Carlos to throne of Spain, (Charles III.,) 5 Oct. 1759 — expels the Jesuits, 1767 — marries the Archduchess Carolina Maria (Carlotta Louisa ?) by proxy, 7 Apr., in person, 22 May, 1768 — dis- misses his minister Tanucci, 1777 — joins first coalition against France, 1792 — purchases peace with the Directory, 1796— accompanies his army to Borne, Nov. 1798 — but hastily re- turns : quits Naples with his family, 21 Dec. 179 8 — conquest of Naples by the French, 2 3 Jan. 1799 — [Parthenopeian Republic] — returns to Naples on board British fleet, after expulsion of the French by Cardinal Buffo, 24 Jun. 1799 — Treaty of Florence, 28 Mar. 1801 — joins third coalition against France, Sep. 1805 — deprived of Naples by Napoleon I., end of Dec. 1805 — retires to Sicily, under English protection : re- signs in favour of his son Francis, Jan. 18 12 — resumes government of Sicily, 18 14 — restored in Naples, enters the capital, Jun., a 14 Aug. b S3 5H FERDINAND— FERMAT. 1 8 15 — assumes title of King of the Two Sicilies, Dec. i8i6, a 1 8 17 b — insurrection of Nola, 2 Jul. 1820 — names the Duke of Calabria Vicar-gen- eral, and proclaims free constitution, Jul. 1820 — attends congress of Lay bach, Jan. 1821 — annuls the constitution, and reenters Naples with Austrian army, 15 May 1821 — attends congress of Verona, 1822 — rj., 3 Jan. 1825. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Ferdinand I., {de' Medici,) Grand Duke of Tuscany, — fj., 1549 — created Cardinal, 1563 — succeeds his brother Francis, 19 Oct. 1587 — marries Christine of Lorraine, 30 Apr. 1589 — and resigns the Cardinalate ; o\, 17 Feb. 1609. Ferdinand II., {de' Medici,) Grand Duke or Tuscany, — b., 14 Jul. 1610 — succeeds his father Cosmo II., Feb. 1621 — marries Vittoria della Kovere, 26 Sep. 1631 — mediates between Odoardo, Duke of Parma, and Urban VIII., 1644 — compelled by Blake to pay compensa- tion for damage to English commerce, 1655 — mediates between Louis XIV. and Alexander VII., 1664 — tf., 23 May 1670. Ferdinand III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hun- gary and Bohemia, — b., 6, a 8 b May 1769 — succeeds his father, Leopold II., 2 Jul. 1790,* 1 791 b — marries Princess Louisa Amelia of Naples, 29 Sep. 1790 — acknowledges the French Republic, Feb. 1793 — on the occupa- tion of Tuscany by the French, retires to Vienna, Mar. 1799 — compelled to cede Tus- cany to the Prince of Parma, by convention of Madrid, 21 Mar. 1801 — receives in exchange Archbishopric of Salzburg with electoral dig- nity, 27 Apr. 1803 — death of his duchess, 1804 — by Peace of Presburg declared Elector vDf Wurtzburg, 26 Dec. 1805 — member of Confederation of the Rhine, Jul. 1806 — takes title of Grand Duke, 25 Sep. 1806— restored in Tuscany, by Peace of Paris, 30 May 1814 — fj., 18 Jim. 1824. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Ferdinand, Karl Joseph, von Este, Arch- duke of Austria, Field-marshal, — b-, 25 Apr. 178 1 — commands against the French, 1805 — defeated by Marshal Xey, 9 Oct. — takes Warsaw, Apr. 1809 — assists at coronation of Emperor Nicholas at Moscow, 1826 — Governor- general of Galicia, 1830-46— rj., 5 Nov. 1850. Ferdinand of Cordova, — b., about 1420 — serves against the Moors under John II. of Castile, between 1431-54 ? — ambassador to the pope, 1469 — tf., about 1480. Ferdinandi, Epiphanio, physician, — b. in Otranto, 1569 — M.D. Naples, 1594 — Syndic- general of Otranto, 1605 — tf. there, 6 Dec. 1638. Theoremata medico, et philosophical 161 1 — Centum histories, §c, 1621 — Aureus de peste libellus, 163 1. Fere-Champenoise, — Marshals Marmont and Mortier defeated by Prince Schwarzenberg at, 25 Mar. 1 8 14. Ferentinum, {Ferentino,) — [B C] — joins the Roman and Latin league, 485 — taken from, the Volsci and restored to the Hernici, 413 a (342, A. u. c.) 41 1 c — taken by the Romans, 402, 359, and 298— [AD] — visited by Frederick II., Jan. i22i b — conference of Frederick and Honorius III., respecting a crusade, spring 1223. a Zumpt. b Kington. c Ersch and Gruber. Ferghana, — Yezdegerd takes refuge in, after battle of Jalula, 637 — conquered by Catiba of Khorasan, (94, a. h.) 713 — governed by Omar Sheikh Mirza, son of Abusaid, before 1494 : Babek, his son, 1494 — revolt of Ahmed Tambol against Baber, 1497 — Baber recovers it, 1499 — but finally loses it to Tambol and the Uzbeks, 1503. Fergola, Niccolo, mathematician, — b. at Naples, i75i, a 1753 b — rj. there, i8i2, a i824. b Prelezioni d principj matematici del Newton, 1792 — Trattato delle sezioni coniche, 1791 — Risoluzione di alcuni difficili problemi ottici, 1780. a Biog. Univ. (Brussels edition.) c Ersch and Gruber. Ferguson, Adam, historian, $c, — b. in Scot- land, 1724 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Edin- burgh, 1759 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1764 — accompanies Earl of Chesterfield on his travels, 1774 — Secretary to Commissioners sent to America to effect reconciliation with England, 1778 — resumes Professorship, 1779-84 — fc. at St Andrews, Feb. 1816. Essay on the history of Civil Society, 1767 — History of the progress and the termination of the Roman Republic, 1783 — Institutes of Moral Philosophy, 1769 — Principles of Moral and Political Science, i~]()2. Ferguson, James, natural philosopher, — b. in Banffshire, Scotland, 17 10 — goes to London, 1743 — F.R.S., 1763— member of American Philosophical Society, 1770 — tf., 16 Nov. 1776. Astronomy explained, §c, 1756 — Lectures on subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, <$c, 1764 — Introduction to Electricity, 1770 — Art of drawing in perspective, §c, 1775. Ferguson, Robert, Presbyterian preacher, — flees with Lord Shaftesbury to Holland, Nov. 1682 a — returns to Scotland and conceals him- self in a prison, 1683 a — takes part in Mon- mouth's rebellion, and escapes to the continent, 1685 b — said to be concerned in the Assassin- ation Plot, 1696 b — gives information respect- ing Fraser's Plot, 1703.* a Pict. Hist. England. b Annals of England. Ferguson, {Fergusson,) Robert, poet, — b. at Edinburgh, about 1750 — rj. there, 16 Oct. 1774. Poems, 1774. Ferid Eddin Attar. [Attar.] Ferino, Pierre Marie Barthelemy, Count, general, — fj. in Milan, 1747 — goes to Paris, 1789— General of Division, 1795 — commands under Desaix at passage of the Rhine, 1796 — distinguishes himself at Ober-Kamelach, 13 Aug. 1796 — crosses the Lech, defeats Austrians at Kussing. 24 Aug. — distinguishes himself at bridge of Huningen, Jan. 1797- — member of Senate, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 Feb. 1805 — governor of Florence, 1807 — charged to organize National Guard of Holland, 1 813 — receives cross of St Louis, 27 Jun. 18 14 — naturalized in France, Dec. 18 14 — lj. at Paris, 28 Jun. 18 16. Ferishta, Mohammed Kasim, historian, — b. at Astra bad, 1570 — rj., probably about 1612. Tarihhi Ferishta, about 1606. Fermat, Pierre de, mathematician, — b. at FERMIN— FERRAR. S*5 Toulouse, i6o8, a about i595, bc 1590 d — tf. there, 12 Jan. 1665. Varia opera mathematica, 1679 — edition of Biophantus, 1670. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. e Ersch and Gruber. Fermin, Philippe, naturalist, — 6. at Maes- tricht, about 1720^ 1730 b — goes to Surinam, 1754 — tf. at Maestricht, about 1790. Histoire naturelle de la Hollande equinoxiale, 1765 — Description generate de la colonie de Surinam, 1769. a Biog. Woordenboek. b Ersch and Gruber. Fermor, William, Count von, general, — ft. at Pleskow, 28 Sep. i704, a 1702 D — enters the Russian army, 1720 — Adjutant-general to Count von Munnich, 1729 — distinguishes him- self in Turkish war, 1736 — Inspector of build- ings, 1746 — Commander-in-chief, and Count of the Empire, 1755 — takes the command against Frederick II., Jan. 1758 — takes pos- session of E. Prussia, 22 Jan. 1758 — burns Ciistrin, 15 Aug. — battle of Zorndorf, 25 Aug. — battle of Kunnersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759 — marches on Berlin, Sep. to Oct. 1760 — at Colberg, Sep. 176 1 — Governor-general of Smolensko, 1762 — tf. at Nietau, Livonia, 177 1. a Bees' Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. Fernandez, Denis, — discovers the Senegal and Cape Verd, 1446. Fernandez, Diego, historian, — goes to Peru, 1553. Primer a y segunda parte de la historia del Pent, 15*71. Fernandez, Francisco, painter, — b. at Madrid, about 1605 — tf-, 1646. Fernandez, Joan, — visits interior of Africa, 1446. Fernanaez, Juan, — discovers isles of Juan Fernandez, 1572 — of St Felix and St Ambrose, 1574- Fernandez, Luis, painter, — ft. at Madrid, about 1595 — tf. there, 1654. Scenes from the Life of St Ramori, Madrid, 1625^ a Nagler. Fernandez de Cordova. [Gonsalvo.] Fernandez-Navarrete. [Navarrete.] Fernando, Bom, {the Constant Prince,) ac- companies expedition against Tangier, aud lands at Ceuta with Prince Henry, 1437 — takes part in attack on Tangier, 20 Sep. — given up as hostage to the Moors, 15 Oct. — transferred to King of Fez, 25 May 1438 — tf. in his dungeon, 5 Jun. 1443. Fernando Po, — discovered by Portuguese, 147 1 — ceded to Spain, 1778 — abandoned by the settlers, end of 17 81 — English settlement in, 1827 — but abandoned by them, 1834 — again occupied by Spain, 1844. Ferae, Henry, theologian, — fc. at York, 1602 ■ — enters Oxford Univ., 161 8 — removes to Cam- bridge, 1620 — D.D., 1642 — chaplain to Charles I., 1642 — assists at the Treaty of "Oxbridge, 1645 — attends the king at Oxford, 1646 — and in the Isle of Wight, 1647 — Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1660 — Vice-chancellor of the University, 1660, 1661 — Bp of Chester, 1660 — tf., 16 Mar. 1662. Resolving of Con- science, 1642 — Episcopacy and Presbytery, 1647. Fernel, J ean, physician, mathematician, — h. at Clermont, Beauvoisis, 1497, 1485, or 1506 — M.D. Paris, 1530 — Prof. Medicine, 1534 — tf. first physician to Henry II., at Fontaine- bleau, 26 Apr. 1558. Monalosphcerium, 1526 — Cosmotheoria, 1528 — Jos. Pern, medicina, 1554 — Therapeutice universalis, 157 1 — P)e abditis rerum causis, 1548 — Pathologia, 1538. Fernow, Karl Ludwig, archceologist, — fc. in Pomerania, 19 Nov. 1763 — Prof. Italian Liter- ature, Jena, 1803 — Librarian to Duchess of Weimar, 1804 — tf. at Weimar, 4 Dec. 1808. Rbmische Studien, 1806-8 — Leben des Kunst- lers Carstens, 1806 — Ariostos Lebenslauf, 1809. Feronia, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 29 May 1861. Ferozeshah, in the Punjab, — Lord Gough defeats the Sikhs at, 22-23 Dec. 1845. Ferrand, Count of Flanders, — fc., 11 86 — marries Jane, Countess of Flanders, 121 1 — refuses at the Assembly at Soissons to aid Philip Augustus in expedition to England, 12 12 — war with Philip, 121 3 — succoured by the Emperor, Otto IV., but is taken prisoner at Bouvines, 27 Jul. 1 2 14 — liberated by Queen Blanche, end of 1226, or beginning 1227 — tf., 27 Jul. 1233. Ferrand, Antoine Francois Claude, Count, statesman, §c, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jul„ 1751 — emigrates, Sep. 1789 — member of Council of Regency, Jan. 1795 — returns to France, i8or — Minister of State, 13 May 18 14 — Peer of France, member of Privy Council, 18 15 — tf., 17 Jan. 1825. La retablissement de la monarchic francaise, 1793 — Ju esprit de V histoire, 1802 — (Euvres dramatiques, 1817 — Theorie des revo- lutions, §c, 1 817. Ferrand, Jacques, physician, — fc. at Agen, about 1500 ? Trait e de V essence et guerison de V Amour, 1612. Ferrand, Jacques, general, — n. at Ormoy, (Vesoul,) 11 Nov. 1746 — enters the army, 1766 — distinguishes himself at siege of Lille, 1792 — takes part in conquest of the Netherlands, 1794 — commander at Brussels, 1794 — at Be- san^on, Jul. 1795 to Jan. 1796 — deputy to Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — tf. at Amance, 30 Sep. 1804. Ferrand, Jacques Philippe, painter, — n. in Burgundy, about 1653 — tf. at Paris, 1732. Art dufeu, 1732. Ferrand de la Caussade, Jean Henri Be- cays, general, — h. in Agenois, 16 Sep. 1736 — serves in campaigns of 1747-8 — wounded at battle of Klosterkampen, Oct. 1760 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1767 — Major-commandant of Valenciennes, 177 3-90 — Marechal de Camp, Aug. 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of Jemmappes, Nov. 1792 — General of Division, 15 Mar. 1793 — Commander of Valenciennes, 26 Mar capitulates to Prince of Coburg, 28 Jul. — member of Legion of Honour, 1804 — tf. near Paris, 28 Nov. 1805. Ferrar, Nicholas, theologian, — b. in Lon- don, 22 Feb. 1592-3 — enters Cambridge Univ., about 1606 — M.A., 1613 — travels, 1613-18 — M.P., 1624 — settles at Little Gidding, Hunt- ingdonshire, 1625 — visited by Charles I., 1633 — tf., 4 Dec., a 5 Nov., b 2 Dec. 1637 — his ' Ar- minian Nunnery ' denounced to the Long Par- liament, 1 64 1 — and soon after broken up. a Annals of England. b Biog. Univ. c Cbalmers. 33 * 5* FERRARA— FERRET. Ferrara, Lords and Dukes of, — the city walled, about 604 s — See founded, 661 b — be- comes a free city, and Federico, [il Torello,) has great authority, 1067 to about 1117 — Guy I., (Salinguerra,) (son,) considered first lord of, 1 1 18 — Torello, (son,) succeeds, about 1150 — Salinguerra II., (son,) 1195— Giacopo, (son,) 1244 — Salinguerra III., (son,) 1270 — head of the league of Bologna, Forli, and Iinola, 1 301 — takes Faenza, 2 May 1301 — gets him- self proclaimed sovereign, 1308 — conquered by the pope and the vicariate given to Robert, king of Naples, 1309-10 — the Neapolitan expelled, and the lordship acquired by Rinaldo and Obizzo d'Este, Aug. 1317 — [Este, House of]— Duchy annexed to Holy See, Feb. 1598. (City,) seat of Archbishopric, i735 b — seized the French, 1796— restored to States of the Church, 1814 — occupied by Austrians, Aug. to Dec. 1847 — revolt and expulsion of Austrians, Jun. 1859 — becomes part of the kingdom of Italy, under Victor Emmanuel, Apr. 1 860. Col- lege" of, founded by Albert di Este, 1321 c — con- firmed by Boniface IX., 1391^ Council of convoked by Eugenius IT., in opposition to Council of Basel, first session opens, 10 Jan. 1438 — second, 15 Feb. — excommunicates the fathers of Basel ; opening of the council with the Greeks, 9 Apr. — declared general for reunion of Greek and Latin churches ; first session with the Greeks, 8 Oct. — sixth and last, 10 Jan. 1439 — transferred then to Florence. * Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cye. c Dufresnoy. Ferrara, Gabriello, surgeon, — fl. at Milan, about 1590-16 10. Nuova salva di Cirurgia, $c, 1596. Ferrara, Hippolito d'Este, Cardixal of, -r-ft., 1509 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 1539 — Abp of Milan, 1539 — Abp of Lyons, 1539 — ^ D P 0I " Narbonne, 1550 — governor of Parma and Siena, 1552-4 — tf. at Rome, 2 Dec. 1572. Ferrari, Andrea, painter, — ft., about 1590 — &., 1669. Ferrari, Antonio, (Galateo, Galateus Lec- censis,) physician, — ft. in Naples, 1444— tf. at Lecca, 12 Nov. 15 17. Ferrari, Eartolorneo, mechanician. Dello sferologio e sue operationi, 1683. Ferrari, Filippo, mathematician, — tf. at Milan, 1626. Lexicon geographicum, 1627. Ferrari, Gaudenzio, painter, — fj. at Yal- dugia, 1484 — tf. at Milan, 1550^ 1549. b a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, Jesuit, — ft. at Siena, about 1580 — tf. there, 1 Feb. 1655. Flora, 1633 — Hesperides, 1646 — Nomenclator Syriacus, 1622. Ferrari, Giovanni Battista, biographer, — ft. near Este, 21 Jun. 1732 — tf. at Padua, 14 Apr. 1806. Vita JEgidii Forcellini, 1792 — Vita Jacobi Facciolati, 1799 — Vita Fii VI., 1802. Ferrari, Giovanni Matteo, Prof, Medicine, Favia — tf. there, Dec. 1472. Practices pars prima et secunda, §c, 147 1 — Consiliormn secundum vias Avicenna ordinatorum utile repertorium, §c, 1501. Ferrari, Guido, Jesuit, — ft. at Novara, 17 17 ■ — tf., 1791. F>e rebus gestis Fugenii principis, §c, 1747-73 — Be vita quinque imperatorum germanorum, 1775. Ferrari, Lodovico, mathematician, — ft. at Bologna, 2 Feb. 1522 — in service of Cardan, at Milan, 1536 — tf. at Bologna, 1562,* 1565^ a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. Ferrari, Ottavio, antiquary — ft. at Milan, 1607— Prof. Eloquence, Padua, 1634 — tf., 16 Mar. 1682. F)e re vestiaria, 1654 — Flectomm libri IF, 1679. Ferrari, Pietro, architect, engineer, — ft. at Spoleto, 1753 — tr. at Naples, 1825. Ferraris, Joseph, Count de, field-mar- shal, — ft. at Luneville, 20 Apr. 1726 — enters Austrian army, 1741 — Director-general of Artil- lery in the Netherlands, 1 7 67 — Lieutenant-gen- eral, 1775 — distinguishes himself in campaign against the French, 1793 — Tie e -president of Auric Council of War, 1798 — Field-marshal, 1808 — tf., 1 Apr. 1 8 14. Map of the Nether- lands, 1777. Ferrars, George, M.P., — arrested for debt, while in the House of Commons, 1543. Ferrato, Ercole, sculptor, — ft. near Como, about 1630 — at Rome, 1657. Ferraud, (Fe'raud,) Nicolas, — ft., 1764 — deputy to National Convention, Sep. 1792 — contributes to arrest of Robespierre, Jul. 1794 — shot, by insurgents, in Hall of the Conven- tion, 20 May 1795. Ferrein, Antoine, anatomist, — ft. in Agenois, 1693 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1741 — Prof. Surgery, College of France, 1742 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Jardin du Roi, 1758 — tf., 28 Feb. 1769. Cours demedecine pratique, §c, 1769 — Matiere medicate, §c, 1770 — Fle- ments de chirurgie pratique, 177 1. Ferreira, Alexander, — ft. at Oporto, 1644 — councillor to the Queen and the House of Bra- ganza, 17 15 — secretary to Marquis of Abrantes, 1726 — tf. at Lisbon, 9 Dec. 1737. Memoirs of the Order of the Tenplars, 1735. Ferreira, Antonio, poet,— ft. at Lisbon, 1528 — tf. there, 1569. Poemas Lusitanos, 1598 — Fodas as obras de F., 177 1. Ferreira, Antonio Fialho, traveller, — ft. at Macao, about 1600 — captain of the fleet there, 1633 — travels through Persia, Armenia, &c, to Madrid, 1639 — Chevalier of Order of Christ, 1643 — tf., probably about 1658. Felacaon da Via gem, <§c, 1643. Ferreras, Don Juan, historian, — ft. at Laba- neza, 7 Jun. 1652 — assists in founding Academy of the Lengua Fspanola, 17 13 — tf. librarian to Philip V., 14 Apr. 1735. Synopsis historica y chronologica de Fspaiia, 1700-27. Ferreri, a {Ferrcti, h ) Zaccaria, poet, §c, — ft. at Yicenza, 1479 — takes part in Council of Pisa, 151 1 — sent into Germany as Nuncio Apostolic, Rome, after 1525. FLijiuiii novi ecclesiastici, 1525 — jS. Carthusien- sis ordinis origo, 1509. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Ferrers, Lawrence, Earl, — murders his steward, 18 Jan. 1760 — tried at Westminster and convicted, 16-18 Apr. — hung at Tyburn, 5 May. Ferret, Emilio. jurist, — ft. in Tuscany, 1489 — follows Marquis of Montferrat to Naples, FEERETI— FET1S. 517 1528 — accompanies Charles V. to Africa, 1535 ■ — present at interview of Francis I., Charles V., and Paul III. at Nice, 1538 — ft. Prof. Law, Avignon, 15 Jul. 1552. Ferreti, Giovanni Battista, antiquary — b. at Yicenza, 1639 — ft., 1682. Musce lapidarice antiquonon in marmoribus carmina, §c, 1672. Ferreti, Z. [Ferreri.] Ferri, Ciro, painter, — b. at Borne, 1634— if. there, 1689. Ferrier, James Frederick, philosopher, — b. at Edinburgh, 1808— B.A. Oxford, 1832^- called to Scottish bar, 1833 — Prof. History, Edinburgh Univ., 1842— Prof. Moral Philo- sophy, St Andrews, 1845 — ft. at St Andrews, 11 Jun. 1864. Theory of Knowing and Being, 1854 — Lectures on Greek Philosophy, 1866. Ferrier, Susan, novelist, — b. at Edinburgh, about 1782— ft. there, Nov. 1854. Marriage, 181 8 — The Inheritance, 1 8 24 — Destiny, 1 8 3 1 . Ferrier, St Vincent, Dominican, — b. at Yalentia, 23 Jan. 1357 — at Council of Con- stance, 141 5 — ft. at Vannes, 5 Apr. 141 5 — canonized by Calixtus III., 1455. Opera, 1491. Ferrieres, near Paris, — head-quarters of king of Prussia, Sep. 1870 — interview between Count von Bismarck and Jules Favre, V.-Pres. Government of National Defence, 22 Sep. Ferrieres, Charles Elie, Marquis de,— b. at Poitiers, 27 Jan. 1741 — ft., 30 Jul. 1804. Me moires pour servir a Vhistoire de I'assemblee constituante, §c, 1798. Ferro. [Canary Islands.] Ferro, Bartolomeo. La storia delle mis- sioni de' cherici regolari teatini, 1704. Ferro, Giovanni Francesco, historian, — b. at Comacchio, about 1750. Istoria dell' antica citta di Comacchio, 1701. Ferro, Fascal Joseph von, physician, — b. at Bonn, 1753 — Councillor of State, 1793 — first physician to town of Vienna, 1800 — Chevalier, 1805 — ft., 21 Aug. 1809. Pom G-ebrauche des Kalten Bades, 178 1 — Ephemerides medicce, 1792 — Ueber die Wirkungen der Lebensluft, 1793. Ferrol, in Spain, — made a naval arsenal by Ferdinand VI., 1752— attacked by the English, 1799 — sea-fight between the French and the English near, 4 Nov. 1805 — seized by the French, 27 Jan. 1809 — given up to the Eng- lish, 22 Jun. 1809. Ferron, Arnoul le, historian, — b. at Bor- deaux, 15 15 — ft., 1563. Continuation of Paul Pmile's History of Prance, 1554 — of Du Hait- ian's Histoire des rois de Prance, 1615. Ferruckabad. [Furruckabad.] Fersen, Axel, Count, — b. at Stockholm, about 1750 — at Paris, 1790 — assists escape of Louis XVI. from Paris, and accompanies him in flight, 20 Jun. 1791 — taken prisoner, 21 Jun. — Captain of the Guard, Stockholm, 1791 — sent on secret mission to Vienna, Aug. 1791 ■ — minister at the diet of the Empire, Jul. 1797 — ambassador to Dresden, Sep. 1803 — assas- sinated near Stockholm, Jun. 18 10. Ferte, Henri Francois, Duke de la, general, — b., 1657 — follows Louis XIV. to conquest of Holland, 1672 — Governor of the Three Bishop- rics, 1674 — wounded at siege of Friburg, 1677 — commands at siege of Ghent, 1678— Bri- gadier, 1684 — Lieutenant-general, 1696 — ft. at Paris, 1703. Ferte, Henri de Sennectere, Marshal x>e la, — b. at Paris, 1600 — distinguishes himself at siege of Eochelle, 1628 — at battle of Bocroi, 1643 — Lieutenant-general, 1650 — Marshal, 1651 — at siege of Landrecies, 1655 — taken prisoner at siege of Valenciennes, 16 Jul. 1656 — takes Montmedy, 1657 — takes Gravelines, 1658 — ft., 27 Sep. 1 68 1. Ferus, George, Jesuit, — b. in Bohemia, 1585 — enters the Order, 1602 — ft. at Brezniz, 21 Jan. 1655. Bohemian Grammar, 164.2. Ferus. [Wild, Johann.] Ferussao, Andre Etienne Just Paschal Joseph Francois d'Audebard, Baron de, — b. near Lanzerte, 30 Dec. 1786 — Prof. Geogra- phy, &c, Paris, 18 18 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1830-32 — ft., 21 Jan. 1836. Com- pletes the Histoire des mollusques, 18 19. Ferussac, Jean Baptiste Louis d'Audebard, Baron de, naturalist, — b. at Clerac, 30 Jun. 1745 — enters Military School, 1754 — distin- guishes himself in army of Prince of Conde, 1791-1801 — ft. near Lanzerte, 1815. Histoire naturelle . . . des mollusques terrestres etfuvia- tiles, 18 19. Ferzi, poet, translator, §c, — introduced to Akber, 1568. Fesca, Friedrich Ernst, musical composer, — b. at Magdeburg, Feb. 1789 — Director of Concerts, Carlsruhe, 18 15 — ft. there, 24 May, ab 20 Mar. c 1826. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Graber. c Conv.-Lex. Fesch, Joseph, Cardinal, — b. at Ajaccio, 3 Jan. 1763 — Commissioner attached to army of Italy, 1795-99 — Abp of Lyons, Apr. 1802 — ambassador to Borne, Cardinal, 1 803 — Grand Almoner, Senator, 1805 — President of Council of Paris, Jun. to Aug. 181 1 — exiled to Lyons, 1811-14 — ft. at Bome, 13 May 1839. Fessard, Etienne, engraver, — b. at Paris, 17 14 — ft. there, 1774. Fessler, Ignaz Aurelian, historian, §c, — b. in Hungary, Jul. 1756 — enters Order of Ca- puchins, 1773— Prof. Oriental Languages, Lem- berg, 1785: — becomes a Protestant, 1791 — settles at Berlin, 1796 — called to St Petersburg, 1809 — ft. there, 15 Dec. 1839. Geschichte der JJngarn, 1812-25 — Piickblicke auf meine siebzigjdhrige Pilgerschaft, 182-6. Festus, — 1. Consul with Theodosius, Aug. (1192, a. u. c.) 439. 2. Consul with Marcia- nus, (1225,) 472. Festus, Porcius, — procurator of Judaea, 62. Feti, {Petti,) Domenico, (II Mantuano,) painter, — b. at Eome, 1589 — ft. at Venice, 1624. Fetis, Francois Joseph, writer on Music, biographer —ti. at Mons, 25 Mar. 1784— pupil at the Conservatoire, Paris, 1800 — Organist and Prof, of Singing, at Douai, 181 3 — returns to Pa- ris, 18 18 — Director of the Conservatoire, Brus- sels, 1833 — member of Academy of Belgium, 1 845 — as musical executor of Meyerbeer, pro- duces his Africaine, 1 864 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1864 — Grand Officer of Order of Leo- pold, 1869 — ft. at Brussels, 27 Mar. 1871. Traite complet de la The'orie et de la Pratique 5i« FEUDBJX— FICQUET. de V Harmon ie t 1 8 1 6 — founds and edits the Revue Musicale, 1827-35 — Biographie des Musiciens, &., 1835-44. Feudrix. [Brequigny.] Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm, jurist, — b. at Jena, 14 jS"ov., acd at Frankfort-on-tke Main, May b 1775 — studies at Jena, 1792 — Prof. Feudal Law there, 1801 — removes to Kiel, 1802 — Privy Councillor, Munich, 1808 — charged by king of Bavaria to prepare Code, 1808 — second President of Court of Appeal, Bamberg, 1817 — first President, Anspach, 1821 — tf. at Jena, a at Frankfort, b c d 9,° 29 d May 1833. Anti-Hobbes, 1798 — Revision der Grundsdtze und Grundbegriffe des peinlichen Rechts, 1799 — Lehrbuch des gcmeinen, in Deutschland geltenden peinlichen Rrivatrechts, 1 801 — Strafgesetzbuch fur das Kbnigreich Raiern, 181 3 — Merkwurdige Criminalsrechts- falle, 1808-11 — Themis, 1812. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. d Conv.-Lex. Feuillant Club,— founded at Paris, summer 17 9 1 — extinguished, Nov. 1791. Feuillantines, Order of, — founded by Mar- guerite de Polastron, 1583.* a Dufresnoy. Feuillants, Order of, — founded by Jean de la Barriere, 1587. a a Dufresnoy. Feuillee, Louis, naturalist, — b. in Provence, 1660 — tf. at Marseilles, 1732. Journal des observations physiques, mathematiques, et bo- taniques, $c, 17 14 — Suite du Journal, §c, 1725. Feuquiere, Antoine de Pas, Marquis de, general, — b. at Paris, 1648 — enters the army, 1666 — aide-de-camp of Luxembourg, 1672-3 — Lieutenant-general, 1693 — tf. at Paris, 27 Jan. 17 1 1. Memoir es sur la guerre, 1731. Feuquiere, Manasses de Pas, Marquis de, general, — b. at Saumur, 1 Jun. 1590 — serves at siege of Bochelle, 1627-8 — ambassador in Germany, 1633-4 — taken prisoner at siege of Thionville, 1639 — tf. at Diedenhofen, 14 Mar. 1640. Lettres et negociations, §c., 1753. Fevre, Jacques le. Anciens memoires du I4 e siecle depuis peu decouverts, 1692. Fevre, Jean le,— b. at Dijon, 1493 — tf., 1565. Livret des emblemes d' A.lciat, §c, 1536 — Diction n a ire des rimes francaises, 1572. F'evre, Raoul le, — fl., about 1460. Recueil des Histoires de Troyes, §c, 1496 — La Vie du preux et vaillant Herctde, 1500 — Le Livre die preux et vaillant Jason et de la belle Mede'e, probably before 1474. Fevre. [Faber, Lefevre.] Fevret, Charles,— b. in Auxois, 1583 — 53. at Dijon, 1661. Traite de Vabus, 1653. Feyjoo y Montenegro, Francesco Bene- detto Geronimo, — b. at Conrpostella, 6 Feb. 1 701 — tf. Abbot of St Vincent, Oviedo, 16 May 1764. Teatro Critico, 1726-46 — Cartas eruditas y curiosas, 1748. Feynes, Henri de, traveller. Voyage par terre depuis Raris jusqii a la Chine, 1630. Fez, in Africa, — ravaged by the Vandals, 41 1 — conquered by the Arabs and becomes part of the Caliphate of Damascus, 678 — revolts and becomes seat of the Edrisites, 782,* 784 b — city founded by Edris, before 829 b — annexed by Abderahman III. to the Caliphate of Cordova, 931 — subject to the Fatimite Caliphs, 960 — seized by the Almoravides, 1070 — by the Almo- hades, 1145 — recovers its power under the Me- linites, 1248 — conquered and partly annexed to Morocco, 1536^ 1548 c — forms part of empire of Morocco, from 1730.* a Encyc. Mod. b Ersch and Gruber. c Macculloeb. Fezzan, in Africa, {Rhasania Regis, Gara- mantes,) — [B C] — conquered by the Bonians under Corn. Balbus, 43 — [AD] — subject to the Arabs, before 700 — held by Sherifs of Moroc- co, soon after 1300 — seized by the Bey Mukuy, 1 8 1 1 — conquered by the Turks and made a Pashalic, 1842. Fiacchi, Lodovico, poet, fc, — b. in Tuscany, 1754 — tf. at Florence, 26 May 1825. JDichi- arazione di molti proverbi, J 57°- Floris, Peter Williamson, traveller, — em- barks for East Indies, Jan. 16 10 — returns to London, 1615 — 3j. there, about Oct. 1615. Florus, Annseus, poet, historian (?) — ff., about 125. Florus, C Aquillius, — [BO] — Consul with L. Corn. Seipio, (495, a. u. c.) 259. Florus Gessius, — proconsul of Judaea, 64-65. Florus, Julius, — excites revolt among the Treviri, 21. Flourens,GrUstave, litterateur and politician, — ft. at Paris, 4 Aug. 1838 — deputy Prof, at College of France, 1863 — fights in Crete against Turks, 1865-8 — takes part in electoral movement at Paris, 1868 — arrested, Apr. 1869 — wounded in duel with Paul Granier de Cas- sagnac, 1869 — takes part in Communal insur- rection, Mar. 1 87 1 — killed in engagement near Paris, Apr. 1871. Discours du suffrage uni- vcrsel, 1865 — Question d' Orient, 1867 — Science de Vhomine, 1869— Faris delivre'e, 1871. 34 53° FLOURENS— FOIX. Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physiologist, — ft. at Maureilhan, 15 Apr. 1794 — M.D. Montpellier, 181 3 — goes to Paris, 18 14 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1828 — Prof. Anatomy, Jardin du Roi, 1832 — perpetual secretary of Academy of Sciences, 1833 — Prof, at College of France, 1835 — member of Cham- ber of Deputies, 1837 — member of French Academy, 1840 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1845 — Peer of France, 1846 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, n Aug. 1859 — tf. near Paris, 6 Dec. 1867. Recherches ex- pe'rimentales sicr les proprie'te's et les fonctions du systeme nerveux, 1842 — Be la longevite humaine, §c, 1854- — Examen cle la phrenologie, 1 841 — Be V Instinct et de VFntelligence des Animaux, 1841 — Buffon, 1844 — edition of Buffon' s Works, 1853-5 — Bloges, 1856-7. Floyer, Sir John, physician, — 6. in Stafford- shire, about 1649 — tf. at Lichfield, 1 Feb. 1734. Inquiry into the right use of Baths, 1697—7 Treatise on the Asthma, 1698. Fludd, {Be Fluctibus,) Robert, physician, — ft. in Kent, 1574 — enters Oxford Univ., 1591 — travels in France, Germany, &c, about 1600-5 — M.D. Oxford, May 1605 — tf. in Lon- don, 8 Sep. 1637. Utriusque Cosmi metaphysiea, physica atque technica hisloria, 16 17 — Be su- pernat., nat., p)rceternat.et contranat. microcosmi historia, 1619 — Summum bonum, §c., 1629. Fluorotype, —process in photography, sug- gested by Hunt, 1 844. Flushing, (Vlissingen,) in Walcheren, — revolts against the Spaniards, 1572 — one of the Cautionary Towns, placed in possession of Queen Elizabeth, summer 1585 — given up to the Dutch by James I., 27 May 16 16 — taken by the French, 1795 — captured by Lord Chat- ham, 1809 — evacuated by English, 1809 — given up to the Dutch by Treaty of Paris, 18 14. Fluxions, Method of, — invented by Newton, before 1665 — published by him, 1704. [Cal- culus, Leibnitz.] Fodere, Joseph Benoit, a (Francois Emman- iiel, h ) pthysician, — ft. at Saint Jean de Mauri- enne, 15 Feb., a 8 Jan. b 1764 — serves as physician to French army in Italy, 1795 — Prof. Forensic Medicine, Strasburg, 1814-34 — tf., 4 Feb. 1835. Me moire stir le got t re et le cre- tinisme, 1789 — les lois eclair ees par les sciences physiques, 18 15 — Becons sur les epidemies et V hygiene puhiique, 1822-4. a Biog. L'niT. b Ersch and Gruber. Foe, Daniel de. [Defoe.] Foes, Anuticis, (Eoesius,) physician, — ft. at Metz, 1528 — tf. there, 8 Xov. 1595. Ftippo- cratis Coi liber secundus de morbis vulgaribus, §c, 1560 — Pharmacopoeia, 1561 — (Economia BZippocratis, §c, 1588. Fogel, Martin, (Fogelius,) physician, — ft. at Hamburg, 1632 — Prof. Logic, &c, there, 1672 — tf. there, 21 Oct. 1675. Joachimi Jugii prce- cipuce opiniones physicce passim receptee, 1679. Foggia, Capitanata, — visited by the Em- peror Frederick II., 1 220-1 a — castle built, 1223 — Frederick resides at, 1225-6 — drives away his troops, Aug. 1229 — dismantled, early in 1230 — meeting of the Commons at, 1232 — visited by Frederick, Mar, 1240 — his parlia- ment at, 8 Apr. 1240 — sale of church treasures at, Oct. 1241 — Manfred defeats papal legate at, 2 Dec. 1254 — Charles I. of Anjou dies at, 7 Jan. 1285 — earthquakes at, 17 31 — marriage of Francis, D uke of Calabria, to Grand-Duchess Ma- ria Clementina of Austria, 1779. a Kington. Foggini, Pietro Francesco, — ft. at Florence, 17 1 3 — assistant to Bottari, librarian of the Vatican, about 1743 — librarian of the Vatican, 1775— tf., 2 Jun. 1783. Be primis Florentino- rum apostolis, §c, 1740 — Be romano B. Petri itinere et episcopatu, §c, 1741 — F. Virgilii Maronis codex antiquissimus, §c, 1741. Foggo, George, painter, — ft., about 1793 — ■ first exhibits at .Royal Academy, 1819 — member of Public Monuments Committee, 1837 — ex- hibits cartoons at "Westminster Hall, 1840-3 — tf., 26 Sep. 1869. AVith his brother James, Christ at Fool of Bethesda, 1824 — Entombment, 1826 — National Gallery: Catalogue with notes, i860. Foggo, James, painter, — ft. about 1788 — ■ first exhibits at Royal Academy, 18 16 — tf., Sep. i860. [Foggo, George.] Foglietta, Dherto, historian, — ft. at Genoa, 15 1 8— exiled, 1559 — tf. at Rome, 1581. Bella Bepublica di Genova, 1559 — Historic Geniun- sium, 1585 — Clarorum Bigurum elogia, 1574. Fohr, Carl Philipp, painter, — ft. at Heidel- berg, 1795 — visits Rome, 18 16 — drowned there, Jun. 1 81 8. Foigny, Gabriel, — ft. in Lorraine, about 1650 — adopts Reformed faith at Geneva, 1667 — tf. in Savoy, 1692. Bes Aventures cle J. Sadeur dans la de'eouverte et le voyage de la terre Australe, 1676. Foix, in France, {Fuxium, Castrum Fuxiense,) — head of a County under Roger II. , about 1040-50 — Roger III., (son.) succeeds, 1070 — Roger IV., (son,) 1121 — Roger Bernard I., 1 141 — Raymond Roger, 1188 — accompanies Philip Augustus to Palestine, 1191 — distin- guishes himself at siege of Ascalon and capture of Acre, 1 191— embarks for Europe with Phi- lip, Jul. 1 19 1 — joins the Albigenses, and is de- prived of his estates, about 1205 ? — the fortress unsuccessfully assailed by Simon de Montfort, 1210 — takes Mirepoix, i222, a 1223 b — tf., i222, a Mar. or Apr. 1223 b — Roger Bernard II., (son,) the Great, 1223 — ally of Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, 1223 — excommuni- cated by Council of ISarbonne, 1235 — again, 1237 — absolved, 1240 — tf. at the abbey of Bol- bone, 1 241 — Roger IV., (son,) 1241 — carries on war with the king of Aragon, 1251 — with the Count of Urgel, 1256 — tf., 1265 — Roger Bernard III., (son,) poet, 1265 — the fortress besieged and taken, and the Count imprisoned at Carcassone, by Philip the Bold, 1272 — re- leased, 1273 — taken prisoner by Pedro III. of Aragon, 1280 — recovers his liberty, Jun. 1284,° 1285 d — tf., 1303,* 1302, 13 1 Feb/1301 c — Gas- ton I., (son,) follows Louis X. to the war in Flanders, 13 15 — tf., 13 Dec. 13 15 c — Gaston II., (son,) 1 3 15 — contributes to victory of the Navarrese at Tudela, 1335 — serves in' France against the English, 1337-39 — &• at Seville, FOIX— FONSECA. 53i Sep. 1343 — Gaston III., Viscount of Beam, {Phoebus,) — ft., 1 33 1 — succeeds his father, 1343 — serves against the English in Languedoc, 1345 — -joint Lieutenant in Languedoc, 1347° — marries Agnes of Navarrej 1 349 — contri- butes to the rescue of the Dauphin at Meaux, Jun. 1358 — defeats and captures the Count d'Armagnac at Launac, 1372 — divorces Agnes, 1373 c — Lieutenant-general in Languedoc, by Charles V., 1380 — kills his son, 1382 — receives Charles VI. and his court at Mazeres, Jan. 1390 — ft., Aug., a May d 1390 — Mathieu, (cousin,) 1390 — Isabella, (sister,) wife of Archambault de Grailli, 1398^ Aug. 1399° — Jean, (son,) 141 2 — Gaston IV., (son,) 1436 — declared successor to the throne of Navarre, 1455 — Peer of France, 1458 — marries the Prin- cess Madeleine of France, 146 1 — receives from Louis XI. the lordship of Carcassone, 1464 — marries his daughter to the Duke of Brittany and joins the league against Louis, 147 1 — ft., Jul. 1472 — Francois Phcebus, (son,) 1472 — king of Navarre, 1481 — ft. at Pau, 30 Jan. 1483 • — Catherine, (sister,) 1483 — her succession disputed by Jean de Foix, her uncle ; the estates given by Louis XII. to Germaine d' Aragon, 15 12 — the county becomes part of the royal domain of France, on accession of Henry IV., 1589 — forms the department of Ariege, 1789. a Biog. Uniy. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Ersch and Gruber, d Encyc. Mod. Foix, Gaston de, Duke de Nemours, {Foudre d' Italic,) — ft., 1489 — commands French army in Italy, 15 12 — wins battle of Eavenna, and is killed there, n Apr. 15 12. Foix, Paul de, Abp of Toulouse, diploma- tist, — ft., 1528 — advocates toleration for Luth- erans, 1559 — in service of Henry II., 1561 — ambassador to Scotland, 156 1 — to England, Dec. 1561-65 — negotiates Treaty of Troyes, 1564 — Councillor of State, 1565 — ambassador to Venice, 1565 — again sent to England, 1570 —ambassador to Eome, 1575 — to king of Na- varre, 1576 — Abp of Toulouse, 1576 — ambas- sador to Eome, 1581^ 1579 b — ft. at Eome, 1584. Zettres, 1628. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Foix, Pierre de, {the Eider,) Cardinal, Abp of Arles, — ft., 1386 — deputy to Council of Constance, contributes to the election of Martin V., 141 7 — convokes Council of Tortosa, and procures abdication of Clement VIII., 1429 — convokes Council of Avignon, 1457 — ft. there, 1464. Foix. [Lautrec, Lescun, Lesparre.] Fokshani, — Suwarrof and the Prince of Co- burg defeat the Turks at, 21 Jul. 1789. Folard, Jean Charles de, — ft. at Avignon, 13 Feb. 1669 — enters the army, 1688— distin- guishes himself in war of Italy, and receives cross of St Louis, 1705-6 — wounded at Cassano, 1705 — wounded at battle of Malplaquet, 1709 — captured by Imperialists at Aire, 1709 — F.E.S. London, 1749 — ft. at Avignon, 23 Mar. 1752. Kistoire de Folybe, avec commeutaires., 1727-30. Folengo, Theophilus, {Merlino Cocajo,) poet, — ft. at Mantua, 8 Nov. 149 1— ft. near Eassano, 9 Dec. 1544. OrZandino, 1526 — Opus maca- ronicum, 1651. Foligno, in Italy, — Frederick II. brought up at, 1194a — attacked by the Germans, 1228 — head-quarters of Frederick II., who holds a par- liament at, Feb. 1240 — visited by Frederick, Jan. 1244 — hostile to Perugia, Mar. to Apr. 1246 — takes part in destruction of Nocera, sum- mer 1250. Armistice of, between Napoleon and the king of Naples, concluded* 6 Feb. 1801. a Kington. Foliot, Gilbert, Bp of London, — Bp of Hereford, 1148 — translated to London, 1162 — ■ resists Becket's entrance with the cross into the king's hall, 18 Oct. 11 64 — ambassador to Pope Alexander III. at Sens, 11 65 — excommunicated by Becket, 11 69 — preaches on occasion of the king's penance at Canterbury, Jul. 11 74 — ft., 1 1 87. Epistolce, 1845. Folkes, Martin, antiquary, — ft. at West- minster, 29 Oct. 1690 — studies at Cambridge, 1707— F.E.S., 1714— M.A., 1717— F.S.A., 1729 — President of Eoyal Society, 1741 — foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1742 — LL.D. Oxford, 1746 — President of So- ciety of Antiquaries, 1750 — ft., 26 Jun. 1754. Tables des monnaies d'or d' ' Angleterre, 1736. Follett, Sir William Webb, jurisconsult, — ft. at Topsham, Devonshire, 2 Dec. 1798 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1804 — enters the Middle Temple, 1818— M.A., 1 821— called to the bar, 1824 — Solicitor-General, Nov. 1834 — resigns, Apr. 1835 — M.P. Exeter, 1835 — Knt, 1835— Solicitor-General again, 1841 — Attorney- General, Apr. .1844 — ft. in London, 28 Jun. 1845. Folquet, {Fulco, Folchetto,) troubadour, Bp of Toulouse, — ft. near Genoa, about 1155 — goes to the East, about 11 79 — enters Cistercian Order, 11 96 — Bp of Toulouse, 1205 — perse- cutes Albigenses, between 1209-29 — ft. at Toulouse, 1 23 1. Fondolo, Gabrino, — Lieutenant in service of Ugolino Cavalcabo, 1404 — massacres the Cavalcabo family, gets himself proclaimed Lord of Cremona, 26 Jul. 1406 — leagues with Duke of Milan, and defeats Ottoboni Ferzi at Castel- letto, Jun. 1408 — receives the Emperor Sigis- mund and Pope John XXIII. at Cremona, 141 3 — named Vicar-imperial, 141 3 — war Avith Duke of Milan, 1417-20 — sells Cremona to him, 1420 — beheaded at Milan, 1425. Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bp of Bur- gos, — ft. at Seville, about 1452 — opposes pro- jects of Columbus, 1491 — opposes Cortes, 1518- 20 — orders him to Spain for trial, 1520 — interdicted from interference with Cortes, 1522 —ft. at Burgos, 1530,* 1524^ i523- c a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Prescott. Fonseca, Pedro da, Jesuit, — ft. at Cortizada, 1528 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1548 — D.D. Evora, 1570 — goes to Eome, 1572-9 — ft. at Lisbon, 4 Nov. 1599. In Hbros Metaphysico- rum Aristotelis Stagiritce, 1572-1602 — Insti- tutimies dialectics, 1564. Fonseca, Rodriguez da, physician, — Prin- cipal of the Faculty of Medicine, Padua, 16 15 — ft. there, i622, a i642, b De calculorum reme- 34* 53 2 FONSECA— FONTANINL 7 diis, Qc.y 1586 — De tuenda valetudine, §c, 1602 — Consultationes medica, §c, 16 18. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fonseca Figueiredo y Sousa, Jose Maria, Franciscan, — b. at Evora, 3 Dec. 1690 — enters the Franciscan Order at Eome, 17 12 — founds a library in his convent of Ara Coeli, 1727 — tf., 14 Apr. 1760. Jura Romana provincia super ecclesiam aracoelitanam, §c, 17 19 — Tabula chronological, §c, 1737. Fontaine, Jacques, {de la Roche,) theologian, — O. at Fontenai-le-Comte, 1688 — settles at Paris, about 1727 — tf., 26 May 1761. Nouvelles eccle'siastiques, Qc, 1729-61. Fontaine, Jean de la, fabulist, — b. at Cha- teau-Thierry, 8 Jul. 1 62 1 — admitted to French Academy, 1684 — tf. at Paris, 13 Apr. 1695. Fables, 1668 — Contes, 1665. Fontaine, Jehan de la, poet, — b. at Valen- ciennes, 1381 — "0., after 1431. La Fontaine des amoureux de science, about 1495. Fontaine, Nicolas, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 1625 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1664-9 — tf. at Melun, 28 Jan. 1709. Les Figures de la Bible, 1674 — Me moires pour servir d Vhistoire de Port-Royal, 1736. Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, architect, — b. at Pontoise, 20 Sep. 1762 — meets Percier at the school of Peyre, 1779 a — obtains second grand prize for architecture, 1785 — goes to Eome, end of 1 7 85 — member of the Institute, 181 1 — architect to the king, 18 15 — retires, 1 Oct. 1848 — tf. at Paris, 10 Oct. 1853. Arch of the Carrousel, 1806 — Extension of the Louvre, 1811-23. a Jal. Fontaine des Bertins, Alexis, mathema- tician, — b. in Dauphiny, about 1705 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1733 — tf. in Burgundy, 21 Aug. 177 1. Fontaine - Francaise, — Henry IY. defeats Constable of Castile and Duke of Mayenne at, 5,* 30 ^ Jun. 1595. a Londel, Henault. b Mezerai. Fontainebleau, — royal residence, before 1 170 — Philip the Fail' dies at, 13 14 — palace commenced by Francis I., before 1530 — Charles V. received at, by Francis I., Jan. 1539 — Assembly of Notables held at, 1550 — residence of Christina, ex-queen of Sweden, 1654 — Re- vocation of Edict of Nantes signed, 1685 — death of Conde, 1686 — visit of Peter the Great, 30 May 17 17 — marriage of Louis XV. to Maria Leczinski, 4 Sep. 1725 — visit of Pius VII., Nov. 1804 — Charles IV. of Spain confined at, 1808 — Pope Pius VII. a prisoner, 181 2-14 — Napoleon I. signs abdication, 4 Apr. 18 14 — palace restored by Louis Philippe, 1837-40 — attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe, by Le- comte, in the park, 16 Apr. 1846— visited by the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, May 1857 — visited by the Prince of "Wales, 12 Jim. 1862. Treaties of, alliances between Francis I. of France and Gustavus Vasa, 1542 — between France and Sweden, 24 Sep. 1661 — between France and Denmark, 2 Sep. 1679 — between France and Spain, 25 Oct. 1743 — between England, France, and Spain, 3 Nov. 1762 — between France and Holland, 10 Nov. 1785 — between Napoleon and Charles IV. of Spain, 27 Oct. 1807. Concordat, between Napoleon and Pius VII., 25 Jan. 18 13. Conference of, be- tween Cardinal Du Perron and Duplessis Mornay, 1600. Fontaines. [Desfontaines.] Fontana, Agostino, bibliographer, — tf., about 1700. Amphitheatrum legale, 1688. Fontana, Annibale, engraver on gems, — tf . at Milan, 1587. Fontana, Carlo, architect, — rj. in Como, 1634 ' — tf. at Eome, 17 14. LI Templo Vaticano,§c., 1694 — V Anfteatro Flavio, §c. f 1725 — Antio e sua antichitd, 17 10. Fontana, Ch. Emmanuel, bibliographer. Bibliotheca poetica-toscana, 1688. Fontana, Domenico, architect, — b. near Lake of Como, 1543— goes to Eome, 1563 — ■ architect and first engineer to king of Naples, about 1592 — tf. at Naples, 1607. Removes Vatican Obelisk, 10 Sep. 1586 — Palace of the Lateran, 1585-90 — Del Modo tenuto nel trans- portare V Obelisco Vaticano, §c., 1589. Fontana, Felice, naturalist, §c., — fj. in the Tyrol, 15 Apr. 1730 — tf. at Florence, 9 Mar. 1805. Ricerche jilosofiche sopra la fisica animate, 1775 — Traite sur levenin de la vipere, §e., 1781. Fontana, Francesco, astronomer, — tf., Jul. 1656. Nova ccelestium et terrestrium rerum observationes, 1646. Fontana, Gaetano, astronomer, — b. at Modena, 1645 — tf., 25 Jun. 17 19. Lnstitutio physico-astronomica, 1 695. Fontana, Gregorio, Prof. Mathematics, Pavia, — b. near Eoveredo, (Tyrol,) 7 Dec. 1735 — tf. at Milan, 24 Aug. 1803.' Analyseos sublimioris opuscula, 1763 — Memorie mathe- matiche, 1796. Fontana, Lavinia, {Zappi,) painter, — b., about 1552 — tf. at Eome, i6i4, ab i6o2. c a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Fontana, Mariano, mathematician, — b. at Casalmaggiore, 18 Feb. 1746 — tf. at Milan, 18 Nov. 1808. Corso di dinamica, 1790-3. Fontana, Prospero, painter, — fc. at Bologna, 15 1 2 — tf. at Eome, 1597. Fontanelle, Jean Gaspard Dubois, miscel- laneous writer, — b. at Grenoble, 29 Oct. 1737 — tf. there, 15 Feb. 181 2. Naufrage et aven- tures de Pierre Viaud, 1768 — Xouveaux me- langes, §c, 1781 — Theatre et ceuvres philoso- phiques, 1785 — Metamorphoses d'Ovide, 1802. Fontanes, Louis de, statesman, §c, — b. at Niort, 6 Mar. 1757 — goes to Paris, 1777 — member of the Institute, 1794 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Ecole Centrale, 1795 — escapes to Lon- don, Aug. 1797-9 — member of the Corps Legislatif, 1802 — President, 1804-10 — Grand- master of the Univ., 1808 — Senator, 1810 — Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 17 Mar. 1 82 1. Fontanini, Giusto, antiquary, §c., — b< in Friula, 30 Oct. 1666 — tf. at Eome, 17 Apr. 1736. Vindicia antiquorum diplomatum, $c, 1705 — Bibliotheca card. Lmperialis catalog us, 17 1 1 — Historia litteraria Aquilejensis, 1742 — Ragionamento della Eloquenza Ltaliana, 1706. FONTANUS— FORBES. 533 Fontanus, Nicolas, (Fonteyn,) physician, — Inspector of College of Health, Amsterdam, 1640. Institutiones pharmaceutics ex Ban- deroni et Dubois, 1633 — Observationum vari- arum analecta, 164.1 — Fons sive origo febrium, $c, 1644. Fontarabia, (Fuenterrabia,) — conference be- tween Louis XL of France and Henry IV. of Castile at, end of Apr. 1463 — seized by Francis I., and retaken by Spaniards, 15 21 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Prince of Conde, Jul. to 7 Sep. 1638 — taken by Marsbal de Berwick, 16 Jun. 1 7 19 — given up to Spain, 1720. Fonteius, M., (M',) — [BC] — pro-quccstor, Hispania Ulterior, %^—prcetor, Gallia Nar- bonensis, 76, 73 — defended by Cicero, 69. Fontenai, in Auxerre, — Charles the Bald and Louis of Bavaria defeat Lothaire and Pepin, 25 Jun. 841. Fontenay, Jean Baptiste Blain de, painter, — b. at Caen, 1654 — tf. at Paris, 17 15. Fontenay, Louis Abel de Bonafons, Jesuit, — b. near Castres, 1737 — tJ- at Paris, 28 Mar. 1806. Dictionnaire des artistes, 1777 — edits Journal general de France, May 1776 to 10 Aug. 1792. Fontenay, Theres^ de Cabarrus, Marquise de, — b. at Sarragossa, 1773 — marries Marquis of Fontenay, 1789 — imprisoned at Bordeaux, 1793 — at Paris, 1794 — marries Tallien, 26 Dec. 1794 — divorced, Apr. 1802 — marries Count Joseph de Caraman, Jul. 1805 — tf. at Chimay, 15 Jun. 1835. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier {Bouyer) de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Rouen, 11 Feb. 1657 — admitted to French Academy, 1691 — to Academy of Sciences, 1697 — perpetual Secre- tary, 1 699- 1 741 — tf. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1757. Dialogue des Morts, 1683 — Entretiens sur la Pluralites des Mondes, 1685 — Geometries (Ge'o- graphie^) de V Infini, 1727. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Fontenoy, — Marshal Saxe defeats the Duke of Cumberland at, 11 May 1745. Fonteny, Jacques de, dramatist. Le Bocage d' Amour, 1578 — Lcs Fsbats poe'tiques, 1587 — Anagrammes et Sonnets, 1606. Fontevrault, Order of,— founded by Robert d'Arbrissel, 1 100 a — confirmed by Pascal II., 1 106 and 1 1 13 — reformed, 1475 and 1641. Abbey of, transformed into a prison, 1804. . a Dufresnoy. Fonthill Abbey, — commenced by Beckford, 1795 — sold by him, 1822. Fonti, Bartolomeo, (Fontius,) — b. at Flor- ence, 1445 — tf., 15 1 3. Opera exquisitissima, 1621. Fontinalis, A. Aternius Varus, — [BC] — Consul with Sp. Tarpeius Montanus, (300, A. it. c.) 454. Foote, Samuel, dramatist, actor, — b. at Truro, 1720 — opens his theatre, Haymarket, 1747 — tf. at Dover, 21 Oct. 1777. Works, 1778. Foppens, Jean Francois, historian, $c, — b. at Brussels, 1689 — teaches Theology at Louvain, 17 1 3 — canon of Bruges and Prof. Theology, 1 7 21 — Archdeacon of Malines, and censor of books, 1740 — tf. at Malines, 16 Jul. 1761. Bibliotheca Belgica, i^iy—Historia episcopatus An tverpiensis, 1 7 1 7 . Forbach, in France, — Gen. Steinmetz defeats Gen. Frossard at, 6 Aug. 1870. Forbes, Duncan, — Lord President of Court of Session,— b. near Inverness, 10 Nov. 1685 — studies at Bourges, 1705-7 — ad- mitted Advocate, 26 Jul. 1709— Deputy Lord Advocate, 17 16 — M.P. Inverness, 1722 — Lord Advocate, 1725 — Lord President of Court of Session, i737, a 1742 b — distinguishes himself in defence of Royal cause during the rebellion, 1745-6 — tf., ioNov., d Dec. ac 1747. Thoughts on Religion ; Reflections on the sources of Incre- dulity in regard to Religion ; Letter to a Bishop, §c, 1750. a Chambers' Biog. Diet. b Chalmers. c Pict. Hist. England. d Engl. Cyc. Forbes, Edward, naturalist, — b. in the Isle of Man, 1 8 15 — commences the study of medi- cine at Edinburgh, 1830 — founds Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1836 — visits Paris, and the Mediterranean, 1837 — accompanies expedi- tion to Lyciaas naturalist, 1841 — Prof. Botany, King's College, London, 1842 — F.L.S., 1843 — Assistant Secretary to Zoological Society, 1844— F.R.S., 1845— Prof. Natural History, School of Mines; Pres. G. S., 1852 — Prof. Natural History, Edinburgh, 1853 — tf., 18 Nov. 1854. History of British Star-Fishes, 1 841 — with Hanley, History of British Mol- lusca, 1853. Forbes, James, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1749 — in service of East India Com- pany, 1765-83— F.R.S., 1803— tf. at Aix-la- Chapelle, 1 Aug. 18 19. Oriental Memoirs, §c, 181 3. Letters from France, 1806. Forbes, John, theologian, — b. at Aberdeen, 2 May 1593 — studies at King's College, 1607 — Prof. Divinity and Ecclesiastical History there, 1619-40 — tf. at Corse, Aberdeenshire, 29 Apr. 1 648. Institutiones historico-theologicce, 1646. Forbes, Sir John, physician, miscellaneous writer,— b. in Scotland, 18 Oct. 1787 — enters Marischal Coll., 1805 — enters the navy as assistant surgeon, 1807 — M.D. Edinburgh, 18 17 — marries, 1819— settles in London, 1840 — Physician Extraord. to the Prince Consort, 1840 — Physician to Queen Victoria, soon after — Knt, 1853— tf. at "Whitchurch, 13 Nov. 1861. Founds and edits British and Foreign Medical Revieiv, 1836-48 — founds and edits (with Conolly) Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine, 1833-5 — Physician s Holiday, 1 849 — Memoran- da made in Ireland, 1852 — Nature and Art in the Cure of Disease, 1857. Forbes, Patrick, Bp of Aberdeen, — b. in Scotland, 1564 — minister of Keith, 1592^ i6i2 b — Bp of Aberdeen, 161 8 — tf. at Aber- deen, 28 Mar. 1635. a Chalmers. b Chambers' Biog. Diet. Forbes, William, Bp of Edinburgh, — b. at Aberdeen, about 1585 — Bp of Edinburgh, by Charles I., 1634 — tf., 1 Apr. 1634. Considera- tions modestce controversiarum, 1658. ' Forbes Mackenzie Act,' — for regulation of Public Houses in Scotland, 16 and 17 Vic. c. i34 FORBIN— FOREIRO. 67, 15 Aug 1 . 1853 — Royal Commission of In- quiry into its operation, issued, 25 Apr. 1859. Forbin, Claude, admiral, — b. in Provence, Aug. 1656 — serves in the navy, in expedition to Messina, 1675 — accompanies embassy to Siam, 1685 — Grand Admiral of Siam, General- in-chief, Governor of Bankok, 1686-88 — serves in French navy, 1689-17 10 — ft. near Marseilles, 4 Mar. 1733. Me moires, 1730. Forbin, Gaspard Francois Anne de, — b. at Aix, 8 Jul. 17 1 8 — ft., about 1780. Accord, §c, 1753 — Accord de lafoi avec la raison, $c, 1757 — Exposition geometrique des principales erreurs de Newton, §c, 17 61. Forbin, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste, Count de, painter, archaeologist, — b. in Pro- vence, 19 Aug. i777, a 1779 b — exhibits at the Louvre, 1796 — goes to Pome, 1802 — Director- General of Museums of France, 18 14 — mem- ber of the Institute, 1816 — visits the Mediter- ranean, 18 17-18 — Inspector-general of Mu- seums of France, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 23 Feb. 1 84 1. Charles Barimore, 18 10 — Voyage dans le Levant, 1819 — Tin Mois d Venise, 1824-25. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Forbisher. [Frobisher.] Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, publicist,— b. at Mans, 3 Oct.' 1722 — settles at Paris, i752, a 1750 b — Inspector-general of Mints, 1756 — Chief Clerk to the Controller-General, 1759 — member of the Institute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, 20 Sep. 1800. Elements da commerce, 1754 — Recherches et considerations sur les fi- nances de France, 1758. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Forcade, Eugene, journalist, — b. at Mar- seilles, 1 820 — goes to Paris, 1 840 — becomes collaborateur of the Revue des deux Mondes, 1 843 — establishes Revue Nouvelle, 1 845 — chief editor of LaPatrie, 1850 — founds the Messager de V Assemblee, 1851, which is suppressed, 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — ft., 6 Nov. 1869. Etudes histo- riques, 1853 — Histoire des causes de la Guerre de V Orient, 1854. Forcadel, Etienne, (Forcatulus,) jurist, — b. at Beziers, 1534 — Prof. Law, Toulouse, 1554 — &■> 1673. Sphcera juris, 1549 — Prometheus, 1578 — Be Gallorum imperio et philosophia, 1569 — CEuvres poetiques, 1579. Forcadel, Pierre, mathematician, — Prof. Mathematics, College Royal, 1560 — ft., 1576. Bescription d'un anneau solaire convexe, 1569 — Euclide, 1564. Force. [Piganiol de la Force.] Force Bill, The, — passed by House of Repre- sentatives, U.S., 10 Jul. 1 86 1. Force, Charlotte Rose de Caumont de la, novelist, — b. in Bazadois, about 1650 — ft. at Paris, 1724. Histoire secrete du Buc de Bourgogne, 1694 — Histoire secrete de Marie de Bourgogne, 17 12— BZistoire de Marguerite de Valois, 1696 — Histoire secrete de Catherine de Bourbon, $c, 1703. Force, Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Due de la, Peek, Marshal op France, — b., about 1559 — distinguishes himself at combat of An- gers, 1589— present at assassination of Henri IV., 16 10— defends Montauban against the king, 162 1 — Marshal of France, Lieutenant- general, sent to Piedmont, 1622 — takes Saluces, 1630 — invests Luneville, 1634 — raises siege of Philipsburg, takes Spire, 1635 — defeats and takes prisoner General Colleredo, 1636 — ft. at Bergerac, 10 May 1652. Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer, — b. near Padua, 26 Aug. 1688— ft., 4 Apr. 1768. With Facciolati, Totius latinitatis lexicon, $• — explores coasts of New Guinea, 1774-6 — of Indian Ocean, 1789. Forsell, Karl Af, statistician, §c, — ft. in Sweden, 18 Mar. 1783 — enters the navy, 1801 — ennobled, 1817 — introduces steamboats, 1819 — savings banks, 1821 — Colonel, chief of Sur- veying Department, 1 824 — visits England, 1 834 — if. at Stockholm, 25 Oct. 1848. Statistic ofver Sverige % 1831,* i834 b — Anteckningar, §c, 1837,* 1839 b — Anteckningar af en resa till England, 1835. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Forshall, Josiah, orientalist, §c, — ft., 1796 - — enters Oxford Univ., 18 14 — M.A., 1821 — assistant-keeper of the MSS., British Museum, 1824 — secretary to the British Museum, 1837- 49 — if. in London, 18 Dec. 1863. With Baber, Facsimile of the Codex Alcxandrinus, 1816-28 — Catalogus Codicum MSS. Orientali- sm qui in Mus. Brit, assert antur, Part L, 1838 — Greek Papyri in the Brit. Mus., Part I., 1839 — with Madden, edits Holy Bible in Earliest English Versions by John Wicklife, §c, 1850. Forskal, Peter, naturalist, traveller, — ft., 1736 — Prof. Natural History, Copenhagen, 1761 — accompanies Niebuhr to the East, 1761 — if. at Jerim, 11 Jul. 1763. Descriptions animalium, avium, §c, 1775 — Flora JEgyp- tiaco-Arabica, 1775. Forster, George, traveller, — travels over- land from India to Russia, &c, 1782 to May 1784 — if. at Calcutta/ Nagpore, b 1792. Journey from Bengal to England, §c, 1790. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Forster, Johann, lexicographer, — ft. at Augsburg, 1495 — if. at Wittenberg, 8 Dec. 1556. Dictionarium hebraicum, 1552. Forster, Johann Christian, philosopher, — ft. at Halle, 14 Dec. 1735 — Prof. Philosophy there, 1761 — Inspector of Botanic Garden, 1791 —if. at Halle, 19 Mar. 1798. Characiere dreier Weltweisen, Leibnitzen's, §c, 1765 — Anfangs- griinde der theoretischen Philosop)hie, 1772 — Anfangsgrilnde der praktischen Fhilosophie, 1773 — Einleitung in die Staatslehrc, 1765. Forster, Johann Georg Adam, naturalist, $-c, — ft. near Dantzic, 27 Nov. 1754 — ac- companies his father round the world, 1772-5 — Librarian to Elector of Mentz, 1788 — envoy to Paris, 1792 — if. there, 11 Jan. 1794. Voyage round the world, §c, 1777 — Ansichten von Nieder Rhein, §c, 1794 — Kleine Schriften, 1789-97 — Briefwechsel, 1828-9. Forster, Johann Eeinhold, naturalist, traveller, — ft. at Dirschau, Prussia, 22 Oct. 1729 — studies at Halle, 1748 — visits London, 1766 — accompanies, as naturalist, second ex- pedition of Captain Cook, Jul. 1772-5 — LL.D. Oxford, 1775 — Prof. Natural Histoiy and Mineralogy, Halle, 1780 — M.D., 1781 — if. at Halle, 9 Dec. 1798. Be Bysso Antiquorum, 1775 — Characteres generum plantarum quas in itinere ad insidas maris Australis collegerunt, $e., J. B. Forster and G. Forster, 1776 — Ob- servations made during a voyage round the World, §c, 1778 — Zoologia Indica, 17 81 — Tableau cV Angleterre, 1783. Forster, Karl, poet, §c., — ft. at Naumburg, 3 Apr. 1784 — second Prof. German Language and Literature, House of Cadets, Dresden, 1807— first Prof., 1828— if., 18 Dec. 1841. Translation of Petrarch' s Poems, 1818-19 — °^ Tasso's Auscrlesenen lyrischen Gedichten, 1821 — of Dante s Vita JVuova, 1841 — Gedi elite ', 1842. Forster, Nathaniel, theologian, §c, — ft. in Devonshire, 17 17 — fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1739 — M.A., 1738— ordained priest, 1 741 -2 — D.D., 1750 — chaplain to Bp Butler, 1750 — to George II., 1756 — F.R.S., 1755 — if. in London, 20 Oct. 1757. Platonis dialogi quinque, 1745 — Dissertation upon the account supposed to have been given of Jesus Christ by Joseph us, 1749. Forster, Valentin, jurist, — ft. at "Wittenberg, 1530 — if., 27 Oct. 1609/ 1608. b FListoria juris civilis Bomani, 1607/ i6io. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Forstner, Christoph,,;wm£, — ft. in Wiirtem- berg, 1598 — studies at Tubingen, 1613 — if., 28 Dec. 1667. Rypomnematum politicorum cen- turia, 1617 — Epistola de negotio pads Osnabrug- ensis, 1656. Forsyth, Alexander John, — ft., 1 Jan. 1769 — pastor of Belhelvie, 179 1 — discovers the percussion principle, about 1 803 — conducts experiments for the government in London, 1 805 — if., n Jun. 1843. Forsyth, William, gardener, — ft. in Aber- deenshire, 1737 — goes to London, 1763 — Superintendent of Royal Gardens, 1784 — if., 25 Jul. 1804. Treatise on the culture of Fruit Trees, 1802. Fortebraccio, Kiccolo, condottiere, — after death of Braccio da Montone, commands his troops, 1424 — serves the Florentines against Volterra and Lucca, 1429 — serves Eugenius IV., 1430 — declares war on him and threatens Rome, 1433 — takes Rome, 29 May 1434 — ■ driven away, 26 Oct. 1434 — wounded at battle of Capo di Monte, and if. a few days later, H35- Forteguerri, {Fortiguerra,) Niccolo, Car- dinal, — ft., about 141 8 — if. at Viterbo, 1473. Forteguerri, (Fortiguerra,) Niccolo, the younger, (Carteromaco,) poet,—h. at Pistoia, 7 FORTE 3CUE— FOSTER. 537 JSov. 1674 — LL.D. Pisa, 1695 — goes to Some, 1695 — Chamberlain to Clement XL, 17 12 — tf., 17 Feb. 1735. Bicciardetto, 1738. Fortescue, Sir John, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, — 6., probably about 1395 s — Serjeant-at-law, Michaelmas 1429 — one of the King's Serjeants, Easter 1441 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 25 Jan. 1442 to Easter 1460 — escapes with Henry VI. into Scotland, end of Mar. 146 1 — attainted of high treason, 1463 — escapes with Queen Margaret to the Continent ; present at battle of Tewkesbury, 4 May 147 1 — pardoned by Edward IV., Oct. 1473 — living, Feb. 1476. Be laudibus legum An- glice, written between 1461-70. a Foss. Forth, The, — passed by Cromwell, summer 1651. Forth and Clyde Canal, — survey for, by Gordon, 1723 — another by Mackell, 1762 — by Smeaton, 1764 — commenced by Smeaton, 10 Jul. 1768 — completed by Whitworth, 28 Jul. 1793- Forti, (Fortis,) Kaimondo Giovanni, (Jan- fortius or Zanforti,) physician, — ft. at Verona, 1603 — Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1659-75 — Phy- sician to the Emperor, 1676— tf. at Padua, 26 Feb. 1678. Consilia defebribus et morbis mu- lierum, §c, 1668 — Gonsaltationum et respons. medic, centuries IV., 1669. Fortia d' Urban, Agricole Joseph Francois Pierre Esprit Simon Paul Antoine, Marquis of, historian, antiquary, — fj. at Avignon, 18 Feb. 1756 — enters the army, 1773 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 4 Aug. 1843. Melanges de geographic, d'histoire et de chronologie ancienne, 1795 — Me'moire sur Vhistoire des Celtes on Gaulois, 1807 — Essai sur Vorigine de V ecriture, 1832 — assists in Con- tinuation of Art de verifier les Bates, from 1 820 — Antiquites et Monuments da Vaacluse, 1808. Fortis, Aloys, general of the Jesuits, — ft. at Verona, 1748 — enters the Order, 1762 — Prof. Philosophy, Verona, about 1774 — goes to Naples, 1 804 — Examiner of bishops, Rome, by Pius VII., 1 8 14 — General of his Order, 1822 — a", at Rome, 1829. Fortis, Jean Baptiste, a (Abbate, h ) — ft. at Padua, 1 741 — tf. librarian of Bologna, 21 Oct. 1803. Viaggio in Balmazio, 1774. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Fortuna, asteroid, — discovered by Hind," 22 Aug. 1852. Fortunate Islands. [Canary Islands.] Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen- tianus, Bp of Poitiers, poet, — fl., 557-95 a — appointed Bp of Poitiers, probably after 594 a — tf., about 609^ a Clinton. b Biog. TJniv. Fortune-telling,— prohibited by Acts 9 Geo. II. c. 5, s. 4, 1736 ; 17 Geo. II. c. 5, s. 2, 1744; and 5 Geo. IV. c. 83, 21 Jim. 1824. Forum Terebronii, Mmsia, — the Emperor Decius and his son defeated and killed by the Goths at, 251. Forum Trajani, — built, 112. Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, antiquary, — ft. in London, 27 May 1770 — enters Oxford Univ., 1785— M.A., 1792— tf. at Walford, 1 Jan. 1842. British Monachism, §c,, 1802 — Ency- clopedia of Antiquities, 1824 — Foreign Topo- graphy, 1828. Foscari, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Tommaso Mocenigo, Apr. 1423 — war with the Duke of Milan, begins, Feb. 1426 — peace concluded, 26 Apr. 1433 — war renewed, 1438 — peace again, 20 Nov. 1441 — his son banished as a traitor, 1445 — war with the Duke of Milan renewed, 1452 — peace signed at Lodi, 9 Apr. 1454 — deposed by the Council of Ten, 23 Oct. 1457 — tf., 1 Nov. 1457. Foscari, Francesco, diplomatist, — ft. at Venice, 30 Dec. 1704 — envoy to Rome, 1748 — to Constantinople, 1756 — ambassador to Vienna, 1765 — to St Petersburg, 178 1 — tf. at Venice, 17 Dec. 1790. Foscarini, Marco, Doge of Venice, — statesman, historian, — ft., 1695^ c 1698 b — am- bassador to the Emperor, 1733 — Doge of Venice, 31 May 1762 — tf., 30 or 31 Mar. 1763. Bella letteratura Veneziana, 1752 — Storia Arcana ed altri Scritti inediti di Marco Fos- carini, 1843. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Foscarini, Michele, historian, — ft. at Ven- ice, 29 Mar. 1632 — governor of Corfu, 1664 — historiographer of Venice, 1678 — tf., 31 May 1692. Istoria della Bepublica Veneta, 1696. Foscolo, Ugo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near Zante, about 1776 — serves in Lombard legion, 1799 — in French army, 1805 — Prof. Italian Eloquence, Pavia, 1808 — returns to Milan, 1 81 3 — visits England, 18 16 — tf. near London, 10 Oct., a 11 Sep. b 1827. His grave, at Chis- wick, visited by Garibaldi, Apr. 1864 — transfer of his remains to Florence, authorized by Brit- ish government, 1870 — remains exhumed, 7 Jun. 187 1 — re'mterred at Florence, 24 Jun. 1 87 1. Letter e di Ortis, 1795 — Bei Sepoliri, 1807 — Bidymi clerici, §c, 18 15. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Foss, Edward, biographical and miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 16 Oct. 1787 — practises as a solicitor, 181 1-40 — F.S.A., 1822 — Pres. Incorporated Law Society, 1842-3 — tf. at Addiscombe, 27 Jul. 1870. Judges of England, 1848-64 — Tabulae Curiales, 1865 — Biographia Juridica, 1870. Fossalta, — Enzio defeated and captured by the Bolognese at, 26 May 1249. Fossati, Davidio Antonio, painter, — ft. in Switzerland, 1708, a 1720 b —tf. at Venice, about 1780. 13 a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fossati, Giorgio, architect, engraver, — ft. in Switzerland, about 17 10. Baccolta di varie favole, §c, 1744. Fossombroni, Vittorio, statesman, mathe- matician, — ft. at Arezzo, 1754 — hydraulic superintendent of Val di Chiana, 1794 — Minister for Foreign Affairs, Tuscany, 1796 — member of Commission of Finance to Queen of Etruria, 1804 — tf. Councillor of State, Minister for Foreign Affairs, to Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1844. Foster, James, theologian, — ft. at Exeter, 1697 — pastor at Barbican, London, 1724-44 — at Pinner's Hall, 1744-52 — tf., 5 Nov. 1752. Essay on Fundamentals, §c, 1720 — Usefulness, 538 FOSTER— FOUQUE. truth, and excellency oft he Christian Revelation, I 73 I - Foster, John, architect, — ft., about 1786 — visits Greece, the East, &c, 1809-16 — settles at Liverpool, about 18 16-17 — Corporation archi- tect and surveyor, 1824-35 — "&•> 2I Aug. 1846. St John's Market, Liverpool, 1820-3 — St Michael's Church, 1816-26. Foster, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. near Halifax, 17 Sep. 1770 — enters Baptist College, Bristol, 1791 — tf. at Stapleton, near Bristol, 15 Oct. 1843. Essays, 1805 — Essay on the Evils of Popular Ignorance, 1820 — contributes to Eclectic Review, 1806-39 — Lectures, 1844-7. Foster, Sir Michael, Justice of the King's Bench, — ft. at Marlborough, 16 Dec. 1689— enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, May 1705 — admitted to the Middle Temple, May 1707 — called to the bar, May 17 13 — Recorder of Bris- tol, 1735 — Serjeant-at-law, 1736 — Knt, Judge of the King's Bench, 22 Apr. 1745 — tf., 7 Nov. 1763. Reports of Crown Cases, 1763 — Examina- tion of the Scheme of Church Rower laid down in the Codex Juris Eccles. Anglicani, 1735. Foster, Samuel, mathematician, — enters Cambridge Univ., 1616 — M.A., 1623 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham College, 1636 — takes part in founding the Royal Society, 1645 — tf. in London. Jul. 1652. Art of Dialling, 1638 — Posthuma Foster i, 1652 — Four treatises of Dialling, 1654 — The Sector altered, 1661. Fothergill, John, physician, — ft. in York- shire, 8 Mar. or 12 Oct. 17 12 — M.D. Edin- burgh, 1737 — settles in London, 1740 — Fellow of the College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 1754 — F.R.S., 1763,* 1753 b — F.S.A., 1753 b — asso- ciate of the Royal Medical Society, Paris, 1776 — projects the Aekworth school/ 177 8 — tf. in London, 26 Dec. 1780. Works, 17 81. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. Fotheiinghay Castle, Northamptonshire, — taken from David, king of Scotland, by king John, 1213 — seized by "William de Eortibus, 1 22 1 — residence of Edward IV., 1482 — treaties between Edward IV. and Duke of Albany, con- cluded at, io, 11 Jun. 1482- — trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, at, 11-14 Oct. 1586 — her exe- cution, 8 Feb. 1587 — demolished, about 1604. Foucanld, Jean,— taken prisoner by Talbot, at siege of Laval, 1425 — assists at coronation of Charles VII., 1429— defends Lagny against English, 1430 — tf., 1466. Foucanld, Jules, Marquis de— ft. in Li- mousin, 1782 — enters Polytechnic School, 1 801 — distinguishes himself in Spanish cam- paigns, 1808-10 — serves in Holland, 18 11 — tf. at Metz, 1 82 1. Foucauld, Louis, Count de Dognon, {Dang- non,) Marshal of France,—!), in la Marche, about 161 6 — as \ 'ice -admiral, assists at combat off Cadiz, 22 Jul. 1640 — Governor of Brouage, Oleron, &c, 1643— blockades Tarragona, 1644 — Governor of Aunis and Rochelle, 2 Jun. 1644 — assists at siege of Roses, 1645 — Mare- chal de Camp, 9 May 1646 — at siege of Orbitel- lo, 1646 — joins the Frondeurs and is deprived of his offices, 1650 a — returns to his allegi- ance, and is reinstated, Feb. 1653 a — Marshal of France, 19 Mar. 1653 — tf . at Paris, 1 3 Oct. 1659. Foucauld, Louis, Marquis de, — ft., 1755 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — serves in army of emigrant princes, 1792 — tf., 1805. Foucault's Pendulum Experiment, — rota- tion of the earth made visible by, 1 85 1 . Fouche, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, — ft. at Nantes, 29 May 1763 — deputy to National Convention, 1792 — sent with Collot d'Herbois, to Lyons, 1793 — President of Jacobin Club, Paris, 1794 — employed in Italy, 1798 — Minis- ter of Police, Jul. 1799 — Euke of Otranto, 1809 — Governor of Rome, 18 10 — of Illyrian provinces, 1813 — Minister of Police to Louis XVIIL, 1815— tf. at Trieste, 25 Dec. 1820. Foucher, Simon, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Dijon, 1644 — tf., 27 Apr. 1696. Nouvelle facon d' hygrometres, ib^i — Critique de la recherche de la v 'erite ', 1675. Foucquet. LFouquet] Fould, Achille, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 17 Nov. 1800 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1842 — of Constituent Assembly, 1848 — loses his seat, May 1 849 — member of Legislative Body, Jul. 1849 — Minister of Finance, by Prince Pres. Louis Napoleon, 31 Oct. 1849 — retires, 14 Oct. 1 85 1 — again appointed, after 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — resigns, 25 Jan. 1852 — Senator, same day — Minister of State and of the House of the Emperor, 1852 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 8 Dec. 1852 — again appointed Minister of Finance, 12 jS'ov. 1861 — resigns, Jan. 1867 — tf. near Tarbes, 5 Oct. 1867. Foulis, Robert and Andrew, printers, — ft. at Glasgow, Robert, 20 Apr. 1707, Andrew, 23 Nov. 17 12 — begin business, about 1740 — printers to Univ. of Glasgow, 1743 — ft.* Andrew, 18 Sep. 1775, Robert, 1776. Editions of Horace, 1744 — Homer, 1756 — Thucydides, 1759 — Hero- dotus, 1761 — Xenophon, 1762-7 — Milton, 1770. Foullon, Jean Erard, historian, — ft. at Liege, 1608 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1625 — tf. at Tournai, 1668. Historia Leodicnsis, 1735. Foullon, Joseph Francois, statesman, — ft. at Saumur, 17 15 — Commissary of "War, 1745 — Intendant of Finances, 177 1 — exiled, 1786 — Councillor of State. 12 Jul. 1789 — massacred at Paris, 22 Jul. 1789. Foulston, John, architect, — ft., 1773 — tf. at Plymouth, 13 Jan. 1842. Royal Hotel, Ply- mouth, 1 8 1 1 — Exchange, 181 3 — Athenceum, 1818-19 — Town Hall, Devonport, 1821-2. Foundling Hospital, — established at Milan, 787 — of Paris, founded, 1640 — of London, proposed by Addison, 17 13 — established by Capt. Coram, 1739 — of Stockholm, by the Free- masons, 1753. Fountain of Hero, — [B C] — invented, about i5°- Fountaine, Sir Andrew, antiquary, — K.B., 1726 — Warden of the Mint, 1727 — tf. at Nar- borough, Norfolk, 4 Sep. 1753. Numismata Anglo-Saxonica, §c, 1705. Fouque, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de la Motte, poet, novelist, — ft. at Branden- burg, 12 Feb. 1777 — serves in campaigns of 1792 and 1813 — tf. at Berlin, 23 Jan. 1843. Undine, 18 14 — Sigurd, der Schlangentbdter, FOITQUE— FOURNIER. 539 1809 — Der Zanberring, 18 16 — Sanger'' s Liebe, 1816. Fouque, Henri Auguste, Baron de la Motte, general, — ft. at the Hague, 1698 — serves in Prussian army against Charles XII., 17 15 — at battle of Prague, 1757 — General of Infantry, by Frederick II., 1759 — wounded, taken prisoner at battle of Landshut, 1760 — tf. at Brandenburg, May 1774. Fouquet. [Belle-Isle. J Fouquet, Henri, physician, — ft. at Mont- peliier, 1727 — Prof. Physiology there, 1776 — tf., 10 Oct. 1806. JEssai sur le pouls, §c, 1767 — Diseours sur la clinique, 1803. Fouquet, Jehan, painter, — ft. at Tours, about 1415 (?) — in Italy, between 1431-47 — patron- ized by Estienne Chevalier, 1450 — painter and illuminator to Louis XL, about 1462 (?) — living, 1475. Livre d'lleures, between 1450- 61— Fortrait of Eugenius IV., before 1447 — Portrait of himself, Louvre, about 1457 (?) — forty of his miniatures discovered by Brentano, 1805. Fouquet, Nicolas, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 16 1 5 — Master of Bequests, 1635 — Proctor-gen- eral to the parliament, 1650— Superintendent of Finance, 1652 — arrested at Nantes, 5 Sep. 1661 — tf. at Pignerol, 23 Mar. 1680. Fouquier-Tainville, {Be Tainville,) Antoine Quentin, — ft. near St Quentin, 1747— -Attorney to the Chatelet, 1773-83 — public accuser at the Revolutionary Tribunal, 10 Mar. 1793 — arrested, Mar. 1795 — executed, (18 Flor. an III.,) 7 May 1795. Fouquieres, Jacob, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1580 — goes to Paris, 1621 — tf. there, 1659. Four Hundred, Council of, — [BC] — in- stituted at Athens by Solon, 594. Four Hundred, Government of the, — [BC] — established at Athens by Pisander, 411 ■ — maintains itself 4 months, and is overthrown, after midsummer 411. Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, chemist, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 15 Jun. 1755 — Prof. Chemistry, Jardin du Boi, 17 84- 1809 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1785 — member of National Convention, 1792— of Committee of Public Safety, 1794— of Council of Ancients, 1795 — Minister of Public Instruction, 15 Sep. 1802 — tf. at Paris, 16 Dec. 1809. Systeme des connaissances chimiques, §c., 1801 — Philosophic chimique, 1792. Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, Commun- ist, — ft. at Besancon, 7 Apr. 1768, a 1772 bcd — settles at Lyons, 1790 — serves in the army, Aug. 1793 to Jan. 1795 — tf. at Paris, 10 Oct. 1837. Theorie des Quatre Mouvemens et des Destinees Generates, 1808 — Traite de V association domes- tiqice agricole, 1822 — Le Nouveau Monde indus- iriel et socie'tairc, 1829 — La fausse industrie morcelee, §c, 1835 — Les Rassions de Vume, 1850 — la Phalange, 1832-34. a Biog. Univ. h Engl. Ctyc. c Conv.-Lex. d Nouv, Biog, Gen. Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, mathemati- cian, natural philosopher, — ft. at Auxerre, 21 Mar. 1768 — sub-Prof. Polytechnic School, 1794-98 — accompanies Bonaparte to Egypt, 1798 — prefect of Isere, Jan. 1802-15 — member of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Baron, 1808 — member of the Institute, 1816 — secretary of Academy of Sciences, 1 817 ? — member of French Academy, 1827 — President of Council of Poly- technic School, 1827 — tf. at Paris, 16 May 1830. Theorie analytiqice de la chaleur, 1822 — Analyse des Equations de'termine'es, 1831 — Rapports sur les sciences mathe'matiques, 1821- 29. Fourier, Pierre, monastic founder, — ft. at Mirecourt, 15 Nov. 1565 — founds Congrega- tion of Notre-Dame, which is approved by bulls of Paul V., 1 Feb. 16 15, and 6 Oct. 16 16— tf. at Gray, 9 Nov. 1640 — beatified, 29 Jan. 1650,* I730. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fourille, Michel de Chaumejan, Marquis de, general, — Captain of the Guards, 16 19 — at siege of Montauban, 1621 — Governor of Vesoul, 1 63 1 — Quarter-master, 1632 — crosses the Rhine, succours Heidelberg, 1634 — tf., Com- mander of Touraine, at Paris, 1 644. Fourmont, Claude Louis, orientalist, — ft. at Cormeilles, 17 13 — accompanies Michel Cour- mont to the East, 1728 — interpreter at Royal Library, Paris, 1732? — visits Egypt, 1746-50 — tf., 4 Jun. 1780. Description historique et geographique des plaines cV Heliopolis et de Mem- phis, 1755. Fourmont, Etienne, orientalist, — ft. at Her- belay near St Denis, 1683 — Prof. Arabic, Col- lege Royal, 17 15 — member of Academy of In- scriptions, 1715 — F.R.S. London, 1738 — tf. at Paris, 18 Dec. 1745. Meditationes Sinica, 1737 — Lingua) Sinarum Mandariniea Gram- matica duplex, $c, 1742 — Reflexions sur I'Ori- gine, 1'IIistoire, et la Succession des Ancicns Reu- ples, §c, 1747. Fourmont, Michel, orientalist, — ft. at Her- belay, 28 Sep. 1690 — Prof. Syriac, College Royal, 1720 — sent by Louis XV. to collect MSS. in the East, 1726^ i728 b — tf., 5 Feb. 1746. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Fournier. [Aultanne, Marquis de.] Fournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type- founder, — ft. at Paris, 15 Sep. 17 12 — tf., 8 Oct. 1768. Modeles des caracteres de V imprimerie, avec un abrege historique des principaux gra- veurs franqais, 1742 — Traite historique et cri- tique sur Vorigine de V imprimerie, 1758-63 — Traite historique et critique sur Vorigine et les progres des caracteres de fonte pour V impression de la musique, #c, 1765 — Manuel typogra- p hi que, 1764. Fournier-Lheritier, Charles, *■ {Claude?) {the American,) — ft. in Auvergne, 1745 — serves as volunteer in St Domingo, 1772-85 — iires at Lafayette and Bailly at the Champ de Mars, 1 7 Jul. 1791 — takes part in massacres of Sep. 1793 — returns from exile, 1808 — tf., 1823. a Biog. Univ. (Brussels). b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Fournier Sarlovese, Francois, Count, general, — ft. in Perigord, 1775 — enters the army, 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of Eylau, Feb. 1807 — at Friedland, Jun. 1807 — member of Legion of Honour, General of Bri- gade, 1807 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Spain, 1808- 1809 — Count, Officer of Legion 540 FOURQUEYAUX— FRAGA. of Honour, 1809 — distinguishes himself at pas- sage of the Beresina, 1812 — General of Divi- sion, Commander of Legion of Honour, 18 12 — tf., 1827. Fourquevaux, Raimond de Beccarie de Pavie, Baron de, — ft. at Toulouse, 1509 — wounded, taken prisoner at battle of Marciano, 1554 — Governor of Narbonne, 1557 — ambas- sador to Spain, 1565 — tf. at Narbonne, 1574. Traite de la discipline militaire, 1553. Fourquevaux, Francois Pavie, Baron de, — ft., about 1561 — tf. in France, 6 Mar. 161 1. Vies de plusieurs grands capitaines Francais, 1643, Fowke, Francis, (Captain Fowke,) architect, engineer, — ft., 1823 — Inspector of the Science and Art Department, 1853 — tf. at S. Kensing- ton, 4 Dec. 1865. Design for Industrial Museum, Edinburgh, i860 — Design for New Buildings for S. Kensington Museum, i860 — liter-national Exhibition Building, 1862. Fowler, Thomas, physician, — ft. at York, 22 Jan. 1736 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1778 — tf. in London, 22 Jul. 1801. Medical Reports on the effects of Tobacco, 1785 — Medical Reports on the effects of Arsenic, 1786 — Medical Reports on Acute and Chronic Rheumatism, 1795. Fox, Charles James, statesman, — ft., 24 Jan. 1749 — goes to Eton, 1758 — enters Hertford College, Oxford, 1764 — visits the Continent, 1766-8— M.P. Midhurst, 1768— junior Lord of the Admiralty, Feb. 1770-2 — opposes Wilkes, 1770 — Lord of the Treasury, 1773 — dismissed, 1774 — opposes Lord North's Boston Port Bill, Mar. 1774 — M.P. Westminster, 1780 — Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1782 — resigns, Jul. 1782 — Secretary of State under Duke of Portland, Apr. 1783 — introduces his India Bills, 1783 — takes active part in im- peachment of Warren Hastings, 1786-8 — visits Gibbon at Lausanne, 1788— visits Italy, 1788 — loses friendship of Burke, May 179 1 — supports Wilberforce's motion for abolition of the Slave- trade, 179 1 — opposes war with France, and advocates parliamentary reform, 1792 — retires from parliament, May 1797-1802 — goes to Paris, has interview with the First Consul, 1800 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under Lord Grenville, Feb. 1806 — tf., 13 Sep. 1 806. History of the reign of James IE, 1 808 — Speeches, 1825. Fox, Edward, Bp op Hereford, diplomatist, — enters Cambridge Univ., 15 12 — provost of King's College, 1528 — ambassador to Rome, 1528 — Bp of Hereford, 1535 — ambassador to Protestant Princes at Smalcald, 1535— tr. in London, 1538. Fox, George, founder of the Society of Friends, — ft. at Drayton, Leicestershire, Jul. 1624 — commences preaching, 1647-8 — im- prisoned at Nottingham, 1649 — has interview with Cromwell, 1655 — forms Congregations in Lancashire, &c, 1652 — marries, 1669 — visits American colonies, 1671— visits Netherlands, 1677 and 168 1 — tf. in London, 13 Jan. 1691. Works, 1694-1706. Fox, Luke, Arctic voyager, — sails to dis- cover North-west passage, 1631. North-west of Fox, 1635. Fox, Richard, Bp or Winchester, — ft. near Grantham, about 1450 — in service of Henry, Earl of Richmond, about 1484 — Privy Coun- cillor, 1485 — prebendary of Saruni, i486 — Bp of Exeter, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and principal Secretary of State, 1487 — ambassador to Scotland, 1487 and 1490 — ambassador to France, 149 1 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1492 — Bp of Durham, 1494 — negotiates truce with Scotland, Sep. 1497— Bp of Winchester, about 1500 — Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1500 — Secretary and Privy Seal, 1509 — joint am- bassador to France, 1510 — accompanies the king to France, 15 13— retires from Court, 15 15 — founds Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1516 — becomes blind, about 1518 — founds free schools at Grantham and Taunton, 1522 — tf. at Winchester, 14 Sep. 1528. Fox Islands. [Alentian Islands.] Foxe, John, martyrologist, — ft. at Boston, 15 17 — enters Brasenose Coll., Oxford, 1533 — fellow of Magdalen College and M.A., 1543 — ■ deprived for heresy, 22 Jul. 1545 — tutor to children of Earl of Surrey, 1547-53 — deacon, by Bp Ridley, 23 Jun. 1550 — retires to the Continent, 1553 — returns to England, Oct. 1559 — prebendary of Canterbury, May 1563 — unsuccessfully intercedes with Queen Elizabeth for the Dutch Anabaptists, 1575 — tf. in Lon- don, 18 Apr. 1587. De Christo triumphante, 155 1 — Acts and Monuments of the Church, (Book of Martyrs,) 1563. Foy, Maximilien Sebastien, general,— ft. at Ham, Picardy, 3 Feb. 1775 — enters the army, 1790 — serves in campaign of Flanders, 1792-3 — imprisoned at Cambray, 1793 to Jul. 1794 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 1796 — joins army of England, 1798 — contributes to victory of Feldkirch, 1799 — commander of Milan, 1 801 — distinguishes himself in cam- paign of Austerlitz, 1805 — sent to Constan- tinople, 1807 — serves in Peninsular War, 1808- 14 — Avounded at Yimeira, Aug. 1808 — General of Brigade, 3 Sep. 1808 — envoy to Napoleon to explain position of French in Portugal, 1810 — General of Division, 1810 — protects retreat from Salamanca, Jul. 1812 — wounded at battle of Orthez, Feb. 18 14 — Inspector- general of Infantry, 18 14 — distinguishes him- self at Quatre-Bras, 16 Jun. 18 15 — wounded at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1819— tf., 28 Nov. 1825. Dis- cours de Foy, 1826 — Histoire de la guerre de la Feninsule, 1827. Fracanzano, Francesco, painter, — joins Masauiello against Spaniards, 1647 — tf., 1657. Fracastoro, Hieronymus, poet, physician, — ft. at Yerona, 1483 — Prof. Logic, Padua, 1502 - '-tf., 1553- Syphilides, 1530 — BZomocentri- corum liber, 1535 — Foemata, 1728. Fra-Diavolo, (Michele Fezza,) Chief of brigands, — ft. near Gaeta, 1770,* 1760 b — em- ployed by Cardinal Ruffo against French, 1799 — again fights against them and attempts to excite an insurrection in Calabria, 1 806 — cap- tured, Nov. — hung at Naples, 10 Nov. 1806. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Chambers' Encyc. Fraga, — besieged by Alfonso I. of Aragon, FRAGUIER -FRANCESCHINI. 54i 1 1 33 — Alfonso defeated by the Moors at, 17 Jul. 1 1 34— taken by Eaymond Berenger, 1147 — by the troops of Archduke Charles, 1705 — but soon retaken for Philip V. Fraguier, Claude Francois, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 1666 — 'admitted to Acad- emy of Inscriptions, 1705 — to French Academy, 1708 — tr., 31 May 1728. Mopsus, 1721 — Poesies latines, 1738. Frahn, Christian Martin, orientalist, numis- matist, — ft. at Rostock, 4 Jun. 1782— studies there, and at Gottingen and Tubingen, 1 800-4 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Kasan, 1807 — mem- ber of Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Peters- burg, chief librarian, 1815 — tf., 16 Aug. 1851. De numorum Bulgaricorum fonte antiquissi- mo, 1 816 — Die Chosroenmunzen der friihern arabischen Khali/en, 1822 — Recensio numorum Muhammedanorum, $c, 1826 — Antiquitatis JHuhammedance monumenta varia, 1820-22 — Ibn-Fosslari 's und anderer Araber Berichte iiber die Russen alter er Zeit, 1823. Framery, Nicolas Etienne, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Rouen, 25 Mar. 1745 — if., 26 Nov. 1 8 10. Me'moire du marquis de Saint Forlaix, 1770 — with Panckoucke, Jerusalem de'livree, (prose translation,) 1785 — Roland furieux, (prose,) 1787. Franc, French silver com,— supersedes the livre tournois, 1795. Franc, Martin le, poet, — rj. at Rome, about 1460. Le Champion des dames, about 1500 ? — L Estrif de fortune et de vertu, 1505. Francavilla, in Sicily, — battle of, between the Spaniards and Austrians, 17 19. France, Kingdom of, [Gaul, Franks, and names of kings, ,] — monarchy of Clovis, 481 — Merovingian dynasty ends with deposition of Childeric III., by Pepin, le JBref, first of the Carlovingian kings, 752 — Louis I., le De'bon- naire, (son,) succeeds on death of Charles the Great, 814 — Charles II., le Chauve, (son,) 840 —division of the monarchy by Treaty of Ver- dun, 843 — Louis II., le Begue, (son,) 877 — Louis III. and Carloman, (sons,) 879— they divide the kingdom, Mar. 880 — Carloman alone, on death of Louis, 882 — Charles (III. ?) le Gros, 884 — deposed, and succeeded by Eudes, (Odon,) Count of Paris, 887 — several rival claimants oppose him : finally separated from the empire, after 888— Charles III., le Simple, recognized king, Jan. 893 — treaty for division of the kingdom between Eudes and Charles, middle 896 — Charles alone, on death of Eudes, 898 — Robert I. , Duke of France, elected in oppo- sition to Charles, Jun. 922 — Raoul, {Rudolph,) Duke of Burgundy, on death of Robert, Jun. 923 — death of Cbarles, 929 — death of Rudolph, 936 — Louis IV., If Outremcr, 936 — Lothaire, (son,) 954 — Louis V., le Faineant, (son,) 986. Capetian Dynasty: Hugues Capet, elected, 987 — Robert II., (son,) 996 — Henry I., (son,) 1031 — Philip I., (son,) 1060 -Louis VI., le Gros, (son,) n 08 — Louis VII., le Jeune, (son,) 1 1 37 — Philip II., Augustus, (son,) 1180 — Louis VIII., le Lion, (son,) 1223 — St Louis, (Louis IX.,) (son,) 1226 — Philip III., le Hardi, (son,). 1270 — Philip IV., le Bel, (son,) 1285 — Louis X., Hut in, (son,) 1314 — John I., (son,) 5 days, 1 316— Philip V., le Long, (uncle,) 1316— Charles IV., le Bel, (brother,) 1322. Collateral Branch of Valois: Philip VI., de Valois, 1328— John II., le Bon, (son,) 1 35°— Charles V., le Sage, (son,) 1364 — Charles VI., le Bien-aime, (son,) 1380 — Charles VII., le Victorieux, (son,) 1422 — Louis XL, (son) 146 1 — Charles VIII., (son, 1483. House of Orleans : Louis XII., 1498. Collateral Branch of Angoul^me: Francis I., 15 15 — Henry II., (son) 1547— Francis II., (son) 1559— Charles IX., (son,) 1560 — Henry III., 1574. House of Bourbon: Henry IV., le Grand, of Navarre, 1589— Louis XIII,, le Juste, (son,) 16 10 — Louis XIV, le Grand, (son,) 1643— Louis XV., le Bien-aime, (great-grandson,) 17 15— Louis XVI., (grandson,) 1774— -[French Revolution.] — Louis beheaded, 21 Jan. 1793 — ■ Louis XVII., (titular,) (son,) 1793. Government of the Directory, Oct. 1795 — ■ the Consulate, Nov. 1799 — Napoleon I., the Great, Emperor, 1804. The Restoration of the Bourbons : Louis XVIII., Apr. 18 14. The Empire restored : Napoleon I., Mar. 1 8 15 — the ' Hundred Days.' Second Restoration of the Bourbons : Louis X VIII., Jun. 1 8 15— Charles X., 1824 — revolution, abdication, Jul. to Aug. 1830 — ■ [French Revolution.] — Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, elected, Aug. 1830 — conquest of Algeria, 1830-47 — revolution, abdication, proclamation of Republic, Feb. 1848 — [French Revolution] — Prince Louis Napoleon, Presi- dent of Republic, Dec. 1848 — the Coup d'etat, 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — Second Empire, Louis Napoleon elected hereditary emperor, 1 Dec. 1852 — [Napoleon III.] — surrender of the Emperor to King of Prussia, after battle of Sedan, 2 Sep. 1870 — [Franco-German War.] — revolution at Paris, the emperor deposed, Republic proclaimed, (Government of National Defence,) 4 Sep. — [Paris] — delegation of government established at Tours, 20 Sep. — delegation removes to Bor- deaux, 10 Dec. — National Assembly meets at Bordeaux, 12 Feb. 187 1 — Government of Na- tional Defence resigns, 13 Feb. — National As- sembly removes to Versailles, 12 Mar. — Revolu- tion at Paris, 18 Mar. — the Commune pro- claimed, 28 Mar. — [Paris] — entry of govern- ment troops into Paris, 22 May — the revolution suppressed, 28 May. France, Isle of. [Mauritius.] Francesca, Pietro, (Pietro Borghese,) paint- er, mathematician, — ft. at Borgo San Sepolcro, about 1408,* 1398^ ? 1415,° ? i4i5-2o d — assists Domenico Veneziano at Florence, 1439 — assists him at Loreto ? 1450 — paints at Rimini, 145 1 — at Arezzo, probably 1453-54 d — at Borgo sau Sepolcro, 1460-68 — at Urbino, 1469 d — ft., after 1493,° about 1496,* after 1508. d a Biog. Catalogue. b Yasari. c Wornum. d Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Franceschini, Baldassare, (// Yolterrano,) painter, — ft. at Volterra, 161 1 — lj. at Florence, 1680. 542 FKANCESCHINI— FEANCIS II. Franceschini, Marcantonio, painter, — fa. at Bologna, 1648 — fc. at Genoa,: 1 Bologna, b 1729. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Francesco de Paolo, St, founder of the Minims, — fa. in Calabria, 141 6 — founds Order of Minims, 1436 — obtains approval of Sixtus IV., 1473 — fc. in France, 2 Apr. 1507 — canon- ized by Leo X., 15 19. Franche-Comte, Upper Burgundy, County of Burgundy, — [B C]— conquered by Julius Caesar, 45 — and forms part of the province Maxima Sequanorum : — [AD] — conquered by Burgundians, about 413 — by Franks, about 534 — subject to Boson II., king of Provence, 879 — erected into a county for Hugues le Noir, 915 a — for Otto, about 995 b — Eenaud I., (son,) succeeds, 1027 — lie refuses homage to the Emperor Henry III., 1038 and 1043 — but submits at Soleure, 1045 — "William I., (son,) 1057 — Benaud II., (son,) 1087 — "William II., (son,) about 1097 — William III., (son,) succeeds: is assassinated, 1127 — Benaud III., 1 1 27 — refuses homage to Lothaire, is proscribed at the diet of Spire, and his estates given to Conrad, Duke of Zahringea, 11 27 — war with Conrad, several years : taken prisoner by him, but soon liberated and restored : , his estates acquire the name of Franche-Comte : Beatrice I., (daughter,) 1148 — by her marriage with the Emperor Frederick 1., the county becomes subject to him, 1156 — death of Beatrice, 1185 —Otto L, (II.,) (son,) 11 90 — has title of palatine — Beatrice II., (daughter,) 1200 — marries Otto, Duke of Meranie, 1208 — she dies, about 1231 — Otto III., (IV.,) (son,) about 1234 — Alice, (sister,) 1248 — Otto IV., (V.,) Ottenin, (son,) 1279 — Bobert, V Enfant, (son,) 1303 — Jane I. and Philip le Long, 1 3 15 — Jane II. and Eudes IV., Duke of Burgundy, 1330 — Philip de Bouvre, (grand- son of Jane,) 1347 — he becomes Duke of Bur- gundy, 1350 — Margaret of France, 1361 — war with Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, nine years : Louis de Male, Count of Flanders, (son of Margaret,) 1382 — the county occupied by Louis XL, 1477 c — but on marriage of Princess Mary of Burgundy with the Archduke Maximilian declares for her, Aug. 1477 c — united to Spain under Charles V., 1530 — conquered by Louis XIV., 1668 d — restored to Spain by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 d — finally conquered by Louis XIV., 1674 — formal cession of, by Spain, by Treaty of Kimeguen, 1678. a Planclier. b Dunod. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Engl. Cyc. Francheville, Joseph da Fresne de, his- torian, — fa. in Picardy, 19 Sep. 1704 — goes to Berlin, about 1741 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1744 — a", there, 9 May 178 1. His- toire generate et particuliere des finances, 1738- 40 — Les premiers expeditions de Charlemagne, §c., 1 741 — Bombgx, 1754 — Consolation philoso- phique de Boece, tradUit, 1744. Franchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, — ft. at Tarara, 1730 — if. at Milan, 11 Feb. 1806. Franchini, Francesco, poet, — fa. at Cosenza, 1495 — a", at Borne, 1554. Foems, 1554. Franchinus. [Gaforius.] Francia, [Francesco Baibolini Giovanni da Bologna,) painter, §c., — fa. at Bologna, about 1450 — steward of guild of goldsmiths, 1483 a — meets Baphael at Bologna? 1505-6 ab — tS. at Bologna, 6 Jan. 15 17. Madonna enthroned with Saints, Bologna, 1490 — altar-piece in the Ben- tivoglio Chapel, Bologna, 1499. a Crowe and Cavalcaselle. b Passavant. Francia, Francesco Maria, engraver, — fa. at Bologna, 1657 — ft. there, 1735. Francia, Giacomo, painter, — if. at Bologna, *557- Francia, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez, Dictator of Paraguay, — fa. near Asuncion, Paraguay, about i757, a 1763 b — secretary of the Junta, 1 81 1 c — with Yegros, joint Consul of Paraguay, 1 8 13 — Dictator for 3 years, 18 14 — Dictator for life, 1 8 17 — seizes and imprisons Bonpland, 1821-31 — rj., 20 Sep. i84o, ac 5 Nov. 1837^ a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Carlyle. d Biog. Univ. Franciabigio, Marcantonio, a (Francia Bigio,) [Francesco di Cristofano,) painter, — fa. at Florence, 1482, 13 d 1483° — tf. at Florence, 1524, 15 c 14 Jan. I525. d a Baldinucci. b Yasari. c Lanzi. d Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Francieres. [Choiseul-Francieres.] Francis, St, of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Order, — fa. at Assisi, TImbria, 1182 — retires from the world, about 1206 — draws up his Institute, about 1209 — gets it approved by Innocent III., 12 10 — and by Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — rj. at Assisi, 4 Oct. 1226 — canonized by Gregory IX., 16 Jul. 1228. Francis I., (Stephen,) Emperor of the Bomans, — fa., 8 Dec. 1708 — succeeds his father as Duke of Lorraine, 1729 — cedes Lorraine in exchange for Tuscany, 1735 — marries the Archduchess Maria Theresa, 12 Feb. 1736 — Grand Duke of Tuscany, 9 Jul. 1737 — goes to reside at Florence, Jan. 1739 — co-regent with Maria Theresa, 1741 — elected Emperor at Frankfort, 13 Sep. 1745 — crowned, 4 Oct. — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — Peace of Hubertsburg, Feb. 1763 — his son Joseph elected King of the Bomans, 1764 — tf : at Innspriick, 18 Aug. 1765. Francis II., Emperor oe the Bomans, and afterwards I. oe Austria, — fa. at Florence, 12 Feb. 1768 — : marries Elizabeth of "Wiirtem- berg, 6 Jan. 1788 — present at capture of Bel- grade by Laudon, 1789 — death of his wife, Feb. 1790 — marries Maria Theresa (of the Two Sicilies) by proxy at Naples, 15 Aug., and at Vienna, 19 Sep. 1790 — succeeds his father, Leopold II., 1 Mar. 1792 — elected Emperor, 5 Jun. 1792 — war with France declared, 20 Apr. 1792 — crowned Xing of Hungary, 6 Jun. — crowned Emperor, 14 Jul. — crowned Xing of Bohemia, 9 Aug. — takes part in second parti- tion of Poland, 1793 — takes command of his army at Brussels, Apr. 1794 — returns to Vienna, 1794 — acquires part of Poland, 1795 — Treaty of Campo Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — joins second coalition against France, early in 1799 — Treaty of Luneville, 3 Feb. 1801 — pro- claimed hereditary Emperor of Austria, 1 1 Aug. 1 804 — joins third coalition against France, 1 805 — battle of Austerlitz, 5 Dec. 1805 — interview with Napoleon, 11 Dec. — Peace of Presburg, FEANCIS I.— FBANCKEN. 543 26 Dec. 1805 — renounces dignity of chief of the German Empire, 6 Aug. 1806 — death of his Empress, Apr. 1807 — marries Maria Louisa of Austria, Jan. 1808 — renews war with France, Mar. 1809 — battle of Wagram, 6 Jul. — losas great part of his estates by Treaty of Visnna, 14 Oct. — institutes Order of St Leopold, 1809 — marries his daughter Maria Louisa to Napoleon, Mar. 18 10— joins the allies against France, 18 13 — meets the Czar and the King of Prussia at Toplitz, 1 Sep. 181 3 — battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. — joins the allied sovereigns at Paris, Apr. 18 14 — returns to Vienna, Jun. 18 14 — Congress of Vienna opens, Sep. 1 814 — visits Louis XVIII. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1815— joins the 'Holy Alliance,' 26 Sep. 1815 — death of his Empress, Apr. 1816 — marries Charlotte Augusta of Bavaria, Nov. 181 6 — visits Tuscany and Eome, 1 8 1 9 — attends Congress of Verona, 1820 — attends Congress of Laybach, 1 821— coronation of his son, Arch- duke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, 1830 — 3j. at Vienna, 2 Mar. 1835. Francis I., King of France, — ft. at Cog- nac, 12 Sep. 1494 — marries Claude, daughter of Louis XII., 18 May 15 14 — succeeds Louis XII., 1 Jan. 15 15 — crowned at Eheims, 25 Jan. — names his motber regent and sets out for the Milanese, Jul. — defeats the Swiss at Marignano, 14-15 Sep. — Chevalier, by Bayard, on the field: completes conquest of the Mi- lanese : enters Milan, 23 Oct. — conference with the Pope at Bologna, Dec. — concludes a Con- cordat, 14 Dec. — conferences of Noyon, Aug. 15 16 — concludes the 'perpetual peace' with the Swiss, 29 Nov. 15 16 — founds Havre de Grace, 15 16 — obtains restitution of Tournai from Henry VIII., 15 18 — unsuccessfully com- petes with Charles V. for the imperial crown, 1519 — interview with Henry VIII. , 'field of the cloth of gold,' 7-24 Jun. 1520 — war with Charles V. begins, 152 1 — loss of the Milanese, 152 1-2 — desertion of the Constable de Bourbon, 1523 — invades the Milanese, 1523 — death of his Queen, Claude, at Blois, 20 Jul. 1524 — enters Milan, Oct. 1524 — commences siege of Pavia. 28 Oct. 1524 — defeated and taken prisoner by Imperialists at Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 — confined at Madrid: signs Treaty of Madrid, 14 Jan. 1526 — liberated, 21 Feb. 1526 — concludes alliance {ligue sainte) with the Pope, the Venetians, the king of England, &c, at Cognac, 22 Mar. 1526 — sack of Rome, 1527 — Peace of Cambrai, May 1529 — marries Eleanor of Austria, 4 Jul. 1530 — joins League of Smalcald, 1532 — death of his mother, Louisa of Savoy, 22 Sep. 1532 — celebrates the mar- riage of his second son, Henry, with Catherine de' Medici, at Marseilles, 28 Oct. 1533 — league with the Sultan, Soliman, 1534 — war with the Emperor renewed, 1535 — receives James V. of Scotland at Paris, and gives him his daughter in marriage, 1536 — interview with the Em- peror at Aigues-Mortes, 14-17 Jul. 1538 — re- ceives Charles V. at Paris, 1-8 Jan. 1540 — alliance with Gustavus Vasa, 1542 — .renews war with Charles V., 1542 — war with England, 1543 — Treaty of Crespi, 17 Sep. 1544 — con- cludes peace with England, 7 Jun. 1546— tf. at Eambouillet, 31 Mar. 1547. Francis II., King of France, — ft. at Fon- tainebleau, 19 or 20 Jan. 1544 — marries Mary, Queen of Scots, 29 Apr. 1558 — succeeds his father, Henry II., 10 Jul. 1559 — crowned at Eheims, 18 Sep. — leaves the government in the hands of bis mother, and the Guises ; civil war begins, of Catbolics and Huguenots, 1560 — convokes States-General at Orleans, and arrives there, 18 Oct. 1560 — rj., 5 Dec. 1560. Francis I., King of Naples, — ft. at Naples, 19 Aug. 1777 — Duke of Calabria and beir- presumptive, 1778 — death of his wife, Maria Clementina of Austria, Nov. 1 801— marries Maria Isabella of Spain, 6 Jul. 1802— succeeds his father, Ferdinand IV., 4 Jan. 1825— meets Emperor of Austria at Milan, May 1826 — a"., 8 Nov. 1830. Francis, John, sculptor, — ft. at Lincoln, 1780 — rj. in London, Aug. 1861. Francis, Philip, translator, — ft. at Dublin, soon after 1700 — settles at Esher, Surrey, about 1750 — joint chaplain to Chelsea College, 1764 — tf . at Bath, Mar. 1773. Translation of Horace, 1747 — Orations of Demosthenes, §c, 1757. Francis, Sir Philip, — ft. at Dublin, 22 Oct. 1740 — in service of Charles James Fox, 1756 — secretary to Earl of Kinnoul, 1760— enters the War Office, 1763-72 — member of Council, Bengal, Jun. 1773 to Dec. 1780 — M.P. Yar- mouth, Isle of Wight, 1784— assists in the im- peachment of Warren Hastings, 1786— M.P. Appleby, 1802-7 — K.B;, 29 Oct. 1806 — rj. in London, 22 Dec. 181 8. Historical Questions, 1 81 8. [Junius, Letters of] Francis de Sales. [Sales.] Francis Xavier. [Xavier.] Franciscan Order, {Grey Friars, Minor Friars,) — founded by St. Francis of Assisi, 1209 — confirmed, 1210 — again confirmed, 1223 — settle in England, 1224 — their rivalry of the Dominicans, appears before 1250. Francius, {Pieter Fransz,) miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Amsterdam, 19 Aug. 1645 — Prof. Eloquence and History there, 1674 — Prof. Greek, i676, a i686, bc — ft. at Amsterdam, 19 Aug. 1703,=* i704. bc Foemata, 1672,* 1682° — Orationcs, 1692 — Specimen eloquential exteri- oris primam, 1697 — Specimen eloquentice ex- terioris alterum, 1699. a Biog. TJniv. b Chalmers. c Biog. Woordenboek. Francke, August Herman, philanthropist, — ft. at Liibeck, 23 Mar. 1663 — M.A. Leipsic, 1685 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Halle, 1691 — founds Orphan Asylum there, 1698 — founds Pedagogium, 1696 — rj. at Halle, 8 Jun. 1727. Francke, Johann Christoph, jurist, — ft., about 1690. Bibliotheca Acaclemica, 17 18 — In- stitutiones juris cambialis, 1721. Francke, Johann Valentin, philologist, — ft. in Schleswig, 31 Mar. 1792 — Ph.D. Kiel, 18 16 — ft. Prof. Philology, &c, Dorpat, 6 Oct. 1830. Callinus, 18 16. Francken, Franz, the younger, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1580 — member of Brotherhood of St Luke, 1606 — tr. at Antwerp, 1642. Francken, Jan Baptist, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1600 — tf., 1653. Francken, {Franck,) Jerom, the elder 544 FRANCKENBERG— FRANCO-GERMAN WAR. painter, — b. at Herrentkals, about 1544 (?) — employed at Fontainebleau, 1566 — goes to Paris, about 1595 — tr., about i620, a 1 May i6io. b Nativity, Convent of the Cordeliers, Paris, 1585 — Portrait of Puke of Mayenne, 1589. a Some authorities. b Jal. Franckenberg, Abraham von, Mystic, — b. in Silesia, 1593 — rj. there, 1652. Notce mys- ticce et mnemonics ad Bechinas olam, §c, 1673 — Raphael, 1676 — Leben Jacob B'ohm, 1682. Franckenstein, Jacob August, historian, — b. at Leipsic, 27 Dec. 1689— ft. there, 10 May 1733. Theatrumhist.Britannice, Busitania?, $c., I7 2 3"5- Franckenstein, Valentin Franck von, his- torian, — b. in Transylvania, 1643 — ft., 27 Sep. 1697. Breviculus originum nationum et prcecipue Saxonica in Transylvania, §c, 1695. Francklin, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, about 1720 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 1739 — Prof. Greek, 1750 — chaplain to the king, 1767 — D.D., 1770 — "ft. in London, 15 Mar. 1784. Translation of Sophocles, 1759 — Works of Lucian, 1780. Franco, Antonio, Jesuit, — b. in Alemtejo, 1662 — tj. at Evora, 3 Mar. 1732. Annus gloriosus societatis Jesus in Lusitania, §c, 1720 — Synopsis annalium societatis Jesus in Lusi- tania, §c, 1726. Franco, Giovan Battista, (II Semolei,) painter, engraver, — b. at Udine, 1498,* i5io b — tr. at Venice, 1561,° after 1565^ probably l58o. e a Some authorities. b Others. c Vasari. d Zani. e Nagler. Franco, Magister, writer on music,' — fl., about 1045-83. Franco, Niccolo, poet, — b. at Benevento, about 1505^ 1510 b — hung at Rome, 1569,* 1570.° Petravchista, §c, 1539 — Pistole volgari, 1538. a Biog. TJniT. b Chalmers. c Ersch and Gruber. Franco-Barreto, Juan, poet, — b. at Lisbon, 1606 — takes part in expedition to Brazil, 1646 — b\, 30 May 1664. Cyparisso, 1631 — Eneida Portugueza, 1664-70 — Ortograjiada lenguapor- tugueza, 1670. Franco Bolognese. [Bologna, Franco da.] Franco-German War, (1870-1.) 1870, Jul. : the crown of Spain offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, 4 — [Spain] — declaration of Duke of Gramont in Legislative Body that France will oppose his candidature, 6 — em- bassy of M. Benedetti to King of Prussia at Ems, 9 — Prince Leopold's withdrawal an- nounced, 12 — the French Government declares its resolution to go to war with Prussia, 15 — mobilization of Prussian army ordered, 15 — Bavaria joins Prussia, 17 — French declaration of war, 19 — neutrality of Great Britain pro- claimed, 19 — project of secret treaty between France and Prussia for seizure of Belgium by France, Sec, published in the ' Times,' 25 — union of forces of S. German with those of N. German states, 26 — the Empress Eugenie named Regent, 27 — the Emperor Napoleon III. takes command of the army at Metz, 29 — the King of Prussia sets out for seat of Avar, 3 1 . senburg, 4 — battles of Woerth and Speichern, (Porbach,) 6 — Paris declared in state of siege, 7 — concentration of French army at Metz, 8 — occupation of Saverne, 8 — resignation of Ollivier ministry, 9 — Treaty of London, for securing neutrality of Belgium, signed, 9 — new French ministry under Count Palikao formed, 10 — investment of Strasburg by Germans, 10 — forced currency for notes of Bank of France authorized, 12 — occupation of Nancy by Crown Prince of Prussia, 12 — Marshal Bazaine takes command in chief of army of the Rhine, 12 — departure of Napoleon and retreat of the army from Metz commenced, 14— action at Pange, 14— battle of Courcelles, 14 — of Mars-la-Tour, (Fi'onville,) 16 — arrival of Napoleon at Cha- lons, 17 — battles of Gravelotte and Rezonville, 18 — Gen. Trochu governor of Paris, 18 — re- treat of Marshal MacMahon from Chalons, the camp broken up, 20 — the Crown Prince of Saxony takes command of army in the Ar- dennes, 22 — neutrality of United States pro- claimed, 22 — expulsion of foreigners and ' useless mouths ' from Paris, decreed by Gen. Trochu, 24 — capitulation of Vitry, 25 — at- tempt of Bazaine to break out of Metz re- pulsed, 26 — defeat of Gen. de Failly near Montmedy, 29 — Voncq burnt by Germans, 29 — battle of Beaumont, 30 — defeat of Mac Mahon near Bazeilles, 31. September : battle of Sedan, 1 — surrender of Napoleon and the army of MacMahon to King of Prussia, 2 — French Chambers meet at mid- night, 3 — Revolution at Paris, the Republic proclaimed, the ' Government of National De- fence ' formed, under presidency of Gen. Trochu, 4 — flight of the Empress from Paris, 4 — Rheims entered by King of Prussia, 5 — proclamation of Jules Favre, that France will not give up ' an inch of her territory nor a stone of her fortresses,' 6 — election of National and Constituent As- sembly fixed for 16 Oct., 8 — surrender of Laon, 9 — Chateau-Thierry occupied by Germans, n — occupation of Meaux as head-quarters of King of Prussia, 13 — mission of M. Thiers to London, 13-18 — negotiations of J. Favre for armistice, at Ferrieres, 18-20 — occupa- tion of Versailles by Germans, 18 — defeat of Gen. Vinoy at Villejuif, near Paris, and complete investment of Paris, 19 — mission of M. Thiers to Vienna and St Petersburg, 20 — terms of armistice proposed by Count Bismarck rejected by France, 21 — capitulation of Toul, 23 — defeat of French at Melun, 26 — fall of Strasburg, 28. October': elections for National Assembly postponed indefinitely, 1 — battle of Toury, 1 — riots at Lyons, 3 — defeat of the French at St Quentin, 5 — battle of St Remy, 6— escape of Gambetta from Paris in a balloon, 7 — repulse of Prussians at St Quentin, 8 — occupation of Dreux, 9 — proclamation of Gambetta, from Tours, 9 — battle of Arthenay, 10 — capture of Orleans, 11 — occupation of Gisors, 12 — Gari- baldi appointed to command irregular force in the Vosges, 12 — occupation of Breteuil, 13 — fall of Soissons, 1 6— Montdidier taken, 17- Vesoul and Chateaudun taken, 18 — armistice FRANCOIS— FRANCONIA. 545 proposed to Count Bismarck by Lord Granville, 20— surrender of Chartres, capture of St Quentin, 21 — capitulation of Schelestadt, 24 —of Metz, 27-8— Dijon taken, 29— negotia- tions of M. Thiers for armistice commence at Versailles, 31 — Communist insurrection at Paris, 31. November: vote of confidence in the Go- vernment taken at Paris, 2— investment of Belfort, 3 — negotiations for armistice broken off, 6— surrender of Verdun, 9 — battle of Coulmiers, 9-10 — capitulation of New Brei- sach, 10 — occupation of Dole, 13 — Dreux re- occupied, 17 — German force surprised by Ric- ciotti Garibaldi, at Chatillon, 19 — capitulation of Thionville, 24 — battle of Ladon, 24 — of Amiens, 27 — La Fere taken, 27 — battle of Beaune-la-Rolande, 28. December : unsuccessful attack on Autun, 1— battle of Patay, 1 — second battle of Arthe- nay, (Bazoches-les-Hautes,) 2 — army of the Loire driven into the Forest of Orleans by Prince Frederick Charles, 3 — occupation of Orleans, 5 — of Rouen, 5— battles on the Loire between Duke of Mecklenburg and General Chanzy, 7-10 — occupation of Beaugency and Vierzon, 8 — French Government delegation removes to Bordeaux, 9 — occupation of Dieppe, 9-1 1 — fall of Phalsburg, 12 — occupation of Blois, 13 — capitulation of Montmedy, 14 — evacuation of Vendome by Gen. Chanzy, 17 — Nuits taken by Gen. "Werder, 18 — seizure of British vessels by Germans at Duclair, 21 — the vessels sunk in the Seine : surrender of Tours, 21 — not occupied by Germans ; battle of Pont-de-Noyelles, 22-23 — evacuation of Gray by Germans, 3 r . 1 87 1, January: battle of Bapaume, 2-3 — capitulation of Mezieres, 2 — surrender of Ro- croi, 5 — battle of Villersexel, 6 — occupation of Auxerre, 6 — the French driven from Forest of Vendome, 6 — fall of Peronne, 9 — engage- ments near Le Mans, 7-10 — battle of Le Mans, occupation of the town, 11 — blockade of Dieppe by French fleet : defeat of the French at Beaumont near Alencon, 15 — bombardment of Avallon by Germans, 16 — St Quentin reoc- cupied by French, 16 — occupation of Alencon by Duke of Mecklenburg, 17 — battles before Belfort, defeat of Gen. Bourbaki, 15-17 — camp of Conlie, in Brittany r occupied by Ger- mans, 17 — Proclamation of King of Prussia as Emperor of Germany at Versailles, 18— battle of St Quentin, 19 — occupation of Dole, 21 — bombardment of Cambrai, 23-24 — Garibaldi repulses Germans near Dijon, 23 — bombard- ment of St Denis, 24-25 — occupation of Sable, 25 — surrender of Longwy, 25 — St Cloud burnt by Germans, 26 — capitulation of Paris, 28 — armistice agreed to for 21 days, 28. February : flight of Bourbaki' s army into Switzerland, 1-4 — inoccupation of Dijon by Germans, 1 — occupation of Fecamp, 3 — occu- pation of Lons-le-Saulnier, 5 — occupation of Abbeville, 6 — elections for National Assembly in France, 8 — proclamation of Napoleon to the French. 8 — meeting of National Assembly for 5 days, 15 — capitulation of Belfort, 16 — M. Thiers appointed chief of the Executive Power of French Republic, 17 — armistice again extended, 22 — occupation of Honfleur, 23 — Treaty of Versailles, 26. March : occupation of Paris by Germans, 1-3 — review of German troops by the Em- peror at Longchamps, 3 — evacuation of Ver- sailles by Germans, 12 — arrival of German Emperor at Berlin, 17 — Communist Insurrec- tion, 1 8 — [Paris] — National Assembly meets at Versailles, 20 — German batteries before Paris rearmed, 24 — Peace Conference opens at Brus- sels, 28 — interview of Prince Bismarck and J. Favre at Frankfort, 6 May — Treaty of Frank- fort, 10 May. Francois, Jean, Benedictine, — ft. at Acre- mont, Bouillon, 26 Jan. 1722 — if. there, 22 Apr. 1 7 9 1 . With Tabouillot, Histo ire de Ifetz, 1769 — Pictionnaire roman, wallon, celtique et tudesque, §c, 1777. Francois, Jean Charles, engraver, — ft. at Nancy, \ May 17 17 — 3j. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1769. Francois de Neufchateau, Nicolas, Count, statesman, litterateur, — ft. in Lorraine, 17 Apr. 1750 — received at Academy of Dijon, 1765 — goes to St Domingo, as Attorney - general, 1782-3 — returns to France, 1787 — President of Legislative Assembly, Paris, 1792 — elected member of Convention, refuses to sit, 1792 — imprisoned, 3 Sep. 1793 — liberated, 4 Aug. 1794 — Minister of Interior, 16 Jul. 1797 — member of Directory, 9 Sep. 1797 — member of Insti- tute, 1797 — retires from Directory, 9 May 1798 — again Minister of Interior, "19 Jul. 1798 — retires, 22 Jun. 1799 — Senator, Nov. 1799 — Pres. Senate, May 1804-6 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, about 1807 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — member of French Academy, 1 816— o\ at Paris, 10 Jan. 1828. Pamela, 1793 — editions of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales, •1822 — and Pensees, 1826 — of Gil Bias, 1820. Francolin, Jean de, heraldist, — ft. at Besan- qon, about 1520. Franconia, Franken, County and Duchy op, — held by Conrad I., afterwards king of Ger- many : killed in battle, before Fritzlar, Feb. 911 — Eberhard (brother) succeeds, 911— re- united to Duchy of France Phenane, 923 — ■ rupture between Eberhard and the Emperor Otto, 936 — Eberhard imprisons Henry, Duke of Bavaria, and is fined and banished by Otto, 937 — recalled, 938 — killed in battle, 939 — Conrad II., 939— receives in addition the Duchy of Upper Lorraine, 944 — marries Luit- gard, daughter of Otto, 947 — deprived of Lor- raine, 954 — killed in battle near Augsburg, 955 — Otto, (son,) 955 — receives from the Emperor the Duchy of Carinthia and the March of Verona, 978 — gives up Carinthia to the Duke of Bavaria, 985 — receives it again, 995 — refuses Imperial crown, 1002—0'., 4 Nov. 1004 — Conrad III., of Worms, (son,) succeeds to Duchies of France Phenane, Franconia and Carinthia, and Marquisate of Verona, 1004 — Conrad IV., (son,) in France Phenane and Franconia, ion — receives Carinthia, 1035 — &., 35 54* FRANCOWITZ— FRANKLIN. 1039 — duchy falls to the Emperor Henry III., who extinguishes the ducal title, 1039 — title re- vived by Henry V. for Conrad of Hohenstauffen, 11 16 — [Conrad III., Emperor] — Frederick of Rothenburg, (son,) 1152— Conrad YI., 1167 — tf., 1 1 97 — given by the Emperor Henry YI. to his brother Philip, 1197 — who becomes Emperor, n 98 — made one of the 'circles' of the empire, by Maximilian I., 15 13 — insurrec- tion of the peasants in favour of Lutheranism, 1524-25 — name disappears at dissolution of the empire, 1806 — is revived in the kingdom of Bavaria, 1837. Francowitz, Matthias Flach, [Flaeeus Tllyricus,) theologian, — b. at Albona, (Istria,) 1521 — fr. at Frankfort, 11 Mar. 1575. Cata- logue testium veritatis, 1556 — Centuries Magdc- burgenses, 1634 — Hist, certaminum de primatu papce, 1554 — Clavis Script uree sacra?, 1674. Franeker, University of, — founded, 1585 — suppressed by Napoleon I., 18 11 — reestablished as an Athenaeum, 1816. Frangipani, Cencio, Consul of Rome, — seizes and imprisons Pope Gelasius II., 25 Jan. 1118 — drives him from Rome, later in 11 18. Frank, Franking-, {of Letters,) in England, — privilege claimed by House of Commons, 1660 — confirmed and regulated by Act 4 Geo. III. c. 24, 1763 — further regulations by Acts 3o Geo. III. c. 53, 28 Apr. 1795, and 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 32, 12 Jul. 1837 — abolished by Act 3 and 4 Yic. c. 96, 10 Aug. 1840. Frank, Johann Peter, physician, — fc. in Baden, 19 Mar. 1745 — M.D. Heidelberg, 1766 — Prof. Physiology, &c, Gottingen, 1784 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Pavia, 1 7 85 — Inspector- general of Medicine and Pharmacy in Lom- bard)-, 1786 — called to Vienna, Aulic Councillor, 1795 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Vienna, 1795 — first physician to Emperor of Russia, 1804 — if. at Vienna, 24 Apr. 1821. System einer vollstandigen medicinischen Polizei, 17 84-18 19 — Epitome de curandis hominum morbis, 1792- 1821. Frank, Sebastian, — rj. at Donauwerth, 1500 ■ — tf. probably at Basel, about 1545. Chronica, 153 1 — Chronica des ganzen deutschen Land.es, 1539 — Weltbuch, 1534 — Spriich iv drier, 1541. Frank (Franck) von Frankenau, Georg, physician, — b. at Naumburg, 3 May 1643 — Prof. Medicine, Heidelberg, 1671-88 — tf. at Copenhagen, 16 Jun. 1704. Lexicon vege- tabilium usualium, &:c, 1672 — Lnstitutianum medicarum synopsis, Sec, 1672. Frankenhausen,— Philip of Hesse and the allied princes defeat Munzer and the peasants near, 15 May 1525. Frankfort-on-the-Main, — Ludwig the Pious founds the Palace at, 822 — fortified by him, 838 — capital of Eastern Franks, 843 — capital transferred to Ratisbon, by Arnulf, 889 — free imperial city, by the Emperor William, 1257 — Easter Fair instituted, 1330 — its right as place of election for the Emperor, confirmed by the ' Golden Bull,' 1356 — acquires territory on the left bank of the Main, 1390 — suffers in | the war of the Schmalkald League, 1552 — free navigation of the Main conferred by Charles V., 1555 — suffers in the Thirty Years' War, 1635 — its privileges recognized by treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — residence of Emperoi Charles VII., 1742-44 — occupied by Marshal de Soubise, 2 Jan. 1759 — taken by the French, 1792 — retaken by Hessians, 2 Dec. 1792 — head of Confederation of the Rhine, the arch-chan- cellor of the empire made prince-primate, by Na- poleon I., 1806 — the prince-primacy abolished, Feb. 1 810 — head of a Grand Duchy, by Napo- leon, 1 810 — fortifications demolished, 1806-12 — reestablished as free state, by Congress of Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — new constitution promul- gated, 15 May 1816 — seat of the Diet, 1816 — suppression of the newspapers by the Diet, 2 Mar. 1832— attempted insurrection of students, 3 Apr. 1833 — occupied by Austrian troops, 4 Apr. 1833 — another attempt at insurrection, placed under martial law, 2 May 1834 — -joins the Zoliverein, 25 Jan. 1836 — Constituent Assembly sits at, 31 Mar. 1848 to 30 May 1849 — insurrection, 18-20 Sep. 1848 — Congress of Princes at, under Emperor of Austria, opens, 17 Aug., closes, 1 Sep. 1863 — occupied by Prus- sians, 16 Jul. 1866 — annexed to Prussia, and constitution imposed on, 8 Oct. 1866 — visited by king of Prussia, 16 Aug. 1867. Cathedral, (church of St Bartholomew,) founded, 854 — dedicated, 1239 — enlarged, 1315-45 — place of coronation of the Emperors, from 17 n — burnt, night of 14-15 Aug. 1 867. Councils of, held by Charles the Great, against heresy of Elipand, &c, 794 — held by Ludwig, king of Germany, 853-1001 — to confirm erection of bishopric of Bamberg, 1007; 1234; 1409. Union of, between. Frederick the Great, the Emperor, Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and Elector Palatine, signed, 22 May 1744. Treaty of, definitive peace be- tween Germany and France, signed, 10 May 1 87 1 — ratifications exchanged, 21 May. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, — besieged by the Hussites, 1430 — by the Poles, 1450 — by Duke of Sagun, 1477 — besieged by the Swedes, 1631, 1634, 1639 — reunited to Brandenburg, 1644 — occupied by the French, 1806. University of, founded, 1506 — transferred to Breslau, 18 10. Franklin, U. S., — defeat of Gen. Hood by Gen. Scholefield at, 30 Nov. 1864. Franklin, Benjamin, natural philosopher, statesman, — b. at Boston, U. S., 6 Jan. 1706, (o. s.) — bound to a printer at Boston, 17 17 — goes to Philadelphia, 1723 — visits England, 1725-6 — marries, 1 Sep. 1730 — founds Uiiiv. of Pennsylvania, 1744 — begins his investiga- tions in electricity, 1746 — deputy to the Gen- eral Assembly of Pennsylvania, 1750 — dis- covers identity of lightning with electricity, 1752 — Postmaster-general, 1753 — envoy to England, Jul. 1757 to Oct. 1762 — again, Dec. 1764 to Mar. 1775 — elected F.R.S. ; deputy to Congress at Philadelphia, 1775 — signs Declar- ation of Independence, 1776 — ambassador to France, 1776-85 — constructs chart of Gulf Stream, 1776 — concludes treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 6 Feb. 1778 — President of Pennsylvania, Sep. 1785 — delegate to the Convention for revising the Articles of Union, 1787 — if. at Philadelphia, FRANKLIN— FREDERICK I. 547 17 Apr. 1790. Poor Richard' s Almanac, 173a- 57 — Works, 1836-40. Franklin, Sir John, admiral, Arctic voyager, — b. at Spilsby, Lincolnshire, 1786 — enters the navy, 1800 — accompanies Australian expedition under Flinders, 1801-3 — at the battle of Trafalgar, 1805 — distinguishes himself at the attack on New Orleans, 18 14 — commands in expedition to Arctic regions, 1 8 1 8 — in overland expedition across North American continent, 1 8 19 — F.R.S., 1823 — second overland ex- pedition, 1825 — Knt, D.C.L. Oxford, 1827 — Governor of Van Diemen's Land, 1836 — com- mands Arctic expedition, 1845 — ft. near Lan- caster Sound, n Jun. 1847 — his fate dis- covered by McClintock, and the records at Point Yictory, 1859. Franks, The, — appear in the Roman Empire, about 240 — after ravaging Gaul, invade Spain, 256, a 264 b — Probus makes war on, in Gaul, 277 a — obtain settlements in Gaul from Probus, 277 b — invade Batavia, are driven out by Con- stantius, and obtain territory in Gaul, 293 b — defeated by Constantine at Boulogne, and their kings, Ascaric and Ragaisus, captured, 306 b — defeated by Crispus in Gaul, 320 a — Constans carries on war with, 341 a — defeated by him, 342 a — Julian makes war on, 357-8 a — with the Saxons plunder coasts of Gaul opposite Britain, 367 a — [Arbogastes] — unite under Theodeniir, about 418 b — Clodion succeeds, about 427 b — Aetius makes war on, 428 a — pass the Rhine and are defeated by Aetius, 432 — make peace with him : war renewed, 438 b — take Tournai, Cambrai, and extend their conquests to the Somme, 445 b — defeated by Majorian and Aetius, 446 b — Meroveus succeeds, 448 b — fight with Aetius against Attila at Chalons, (Campi Catalaunici,) 45 1 — Childeric I. , (son,) 458 — deposed and banished, 459 — Egidius chosen King : Childeric recalled, 463 or 464— Clovis I., (son,) 481 — division of the kingdom on his death between his four sons, Theoderic, (Thierri,) [Metz,] Chlodomir, [Orleans,] Chil- debert, [Paris,] and Clotaire, [Soissons,] 511 — on death of Chlodomir, his estates shared by Childebert and Clotaire, 532 or 533 — under Theodebert, invade Italy, 538, 539 c — assist the Goths against Narses in Italy, 533 ac — de- feated by Narses, 554 ac — kingdom of Metz falls to Clotaire, 555— estates of Childebert seized on his death by Clotaire, 558 — Clotaire, sole king, 558 — the kingdom divided between his sons, Charibert, [Paris,] Guntram, [Or- leans, Burgundy,] Sigebert I., [Metz,] and Chilperic, [Soissons,] 561— death of Charibert, 5 6 7 — Thierri (Theoderic) II., King of Burgundy and Austrasia, 612 — Clotaire II., on death of Thierri, sole king, 613 — Dagobert I., succeeds alone, 628 — cedes part of the kingdom to his brother Charibert, 630— resumes it on Charibert's death, 631 — makes Sigebert II. (son) king of Austrasia, 632 — tf., Jan. 638— Clovis II., in Neustria and Burgundy, 638— Clotaire III. (son) succeeds him, 656 — Childerio II. succeeds his father Sigebert II., 660 — Thierri III. succeeds his brother Clotaire III., 670 — Dagobert II. succeeds Childeric II., 674— on his death Dukes Martin and Pepin d'Heristal masters of Austrasia, 680 — Martin is soon after put to death : Clovis III. succeeds his father, Thierri III., 691 — Childebert III., (brother,) 695 — Dagobert III., (son,) 711 — Charles Martel succeeds his father, Pepin, as Duke of Austrasia, 715 — Chilperic II. succeeds Dagobert III. in Neustria, 715 — Thierri IV., king of Neustria, Burgundy, and Austrasia, 720 — on his death, 737, interregnum — Carloman and Pepin succeed their father, Charles Martel, 741 — Childeric III. made king, 742 — deposed, 752 — Pepin le Bref, king of the Franks, 752 — Charles the Great, {Charlemagne,) and Carloman, 768 — Charles alone, on death of Carloman, 771. [France, Kings of.~\ a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. Franzen, Frans Michael, poet, §c, — 6. in Finland, 9 Feb. 1772 — librarian to University of Abo, 1796 — Prof. History, &c, 1801 — member of Swedish Academy, 1808 — secretary, 1824-34 — Bp of Hernosand, 1834^1831 b — tf., 1847. Skaldestykken, 1824-36 — Columbus eller Amerikas upptackt, 1831 — Sclma och Fanny, 1 843 — Minnesteckningar, 1 848 . a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Fra Paolo. [Sarpi.] Fraser, Simon. [Lovat, Lord.] Fraunhofer, Joseph, optician,— 5. in Bavaria, 1787 — observes and measures dark lines in solar spectrum, 18 15 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1817 — keeper of the Museum of Physics, 1823 — tf. at Munich, 7 Jun. 1826. Telescope, Borpat, "before 1825. Fraustadt, (Prauenstadt,) in Posen, — the Swedish general Benschild defeats the Saxons, 13 Feh. 1706. Frayssinous, Denis Luc, theologian, Peer of France, — b. in the Aveyron, 9 May 1765 — goes to Paris, studies at the Coll. Louis le Grand, 1784 — Priest, 1789 — teaches theology at St Sulpice, 1803 — suspended by Napoleon I., 1809 — resumes his office, Oct. 18 14 — admitted to the French Academy, May 1822 — Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, 26 Aug. 1824 — Grand Master of the Univ., 1 Jun. 1825— If. at Saint Geniez, 12 Dec. 1841. Vrais principes de I'JEglise Gallicane, §c, 181 8 — Befensedu chris- tian isme, 1825. Fredegarius, (Sc/iolasticus,) chronicler, — fl., ahout 640-658 P Fredegunda — fc. at Montdidier, 543— mis- tress of Chilperic, king of Soissons, induces him to divorce his wife, Audovere, about 565 — suspected of murdering his second wife, Ga- lasiunta, and marries him, 568 — procures mur- der of Sigebert, 575 — of Audovere and Clovis, 580 — assassinates Chilperic, 584— shares the Eegency with Gontran : unsuccessfully attempts assassination of Childebert, 584 — procures murder of Pretextat, Bp of Bouen, 586 — fails in attempted murder of Gontran, 587 — tr. at Paris, 597 or 598. a a Pagi. Fredericia, in Bcnmark, — founded, 1651 — bombarded by Austrians, 20 Mar. 1 864- — forti- fications destroyed by them, 12 May 1864. Frederick I. Barbarossa, Emperor op the .548 FREDERICK. Romans, and King of Germany, — fj., 1121 — accompanies his uncle Conrad III. to Palestine, 1 147-9 — marries Adelaide, 1149 — elected at Frankfort, 4 Mar. 1152 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, 9 Mar. — repudiates Adelaide, 1153 — pacifies Germany : with Henry the Lion, in- vades Italy, Oct. 1 154 — holds Diet at Roncaglia, ii55 a — takes Tortona, Feh. to Mar. 1155 — crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia, 17 Apr. 1 155 — gives up Arnold of Brescia to the pope, 1 155 — crowned Emperor by Adrian IV., at Rome, 18 Jun. 1155 — holds Diet at Worms, or Spires, 1156 — marries Beatrice, heiress of Burgundy, n 56 — conquers Poland and erects Bohemia into a kingdom, 1157 — holds tourna- ment at Besanc.on, 1157- — opposes the pope's claim to the Empire as a benefice, and sends back the legates, 1 157— invades Lombardy again, summer 1158 — takes Brescia, Jul. 1158 — besieges Milan, Aug. — enters the city, 8 Sep. — Diet of Eoncaglia, n Nov. 1158 15 — abolishes consuls at Milan, and sets up a podestat, 1 159 • — orders the walls of Crema to be demolished, 1 159 — begins siege of Crema, Aug. 1159 — takes it, 27 Jan. 1 160— on death of Adrian, convokes Council at Pavia, and procures re- cognition of Victor, n Feb. 1160 — excom- municated by Alexander III., 24 Mar. — besieges Milau, Sep. 1161 — accepts submission of the Milanese, 5 Mar. 1162 — enters Milan and orders its destruction, 26 Mar. — holds Diet at Besancon, 1162° — third invasion of Lom- bardy, autumn 11 64 — retires before the Con- federate army to Pavia ; holds Diet at "Wurz- burg, and recognizes Paschal III. as pope, 1 1 65 — fourth invasion of Italy, Nov. n 66 — celebrates Christmas at Pavia : devastates the Bolognese territory, Jan. 11 67 — besieges Ancona, beginning Jul. — raises the siege after three weeks : arrives at Rome, 24 Jul. — crowned again, with Beatrice; by Paschal, 1 Aug.— puts to the ban the Lombard League, 21 Apr. 1 168 — loses his army by a pestilence, and returns to Germany, spring 1168 — on death of Paschal recognizes Calixtus III., autumn 11 68 — procures election of his son Henry, King of the Romans, 11 69 — holds Diet at Worms, 1 1 7 2 — fifth invasion of Italy, autumn 11 74 — besieges Alessandria unsuccess- fully, 29 Oct. 1 174 to 13 Apr. 1 175 — defeated by the Milanese at Legnano, near Como, 29 May 1 1 76 — conferences at Bologna for peace ; meets Pope Alexander at Venice, acknowledges him, and receives absolution, 1 Aug. 11 77 — crowned King of Aries, 30 Jul. 1178 — deprives Henry the Lion of his dominions, and banishes him at Diet of Wurzburg, 1 1 80 — Treaty of Constance, 25 Jun. 1 1 83 — Diet of Mentz, 1184° — alliance with the Milanese against the pope, 11 Feb. 1 1 85 c — death of Beatrice, 15 Nov. 1 1 85 — takes the cross at Diet of Mentz, 27 Mar. 11 88- — sets out for Palestine, 23 Apr. 11 89 — winters at Philippopolis, 1 1 89-90 — defeats the Sultan of Iconium twice, and takes the city, May 11 90 — drowned near Seleucia, (Salef,) 10 Jun. 1190. a Engl. Cyc. b Art cle Verifier les Dates. c Xouv. Biog. Gen. Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans, and King of Germany, — fi. at Jesiin Ancona, 26 Dec. 1 194 — elected King of the Romans, 1 1 96 — crowned King of Sicily at Palermo after the death of his father, Henry VI., May 1198 — opposed by his uncle. Philip of Suabia, and Otto IV., Count of Poitou, 1199 — death of Philip, 1208 — marries Constance of Aragon, 1209 — assumes government of Sicily, 1209 — proclaimed, third time, at Diet of Coblentz, 121 1 — death of his wife, Jun. 12 12 — goes to Rome, has interview with Innocent III., 1212 — concludes treaty of alliance with Philip Augustus at Toul, 19 Nov. 12 12 — crowned at Mentz,* d Aix-la-Chapelle, b 6 Dec. 1212 — con- stitution of Egra, Jul. 1213 d — defeat of Otto at Bouvines, 27 Jul. 12 14 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, 25 Jul. 12 15 — takes the cross, same day : seizes on Leipsic, autumn 1 2 1 7 — death of his rival Otto, May 121 8 — excites suspicions of the pope, 12 19 — grants Charter to the Princes at Diet of Frank- fort, 26 Apr. 1220 d — his son Henry elected King of the Romans, Apr. 1220/ 1222 b — renews his vow to go on the crusade, and is crowned by Honorius III. at Rome, 22 Nov. 1220 — conference with the pope at Veroli, Apr. 1222 — another, atFerentino, spring 1223 ■ — extinguishes Saracen revolt in Sicily, 1224 — publishes law against heretics, Feb. 1224 — founds University of Naples, 1224 — meets King John of Jerusalem at Melfi, 1225 — Treaty of San Germano, Jul. 1225 — marries Tolande, at Brindisi, 9 Nov. 1225 — Lombard League renewed, Mar. 1226 — puts them to the ban, Jun., a 11 Jul. d 1226 — makes peace with them by mediation of the pope, 1 Feb. 1227 — pressed by Gregory IX., embarks at Otranto for the crusade, 8 Sep. 1227 — falls ill after three days and lands at Otranto ; is excommunicated by Gregory, 29 Sep. — again excommunicated, 11 Nov. — and again, before Easter 1228 — death of Yolande, 1228 — holds parliament at Bar- letta, 1228 — ree'mbarks for the East, and arrives at Acre, 7 Sep. — the pope publishes crusade against him, John of Brienne invades Apulia, 1228 — concludes treaty with Malek el Kameel, 18 Feb. 1229 — enters Jerusalem, 17 J Mar. — crowns himself King in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, 18 Mar. — embarks for Europe, 1 May — again excommunicated by Gregory, 19 Aug. — recovers his estates in Italy, 1229-30 — makes peace with the pope, 9 Jul. 1230— obtains absolution at Anagni, 1 Sep. 1230 — holds Diet at Ravenna, Nov. 1231 — cruelly treats the rebels at Messina, Apr. 1233 — second revolt of his son Henry, in Ger- many, i234, ad 1235 b — interview with the pope at Rieti, May 1234 d — suppresses rebellion of his son Henry, May 1235 — marries Isabella of England at Worms, i5, d 20 ;l Jul. 1235 — de- poses and imprisons his son, Aug. 1235 — sets out on expedition against Lombardy, Jul. 1236 — leaves his army to Eccelino of Padua, and returns to Germany, Nov. 1236 — gets his son Conrad elected King of the Romans, Jan. 1237 — reenters Italy, Sep. 1237 — takes Mantua, t Oct. — victory of Cortenuova, 26-27 Nov. 1237 — interview with Simon de Montfort, Mar. (?) FREDERICK. 549 1238 — commences siege of Brescia, 3 Aug. — raises it, 9 Oct. — makes his son Enzio King of Sardinia, Oct. 1238 — excommunicated by- Gregory, 2o, d 24 a Mar. 1239— invades Ro- magna, Jun. — submission of Tuscany, except Florence, close of 1239 — passes through Duchy of Spoleto into States of the Church, early in 1240 — the pope proclaims crusade against him, 22 Feb. — takes Ravenna, 22 Aug. — besieges Faenza, late in Aug. 1240 — takes it, 14 or 15 Apr. 1 241— takes Benevento, after long siege, Apr. 1 24 1 — capture of Genoese fleet, with cardinals, bishops, &c, by Enzio, 3 May — be- comes Protector of Hungary, Jun. — death of his Empress Isabella, i, d 10 a Dec. 1241 — liberates the cardinals and prelates, 1 243 — con- cludes treaty with Innocent IV., 31 Mar. 1244 — refuses to execute it : excommunicated and t deposed by the pope, at Council of Lyons, 17 Jul. 1245 — asks mediation of Louis IX., Sep. 1 245 — the pope gets Henry Raspon, Land- grave of Thuringia, elected King of the Romans, 22 May 1246 — and on his death, William, Count of Holland, Nov. 1247— Fred- erick arrests his chancellor, Peter de Vinea, and gives him up to the Pisans, 1247 a — blinds him and sends him to Pisa, 1 249 d — siege of Parma, 1247-8 — defeated near Parma, 18 Feb. 1248 — sends supplies to the French Crusaders in Cyprus, winter 1248 — defeat and capture of Enzio by Bolognese, 26 May 1249 — ft. at Fiorenzuola, (Fiorentino,) 13 Dec. 1250. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Dufresnoy. c Engl. Cyc. d Kington. Frederick III., Duke of Austria, Em- peror of the Romans, — elected after death of Henry VII. and interregnum of 14 months, 19 Oct. 1 3 14— his cousin and rival, Louis of Bavaria, elected, 20 Oct. — war between them : defeated and captured by Louis at Muhldorf, 28 Sep. 1322 — becomes joint Emperor with Louis by Treaty of Ulm, 8 Sep. 1325 a — ft., 13 Jan. 1330. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Frederick III., (IV.,) Emperor of the Romans, and King of Germany, — fc. ,23 Dec. 1415 — with his brother Albert, succeeds his father Ernest, as Duke of Carinthia, Jun. 1424 — assumes the government, 1435 — goes to Palestine, 1436 — elected King of the Romans, on death of Albert II., 2 Feb. 1440- — recog- nizes Eugenius IV. ; crowned at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, 17 Jun. 1442 — gets a Concordat approved by Nicholas V. and accepted by Diet of Asch- affenburg, 1448 — attacked and robbed by bri- gands, on his way to Rome, early in 1452 — crowned King of Lombardy, at Rome, 15 Mar. 1452 — crowned Emperor, and his bride-elect, Eleanora of Portugal, Empress, by Nicholas V., 18 Mar. — ratifies the Concordat, same time: marries Eleanora, 1452 — erects Austria into Archduchy, by letters-patent, 6 Jan. 1453 — for his neglect of affairs of State the electors threaten to elect a new Emperor, 1457 — claims crowns of Hungary and Bohemia on death of Ladislaus, 1458 — war with his brother Albert, 1458-63 — refuses to give up crown of St Stephen, and declares war on his rival Mathias, 1458 — be- sieged in Vienna by Albert, and delivered by George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, 1463 — obtains possession of the Duchy on death of Albert, Dec. 1463 — death of his Empress, 1 Sep. 1467 — conferences with Paul II. at Rome, 1468 — marries his son Maximilian to Mary, heiress of Burgundy and the Netherlands, 1477 — besieged in Vienna by Mathias Corvinus, and renounces his claim to Hungary, 1479 — war with Mathias recommences, 1482 — capture of Vienna by Mathias, 1 Jun. 1485 — loses his Austrian estates to Mathias and retires to the Netherlands, 1485-90 — on death of Mathias re- covers them and returns to Vienna, 1490 — fr. at Lintz, 19 Aug. 1493. Frederick, Count of Hohenzollern, Bur- grave of Nurnberg, and Margrave of Brandenburg, — ft., about 1372 — with his brother John succeeds to the burggraviate, on abdication of his father, Jan. 1397 — marries Elizabeth of Bavaria Landshut, 1400 — named Governor of Brandenburg, by Sigismund, Jun. 14 1 2 — his possession of the Margraviate op- posed by the nobles, who defeat him, 24 Oct. 141 2 — buys the Margraviate of Sigismund, 141 5 — receives investiture at Council of Con- stance, 18 Apr. 1417- — makes war on Dukes of Mecklenburg, 141 8-19 — vicar of the empire, by Sigismund, 141 8 — reconquers the Ukraine, 1420 — assists the Emperor in the Hussite war, 1420 — unsuccessfully claims Duchy of Saxony, 1422 — defeats and captures John III., Duke of Mecklenburg, 1425 — sells his burggraviate to the town of Nurnberg, 1427 — commands Im- perial army in Bohemia, 1430 — Xf., 20 or 21 Sep. 1440. Frederick II., Margrave {Elector) of Brandenburg, — fc., 19 Nov. 1413 — obtains electorate on death of his father, Frederick I. , by cession of his elder brother John, Sep. 1440 — marries Catherine of Saxony, 1441 — builds the Palace at Berlin, 1442-51- — reversion of Duchy of Mecklenburg confirmed to him by the Emperor, 16 Jul. 1442 — refuses crown of Po- land, 1446— divides the Margraviate with his brother Albert, 1447 — acquires part of Lower Lusace, 1448 — purchases the Neu-Mark of the Teutonic Knights, 1455 — and makes defensive alliance with them, 1455 — supports his brother Albert in the war with Louis of Bavaria, 1462 — cedes Lower Lusace (except Cotbus) to king of Bohemia, 1462 — unsuccessfully claims suc- cession to Duchy of Stettin, 1464-66 — abdicates in favour of Albert, (III.,) 1470 — tf. in Fran- conia, 10 Feb. 1471. Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg. [Frederick I., King of Prussia.'] Frederick William, the Great, Elector of Brandenburg, — c., 6 Feb. 1620 — sent to Ley- den Univ., 1635 — succeeds his father, George "William, 1 Dec. 1640— receives investiture of Prussia from king of Poland, 17 Oct.1641 — makes peace with the Swedes, who evacuate his estates, 1643 — marries Louisa Henrietta, Princess of Orange, 7 Dec. 1646 — by Treaty of West- phalia, cedes to Sweden Hither Pomerania with Stettin and Isle of Riigen, and obtains Halber- stadt, Minden, and Cumin, and reversion of Mag- deburg, 1648 — alliance with Charles Gusta^us 55° FREDERICK. of Sweden against Poland, 21 Jan. 1656 — contributes to victory of Warsaw, 28-30 Jul. 1656— Treaty of Vehlau, 19 Sep. 1657 — Treaty of Oliva, 23 May 1660 — recognized sovereign of Prussia, by states at Konigsberg, 1663 — settles with the Duke of Neuburg the disputed suc- cession of Juliers, acquires Cleves and the counties of the Mark and Ravensberg, 1663 — death of his wife, 6 Jun. 1667 — marries Doro- thea, Duchess dowager of Brunswick-Luneburg, 13 Jun. 1668 — alliance with the Emperor and Holland against France, 1672 — convention with France, 1673 — invades Alsace and joins Imperial army, 1674 — invasion of Pomerania by the Swedes : defeats them at Fehrbellin, 1 8 Jun. 1675 — crosses the Frische Hof and Gulf of Courland on the ice, and drives the Swedes out of Prussia, Jan. 1679 — Treaty of St Ger- main en Laye, 29 Jun. 1679 — incorporates Archbishopric of Magdeburg with the Elector- ate, 1680— gives asylum to French Protestants, 1685 — aids the Emperor against the Turks, 1686— by convention with the Emperor acquires the circle of Schwiebus for Duchv of Jagern- dorf, 8 Apr. 1686 — tf., 29 Apr. 1688. Frederick I., King or Prussia, and III,, Elector of Brandenburg, — h. at Konigsberg, 1 Jul. 1657 — marries Elizabeth Henrietta of Hesse Cassel, 23 Aug. 1679 — she dies, 16 Jun. 1683 — marries Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, 28 Sep. 1684 — succeeds his father, 29 Apr. 1688 — sends auxiliaries to the Prince of Orange, 1688 — joins alliance against France, 1689, a 1691b — takes Bonn, 12 Oct. 1689 a — sends auxiliaries to the Emperor against the Turks, 1691 — interview with William III. of England, 1691^ 1698° — founds Univ. of Halle, 1693 — gives up Schwiebus to the Austrians, 31 Dec. 1694 — founds Academy of Painting, Berlin, 1696 — declares for the Emperor in the war of the Spanish succession, 1700 — recognized as king of Prussia by the Emperor, by Treaty of Vienna, Nov. 1700 — proclaimed King at Ko- nigsberg, crowns himself and his consort, 18 Jan. 1701 — founds Order of the Black Eagle, Jan. 1701 — Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1707 — tf. at Berlin, 25 Feb. 17 13. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. "Univ. Frederick William (II. Elector) I., King of Prussia, — b. at Berlin, 15 Aug, 1688 — sent to Hanover to be educated with Prince George, (George II. of England,) 1693 — mar- ries Princess Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, 28 Nov. 1706 — serves at the battle of Malplaquet, 1709 — succeeds his father, Frederick I., 25 Feb. 17 1 3 — his title recognized by Treaty of Utrecht, Jul. 17 13 — in alliance with Russia, Denmark, and Saxony, declares Avar on Charles XII., 28 Apr. 1 7 15— besieges Stralsund, end of Jun. 17 15 — takes it, 20 Dec. 17 15 — visited by Peter the Great, 19-23 Sep. 1717° — abolishes feudal tenures, 17 17 — Peace of Stockholm, ac- quisition of part of Pomerania, Nov. 1720 — in- terferes for the Heidelberg Protestants, autumn 17 19 — expels Wolf from Halle, Nov. 1723 — makes Potsdam his residence, 1724 — accedes to Treaty of Hanover against the Emperor, 3 Sep. 1725 — concludes Treaty of Wusterhausen with the Emperor, 12 Oct. 1726^ c 1727 s — visits Dresden, 14 Jan. to 12 Feb. 1728 — visited by Augustus of Saxony, May 1728 — flight and arrest of his eldest son, Frederick, (II.,) Aug. 1730 — beheads Lieutenant Katte, at Ciistrin, 6 Nov. 1730 — receives Protestant emigrants from Salzburg, at Berlin, 14 Apr. 1732 c — visits the Emperor at Prague, Aug. 1732 — gives asylum to Stanislaus of Poland, Jun. 1734— ft. at Potsdam, 31 May 1740. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Carlyle. Frederick Henry Louis, Prince of Prussia, {Prince Henry,) — d. at Berlin, 18 Jan. 1726 — serves as Colonel at battle of Czaslau, May 1742 — aide-de-camp to his brother, Frederick II., 1744 — marches on Prague, Aug. 1744 — at Hohenfriedberg, Jun. 1745 — marries a princess of Hesse Cassel, 1752 — commands brigade under Frederick II., 1756 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Prague, May 1757 — contributes to victory of Rossbach, Nov. 1757 — commands in Saxony, Nov. 1757 — charged with defence of southern Prussia, 1758 — captures the maga- zines of the Austrians, 14-20 Apr. 1759 — pursues the Duke of Deux-Ponts into Fran- conia, 5 May 1759 — his march of 50 hours from the Landskron to Hoyerswerda, 23-25 Sep. 1759 — captures Hoyerswerda, 25 Sep. 1759 — defeats D'Ahremberg at Pretsch, 29 Oct. 1759 — prevents union of Russians and Austrians in North Prussia, 1760 — delivers Breslau, 5 Aug. 1760 — prevents Marshal Daun from entering Saxony, or joining Laudohn, summer 1761 — compelled to abandon Frey- berg, 15 Oct. 1762 — defeats Prince of Stolberg at Freyberg, 29 Oct. 1762 — the Polish crown offered him, forbidden to accept it, summer 1764 — visits his sister Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, 1770 — visits St Petersburg, Jan. 1771 and Apr. 1776 — in the War of Bavarian Succes- sion, invades Bohemia, summer 1778 — main- tains himself there till 1779 — envoy to Louis XVI., Jul. to Oct. 1784 — ft. at Rheinsberg, 3 Aug. 1807. Frederick II., the Great, [Charles Frederick,) King of Prussia, — h. at Berlin, 24 Jan. 1712 — Captain in the Potsdam Guards, 3 May 1725 — visits Dresden with his father, Jan., Feb. 1728— publicly beaten by his father, 10 Dec. 1729 — attempts to quit Prussia, hut is arrested and imprisoned at Ciistrin, Aug. 1730 — returns to court, 23 Nov. 1731- — is compelled by his father to marry the Princess Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick Bevern, 12 Jun. 1732,* 1733 bd — serves in the Rhine campaign, 1734 — takes up his residence at Rheinsberg, autumn 1736 d — becomes a Freemason. Aug. 1738 — succeeds his father, Frederick William I., 31 May 1740 — abolishes torture, 3 Jun. 1740 — institutes the Order of Merit, 1740 — first meeting with Vol- taire, Sep. i74o d — demands of Maria Theresa Duchies of Glogau and Sagan ; his proposals rejected, invades Silesia, 16 Dec. 1740 — enters Breslau, 2 Jan. 1741 — bombards Neisse, 15-23 Jan. — defeats Austrians at Mollwitz, 4, 11 27, b 10 cd Apr. — takes Brieg, 4 May— alliance with France, signed, 5 Jun. — forms camp at Strehlen, 21 Jun. to 20 Aug. — visits Dresden, 20 Jan. FREDERICK WILLIAM. 55i 1742 — seizes County of Glatz, Jan. 1742 — defeats Prince Charles of Lorraine at Chotusitz, (Czaslau), 17 May 1742 — acquires Silesia and County of Glatz by Treaty of Berlin, 28 Jul. 1742 — takes possession of E. Friesland, on death of the Count, i743, b 1744 a — makes secret alliance with France, Apr. 1744 b — and with the Emperor, the Palatinate, and Hesse Cassel at Frankfort, 22 May 1744 — takes pos- session of E. Friesland, 26 May 1744 — invades Bohemia, Aug. — takes Prague, 16 Sep. — on approach of Prince Charles, evacuates Bohemia, end of Nov. — death of the Emperor, Charles VII. , Jan. 1745 — establishes Camp of Observ- ation on the Saxon frontier, May — defeats Aus- trians and Saxons at Hohenfriedberg, 4 Jun. — signs Convention of Hanover with George II., 26 Aug. — again defeats Austrians at Sorr, 30 b Sep. — defeats the Saxons at Henners- dorf, 23 Nov. — Treaty of Dresden, 25 Dec. — publishes the Frederician Code, 1746 — visited by Marshal Saxe, Jul. 1749 — his last interview with Voltaire, 18 Mar. 1753 — visits Holland, Jun. 1755 — concludes Neutrality Convention with George II., 16 Jan. 1756 — invades Saxony, and commences Seven Years' War, 24 Aug., b Sep., a 27 Aug. d — seizes the secret archives at Dresden, 10 Sep. — invests Saxon camp of Pirna, Sep. — defeats Austrians at Lowositz, 1 Oct. — winter in Dresden, 1756- 57 — defeats Austrians at Prague, 5, b 6 ad May 1757 — invests Prague, 9 May — defeated at Kolin, by Marshal Daun, 1 8 Jun. a — death of his mother, 28 Jun. — raises siege of Prague, and re- tires into Saxony, 20 Jun. — defeats French and Austrians at Rossbach, 5 Nov. — marches into Silesia, Nov. — defeats Austrians at Lissa, (Leu- then,) 4, a 5 d Dec. — recovers Breslau from Aus- trians, 16 Dec. — winter in Breslau, 1757-58 — recovers Schweidnitz, 16 Mar. 1758 — besieges Olmiitz, 12 May — raises the siege, 2 Jul. — de- feated by Count Fermor at Zorndorf, 25-26 Aug. — defeated by Marshal Daun at Hochkir- chen, 14 Oct. — compels Daun to raise siege of Dresden, 16 Nov. — obtains grant of annual subsidy from king of England, close of 1758 — issues base coinage, early in 1759 — defeated by Russians at Kunersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759 — arrives in Prince Henry's camp, 13 Nov. — defeat and capture of General Fink with 15,000 men at Maxen, by Daun, 21 Nov. — bombards Dresden, 14-19 Jul. 1760 — retires, 29 Jul. — marches to relieve Berlin occupied by Russians and Aus- trians, Oct. — passes into Saxony, 26 Oct. — de- feats Daun at Torgau, 2 Nov. — forms camp near Schweidnitz, May 1761 — camp of Bunzel- witz, 20 Aug. to 26 Sep. 1761 — loses Schweid- nitz, end of Sep. — narrowly escapes betrayal to the Austrians, by Warkotsch, 5 Oct. — on death of Empress Elizabeth, makes peace with Peter III., 5 May 1762 — concludes peace with Sweden, 22 May — begins siege of Schweidnitz, 7 Aug. — recovers it, 7 Oct. — Peace of Hubertsburg, 15 Feb. 1763 — founds the palace of San Souci, 11 Jun. 1763 — founds Bank of Berlin, 1764 — supports election of Stanislaus Poniatowski, king of Poland, Mar. 1764 — the coinage restored to purity, by Jun. 1764 — interviews with Em- peror Joseph at Neiss, 25-28 Aug. 1769 — takes part in first partition of Poland, Feb. 1772 — interferes to prevent partition of Bavaria, 1778 — marches into Silesia, Apr. 1 7 7 8 — Peace of Tes- chen, 13 May 1779— forms the Furstenbund to prevent incorporation of Bavaria in Austrian monarchy, 23 Jul. 1785 — r/. at Potsdam, 17 Aug. 1786. (Euvres Completes, 1790. His tomb visited by Alexander, Emperor of Russia, and Frederick William III. of Prussia, 3 Nov. 1805 — by Napoleon I., 3 Nov. 1806. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. d Carlyle. Frederick William II., King of Prussia, — fj., 25 Sep. 1744 — declared by his uncle, Frederick II., Crown Prince, 1758 — marries Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick Wolfenbiit- tel, 14 Jul. 1765 — separated from her, 1769 — marries Frederika Luisa of Hesse Darmstadt, 15 Jul. 1769 — distinguishes himself in War of Bavarian Succession, 1778 — succeeds Frederick II., 17 Aug. 1786 — sends an army to Holland and reinstates the Stadtholder, 1787 — con- cludes defensive alliance with England and Holland, 15 Apr. 1788 — publishes the Re- ligions-Edict, 9 Jul. 1788 — the Censur-Edict, 19 Dec. 1788 — concludes alliance with the Porte, and guarantees its possessions, 1790 — convention of Reichenbach, 27 Jul. 1790 — interview with Emperor at Pilnitz, war with France resolved on, Aug. 1791 — acquires prin- cipalities of Anspach and Baireuth, by cession from the Margrave Christian Frederick, 2 Dec. 1 79 1 — sends an army under the Duke of Bruns- wick to invade France, Jan. 1792 — takes part in second partition of Poland, Jan. 1793 — Peace of Basel, 5 Apr., a Aug. b 1795 — rj., 16 Nov. 1797. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Frederick William III., King of Prussia, — fc., 3 Aug. 1770 — Crown Prince on accession of his father, Frederick William II., Aug. 1786 — serves under the Duke of Brunswick, 1792 — marries Louisa Augusta of Mecklenburg Strelitz, 24 Dec. 1793 — succeeds his father, 16 Nov. 1797 — revokes the Religions- Edict, and the Censur-Edict, 1797 — extends his dominions by Treaty of Luneville, Feb. 1801 — seizes Hanover, 1801 — recognizes Napoleon I. as Em- peror, 1 804— receives Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, and confers Grand Cross of the Black Eagle on Napoleon, 1804 — refuses passage of Russian troops through Prussia, 21 Sep. 1805 — permits passage of Russian army through Silesia, by Convention of 3 Nov. 1805 — with the Emperor Alexander, visits the tomb of Frederick the Great, 4 Nov. 1805— concludes treaty with France, ceding Franconia, and ac- quiring Hanover, 15 Dec. 1805— Convention of Paris, 15 Feb. 1806— annexes Hanover, 1 Apr. — Confederation of the Rhine formed, Jul. — -joins Fourth Coalition against France, 6 Oct. — publishes a manifesto : defeated by Na- poleon at Jena, 14 Oct. — takes refuge at Konigsberg, and demands armistice : goes to Memel, 25 Dec. — interviews with Napoleon and Emperor Alexander at Tilsit, Jun., Jul. 1807 — Treaty of Tilsit, 7 Jul, 1807 — goes to St Petersburg, Dec. 1808 — returns to Berlin, 552 FREDERICK. 22 Dec. 1809 — loses his queen, 19 Jul. 18 10 — founds Univ. of Berlin, 18 10— compelled to furnish auxiliary force to Napoleon in Russian expedition, Feb. 1812 — meets Napoleon at Dresden, May 18 12 — founds Royal Order of St John of Prussia, 23 May 1 812— General Yorck concludes Convention with Russians, 30 Dec. 1 81 2 — declares the Convention null, and orders arrest of Yorck, 5 Jan. 181 3 — hut the proceedings are dropped : retires to Breslau, 22 Jan. — Treaty of Kalisch, (Sixth Coalition,) 28 Feb. — meets the Emperor Alexander there, 15 Mar. — declares war against France, i7, a 27 b Mar. [Liitzen, Bautzen, Leipsic, Liber- ation, War — ^ ne king quits St Cloud for Rambouillet, 30 Jul.— the Duke of Orleans proclaimed Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 31 Jul. — abdication of Charles X. and the Dauphin in favour of the Duke of Bordeaux, 2 Aug. — opening of the Chambers, expedition of Parisians to Rambouillet, with- drawal of the king, 3 Aug. — the deputies declare the throne vacant, revise the Charter, FRENCH REVOLUTION— FREYBURG. 557 and call the Duke of Orleans to the throne, 4-9 Aug. — Louis Philippe is proclaimed and swears to the Charter, 9 Aug. — [Charles X., Louis Philippe] — promulgation of the revised Charter, 11 Aug. French Revolution, (1848,) — a reform banquet at Paris fixed for 22 Feb. denounced by the Prefect of Police as illegal, 21 Feb. 1 848 — disturbances, the garrison increased, impeachment of G-uizot, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and attack on his official residence, 22 Feb. — barricades erected, fighting goes on, Thiers aud Parrot sent for by the king to form a new ministry, 23 Feb. — the prisons opened, the Tuileries occupied and sacked by the people, abdication of the king in favour of the Count of Paris announced, appearance of the Count and his mother in the Chamber, Provisional Go- vernment installed at the Hotel de Yille, flight of the king and the royal family, 24 Feb. — proclamation of a republic, 26 Feb. — funeral procession at Paris in honour of the victims of the revolution, 4 Mar. — the property of the royal family sequestrated, 4 Mar.— removal of the troops from Paris demanded by the populace, 17 Mar. — tree of liberty planted in the Champs de Mars, 22 Mar. — Irish- deputation "with addresses received by Lamartine, 3 Apr. — pre- sentation of colours to the National Guard by the Provisional Government, 20 Apr. — riots at Rouen and Limoges, 26 Apr. — abolition of slavery decreed, 27 Apr.— opening of National Assembly, 4 May — resignation of the Provisional Government, 6 May — appointment of Executive Commission, 10 May — the Assembly invaded by the crowd, a Provisional Government pro- claimed by Barbes, the leaders arrested, 15 May ■ — agitation in Paris caused by the election of Prince Louis Napoleon to the National As- sembly, proposal by Lamartine to banish him rejected, 12 Jun. — insurrection and barricades in Paris, 23 Jun. — suppressed by Gen. Cavai- gnac, who is named Dictator, Paris declared in a state of siege, 24 Jun. — peace restored, 25-6 Jun. — national workshops suppressed, 4 Jul. — prosecution of Louis Blanc and Caussidiere directed, they escape (to England), 25 Aug. — election of Prince Louis Napoleon for five de- partments, 20 Sep.- — Paris relieved from a state of siege, 20 Oct.- — restoration of private domains to the Orleaus family decreed by Assembly, 25 Oct. — constitution of the republic adopted, 4 Nov. — promulgated, 1 1 Nov. — proclamation of Louis Napoleon as Pres. of the Republic, 20 Dec. ^ [Napoleon III.] Frere, George, general, — ft. in Languedoc, 1764— enters the army, 1791 — serves under Napoleon in campaign of Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 1802 — serves in campaign of Aus- terlitz, 1 805 — serves in invasion of Prussia, 1807 — distinguishes himself at the defence of the bridge of Spandau, 5 Jun. 1 807 — Count, Com- mander of Legion of Honour, 1807 — General of Division, 1807 — takes part in the invasion of Spain, 1 808 — takes part in siege of Saragossa, 1808 — distinguishes himself at battle of Wa- gram, 1809 — Chevalier de St Louis, 18 14 — fr. at Paris, 16 Feb. 1826. Freret, Nicolas, historian, chronologist, §-c, — 6. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1688 — received at the Academy of Inscriptions, 17 14 — perpetual secretary, 8 Jan. 1743 — fc. at Paris, 8 Mar. J 749. Defense de la Chronologic, §c, 1758 — I (Euvres, 1796-99. Freron, Elie Catherine, journalist, — h. at Quimper, 1719 — quits the Jesuits, 1739 — &• a ^ Paris, 10 Mar. 1776," 1774. 13 Lettres de M me la Comtesse, 1746 — Lettres ecrites sur quelques si/jets de ce temps, 1749-54 — Annee litter aire, l754-76, a I774. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Freron, Louis Stanislas, journalist*- -J. at Paris, 1757 — deputy to National Convention, 1790 — "a. at St Domingo, 1802. Orateur dit peuple, 1790. Frescobaldi, Girolamo, musical composer, — fl., about 1625-40. Fresco - painting, — examples of, _ in the Campo Santo, Pisa, about 1 390 — revived by. Cornelius, Overbeck, &c, about 18 16. [Stereo- chrome ] Fresne. [Ducange, Dufresne.] Fresnel, Augustin Jean, mathematician, natural philosopher, — b. near Bernay, (L'Eure,) 10 May 1788 — obtains prize at the Institute, 1819— admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1823 — F.R.S., 1825 — fr. near Paris, 14 Jul. 1827. Fresnoy, du. [Dufresnoy, Lenglet.] Fresny, du. [Dufresny.] Fressinet, Philibert, general, — b. at Mar- cigny-sur- Loire, 27 Jul. 1767 — enters the. army, 1787 — wounded at battle of Novi, Aug. 1799 — accompanies Leclerc to St Domingo, 1802 — distinguishes himself at battles of Lut- zen, Bautzen, and Leipsic, 181 3 — General of, Division, 1 8 1 3 — receives the cross of St Louis, 1 8 14 — exiled, 18 16 — joins insurgents at Buenos Ayres, 1818 — fr. at Paris, 10 Aug. 1821. Frethern, Gloucestershire, — battle between the Britons and Saxons, Cutha, brother of Ceawlin, killed, 584. Fretville, (Fretteville, Freitville, Freteval,) in France, — reconciliation of Henry II. Avith Becket at, 22 Jul. 1170. Freundweiler, Heinrich, painter, — h. at Zurich, 1755 — tf. there, 17 95- Frevier, Charles Joseph, Jesuit, — b. at Rouen, 1689 — tj., not before 1770. Vulgate authentique, 1753. Frey, Jacob, (Johann, ?) engraver, — b. at Lu- cerne, 1681 — tf. at Rome, 1752. Freyherg, Maximilian Prokop, Baron von", historian, §c, — b. at Freising, 3 Jan. 1789 — studies at Landshut, 1807-10 — Councillor of State, 1838 — President of Academy of Sciences, 1842-48 — 11. at Munich, 21 Jan. 1851. Ho- vellen, 1828 — Aelteste Geschichte von Te.gcrnsee, 1822 — Grundlinien einer Geschichte der bmrisch- en Landstande, 1832 — Sammlung deutscher Rech tsalterth timer, 1828. Freyburg, Freiburg, Swiss Canton, — held by Dukes of Zahringen as a fief of the Empire, from 1 1 79 — passes to the Kyburgs, 121 8 — to the House of Hapsburg, 1277 — alliance with Berne, 1403 — assailed by Berne and other cantons, is released from allegiance by Arch- duke Albrecht, and obtains protection of Dukes 55* FREYBTTRG— FRIESLAND. of Savoy, 1450 — joins the Swiss against Charles the Bold, 1476 — admitted to the Confederacy, 148 r — [Helvetic Republic, Swiss Confed- eration] — new constitution established, Dec. 1830— joins the Sonderbund, 1847. Freyburg, Cajrital of the Canton, — built by Berthold IV., Duke of Zahringen, about 1179 — its liberties confirmed and increased by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1274 — free imperial city, 1450 — Diet held at, 1476— Jesuits settle at, 158 1 — surrenders to the French, 2 Mar. 1798 — Diet at, accepts French Act of Mediation, 1803 — the Jesuits readmitted after expulsion, 1 818 — occupied by the Confederates, 16 Nov. 1847 — disturbances at, Oct. 1850 and 22 Mar. 1851. Suspension Bridge, erected, 1831-4. Freycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de, — b. at Montelimart, 7 Aug. 1779 — embarks for Australia, 19 Oct. 1800 — returns, 25 Mar. 1804— commands expedition to the South Seas, 17 Sep. 1817 to Sep. 1820 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1826 — F.R.S.E., 1827 — rj., 18 Aug. 1842. Freyreiss, Georg Wilhelm, traveller, na- turalist, — b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 12 Jul. 1789 — goes to Brazil, 18 13 — rj. there, 1 Apr. 1825. Beitrdge zur ndheren Kenntniss des Kaiserthums Brasilien, $• 14 Se P- J 5 6 °- Fugger, Anton, — ft., 1 Apr. 1563 — marries the Countess Barbara de Montfort, 1590— tf., 24 Jul. 1616. Fugger, Christoph, — ft., 5 Feb. 1520 — tf. at Augsburg, 2 Aug. 1579. Fugger, Franz, — commands Imperial In- fantry at battle of St Gothard and is killed, 1 Aug. 1664. Fugger, Jakob, — obtains coat of arms from the Emperor Frederick III., 1452 — tf., 14 Mar. 1469. Fugger, Jakob (II.), — ft., 6 Mar. 1459— concession of the copper-mines of Neusohl to him and Thurzo, 1494 — ennobled with his brothers by Maximilian I., 1504 — carries on immense trade with India, 1506 — founds the Fuggerei, after 1507 — tf. Count Palatine and Imperial Councillor, 30 Dec. 1525. Fugger, Johannes, weaver, — marries Clara Widolf of Augsburg, and acquires citizenship of that town, 1370 — tf., 1409. Fugger, Johannes Jakob, — ft. at Augsburg, 23 Dec. 15 1 6 — enters the service of Albert of Bavaria, 1565 — tf., 14 Jul. 1575. Fugger, Karl, — ft., 1543— commands a Ger- man regiment in the Spanish service in the Netherlands, 1573-6 — tf. at Brussels, 24 Apr. 1580. Fugger, Marcus, — fj., 14 Feb. 1529 — banker of the city, (Augsburg,) 2 Aug. 1576 — tf., 18 Jun. 1597. Fugger, Otto Heinrich, — ft., 1592 — Colonel in the service of Don Pedro of Toledo, 16 17 — serves with Spinola at the siege of Breda, 1624 — Knt of the Golden Fleece, 1628 — serves with Tilly against the Swedes, about 1630-2 — com- mands the Bavarians at the siege of Batisbon, and at N ordlingen, 1 6 34 — governor of Augsburg, spring 1634 — tf., 1644. Fugger, Raymund, — h., 14 Oct. 1489 — imprisoned by the Council of Augsburg for an act of violence, 1529 — tf., 3 Dec. 1535. Fugger, Ulrieh,— ft., 9 Dec. 1441 — provides the dresses for the Emperor Frederick IV., for the interview with the Duke of Burgundy at Treves, 1473 — tf., 19 Apr. 15 10. Fugger, Ulrieh,— ft., 20 Apr. 1526 — tf. at Heidelberg, 25 Jun. 1584. Fugitive Slave Law,— in the United States, — passed by Congress, 18 Sep. 1850 — repealed by House of Bepresentatives, 13 Jun. 1864. Fulbert, — Bp of Chartres, ioo7, a ioi6 b . — tf., 10 Apr. 1029 or 1028. Opera, 1595. a Biog. Univ. . b Dufresnoy. Fulbert, Canon of Paris, — orders mutila- tion of Abelard for the seduction of his niece, Heloise, 1 1 I9. a a Milman. Fulda, — seat of an abbey, by St Boniface and Sturm, 744 — ceases to be under jurisdiction of bishops, 753, a 751 b — obtains primacy of all abbeys in Germany and France, 968 — seat of a bishopric by Benedict XIV., 1752 — falls to the Prince of Orange-Nassau, 1803 — incorporated by Napoleon I. with the Grand Duchy of Frank- fort, 1 810 — ceded to France, and then to Hesse- Cassel, 1 8 15 — occupied by Prussians, Nov. 1850. University of, founded, 1734. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Fulford, near York, — Harold Hardrada and Tostig defeat Earls Edwin and Morcar at, 20 Sep. 1066. Fulgentius, Fabius Claudius Gordianus, Bp of Buspina, or Buspje, — ft. at Lepte, Africa, about 464 a — banished to Sardinia, by Thrasimund, 497 b — goes to Borne, 500— Bp of Buspse, about 508 b — tf. at Buspse, 529 or 533.* a Engl. Cyc. b Clinton. 36 562 FULGENTIUS-FURNES. Fulgentius, Fab. Planciades, grammarian, • — fl., before 600. Fulgentius Ferrandus, deacon of Cartha- ginian Church, — tf., before 547. a a Clinton. Fulham, Middlesex, — mentioned, 691 — oc- cupied by the Northmen, 879 — abandoned by them, 880 — residence of Bps of London from about 1 140. Fulk of Anjou. [Anjou.] Fulk of Marseilles, Bp op Toulouse,— supports crusade against the Albigenses, 1208 — takes part in the Lateran Council, 12 15 — joins de Montfort in plundering Toulouse, and is expelled, 1216 — tf., 1231. Fulk of Neuilly, — preaches the fourth crusade, 1189 — .Ij. at Neuilly, 1201. Fulke, William, theologian, — ft. in London, about 1550 — Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, 1564— tf., Aug. 1589. Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, translated out of the Vulgar Latin by the Papists of the traitorous Seminarie at Ithemes, §c, 1580. Fiilleborn, Georg Gustav, philologist, — ft. at Glogau, 2 Mar. 1769— studies at Halle, 1786 — Prof. Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Breslau, about 1790 — tf., Feb. 1803. Encyclopedia philolo- gica, 1803 — Bcitrdge zur Geschichte der Philo- sophic, 1 79 1 -8. Fuller, Andrew, theologian, — ft. in Cam- bridgeshire, 6 Feb. 1754 — pastor at Kettering, Northamptonshire, 1782-1815 — secretary of Baptist Missionary Society, 1792 — tf. at Kettering, 7 May 18 15. Calvinistic and Socinian Systems examined, 1793 — The Gospel its oivn Witness, 1800 — Biscourses on the Book of Genesis, 1806. Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Marchioness d' Ossoli, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Massa- chusetts, U. S., 23 May 18 10 — visits Europe, 1846 — marries Marquis d' Ossoli at Rome, Dec. 1847 — takes charge of Hospital during the siege of Rome, 1849 — tf. by shipwreck, 16 Jul. 1850. Contributes to the Eial, 1840. Fuller, Thomas, theologian, historian, — ft. at Aldwinckle, in Northamptonshire, Jun. 1608 ■ — enters Queen's Coll., Cambridge, 1621 — B.A., 1624-5 — M. A., 1628 — Fellow of Sidney Sussex Coll., 1 63 1 — prebendary of Salisbury, 1631 — marries, 1638 — lecturer at the Savoy, London, about 1640 ? — member of Convocation at West- minster, 1640 — loses his wife, about 1641 — chaplain to Princess Henrietta Maria, at Exeter, 1643-6 — marries again, 1654 — chaplain to Charles II., 1660 — D.D. Cambridge, 1660 — tf., Aug. 1 66 1. History of the Holy War, 1639 — Good Thoughts in Bad Times, 1645 — Pisgah- sight of Palestine, about 1650 — Church History of Britain, 1 655 — History of the Worthies of England, 1662. Fullo, L. Apustius,— [B Cj— Consul with M. Valerius Messalla, (528, a. u. c.) 226. Fulman, William, antiquary, — ft. at Pens- hurst, 1632— tf., 1688 or 1697. Edits Works of Hammond, 1684. Fulton, Robert, mechanician, — ft. in Penn- sylvania, 1765 — visits England, 1786 — goes to Paris, 1796 — to New York, 1806— constructs his steamboat, 1807 — tf-, 24 Feb. 1815. Fulvianus, L. Manlius Acidinus, — [BC] — Consul with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (575, a. u. c.) 179. Fulvius, C. [Flaccus.] Fulvius, Cn. [Centumalus.] Fulvius, M.Nobilior,— [B Cj — I. Consul -with Cn. Manlius Vulso, carries on war in iEtolia, and concludes peace, (565, a. u. c.) 189. 2. Consul with Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (595,) 159. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, Ser., — [BC] — Consul with M. ^Emilius Paullus, (499, a. u. c.) 2 55- Fulvius, Qu. Nobilior, — [B C]— Consul with T. Annius Luscus, unsuccessful in the Celti- berian war, (601, a. u. c.) 153. Fulvus, T. Aurelius, — 1. Consul with Domitian, (838, a. u. c.) 85 — with Atratinus, (842,) 89. 2. Consul with L. Catilius Severus, (873,) 120. Fumagalli, Angelo, historian, $c, — ft. at Milan, 1728 — tf. there, 12 Mar. 1804. Belle antichitd Longobardico-Milanesi, §c, 1792 — Belle istituzioni diplomatiche, 1802. Funck, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von, gen- eral, historian, — ft. at Brunswick, 13 Dec. 1761 — enters the army, 1782,* 1780 b — serves in the campaign of 1795 — wounded and taken prisoner by the French at the battle of Jena, 1806 — plenipotentiary with Bose, concludes treaty at Posen between Saxony and France, Dec, 1806 — Major-general, Inspector of Cavalry, 1809 — Lieutenant-general, 18 10 — tf. at Wurzen, 7 Aug. 1828. Gemalde aus dem Zeitalter der Kreuzziige, 1820-4. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Fund. [Consolidated, Sinking, South Sea Fund.] Funding System, — originates at Florence, 1344 — proposed in England, 1696. [National Debt.] Fundulus, C. Fundanius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Gallus, opposes Hamilcar Barca in Sicily, (511, a. u. c.) 243. Funfkirchen, Hungary, — held by the Turks, 1543- 1 6 86 — occupied by Austrians under Gen. Nugent, 18 Jun. 1849. Fur, — use of, restricted by Edward III., 1337. Trade, commenced in Canada by the French, about 1605 — in the Arctic Regions by the English, 1668— and by the French, 1682 — Parliamentary Committee on, appointed, 1857. Furetiere, Antoine, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1619 a — admitted to French Academy, 15 May 1662 — excluded, 22 Jan. 1685 — tf., 14 May 1688. Essai d'un Bictionnaire Universel, 1684 — Bictionnaire Universel, 1690.,, a Jal. Furius. [Camillus and Fusus.] Furnes, (Veuren,) in Belgium, — its privileges confirmed by the Count of Flanders, n 09 — the Count of Artois defeats the Flemings at, 13 May 1297 — submits to the king of France, 1328 — burnt, 1364 — fortified, 1390 — pillaged by the Orleanists, 142 1 — the Spaniards de- feated by the French near, 1646 — recovered by the Archduke Leopold, 3 Jun. 1648 — seized by Turenne, 3 Jul. 1648 — restored to Spain by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — occupied by FUBNIUS— GABINIUS. 563 Marshal d'Aumont, 12 Jun. 1667 — assured to Louis XIV. by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — besiege'd and taken by Bouflers, 29 Dec. 1692 to 4 Jan. 1693 — fortified by Vauban, 1693 — restored to the Dutch by the Peace of Byswick, 1697 — confirmed to them by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — seized by Louis XV., 10 Jul. 1744— restored to the Dutch by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — taken and retaken by the French and the allies, 1792. Furnius, C.,— [BC]— (1.) Trib. pleb., 50— legatus to Plancus, 42 — with L. Antonius, 41-2 —prcef Asia, and M. Antony, 35 — reconciled to Augustus, 31 — cons, suff., 29 — prcef., Cit. Hisp., 21. (2.) Consul with C. Junius Silanus, (737, a. u. c.) 17. Furruckabad, in Hindustan, — ceded to E. India Company, 1801 — Lord Lake defeats Holkar at, 17 Nov. 1804. Fiirstenberg, Friedrich Wilhelm Franz, statesman — b., 1728^ 1729 b — chief minister to the Elector of Cologne and Munster, go- vernor of Munster, 1763-80 — tf., 16 Sep. 181 i, a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Fiirstenbund, — alliance of Frederick II. of Prussia with the Electors of Saxony and Han- over, for the maintenance of the German con- stitution, proposed, Mar. 1785 — signed at Ber- lin, 23 Jul. 1785. Fuscaldo, Marquis de, diplomatist, — ambassador from court of Naples to Borne, 18 14 — Xf. at Borne, 21 Jan. 1830. Fuscianus, C. Allius, — Consul with Duilius Silanus, (941, A. U. G.) 188. Fuscus, — Consul with Dexter, (978, a.tj.c.) 225. Fuscus, Cornelius, — procurator of Pannonia joins Vespasian, and is made Praetor, 69 — de- feated by the Dacians, and his army destroyed, 88. a a Zumpt. Fuseli, (Fuessli,) Henry, painter,— b. at Zu- rich, 1741, a 1742 b — goes to England, 1761 — visits Italy, 1770 a — studies at Borne, 1172*7 b — settles in England, 1778 — B.A., 1790 — Prof. Painting, Boyal Academy, 1799 — Keeper, 1803 — fr. in London, 15 Apr. 1825. Milton Gal- lery, 1790-1800 — JJgolino, 1806 — Francesco da Rimini, 1786 and 18 18. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Fusils, — invented in France, 1630 — intro- duced into England, 1660. Fust, Johann, printer, — enters into partner- ship with Gutenberg at Mentz, 1450-5 — ir. at Paris, probably 1466. Fust, Sir Herbert Jenner, Judge of the Prerogative Court op Canterbury, — b., about 1777— called to the bar at Gray's Inn, 27 Nov. 1800 — LL. D.Cambridge, 1 803— Fellow of the Coll. of Doctors of Law, 8 Jul. 1803 — King's Advocate-general and Knt, 28 Feb. 1828 — Vicar-general to Abpof Canterbury, 18 32 — Judge of the Prerogative Court, and Privy Councillor, 21 Oct. 1834 — assumes the name of Fust, 14 Jan. 1842 — Master of Trin. Hall, Cambridge, 1843— ft., 2 ° Feb. 1852. Fusus, Agrippa Furius Medullinus, — [B C] — Consul with T. Quinctius Capitolinus Bar- batus IV., (308, a. u. c.) 446. Fusus, L. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — Consul with A. Manlius Vulso, (280, a. u. c.) 474- Fusus, P. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — Consul with L. Pinarius Mamercinus Bufus, (282, a.u. c.) 472. Fusus, Sextus Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — Consul with Sp. Nautius Butilus, (266, a. u. c.) 488. Fusus, Sp. Furius Medullinus, — [BC] — 1. Consul with K. Fabius Vibulanus II., (273, A. u. c.) 481. 2. Consul with A. Postumius Albus Begillensis, (290,) 464. Fyzabad, Oude, — ceases to be the capital, 1775 — mutiny at, 8 Jun. 1857. Gaab, Johann Friedrich von, theologian, — b. at Goppingen, 1761 — Prof. Philosophy, Tubingen, 1792 — censor of Theological Semin- ary, 1806 — librarian to the Univ., 18 14 — Super- intendent-general, 1815 — D.D., 1817 — tr., 2 Mar. 1832. Abhandlungen zur Dogmenge- schichte der iiltestengriechischen Kirche, 1790 — JBcitrdge zur Frkldrung des ersten, zweiten, und vierten Bucks Mosis, 1796 — Erlduterungen zur judischen Geschichte, §c, 1824. Gabaleone, Carlo Antonio Giovanni Pietro Lodovico, Count oe Salmour, statesman, — b. at Turin, 12 Jan. 1755 — deputy to Legislative Body, Paris, 18 12 — Governor of Savoy, 1815- 30 — 1». at Borne, 5 Apr. 1831. Gabbema, Simon Abbes, philologist, his- torian, — fo. in Friesland, about 1620 — tf. keeper of the archives and historiographer of Fries- land, about 1700. History of Friesland, 1703 — Illustrium et clarorum virorum epistolarum centurice tres, 1663. Gabelchover, {Gabelkover,) Oswald, his- torian, — b. at Tubingen, 1538 — if. at Stutt- gard, 31 Dee. 161 6. Niltzlich Arzneybuch, 1589. Gabelle, The, {Salt-tax,) in France, — imposed by Philip the Fair, 1286 — augmented by Philip the Tall, 25 Feb. 1318 — vigorously enforced by Philip of Valois, by edict of 16 Mar. 1340 — confirmed by States-General, 1345 — granted to the Dauphin for ransom of King John, 1358 — increased by Francis I., 1542 — suppressed, 28 Mar. 1790. Gabinius, Aiilus, — [B C] — trib. plebis, 66— 5*+ GABLER— GAETA. serves under Pompey in Syria and Judasa, 64-63 — praetor, 61 — Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, (696, a. u. c.) 58 — proconsul of Syria, 57 — restores Ptolemy Auletes, 55 — returns, Sep. 54 — accused by the publicani and exiled, Sep. 54 — returns from exile, 49— tf. at Salana, end of 48 or beginning 47. Gabler, Johann Philipp, theologian — b. at Prankfortron-the-Maine, 1753 — Prof. Divinity, Altdorf, 1785 — Prof. Divinity, Jena, 1804 — director of Seminary of Jena, 18 17 — pro-rec- tor of University, 1822 — tf. at Jena, 17 Feb. 1827. Edition of Dichhom's Urgeschichte, I 79 I "3 — Neuer Versuch iiber die Mosaische Schopfungsgeschichte, 1795 — Theologisches Journal, 1796-1811. Gaboon River, in Western Africa, — French and American settlements on the, 1842. Gabor. [Betblem Gabor.] Gabriel Sionita, Maronite, — b. in Syria, about 1580 — goes to Rome, about 1587 ? — to Paris, 1 6 14 — Prof. Arabic, College de France, Jan. 1615 — tf., 1648. Grammatica Arabica Maronitarum, 161 6 — Geographia JSTubiensis, 1619. Gabrieli, Andreas, musical composer, — b. at Venice, about 1520 — organist of St Mark's, i55 6 — *•> *5%6- Gabrieli, Giovanni, musical composer, — b. at Venice, about 1550 — organist of St Mark's, 1584 — tf., 1612. Sacred Symphonies, 1597. Gabrielle. [Estrees.] Gabrielli, Catarina, singer, — b. at Rome, 12 Nov. 1730 — prima donna, Lucca, 1747,* 1745 b — goes to St Petersburg, i765, a 1769 b — at London, 1775-6 — tf. at Rome, 1796. a Cony. -Lex. b Ersch and Gruber. Gabrini, Niccolo. [Rienzi.] Gaee (Gasse). [Wace, Robert.] Gad, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — fl., 1062-17. Gadara, in Judcea, — [BC] — rebuilt by Pom- pey, 64 — [AD] — taken and destroyed by Ves- pasian, about Feb. 68 a — seat of a bishopric, before 325. a Clinton. Gadbury, John, astrologer, — b. near Oxford, 31 Dec. 1627 — studies under Lilly in London, 1644 — U., about 1691, Doctrine of Horoscopes, §c, l6 57- Gaddesden, John of, physician. Rosa Angli- ca, 1492. Gaddi, Angelo, painter, — b., about 1325 ? 1314' — admitted to the Guild of Painters at Florence, 1387 b — tf-, 1394/ i396. b a Zani. b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Gaddi, Gaddo, painter, — b. at Florence, 1249— tf., 1 31 2. Gaddi, Taddeo, painter, architect, — b. at Florence, about 1300 — tf., after 1365. Route Vecchio, 1345. Gadebusch, in Donierania, — Frederick IV. of Denmark defeated by Gen. Steinbock, 20 Dec. 17 12. Gadelius, Eric, physician, — b. at Stockholm, 16 Jun. 1778 — M.D. Abo, 1802 — Prof. Ana- tomy, Stockholm, 1805 — founds the Society of Physicians of Sweden, 1808 — chief physician to the Military Hospital, Stockholm, 181 3-14 • -Knt of Order of Vasa, 181 8 — Prcs. Academy of Sciences, 1823 — tf., 2 Feb. 1827. Gades, [Gadis, Gadir, Gadeira,)"m Spain, — [B C] — forms alliance with Rome? 212 — tbe alliance confirmed, (or first formed,) 7 8 — visited by Julius Caesar, receives the civitas, 49 — municipium, with title Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana, by Augustus, after 31. [Cadiz.] Gadsden, Christopher, statesman, — b. in North America, about 1742,* i724 b — member of the Congress at New -York, 1774 — distin- guishes himself at siege of Charleston, 1780 — tf., 1805. a Biog. Univ. b Allen's Biog. Diet. Gaede, Heinrich Moritz, naturalist,— -b. at Kiel, 26 Mar. 1796 — Prof. Natural Sciences, Rotterdam, 18 17 — Prof. Botany and Zoology, Liege, 18 19 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1834. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Tnsekten, 181 5— Beitrage zur Anatomic und Rhysiologie der Medusen, 18 16. Gaelen, Alexander van, painter, — b. at Am- sterdam, 28 Apr. 1670 a — tf. in London, 1728. ' a Biog. Woordenboek. Gaertner, Friedrich von, architect, — b. at Coblenz, 1792 — studies in Italy, 18 14- 18 — visits England, 18 19 — Prof. Architecture, Mu- nich, 1820 — director of the Porcelain Manu- factory, 1822 — accompanies the king to Athens, 1836 — Director of Academy of Arts, 1841 — tf., 21 Apr. 1847. Ludwigs-Kirche, Munich, 1 829 — -Bibliothek, 1 83 1 -42 — TJniversitut, 1 835- 40 — Blindeninstitut, 1 833-6. Gaertner, Joseph, botanist, — b. in"VVurtem- berg, 1732- — visits England, 1759 — Prof. Ana- tomy, Tubingen, 1759 — Prof. Botany, St Peters- burg, 1768 — revisits London, 1778 — tf., 13 Jul. 179 1. De Fructibus et Seminibus Rlantarum, 1789. Gaertner, Karl Christian, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Saxony, 17 12 — Prof. Morals and Rhetoric, Brunswick, 1747-87 — tf. there, 14 Feb. 1791. Die geprufte Treue, 1768 — Die schone Rosette, 1782. Gaeta, (Cajeta,) in Italy, — unsuccessfully besieged by Saracens, 848 — the Saracens called to aid Dukes of, against Capua, 877 — visited by Frederick II., 121 2 — castle built at, by his or- der, 1223-6 — castle taken and destroyed by Gregory IX., spring 1229 — obtains right of coining money, 1229 — surrenders to Frederick, and is deprived of her rights, 1233 — besieged by Sicilians under King James and Roger de Loria, spring 1289 — defended by Charles, king of Naples, and the French: saved by truce concluded Aug. 1289 — Gregory XII. retires to, summer 1409^3 compelled to leave, 141 2 — tak en by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1435 — fortifi- cations commenced by him, 1440— capitulates to Gonzalo de Cordova, 1 Jan. 1504 — stormed by Marshal Daun, 30 Sep. 1707 — taken by the Spaniards, after four months' siege, 7 Aug. 1734 — surrenders to Gen. Rey, Dec. 1798 — retaken by Gen. Championnet, 31 Jul. 1799 — besieged and taken by Massena, 14 Jul. 1806 — gives title of Duke to Count Gaudin, 1809 — capitulates to Austrians, after three months' siege, 25 Aug. 18 15 — again taken by Austrians, 1 82 1 — Pope Pius IX. escapes to, 24 Nov. 1848 — quits the town, Apr. 1850 — Francis II. of Naples escapes to, 6 Sep. i860 — invested by land by GAETANO— GAITJS. 565 Sardinian army, its blockade by sea prevented by the French, Nov. i860 — the French fleet withdrawn, blockaded by Sardinians, 19 Jan. 1861. — bombardment recommenced, 21 Jan. 1861 — surrenders to Gen. Cialdini, 13 Feb. 1861. Gaetano, Giovanni. [Gelasius II.] Gaetano, St, {Caietanus,) monastic founder, . — ft. at Vicenza, 1480 — founds Order of The- atines, 1524 — tf. at Naples, 1547 — beatified, 1629 — canonized by Clement X., 1675. Gaetulicus, Cn. Lentulus, — Consul of Rome, with C. Calvisius Sabinus, (779, a. u. c.) 26. Gaffori, Giovanni Pietro, — ft. in Corsica, soon after 1700 — protector of his country, 1745 — chief of the Corsican insurrection, 1753 — assassinated at Corte, 2 Oct. 1753. Gafori, {Gafforio,) Franchino, (Franchinus G afor ius,) writer on music, — ft. at Lodi, 1451 —chapel-master of the Cathedral, Milan, 1484 — tf., probably about 1520,=* 24 Jun. 1522. bc Practice/, Musicce utriusque cant us, 1496— The- oricum opus harmonica discipline, 1480. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Gage, Thomas, general, Governor of Mas- sachusetts, — Governor of Montreal, 1760 — Commander-in-chief of British forces in Ame- rica, 1763 — Governor of Massachusetts, 13 May 1774 — destroys the magazines at Concord, 19 Apr. 1775 — declared by the Americans to be disqualified as governor, 5 May 1775 — estab- lishes martial law, 12 Jun. 1775 — defeats the Americans at Bunker Hill, 16 Jun. 1775 — re- turns to England, Oct. 1775 — tf., 1787. Gagern, Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von, statesman, — ft. near "Worms, 25 Jan. 1766 — ambassador to the Imperial Diet, 1791 — prime minister to the king of Holland, 18 14 ■ — ambassador to Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — prime minister -to the king of the Nether- lands, about 1 8 15 — tf. at Hornau, Hesse-Darm- stadt, 22 Oct. 1852. Die Eesultate der Sitten- geschichte, 1808-22 — Die Nationalgeschichte der Deutschen, 1825-6 — Civilization, 1847. Gages, Jean Bonaventure Dumont, Count of, general, — ft. at Mons, 27 Dec. 1682 — enters the army, 1703 — takes command of Spanish army in Naples, Sep. 1742 — defeats Austrians at Campo Santo, 8 Feb. 1743 — enters Milan, 19 Dec. 1745 — passes the Ticino, 8 Feb. 1746 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 1745 — Go- vernor and Captain-General of Navarre, 1748 — tf. at Pampeluna, 31 Jan. 1753. Gagging Act, in England, — against treason and sedition, 36 Geo. III. cc. 7 and 8, passed 18 Dec. 1795 — another, 60 Geo. III. c. 6, passed, 24 Dec. 18 19. Gagini, Antonio, sculptor,— ft. at Palermo, 1480 — goes to Rome, about 1504? — tf. at Palermo, 17 Nov. 157 1. Gagliardi, Domenico, physician. Anatome ossiam novis inventis illustrata, 1689 — Idea del vero medico fisico e morale, §c, 17 18. Gagliufn, Marco Faustino, improvisateur, — b. at Ragusa, 1764 — tribune of the people, Rome, Feb. 1798 to Apr. 1799— goes ^° P«*"isj 1801 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Genoa, 1805-15 — librarian to Royal University, about 18 19 — tf. at Novi, 16 Feb. 1834. Gaguin, Eobert, historian, — General of the Order of Trinitarians, 1473 — *•• at Paris, 1501. Compendium supra Francorum gestis, §c, 1491- 1500, 1521. Gaguini, Alessandro, historian, — ft. at Ve- rona, about 1550 — tf. at Cracow, 16 14. Eerum polonicarum tomi tres, 1584. Gaianus, — Bp of Alexandria, and leader of the Gaianites, 537. Gail, Jean Baptiste, philologist, translator, — ft. at Paris, 4 Jul. i755, a 1753 b — Prof. Greek, College de France, 1792-1829 — receives Cross of St Wladimir, 1809 — member of Insti- tute, 1809 — keeper of Greek and Latin MSS., Royal Library, 18 14 — member of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — if. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1829. Dia- logues des Morts de Lticien, 1780 — edition of Thucydides, 1807 — of Xenophon, 1795. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Gaillard. [Chateati-Gaillard.] Gaillard, Angier, poet,'— ft. , about 1530 — if., after 1582. Lou banquet al col a bel cop de sortos de meises, §c, 1584 — Les Amours, 1592. Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, historian, §c, — ft. in Picardy, 1726 — member of Academy of In- scriptions, 1760 — of French Academy, 177 1 — of Institute, 1796 — tf., 13 Feb. 1806. Histoire de Marie de Bourgogne, 1757 — Histoire de Frangois l cr , 1766-9 — Histoire de la rivalite de la France et de I'Angleterre, 1771-7. Gainas, Gothic leader, — sent by Stilicho against Rufinus, 395 — commands against Tri- bigild the Ostrogoth, 399 — joins him in revolt, 400 — defeated by Fravitta, retires beyond the Danube, 14 Dec. 400 a — killed by Uldas, king of the Huns, Jan. 40i. b a Clinton. b Gibbon. Gaines, Fort, U.S., — surrendered to the Federals, 8 Aug. 1864. Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Sud- bury, Suffolk, 1727 — pupil of Gravelot, the engraver, 1744 — of Hayman, about 1745 — marries, 1746 — R.A., 1768 — settles in London, 1774— ceases to exhibit at the R.A., 1784 — tf. in London, 2 Aug. 1788. Blue Boy, 1779 — Girl and Pigs, 1782 — Woodman, 1787 — Cottage Door, about 1787? — Portraits, of Garrick, 1766 ; Chesterfield, 1769 ; Lord Ligonier, 177 1 ; Lady Ligonier, 177 1 ; Duke of Argyle, 1779 ; Sit C. Morgan, 1783; Col. Tarleton, 1782; Col. St Leger, 1782; Princesses Eoyal, Augusta, and Elizabeth, 1784; Mrs Siddons, 1784. Gaisford, Thomas, philologist,— b. in Wilt- shire, 22 Dec. 1779 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, Oct. 1797— B. A., 1801— M.A., 1804 — Public Examiner, 1809-10 — Regius Prof. Greek, 1811 — rector of Westwell, Oxfordshire, 1815-47 — declines see of Oxford, 1829 — dean of Christ Church, 1831— B.D. and D.D., by diploma, 1831 — prebendary of St Paul's, 1833 — tf. at Oxford, 2 Jun. 1855. Hphcestionis Enchiridion, 18 10 — Boetce Grceci Minor es, 1 8 14-20 — Homeri Llias, 1 8 2 1 — Herodotus, 1824 — Homeri Odyssea, 1827 — Suidce Lexicon, 1834 — Ethnologicon Magnum, 1848 — Gaisford Erize, for Greek, founded, 12 Jun. 1855. Gaius, {Cuius,) jurist, — fl., about 150— his 5 66 GALACZ^-GALEN. Institutiones discovered at Verona, by Niebuhr, 1816 — published by Goschen, 1821. Galacz, in Moldavia, — the Russians defeat Turks near, Nov. 1769 — taken by Russians, 1 May 1789 — recovered by Turks, 18 Aug. 1789 — preliminaries of peace between Russia and the Porte signed at, 11 Aug. 1791 — battle of, between the Hetserists and the Turks, 13 May 1 82 1 — pillaged and burnt by Turks, 14 May 1 82 1 — Russians defeat the Turks near, 10 May 1828 — free port, 1834. Galanti, Giuseppe Maria, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Naples, 1743 — tf. at Naples, 6 Oct. 1806. Elogio storico di Machiavelli, 1779 — Delia descrizione storica e geografica dell' Italia, 1 782-91 — Descrizione geografica e politica delle Sicilie, 1786. Galanti, Lodovico Maria, geographer,— b. in Naples, 1765 — Prof. Geography there, 1806 — tf. near Naples, 31 Mar. 1836. Da Geografia politica, 1 8 19 — Napoli e suoi contorni, 1829 — Instituzioni di geografia fisica e politica, 1806. Galapagos, islands in the Pacific, — visited by whalers, about 1790 — penal settlement in, from Ecuador, 1832. Galata, (leva,) [Constantinople] — colon- ized by Genoese, about 12 85 -1300 — colonists of, attack Constantinople, 1348— unsuccessfully attacked by Cantacuzenos, 1351 — its privileges and territories confirmed by treaty, 1352. Galatia, (Gallogrjecia,) — [B C] — Gauls invited into Asia by Nicomedes I., king of Bithynia, 278 a — Gauls defeated by Attalus I. of Pergamus, and settled in Galatia, 239 a — aids Antiochus the Great against Rome, 192- 190 — subjugated by Manlius Vulso, 189 a — taken possession of by Mithridates the Great, 88-86, b 92 c — Deiotartjs I., (tetrarch,) aids Rome against Mithridates, 74 b — is made Ring, and Gadelonitis and Armenia Minor added, about 63 b — aids Pompey, 48 — his territories reduced by Caesar, 47— Deiotartjs II. aids Antony, but deserts at Actiumto Octavianus, 31 — Amyntas of Lycaonia acquires Derbe, Isaura, and Cappadocia in addition, before 25 made a Roman province, 25 — [AD] — extended from Euxine to Pisidian Taurus, after 14 — reduced by Constantine, about 323 — divided by Theodosius I., about 380. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Oxford Tables. Galaxy, The, {Milky Way,)— systematically examined by Herschel, 1784-5. Galba, C. Sulpicius, — Consul with Dec. Haterius Agrippa, (775, a. u. c.) 22. Galha Maximus, P. Sulpicius,— [B C] — Con- sul with Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, (543, a. u. c.) 211 — as proconsul in Macedonia carries on war against Philip, 210 — seizes iEgina, 209 — — with Attalus plunders Orcas, 207 — recalled from Greece, 204 — Consul with C. Aurelius Cotta, agaiu sent to Macedonia, (554,) 200 — legatus to T. Quinctius Flamininus, 197 — am- bassador to Antiochus, 193. Galba, Ser. Sulpicius,— [B C]—prcetor, in Spain, 151 — defeated by Lusitanians, 151 — massacres Lusitanians on their submission, 150 — Consul with. L. Aurelius Cotta, (611, A. U. c.) 144 — Is., after 138. Galba, Ser. Sulpicius, Roman Emperor, — [BC]— 6., 24 Dec, 3, a (5 b ?)— [AD]— prcetor, 20 — Consul with L. Corn. Sulla, (786, a. u. c.) 33 — commands in Gaul, 39 — with Gabinius defeats Germans, 41 b — commands in Africa, 45-6 — in Spain, (Tarraconensis,) 61-8 — pro- claimed Emperor by soldiers, 3 Apr. 68 — goes to Rome, acknowledged, end of Jun. 68 — killed by soldiers, 15 Jan. 69. a Suetonius. b Clinton. Galbajo, Giovanni, Doge op Venice, — col- league or his father, Maurice, in the govern- ment, 777 — succeeds him, and associates his son Maurice, 787— exiled, 804. Galdi, Matteo, statesman, — ft. near Salerno, 1766 — emigrates to France, 1791 — minister of the Cisalpine Republic in Holland, 1799 — Pre- sident of Public Instruction, Naples, 1810 — ■ Pres. Chamber of Representatives, 1821 — tf. at Naples, 31 Oct. 1821. Delia necessita. di stabilire una republica in Italia, 1796 — Quadro politico delle rivoluzioni delle provincie unite, §c. } 1809. Gale, Roger, antiquary, — ft. in London, 1672 — Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1697— M. P. North Allerton, 1705-10 — tf. at Scruton, in Yorkshire, 25 Jun. 1744. Edits his father's Antonini iter Britanniariim com- mentaries illustration, 1709 — Knowledge of Medals, 1697. Gale, Samuel, antiquary, — ft. in London, 1682 — first treasurer of Society of Antiquaries, 1717-40— tf., 10 Jan. 1754. History of Win- chester Cathedral, 17 15. Gale, Theophilus, theologian, — ft. in Devon- shire, 1628 — M.A. Oxford, 1652 — tf., Mar. 1678. Court of the Gentiles, 1669-77. Gale, Thomas, philologist, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1636 — M.A. Cambridge, 1662 — Prof. Greek, Cambridge, 1666-72 — head master of St Paul's School, 1672-97 — prebendary of St Paul's, 1676 — F.R.S., 1677 — Honorary secretary, 1685 — dean of York, 1697 — tf. there, 8 Apr. 1702. Opusada mythologica, $c, 167 1 — Jamblichus, 1678 — Hist. Anglicana Scriptores, 1687 — Hist. Britann'icce, Saxonicce, Anglo- Danicce scriptores, 1691. Galeazzini, Giovanni Battista, statesman, — ft. at Rastia, Corsica, 1759 — administrator of the department of Corsica, 1790 — commander of National Guard, assists at the Federation at Paris, 14 Jul. 1790 — capitulates to the English at Rastia, 1794 — governor of Elba, 1803 — Raron of the Empire, 18 10 — tf. at Rastia, 1833. Galeazzo. [Visconti.] Galen, (Claudius Galenus,) physician, — ft. at Pergamus, autumn 130 — begins to study medicine, 147 — city physician at Pergamus, 158 — visits Rome, 162* — again, 164a — leaves Rome, 167 — at Aquileia, Jan. 169 — returns with M. Aurelius to Rome, 169 a — part of his books burnt, 191 — delivers lectures, 192-3 — tf., 200. De Usu partium, and other works, 170-4 — De libris suis, de cowpositione medicam., after 191 — De antidotis, after 193. a Clinton. Galen, Christoph Bernard van, Prixce- Rishop of Munster, — b. in Westphalia, about i6o7, a Oct. i6o4, b i6oo c — Prince-bishop, GALEOTTI— GALLA PLACIDIA. 567 1650 — besieges and takes Minister, 1657 — General, serves against Turks, 1664 — with English invades the Netherlands, 1665 — tf. at Huy, 19 Sep. 1678. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. c Conv.-Lex. Galeotti, Marzio, — ft. in Umbria, about 1440 — tf. at Lyons, 1494- De homine et ejus partibus, 1476 — De doctrina promiscua, 1548. Galerius Maximianus. [Maximianus.] Galfrid, chronicler, — Bp of St Asaph, 1151- 75 — tf., about 1180. Origo et gesta region et principum Britannia, 15 17. Galfrid, {Geoff roi de Beaulieu,) Confessor to St Louis, — accompanies St Louis to Egypt and Palestine, 1248-50 — and to Egypt, 1270 — if., about 1274. Vita Ludovici IX., 1270-4. Galgacus, — leads the Caledonians and is de- feated by Agricola, 84. Galhegos, Manoel de, poet,— ft. at Lisbon, 1597 — tf., 9 Jul. 1665. Gigantomachia, 1628 ■ — Templo de memoria, 1630 — Poesias varias, 1637. Galiani, Ferdinando, statesman, miscellaneous writer,^—b. in the Abruzzo, 2 Dec. 1728 — se- cretary of Legation, Paris, 1759 — councillor of the Board of Trade, Naples, 1769 — secre- tary, 1770 — tf. there, 30 Oct. 1787. Delia Moneta, 1750 — Dialogues sur le commerce des bids, 1770. Galicia, province of Austria, {Bed Russia, Galizien, Lodomiria,) — forms part of Hungary till its incorporation with Poland, about 1070, i374, a 1382, b 1340 c — claimedby Maria Theresa, 1772 : Eastern, {Alt- Galizien,) given up to Austria by treaty of 18 Sep. 1773, and named Galicia : Western, {Neu- Galizien}) acquired by Austria, on third division of Poland, 1795 — part of, ceded to Napoleon, and forms part of Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 1809 — restored to Austria, 18 15 — constitution granted, 181 7 — in- surrection in, Feb. 1 846 — Cracow incorporated with, 1846 — the Bukowine separated from, by Imperial patent, 1857 — state of siege pro- claimed, 29 Feb. 1864. a Engl. Cyc. b Diet. Geog. Univ. c Bouillet. Galicia, province of Spain, — held by Suevi, 408 — Catholic faith established in, by Theodo- mir, 559 — conquered by Visigoths, 585 — by Moors, 713 — by Troila, king of Leon, 759 — erected into a kingdom for Don Garcia, by Ferdinand I., 1065 — conquered by Alfonso of Castile, 1073 — interdict laid on, by Celestine III., 1 191 — gives title of Count to eldest sons of the kings of Castile, till 1474 — province of Spain, by Ferdinand the Catholic, 1474 — divided into five provinces, 1822, a i833. b a Encyc. Mod. b Chambers' Encyc. Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, natural philoso- pher, — ft. at Pisa, 18 Feb. 1564 — enters the Univ. of Pisa, 5 Nov. 158 1 — discovers iso- chronism of the vibrations of the pendulum, about 1582 — lecturer on Mathematics, Pisa, 1589 — Prof. Mathematics, Padua, Sep. 1592 — his friendship with Kepler begins, 1597 — in- vents the thermometer, about 1603 — constructs his first telescope, 1609 — named Prof, at Padua for life, 1609 — discovers satellites of Jupiter, 7 Jan. 1610 — discovers spots on the sun, proba- bly Apr., a Mar. b 161 1 — mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, removes to Florence, 161 1 — visits Eome, early in 161 1 — appears there to answer charges of the Inquisition, 1615 — has audience of the Pope, (Paul V.,) Mar. 1 6 16 — visits Borne, has audiences of Urban VIIL, Easter 1624 — summoned by the Inquisition, Feb. 1633 — sentence of the In- quisition passed, abjuration of Galileo, 22 Jun. 1633 — returns to Arcetri, Dec. 1633 — loses his daughter, Apr. 1634 — becomes blind, 1637 — tf. at Arcetri, 8 Jan. 1642. Sidereus Nuncius, 1610 — Dialogo sopra i due Ilassimi Sistemi del Mondo, 1632 — Discorso e Demostr. intorno alle due nuove Scienze, 1638 — Delia Scienza Meccani- ca, 1649 — Trattato della Sfera, 1655. a Humboldt. b Drink water. Galilei, Vincenzo, ivriter on music, — ft., about 1533 — tf., about 1600. Dialogo della Musi ca antica e moderna, #o Fre- goso, on abdication of Adorno, Aug. 1390 — Adorno, again, 1391 — Antonio Montaldo, Jun. 1392 — driven away and succeeded by Fran- cisco Giustiniano, . 1393 — abdicates: Antonio Montaldo reelected, 3 Aug. 1393 — driven away: Niccola Zoaglio, May 1394 — resigns: Antonio Guarco, a few days, 1394— Adorno again : submission of the republic to Charles VI. of France, 25 Oct. 1396 — Adorno resigns, 27 Nov. 1396— civil war of Guelf and Ghibel- line, 1398 — visit of the antipope Benedict. May 1405 — conquest of Sarzana, 1407 — suc- cessful revolt under the Marquis of Montferrat against the French, Aug. 1409 — insurrection, reappointment of a doge, Mar. 141 3 — con- quered by Filippo Maria, Duke of Milan, 142 1 —expulsion of the Milanese, 12 Dec. 1435 — again subject to France, n May 1458 — the French driven away, Mar. 146 1 — conquered by Francisco Sforza, 1464 — successful re- volt against the Milanese, Jul. to Aug. 1478 — loss of Sarzana to the Florentines, 1487 — sub- mit to Ludovico Sforza, 1487 — unsuccessfully attacked by Charles VIII., 1495 — submit to Louis XII., 1499 — revolt, and expel the French, Oct. 1506— recovered by Louis, 28 Apr. 1507 — again revolt and proclaim a doge, Jun. 15 12 — reconquered by Louis XII., 15 13 — the French again expelled, 26 Aug. 15 14 — the doge Fre- goso submits to Francis I., Aug. 15 15 — taken and pillaged by the Imperialists, 30-31 May 1522 — join league of Emperor and Pope against Francis I., 3 Aug. 1523 — reconquered by the French, 1527 — delivered from the French by Andrea Doria, 12 Sep. 1527,* 1528° — new constitution (aristocratic) established, 1528 — acquire from the Emperor the Marquisate of Zuccarello, 1624 — unsuccessfully attacked by the Xing of France and the Duke of Savoy, 1625 — conspiracy of Raphael de la Torre, 1672 — bombarded by Louis XIV., 18-28 May 1684 — make terms with him, 12 Feb. 1685 — ac- quire the Marquisate of Finale, 20 Aug. 17 13 — revolt in Corsica, 1730-2 — bombarded by English squadron, 27 Sep. 1745 — occupied by Austrians, 6 Sep. 1746 — evacuated, 10 Dec. 1746 — besieged by Austrians, Mar. 1747 — de- livered by aid of the French, Oct. 1747 — accede to Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 1748 — cession of Corsica to France, 11 May, c 15 Aug. b 1768 — conquered by the French, 1796-7 — erected into a republic, {Ligurian Repub- lic,) 4 Jun. 1797 — the French besieged by the Austrians and English, 30 Apr. 1800 — capitulate to Austrians, 3 Jun. 1800 — given up to the French, after Marengo, 24 Jun. — new constitution imposed by Napoleon, Jan. 1802 — annexed to France, 4 Jun. 1805 — sur- renders to Lord William Bentinck, 17 Apr. 1 8 14 — united to Sardinia, 9 Jun. 18 15 — evacuated by English troops, Feb. 1816. a Eng. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Erscli and Gruber. d Rees' Cyc. Genovese, II Prete. [Strozzi.] Genovesi, Antonio, philosopher, economist, — ft. at Castiglione, 1 Nov. 17 12 — ordained priest, 1736 — Prof. Metaphysics, Naples, 1741 — Prof. Political Economy, 1754 — draws up project for reorganization of schools, &c, 1767 — U. at Naples, 22 Sep. 1769. Diseiplinarnm me* taphi/sicarnm Flementa, 1743-51 — Lezioni di commercio, 1757 — Meditazioni JHosoJiche, 1758 — Logica per gli giovenetti, 1766 — Trattato GENSERIC— GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. 581 di Scienze metafisiche, 1766 — Elementorum artis logico-criticce lib. V., 1745. Genseric, King of the Vandals, — succeeds his brother Gunderic, about close of 42 & — passes from Spain to Africa on the invitation of Bonifacius, May 429 — defeats Bonifacius and begins siege of Hippo, end of May 430 — takes and burns Hippo, Jul. 431 — part of Africa ceded to him by treaty of peace with the Eomans, 1 1 Feb. 435— banishes the Catholic bishops from his dominions, 437 — becomes master of Carthage, 19 Oct. 439 — ravages Sicily and besieges Panormus, 440 — hastens back to oppose Sebastianus, 440 — makes peace with Valentinian, the provinces of Africa divided between them, 442 — gives shelter to Sebastianus, 445 — puts him to death, 449 — called to Rome to aid Eudoxia, spring 455 — sacks Rome, about 13-26 Jun. 455 — ravages coasts of Campania and carries off Eudoxia and her daughters, 455 — bis fleet routed by Ricimer, about Sep. 456 — repulsed in Italy, 458 — Majorianus prepares a fleet against him, 458 — destroys the fleet at Carthago Nova, and concludes peace with Majorianus, 460 — marries Eudocia to his son Hunneric, and. sends back Eudoxia and Placidia to Italy, 462 — ravages the coasts of Italy and Sicily, 462-3-4 — driven out of Sicily by Marcellinus, 464 — destroys fleet of Leo off Bona, 468 — incites Visigoths and Ostrogoths against the Empire, 470 — makes peace with Zeno, 475 — tf., Jan. 477. Gensonne, Armand, Girondist, — 0. at Bor- deaux, 10 Aug. 1758 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, Sep. 179 1 — to Convention, Sep. 1792 ■ — arrested, 2 Jun. 1793 — executed, 31 Oct. Gentianus, Q,. Epidius Kufus Lollianus, — Consul with Bassus, (964, a. u. c.) 211. Gentile, Francesco. [Fabriano.] Gentile Gentili, (Gentilis de Gentilibus, Fulginas,) physician, — h. at Foligno, about 1230 s — Prof, at Padua, 1335-45 b — tf. at Bologna, a Perugia, b about i3io, a i348. b Opera, 1484. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Gentileschi, Artemisia, painter, — b., 1590 — tf. in England, a at Naples, bc 1642. a Biog-. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. c Ersch and Gruber. Gentileschi, (lomi,) Orazio, painter, — ft. at Pisa, 1563 — painter to Charles I. of England, about 1635 — tf. in London, 1646. Gentius, King of Illykicum, — [B C] — commits piracy in the Adriatic, 180 — accused of joining Perseus against Rome, 172 — his ships at Dyrrachium seized by C. Lucretius, 171 — Perseus agrees to his terms of alliance, 168 — taken prisoner by L. Anicius at Scodra, 168 — led in triumph at Rome and sent to Spoletum, 167. Gentius, (Gent,) Georg, orientalist, — ft. at Dahma, 161 8 — accompanies embassy to Con- stantinople, 1 641 — in service of Elector of Saxony, about 1650 — tf. at Freyberg, 1687. Politicum rosarium, 165 1 — Historia Judaica, 1651. Gentleman's Magazine, — originated by Cave, 1731. Gentz, Friedrieh von, publicist, — fi. at Bres- lau, 1764 — in service of Austria, 1802 — secre- tary to Prince Metternich, 181 3 — first secretary to Congress of Vienna, Sep. 1814 — tf.-, 9 Jun. 1832. Translation of Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution, 1793 — Maria Konigin von Schottland, 1799 — Historische Journal, 1 799- 1 800 — Ue'ber die politischen Zustand Furopas, 1801-2. Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., — deprived of Anjou and Maine by Henry II., and made governor of Nantes, 1156 — tf., 1158. Geoffrey, natural son of Henry II, — Bp of Lincoln, 1173 — resigns, 6 Jan. n 82— accom- panies his father as chancellor, 11 82 — attends him on his death-bed at Chinon, Jul. 11 89 — named Abp of York, and imprisoned by Rich- ard I., Sep. 1 1 89 — forbidden to come to Eng- land, 1 1 90 — arrives in England and is im- prisoned by the Regent Longchamp, Sep. 1 191 — released, Oct. — excommunicates the advisers of King John, is deprived and escapes to France, 1207 — tf. in Normandy, 18 Dec. 1212. Geoffrey of Monmouth, {Jeffrey ap Arthur,) historian, — Bp of St Asaph, 24 Feb. 1152 — tf., about 1 154. Historia JBritonum, about 1128 ? Geoffrey Plantagenet. [Anjou, Counts OF.] Geoffrey, Prince, son of Henry II, — ft., 23 Sep. 1 158 — flies to France with bis brothers, Mar. 1173— excites a civil war, 1173 — recon- ciled to his father, 29 Sep. 11 74 — Knt at Woodstock, 6 Aug. 117 8 — joins in the war against his brother Richard, 1183-84— recon- ciled with his brother, 30 Nov. 1 1 84 — demands the earldom of Anjou, is refused, and goes to the court of France, 1 1 85— killed at a tourna- ment at Paris, 19 Aug. 11 86. Geoffrey, Etienne Francois, physician, — fi. at Paris, 13 Feb. 1672 — studies at Montpellier, 1692 — goes to England, F.R.S., 1698 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — Prof. Chemistry, Jardin des Plantes, 1707 — Prof. Medicine and Pharmacy, College de France, 1709 — Dean of the Faculty, 1726 — tf., 5 Jan. 1 83 1. Tractatus de materia medica, 1741. Geoffrey, Etienne "Louis, physician, natural- ist, — ft. at Paris, 1725 — M.D., 1748 — tf. near Soissons, Aug. 1810. Histoire abregee des insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris, 1762 — Traite sommaire des coquilles, §c, 1767. Geoffroy, Julien Louis, miscellaneous writer, — t). at Rennes, 1743 — escapes from Paris, Aug. 1792 — joins the staff of the Journal des Bebats, 1800 — tf. at Paris, 26 Feb. 18 14. Commentaire sur Racine, 1808 — Cours de lit- terature dramatique, 1817. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, zoologist, anatomist, §c, — b. at Estampes, (Seine et Oise,) 15 Apr. 1772 — procures liberation of Haiiy, 15 Aug. 1792 — Prof. Zoology, Jardin des Plantes, Jun. 1793 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — member of Legion of Honour, 1803 — member of Institute, 14 Sep. 1807 — Prof. Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, 20 Jul. 1809 — sent on scientific mission to Portugal, 1 810 — arrested at Merida, Apr. 18 10 — member 5^2 GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE— GEORGE. of Chamber of Deputies, 1815 — controversy with Cuvier commences, 12 Dec. 1829 — tt., 20 Jnn. 1844. Description de VEgypte, 1809-13 — Philosophie anatomique, 181 8 — Notions synthetiques, $• ham, 1556 — tf. rector of Hough ton-le- Spring, 4 Mar. 1583. Gilpin, Sawrey, animal painter, — ft. at Carlisle, 1733 — tf. at Brompton, 8 Mar. 1807. Gilpin, William, theologian, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Carlisle, 1724 — tf. vicar of Boldre, Hampshire, 5 Apr. 1804. Life of Bernard Gilpin, 1752 — Life of Latimer, 1755 — Lives of Wickliff, Suss, §c, 1765 — Ob- servations relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, 1787 — Forest Scenery, 1791. Gil-Polo, Caspar, poet, — ft. at Valencia, 1516 — tf. there, 1572,* at Barcelona, i59i. b Liana enamorada, 1564. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Gin, — licence for retail sale of, required by- Act 9 Geo. II. c. 23, 1736 — law amended by Acts 16 Geo. II. c. 8, 1743 ; and 30 Geo. III. c. 38, ss. 2, 18, 1790. Ginani, Francesco, naturalist, $c, — ft. at Eavenna, 17 16 — tf., 1766. Belle Malattie del Grano in erba, 1759. Ginani, (Ginanni,) Giuseppe, Count, na- turalist, — ft. at Eavenna, 1692 — admitted to. Academy of Sciences, Bologna, 1747 — tf. at Eavenna, 1753. Belle nova e de' nidi degli uccelli, §c, 1737 — Produzioni naturali che si ritrovano nel museo Ginanni, §c, 1742. Ginani, (Ginanni,) Pietro Paolo, Benedictine, — ft. at Eavenna, 1698 — enters the Order, 1713 — tf. at Eome, 1774. Memorie storico-critiche degli scrittori ravennati, 1769. Ginckel, (Ginkell,) Godart van, Eabj, of Athlone, general, — ft. at Utrecht, 1640 — accompanies "William, Prince of Orange, to England, 1688 — at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690 — takes Baltimore, Jun. — takes Athlone, Jul. 1 69 1 — defeats the Irish at Aughrim, Jul. — takes Limerick, Oct. — Earl of Athlone, Baron of Aughrim, 20 Feb. 1692— at battle of Landen, 1693 — commands in Flanders, 1695-6 — takes part in destroying the French magazine at Givet, Apr. 1696 — tf. at Utrecht, 10 Feb. 1703. Ginez. [Sepulveda.] Gingee, in the Carnatic, — fortress built or strengthened, 1442 a — taken by Mohammedans of Bijapoor, 1669 — seized by the Mahrattas, 1677 — captured by Zulficar Khan, 1698 — held by Saadel Oolla Khan, 17 15— surprised by the French, 1750 — surrenders to the British, 1761. a Hamilton. Ginguene, Pierre Louis, historian, §c, — ft. at Eennes, 25 Apr. 1748 — enters service of the government, 1778 — imprisoned, 1793-4 — member of Institute, 1796 — tf. at Paris, 16 Nov. 1 8 15. BZistoire litte'raire de Vltalie, 1811-19. Ginkell. [Ginckell.] _ Ginseng, plant, — specimens of, sent from N. America to Paris, by Sarrasin, 1704 — described by the Jesuit missionary to China, Jartoux, 1709 — introduced into England by Collinson, i74o. Gioberti, Giovanni Antonio, chemist, — ft. in Piedmont, 28 Oct. 1761 — admitted to the Academy, Prof. Chemical Pharmacy, Turin, 1789 — member of provisional government, Dec. 1798 — imprisoned by the Austrians, 1 799-1 800 — restored to his Professorship, after 18 14 — tf. near Turin, 14 Sep. 1834. Giornale scientifco- letterario e delle arti, 1789 — Annali di economia rurale e domes tica, 1791 — Picerche chimiche ed agronomiche, $■ 15 Apr. 1053. Goeckingk, Leopold Friedrich Gunther von, poet, — ft. at Groningen, 13 Jul. 1748 — ennobled, 1789 — member of Council of Finance, Berlin, 1793 — tf. in Silesia, 18 Feb. 1828. Sinngedichte, 1772 — Lieder zweier Liebenden, 1777 — Gedichte, 1779-82. Goens, Byklof van, statesman, — ft. in Cleves, 24 Jun. 1619 — enters service of India Com- pany, 1 63 1 — Governor of Ceylon, 1660 — Di- rector-general at Batavia, 1675 — Governor-ge- neral of Dutch East Indies, Jan. 1678-82 — tf. at Amsterdam, 14 Nov. 1682. Goens, Eyklof Michael van, philologist, — ft. at Utrecht, 12 May 1748— Prof. Ancient Literature, 1766-76 — tf. at Wernigerode, 25 Jul. 18 10. J)e Cepotaphiis, 1763 — Observa- tions miscellanea, 1764. Goeree, Jan, engraver, poet, — ft. at Middel- burg, 1670 — tf. at Amsterdam, 17 31. Histo- rische Gedenkpenningen van Lodewijk den~X.LV., §c, 17 12 — Mengelpoezy, 1734. Goeree, Willem, — ft. at Middelburg, Dec. 1635 — tf. at Amsterdam, 3 May 17 n. Vor- bereidselen tot de Bybelsche Wysheid, 1700 — Mosuische Historie der Hebreeuwsche Kerke, 1700 — Algemeene Bouwkunde, §c, 1681. Goertz, Georg Heinrich de, {Baron von Schlitz,) statesman, — arrested at the Hague, 17 14— Minister of Finance to Charles XII., I 7 I 5~ plenipotentiary to Congress of Aland, 17 1 8— beheaded at Stockholm, 2 Mar. 17 19. Goertz, Johann Eustach von, statesman, — ft. in Hesse, 5 Apr. 1737 — goes to Leyden Univ., 1752 — enters service of Duke of Gotha, 1756 — tutor to sons of the Duchess of Weimar, 1 76 1 — enters service of Frederick II., 1778 — Minister of State, 1778 — plenipotentiary to Court of Eussia, 1779-86 — ambassador to Hol- land, 1786 — plenipotentiary to Diet of Ratis- bon, 1788-1806 — to Congress of Bastadt, 1799 — tf. at Eatisbon, 7 Aug. 1821. Memoires et acts authentiques relatifs aux negociations qui ont precede le partage de la Fologne, 18 10. Goes, Beneditto de, Jesuit missionary, — ft. in the Azores, 1562 — enters Order of Jesuits at Goa, 1588 — sets out from Agra for China, 1602 — tf. at Sochow, 18 Mar. 1606. Goes, Damiao de, historian, — ft. in Portugal, 1501 — attached to the Court, 15 10 — envoy to Flanders, 1523 — assists in defence of Louvain, 1542 — historiographer of Portugal, 1544 — tf., Dec. 1560 ? LJeploratio Lappiancs gentis, 1520 — Fides, religio, moresque JEthiopum, §c, 1541. Goes, Hugo Vander, painter, — presides at inauguration of Count of Flanders at Ghent, 27 Jul. 1467 — enters Augustine Order, proba- bly about 1480 — tf. near Brussels, about 1480. Goes, Willem Vander, {Goesius,) jurist, $c, — ft. at Leyden, 161 1 — tf. at the Hague, 13 Oct. 1686. Specimen controversies, 1646 — Animadversiones, 1657. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, poet, — ft. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 28 Aug. 1749 — goes to study at Leipsic, Oct. 1765 — returns to Frankfort, Sep. 1768 — enters Strasburg Univ., Apr. 1770 — LL.D. Strasburg, after 6 Aug. 177 1 — visits Switzerland, 1774 — settles at Weimar, 7 Nov. 1775 — visits the Harz, Nov. to Dec. 1777 — visits Berlin, May 1778 — Privy Councillor, 29 Aug. 1779 — receives patent of nobility, 1782 — President of the Council, 1782 — travels in Italy, Sep. 1786 to Jun. 1788 — his connection with Christiana Vulpius begins, Jul. 1788 — first meets Schiller at Eudolstadt, Sep. 1788 — again visits Italy, Mar. to Jun. 1790 — director of Court Theatre, Weimar, 1791 — j takes part in campaign against France, 1792 — marries Christiana Vulpius, 19 Oct. 1806 — has interview with Napoleon I. at Erfurt, 2 Oct. 1808 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 14 Oct. 1808 — death of his wife, 1816 — his jubilee at Weimar, 7 Nov. 1825 — Knt of Grand Cross of Bavaria, 28 Aug. 1827 — death of Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 14 Jun. 1828 — death of his only son, 28 Oct. 1830 — tf. at Weimar, 22 Mar; 1832. Centenary of his birth celebrated, 28 Aug. 1849. Gotz von Berlichingen, 1773 — Leiden desjung en Werther, 1774 — Egmont, 1786 — Lphigenia aif Tauris, 1787 — Torquato Tasso, 1790— Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre, 1794.-6 — Hermann und Dorothea, 1797 — Faust, 1790- 1807-183 1 — Lichtung und Wahrheit, 181 1 — Wilhelm Meister's Wander jahre, 1821 — Ver- such die Metamorphose der Fjianzen zu erklaren, 1790 — Farbenlehre, 18 10. Goettling, Johann Friedrich August, chem- ist,—'^, at Bernburg, 5 Jan. 1755 — Prof. Phi- losophy, Jena, 1789 — tf., 1 Sep. 1809. Hand- buch der theoretischen und praktischen Chemie, 604 GOETZ— GOLDEN HORDE. 1 799 - 1 800 — Fhysikalisch-chemische Encyklo- piidie, 1805-7 — e ^ s Jahrbuch fur Chemiker, 1780-1809. Goetz, (Goez,) Andreas, philologist, — ft. at Niimberg, 23 jNov. 1698 — tf. there, 21 Apr. 1780. Introductio in geographiam antiquum, 1729 — Index puree et impur 1559 (?) — regulated by Gregory XVL, 1840. Goldfuss, Georg August, zoologist, mineralo- gist, — ft. near Baireuth, 18 Apr. 1782 — Prof. Zoology and Mineralogy, superintendent of Zoological Museum, &c, Bonn, 181 8 — tf., 2 Oct. 1848. DZandbuch der Zoologie, 1821 — Na- turhistorischer Atlas, 1824-44 — Abbildungen tend Deschreibungen der Detrefacten Deutsch- lands, 1827-44. Goldhagen, Hermann, philologist, — b. at Mentz, 17 18 — tf. at Munich, 22 Apr. 1794. Ehetorica, 1753 — Lexicon Grceco-Latinum, 1753. Golding, Arthur, translator, $c, — fl., 1562-87. Discourse upon the earthquake, . 1580 — Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1565-67. Goldoni, Carlo, dramatist, — fi. at Venice, 1707 — becomes actor, 1729 — goes to Paris, 1761 — tf. there, 8 Jan. 1793. Works, 1788. Goldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astrono- mer, — fi. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 17 Jun. 1802 — settles at Paris, 1836 — discovers seven asteroids, between 1852-57 — tf. at Fontaine- bleau, 11 Sep. 1866. Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, — fi. at Pallas, Ireland, 10 Nov. 1728 — enters Trinity College, Dublin, Jun. 1744 — studies medicine atEdinburgh, 1752 — at Leyden, 1754 — travels, 1755-56 — settles in London, 1756 — Prof. An- cient History, Royal Academy, 1770 — tf. in London, 4 Apr. 1774. Present state of Lite- rature in Europe, 1759 — The Lee, 1759-60 — Vicar of Wakefield, 1766 — The Traveller, 1764. — Good-natured Man, 1768 — Deserted Village, 1770 — She stoops to conquer, 177 3 — DZistory of the Earth and animated Nature, 1774. Goldsmiths' Company, of London, — incor- porated by Bichard II. , 1393. Golf, {Goff,) game, — becomes common in Scotland, 1600-10. Golikov, Ivan, historian, — b. in Bussia, 1735 — Court Counsellor to Paul I., 1800 — tf. at St Petersburg, 12 Mar. 1801. Great deeds of Deter the Great, 1788-90 — Anecdotes of Deter the Great, 1798 — Lives of Le Fort and Gor- don, 1800. Golius, Jacob, orientalist, — b. at the Hague, 1596 — interpreter to the embassy to Morocco, 1622 — Prof. Arabic, 1625 — Prof. Mathematics, Leyden, 1629— tf. there, 28 Sep. 1667. Lexi- con Arabico-latinum, 1633 —Ahmedis Arabsia- d<% vitce et rerum gestarum Timuri, 1636. Golownin, Vassili, traveller, — imprisoned in Japan, 1811-13— tf. at St Petersburg, 1832. Narrative of my captivity in Japan, 18 16. Goltz, August Friedrich Ferdinand, Count von der, statesman, — 6. at Dresden, 20 Jul. 1765 — enters service of Prussia, 1787 — ambas- sador to Copenhagen, 179 1 — to Stockholm, 1797 — to St Petersburg, 1802 — takes part in Peace of Tilsit, 1807 — attends congress at Er- furt, 1808 — as Minister of Foreign .Affairs ne- gotiates treaty with France, 181 2 — Marshal of the Court, 18 14 — deputy to the Diet, 1816-24 — Counsellor of State, 1817 — tf., 17 Jan. 1832. Goltz, Bernard Wilhelm von, diplomatist, — b., about 1730 — plenipotentiary from Fred- erick II. of Prussia to Court of France, 1772- 92 — takes part in negotiating the Peace of Basel, Dec. 1794 — tf. there, 6 Feb. 1795. Goltz, Georg Conrad, Baron von, general, — h. in Pomerania, 1704 — in service of king of Poland, 1727 — enters service of Frederick William of Prussia, 1729 — Adjutant-general to Frederick II., 1740 — Major-general of Cavalry, 1745— *•, 4 Aug. 1747. , Goltz, Robert Heinrich Ludwig, Count von der, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 6 Jun. 1 8 17 — enters diplomatic service of Prussia, 1 849 — minister plenipotentiary to Athens, Feb. 1857 — to Constantinople, 1859 — to St Peters- burg, Apr. 1862 — to Paris, Jan. 1863— minister of N. German Confederation to Paris, Jan. 1868 — tf. at Charlottenburg, 24 Jun. 1869. Goltzius, Hendrik, painter, engraver, — b. at Mulbrecht, 1558 — tf. at Haarlem, 1 Jan. 1617. Boy and Dog, 1597. Goltzius, Hubert, numismatist, §c, — b. at Venloo, 30 Oct. 1526 — tf. at Bruges, 24 Mar. 1583. Opera, 1645. Golymin, in Doland, — Prince Galitzin de- feated by Augereau, 26 Dec. 1806 — head-quar- ters of Napoleon, 28 Dec. Gomar, Frans, theologian, — b. at Bruges, 30 Jan. 1563 — studies at Oxford and Cambridge, 1582-84 — B.D. Cambridge, 1584 — pastor of Flemish Church, Frankfort, 1587 — Prof. Divinity, Leyden, 1594 — opposes Arminius, 1603-9 — opposes Vorstius, 1609 — retires to Middelburg, 161 1 — Prof. Divinity, Saumur, 1 6 14 — Prof. Hebrew and Divinity, Groningen, 161 8 — assists at Synod of Dort, 16 18 — tf. at Groningen, i6, a 11 b Jan. 1641. Opera, 1645,* l644. b a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Woordenboek. Gomara, {Gomora,) Francisco Lopez de, historian, — b. at Seville, 15 10. Historia gen- eral de las Lndias, 1548. Gomarists, {Anti-Remonstrants.) [See Go- mar.] Gomberville, Marin le Eoi de, poet, $c, — b. at Paris, 1600 — member of the French Academy, 1635 — tf. at Paris, 14 Jun. 1674. Discours des vertus et des vices de Vhistoire, 1620 — Dolexandre, 1632 — La Doctrine des mceurs, §c., 164.6. Gombette, Loi. [Burgundian Code.] Gombroon, Bunder Abbas, on Dersian Gulf, — raised into importance by Shah Abbas, who transferred commerce from Ormuz to, 1622. Gomes, Bernardino Antonio, physician, — b. in Portugal, 1769 — M.D. Coimbra, 1793 — ■ physician to the navy, 1797 — goes to Brazil, 1797-1 80 r— settles at Lisbon, 1805— member of Cou icil of Health, 1813— charged toaccom- 6o6 GOMES— GONZAGA. pany Princess Leopoldine of Austria to Brazil, 1817 — If, at Lisboii, 13 Jan. 1823. Dermoso- graphie, 1820. Gomes, Joao Baptista,.$ram#fa's£, — ft., about 1 8 12. Inez de Castro, 1806. Gomes de Oliveira, Antonio, poet. Idylios maritimoSy 16 17. Gomez, Luis, jurist, — b. in Spain, 1484 — if. Bp of Fano, 22 May 1545. Variorum reso- lutionum juris civilis communis, 1579. Gomez, Sebastiano, painter, — b. at Seville, about 1 6 16 — ft. there, May 167 8, a i69o. b a Biog. Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Gomez de Ciudad Real, Alvarez, poet, — b. at Guadalaxara, 1488 — fcf. there, 24 Jul. 1538. Thalia Christiana, 1522 — Musa Paulina, 1529. Gomez de Ciudad Real, Ferdinando, phy- sician, — b., 1388 — if., 1457. Gornez-Ferreira, Luis, mineralogist, — b. in Portugal, 1680 — inspector of mines, Portuguese America, 1720-40 — a", at Lisbon, 1741. Erario mineral dividido en doce tratados, 1735. Gomez. [Castro, Alvarez Gomez, and Dias Gomez.] Gomicourt. [Damiens.] Gonatas. [Antigonus Gonatas.] Gondemar. [Burgundians.] Gondi. [Retz, Cardinal de, and Vincent de Paul.] Gondibert. [Lombardy, Kingdom of.~\ Gondola, Giovanni de Francesco, p>oet, — b. at Ragusa, about 1588 — if. .there, 1638. Gondomar, Count of Monterey, — ambas- sador from Court of Spain to London, 1617.23 — complains of Raleigh and gets him imprison- ed, 16 1 7 — and executed, 16 18. Gonfaloniere, — title given to magistrate ap- pointed at Florence, 1292. Gongora y Argote, Luis, poet, — b. at Cor- dova, 1561 — if, there, 1627. Obras, about i 6 3°- Goniometer, reflective^ — invented by "Wollas- ton, 1809. Gonner, Nikolaus Tbaddeus von, jurist, §c., — b. at Bamberg, 18 Dec. 1764 — Prof. Law, Ingolstadt, 1799— at Landshut, 1800 — Vice- chancellor, 1804 — Director of Court of Appeal, circle of Iser, 18 12 — ennobled, 181 3 — Privy Councillor, 18 17 — if. at Munich, 18 Apr. 1827. Auserlesener Rechtsfdlle, 180 1-5 — Deutsche Staatsrecht, 1804 — Archiv fiir die Gesetzgebung und Reform des juristischen Studiums, 1808-14. Gonsalvo ' ( Gonzalo) de Cordova, (y Agui- lar,) Hernandez, ' the Great Captain,' — b. at Montilla, 16 Mar. i443, a 1453 b — negotiates treaty for surrender of Granada, 149 1 — com- mands land forces against Charles VIII. in Italy, spring 1495 — distinguishes himself at battle of Seminara, 1495 — reduces Upper Calabria, by spring 1496— surprises Laino, spring 1496 — goes to aid of Ferdinand at Atella, receives title of 'the Great Captain,' Jul. 1496— capitulation of Atella, 21 Jul. 1496 — completes expulsion of the French from Naples, autumn 1496— returns to Spain, Aug. 1498 — takes and sacks Huejar, early in 1500 — takes command of fleet against Turks, May 1500— captures St George, and restores Cepbalonia to Venice, Jan. 1501 — Lieutenant-general of Calabria and Apulia, Mar. 150 1 — invades Calabria, 5 Jul. 150 1— invests Tarento, Aug. 1501 — takes it, 1 Mar. 1502 — retires to Barletta, Jul. 1502 — routs the French, Jan. 1503 — storms Ruvo, 23 Feb. 1503 — refuses to comply with Treaty of Lyons, Apr. — quits Barletta, and defeats Duke of Nemours, at Cerignola, 28 Apr. — enters Na- ples in state, 14 May — takes part in storming of Castel Nuovo, 21 May — blockades Gaeta, autumn — repulsed before Gaeta, Oct. — occupies San Germano, 6 Oct. — battle of the Garigliano, 6 Nov. — crosses the river, pursues and routs the French, 28-29 Dec. — receives capitulation of Gaeta, 1 Jan. 1504 — meets Ferdinand at Genoa, Sep. 1506 — Duchy of Sessa given to him, 25 Feb. 1507— quits Naples, Jun. 1507 — with- draws from court of Spain, 1507 — charged with command of expedition to Italy, 1512 — ordered to disband his levies, Aug. 151 2 — if. at Granada, 2 Dec. 15 15. a Biog. Univ. b Prescott. Gontaut. [Biron.] Gontharis, Moorish leader, — assumes the tyranny in Africa, after death of Stotzas and Joannes, 545 — kills Areobindus, and is killed himself, 545. Gonthelon. [Burgundians.] Gonthier, poet, — if. in Basel, 11 Mar. 1223. Gonthier, (Guinther,) Jobann, physician, — b. at Andernach, 1487 — goes to France, 1525 — M.D., 1530 — if. at Strasburg, 4 Oct. 1574. Anatomicce institutiones, 1536 — De medicina vetere et nova, J SI 1 ' Gonthier, {Frangoise Carpentier,) Mme., act- ress, — b. at Metz, 4 Mar. 1747 — first appears at the Comedie Italienne, 1778 — at the Opera Comique, 1801-12— if. at Paris, 7 Dec. 1829. Gontran. [Burgundians.] Gonville Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Ed- mund Gonville, 1 348— Removed to new site and enlarged by Bp Bateman, 1353. [Caius College.] Gonzaga, Carlo I. di, Duke of Mantua, Montferrat, Nevers, &c, — succeeds to Duchies of Nevers and Rhetel, 1585 — marries Catherine of Lorraine, 1599 — succeeds Vincent II. as Duke of Mantua, Dec. 1627 — investiture refused by the Emperor, 1628— his States con- quered by Imperialists, 1629 — capitulates at Mantua and retires to Ferrara, 18 Jul. 1630 — his duchies confirmed to him by Treaty of Cherasco, 6 Apr. 163 1 — receives investiture, 22 Jun. 1631— if., 22 Sep. 1637. Gonzaga, Carlo Ferdinando di, {Carlo IV.,) Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, — b., 31 Aug. 1652 — succeeds his father, Carlo III., under regency of his mother, Isabella of Aus- tria, Aug. 1665 — marries Anna Isabella di Gonzaga, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Guastalla, 7 Apr. 167 1 — on Ferdinand's death takes possession of Duchy of Guastalla, 1679 — ■ sells Casale to Louis XIV., 1681 — serves at siege of Buda, 1686— compelled to surrender Guastalla to Vincenzo di Gonzaga, 1692 — ad- mits French garrison to Mantua, Apr. 1701 — deprived of his Duchies, Mar. 1707 — ft. at Padua, 5 Jul. 1708. Gonzaga, Ferdinand di, Duke of Mol- GONZAGA— GOODWIN. 607 petta and Guastalla, general, — b., 1506 — enters service of Charles V. ; takes Flor- ence, 12 Aug. 1530 — distinguishes himself at siege of Tunis, and is named Viceroy of Sicily, 1535 — accompanies Charles V. into Provence, 1536 — accused of poisoning the Dauphin, 1536 — buys County of Guastalla, 1539 — Governor of the Milanese, 1546 — head of conspiracy against Piero Luigi Farnese, and takes part in his ex- amination, 1547 — massacres five companies of Italian soldiers, 155 1 — deprived of his govern- ment, 1556 — rj. at Brussels, 15 Nov. 1557. Gonzaga, Francesco di, Captain of Mantua, — b., 1363 — marries Agnes Visconti, 1380 — succeeds his brother Luigi II., 1382 — forms alliance with Giovanni Galeazzi and the Venetians against tbe Carrara, 1388 — assisted by Florence in war with Galeazzi, 1397 — con- cludes a truce, 1398 — allied with the Duke of Milan against Giovanni Bentivoglio, 1402 — aids Venetians in conquest of Padua, Verona, and other territories of the Carrara, 1404— tf., Mar. 1407. Gonzaga, Giovanni Francesco di, First Marquis op Mantua, — rj., about 1394 — suc- ceeds his father, Francesco, 1407 — marries Paula Malatesti, 1410 — chosen by John XXIII. General of the Papal troops, to conduct the war with Ladislaus of Naples, 141 2 — receives Martin V., 25 Oct. 141 8 to 7 Feb. 141 9 — joins league of Venetians and Florentines against Duke of Milan, summer 1425 — takes Brescia and Asola, 1426 — commands Venetians in the Bressau, 143 1 — receives the Emperor Sigis- mund, and is created Marquis of Mantua, 22 Sep. 1433 — . Vicar-Imperial in territory of Mantua, 1433 — General of Venetians, 1437 to Jul. 1438 — in alliance with the Duke of Milan, carries on war with Venetians and Florentines, .1438-9 — takes Lignago, 1 May 1439 — sur " prises Verona, beginning 1440 — tf., 23 Sep. 1444. - Gonzaga, Giovanni Francesco II. di, Mar- quis op Mantua, — fj., 10 Aug. 1466 — succeeds his father Federico I., Aug. 1484 — marries Isabella d'Este, 15 Feb. 1490 — commands al- lied army against Charles VIII., 1495 — de- feated by the French at Fornova, 6 Jul. 1495 — meets Charles VIII. at Vercelli, Oct. 1495 — commands Venetian troops in Calabria, spring 1496 — Imperial Captain-general in Italy, 1496 — Commandant-general of Milanese, Oct. 1498 — Chevalier of St Michael, by Louis XII., at Milan, 6 Oct. 1499 — enters service of Louis, 1500 — sent to deliver Gaeta, besieged by Span- iards, 1503 — Lieutenant-general and Viceroy of Naples, Jul. 1503 — returns to Mantua, 1506 — Lieutenant-general of Papal army, by Julius II., 25 Oct. 1506 — takes Bologna from the Bentivoglio, 1506 — joins League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — takes Casalmaggiore, early in May 1509 — offended by seizure of Peschiera by Louis XII., quits his service, May 1509 — sur- prised and defeated by Venetians, 1509— cap- tured and taken to Venice, Aug. 1509 — liber- ated, Jul. 15 10 — Gonfaloniere of the Church, by Julius II., 3 Oct. 15 10— gives refuge to Duke of Urbino, 1517— tf., 29 Mar., a 20 Feb. b 15 1 9. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Gonzaga Family. [Mantua, Marquisate and Duchy of, and Guastalla, Duchy of\ Gonzaga, St Luigi di, {Aloysius Gonzaga,) Jesuit, — b. at Castiglione, 9 Mar. 1568 — re- nounces marquisate of Castiglione, and enters Society of Jesus at Borne, 1586 — tf. at Bome, 21 Jun. 159 1 — beatified by Gregory XV., 1 62 1 — canonized by Benedict XIII. , 1726. Gonzaga, Tomaso Antonio Costa di, poet, — rj. at Villa-Bicca, about 1700 — tf. at Angola, about 1760. Gonzalez Cabrera Bueno, Jose, admiral, — sent to the Philippines, 1701. Navegacion especulativa y practica, §c, 1734. Gonzalez, Thyrsa, General of Order of Jesuits, — Prof, at Univ. of Salamanca, 1676 — tf., 24 Oct. 17 15. Fiindamentum theologies moralis, 1689. Gonzalez de Berceo, Juan, poet, — b. in Castille, 11 96 — enters Order of St Benedict, 1208 — tf., about 1266. Gonzalo. [Gonsalvo.] Gonzalvez, Jacopo, Jesuit missionary, — b. afc Goa, Dec. 1672 — enters the Order, 1692 — missionary in Ceylon, about 1709 — tf. there, 17 Jul. 1742. Gonzalvez de Andrada, Paulo, poet, — b. at Lisbon, 1594 — tf. there, 1652. Varias jpoesias, 1629. Gooch, Benjamin, surgeon. Practical Treat- ise on Wounds, 1767 — Medical and Chirurgi- cal Observations, 1773. Good Hope, Cape of. [Cape Colony.] Good, John Mason, physician, §c, — b. at Epping, 25 May 1764 — settles in London, 1793— M.D. Aberdeen, 1820 — tf. at Shepper- ton, Middlesex, Jan. 1827. Short History of Medicine, 1795 — Translation of Lucretius, 1805 — Study of Medicine, 1822. Goodall, Edward, engraver, — b. at Leeds, Sep. 1795 — tf. in London, 11 Apr. 1870. Goodrich, Thomas, Bp or Ely, Lord Chan- cellor of England, — Fellow of Jesus Col- lege, Cambridge, 15 10 — M.A., 15 14 — Proctor of Univ., 15 15 — Bp of Ely, 17 Mar. 1534 — assists in revision of English Bible, 154c — in compiling Common Prayer Book, 1548 — com- missioner to invest king of France with Order of the Garter, May 155 1 — Lord Keeper, 22 Dec. 1551 — Lord Chancellor, 19 Jan. 1552 — acts on council of Lady Jane Grey, Jul. 1553 deprived by Queen Mary, 1553 — tr. at Somers- ham, 10 May 1554. Goodsir, John, anatomist,— if., 14 Mar. 18 14 — enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 1830 — licentiate of Coll. Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1835 — curator of the Museum, 1841 — curator to the Univ. Museum, May 1843 — P roI> « Anatomy, Edin- burgh Univ., 1 846 — visits France and Germany, 1853-4 — resigns his chair, Dec. 1866 — tf. at Edinburgh, 6 Mar. 1867. Anatomical Me- moirs, 1868. Goodwin, John, theologian, — b., 1593 — vicar of St Stephen's, Coleman St, London, 1633-45. — tf. in London, 1665. Redemption redeemed, 1651. Goodwin, Thomas, theologian,—^, in Nor- 6o8 GOOJERAT— GORE. folk, 1600 — eaters Cambridge Univ., 161 3— - Pres. Magdalen College, Oxford, 1649-60 — if. in London, 1679. Goojerat. [Gujerat.] Gookin, Daniel, — 6. in Kent, about 1612-— goes to Virginia, 1621 — superintendent of In- dians, from 1656 — Major-general of Massachu- setts, 1681-86 — tr. at Cambridge, U.S., 1687. Historical collection of the Indians of New England, 1^2. Gorani, Giuseppe, Count,— b. at Milan, 1744 — goes to Paris, 1792 — if. at Geneva, 12 Dec. 1819. Trattato del despotismo, 1770 — Elogj di due Must ri scuopritori Italiani, 1784 — Memoires secret et critiques sur les cours d' Italie, 1793. Gorcum, (Gorkum, Gornichem,) in Holland, — founded, 1230 a — admits Prince of Orange, 157 1 — assassination of priests and monks at, by William de la Mark, 9 Jul. 1572 s — defended by Gen. Wiirz against the French, 1672 b — taken by Prussians, 1787 b — -taken by French, 1795 — surrenders to allies, 20 Feb. 18 14. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-Lex. Gordianus I., M. Antonius, Africanus, Ro- man Emperor, — b., about 160 — Consul suf- fectus with Caracalla, (966, a. u. c.) 213 — again Consul, (984,) 231 a — proconsul of Africa, 232 s " — compelled to be Emperor, at Tisdras, Feb. 238 b — kills himself, Mar. 2 3 8. b a Zumpt. b Clinton. Gordianus II., M. Antonius, Roman Em- peror, — b., 192 — proclaimed Augustus with his father, in Africa, Feb. 238— killed in battle, Mar. 238. Gordianus III , M. Antonius, Roman Em- peror, — ft., (13 Kal. Feb.) 20 Jan. 216 a — proclaimed Emperor on death of Pupienus and Balbinus, Jun., a Jul. b 238 — marries Sabinia Tranquillina, 241 — sets out for East, for war against Persia, 242,* 241 c — defeats Goths and Sarmatians, and Sapor, 242 — killed by the troops on borders of Persia, Feb. or Mar. 244. a Clinton. b Zumpt. c Smith's Diet. Gordium, in Phrygia, — [BC] — visited by Alexander, who cuts the Gordian Knot, 333.* a Thirhvall. Gordon, Alexander, antiquary, — secretary to Society of Antiquaries, 1736-41 — if. in North America, about 1750. Itinerarium septentrion- ale, 1726 — Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and Ccesar Borgia, 1729 — History of Ancient Am- phitheatres, 1730. Gordon, Andrew, Benedictine, — ft. in Scot- land, 17 12 — Prof. Philosophy, Erfurt, 1737 — if., 20 Aug. 175 1. De concordandis mensuris, 1742 — Phenomena electricitatis exposita, 1744 — Physicce experimentalis elementa, 1751-52. Gordon, Bernard, (Bernard de Gordonio,) physician, — teaches medicine at fyl ontpellier, 1285 — if., about 1305? 1318 ? Lilium medi- cines, 1480. Gordon, Lady Catherine, — given in mar- riage, by James IX. of Scotland, to ' Perkin Warbeck,' 1496 — accompanies him in invasion of England, and is placed in St Michael's Mount, Sep. 1497— found there by royal troops, and has appointment in royal household, Oct. 1497 — tr. at Fyfield, Berks, Oct. or Nov. 1537. Gordon, Lord George, — b., 19 Sep. 1750 — M.P. Luggershall, 1774 — makes his maiden speech, 1778 — Pres. of Protestant Association, Nov. 1779 — presents petition to Eord North, 4 Jan. 1780 — leads rioters in London in opposi- tion to Roman Catholic Relief Bill, 2 Jun. 1780 — committed to the Tower for treason, 9 Jun. 1780 — tried and acquitted, 5-6 Feb. 17 81 — professes Judaism, 1786 — found guilty of two libels, 6 Jun. 1787 — fined and imprisoned, 28 Jan. 1788 — offers bail, but is remanded, 18 Jan. 1793 — if. in Newgate, 1 Nov. 1793. Gordon, George William, member of House of Assembly, Jamaica, — removed from Com- mission of the Peace, by Lieut. -governor Eyre, Jun. 1862 — arrested at Kingston, by Governor Eyre, on suspicion of promoting disturbances at Morant Bay, 17 Oct. 1865 — sentenced to death by Court .Martial at Morant Bay, 21 Oct. — hung, 23 Oct. [Jamaica.] Gordon, George, 4th Marquis, and Duke of, — succeeds to title, 1653— created Duke, 1684 — holds Edinburgh Castle for James II., 1689 — surrenders it, Jun. 1689 — if., 17 16. Gordon, James, Jesuit, — b. in Scotland, 1543 — enters Order of Jesuits at Rome, 1563 — D.D., 1569 — if. at Paris, 1620. Contro- versiarum fidei christians epitome, 1612-20. Gordon, James Lesmore, Jesuit, — b. at Aber- deen, about 1560 — if. confessor to Louis XIII. at Paris, 17 Nov. 1641. Opus chronologicum, 16 1 3 — Biblia Sacra, 1632. Gordon, Sir John, — engages in affray with Lord Ogilvie, at Edinburgh, 1562 — beheaded at Aberdeen, 31 Oct. 1562. Gordon, Sir John Watson, Pres. B. S.A., — n. at Edinburgh, about 1790 — exhibits at R. S. A., 1827— A.R.A., London, 1 841— Pres. R.S.A. and Knt, 1850— R.A. London, 1851 — if. at Edinburgh, 1 Jun. 1864. Portraits of Sir W. Scott, 1 831 ; Dr Chalmers, 1837 ; De Quincey, 1 843 ; Prof Wilson, 1 85 1 ; Earl of Aberdeen, 1852; Provost of Peterhead, 1853. Gordon, Robert, topographer, — b. in Scot- land, about 1580 — if., 1661. Theatrum Scotia (in Blaeiis Atlas,) 1648 — History of '' Scots Affairs, 1841. Gordon, Thomas, translator, Qc, — b. in Ire- land, about 1684 — if., 28 Jul. 1750. Trans- lation of Tacitus, 1728-31; Sallust, §c, 1744 — (with Trenchard,) Cato's letters, 1737 — Inde- pendent Whig, 1728. Gordon, William, historian, — b. at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 1729 — goes to America, 1770 — pastor at Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1772 — re- turns to England, 1786 — if. at Ipswich, 19 Oct. 1807. History of the Bise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America, 1788. Gordon Riots. [Gordon, Lord George.] Gordon, Viscqunt. [Aberdeen, Earl of] Gordyene, (Corduene,) in Armenia, — [B C J — conquered by Tigranes, before 83 — given to Tigranes by Pompey, 6^. Gore, Catherine Grace, novelist, — b. at East Rettord, 1799 — marries Capt. Gore, 1823 GORE— GORTCHAKOFF. 609 — widow, 1846 — ft. at Liawood, Hants, 29 Jan. i86r. Gore, Christopher, Governor of Massa- chusetts, — b. at Boston, 1758— U. S. at- torney for Massachusetts, 1789— with Pinkney treats for settlement of American claims on England, 1796 — charge d'affaires, London, 1803 — governor of Massachusetts, 1809— sen- ator, 1814 — retires, 1817 — ft., 1827. Gore, Thomas, genealogist, — h. in "Wiltshire, 1 63 1 — ft. there, 31 Mar. 1684. Series alpha- bet tea, latino-anglica, nomina gentiliorum, $ Ft Paris, 1S15 — if. at Toulon, Feb. 1834. Les Ajtnants vende'ens, 1806 — Le Medisant, 1816 — Fables, 18 18. Gossec, Francois Joseph, musical composer, — ft. in Hainault, 17 Jan. 1733 — goes to Paris, 175 1 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 1795 — mem- ber of Institute, 1795 — of Legion of Honour, 1804 — of Academy of Fine Arts, 18 16 — if. at Passy, 16 Feb. 1829. Gosselin, Jean, astronomer, keeper of the King's Library, Paris, — ft. at Vire in Norman- dy, about 1505 — if. there, Nov. 1604. Historia imaginum coelestium, 1577 — Calendrier grego- rien perpetuel, 1583. Gossellin, Pascal Francois Joseph, geogra- pher, §c, — ft. at Lille, 6 Dec. 1751 — travels in Europe, 1772-74 and 1780 — admitted to the Academy, 1790 — takes office in Department of War, 1794 — member of Institute, 1795 — keeper of cabinet of medals, &c„ 1799 — Cheva- lier of Legion of Honour, 1 804 — officer, 1 8 1 6 — tf., 8 Feb. 1830. Geographic des Grecs analysee, 1790 — Eecherches sur la geographic systematique et positive des anciens, 1798-18 18 — assists in translation of Geography of Strabo, 1805-19. Gosselon. [Lorraine, BuJces of] Gossuin, Henri Marie Joseph,— ft. at Aves- nes, 1759 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1 79 1 — to Convention, 1792 — commissioner to the army of Dumouriez, Nov. 1792 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795-97 — of Legislative Body, 1799-1801 — deputy to Chamber of Representatives, 18 15 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 181 8 — if. at Paris, 1827. Gotama. [Buddhism.] Gotarzes. [Parthia, Kingdom of] Gotha. [Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.] Gotha, cap. of the Principality, — founded by William, Abp of Mentz, 964. Almanach de, commenced, I774. a a Chambers' Encyc. Gothenburg, (Gottenburg,) in Sweden, — built, 1604 — destroyed by Danes, and rebuilt, about 161 1 — besieged by Prince of Denmark and re- lieved by mediation of England and Prussia, 1788 — burnt, Dec. 1802 and Dec. 1804. Academy of Sciences, incorporated, 1775. Gothic Architecture, pointed, — originates, about 1*90. [Early English, Geometrical, and Perpendicular Style.] Gothic Language. [Argenteus Codex.] Gothland, island in the Baltic, — conquered by Waldemarlll. of Denmark, 1361 — restored to Sweden by treaty, 23 Aug. 1645 — occupied by Russians, 1807. [Wisby.] Gothofredus. [Godefroy.] Goths, (Gothi, Gothonev,) The, — migrate from the Baltic to the Euxine, 150-220 a — pass the Danube, ravage Thrace, and take Philippopolis, 249-250 b — campaign of Decius against, in Moosia, 251 — make peace with Gallus for an- nual tribute, 252 — ravage Illyricum and Mace- donia, 255 — successful campaign of Aure- lian against, 257 — take Trapezus, 258 — plunder Bitbynia, 258-9-— take Chalcedon,Cius, Apamea, GOTHUS— GOUGH. 6u and Prusa : plunder and burn Nicomedia and Nicaea: fail before Cyzicus, 259 — occupy Tbrace, ravage Macedonia, besiege Thessalonica, plunder Asia Minor, and destroy temple of Diana at Ephesus, 262 — campaign of Marcianus in Greece, 267 — occupy Illyricum and Mace- donia, and are defeated by Claudius at Naissus, in Mcesia, 269 — their fleet destroyed, take refuge in Mount Heemus, 270 — campaign of Aurelian against, in Pannonia, 270 — conclude treaty with Aurelian and acquire Dacia, 270,* 272 c — defeated by Aurelian in Thrace and Illyricum, 272 — led in triumph of Aurelian, 274 — reduced to submission in Thrace by Pro- bus, 278 — defeated by Constantius in Sarmatia, 20 Apr. 332 — colony of, allowed to settle in Thrace,Macedonia,andItaly,334 — [Ostrogoths, Visigoths] — maintain separate kingdom in Scandinavia, till united with Sweden under Charles Swerkerson, n6i. d a Gibbon. b Clinton. c Smith' s Diet. d Engl. Cyo. Gothus, Jonas Petri, lexicographer. Bic- tionarium latino-sueco-germanicum, 1640. Gotthard, St, in Hungary, — Montecuculi defeats the Turks at, 1 Aug. 1664. Gotti, Vincenzio Lodovico, cardinal, — b. at Bologna, 5 Sep. 1664 — enters Dominican Order, 1680— studies at Salamanca, 1684-88 — Prof. Philosophy,Mantua,i688 — first Prof. Theology, Bologna, 1695 — Provincial of his Order, 1708 ■ — Inquisitor of Milan, by Clement XI., 17 14- 17 — Cardinal, by Benedict XIII. , 1728 — tf. at Borne, 18 Sep. 1742. La vera Chiesa cli Cris- to dimostrata, 17 19 — Theologia scholastico-dog- matica, 1727-34 — Veritas religionis christians, I735-40. Gottigniez, Gilles Francois, mathematician, astronomer, — b. at Brussels, 1630 — enters Order of Jesuits at Mechlin, 1653 — Prof. Mathema- tics, Borne, 1662 — tr. there, 6 Apr. 1689. Fpistola de difficultatibus circa eclipses in Jove a Medicis planetis effectas, 1665 — Be figuris cometarum, $c. f 1668 — Logistika xiniversalis, 1687. Gottingen, in Hanover, — capital of princi- pality of Brunswick-Liineburg, 1 286-1463 — joins Hanseatic League, about i36o a — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Archduke Leopold, 1641 ■ — occupied by French, 1757 — retaken by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, early in 1758 — in- surrection breaks out at, 8 Jan. 1831 — sup- pressed, 16 Jan. University of, founded by George II. (of England), 1734 — chartered as Academia Georgia Augusta, 1736 — opened, Sep. 1737 — declines, after 1831. Royal So- ciety of Sciences, established by George II., 1751 — reorganized, 1770. a Engl. Cyc. Gottleber, Johann Christoph, philologist, — b. at Chemnitz, 1733— tf. at Meissen, 1 May ' 1785. Observations in Flatonis Alcibiadem secundum, 1767-8 — Observations in qucedam loca Dionysii Halicamassei, 1769-70. Gottschalk, (Godescalc,) Benedictine monk, (Godeschalcus,) — b. at Mentz, about 808 ? a — while a monk at Fulda, has controversy with Abbot Raban, 829 b — his doctrine on predestin- ation condemned by Council of Mentz, 848 — finally condemned by Hincmar, flogged and im- prisoned at Hautvilliers, 849— defended by Ee- migius, Abp of Lyons, 853 b — unsuccessfully appeals to Pope Nicholas I., 864 b — tf. in prison, 868, b 30 Oct. 867. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gieseler. Gottsched, Johann, physician, — ft. at K6- nigsberg, 1668 — Prof. Medical Sciences there, 1694 — member of Academic Society, Berlin, 1702 — tf. at Konigsberg, 10 Apr. 1704. Gottsched, Johann Christoph, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Konigsberg, 2 Feb. 1700 — studies at the Univ., 17 14 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Leipsic, 1725 — Dean of Poetic Society, 1726 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 1734 — tf. at Leipsic, 12 Dec. 1766. Nothige Vorrath zur Geschichte der deutschen dramatischen Bicht- Jcunst von 1450 an, 1757-65 — Beden, 1749 — Gedichte, 1736. Gottschling, Kaspar, philologist, bibliogra- pher,— h. in Silesia, 28 Feb. 1679 — rector and librarian, school of New Brandenburg, 17 10 — tf. there, 1739. Anleitung zur Kenntniss guter und seltener Biicher, 1702 — Anleitungzur TFap- penJcunst, 1706. Gouan, Antoine, physician, botanist, — h. at Montpellier, 15 Nov. 1733 — Prof. Botany there, 1767-1803— tf., 1 Sep. 1821. Hortus regius Monspeliensis, 1762 — Flora Monspeliaca, 1765 — Bhistrationes et abservationes botanicce, 1773- Gouaz, Yves Marie le, engraver, — b. at Brest, 15 Feb. 1742 — goes to Paris, studies under Aliamet, 1763 — engraver to Academy of Sciences, 1770 — tf. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1816. Goudar, Ange, political writer, — fj. at Mont- pellier, about 1720 — tf. at Paris, 1791. B 'Bspion chinois, 1768-74 — Naples, 1778 — VFspion francais a Bondres, 1779 — Les in- terims de la France mal entendus dans les branches de Vagricidture, §c. y 1756. Goudelin, Pierre, jurist, — f>. in Hainault, 1550 — tf., 18 Oct. 1619. Opera, 1685. Goudelin, {Goudoidi,) Pierre, poet, — b. at Toulouse, 1579 — tf. there, 10 Sep. 1649. Obras, 1649. Goudinel, Claude, musical composer, — b. at Besangon, about 1510,* 1520 b — founds school of music at Borne, about 1540 c — at Paris, 1555 — assassinated at Lyons, 29 Aug. 1572. Biber quartus ecclesiasticarum Cantionum, 1554° — Music to Be Muret's ' Chansons Spirituels, i 1555 d — Music to Clement MaroPs ' Fsalms,' a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Bees' Cyc. Goudt, Henrik, engraver, — b. at Utrecht, 1585 — tf. there, 1630 (?). Gouffier, Louis, — b. in Perigord, 1648— distinguishes himself at defence of Candia, 1668 — expels pirates from Genoa, 1703 — con- tributes to capture of the chateau of Nice, 1705 — Lieutenant-general of galleys of the King, 1723 — Director of Academy of Mar- seilles, 1733 — tf. at Marseilles, 22 Apr. 1734. Gouffier. [Eonnivet, and Choiseul.] Gough, Hugh, Viscount Gough, field- marshal, — b. in Ireland, 3 Nov. 1779 — enters the army, 7 Aug. 1794 — serves at Cape of 39 * 6l2 GOUGH— GOURMELIN. Good Hope, 1795 — marries, 1807 — as Major distinguishes himself at Talavera, and is severely wounded, Jul. 1 809 — at Barossa, 181 1 — wounded at defence of Tarifa, Dec. 181 1 — distinguishes himself at Yittoria, Jun. 1 8 13 — again wounded at Nivelle, 18 13 — Major-general, 1830 — sent to India, 1837 — Commander-in-chief of British troops in China, Mar. 1841— [Chinese War]— G.C.B., 1841— created Bart, and receives thanks of parliament, 1842 — Commander-in-chief in India, Aug. 1843 — defeats Mahrattas at Maharajpoor, 29 Dec. 1843 — defeats Sikhs at Moodkee, 18 Dec. 1845 — at Ferozeshah, 21-22 Dec. — at Sohraon, 10 Feb. 1846 — created Baron Gough, and re- ceives thanks of parliament, Apr. 1846 — de- feats Sikhs at Chillianwallah, 13 Jan. 1849 — defeats Sikhs atGoojerat, 21 Feb. — superseded as Commander-in-chief by Sir Charles Napier, 7 Mar. — created Viscount, and again receives thanks of parliament and a pension, 1849 — Colonel of Horse Guards, 1854 — sent to the Crimea to invest Marshal Pelissier and other officers with insignia of the Bath, 1856 — Knt of St Patrick, 1857 — Privy Councillor, 1859 — K.G.C. Star of India, 1 861— Field-marshal, Nov. 1862— tf., 2 Mar. 1869. Gough, Richard, antiquary, — ft. in London, 21 Oct. 1735 — studies at Cambridge, 1752-56 — F.S.A., 1767 — Director of the Society of the Temple, 1771-97 — F.R.S., 1777, a i775 bc — tf. at Wormley, Hertfordshire, 20 Feb. 1809. Anecdotes of British Topography, 1768 — edition of Camden's Britannia, 1789 — Sepulchral monuments of Great Britain, 1786-99 — His- tory of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1770. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Chalmers. Goujet, Claude Pierre, bibliographer, — ft. at Paris, 19 Oct. 1697 — rj. there, 1 Feb. 1767. Les Vies des saints, 1730 — Bibliotheque des ecrivains ecclesiastiques, 1736 — Bibliotheque francaise, 1740-59 — Memoires loistoriques et litter aires sur le college royal de France, 1758 — Histoire des Inquisitions, 1752. Goujon, Alexandre Marie, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Dijon, about 1770 — serves in the army, 1797-1815 — tf., 9 Apr. 1823. Tablettes chronologiques de la revolution francaise, 1823 — Pastes civils de la France, 1821-22. Goujon, Jean, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, about 15 15 —massacred there, Aug. 1572. Fontaine des Innocents, Paris, 1550. Goulart, Simon, theologian, historian, — ft. at Senlis, 1543 — pastor at Geneva, 1566-1628 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 1628. Tre'sor d'Histoires admirables et Memoires de nostre Temps, 1600 — ltecueil contenant les choses les plus me'mor- ables advenues sous la ligue, §c. t 1587. Goulburn, Henry, statesman, — ft. in London, 17 84 — NLA. Cambridge, 1808 — Under-secretary of Siate for Home Department, 1 810 — for Colo- nies, 18 1 2 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Privy Councillor, close of 1821 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mar. 1828 to Jan. 1830 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1831— D.C.L. Oxford, 1834 — Secretary of State for Home Department, Dec. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — Cbimcellor of the Exchequer, 1841-46— M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1852 — tf. at Betchworth House, 12 Jan. 1856. Goulin, Jean, physician, — ft. at Bheims, 10 Feb. 1728 — tf., 30 Apr. 1799. Memoires lit- teraires, critiques, philologiques et bibliogra- phiques, pour servir a Vhistoire ancienne et moderne de la medecine, 1775-76. Goulu, Jean, General of the Feuillants, — . ft. at Paris, 25 Aug. 1576 — enters congrega- tion of Feuillants, 1604 — tf. at Paris, 5 Jan. 1629. Vie de Saint Francois de Sales, 1624 — ■ Lettres de Fhyllarque d Aristc, 1627-28 — trans- lations of Epictetus, 1609 — of Homilies of St Basil, 1616. Gour, Ganr, (Lakshmanavati, Laknouti,) — mentioned, between 800-900 a — taken by Mo- hammed Bakhtiar Khilji, i202, b 1203^ "1204° — capital of Bengal, by Gheias u din, 1 2 1 2 — seat of government removed to Pundna or Peruya, about 1360 — capital again, by Jelal u din, 1409 — fortified by Nasir Shah, 1450 — taken by Shir Shah, 1536 — retaken by Humayun, Jun. or Jul. 1538 a — again taken by Shir Shah, 1539-40 — seat of government removed to Tanda, 1564 c — conquered and repaired by Akber, 1575. a Elphinstone. b Thornton. c Macculloch. Gouras, John, — ft. in Greece, about 1786— distinguishes himself at defence of Thermopylae against Turks, 1821 — raises siege of Acropolis, and defeats Turks at Marathon, 1823 — defeats Kolokotronis at Tripolitza, 1824 — defends Athens against Beschid Pasha, 1826 — killed, at siege of Athens, 1826. Gourcy, Abbe de. /. B. Rousseau venge, 1772 — V Apologetique et les Prescriptions de Tertullien, 1780 — Fes droits et des devoirs des citoyois, §c, 1789. Gourdon, Antoine Louis, Count of, a 7 - miral, — ft. at Paris, 20 Jul. 1765 — enters the navy, 1780— captured by the English, 12 Apr. 1782 — Captain, commands in expedition to St Domingo, 1801 — Bear-admiral, 1805 — charged with defence of the Scheldt, 1811 — Count, 1 8 14 — Yice-admiral, 1822 — tf. at Paris, 29 Jun. 1833. Gourgaud, Gaspard, Baron, general, — ft. at Versailles, 14 Sep. 1783 — enters the army, 1802 — wounded at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — ■ distinguishes himself at battle of Pultusk, and receives cross of Legion of Honour, 1807 — ■ sent to Dantzic, 18 11 — distinguishes himself in Bussian campaign, Baron, 181 2 — and in German campaign, 1813 — General, aide-de- camp to Napoleon, serves at "Waterloo,. 18 15 — • follows Napoleon to St Helena, 18 15 — returns to France, i82r — Commander of artillery at Paris andYincennes, 1830— Lieutenant-general, 1835 — Peer, 1841 — Colonel of National Guards, Paris, 1 848 — member of Legislative Assembly, May 1849 — &• at P ai 'i s > 2 6 Jul. 1852. Gourgues, Dominique de, — ft. at Mont-de- Marsan, about 1530 — conducts expedition to Florida, takes Spanish forts, hangs the Span- iards, Aug. 1567 to Jun. 1568 — tf. at Tours, about 1593. Gourmelin, Etienne, physician, — M.D. Paris, 1561— Prof, medicine, 1567 — dean of faculty, 1574— Prof. Surgery, College Boyal, GOTTRMOND— GRABBE. 6r 3 1578 — ft. at Paris, 1594, or at Melun, 1593. /Synopsis chirurgice, 1566 — Chirurgice artis ex FLippocratis et veterum decretis ad rationis normam reducta, 1580. Gourmond, Gille, printer, — tf. at Paris, about 1527. Golden Verses of Pythagoras, 1507 — FLesiod, 1507 — Grammar of Chrysoloras, 1507. Gournay, Marie le Jars de, — ft. at Paris, 1566— adopted by Montaigne, about 1588 — tf. at Paris, 13 Jul. 1645. Edition of Montaigne's JEssais, 1635 — Le Promenoir de M. de Mon- taigne, 1594. Gousset, Jacques, orientalist, — ft. at Blois, 1635 — settles in Holland, 1686 — Prof. Greek and Theology, Groningen, 1692 — tf. there, 4 Nov. 1704. Controversiarum adversus Judceos ternio, 1688 — Commentarii linguce hebraicce, 1702. Gouvea, Antonio de, (Goveanus,) jurist, — ft. in Portugal, 1505 — Prof. Philosophy, Paris, 1542-44— Prof. Law, Toulouse, about 1548 — tf. at Turin, 1565. Opera, 1562. Gouvea, Antonio, — ft. in Portugal, about 1575 — Prof. Theology, Goa, 1597 — envoy to Shah Abbas, 1602 — envoy to Oran, about 1621 ■ — tf. in Portugal, 18 Aug. 1628. Pelacao em que se tratao as guerras, e grandes victorias que alcancon e grande rey de Persia Xa-Abbas, $• 22 J an - J 83i- Apercu statist ique de Vancien Piemont, 1813 — Eizion- ario militare italiano, 18 17. Grassi, Horazio, Jesuit, — fc. at Savona, 1^82 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1600 — if. at Rome, 23 Jul. 1654. Ee Tribus Cometis, 1619 — Libra astronomica et philosophica, 1629. Grassi, Joseph, painter, — fc. at Udine or Vienna, 1756/ 1 7 68 b — Prof. Painting, Dresden, 1799-18 16 — if. there, 7 Jan. 1838. a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Graswinckel, "Dirk, jurist, — fc. at Delft, 1600 — amanuensis to Grotius at Paris, 1624 — de- fends republic of Venice in dispute with Duke of Savoy, 1644 — Chevalier of St Mark, 1644 — if. at Mechlin, 12 Oct. 1666. Libertas Veneta, 1634 — Ee jure majestatis, 1642. Grata Honoria, Justa,— fc., about 418— ac- companies her mother and brother to Constan- tinople, 423 — sent to Constantinople to Theo- dosius II., 434 — secretly invites Attila to at- tack Italy, and is banished, 434 — claimed by Attila of Valentinian III., 450. Grataroli, Guglielmo, physician, — fc. at Bergamo, 15 16 — ij. at Basel, 17 Apr. i568, a 1562, b 1566.° Ee medicines el rci licrbaricc origine, §c, 1564 — Opuscule}., 1558. a De Thou. b "Vander Linden. c Konig. Gratiano. [Gregory VI., Pope.] Gratianus Augustus, Roman Emperor, — fc., 19 Apr. 359 — Consul with Dagalaiphus, (1119, a. u. c.) 366— declared Augustus, (8 Kal. Sep.) 24 Aug. 367 — with Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian L, (15 Kal. Dec.) 17 Nov. 375— defeats Alemanni at Argentaria, about May 378 — Emperor of the East on death of Valens, (5 Id. Aug.) Aug. 378— admits Theodosius I. to share of empire, (14 Kal. Feb.) 19 Jan. 379 — killed near Lyons, (8 Kal. Sep.) 25 Aug. 383. Gratianus, — raised to the purple by troops in Britain after Marcus killed, 407 — killed, 4 months later, 407. Gratianus, canonist, — if. at Bologna, about 1 150. Eecretum Graiiani, 1151. Gratius, (Ealiscus,) poet, — [B C] — fl., about 25- Gratius, (Graes,) Ortwinus, theologian, — Prof. Theology, Cologne, 1509— if. there, 22 May 1541. Fasciculus rerum expetendaram ac fugiendarum, 1535 — Gemma prcenosticat., 1577- Grattan, Henry, political orator, — fc. at Dublin, 3 July 1746 — enters Trin. Coll., 1765 — enters Middle Temple, London, 1767 — called to Irish bar, 1772 — member of Irish parliament, for Charlton, 1775 — proposes the 'Declaration of Rights,' 16 Apr. 1782 — an estate purchased for him by Irish parliament, 1782 — member of Irish parliament for Dublin, 1790 — M.P. Mal- ton, 1805 — M.P. Dublin, 1806 — moves resolu- tions for inquiry into Catholic claims, 25 Feb. 181 3 — ii . in London, 1 4 May 1820. Speeches, 1821. Gratus, — 1. Consul of Rome with Seleucus, (974, a. u. c.) 221. 2. Consul with Decius, (1003,) 250. 3. Consul with Messala, (1033,) 280. Gratus, Valerius, — procurator of Judea, 15- 27. Gratz, in Austria, — a town of importance, before 900 — residence of Dukes of Styria, 1 127a — Frederick II. receives homage of Styrian officials at, Christmas 1236 b — archbishopric, 1784 — taken by the French, 1797 — besieged by Gen. Broussier, Jun. 1809 — Col. Gambier de- feats Austrians near, 26 Jun. 1809° — occupied by French, 27 Jun. 1809°. Cathedral, built, 1456. University of, founded by Duke Charles, i558, d 1586 il — closed by Emperor Joseph II., 1782 — reopened by Francis I., 1 827. Johanneum, founded by Archduke John, 1 81 1. a Macculloch. b Kington. c Alison. d Engl. Cyc. Grau, Abraham, mathematician, &c, — b. in Holland, 1632 — Prof. Mathematics, Franeker, 1659 — if., 8 Sep. 1683. Eistoria philosophice, 1674. Grau, Johann David, physician, — b. near Rudolstadt, 1729 — Prof. Medicine, Gottingen, 1763 — if. at Nordhausen, 1768. Ee ple'thorce causis et effectibus, 1756 — Ee ichnographia pathologic, 1760. Grauhiindten. [Grisons. ] Graudenz, in Prussia, — (Grodeh,) — fortress built by Frederick II., 1770-76 — defended against French, by Courbiere, 22 Jan. to 9 Jul. 1807. GRAUN -GREAT BRITAIN. Graun, Karl Heinrich, musical composer, — b. in Saxony, 1701 — studies at Dresden, 17 13 — enters service of Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia, 1735 — rj. at Berlin, 8 Aug. 1759. Poly- dore, 1 726 — Ber Tod Jesu, 1760 — Te Deum, 1757. Graunt, John, — b. in London, 24 Apr. 1620 — F.R.S., Feb. 1661-2— rj., 18 Apr. 1674. Natural and political observations on the bills of mortality, 166 r. Grave, (Graaf,) in 2V. Brabant, — the Bra- banc, ons defeated near, by Jean de Cuyx, 23 Jul. 1388 — taken by Duke of Parma, 1586 — submits to Prince Maurice, 1602 — taken by Turenne, 14 Jul. 1672 — retaken by Dutch, after three months' siege, 26 Oct. 1674 — siege of, by Gen. Salm, begins, 28 Oct. 1794 — capitu- lates, 28 Dec. 1794. Gravelines, in France, — fortified, about 1160 — taken and burnt by Oudart de Maubuisson, 1302 — ceded to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — retaken by Philip the Bold, 1377 — cap- tured by Bp of Norwich, 1382 — fortified by Charles V., 1528 — the French defeated by Spaniards and English, under Count Egmont, near, 13 Jul. 1558 — besieged and taken by Duke of Orleans, 1 Jun. to 28 Jul. 1644 — re- taken by Archduke Leopold, 18 May 1652 — again taken by French, under Vauban, 30 Aug. 1658 — confirmed to France by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. Gravelot, Hubert Francois Bourgignon, a (D Anville, h ) designer, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1699 — in England, about 1732-45 — rj. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1773. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Gravelotte, near Metz in France, — Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia defeats Marshal Bazaine at, 18 Aug. 1870. Graves, Richard, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Gloucestershire, 1705 — Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1736 — rector of Claverton, about 1750 — ft. there, 23 ]S T ov. 1804. Spiritual Quixote, 1772. Gravesande, Willem Jacob, 'S, mathemati- cian, natural philosopher,— b. at Bois-le-Duc, 27 Sep. 1688 — studies atLeyden, 1704 — LL.D., 1707 — secretary of embassy to London, F.R.S., London, 1715-16 — Prof. Mathematics and Astronomy, Leyden, 17 17 — Prof. Philosophy, 1734 — Xf., 28 Feb. 1742. Physices elementa mathematica, 1720 — I'hilosophia newtoniance institutiones, 1723 — Introductio ad philoso- phical, 1736. Gravesend, in Kent, — mentioned as a hythe (landing-place) in Domesday Book, 1086 — burnt by French and Spaniards, about 1377 — defended by battery against Spaniards, 1588 — James T. receives Christian IV. of Denmark at, 1606 — burnt, Aug. 1727. Gravina, in S. Italy, — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Saracens, 975 — court established at, by Frederick II., 1234. Gravina, Charles, Duke of, naval com- mander, — b. at Naples, 1747 — goes to Spain, 1758 — wounded at the siege of Toulouse, 1793 — Rear-admiral, 1794 — takes part in French expedition to St Domingo, 1802 — Spanish am- bassador to Paris, May 1 804 — assists at coron- ation of Napoleon, 1804 — commands Spanish fleet at battle of Trafalgar, and is mortally wounded, 24 Oct. 1805— "0. at Cadiz, Jan. 1806. Gravina, Domenico da, historian, — fl., about 1330-50. Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, $c, — b. in Calabria, 20 Jan. 1664 — assists in found- ing the Academia degli Arcadi, Rome, 1695 — ■ Prof. Civil and Canon Law, University of Rome, 1699-17 14 — rj. there, 6 Jan. 17 18. Origines juris oivilis, 1708 — Delia ragione poetica, 1708. Gravina, Pietro, poet, — b. at Palermo, about 1453 — tf. at Rome? about 1528. Poemata, 1532 — Fpistolce et Orationes, 1589. Gravitation, Law of, — hint of, by John Philoponus of Alexandria, probably between 500-600 — conceived by Copernicus, 1543 — more clearly defined by Kepler, 1609— conception extended by Robert Hooke, 1666-74 — demon- strated by Newton, 1687. Gray, in France, — General Werder defeats the French near, 27 Oct. 1870. Gray, David, poet, — b. near Glasgow, 1838 — goes to London, May i860 — tf. near Glasgow, 3 Dec. 1861. The Buggie and other Poems, 1862 — monument, by public subscription, 1865. Gray, Stephen, electrician, — b., about 1695 — rj. in London, 15 Feb. 1736. Gray, Thomas, poet, — b. in London, 26 Dec. 17 1 6 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1735 — travels in France and Italy, 1739-41 — Prof. Modern History, Cambridge, 1768 — rj. there, 30 Jul. 177 1. Flegy in a country churchyard, 1749 — Works, 1 8 14. Graziani, {Giovanni Battista Ballanti,) sculp- tor,— b. at Faenza, 1762 — rj. there, Jul. 1835. Graziani, Antonio Maria, historian, — b. in Tuscany, 23 Oct. 1537 — visits Rome and be- comes friend of Commendone, 1560 — secretary to Sixtus V., 1584 — promotes election of Clem- ent VIII. , 1592 — Bpof Amelia, 1592 — ly. there, Mar. 161 1. Be bello Cyprio, 16 14 — Be vita Commentonis cardinalis, 1669 — Be casibus viro- rum illustrium, 1680 — Be scriptis invita Mi- nerva lib. XX., i725, a i745. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. Graziani, Giovanni, historian, — b. at Ber- gamo, about 1670 — U. at Padua, about 1730. Histories Venctte, 1728. Graziano, Girolamo, poet, — b. at Pergola, 1604 — secretary to Duke of Modena, 1637 — tf. at Pergola, 10 Sep. 1675. Conquista di Gra- nata, 1650 — II Cromvello, 167 1. Grazzini, Antonio Francesco, poet, — b. at Florence, 1503 — founds the Academia della Crusca, about 1530 — tf. at Florence, 1583. Opere, 16 12 — Novelle, 1767. Great Britain, — name adopted on legislative union of Scotland with England, 1 May 1707 — national flag appointed by proclamation, 28 Jul. 1707 — first parliament of, meets, 23 Oct. 1707. Great Britain, Kings of — [Anglo-Saxon Kings, England, Kings of] — House of Stuart : James I. (VI. of Scotland) succeeds Elizabeth, 24 Mar. 1603 — Charles I., (son,) 27 Mar. 1625. Commonwealth, begins, 30 Jan. 1649 — GREAT BRITAIN— GREEK CHURCH. 621 Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 16 Dec. 1653 — Richard Cromwell, 3 Sep. 1658. House of Stuabt restored : Charles II., (son of Charles I.,) de jure, 30 Jan. 1649 — de facto, 29 May 1660— James II., (son,) 6 Feb. 1685— Interregnum on his abdication, 11 Dec. 1688. The Revolution : William III. (Prince of Orange) and Mary, (daughter of James II.,) 13 Feb. 1689 — William alone, 28 Dec. 1694 — Anne, (daughter of James II.,) 8 Mar. 1702. House of Hanover : George I., (Elector of Hanover,) 1 Aug. 1714 — George II., (son,) 11 Jun. 1727 — George III., (son of Frederick, Prince of Wales,) 25 Oct. 1760. Union of, with Ireland, by Act 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800 — assent of Irish parliament received, 2 Aug. 1800. [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.] Great Britain, iron steamship, — sails from Liverpool for JS"ew York, 26 Jul. 1845. Great Circle Sailing, — principles of, laid down by Atkinson, Norwood, and others, 1680- 1720. Great Eastern, {Leviathan,) iron steamship, ■ — built by Brunei, 1857 — unsuccessful attempts to launch, Nov. 1857 — launched on the Thames, 31 Jan. 1858 — first voyage across Atlantic, 17- 27 Jun. i860. Great Exhibition. [Exhibition.] Great Seal. [Seal, Great.] Great Western, steamship, — sails from Bris- tol for New York, 2 Jun. 1838. Greatorex, Thomas, musician, — n. near Chesterfield, 5 Oct. 1758 — settles in London, 1788 — conductor of the king's concerts of an- cient music, 1 793- 1 83 1 — organist of Westmin- ster Abbey, 1 819 — o\, 18 Jul. 1 831. Greatrakes, Valentine, ' quack,'— h. in Ire- land, 1628 — goes to London, 1666 — fc. in Ire- land, after 1680 ? Greaves, John, (Gravius,) orientalist, — b. at Alresford, Hampshire, 1602 — enters Oxford Univ., 1 617 — Fellow of Merton College, 1624 — M.A., 1628 — Prof. Geometry, Gresham Col- lege, London, 1630-43 — visits the East and Italy, 1637-40 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Ox- ford, Nov. 1643— ejected, 1648 — tf. in London, 8 Oct. 1652. Elcmenta linguce persicce, 1649 — Epochce celebriores ex trad. Ulug-Beigi, 1650 — Astronomica qucedam, 1652 — Discourse on the Roman foot and denarius, 1647. Greece, {Grcecia, Hellas,) — [BC]— first in- vaded by Persians under Mardonius, (01. 72, 1,) 492 — again, under Datis and Artaphernes, (01. 72, 3,) 490— invaded by Xerxes, (01. 75, 1,) 480 — [Persian War] — Peloponnesian War, 431-404 — conquest of, by Philip of* Macedonia, 338— formation of JEtolian League, 324 — Achaean League, 281 — invaded by Gauls, 279 — conquest of, by Romans, 197 — declared free, by Qu. Flamininus, 196 — reduced to form of a Roman province, 146 — [Achaia] — [AD] — overrun by Goths, 267 — ravaged by Alaric, 395- 402— invaded by Genseric, 466 — by Zaberkhan, 558 a — by Sclavonic tribes, 578 — by Bulgarians, 678 — ravaged by pestilence, 746-7 a — again in- vaded by Sclaves, who form settlements in, 750- 770 — threatened by Saracens, about 867 — they gain a settlement in, 886 a — overrun by Bulga- rians under Samuel, 976 and 996 a — ravaged by Saracens, 1027 — invaded by Uzes, 1065 a — in- vaded and partly conquered by Normans of Sicily, 1084* — invaded by Roger, king of Sicily, 1146* — divided into feudal principali- ties, after 1204— [Athens, Duchy of, Nicaea, Empire of Thessalonica, Kingdom of &c.,] — • reunited to Greek empire, by Michael Palseolo- gus, i26i a — invaded by Turks, 1438 — conquest of, completed by them, 1460-73 — conquest of Morea by Venetians, commenced, 1685 a — its recovery by Turks, 1715.* [Ionian Islands, Greek Revolution.] a Finlay. Greece, Kingdom of, [Greek Revolution]— independence of, declared, and territory fixed by protocol of 3 Feb. 1830 — the crown offered by allied powers to Prince Leopold of Saxe- Coburg, 3 Feb. 1830 — declined by him, 21 May 1830 — accepted by Prince Otho of Bavaria, who is proclaimed at Nauplia, 30 Aug. 1832 — [Otho I.] — revolution, National Assembly con- voked, 14 Sep. 1843 — charter of representative government signed by the king, 16 Mar. 1844 — blockade of the Piraeus by British fleet, 18 Jan. to 1 Mar. 1850, and 25-27 Apr. 1850 — blockade of ports by allied powers, 1854— revolt at Nauplia, 13 Feb. 1862 — provisional government established at Patras, 2 1 Oct. 1862 — abdication of Otho, provisional government organized at Athens, 24 Oct. 1862 — National Assembly declares throne forfeited by Otho, and Prince Alfred of England elected, 4 Feb. 1863 — election of Prince William George of Denmark, 18 Mar. 1863 — proclaimed as George I., 30 Mar. 1863 — Conference at London between England, France, and Russia, respecting affairs of, 5 Jun. 1863 — mutiny at Athens, 2 Jul. 1863 — Constituent Assembly elected, Dec. 1863 — annexation of Ionian Islands to, 1864 — Constitution established, 29 Oct. 1864 — receives refugees from Candia, 1867 — first railway (Athens to the Piraeus) opened, 1868— disputes with Turkey, 1868 — Conference of Paris, for settlement of the dis- putes, meets, 6 Jan. 1869 — capture and murder of English and Italian travellers by brigands, near Athens, 11 -21 Apr. 1870. Greek Church, {Eastern Church,) — separa- tion of, from Latin, by foundation of Con- stantinople, 324-334 — rivalry with Latin Church, respecting authority of Bp of Rome and Bp of Constantinople, appears soon after synod of Antioch, beginning 341 a — difference of doctrine respecting procession of the Holy Spirit begins to show itself, before 400 — Council of Chalcedon confers on Bp of Con- stantinople equal powers, within countries assigned to him, with Bp of Rome, 45 1 b — Henoticon of Zeno, 483 — Felix II. (III.,) Bp of Rome, and Acacius,Bp of Constantinople, ex- communicate each other, 484 c — assumption of title of (Ecumenical Patriarch, by John, Bp of Constantinople, 588 c — the phrase 'filioque ' added to Nicene Creed by Council of Toledo, 589 a — Ecthesis of Heraclius published, 638 — Pope Theodore deposes the Patriarch Paul GREEK EMPIRE- GREENE. II., 648 — temporary reconciliation with Latin Church at Council of Rome, 680— doctrines of, defined by John Damascenus, 73o d — Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 857 — Photius and Pope Nicholas I. excommunicate each other, 867 e — Michael Cerularius publicly excom- municated by legates of Leo IX. at Constanti- nople, 16 Jul. 1054 — he excommunicates Leo, 1054 — Council of Bari, 1098 — unsuccessful attempts to subject Greek to Latin Church, 1 1 16 and n66 e — subject to Rome after con- quest by crusaders, 1204 — a Latin patriarch elected, Tomaso Morosini, May 1204— double patriarchate maintained till capture of Con- stantinople by Greeks, 1261 — reunion with Latin Church proposed by Patriarch Joseph, 1273 — reunion effected, and primacy of the Pope acknowledged, at Council of Lyons, Jun. 1274 — union annulled by Emperor Andronicus II., Dec. 1282 — and by synods of Constanti- nople, 1283 and 1285 — unsuccessful negotia- tions between Andronicus III. and Pope Benedict XII., 1339 — reunion again proposed unsuccessfully by Martin V. at Council of Siena, 1423 f — negotiations renewed by Council of Basel, 1434 — John Palaeologus accepts invitation to a Council, and arrives at Ferrara, 28 Feb. 1438 — Act of Union signed at Florence, 6 Jul. 1439 — Du ^ no ^ accepted by the Greeks : unsuccessful negotiations for union with Lutherans begin, 1575 — union of, with Anglican Church, proposed by English bishops, 1723 f — protectorate of, in Turkey, claimed by Czar, 3 May 1853 — union of, with Anglican Church, proposed by Abp of Moscow, 1866. a Neander. b Brande's Diet. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Engl. Cyc. e Gieseler. f Milman. & Encyc. Brit. Greek Empire. [Eastern Empire.] Greek Eire, — invented by Callinicus, 668 — used against Saracens besieging Constantinople, 673 — Saracen fleet in harbour of Constanti- nople, destroyed by, 717 — secret of, becomes known to Mohammedans, after 1100 — used by them against crusaders at Damietta, 1250 — falls into disuse after invention of gunpowder, about 1350 — used by Federals at siege of Charleston, 1863-5 — by Fenians, in Great Britain and Ireland, 1867. Greek Language, — [B C] — diffused in Asia by conquests of Alexander, 323-321 — studied by Romans, from about 200 — [AD] — study of, introduced in England by Theodore, Abp of Canterbury, 670-690 — used in S. Italy till about 1250 — study of, in Italy, revived by Boccaccio, 1350-70 — taught at Florence, by Emanuel Chrysoloras, about 1400-15 — Academy for study of, founded at Florence, by Lorenzo de Medici, about 1470 — taught at Oxford by Grocyn and Linacre, between 1480- 15 10. Greek Philosophy, — [B C] — Schools of, established at Alexandria, under Ptolemy Soter, 320-2SC — introduced at Rome by Car- neades, Diogenes, and Laertius, opposed by Cato, and prohibited, 155 — [AD] — begins to be studied by Arabians, under Caliph Almansur, 770-780 — study of, revived by Erigena, 860-880. Greek Revolution, — unsuccessful attempts at insurrection against Turks made, 1770 and 1790 — the Hetairia (secret society for the liberation of Greece) comes into notice, about 1 8 14 — revolt of Ali Pasha, 1820-21 — insur- rection, under Alexander Ypsilanti, breaks out, 6 Mar. — conflict at Patras, 4 Apr. — mas- sacre of Greeks, Jun. — provisional government established, 9 Jun. — Congress of Epidaurus, declaration of independence published, 1 Jan. 1822 — massacre of Scios, Apr. to May 1822 — battle of Arta, 27 Jul. — Lord Byron takes part with the patriots, 1823-24 — provisional government under Conduriotti and Panuzzo, 12 Oct. 1824 — revolt under Colocotroni, Nov. 1824 — he submits, n Jan. 1825 — expedition of Ibrahim Pasha, 1825 — [Tripolitza, Mis- solonghi] — the provisional government resolve to seek aid of England, 24 Jul. 1825 — defeat of Turkish fleet, 28 Jan. 1826 — capture of Athens by Rescind Pasha, 15 Aug. — Treaty for pacification of Greece, between Great Britain, France, and Russia, signed at London, 6 Jul. 1827 — mediation declined by Mah- moud; battle of Navarino, 20 Oct. 1827 — presidency of Capo d'Istria begins, 24 Jan. 1828 — evacuation of Greece by Ibrahim Pasha, Oct. 1828— capture of Lepanto by Greeks, 9 May 1829 — National Assembly meets at Argos, 23 Jul. 1829 — the Sultan acknowledges inde- pendence of Greece, 25 Apr. 1830 — protocol of allied powers, for erection of Greece into a monarchy, 3 Feb. 1830. [Greece, Kingdom of] Greek Testament, — text of, published by Erasmus, 15 16 — forms part of Complutensian Polyglott, published, 1522. Green, Charles, aeronaut, — fc., about 1785 — rj. in London, 26 Mar. 1870. Green, Joseph Henry, surgeon, philosopher, — b., 1791 — settles in London, 18 15 — becomes acquainted with Tieck, and goes to study under Sulzer at Berlin, 1816 — becomes friend of Coleridge, 18 17 — surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1820 — Prof. Anatomy, R.C.S., 1824 — Prof. Anatomy, Royal Academy, 1825 — Prof. Surgery, King's Coll. London, 1830 — literary executor of Coleridge, 1834 — retires from his chair, and from practice, 1836 — member of Council R. C. S., 1835 — Hunterian Orator, 1840 and 1847 — Pres. R.C.S., 1849 and 1858 — Pres. Council of Medical Education, 1858 — tf. at the Mount, Hadley, 13 Dec. 1863. Spiritual Philosophy, 1865. Green, Valentine, engraver, — h. in War- wickshire, i739, a in London, about 1707 b — settles in London, 1765— associate engraver, R.A., 1774 — tf., i8i3, a about i8oo. b West's Stoning of St Stephen, 1776. 15 a Rose, Biog. Diet. b Nagler. Green Bag, — papers of the, referred to secret parliamentary committee, 3 Feb. 18 17 — the committee report discovery of association and schemes of the ' Spencean Philanthropists ; ' Habeas Corpus Act suspended by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 3, 4 Mar. 1817. Green Cloth, Board of, — executes remaining functions of Marshalsea Court, 1849. Greene, Maurice, musical composer, — fj in London, about 1690 ? 1696 a — organist of St GREENE— GREGOIRE. 623 Paul's, I7i8 b — organist and composer to the Chapels Royal, 1727 — Mns. D. Cambridge, 1730 — master of the king's band, 1736 — Prof. Music, 1730 — tf. in London, 1 Sep. 1755. a Fetis. b Rees' Cyc. Greene, (Green,) Nathaniel, general,— ft. in Rhode Island, 1742 a — member of General As- sembly of Rhode Island, 1770 — marries, 1774 — enters the army, 1774 — Major-general, 1775 — commands at Brooklyn, Aug. 1776 — dis- tinguishes himself at battles of Trenton and Princeton, 1777 — left in command of Wash- ington's army, Sep. 1780— presides at trial of Major Andre, Sep. 1780 — Commander-in-chief of army of the South, 178 1 — defeated by Lord Cornwallis, at Guilford, 15 Mar. 17 81 — by Lord Rawdon at Hobkirk's Hill, 25 Apr. 178 1 — defeats the English at Eutaw- Springs, 8 Sep. 178 1 — re-conquers Georgia, 1781 — tf. in Georgia, 19 Jun. 1786. a Malum. Greene, Kobert, dramatist, $c, — n. at Ipswich, a Norwich, 5 about 1560 — M.A. Cam- bridge, 1583 — tf. in London, 3 Sep. 1592. History of Orlando Furioso, 1594 — Looking- glass for London and England, 1594 — Honour- able History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, 1594 — Never too Late, 1590 — Groat's Worth of Wit, 1592. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Greenfield, William, orientalist, — fj., about 1800 — superintendent of editorial department of Bible Society, 1830 — tf., 5 Nov. 1831. Edits Comprehensive Bible, 1827 — Polymicrian Lexicon to Greek Test., 1829. Greenland, — seen by Gunbiorn, 876 or 877,* - — colonizedfrom Iceland, 983 — visited by Biarne Hernilfsen, 986 — by Leif Ericsen and Tyrkes, 1000 — by Thonvald Ericsen, 1002 — by Thor- finn, 1007-10 — Eric Upsi, first bp of, about 1120 — settled by Danes, before 1226 — becomes subject to Haco, king of Norway, and inter- course with foreigners prohibited, 1261 — ship sails from, to Nova Scotia, 1347 a — western coast devastated by Esquimaux, 1347-51 — coast seen by Frobisher, 1576 — Bp of, ap- pointed by Pope Nicholas V., 1448 a — coast of, surveyed by Davis, i585-8 b — east coast reached by Hudson, 1607 — explored by Baffin, i6i6 c — again colonized under Hans Egede, 1721 b — Moravian missions to, established, about 1735 —explored by Ross, 1 8 1 8 — by Parry, 1 8 1 9 — by Scoresby, 1822 c — by Graah, 1829-30° — by Kane, May 1853 to Oct. 1855 — by German ex- peditions, 1868 and 1870. Whale Fishery, commenced by English and Dutch, about 1590. a Humboldt. b Engl. Cyc. c Encyc. Brit. Greenland Company, in England, — incor- porated by Act 4 and 5 Wm III. c. 17, 1693 a ■ — breaks up, before 1707 a — privileges of, re- granted to any whale-fishers, by Act 1 Anne, c. 16, J7i4. a a Rees' Cyc. Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, — fj. at Bos- ton, U.S., 6 Sep. 1805 — enters Harvard Univ., 1 821 — visits Rome, 1 825-6— settles at Florence, before 183 1 — returns to America, 1851 — tf. near Boston, 18 Dec. 1852. Colossal statue of Washington, 1 843 — Colossal Group for the Capitol, 1843-51 — The Rescue, 1837-51. Greenville. [Granville, Grenville.j Greenwich, Kent, — royal residence at, as early as 1300^ Palace, built by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 1433 a — on his death, manor passes to the crown, 1447 — marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon at, 7 Jun. 1509 — marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne of Cleves at, Jan. 1540 — Edward VI. keeps Christmas at, 1552 — assigned to Cromwell, 1654 — taken down and new building com- menced by Charles II., about 1661 — conversion to Hospital resolved on, 1694. a Rees' Cyc. Greenwich Hospital,— patent of William and Mary for foundation of, signed, 25 Oct. 1694 — commissioners appointed by William III., Mar. 1695 — commenced by Wren, 30 Jun. 1696 — regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 21, 1696; 8 and 9 Wm III. c. 23, 1697 ; and 2 and 3 Ann., c. 6, 1703 — opened, Dec. 1705 — endowed with estates of Earl of Derwentwater, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 29, 1735 — commissioners incorporated by royal charter, 1775 — partly burnt, 2 Jan. 1779 — management of, transferred to Treasurer of the Navy, first Commissioner of Woods and Forests, &c, by Acts 10 Geo. IV. cc. 25 and 26, 22 May and 1 Jun. 1829 — contribution from seamen's wages abolished by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 34, 25 Jul. 1834 — further regulations by Acts 9 and 10 Vic. cc. 9 and 10, 2 Apr. 1846, and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 15, 11 Apr. 1856 — Royal Commis- sion on management of, appointed, 1859 — Re- port published, 1863 — provision for seamen's widows out of funds of, by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 67, 21 Jul. 1863 — report published, 1863 — Select Committee on, 1864 — better government of, provided for, by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 89, 5 Jul. 1865 — 900 pensioners leave, Sep. to Oct. 1865 — Select Committee on, 1867— better pro- visions respecting, and application of revenues, made by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 44, 2 Aug. 1869. Schools, vested in Commissioners of Hospital, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 26, 20 May 1825. Fainted Hall, built, 1703 — decorated by Thornhill, 1708-27 — naval picture gallery founded, 1823. Observatory, founded by Cbarles II., 10 Aug. 1675 — Bird's quadrant setup, 1749 — Trough- ton's transit instrument, 1 816 — his mural circle, 1836 — new transit circle, 1857. Magnetic Ob- servatory, established, 1837. Gregentius, Abp Sephar, — tf., 19 Dec. 552. Gregoire, Henri, statesman, — n. near Lune- ville, 4 Dec. 1750 — deputy to the States-Gen- eral, 1789 — Bp of Loir-et-Cher, 31 Mar. 17 91 — deputy to Convention, Sep. 1792 — president, Nov. ■ — sent to revolutionize Savoy, 1793 — assists in founding the Bureau des longitudes, and the Lnstitute, 1794-5 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795 — president of Legis- lative Body, Jan. 1800 — presides at Council of Bourges, i'8oo — at second National Council at Paris, 1801— senator, Dec. 1801 — visits Eng- land, 1803 — visits Holland and Germany, 1804 — excluded from Chamber of Peers by Louis XVIII., 1 8 14— from Institute, 18 15 — tf. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1831. Raines de Port Royal, 1 801 — Histoire des sectes religieuses, 1 8 14 — Essaisur les liberies de V Eglise gallicane, 1 8 17 — Annates de la religion, 17 95 -1803. 624 GREGORYS— GREGORY II. Gregoras, Nicephorus, Byzantine historian, — 6. at Heraclea in Pontus, 1295 ? — ambassador to Servia, by Andronicus I., 1326 — his pro- perty confiscated by Andronicus III., 1328 — makes funeral orations over Andronicus the Elder, &c, 1332 — imprisoned by the Palamites, 1 35 1 — tf., 1359 ? History of Constantinople (1562). Gregorian Style, [New Style,) — introduced in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, 1582. — in France, 10 Dec. = 20th, 1582 — in Catholic Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands, 1583 — in Poland, 1586 — in Hungary, 1587 — in Protestant Germany, Holland, Denmark, 1700 — Protestant Switzer- land, 1 701 — in England, by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 23, 1752 — in Sweden, 1753. Gregorian Tones, — 4 selected by Ambrose, 374-97 — 4 added by Gregory the Great, 59 1-604. Gregorio, Rosario, historian, antiquary, — fi. at Palermo, 1753 — Prof. Law, a Diplomacy, 15 there, 1789 — tf., 1809. Serum Arabicarum quce ad historiam Siculam spectant ampla col- lectio, 1790 — Bibliotheca Scriptorum quires in Sicilia gestas sub Aragonum imperio retulere, 179 1 -2 — Considerazioni sulla Storia di Sicilia, 1806. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Gregorius, Emperor op the East, — ap- pointed by Sergius in Sicily on siege of Con- stantinople by Saracens, 718 — put to death by order of Leo Isauricus. Gregorius, Bp of Agrigentum, — fo., about 524— tf., 23 Nov. 569. Gregorius, Bp of Alexandria, — appointed by Arian Council of Antioch, 341 — deposed by Council of Sardica, 347 a — killed by Alexan- drians, 349. a a Clinton. Gregorius, Bp of Antioch, — appointed by Justinus, about 570 — defends himself before ecclesiastical commission at Constantinople, 588 a — resigns and tf., 593. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Gregorius, Bp of Nyssa, — u., about 331 ? — ordained Bp, about 372 — persecuted by Arian party, from 37 3 a — banished, 375 — re- called by Gratian, 378 — at Council of Antioch, 379 — at Councils of Constantinople, 381 and 394— tf., after 29 Sep. 394^ a Clinton. Gregorius, of Armenia, — fl., 300-325. Gregorius, of Ccesarea, (Cappadocia,) theolo- gian, — fl., about 940. Gregorius Nazianzenus, St, Bp of Con- stantinople, — f>. near Nazianzus in Cap- padocia, 326, a 328, b about 329,° 3oo, d 318 e — studies at Athens and becomes friend of Basil, 351-355 f — teaches Rhetoric there, 355-6 — spends some time with Basil in desert of Pontus, between 357-360 — presbyter, Christmas 361 ? — with Basil again, 362 — begins to preach, Easter 362 — at Nazianzus, 365-370 — procures election of Basil to See of Caesarea, 370 or 37 1 — appointed Bp of Sasima, but refuses to go, 372 — assists his father in administering See of Nazianzus, 372-374 — continues to preside there after his father's death, 374 — flies to Seleuceia, (Isauria,) 375 — goes to Constan- tinople 10 oppose Arianism, 378,° about mid- summer 379 a — Bp of Constantinople, by Theodosius, 26 Nov. 380 — his election con- firmed by Council of Constantinople, 381 — re- tires, Jul. 381 — again has charge of Nazianzus, 381 — tf., 389 or 390. Orations against Julian, 363 a — ad Upiscopos, 381* — in Basileiam Ccesarece, 381.* a Clinton. b Biog. Univ. c Gibbon. d Pagi. e Dupin. { Robertson. Gregorius, Publius, (Tiphernas,) — teaches Greek at Naples, about 1440 — teaches Greek in France, about 1455 — tf. at Venice, about 1469. Latin translation of Strabo, 1472. Gregorius Thauinaturgus, St, Bp of Neo- c^esarea, — 6. at Neocsesarea, between 210- 15 ? a — studies with Origen at Ceesarea, 232 a — at Alexandria, about 235-7 — Bp of Neocsesarea, about 261 — assists at Council of Antioch, 264 — tf., about 26401* 270. a Clinton. Gregory, Bp of Tours, — b. in Auvergne, 539, a 544, b 30 Nov. 544° — Bp of Tours, close of 573 — gives asylum to Guntranand Merovee, 575 — at court of Childebert, at Metz, 588 — ■ visits Rome, 590 — again at Metz, 591 — ac- companies Childebert to court of Orleans, 593 — tf. at Rome, b at Tours, probably 17 Nov. 595.C d a B i og> rjniv. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. A Clinton. Gregory of Kimini, {Gregorius Ariminen- sis,) scholastic philosopher, — Prof, at convent of Rimini, 1351 — General of Augustine Order at Montpellier, 1357 — tf. at Vienna, 1358. Lectura primi libri sententiarum, 1482-^-Jw secundum librum, 1484. Gregory, St, The Great, Pope, — Jj., about 540 a — prsetor of Rome, 573 — devotes himself to monastic life, 574, b probably between 573- 577 a — ambassador from Pelagius II. to Con- stantinople, about 57 9-5 84, b 584-587 a — elected to succeed Pelagius II., Feb. 590 — ordained, 3 Sep. 590 — induces the Lombards, under Agilulf, to raise siege of Rome, 592,° 593, b 594, d 595 e — remonstrates with Emperor Mau- rice against ecclesiastical claims of Patriarch of Constantinople unsuccessfully, 595 — sends Au- gustine to Britain, 596 — assumes title of servus servorum Dei, about 595-6 — reforms Church service, 599 — receives ambassadors of Recared, 599 — encourages Theodolinda in converting- Lombards, 599 a — flatters Phocas, and sets up his image in the Lateran, 603 — sends Mellitus to Britain, 604 — tf., io, a 12 b Mar. 604. Magna Moralia, 584-587. a a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Muratori. d Sigonius. e Baronius. Gregory II., Pope, — accompanies Constan- tine to Constantinople, 710 a — succeeds Con- stantine, after vacancy of 40 days, 19 May 715 — sends Corbinian to preach in Germany, 715 — reestablishes monastery of Monte Cassino, 718 b — ordains St Boniface, 718 — acquires ad- ministration of the city on banishment of Basil, Duke of Rome, 726 — writes to Leo the Isaurian against Iconoclasts, 729, bf 727,° 726, d 730 e — promotes revolt against Leo, 728 — ■ meets Luitprand at Rome, 729 — holds council at Rome, Nov. 730 f — tf., 10 Feb. 731. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. d Baronius. e Pagi. f Milman. GREGORY. 625 Gregory III., Pope,— succeeds Gregory II., 18 Mar. 731 — holds council against Iconoclasts, 1 Nov. 732 s — his letters to Leo the Isaurian seized and the messengers imprisoned, 732 — seeks aid of Charles Martel against Luitprand, 74i, b 740 a — tf., 27 or 28 Nov. 741. a Milman, b Art de Verifier les Dates. Gregory IV., Pope, succeeds Valentine, end of 827 or Jan. 828 — goes to France, but fails in mediation between Louis le Debonnaire and his sons, 833 — institutes festival of All Saints, 835 — tf., 11 or 25 Jan. 844, a 843. b a Pagi and Fleuri. b Others. Gregory V., Pope, (Bruno,) — succeeds John XVI., by influence of Otto III., 3 May 996 — crowns Otto Emperor, 31 May 996 — driven from Rome by Crescentius, antipope elected, 997 — [John XVII.] — holds council atPavia and excommunicates Crescentius and John, 997 — reestablished by Otto, Feb. 998 — degrades and imprisons his rival, 998 — tf., 4 Feb. 999. Gregory VI., Antipope, — expels Benedict VIII. from Rome, 10 12 — expelled by Emperor Henry II., 1014. Gregory VI., Pope, (Gratiano,)— buys pon- tificate of Benedict IX., May 1044,* 1045 b — reestablishes order in Rome, 1045— deposed for simony by Henry III. at Council of Sutri, 20 c Dec. 1046. a Pagi. b Ughelli. c Milman. Gregory VII., Pope, (Hildebrand,) — ac- companies Bruno (Leo IX.) from Worms to Rome, beginning 1049* — Cardinal, by Louis IX., about 1050 — legate at Council of Tours, Apr. 1054 — sent to Emperor Henry III., pro- cures election of Victor II., 1055 b — ambassa- dor to Henry IV., 1057 — defeats party of Antipope, Benedict X., and procures election of Nicholas II., 1058 — procures election of Alexander II. without consent of Emperor, 1061 — has chief power under Alexander II., 1061-73 — elected to succeed him, 22 Apr. 1073 ■ — obtains confirmation from Henry IV., and is ordained, 30 Jun. 1073 — holds council at Rome against simony and marriage of the clergy, 9-10 Mar. 1074 c — menaces Henry IV. and Philip I. of France with excommunication, 1074 — holds another council, which prohibits prelates from receiving lay investiture, 24-28 Feb. 1075,° io74 b — seized and imprisoned by Cencius, Christmas-eve 1075° — rescued the next day : condemned and deposed by Henry IV. in Diet at Worms, 24 Jan. 1076 — excom- municates and deposes Henry at Lateran Coun- cil, 22 Feb. 1076 — directs German princes to elect a new king, Sep. 1076 b — receives and absolves Henry at Canossa, 28 Jan. 1077 — again excommunicates Henry at Council of Rome, Nov. 1078 — acquits Berengar of heresy, Feb. 1079 — again excommunicates Emperor, Mar. 1080 — [Guibert] — predicts Henry's death, Mar. 1080 — deposed by Synods of Mentz, 31 May, and Brixen, 25 Jun. 1080 c — besieged in St Angelo by Henry, Mar. 1084 — delivered by Robert Guiscard, retires to Salerno, May 1084 — 1>. at Salerno, 25 May 1085. a Engl. Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. e Milman. Gregory VIII., Antipope, (Maurice Bour- din,) — Abp of Braga, 11 10 — legate of Pascal II. to Emperor Henry V., 1 1 1 1 — crowns Henry at Rome, 11 17 — elected to succeed Pas- cal II. in opposition to Gelasius, takes name of Gregory VIII., 9 Mar. 1118 — -crowns Emperor again, Whitsunday 1118 — quits Rome, after election of Calixtus II., 11 20 — besieged and captured at Sutri, Apr. 1121 — taken to Rome, 23 Apr. 1 121 — tf. in confinement at Fumona, near Alatri, 1122 ? Gregory VIII., Pope, (Alberto,)— Cardinal, by Adrian IV., 1 1 35 a -4egate to Normandy, at Council of Avranches, absolves Henry II. of England from guilt of Becket's murder, 21 May 1 172 — elected at Ferrara to succeed Ur- ban III., 20 Oct. 1 1 87 b — mediates between Pisans and Genoese, 11 87 — tf. at Pisa, 17 Dec. 1 187. a Bees' Cyc. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Gregory IX., Pope, (JJgolino Conti,) — gives the cross to Emperor Frederick II. at Rome, Nov. 1220 a — preaches the crusade, 1221 — elected to succeed Honorius III., i9, b 18 c Mar. 1227 — proclaims a new crusade, 18 Mar. 1227 c — sends letter of admonition to Frederick II., 8 Jun. 1227 c — patronizes Michael Scot, 1227 — driven from Rome, Easter 1228 — invades Apulia, May 1228 c — [Frederick II., Emperor'] — canonizes St Francis, 1228 d — returns to Rome, about Nov. 1229 — levies tithe on movables in England, 1229— interferes in election to See of Canterbury, i23i d — places Inquisition under Dominicans, Aug. 1231 — favours University of Paris, 1 23 1 c — canonizes St Anthony of Padua, 1232 b — makes peace with Romans, 1233 — canonizes St Dominic, 1233^ 1234 b — again driven from Rome, 1234 — promulgates Decre- tals, Sep. 1234 — pacifies Lombards, Oct. 1234 — threatens Louis IX. with excommunication, Feb. 1235 — canonizes St Elizabeth, 1235 — protects Jews in Germany, 1236 — sends Car- dinal Otho to England, autumn 1237 — returns to Rome, 1237 — war with Frederick II. begins, spring 1239 — offers empire to Robert of France, brother of St Louis, 1239,° 124c 3 — his solemn procession at Rome, Feb. 1240° — summons council at Rome, autumn 1240 — makes over- tures for peace to Frederick II., 1241 — fc. at Rome, 21 Aug. 1241. a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Milman. d Robertson. Gregory X., Pope, (Tebaldo Visconti,) — in Palestine, 127 1— elected, to succeed Clement IV., 1 Sep. i27i a — crowned at Rome, 27 Mar. 1272 — commences negotiations for reunion of Eastern and Western Churches, 1272 — approves election of Rudolph of Hapsburg, Sep. 1273 b — receives Philip the Rash at Lyons, Feb. 1274 — presides at Council of Lyons, 7 May to 1 7 Jul. 1274° — has interview with Rudolph of Hapsburg, at Lausanne, 20 Oct. 1275 — visits Florence and removes interdict, 10 Dec. 1275 a — refuses to visit Florence, 5 renews his cen- sures, a Dec. 1275 — tf. at Arezzo, 10 Jan. 1276. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. c Robertson. Gregory XI., Pope, (Pierre Roger,) — ft. in Limoges, 1329— Cardinal, by Clement VI., 40 6z6 GREGORY. 1348 — elected to succeed Urban V., 30 Dec. 1370 — ordained priest, 4 Jan. 1371 — crowned, 5 Jan. 1 37 1 — offers to mediate between France and England, 1371 — forms a league of Italian princes against Bernabo Visconti, 1372 — ex- communicates tlie Yisconti, 1372 — levies tenths for war with them and their allies, 1372 — war with Florentines, 1375 — his compact with Ed- ward III., conference at Bruges, Jul. to Sep. 1375 — quits Avignon, 13 Sep. 1376 — arrives at Rome, 17 Jan. 1377 — orders proceedings against Wickliffe, 1377 — retires to Anagni, Jun. 1377 — publishes three bulls against Wick- liffe, May 1 37 7 — *&. at Rome, 27 or 28 Mar. 1378. Gregory XII., Pope, [Angelo Cornaro,) — fc., about 1325 — 'Cardinal-priest, 1405 — elected to succeed Innocent VII., 30 Nov. 1406 — engages to renounce pontificate if his rival Benedict XIII. will do so, 1406 — deposed, with Bene- dict, by Council of Pisa, 5 Jun. 1409 — retires to Gaeta, 1409 — to Rimini, 141 2 — abdicates by proxy at Council of Constance, 4 Jul. 1415 — fc. at Rimini, a Recanati, b 18 Oct. 1417. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Gregory XIII., Pope, (Ugo Buoncompagno,) — b. at Bologna, 7 Feb. a 1502 — called to Rome, by Paul III., 1538 — Cardinal, 1565 — elected to succeed Pius V., 13 May 1572 — celebrates massacre of St Bartholomew, Sep. 1572 — sends Jesuit missionaries to England, summer 1580 b — sends troops to Ireland, autumn 1580 — mediates between Poland and Russia, 158 1 — undertakes reformation of Cal- endar, 1582 — canonizes St Norbert, Abp of Magdeburg, 1582— builds Roman College, 1582 — protects fugitive Maronites, 1584 — approves project of the League, in France, Nov. 1584 — receives Japanese embassy, 22 Mar. 1585 — tf. 10 Apr. 1585. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Annals of England. Gregory XIV., Pope, {Niccola Sfondrate,) — 6. at Cremona, 1535 — rCardmal, by Gregory XIII. , 1583 — elected to succeed Urban VII., 5 Dec. 1590 — declares for the League, 1 Mar. 159 1 — his monitorial letters burnt by parlia- ment of Paris, 10 Jun. 1591 — declared null by French bishops at Chartres, 21 Sep. 159 1 — tf., 15 Oct. 1591. Gregory XV., Pope, {Alessandro Lzidcvisio,) — fc. at Bologna, 9 Jan. 1554 — Cardinal, by Paul V., 161 6 — elected to succeed Paul V., 9 Feb. 1 62 1 — takes part in pacification of the Valteline, 1621-23 — prescribes new form of election, Nov. 1621 — founds college of the Propaganda, 1622 — canonizes Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, Philip of Neri, &c, 12 Mar. 1622 — makes See of Paris metropolitan, 20 Oct. 1622 — obtains cession of Palatine Library from Elector of Bavaria, 1623— tf., 8 Jul. 1623. Gregory XVI., Pope, (Jlauro Capellari,) — ft. at Belluno, 18 Sep. 1765 — Vicar-general of Camaldulensian Order, 18 14 — Cardinal in petto by Leo XIL, 21 Mar. 1825 — declared publicly and named Prefect of Coll. Propaganda, 13 Mar. 1826 — elected to succeed Pius VIII., 2 Feb. 1831 — suppresses insurrection in the Legations by aid of Austrians, Mar. 1831 — in compliance with memorandum of the Great Powers, grants reforms, by edict of 5 Jul. 183 1 — proclaims a jubilee, 1832 — dispute with Czar respecting Catholic Church in Poland, begins, Sep. 1832 — excommunicates Don Pedro, for reforms in Portuguese Church, Sep. 1833 — condemns writings of Hermes, 26 Sep. 1835 — sets aside his reform edict, 1836— receives Duke of Bordeaux, 1840 — condemns Bible Societies, 8 May 1844 — receives Czar Nicholas at Rome, n Dec. 1845 — tf. at Rome, 1 Jun. 1846. Gregory, Patriarch of Constantinople, — fi. in Greece, about 1740 — patriarch, 1795 — his life threatened by Mussulmans, protected by Selim III., 1798 — exiled to Mount Athos, 1 806 — again exiled, 1808 — anathematizes Ypsilanti, 1821 — hung at Constantinople, 22 Apr. 1 82 1 — his remains removed to Greece and funeral celebrated, Jul. 1871. Gregory, David, mathematician, — 6. at Aberdeen, 24 Jun. 1661 — Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh, 1684-91 — F.R.S. London, 1691 — M.A % Oxford, 8 Feb. 1692— M.D., 18 Feb.— Savilian Prof. Astronomy, 1692 — tf. at Maid- enhead, Berkshire, 10 Oct. 1708^ i7oi, b 1710.° Exercitatio geometrica de dimensione jig lira rum , 1684 — Cutoptricce et Dioptricce iSphcericce Elementa, 1695 — Astronomic Physical et Geome- tricce elementa, 1702 — edition of Euclid, 1703. a Biog. Univ. b Chambers. c Bees' Cyc. Gregory, George, miscellaneous writer, — u. in Ireland, Apr. 1754 — takes orders, 1776,* 1778 b — settles in London, 1782 — tf. in Lon- don, 12 Mar. 1808. Economy of Nature, 1796 — Dictionary of Sciences and Arts, 1806. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. Gregory, Giuseppe Antonio de, Count op Marcorengo, statesman, — fj. at Crescentino, 2 Jul. 1687 — D.C.L. Turin, 1703 — enters service of Victor Amadeus II., 1705 — Vice-auditor- general of war, Sicily, 17 13 — First Officer of Finance, 1730 — Intendant of the army, 1733— Intendant of the king's house, 1 7 36 — Intendant- general of Finance, 1740 — Count, 1751 — re- tires, 1756 — tf. at Crescentino, 8 Feb. 1770. Gregory, James, mathematician, — n. in Aberdeenshire, 1636^ 1638 or 1639 b — goes to study at Padua, end of 1667 c — F.R.S. Lon- don, about 1668 — Prof. Mathematics, St An- drews, 1668-74 — Prof. Mathematics, Edin- burgh, 1674 — tf. there, Oct. 1675. Optica p>romota, 1663 — Vera circuit et hyperbolce quadratura, 1667 — Geometrice pars univer- salis, 1668 — Exercitationes geometricce, 1668 — invents reflecting telescope, 1663. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Chambers. Gregory, James, physician, — fc. at Aberdeen, 1753 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1774 — Prof, theoretic- al medicine, Edinburgh, 1776 — Prof, practical medicine, 1790 — correspondent of Institute of France, 1817 — tf., 1821. Conspectus medicinal theoricce, 1780-82, a 1776-82 b — Essays, 1792 — edits Cullen's First Lines of the practice of phy- sic, 1829. a Biog. Univ. b Chambers. Gregory, John, orientalist, — h. atAmersham, Bucks, 1607 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, i622, a 1624 b — M.A., 1631 — tf., 13 Mar. 164,6. Edits Ridley's Vieiv of Civil and Ecclesiastical GREGORY— GRENVILLE. 627 Law, 1634 — Notes and Observations on Fas- sages of Scripture, 1646 — Postlmma, 1649-50. a Biog. Univ. d Bees' Cyc. Gregory, John,, physician, — fi. at Aberdeen, 3 Jun. 1724,* May 1725 b — studies at Edinburgh, 1742-45 a — atLeyden, 1745-46 — Prof. Philoso- phy, King's Coll. Aberdeen, i744, b 1746 a — re- signs, 1749 — F.R.S. London, about 1755 — Prof. Medicine, Aberdeen, 1756 — Prof. Prac- tice of Physic, Edinburgh, 1766 — first physi- cian to the king for Scotland, 1766 — tf. at Edinburgh, 10 Feb. 1773. Works, 1788. a Chambers. b Bees' Cyc. Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert, mathematician, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Huntingdonshire, 29 Jan. 1774 — settles at Cambridge as a book- seller, 1798— Prof. Mathematics, Royal Mili- tary Academy, Dec. 1801 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 1807 — conducts experiments at Woolwich on the velocity of sound, 1823 — retires, Jun. 1838 — tf., 2 Feb. 1 841. Treatise on Astronomy, 1 80 1 — Treatise on Mechanics, 1806 — editor of Pantalogia, 1808 — Evidences of Christianity, 1 8 1 o — Life of Robert Hall, 1833. Greiderer, Vigilius, Franciscan, — tf., 1780. German ia franciscana, 1777-81. Greifswald, in Prussia, — one of the Hanse Towns, about 1270* — takes part in wars against Denmark and Norway, 1284 and 13 12 — against Princes of Mecklenburg, 1326-27 — occupied by Imperialist troops, Nov. 1627 —fortified by them, 1628 — occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, spring 163 1 — belongs to Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — unsuccessfully attacked and partly burnt by Elector of Brandenburg, Sep. 1659— taken by Elector, 1678 — given up to Swedes, 1679 — occupied by Russians, Poles, and Saxons, 1711-14— burnt, 17 14 — ceded to Prus- sia, 1 8 15. University if, founded, 1456. a Conv.-Lex. Grenada, island of the W. Fndies, — discover- ed by Columbus, and named Ascension, Aug. 1498 — colonized by French, under Du Parquet, 1650 — the natives exterminated by him, 1650- 55 — sold to Count Cerillac, 1656 a — transferred to French W. India Company, i7i4 a — taken by English, Feb. 1762— ceded to them by Treaty of Paris, 10 Feb. 1763 — earthquake, 1766 — retaken by French, under Count d'Es- taing, Jul. 1779 — restored to England by Peace of Versailles, 1783 — St George declared a free port, 1787 — insurrection, 1794 — suppressed by Abercromby, Jun. 1796. a Bayley. Grenade, Luis de, Dominican, — b. at Gren- ada, 1505— tf. at Lisbon, 31 Dec. 1588. Opera, *57 2 - Grenades, Hand Grenades, — introduced, J 594. Grenadiers, — company of, formed in France, 1670— in England, before 1684. Grenelle, near Paris, — boring of Artesian well effected, 1833-41. Grenet, Abbe, geographer, — ft., about 1750. Atlas, 17 8 1 — Geographic ancienne et moderne, 1789. Grenier, Jean, Baron, jurist, — b.at Brioude, 16 Sep. 1753— advocate at Riom, 1777 — mem- ber of Council of Five Hundred, 1798— mem- ber of Tribunate, 1799 — secretary, Jan. 1804— member of Corps Legislatif, 1807 — Baron, 1 810 — first president of royal court of Riom, 1818-37 — Beer, 1832 — member of Institute, 1834— tf. at Riom, 30 Jan. 1841. Trait e des donations, des testaments, §c, 1807 — Traite des hypotheques, 1822. Grenier, Paul, Count, general, — b. at Sar- relouis, 29 Jan. 1768 — enters the army, Dec. 1784 — distinguishes himself at Weissenburg, Oct. 1793 — General of Division, Oct. 1794 — passes the Rhine, 6 Jun. 1796 — takes Bamberg, Aug. 1796 — serves in Italy, 1799-1800 — on the Rhine, 1800 — takes Gunzburg, 16 Jun. 1800 — Inspector-general of Infantry, and Commander of Legion of Honour, 1801 — Governor of Man- tua, 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 22 Dec. 1807 — Count of tbe Empire, Dec. 1807 — distinguishes himself in Austrian campaign, 1809 — at Wagram, Jul. 1809 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1809 — chief of the staff to Murat, at Naples, 1810 — serves in campaigns of 18 13- 14— Chevalier of St Louis, 1 8 14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Mar. 1 8 15 — Vice-president, 6 Jun. 18 15 — tf., 18 Apr'. 1827. Grenoble, in France, (Cularo ? Gratianopo- lis,) — built or enlarged by Gratian, 379 a — bishopric, 381 — besieged by Lombards and saved by army of Guntran, 575, a 570 b — taken and re-taken by Catholics and Huguenots, 1562 — given up by Huguenots after Edict of Am- boise, 1563— surprised by Lesdiguieres, 25 Nov. 1574— blockaded by Lesdiguieres, Dec. 1589 c — besieged, Nov. 1590° — taken, 22 Dec. 1590° — successfully resists execution of lettres de cachet, 7 Jun. 1788 — receives Napoleon on his return from Elba, Mar. 18 15 — insurrection at, sup- pressed by Gen. Donnadieu, May 18 16. a Univers Pittoresque. b Encyc. Mod. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Grenus, (Grenut,) Pierre, — b. at Geneva, 1658 — Colonel of Swiss Guards, 1690-96 — Brigadier, 1704 — Governor of Weissenburg, 1708 — enters service of Switzerland, 17 12 — tf. at Berne, 1749. Grenville, George, statesman, — b., 1702^ i7i2 b ' — treasurer of the navy, 1754 — can- didate for Speaker's chair, 1761 c — Secre- tary of State, Jun. 1762 — First Lord of the Admiralty, autumn 1762 — First Lord of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 8 Apr. 1763— introduces scheme of colonial taxation, 1763 — proposes to tax American colonies, Mar. 1764 — [Stamp Act, American War] — defends general warrants, 1764 — dis- missed, Jun. 1765 — defends E. India Company, 25 Nov. 1766 — resists expulsion of Wilkes, Feb. 1769 — introduces Controverted Elections Bill, 1770 — tf., 24 Nov. 1770. Considerations on Commerce and Finances of England, §c, 1767. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Mahon. Grenville, Lord George. [Nugent, Lord.] Grenville, William Wyndbam, Lord Gren- ville, statesman, — b., 25 Oct. 1759 — M.P. Buckingham, 1782— secretary to Earl Temple in Inland, Sep. 1782 — Paymaster-general, Dec. 1783 — M.P. Bucks, 1784 — Speaker of 40 * 628 GRENVILLE LIBRARY— GREY. House of Commons, 5 Jan. 1789 — Secretary of State for Home Department, May 1789 — Baron Grenville, 25 Nov. 1790 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, May 1791 to Feb. 1 801 — marries Hon. Anne Pitt, Jul. 1792— First Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 1806 — intro- duces bill for abolition of slave trade, Dec. 1806 — resigns, 25 Mar. 1 807 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1809 — ft. at Dropmore Lodge, Bucks, 12 Jan. 1834. Grenville Library, — bequeathed to British Museum, by Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, 1846. Greshani, Sir Thomas, founder of the Royal Exchange, London, — ft. in London, 1519 — member of Mercers' Company, 1543 — King's Agent at Antwerp, 1552 — Knt, by Queen Eliza- beth, 1559 — loses his only son, 1564 — founds Royal Exchange, 1566-70 — ft. in London, 21 Nov. 1579. Gresham. College, London, — founded by will of Sir T. Gresham, 1579 — pulled down, 1768 — new building opened, 1843. Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, — ft. at Amiens, 1709 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1725 — admitted to French Academy, 1748 — ft. at Amiens, 16 Jun. 1777. (Euvres, 181 1. Greswell, Edward, chronologist, #c, — ft. at Denton in Lancashire, 3 Aug. 1797 — enters Oxford Univ., 1815— B.A., 1818 — M.A., 1822 — Fellow of Corpus Christi Coll., 1823 — ft., 29 Jun. 1869. Fasti Temporis Catholici, 1852 — Origines Kalendarice Italicce, 1854 — Origines Kalendarice LTellenicce, 1862 — Prolegomena ad Marmoniam Fvangelicam, 1840. Gretna Green, in Dumfriesshire, — marriages begin to be celebrated at, about 1760 — declared invalid by Act 19 and 20 Yic. c. 96, 29 Jul. 1856. Gretry, Andre Ernest Modeste, musical com- poser, — ft. at Liege, ri, a 8 b Feb. 1741 — goes to Rome, about 1759 — settles at Paris, 1767 — ft. at Montmorency, 24 Sep. 18 13. Lucile, Tableau Barlant, 1769 — Les deux Avares, 1770 — Zemire et Azov, 177 1. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Gretser, Jakob, Jesuit, — ft. in Suabia, 1561 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1578 — ft. at Ingol- stadt, 29 Jan. 1625. Be sancta cruce, 1600-5 — Be jure et more prohibendi, exjmrgandi, et abolendi libros hcereticos et noxios, 1603. Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at Tournus, Burgundy, 21 Aug. 1725 s1 — agree, Royal Academy of Painting, 28 Jun. 1755 — goes to Italy, end of 1755 — returns to Paris, 1757 — marries, 3 Feb. 1759 — divorced, 4 Aug. 1793 — ft. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1805. a Jal. Greve, Egbert Jan, theologian, — ft. at De- venter, 4 Sep. 1754 — studies at Leyden, 1778 — member of first National Assembly, 1796 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Franeker, 1797 — ft. there, 13 Aug. 1798. Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states- man, poet, — ft. at Alcaster, "Warwickshire, 1554 — M.A. Oxford, 1588 — Knt, Oct. 1597 — treasurer of marine causes for life, 1598 — K.B., 1603 — Under-treasurer, Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, 16 15— Baron Brooke, 1620 — Lord of the Bedchamber, 1621 — founds Professorship of History, Cambridge, 1627 — assassinated, 30 Sep. 1628. Works, 1633. Greville, Robert Kaye, botanist, — ft. in Durham, 1794 — ft. at Edinburgh, 4 Jun. 1866. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora, 1823-28 — Alga Britannicce, 1830 — Flora Fdinensis, 1824. Grew, Nehemiah, naturalist, §c, — ft. at Coventry, 1628 — settles in London, F.R.S., 1672 — secretary R.S., 1677 — ft.., 25 Mar. 17 11. Idea of a philosophical History of Hants, 1673,* 1670 b — Musceum regalis Societatis, 1681 — Anatomy of Hants, 1682. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. Grey. [Gray.] Grey, Lady Catherine, — marries Lord Herbert, 25 May 1553 — divorced, after acces- sion of Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — her marriage with Lord Hertford discovered, autumn 156 1 a — committed to the Tower, 156 1 — ft. there, 1567. a Froude. Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey, {Lord BZowick,) Prime Minister of England, — ft. near Alnwick, 15 Mar. 1764 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1780 — travels on the con- tinent, 1782-6 — M.P. Northumberland, 1786 — one of the managers of impeachment of Hastings, 1787 — assists in founding Society of Friends of the People, 1792 — marries Hon. Mary Ponsonby, Nov. 1794 — brings forward plan of parliamentary reform, 179 1 — opposes Irish Union, 1799 — First Lord of the Admiralty, Jan. 1806 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1806 — succeeds to earldom, Nov. 1807 — declines office, 1810, 1812, and 1827 — Prime Minister, Nov. 1830 — resigns, 9 Apr. 1832 — resumes office, 18 May 1832 — Reform Bill carried, Jun. 1832 — resigns, 9 Jul. 1834 — ft. at Howick House, Northumberland, 17 Jul. 1845. Grey, Elizabeth. [Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV.] Grey, Eord, Lord. [Tankerville, Earl or.] Grey, Henry. [Suffolk, Duke of.] _ Grey, Lady Jane, — ft at Bradgate, Leicester- shire, 1537 — married to Lord Guildford Dudley, 25 May 1553 — declared successor to throne by letters patent of Edward VI., 21 Jun. 1553— proclaimed Queen, 10 Jul. — her cause supported by Ridley, at Paul's Cross, and by Sands, Vice- chancellor, at Cambridge, 16 Jul. — Queen Mary proclaimed, 20 Jul. — tried with her husband at Guildhall, and pleads guilty, 13 Nov. — be- headed in the Tower, 12 Feb. 1554. Grey, Sir John, — of Groby, killed at battle of St Albans, and his estates confiscated, 1461. Grey, Lord Leonard, — receives surrender of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, in Ireland, 18 .Aug. 1535 a — Lord-deputy of Ireland, Jun. 1536 — leads expedition into the West and destroys O'Brien's Bridge, Jul. 1536 — storms castle of Carrigogonnell, 1536 — quarrels with Earl of Ormond, 1537 — expedition into King's County, Aug. 1537 — censured by Commission of In- quiry, 1537 — prevents coronation of O'Neil at Tara, Oct. 1539 — goes to London, Apr. 1540 — imprisoned in the Tower, May 1540 — pleads GREY— GRIMALDI. guilty, Dec. 1540 a — beheaded, 28 Jun. 1541. a Eroude. Grey, Sir Ralph., — becomes a Lancastrian, 1463 — besieged in Bamborougb Castle by Earl of Warwick, end of May 1464 — captured, de- graded from bis knighthood by Edward IV., and beheaded, 25 Jun. 1464^ a Lingard. Grey, Richard, theologian, §c, — ft. at New- castle, 1694 — M.A. Oxford, 1719— D.D., 1731 — If., 1771. Memoria technica, 1730. Grey, Lord Richard,— with Earl Rivers, meets Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at North- ampton, Apr. 1483 — accompanies Edward V. to Stony Stratford, and is arrested by Richard, 30 Apr. — imprisoned at Pontefract, beginning May — executed, Jun. 1483. Grey, of Wilton, Thomas, Lord, — arrested as partisan of Arabella Stuart, Jul. 1603 — tried and condemned at Winchester, 26 Nor. — reprieved on the scaffold, 9 Dec. — kept in the Tower till his death, i6i6, a i6i4. b a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. Grey, of Wilton, William, Lord, — takes part in suppressing rebellion, 1549 — arrested on charge of sharing in Somerset's rebellion, 1550 — assists in blockade of Leith, 1560 — tf., 1562. Grey, Zachary, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1687 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1704 — LL.D., 1720 — tf. at Ampthill, 25 Nov. 1766. Edition of Hudibras, 1744 — Examination of JSfeal's History of the Puritans, 1736-39. Greytown, in Nicaragua, {San Juan,) — bombarded by United States ship of war, 1854. Gribaldi, Matteo, jurist,— ft. m Piedmont, about 1500 — teaches law at Padua, 1548-53 — receives reformed doctrines, about 1550 — tf. at Berne, Sep. 1564 or 1567. JJe methodo ac ratione studendi injure civili, 1544. Gribeauval, Jean Baptiste Vaquette de, general, — ft. at Amiens, 15 Sep. 17 15 — enters the army, 1732 — General and Commander of artillery in service of Austria, 1757— defends Schweidnitz against Frederick II., 1762 — Field- marshal-lieutenant, 1762 — returns to France, Marechal de Camp, 1763 — Commander of St Louis, 1764 — Lieutenant-general, 1765 — Grand Cross, first Inspector-general of artillery, 1776 — tf., 9 May 1789. Griboyedof, Alexander Sergievich, poet, diplomatist, — ft. at Moscow, about 1789^ c i793, b 1794 d — serves in the army, 1812-15 — secretary of embassy to Persia, 1818 — serves in war with Persia, 1825-8 — plenipotentiary to Persia, 1828 — massacred at Teheran, 12 Feb., bcd 27 Mar. a 1829. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. d Cony.-Lex. Gries, Johann Dietrich, translator, — ft. at Hambui Feb. •studies at Jena, 1795 — LL.D., 1800 — tf. at Hamburg, 9 Feb. 1842. Tasso's Refreites Jerusalem, 1800-3 — Ariosto's Rasender Roland, iZo^-ft—tCalderon's Schau- spiele, 1815-26 — Gedichte, 1829. Griesbach, Johann Jacob, biblical critic, — ft. in Hesse Darmstadt, 4 Jan. 1745 — studies at Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic, 1762-7 — M.A. Halle, 1767— visits Holland, England, France, &c, 1769-70— Prof. Theology, Halle, 1773 — Prof, at Jena, 1776 — D.D., 1777 — rector of Univ., 1780 — ecclesiastical councillor to Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 178 1 — tf. at Jena, 24 Mar. 1 8 12. Edition of Greek Testament, 1774-5,* 1775-7 b — Anleitung zum Studieren der popu- laren Dogmatik, 1789 — Symbolce Criticm, 1785- 93 — Synopsis Evangeliorum, 1774-5. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Griffenfeld, Peter, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Copenhagen, 1635 — ennobled, 1670 — K~nt of the Elephant, 1673 — Grand Chancellor, Count, 1673 — Pres. Supreme Court, Chancellor of Univ., Copenhagen, 1674 — deprived and imprisoned, 1676-98— ft., n May 1699. Loi royale, 1660. Griffet, Henri, Jesuit, historian, — ft. at Moulins, 1698 — Prof. Belles Lettres, College of Louis the Great, 17 15 — tf. at Brussels, 22 Feb. 177 1. Edition of Daniel's Histoire de France, 1755-8 — of D' Avrigmj s Me moires pour servir d V histoire de V Europe, 1757 — Recueil de Lettres pour servir a V histoire militaire de Louis XLV., 1761-4 — Traite des differentes preuves qui servent d etablir la ve'rite de V his- toire, 1769. Griffet de la Baume, Antoine Gilbert, trans- lator, — ft. at Moulins, 1756 — goes to Paris, 1776 — "Jr., 1805. Evelina, (of Miss Burney,) 1785 — Select Sermons, (of Sterne,) 1786 — His- tory of the Swiss, (of J. von Miiller,) 1797. Griffith. [Gruffyd.] Griffith, William, botanist, — ft., 18 10 — goes to India, 1832 — accompanies Dr Wallich to As- sam, 1835 — and Captain Pemberton to Bootan, 1837 — visits Afghanistan, 1839 — physician in Malacca, 1841 — appointed soon after superin- tendent of Botanical Garden ; Prof. Medical Coll., Calcutta; tf. at Malacca, 9 Feb. 1845. Griffyth. [Alford, Michael.] Grijalva, Juan de, maritime discoverer, — companion of Diego Velazquez, 15 18 — explores coast of North America from Yucatan towards Panuco, Mar. to Nov. 15 18 — killed at Ni- caragua, 21 Jan. 1527. Grillo-Cataneo, Niccolo, statesman, trans- lator, — ft. at Genoa, 26 Aug. 1759 — assists in founding the Societd patria, 1786 — rector of Imperial Academy, 1806 — returns from exile, 181 1 — Minister of Public Instruction, 18 14 — tf., 22 Jul. 1834. Esalms of David, 1803 — Rope's works, 1779. Grimaldi, Antonio, admiral, — commands Genoese fleet against Catalans, 1332 — defeated by Niccola Pisani, at la Loiera, 29 Aug. 1353. Grimaldi, Francesco, poet, — ft. in Naples, about 1678 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1695 — ■ tf. at Rome, Prof. Rhetoric, Roman Coll., 1738. Pastor buono, 1702 — De vita tirbana, 1725 — De vita agronomica, 1738 — De vita auiica, 1740. Grimaldi, Francesco Antonio, historian, — ft. in Calabria, 1740 — tf. at Naples, Feb. 1784. Istoria delle leggi e magistrati del regno di Nayoli, 1749-52 — Annali del regno di Napoli, 1781-6. Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, mathematician — ft. at Bologna, 1613/c !6i9 b — tf. theie, 630 GRIMALDI-GRINDAL. 1663. Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus et iride, 1663,* 1665. bc a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Grimaldi, Giovanni, admiral — defeats Ve- netian fleet under Trevisani, on the Po, 23 May 1431. Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco, {II Bo- lognese,) painter, $ i 2 49' Opera, 1496. Guillaume de Jumiege, (Calculus,) chronicler, — tf., about 1090. Writes Historia Nor- mannorum, between 1070-87. Guillaume de la Pouille, (de Aptilia,) poet, historian. Be rebus Normannorum in Sicilia, §c. t 1087-99. Guillaume le Breton, (Armoricus,) poet, historian, — ft. in Brittany, about 1165-70 — as chaplain to Philip Augustus attends him in campaign of Flanders, 121 3 — at battle of Bouvines, Jul. 12 14 — canon of Notre Dame, Senlis, about 1219 — tf-, after 1225. Histoire des gestes de Philippe Auguste, 121 9? — la Philippide, 121 8-24. Guillaumot, Karl Axel, architect, — ft. at Stockholm, 1730 — goes to Paris, 1745 — to Rome, about 1750 — settles at Paris, 1754 — admitted to Academy of Architecture, 1773 — • controller of Eoyal Buildings, 1777— director of manufacture of Gobelins, 1789 — tf., 7 Oct. 1807. Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon— $. at Or- leans, 1550 — surgeon to Charles IX., Henry III., and Henry IV., about 1565-1610 — tf. at Paris, 16 1 3. (Euvres, 1598. Guilleminot, Anne a (Armandy) Charles, Count, Peer op France, — ft. in Belgium, 1774 — follows Napoleon in Austrian campaign, 1 805- -distinguishes himself at battle of the Moskowa, 18 1 2— General of Division, 28 May 640 GUILLET DE ST GEORGE— GUISE. 1 813 — defeats Swedes near Dessau, 28 Sep. — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Chevalier of St Louis, 1814 — Lieutenant-general, 1818 — Chief of the staff under Duke of Angouleme, 1823 — Peer, ambassador to the Porte, 1823-30 — 3y. at Baden, Mar. 1840. a Biog. "Univ. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Guillet de St George, George, historian, — ft. in Auvergne, about 1625 — first historio- grapher of Academy of Painting, 1682 — tf. at Paris, 1705. Les Arts de Vhomme d'epee, 1670 — Athenes ancienne et nouvelle, 1675 — Lacedemone ancienne et nouvelle, 1676. Guilleville, Guillaume de, poet, — ft. at Paris, about 1295,* i3io h — tf. near Senlis, about 1360.° Le Romant des trois Belerinages, printed, 1485. a Some Authorities. b Others. c Biog. Univ. Guillim, John, herald, — ft. in Herefordshire, 1565 — rouge croix pursuivant of arms, 16 17 — &., 1621. Display of Heraldry, 1610. Guillimann, Franz, historian, — ft. in Switzerland, about 1550 a — historiographer to Rodolph II., 1609 — tf., 1612 or 1623. Be rebus Helvetiorum, 1598 — Habsburgiaca, 1605. H Nouv. Biog. Gen. Guillotin, Joseph Ignace, physician, — ft. at Saintes, 28 May 1738 — M.D. Rheims, 1770 — one of Commissioners on Mesmerism, 1785 — draws up a Cahier des doleances, and is sum- moned by Parliament of Paris, spring 1789 — recommends adoption of the guillotine, ISov. 1789 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — im- prisoned, 1792 — released, Jul. 1794 — Xf. at Paris, 26 May, 18 14. Guillotine— [Guillotin, Joseph I.] — adopted in France, by decree of National Assembly, 20 Mar. 1792 — first used, 25 Apr. 1792. Guinea, Africa. [Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold Coast, &c] Guinea, gold coin, — coined in England, 1662-63 — current value of, regulated by par- liament, 1696, 1698, and 17 17 — withdrawn from circulation, 1817. Guinegate, in France, — indecisive battle be- tween French and Imperialists at, 7 Aug. 1479 —Henry VIII. defeats the French, {Battle of the Spurs,) 16 Aug. 15 13. Guines, (Guisnce,) in France, — founded by Northmen, about 920 — head of a County, for Siegfried the Dane., 965 — passes to house of Brienne, 1293 — seized by English, 1351— County finally reunited to crown of France, 1504 — interview of Francis I. and Henry VIII. at, 1520 — captured by Duke of Guise, 20 Jan. 155* Guines, Adrien Louis de Bonnieres, Duke or, general, diplomatist, — ft. at Lille, 14 Apr. 1735 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — ambassador to Berlin, 1768 to Dec. 1769 — am- bassador to London, Nov. 1770 to Feb. 1776 — Duke of Guines, 1776 — Governor of Artois, 1788 — tr. at Paris, 21 Dec. 1806. Guingamp, in France, — captm-ed by Count de Montfort, 1341 — by Louis of Spain, 1342 — by Edward III. of England, 1343 — pillaged and burnt by Earl of Northampton, 1345 — taken from the Duchess Anne by troops of Charles VIIL, Jan. 1489— taken and pillaged by La Tremouille, 149 1 — fortress demolished, 1626. Guiot, Florent, — ft. at Semur, 1756 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — deputy to Conven- tion, Sep. 1792 — takes part with Convention against the 'Sections' of Paris, 1795 — mem- ber of Council of Ancients, 1796 — sent as resident to the Grisons, 1797 — plenipotentiary to the Hague, 1798— if. at Avallon, 18 Apr. 1834. Guipuzcoa, Biscay, — conquered by Alfonso VIIL, and annexed to Castile, 1200 — overrun by Duke of Berwick, 17 19. Guiscard, Robert, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, — b., about 1015 — joins his brothers in Apulia, about 1053 — defeats and captures Pope Leo IX. at Civitella, 23 Jun. 1053 — im- prisoned by his brother Humphrey, 1054 — on Humphrey's death takes chief command, 1057 — with Roger completes conquest of Apulia and Calabria, and receives from his Barons title of Duke, 1058-9 — the title confirmed to him by Nicholas II., who names him Gonfalo- nier of the Church, 1059 — invades Sicily, 1061 — defeats Saracens, 1063 — unsuccessfully be- sieges Palermo, 1064 — besieges Bari, 1068 — takes it, Apr. 1071 — assists Roger at capture of Catania, 1071 — with him besieges Palermo, 107 1 — defeats Saracens at sea and takes Paler- mo, 10 Jan. 1072 — refuses homage to Gregory VII., and is excommunicated, Lent 1074 — takes Salerno, 1077 — begins siege of Beneven- tum, Apr. 1078 — called to aid Gregory VII. against Henry IV., 1080 — does homage to him, and receives investiture, 29 Jun. 1080 — in sup- port of Michael Paropinaces makes war on Alexius Comnenus, 1081 — defeats Alexius at Durazzo, 18 Oct. 1081 — takes Durazzo, 8 Feb. 1082 — returns to Italy, 1082 — delivers Gregory VII., besieged in St Angelo by Henry IV., and sacks Rome, May 1084 — conducts pope to Salerno, summer 1084 — defeats fleet of Greeks and Venetians, and raises siege of Corfu, Nov 1084 — ti. in Cephalonia, 17 Jul. 1085. Guiscard. [Roger, Count, and King of Sicily.] Guise, in France, (Guisium Castrum, Guisia,) — mentioned, 1050 — castle razed by Counts of Flanders and Hainault, 1177 — taken by Count of Hainault, 1339— but soon retaken by Jane of Hainault, Countess of Blois : held for the king, 1424 — taken by Valerand de Luxem- bourg, 1425 — erected into a County and given to Charles of Anjou, 1444 — unsuccessfully attacked by Maximilian, i486 and 1487 — given to Jean and Louis d'Armagnac, 149 1 — given to Claude of Lorraine, 1520 — [Guisfc, Duke of] — erected into a Duchy, 1528 — attacked and partly burnt by Henry IV., 1594 — attempted by Thomas of Savoy, 1636 — entered by allied armies, but again evacuated, 1650 — again erected into a Duchy for Prince of Conde, 1704. Guise, Charles de, Cardinal of Lorraine, — b. at Joinville, 17 Feb. 1525 — Abp of Rheims, 1538— Chancellor of St Michael, 1547 GUISE— GUN COTTON. 641 — crowns Henry II., 26 Jul. 1547 — Cardinal, 27 Jul. — crowns Charles IX., 15 May 156 1 — attends Council of Trent, 1562 — negotiates at Madrid marriage of Charles IX. with Elizabeth of Austria, 1.569 — crowns her at St Denis, 25 Mar. 1571— tf. at Avignon, 1574. Guise, Charles of Lorraine, 4th Duke of, — ft., 20 Aug. 157 1— arrested at Blois on murder of his father, and imprisoned at Tours, Dec. 1588 — escapes, and goes to Paris, 1591 — reconciled with Henry IV., 1594 — Governor of Provence, 1595 — reduces Marseilles, 1596 — commands in Champagne against the allied princes, 1617 — defeats Protestants of Rochelle at sea, 1622 — expelled by Richelieu, settles at Florence, 1631 — tf. at Cuna, near Siena, 1640. Guise, Claude of Lorraine, Duke op Au- male and 1st Duke of, — ft., 20 Oct. 1496 — obtains from Louis XII. letters of naturaliza- tion, 1506 — marries Antoinette de Bourbon, 151 3 — wounded at battle of Marignano, 15 15 — receives County of Guise, 1520 — drives Ger- mans from Champagne, 1523 — renders services to Francis I. in his captivity, 1525 — the County erected into a Duchy, 1528 — conquers Luxem- bourg, 1542 — tf at Joinville, 12 Apr. 1550. Guise, Francis of Lorraine, 2nd Duke of, — ft., 17 Feb. 15 19 — wounded at siege of Boulogne, 1545 — Duke of Aumale by Henry II., 1547 — Lieutenant-general in the Three Bishoprics, 1552 — successfully defends Metz against Charles V., 31 Oct. 1552 to middle Jan. 1553 — distinguishes himself at battle of Renti, 1554 — commands expedition to Italy, Jan. 1557 — recalled and named Lieutenant-general of the armies, Aug. 1557 — takes Calais, 8 or 10 Jan. 1558 — takes Guines and Ham, Jan. — takes Thionville, 25 Jun. — opposes Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, end of 1558 — exercises chief power under Francis II., 1559-60 — frustrates conspiracy of Amboise, 1560 — retires from the court after Colloquy of Poissy, 156 1 — by mas- sacre of Vassy renews civil war, 1 Mar. 1562 — defeats and captures Conde at Dreux, 19 Dec. 1562 — again made Lieutenant-general of the kingdom, Dec. 1562 — begins siege of Orleans, 6 Feb. 1563 — assassinated, 15, a 18 b Feb. 1563. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Guise, Henry of Lorraine, 3rd Duke of, ■ — ft., 31 Dec. 1550 — serves under his father at siege of Orleans, 1563 — succeeds to the title, Feb. 1563 — serves in Hungary against Turks, 1566-8 — distinguishes himself at Jarnac, 1569 • — successfully defends Poitiers against Coligni, 1569 — contributes to victory of Moncontour, 1569 — marries Catherine of Cleves, 1570 — orders assassination of Coligni, 22 Aug. 1572 — promotes massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1572 — wounded at Dormans, and acquires sur- name of Bala f re, 1575 — head of the League, 1576 — expels Germans, 1587 — appears at Paris, and defeats Henry III., (Day of the Barricades,) 12 May 1588 — Lieutenant-general of the king- dom, Jul. 1588 — at States-General at Blois demands office of Constable, Dec. 1588 — assas- sinated there, by order of the king, 23 Dec. 1588. Guise, Henry II. of Lorraine, 5th Duke of, — ft. at Blois, 4 Apr. 1614 — -joins Catholic League, and takes command of Austrian troops at Brussels, 1641 — condemned for conspiracy against Richelieu, 1641 — generalissimo of Neapolitan army, end of 1647 — taken prisoner and sent to Madrid, Apr. 1648 — released, 3 Jul. 1652 — attempts re-conquest of Naples, Oct. 1654 — Grand Chamberlain of France, 1655 — ft. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1664. Guise, Jean de, Cardinal of Lorraine, — ft., 1498 — Cardinal, 15 18 — ambassador to Charles V., 1536 — dismissed from the court, 1542 — tf., 18 May 1550. Guise, Louis II. of Lorraine, Cardinal de, — ft. at Dampierre, 6 Jul. 1555 — Abp of Rheims, 1574 — Cardinal, 1578 — assists at con- ference of St Germain en Laye, 1585 — Pres. Clergy at States-General at Blois, Dec. 1588 — assassinated there by order of Henry III., 24 Dec. 1588. Guise, Louis III. of Lorraine, Cardinal de, — ft., Jan. i575, a May 1585 b — Cardinal, Dec. 1615 — takes part in expedition of Poitou, 1621 — distinguishes himself at attack on St Jean d'Angely, and tf. at Saintes, 21 Jun. 162 1. a Moreri. b Anselme. Guittone d'Arezzo, Fra, poet, — founds monastery of St Mary, Florence, 1293 — tf., Dec. 1294. Sonnets and Canzoni, in collection of Giusti, 1527 — Lettere, 1743. Guizot, Elizabeth Charlotte Pauline de Meulan, Mme, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 1773 — marries M. Guizot, 18 12 — tf. at Paris, 1 Aug. 1827. Les Evfants, 1812 — ■ L'Ecolier, 1821 — Nouveaux Contes, 1823 — Education domestique, 1826. Gujerat. [Guzerat.] Guldenstadt, Johann Anton, naturalist, — ft. at Eiga, 1745— travels in the Crimea, the Caucasus, &c, 1768-75 — Prof. Natural History, St Petersburg, 1775 — tf. there, 23 Mar. 1780. Voyages en Russie, 1787-91. Guler de Vinegg, Jean,— ft. in the Grisons, 1562 — laudamman of Davos, 15 91 — Chevalier of St Mark, Venice, 1604 — commands against Spaniards in the Valteline, 1607 — envoy to Louis XIIL, Chevalier, 1636 — tf. at Coire, 1637. Description of Rhcetia, 1618. Gulf Stream, Atlantic Ocean, — known to Anghiera, about 1520 a — to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, between 1567-76 a — chart of, con- structed by Franklin, 1776 — investigated by Rennell, 1810-30 — by Maury, 1840-50 — by Petermann, before 1869 — its extent questioned by Findlay, Feb. 1869 — controversy respecting, (Carpenter, Petermann, Johnston, &c.,) 1869-70 — Petermann's charts published, 1870. a Humboldt. Gulistan, Peace of,— concluded between the Czar and the king of Persia, 18 13. Gumilla, Jose, Jesuit missionary, — ft. in Spain, about 1690 — goes to South America, about 1705 ? — Ptectorof College of Carthagena, 1738 — returns to Spain, 1738 — tf., about 1758.* El Orenoco illustrado, 1745. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Gun. [Cannon, Musket, Rifle, &c] Gun Cotton, — invented by Schonbein, 1845-6 — independently, by Bottger and Otto, 1846 — ■ patented, 1847 — rejected by French govern- 4i 642 GUN LICENCE— GTTRWOOD. ment, about 1 847 — explosion of, at Faversham, 1847 — new process of manufacture introduced by Von Lenk, 1862 — Committee appointed by War Office to consider, 1863 — rejected by Austrian government, 1863 or 1864 — fails at demolition of Corfu fortifications, 1864 — com- pressed, invented by Abel, 1864 — explosion by detonating powder, discovered by Brown, about 1865 — adopted in British service, 1870 — explo- sion at Stowmarket, n Aug. 1 87 1. [Collodion.] Gun Licence, in United Kingdom, — excise duty imposed on by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 57, 9 Aug. 1870. Gundamund, (Guntamund,) King of Van- dals in Afkica, — succeeds his uncle Hunneric, Dec. 484 a — tf., Sep. 496^ a Clinton. Gundebald. Gundemar, Gunderic, Gundicar. [Burgundy, Kings of.] Gundling, Jacob Paul, Baron von, his- torian, — ft. near Niirnberg, 1673 — Prof. His- tory and Politics, Berlin, 1705 — Chamberlain, 1726 — tf. at Potsdam, 1731. Leben und Thaten Friedrichs I., 17 15. Gundling-, Nicolaus Hieronymus, philoso- pher, — ft. near Niirnberg, 1671 — Prof. Philo- sophy, Halle, 1703 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1729. Via ad veritatem, et speciatim quidem ad logi- cam, 17 13 — Via ad veritatem moralem, 17 15 — Via ad veritatem juris naturae, 17 14. Gundulf, — accompanies Lanfranc from Abbey of Bee to Caen, 1062 — accompanies him to Canterbury, 1070 — consecrated Bp of .Rochester, 1077 — rebuilds Rochester Cathedral, about 1077-80 — builds White Tower, Tower of Lon- don, about 108 1 — founds nunnery at Mailing, probably 1095-1103 — tf., 8 Mar. 1108. Gundulitsch, Ivan, poet, — ft. at Ragusa, 8 Aug. 1588 — tf., 1638. Die Osmanide, 1626. Gunnerus, Johann Ernst, botanist, — ft. at Christiania, 16 Feb. 17 18 — Prof. Theology, Copenhagen, 1754 — Bp of Drontheim, 1758 — D.D., 1760 — takes part in founding Royal So- ciety of Sciences of Norway, 1760 — tf. at Christiansund, 23 Sep. 1773. Flora Norvegica, 1766. 72. Gunpowder, — composition of, known to Roger Bacon, 1265 — applied to fire-arms, pro- bably about 1 300— protected, invented by Gale, 1865 — pebble, adopted in British service, early in 1870. Manufacture and sale of, in England, re- gulated bv Acts 16 Car. I. c. 21, 1640 ; 12 Car. II. c. 5, 1*660 ; 1 Jas. II. c. 8, 1685 ; 29 Geo. II. c. 16, 1756 — laws consolidated and amended by Act 12 Geo. III. c. 61, 1772 — manufacture of, for illegal purpose, punishable by imprisonment, by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 25,26 Jun. 1846 — authority to prohibit exportation of, by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, s. 45, 20 Aug. 1853 — laws again consolidated and amended by Act 23 and 24 Vie. c. 139, 28 Aug. i860 — further provi- sions by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 130, 6 Aug. 1861 ; and 25 and 26 Vic. c. 98, 7 Aug. 1862. Gunpowder Plot, in England, — for destruc- tion of the king (James I.) and parliament, formed by Catesby and others, 1604-5 — prepara- tions for blowing up parliament house made, Dec. 1 604 to Feb. 1605 — visit of Guy Fawkesto Romish refugees in Flanders, summer 1 605 — mission of Sir E. Baynbam to Rome, to "-ain sanction of the pope, Sep. — revealed to the Jesuit Garnet, Oct. — made known by letter to Lord Monteagle, 26 Oct. — communicated to the king, 1 Nov. — arrest of Fawkes in the vault, and flight of his associates, 5 Nov. — at- tack of sheriffs on Holbcach House, Worcester- shire ; Catesby, Percy, and others shot ; Winter and others captured, 8 N ov. —trial of conspira- tors before special commission, 27 Jan. 1606 — ■ executions, 30 and 31 Jan. — annual thanks- giving for 5 Nov. appointed by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 1, 1606 — conspirators attainted by Act' 2 Jac. I. c. 2, 1606. Gunst, Pieter van, printer, engraver, — ft. at Amsterdam, about 1667 a — tf., soon after 1724? a Huber. Gunter, Edmund, mathematician, — ft. in Hertfordshire, 15 81 — enters Oxford Univ., 1599 — M.A., 1606 — invents the sector, about 1606 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham College, Mar. 16 1 9 — uses a logarithmic scale, before 1624 — tf. in London, 10 Dec. 1626. Canon triangulorum, 1620 — Of the sector, cross-staff, fyc, 1624 — Description and use of His Majesty' 's dials, 1624. Gunter' s Chain, in surveying, — described by him, 1624. Gunter's Scale. [Sliding Scale.] Gunther, Johann Christian, poet, — ft. in Silesia, 1695 — tf. at Jena, 15 Mar. 1723. Ge- dichte, 1723-35. Gunther, Karl, Count of Schwaezburg, — ft., 1304 — elected king of the Romans, at Frankfort, in opposition to Charles IV., 30 Jan. 1349 — sells his claim to Charles of Lux- emburg, 12 Jun. 1349 — tf., 14 Jun. 1349. Gunz, Justus Gottfried, anatomist, — ft. at Konigstein, 17 14 — studies at Leipsic, 1733 — Prof. Extraord. Anatomy and Surgery, Leipsic, 1738 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1738 — first physician to Elector of Bavaria, 1750 — tf. at Dresden, 1754. De mammantm fabrica et lactis secretione, 1734 — De calculum curandi viis, 1740. Gunzburg, — Marshal Ney defeats Austrians at, 9 Oct. 1805. Gurgan, province of Fersia, — submits to Masaud, 1034. Gurney, Joseph John, philanthropist, — ft. at Earlham, near Norwich, 2 Aug. 1788 — minister in Society of Friends, 1 8 1 8 — visits North America, 1837-40 — visits Holland, Belgium, &c, with Mrs Fry, 1841 — visits France, &c, 1842-4 — tf. at Earlham, 4 Jan. 1847. Notes on Frisons, 18 19 — Observations on Religious Peculiarities of Society of Friends, 1824 — ■ Essays on the Evidences, $-c, of Christianity, 1827 — Winter in TV. Dulies, 1840. Gurtler, Nicholas, theologian, — ft. at Basel, 1654 — Prof. Philosophy, Heilbron, 1685 — Prof. Theology, Franeker, 1707 — tf. there, Sep. 17 1 1. Lexicon latinum, graecum, §c., 1682 — Institu- tiones theological, 1694 — Origines mundi, 1708. Gurwood, John, colonel, — ft., 179 1 — enters the army, 1808 — distinguishes himself at storming of Ciudad Rodrigo, 19 Jan. 181 2 — wounded at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15— private secretary to Duke of "Wellington, about 1830 — ■ Colonel, 1 841 — kills himself at Brighton, 25 GUSTAVUS I. VASA— GUTTENBERG. 6 43 Dec. 1845. Edits Despatches of Duke of Wel- lington, 1834-44. Gustavus I. Vasa, King of Sweden,— &., 1490,* 12 May 1496 b — goes to study at Upsala, 1509 — enters service of regent Sten Sture II., 15 14 — one of the hostages sent to Christian II. of Denmark, treacherously imprisoned hy him, 15 1 8 — forms project of defending Sweden against Christian II. of Denmark, and escapes to Liibeck, Sep. 15 19 — his father, Duke of Gripsholm, killed in massacre of Stockholm, 8 Nov. 1520 — heads insurrection in Dalecarlia, Jan. 152 1 — defeats Danes at "Westeraas, 29 Apr. 152 1 — seizes Upsala, Jul. 152 1 — named administrator of the kingdom by States at Wadstena, 24 Aug. 152 1 b — elected king by States, 6 Jun. 1523 — becomes master of Stock- holm, 20 Jim. 1523 — concludes Treaty of Mal- moe with Frederick I. of Denmark, 1524 — limits power of ecclesiastics, 1525 — frustrates attempt of pretender, Hans, 1526 — holds as- sembly of States at Arhusen or Westeraas, de- prives prelates of their castles, and professes Lutheranism, 16 Jun. 1527 b — crowned by Laurens Petri, Abp of Upsala, 12 Jan. 1528 — at national Council held at Oerebro, establishes Lutheranism, 1529 — suppresses revolt in Dale- carlia, 1533 — treaty of alliance with Christian III. of Denmark, 1535,° 1536 b — treaty of peace with Russia, 1537,° 1536 b — alliance with France, 1542 — the kingdom declared hereditary in his house, by States at "Westeraas, 13 Jan. 1544 b — religious toleration abolished, 1544 — makes war on Russia, 1555-7 — alliance with Scotland, 1559 — farewell speech to States at Stockholm, 25 Jun. 1560 — tf. at Stockholm, 29 Sep. 1560. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Gustavus II. Adolphus, the Great, King of Sweden, — b. at Stockholm, 9 Dec. 1594 (v. s.) ■ — succeeds his father, Charles IX., 8 Nov. 161 1 — concludes peace with Denmark, 28 Jan. 161 3 — conquers Ingria, Carelia, and part of Livonia, and concludes Peace of Stolbova, 1 6 17 — crowned, 12 Oct. 16 1 7 — revolts suppressed with rigour, 1620 — marries Eleanora of Brandenburg, 1620 — conquers part of Prussia, 1625-6— wounded before Dantzic, Feb. 1627 — concludes truce of six years with Sigismund, king of Poland, 15 Sep. 1629 — names his daughter Christina heiress to throne, 19 May 1630 — embarks for Germany, 30 May, a 24 Jun. b 1630 — con- quers Pomerania, Silesia, &c, 1630-1 — rejects proposals of Emperor Ferdinand II. for peace, 1630 — treaty with France, 13 Jan. 163 1 — con- cludes treaty of alliance with Elector of Saxony, 1 Aug. 1 63 1 — defeats Tilly at Leipsic, 7 Sep. 1631 — again on the Lech, 5 Apr., c 10 Apr. a 1632 — enters Munich, 17 May 1632 — en- trenches himself at Niirnberg, 19 Jun. — unsuc- cessfully attacks camp of Wallenstein at Niirn- berg, Aug. — commences retreat, 8 Sep. — de- feats Wallenstein and is killed at Liitzen, 6, b 16 a c Nov. 1632. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Gustavus III., King of Sweden, — ft. at Stockholm, 24 Jan. 1746 — marries Sophia Mag- dalena of Denmark, 4 Nov. 1766 — visits France, 1770 — succeeds his father, Adolphus Frederick II., 13 Feb. 1 77 1 — crowned, 29 May 1772 — frustrates conspiracy of senate against him, 19 Aug. 1772 — changes form of government and limits power of the nobles, 21 Aug.— prevents insurrection in Finland, end of 1772 — visits St Petersburg and Copenhagen, 1777 — dissolves 'States, 26 Jan. 1779 — concludes treaty of neu- trality with Russia and Denmark, 1780 — com- mercial treaty with United States, 1783 — con- vokes States, 26 May 1786 — war with Russia, 1788 — coup d'etat, arrests leaders of opposition and extends prerogative, 3 Apr. 1789 — Treaty of Varela, i4Aug. 1790 — shotbyAnkarstroem, 16 Mar. 1792 — tf. at Stockholm, 29 Mar. 1792. Gustavus IV. Adolphus, King of Sweden, — ft., 1 Nov. 1778 — succeeds his father Gus- tavus III., under regency of Duke of Suder- mania, 29 Mar. 1792 — visits court of Catherine II., autumn 1796 — marries Frederica of Baden, 31 Oct. 1797 — goes to Carlsruhe to promote union of German princes against Napoleon I., 1803 — breaks off diplomatic relations with German Diet, 1806 — and with England, 1808 — refuses to make peace with France, 1 809 — arrested, 12 Mar. 1809 — compelled to abdicate, 29 Mar. — his family deprived of succession to crown by decree of the Diet, 10 May — quits Sweden, 6 Dec. 1809 — divorces his wife, 17 Feb. 18 12 — assumes name of Col. Gustafsson, 1814— tf. at St Gall, 7 Feb. 1837. Gutbier, JEgidius, orientalist, — 6. in Thu- ringia, 16 17— Prof. Oriental languages, Ham- burg, 1652 — Prof. Philosophy, 1660 — D.D. Giessen, 1660 — tf. near Erfurt, 27 Sep. 1667. Novum Testamentum syriacum, 1663 — Lexicon syriacwn, 1667. Gutenberg, Henne, (Johann,) inventor of printing, — ft. at Mentz, about 1400 — is at Stras- burg, about 1424 — returns to Mentz, about i443, a i445, b before 6 Oct. 1448 c — enters into partnership with Johann Fust, i449, b 1450* — the partnership is dissolved, Nov. 1455 — tf. at Mentz, Feb. 1468,* probably Dec. 1467 b — monument erected at Mentz, 1840^ 1837. 15 a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Schcepflin. Guthrie, William, miscellaneous writer, — 6. in Scotland, 1701 or 1708 — tf. in London, 1770. History of England, 1744-51 — History of Scot- land, 1767 — Geographical Grammar, 1770. Guthrum, leader of Northmen, — with Ingvar and other chiefs, lands in E. Anglia, 869 a — be- sieges Cambridge, 875 b — king of E. Anglia, 870 a — conquers Wessex, 878 — defeated by Alfred at Ethandun, May 878 — baptized, and takes name of Athelstan, 878 — obtains large territory by treaty with Alfred, 878 — at Ciren- cester, 879 — settles in E. Anglia, 880 — aided by Rollo in defence of his kingdom against Alfred, 885 a — tf., 890. Lappenberg. A.S. Chron. Gutta Percha, — discovered by Montgomerie, at Singapore, and by Lobb, 1842-3 — brought to England by Don Jose de Almeida, 1842. Guttenberg, Karl Gottlieb, engraver, — b. at Niirnberg, 1744 — goes to Paris, about 1780 — tf. there, 1790,* 1792^ a Biog. Univ. a Meyer, Conv. Lex. 41 * 6 44 GUTZLAFF— GUZERAT. G'utzlaff, Karl, missionary,— b. in Pome- rania, 8 Jul. 1803— goes to Singapore, 1823— sent to Java, 1826 — visits Siam, 1828 — visits China, 18 31-3 — interpreter to British Super- intendency in China, 1835 — visits Europe, 1849— U. at Victoria, Hong Kong, 9 Aug. 1851. Journal of three Voyages, 1834 — China opened, \%1%—Geschichte des Chines. Reichs, 1847. Guy, [Guido, Athens, Dukes of, Lusignan, Dampierre.] Guy, ofSpoleto, King of Italy, and Emper- or of the Romans, — defeated by Berenger, at Brescia, 888— defeats him on the Trebia, 889 — proclaimed king at Diet of Pa via, 889— crowned Emperor at Rome, and King of France, by Pope Stephen V., 21 Feb. 891 — U., Dec. 894. Guy, Joseph, writer of School Books, — b., 1784 — ij. in London, 16 Jan. 1867. Guy, Thomas, bookseller, — b. in London, 1643— M.P. Tamworth, 1 694- 17 07 a — founds ' Guy's Hospital,' 1721— tf., 1724. a Knight. Guyana, Guiana, S. America,— discovered by Columbus, 1498 a — by Yasco Nunez, 1504^ —Dutch settlement in, about 1590,° 1580 d — English, about i63o, d 1634°— French, at Cay- enne, i6o4, d 1633 c — English settlements given up to Dutch, 1667 c — Dutch, occupied by Eng- lish, 1796-1802, and again, 1803-14. [Cay- enne, Demerara, Essequibo, Surinam.] a Some Authorities. b Others. c Eng. Cyc. d Macculloch. Guyard, Madame, [Adelaide Labi lie,) paint- er,— b. at Paris, 1749 — received at Academy of St Luke, about 1770 — received at Academy of Painting, 1783— painter to Monsieur, 1789 — &., 1803. Guyard, Laurent, sculptor, — b. at Chaumont, (Bassigny,) 1723 — ft. at Carrara, 1788. Guyart, Jean, historian, — b. at Tours, about 1550 — U. near Luce, about 1600. Traite de Vorigine, ancienne noblesse et droits royanx de Ungues Capet, 1590 — Traite de I' origine,ve'rite, et usance de la hi salique, 1590. • Guyenne. [Aquitaine.] Guyon, Claude Marie, historian, — b. at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1699 — ft. at Paris, 1771. Continuation de Vhistoireromaine, (of Echard,) 1736 — Histoire des empires, 1736 — Ristoiredes Jndes, 1744. Guyon, Fery, general, — b. in Burgundy, 1505 — Lieutenant-general in the service of the Emperor, distinguishes himself at battle of Pavia, 1525 — follows Constable de Bourbon to sack of Rome, 1527 — takes part in expedition to Africa, 1535 — suppresses insurrection at Marchiennes, 1566 — ft. at Pesquencourt, 1567. Memoires, 1664. Guyon, Jeanne Bouvier de la Motte, Madame, Quietist,—b. at Montargis, 13 Apr. 1648 — marries M. Guyon, 18 Jan. 1664" — widow, 1676— visits Paris, 1680 b — again, Jul. 1686— imprisoned at Paris, Jan. 1688— liber- ated, Sep. — becomes acquainted with Fenelon, about 1689 — imprisoned at Vincennes, Dec. 1695 to Oct. 1696— dispute between Bossuet and Fenelon respecting her doctrines, 1695 — imprisoned in the Bastille, May 1698 a — "&. at Dkiers, near Blois, 9 Jun. 17 17. Cantiques spirituels, 17 15 — Lettres spirituels, 17 17 — Opuscules sjnrituels, 1704. a Jal. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Guyot, Claude Etienne, general, — b. near Lons-le-Saulnier, 5 Sep. 1768 — enters the army, 1790 — serves under Beauharnais, 1801 — distinguishes himself at battle of Eylau, 1807 — serves in Spain, 1808 — distinguishes himself at battle of Wagram, 1809 — General of Division, 181 1 — serves in Russian campaign, 1 8 1 2 — at battles of Liitzen and Leipsic, 1 8 1 3 — ■ Count, 1813 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 1 8 14 — and at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — if. at Paris, 28 Nov. 1837. Guyot, Germain Antoine, Jurist, — b. at Paris, 1694 — ft., 27 Jan. 1750. Traite sur plusieurs matieres fe'odales, §c, 1738-50. Guyot. [Desfontaines.] Guys, Pierre Augustin, — b. at Marseilles, about 1722 — if. at Zante, 1801. Voyage lit- te'raire en Grece, 1776 — JEssai sur Vantiquite de Marseille, 1786. Guyse, Jacques de, chronicler, — writes Annates Rannonice, and tf. at Yalenciennes, 6 Feb. 1399. Guyton (de) Morveau, Louis Bernard, chemist, — b. at Dijon, 4 Jan. 1737 — Advocate- general to Parliament of Dijon, 1755 — Prof. Chemistry there, 1774 — proposes new chemical nomenclature, 1782 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — Pres., 1792 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — member of Committee of Public Safety, 1793 — of Council of Five Hunched, 1796 — assists in founding Polytechnic School, and becomes Prof. Che- mistry and Director, 1795 — member of In- stitute, 1796 — administrator of the Mint of Paris, 1799-1814 — Baron of the Empire, 1811 — tj. at Paris, 2 Jan. 18 16. Digressions academiques, 1772 — Elements de chimie, 1776- 77 — Traite des moyens de desinfecter Vair, 1 801 — with Lavoisier and others, Methode d'une nomenclature chimique, 1787. Guzerat, (Gujerat Guicowar,) — Sena kings, at Ballabi, from 144-524 — driven out by [Par- thians or] Bactrians or Persians, 524 — Chauras, at Anhalvera, 746-931 — tributary to Mahmud of Ghizni, (416, a. h.) 1025 :i — invaded by Shahab u din, (572,) 1176 — again, and capital seized, (591,) 1194 — revolt suppressed by Kutb u din, 1 1 96 or 11 97 — finally conquered by Ala u din, (697,) 1297 — revolts, 1316 — conquered, 1 3 18 — revolt of Mogul troops, ravaged by Mohammed Khilzi, (748,) 1347 — revolt sup- pressed, 1350 — rebellion, 1370-80 — revolt of Farhat ul Mulk, (791-2,) 1391— Mozaffer Shah defeats Farhat, and becomes governor, (791-2,) i39i a — he occupies Malwa. and evacuates it, (810-1), 1407-8 — Ahmed Shah, (grandson,) succeeds, (815,) 1412 — series of wars with Malwa, 1412-22 — wars with Idar, &c, and Seiad Khizr of Delhi, (819,) 141 6— founds Ahmedabad, about 1425 — recovers Bombay and Salsette from the Bahmani king of the Deccan, (833,) 1429 — founds Ahmed- nagar, about 1430 — Mohammed, (847,) 1443 — Kutb, (855,) 1451 — war withMEWAR, (861,) I 1457 — Daud, (863,) 1459, one week: Mahmud GUZMAN— GYPSIES. 645 Begarra, (h., 1445,) (863,) 1459 — rescues king of the Deccan, 1462 — reduces Girnar, (873-875,) 1468-70 — defeats pirates of Balsar at sea, 1482 — takes Champaner, (888,) 1483 — revolt of Bombay, recovers it by aid of king of the Deccan, 1494 — compels Nizam Shahi to raise siege of Dowlatabad, 1499 — war w ^ a Candeish, 1507 — cooperates with Mamluks of Egypt in naval war with Portuguese, (913,) 1508 — Mozaffer II. succeeds, (917,) 151 1 — receives embassy from Shah Ismael, king of Persia, 151 1 — wars with Idar, 1511-17 — restores Mahmud, king of'Malwa, (924,) 15 19 — Secander, (son,) (932,) 1526 — assassinated: Mahmud II., (brother,) 1526 — deposed: Ba- hadur, (brother,) 1526 — his supremacy acknow- ledged by kings of Candeish, Berar, and Ahmed- nagar, 1530 — conquers Malwa and annexes it 'to his kingdom, (Shaban 937,) Feb. 15 31 — successful war with Mewar, (938,) 1532 — protects and assists Ala u din, 1533 — invasion of his kingdom by Humayun, Nov. 1534 — expelled, takes refuge at Diu, 1535 — recovers his kingdom, (942,) 1535-6 — killed in affray with the Portuguese at Diu, (943,) 1537 — .Miran Mohammed Shah Farukhi, of Can- deish, usurps, (943,) 1537 — Mahmud III. (944,) 1538 — murdered by his chaplain, who attempts to seize the throne and is killed, 1553 — Ahmed II., (961,) 1553 — assassinated: Mozaffer III., (969,) 1561 — the kingdom partitioned and in state of anarchy till con- quered by Akber, (980,) 1572 — revolt of Mirza Husen suppressed, 1573 — insurrection of Mozaffer III., (989,) 158 1— Mirza Khan recovers part, (992,) 1584 — pacified, on death of Mozaffer, 1593 — conquered by Mahrattas, after death of Aurungzebe, 1707 ■ — invaded by English, and the capital taken, Jan. 1780 — conquered territory restored by treaty with Tippoo Saib, Mar. 1784 — subject to British, by treaties w r ith the Peishwa and the Rajah of Baroda, 18 17. a Elphinstone. Guzman, Alphonso Perez de, military com- mander,—^, at Valladolid, 1258- — takes Tarifa from the Moors, 1293 — sent to besiege Algesiras, takes Gibraltar, 1308 — killed in combat with Moors, 1309, 11 i32o. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Guzman, Eleonora de, — mistress of Alfonso XL of Castile, between 1330-50 — put to death by Peter the Cruel, 1351. Guzman. [Olivarez.] Gwalior, fortress in Hindustan, — built by Surya Sena, 773 a — rajahs of, mentioned, 1008 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Mahmud of Ghuznee, 1023 b — besieged and taken by troops of Shahab u din of Ghor, 11 96 — lost by Mussulmans, 121 1 — blockaded by Shems u din Altamsh, 1230 — taken, 1231 — seized by Narsingh Rae, 1398 — recovered by Ibrahim Lodi, 1 5 19 — acquired by Baber, 1526 — by Shir Shah, 1543— recovered by Akber and made state prison, 1556 — on fall of empire of Delhi seized by Jat Rana of Gohud, 1762 ? — seized by Madhaji Scindia, about 1779 — taken by Major Popham, 3 Aug. 1780 — and transferred to Rana of Gohud: recovered by Madhaji Scindia I., 1784 — taken by British under Sir H. "White, 5 Feb. i8o4 b — given up to Scindia, 1805 — sur- rendered to British, 2 Jan. i844. d a Wilford. b Hamilton. c Thornton. d Conv.-Lex. Gwilt, George, architect, — b., 8 Feb. 1775 — F.S.A., 14 Dec. 1815 — visits Italy, 1824 — ft. in London, 26 Jun. 1856. Restoration of St Mary Overy's Church, 1822-5. Gwilt, Joseph, architect, — ft. in London, 11 Jan. 1784— student of Royal Academy, 1801 — F.S.A., 9 Mar. 1815 — visits Italy, 1816 — F.R.A.S., 1833 — tf. at Henley on Thames, 14 Sep. 1863. Encyclopedia ■ of Architecture, 1842 — Translation of Vitruvius, 1826 — Notitia Architectonica Italiana, 181 8 — Sciograpihy, 1822 — edits Nicholson's Principles of Archi- tecture, 1848. Gwilym, David ap, {David of Glamorgan,) bard,—b. in Cardiganshire, 1340 — 1(. at Ivor Hael, 1400. Poems, (1792.) Gwinne, {Gwijnne,) Matthew, physician, — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1574 — M.D., 1593 — attends embassy of Sir H. Uhton to courtof France, 1595 — Prof . Medicine, Gresham Coll., 1596— physician to the Tower, 1605 — F.R.C.P., Dec. 1605 — rj., 1627. Orations, 1605 — Vertumnus, 1607. Gwynedd, (N. Wales,) — kingdom of, con- quered by Oswald of Northumbria, 635 — re- duced by Egbert, 828 — with Powys and Dyved becomes subject to Bhodri Mawr, 844 — assigned to his son Anarawd, 880. G wynne, Nell, — h , about 1640 — actress at Drury Lane, about 1663 — mistress of Charles II., before 1670 — quits the stage, 1672 — a"., 1691. Gylippus, — [BC] — goes to Sicily, summer 414 — takes Plemmyrion, spring 413 — returns to Sparta, summer 412 — robs the treasure sent by Lysander from Athens, about 404 ? Gyllenborg, Karl, Count of, statesman, — h. at Upsala, 1 1 Mar. 1679 — secretary of embassy, and afterwards resident in England, 1703-17 — arrested by order of Privy Council, 17 17 — Secretary of State, assists at Congress of Aland, 1718 — Grand Chancellor, 1719 — Chief Minister of State, 1739 — tJ. Chancellor of Univ. of Upfiala, 20 Sep. 1746. Gyllenborg", Gustavus Frederick, Count von, poet, — h. in Sweden, 1731 — member of Swedish Academy, 1786 — tf., 30 Mar. 1809. Poems, 1 82 1. Gyllenhielm, Karl, Baron von, Grand Admiral of Sweden, — ft. in Sweden, 4 Mar. 1574 — studies in France, 1594-97 — Lieutenant- general, distinguishes himself in war with Poland, 1600 — taken prisoner by Poles, 1601 — liberated, 1 6 1 3 — Grand Admiral, 1620 — one of the guardians of Christina, 1637 — fr. at Carlberg, 7 Mar. 1650. Gymnopeedia, — [B C] — introduced at Sparta, (01. 28, 4,) 665. Gypsies, Gipsies, {Egyptians, Bohemians, Zingari, Zigeuner, Zingali, Gitanos,) — men- tioned in German paraphrase of Genesis, about ii22 a — appear in Flungary, "Wallachia, and Cyprus, about 1320 — appear in Germany, be- tween 1416-20 b — at Zurich, under Duke Mi- 6 4 6 GYROSCOPE— HACHETTE. chael of Little Egypt, 141 8— in Italy, 1422 — at Paris, 17 Aug. 1427 — in Scotland, 1506. b Theory of Indian origin of, advanced by Riidi- ger, 1782 — confirmed by other inquirers, and by Pott, 1844-5. In England : prohibited the kingdom, by Acts 22 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1530-1 ; 27 Hen. VIII. c. 25, 1535-6 ; 1 and 2 Ph. and .Mar. c. 4, 1554; and 5 Eliz. c. 20, 1562 — con- sidered as rogues and vagabonds by Act 17 Geo. II. c. 5, 1744 — statute of Elizabeth re- pealed by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 51, 1783 — punishment of death for remaining in, abolished by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 116, 25 Jul. 1820— association for reform of, established by Crabb, 1827. In Scotland: treaty of James V. with their prince, John Faw, 15 Feb. 1540 b — severe edicts against, Jun. 1541, 1579, and Jun. 1603. In France : decree of banishment by States of Orleans, 1560° — another decree, i6i2. b In Spain: edict of Ferdinand the Catholic against, 1492 b — banished by Philip II., 1591. In Germany: expelled by decree of Diet of Augsburg, 1500 b — decree repeated, I 53°? J 544> J 548, and i55i. b In Sweden: expelled, 1662, 1723, and 1727. In Prussia : condemned to be hung, by Frederick II.-, 1748. In Hungary and Transylvania: attempts of Maria Theresa to civilize and settle, 1768 and 1773 d — edicts renewed and modified by Josep) II., i782. d In Syria : met with by Pococke, before 1745. a Chambers' Encyc. b Simson. c Encyc. Mod. d Conv.-Lex. Gyroscope,— invented by Bohnenberger, 1 817 — Fessel's, invented, 1851 — improved by Fou- cault, 1853 — by Wheatstone, 1854. [Pen- dulum.] H Haarlem, Haerlem, in the Netherlands,- — mentioned, before 11 00 — receives charter from William, Count of Holland, 1245 a — success- fully defended against Gilbert van Amstel and the Kemmerlanders, 1268 b - — plenary court held at, by Count William, 13 10 b — burnt, 1347 and 1355 — threatened by Jacqueline, succoured by Philip the Good, 1426 — riots of the Cod party, 1444 b — captured by 'bread and cheese' insurgents, 1492 — submits to Duke Albert of Saxony, May 1492 — loses its privileges, 1492 — siege of, by Toledo, son of Alva, begins, 9 Dec. 1572 s — defended by Wybald van Eipperda; capitulates, i2, c 14 d Jul. 1573 — the citizens massacred, 14-22 Jul. — recovered by Dutch, 1577 — insurrection at, 1658 — revolution effect- ed by French, Jan. 1795. Company of Science, established, 1752. lake of, drained, 1849-51. a Davies. b Encyc. Mod. c Motley. d Mendoza. Haas, Johann Matthias, (Hasius,) geogra- pher, — b. at Augsburg, 1684 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Wittenberg, 1720— rj. there, 24 Sep. 1742. Phosphorus Historiarum, 1742 — His- torischer Atlas, 1750. Haas, Wilhelm, engraver, typefounder, — b. at Basel, 1741 — introduces improvements in typefounding, 1764 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1790 — if. in Lucerne, 8 Jan. 1800. Habakkuk, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — fl., about 610. Habeas Corpus, Writ of, in England,— grant- ed by Act 16 Car. I. c. 10, 1641 — again, and me- thods of obtaining, defined, by Act 31 Car. II. c. 2, {Habeas Corpus Act,) 1679 — provision against excessive bail, by Act 1 Wm and Mar. st. 2, c. 2, 1689— extended application of, and other provisions, by Act 56 Geo. III. c. 100, 1 Jul. 1 8 16- — provision respecting issue of, out of England into foreign possessions, by Act 25 Vic. c. 20, 16 May 1862. Suspension of, in England, by Acts 1 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 17 Apr., c. 7, 25 May, c. 19, 23 Oct. 1689. In Great Britain, by Acts 1 Geo. I. st. 2, cc. 8 and 30, 1714; 9 Geo. I. c. 1, 1722; 19 Geo. II. c. 1, 1745; 17 Geo. III. c. 9, 1777; 34 Geo. III. c. 54, 23 May 1794; 35 Geo. III. c. 3, 5 Feb. 1795; 38 Geo. III. c. 36, 21 Apr. 1798; 41 Geo. III. c. 26, 2 Apr. 1801; 57 Geo. III. c. 3, 4 Mar., c. 55, 30 Jun. 1817 ; (last two Acts repealed by 58 Geo. III. c. 1, 31 Jan. 1818.) In Ireland, by Acts 41 Geo. III. c. 15, 24 Mar. 1801 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 116, 29 Jul. 1803; 44 Geo. III. c. 8, 15 Dec. 1803; 45 Geo. III. c. 4, 22 Feb. 1805; 3 Geo. IV. c. 2, 11 Feb. 1822; 3 Wm IV. c. 4, 2 Apr. 1833 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 35, 24 Jul. 1848 ; 29 Vic. c. 1, 17 Feb. 1866 — continued by Acts 29 and 30 Vic. c. 119, 10 Aug. 1866 ; 30 Vic. c. 1, 26 Feb. 1867 ; 30 Vic. c. 25, 31 May 1867 ; and 31 Vic. c. 7, 28 Feb. 1868. In Canada, 8 Jun. 1866. In United States, 24 Sep. 1862, and 15 Sep. 1863 — partially restored, 1 Dec. 1865 — restored in all the States except Texas, 2 Apr. 1866 — restored in Texas, 20 Aug. i860. Haberdashers' Company, (Milaners,) Ion- don,- — incorporated by Henry VI., 1447. Hall y burnt, 19 Sep. 1864. Habesh. [Abyssinia.] Habington, William, poet, — fi. in Worces- tershire, 5 Nov. 1605 — if. there, 13 Nov. 1645. Castara, 1635 — Queen of Arragon, 1640 — Uis- tory of Edward IV., 1640. Habsburg. [Hapsburg.] Hachette, Jeanne, [Jeanne laine,) — at the head of the women of Beauvais, compels Duke of Burgundy to raise the siege, 10 Jul. 1472 — ■ her descendants declared exempt from taxation, by Louis XL, 1472. Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre, mathema- tician, §c, — b. atMezieres, 6 May 1769 or 1770 — Prof. Hydrography, Collioure, 1792 — Prof. HACKAERT— HADRIANUS. 647 Descriptive Geometry, Polytechnic School, 1795- 18 16 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1834. Traite elementaire des machines, 181 1 — Elemens de ge'ome'trie d trots dimensions, 18 17. Hackaert, Jan, painter, engraver, — 6. at Amsterdam, about 1635. Hacker, Colonel, — in command at the execu- tion of Charles I., 30 Jan, 1649 — executed as a regicide, 16 Oct. 1660. Hackert, Philipp, painter, — ft. at Prenzlau, 15 Sep. 1737— goes to Paris, 1765 — visits Italy, 1768— -Naples, 1782 — first painter to king of Naples, 1786 — tf. at Florence, 28 Apr. 1807. Hacket, John, Bp of Lichfield and Co- ventry, — ft. in London, 1 Sep. 1592 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1608 — takes holy orders, 1 61 8 — chaplain to Bp Williams, 162 1 — chap- lain to James L, 1623 — D.D., 1628 — arch- deacon of Bedford, 163 1 — Bp of Lichfield and Coventry, 166 1 — rj. at Lichfield, 21 Oct. 1670. Century of Sermons, id^^-^-Hfc of Archbishop Williams, 1693. Hackney Coaches, Cabs, — introduced in London, 1625 — attempt to restrain use of, by proclamation of Charles I., 1635 — com- mission to Master of the Horse to grant licences for, issued 1637 — prohibited from standing in the streets for hire, by proclamation of Charles II., 1660 — tax imposed on by Act 5 and 6 "Win and Mar. c. 22, 1694— authority to ap- point commissioners for regulating, by Act 9 Anne, c. 23, ss. 1-22, 17 10 — recovery of goods left in, provided for, and other regulations, by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 159, n Jul. 18 15 — re- striction of number abolished by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 22, 22 Sep. 1831 — metropolitan, regulated by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 86, 22 Aug. 1843 — further regulations by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 89, s. 37, seq., 22 Jul. 1847 — laws re- lating to, amended by Acts 16 and 17 Vic. c. 33, 28 Jun., and c. 127, 20 Aug. 1853; and 32 and 33 Vic. c. 115, 11 Aug. 1869. Hackspan, Dietrich, orientalist, — ft. at Weimar, 1607 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Alt- dorf, 1636 — Prof. Theology, 1654 — tf., 1659. Lucubrationes Frankenthalenses, 1 645 — Sylloge disputationum theologicarum et philologicarum, 1663 — Notce philologico-theologicce in varia et difficiliora Vet. et Nov. Test, loca, 1664. Haco IV. (V.,) King of Norway, — ft., 1204 — succeeds Inge II., 12 17 — declines command of fleet of crusaders, offered by St Louis, 1 245 — refuses the Imperial crown, 1246 — subdues Greenland and Iceland, about 1 260-1 — sails for conquest of Scotland, takes the Orcades and Shetland Isles, 1262 — tf. in Shetland Isles, 15 Dec. 1262. Haco. [Norway.] Hacquet, Balthasar, a (Belsazar, h ) naturalist, — ft. in Brittany, about 1740— Prof. Natural History, Lemberg, 1788-1810 — ft. at Vienna, 10 Jan. 1 8 15. Oryctographia camiolica, 1776- 89 — PhysiJcalish-politische lieise auf die. . . . A Ipen, 1 7 85-7 — Neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen, 1796. a Bios?. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Haddick, (Hadik, Haddik,) Andrew, Count von, Fieldmarshal, — 6. in Hungary, 1710 — serves against Turks, 1738 — contributes to defeat of Frederick II. at Goerlitz, 1757 — enters Berlin by surprise, 1757 — seizes Pirna, Sep. 1758 — Governor of Transylvania, 1763 — • Fieldmarshal and Pres. Council of War, 1774 — commands against Turks, 1789 — tf. at Vienna, 12 Mar. 1790. Haddington, in Scotland, — royal residence, before 1200 — burnt, 1244 — parliament held at, 1548 — again burnt, 1598 — inundation of the Tyne, 1775. Haddon, Walter, — ft. in Buckinghamshire, 1516 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1533 — Prof. Civil Law, Cambridge, 1550 — Vice- Chancellor of Univ., 1550 — Pres. of Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 30 Sep. 1552 — incorporated LL.D. Oxford, 2 Dec. 1552 — resigns his presi- dency, 30 Oct. 1553 — joint-envoy to the Nether- lands, 1565-6 — tf., 21 Jan. 1572. Lucubra- tiones, 1567 — (with Sir John Cheke,) Reforma- tio legum ecclesiasticarum, 157 1. Hadj-Khalifa, historian, bibliographer, — ft. at Constantinople, serves in the army, (1036- 43, a. h.) i626-33--returns to Constantinople, (1055,) 1645 — raised to the rank of Khalifa, (1058,) 1648— tf. at Constantinople, (1068-9,) Sep. 1658. Fedzlikeh, 1641 — Tohfet al kobar fi asfar al-behar, 1728. Hadley, John, astronomer,— F.R.S., 17 17 — If., 15 Feb. 1744. Hadorph, Johann, antiquary, — ft. in Sweden, 1630 — Secretary to Univ. of Upsala, 1660-76 — Secretary of Royal Archives, 1669 — tf., 12 Jul. 1693. Hadrian, — declines see of Canterbury offered to him by Pope Vitalian, and recommends Theodore of Tarsus, 668 a — accompanies Theo- dore to England, and is made abbot of St Augustine's, Canterbury, 669 a— assists in estab- ishing schools of classical learning, 670, et seq. — tf., 9 Jan. 708. b a Hook. b Thomas of Elmham. Hadrian. [For Popes, see Adrian.] Hadrianople. [Adrianople.] Hadrianns, (Aclrianus,) — magister officio- rum, 397, 399 — prsefectus prsetorio, in Italy, 400-405, 413-416. Hadrianus, P. JElius, Roman Emperor, — ft., (9 Kal. Feb.,) 24 Jan. 76 — military tri- bune in Moesia Inferior, 95 — qucestor, 101 — serves in second expedition of Trajan against Dacians, 104 — tribunus plebis. 105 — praetor, 107 — legatus praetorius in Pannonia Inferior, 108 — Consul suffectus, (862, a. u. c.) 109 — • Archon at Athens, (01. 222, 4,) 112 — legatus in war with Parthia, 114 — proclaimed Em- peror at Autioch, succeeds Trajan, n Aug. 117 — reaches Borne, celebrates Trajan's tri- umph, 118— suppresses conspiracy of Palma, 118— remits public debts, latter part 118 — sets out on his progress, 119 — builds the wall in Britain, 119 — visits Gaul, 120 — winters in Spain, 1 2 1-2 — in Africa, 122— at Athens, win- ter 122-3 a — again at Athens, 125 a — returns to Rome, 126 — assumes title of pater patrice, 128 — sets out for the- East, 129 — at Athens, winter 129-30 a — in Egypt, autumn 130 — in Syria, spring or summer 131 — at Rome, winter 6 4 8 HAEBERLIN— HAHNEMANN. 1 3 1-2 — at Athens, 132-3 — at Eome, 135 — adopts JElius Yerus, 135 a — if., 10 Jul. 138. a Clinton. Kaeberlin, Franz Dominic, historian, — b. near Ulm, 31 Jan. 1720 — studies at Gottingen, 1739 — Prof. History at Gottingen, 1742 — at Helrastadt, 1746 — Prof. Law, 1751 — if., 20 Apr. 1787. Allgemeine Weltgeschiclite, 1767-73 — Neueste deutschen Heichs Geschichte, 1774-86. Haeberlin, Karl Friedrich, jurist, — b. at Helmstadt, 5 Aug. 1756 — Prof. German Law, Erlangen, 1782 — and at Helmstadt, 1786 — assists at Congress of Rastadt, 1798-9 — Coun- cillor of Justice, 1799 — if. at Helmstadt, 16 Aug. 1808. Pragmatische Geschichte der neuersten kaiserlichen Wahlcapitulationen, 1792 ■ — Handbuch des deutschen Staatsrechts, 1794-7 — Deutsche Staatsarchiv, 1796-1808. Haefner, {Hafner,) Franz, statesman, — takes part in negotiations for peace between Ziirich and Berne and the Catholic cantons, 1656 — resigns Chancellorship of Soleure, 1660. So- lothurnischer Schauplatz historischer Welt- gescMchte, 1666. Haen, Antoni de, physician, — b. at the Hague, a c Leyden, b 1704 — M.D. Leyden, 1735 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Vienna, 1754 — first physician to Maria Theresa, 1772 — if. at Vienna, 5 Sep. 1776. Ratio medendi in noso- comio practico, 1757-74 — De colica pictorum, 1745. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. c Biog. "Woordenboek. Haenke, Thaddeus, naturalist, — b. in Bo- hemia, 1 76 1 — settles at Peru, 1796 — if. there, 18 17. iieliquice BZaenkiana, 1825. Haerlem. [Haarlem.] Haex, (Raecx,) David, orientalist, — b. at Antwerp, about 1595. Dictionarium malaico- latinum, 1631. Hafiz, {Mohammed Shems Fddin,) poet, — b. at Shiraz, about 1300— if., (791, a. h.) 1388^ (794,) i3 9 i, b (797,) i394- c a Ali Beg. b Doulet Shah. c D'Herbelot. Hagedorn, Christian Ludwig von, writer on art, — b. at_ Hamburg, 17 13 — Director-general of Academies of Art at Dresden and Leipsic, 1764 — if. at Dresden, 24 Jan. 1780. Betracht- ungen iiber die Malerei, 1762. Hagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, — b. at Hamburg, 23 Apr. 1708 — studies at Jena, 1726-9 — visits London, about 1729 — if. at Hamburg, 28 Oct. 1754. Werke, 1756. Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, philo- logist, — b. at Sehmiedeberg, (Prussia,) 19 Feb. 1 7 80 — Prof. German Language and Literature, Berlin, 1 810 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1 82 1 — if. at Berlin, 11 Jul. 1856. Das Nibel- vngenlied, 18 10 — Nordische BZeldenromane, 1814-28 — Altdeutsche und Altnordische Held- ensagen, (2nded.,) 1855 — Minnesinger, 1838-56 — JJeber die altesten Darstellungen der Faust- sage, 1844 — (with Busching) Altdeutsche Gedichte des Mitlelalters, 1808. Hagen, Johann Georg Friedrich von, nu- mismatist, — b. at Baireuth, 1723 — if., 30 Dec. 1783. Beschreibung der Silbermiinzen der Stadt Niirnberg, 1766-9. Hagenbach, Peter von, — Governor of Fer- rette, &c, 1469 — seized and beheaded by the people, 9 May 1474. Kagenbuch, johann Kaspar, archaeologist, — b. in Zurich, 1700 — Prof. Eloquence, 1730 — Prof. History, 17 31 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 1735 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, 1752 — Prof. Theology, 1756 — if. at Zurich, 5 Jun. 1763. Hager, Johann Georg, philologist, geogra- pher, — b. at Oberkotzau, i7io, a 1709 b — Rector of School of Chemnitz, 1741 — if., 1777. Edition of the Iliad, 1740 — Ausfuhrliehe Geo- graphic, 1746. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grubev. Hager, Joseph, orientalist, — b. at Milan, 30 Apr. 1757 — called to Paris, 1802 — Prof. Ger- man, Oxford, 1806 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Pavia, 1809 — if. at Pavia, 18 19. Explanation of the elementary characters of the Chinese, 1801 — Monument de Yu, 1802 — Pantheon Chinois, 1806 — Description des medailles chinoises du cabinet imperial de France, 1805. Haggai, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies late in 52o. a "Ussher. Hague, The, (s' Gravenhage, La Saye,) — ■ hunting-seat of Counts of Holland, about 1250 — taken and sacked by troops of Charles of Guelderland, 1528 a — conferences for peace, between United Provinces and Spain, Feb. 1608 — tumults, and massacre of the De Witts, 22 Aug. 1672 — threatened by Marshal Luxem- bourg, winter 1672 b — reception of William III. at, 26 Jan. 1691 c — conferences for peace at, 1708-9 — entrance of Prince of Orange, Sep. 1787 — taken by the French, 24 Jan. 1795 — seat of government transferred to Amsterdam by Louis Bonaparte, 1806-13. Treaties of, between States of Holland and Louis XIII. , signed 17 Jun. 1630 — between Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands, concluded, 21 May 1659. Congress of, attended by princes and ambassadors of principal States of Europe, Feb. to Mar. 1 69 1. a Davies. b Univers Pittoresque. c Macaulay. Haguenau,— fortified by Frederick, Duke of Suabia, about 1 1 35 — Frederick Barbarossa holds his court at, Lent 11 84 — Richard I. brought before Diet of, 28 Mar. 1193 — visited by Frederick II., Jan. 12 13 — he holds his court at, winter 1235-6 — fortifications demolished by Imperialists, 1675 — taken by the French, 10 May 1706 — Marshal de Coigiri establishes his camp at, Jul. 1744 — combats between French and Austrians near, 17 Oct. and 22 Dec. 1793. Hahn, Simon Friedrich, publicist, historian, — b. at Klosterbergen, 1692 — studies at Halle, 1706 — Prof. History, Helmstadt, 17 17 — his- toriographer to king of England, librarian at Hanover, about 1724 — if. there, 18 Feb. 1729. Deutsche Staats- lieichs- und Keyser- Historie, 1721-4 — Collectio monumentorum veterum et recentium ineditorum ad codicum fidem. restitu- torum, 1724-6. Hahnemann, Samuel Christian Friedrich, physician, founder of Homoeopathy, — b. at Meissen, Saxony, 10 Apr. 1755 — enters Univ. of Leipsic, 1775 — studies at Vienna, 1777 — M.D. Erlangen, 10 Aug. 1779 — goes to Dres- den, 1784 — settles at Leipsic, about 181 2 — > HAILEYBUEY COLLEGE— HALES. 649 settles at Paris, 1835 — tf. at Paris, 2 or 3 Jul. 1843. Org anon der rationellen Heilkunde, 1 810 — Reine Arzneimittellehre, 181 1-21 — Die chronischen Kranhheiten, 1828-30. Hailes, Lord, Sir David Dalrymple, judge, antiquary, — rj. at Edinburgh, 28 Oct. 1726 — Advocate, 24 Feb. 1748 — Jud^e of Court of Session, 1766 — Lord of Justiciary, 1776 — tf., 29 Nov. 1792. Memorials and Letters relating to the history of Britain, §c, 1762, 1766 — Historical Memoirs concerning the provincial Councils of the Scotch Clergy, ^c., 1769 — Canons of the Church of Scotland, §c, 1769 — Annals of Scotland, 1776-9 — Remains of Christian Antiquity, 1776-80. Haileybury College, — for cadets of East India Company, founded, 1806 — regulations respecting, by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IY-. c. 85, (India Act,) ss. 103, etc., 28 Aug. 1833, and 1 Vic. c. 70, 15 Jul. 1837— closed, 7 Dec. 1857. Haillan, Bernard de Girard, Seigneur dtx, historian, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1535 — historio- grapher of France, 157 1 — tf. at Paris, 23 Nov. 1610. Regum Gallorum icones, 1559 — Dlis- toire generate des rois de France, 1576. Hainault,. {Hennegau,) Counts of, — Bainier I., with Badbod, Duke of Friesland, attempts to drive Eollo from Waicheren, about 875 — taken prisoner by Eollo, and ransomed soon after, 876 — quarrels with Zwentibold, Duke of Lorraine, is deprived of his County and goes to France, 898 — assists Charles III. to conquer Lorraine, and is made governor, 911 — tf., 916 — Bainier IL, (son,) 916 — Bainier III., (son,) 932 ?— deposed by Bruno, Abp of Cologne, and exiled, 957-8— tf., 97i, a about 960 b — Bicher, 958 — Garnier and Benaud, killed in battle, 973 — Godfrey and Arnulf, established by Otto II. , 973 — defeat rivals, Bainier and Lambert, 19 Apr. 976 — Bainier IV., (son of Bainier III.,) 998 — Bainier V., (son,) 1013 — fights at battle of Florennes, 1015 — Bichilda, (daughter,) and her husband Herman, about 1030 — Herman tf., 1050 — Bichilda marries Baldwin of Mons, soon after ; Baldwin II. of Jerusalem, (son of Baldwin I. and Bichilda,) 1070 — goes on the crusade, 1096 — at siege of Antioch, 1098 — cap- tured by Turks, near Nicrea, 1098 — Baldwin III., (son,) 1099 — Baldwin IV., (son,) 11 20 — carries on war unsuccessfully for possession of Flanders, 1128-50 — Baldwin V., (son,) — b., 1 150 — succeeds, 1 17 1 — attends Emperor Fred- erick I. at Diet of Mentz, 11 85 — the County ravaged by Count of Flanders, 11 85 — becomes Count of Flanders, 1191 — Baldwin VI., (son,) 1 195 — Jane, (daughter,) 1206 — Mar- garet, (sister,) 1244 — John d'Avesnes, 1280 — inherits County of Holland, 1299 — [E^hand, Counts of] — ravaged by French, 1552-5 and 1594 — part of County ceded to France by Treaties of the Pyrenees, 7 Nov. 1659, and of Nimeguen, 17 Sep. 1678 — conquered by French, 1794 — given up to Netherlands, 18 14 — made part of kingdom of Belgium, Dec. 1830. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Encyc. Mod. Hainault Forest, in Essex, — disafforested by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 43, 1 Aug. 1851, Haiti. [Domingo, St.] Hakluyt, Richard, historian,— h. in Here- fordshire, 1553 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, I 575— chaplain to English Embassy, Paris, 1584-9 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1605 — tf., 23 Oct. 1616. Principal Navigations and Dis- coveries of the English Nation, 1589. Hakluyt Society, in London, — established, 1846. Halberstadt, inPrussia, — seatof a bishopric, 804— Diet held at, 1 1 34 — burnt by Henry the Lion, 1 1 79 — rebuilt and fortified, 1203 — ceded to Brandenburg, at Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — taken by French, 1758 — annexed to kingdom of Westphalia by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — stormed and garrison captured by Duke William of Brunswick- els, 1809 — Gen. Ochs defeated by Gen. Tchernitscheff at, 181 3 — recovered by Prussia, 181 3. Halde. [Duhalde.] Haldenwang, Christian, engraver, — u. at Durlach, 1770 — engraver to the Court at Carlsruhe, 1803 — tf. at Bippoltsau, 27 Jun. 1831. Hale, Adam de Le, trouvere, — fj. at Arras, about 1240 — tf. at Naples, about 1286. Le jeu de Robin et Marion, 1285. Hale, Sir Matthew, Lord Chief Justice of England, — b. at Alderley, Gloucestershire, 1 Nov. 1609 — enters Oxford Univ., 1626— enters Lincoln's Inn, 8 Sep. 1629 — called to the bar, 17 May 1636— Judge of Common Pleas, 25 Jan. 1654 — M.P. Gloucestershire, Jul. 1654 — refuses to assist at trial of Col. Penruddock, 1655 — retires, Sep. 1658 — M.P. Oxford Univ., Jan. to Apr. 1659 — member of Convention, Apr. 1660 — Knt, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 7 Nov. 1660 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 18 May 167 1 — resigns, 21 Feb. 1676 — tf.,25 Dec. 1676. Contemplations, 1676 — Pleas of the Crown, 1678 — History of the Common Law, 17 13 — Historia placitorum Corona:, 1739 — Analysis of the Law, 1739. Haleb. [Aleppo.] Halem, Gerhard Anton von, historian,— $. at Oldenburg, 1752 — director of Begency, Oldenburg, about 1 809 — counsellor to Imperial Court, Hamburg, 18 10 — tf. at Eutin, 4 Jan. 1 8 19. Geschichte des Herzogthums Oldenburg, 1794-96 — Biographie Peters des Grossen, 1803-5 — Selbstbiographie, 1 840. Halenius, Lawrence, — u. in Sweden, 1654 — tf. there, 1722. Nya Testamentets svenske och grekishe concordantier, 1734-42. Hales, Alexander of, {the Irrefragable Doctor,) scholastic philosopher, — enters Order of Friars Minims, a D.D. b at Paris, i222 a — Prof. Theology, 1230 b — tf., 27 Aug. 1245. Sumi universce theologice, 1252 ? a Nouv Biog. Gen. b Ersch and Gruber. Hales, Sir Edward,— acknowledges his con- version to Popery, 1685 — a feigned action brought against him to establish dispensing power of the king, decision given, 21 Jun. 1686 — as Lieutenant of the Tower demands fees of the Seven Bishops, Jun. 1688 — follows James II. in his flight, and is brought back with, him, Dec. 1688 — impeached as a traitor 650 HALES— HALKETT. and committed to the Tower, 1689. Hales, James, Justice op the Common Pleas, — reader at Grays Inn, 1532, 1537, and 1540 — king'sserjeant,4Nov. 1544 — Judge C. P., 10 May 1549 — refuses to join in authenticating instrument prepared by Northumberland for changing succession, 1553 — imprisoned by Bp Gardiner, Oct. 1553 — released, about Apr. 1554 ■ — drowned, near Canterbury, 1555. Hales, John, (the ever Memorable,) theolo- gian, §c., — b. at Bath, Apr. 1584 — enters Oxford Univ., 1597 — Fellow of Merton Coll., 1606 — M.A., 1 609— Prof . Greek, 1612 — Fellow of Eton Coll., 16 1 3 — present at synod of Dort, 161 8 — canon of Windsor, about 1639 — tf. at Eton, 19 May 1656. Golden Remains, 1659. Hales, Sir Robert, treasurer to Richard II., ■ — executed in London by rioters under "Wat Tyler, 13 Jun. 138 1. Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, §c, — ft. in Kent, 7 Sep. 1677 — enters Cambridge Univ. 1696 — Fellow of Bene't College, 1702-3 ■ — perpetual curate of Teddington, about 17 10 ■ — F.K.S., 1717 — D.D. Oxford, 1733 — invents new method of ventilation, 1741 — Foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1753 — tf. at Teddington, 4 Jan. 1761. Vegetable statics, 1727. Hcemastatics, 1733. Hales, William, mathematician, chronologist, ■ — Fellow of Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1769 — Prof. Oriental Languages, 1782 — rector of Killes- handra, 29 Oct. 1787 — tf., 30 Jan. 1831. Sonorum doctrina rationalis experimentalis, 1778 — Analysis cequationum, 1784 — Analysis Jluxionum, 1800 — Neiv Analysis of Chronology, 1809-14. Halfd ane, Northman, — ravages North- umbria, and invades Strathclyde, 875 — divides Northunibria among his followers, 876 — in- vades Wessex, 878. Halford, Sir Henry, physician, — fc. at Leicester, 2 Oct. 1766 — M.A. Oxford, 1778 — M.D., 1791 — F.E.C.P., 1794 — settles in Lon- don, 1794 — Bart., 1809 — assumes name of Hal- ford, 1 8 15 — physician to George IV., William IV., and Queen Victoria, 1820-44 — President of College of Physicians, 1820 — K.C. Guelphic Order, 25 Jun. 1825 — tf. in London, 9 Mar. 1844. Essays and Orations, 1831. Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, orientalist, — fc., about 1 741 — returns from India, 1790 — M.P. Lymington, 17 9 1-6 — avows himself adherent of Biohard Brothers, 1795 — sells his MSS. to British Museum, Mar. 1796 — tf. in Surrey, 18 Feb. 1830. Grammar of the Bengalee Language, 1778 — Code of Gentoo Laws, 1776. Haliae, in Greece, — [B C] — battle of, repulse of Athenians by allied forces of Corinth and Epidaurus, spring 458/* 457. b a Muller. b Thirlwall. Haliartus, in Bceotia, — [B C] — destroyed by Xerxes, 480 — and rebuilt : battle of, Spartans defeated and Lysander killed, 395 — supports Perseus and is destroyed by Pomans, 171. Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, (Sam Slide,) humourist, — fc. in Nova Scotia, 1796 — called to the bar, 1820— Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 1829 — Judge of Supreme Court, Halifax, 1840 — Tesigns and settles in England, 1842,* 1850 b — D.C.L. Oxford, 1858 — M.P. Launceston, 1859 — &• a ^ Isleworth, 27 Aug. 1865. His- torical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, 1829 — Clockmaker, 1837 — Old Judge, 1849 — Nature and Human Nature, 1 855 — English in America, 1851. a Gent. Mag. b Chambers' Encyc. Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, — | B C] — under Artemisia, joins Xerxes in invasion of Greece, at battle of Salamis, 480 — tyranny of Lygdamis, 465 a — capital of Caria," 377-6 — beautified by MausOlus, about 375 — taken by Alexander the Great, 334. a Muller. Halidon Hill, near Berwick, — Edward III. defeats Pegent Douglas at, i9, : > 13 b Jul. 1333. a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. Halifax, Charles Montagu, Earl of, Prime Minister op England, — fc. atHorton, Northamptonshire, 16 Apr. 1661 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, 1682 — joins in invitation to Prince of Orange, 1688 — member of Conven- tion, Jan. 1689 — Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 1692 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Apr. 1694 — M.P. Westminster, 1695 — carries out recoinage, 1695 — devises Exchequer Bills, 1696 — First Lord of the Treasury, 1 May 1697 — one of the Lords Justices, Jul. 1698 and May 1699 — Auditor of the Exchequer, Nov. 1699 — Baron Halifax, 1700 — impeached by House of Com- mons, Apr. 1 701 — Earl of Halifax and Viscount Sunbury, First Lord of the Treasury, 14 Oct. 1714— tf., 19 May 1715. Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, Earl of, statesman, — Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 21 Mar. 1 76 1 a — suppresses the levellers, Apr. 1762 — principal Secretary of State, autumn 1762 — issues general warrant against Wilkes, 30 Apr. 1763 — dismissed, Apr. 1765— tried for arrest of Wilkes, and £4000 damages given against him, 10 Nov. 1769 — Lord Privy Seal, May 1770 — Secretary of State, Jan. 177 1 — tf, 8 Jun. 177 1. a Mahon. Halifax, George Saville, Maeqtjis of, statesman, — fc., about 1630 — contributes to restoration of Charles II., 1660 — Privy Councillor, 1672 — Earl of Halifax, 1679 — opposes Exclusion Bill, 1680 — intrigues in favour of Monmouth, 1684 — Pres. Council, by James II., 1685 — opposes repeal of Test Act and is dismissed, Oct. 1685 — adheres to Prince of Orange, Dec. 1688 — Speaker of House of Lords in Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Lord Privy Seal, Feb. 1689 — resigns, Oct. 1689 — protests against censorship of the press, Mar. 1692 — tf. in London, Apr. 1695. Halkett, Hugh, Baron, general— b. at Edinburgh, 30 Aug. 1784 — enters the army, Apr.- 1794 — Captain in 'German Legion,' 1803-5 — serves in expedition to Copenhagen, 1805-6 — at siege of Stralsund, 1807 — at Corunna, 1808 — takes part in expedition to Walcheren, 1809 — at siege of Badajoz, and battle of Albuera, 1 81 1 — at battle of Salamanca, 1 8 12 — commands first Hanoverian brigade, 1813 — at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15— C.B., 18 15 — enters Hanoverian service, as Major-general, HALL— HALLEY. 6S* 1815 — Lieutenant-general, 1834 — takes part in Schleswig-Holstein war, 1848 — General, 1848 — tf. at Hanover, 26 Jul. 1863. Hall, Basil, naval commander, traveller, — b. at Edinburgh, 1788 — enters the navy, 1802 — Post-captain, 1817 — tf. at Portsmouth, 11 Sep. 1844. Voyage of discovery to western coast of Corea, §c, 18 17 — Extracts of Journal written on coasts of Chili, 1823 — Travels in North America, 1829 — Patchwork, 1841. Hall, {Halle,) Edward, historian, — b. in Shropshire,* in London, 1 ' about 1495 — enters Cambridge Univ., 15 14 — studies at Oxford, 15 1 8 — tf. in London, i543, a i547- b Union of the two noble and illustrate families of Lancaster and Yorke, 1542. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Hall, Joseph, Bp of Norwich, — ft. at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, 1 Jul. 1574 — studies at Cambridge Univ., 1589 — Fellow of Emmanuel College, 1595 — M.A., 1596— Rector of Halsted, about 1597 — D.D., 16 12 — Dean of Worcester, 1617 — deputy to Synod of Dort, 16 1 8 — Bp of Exeter, 1627 — Bp of Nor- wich, Nov. 1 64 1 — imprisoned in the Tower, Jan. to Jun. 1642 — ft- at Heigham near Nor- wich, 8 Sep. 1656. Contemplations, 1612-15 — Virgidemiarum liber, 1597-8 — Episcopacy by Divine Right asserted, 1640 — Devout Soul, 164.4.— Henochismus, 1762. Hall, Marshall, physician, — b. at Basford, Notts, 1790 — goes to Edinburgh Univ., 1809 — M.D., 1812 — visits France and Germany, 1 8 14 — commences practice at Nottingham, 1815 — settles in London, 1826 — tf. at Brighton, 11 Aug. 1857. Treatise on Diagnosis, 18 17 — Medical Essays, 1824 — Essay on Circulation of the Blood, 183 1 — Lectures on the Nervous System, 1836 — Theory and Practice of Medicine, 1837 — Theory of Convulsive Diseases, 1848. Hall, Robert, theologian, — ft. at Arnsby, Leicestershire, 2 May 1764 — studies at King's College, Aberdeen, 178 1-4 — classical tutor, Bristol Academy, 1785 — pastor at Cambridge, 1791 — at Leicester, about 1807 — at Broadmead, Bristol, 1826 — tf. there, 21 Feb. 1831. Works, 1831-32. Hallam, Arthur Henry, — b. in London, 1 Feb. 181 1— goes to Eton, Oct. 1822 — visits Italy, 1827-8 — enters Trin. Coll., Cambridge, Oct. 1828 — B.A., Jan. 1832 — enters the Inner Temple, 1832 — goes to Germany, Aug. 1833 — tf. at Vienna, 15 Sep. 1833 — buried at Cleve- don, Somersetshire, 3 Jan. 1834. Remains in Verse and Prose, 1862. Hallam, Henry, historian, — b. at Windsor, 1777 — B.A., Oxford, 1799 — D.C.L. Oxford, and LL.D. Harvard, 1848 — tf. at Penshurst in Kent, 21 Jan. 1859. Contributes to Edin- burgh Review, 1802, etc. — View of the state of Europe during the Middle Ages, 18 18 — Con- stitutional History of England, 1827 — Intro- duction to the Literature of Europe in the 15 th, lQth, and Ylth centuries, 1837-9. Hallam, {Halam,) Robert, Cardinal, — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1403 — Bp of Salisbury, 1408 — Cardinal, by John XX1IL, 141 1 — one of English deputies to Council of Constance, asserts supremacy of civil power, condemns burning of Huss and Jerome of Prague, 1414-17— tf. at Constance, 4 Sep. 1417. Halle, in Saxony, — mentioned, 806 a — given to Abp of Magdeburg by Otto L, 965 — made a city by Otto II., 981 — successfully contends with Elector of Saxony, 1435 — the Moritzburg built, 1484 — Reformation introduced, 1541 — taken by Swedes, 1631 b — by Imperialists, 1632 b — by Saxons, 1637 b — passes to house of Brandenburg by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Bernadotte defeats Prince Eugene of Wiirtem- berg near, 17 Oct. 1806 — annexed to kingdom of Westphalia, 1806 — taken by Prussians, 2 May i8i3. b University of, founded by Duke Frederick I., 1694 — united with Wittenberg, 1 8 15. Orphan Institute, founded by Franke, 1698. Treaty of, between Protestant Princes of the Empire, concluded, 1610. a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Halle, Jean Noel, physician,— b. at Paris, 6 Jan. 1754 — M.D., 1776 — Prof. Medical Physics, School of Health, about 1795 — Prof, at College of France, 1804 — admitted to Academy of Medicine, 1820 — tf. at Paris, 11 Feb. 1822. Hallelujah. [Alleluiatica, Victoria.] Hallenberg, Jonas, historian, numismatist, — h. in Sweden, 7 Nov. 1748 — teacher of Modern History, Upsala, 1777 — assistant keeper of Royal Library, 1783 — historiographer of Sweden, 1784 — member of Academy of Belles Lettres, 1786 — Director of Royal Cabinet of Coins, antiquary of the kingdom, 1803 — Knt of Polar Star, 18 12 — ennobled, by Charles John (Bernadotte), 18 18— secretary to Academy of Belles Lettres, 1819 — tf. near Gothenburg, 30 Oct. 1834. Svea Rikes historia under K. Gustaf Adolph den stores regering, 1790-6 — Collectio Nummorum Cuficorum, 1800 — Nu- mismata orientalia aere expressa, 1822. Haller, Albrecht von, anatomist, botanist, — h- at Berne, i6, ab 18 c Oct. 1708 — studies at Tubingen, 1723 — studies under Boerhaave at Leyden, 1725 — M.D., visits England, 1727 — physician to hospital of Berne, 1735 — Prof. Medicine, Gottingen, 1736-53 — physician to king of England, 1739 — F.R.S., London, i743, b 1749° — perpetual President of Royal Society of Gottingen, 1751 — retires to Berne, 1753 — tf. there, 12 Dec., acd Oct. b 1777. Icones anatomies, 1756 — Elemenia physiologies Cor- poris Humani, 1757-66 — Opera minora, 1762-3 — Historia stirphim Helvetia indigenarum inchoata, 1768 — Bibliothecce anatomice, chirur- gice, medicines practiced, $■ J 753- Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, — restraint of patients discontinued by Conolly, Jul. 1839. Hapsburg, {Habsburg,) House of, (Habichts- burg,) — Werner II. assumes title of Count, C\, 1096 — Albert III. takes title of Landgrave of Elsass, tf., 1 199 —rises into importance with election of Rudolph IV. as King of the Ro- mans, 1273 — [Rudolph I. Emperor, Austria, and names of Emperors of the Romans.] Haque, small hand-gun, — use of, for destruc- tion of game, prohibited by Acts 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1541-2; 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 14, 1548. Harambure, Louis Francois Alexandre, Baron d.' general, — b. in Touraine, 1 3 Feb. 1742 — enters the army, 1757 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1771 — Brigadier, 178 1 — Marehal de Camp, serves under Conde, 1788 — deputy to States- General, 1789 — Lieut.-general, Mar. 1792 — arrested by 42 6 5 8 HARANT— HARDING. Convention, 1793 — Commander of St Louis, 18 15 — tf. at Tours, 27 Dec. 1828. Harant, Christoph, Baron de Polzic, traveller, — ft. in Bohemia, about 1560 — page to Archduke Ferdinand, 1576 — serves in war against Turks, 1591 — visits the East, 1598-9 ■ — aulic councillor, 1599 — directs artillery at blockade of Vienna, 161 9 — President of the Chamber, Prague, beheaded there, 21 Jun. 162 1. Der christliche Ulysses., 1638. Harauti, in Hindustan, — Hara tribe settles in, 1342 a — Raja of, obtains fort of Riutimbor, about I550. a a Elphinstone. Harborough, Market-Harborough, in Zei- cester shire— -head-quarters of Charles I. before Naseby, Jun. 1645. Harbours, — making and improving of, laws relating to, consolidated by Act 10 Vie. c. 27, 11 May 1847 — parliamentary committee on construction of, i860 — formation and manage- ment of, facilitated by Act 24 and 25 Tic. cc. 45 and 47, 1 Aug. 1861. Harcourt, Anne Pierre de, Marshal of France, — ft., 2 Apr. 1 701 — Brigadier of armies of the king, 1734 — Marechal de Camp, 1743 — Governor of Sedan, 1750 — of Normandy, 1764 — Marshal, 1773 — rj. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1783. Harcourt, Francois, Duke de, Marshal of France, — ft. at la Meilleraye, 4 Oct. 1689 — Lieutenant-general, 1734 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Guastalla, 19 Sep. 1734 — Governor of Sedan, Marshal, 1746 — "Jj. at St Germain, 10 Jul. 1750. Harcourt, Godfrey de, — ft., about 1300 — offends Philip VI. and persuades Edward III. to break the truce with France, 1345 — Mar- shal-general of English army in Normandy, distinguishes himself at battle of Crecy, 26 Aug. 1346 — killed in battle, 1356. Harcourt, Henri de Lorraine, Count de, general, — ft., 20 Mar. 1601 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Prague, 1620 — General-in-chief of army of Piedmont, 1639 — at siege of Turin, 1640 — takes Coni, 1641 — Master of the Horse, 1643 — commands in Catalonia, 1645 — takes Maubeuge and Conde, 1649 — compels Prince of Conde to raise siege of Cognac, 1651 — fr. at Royaumont, 25 Jul. 1666. Harcourt, Henri, Duke de, Marshal of France, — ft., 1654 — enters the army, 1672 — wounded at siege of Cambray, 1677 — Lieuten- ant-general of Normandy, 1677 — Marechal de Camp, at siege of Philipsburg, 1688 — commands in Luxemburg, 1690 — obtains victory at Courteville, 1692 — Commander of Tournay, 1693 — distinguishes himself at battle of Neer- winden, Jul. 1693 — ambassador to Spain, 1697 — Duke, Peer, 1700 — Marshal, 1703 — b\, 9 Oct. 17 1 8. Harcourt, Sir Simon, 1st Viscount Har- court, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft., 1660 — enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, 1675 a — admitted to Inner Temple, 16 Apr. 1676 b — called to the bar, 25 Nov. 1683 b — M.P. Abing- don, 1690 — opposes attainder of Sir J. Fenwick, 1696 — conducts impeachment of Lord Somers, 1 701 — Rut and Solicitor-general, Jun. 1702 — attends Queen Anne to Oxford, and is created LL.D., Aug. 1702 — conducts prosecution of Defoe, 1703 — prepares bill of Union with Scot- land, 1707 — Attorney-general, Apr. 1707 — resigns, Feb. 1708 — M.P. Cardigan, 17 10 — defends Sacheverell, Feb. to Mar. 17 10 — Attor- ney-general again, 19 Sep. 1710 — Lord-Keep- er, 19 Oct. 17 10 — Privy Councillor, Oct. 17 10 — Baron Harcourt, 3 Sep. 171 1 — Lord Chancel- lor, 7 Apr. 1 7 1 3— ^deprived by George L, 21 Sep. 17 14 — Viscount Harcourt, 24 Jul. 1721 — Privy Councillor, 1722 — one of the Lords' Justices during absence of George I., 1723, 1725, and 1727 — ft. in London, 28 Jul. 1727. a Campbell. b Foss. Harcourt, Simon, Earl Harcourt, — Go- vernor to Prince of AVales, (George III.,) 175 1 — Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1772 — lj. at Newnham, 16 Sep. 1777. Hardenberg, Friedrich von. [Novalis.] Hardenberg, Karl August, Prince von, statesman, — ft. in Hanover, 31 May 1750— travels in Germany, France, England, 1776-8 —Count, envoy to London, Privy Councillor to Duke of Brunswick, 1778 — Pres. of the Cham- ber, 1787 — conveys will of Frederick II. to Berlin, 1787 — Prussian Minister of State, 1791 — army adininistrator, 1793 — ambassador to French republic, 1794 — signs Peace of Basel, 15 Apr. 1795 — Knt of the Black Eagle, Jun. 1 795 — chief minister, 1 804 to Dec. 1 805— Chan- cellor of State, 6 Jun. 18 10— signs Peace of Paris, 30 May 18 14 — Prince, Jun. 18 14 — ac- companies allied sovereigns to London, Jun. 1 8 14 — plenipotentiary to Congress of Vienna, 1 8 14 — Prime Minister, 18 17 — takes part in conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 — of Trop- pau and Laybach, 1820-21 — and of Verona, 1822 — signs Concordat at Rome, 1822 — rj. at Genoa, 26 Nov. 1822. Harder, Johann Jakob, physician, — ft. at Basel, Sep. 1656 — M.D. there, 1676 — Prof. Rhetoric, 1678 — Prof. Anatomy and Botany, 1687 — Prof. Theoretical Medicine, 1703 — a", there, 28 Apr. 17 11. Apiarium observ. medic. centum ac physic, experiments refertum, 1687 — Pceonis et Pythagora exercitt. anatom. et medicce, 1687. Hardicanute, (Harthacnut,) King of Den- mark, and of England, — shares England with his half-brother Harold, close of 1035 ? — succeeds his father, Cnut the Great, in Den- mark, Nov. 1036 — deprived by Harold of English dominion, 1037 — joins his mother, Elgiva, at Bruges, 1039 — succeeds Harold, Mar. 1040— arrives in England. Jun. 1040 — imposes heavy taxes, 1 040-1 — disturbances in Worcestershire, 104.1 — tf. suddenly at Lam- beth, 8 Jun. 1042. Harding, James DufBeld, painter, writer on art, — ft. at Deptford, 1798 — o". at Barnes, 4 Dec. 1863. Principles and Practice of Art, 1845 — Zessons on Art, 1849 — Park and Forest, 1 841 — Zessons on Trees, 1850. Harding, (Hardyny,) John, historian, — ft., 1378 — enters household of Sir Henry Percy, 1390 constable of Warkworth Castle, 1405— attends Henry V. at Harfleur, 14 15 — tf., after HARDING— HAREN. 6 59 1465. Chronicle of England under Edward IV., 1543. Harding, Stephen, founder of the Cistercian Order, — returns from Rome and enters monastery of Molesme, soon after 1075 — settles at Citeaux, 21 Mar. 1098 — chosen prior, 1099 — third abbot of Citeaux, 1109 — receives there (St) Bernard and his followers, 11 13 — tf., 28 Mar. n 34. Harding, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Devon- shire, 15 1 2 — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1536 — Prof. Hebrew, 1542 — becomes a Protestant, 1547 — returns to Romanism, 1553 — D.D., Oxford, 1554 — prebendary of Winchester and treasurer of Salisbury, 1555 — deprived, goes to Louvain, 1558 — has controversy with Bp Jewel, between 1554-67 — ft. at Louvain, 16 Sep. 1572. Hardinge, Henry, Viscount, Governor- general of India, — b. at Wrotham, Kent, 30 Mar. 1785 — enters tbe army, Oct. 1798 — Captain, 1 804 — serves under Wellington in Peninsular war, 1808-14 — wounded at battle of Yimeira, Aug. 1808 — distinguishes himself at battle of Albuera, May 181 1 — takes part in sieges of Badajoz, Apr. 18 12 — wounded at battle of Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Brigadier- general, wounded at Ligny, 16 Jun. 18 15 — K.C.B., 18 15— M.P. Durham, 1820 and 1826 — Secretary at War, Privy Councillor, 1828 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1830, Nov. 1834 to Apr. 1835 and 1 841-4 — Lieutenant-general, 1842 — Governor-general of India, Apr. 1844 — G.C.B., 1 844— defeats the Sikhs at Ferozeshah, 22-23 Dec. 1845 — created Tiscount Hardinge of Lahore, 1846 — returns to England, Jan. 1848 — Master-general of tbe Ordnance, Feb. 1852 — Commander-in-chief, Sep. 1852 — Field - marsbal, 2 Oct. 1855 — 5J., 24 Sep. 1856. Hardion, Jacques, historian, — b. at Tours, 1686 — admitted to French Academy, 1730 — )j. at Versailles, 1766, Nouvelle histoire poetique, 175 1 — Histoire universelle, 1754-69. Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit,— b. at Quimper, Brittany, 1646 — librarian to College of Louis le Grand, 1683 — fr. at Paris, 3 Sep. 1729. Numvni antiqui populorum et urbium illustrati, 1684 — edition of Pliny's Natural History, 168 5— Chronologies ex nummis antiquis resti- tute specimen prim it in, 1696 — Specimen alteram, 1697 — Conciliorum collectio regia maxima, 17 15. Hardrada. [Harold Haardrada.] Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, — b. in Westphalia, 1660 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Helmstadt, 1690 — librarian to University, 1702— if. at convent of Marienburg, 28 Feb. 1746. Autographa Lutheri, §c., 1690-1 — Magnum (Ecumenicum Constantiense concilium, 1697 — Historia litteraria Reformation is, 17 17 — Brevia atque solida Hebreeee Ungues funda- menta, 1694 — Brevia atque solida Syriacee Ungues fundamenta, 1 694. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, — b. at Dover, 1 Dec. 1690 — enters Middle Temple, 29 Nov. 1708 — calbd to the bar, 6 May 17 15 — M.P. Lewes, May 17 19 — marries, May 17 19 — Solicitor-general, 22 Mar. 1720 — Knt, Apr. 1720 — Attorney-general, 31 Jan. 1724 — pur- chases estate of Hardwicke in Gloucestershire, 1725 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 31 Oct. 1733 — created Baron, 23 Nov. 1733 — Lord Chancellor, 21 Feb. 1737 — resigns Chief Justiceship, Jun. 1737 — High Steward of Cam- bridge Univ., Jul. 1749 — Earl of Hardwicke, 2 Apr. 1754 — retires, 19 Nov. 1756— death of his countess, 1761 — "is, in London, 6 Mar. 1764. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of,— b., 20 Dec. 1720 — M.P. Reigate, 1741 — Chan- cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1762— succeeds to the title, 1764 — ft., 16 May 1790. Edits Cor- respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, 1775 — with Charles Yorke, Athenian Letters, 1741. Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of,— Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, summer 1801 — retires, on death of Pitt, Feb. 1806. Hardy, Sir Thomas, Bart., admiral, — 6., 1769— enters the navy, 17 81 — Lieutenant, under Nelson, 1793 — Commander, 1797 — Flag-Captain to Nelson, in the Victory, Jul. 1803 — receives last orders of Nelson at Trafal- gar, 21 Oct. 1805 — Bart., 1805 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1834 — tf., 1839. Hardy, Thomas, politician, — b., 3 Mar. 1 75 1 — with Tooke and Thelwall forms, and is named secretary of, the Corresponding Society, London, 1792 — arrested on charge of high treason and committed to the Tower, May 1794 — tried, at Old Bailey and acquitted, 29 Oct. to 5 Nov. 1794 — "&., 11 Oct. 1832. Hardyng, John. [Harding.] Hare, Julius Charles, theologian, — b. at Hurstmonceux. Sussex, 1796 — M.A. Cam- bridge, 1 8 19 — rector of Hurstmonceux, 1832 — prebendary of Chichester, 1851 — chaplain to the Queen, 1853 — tf. at Hurstmonceux, 23 Jan. 1855. (With A. W. Hare,) Guesses at Truth, 1827 — (with Thirlwall,) translation of JS'ie- buhrs History of Rome, 1828 — Mission of the Comforter, 1846 — Memoir of John Sterling, 1848 — Vindication of Luther, 1854. Harel, Marie Maximilien, — b. at Rouen, 1749 — tj. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1823. Voltaire : recueil de particular it e's curieuses de sa vie et de sa mort, 1781 — Les causes du desordre public, 1784. Haren, Onno Zwier van, poet, diplomatist, — b. at Leeuwarden, Apr. 171 1 — takes part in negotiations at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — contri- butes to the ^establishment of office of Stadt- holder, 1748 — tf., 1779. L)e Gcuzen, 1769. Haren, Willem van, diplomatist, — b. at Leeuwarden, 17 Oct. 1626— studies at Franeker, 1640 — negotiates Peace of Oliva, 1660 — nego- tiates accession of Sweden to the Triple Al- liance, 1672 — renews treaties with England, 1674 — negotiates Peace of Ninieguen, 1678— envoy to "Sweden, 1683 and 1690 — assists in negotiating Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — ambas- sador to England, 1702—13. at Leeuwarden, 15 Apr. 1708. Haren, Willem van, — b. at Leeuwarden, 1713,* i7io b — }j. at Brussels, 1768. Gevallen van Friso, 1742. :| Biog. Univ. b Biog. "tt'norrlenbcek. 42 * 66o HARENBERG— HAROLD II. Harenberg, Johann Christoph, orientalist, historian, — 1». near Hildesheim, 1696 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1738— Prof. History, &c, Brunswick, 1745 — tf. at Schoningen, 12 Nov. 1774. Histor. eccles. gandersheimensis cathedralis ae collegiatce di- plomat., 1734. Harfleur, in France, {Harejiotum, Haris- florium,) — invested by Henry V., 21 Aug. 1415 a — capitulates, 22 Sep. 1415 — besieged by Count d'Armagnac, relieved by Duke of Bed- ford, 15 Aug. 14 1 6 — again by Earl of Hunt- ingdon, Oct. 14 1 6 — Genoese fleet captured by Earl of Huntingdon off, 25 Jul. 141 7 — re- covered by French, 143 i, b 1433 c — again captured by English, 1440 — invested by Charles VII., Nov. 1449 — capitulates, 1 Jan. 1450 — Earl of Warwick takes refuge at, 1470 — Earl of Richmond (Henry VII.) sails from, for invasion of England, 1 Aug. 1485 — seized by Huguenots, 1562. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. c Engl. Cyc. Hargrave, Francis, jurist, — b. at Liverpool, about 1 741 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1764 — obtains release of negro, James Somerset, on Habeas Corpus, 1772 — dismissed from office of Counsellor to the Treasury, 1789 —Recorder of Liverpool, 1 806 — retires from the profession, 181 3 — tf. at Chelsea, 16 Aug. 1821. Case of James Somerset, 1772 — Collection of Slate Trials, 178 c — edition of Coke's Insti- tutes, 1 81 8. Hargreaves, James, weaver, — invents a carding-machine, 1760 — invents the spinning- jenny, 1764,1 1767 b — takes out patent, 1770 — tf., Apr. 1778. a Chambers' Encyc. b Brande and Cox's Diet. Harington, {Harrington,) Sir John, miscel- laneous writer— -b. at Kelston, near Bath, 1561 — accompanies Essex as commander of cavalry, to Ireland, 1599 — K.B., 1603 — tf., 1612. Translation of Orlando Furioso, 159 1 — Epi- grams and Letters, 1 804. Hariot, Thomas, mathematician, — b. at Oxford, 1560 — B.A., 1579 — accompanies Raleigh to Virginia, 1584 — observes spots on the sun, Dec. 16 10 to Jan. 161 3 — tf. in London, Jul. 1 6 2 1 . Report of the newfound land of Vir- ginia, 1588 — Artis analyticce Praxis, 1631. Hariri, Al, {Abu Mohammed al Kasim,) poet, — b. at Bassora, (446, a. h.) 1054 — tf. (515,) 1 121, or (510,) 1116. Harlaw, in Scotland, — Earl of Mar defeats Donald, Lord of the Isles, at, 24 Jul. 141 1. Harlay, Achille de, statesman, — b. at Paris, 1536 — First President of the Parliament, 1582 — imprisoned in the Bastille by the League, 16 Jan. 1589— joins Henry IV. at Tours, close of 1589 — restored to office, 1590 — tf., 23 Oct. 1616. Coutume d 1 Orleans, 1583. Harlay, Achille de, Baron de Sancy, — b. at Paris, 158 1 — enters the army, 1601 — ambassador to Constantinople, 16 10- 19— enters Congregation of the Oratory, 1619 — accom- panies Marshal de Bassompierre to London, 1626 — envoy to Duke of Savoy, about 1627 — Bp of St Malo, 163 1 — tf., 20 Nov. 1646. Harlech Castle, in Wales, — built by Edward I. about 1283 — seized by Owen Glendower, 1404 — attempted by the English, Jan. 1405— taken from Glendower by Prince Henry, 1406 — place of refuge of Margaret of Anjou, 1460 besieged by the Herberts, defended for the Lancastrians by David ab Jenan ab Einion, and taken, Aug. 1468 — taken by Gen. Mytton for the Parliament, 30 Mar. 1647. Harleian Collection of MSS., — formed by Harley, Earl of Oxford, and his son, purchased for British Museum under Act 26 Geo. II. c. 22, 1753. Harless, Gottlieb Christoph, philologist, — b. at Culmbach, 1738,* 1740 b — Prof. Greek and Oriental Literature, Cobui'g, 1765 — Prof. Philosophy and Eloquence, Erlangen, 1770 — librarian to the University, 1776 — founds Philological School there, 1777 — correspondent of Institute, Paris, 1803 — tf. at Erlangen, 2 Nov. 1 8 15. Vitce philologorum nostrce cetatis clarissimorum, 1770-2 — edits Bibliotheca Grceca of Fabricius, 1790-1812. a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. Harleville. [Collin d'Harleville.] Harley, Robert. [Oxford, Eakl of.] Harlow, George Henry, painter, — b. in London, 10 Jun. 1787 s — goes to Rome, 181 8 — tf. in London, 4 Feb. i8i9. b Copy of the Transfiguration, by Raphael, 18 18. a Pilkington. b Engl. Cyc. Harmenopulus, Constantinus, jurist, ca- nonist, — fj. at Constantinople, 1320 s — fl. about 1350 b (ii43 c )— tf., 1 Mar. i 3 8 3 . a a Nic. Comnenus. b Fabricius, Heineccius, &c. c Suarez. Harmer, Thomas, theologian, — b. at Nor- wich, 17 15 — pastor at "VVattisfield, Suffolk, 1735-88 — tf., Nov. 1788. Observations on various passages of Scripture, $c, 1764. Harmonia, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- schmidt, 31 Mar. 1856. Harmonica, {Musical Glasses,) — method of forming described by Harsdorffern, 1651 — re- invented by Franklin, 1762. Harmonites, — sect of, founded by Rapp, in "Wurtemberg, about 1780 — emigrate to America, soon after. Harmonium, — constructed by Alexandre, about 1835 — English, by Evans, 1841. Harmony of the Gospels, {J)iatessaron,) compiled by Tatian, between 150-200. Haro, Louis de, Duke of Carpjo, states- man, — b. at Valladolid, Feb. 1598 — minister of Philip IV., 1644 — concludes peace with the Netherlands, 1648 — si<*ns Treaty of the Pyre- nees, 1659 — tf. at Madrid, 17 Nov. 1661. Harold. [Denmark, Kings of] Harold I., Harefoot, King of England, — succeeds his father Cnut, Nov. 1035 — agrees to partition of England with Hardi- canute, ; seizes treasures of Queen Emma, 1035 — king over all England, 1037 — expels Elgiva, mother of Hardicanute, 1037 — tf. at Oxford, 17 Mar. 1040 — his body disinterred and thrown into the Thames by Hardicanute, 1040 — but is recovered and reburied. Harold II., King of England, — governs East Anglia ; with his father, Earl God- HAROLD HAARDRADA— HARRINGTON. 661 wine, attends Witenagemot at Gloucester, 1051 — summoned to London, refuses to appear, and goes to Ireland, Sep. 105 1 — ravages shores of Bristol Channel, spring, 1052— with God- wine collects an army at Sandwich, 1052 — reconciled to Edward the Confessor, at Witen- ageniot at London, Sep, 1052 — succeeds his father as Earl of Kent, Apr. 1053 — marches against Alfgar and Gruffydd king of Wales, fortifies Hereford and makes peace, Oct. to Nov. 1055 — with Tostig, invades and conquers Wales, 1063 — shipwrecked on coast of Ponthieu, captured by Earl Guy, and released by William, Duke of Normandy, 1065 — swears to aid William to get crown of England, 1065 — sent against Earl Morcar and Edwin, and effects reconciliation between them and Edward, Oct. 1065 — succeeds Edward, 5 Jan. 1066 — crowned at Westminster by Abp Aldred, 6 Jan. 1066 — the crown claimed by William, and refused: joins the fleet at Sandwich, spring : dismisses the fleet, 8 Sep.— battle of Fulford, 20 Sep. — marches from London against Harold Haar- drada and Tostig, Sep. — takes York, 24 Sep. — defeats invaders at Stamford Bridge, 25 Sep. — landing of William at Pevensey, 28 Sep. — marches from the North and reaches Norman camp near Hastings, 13 Oct. — killed at battle of Hastings, 14 Oct. 1066. Harold Haardrada, King of Norway,— fc. about 10 16 — escapes from fight of Stikkel- stad, 1030 — serves in armies of Eastern Em- pire, about 1038-40 — marries daughter of Yaroslav I., Duke of Muscovy, about 1045 — sole king of Norway on death of his nephew Magnus, 1047 — invades England and is joined by Tostig, early in Sep. 1066— defeats Edwin and Morcar at Eulf ord, 20 Sep. — takes York : but loses it and retires to his ships, 24 Sep. — defeated and killed by Harold II. at Stamford Bridge, 25 Sep. 1066. Harold Haarfager, (Fairhaired,) King of Norway, — becomes sole ruler, 872 — exiles Rolf the Gauger and other chiefs, 876 — if. at Trondheim, 933. Haroun al Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, — 6. at Rei, (148, a. h.) 765 a — sent with his brother Othman, by his father Mohammed Mahadi, to invade Eastern Empire, (165,) 78o, b 781 cd — reaches the Bosphorus, and grants peace to Empress Irene for a sum of money, (166,) 782 — proclaims his elder brother Musa al Hadi, (168,) 784 — succeeds him, (14 Rabia I., b . II.,d 170,) 13 Sep., b 1 Oct., d 786— treacherously puts to death Jahia ben Ab- dallah, chief of the Alides, (176,) 792— sends embassy with presents to Charles the Great, (183,) 799^ 801 d — persecutes and puts to death the Barmecides, (187,) 803 — marches against Emperor Nicephorus, invades Phrygia, passes Mount Taurus, destroys Heraclea, and makes Nicephorus tributary, 803 — threatens Ancyra, (190,) 806 d — tf. in Khorasan, (3 Guimadhi II., 193,) 24 Mar., b 2 Apr. d 809. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. Harp, — [BC] — known to Egyptians, about 1400 — [AD]— used by the Goths, about 400 — pedals invented by Hochbrucker, 1720* — by Velter, i730 b — Erard's, patented, 1794. a Some authorities. b Others. Harp Island, Pacific Ocean, — discovered and named by Bougainville, 1768. Harpalus, — [BC] — banished from Mace- donia by Philip, 337 a — accompanies Alexander to Asia, 334 — defrauds the treasury and flies to Megara, 333 — pardoned by Alexander, and re- joins him, 331 — appointed satrap of Babylonia, revolts, 326 b — flies to Athens, 325 b — assassin- ated in Crete by Thimbron, about 324. a Thirlwall. b Clinton. Harpe. [Laharpe.] Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, V. S., — seized by John Brown, 16-17 Oct. 1859 — armoury and arsenal destroyed by Federal Commission- ers, 18 Apr. 1861 — surrenders to Confederates, 15 Sep. 1862. Harphius, Hendrik, mystic, — ft. in Flanders, about 1400-10 ? — tf. at Mechlin, 22 Feb. 1478. Theologia mystica, 1502 — Directorium Aure- urn, (15 1 3) — Speculum Aureum, 1474. Harpsfield, Nicholas, theologian, — Fellow of New Coll., Oxford, 1536 — Regius Prof. Greek, 1546 — D.D., archdeacon of Canterbury, 1554 — imprisoned in the Tower, about 1562 — 3j. there, 1583. Dialogi sex contra summi pon- tijicatus, §c, oppugnatores, $c. f 1566 — Historia anglicana ecclesiastica, §c, 1622. Harpsichord, — introduced in England, about 1600-20 — falls into disuse, before 1800. Harquebus. [Arquebus] Harries, Walter, physician, — h. at Glouces- ter, about 1647 — studies at Oxford, 1666 — settles in London, 1676 — physician to William III., 1688 — tf., after 1709. Pharmacologia an- ti-empirica, 1683 — Be morbis acutis infantium y 1694. Harrington, Charles Stanhope, Earl of, Viscount Petersham, — b., 20 Mar. 1753 — enters the army, 3 Nov. 1769 — M.P. West- minster, 1776 — aide-de-camp to General Bur- goyne, in American war, spring 1777 — suc- ceeds to the peerage, 1 Apr. 1779 — marries, May 1779 — goes to Jamaica, 1779 — returns and is named aide-de-camp to the king, Nov. 1782 — Governor of Dublin, 1783 — Colonel of the Guards, 5 Dec. 1792 — Lieutenant-general, 1 Jan. 1798 — General, 25 Sep. 1803 — envoy to Berlin, spring 1806— Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1806-12 — Constable of Windsor Castle, 17 Mar. 181 2 — death of his Countess, 1824 — t». at Brighton, 15 Sep. 1829. Harrington, Henry, physician and musical composer,— b., 1729 — M.D. Oxford, 1762 — ft., 15 Jan. 1816. Nugce Antiquce, 1769. Harrington, James, — h. at Upton, North- amptonshire, Jan. 161 1 — enters Oxford Univ., 1629 — attends upon Charles I., 1646 — im- prisoned in the Tower, Dec. 1661 — fc. in Lon- don, n Sep. 1677. Oceana, 1656. Harrington, Sir John. [Harington.] Harrington, William Stanhope, Earl of, statesman. — Colonel of regiment of Foot, 17 10 — ambassador to Spain, 17 17 — sent on a mission to French army, 1 7 1 9 —volunteer under Mar- shal Berwick at siege of Fontarabia, 172 1 — 65: HARRIS— HARTLEBEX. joint plenipotentiary at Congress of Soissons, 1728 — again ambassador to Spain, 1729 — concludes Treaty of Seville, 9 Xov. 1729 — created Baron Harrington, 20 Xov. 1729 — Secretary of State, 1730-42 — Viscount Peters- ham, Earl of Harrington, and Pres. Council, Eeb. 1742 — again Secretary of State, 24 !Nov. 1744 — resigns, 10 Feb. 1746 — reinstated, 12 Feb. — again resigns, 29 Oct. — Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, same time — retires, 1751 — rj., 8 Dec. 1756. Harris, James. [Malmesbury, Earl of.] Harris, James, — b. at Salisbury, 20 Jul. 1709— studies at Oxford, 1725 — M.P. Christ- church, 1 76 1 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1762 — Lord of the Treasury, 1763— Secretary and Comptroller to tbe Queen, 1774 — ft., 22 Dec. 1780. Hermes, 175 1 — Three treatises on Art, §c., 1744 — Philosophical arrangements, 1775 — Philological inquiries, 178 1. Harris, John, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 1670, 1 1667 b — M.A. Cambridge, 1691 — Boyle Lecturer, 1698 — D.D., 1699 — if. at Norton, 7 Sep. 17 19. Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, 1705 — Lexicon teehni- cum, 1704-10 — Historg of Kent, 17 19. a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. Harris, John, theologian, — ft. in Devonshire, 1804 — enters Hoxton Coll., 1823 — D.D., Pres. of Cheshunt Coll., 1837 — Principal and Prof. Theology, 2se\v Coll., St John's "Wood, 1850 — if. there, 21 Dec. 1856. Great Teacher, 1835 — Mammon, 1836 — Pre-Aclamite Earth, 1847. Harris, Moses, naturalist. The Aurclian, 1766 — EngUsh Lepidoptera, 1775 — Exposition of English Insects, i~°~6. Harris, Sir "William Snow, electrician, — b. at Plymouth, 1792 — discovers new method of making lightning conductors, 1820— F.R.S., 1831 — receives Copley Medal, 1835 — his con- ductor adopted in the navy, 1843 — Rut, 1847 — scientific referee of government, i860 — "ij., Jan. 1867. Harrison, John, — Colonel in Parliamentary army, 1642 — chusen to conduct Charles I. from Hurst Castle to Windsor, Dec. 164S — and from Windsor to London, Jan. 1649 — member of High Court of Justice, Jan. 1649 — opposes Cromwell and is sent to the Tower, 1654 — joins Fifth Monarchy men, and is again sent to the Tower, early in Apr. 1657 — hung as a regicide in London, 13 Oct. 1660. Harrison, John, mechanician, — b. near Poutefract, Yorkshire, 1693 — invents his es- capement and compensation pendulum, 1725 — goes to London, 1735— perfects his chrono- meter, 1759 — receives government reward for method of finding longitude, 1767 — tJ. in Lon- don, Mar. 1776. Harrison, Thomas, architect, — b. at "Wake- field, or Richmond, Yorkshire, 1744 — studies at Rome, about 1765-70 — ft. at Chester, 29 Mar. 1829. Harrison, William, singer, — b., 18 13 — first appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 1839 — visits America, 1854-7— joint manager of the Lyceum, Sep. 1857 to Mar. 1865 — if. in Lon- don, 9 Xov. 1868. Harrison, William Henry, President of the United States, — b. in Virginia, 9 Feb. 1773 — enters the army, 1791 — Secretary and Lieutenant-governor of North-west Territory, 1797 — Governor of Indiana, 1 801 -13— General, distinguishes himself in wars with the Indians, 181 1 — in war with Great Britain, 1 812- 13 — member of House of Representatives, 18 16 — Senator, 1824 — Minister to Columbia, 1828 — elected President of United States, 1 840 — rj. at Washington, 4 Apr. 1841. Harrow School, — founded by John Lyon, under charter of Queen Elizabeth, 157 1 — petition to Chancery for reform of abuses, un- successful, 1 8 10. Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, Earl of, states- man, — b. in London, 22 Dec. 1762 — M.P. Tiverton, 1784 — Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, .1789 — Privy Councillor and member of India Board, 1790 — Paymaster of the Forces, Yice-Pres. Board of Trade, 1791 — Chairman of Finance Committee, 1791 — marries Lady Susan Leveson Gower, 1795 — Treasurer of the Navy, May 1800 — Baron Harrowby on death of his father, 1 803 — Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1804 — envoy to Berlin, Nov. 1805 — Pres. Board of Control, 1 809 — Earl of Harrowby and Viscount Sandon, Jul. 1809 — Pres. Council, 181 2 — Chairman of Currency Committee, 18 19— retires from office, Aug. 1827 — death of his Countess, 1838— rj. at Landon Hall, Stafford shire, 26 Dec. 1847. Harry, Blind, the minstrel, — at court of James IV. of Scotland, 1490-2. Life of Wal- lace, 1488. Harry, Great, Henry Grace de Dieu, ship of war, — built by Henry VIII., 15 13-14 — acci- dentally burnt, 1553. Hart, Sir Anthony, Loud Chancellor of Ireland,— b. at St Kitts, W. Indies, about 1754 — called to the English bar, 1781 — Vice- chancellor of England, May 1827 — Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Oct. 1827 — retires, Dec. 1830 — rj., Lee. 1831. Harte, Walter, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 1700.- — M.A.Oxford, 21 Jan. 1730 — Canon of Windsor, 1751 — rj. at Bath, 1774. Historg 7 Sep. 1766, 1772, 1818, 2 Sep. 1845 a an( * J 5 Apr. 1 846 b — visited by Van Troll, Banks, and Solander, 1772 — by Mackenzie, 1 8 1 o — by Krug von Nidda, about 1836. a Daubeny. b Comp. to Almanach. Hecquet, Philippe, physician, — b. at Abbe- ville, 1661— M.D. JRheims, 1684— M.D. Paris, 1694 — Prof. Legal Medicine, 1694 — Dean of the Faculty, 17 12 — retires to Carmelite monastery, 1727— tf. at Paris, 11 Apr. 1737. Be la digestion et des maladies de Vestomac, 1711 — Novus medicines conspectus, 1722 — La Medecine theologique, 1733. Htdelin. [Aubignac.] Hederich, Benjamin, philologist, — b. at Geithen, Misnia, 1675 — Eector of School of. Grossenhagen, 1705 — ft. there, 1748. Reales Schid-Zexicon, 17 17 — Lexicon archceologicum, 1745 — Lexicon manuale Gr •cecum, 1722. Hedgley Moor, in Northumberland,- — the Lancastrians defeated by Jobn Lord Montacute, 25 Apr. 1464. Hedin, Sven Anders, physician, — b. in Sweden, 19 Aug, 1750 — studies at Upsala, 1769 — M.D., 1775 — first physician to the king, 1798 — Knt of Order of Vasa, 28 Jun. 1807 — Counsellor to Coll. of Health, 181 3 — tf. at Stockholm, 19 Oct. 1821. Vetenskapshand- lingar foer laekare och faeltskaerer, 1793-18 05. Hedjaz-ben-Jusuf, Mussulman general, — besieges Mecca for Sultan Abdelmalek, (72, a. h.) 691 — takes it after eight months, (73,) 692 — pulls down temple of Mecca and rebuilds it, (79,) 693— fights 80 battles with Abderah- man, and at last defeats bim, (82,) 701 — builds Waset on the Tigris, (83,) 702 — tf., (95,) 7I3-H- Hedley, William, viewer of Wylam colliery, — takes out patent for steam-engine, Mar. 1813. Hedlinger, Johann Karl, engraver of medals, — b. at Schwitz, 1691 — goes to Paris, 17 17 — called to Stockholm by Charles XII., 17 19 — visits Italy, 1726 — ti. at Schwitz, 14 Mar. 177 1. Works, 1781. Hedouville, Gabriel Theodore Joseph, Count of, Peer of France, — b. in Lorraine, i745, a 1755 b — enters the army, 1773 — com- mander of army of the West Coast, 1798 — sent to St Domingo, 1799 — ambassador to St Petersburg, 1801 — Minister of France to Con- federation of the Rhine, 1805 — accompanies Jerome Bonaparte in Prussian campaign of 1806— Peer, 18 14 — ft. near Arpajou, 31 Mar. 1825. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Hedwig, Queen of Poland, — ft-, 1371 — elected to succeed her father, Louis of Hungary, 1382 — arrives at Cracow, 1384 — marries Jagel- lon, (Ladislaus V.,) Grand-duke of Lithuania, 17 Feb. 1386—0-., 1399. Hedwig, Johann, physician, botanist, — b. at Cronstadt, Transylvania, 8 Oct. 1730 — studies at Leipsic, 1752 — M.D., 1759 — settles at Chemnitz, 1759 — at Leipsic, 178 1 — if. at Leipsic, 7 Feb. 1799. Fundament, hist, natur. muscorum frondosorum, 17%2-2—Theoria gene- rationis et fructificationis plantarum crypto- gamicarum Linncei, 1784 — Stirpes crypto- gamicce, 1785-97. Hedylus, epigrammatic poet, — [BC] — ft., about 250^ a smith's Diet.' Heem, David de, painter, — b. at Utrecht, 1570— tr., 1632. Heem, Jan Davitze de, painter, — b. at Utrecht, about 1600? — tf. at Antwerp, 1674. Heemskerck, Jakob van, admiral, — com- mands three expeditions for discovery of North- east passage to China, 1595-7 — killed in com- bat with Spaniards off Gibraltar, 25 Apr. 1607. Heemskerk, Martin van, painter, — b. at Heemskerk, 1498,' 1 1494 b — visits Italy, 1532 !i — his best works burnt on capture of Haarlem by Spaniards, 1573— tf. at Haarlem, 1574. a Nagler. b Fiorillo. Heer, Christian, Benedictine, — ft. in Switzer- land, 17 15 — tf., 1769,* 1767. b (With Herr- gott) Nummotheca principum Austria, 1752-3 — Binacotheca principum Austria, 1768. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Heere, Lucas van, painter, poet, — b. at Ghent, 1534 — in England, 1570,* about 1557 b — If. at Ghent, 1584. "Nagler. b Bees' Cyc. Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, his- torian, §c.,— b. at Arbergen, near Bremen, 25 Oct. 1760 — studies at Gottingen, 1779 — ^ n * D., 1784 — travels in Italy, France, &c, 1786-7 — Prof. Extr. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1787 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1789 — Prof. History, 17 99,* i8oi bc — rj. at Gottingen, 6, a 8 b Mar, 1842. Edition of Stobceus, 1792-1801 — Ideen iiber den Bolitik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Vblker der alien Welt, 1793-1815 — Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums, 1799 — Handbuch der Geschichte des Buropdischen Staaten-Sy stems und seiner LColo//ien, 1809 — JJntersuchungen iiber die Xreuzziige, 1808 — edits the Gottin- gische Gelehrten Anzeigen, 1827. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Heerkens, Gerard Nicholas, physician, poet, — b. at Groningen, 1728 — tf., 1801. Be valet udine litteratorum, 1749 — Be officio medici, 1752. Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, philoso- pher, — b. at Stuttgard, 27 Aug. 1770 — studies at Tubingen, 1788 — at Jena, 1800— succeeds Schelling as lecturer, 1806 — Prof Philosophy, Berlin, i8i4, a 181 8 b c — visits Vienna, 1824— visits Paris, 1827—0-. there, 14 Nov. 1831. JJeber die Different des Fichte 'schen und Sc hel- ling'' schen Systems, 1801 — Bhdnomenologie des Geistes, 1807 — System der Wissenschaft, 1807 — Wissenschaft der Bogik, 1812-16 — Bncyclo- pcidie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, 18 17 — Grundlinien der Bhilosophie des Bechts, 1821. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Hegemon, of Thasos, comic poet, parodist, — [BCJ — produces his Gigantomachia at Athens, (01. 93, 4,) Sep. or Oct. 41 3. a a Clinton. Hegemon, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 113, 2,) 327. a a Clinton. Hegesandridas, (Agesandridas,) — [B C] — defeats Athenian fleet off Eetionea, 411 — com- mands in Thracian wars, 408. 672 HEGESIANAX— HEINECCIUS. Hegesianax, — [B C] — envoy of Antiochus the Great to Romans, 196 and 193. Hegesias, rhetorician, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 290. Hegesias, philosopher, — [BC] — fl., about 260 ? Hegesias, — [BC] — Arehon at Athens, (01. 114, 1,) 324. Hegesippus, (Crobylus,) — [B C] — leading orator at Athens, sent ambassador with De- mosthenes and others to Philip, 343. Hegesippus, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 300. Hegetschweiler, Johann, botanist, — ft. in Switzerland, 1789 — studies at Tubingen, 1809- 13— M.D., 1 8 14 — deputy to Diet, Dec. 1830 — Councillor of State, 1831 — if. at Zurich, Sep. 1839. Sammlung von Schweizerpjlanzen, 1824- 35 — Beitrdge zu einer Kritischen Aufzdhlung der Schweizerpjlanzen, 1831 — Die Flora der Schweiz, 1838-40. Hegewisch, Dietrich Hermann, historian, I - — ft. in Holstein, about 1760^ 15 Dec. 1740 hc — Prof. History, Kiel, 1782 — Councillor of State, 1805 — if., about 1815^4 Apr. i8i2. bc Geschichte Karls des Grossen, 1772 — Geschichte der frankischen Monarchic, 1779 — Geschichte der Beutschen von Konrad I. bis Heinrich II, 178 1 — Geographische und historische Nachrich- ten die Colonien der Griechen betreffend, 1808. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Ersch and Gruber. Hegira, (Hej'ra,) Era of the, — commences, 16 Jul. 622. Hegner, TJlrich, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Winterthur, in Switzerland, 1759 — M.D. Strasburg, 178 1 — if. at Winterthur, 3 Jan. 1840. Die Molkencur, 1812 — Suschen's Hoch- zeit, 1 8 19 — Leben Hans Holbeins des lunger n, 1828. Heiberg, Peter Andreas, dramatist, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. in Denmark, 16 Nov. 1758 —banished, 1799 — clerk in Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris, 1803-15 — if. at Paris, 30 Apr. i84i, ac 1838. b Samlede Skitespil, 1806-19 — Lettres d'un Norvegien, 1822. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Heidegger, Johann Heinrich, theologian, — ft. in Zurich, Jul. 1633 — Prof. Hebrew, Heidel- berg, 1656 — Prof. Theology, Zurich, about 1666 — if. there, Jan. 1698. Enchiridion bibli- cum, 1680 — Historia Papatus, 1684. Heidegger, John James, adventurer, — ft. in Switzerland, about 1660 — arrives in England, about 1708 — if. at Richmond, 4 Sep. 1750. Heidelberg, in S. Germany,— small town, 1225 a — enlarged by Count-Palatine Robert, 1362 — residence of Electors Palatine, from 1362 — besieged and taken by Tilly, 1622 — taken by Swedes, 1633 — blockaded by Bava- rians, 1634 — occupied by Gallas, 1635— given up by Swedes at Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — suffers in French invasion of Palatinate, 1674 — ravaged and burnt by French, 1689 and 1693 • — Court of Elector removed to Manheim, I7i9, d 1709 b — occupied by French, 1799 — annexed to Grand-duchy of Baden, 1802. University of, founded by Rupert II., 1386 — its library carried off to Rome, 1622 cd — partly restored by Pius VII., 1 8 15. Castle, (Schloss,) sacked and part- ly burnt by French, 1693 — damaged by light- ning, 1764: and since uninhabited. Catechism, published, 1562 — approved by Synod of Dort, 1619. a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. c Bees' Cyc. d Encyc. Mod. Heidenheim, Wolf Simson, printer,— ft. at Heidenheim, Franconia, 1757 — studies at Frankfort, 1782 — if. at Roedelheim, 23 Feb. 1832. Heiderabad. [Hyderabad.] Heights, Measurement of. [Barometer.] Heilbronn, in S. Germany, — given to Bps of Wurzburg, between 741-7 — free city, by Frederick II., 1225 — annexed to Duchy of Wiirtemberg, 7 Sep. 1802. Treaties of, be- tween Charles V. and Ulrich VI., Duke of Wiirtemberg, who submits to the Emperor, and renounces League of Smalkald, signed, 8 Jan. 1548 — between Sweden and Protestant States of Germany, concluded, Mar. 1633. Heilbronner, Johann Christoph, mathema- tician, — if. at Leipsic, about 1747. Specimen histories a'eris, 1740 — Historia matheseos uni- versce, 1742. Heilmann, Johann David, theologian, — ft. at Osnabriick, 1727 — Prof. Theology, Gottin- gen, 1758 — if. there, 22 Feb. 1764. Heilmann, Johann Kaspar, painter, — ft. at Mulhausen, 17 18 — goes to Paris, 1742 — if. there, 1760. Heim, Francois Joseph, painter, — ft. at Belfort, 16 Dec. 1787 — pupil of Vincent at Paris, 1803 — obtains grand prize and goes to Rome, 1807 — begins to exhibit at Paris, 18 12 — received at Academy of Fine Arts, 1829 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1855 — if. at Paris, Oct. 1865. Heim, Johann Ludwig, geologist,— -ft. at Solz, 1 741 — if., 1 81 9. Geologische Beschrei- bung des Thiiringer Waldgebirgs, 1796. Heimbnrg, Gregor,— ft. at Wurzburg, 1400 — secretary to JEneas Sylvius, attends Council of Basel, 143 1 — syndic at Nurnberg, 1431 — ambassador from Duke Sigismund to Assembly at Mantua, 1459 — &• a ^ Dresden, Aug. 1472. Scripta nervosa justiticeque plena, §c., 1608. Hein, Pieter, {Piet Hem,) naval commander, — ft. at Delftshaven, 1570^ 1578 b — commands expedition against Brazil, defeats Portuguese w fleet in All Saints' Bay, i626, a 1627 b — captures ' Spanish fleet in West Indies, 9 Sep. 1628 — Lieutenant-admiral of Holland, 1628 — falls in combat on coast of Flanders, 20 Aug. 1629. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grubsr. Heine, Heinrich, poet, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Dusseldorf, 1 Jan. 1800 — studies at Bonn, 1 819 — at Gbttingen, 1820— settles at Paris, 1 83 1— if. there, 17 Feb. 1856. Gedichte, 1822 — Reise-bilder, 1826-31 — Buch der Liedcr, 1827 — Zur Geschichte der neueren schonen Liter atur in Deutschland, 1833 — Pier Salon, 1 8 34-40 — Romancero, 1 850- 1 — Neuer Fruhling, 1855 — Letzte Gedichte und Gedauken, 1869. Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb, jurist, — ft. at Eisenberg, 11 Sep. 1681 — studies at Leipsic, 1700 — M.A., 1703 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, HEINECCIUS— HELGA. 6 73 1 7 r 3— Prof . Laws, 1 7 21 — Prof. Laws, Franeker, 1724 — Prof. Laws, Frankfort, 1727 — again at Halle, 1733 — tJ. there, 31 Aug. 1741. An- tiquitatum Romanorum jurispritdentiam illus- trantium syntagma, 17 18 — JEIementa juris naturce et gentium, 1738 — Historia juris civilis Romani ac Germanici, 1733 — Elementa juris civilis secundum ordinem Institutionum, 1725 — Elementa juris civilis secundum ordinem Pandectarum, 1728 — Elementa juris Germanici, 1736. Heineccius, {Heinecke,) Johann Michael, — b. at Eisenberg, 1674— Pastor at Halle, 1708 — 0". there, 1722. Scriptores rerum Germani- carum, 1700 — Be veteribus Germanorum alia- rumque nationum sigillis syntagma, 1709. Heinecken, Karl Heinrich, writer on art, — b. at Liibeck, 1706 — "is., 5 Dec. 1792^ 23 Jan. I79i. b Translation of Longinus, 1737 — JSfach- richten von Kunstlern und Kunstsachen, 1768- 71 — New Nachrichten, 1786 — Idee generate d' 'une collection complete d' Estampes, 1770. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Heinicke, Samuel, teacher of deaf mutes, — b. in Saxony, 1725^ 10 Apr. 1729 b — founds Deaf and Dumb Institution at Leipsic, about 1779 — tf. there, 30 Apr. J 790. Beobachtungen ilber Stumme und die menschliche Sprache, 1778 — JJeber die JDenkart der Taubstummen, 1783,° 1780. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. * Conv.-Lex. Heinitz, Anton Friedrich, a (Friedrich Au- gust, 6 ) Baron von, — b. at Dresden, 1724, 11 1725 b — cbarged to org nize School of Mines, 1763 — administrator of Mines in Prussia, Min- ister of State to Frederick II., 1776 — Pres. of Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, 1787 — lj., 15 May 1 802. Memoire sur les produits du regne mineral de la monarchic prussienne, 1786. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Heinrich, Carl Friedrich, philologist, — b. in Saxe-Gotha, 8 Feb. 1774 — studies at Got- tingen, 179 1 — Professor at Gymnasium of Breslau, 1801 — Prof. Eloquence and Greek, Kiel, 1804 — at Bonn, 18 19 — tr. there, 20 Feb. 1838. Epimenides aus Greta, 1801 — edition of Cicero de Re Publica, 1828 — of Juvenal, 1839. Heinrich, Joseph Placidus, natural philo- sopher, — b. in Bavaria, 1758 — Prof. Philosophy, Ingolstadt, 1792 — Canon of Ratisbon, 1821 — 0"., 18 Jan. 1825. Pasitiones selectee ex physica et mathesi, 1791 — Von der Natur und den Eigenschaften des Lichts, 1 808 — Bie Phos- phorescenz der Kbrper nach alien Umstdnden untersucht und erldutert, 1 8 1 1 -20. Heinroth, Johann Christian Friedrich Au- gust, physician, $c, — b. at Leipsic, 17 Jan. 1773— M.D., 1805— Prof. Mental Therapeu- tics, 1 8 12 — tf., 26 Oct. 1843. Lehrbuch der Anthropologic, 1822 — System der psychisch- gerichtlichen Medicin, 1825 — Geschichte und Kritik des Mysticismus alter bekannten Vblker und Zeiten, 1830 — Grundzuge der Criminal- psycholugie, 1833. Heinsberg, Jean de, Bp of Liege, — takes part in crusade against Hussites, 142 1 — ad- heres to the peace imposed by Duke of Bur- gundy, 1 43 1 — b\ at Diest, 1459. Heinse, Johann Jakob Wilhelm, miscel- laneous writer, — b. at Langewiesen, Thuringia, i749, a 1746 b <> — visits Italy, 1780-3 — ft. at Mentz, 22 Jun. 1803. Sdmmtliche Schriften, 1838.° a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv. -Lex. Heinsius, Antonius, statesman, — b., about 1641 — grand pensionary of Holland, 1689-1720 — a", at the Hague, 13 Aug. 1720. Heinsius, Daniel, philologist, — b. at Ghent, about 1580 — studies at Leyden, 1594 — Prof. History and Politics, 1605 — librarian and secretary to the Univ., 1607 — secretary to Synod of Dort, 16 18 — ft. at Leyden, 23 or 25 Feb. 1655. Crepundia Siliana, 1600 — edition of Hesiod, 1603 — Maximi Tyrii dissertationes, 1607 — Aristotelis PoeUca, 161 1 — Moratius et de satira Horatiana, 1612 — edition of Terence, 1618 — Exercitationes sacrceadNov. Test., 1639. Heinsius, Nicholas, philologist, — b. at Leyden, 29 Jul. 1620 — visits England, France, Italy, 1642-8 — called to Stockholm by Queen Christina, 1650 — returns to Holland, about 1655^ 1653 c — envoy to Bussia, 1667^ 1669 b — a", at the Hague, 7 Oct. 168 1. Edition of Claudian, 1650 — of Ovid, 1652 — of Virgil, \dd\ — of Valerius Flaccus, 1680 — Poemata, 1666. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Heinze, Johann Michael, philologist, — b. at Langensalza, 17 17 — studies at Wittenberg and Leipsic, 1736-41 — Director of Gymnasium of Weimar, 1770^ 1760 b — rj. there, 1790. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Heister, Elias Friedrich, physician, — b. at Altdorf, 17 15 — M.D. Helmstadt, 1738 — ft. at Leyden, 1740. Apologia pro medicis atheismi accusatis, 1736. Heister, Lorenz, physician, — b. at Frank- fort-on-the-Main, Sep. 1683 — Prof. Anatomy, Altdorf,, 17 10 — at Helmstadt, 1720 — tr. there, 18 Apr. 1758. Be hypothesium medicarum fallacia et pemicie, 17 10 — Compend. anatomic, veterum recentiorumque observationes complec- tenSy 17 17 — Listitutiones chirurgicce, 1739 — Systema generate plantarum ex fructificatione, 1748. Helder, The, in Holland, — occupied by Abercromby, 27 Aug. 1799 — evacuated, Oct. 1799. [Texel.] Helena, St, island, — discovered by Juan de Noya, 21 May 1502 a — visited by Albuquerque, 15 1 3 — taken possession of by Dutch, about 1550 — taken by English, and soon after ceded to East India Company, 1673 — place of Napo- leon's confinement and death, 18 15-21 — vested in English crown, i833, b 1834.* a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. Helena, (St,) Flavia Julia, mother of Con- stantine the Great, — b. in Bithynia, about 247 — repudiated by Constantius Chlorus, 292 — recalled to court and named Augusta by Con- stantine, 306 — visits Palestine, 325-6 — tf. aij Nicomedia, 327, a about 328. b a Biog. Univ. b Smith's Diet. Helepoleis, military engines, — [B C] — intro- duced by Demetrius Poliorketes at siege of, Salamis, (in Cyprus,) 306. Helga, river in Sweden, — battle of, between 43 674 HELIER— HELVETIUS. Cnut the Great and Ulf and Eylaf, 1025.3 a Lappenberg. Helier, St, in Jersey, — surprised by French, and recovered by Major Pierson, 6 Jan. 1781 — Fort Regent erected, 1806-12 — outer harbour constructed, 1841-6 — visited by Queen Victoria, 2-3 Sep. 1846. Heligoland, in North Sea, — St Willibrord preaches in, between 700-30 — partly destroyed by inuudation, 1649 — annexed to crown of Denmark, 1714 — seized by British, 1807 — formal cession of, to them, by Treaty of Kiel, Jan. 1 8 14 — military establishment broken up, 1821. Heliodorus, Bp, romanckt, — £(., about 400. Heliometer, — invented by Bouguer, 1747 — similar instrument proposed by Savery to Royal Society, 1743. Helioscope, — invented or improved by Scheiner, a 1611. a Weidler. Heliostat, — invented by 'SGravesande, about 1742. Hell, Maximilian, Jesuit, astronomer, — ft. at Schemnitz, Hungary, 13 May 1720— enters Order of Jesuits, 1 7 38 — assistant in Observatory, .Vienna, 1745 — takes holy orders, 175 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Clausenburg,. 1754-8 — director of Observatory, Vienna, 1758,* 1755, b 1752° — ' sent to Lapland to observe transit of Venus, 1768-70 — tf. at Vienna, 14 Apr. 1792. Ephemerides, 1757-91/ -86 b — De transitu Veneris ante disown solis die 3 Jun. 1769, 1770 — De parallaxi solis, 1773. a EngL Cyc. i b Biog. "Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Hellanicus, historian, logographer, — [B C] — ft., 496/ 481 b — relates events of 407-6 — tf-, 405-4. ? c 41 1. a a Pamphila. b Others. c Clinton. Hellanodicae, judges in Olympic games, — [BC]— two, first appointed, (01. 50, 1,) 580.* a Clinton. Hell-fire Club, in London, — suppressed by royal proclamation, 172 1. • Hellot, Jean, chemist, — ft. at Paris, 1685 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1735 — F.R.S. London, 1740 — tf., at Paris, 1766. Art de la teinture des laines, §c, 1750. Helmers, Jan Frederick, poet, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1767— tf. there, 26 Feb. 1813. So/crates, 1790 — De Hollandsche Natie, 181 2 Helmfield, Simon Grundel, Baron von, statesman, field-marshal, — ft. at Stockholm, 16 17 — distinguishes himself under Charles X. in Poland, 1655-6 — defends Biga against Bussians, 1656 — governor of Ingermanland, 1659 — Field-marshal, governor of Narva, 1672 — Baron, 1674 — serves under Charles XI. against Danes, and is killed at battle of Landscron, 14 Jul. 1677. Helmont, Franz Mercurius van, physician, chemist, — ft. at Vilvorde, about 16 18 — tf. at Cologne, or Colin on the .Spree, 11 Berlin, b 1699. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Helmont, Johan Baptista van, physician, chemist, — ft. at Brussels, 1577 — retires to Vilvorde, 1609 — tf. there, 30 Dec. 1644. Ortus medicince, 1648-52. Helmsley Castle, in Yorkshire, — built about 1300-10 — held for Charles L, and surrenders to Fairfax, 1644. Helmstadt, in Duchy of Brunswick, — University of, founded by Julius, Duke of Brunswick, 1575 — suppressed by Jerome Bonaparte, 1809. Heloise, — ft., about 1101 — becomes pupil of Abelard, about 1 1 1 8 — birth of her son, Astrolabius, 1 1 19 — takes the veil at Argenteuil, H19 — abbess of the Paraclete, 11 30 — receives Abelard's remains there, 16 Nov. 1142 — tf., 16 May 1 1 64. Epistolce, 16 16. Helots, {Spartan slaves,) — [B C] — conquered Messenians reduced to this class, 688 — war of Sparta with, 479-653 — revolt of, 464 b — first instance of emancipation for bravery, (by Brasidas,) 424. a Miiller. b Clinton. Helpidius, {Elpidius,)— vicarius of Italy in Sardinia, 320-43 — visits St Anthony in Egypt, 328 — consularis Pannonise, 352 — prgefectus prsetoris Orientis, 359-60 — tf. in prison ? 362. a Smith's Diet. Helpidius, {Elpidius, Helfridius,) poet, — £(., about 490. Helsingborg, in Siveden, — defeat of Hanse- atic forces at, 1362 — defeat of Liibeckers, 1535 — taken by Frederick IV. of Denmark, Nov. 1709 — his troops, under Gen. Rantzau, de- feated by Gen. Steinbock, near, 10 Mar. 17 10 — the Stockholm Convention between Great Britain and Sweden renewed at, 31 Aug. 1805. Helsingfors, in Finland, — founded by Gustavus Vasa, 1550— site changed, 1639 — ■ burnt by Bussians, 1728 — Swedish army shut up in, capitulates to Bussians, 4 Sep. 1742 — taken by Bussians, spring 1808 — capital of Finland, 18 19 — fortifications (Sveaborg) bombarded by allied fleet, 9-10 Aug. 1855. University of, transferred from Abo, by Czar Nicholas, 1827. Heist, Bartholomew van der, painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 161 3 or 1601 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1670. Helvetian Republic, — constituted by French, 12 Apr. 1798 — new constitution established, 17 Feb. 1802 — another proclaimed, 19 May 1802. [Switzerland.] Helvetii, Celtic tribe, — [B C] — with Cimbri and Teutones invade Gaul, 107 — with Cimbri invade Italy, 101 — attempt to settle in Gaul, and are driven back by Caesar, 58— [AD] — refuse to recognize Vitellius, 70. Helvetius, (Johann Friedrich Schweitzer,) physician, alchemist, — ft. in Anhalt, 1625 — settles in Holland, about 1649 — becomes first physician to Prince of Orange ; tf., Aug. 1709. Helvetius, Claude Adrien, philosopher, — ft. at Paris, Jan. 1715- — ■ visits England and Prussia, 1764-65 — tf. at Paris, 26 Dec. 177 1. Le Bonheur, 1772 — De V Esprit, 1758 — De V Homme, de scsfacultes intellectuelles et de son education, 1772. Helvetius, Jean Claude Adrien, physician, —ft. at Paris, 18 Jul. 1685— M.D., 1708— physi- cian to Louis XIV., 17 1 3 — tf., 17 Jul. 1755. Idee generate de V economic animate, §c, 1722 HELVETIUS— HENKE. 675 — Principia phys. medic, in tyronum medicines gratiam conscripta, i752, a 1728. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Helvetius, Johann Adrian, physician, — ft. in Holland, about 1661 — tf. at Paris, 20 Feb. 1727. Lettres sur la nature et la guerison du cancer, 1 69 1 — Methode pour gue'rir toates sortes de Jievres, $c„ 1694 — Trait e des maladies les plus frequences, #c, 1703-7. Helvicus, Christoph, philologist, — ft. near Frankfort, 26 Dee. 1581 — Prof. Greek and Hebrew, Giessen, 1605 — Prof. Theology, 16 10 — tf. there, 10 Sep. 161 7. Theatrum chrono- logicum, 1609 — Chronologia universalis, 16 r 8. Helvoetsluys, in Holland, — William, Prince of Orange, embarks on expedition to England at, 19 Oct. 1688 — taken by French, 22 Jan. 1795 — preparations of Napoleon at, for invasion of England, 1805 — occupied by British, Dec. 1813. Helwig, Christoph,— fj. in Thuringia, 1663 — M.D. Erfurt, 1693 — tf. there, 1721. Exotica curiosa, 17 n. Helwig, Georg Andreas, naturalist,— h. at Angerburg, Prussia, about 1666— tf. there, 3 Jan. 1748. Flora quasimodo genita, §c, 1 7 1 2 — Tractatus de lapidibus et fossilibus, 17 17 — Flora campana, 17 19. Helwig, Johann, physician, — ft. at Nurn- berg, 1609 — M.D. Padua, 1634 — tf. at Ratisbon, 1674. Alphabetum iatricum, 163 1 — Observa- tiones physico-medicce, 1680. Helwig, Johann Otto, physician, — ft. in Thuringia, 1654— M.D. Erfurt, 1675 — tf. at Baireuth, 1698^ i693. b Introitus in veram atque inaudit. physic, 1678 — Centrum natures concentrat., 1682^ a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Helyot, Pierre, {Father Hippolytus,) his- torian, — ft. at Paris, 1660 — enters Franciscan Order, 1683 — tf. at the convent of Picpus, 17 16. Histoire des ordres monastiques, 17 14 -21. Hemans, Felicia Dorothea, poetess,— ft. at Liverpool, 25 Sep. 1794— marries Captain Hemans, 18 12 — visits Wordsworth, 1830 — tf. at Dublin, 12 May 1835. Domestic Affections, 1 8 12 — Forest Sanctuary, 1827 — Records of Woman, 1828 — Songs of the Affections, 1830. Hemert, Paul van, philosopher, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1756 — Prof. Philosophy and Belles Lettres tbere, 1790 — tf. at the Hague, 10 Feb. 1825. Elements de la Philosophic de Kant, 1795 — Lectuur by het ontbyt en de the tafel, 1807. Hemina, L. Cassius, historian, — [B C] — fl. before 146. Hemingford, {Hemingburgh,) Walter de, historian, — tf. at Gisborough, (Giseburn,) Yorkshire, 1347. Historia de rebus gestis Edwardi I., II., et III, (Hearne's Collection, mO Hemling, Hans. [Memling.] Hemsterhuys, Tiberius, philologist, — ft. at Groningen, 9 Jan., or 1 Feb. 1685— enters the Univ., 1698 — rrof. Mathematics and Philo- sophy, Amsterdam, about 1705 — Prof. Greek, Franeker, 1720— Prof. Greek, Leyden, 1740 — tf. there, 7 Apr. 1766. Edits Luciani Colloquia et Timon, 1708 — edits Plutus, (of Aristophanes,) 1744 — Orationes Latince, 1784. Henao, Gabriel de, Jesuit, Prof. Philosophy and Theology, Salamanca, — ft. at Valladolid, 161 1 — enters Order of Jesuits at Salamanca., about 1626 — tf. there, Feb. 1704. Empyreo- logia, 1652 — Averignaciones de las antiguedades de Cantabria, 1689-91. Henault, Charles Jeau Francois, historian, — ft. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1685 — Counsellor of the Parliament, 1706 — Pres., 17 10 — admitted to French Academy, 1723 — tf. at Paris, 24 Nov. 1770. Abrege chronologique de V histoire de France, 1744. Henault, Jean. [Hesnault.] Henckel. [Henkel.] Henderson, John, actor, — ft. in London, 1746 — appears on the stage at Bath, 1772 — at London, 1777 — tf. there, 3 Nov. 1783. Henderson, Thomas, astronomer, — - ft. at Dundee, 28 Dec. 1798 — goes to Edinburgh, 1819 — director of Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, Apr. 1832-3 — astronomer-royal for Scot- land, 1834 — tf. at Edinburgh, 23 Nov. 1844. Henel, Nicholas, historian, — ft. at Neustadt, Silesia, 1582 — goes to Breslau, 1637 — tf. there, 23 Jul. 1656. Silesiographia et Breslographia, i6i3, a i6i4 b — Commentarius de vtteribus JC'tis, 1641,* 1648. b a Biog. Univ. b Erscb. and Gruber. Hengestdown, Hengston, in Cornwall, — Egbert defeats Northmen and West Britons at, 835. Hengist and Horsa, Saxon chiefs, — land in England, on invitation of Vortigern, 449, a 446 b — fight with Vortigern at iEglesthrep, Horsa slain, 455 a — Hengist and his son iEsc defeat Britons at Crecganford, and assume kingly power, 457 c — again defeat Britons at Wippedesfleot, 465 c — and again, 47 3 — death of Hengist, 488.° a A.S. Cbron. b Bede. c Henry of Huntingdon. Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, theologian, — ft. at Frondenberg, (Mark,) 20 Oct. 1802 — enters Univ. of Bonn, 1 819 — goes to Basel, 1 823 — Prof., Extraord. Theology, Berlin, 1826 — Ord. Prof., 1828— D.D., 1829— tf.., May 1869. Christologie des Alten Testaments, 1829-35 — Beitriige zur Einleitung ins Alte Testament, 1 831-9 — Commentar iiber die Psalmen, 1842-5 — Erlduterungen iiber die Abschnitte des Pen- tateuch, 1842 — Offenbarung des heil. Johannes erldutert, 1850-51 — Evangelium des heil. Johan- nes erldutert, 186 1-2. Henisch, George, philologist, — ft. in Hun- gary, 1549 — M.D. Basel, Prof. Logic and Mathematics, Augsburg, 1576 — tf. there, May 16 1 8. Edition of Arethetis of Cappadocia, 1603 — of Hesiod, 1580 — Institutiones dialectics, 1590 — Thesaurus linguce et sapientice ger- manicce, 16 16. Henkart, Pierre Joseph, poet,— ft. at Liege, 1 76 1 — tf. there, 18 15. (With Eeyniere and Bassange,) loisirs de trois amis, 1822. Henke, Adolf Christian Heinrich, physician — ft. at Brunswick, 12 Apr. 1775 — studies at Helmstadt, 1795— M.D. , 1799 — Prof.atUniv.of 43 * 6 7 6 HENKE— HENPJON. Erlangen, 1805 — Prof. Physiology, Pathology, and Legal Medicine, 18 16— Prof. Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine, 181 8 — Sj. at Erlangen, 8 Aug. 1843. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin, 181 2 — Zeitschrift fiir die Staatsarznei- kunde, 1821-50. Henke, Heinrich Philipp Conrad, theologian, — ft. in Brunswick, 1752— Prof. Theology, Helmstadt, 1777 — Abhot of Micbaelstein, 1786 — abbot of Konigslutter, 1803 — tf. there, 1809. Kirchengesch ichte, 1 7 8 8 - 1 804 — Lineamenta in- stitutionum fdei christians, 1783. Henkel, Joachim Friedrich, surgeon, — ft. at Preussisch-Holland, 4 Mar. 17 12 — tr. at Berlin, 1 Jul. 1779. JErste Sammlung medi- cinischer und chirurgischer Anmerhungen, 1744 — Neue Anmerhungen, 1769. Henkel, Johann Friedrich, chemist, miner- alogist, — ft. at Freiberg, Saxony, 1679 — ft., Jan. 1744. Flora saturnisans, 1722 — Fyrito- logia, 1725 — Henhelius in Miner alogia redi- vivus, 1747. Henley, John, [Orator Henley,) divine, — ft. at" Melton Mowbray, 1692 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, about 1709 — begins to make himself known in London, about 1726 — arrested for treasonable speeches by order of Lord Chesterfield, 4 Dec. 1746 — fr., 4 Oct. 1756. Hennehon, in Brittany, — seized by troops of Charles de Montfort, 1341 — besieged by Charles of Blois, defended by Jane de Montfort, and relieved by Sir "Walter Manny, 1341 — again unsuccessfully besieged by Charles of Blois, 1342 — taken from English by Duguesclin, 1373 — taken by assault by Prince de Dombes, 2 May 1590— invested by Mercceur, 5 Nov. 1590 — surrenders, Dec. 1590. Hennecourt, on the Scheldt, — Marshal de Guiche defeated by Don Francisco de Melos, 14 May 1642. Hennepin, Louis, Franciscan, — ft. in Flan- ders, a 1640 — missionary to Canada, 1675 — returns to Europe, 1697 — If. at Utrecht, about i7o6. a Description de la Louisiane, 1683 — Nouvelle de'couverte d'un tres-grand pays situe dans V Amerique entre le Ffotwcau-Mexique et la mer Glaciale, 1697. a Ersch and Gruber. Hennequin, Claude, theologian, — ft., 1654 — tf. at Pans, 1738. Edition of the Vulgate, Hennequin, Pierre Antome, painter,— -ft. at Lyons, 1763 — tr. at Tournay, May 1833. Hennet, Albert Joseph Ulpien, economist, — ft. at Maubeuge, 1758 — serves in Ministry of Finance, 1777 — sent to organize finances of Piedmont, 1 801 — member of Legion of Honour, 1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 10 May 1828. Recueil methodique des lois, decrets, §c, sur le cadastre de France, 1 8 1 1 — Mtmoire sur le re'tablissement des finances, 1814 — Traite du credit public, 1816. Henniges, Heinrich von, diplomatist, pub- licist, — ft. in Franconia, 5 Sep. 1645 — LL.D. Altdorf, 1670 or 1676 — secretary of Prussian legation, Diet of Eatisbon, 1679— ambassador to Congress of Frankfort, 17 11 — a", there, 26 Aug. 17 1 1. Observations politicce et morales in Hug. Grotii de jure belli et pads, 1673 — Fe summa imperatoris Romani potestate circa sacra, 1676 — circa prof ana, 1677. Hennin, Henry Christian, philologist, — M.D. Utrecht, 1679— ft. at Utrecht,* Rector of Univ. of Duisburg, b 1703. Edition of Juvenal, 1685 — of Fpistolce itinerarice (of Jakob Tol- lius), 1700. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Hennin, Pierre Michel, diplomatist, — ft. at Paris, 1730 — assists at Congress of Augsburg, 1 76 1 — resident minister in Poland, 1764 — ad- mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — member of Executive Commission of External Relations, 1794-6 — tj. at Paris, 5 Jul. 1807. Hennings, August Adolph Friedrich von, publicist, — ft. in Holstein, 1746 — secretary of Danish Embassy at Berlin, 1772 — Counsellor of Justice, Director of General Magazine, Copen- hagen, about Dec. 1776 — Counsellor of State, 1779 — o\ at Rantzau, 17 May 1827, a 11 May i826. l3C Fssai historique sur les arts et sur leurs progres en Fanemarh, 1778 — Fhilo- sophische Versuche, 17%0—Fhilosophisch-statis- tische Geschichte des Ursprungs und des Wachs- thums der englischen Freiheit, 1783 — Beitruge zur Statistih der Fdnischen Staaten, 1784-90. a Biog. Univ. b Erscli and Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hennings, Johann Christoph, — ft. in Hol- stein, 1708 — Prof. Physics and Metaphysics, Kiel, librarian to Univ., 1738-63 — lj. there, about 1764. Specimen planetographice phy- sicce, 1738. Hennuyer, Jean le, Bp of Lisieux, — ft. at St Quentin or near Laon, 1497 — D.D. Coll. of Navarre, 1539 — ^ r0 ^ Theology, 1540-56 — first almoner to Henry II., 1552— Bp of Lisieux, 1560 — opposes edict favourable to Calvinists, Jan. 1562 — tr. at Lisieux, 12 Mar. 1578. Henoticon, concordat between churches of Constantinople and Alexandria, — published by Emperor Zeno, 482 s — rejected by Felix III. and Western church, 484 — confirmed by Em- peror Anastasius, 496 b — revoked by Justin I., 519.° a Neander. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. ' Henricians. [Henry the Feacon.~\ Henrietta Maria, of England, Duchess of Orleans, — ft. at Exeter, 16 Jun. 1644 — taken by her mother the queen to France, Jul. 1644 — visits England with her mother, 1660 — mar- ries Philip, Duke of Orleans, 31 Mar. 1661 — sent with Louise de Keroual on political mission to England, 1670 — tf. suddenly at St Cloud, 30 Jun. 1670. Henrietta Maria, of France, Queen of England, — ft. at Paris, 25 ]S T ov. 1609 — marries Prince of Wales, (Charles I.,) 13 Jun. 1625 — goes to Holland, parts with crown jewels and procures arms and stores for the king, 1642 — lands at Burlington, 22 Feb. 1643 — the Com- mons propose her impeachment, 22 May 1643 — joins the king at Oxford, 13 Jul. 1643 — leaves England, 14 Jul. 1644 — visits England, May 1660 — ft. at Chaillot, 10 Aug., a 10 Sep. b 1669. a Annals of England. b Biog. Univ. Henrion, Denis, mathematician, — teacbes Mathematics at Paris, 1607 — Xf., about 1640. HENEIOT— HENEY IV. 677 Memoires mathematiques, 16 12 — Elements geometriques d'Euclide, traduits et commented, 1 6 15 — Traite des Logarithmes, 1626. Henrion de Pansey, Pierre Paul Nicolas, jurist, — ft. near Ligny, 28 Mar. 1742 — advo- cate at Paris, 1763 — member of Court of Cassa- tion, 1800 — Pres. of Court of Cassation, Feb. 1809 — First Pres. Court of Cassation, 1828 — 0". at Paris, 23 Apr. 1829. Dissertations fe'odales, 1789 — (Euvres, 1843. Henriot, Francois, military commander of Paris, — ft. at Nanterre, 1761 — commander of the Sansculottes, 10 Aug. 1792 — takes part in the massacres of Sep. 1792 — in the insurrections of 31 May and 2 Jun. 1793 — Commandant- general of armed forces in Paris, Jun. 1793 — executed at Paris, 28 Jul. 1794. Henriquez, Enrico, Jesuit, — tf. at Tibur, 26 Jan. 1608. Summa Theologia Moralis, i59 r -3-. Henriquez, Enrico, Cardinal, diplomatist, — ft. at Otranto, 1701 — ft., 25 Apr. 1756. Italian translation of the Imitation of Jesus Christ, 1 754-5 , a i734- b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Henry, Fort, on Tennessee River, U.S., — surrenders to Federals, 6 Feb. 1862. Henry of Hainault, Emperor of the East, — ft. at Valenciennes, ii74 a — takes part in fourth crusade, 1203 — defeats Theodore Las- caris in Mysia, 1205 — Begent of the Empire on defeat of his brother, Baldwin I., at Adri- anople, Apr. 1205 — unsuccessfully besieges Adrianople and Didymoteichos, 1205 — succeeds Baldwin, and is crowned, 20 Aug. 1206 a — • marries Agnes, daughter of Marquis of Mont- ferrat, 1206 — concludes a truce with Theodore Lascaris, 1 207 b — marries daughter of Joannices of Bulgaria, 1207— besieges and takes Pema- nenos, c Lentianes, b 12 14 — If., n Jun. I2i6. a a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Finlay. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Henry I., the Foivler, Duke op Saxony, and King op Germany, — ft., 876 — succeeds his father, Otto I., 111 Duchy of Saxony, 912 — ■ elected to succeed Conrad I., 918,* 919 c - — in- vades and annexes Lorraine, 923-5 a — truce with Hungarians for nine years, 926 c — reduces the Slaves, 926-30 c — defeats Hungarians at Merse- burg, 934 b — interview with the kings of France and Burgundy, 934° — tf. at Mansleben, Thuringia, 2 Jul. 936. "Art de Verifier-les Dates. b Gibbon. c Menzel. Henry, the Saint and the Lame, Duke op Bavaria, II. King of Germany, and I. Em- peror or the Eomans, — ft., 6 May 972 — suc- ceeds his father in Duchy of Bavaria, 995 — elected King of Germany at Mentz to succeed Otto III., 6 Jun. 1002 — defeats his rival, Her- man, Duke of Suabia, 1002 — marries Cune- gunda, 1003 — passes into Italy, puts to flight Ardouin, Marquis of Ivrea, and is crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia, 15 May 1004 — gives up Bavaria to his son-in-law Henry, 1004 — drives Boleslaus, king of Poland, out of Bohemia, 1006 — erects Hungary into a king- dom, 1007— founds See of Bamberg, 10 10 — again passes into Italy, and defeats the usurper Ardouin, 1013 — restores Pope Benedict VIII., beginning 10 14 — crowned Emperor with his Queen at Borne, 14 Feb. 1014 — defeated by the Poles, 1015 — makes peace with them, 1018 — goes again to Italy, takes Troja from Greeks, 102 1 — presides at Council of SeHgenstadt, 1022 — concludes peace with Eobert, king of France, 1023 — tf. at Grone, in Saxony, 14 Jul. 1024 — canonized by Eugenius II., 1152. Henry III., (II.,) the Black, King op Ger- many, and Emperor of the Eomans, — ft. at Osterbeck, in Holland, 28 Oct. 1017— elected King of Germany, 1026 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, Easter Day 1028 — marries Gunhilda, daughter of Cnut, 1036 — death of his wife, 18 Jul. 1038 — succeeds his father, Conrad II., Jun. 1039 — Heribert, Abp of Milan, submits to him at Ingelheim, 1040 — marries Agnes, daughter of "William, Duke of Aquitaine, 1 Nov. 1043 — passes into Italy, holds Diet at Eoncaglia, 1046 — deposes Popes Benedict IX., Sylvester III., and Gregory VI., at Council of Satri, and appoints Clement II., 1046 — crowned Emperor with his wife, by Clement II., at Eome, Christmas Day 1046 — receives Pope Leo IX. at Augsburg, 1050 — interview with Henry I. of France, at Mentz, 1054 — again passes into Italy, 1055 — holds Diet at Eon- caglia, 5 May 1055— interview with Henry I. of France, at Yvoi in Luxembourg, 1056 — receives Pope Victor II. at Goslar, Sep. 1056 — fr. at Botfeld, 5 Oct. 1056. Henry IV., (III.,) the Great, King or Ger- many, and Emperor of the Eomans, — ft., 11 Nov. 1050 — named Duke of Bavaria, 1052 — title transferred to his brother, 1053 — elected King of Germany, 1053 — crowned, 17 Jul. 1054 — succeeds his father, Henry III., under Eegency of Agnes, 5 Oct. 1056 — carried off, and chief power seized by Anno, Abp of Cologne, Easter 1062 — assumes government, about 1065 — marries Bertha, daughter of Otto, Marquis of Suza, 1066 — convokes Council at Mentz, to get his marriage annulled, but is prevented by the legate Peter Damiani, 1069 — at Diet of Goslar, deprives Otto II. of Bavaria, and gives Duchy to "Welf, 1071 — his quarrel with Gregory VII. respecting investitures, begins 1073— revolt of Saxons, 1073 — defeats Saxons near TInstrut, 8 Jun. 1075 — holds Council at Worms and deposes Gregory, 23 Jan. 1076 — excommunicated and deprived of kingdom by Gregory, at Council of Eome, Lent 1076 — promises submission to the pope, at Tibur, 16 Oct. 1076 — submits and is absolved by Gregory at Canossa, 28 Jan. 1077 — breaks his promise, Feb. 1077 — his rival, Rudolph of Suabia, elected, 17 Mar. 1077 — defeated by Eudolph, 1078 — defeats him, 7 Aug. 1078 — again ex- communicated at Council of Eome, Nov. 1078 — defeated by Eudolph at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. 1080 — again excommunicated at Council of Eome, 7 Mar. 1080 — procures deposition of Gregory and election of Guibert, (Clement III.,) at Council of Brixen, 23 Jun. 1080 — defeats Eudolph at Wolksheim, in Thuringia, 15 Oct. 1080 — invades Italy and advances to Eome, but retires, spring 1081 — his assistance invited by 6 7 8 HENRY. Greek Emperor Alexius, 1081 — Hermann of Luxembourg elected King of Germany, at Gos- lar, 9 Aug. 1 08 1 — forms siege of Rome, 1083 — enters Rome with Guibert, 21 Mar. 1084 — — crowned Emperor by him, 31 Mar. 1084 — besieges Gregory in San Angelo, Apr. to May 1084 — on approach of Robert Guiscard retires to Lombardy, May 1084 — returns to Germany, and defeats his rivals Hardouin of Luxembourg, Welf of Bavaria, and Ecbert of Thuringia, 1084-5 — makes peace with Hermann, 1088 — death of his empress Bertha, 1088 — excom- municated by Urban II., 1089 — marries Prin- cess Praxede (Adelaide) of Russia, 1089 — invests Mantua, Jul. 1090 — takes it, n Apr. 1 09 1 — returns to Germany, leaving his son Conrad to continue war with Countess Matilda, 1092 — revolt of Conrad, who is crowned king at Monza, 1093 — puts Conrad under ban of the Empire, and declares Ins second son, Henry, successor at Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, close of 1098 — revolt of Henry, Dec. 11 04— marches against him, but battle prevented, near Ra- tisbon, Aug. 1105 — interview with Henry at Coblentz, 13 Dec. 1105 — on his way to Diet of Mentz is arrested by Henry, 22 Dec. 11 05 — deprived of Imperial decorations, 23 Dec. 1 105 — at Diet of lngelheim is refused absolu- tion by legate, after Christmas 1105 — escapes from confinement, 11 06 — ft. at Liege, 7 Aug. 1 106. Henry V., King of Germany, and Em- peror of the Romans, — ft., 11 Aug. 108 1 — crowned as colleague of his father, Henry IV., 6 Jan. 1099 —declared King of Germany, Christ- mas 1 1 02 — dethrones his father, Dec. 11 05 — crowned, 6 Jan. 11 06 — succeeds, 7 Aug. 1106 — carries on war unsuccessfully with Count of Flanders, 11 07 — with king of Hungary, 1108 —invades Silesia and is defeated by Boleslaus III., near Breslau, 1109 — invades Italy, Aug. 1 1 10— celebrates Christmas at Florence, 11 10 — meets ambassadors of Pascal II. at Acqua- pendente, 5 Feb. 1 1 1 1 — goes to Rome, demands Imperial crown of Pascal II., refuses to re- nounce investitures, and arrests the pope, 12 Feb. 1 1 1 1 — obtains bull, granting investitures, and releases him, 8 Apr. — crowned by Pascal, 13 Apr. — Pascal revokes his concessions, 11 12 • — excommunicated by Council of Yienne, Sep. 1 1 1 2 — rebellion of the Princes excited by legate, 11 12 — excommunicated by Council of Jerusalem, about 1 1 1 2— marries Matilda, daugh- ter of Henry 1. of England, 7 Jan. 1 1 14 — excom- municated by Council of Beauvais, Dec. 11 14 — by Council of Rheims, Mar. 1 1 15 — by Council of Cologne, Apr. 11 15 — by Council of Chalons, Jul. 1 1 15 — claims estates of Countess Matilda, summer 1115 — excommunicated by Council of Cologne, Christmas 11 15 — marches into Italy, 1 1 16— enters Rome, flight of the Pope, early 1 1 17— crowned Emperor by Maurice Bourdin, Abp of Braga, Easter 11 17 — again at Rome, 2 Mar. 1 1 1 8 — procures election of antipope, Maurice Bourdin, (Gregory VIII.,) 9 Mar. — crowned again by him, Whit-Sunday 11 18 — settles ques.ion of investitures with Calixtus II. at Worms, 8 Sep. 1122 — declares war on France, n 25 — ft. at Utrecht, 23 May 11 25. Henry VI., King of Germany, and Em- peror of the Romans, — ft., 1165 — elected King of the Romans, Jun. 11 69 — marries Con- stance, heiress of Sicily, 27 Jan. 1 186 a — Regent of Empire during absence of his father on crusade, Apr. 11 89 — claims Sicily on death of William the Good, and is opposed by Tancred, 1 189 — succeeds his father, Frederick Bar- barossa, Jun. 11 90 — invades Italy, Nov. 1190 — crowned Emperor at Rome by Celestine III., 15 Apr. 1 1 91 — gives up Tusculum to Romans, Apr. 1 19 1 — war with Tancred in S. Italy, 1 1 91 — his wife taken prisoner and sent to Tancred; unsuccessfully besieges Naples, and sets out for Germany, end of Aug. 1191 — imprisons Richard I. of England, Dec. 11 92 — excommunicated by Celestine III., early 1193 — releases Richard, 4 Feb. 11 94 — conquers Sicily, 1 194 — crowned at Palermo, 23 Oct. 1 1 94 — puts to death adherents of Tancred, Dec. 1 1 94 — returns to Germany, early 11 95 — takes the cross, 11 96 — suppresses revolt in Sicily, 1 196 — fr. at Messina, 28 Sep. 1197. a Kington. Henry VII., (V. Count of Luxemburg,) King of Germany, and Emperor of the Romans, — ft., about 1263 — succeeds his father as Count, 1288 — marries Margaret of Brabant, 28 May 1292 — signs treaty of alliance with. Philip the Fair of France against Edward I. of England, 1294 — elected to succeed Albert I. as King of the Romans, at Rentz, 15 Nov., and at Frankfort, 27 Nov. 1308 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, 6 Jan. 1309 — procures marriage of his son John to Elizabeth, heiress of Bohemia, 1 3 10 — leaves John Vicar of the Empire, and passes into Italy, Oct. 13 10— enters Milan, 23 Dec. 1 3 10 — crowned King of Lombardy, 6 Jan. 13 1 1 — pacifies Lombardy, 1311 — death of his queen at Genoa, 11 Dec. 131 1 — reaches Rome, 7 May 1312 — unsuccessfully attempts to expel Neapolitan troops, May — crowned Emperor in church of St John Lateran, by legate of Clement V., 29 Jun. — summons Princes of Italy to Pisa, and puts Robert, king of Naples, under ban of the Empire, 25 Apr. 131 3 — sets out for conquest of Naples, 9 Aug. 131 3 — tf. at Buonconvento in Tuscany, 24 Aug. 131 3 — Politian, Dominican monk of Montepulciano, accused of poisoning him, 13 13 — formal acquit- tal of the Order by his son John, king of Bohemia, about 1343. Henry, King of the Romans, {son of Fred- erick II., Emperor,) — ft., 12 12 — crowned as colleague of his father in kingdom of Sicily, 1 2 12 — promise of Frederick to the pope to transfer Sicily to his son, on his own accession to empire, 1 Jul. 1216 — taken to Germany, 12 16 — elected King of the Romans at Frank- fort, Apr. 1220 — left in guardianship of Engel- bert, Abp of Cologne, 1220 — consecrated King at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1222 — holds Diet at Frank- fort, 1224 — marries Margaret of Austria, at Ntirnberg, 1225 — marches into Italy, baffled at Verona, returns, 1226 — his queen crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1227- — suppresses revolt of Duke of Bavaria, 1229 — rebels, 1231 — meets his father at Friuli, and submits, Mar. 1232 — HENRY RASPON— HEXRY IV. 679 holds Diet at Frankfort, Feb. 1234— forms league of princes against his father, Dec. 1234 ■ — his rebellion suppressed, summer 1235 — im- prisoned, 1235 — a"., about 1242. Henry Raspon, Landgrave of Thuringia, {king of priests,) — elected King of the Romans, after deposition of Frederick II. by Innocent IV. at Hocheim, near Wurzburg, 22 May 1246^ — defeats Conrad on the Main, 25 Jul. 1246 a — defeated by Conrad, 1247 — tr. at the Wartburg, 17 Feb. 1247^ a Kington. Henry I., King of France,— b. ioo5, a 101 1 b — crowned at Rheims, 14 May 1027 — suc- ceeds his father, Robert II., 20 Jul. 1031— civil war excited by his mother Constance in favour of his brother Robert, retires to Fecamp, and with aid of Duke of Normandy defeats Robert, 1031 — concludes peace with Eudes Count of Blois and Champagne, about 1034 — suppresses revolt of his brother Eudes, and takes him prisoner, 1040-41 c — marries for second wife, Anne, daughter of Jaroslav, Duke of Russia, 105 1 — aids "William Count of Arques against William Duke of Normandy, 1053 — has his son Philip crowned at Rheims, 23 May 1059 — "&. at Vitri, 29, a 4 b Aug. 1060. a Art cle Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Henault. Henry II., King of France, — b. at St Germain-en-Laye, 31 Mar. 15 19 — marries Catherine de' Medici, at Marseilles, 28 Oct. 1533 — succeeds his father Francis 1., 31 Mar. 1547 — present at a duel between two of his courtiers, 10 Jul. 1547— crowned, 26 or 28 Jul. 1547 — sends auxiliaries to Scotland, 1548 — enters Paris, 16 Jun. 1549 — his queen crowned at St Denis, 18 Jun. — present at burning of Protestants at Paris, 5 Jul. — carries on war with English for recovery of Boulogne, Aug. — commences and relinquishes siege of Boulogne, autumn : treaty of peace, acquisition of Boulogne, agreement for marriage of Prin- cess Elizabeth to Edward VI., signed, 24 Mar. 1550 — enters Boulogne, 15 May 1550 — quar- rels with the pope respecting Duchies of Parma and Piacenza, 155 1 — prohibits sending money to Rome, 155 1 — concludes treaty of Cbambord with Maurice of Saxony, 5 Oct. 155 1— declares himself protector of German Protestants, and takes Toul, Metz, and Verdun, 1552 — unsuc- cessfully besieges chateau of Renti, Aug. 1554 — concludes alliance with Pope Paul IV. against Spaniards, 15 Dec. 1555 — makes truce of five years with emperor, 5 Feb. 1556 — renews war with Philip II., 1556— battle of St Quentin, Aug. 1557 — recovery of Calais from English, Jan. 1558 — treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Jan. 1559 — wounded by Count of Montgommeri, at a tournament at Paris, 29 Jun. 1559 — &• a * the Palais des Tournelles, 10 Jul. 1559. Henry III., King of France, — b. at Fon- tainebleau, 19 Sep. 155 1 — as Duke of Anjou, wins battles of Jarnac, Mar., and Moncontour, Oct. 1569 — unsuccessfully besieges Rocbelle, Mar. 1573 — receives offer of crown of Poland, 18 Aug. 1573 — crowned King of Poland, at Cracow, 24 Feb. 1574 — proclaimed King of France, 30 May — hears of death of his brother Charles IX. and secretly quits Poland, 1 8 Jun. — holds Council at Lyons, 6 Sep. — crowned at Rheims, 13 or 15 Feb. 1575 — marries Princess Louise de Vaudemont, Feb. — enters Paris, 27 Feb. 1575 — publishes edict of pacification, May 1576 — assembles States at Blois, declares him- self head of the League, Dec. 1576 to Mar. 1577 — signs Peace of Bergerac, 5 Oct. 1577 — founds the Pont Neuf at Paris, May 1578 — founds Order of Holy Spirit, Dec. 1578 — revokes privileges of Protestants by Edict of Nemours, 7 Jul. 1585 — 'War of the three Henries,' 1586 — takes the field in person, Oct. 1587 — Paris in the hands of the League, 12 May 1588 — flight of the king, 13 May — opens States-Gener- al at Blois, 10 Oct. — orders assassination of Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise, 23 and 24 Dec. — death of the queen-mother, 5 Jan. 1589 — decree of the Sorbonne absolving his sub- jects from allegiance, early 1589 — allies himself with Henry of Navarre, 30 Apr. — advances with him towards Paris, Jul. — reaches St Cloud, 31 Jul. — assassinated by Jacques Cle- ment, 1 Aug.— tf., 2 Aug. 1589. Henry IV., the Great, King of France and of Navarre, — b. at Pau in Beam, 14 Dec. 1553 — taken to court of France, 1564^ 156 1 e — returns to Pau, i566, a 1562 e — accompanies his mother to Rochelle and is received as head of Protestant party, 1569 — takes part in battles of Jarnac and Moncontour, 1569 — goes to court after Peace of St Germain, 1570 — his marriage to Margaret of Valois proposed by Charles IX. and agreed to, 157 1 — death of his mother, the Queen of Navarre, at Paris, 10 Jun. 1572 — succeeds as King of Navarre: marries Margaret at Paris, 18 Aug. 1572— compelled to abjure Protestantism, during massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1572 — quits Paris secretly, 20 Feb. 1576 — and rejoins Hugue- nots; concludes treaty with queen-mother, Feb. 1579 — promotes the ' War of the Lovers,' 1580 — takes Cahors, 5 May — concludes peace, 26 Nov. — heir-presumptive of throne of France on death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, Jun. 1584 — excommunicated and declared incapable of suc- ceeding by Sixtus V., 10 Sep. 1585 — opposed by the League and the Royalists, ' War of the three Henries,' 1586 — besieged in Nerac by Mayenne, 1586 — defeats Duke of Joyeuse at Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587 — returns to Beam, 1587 — gives support to Henry III., Apr. 1589 — with him invests Paris, Jul. — succeeds Henry III., 2 Aug. 1589 — raises siege of Paris and retires to Normandy ; defeats Duke of May- enne near Arques, 2 1 Sep. — with English aux- iliaries sets out from Dieppe for Paris, 19 Oct. —unsuccessfully attempts Paris, 1-4 Nov. — retires to Tours*, Cardinal of Bourbon proclaim- ed king at Paris, 21 Nov. — defeats Mayenne at Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — forms siege of Paris, 7 May — death of Cardinal of Bourbon, 9 May — captures the faubourgs of Paris, 27 Jul. — raises the siege, 30 Aug. — pursues Duke of Parma, Sep. — attempts to surprise Paris, Jan. 159 1 — invests Chartres, 9 Feb. — condemned by moni- torial letters of Gregory XIV., 1 Mar. — capitu- lation of Chartres, 19 Apr. — English aiuilia- 68o HENRY. lies sent by Queen Elizabeth under Sir John Norris, Apr. — another body under Earl of Essex, Jul. — besieges Eouen, Nov. — repulsed by Duke of Parma near Aumale, Feb. 1592 — compelled to raise siege of Eouen, 20 Apr. 1592 — passes into Champagne, takes Epernai, Jul. 1592 — takes Dreux, 18 Jun. 1593 — pro- fesses Catholic faith at St Denis, 25 Jul. 1593 — conference with Duplessis-Mornay at Char- tres, Sep. 1593 — attempt to assassinate him frustrated, Aug. — anointed king at Chartres, 27 Feb. 1594 — enters Paris, 22 Mar. — attempt of Jean Chatel to assassinate him at Paris, 27 Sep., a Dec. bc 1594 — expulsion of Jesuits, 29 Dec. — declares Avar on Philip II. of Spain, 17 Jan. 1595 — defeats Mayenne and Spaniards at Fontaine- Francaise, 5, c 30 d Jun. 1595- — enters Lyons, 4 Sep. — his absolution pronounced by Clement VIII. at Eome, 17 Sep. — concludes peace with Mayenne, Jan. 1596 — opens Assem- bly of Notables at Eouen, 4 Nov. 1596 — marches into Picardy to oppose Spaniards, Mar. 1597 — receives submission of Duke of'Mercceur, at Angers, spring 1598 — publishes Edict of Nantes, Apr. 1598 — Peace of Vervins, 2 May 1598 — appoints Marquis of Eosni (Sully) super- intendent of finances, 1599 — n ^ s marriage with Margaret of Valois annulled, 17 Dec. 1599 — present at conference of Fontainebleau, 4 May 1600 — declares war on Duke of Savoy, Jul. 1600 — marries Maria de' Medici at Lyons, 10 Dec. 1600 — recalls Jesuits, Sep. 1603 — mediates between Venice and the Pope, 1607 — between United Provinces and Spain, 1609 — his queen crowned at St Denis, 13 May 1610 — assassinat- ed at Paris, by Eavaillac, 14 May 16 10. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Henaujt. d Mezerai. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. Henry I., Beanclerc, King of England, — f>. at Selby in Yorkshire, ic68 — quarrels with his brother Eobert and is imprisoned, 1089 — ■ reconciled, and assists Eobert in suppressing revolt of Normans, 1090 — besieged in Mount St Michael by his brothers William II. and Eobert, and exiled, 1091 — invited to become governor of Domfront, about 1093 — makes Avar on Eobert in Normandy, 1095 — present at death of William in NeAV Forest, 2 Aug. 1100 — chosen at Winchester to succeed William II., 3 Aug. 1 100— crowned at Westminster, 5 Aug. — reestablishes laAvs of the Confessor by charter of 6 Aug. — reinstates Anselm in the primacy, 1 1 00 — marries Maud of Scotland, 11 Nov. 1 1 00 — invasion of his brother Eobert, 19 Jul. 1101 — makes terms and induces him to retire : rebellion of Eobert of Belesme, n 01 — quarrel Avith Anselm respecting investitures begins at Council of London, Sep. 1103 — invades and partly conquers Normandy, 1 1 04 — meets Eobert at Northampton, refuses to give up his con- quests, Lent 1 106 — defeats and captures Eobert at Tinchebrai, 28 Sep. 1106 — and is acknoAV- ledged Duke of Normandy : terminates dispute with Anselm, autumn 11 06 — contracts for mar- riage of his daughter Maud to Emperor Henry V., 1 110— passes into Normandy, 11 10 — treaty of peace at Gisors, end of Mar. n 13 — goes to Normandy, Sep. n 13— invades Wales, Apr. 1 1 14 — assumes lordship of Welsh Sees, 11 15 — assists his nepheAV Theobald of Blois against King of France, 11 16 — in Normandy, carries on Avar with King of France and Earls of An- jou and Flanders, 11 17-20 — death of his queen at AVestminster, 1 May 11 18 — defeats King of France at Brenneville, near Noyon, 20 Aug. 11 19 — indecisive engagement near Chateau d' Eu, Sep. 1 1 19 — meets Pope Calixtus II. at Gisors, close of Oct. 11 19 — peace concluded with France through his mediation : returns to England, Nov. 11 20 — loses his son William by shipwreck, 25 Nov. 11 20 — marries Adelais of Louvain, 2 Feb. 1121 — marches against Welsh, summer 1121 — resists demand of Earl of Anjou for dower of his daughter, 11 23 — re- volt in Normandy in favour of Eobert's son William, spring 11 23 — passes into Normandy, Jun. 1 123 —carries on the Avar there, 1 123-26 — ■ returns to England, Sep. 11 26 — visited by David of Scotland, 11 26 — compels nobles to swear fealty to his daughter Maud, 25 Dec. 1 1 26 — marries Maud to Geoffrey of Anjou, spring 1 1 27 — in Normandy, war with Count of Flanders, summer 11 28 — visited by Grand Master of the Templars, 1128-29 — in Norman- dy, 1 130 — intervieAV with Pope Innocent II. at Chartres, returns Avith Maud, Sep. 11 31 — again causes fealty to be sworn to her at Northamp- ton, 1 1 31 — goes to Normandy, 11 33 — quarrels Avith Geoffrey of Anjou, 11 35 — ft. at Eouen, 1 Dec. 1 1 35. Henry II., Fitz-Empress, (Henry Tlan- tagenet,) King of England, — ft. at Mans, in Maine, Mar. 1133" — brought to England by Eobert, Earl of Gloucester, Dec. 1142 — edu- cated in Bristol Castle, 1 142-47 b — returns to Normandy, about Whitsuntide 1147 — comes to England, 1149 — knighted by David of Scot- land, at Carlisle, Whitsuntide 1149 — returns to Normandy, early 1 150 — invested with Duchy of Normandy by Louis VIL, 1 150— succeeds his father, Geoffrey, asEarhof Anjou, Touraine, and Maine, 7, a 10 b Sep. 1 151 — marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, Whitsunday, 18 May 1152 — • urged by Earl of Chester, invades England, 1 152 — concludes peace Avith Stephen, and re- ceives fealty as future King of England, at Winchester, 7 Nov. 115 3 — with Stephen, visits Winchester, London, and Oxford, 11 54 — re- turns to Normandy, after Easter 1154 — suc- ceeds on death of Stephen, 25 Oct. 11 54 — arrives in England, 6 Dec. — crowned at West- minster, Avith his queen, 19 Dec. — dismisses the Flemish mercenaries, destroys 1000 castles, and renews charter of Henry I., 1155 — at siege of Bridgenorth Castle, his life saved by Hubert de St Clair, 1155 — at great council at Wallingford, settles succession, soon after Easter 11 55 — obtains permission of Adrian IV. to conquer Ireland, 1155 — goes to France, does homage to Louis VIL, deprives his brother Geoffrey of Anjou and castles of Chinon, Mira- bel, and Loudun, 1156 — appoints Becket Chan- cellor, 1 156 — drives Scots from north of Eng- land, 1 157 — invades Wales, and is defeated with great loss in Coleshill Forest, his fleet defeated, receives homage of Owam Gwynedd, HENRY. 681 1 157 — crowned again, at "Worcester, Christmas Day 1 157 — on death of his "brother Geoffrey, obtains Nantes, 1158 — claims County of Tou- louse in right of his wife, takes Cahors, and unsuccessfully besieges Toulouse, 1159 — war with Louis VII., who supports Count of Tou- louse, 1159 — concludes peace, ind arranges marriage between his son Henry and Margaret of France, Oct., a May b 11 60 — gets the mar- riage celebrated, and obtains possession of Gisors, as dower of Margaret, 2 Dec. n6o c — war renewed, Dec. 11 60 — captures Chaumont, 1 161 — makes peace with Louis, 14 Oct. 1576. Be educandis erudien- disque principibus, 1570-92 — Res Rustica, 1570. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Heresy, Heretics, — penal edict of Constantine the Great against, 325 — marriages of orthodox with, prohibited by Council of Laodicea, 372 (?) — meetings of, prohibited by Theodosius, 30 Jul. 381 — execution of Priscillian by Maximus, at Triers, 385 — declared a crime against the state, punishable by confiscation, and in case of Manichees, by death, by Code of Theodosius, 438 — declared incapable of civil or military office, meetings prohibited and books to be burned, by code of Justinian, 529 — civil crime by laws of Recared, 590-600 — burning of, prac- tised in England, France, and Germany, before i2co a — crusades against, begun by Innocent HEREWARD— HERMANN. 691 III., 1208 — [Albigenses] — burning ordained by Emperor Frederick 11., 1222 a — rigorous decrees against, by Councils of Toulouse, 1229 — of Melun and Beziers, 1233 — placed under ban of Empire, and their goods confiscated, by decrees of Frederick II. at Ravenna, 22 Feb. and Mar. i232 b — reenactedat Cremona, 1238^ an I at Padua, 1239 s1 — examination by torture, enjoined by bulls of Innocent 1Y., C 1252 — de- prived of privilege of sanctuary by Martin IV., 1281 — and by John XXII., 13.17 — burning of, condemned by bull of Leo X. against Luther, i52o. d In Spain, burning and confiscation prescribed by Peter I. of Aragon, 1197 — In- quisition introduced, 1242. In France, ten canons of Orleans burnt as Manichees, by order of King Robert, 1022 — burnt, by decree of Council of Paris, Oct. 12 10 — penalty of death for, by ordinance of St Louis, 1229. In England, examination by torture authorized by Edward II., in case of the Templars, at instance of Clement V., 1311-12 — burning of, mentioned in Chronicle of Meanx, as early as 1330 — in Piers the Plowman's Crede, before 1400 — punishable by imprisonment, by Stat. 6 Rich. II. c. 13, 1381 — by burning alive, by Stat. 2 Hen. IV. c. 15, (de hcereticis comburendis,) 1401 — law altered by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1534 — further provisions by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1539 — l aw a » am altered by Act 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559 ■ — burning, abolished by Act 29 Car. II. c. 9, 1677. In Scotland, made punishable by burning alive, 1425. In the Netherlands, made punishable by burning or burying alive, by beheading, for those who recant, by edict of Charles V., 1521 f — former decrees against, confirmed, with ad- ditional severities, 153 1 — not allowed to make wills, 1540 — estates of, forfeited, 1549 — treated as treason, 1554. Baptism of, declared null by synods of Carthage, Iconium, and Synnada, 2 35 d — an( l by Cyprian, Bp of Carthage, in two synods, 255^ and by another synod, 256 e — held to be genuine, by Stephen, Bp of Rome, 255 — and by Council of Aries, 314 — rejected by Council of Nice, 325 — controversy revived by Donatists, about 345 — validity of, maintained by Augustine, about 410 — and by Council of Trent, 1564. a Milman. b Kington. c Lecky. d Herzog's Encyc. e Neander. f Davies. Hereward, Lord of Born in Lincoln- shire, — plunders and burns Abbey of Peter- borough, Jun. 1070— establishes his 'camp of refuge ' in Isle of Ely, and is joined by Earl Morcar, 107 1 — blockaded there by William I. three months, and escapes with some of his followers, 107 1. Heribert. [Champagne, Counts of.] Hericourt, Louis D', jurist, — b. at Soissons, 1687 — advocate to the Parliament of Paris, 17 12— tf. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1752. Lois ecclesias- tiques de France,!*] 19 — (Euvres posthumes,!'] 59. Heriger, hagiographer, — b. in Brabant, about 940 — enters Benedictine Order at Lobbes, 955 — Abbot of Lobbes, 990 — tf., 31 Oct. ioo9, a loo7. b a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Ersch and Gruber. Heriot, George, goldsmith, philanthropist, ■ — b. at Edinburgh, about 1563 — member of Incorporation of Goldsmiths, May 1588 — gold- smith to Anne of Denmark, 1597 — to James I., follows him to London, 1603 — &., 12 Feb. 1624. Heriofs Hospital, Edinburgh, founded by him, completed, 1642 — Heriot Schools, established, 1837. Herissant, Louis Antoine Prosper, phy- sician, bibliographer, — b. at Paris, 27 Jul. 1745 — tf. there, 10 Aug. 1769. Bibliotheque phy- sique de la France, 177 1. Heritable Jurisdictions, in Scotland, — abolished by Act 20 Geo. II. c. 43, 17 Jun. 1747. Heritier, L\ [L'Heritier.] Herlicius, David, physician, astrologer, — b. in Misnia, 1557 — Prof. Mathematics, Greifs- wald, 1585 — Prof. Physics, Stargard, 1598 — tf. there, 15 Aug. 1636. Be curationibus gravidarum, puerperarum, et infantium, 1584 — Exercitationes philosophies de lacrymis, risu, §c, 1606. Herman of Salza, Grand Master of Teu- tonic Order, — takes part in crusade, 11 96 — succeeds Herman of Bardt, 1 2 1 o a — distinguishes himself at siege of Damietta, 12 18-19 — with Frederick II. at Rome, 1220 b — visits Frederick at Precina, Dec. 1222 b — mediates between Frederick and Count Thomas of Molise, spring 1223 b — sent into Germany to promote crusade, 1224 — promotes marriage of Frederick with Yolande, 1225 — receives grant of possessions of his Order in Palestine, Jan. 1226 b — is trans- ferred to Prussia, 1226— accompanies embassy to Pope Honorius, Nov. 1226 — goes to Palestine, 1 227 — promotes breach of truce with the Sultan, autumn 1227 — aids Frederick in Palestine, 1228-9 — attends his coronation at Jerusalem, 1229 — negotiates peace between Frederick and Pope Gregory IX., close of 1229 to May 1230 — present at reconciliation of Emperor and Pope, at Anagni, 1 Sep. 1230 — tries to save King Henry, 1235 — attends Diet of Mentz, 1235 — mediates between Emperor and Pope, 1236-7 — attends Frederick at Vienna, Jan. 1237 — holds chapter at Marburg, Jul. 1237 — in ill health goes to Salerno, autumn 1238 — tf. at Barletta, 1239. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Kington. Herman de Sainte-Barbe, Guillaume Heris, Carmelite, — b. at Liege, 1657 — ft. there, about 1707. Carmelus triumphans, 1688. Hermann of Luxemburg, Count of Salm, — elected king of the Romans, in opposition to Henry IV., at Diet of Goslar, 9 Aug. 108 1 — crowned by Abp of Mentz, 26 Dec. 1082 — makes peace with Henry IV., and is accidentally killed, 1088. Hermann. [Suabia, Dukes of.] Hermann. [Arminius.] Hermann Contractus, historian,— -b., 18 Jul. 1013 — enters monastery of Reichenau, 1043 — If. near Biberach, 24 Sep. 1054. Chronicon, 1054. Hermann, Jakob, mathematician, — b. at Basel, 1 6 Jul. 1 67 8— travels in France, Germany, &c, 1701 — Prof. Mathematics, Padua, 1707 — Prof. Philosophy, Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 17 13 — Prof. Mathematics, St Petersburg, 1724 — ■ Prof. Morals, Basel, 1 7 3 1 — Associate of Academy 692 HERMANN-HERMOCRATES. of Sciences, Paris, 1733 — If. at Easel, 11 Jul. 1-733. Be Phoronomia, 17 15. Hermann, Johann, naturalist, — b. in Alsace, 1738 — Prof. Medicine, Strasburg, 1768 — Prof. Pathology, 1782 — Prof. Botany and Chemistry, 1784— rj., 4 Oct. 1800. Tabula affinitatum animalium, 1785 — Observations zoologies posthumce, 1804. Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob, philo- logist, — b. at Leipsic, 28 Nov. 1772 — Prof. Philosophy there, 1798— Prof. Eloquence, 1803 — Prof. Poetry, 1809 — director of Philological Seminary, 1834 — admitted to Academy of In- scriptions, Paris, 1835— rj. at Leipsic, "31 Dec. 1848. Be metris Grcecorum et Homanorum Poetarum, 1796 — Handbuch der Metrik, 1798 ■ — Be Poeseos generibus, 1794 — De emendanda ratione Grcecce grammatics, 1801 — edition of the Clouds of Aristophanes, 1799 — of Aristotle De Arte poetica, 1802 — De mythologia Grographer, historian, — [B C] — ft., before 500. Herodotus, historian, — [BC]— ft., (01. 74, 1,) 484 — leaves Halicarnassus, about 465 a — reads his history at Olympia,? (01. 81,) 456 — in Egypt, about 450 — reads his history at the Panathenrea, ? (01. 83, 3,) 446 — with Samians, overthrows Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus, about (01. 84) 444-0 a — goes to Thurii, spring 443 b — at Athens, about 431 — writing his his- tory, to 408. a Muller. b Clinton. Heroet de la Maisonneuve, Antoine, poet, ■ — P|) of Digne, 1552 — tf. at Paris, Dec. 1568. Opuscules a" amour, 1547. Herold, Johann Basil, — b. at Hochstedt, I Suabia, 1511— tf. at Basel, 1581 ? Orthodoxo- graph. theologlce sacrosanctce, 1 §$s-^-Hczreso- logia, 1556 — Leges antiquce Germanorum, 1557. Herold, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, musical composer, — fc. at Paris, 28 Jan. 1791 — studies at Rome, 1 812- 15 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1829 — ft. near Paris, 18 Jan. 1833. Marie, 1826 — Zampa,. 1831 — Pre aux Cleres, 1832. Heron, (the Elder,) of Alexandria, mechan- ician, — [B C] — fl , about 260. Heron, (the Younger,) mechanician, — fl., about 610. Heron, Robert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at New Galloway, 1764 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 1780 — settles in London, 1799 — imprisoned for debt, 1806 — tf. in London, 13 Apr. 1807. Gen- eral History of Scotland, 1793-9 — translation of Niebuhr's Travels in Arabia, 1792. Herophilos, physician, — [B C] — ft, about 300. Herostratos, — [BC]— sets fire to temple of Artemis at Ivphesus, 356. Herouville de Claye, Antoine de Ricouart, Count of, general, — b. at Paris, about 171 3 — - tf. Lieutenant-general, 1782. Traite des le- gions, 1757. Herport, Albert, traveller, — b. at Berne, 1641 — embarks in Holland for East Indies, May 1659 — returns, May 1668. Ostindianische Reisebeschreibung , 1 669. Herrade de Landsberg, abbess of Hohenburg, Alsace, 1167 — tf. there, 25 Jul. 1195. Herrera, in Aragon, — the Carlists defeat Royalists near, 24 Aug. 1837. Herrera, Antonio de Tordesillas, historian, — b. at Cuellar, 1549, ad 1559,'' 1565° — first historiographer of the Indies and of Castile, by Philip II., about 1591 — tf. Secreary of State, at Madrid, i9, a 29 b Mar. 1625. Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firma del Mar Oceano, 1 601 -15 — De- scription de las Indias occidentales, 1601 — His- toria del Mundo, en el reynado del rey Pi. Phe- lipe IP, 1 60 1 - 1 2 . a Engl. C yc. b Biog. Univ. c Rees' Cyc. d Ersch and Gruber. Herrera, Fernando, poet, — b. at Seville, 1515 — tf. there, about 1595, a before i582, b probably soon after 1578,° i597- d Obras en verso, 1582 — Relation de la Guerra de Chipre y suceso de la Batalla de Lepanto, 1572 — Vida y muerte de Thomas Moro, 1592 — edition of Gar- cilaso de la Vega, 1580. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. d Ticknor. Herrera, Francisco de, (El Viejo,) painter, — b. at Seville, 1576 — tf. at Madrid, 1650 or 1656. Herrera, Francisco de, (SI Mozo,) painter, architect, — b. at Seville, 1622 — subdirector of Academy of Painting, Seville, 1660 — first painter to the king, 1677 — tf. at Madrid, 1685. Herrera, Gabriel Alfonso, writer on agri- culture. Libro de agricultura, i52o, a 15 i3- b a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Herrgott, Marquard, Benedictine, — tj. at Friburg, 9 Oct. 1694 — enters Benedictine Or- der, 17 14 — counsellor and historiographer to 6 9 + HERRICK— HERTFORD. Empress Maria Theresa, 1736 — rj. at Vienna, 19 Oct. 1762. Genealogia diplomat, augusta gentis habsburgicce, 1 7 37-38 — Monumentaaugus- t-*] — Dictionnaire complet russe-francais-allemand, 1798-1802. Heyne, Christian Grottlob, classical scholar, — b. at Chemnitz, Saxony, 25 Sep. 1729 — goes to Leipsic Univ., 1748 — Prof. Eloquence and Poetry, Gottingen, Jun. 1763 — librarian to the Univ., 1764 — ft. at Gottingen, 12 or 14 Jul. 1 812. Editions of Homer, 1802 — and Virgil, 1767-75 — Opuscula academica, 1785- 1815. Heyse, Johann Christian August, gram- marian, — b. at Nordhausen, 1764— -ft. at Mag- deburg, 1829. Allgemeines Fremdworterbuch, 1804 — Theoretisch-praktische deutsche Gram- mat ik, 18 14. Heywood, Jasper, — b. in London, 1535 — enters Order of Jesuits at Rome, about 1561 — Provincial of the Order in England, 15 81 — ft. at Naples, 9 Jan. 1598. Translations of Seneca s Thyestes, 156 1 — Hercules Furens, 1561 — Troas, 1581. Heywood, John, dramatist, — ft. at Mechlin, about 1565. A mery play between the pardoner and the frere, %c, 1533 — Parable of the Spider and the Fly, 1556 — JVoorkes, 1576. Heywood, Peter, — b. in Isle of Man, 1772 — embarks on the Bounty, under Bligh, 1787 — one of the mutineers, 27 Apr. 1789 —captured by the Pandora, near Tahiti, Mar. 1792 — escapes shipwreck on coasts of Australia, Aug. 1792 — condemned to death by court-martial, 12 Sep. 1793 — pardoned, reenters the navy, and serves till 1 8 14— ft., 1 83 1. Heywood, Thomas, dramatist, — H., about 1600-30. A Woman killed with kindness, 1617. Hezekiah, King of Judah, — [BC] — b., 750 — succeeds Ahaz, spring 727/ 1 726, b 725,° 724 d — begins his reforms, 726— pays tribute to Sennacherib, 713 — his sickness, 713 — delivered from Sennacherib, 710, 713 b — ft., 698, b 699,* 696.6 a Ussher. b Clinton. <-' Hales. d Creswell. e Newman. Hiaerne, Urban, physician, naturalist, — b. in Sweden, Dec. 1641 — studies at Upsala, 1660 — visits Holland, England, and France, 1667-73 — F.B.S. London, about 1670 — assessor to Coll. of Mines, 1675 — physician to Charles XL, 1684— V. Pres. of Council of Mines, 171 3 — ft., 22 Mar. 1724. Orycto- graphia Suecana, 17 16. Hiarbas, King or Numidia, — [BC]— put to death by Pompey, 81. Hiberus, M. Antonius, — Consul of Borne with Sisenna, (886, a. u. c.) 133. Hicetas. [Hiketas.] Hickes, George, philologist, antiquary, — b. at Newsham, Yorkshire, 20 Jun. 1642 — enters Oxford Univ., 1659 — Fellow of Lincoln Coll., 1664 — M.A., 1665 — takes orders, 1666 — travels in France, 1673— chaplain to Duke of Lauder- dale, 1676 — accompanies him to Edinburgh, 1677— D.D. Glasgow, 1678— D.D. Oxford, 1679 — chaplain to the king, 1681 — Dean of Worcester, Aug. 1683 — deprived, Feb. 1690 — ft., 15 Dec. 1 7 15. Institutiones Grammaticce Anglo-Saxonicce, 1689 — Thesaurus Antiques Litt.eraturce Septentrionalis, 1703-5. Hickes, John, theologian, — b. in Yorkshire, 1633 — ejected from his living, under Act of Uniformity, 1662 — has audience of Charles II. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA— HIGHWAYS. 699 and obtains indemnity : joins Duke of Mon- mouth, Jun. 1685 — present at Sedgemoor, 6 Jul. — takes refuge in house of Alice Lisle, and is soon after executed, 1685. Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, — heads insur- rection against Spaniards, 14 Sep. 18 10 — cap- tured and shot, 27 Jul. 181 1. Hiempsal, King of Numidia, — [BC] — receives Marius the younger and Cethegus, 88 — expelledbyDomitiusAhenobarbus, 82 — restored by Pompey, 81 — living, 62. Hierapolis, in Syria, — destroyed by earth- quake, 494. Hierax, theologian, — fl., about 300. Hierius, — Consul of Rome with Ardaburius, (1180, a. u. c.) 427. Hierocles, — proconsul of Bithynia and Alexandria, opposes and persecutes Christians, about 300. Hierocles, of Alexandria, Neo-Platonic philosopher, — ft., about 450. Hieroglyphics, [Xtosetta Stone.] — [BC] — described by Herodotus, about 450 — [AD] — investigated by Kircher, about 1530 — by Zoega, 1787 — attempts of De Sacy and Akerblad to decipher, 1802 — deciphered by Young, 18 14 — further discoveries by Champollion, announced, 22 Sep. 1822 — his method adopted by Rosellini and Salvolini, 1832 — and further developed by Lepsius, 1837 — interpretation of, criticised by Lewis, 1862. Grammar of, published by Champollion, 1836 — Dictionary, 1841. Hieromnemon, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — (01. 117, 3,) 310. Hieron I., Tyrant op Syracuse, — [B C] — victor at Olympia? (01. 73,) 488 a — succeeds Gelon, 478 — defeats Etruscan fleet at Cuma3, 474 — .victor at Pythian games, 474 a — defeats Thrasydseus of Agrigentum, 472 — victor at Olympia, (01. 77,) 472— again, (01. 78,) 468— tf., 467. *M(Uler. Hieron II., King of Syracuse, — [BC] — ft. before 306 — distinguishes himself in wars of Pyrrhus, before 275 — general of Syracusans, supplies Rome with corn at siege of Rhegium, 272 — made king of Syracuse, 270 — defeated by App. Claudius in Messana, 264 — makes peace with Rome, 263 — supplies Rome at siege of Agrigentum, 262 — supplies Aurelius Cotta with ships, 252 — supplies Romans at siege of Lily- baeum,249 — included in treaty between Carthage and Rome, 241 — visits Rome at the Games, 237 ■ — receives presents from Rome out of spoils of Marcellus, 222 — supplies Rome with corn, 217, 216 — fo., before end of 216. Hieronymites, Order of, — approved by Gregory XL, Oct. 1373. Hieronymus, of C'ardia, historian, — [B C] — sent by Eumenesto Antipater from Nora, 319,* 320 b — taken by Antigonus at Gabiene, 315,* 316 b — employed by him at lacus Asphaltites, 312 — governor of Bceotia, by Demetrius, 293, 292 b — tj. after Pyrrhus, 272. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Hieronymus, of Rhodes, Peripatetic philoso- pher, — [BC] — ft., about 250," 300. ° a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Hieronymus, St. [Jerome.] Higden, (Hygden, Hykeden,) Ranulph, (Ralph,) Ralph of Chester, historian, — enters Benedictine abbey of St Werburgh, Chester, probably about 1299 a — "Jj. there, probably Mar. 1 363^ Completes the Polyehronieon, 1357 ? a Babington. Higgins, Godfrey, theological antiquary, — ft., 177 1 — marries, 1800— rj. near Doncaster, 9 Aug. 1833. Horce Sabbaticce, 1826 — Celtic Druids, 1827 — Mohammed, 1829 — Anacalypsis, 1836. Higgins, {Rigins,) John,— ft., about 1544 — if., probably after 1602. Edition of Holcot's Dictionary, 1572 — Mirror for Magistrates, J574- Higgons, Bevil, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1670 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1686 — follows James II. to France, 1688 — returns to England, 1701*— tf. in France, 1 ' Mar. 1735. Generous Conqueror, 1702 — Historical and Critical Remarks on Bishop Burnet's History of his own Times, 1725 — Short View of the Eng- lish History, 1723. a Ersch and Gruber. b Allibone's Diet. High Church Party, — designation comes into use, about 1700.* a Burnet. High Commission, Court of, — with jurisdic- tion in ecclesiastical matters, erected by Act 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559 — established in Scotland by James L, 1610— abolished by Act 16 Car. I. c. II, 1 641 — [Ecclesiastical Commission.] High Constable. [Constable, High.] Highlanders,— disarming of, ordered by Act 11 Geo. I. c. 26, 1724 — disarmed by Gen. "Wade, 15 Oct. 1725 — national dress of, pro- hibited by Act 19 Geo. II. c. 39, 12 Aug. 1746 — prohibition repealed by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 63, s. 1, 1782 — [Heritable Jurisdictions ] Highlands, of Scotland, — construction of roads in, by Gen. "Wade, commenced, 1726 — completed, 1737 — rebellions in, {see Stuart, James, and Charles Edward, Mar, Earl of, M Highmore, Anthony, jurist, — ft. in London, 1758 — ft. near London, 19 Jul. 1829. Review of History of Mortmain, 1787 — History of Ar- tillery Company of London, 1804 — Treatise of Idiocy and Lunacy, 1807 — JPietas Londinensis, 1810. Highmore, Joseph, painter, — ft. in London, 13 Jun. 1692 — commences painting as profes- sion, 17 15 — marries, 1716 — visits Antwerp, 1732— visits Paris, 1734— loses his wife, 1750 — Prof, at Academy of Painting, 1753 — o\ at Canterbury, 3 Mar. 1780. Portraits of Knights of the Bath, 1725 — Practice of Perspective, 1763. Highways, in England,— regulated by Acts 6 Geo. I. c. 6, 17 19 ; 18 Geo. II. c. 33, 1745 ; 24 Geo. II. c. 43, 1751 ; and 30 Geo. II. c. 22, 1757 — statutes consolidated by Act 13 Geo. III. c - 78, 1773 — further regulated by Acts 34 Geo. III. c. 64, 23 May 1794; c. 74, 11 Jun. 1794; 44 Geo. III. c. 52, 16 May 1803; 54 Geo. III. c. 109, 23 Jul. 1 8 14; and 55 Geo. III. c. 68, 7 Jun. 18 15 — laws consolidated and amended by Act 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 50, 31 Aug. 1835 — amended and further provisions by 700 HIKETAS— HILL. Acts 2 and 3 Vic. c. 45, 17 Aug. 1839 ; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 51, 21 Jim. 1841 ; 4 and 5 Yic. c. 59, 22 Jun. 1841; 5 and 6 Vic. c. 55, 30 Jul. 1842; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 71, 31 Jul. 1845 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug-. 1848 ; 12 Vic. c. 14, 11 May 1849 ; 12 a » d 13 Vic. c. 35, 13 Jul. 1849; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 99, 14 Aug. 1850; 25 and 26 Vic. c. 61, 29 Jul. 1862 ; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 101, 29 Jul. 1864 — [Turnpikes.] In South Wales, provisions for better management of, by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 68, 6 Aug. i860. Hiketas, of Syrcccase, — [BC] — betrays the wifeandsister of Dion, 353 — besieges Dionysius the Younger in Syracuse, and is defeated by Timoleon, 344 — introduces Mago at Syracuse, 344— defeated and put to death by Timoleon, 339-8. Hiketas, Tyrant of Syracuse, — [BC] — makes peace with Msenon, and obtains tyrranny of Syracuse, 289 — expelled by Thynion, 279-8. Hilarianus, Mecilius, (Meciliamcs,) — cor- rector Lucaniae, at Bruttii, 316 — proconsul of Africa, 324 — Consul with Pacatianus, (1085, A. u. c.) 332 — Prsefectus Praetoris or Urbi, 339. Hilarion, St, founder of Monachism in Palestine, — ft. at Tabatha near Gaza, about 290 ? — retires to the desert, about 306 — if. in Cyprus, about 371. Hilarius, Bp of Poitiers, not later than 350 — banished to Phrygia by Council of Beziers, 356 — attends synod of Seleucia, 359 — banish- ed from Constantinople, 360 — restored to the bishopric, 362 a — accuses Auxentius of heresy, 364 — if. at Poitiers, 367/' 1 368. b — Comment, in Evang. Matth., 356 — Ad Constantium Angus- turn, I. 355, II., about 360 — Be Trinitate, 360 — Be Synodis, 358. ? Clinton. b Herzog's Encyc. Hilarius, Bp of Arles,— ft., about 403 a — Bp of Aries, 429 a — presides at Council of Ricz, Nov. 439 b — at Council of Orange, 441 c — deposed by Leo, Bp of Rome, 445 d — but retains his see : if. at Aries, 5 May c 449. a Herzog's Encyc. b Clinton. c Biog. Univ. d Neander. Hilarus, Bp of Rome, — legate from St Leo to Council of Ephesus, 449 — succeeds Leo, 12 Nov. 461 — opposes edict of toleration by Anthemius, 467— if., 21 Feb. 468. Hildanus. [Fabricius.] Hildebert, Arp of Tours, — ft. at Lavardin, 1 057 --Archdeacon of Mans, 1092 or 1094 — Bp of Mans, 1096 a — assists at Council of Saintes, 1097 — at Council of Leon, 11 09 — im- prisoned, 1 1 n — at Councils of Angouleme, 1 1 18 — of Rheims, 11 19 — of Chartres, 1121 — of the Lateran, 11 23 — Abp of Tours, 11 25 — presides at provincial Council of Nantes, about 1 1 27 —assists at coronation, of Prince Philip, ii2Q — attends Council of Etnmpes, 11 30 — if. g.t Tours, 18 Dec. 1 1 34, b between Feb. and Jun. 1 1 33- a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Hildebrand. [Gregory VII., Bo]?e.~] Hildebrandt, Georg 'Evisfaich, physician — ft. at Hanover, 5 Jun. 1754 — M.U. Gbttingen, 1783 — Prof. Anatomy, Brunswick, 1793," 1785 b — Prof. Medicine, Erlangen, 1793 — Prof. Chemistry, 1796 — if. there, 23 Mar. 1816. Handbuch der Anaiomie des Menschen, 17 89- 92 — Lehrbuch der Physiologie des menschlichen Korpers, 1796. a Ersch and Gruber. b Conv.-Lex. Hildegarda, St, abbess of Rupertsberg, (near Bingen on the Rhine,) — ft. in Mentz, about 1090,=' 1098 or 1099 b — founds convent at Ru- pertsberg, 1 148 b — if., about 1 180. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Hildegonda, St, (Prere Joseph,) — if. at Abbey of Schonau, 20 Apr. 11 88. Hilderic, (Bderic,) King of the Vandals, — succeeds Thrasimund in Africa, May 523 — recalls Catholic bishops, and appoints Boniface to see of Carthage, 523 — deposed by Gelimer, Jun. 531 — intervention of Justinian on his behalf, 533 — put to death by Gelimer, about Sep. 533. Hildesheim, in Hanover, — seat of a bishop- ric, by Ludwig the Pious, 818— ravaged by Saxons, under Eckbert, 1079-1118 — and under Henry the Lion, 1 161-70 — conquered by Dukes of Brunswick, 1519-23 — discovery of antique silver plate at, 17 Oct. 1868. Hildreth, Richard, publicist, historian, — ft. in Massachusetts, 1807 — if., Jul. 1865. Archy Moore, {White Slave,) 1837 — Bentham's Theory of Begislation, 1840 — History of United States, 1 849-5 2 —Japan, 1 857 . Hill, Aaron, miscellaneous tvriter, — ft. in London, 1684-5 — & oes to Constantinople, 1701-3 — ' master ' of Drury Lane Theatre, about 1709 — if. in London, Feb. 1749-50. History of the Ottoman Empire, 1709. Hill, Sir John, botanist, $c, — ft. at Spalding or Peterborough, about 17 16 — Knt of the Order of Vasa, 1775 — if., 1775. Review of Works of the Royal Society, 1751 — History of Materia Medica, 1751 — British Herbal, 1756 — Vegetable System, 1759-75. Hill, Joseph, lexicographer, — ft. at Bromley, near Leeds, 1625— Fellow of Magdalen Coll., Cambridge, 1649 — Proctor of the Univ., 1659- 62 — Minister of English Church at Middle- burgh, 1667-73 — at Rotterdam, 1673 — if. there, 5 Nov. 1707. Edition of Schrevelii Bexicon Gr -cecum, 1676. Hill, Rowland, theologian, — ft. at Hawke- stone, near Shrewsbury, 1744 — Pastor of Surrey Chapel, London, 1782-1833 — if. in London, Apr. 1833. Village Bialogues, 1801. Hill, Rowland, Viscount Hill, general, commander- in-chief, — ft. at Prees, Shropshire, 11 Aug. 1772 — enters the army, 1790 — aide- de-camp to Lord Mulgrave, General O'Hara, and Sir David Dundas at Toulon, 1793 — Colonel, Jan. 1800— accompanies expedition under Sir R. Abercromby to Egypt, Mar. 1801 — wounded at battle of Alexandria, 13 Mar. — returns to England, Apr. 1802 — Major-general, 1806 — serves under Wellington in Portugal, 1808 and 1809-14 — Lieutenant-general,^ 1800 — K.B., Mar. 18 12 — distinguishes himself at battle of Talavera, Jul. 1809 — and at St Jean de Luz, 13 Dec. 1813 — Baron of Almarez and of Hawkstone, May 18 14 — at battle of Water- loo, Jun. 1 8 15 — second in command of armj? of occupation in France, 18 15 — Commander- in-chief, 1828 — Viscount, 3 Sep. 1842 — if. at HILL— HINDENBUBG. 701 Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury, 10 Dec. 1842. Hill, Wills [Hillsborough, Earl of.] Hillel, the Elder, (Efassaken,)— lived, [BC] no to [AD] io. a a Herzog's Eneyc. Hillel, the Younger, head of the School of Tiberias, — tf. at Tiberias, 320. a a Bartolocci. Hiller, Johann, Baron von, general, — b. at Wienerisch-Neustadt, 10 Jun. 1754 — enters the army, 1770 — distinguishes himself at taking of Novi, 3 Oct. 1788 — serves in campaigns against Turks, 1788-91 — against France, 1792-97 — Adjutant-general to Marshal Laudon, 1790 — Major-general, 1794 — wounded at attack on Zurich, 1799 — Field-marshal -lieutenant, Go- vernor of the Tyrol, 1805 — Go ernor of Upper Austria, 1807 — obtains victory over French and Bavarians at Neumarkt, 1809 — commander of Order of Maria Theresa, 1809 — contributes to the victory of Aspern, Jun. — Governor of Sclavonia, 181 1 — defeats viceroy of Italy at Klagenfurth, 1813 — General commanding in Transylvania, 1 8 14 — in Galicia, 18 14 — tf. there, 5 Jun. 18 19. Hiller, Mathias, orientalist, — ft. at Stutt- gard, 15 Feb. 1646 — M.A. Tubingen, 1669 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics there, 1692 — Prof. Greek and Oriental Languages, and Theology, 1698 — Abbot of Koenigsbrunn, 17 16 — lj. there, Feb. 1725. Lexicon hebraico-talmudicum, 1685 — Onomasticum sacrum, 1706 — Hierophyticon, I7 2 5- Hilliard, Nicholas, painter, jeweller, §c, — fl. at Exeter, 1547 — goldsmith, carver, and painter to Queen Elizabeth : b. in London, 1619. Hillsborough, Wills Hill, 2nd Viscount and 1st Earl of, — M.P. Warwick, 1741 — succeeds his father as Viscount, May 1742 — Irish Privy Councillor, Aug. 1746 — created Viscount Kilwardine and Earl of Hillsborough, 3 Oct. 1 75 1 — resigns office of Comptroller of the Household to George II., 1756 — raised to British peerage as Lord Harwich, 20 Nov. 1756 — First Commissioner of Trade and Plant- ations, Sep. 1763 — joint Postmaster-general, Dec. 1766 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, 20 Jan. 1768 to Aug. 1772 — Viscount Fairford and Earl of Hillsborough, 12 Aug. 1772 — reappointed Secretary of State, 25 Nov. 1779 — attacked by the Gordon mob, 1780 — resigns, Mar. 1782 — Marquis of Downshire, 19 Aug. 1789 — if., 18 Oct. 1793. Hilton, William, painter, — b. at Lincoln, 3 Jun. 17.86 — studies at Royal Academy, 1806— A.R.A., 1814— R.A., 1820 — keeper of Poyal Academy, 1827-39 — marries, 1828 — loses his wife, 1835 — "jj. in London, 30 Dec. 1839. Ganymede, 1820 — Christ crowned with thorns, 1825 — Sir Calepine rescuing Serena, 1831 — Una entering the cave of Corceca, 1832 — Edith and the Monies searching for the body of Harold, 1834 — Infant Warrior, 1836. Himalaya (Himmaleh) Mountains, — ex- plored by Turner, 1789— by Webb, 1808— Kirkpatrick and Fraser, 1809 and 18 15 — Moor- croft, 1812 — the Gerards, 181 8-21 — Victor Jacquemont, between 1828-32 — Hodgson and Herbert, 1825-50 — Thomson and Hooker, 1848-50. Himera, in Sicily, — [BC] — founded by Chalcidians and Syracusans, (01. 33, 1,) 648, a (01. 32, 4,) 649 b — occupied by Theron, 476— settled by Theron, 466 — Gelon defeats Cartha- ginians at, 480 — destroyed by Hannibal, 408— Hamilcar defeats Agathocles at, Jun. or Jul. 310, a Clinton. b M utter. Himerius, sophist, — secretary to Julian at Antioch, 362 — returns to Athens, 368 — living, 386. Himilco, — [B C] — commands with Hannibal (son of Gisco) in Sicily, 406 — takes Agrigentum, 406 — makes peace 405 — again in command, without success, 397 — destroys Messana, 396 — ■ besieges Syracuse, his army and fleet destroyed, escapes to Carthage and kills himself, 395. Himilco, — [B Cj — defends Lilybseum against Eome, 250-248. Himilco, — [B C] — commands against Mar- cellus in Sicily, 214-212. Himly, Karl Gustav, physician, — b. at Brunswick, 30 Apr. 1772 — studies at Gottingen, 1792 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Brunswick, 1795 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, Jena, 1801 — Prof. Practical Medicine director of the Hos- pital, Gottingen, 1803-7 — b. at Gottingen, 22 Mar. 1837. (With J. A. Schmidt,) Ophthal- mologische Bibliothek, 1801-7 — Einleitung in die Augenheilkunde, 1806. Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, musical com- poser, — b. in Brandenburg, 20 Nov. 1765 — chapel-master to the king, Berlin, 1795 — tf. there, 8 Jun. i8i4, ac i8o4. b Semir amide, 1795 — T)ie Sylphen, 1807 — Funeral Cantata, 1799. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Hinckelmann, Abraham, orientalist,— b. in Misnia, 1652 — tf., 1695. Edition of the Koran, 1694. Hincks, Edward, philologist,— -h. at Cork, 1792 — studies at Trin. Coll., Dublin ; rector of Killeleagh, 1825 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1866. Catalogue of Egyptian Manuscripts, Trin. Coll., Dublin, 1843 — On Egyptian Stele, 1842 — As- syrio-Baby Ionian Measures of Time, 1865 — On Years and Months in use among Egyptians, 1 865. Hincmar, Abp of Rheims, — 6. in France, 806, a 809 b — elected Abp of Rheims, 845 — assists at Council of Meaux, 845 — persecutes Gotschalk, 848 — assists at Council of Soissons, 853 — deposes Bp Bothrad, and is compelled by Pope Nicholas I. to restore him, 865-6° — accepts the False Decretals, 866 — supports Charles the Bald, 870 — presides at Council of Douzi, 871 — escapes from Bheims on approach of Northmen, 882 — tf. at Epernay, 21 Dec. 882. a Engl. Cyc. b Herzog's Encyc. c Milman. Hincmar, Bp of Laon, 858 a — quarrels with his uncle, Abp of Rheims, 866 et seq. — is deprived of his abbey and revenue of his see by Charles the Bald, 869 a — lays interdict on his diocese, 869 — obtains interference of Pope Adrian II., Mar. 87 i b — imprisoned at Senlis, 871 b — degraded and blinded by his uncles, 872 — tf., about 88o, c 882. a a Herzog. b Milman. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hindenburg, Karl Friedrich, mathema- tician, — b. at Dresden, 13 Jul. 1741 — studies at Leipsic, 1757 — M.A., 177 1 — Prof. Philo- 702 HINDOSTAN— HISTI.EUS. sophy, 178 1 — Prof. Physics, 1786 — if. at Leipsic, 17 Mar. 1808. (With Bernoulli,) Magazinfiir reine und angeivandte Mathematik, 1786-9 — Archiv der reinen und angewandten Mathematik, 1794-9 — Combinatorisch-analy- tischen Abhandlungen, 1800. Kindostan. [India, and names of separate countries.] Hiouen-Thsang. [Hwen-Thsang.] Hipparchia, Cynic, — [B C] — marries Crates, ahout 328. Hipparchos, — [B C]— killed at Athens, Jul. or Aug. 514. Hipparchos, Archon at Athens,— [BC] — (01. 71, 1,) 496.* a Clinton.' Hipparchos, astronomer, mathematician, — [BC] — fl., 160-145 a — observes equinoxes, &c, 162-127. b a Suidas. b Clinton. Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von. miscellaneous writer, — h. in Prussia, 17 41— studies at Konigs- berg, 1756 — goes to St Petersburg, 1760 — burgomaster of Konigsberg, member of Council of War, president of the town, 1780 — if. there, 1796. tfeber die Fhe, 1774 — Ueber weibliche Bildung, 1801 — Zimmermann I. und Friedrich II, 1790. Hippias, — [B C] — begins to govern at Athens, (01. 66, 3,) Jul. or Aug. 514 — expelled, between Jul. and Sep. 510 — accompanies Dates in his expedition to Greece, 490. Hippias, sophist, — [BC] — fl., about 435.* a Euseb. Hippo Regius, {Bona,) m Africa, — siege of, by Vandals, begins May 430 — taken and burnt, Jul. 431 — again destroyed by troops of Caliph Othnian, about 650 — occupied by Andrea Doria for Charles V., 1535 — occupied by French, 1830. Council of, on discipline, 393. Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, — [BC] — suc- ceeds Cleander, 498 — if. during siege of Hybla, 491. Hippocrates, of Chios, mathematician, — [B C] — fl., about 460. Hippocrates, — [BC] — general with Demo- sthenes, takes Nisaea, 424 — defeated and killed at battle of Delion, towards end of 424. Hippocrates, of Cos, physician — [B C] — fc., (01. 80,) 460 a — if., 357- a a Clinton. Hippodamas, of Miletus, architect, — [BC] — builds Thurii ? 445 a — builds Ehodes ? 407 a . a Miiller. Hippodamas, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — (01. 101, 2,) 375. Hippolytus, St, Bp of Portus, (Soma,) — fl. about 220-236 — banished from his see, 235 — put to death, about 236-8 — his statue dis- covered at Pome, 155 1 — his Sefutation of all the Heresies, discovered at Mount Athos, 1842. Kippomenes, Archon at Athens, — [BC] — (01. 14, 3 to 01. 17, 1,) 722-712. Hipponax, Iambic poet,—[B C] — fi\, about (01. 60,) 540. Hippopotamus, — living, brought to London, 1850. * Fossil, described by Antoinede Jussieu, 1724. Hippys, of Rhegium, historian,— [BC] — fl., about 475. Hira, (Medschid AH,) — founded, about 190 — conquered by Mohammedans under Khaled, (12, a. h.) 633 a — taken by Wahabees, i8o6. b a Ockley. b Bouillet. Eire, Philippe de la. [Lahire.] Hirsch, Johann Christoph, numismatist, — u. at Eegenbach, about 1690,* 14 Jan. 1698 b — if. at Anspach, 28 May 1770,=* i78o. b Bibliotheca numismatica, 1760. a Biog Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hirsching, Friedrich Karl Gottlob,— fc. at Uffenheim, 21 Dec. 1762 — M.A. Erlangen, 1788 — Prof. Philosophy, 1792 — if. at Erlangen, n Mar. 1800. Versuch einer Beschreibung sehenswiirdiger Bibliotheken Teutschlands, 1786-90 — JSfachrichten von sehensioiirdigen Gemalde- und Kujjferstich-sammlungen, Miinz-, Gemmen-, Kunst-, und Naturalienkabinetten, $c, 1786-92 — Allgemeines Archiv fur Lander- und Volkerkunde, 1790. Hirt, Aloys, archaeologist, — h. in Baden, 27 Jun. 1759 — visits Italy, 1782-96 — Prof. Arcbi- tecture and Fine Arts, member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1796 — Prof. Archaeology, Univ. of Berlin, 18 10 — if. at Berlin, 29 Jun. 1837. Baukunst viach den Grundsdtzen der Alien, 1809 — Geschichte der Baukunst bei den Alten, 1 82 1 -7 — Geschichte der bildenden Kilnste bei den Alten, 1833. Hirt, Johann Friedrich, theologian, — ft. in Thuringia, 17 19 — Prof. Philosophy, Jena, 1758 — superintendent, 176 1 — Prof. Theology, 1769 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1775 — if. there, 29 Jul. 1783. Biblia hebraa analytica, 1753 — Instituliones arabicae linguae, 1770 — Orientalische und exegetische Bibliothek, 1772-6 — Bibliorum analyticorum pars chaldaica, 1757. Hirtemherg, Joachim Pastorius de, his- torian. Floras Folonius, 1679 — Historiae Folonicae plenioris partes duo, 1685. Hirtius, A., historian, — [BC| — legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 58 — intercedes for Q. Cicero, with Caesar at Antioch, 47— one of ten praetors named by Caesar, 46 — with Caesar at Xarbonne, 18 Apr. 45 — takes refuge at Puteoli, Mar. 44 — Consul with C. Yibius Pansa, (711, a. u. c.) 43 — opens the senate, 1 Jan. 43 — begins Mutine War, Feb. 43 — killed at siege of Mutina, 27 Mar. 43. Hirzel, Solomon, historian, — ft. at Zurich, 13 May 1727 — member of Privy Council, 1773 — Pres. of Finance, 1785 — if. at Zurich, 15 Nov. 18 18. Isaak Iselius, 1782 — Fdle Ziige aus der Schweizergeschiclitc, 1806 — Geschichte von Zurich, 18 14- 18. Hisn-Dhervera, in Spain, — Almansor defeats Christians at, (390, a. h.) iooo. Hisn-Xariz, in the Pyrenees, — Walid brn Abdelhamid defeats the Franks, pursues them, and is taken prisoner, (end of 272, a. h.) Apr. or May 886. Hispaniola. [Domingo, St.] Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, — [B C] — guards bridge at the Danube during Scythian expedi- tian of Darius, 513 — kept at Susa 7 510-496 — comes down to the coast, 496 — attempts to establish himself at Chios, 494 — killed by Harpagos and Artaphernes, 494. HISTORIOGRAPHER ROYAL— HOCHE. 7°3 Historiographer Royal, in France,— office of, instituted by Charles IX., about 1570 — ceases at the Revolution, 1789. Hitchcock, Edward, geologist, — fj. at Deer- field, in Massachusetts, U. S., 24 May 1793— pastor of Congregational Church, Conway, 1 82 1-5 — Prof. Chemistry and Natural History, Amherst Coll., 1825-45 — State Geologist, 1830 — LL.D. Harvard Univ., 1840— President and Prof. Natural Theology and Geology, Amherst Coll., 1845-54— D.D. Middlebury Coll., 1846 — sent to Europe as Agricultural Commissioner for Massachusetts, 1850 — tf. at Amherst, Mass., 27 Feb. 1864. Geology of the Connecticut Val- ley, 1823 — Report on Geology of Massachusetts, 1833-41 — Elementary Geology, 1 840 — Religion of Geology, 1851. Hixem Ben Abdelmalik, Caliph, — fj., about 688 or 690 — succeeds his brother Yezid, (25 Shaban, 105, a. h.) 724 — rebellion of Zaid, grandson of Hussein, (121,) 738 — tf. at Rusafa, (6 Rabia I., 125,) 7 Jan. 743. Hixem (Haschem) I., Abul Walid, King of Cordova — fj., 757 — declared successor of his father, Abderahman ben Moawiyah, re- ceives oath of allegiance, (170, a. h.) 786-7 a (end of 171,) 788 b — proclaimed king, (24 Rabia II., 171, a 172,*) 1 Oct. 787,* 788* — revolt of his brothers Suleiman and Abdallah, 788— defeats Suleiman at Hisn-Boulkh, (173,) 789 — besieges Toledo, 789 — receives submission of Abdallah, 789 — proclaims the Algihed (Holy War) in Spain (175,) 791 — his armies pene- trate into France, 791-2 — capture of Gerona and Narbonne, (177,) 793-4— his death foretold by astrologer, (178,) 794 — names his son Al- hakem successor, (179,) 795-6— tf., (12 Saphar 180,) 26 Apr. 796. a Conde. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Hixem II., al Muyad Billah, King of Cordova, — fj., about 966 — declared heir to the crown by his father Alhakem, 976— succeeds, (2 Saphar 366, a. h.) 30 Sep. 976 — Moham- med ben Abdallah appointed regent (hagib) : [Almansur.] — proclaimed sovereign at Fez, 987 — on death of his mother, appoints Abdelmalik regent, 1002 — gives permission to Christian exiles to reside in Cordova, (396,) 1006 — ap- points Abderahman regent, Oct, 1008 — arrested by his cousin Mohammed ben Hixem, and the hagib deposed, Feb. 1009 — report of his death published, sham burial, 1009 — reappears at Cordova, (7 Dhul hadja, 400,) 22 Jul. 1010 — has Mohammed beheaded, (10 Dhul hadja,) 25 Jul. — has the hagib beheaded on suspicion of treason, ion — disappears on capture of Cor- dova by Suleiman ben Alhakem, (6 Schoual 403,) 20 Apr. 1013. Hixem III., el Motad Billah, King of Cordova, — fj., (364, a. h.) 974— proclaimed on death of Yahia ben Ali, (Rabia I. 417,) May 1026 — received at Cordova, (8 Dhul hadja, 420,) 18 Dec. 1029 — reduces the refractory walies, 1029-30 — rebellion, quits Cordova, (12 Dhul hadja, 422,) 30 JS T ov. 1031 — tf. at Hisn Abi Xarif, (Saphar 428,) Nov. or Dec. 1036. Hoadly, Benjamin, Bp of Winchester, — b. at Westerham, Kent, 1676— enters Cam- bridge Univ., 169 1 — Fellow of Catherine Hall, 1697 — M.A., 1699 — takes orders, 1700 — rector of Streatham, 17 10 — Rp of Bangor, 17 15 — by his sermon on the Kingdom of Christ gives rise to the Bangorian Controversy, 31 Mar. 17 17 — violent debates respecting it in Convo- cation, May : Convocation prorogued by royal order, 10 May: Bp of Hereford, 1721 — Bp of Salisbury, 1723 — Bp of Winchester, 1734 — tf. at Chelsea, Apr. 1761. Works, 1773. Hoadly, Benjamin, physician, — fj. in Lon- don, 10 Feb. 1705-6 — F.R.S., 1726— M.D. Cambridge, 1729 — physician to the king's household, Jim. 1742 — to household of Prince of "Wales, Jan. 1745-6 — tf. at Chelsea, 10 Aug. 1757. Three Letters on Organs of Respiration, 1737 — Suspicious Husband, 1747. Koang-ho, Yellow River, in China, — sources of, explored by order of Kublai Khan, about 1270-90. Hoare, Prince, painter, dramatist,— -n. at Bath, about 1755 — studies at Rome, 1776 — foreign secretary to Royal Academy, 1799 — tf. at Brighton, Dec. 1834. Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, Bart., topographer, antiquary, — b. at Stourhead, 9 Dec. 1758 — Bart., 1787 — tf., 19 May 1838. Translation of Itinerarium Cambria by Giraldus Cambrensis, 1806 — Ancient History of South Wiltshire, 1 81 2 — History of Modern Wilts, 1822-30. Hoare, William, painter, — b. at Bath, a Eye in SufFolk, b about 1706 — R.A., 1768— tf. at Bath, 1792. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. Hobart Town, Van Biemen s Zand,— found- ed, 1804. Hobbema. [Hobbima.] Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, — fj. atMalmes- bury, 5 Apr. 1588 — enters Oxford Univ., 1603 — tutor to Lord Cavendish, 1608— accompanies him to France and Italy, 1610 — tutor to Earl of Devonshire, 1631 — accompanies him to France and Italy, 1634-7 — resides at Paris, 1641-53 — mathematical tutor to Prince of Wales, 1647 — ■ his opinions condemned by parliament, 1666-— tf., 4 Dec. 1679. Translation of Thucydides, 1628 — Elcmenta philosophica de Cive, 1642 — Human Nature, and Be Corpore Politico, 1650 — Leviathan, 165 1 — Letter upon Liberty and Necessity, 1654 — Translation of Homer, 1675 — Decameron physiologicum, 1678 — Behemoth, 1679. Hobbima, Minderhont, (Meindert,) painter, — fj. at Amsterdam, 1638 — paints, 1650-63 or 1689 — marries, 2 Oct. 1668 — tf. at Amsterdam, Dec. 1709. Hobhouse, Sir Benjamin, statesman, — h., about 1757 — M.A. Oxford, 26 Jun. 17 81 — called to the bar, 17 81 — travels in France and Italy, 1783-5 — M.P. Bletchingley, Feb. 1797 — Secretary to Board of Control, 1803-4 — first commissioner for investigating debts of Nabobs of the Carnatic, about 1805 (?) — Bart, by patent, 22 Dec. 181 2— tf. in London, 14 Aug. 1831. Hobkirk's Hill, — Lord Rawdon defeats Gen. Greene at, 25 Apr. 1 7 8 1 . [American War. ] Hoche, Lazare, general, — h. at Montreuil, near Versailles, 24 Feb., a 25 Jun. b 1768 — 704 HOCHKIECHEN-HOFFMAN. enters the army, 1784 — distinguishes himself at Neerwinden, 1793 — defends Dunkirk, 1793 — Commander-in-chief of army of the Moselle, 1793 — imprisoned at Paris, 1793-4 — defeats emigrants at Quiberon, Jul. 1795 — quells in- surrection in la Vendee, 1796 — commands expedition to Ireland, Dec. 1796 — commands army of Sambre-et-Meuse, 1797 — defeats Austrians at Neuwied, Altenkirchen, Diedorff, &c.,- 1797 — tf. at Wetzlar, i5, a 18 b Sep. 1797. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hochkirchen, — Marshal Daun defeats Fred- erick II. at, 14 Oct. 1758 — Napoleon I. defeats Eussians and Prussians, 21 May 1813. Hbchst, on the Main, — Tilly defeats Christ- ian, Duke of Brans wick, at, 10 Jun. 1622 — Clerfait defeats Jourdan, 11 Oct. 1795. Hochstadt, in Bavaria, — Imperialists de- feated by Elector Palatine, 20 Sep. 1703 — Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat the French, 13 Aug. 1704. Hocquincourt, Charles de Mouchy, Mar- shal d', — ft. in Picardy, 1599 — Marechal de Camp, 1639 — commands at battle of la Marfee, 164.1 — at siege of Gravelines, Jun. to Jul. 1644— Lieutenant-general, 1645 — contributes to de- feat of Turenne at Eethel, Dec. 1650 — Mar- shal of France, 4 Jan. 1651 — Viceroy of Cata- lonia, 1653 — commands in Flanders, 1654 — goes over to the Spaniards, 1655 — killed at siege of Dunkirk, 13 Jun. 1658. Hodges, Nathaniel, physician, — enters Ox- ford Univ., 1648— M.A., 1654— M.D., 1659— commences practice in London, about 1660 — F.B.C.P., 1672 — rj. in Ludgate prison, 1684. Loimologia, 1672. Hodges, William, painter, — b. in London, about 1744 — accompanies Captain Cook as draftsman, 1772 — B.A., 1787- — rj., 6 Mar. 1797. Hodierna, (Adiema,) Johann Baptist, as- tronomer, — b. at Eagusa, 1597 — tf. at Palma, 1660. Thaumantice miraculum, 1652 — De systemate orbis cometici deque admirandis cozli characteribus, 1656. Hody, Humphrey, theologian, — fj. at Od- combe, Somersetshire, 1 Jan. 1659 — enters Univ. of Oxford, 1676— M. A., 1682 — Fellow of Wadham Coll., 1684 — D.D., 1692 — Eegius Prof. Greek, 1698 — Archdeacon of Oxford, 1704 — tf., 20 Jan. 1706. Case of Sees vacant by TJncanonical Deprivation, 1693— De Bibli- orum textibus originalibus, 1704 — De Grcecis illustribus linguce Graicai litterarumque hu- maniorum Instauratoribus, 1742. Hoe von Hoenegg, Matthias, theologian,— fo. at Vienna, 1580 — studies at Wittenberg, 1597 ■ — lectures on Theology, 1600— superintendent at Plauen, 1603 — tf. at Dresden, 4 Mar. 1645. Oratio detestans Bapam et Calvinistas, 1601 — Commentarii in Johannis Apocalypsin, 1610-40. Hoeike Tatars, — under Bogra Khan invade Turkistax, 993 — Elik Khan, 994 — Elik Khan takes possession of Turkistan, 999— Elik Khan invades Ghazni, 1005 — Elik Khan defeated by Maiimud, 1006 — conte^ of Toghan Khan with Khitan Tatar, 1012-1025. Hcepfner, Johann Georg Christian, archaeo- logist, — b. at Leipsic, 4 Mar. 1765 — tf., 20 Dec. 1827. Beschreibung der hduslichen, got- tesdienstlichen, sitt lichen, §c, Zustandes der Griechen, 1795-1800 — Handbuch der griechis- chen Mythologie nebst einer Einleitung in die Theologie der Griechen, 1795. Hoerberg, Pehr, painter, — b- in Sweden, 1746 — studies at Boyal Academy, Stockholm, r'7 84— settles at Olstorp, 1790 — member of Swedish Academy, 1797 — tr., historical painter to the king, i8i6, a i8i9. b a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hoest, George, traveller, statesman, — b. at Aarhus, Jutland, 1734 — consul at Mogador, Morocco, 1760— returns to Copenhagen, 1776 — tf., about 1792, a 1795. b Efterretninger om Marokos og Fes, 1779. a Biog. TJniv. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hoet, Gerard, painter, — b. at Bommel, 1648 — tf. at Utrecht, a at the Hague, b 1733. a Bees' Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hoeven, Jan vander, zoologist, — b- at Eot- terdam, 9 Feb. 1801 — studies at Leyden Univ., 1819-24— Ph.D., 1822— M.D., 1824 — Prof. Zoology, Leyden, 1835—0". at Leyden, 11 Mar. 1868. BZandboek der Dierkunde, 1827-33 — with De Vriese, edits Tijdschrift voor natuur- lijke Geschiedenis en Bhysiologie, 1834-45 — Redevoeringen en Verhandelingen, 1846 — Bhilo- sophia Zoologica, 1864. Hofacker, Karl Christoph, jurist,— b. in Wiirtemberg, 26 Feb. 1749 — studies at Tubin- gen, 1766 — Prof. Law, 1773 — rj., 20 Apr. 1793. Distitutiones Juris Bomani, 1773 — Nuhere Entwickelung tend Vertheidigung seiner systematischen Methode im Vortrage des Bb- mischen Bechts, 1773. Hofer, Andreas, Swiss patriot leader, — b. at St Leonard, valley of Passeyer, 22 JNTov. 1767, ac 1765 b — deputy to Conference of Brunnecken, Nov. 1805 — of Vienna, Jan. 1809 — heads in- surrection in the Tyrol, Apr. 1809 — defeats Bavarians at Innsbruck, 28 May — ruler of the TjtoI, Aug. — betrayed to the French, 20 Jan. 1 810 — shot at Mantua, 2o, a 25 b Feb. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Hoff, Karl Ernst Adolph, statesman, na- turalist, — b. at Gotha, 1 Nov. 177 1 — secretary of legation to the secret Chancery, 1792 — ■ counsellor to the Chancery, 18 13 — assists in reform of the University of Jena, 1817-18 — Co-director of Collections of Sciences and Arts, 1831— tf. there, 24 May 1837. Geschichte der durch Ueberlieferung nachgeivisenen na- ti/rlichen Verdnderangen der Erdoberjldche, 1822-41 — Die Hohenmessungen in und um Thiiringen, 1833. Hoffbauer, Johann Christoph, philosopher, — b. at Bielefeld, 19 May 1766 — studies at Halle, 1785 — Prof. Philosophy, 1794 — tf. at Halle, 4 Aug. 1 827. Analytik der Xlrtheile und Schliisse, 1792 — NaturrecJtt aus dem Begriffe des Bechts entwickelt, 1793 — Anfangsgriinde der Logik nebst einem Grundriss der Erfah- rungsseelenlehre, 1794 — Anfangsgriinde der Msralphilosophie nebst einer allgemeincn Ge- schichte dersclben, 1798 — Geschichte der TJni- versitat zu Halle bis zum Jahre 1805, 1805. Hoffman, Francois Benoit, miscellaneous HOFFMANN— HOGEND ORP. 7°5 writer, — b. at Nancy, u Jul. 1760 — goes to Paris, 1784 — member of Legion of Honour, 1 82 1— ft. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1828. (Ettvres, 1828-9. Hoffmann, Christian Gottfried, jurist— h. in Lusace, 1692 — Prof. Natural Law, Leipsic, 17 18 — Prof. Natural Law, Frankfort-on-the- Oder, 1723 — tf. there, 1735. Hist, juris Bomani Justinianei chronologica, 1718-26 — Novum volumen Scriptorum rerum Germani- carum, §c, 17 19 — Nova Scriptorum ac Monu- mentorum partim rarissimorum, partim inedit- orum collection 1 7 3 1 - 2 . Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm, (Ama- deus,) novelist, $c, — b. at Konigsberg, 24 Jan. 1776 — assessor of Court at Posen, Mar. 1800 a ■ — Counsellor at Warsaw, summer 1804 — Musical Director of the Theatre at Bamberg, 1808 — at Dresden, 181 3 — Judge at Berlin, 18 14 — tf. there, 25 Jun., a 21 JuL, b 24 Jul. c 1822. Phantasiestiicke in Callot's Manier, 1 8 14 — Nachtstiicke, 18 17 — Die Serapions- br iider, 1 8 1 9 - 2 1 — Meister Floh, 1822. a Carlyle. b Engl. Cye. c Conv.-Lex. Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, — b. at Halle, 1660 — M.D. Jena, 1681 — settles at Minden, 1682 — visits Holland and England, 1684 — physician to Elector of Brandenburg, 1686 — Prof. Medicine, Halle, 1693- 1742— ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1701 — F.R.S. London, 1720 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 17 31 — tf. at Halle, 12 Nov. 1742. Opera, 1740. Hoffmann, Johann Gottfried, publicist — b. at Breslau, 19 Jul. 1765 — studies at Halle, 1784 — at Konigsberg, 1787 — Prof. Practical Philosophy, 1807 — Councillor of State, Berlin, 1808 — Prof. Political Sciences, 18 10 — attends Congress of Vienna, 1 814 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1832 — tf. at Berlin, 12 Nov. 1847. Beitrdge zur Statist ik des preuss. Staats, 1821 ■ — Die Lehre vom Gelde, 1838 — Die Lehre von den Steuern, 1840 — Das Verhdltniss der Staats- gewalt zu den Vorstellungen Hirer Unterthanen, 1842. Hoffmann, {Hofmann,) Johann Jakob, philologist, — b. at Basel, 1635 — Prof. Greek, 1667— Prof. History, 1684 — tf. there, May 1706. Lexicon universale, 1677,* 1667 b — Continuatio, 1683. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Hoffmann, Johann Moritz, physician,— b. at Altdorf, 1653— M.D. there, 1675— Prof. Anatomy, 1677-1709 — Prof. Botany, 1698 — tf. at Anspach, 31 Oct. 1727. Continuation of Florce Aldtorfince delicice, 1703. Hoffmann, Johann Wilhelm, jurist, — b. at Zittau, 17 10 — studies at Frankfort, 1728 — LL.D., 1732 — Prof. History, Wittenberg, 1737 ■ — Prof. Laws, 1739 — tf. there, 12 Nov. 1739. Diss, dejuribus e migrant ium propter religionem, 1732 — Diss, de jure publico quod in rom. imperio interregni magni tempore obtinuit, 1736 ■ — De lubrico art is diplomatics, 1737. Hoffmann, Moritz, physician, — b. in Bran- denburg, 1622 — studies at Altdorf, 1638 — at Padua, 1 64 1 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Altdorf, 1648 — Prof. Botany, 1653 — tf., 1698 — Florce Aldtorfince delicice sylvestres, 1662 — Florce Aldtorfince delicice hortenses, 1660. Hoffmann, Tycho, — b. in Denmark, Dec. 17 15 — studies at Copenhagen, 1735-8 — F.R.S. London, about 1745 ? — tf. Councillor of Justice, 14 Feb. 1754. Portraits historiques des hommes illusires de Danemark, 1746. Hoffmannsegg, Johann Centurius, botanist, ■ — b. at Dresden, 23 May 1766 — studies at Gottingen, 1786 — visits Portugal, 1797-1801 — tf. at Dresden,. 13 Dec. 1849. (With Link,) Flore Portugaise, 1809-33. Hoffmanowa, Klementyna z Tanskich, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Warsaw, 23 Nov. 1798 — superintendent of Normal School for governesses at Warsaw, 1827 — marries M. Hoffman, 1829 — tf. at Paris, 20 Sep. 1845. Wybor Pism, 1833 — Pisma Posmiertne, 1849. Hofland, Barbara, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Sheffield, 1770 — marries T. B. Hoole, 1796 — widow, 1798 — marries Mr Hofland, 1808 — settles in London, 1811 — widow again, 1843 — tf., 9 Nov. 1844. Decision, 1824 — Son of a Genius, 1822 — Poems, 1805. Hofland, Thomas Christopher, painter, — b. at Worksop, 25 Dec. 1777 — settles in London, 18 14 — visits Italy, 1840 — tf. at Leamington, 3 Jan. 1843. Views of White Knights, seat of Duke of Marlborough, 1816-19 — British Angler's Manual, 1839. Hofmannswaldau, Christian Hofmann von, poet, — b. at Breslau, 1618— tf. there, 1679. Gedi elite, 1673. Hogarth, William, painter, engraver, — b. in London, 10 Dec., a 10 Nov. b 1697 — ap- prenticed to Gamble the silversmith, probably i7i2 b — begins business as engraver, 1720 — studies under Thornhill, 1724 — marries Thorn- hill's daughter, 173CV 23 Mar. 1729b — serjeant painter to the king, 1757 — tf. in London, 26 Oct. 1764. Illustrations to Hudibras, 1726 — Modern Midnight Conversation, 1732 — Harlot's Progress, 1733-4 — Pake's Progress, 1735 — Marriage a la Mode, 1745 — Lord Lovat, 1746 P — Industrious Apprentice, Idle Apprentice, 1747 — March to Finchley, 1746 — Analysis of Beauty, 1753 — Flection, 1758 — Sigismunda, 1759. a Wornum. b Sa i a# Hogendorp, Dyrk, Count van, general, — b. at Rotterdam, 1761 — Minister of War to Louis Bonaparte, 1806 — Plenipotentiary to Vienna, 1807 — to Berlin, 1809 — to Madrid, 18 10 — General of Division, aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. , Jan. to Mar. 1 8 1 1 — serves in Russian campaign, 1 8 12 — governor of Hamburg, Jun. 1813 — serves under Napoleon at Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — tf. in Brazil, 1830. Hogendorp, Ghisbert Karl, Count van, statesman, — b. at Rotterdam, 27 Oct. 1762 — goes to Berlin, and enters the array, 1773 — visits America, 1783 — LL.D. Leyden, 1784 — pensionary of Rotterdam, about 1787 — resigns, 1795 — contributes to reestablishment of House of Orange, 1 8 1 3 — Pres. of Commission for pre- paring New Constitution, 1813-14 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, V.P. Council of State, 18 14 — Grand Cross of the Lion, 18 14 — tf. at the Hague, 5 Aug. 1834. 45 706 HOGG— HOLBEIN. Hogg, James, {Ettrick Shepherd,) poet, — 5. at Ettrick, Selkirkshire, 25 Jan. ? 1772 — makes acquaintance of Scott, 1801 — marries, 18 14 — if. at Altrive, 21 Nov. 1835. Mountain Bard, 1803 — Queen's Wake, 18 13 — Poetic Mirror, 1 8 14. Hogue, La, Cape, — Admiral Russell defeats de Tourville off, 19, 20, and 22 May 1692. Hohenburg, near Langensalza, — defeat of Saxons by Emperor Henry IV. at, 8 Jun. 1075. Hohen-Friedberg, — Frederick II. defeats Austrians and Saxons at, 4 Jun. 1745. Hohenlinden, in Bavaria, — Moreau defeats Archduke John of Austria, 3 Dec. 1800. Convention of, between French and Imperialists, extending armistice for 45 days, signed 28 Sep. 1800. Hohenlohe, Conrad of,— enters service of Frederick II., 1220 — made Count of Molise, 1229 — visits Frederick at Capua, 1242 — attends him at Verona, 1245. Hohenlohe, Godfrey of, — enters service of Frederick II., 1220— attends him at Eavenna, 1 23 1 — joint guardian of Conrad, King of the Romans, about 1240 — attends him to Verona, 1245. Hohenlohe, Godfrey of, — elected Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, to succeed Conrad of Feuchtwagen, 14 Sep. 1297 — "a., 1309. Hohenlohe, Henry of, — elected Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, 1244 — c\, 1253 ? Hohenlohe -Bartenstein-Jaxtberg, Karl Joseph Justin Ernst, Prince von, general, — fj., 12 Dec. 1767/ 1 1766 b — seigneur of Oberbronn, Alsace, 1787 — serves under Prince of Conde, 1793 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1796 — Marechal de Camp, by Louis XVIII., 1797 — takes part in Russian campaign, 1812 — Lieutenant-general, 1815— rj., 6 Jul. 1838^ a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prince Friedrich Ludwig von, general, — ft., 31 Jan. 1746 — serves in Hanoverian war, 1762 — commands under Duke of Brunswick in expedition of Champagne, 1792 — takes part in campaigns of the Rhine, 1793-4 — commander of army on the Ems, 1795 — Lieutenant-general, 1796 — succeeds to possessions of family of H. Langen- burg-Ohringen, 1805 — at battle of Jena, 14 Oct. 1806— rj. in Silesia, 26 Feb. i8i7, a i8i8. b a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Hohenlohe - Waldenburg - Bartenstein, Prince Ludwig Aloysius Joachim von, general, Marshal or France, — h., 18 Aug. 1765— enters service of the Palatinate, 1784 — serves under Prince of Conde in campaigns of 1792-3 — surrounded by army of Pichegru, effects retreat, 1793 — serves on the Rhine, 1796-8 — Major-general, 1799 — governor of the two Galicias, 1 807 — takes part in campaigns of 18 1 3- 14 — naturalized in France, 18 15 — com- mander of St Michael and the Holy Ghost, 9 Jun. 1815— serves in expedition to Spain, 1823 — Peer and Marshal of France, 1827 — rj. at Paris, 31 May, a 4 Jun. b 1829. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Hohenlohe - Waldenburg - Schillingsfurst, Alexander Leopold Franz Emmerich, Prince, \os, — fc., 17 Aug. 1794 — ordained priest, 1815 —enters Society of Heart of Jesus, at Rome, 1 8 16 — settles in Bavaria, 18 17 — makes pre- tensions to miraculous cures, 1819 — is refused papal sanction, 1821 — Grand Provost of Gross- waradein, 1829 — Bp in partibus of Sardica, 1844 — rj. near "Waldenburg, 1850. Der im Geiste der Jcatholischen Kirche betende Christy 1 8 1 9— Was ist der Zeit- Geist ? 1 82 1 . Hohenstauffen, in Suabia, — Frederick von Buren, lord of, serves Emperor Henry IV. in war with his rival Rudolph, 1077-80 — marries Agnes, daughter of Henry, and receives Duchy of Suabia, 1080 — carries on war against Guelfs and Zahringens, 1085-1105 — o\, 1105 — [Sua- bia, Dukes of, Conrad, Frederick I., Frederick II. and other Kings of Germany.'] — house of, occupies imperial throne, 11 38-1 254. Hohenwarth, Sigismund Anton, Count von, Prince of Gerlachstein, Abp op Vienna, — fj. at Gerlachstein, 1730 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1747 — Bp of Trieste, 1772 — tutor to sons of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1778 — Bp of Saint-Poelten, 1784 — Abp of Vienna, 1803 — Pres. of Commission of Public Instruc- tion, 1806 — Grand Cross of Order of Leopold, 1 8 18 — rj. at Vienna, 1 Jul. 1820. Hohenzollern, House of, — founded by Count Thassilo, who fc., 800 — Conrad I. becomes Burgrave of Niirnberg, 1200 — dignity of prince and burgraviate made hereditary for Frederick: III., 1273 — Frederick VI. acquires margravi- ate of Brandenburg, 141 7 — [Frederick of Ho- henzollern] — division of, into two branches, H.-Sigmaringen and H.-Hechingen, 1576 — sovereign rights of, ceded to king of Prussia, by treaty of 7 Dec. 1849 — ^ e °f Highness conferred on heads of : hereditary possessions of Prince of H.-Hechingen, ceded to Prince of H.-Sigmaringen, by family compact, 3 Feb. 1850. Hohenzollern-Hectingen, Prince Frans Xavier von, field-marshal,— h., 1757 — serves in army of the Netherlands, 1793 — Major- general in army of Italy, 1796 — serves in Italy, 1799 — taken prisoner at Ulm, at battles of Ess- ling, Aspern, &c, 1809 — commands in Galicia, 1 81 2 — in Saxony against French, 1813 — tr. at Vienna, 5 Apr. 1844. Hoijer, Benjamin Karl Henrik, philosopher, — h. at Klingsbo, Dalecarlia, 1 Jun. 1767 — • studies at Upsala, 1783— Ph.D., 1788— Prof. Philosophy. 1809- — fr. at Upsala, 13 Jun. 1812. Samlade Skrifter, 1825-7. Holbach, Paul Thyry, Baron d', philoso- pher,- — h. in the Palatinate, 1723—13. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1789. Systems de la Nature, 1776 — Le bon Sens, 1772 — La Morale Universelle, 1776. Holbein, Hans, the elder, painter, — 6. at Augsburg, about 1459-60 — living there, 1524. Holbein, Hans, the younger, painter, — rj. at Augsburg, 1495 — removes to Basel, 15 15-16— obtains right of citizenship, 1520 — goes to England, enters family of Sir Thomas More, 1526 — in service of Henry VIII. not later than 1537 — "0. in London, 1543. Portrait of Amer- bach, 15 1 9 — Frescoes, Town Hall of Basel, 1508-21 — Altar piece, Martyrdom of St Sebas- tian, between 1510-16 — Mis family group, 15^6 HOLBEIN— HOLLAND. 707 — The Passion, 15 2 1-5— the Meyer Madonna, Darmstadt, 1526 ?— -Henry VIII., Queen Jane, and Henry VII, 1537 — this picture burnt at Whitehall, Jan. 1698— Dance of Death, 1538- 45 — Exhibition of his works at Dresden, 15 Aug-, to 15 Oct. 187 1. Holbein, Sigmund, painter— b. at Augs- burg, about 1465 — paints there, 1494- 1507 — goes to Basel, 15 16 — tf. at Berne, between 6 Sep. and 18 Nov. 1540. Holberg, Ludvig, Baron von, poet, drama- tist— -b. at Bergen, Norway, 1684— Prof. Me- taphysics, Copenhagen, 17 18 — Prof. Eloquence, 1720 — Rector of the University, 1735 — Baron, 1747 — tf., 27 Jan. 1754. Peder Paars, 1719 — Hans Mikhelsens Metamorphosis eller Forvand- linger, 1726 — Niels Klims Subterraneous Jour- ney, \i\\ — Danmarks Piges Historie, 1732-5 — Helteheltinds historier, 1739-45. Holborn Valley Viaduct, london, — first stone laid, 3 Jun. 1867 — opened by Queen Victoria, 6 Nov. 1869. Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, translator, — b. in London, Dec. 1745 (o.s.)— devotes him- self to literature, about 1780 — arrested on charge of high treason, but liberated without trial, 1794 — tf., 23 Mar. 1809. Memoirs, 1816. Holden, Henry, theologian, — b. in Lanca- shire, 1596 — studies at Paris, 1623— tf. there, about 1665. Divince jidei analysis, 1652 — Marginal notes on the New Testament, 1660. Holder, William, writer on music, §c, — b., 1 6 14 — rector of Blechingdon, 1642 — invents method of teaching deaf and dumb, 1659 — F.R.S., 1660 — tf. in London, 24 Jan. 1697. Elements of Speech, 1669 — Treatise on Princi- ples of Harmony, 1694. Holderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, poet, — b. in Suabia, 1770 — tf. at Tubingen, 7 Jun. 1843. lyrische Gedichte, 1826 — Hype- rion, 1797-99. Holford, George Peter,— B.A. Cambridge, 1788 — M.A., 1791 — called to the bar at Lin- coln's Inn, 12 Jul. 1791 — M.P. Bossiney, Dec. 1802 — under-secretary to Commission on affairs of India, Mar. 1804 to Feb. 1806— introduces bill for better management of prisons of Lon- don, 14 Jun. 1 8 14 — tf. in London, 30 Apr. 1839. Holinshed, (Hollynshed,) Raphael, {Ralph,) historian, — M.A. Cambridge, 1544? — tf. at Bromcote, Warwickshire, about 1580. Chroni- cles comprising the description and history of England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1577. Holkar, Jeswunt Rao, Mahratta Chief- tain, — declares himself regent, 1801 — defeated by Dowlut Rao Sindia, at Indore, 14 Oct. 1801 — defeats Sindia near Poona, 25 Oct. 1802 — war declared against, by British, 16 Apr. 1804 — attacks Delhi, 8 Oct. — repulsed, 17 Oct. — defeated by Gen. Fraser, at Deig, 13 Nov. 1804 ■ — defeated by Gen. Lake, near Bhurtpoor, 2 Apr. 1805 — joins Sindia, 15 Apr. — ravages British territories, Sep. — signs peace with Eng- lish, and gives up his maritime provinces, 24 Dec. 1805 — tf. at Bampurah, 27 Oct. 181 1. Holkar, Mulhar Rao, Mahratta Chief- tain, — takes part in invasion of Gujerat, 17 21 — leads army to Delhi, 1735 — obtains grant of territory in Malwa, about 1736 — contributes to conquest of Bhopal, 1738 — assists at siege of Bassein, 1739 — takes part in war against Ro- hillas, 1 75 1 — defeated by Afghans at battle of Paniput, 1761 — ft., 1765. Holkar, Mulhar Rao, Mahratta Chief, — b., 1804 — succeeds his father Jeswunt Rao, 181 1 — defeated by Sir T. Hislop, at Mehud- poor, 21 Dec. 1817 — makes peace with Brit- ish, 6 Jan. 18 1 8 — tf., 1833. Holkar, Tuckagee, Mahratta Chieftain, — takes chief command of Mahratta army, 1767 — member of Council of Regency, takes part in war against the English, 1774 — renews hos- tilities^ 1778 — defeated by Colonel Goddard, 1782 — joins alliance against Tippoo Saib, 1786 —introduces European discipline and tactics in his army, 1792 — &., 1797. Holl, Elias, architect, — b. at Augsburg, 1573 — as Protestant, loses his place of city architect, 1630 — tf., 1636. Rathhaus, Augs- burg, 1615-20. Holland, Counts of, County of, [Batavi, Frisii, Netherlands,] — forms part of County of Friesland, 860 — separate County, 86 3, a 922 b — hereditary, for Dietrich II., by Emperor Otto III., 985 — Arntjlph the Great, succeeds his father, 988 — Dietrich III., (son,) 1003 or 1004 — makes pilgrimage to Holy Land, 1039 — Dietrich IV., (son,) Dec. 1039 — invasion by Counts of Flanders, 1045 c — Florence I., (brother,) 1049— Dietrich V., (son,) b., 1057 — succeeds, 1061 — name of Holland first used, in grant of Emperor Henry IV., 1064 d — Florence II., (son,) 1091 — Dietrich VI., (son,) 1 1 22 — visits Pope Innocent II. at Rome, 1 1 39 — goes to Jerusalem, 1139-40 — Florence III., (son,) Aug. 1 157 — assists at Diet of Roncaglia, 1158 — receives submission of West Frisians, 1161 — defeated and made prisoner by Philip of Alsace at Arnstein, 11 66 — confined at Bruges till 27 Feb. 1168 — makes war on Frisians, 1178-84 — sets out with Emperor Frederick I., n 89 — tf. at Antioch, 1 Aug. n 89 — Dietrich VIL, (son,) 11 89 — acknowledges himself vassal of Duke of Brabant for South Holland, 3 Nov. 1200 — takes Bois-le-Duc, 4 Sep. 1202 — taken prisoner by Duke of Brabant, Sep. 1202 — tf. at Dort, 4 Nov. 1203 — Ada, (daughter,) 1203 — married to Louis, Count of Loss, Nov. 1203 — deprived and banished by William I., brother of Dietrich VIL, 1203 — Florence IV., (son,) b., 12 10 — succeeds, Feb. 1223- — conducts expedition against Stade, 1234 — William II., (son,) 1234 — Florence V., (son,) b., 1254 — succeeds, 1256 — assumes go- vernment, not later than Jul. 1266 — carries on war with West Frisians, 1272-82 — wounded at battle of Alkmaar, 20 Aug. 1272 — again sub- dues West Frisians, 1287-8 — quarrels with Guy, Count of Flanders, and is captured by him, 1290 — assassinated near Muyderberg, 28 Jun. 1296 — John I., (son,) b., 1281 — succeeds, 1296 — marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward I. of England, 7 Jan. 1297 — tf., 10 Nov. 1299 — John II., {John d'Avenes, Count of Hain- ault,) (uncle,) 1299 — obtains investiture from Emperor Albert, 15 Aug. 1300 — loses Zeeland 45-* 708 HOLLAND— HOLLOWAY. to Guy, Count of Flanders, 1 300 — defeated in attempt to recover it, Mar. 1304 — South Hol- land conquered by Guy, but recovered, 1304 — fo., 22 Aug. 1304 — William III., (son,) 1304 — "William IV., (son,) succeeds, Jun. 1337 — besieges Utrecht, 1345 — a truce negotiated; marches against Frisians, falls into ambuscade and is killed, Sep. 1345 — Margaret, (sister,) 1345 — receives investiture from her husband, Emperor Louis of Bavaria, 15 Jan. 1346 — rebellion of her son, William, rise of the factions of the Kabbeljaw and Hook, 1350 — obtains English auxiliaries, and defeats Wil- liam off Walcheren, about Feb. 1351 — defeated by him, 4 Jul. 1351 — retires to England: peace arranged by mediation of Edward III., 7 Dec. 1354 — U. at Valenciennes, 23 Jun. 1356 — William V., (son,) 1356 — makes treaty of peace with John d'Arkel, Bp of Utrecht, Jun. 1356 — visits London, and becomes insane, 1356 — his brother Albert protector, Feb. 1358 — investiture of Holland, Zeeland, &c, given to Albert, by Emperor Charles IV., about 1371 — death of William, Apr. 1389 — Albert, recog- nized as Count, 1389 — driven into exile, 1392-4 — if., 13 Dec. 1404 — William VI., (son,) 1404 — Jacqueline, (daughter,) 1417 — declares itself no lief of Empire, 141 8 — great inundation, 142 r — cession of her estates to Duke of Bur- gundy, 1433 — war wrtn Hanse Towns, 1438-41 — Holland forms one of United Provinces, 1578 — forms part of Batavian Republic, 1795 — [Holland, Kingdom of.] a Some authorities. b Others. c Davies. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Holland, Kingdom of, — constituted by Na- poleon I. for his brother Louis Bonaparte, 1806 — on his resignation, incorporated with French Empire, 18 10 — expulsion of the French, and recall of Prince of Orange, Nov. 181 3 — with Belgium, forms kingdom of. the Nether- lands, May 18 15 — again separate kingdom under William I., 183c?— William II. succeeds on abdication of his father, 1840 — William III., (son,) Mar. 1849. Holland, New. [New Holland.] Holland, Henry Fox, 1st Lord, statesman, — h., 1705 — M.P. Hendon, 1735 — Inspector- general of Board of Works, 1737 — M.P. Windsor, 1741 — ( ommissioner of the Treasury, 1743 — marries Lady Caroline Lennox, 2 May 1744 — Secretary at War, Privy Councillor, 1746 — Secretary of State, Nov. 1755 — Pay- master-general of the Forces, 1757 — his wife created Baroness Holland, 6 May 1762 — resigns, and is raised to the peerage, 16 Apr. 1763 — 0. at Kensington, 1 Jul. 1774. Holland, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of, — created Baron Kensington, 8 Mar. 1622 — Earl of Holland, 1624 — K.G., 1625 — opposes Straf- ford, 1640 — member of Committee sent to Scotland to watch proceedings of Charles I., autumn 1640 a — deprived of his office of groom of the stole, May 1642 — attempts to regain favour of the king, fights on his side at New- bury , a 1643 — appears in arms for Charles I., Jul. 1648 — taken prisoner by Parliamentarians at St Neots, 10 Jul. — executed, 9 Mar. 1649. a Guizot. Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, Lord, statesman, — fc. in Wiltshire, 21 Nov. 1773 — succeeds to the peerage on death of his brother Stephen, Dec. 1774 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, Oct. 1790 — travels on the continent, 1791 — honorary M.A., 20 Jun. 1792 — visits Spain and Italy, 1793-6 — marries Elizabeth Vassall, Lady Webster, and assumes name of Vassall, 9 Jul. 1797 — makes first speech in House of Lords, Jan. 1798 — visits Germany, 1800— visits Spain, 1802-5 — com ' missioner and plenipotentiary with Lord Auck- land for settling disputes with United States, Privy Councillor, Aug. 1806 — Lord Privy Seal, 15 Oct. 1806 to Apr. 1807 — Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, Nov. 1830 — fc. at Ken- sington, 22 Oct. 1840. Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Felix de Vega Carpio, 1806 — Three Comedies from the Spanish, 1807 — Foreign Reminiscences, 1850 — Memoirs of the Whig Party, 1852. Holland, Henry, architect, — fc., about 1746 — tf. in London, 17 Jun. 1806. Fortico of Carlton House, about 1784 — (old) Lrury Lane Theatre, 1794. Holland, James, painter, — b. at Burslem, Sep. 1800 — settles in London, 1819 — first exhibits at Royal Academy, 1824 — visits France, 1830 — visits Italy, 1836 — member of Society of British Artists, 1841-8 — member of Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1858 — ft., 12 Feb. 1870. Greenwich Hospital, 1836— Lisbon, 1839. Holland, Sir John. [Huntingdon, Earl or.] Holland, Philemon, translator, — n. at Chelmsford, about 155 1 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 1587 — M.D. Cambridge, 1591 — tJ., Feb. 1636. Translations of Livy, 1600 — of Suetonius, 1606 — of Flutarch's Morals, 1657 — of Fliny's Natural History, 1601 — ■ of Camden's Britannia, 16 10. Hollar, Wenzel, ' designer, engraver, — fo. at Prague, i6c>7, ac 1603 b — pupil of MattheAv Merian at Frankfort, about 1620 — enters service of Lord Arundel, and accompanies him to England, 1636 — taken prisoner at siege of Basing House, 1645 — returns from Antwerp, 1652 — sent to Tangier, to take views of the town, fortifications, &c, 1669 — "ft. in London, 28 Mar. 1677. Virgin and Christ, after Diirer, 1625 — Greenwich, 1637 — Ornatus mu- liebris Anglicanus, 1640. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bryan. Holies, (Hollis,) Denzil, statesman, — ft. at Haughton, Nottinghamshire, 1597 — M.P. Dorchester, 1627 — compels Speaker to sit till resolution against tonnage and poundage passed, 2 Mar. 1629 —advises Charles I. respecting Straf- ford, May 1 641 — one of the Five Members impeached by the king, 3 Jan. 1642 — one of the Commissioners to treat with Charles I. at Ox- ford, Nov. 1644 — goes abroad, 1647 — created Baron Hollis, Apr. 1661 — ambassador to France, 1663 — plenipotentiary at Breda, 1667 — tf., 1680. Hollis, Thomas, philanthropist, — ft. in Lon- don, Apr. 1720 — student at Lincoln's Inn, 1740 — travels on the continent, 1748 and 1750 — tf. at Corscombe, Dorsetshire, 1 Jan. 1774. Holloway, Thomas, engraver, — ft. in London, HO LLO WAY— HOLSTEIN. 709 1748 — tf. at Coltishall near Norwich, Feb. 1827. Cartoons of Raffaelle, 1800-26 a — Illus- trations to Zavater's Physiognomy, 17 89-98. b a Ruland. b Watt. Holloway, John, admiral, — ft. at Wells, Somersetshire, 1742 — enters the navy, 1760 — serves under Lord Howe in N. America, 1778 — serves under Rodney in West Indies, 1779 — Post- Captain, Jan. 1780— takes part in relief of Gibraltar, Sep. 1782 — Captain of the Fleet under Admiral Hotham, 1794 — assists in suppression of mutiny at Spithead, May 1797 — llear-admiral, Feb. 1799 — Vice-admiral, Apr. 1804 — serves under Lord Keith, 1804-7 — Go- vernor of Newfoundland, 1807-9 — Admiral, Oct. 1809— tf. at Wells, 26 Jun. 1826. Holm, The, in Kent, — the Northmen de- feated by Kentish men, 902^ 904. b a A.S. Chron. b Florence of "Worcester. Holman, James, the blind traveller, — ft., .1791 — enters the navy, Dec. 1798 — Lieutenant, 1807 — invalided, 18 10 — his first travels in Europe, 18 19-21 — second, 1822-4 — arrested as a spy in Russia, 1824 — travels in Asia, Africa, America, and Australia, 1827-32 — Tj. in Lon- don, 29 Jul. 1857. Narrative of Journey in 1819-20-21, 1822 — Travels through Russia, Siberia, §c, 1825 — Voyage round the World, 1834. Holmes, Sir Robert, naval commander, — sent out by African Company, captures Dutch settlements on coast of Africa, 1661 — takes Goree and Cape Corse Castle, 1664 — reduces New Amsterdam, (New York,) 27 Aug. 1664 a • — Knt by Charles II., 27 Mar. 1666 b — destroys Dutch shipping in the Ylie, autumn 1666 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, Sep. 1667 ■ — as governor of Isle of Wight, receives Charles II. and James, Duke of York, Jul. 167 1 — un- successfully attempts to capture Dutch Smyrna fleet, 13 Mar. 1672 — again receives the king in Isle of Wight, 2 Jul. 1675. a Annals of England. b Charnock. Holmskiold, Theodor von, physician, na- turalist, — ft. in Denmark, 1732— Prof. Medi- cine and Natural History, Soroee, 1762 — Knt of the Danebrog, 1781— "&., 1793. JBeataruris otia fungis Daniels impensa, 1790-99. Holmstroem, Israel, poet, — auditor-general of Swedish militia, 1697 — secretary to Charles XII., follows him in his campaigns, 1700-8 — ft. in Lithuania, 24 Feb. 1708. Holobolus, Manuel, theologian, — mutilated and confined in a convent by Michael Palasolo-- gus, about 1262 — appointed master of school for ecclesiastics by Germanus, 1267 — opposes union of Latin and Greek Churches : banished, 1273 — attends Council of Constantinople, 1283. Holste, Lucas. [Holstenius.] Holstein, (Holsatia, Cimbric Chersonese,) — subdued by Charles the Great, who transports 10,000 families to Flanders, Brabant, and Hol- land, 803 — forms part of the Empire by treaty with king of Denmark, 811 — given to Adolph of Salingsleben, Count of Schauenburg, by Conrad II., 1030 — erected into a County for his grandson Adolph, about mo — Adolph II., (son,) 1 1 33 —obtains Wagria, about 1 140 — with Henry the Lion makes w r ar on the Yan- dals, 1163 — killed in combat, 11 64— AdolPh III., (son,) 1 1 64 — carries on war with Cnut VI. of Denmark, from n 92 — cedes to him the Dithmarsh and Eendsburg, 1200 — takes Lau- enburg, 1200 — taken prisoner by Prince Wal- demar of Denmark, 1201 — released on giving up Holstein, 1203 — b\, 1232 — Adolph IV. (son) recovers Holstein, 1224 — resigns his estates and becomes Cordelier, 1240 — tf., 1260 ■ — Gerhard, (son,) 1240 — attempts of Den- mark to reconquer — Henry, (son,) 1281 — Gerhard II.., (son,) 1 3 1 o — defeats Christopher, king of Denmark, at Gottorp and conquers part of Schleswig, 1325 — deposes him and is declared regent of Denmark, 1326 — with Waldemar Duke of Schleswig again defeats him, 1329 — concludes treaty and agrees to his restoration, at Ripen, 25 P'eb. 1330 — defeats and imprisons Otto, son of Christopher, 1334 — assassinated, 1 Apr. 1340 — Henry II., (son,) 1340 — his sister Elizabeth seized and detained by Wal- demar, king of Denmark, 1362 — joins Sweden and the Hanse Towns in war with Denmark, and takes Copenhagen, 1362 — refuses crown of Sweden, 1363 — takes possession of Schleswig, 1375 — if., 1 38 1 — Gerard III., (VI.,) (son,) 1 38 1 — receives investiture of Schleswig, from Olaus, king of Denmark, 1386 — family com- pact between Counts of Holstein and of Schauen- burg for reciprocal succession, 1390 — refuses to do homage for Schleswig, 1392 — makes w r ar on the Dithmarshes, 1403-4 — killed in com- bat, 1404 — Henry III., (VI.,) (son,) 1404 — deprived of Schleswig by judgment of Emperor Sigismund, 1415 — Adolph VII., (brother,) 142 1 — provisional arrangement respecting Schleswig, by Treaty of Wordinborg, 1435 — receives investiture of Schleswig from Ckris- toph III. of Denmark, 1441 — refuses crown of Denmark, 1448 — !?., 4 Dec. 1459 — Chris- tian I., (nephew,) (king of Denmark, Nor- way and Sweden,) 1459 — procures erection of Holstein into a Duchy by Frederick III., Feb. 1474 — John {king of Denmark) and Frederick. I. (sons) dispute succession, 148 r — agree to hold jointly, 1484 — make partition of the two Duchies, 10 Aug. 1489 — invade the Dithmarsh and are defeated, Feb. 1506 — Christian II. {king of Denmark) with Fred- erick I., Feb. 15 1 3 — Christian obtains from Charles V. right of investiture of Dukes of Holstein, 152 1 — Frederick refuses homage, 1522 — he accepts crown of Denmark, on de- position of Christian, 1523 — [Frederick I.] — Christian II. ft., 1503 — succeeds his father Frederick in Holstein and Schleswig, 1533 — publishes Act of Union, declaring Duchies fiefs of Denmark, 1533 — elected King of Den- mark, 1534— [Christian III.]— division of the Duchies between Christian and his brothers, I544- Holstein - Gottorp : Adolph IX. — ft., 1526— with his brothers receives investiture from Charles V. at Brussels, 1548 — aids king of Denmark in subjugation of Dithmarshes, 1559 — visits England, and is made K.G. by Q,ueen Elizabeth, 1560 — aids Philip II. against 710 HOLSTEIN-AUGUSTENBURG— HOLT. Dutch, 1572— tf., 1 Oct. 1586 — Frederick, (son,) t., 1568 — succeeds, 1586 — tf., Jun. 1587 — Philip, (brother,) h., 1570 — succeeds, 1587 — ft., Oct. 1590 — JohnAdolph, (brother,) $•> 1 515 — becomes Abp of Bremen, 1585 — Bp of Liibeck, 1586 — succeeds in Gottorp, 1590 — with Christian IV. of Denmark receives homage of Hamburg, 30 Oct. 1603 — founds library at Gottorp, 1606 — obtains for his family right of primogeniture, 1609 — tf., 31 Mar. 1616 — Frederick, (son,) fc., 1597 — succeeds, 1616 — receives Dutch Remonstrants and founds Frederickstadt for them, 1621 — sends embassy to king of Persia, 1638 — obtains cession of rights of suzerainty over Schleswig from king of Denmark, by Treaty of Roeskilde, 1658 — cession confirmed by Treaty of Copenhagen, 1660 — tj., 10 Aug. 1659 — Christian Albert, (son,) ft., 1641 — Bp of Liibeck, 1655 — suc- ceeds, 1659 — joins alliance of France, Sweden, and England, 1672 — agrees to conference with king of Denmark at Rendsburg, and is made prisoner by him, 25 Jun. 1675 — renounces sovereignty by treaty of 10 Jul. 1675 — places himself under French protection, about 1676 — reinstated by Treaty of St Germain, 2 Sep. 1679 — renewed rupture with Denmark, 1684 — peace restored by mediation of Emperor, 20 Jun. 1689 — tf. at Kiel, 6 Jan. 1695 — Fred- erick IV., (son,) h., 1671- — succeeds in Got- torp and Schleswig, 1694-5 — marries Hedwig Sophia, daughter of Charles XL of Sweden, 1698 — generalissimo of Swedish troops in Ger- many, 1698 — his Duchy conquered by king of Denmark, 1699 — peace restored by mediation of France, 18 Aug. 1699 — joins Charles XII. in Poland, and is killed at battle of Clissow, 19 Jul. 1702 — Charles Frederick, (son,) fi., 19 Apr. 1700 — succeeds, 1702 — administra- tion of Christian Augustus, his uncle ; Ton- ningen seized and destroyed by Danes, 17 15 — on death of Charles XII. is declared Prince hereditary of Sweden, 17 18— Schleswig given up to Denmark by Treaty of Stockholm, 1720 — marries Anne Petrowna, daughter of Peter the Great, 1 Jun. 1725 — tf-, 18 Jun. 1739 — Charles Peter Ulrich (son) succeeds, 1739 — regency of Adolph Frederick of Sweden : Grand-Duke of Bussia and heir-presumptive of the Empire, 18 Nov. 1742— [Peter III. of Russia] —Paul Petrowitz, (son,) h. at St Petersburg, 1 Oct. 1754 — succeeds in Hol- stein-Gottorp, 1762— declared Duke of Russia and heir-presumptive, 1762 — gives up claim to Schleswig and agrees to exchange of Gottorp for Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, ^69 — arrangement carried out, on surrender of Duchy of nolstein to Denmark, 16 Nov. !^ 73 — Duchy incorporated with Denmark by letters patent of Christian VII., 6 Sep. 1806 — occupied by Swedes and Russians, 181 3 — restored to Denmark by Treaty of Kiel, Jan. 18 14 — member of German Confederation, 18 15 — representative constitution introduced by law of 28 May 1 83 1 — disputes respecting succession to the throne begin, on death of Frederick VI., Dec. 1839. [Schleswig -Holstein.J Holstein-Augustenburg,— falls to Ernest Gunther, son of Duke Alexander of Sonder- burg, 1627— Frederick, (son,) 1689 — Ernest Augustus, (brother,) 1692 — Christian Au- gustus, (nephew,) 173 1 — Frederick Chris- tian I., (son,) 1754 — Frederick Christian II., (son,) 1795 — Christian Charles Frederick Augustus, (son,) 1814. Holstein-Beck, — falls to Augustus Philip, son of Duke Alexander of Sonderburg, 1627 — Augustus, (son,) 1675 — Frederick "William, (son,) 1689 — Frederick Louis, (uncle,) 17 19 — Frederick William II., (son,) 1728 — Frederick William III., (son,) 1749 — Charles Louis, (uncle,) 1757 — Peter Augustus, (brother,) 1774 — Frederick Charles Louis, (grandson,) 1775 — William Paul Leopold, (son,) 1816. Holstein-Eutin, — separate principality for Christian Augustus, son of Duke Christian Albert, 1695 — Adolphus Frederick, (son,) succeeds, 1726 — becomes king of Sweden, 1750. [Adolphus Frederick.] Holstein-Glucksburg, — falls to Philip, son of John the Younger of Sonderburg, 1627 — Christian, (son,) 1663 ■ — Philip Ernest, (son,) 1698 — Frederick, (son,) 1729 — Frederick Henry, (son,) 1766 — tf., and his line extinct, 13 Mar. 1779. Holstein-Ploen, — falls to Joachim Ernest, son of Duke John the Younger of Sonderburg, 1622 — John Adolphus, (son,) 1671 — Major- general of Imperial cavalry, serves against Turks, 1664 — commands troops of Brunswick in Al- sace, 1674-5 — contributes to defeat of Marshal Crequi at Consarbriick, and to capture of Treves, 1675 — obtains Counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst and cedes them to king of Denmark in exchange, 1676 — Marshal-general of armies of States of Holland, 1693 — tf., 1704 — Leopold Augustus, (grandson,) 1704 — Joachim Frederick, (grandson of Joachim Ernest,) 1706 — receives investiture from Em- peror, 1710 — John Adolphus, 1722 — con- firmed in possession by Emperor, 1723 — Frederick Charles, 1729 — tf., and his line extinct, 10 Oct. 1761. Holstein-Sonderburg, — separate principal- ity for John the Younger, son of Christian III. of Denmark, 1564 — Alexander, (son,) 1622 — John Christian, (son,) 1627 — Chris- tian Adolphus, (son,) 1653 — Leopold Christian, (son,) 1702 — Louis Charles, (brother,) 1707. Holstenius, {Lucas Holste,) philologist, librarian of the Vatican, — fc. at Hamburg, 1595 — visits England, 1622 — embraces Ro- manism at Paris, about 1625 — accompanies Cardinal Barberini to Rome, 1627 — librarian of the Vatican, 1636 — receives Queen Christina's profession of Catholic faith, at Innspruck, 1655 — tf. at Rome, Feb. 1661. Porfihyrii liber de vita Tythagorce, 1630 — Demophili, Democrat is et Secundi veterum philosophorum Sententice Morales, 1638. Holt, Sir John, Chief Justice of Eng- land, — fc. at Thame, Oxfordshire, 30 Dec. 1642 — admitted to Gray's Inn, Nov. 1652 — enters Oriel Coll., Oxford, 1658 — called to the HOLTY— HOMBURG. bar, 27 Feb. 1663 — Recorder of London, Feb. 1686 — Knt, 1686 — King's Serjeant, Easter 1686 — opposes abolition of Test Act, and is dismissed from recordersbip, 1687 — member of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 17 Apr. 1689 — with Justice Eyre refuses to give reasons to House of Lords for judgment pro- nounced by them, Feb. 1698 — declines offer of Great Seal, but acts as Chief Commissioner, 5-21 May 1700 — tf. in London, 5 Mar. 1709-10. Hblty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, poet, — 6. in Hanover, 21 Dec. 1748 — studies at Gbttingen, 1769 — tf. at Hanover, 1 Sep. 1776. Gedichte, 1783. Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, — b. at Carls- ruhe, 1 8 10 — Prof. German Language and Literature, Heidelberg Univ., 1852 — tf. at Heidelberg, 1870. Ueber den Umlaut, 1843 — Beitrage zur Erkliirung der persischen Keilin- schriften, 1845 — Indische Sagen, 1845-7 — Kelten und Germanen, 1855 — JJntersuchungcnuber das Nibelungenlied, 1854 — Altdeutsche GrammatiJc, 1870. Holwell, John Zephaniah, physician, — b. at Dublin, Sep. 171 1 — embarks for Calcutta, 1732 — principal physician and surgeon to the Presidency, 1746 — commander of that town, attacked by Surajah Dowla, imprisoned in the Black Hole, 1756 — governor of Bengal, 1759- 61 — tf., 5 Nov. 1798. India Tracts, 1758 — His- torical Events relative to Bengal and Hindostan, §c, 1765-71— Dissertations on Origin, Nature, and pursuits of Intelligent Beings, 1788. Holy Alliance, The,— projected by Alex- ander, Emperor of Russia, and Madame Krudener, Sep. 18 15 — Prince Regent of Eng- land refuses to join ; signed, by sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, at Paris, 26 Sep. 1 8 15 — made public by Emperor Alexander, 6 Jan. 1 8 16 — production of copy, refused by British ministers, 9 Feb. 1 8 1 6— doctrines of, denounced by Lord Lansdowne and Mr Brougham in parliament, 4 Feb. 1823. Holy Coat. [Treves.] Holy Ghost, Order of the, — Neapolitan, instituted by Louis of Anjou, king of Naples, 25 May 1352 — French, 1. Instituted at Montpellier, by Count Guy, about 1198 — de- clines and is united with Order of St Lazarus, 1672 — reestablished, 1708 — reunited with Order of St Lazarus, by Clement XIII. , be- tween 1758-69 — 2. Instituted by Henry III., 31 Dec. 1578 — abolished, 1789 — reestablished, 1815 — again abolished, 1830. Holy Island. [Lindisfarne.] Holy Land. [Palestine.] Holy Maid of Kent. [Barton, Elizabeth.] Holy Office. [Inquisition.] Holy Places, in Palestine, — guardianship of, regulated by treaty between France and the Porte, 1740 — riot respecting, at Jerusalem, 1757 — assigned to Greek Church by Imperial edict, 1757 — Holy Sepulchre burnt, rebuilt by Greeks, 1 808 — French and Russian intervention, 1 8 10 — negotiations broken off by Greek revolu- tion, 1821 — the French government demands strict execution of Treaty of 1740, Jun. 1850 — validity of Latin claims acknowledged by the Porte, 9 Feb. 1852 — on remonstrance of Russia, the Porte ratifies privileges of Greeks by firman of mid. Feb. 1852 — fruitless negotiations, and mission of Afif Bey to Jerusalem, 1852 — delivery of silver star and key to Latin patriarch, 22 Dec. 1852 — [Crimean War] — advance of Russian forces to Danubian pro- vinces, early in 1853 — mission of Mentschikoff to Constantinople, Mar. 1853 — the question settled, 22 Apr. 1853. Holy Sepulchre, Church of, — dedicated, by Helena, 335 — burnt by the Persians, 614 — rebuilt by Modestus, 614-628 — razed to its foundation, by Mansom, 1010 — rebuilt, 1048 — ■ enlarged by kings of Jerusalem, 11 00- 1200 — ■ partly burnt, 1808. Holy Sepulchre, Order of the, — instituted by Godfrey of Bouillon, 17 Jul. 1099* — by his brother Baldwin, no3. b a Some Authorities. b Others. Holy Wars. [Crusades.] Holyoake, Francis, — ft. in Warwickshire, about 1567 — studies at Oxford, about 1582 — rector of Southam, 1604 — tJ., 1653. Etymolo- gical Dictionary of latin Words, 1606. Holyoake, Thomas, — ft. near Southam, 16 16 — M.A.. Oxford, 1639 — tf., 1675. latin Dictionary, 1677. Holyrood Abbey, — founded by David I., 1 1 28 — council held at, 1177 — Balliol holds parliament at, 1295 — plundered by Edward III., 1332 — burnt by troops of Richard II., 1385 — destroyed by Earl of Hertford, 1544 — suppressed, 1547. Holyrood House, Edinburgh, — royal resid- ence, by James V., 1528 — murder of Rizzio at, 1566 — Charles I. crowned in the chapel, 1633 — partly destroyed by troops of Cromwell, 1650 — rebuilt, by Charles II., 1671-9— occupied by Prince Charles Edward, 1745 — residence of Count d'Artois, 1795-9 — visited by George IV., 1822 — residence of Charles X. of France, 1830-31 — Queen Victoria holds levee at, 1842 — repaired, 1850. Holzbauer, Ignaz, musical composer, — b. at Vienna, 17 11 — director of the Court theatre, 1745 — tf. at Mannheim, 1783. Holzer, Johann Evangelist, painter, — b. in the Tyrol, 1709 — tf. at Clemenswerth, Jul. i740, a i74i. b Frescoes of Benedictine Church at Schwarzach, near Wiirzburg, 1737. a Engl. Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. Homage, feudal, — in England, abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. Homann, Johann Baptist, chartographer, — b. in Suabia, 1664 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, and geographer to Emperor Charles VI., 1715 — tf., 1 Jul. 1724. Atlas, 1716. Homberg, Wilhelm, physician, chemist, — b. at Batavia, 8 Jan. 1652 — practises medicine at Rome, 1685 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1691 — physician to Duke of Orleans, 1704 — tf. at Paris, 24 Sep. 17 15. Homburg, [Hesse-Homburg,] — gambling tables established, 1841 — suppressed by decree of National Assembly at Frankfort, 1849 — re- opened on withdrawal of the troops. 712 HOME— HONFLEUR. Home, Earl or, Lord Chamberlain op Scotland, — invades England and is defeated by Sir William Btilmer, 151 3 — distinguishes himself at Flodden, 9 Sep. 15 13 — sides with English party against Albany, 15 15 — executed at Edinburgh, 8 Oct. 15 16 — his brother, Sir George Home, executed, 9 Oct. Home, Sir Everard, surgeon, — fc. at Edin- burgh, 1756 — Bart., physician to Prince Begent, 18x3 — tf. at Chelsea, 31 Aug. 1832. Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, 18 14. Home, Henry. [Karnes, Lord.] Home, {Hume,) John, dramatist, — fc. at Leith, 22 Sep. (o. s.) 1722 — licensed to preach, 4 Apr. 1745— serves in royal army and is captured by Pretender, at Falkirk, 1745 — minister of Athelstaneford, 1746 — resigns, Jun. 1757 — marries, 1770 — removes to Edin- burgh, 1779 — tr.,4Sep. 1808. Douglas, 1756. Homer, (Homeros,) mythic,— [BC] — fl., 962-927,=* 850-776^ n84, c 688-685.d a Clinton. b Grote. c Dionysius. d Theopompus. Homeric Poems, — [B C] — begin to be com- mitted to writing, 776-700.* a Clinton. Homeros, of Byzantium, grammarian, tragic poet,— [BC]— fl., about 278.* a Clinton. Homicide, — in self-defence or misfortune, justifiable by Stat. 6 Edw. I. c. 9, 1278 — in preventing murder, or burglary, justifiable by Act 24 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1532-3 — without felony, no punishment for, by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 10, 27 Jun. 1828 — repealed by c. 95, reenacted by c. 100, of 24 and 25 Vict., 6 Aug. 1 86 1. Homildon Hill, — Hotspur defeats the Scots at, 14 Sep. 1402. Homiliarium, — compiled for Charles the Great by Paul the Deacon and Alcuin, about 790. Homilies, in England, — first book of, published by Cranmer, 1547 — second book, (by Jewell ?) published, 1562 — in Germany, revived, by Zinzendorf, 1747. Hommel, Karl Ferdinand, jurist, — fc. at Leipsic, 6 Jan. 1722 — Prof. Laws, 1750 — Prof. Feudal Law, 1752 — Prof. Civil Institutes, 1756 — if., 16 May 1 78 1. Oblectamenta juris feudalis, 1755 — Bibliotheca juris rabbinica et Saracenorum arabica, 1752 — Rhapsodia Quces- tionum, 1764-8 1 — Jurisprudentia numismatibus illustrata, 1763 — Deutscher Flavius, 1763 — Paling enesia librorum juris veterum, 1767-68. Homoeopathy, — originated by Hahnemann, about 1796. Homoian, — theological party founded by Acacius, before 359. Homoousion and Homoiousion, — terms come into use, the first as designation of Orthodox dogma, at Council of l^ice, 325— the second, of Arian dogma, at Council of Seleucia, 359- Hompesch, Ferdinand von. Grand Master of Order of Malta,— b. at Dusseldorf, 9 Nov. 1744 — Grand Master, 1797— submits to the French, 1798 — tf. at Montpellier, 1803,* 1805. b a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Horns, in Syria, — Ibrahim Pasha defeats the Turks at, 8 Jul. 1832. Homullus,— Consul of Rome with Junius Glabrio, (905, a. tj. c.) 152. Hondekoeter, Egidius, (Gilles,) painter, — 6. at Utrecht, 1583 — tf., about 1626,* 1653. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. a Nagler. Hondekoeter, Gysbrecht van, painter, — b. at Utrecht, 16 13 — tf., 1653^ a Nagler. Hondekoeter, Melchior van, painter, — fc. at Utrecht, 1636 — tf. at Amsterdam, 3 Utrecht, b 3 Apr. 1695. a B i og> TJniv. b Wornum. Hondius, (Hondt,) Abraham, painter, en- graver, — h. at Rotterdam, 1638— tf. in London, 1695,* i69i. b a Nagler. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hondius, (Hondt,) Hendrik, {the elder,) engraver, — fc. at Ghent, a Duffel, bc 1573 — tf. at the Hague, i6io, ac i645. b Institutio Artis Perspectives, 16 10. a Biog. TJniv. b Ersch and Gruber. c Nagler. Hondius, Hendrik, (the younger,) engraver, — ft. in London, 1580? — tf., about 1650,* not before 1648. b Prcestantissimorum aliquot theologorum protestantium effigies ceri incisce, 1602 — Theatrum honoris in quo pictorum Belgii insigniorum imagines, 161 8. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. Hondius, (Hondt,) Josse, geographer, $c, — fc. in Flanders, 1546,* 1563 b — tf. at Amsterdam,* London, 161 1. Treatise on the construction of globes, 1597 — Maps and plates in Sir W. Raleigh 1 s Description of Guiana, 1599. a Biog. TJniv. b Ersch «.nd Gruber. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hondius, (Hondt,) Willem, engraver, — Jb. at the Hague, 1601. Hondschoote, in France, — destroyed by Charles VI., 1383 — ravaged by plague, 1548 — by the French, 1558 — by plague, 1578 — burnt, 1576 and 1582— secured to France by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — seized and burnt by Dutch, 1708— Gen. Houchard defeats Duke of York at, 8 Sep. 1793. * Honduras, Central America, — discovered by Columbus, 1502 — taken possession of by Spain, 1523 — forms part of Spanish kingdom of Guatemala, till 1820 — part of Mexican empire under Iturbide, 1820— one of the federal States of Central America, 1823 — independent repub- lic, 1352. Honduras, British, — transferred from Spain, 1670 — settlement, 1742 — erected into a colony, 12 May 1862. Hone, William, miscellaneous writer, — h. at Bath, 1779 — establishes himself as bookseller in London, 1800 — tried on criminal informa- tions for libellous parodies, conducts his own defence on three trials and is acquitted, 18-20 Dec. 1 8 17 — public subscription raised for him, 1818 — tf. at Tottenham, 6 JNov. 1842. Poli- tical House that Jack built, 18 16 — Apocryphal Neiv Testament, 1820 — Ancient Mysteries, 1823 — Every-day Boole, 1826 — Table Book, 1827- 28 — Year Book, 1829 — edition of Strut? s Sports and Pastimes, 1838. Honfleur, in France, — taken and pillaged by Edward III., 1346— Again taken by English, 1430 — retaken by Charles VII., 1440 — be- sieged and taken by Henry IV., 1590 — recap- tured soon after, and finally reduced by Henry HONG KONG— HOOD. 7 J 3 IV., 5 Jun. 1594 — occupied by Germans, 23 Feb. 187 1. Hong Kong, in China, — taken possession of by British. 1841 — ceded to them by Treaty of Nankin, 30 Aug. 1 842 — erected into a colony, 26 Jun. 1843 — ravaged by typhoon, 31 Aug. 1848. Honiger, (Roninger,) Nicholas, philologist, — tf., about 1598. Edition of B tide's Greek Lexicon, 1585 — Speculum papce Bomani, 1586 — Propugnactilum castitatis ac ptidicitice, <$;c., 1554 or 1575 — Historische Erziihlung der otto- manischeu Bforte, 1573. Honorius, Augustus Flavius, Roman Em- peror of the West, — u. at Constantinople, (0 Id. Sep.,) 9 Sep. 384 a — Consul with Euodius, (1139, a. u. c.) 386 — Csesar, 386 b — accom- panies his father in his triumphal entry to Home, (Id. Jun.,) 389 — returns to Constan- tinople, 391— declared Augustus, 10 Jan. 393 — Consul with Arcadius, (1147,) 394 — pro- claimed, by his father Theodosius, Emperor of the West at Milan, about Sep. 394 — succeeds Theodosius, with Arcadius, (16 Kal. Feb.,) 17 Jan. 395 — Consul with Arcadius, (1149,) 396 — Consul with Eutychianus, (1151,) 398 — marries his cousin Maria, daughter of Stilicho, 398 — confiscates revenues of pagan temples, by decree of 29 Jan. 399 b — visits cities of N. Italy, 399 — Consul with Arcadius, (1155,) 402 — takes up his residence atRavenna, 404° — Consul with Aristametus, (1157,) 404 — enters Rome in triumph, and suppresses gladiatorial shows, 404 c — intercedes for Chrysostom, 406 c — Con- sul with Theodosius, (1160,) 407 — marries Thermantia, daughter of Stilicho, 408 a — puts Stilicho to death, 23 Aug. 408 — repudiates Thermantia, 408 — Consul with Theodosius, (1162,) 409 — enacts laws against Donatists, 4io-i2, d 414 e — puts to death usurper Con- stantine, 18 Sep. 411 — Consul with Theodosius, (1165,) 412 — again, (1168,) 415 — Consul with Constantius, (1170,) 417 — enters Rome in triumph, 417 — Consul with Theodosius, (1171,) 418 — issues rescript against Pelagius, 30 Apr. 418 d — Consul with Theodosius, (1175,) 422 — 5j. at Ravenna, 15 or 27 Aug. 423^ a Clinton. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Milman. d Robertson. e Gibbon. Honorius I., Pope, — ordained successor to Boniface V., 14 May 626, a 27 Oct. 625 b — sends pallium to Abps of York and Canterbury, 627 — sanctions doctrine of Monotbelites, 633 — tf., 12 Oct. 638 — his memory anathematized by Council of Constantinople, 28 Mar. 681 c — the sentence confirmed by second Council of Nice, d 787. a Fleuri. b Pagi. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Biog. Univ. Honorius II., Pope, (Zamberto, Bp o/Ostia,) — papal legate at Worms, ratifies Concordat, 19 Feb. 1 122 a — succeeds Calixtus II., 21 Dec. 1 1 24 — a rival, Theobald, elected same day, gives place to him : opposes succession of Roger 11., Count of Sicily, in Duchies of Calabria, Apulia, and Naples, 11 27— besieged by Roger in Benevento, excommunicates him, 11 27 — recognizes Emperor Lothaire, 11 28 — gives Roger investiture, 22 Aug. 1128 — &., 14 Feb. 1 1 30. a Milman. Honorius II., Antipope. [Cadalus.] Honorius III., Pope, (Cencio Savelli,) — suc- ceeds Innocent III., 18 Jul. i2i6 a — urges the crusade, 5 Dec. 12 16 approves Order of St Dominic, Dec. 12 16— crowns Peter de Courte- nay Emperor of the East, 1217 — excommuni- cates Dauphin Louis for his invasion of Eng- land, Apr. 1 2 17— supports Simon de Montfort, summer 1217 b — honours Dominic, 12 17 — cor- responds with Emperor Frederick II. respecting crusade, 1219-20 — crowns him in St Peter's, 22 Nov. 1220 — threatens him with excommuni- cation for neglecting the crusade, Nov. 1221 c — has conference with Frederick at Veroli, Apr. 1222 c — declares Henry III. of England of age, 1222 — has another conference with Frederick at Ferentino, spring 1223° — writes haughtily to him, 5 Jun. 1226 b — his claims on English benefices rejected, 1226 — arbitrates between Emperor and the Lombards, 5 Jan. 1227,° 17 Nov. 1226 b — tr., 18 Mar. 1227. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. c Kington. Honorius IV., Pope, (Jacopo Savelli,) — car- dinal deacon, 1261 — succeeds Martin IV., 2 Apr. 1285 — confirms Carmelite Order, 1286 — proclaims crusade against Aragonese ; 3j., 3 Apr. 1287. Honorius of Autun, theologian, — fl., about 1120-30. Honorius de Sancta Maria, Father, [Blaise Vauzelle,) — fi. at Limoges, 1651 — enters Order of Carmelites at Toulouse, 1671 — "ft. at Lille, 1729. Tradition des peres et des auteurs ecclesi- astiques stir la contemplation, 1708 — Beflexions sur les regies et sur I' usage de la critique touch- ant Vhistoire de Veglise, §c., 1712-20. Honour. [Legion of Honour.] Hontheim, Johann Nicholas, — $>. at Treves, 27 Jan. 1 70 1 — Prof. Civil Law, at the Univ., 1732 — Bp of Treves, 1748 — signs retractation of his doctrine, 1778 — ft. in Luxemburg, 2 Sep. 1790. Becas legum illustrium, 1736 — Mistoria trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica, 1750 — Justini Febronii jurisc. de statu prcesenti Bcclesice, 1763. Honthorst, {Bundhorst,) Gerhard, painter, — 6. at Utrecht, 1592 — comes to England, be- fore 1630? — "Jj. at the Hague, i66o, a i662. b a Nagler. b Biog. Univ. Hood, Alexander. [Bridport, Lord.] Hood, Samuel, Viscount, admiral, — fi. at Butley, Somersetshire, 12 Dec. 1724 — enters the navy, 1740— marries, Aug. 1759 — serves in the Seven Years' War under Sir Charles Saun- ders, 1760-63 — Bart., 1778 — Rear-admiral, commands under Rodney in the West Indies, 1780 — takes chief command, Jul. 178 1 — defeats Count de Grasse, Feb. 1782— distinguishes himself in combats of 9 and 12 Apr. 1782 — contributes to Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 12 Aug. 1782 — raised to Irish peerage, 1782 — M.P. Westminster, 1784— Lord of the Admi- ralty, 1788 — Commanderof Mediterranean fleet, 1793 — occupies Toulon, 28 Aug. 1793 — takes Bastia, 1794 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, Apr. 1796 — raised to English peerage as Vis- count Hood, 1 Jun. 1796 — Admiral, 1709^- HOOD— HOOPER. G.C.B., 1804 — If. at Bath, 27 Jun. 18 16. Hood, Sir Samuel, admiral, — ft., Nov. 1762 a — enters the navy, 1776 — commander, Feb. 1782 — distinguishes himself under Lord Hood at Toulon, 1793 — at reduction of Corsica, 1794 — serves at battle of the Nile, 1798 — joins Nelson at Palermo, Feb. 1799— Commander- in-chief on Barbadoes and Leeward Isles station, 1803 — takes Tobago and Dutch settle- ments in Guiana, 1803 — K.B., 1803 — defeats French squadron off Rochefort, and loses his arm in the action, 25 Sep. 1806 — M.P. West- minster, 1 806 — takes part in expedition to Co- penhagen, 1807 — receives thanks of parlia- ment, early in 1808 — Rear-admiral, 18 10 — Commander-in-chief in India, 18 n — C.B., 1812— G.C.B., 1815— *., 24 Dec. 1815. a Cunningham. Hood, Thomas, poet, humorist, — ft. in Lon- don, 1798 — sub-editor of London Magazine, 1821 — ij. in London, 3 May 1845. Whims and Oddities, 1826-8 — Comic Annual, 1829-37 — Up the Rhine, 1839 — Plea of the Midsummer Fairies, §c, 1827 — establishes and edits Hood's Magazine, 1844. Hooft, Pieter Cornelisz, poet, historian, — ft. at Amsterdam, 16 Mar. 158 1 — travels in France and Italy, 1598-1602 — tf. at the Hague, 21 May 1647. Nederlandsche Historien, 1642-54. Hooge. [Hooghe.] Hoogeveen, Hendrik, Hellenist, — ft. at Ley- den, Jan. 17 1 2 — rector of Gymnasium of Woerden, 1733 — of Breda, 1745-61 — If. at Delft, 1 79 1. Doctrina Particularum Linguce Grcecce, 1769 — Dictionarium Analogicum Lin- gu(B Grcecce, 1800. Hooghe, (Hooge, Hooch,) Pieter de, painter, — ft. in Holland, 1643 — fr., 1708. Hooghe, {Hooge, Hooch,) Romain de, en- graver, — living, 1662-88. Hooghly, in Bengal, — Dutch factory estab- lished at, 1625 — Portuguese fleet destroyed by Mohammedans at, 1632 — English factory, 1640 — bombarded, and partly burnt by British, 1686. Hoogstraaten, David van, poet, $c, — ft. at Rotterdam, 1658 — tf. at Amsterdam, 13 Nov. 1724. Poemata, 17 10 — Woordenboeh der Ne- derlandsche en latynsche taal, 1704. Hoogstraaten, Jakob van, Dominican, — ft, at Breda, a Hoogstraten, b about 1454 b — Prof. Theology, Louvain, a Cologne, 5 1485 — fo. at Cologne, 21 Jan. 1527. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Hoogstraaten, Samuel van, — ft. at Dort, 1627 — tf-, 1678. Inleyding tot de hooge Schoole der Schilderkonst, 1641. Hoogvliet, Arnold, poet, — ft. at Vlaardingen near Rotterdam, 3 Jul. 1687 — tf., 17 Oct. 1763. Abraham the Patriarch, 1727 — translation of Ovid's Fasti, 17 19. Hook, James, musical composer, — ft. at Nor- wich, 1746 — )j., 1827. Hook, James, Dean of Worcester, — ft., about 1763 — marries, 1797 — M.A. Oxford, 1799 — chaplain to George III., 1802— prebend- ary of Winchester, 1807 --Dean of Worcester, 1825 — tf. at Worcester, 5 Feb. 1828. Anguis in Herba, 1802. Hook, Theodore Edward, novelist, — ft. in London, 22 Sep. 1788 — Accountant-general and Treasurer to the Colony of Mauritius, Oct. 1 8 13 — arrested, and sent to England, Feb. 181 8 — imprisoned, 1823-5 — ft. in London, 24 Aug. 1 841. Edits New Monthly Magazine, 1836-41 — John Bull newspaper, 1820-41 — Sayings and Doings, 1824-8 — Gilbert Gumcy, 18 35— Jack Brag, 1837— Life of Sir D. Baird, 1832. Hooke, Luke Joseph, theologian, — ft. at Dublin, 1 7 16— Doctor of the Sorbonne, and Prof. Theology, 1750 — deprived of Mazarin Librarianship, 1791 — ft. at St Cloud, 12 Apr. 1796. Religionis naturalis revelatai et catho- lics principia, 1754 — edits Memoires du Mare- chal de Berwick, 1778. Hooke, Nathaniel, historian, — assists Duchess of Marlborough in compiling her Memoirs, published, 1742 — ft., 19 Jul. 1763. Pom an History, 1733-71. Hooke, Robert, mathematician, §c.,—b. at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 18 Jul. 1635 — enters Oxford Univ., 1653 — curator of experi- ments to the Eoyal Society, 1662 — F.R.S., 1663 — Prof. Geometry, Gresham Coll., 1664 — surveyor to the city of London, 1666 — secretary to Royal Society, 1677 — M.D., 1691 — ft. at Gresham Coll., 3 Mar. 1703. Hooker, (Vowell,) John, historian, — ft. at Exeter, about 1524 — M.P. Exeter, 157 1 — U-, 1 60 1. Order and Usage of keeping of the Parliaments in England, 1572 — Catalogue of the Bishops of Fxcester, 1584 — edition of Holins- hed's Chronicle, 1586. Hooker, Richard, theologian, — ft. at Heavy- tree near Exeter, about 1554 — studies at Ox- ford, 1573 — M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi Coll., 1577 — lecturer on Hebrew, 1579 — takes orders, about 158 1 — marries, about 158 1 — rector of Drayton Beau champ, 1584 — master of the Temple, 1585 — rector of Boscombe, Wiltshire, 159 1 — prebendary of Salisbury, Jul. 1591 — rector of Bishopsbourne, Kent, Jul. 1595 — tf. there, 2 Nov. 1600. Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, 1594-7 -1604. Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, — ft. at Norwich, 1785 — travels for scientific pur- poses, 1806-14 — marries, 1815 — Regius Prof. Botany, Glasgow, 1820 — Knt, by William IV., 1836 — Director of Kew Gardens, 1841 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1845 — ts. at Kew, 12 Aug. 1865. Tour in Lceland, 1809 — Muscologia Britanniea, (with Taylor,) 181 8 — Flora Scotica, 1821 — Exotic Flora, 1823-7 — with Greville, Jcones Filicum, 1826-37 — edits Botanical Miscellany, 1828-33 — Journal of Botany, 1849, &c. — joint editor of Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, 1837, &c. Hoole, John, translator, §c, — ft. at Tenter- den^ Kent, in London, b about 1727 — tf. at Dorking, Surrey, 1803. Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, 1762 — Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, i773" 8 3- a Biog. Univ. b Bees Cyc. Hooper, George, Bp of Bath and Wells, — ft. in Worcestershire, 1640 — enters Christ's Coll., Oxford, 1656 — D.D., 1677 — chaplain to HOOPER— HOPPER. vs Charles II., 1680 — attends Monmouth at his death, 1685— Dean of Canterbury, and chap- lain to William III. and Mary, 1 691— refuses primacy of Ireland, 1701— Bp of St Asaph, May 1702— Bp of Bath and Wells, Mar. 1703 — tl. at Barkley, Somersetshire, 1727. Works, 1757. Hooper, John, Bp of Gloucester,— ft. in Somersetshire, about 1495 — enters Merton Coll., Oxford, 1514— B.A., 15 18— quits Eng- land, about 1540?— settles in London, 1547— Bp of Gloucester, 1550— committed to the Fleet for refusing to wear canonical vestments, 1551 — on suppression of the see he is made Bp of Worcester, 1552 — imprisoned, Jul. 1553 — burnt at Gloucester, 9 Feb. 1555. Hoorne, Jan van, physician, stir (/eon,- — ft. at Amsterdam, 162 1 — Brof. Anatomy, Leyden, 1653 — tJ. there, 1670. Opuscula anatomico- chirurgica, 1707 — Microcosmus, 1660. Hop Plant,— introduced in England from Flanders, about 1524 — malicious cutting of, made capital offence, by Act 6 Geo. II. 0, 37, s. 6, 1733. Hop Trade, in England, — regulated by Acts 1 Jas. I. c. 18, 1603; 9 Ann. c. 12, 1710; 7 Geo. II. c. 19, 1734; 14 Geo. III. c. 68, 1774; 26 Geo. III. c. 5, 1786; 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 81, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 1803; 45 Geo. III. c. 94, 10 Jul. 1805, and 48 Geo. III. c. 134, 30 Jim. 1808 — provisions against fraud in, by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 123, 1 8 14— law amended by Act 29 Vic. c. 37, 11 Jun. 1866. Hope, Sir John. [Hopetoun, Earl of.] Hope, Thomas, — marries Hon. Louisa Beres- ford, 16 Apr. 1806 — tf., 3 Feb. 1831. Costume of the Ancients, 1 809 — Designs of Modem Cos- tumes, 18 12 — Origin and Prospects of Man, 1 82 1 — Anastasius, 1819. Hopetoun, John Hope, Lord Niddry, Earl of, general,— fc., 17 Aug. 1766 — enters the army, May 1784 — Lieutenant-colonel, Apr. 1793 — serves in West Indies, 1794-7 — Colonel, May 1796 — M.P. Linlithgowshire, 1796 — marries, 1798 — wounded at the Helder, 27 Aug. 1799— death of his wife, 20 Mar. 1801 — again at battle of Alexandria, 21 Mar. 1801 — negotiates surrender of Cairo by the French, Jun. 1 801 — Major-general, May 1802 — marries again, 9 Feb. 1803 — Lieutenant-general, Apr. 1 808 — accompanies Sir Jobn Moore to the Peninsula, Aug. 1808 — completes defeat of French at Corufia, 16 Jan. 1809 — receives thanks of parliament, 25 Jan. 1809 — K.B., 20 Apr. — takes part in Walcheren expedition, autumn 1 809 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, 181 1 — distinguishes himself at Nivelle, 10 Nov. 1 81 3 — at StJeandeLuz, 10 Dec. 181 3 — invests citadel of Bayonne, 25 Feb. 18 14 — wounded and taken prisoner by the French, at Bayonne, 14 Apr. 1814 — created Baron Niddry, 17 May 1814 — G.C.B., 2 Jan. 1815— succeeds to Earldom, 29 May 18 16 — General, 18 19 — ft. at Paris, 27 Aug. 1823. Hopital, Francois de V, Count du Hallier, Mahshal of France, — f>., 1583 — enters the army, Jan. 161 1— serves in campaign of the Loire, 1620 — in Huguenot war, 1621-2 — Marechal de Camp, i622, a 1633 b — distin- guishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 1628— serves in Italy, 1630 — takes part in war against Duke of Lorraine, 1631 and 1633 — assists at siege of St Michael, 1633 — defeats Poles at Yvoy, May 1634 — Lieutenant-general, 6 Apr. 1637 — takes Bruges, Limburg, and Renti, 1638 — wounded before St Omer, 1638 — Governor and Lieutenant-general of Lorraine, Apr. 1639 — contributes to capture of Arras, 1640 — Mar- shal of France, 23 Apr. 1643 — wounded at battle of Rocroy, 19 May 1643 — Governor of Paris, 1649 — Governor-general of Champagne, 1655 — lj. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1660. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Hopital, Guillaume Francois Antoine 1', Marquis de Sainte-Mesne, Count d'En- tremont, mathematician, — ft. at Paris, 1661 — ■ studies under John Bernoulli, 1692 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1693 — solves problem of curve of quickest descent, 1696 — ft., 2 Feb. 1704. An'alyse des Infiniment-Vetits, 1696 — ■ Traite analytique des sections coniques, 1707. Hopital, {Hospital,) Michel de V, Chancel- lor of France, — ft. at Aigueperse, Auvergne, about 1505 — studies at Padua, about 1524-30 —returns to France, 1534 — marries and be- comes Counsellor to parliament of Paris, 1537 — ambassador to Council (of Trent) at Bologna, 1547 — Superintendent of Finances, Feb. 1554 — Chancellor, Mar. 1560 — convokes Assembly of the Notables, Aug. 1560 — opens States- General at Orleans, 10 Dec. 1560 — attends Conference of Poissy, 156 1 — originates tribu- nals of Commerce at Paris, 1563 — deprived, May 1568 — saved from Massacre of St Bar- tholomew by order of the Queen, 1572 — tf. at Yignay, 15 Mar. 1573. (Euvres completes, 1824. Hopkins, Ezekiel, theologian, — fi. in Devon - shie, 1633 — B.A. Oxford, 1653 — chaplain to the Earl of Truro, 1669 — Bp of Raphoe, 1671 — Bp of Londonderry, 1681 — expelled by Tyr- connel, 1688 — tf. in London, 22 Jun. 1690. Hopkins, Samuel, theologian, founder of the Hopkinsians, — ft. in Connecticut, 17 Sep. 1721 * — graduates at Yale Coll., 1741 — Minister at Houssatonnoc, 1743 — dismissed, Jan. 1769 — settles at Newport, Rhode Island, 1770 — ts. . there, 20 Dec. i8o3. a a Allen. Hopkins, Stephen, statesman, — h. in Provi- dence, U.S., 7 Mar. 1707 — Speaker of General Assembly, 1741 — Chief Justice of Rhode Island, 1 75 1 — governor, 1755 — member of Congress, 1774-9—*-, x 3 J ul - 1785- Hopkins, William, theologian,— ft. at Eves- ham, 1647 — prebendary of Worcester, 1675 — assists Bp Gibson in his edition of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1692— and in translation of Cam- den's Britannia, 1695 — tf., 1700. Hopkinson, Francis, political and miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Philadelphia, about 1737 — member of Congress for New Jersey, 1776 —resigns office of Judge of Admiralty, Penn- sylvania, and is named Judge of District Court, 1790 — tt., 9 May 1791. Works, 1792. Hopper, Mark,— studies at Basel, 1533— 7 i6 HOPPERS— HOEN. Prof. Greek, 1544 — Prof. Logic, 1545 — Prof. Physics, 1549 — ij. at Basel, 1564. Lexicon Latino -Gr cecum, 1563— edition of Lucian, 1563 — of Apuleius, 1560. Hoppers, Joachim, statesman, jurist, — ft. in Friesland, 11 Xov. 1523 — studies at Louvain, 1541 — member of great Council of Mechlin, about Dec. 1554 — of secret Council of Brussels, 1 56 1 — charged to organize University at Douai, 1565 — Minister at Court of Spain, 1566 — tf. at Madrid, 25 Dec. 1576. De juris arte, 1553 — Lsagoge in veram jurisprudentiam, 1580 — iSeduardus, 1656. Hoppner, Henry Parkins, Arctic voyager, — ft., about 1795 — serves in the navy, 1808-15 — takes part in expedition of Ross to polar regions, 181 8 — in second expedition, 1819-20 — receives parliamentary prize, 1820 — accom- panies Parry, 1821 — accompanies Boss, 1824 — if., 22 Dec. 1833. Hoppner, John, painter, — ft. in London, 4 Apr. 1758— student at E.A., 1775 — first ex- hibits, 1780 — portrait painter to Prince of "Wales, 1789 — A.R.A., 1793 — B.A., 1795 — a"., 23 Jan. i8io, a about i8i5. b a Pilkington and Redgrave. b Nagler. Hopton, Sir Ralph, — defeats Sir AY. Waller at Stratton, 1643 — accepts command of royal forces in the West, Jan. 1645 — defeated by Fairfax at Torrington, 10" Feb. 1645 — delivers up his arms and ammunition, and retires to Scilly, Mar. 1645 — tf. at Bruges, 1652. Horace. [Horatius.] Horanyi, Francis Joseph Alexis, historian, — ft. at Buda, 15 Feb. 1736 — tf. at Pesth, 11 Sep. 1809. Memoria Hungarorum et Provin- cialium scriptis editis notorum, 1775-7 — Lohan- nis Bethlemii historica transilvanica, 1782 — 31. Simonis de Keza, chronicon LLungaricum, 1782 — Nova mem. Hungarorum et Provincial., 1792. Horatius Flaccus, Qu., poet,— [BC] — ft. at Yenusia, (6 Id. Dec. 689, a. it. c.) 8 Dec- 65— goes to study at Borne, 53 — at Athens, 47 — joins army of Brutus, as military tribune, (712,) 42 — returns to Borne, and obtains appointment of qusestor's clerk, 41 — introduced to Maecenas, 41 and 40 a — his visit to Brundusium, 37 — tj., (o Kal. Dec 746,) 27 Xov..8. Sat. lib. I., 38,* 35 b — Sat. LI., 38, 33, ;l 30 b — Epod., 38, 31,* 30-29 b — Carm. lib. L., 38, 27 z—Carnu LL., 38, 25 *—Carm. ILL, 38, 23 *—Carm. L, LL,IIL, 23 b — Epist. lib. L, 38, 20/ 21-0 b — Carm. Sac, 17 ab — Carm. LV., i5, a i3 b — Epist. LL., 1 3 b — Epist. ad Pis., 1 3. b a Clinton. b Fischer. Hbrberg, Pehr, painter, engraver, — ft. in Sweden, 1746— admitted to Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm, painter to the king, 1797 — fc., 1806. Hormayr, Joseph von, historian, — ft. at Innspriick, 20 Jan. 1781 — employed in depart- ment of Foreign Affairs, Vienna, 1802 — ac- companies Prince Lichtenstein to Congress of Presburg, 1805 — promotes revolt in the Tyrol, 1809 — historiographer of the empire, 1815 — called to Munich, 1828 — ministerial resident at Hanover, 1832 — at Bremen, 1839-46 — ft. Director of Boyal Archives, at Munich, 5 Nov. 1848. Kritisch-diplomatische Beitrdge zur Geschichte Tirols im Mittelalter, 1802-3 — Oestr. Plutarch, 1807-20 — Archiv fur Geschichte, Statist ik, Literatur and Kunst, 1810-28 — Taschenbuch fur die vaterldndische Geschichte, 1 81 1 -48 — Wien, seine Geschichte und Penh' ic iirdigkeiten, 1823-5. Hormisdas, Bp of Bome, — succeeds Sym- machus, 26 Jul. 514 — sends embassies to Con- stantinople, and effects reconciliation of Greek and Latin churches, 515, 517, and 519 — con- demns writings of Faustus of Biez, 520 — }?., 6 Aug. 523. Hormisdas (LLormouz) I., King of Persia, — succeeds his father, Sapor I., Dec. 27i, a Jan. 272 b — recalls Manes from exile, 272 — ft., 272 or 273, a 273. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. Hormisdas (Hormouz) II,, King of Persia, — succeeds his father, JV arses, 303,* 301 b — *., 3 IO > a 3°8- b . a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. Hormisdas (LLormouz) III., (IV.,) King of Persia, — succeeds his father, Chosroes the Great, Mar. 579 — his armies defeated by Bo- mans under Maurice and Philippicus., 579-88 — ■ his general Bahrain defeats Turks, 589 — Bah- rain defeated by Bomalius in Albania, revolts, 589 — deposed and put to death by Bahrain, Sep. 590, a 589- b a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Hormouz. [Hormisdas.] Horn, Arvid Bernhard, Count von, states- man, — ft. in Finland, 1664 — Major-general, 1700 — Count, 1706— Pres. of the Chancery of Sweden, 17 10 — leader of revolution of 17 19 — - President of Diet, contributes to elevation of Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, 1720 — retires, 1738 — &., 1742. Horn, Cape, — discovered by Lemaire and Schouten, early in 1616. Horn, Chromatic, — used in England, about 1740 — improved by Spandau, 1772. Horn, Franz Christoph, novelist, critic, — ft. at Brunswick, 30 Jul. 1781 — studies at Jena, 1799 — settles at Berlin, 1809 — tf. there, 19 Jul. 1837. Die Diehter, 1801 — Novellen, 1819-20 — Geschichte und LCritik der Poesie und Beredsamkeit der Peutschen von Luther 's Zeit bis zur Gegenivart, 1822-29 — Shakspeare's Schauspiele, 1823-31. Horn, Friedrich von, Count of Aminne, general, — ft. in Sudermania, 1725 — enters the army, 1742 — enters French army, 1743 — assists at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — retires with rank of Colonel, 1749 — aide-de-camp to Marshal d'Estrees, 1757 — contributes to victory of Hastembeck, 1757 — recalled to Sweden, 1760 — Major-general, commander of Order of the Sword, 1770 — takes part in coup d'Etat, 1772 — Count, 1772 — Lieutenant-general, 1778 — if., 1 Jan. 1796. Horn, George, (Hornius,) historian,— $. in the Palatinate, 1620 — Prof. History, Leyden, about 1648 — o". there, 1670. Llerum Britanni- carum lib. VLIL, 1648 — Be originibus Ameri- canis, 1652 — Histor 'ice philosophies, lib. VLL., 1655- Horn, Gustav Carlsson, Constable of HORN— HORSLEY. 70 Sweden, general, — ft. in Upland, 1592 — studies at Jena, Tubingen, and Rostock, 1608-12— senator, 1624 — takes Colberg, 1629 — dis- tinguishes himself under Gustavus Adolphus in Thirty Years' War, 1630-32— taken prisoner by Duke Bernhard at Nordlingen, 1634 — ex- changed, 1642— commands expedition to Den- mark, 1644 — Count of Bjoerneborg, and Con- stable, 165 1 — Governor-general of Livonia, Grand-marshal and Minister of War, 1652- — ft. at Skara, 16 May 1657. Horn, Heinrich Wilhelm von, general, — ft. in Silesia, 31 Oct. 1762 — enters Prussian army, 1778 — Staff-captain, 1794 — defends fort of Hagelsberg near Dantzic, 1806 — Commander of Colberg, 18 1 1 — Colonel, Brigadier, in campaign of Russia, 18 12 — member of Legion of Honour, 1812 — commands under General Torek, 1813- 14 — Major-general, Jul. 18 13 — governor of Magdeburg, 18 14 — inspector of the Landwehr, 18 16 — Lieutenant general, Apr. 18 17 — Knt of the Red Eagle, 181 8— ft. at Munster, 31 Oct. 1829. Horn, (Homes,) Philippe de Montmorenci- Nivelle, Count van, — ft., 1522 — distinguishes himself at battle of St Quentin, 1557 — at battle of Gravelines, 1558 — arrested by Duke of Alba at Brussels, 1567 — beheaded, with Count Egmont, 4 Jun. 1568. Hornbeck, Jan, theologian, — ft. at Haarlem, 161 7 — Prof. Theology, Utrecht, 1644 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 1654 — ft. there, 1666. Summa controversiarum religionis, 1653 — Socinianismus confutatus, 1650 — Theologia jvractica cum irenica, 1663. Home, George, Bp of Norwich, — ft. near Maidstone, 1730 — enters Univ. Coll., Oxford, 1745 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1750 — M.A., 1752 — takes holy orders, 1753 — D.D., 1764 — Pres. Magdalen Coll., 1768 — chaplain to the king, 1771-81 — Vice-Chancellor of the Uni- versity, 1776-80 — Dean of Canterbury, 17 81 — Bp of Norwich, 1790 — ft. at Bath, 17 Jan. 1792. Commentary on the Psalms, 1776. Home, Thomas Hartwell, theologian, Bibli- cal critic, — ft. in London, 20 Oct. 1780 — edu- cated at Christ's Hospital, 1789-95— sub-libra- rian to Surrey Institution, 1809-23 — marries, 1 81 2 — admitted to holy orders, 18 19 — senior assistant librarian, British Museum, 1824-60 — F.S.A., 1828 — B.D. Cambridge, 1829 — pre- bendary of St Paul's, 1 831 — ft. in London, 27 Jun. 1862. Introduction to Critical Study of the Holy Scriptures, 18 18. Home Tooke. [Tooke.] Herneck. [Ottocar of Horneck.] Horneck, Anthony, theologian, — ft. at Bacharach, 1641 — studies at Queen's Coll., Oxford, 1660 — tutor to Lord Torrington, 1665 ■ — preacher at the Savoy, 167 1 — prebendary of Westminster, 1693 — ft., chaplain to the king, 1696. Homemann, Friedrich Conrad, traveller, — ft. at Hildesheim, 1772 — sent by African Association of London to explore interior of Africa, 1797-9. Journal of Travels, 1802. Horner, Francis, politician, — ft. at Edin- burgh, 12 Aug. 1778— studies at the Univ., 1792-5 — settles in London, 1803 — M.P. St Ives, Nov. 1806 — member of Commission on affairs of Nabob of Arcot, 1806 — chairman of Bullion Committee, 18 10 — visits Italy, 1814 — ft. at Pisa, 8 Feb. 18 17. Horner, Leonard, — ft. at Edinburgh, about 1785 — assists in founding Edinburgh School of Arts, 1823 — Warden of London Univ., 1827— Inspector of Factories, 1833 — Pres. Geol. Soc, 1847— ft. in London, 5 Mar. 1864. Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner, 1843 — Translation of Villaris Life of Savona- rola, 1862. Homer's Method, — of solving equations, in- vented, 1 819. Horologius. [Dondi.] Horrebow, Christian, mathematician, — ft., about 17 18 — ft., 1776. Horrebow, Peter, astronomer, — ft. in Den- mark, 1679 — studies at Copenhagen, 1703 — Prof. Mathematics and Astronomy, Copenhagen, 1 7 1 o, a 17 i4 b — member of Academy of Sciences, 1725 — ft. there, 1764. Clavis Astronomice, 1725 — Copernicus triumphans, 1727. a Biog. Univ. b Erseh and Gruber. Horrocks, (Horrox,) Jeremiah, astronomer, — ft. at Toxteth near Liverpool, about 16 19 — studies at Cambridge, before 1633 — observes transit of Venus, 24 Nov. 1639 — ft., 3 Jan. 1641. Opera, 1673. Horsa. [Hengist.] Horsburgh, James, hydrographer, — ft. in Scotland, 23 Sep. 1762— settles in England, 1805 — F.R.S., 1806 — hydrographer to the East India Company, 1809 — ft., 14 Apr. 1836. Horse-Guards, in England, — troop of, raised, 1660 — second troop, 1661 — third, 1693 — fourth, 1702. Horse-racing, — [B C] — introduced in Olym- pic Games, (01. 33,) 648— [AD]— in England, provisions against excessive increase of, by Acts 13 Geo. II. c. 19, 1740, and 18 Geo II. c. 34, 1745. Horse-shoes, — improved, patented by Good- enough, i860 — introduced in England, r 868. Horses, in England, — exportation of, pro- hibited by Stat. 11 Hen. VII. c. 13, 1495— in- crease and improvement of breed promoted by Acts 27 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1535 6; 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1540, and 8 Eliz. c. 8, 1565 — stealing, declared felony without benefit of clergy, by Acts 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547, and 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 33, 1548 — sale of, in fairs and markets, regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Ph. and Mar. c. 7, 1555, and 31 Eliz. c. 12, 1580— duties on, imposed by Acts 43 Geo. III. c. 161, 12 Aug. 1803, and 45 Geo. III. c. 13, 18 Mar. 1805 — let to hire, duties on, regulated by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 88, 20 Aug. 1853 — race-horses, duty on, by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 82, 29 Jul. 1856 — amended by 20 Vic. c. 16, 21 Mar. 1857. Horsley, John, antiquary, — ft. in Scotland, 1685 — M.A. Edinburgh, 1701 —minister of Dissenting congregation, Morpeth, 172 1 — F.R.S., about 1722 — ft. at Morpeth, 12 Dec. 1731. Britannia JZcmana, 1732. Horsley, Samuel, Bp of St Asaph,— ft. in London, 1733^ 1737 b — LL.B. Cambridge, 1758 7 i* HORST— HOSTIUS. ■ — stakes holy orders, 1759— F.R.S., 1767 — Se- cretary R. S., 1773 — Archdeacon of St Alban's, 17 81 — commences controversy with Priestley, 1783 — Bpof St David's, 1788 — Bp of Rochester, and Dean of Westminster, 1793 — Bpof St Asaph, 1802 — tf. at Brighton, 4 Oct. 1806. Edition of the Works of Sir I. Newton, 1779-84 — Biblical Criticism, 1820. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. Horst, Gregor, physician,— b. at Torgau, 1578 — M.D. Basel, 1606 — Prof. Medicine, Giessen, 1608 — tf. at Ulm, 1636. Opera mcdica, 1660. Horstius, (Jacob Ilerlo,) theologian, — fc. at Horst, in Guelderland, about 1590 — tf. at Cologne, 1644. Paradisus animal Christiana, 1644 — Works of St Bernard, 1641. Hortensius, Q., orator, — [BC] — fe. ? 114— "begins public oratory, 95 — serves as legatus and military tribune in Social "War, 91-90 — defends Cn. Pompeius, 86 — leading orator, 83-70 — quaestor, 81 — sedile, 75 — praetor urbanus, 72 — Consul with Q,. Caeeilius Metellus, (685, a.u.c.) 69 — defends Verres, 70 — opposes Gabinian law, 67— opposes Manilian law, 66 — joined with Cicero, 63 — takes part in debate respecting Clodius, 61 — Advocate, after 60 — opposes sumptuary law of Pompey and Crassus, 55 — tf., after Apr. 50. Horticultural Society, of London, — estab- lished, 1804 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1808 — Gardens of, established, 18 17 — at Chiswick, 1822 — at S. Kensington, opened by Prince Albert, 5 Jun. 1861— of Paris, founded, 1827. Horto, (Buerta,) Garcias ab, botanist, — Prof. Philosophy, Lisbon, 1534. Coloquios dos simples drogas da India, 1563. Horton, Anne, (Anne Luttrell,) Duchess of Cumberland, — fc., about 1747 — privately married to Duke of Cumberland, 2 Oct. 177 1 — again a widow, 18 Sep. 1790— tf., 1803. Hosea, Jewish prophet, — [BC] — fl., about 785, a 7 84-7 25. b a Bib. Cyc. b Ussher. Hosein, son of Caliph Ali, — disputes suc- cession with Yezid I., (60, a. h.) 680 — de- feated and killed at battle of Couffah, (61,) 10 Oct. 680. Hosier, Sir Francis, admiral, — enters the navy, 1692 — Captain, 1696 — captures French ship of war, 17 10 — Rear-admiral, 17 19 — Vice- admiral, 1723 — sent to America, prevents Spanish galleons sailing from Porto Bello, Jun. 1726 — retires to Jamaica, Dec. 1726 — "Q. at sea, 23 Aug. 1727. Hosiery. [Stocking-frame.] Hosius, (Osins,) Bp of Cordova, — b., about 257 a — ]jp of Cordova, about 297 a — assists at Council of Eliberi, about 300 or 305— sent to Alexandria by Constantine, 324 b — presides at Council of Nice, 325— induces Constantine to ratify Nicene Creed, c 325— assists at Council of Sardica, 347 — refuses to concur in depo- sition of Athanasius, 355 — banished to Sirmium by Constantius, 356 — compelled to attend Council of Sirmium, 357 — submits and returns to Cordova, end of 357 a — tf., 358. a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. Hosius, Stanislaus, Cardinal, ■ — b. at Cracow, 5 May 1504 — Bp of Culm, 1549 — > Cardinal, 25 Mar. 1561 — legate and Pres. Council of Trent, Jan. 1562 to Dec. 1563 — ambassador from Sigismund Augustus to Rome, l 5^9 — a", at Caprarola, 5 Aug. 1579. Confessio catholics fidei christians, 155 1. Hoskins, John, painter, — tr., 1664. Hospinian, Rudolph, theologian, historian, — 0. at Altdorf, 1547 — pastor at Zurich, 1594 — tf. there, 11 Mar. 1626. De origine et pro- gressu Bituum, 1585 — Be Templis, 1587 — De monachis, 1588 — Historia Sacramentaria, 1598- 1602 — Historia Jesuitica, 1619. Hospitals, in England, — gifts to, assured by Act 14 Eliz. c. 14, 1572 — founding of, en- couraged by Acts 39 Eliz. c. 5, 1597, and 21 Jac. I. c. 1, 1623 — declared exempt from poor rates, 1760. Lying-in, regulated by Act 13 Geo. III. c. 82, 1773 — amended as to licence duty by Acts 44 Geo. III. c. 98, s. 1, 28 Jul. 1804; 48 Geo. III. c. 149, sched. A., 2 Jul. 1808; and 55 Geo. IIT. c. 184, n Jul. 18 15. Hospitallers, Knights, Knights of St John of Jerusalem, Knights of Malta, — instituted for protection of pilgrims, about 1048 ? 1092 ? — establish themselves in England, 1100 — em- powered by the pope to elect Superior, 11 13 — statutes of, fixed by Raymond du Puy, 1 1 1 8 ■ — receive great privileges from Emperor Fred- erick I., 1 1 85 — driven from Palestine, settle in Cyprus, 1291 — settle in Rhodes, 1309 — dis- persed on capture of Rhodes by Solyman II., 1522 — settled in Malta by Charles V., 1530 — suppressed in England by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 24, 1540 — suppressed in France, by Legis- lative Assembly, 19 Sep. 1792 — again dispersed on capture of Malta by Napoleon I., 1798. Hospodar, (Woiwode,) of Danubian Princi- palities, — appointed for life, since Treaty of Adrianople, 1829. Hosschius, (De Hosche,) Sidronius, poet, — fc. near Ypres, 1596 — tf. at Tongres, 1653. Elegit, 1656,* 1635^ a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Host, Jens Kragh, historian, — h. at St Thomas, 15 Sep. 1772 — tf. at Copenhagen, 26 Mar. 1844. Gustav IV. Adolf's Leben und Begierung, 1808-9 — Entwurf einer Geschichte der ddnischen Monarchic unter Christian VII, 1 81 3 — Der Geh. Cabinetsminister Graf Strue- nsee und dessen Ministerium, 1824. Host, Nicolas Thomas, botanist, — 6., 1763 — tf. at Vienna, 1834. Icones et descriptiones graminum Austriacorum, 1801-9 — Flora Aus- tria ca, 1827. Hoste, Sir William, Baht., naval commander, — b., about 1778 — enters the navy, and serves under Nelson, before 1794 — Post-captain, 1802 — defeats French and Italian squadron oif Lissa, 13 Mar. 1 811— takes part in capture of Fiume and attack on Rovigno, Jul. to Aug. 1 8 1 3 - — takes Cattaro, 5 Jan. 18 14 — takes Ragusa, 28 Jan. 18 14 — Knt of Maria Theresa, 18 May 1814— Bart., 23 Jul. 1814— K.C.B., Jan. 1815 — tf., commander of Royal George, in London, 6 Dec. 1828. Hostius,i?o<^,— [B C] -fl., about (576, a. u. c.) 178. HOTH AM— HOURS. 719 Hotham, Sir Henry, admiral, — ft., 19 Feb. 1776 — Post-captain, 13 Jan. 1795 — charged to conduct the Duke of Sussex from Lisbon to England, summer 1804. — assists under Sir R. Strachan at capture of French squadron, 4 Nov. 1805 — serves on coast of Spain, 1809 — Captain of the Fleet, Dec. 181? — Rear-admiral, Jun. 1 8 14 — K.C.B., Jan. 18 15 — Commander of Channel Fleet, 18 15 — marries Lady Frances Rous, 1 8 16 — Commander-in-chief in the Medi- terranean, Mar. 1831—11. at Malta, 19 Apr. 1833- Hotham, Sir John, — imprisoned by Charles I. for his speeches against arbitrary measures, Apr. 1640— named governor of Hull by the parliament, Jan. 1642 — refuses to deliver the town up to the king, and is proclaimed traitor, 23 Apr. 1642 — repulses royal forces under Earl of Lindsay, Sep. 1642 — arrested by parliament on charge of plotting to give up Hull to the king, 29 Jun. 1643 — tried with his son by court-martial, Dec. 1644 — his son hung, 1 Jan., himself, 2 Jan. 1645. Hotman, Francois, jurist, — ft. at Paris, 1524^ 1529 b — embraces Reformed faith, 1547 — Prof. Law, Strasburg, 1550-61 — quits France, 1572 — tf. at Basel, 1590. Opera, 1599. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Hotspur. [Percy, Henry.] Hottentots, — first make themselves known to Europeans by massacre of Almeyda, viceroy of India, and his followers at Table Bay , about 1509. Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, orientalist, — ft. at Zurich, 1620— studies at Geneva, 1638 — goes to Leyden, 1639 — visits England, 1641 — Prof. Scriptural Theology, Zurich, 1642— Prof. Oriental Languages, Heidelberg, 1655 — Rector of Univ., 1656 — recalled to Zurich, 1661 — tf., 5 Jun. 1667. Thesaurus philologicus, 1649 — Historia orientalis, 1 65 1 -67 - - Etymologicum orientale, 1661. Hottinger, Johann Jacob, classical scholar, ■ — ft. at Zurich, 1750 — tf. there, 4 Feb. 181 9. Edition of Theophfastus, 18 11 — of Xenophon's Memorabilia, 1820. Hottinger, Johann Jacob, theologian, his- torian, — ft. at Zurich, 1652 — tf. there, 18 Dec. 1735. Helvetische Kirchengeschichte, 1708-29. Hotze, Johann Conrad a (David b ) von, gen- eral, — ft. in Zurich, about 1740 — enters service of Russia, 1774 — of Austria, 1787 b — Major- general, serves under Marshal Wurmser against the French, distinguishes himself at the lines of Weissenburg, 1793 — Field-marshal-lieu- tenant, 1795 — distinguishes himself at Neres- heim, Aug. 1797 — occupies the Grisons, 1799 — killed at second battle of Zurich, Sep. 1799. a Biog. Univ. b Erscb and Gruber. Houard, David, — ft. at Dieppe, 26 Feb. 1725 — Advocate at Paris, 1747 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — tf. at Abbe- ville, 15 Dec. 1802. Anciennes lois de France, conserves dans les coutumes anglaises, 1766 — Truite sur les coutumes anglo-normandes, §c, 1776-81 — Dictionnaire analytique . . . et critique de la coutume de Normandie, 17 80-1. Houbigant, Charles Francois, Hebraist, — t). at Paris, 1686 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 1704 — tf., 31 Oct. 1783. Racines Eebraiques sans points-voyelles } 1732 — Pro- legomena in Scripturam sacram, 1746 — Biblia Hebraica cum notis criticis, 1753. Houbraken, Arnold, painter, engraver, — ft. at Dort, 1660 — ft. at Amsterdam, 17 19. Groote Schonburg der Nederlantsche Konstschilders en Skilderessen, 1 7 1 8 - 2 1 . Houbraken, Jacob, engraver, — ft. at Dort, Dec. 1698— tf. at Amsterdam, i78o, ac about i790. b Heads of Illustrious Persons of Great Britain, 1748. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Ersch and Gruber. Houchard, Jean Nicolas, general, — ft. at Forbach, 1740 — enters the army, 1755 — serves under Custine, 1792 — commander of armies of the Moselle, the North, and the Ardennes, 1793 —obtains brilliant victory at Hondschoote, 8-9 Sep. 1793 — condemned to death by revolution- ary tribunal at Paris, 17 Nov. 1793. Houdan Deslandes, Francois Silvain Denis, — ft. near Tours, 1754— serves at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — tf., 1807. Histoire du siege de Gibraltar, 1783. Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, — ft. at Versailles, 20 Mar. 1741 — obtains grand prize and goes to Rome, 1760 — returns to France, 1770 — member and Prof, of Academy of Paint- ing and Sculpture, 26 Jul. 1777" — marries, 1786 — member of Institute, 1796 — of Legion of Honour, 1802 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1828.* La Frileuse, 1784 s — Statue of Voltaire, i8io. a a Jal. Houdry, Vincent, Jesuit, — ft. at Tours, 163 1 — tf. at Paris, 1729. Bibliotheque des pre- dicateurs, 171 2-33. Houel, Jean Pierre Louis Laurent, painter, engraver, — ft. at Rouen, 1735 — member of Academy of Painting, about 1780 — tf. at Paris, 14 Nov. i8i5, a i8i3. b Voyage pittoresque de Sidle, 1782-7. a Biog. Univ. b Nout. Biog. Gen. Hough, John, Bp of "Worcester, — ft. in Middlesex, about 1650 — enters Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 1669 — M.A., 1676 — prebendary of Worcester, 1685 — elected Pres. Magdalen Coll., Oxford, 15 Apr. 1687 — deprived by James II., Sep. 1687 — restored, 1688 — Bp of Oxford, 1690 — of Lichfield and Coventry, 1699 — of Worcester, 17 17 — tf., 8 Mar., a May b 1743. a Rees' Cyc. b Annals of England. Houghton, Major, — explores the course of the Niger, 17 90-1. Houllier, Jacques, {Hollerius,) physician, — Dean of the Faculty, Paris, 1546 — tf., 1562. Opera practica, 1612. Hounslow Heath, Middlesex, — the London- ers under Earl of Gloucester assemble on, 1267 — survey of, 1546 — army of Charles I. encamps on, 1642— parliamentary troops under Fairfax assemble, 3 Aug. 1647 — camp formed by James II., Jun. 1686— camp broken up, 1688 — re- view of volunteer cavalry, by Queen Mary, May 1692 — army under Marlborough encamps on, 1740 — site of first base for Ordnance Sur- vey, taken by Roy, 1784-5. Hours, — [B C] — division of natural day into 12, in general use, after 200 — [AD] — division of sidereal day into 24 in common use, about 400. HOUSE-BREAKING— HOWE. House-breaking. [Burglary.] House-duty, — imposed by Act 7 and 8 "Wm III. c. 18, 1696— altered by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV, c. 39, 14 Aug. 1833 — granted in lieu of window -tax, by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 36, 24 Jul. 1 85 1. House of Correction, — erection and manage- ment of, provided for by Acts 7 Jac. I. c. 4, 1609; 14 Geo. II. c. 33, 1741; 17 Geo. II. c. 5, 1744; 19 Geo. III. c. 74, 1779; 22 Geo. III. c. 64, 1782; and 24 Geo. III. sess. 2, c. 55, 1784 — laws relating to, consolidated by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, 10 Jul. 1823. [Gaols.] Houtman, Cornelisz, maritime explorer, — at Lisbon, about 1590 — conducts expedition to East Indies by the Cape, 1595-7 — second ex- pedition, 1598-1600. Houtman, Frederick, maritime explorer, — fc., about 1570 — goes to East Indies, 1598-1600 governor of Amboyna, 1607 a — tf., about 161 3. b Spraakende Woordboek in de Maleysche onde Madagaskarische talen, 1603 — Journal van de Reyse der Hollandsche Schepen in Oost-Indien, 1598. a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hoveden, Roger de, historian, — ft., about 1200. Howard, Catherine. [Catherine, Queen of Henry VIII.] Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing- ham, Earl op Nottingham, Lord High Ad- miral of England, — fc., 1536— ambassador to France, 1559 — M.P. Surrey, 1562 — General of cavalry, 1568 — succeeds to the peerage, K.G., 1572 — Lord High Admiral, 1585 — de- feats Spanish Armada, 1588 — takes part with Essex in capture of Cadiz, 1596 — Earl of Not- tingham, 1596 — Lieutenant-general of Eng- land, 1599 — ambassador to Spain, 1605 — re- tires, 161 8 — tf., 14 Dec. 1624. Howard, Lord Edward, — serves in Imperial army in Flanders against the French, 149 1-2 — accompanies his father in expedition to Scot- land and is knighted, 1497 — king's standard- bearer for life, by Henry VIII. , 1509 — Admiral and Commander-in-chief of forces to be em- ployed in Papal service, 7 Apr. 15 11 — Admiral of England, Wales, &c, 19 Mar. 15 12 — con- voys Marquis of Dorset to Spain, to aid Em- peror Ferdinand, summer 15 12 — ravages French coast : defeats French fleet near Brest, 10 Aug. 15 1 2 — killed in attempt to destroy French fleet, 25 Apr. 1513. Howard, Henry, painter, — fc., 31 Jan. 1769 — studies at Royal Academy, 1788 — studies at Rome, 1791 — A.E.A., 1801 — R.A., 1808 — secretary, 181 1-47 — tf. at Bath, 5 Oct. 1847. Howard, Henry. [Surrey, Earl of.] Howard, John, philanthropist, — fc. in Lon- don, about 1726 — settles at Cardington near Bedford, 1757 — sheriff of Bedford, 1773 — visits most of the prisons of England, 1773— visits prisons and hospitals of the Continent, 1778-9 and 178 1-3 — visits Malta, Constantinople, Smyrna, Venice, 1785-87— tf. in the Crimea, 20 Jan. 1790. State of the Prisons in England and Wales, 1777 — Appendix, 1780 and 1784 — Account of the principal Lazarettos in Eu- rope, 1789. Howard, Sir John, 1st Duke of Nor- folk, — as Knt distinguishes himself in French wars, 1452-3 — with Talbot defeated at Chatil- lon, Jul. 1453 — Constable of Norwich Castle, 146 1 — takes part in invasion of Brittany, 1462 — treasurer of King's Household, 1468— attends Lady Margaret to Flanders, on her marriage to Duke of Burgundy, summer 1468 — Lord Howard, Captain-general at sea, 1470— deputy governor of Calais, 147 1 — summoned to parlia- ment, 1472 — E.G., Apr. 1472— takes part in negotiations with Duke of Burgundy, Jun. 1472 — again at Bruges and Utrecht, May 1473 — attends the king to France, Jul. 1475 — as- sists in negotiating treaty with king of France, Aug. 1475 — Captain-general against Scots, 1480 — Constable of the Tower, 1482— adheres to Richard III., 1483— Earl Marshal of Eng- land, and Duke of Norfolk, 28 Jun. 1483 — High Steward of England, 30 Jun. — attends coronation of Richard, 6 Jul. 1483 — Lord Ad- miral for life, 25 Jul. 1483 — killed atBosworth Field, 22 Aug. 1485. Howard, Sir John, — gentleman of the bed- chamber to Edward 1., 1306 — attends corona- tion of Edward II., 1307 — serves against Scots, 1310-11 — governor of Norwich Castle, 1317 — commissioned to raise forces and march against Scots, 1 32 1 — takes part in expedition to Gas- cony, 1324 — tf., 1 33 1. Howard, Sir John, — named Admiral and Captain of the navy in the North, 1335 — again, 1347 — assists at siege of Calais, 1347— living, 1388. Howard, Lady Frances. [See Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, and Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of.] Howard, Thomas, and others. [Norfolk, Dukes of.] Howard, "William, [Stafford, Lord.] Howard, Sir William, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, — Justice of Assize, Northern circuit, 1293 — summoned to parliament, 1295 — Chief Justice, C.P., Oct. 1297 to 1308. Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing machine, — ft. in Massachusetts, U.S., 1819 — patents his sewing machine, 10 Sep. 1846 — visits England, 1847-9— tf. at Brooklyn, 2 Oct. 1867. Howe, John, theologian, — fc. at Lough- borough, Leicestershire, 17 May 1630 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1647 — removes to Oxford, 1648 — B.A. Oxford, 18 Jan. 1649 — M.A., 9 Jul. 1652 — minister of Great Torrington, early 1654 — domestic chaplain to Cromwell, before Mar. 1657 — ejected from his living, 1662 — chaplain to Lord Massarene, Antrim Castle, 167 1-5— pastor in London, 1675 — goes abroad with Philip Lord Wharton, 1685 — preacher to English Church at Utrecht, 1686 — returns to London, 1688 — tf. there, 2 Apr. 1705. Works, \*}iOf. Howe, John, politician, — Vice-chamberlain to Queen Mary, 1689— member of Convention Parliament, 1*689 — Privy Councillor, 1702 — Paymaster-general of Guards and Garrisons, Jan. 1703 — retires, 17 14 — tf. at Stowell, Glou- cestershire, 172 1. Howe, Richard, Earl, Howe, admiral,— {»., HOWE— HUBERT WALTER. 721 1725 — enters the navy, 1739 — takes part in siege of Fort William, and is made Post-cap- tain, 1745 — serves in the Channel Fleet, 1756 —takes Cherbourg and Martignon, 1758 — suc- ceeds to Irish title of Viscount, 1758— defeats French squadron under de Conflans, 20 Jun. 1759 — treasurer of the Navy, Aug. 1765— Rear-admiral, Commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, Oct. 1770 — M.P. Dartmouth, 1775 — defeats French squadron under D'Es- taing off Rhode Island, 1778 — Admiral, and Viscount of Great Britain, 1782 — relieves Gib- raltar, 1782 — First Lord of the Admiralty, Jan. 1783 — raised to British earldom, Aug. 1788 — commander of Channel Fleet, Jun. 1793 — ob- tains victory over French fleet off Brest, 1 Jun. 1794 — receives thanks of parliament, 1794 — E.G., and General of Marines, 1795 — quells mutiny at Portsmouth, 1797 — ft. in London, 5 Aug. 1799. Howe, Sir William, general, — Commander- in-chief of British forces in America, May 1775 — commands at battle of Bunker Hill, Jun. 1775 — besieged in Boston, winter 1775-6 — retires to Halifax, spring 1776— joint commis- sioner with Lord Howe for restoring peace, summer 1776 — distinguishes himself at Long Island, Aug. 1776 — takes possession of New York, Sep. 1776 — obtains victory at the Bran- dywine, Sep. 1777 — crosses the Schuylkill, 22 Sep. 1777— returns to England, May 1778 — ft. there, 18 14. Howel, Lawrence, theologian, — b., about 1660 — M.A. Cambridge, 1688 — ft. in Newgate, London, Jul. 1720. Synopsis Canonum, §c„ 1 7 10- 1 5 — View of the Pontificate, $c, 17 12. Howell the Good. [HyweL Dda.] Howell, James, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Wales, about 1596 — B.A. Oxford, 161 3 — Fellow of Jesus Coll., 1623 — M.P. Richmond, 1627 — clerk of the Council, Whitehall, 1640 — im- prisoned, 1643— historiographer-royal, 1660 — ft. in London, Nov. 1666. Dodona's Grove, 1640 — Epistolm Ho-Eliance, 1645-55. Howick, Loud. [Grey, Earl.] Howitzer, — invented in Germany, about 1593 a — used in Italy, 1618 b — introduced in France and Great Britain, about i683. b a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. Howley, William, abp of Canterbury, — b. in Hampshire, 1765 — enters New Coll. Ox- ford, 1783 — Prof. Divinity, 1809 — Bp of Lon- don, 1 813 — Abp., 1828 — opposes Catholic Emancipation, 1829 — opposes Reform Bill, 1831 — U., 1848. Hoyer, Johann Gottfried von,— fc., 9 May 1767 — officerof artillery, 178 1 — Major-general, inspector of fortresses in Pomerania, 1818 — ft. at Halle, 7 Mar. 1848. Allgemcines Worter- buch der Artillerie, 1804-12 — Supplenicntband, 1 83 1 — Allgemeines Worterbuch der Kriegs- baukunst, 1 8 15 — liter at ur der Kriegswissen- schaften tend Kriegsgeschichte, 1831-40. Hrosvitha, Nun or Abbess of Gandersheim, poetess — enters the convent, probably before 959 — living, 968. Opera, (printed,) 150 1. Huarte, Juan. Examen de ingenios para las scuncias, §c, 1580. Huascar, — shares empire of Peru on death of his father, Huayna Capac, with his brother Atahualpa, 1525 a — twice defeated by Atahualpa, and taken prisoner, 1532 a — seeks aid of Pi- zarro, and is put to death by Atahualpa, 1532? a Prescott. Hubba, Northman, — lands in Devonshire, is defeated and killed, and the Raven banner captured, 878. Huber, Francois, naturalist, — b. at Geneva, 2 Jul. 1750 — ft. at Lausanne, 22 Dec. 183 1. Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles. 1796. Huber, Johann Jacob, anatomist, §c. — b. at Basel, 1707 — studies under Haller at Berne, 1730 — M.D. Basel, 1733 — Prof. Medicine, Gottingen, 1737^ 1739 b — Prof. Anatomy and court physician, Cassel, 1740^ 1742 b — Coun- sellor of State, physician to the prince, 1748 — ft. at Cassel, 1778. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Grnber. Huber, Johann Rudolph, painter, — ft. at Basel, 1658,* 1668 b — ft., 1748. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber and Nagler. Huber, Ludwig Ferdinand, litterateur ',— - b. at Paris, 15 Sep. 1764 — secretary of legation for Saxony, at Mentz, 1787 — ft. at Ulm, 24 Dec. 1804. Neueres Franz. Theater, 1795-7 — Sdmmtliche Werke seit 1802, 1806-19. Huber, Maria, theologian, — h. at Geneva, 1695 — ft. at Lyons, 1753. Systemes des theologiens anciens et modernes concilies, 17 31 — lettres stcr la religion essentielle a Vhomme, *739- Huber, Michel, litterateur, — ft. in Bavaria, 1727— Prof. French, Leipsic, 1766 — ft. there, 15 Apr. 1804. Translations of Gessner's Death of Abel, 1761 — Gellerfs letters, 1770 — Winckelmann's History of Art, 1781 — Manuel des curieux et des amateurs de I'art, 1797. Huber, Theresa, {Maria Theresa Heyne,) miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Gottingen, 7 May 1764 — marries J. G. Adam Forster, 1784 — widow, 1794 — marries L. F. Huber, 1795 — widow, 1804 — ft., 15 Jun. 1829. Erzdhlungen, 1830-3. Huber, Ulric, jurist, — b. at Dorckum, Holland, 1636 — studies at Franeker, 1651 — at Utrecht, 1654 — Prof. Eloquence, Franeker, about 1657 — ft. there, 8 Nov. 1694. Institu- tionum histories civilis tomi tres, 1692 — De Jure Civitatis, 1674. Huber, Victor Aime, historian, publicist, §c,— b. at Stuttgart, 10 Mar. 1800 — studies at Wurzburg and Gottingen, 1816-20 — visits France, Spain, England, &c, 1821-23— Prof. History of Literature, and Modern History, Rostock, 1833 — Prof, at Marburg, 1836— at Berlin, 1843-50 — originates Janus, 1845-8 — ft., 10 Aug. 1869. Geschichte des Cid, 1829 — Skizzen aus Spanien, 1828-35 — Englische Universitdten, 1839-40 — Reisebriefen aus Bel- gien, Frankreich, unci England, 1855. Hubert, Francois, engraver, — b. at Abbe- ville, 1744 — ft., 1809. Hubert, St., Order of, — instituted by Gerard V. Duke of Juliers, 1447 — revived by Electoi Palatine, 1709. Hubert Walter, {Fitz- Walter,) Abp of 46 7 22 HUBERT DE BURGHE— HUESCA. Canterbury, — justiciary, 1185 — Dean of York, 1 1 86 — Bp of Salisbury, 22 Oct. 11 89 — accompanies Abp Baldwin and Ranulph de Glanville to Palestine, 1190 — commands English, contingent at siege of Acre, till arrival of Richard L, 1 190-1 —sent on a mission to Tyre, Aug. 1191 — negotiates truce for three years with Saladin, n 92 — has interview with the king in castle of Trifels, 11 93 — arrives in England, Apr. 11 93— elected Abp of Canter- bury, 30 May 1 1 93 — Chief Justiciary, Sep. 1 193 to Jul. 1 198 — officiates at second corona- tion of Richard, Apr. 1 1 94 — has a controversy with "William Fitzosbert, 1196 — apprehends him and puts him to death : crowns John, 27 May 1 1 99 — Chancellor, 6 Jun. n 99 — holds a synod at "Westminster, 1200 — again crowns John and his queen Isabella, Oct. 1201 — entertains the king at Canterbury, Christmas 1204 — tf. at Tenham, 13 Jul. 1205. Hubert de Burg-he. [Burghe.] Hubert de l'Espine, traveller. Description des admirables et merveilleuses regions longtaines et estranges nations paiennes de Tartarie, 1558. Hubertsburg, Treaty of, — between Prussia, the Emperor, and Saxony, end of Seven Years' War, signed, 15 Feb. 1763. Hubner, Martin, publicist, — b. in Hanover, 1723 — Prof. History, Copenhagen, 175 1 — correspondent of Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, probably 1756 — F.R.S. London, 1758 — Councillor of State, 1770 — tf. at Copen- hagen, 7 Apr. 1795 — Le Politique Danois, 1756 — De la saisie des batiments neutres, 1759 — Essai sur Vhistoire du droit naturel, 1757. Hue, Evariste Regis,— b. at Toulouse, 1 Aug. 18 1 3 — joins the Lazarist fathers, about 1837 — missionary to China, 1839 — travels in Tartary and Tibet, 1 844-6 — returns to Toulouse, 1849 — tf. at Paris, 31 Mar. i860. Voyage dans la Tartarie, §c, 1852 — L 'Empire Chinois, 1854 — Le Christianisme en CAine, 1857- Huchtenburg, {Hugtenburch,) Jacob, paint- er, — b. at Haarlem, 1640— tf. at Rome, 1696. Huchtenburg, Johan van, painter, — b. at Haarlem, 1646 — if. at Amsterdam, 1733. Victories of Prince Eugene and Marlborough, Hudde, Jan, mathematician, — b. at Am- sterdam, i64o, a 1633 b — directs the inundations for repulse of the French, 1672 — tf., 1704. a Biog. TJnir. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Huddleston. Father, — assists Charles II. in escape from Worcester, 1651 — attends him at his death, Feb. 1685— by order of James II. publishes account of conversion of Charles to Romanism, 1688. Hudson, Henry, maritime discoverer, — commands three expeditions for discovery of north-east passage to China, 1607-8-9— dis- covers Hudson river, 1608 — discovers Hudson's Bay, 1 6 10. Hudson, John, philologist, — b. in Cumber- land, about 1662 — enters Oxford Univ., 1676 — M.A., 1684— Fellow of Univ. Coll., 1686 — librarian of Bodleian, 17 01 — Principal of St Mary's Hall, 17 12— tf. at Oxford, 27 jSTov. 17 19. Editions of Velleius Paterculus, 1693 — of Thucydides, 1696 — of Dionysius of Halicar- nassus, 1704 — of Longinus, 17 10 — of Josephus, 1720. Hudson, Thomas, painter, — ft. in Devon- shire, 1701 — has Joshua Reynolds for a pupil, 1740-41 — visits Italy, about 1752 — tf. at Twickenham, Jan. 1779. Portrait of Handel, 1756. Hudson, Port, U.S., — unsuccessfully attacked by Federals, 14 Mar. 1863. Hudson, William, botanist, — b. in West- moreland, 1730 — F.R.S. , Nov. 1761 — tf- in London, 23 May 1793. Flora anglica, 1762. Hudson River, New York, — discovered by Henry Hudson, 1608. Hudson's Bay, N. America, — probably entered by Sebastian Cabot, 15 12 — redis- covered by Hudson, 1610. Company, incor- porated by Charles II., 2 May 1670— opposed by North West Company, 1783— union of the two Companies, 1821 — privilege of exclusive trading, east of Rocky Mountains, conferred by Royal licence for 21 years, 13 May 1838 — grant of Vancouver's Island to, for ten years, 1849-59 — surrender of territories and rights to the Crown, and incorporation of territories with Dominion of Canada, authorized by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 105, 31 Jul. 1868 — cession carried out, 9 Apr. 1869. [Bed River.] Hue and Cry, — in English Law, for pursuit of felon, enjoined by Stat. Westm. 1, 3 Edw. I. c. 9, 1275 — regulations respecting, by Stat. 13 Edw. I. Stat. Wynton, cc. 1-6, 1285 — laws amended by Act 27Eliz. c. 13, 1585 — benefit of, refused to persons travelling on Sunday, by Act 29 Car. II. c. 7, s. 5, 1676 — further provisions by Acts 8 Geo. II. c. 16, 1735 ; 22 Geo. II. c. 24, 1749, and 22 Geo. II. c. 46, s. 34, 1749. Hue de Caligny, Jean Antenor, military engineer, — b. at Yalognes, 1657 — assists at siege of Courtrai, 1683 — conducts siege of Furnes, 1693 — director-in-chief of engineering works in Flanders, 1693 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1694 — director of fortifications of Bur- gundy, 1 7 1 4-3 r — tf. there, 1 7 3 1 . Hue de Caligny-Langrune, Hercule, gen- eral, engineer, — b., 1665 — takes Yillefranche, Montalban, &c, 1691 and 1693 — distinguishes himself at defence of Rheinberg, 1702 — at taking of Lerida, 1707 — at capture and defence of Tortosa, 1708 — director of fortifications in Normandy, 17 10 — tf. at Yalognes, 1725. Huen, Nicole le, — visits Holy Land, 1487. Le Grand Voyage de Hierusalem, 1488. Huerta, Geronimo de, poet. Florando de Castilla, 1588. Huerta, Vicente Garcia de la, poet,— b. in Estremadura, Jan. 1729,* 1734 11 — member of Spanish Acadeni}', 1759 — tf at Madrid, i797, a 1787^ La Ra quel, 1778 — Vocabulario Militar Espanol, 1760 — Obras Poeticas, 1778 — Tcatro Espanol, 1785-8. a Biog. Univ. b Ticknor. Huesca, in Spain, (Osca, — [BCj — school founded at, by Sertorius, 77 — [AD] — taken by Moors, 713 — surrendered to Franks, by Waly Hasan, 797 — retaken by Al Hakim, 798 — occupied by him, 802 — surrenders to Calib ben HUET— HUGO. 723 Hafsun, 886 — taken by Sancho Ramirez, king of Aragon, 1088 — besieged by king of Aragon, who is killed there, 1094 or 1095 — siege re- sumed by Pedro I., 1096 — defeat of Moors near, 1 8 Nov. — taken by Pedro, 25 Nov. — taken by Castilians, 1435 — victory of Carlists near, 24 May 1837. University of, founded by Pedro IV., 1354. Huet, Francois, philosopher, — ft. at Villeau, (Eure et Loire,) 26 Dec. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 1 Jul. 1869. Carte'sianisme, 1843 — Essais sur la reforme Catholique, 1856 — (with Bordas-De- moulin,) Science de V Esprit, 1864. Huet, Paul, painter,' — ft. at Paris, 3 Oct. 1804 — studies at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts, 1820-4 — first exhibits at the Salon, 1827 — visits Italy, 1839-44 — tf. at Paris, 10 Jan. 1869. Huet, Pierre Daniel, theologian, — ft. at Caen, 8 Feb. 1630— second tutor to the Dauphin, 1670 — admitted to French Academy, 1674 — takes orders, 1676 — Bp of Avranches, 1689 — resigns, 1699 — tf. at Paris, 26 Jan. 1721. Edition of Latin Classics In TJsum JDelphini, about 1670-90— Demonstrate Evangelica, 1679 — Censura philosophies Cartesians, 1689 — Traite philosophique de la faiblesse de V esprit humain, 1738. Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, physician, • — ft. in Saxony, 12 Aug. 1762 — M.D. Gottin- gen, 1783 — Prof. Medicine, Jena, 1793 — called to Berlin, physician to the king, i8oi, a 1798 b — Prof. Pathology, 1809 — Counsellor of State, 1810 — lj. at Berlin, 25 Aug. 1836. Makro- biotik, 1796 — ^TJeber die Natur, Erkenntnissmit- tel und Heilart der Skrophelkrankheit, 1795 — Geschichte der Gesundheit, 1812 — Enchiridion medicum, 1836. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Hugh Capet. [Capet.] Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, (the Abbe,) — on death of his father, Robert, king of France, procures election of Rudolph, Duke of Burgundy, to the throne, 923 — on death of Rudolph gives crown to Louis d'Outremer, 936 — marries Hedwig, sister of Otto I., king of Germany, 938 — forms a league against Louis, 939 — seizes Rheims, 940 — defeats Louis near Laon, 941 — -peace concluded by mediation of Pope Stephen VIII. and William, Duke of Normandy, 942 — again at war with Louis, 946-953 — raises Lothaire to the throne, 954 — invested with Duchies of Burgundy and Aqui- taine, 954 — exercises chief power in France till his death, 16 Jun. 956. Hugh, Count of Provence, and King of Italy, — on expulsion of Rudolph, accepts crown of Italy, and gives County of Provence to Boson, beginning 926 — proclaimed at Pavia, spring: crowned at Milan, 21 Jul. 926 — sends Luitprand, ambassador to Rom anus, Emperor of the East, 927 — takes his son Lothaire as colleague, 931 — goes to Rome, 931 — marries Marozia, 932 — expelled from Rome by her son Alberic, 932 — threatens Rome, but is com- pelled to retire, 933 — induces Rudolph to re- linquish claim to kingdom of Italy by cession of part of Provence, 933 — defeats his rival, Arnold, Duke of Bavaria, 934 — again fails before Rome, and makes peace with Alberic, 936 — deprives his brother Boson of Tuscany, 936 — expels Saracens from Provence, 942 — bribes Huns to quit Italy, 944 — they return and ravage Lombardy, 945 — compelled to ab- dicate in favour of Berenger, Marquis of Ivrea, 945 — returns to Provence, May 946 — tf., 22 or 24 Apr. 947. Hugh. [See Burgundy, Cyprus, and Tus- cany.] Hugh of Avalon, the Great, Bp of Lincoln, — ft., about 1135? — enters priory of Villar- benoit, about 1143? — deacon, about 1153 — enters the Great Chartreuse, about 1160 — procurator of the house, about 11 70 — comes to England, and is named prior of Witham by Henry II., about 1175 — elected Bp of Lincoln, May 1 1 86 — consecrated, 21 Sep. 11 86 — success- fully resists demand of Richard I. for military aid abroad, Dec. 1197 — his interview with. Richard at Roche d'Andeli, Aug. 1 198— goes to Normandy again, Feb. 1 199— attends King John there, Apr. 1 1 99 — visited by Prince Louis and Arthur at Paris, Jun. 1200 — visited by the king, Oct. 1200 — tf. in London, 16 Nov. 1200 — buried in his cathedral of Lincoln, 24 Nov. Hugh of St Chers, — enters Dominican Order, 1225 — Provincial of France, 1227 — again, 1236 — created Cardinal by Innocent IV., 1244 — attends Council of Lyons, summer 1245 — legate in Germany, 1250 — tf. at Orvieto, 19 Mar. 1263. Hugh of St Victor, Mystic, — leaves Saxony and enters abbey of St Victor, Marseilles, about 1 1 1 8 — removes soon after to Paris : teaches Theology at Paris, from 11 33 — tf. there, 1141. Hugh, Count, of Vermandois, the Great, — marries Adelaide, heiress of Vermandois, about 1080 — assumes the cross, early in 1096 — ship- Avrecked, and made prisoner by Alexius, Em- peror of the East, close of 1096 — takes part in capture of Nicsea, May to Jun. 1097 — contributes to victories of Doryheum, Jul. 1097 — and of Antiooh, Jun. 1098 — returns to France, 1098 — again leads an army to the East, 1101 — de- feated by Saracens in Asia, Jul. 1101— tf. at Tai-sus, 18 Oct. 1 1 01. Hughes, Sir Edward, admiral, — Lieutenant R.N., 25 Aug. 1740— -serves under Admiral Boscawen in expedition against Louisburg, 1758 — at capture of Quebec, 1759 — Rear- admiral, Jan. 1778 — K.B., 1778 — Commander- in-chief on East India station, early in 1779 — takes Goi-ee, 1779 — Vice-admiral, Sep. 1780 — defeats squadron of Hyder Ali at Mangalore, 8 Dec 1780 — encounters French fleet under Admiral Suffrein, 17 Feb. and 12 Apr. 178 1, 8 Sep. 1782, and 20 Jun. 1783 — Admiral, 1 Feb. 1793 — tf. in Essex, 17 Jan. 1794. Hughes, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Marlborough, 1677 — Clerk to Commissions of the Peace, 1717—0". in London, 17 Feb. 1720. Siege of Damascus, 1720 — Letters, 1773. Hugo, Charles Louis, historian, — ft. in Lor- raine, 1667 — Abbot of Estival, 1722 — Bp of Ptolemais, 1728 — tf. at Estival, 2 Aug. 1739. Traite sur Vorigine et la ge'ne'alogie de la maison de Lorraine, 17 11 — Annates ordinis Ercemon- 46* 7^4 HUGO— HUILLARD-BREHOLLES. stratensis, 1734 — Sacrce antiquitatis monu- ment a, 1725. Hugo, Gustav, jurist, — fc. in Baden, 23 Nov. 1764 — studies at Gottingen, 1782-5 — LL.D. Halle, 1788 — Prof. Law, Gottingen, 1792 — ft. there, 16 Sep. 1844. Lehrbuch des Civilistisch- en Cursus, 18 11-22 — Civilistiches Magazin, 1814-37. Hugo, Herman, Jesuit, — b. at Brussels, 1588 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1605 — tf. at Rhein- berg, 11 Sep. 1629. De prima scribendi origine, 16 1 7 — De militia equestri antiqua et nova, 1630. Hugo, Joseph Leopold Sigishert, general, — h. at Nancy, 1774 — -enters the army, 1788 — takes part in dissolution of Legislative Body, (18 Fructidor,) 3 Aug. 1797 — serves under Moreau, 1799-1801 — Marshal of the Palace to Joseph Bonaparte at Naples, 1806 — follows him to Spain, 1809 — General of Division, 18 13 — governor of Madrid, 181 3 — governor of Thion- ville, defends it against the allies, 18 14 — re- ceives cross of St Louis, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 30 Jan. 1828. Hugon, (Hugonet,) Guillaume, Chancellor of Burgundy, — negotiates peace between Louis XL and Charles the Bold at Bovines, 1474 — murdered at Ghent, 3 Apr. 1477. Hugtenburg. [Huehtenburg.] Huguenin, Sulpice, revolutionary leader, — fc., about 1750 — assists at taking of Bastille, 1.4 Jul. 1789 — at attack on the Tuilcries, 20 Jun. 1792 — drives municipality from Hotel deVille, 9 Aug. 1792 — as Pres. of Council of the Com- mune, proclaims the country in danger, 2 Sep. 1792 — arrested, 14 Aug. 1793. Huguenots, (French Protestants,) — the re- formed doctrines preached in France by Lefevre d'Etaples and Farel, 152 1-4 — martyrdom of Pavanes at Paris, 1524 — Calvin preaches, 1533 — Edict of Chateaubriand, 155 1 — introduction of Inquisition proposed, registration of Edict is refused by the parliament, 1557 — assembly of, at Paris attacked, and several tried and exe- cuted, Sep. 1557 — first national synod at Paris, 25-29 May 1559 — persecution of, by Prancis II., begins with strangling and burning of Anne du Bourg, magistrate, 23 Dec. 1559. 1560: Conspiracy of Amboise, Mar. — name comes into use ; Edict of Romorentin, May — cause of, supported by Coligny, at Council ex- traord. at Fontainebleau, Aug. — attempt to seize Lyons, 5 Sep. — meeting of States-General at Orleans, 18 Oct. — arrest of Conde, 31 Oct. 1 56 1 : Anthony, king of Navarre, declares himself protector of, early in the year — for- bidden to preach by Edict of St Germain, 31 Jul. — refuse submission and take arms, Aug. — Colloquy of Poissy, 9 Sep. 1562 : public worship permitted to, by Edict of St Germain, 17 Jan. — Massacre of Vassy, 1 Mar. — seize Orleans, 2 Apr. — and many other towns : joined by Conde, 1 1 Aug. — English auxiliaries under Earl of Warwick occupy Havre de Grace, Sep. — lose Rouen, 26 Oct. — threaten Paris, Dec. — defeated at battle of Dreux, 19 Dec. 1563: siege of Orleans begins, 6 Feb. — as- sassination of Duke of Guise, 18 Feb. — Pacifi- cation of Amboise, 19 Mar.— Orleans given up to the king : join with Catholics to drive English out of Havre, 28 Jul. 1564 : send a colony to Florida. 1565 : conferences at Bayonne, May. 1566 : reconciliation attempted by Edict of Roussillon, Feb. 1567 .: receive succours from Elector Palatine, summer — surprise Orleans, 28 Sep. — threaten Paris, 25 Oct. — battle of St Denis, 10 Nov. 1568 : arrival of fresh auxiliaries from Elec- tor Palatine, Feb. — association formed at Tou- louse against, 12 Mar. — Peace of Lonjumeau, 27 Mar. — again take arms, Sep. — joined by Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, at La Ro- chelle, Sep. — decree of banishment against their ministers, 25 Sep. 1569: battle of Jarnac, 13 Mar. — joined by Henry of Navarre, [Henry IV of France,]— combat of Roche-Abeille, 25 Jun. — siege of Poitiers, end of Jul. to Sep.— battle of Mon- contour, 3 Oct. — lose St Jean d'Angely, 2 Dec. 1570: ravage the provinces and occupy Arnai-le-Duc ; Peace of St Germain, 15 Aug. 157 1 : negotiations opened by Charles IX. with Queen of Navarre and Admiral Coligny, spring. 1572 : their leaders attend marriage of Henry of Navarre at Paris, 1 8 Aug. — assas- sination of Coligny, 22 Aug. — Massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1573 : s i e g e °f I*a Rochelle, Mar. to Jun. — fourth edict of pacification, 6 Jul. — lose Sancerre, 19 Aug. — sign confederation at Milhau, Dec. 1574 : formation of third party (Zes Ife'con- tents et les Folitiques) : rise in Poitou, the South, and Normandy, spring — Henry III. resolves to continue the war, in Council at Lyons, Sep. 1575 : execution 6f Montbrun, 12 Aug. — ■ joined by Duke of Alen^on, Sep. — truce for six months concluded, 22 Nov. 1576 : the Duke of Alencon with German auxiliaries renews the war, Mar. — joined again by king of Navarre : by fifth edict of paci- fication, (Peace of Monsieur,) obtain free exer- cise of their religion, 14 May — protest against States-General at Blois, Dec. 1577 : Catholic association formed at Peronne, 15 Feb. — [the League] — Edict of Nantes, 13 Apr. 1598— toleration confirmed by the Re- gent, May 1 6 10 — assembly of, at Rochelle, end of 1620 — war with Louis XIII. : Peace of Montpellier, confirmation of Edict of Nantes, 20 Oct. 1622 — renewed war, early in 1625 — peace concluded, 5 Feb. 1626 — fall of Ro- chelle, 28 Oct. 1628 — Pacification of Nismes, 14 Jul. 1629 — emigration of, commences, 1666 — emigration of, prohibited by royal edict, 1669 — . excluded from public offices, 1679 — further emigration, 168* — dragonnades in Beam and other provinces, 1685 — driven from France by Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 — the Re- vocation confirmed, 13 Apr. 1698. Huillard-Breholles, Jean Louis Alphonse, J historian, — b. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1817 — Prof. I History, Lycee Charlemagne, 1838-42 — mem- HUISSEAU— HUMBOLDT. 725 ber of commission on Historical Monuments, 1839 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1854 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, Jan. 1869 • — tf. at Paris, May 1871. Becker ches sur les monuments et V histoire des Normands, $• M.P. Middlesex, 1830— his proposal of fixed duty on imports (corn) rejected, 1 Mar. 1834 — obtains Committee on Orange Lodges, Aug. 1835 — banquet to, at Drury Lane Theatre, 23 Jan. 1837— M.P. Kilkenny, 1837 — M.P. Montrose, 1842-55 — t). at Burnley Hall, Norfolk, 20 Feb. 1855. Humieres, Louis de Crevant D', Marshal of France, — governor of Compiegne, Jun. 1646 — Lieutenant-general of armies of the king, 18 Oct. 1656— has a command at battle of the Dunes, Jun. 1658 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Dunkirk, 1658 — governor of Flanders and Marshal of France, 1668 — takes Aire, 1676 — contributes to victory at Cassel, Apr. 1677 — takes Ghent, 1678 — Courtrai, 1683 — sent to compliment James II. on his accession, 1685 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1685 — commands in Flanders, 1689 — defeated by Prince de Waldeek, at Walcourt, Aug. 1689 — Chevalier of the orders of the king, 1 Jan. 1 69 1 a — at siege of Namur, 1692 — ft. at Ver- sailles, 30 Aug. 1694. » jal. Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, musical com- poser, — ft. at Presburg, 1778 — studies under Mozart at Vienna, 1783-85 — visits London, 1791 — in service of Prince Esterhazy, 1 803-11 — Chapel-master to Grand Duke of Weimar, i8i8, a 1820 b — visits London, i83oandi833 — tj. at Weimar, 17 Oct. 1837. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Humphrey. [Gloucester, Duke of.] Humphrey, Lawrence, theologian, — ft. at Newport-Pagnel, about 1527 — M.A. Oxford, 1552 — quits England, 1555 — Regius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, 156Q — Pres. Magdalen Coll., 1561 — Dean of Gloucester, 1570 — Dean of Winchester, 1580 — &., 1 Feb. 1590. life of Bp Jewell, 1573. Humphry, Ozias, painter, — ft. at Honiton, 8 Sep. 1742 — studies in Italy, 1773-7 — A.R.A., 1779 — visits India, 1785-8 — R.A., 1791 — 3j. in London, 9 Mar. 18 10. Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine. [Aquitania.] Hunauld, Francois Joseph, physician, — ft. in Brittany, 24* Feb. 1701 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1724 — as physician to Duke of Richelieu, accompanies him to Vienna, 1725 — F.R.S. London, 1735 — Prof. Anatomy, Jardin des Plantes, 1730 — ft., 15 Oct. 1742. Hund, Wiguleus, — ft. in Bavaria, 15 14 — 3j. Pres. of Council, at Munich, 1588. Metropolis Salisburgensis, 1582 — Bayrisch Stammenbuch, 1585-6. Hundeiker, Johann Peter, — ft. at Laffert, Hildesheim, 29 Nov. 1751 — founds school for adults, reforms school for children there, about 1775 — removes to chateau of Vechelde, 1804 — expelled, 1 8 1 3 — Xl. at Friedstein near Dresden, 2 Feb. 1836. Hundred, The, division of a shire, — liability of, to damages for crimes, regulated by Acts 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 5, 17 14; 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 1722 ; HUNDRED DAYS— HUNGARY. 727 8 Geo. II. c. 22, 1735 ; 10 Geo. II. c. 32, 1737 ; 11 Geo. II. c. 22, 1738; and 22 Geo. II. c. 46, 1749 — former statutes repealed by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27, 21 Jim. 1827 — laws con- solidated and amended by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 31,2i Jun. 1827 — further provisions by Acts 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 72, 1 Aug. 1832, and 9 and 10 Vic. c. 99, s. 44, 28 Aug. 1846. Hundred Days. [Napoleon I.] Hundreders, Hundredors,— impanelling of, upon juries, abolished in civil actions, by Act 4 and, 5 Ann., c. 16, 1705 — and in actions on penal statutes, by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 18, *75 r - Hungarian Revolution, (1848 - 9,) [Kos- suth,] — revolt of Sclavonia and Croatia, un- der Jellachich, early in Jun. 1848 — Transyl- vania unites itself to kingdom of Hungary, Jun. — Diet opens at Pesth, 5 Jul. — assembly at Vienna refuses to receive Hungarian deputation, Sep. — Count Lemberg sent as military com- missioner to dissolve the Diet, is assassinated at Buda, 28 Sep. — Provisional Government established, under Batthyani and Kossuth : defeat of Jellachich at Valaneze near Buda, 29 Sep. — martial law declared by the Emperor, 3 Oct. — insurrection at Vienna, 6 Oct. — Prince Windischgratz commander-in-chief of Imperial forces, 16 Oct.— Hungarian army sent to assist insurgents of Vienna is defeated, end of Oct. — execution of Robert Blum, 9 Nov. — abdica- tion of Ferdinand I. in favour of his nephew Francis Joseph? 2 Dec. — the Diet proclaims it treason to acknowledge allegiance to Emperor, 8 Dec— occupation of Presburg, by Windisch- gratz, 18 Dec. — insurgents defeated by Jel- lachich, at Weisselburg, 18 Dec. — by Schlick, at Kaschau, 21 Dec. — and at Szikszo, 28 Dec. — by army of Jellachich, at Mohr, 29 Dec. 1 849 : defeated by Gotz, near Thursowka, and driven across the Waag, 2 Jan. — capture of Buda-Pesth by Windischgratz, 5 Jan. — the Diet removed to Debreczin : dissolution of Austrian Diet and proclamation of new consti- tution, Hungary reduced to a province, 6 Mar. — defeat of Austrians at Waitzen, 9 Apr. — declaration of independence, by Diet at De- breczin, Kossuth named Governor, 14 Apr. — defeat of Austrians at Gran, 17 Apr. — siege of Koniorn raised: evacuation of Pesth by Austrians, Apr. — Russian troops sent to assist Austrians, May — meeting of Emperors of Austria and Russia at Warsaw, 22 May — Russians under Paskiewich enter Hungary, 17 Jun. — capture of Kronstadt by Gen. Liiders, 2 1 Jun. — Gorgey defeated by Gen. Wohlgemuth, at Szered, 21 Jun. — battle of Eperies, 23 Jun. — occupation of Raab by Emperor, 29 Jun. — indecisive battle of Acz, 2 Jul. — occupation of Debreczin by Russians, 3 Jul. — occupation of Ofen by Austrians, bombardment of Pesth, 1 1 Jul. — defeat of Jellachich at St Thamas, 14 Jul. — battle of Waitzen, 14-17 Jul.— recapture of Kronstadt by Russians and Austrians, 14 JuL — battle of Komorn, 16 Jul. — capture of Hermanstadt by Gen. Liiders, 21 Jul. — battle of Miskolcz, 23 Jul. — Bern enters Moldavia, 23 Jul. — Gen. Liiders defeats Bern at Schassburg, (Segesvar,) 31 Jul. — capture of Deoreczin by Russians, 2 Aug. — recovery of Raab by Klapka, 3 Aug. — capture of Szegedin by Haynau, 3 Aug. — Bern retakes Hermanstadt, 5 Aug. — defeat of Bern by Liiders, 6 Aug. — defeat of Hungarians by Haynau, at Temeswar, 9 Aug. — resignation of Kossuth, dictatorship of Gorgey, 11 Aug. — surrender of Gorgey to Russians, at Vilagos near Grosswardein, 1 3 Aug. — reoccupationofRaab by Austrians, 15 Aug. — Hungarian refugees find protection in Turkey, Sep.— joint demand of Austria and Russia for surrender of refugees is refused by the Porte, 16 Sep. — surrender of Komorn, 28 Sep. — execution of Batthyani, 6 Oct. — Hungarian refugees leave Widdin for Schumla, 3 Nov. — Russia demands their expulsion, Austria their imprisonment, 5 Nov. — British fleet enters the Dardanelles, 5 Nov. — refugees removed to Konieh, 31 Dec. Hungary.. — [Dacia, Pannonia.]— settlement of Huns in, 377— conquered by Gepidae, 489 — by Lombards, 526 — occupied by Avars, 568 — conquered by Charles the Great, 799— invaded by Ungri and Magyars under Almus and Arpad, 888-900 — Duke Geysa, grandson of Arpad, con- verted to Christianity, between 97 2-97 — Stephen I., son of Geysa, succeeds, 997 — receives title of king, 1000 — conquest of Transylvania and Bulgaria : Peter, the German, elected, 1038 — Andrew I., 1047 — Bela I., (brother,) 1061 — Solomon, (son,) 1063— Geysa I., 1075 — Ladislaus I., (brother,) 1077 — acquisition of Croatia, (and Dalmatia ?) 1087 — Coloman, (son ?) 1095 — passage of crusaders through, 1096 — Stephen II., (son,) n 14 — Bela II., 1 131 — acquisition of part of Servia, 11 38 — Geysa II., (son,) 1 141 — Stephen III., (son,) 1 161 — Bela III., (son,) 1174 — division of the king- dom into counties ; Emerich, (Henry,) (son,) 1 196 — Ladislaus II., (III.,) (son,) 12.04 — An- drew II., (brother,) 1205 — grant of the Golden Bull, 1222 — concordat concluded, 1233 — Bela IV., (son,) 1235 — invasion of Tatars, 1241 — [Batou Khan]— Stephen IV. (V.,) (son,) 1270 — takes title of King of Bulgaria ; Ladislaus III., (IV.,) (son,) 1272— Andrew III., the Ve- netian, 1290— succession disputed by Charles Martel of Naples and Albert of Austria, be- tween 1290-6 — Charobert, recognized in life- time of Andrew, close of 1300— opposed by Wenceslaus IV., king of Bohemia, 1301-4 — by Otto of Bavaria, 1305-7 — elected, 1307 — Louis the Great, (son of Charobert,) 1342 — acquisition of whole of Dalmatia, 1357— union with Poland, 1370-82 — Maria, (daughter,) 1382 — Sigismund, (Marquis of Brandenburg, consort of Maria, since 1386,) 1392 — Emperor, 141 1 — Albert of Austria and Elizabeth, (daughter of Sigismund,) 1437 — Ladislaus IV., (V.,) (king of Poland,) 1440 — Interreg- num on his death, 1444 — regency of John Huniades, 1445— Ladislaus V., (VI.,) (son of Albert,) 1453 — Mathias Corvinus, (son of Huniades,) 1458 — Ladislaus VI., (VII.,) king of Bohemia, 1490 — devastated by the Peasant War: Louis II., (son,) 15 16— conquered by Turks, 15 2 1 -6 — election of John Zapolski, 7* HUNGERFORD MARKET— HUNTER. Nov. 1526 — Ferdinand I„ Archduke of Austria and Emperor, Jan. 1527 — ravaged by Turks and almost entirely subjugated, 1541-51 — [See names of Emperors of the Romans] — expulsion of Turks, 1687 — the crown declared hereditary in House of Austria by Emperor Leopold, 31 Oct. 1687 — delivered from Turkish dominion by Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699— independence of the kingdom declared, use of Magyar language guaranteed by Articles 10, 16, and 17 of Diet, 1 7 90- 1 — [Hungarian Re volution] — [Austria] — dissatisfaction excited by Imperial Rescript of 16 Jan. 1 86 1 — the Rescript condemned by Gen- eral Congress at Pesth, n Feb. — refusal of Em- peror to receive address of Diet, and threat of dissolution, 30 Jun. — address of Diet received, 14 Aug. — dissolution of Diet, 22 Aug. — union with Transylvania affirmed by Transylvanian Diet, 6 Dec. 1865 — Diet opened by Francis Joseph at Pesth, 14 Dec. 1865 — Constitution restored by Rescript of 17 Feb. 1867 — corona- tion of Francis Joseph as King of Hungary, 8 Jun. 1867 — new army organization provided for, by Compromise of Feb. 1868. Hungerford Market, London, — opened, 3 Jul. 1833 — demolished, for Charing Cross Rail- way, Apr. 1862. Hungerford Suspension Bridge, London, — opened, 1 May 1845 — removed, Jul. 1862. [Clifton.] Huniades, (FTunyady,) John Corvinus, Re- gent op Hungary,— fj., about 1400— contri- butes to election of Ladislaus, king of Hungary, 1440 — defeats Amurath II. at Sofia in Bulgaria, Sep. 1442 — again at Kunobitza, 24 Dec. 1443 — distinguishes himself at battle of Varna, 10 Nov. 1444 — Captain-general, Regent of Hun- gary, 16 May 1445— ravages Austrian ter- ritories, 1446— defeated by the Turks in Bul- garia, 1448 — falls into disgrace with Ladislaus V., 1453 — defeats Mahomet II. near Belgrade, 14 Jul. 1456 — compels him to raise the siege, 22 Jul. — C". at Zemlin, 10 Sep. Huniades, Ladislaus, — assassinates Count von Cillei, 11 Nov. 1456 — executed at Buda, 8 Mar. 1457. Huniades, Mathias. [Mathias Corvinus.] Huningen, Huningue, in France, — fortified, for Louis XIV., by Vauban, 1679-82 — partly dismantled at Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — bridge destroyed, 1752 — Moreau passes the Rhine at, 26 Oct. 1796 — capitulates to Imperialists, 2 Feb. 1797 — passage of Austrians and Bavarians over the Rhine at, 17 Dec. 1813 — fortress taken by them, 14 Apr. 18 14 — again taken by Austrians, 26 Aug. 18 15 — fortifications de- stroyed, Oct. 1 815. Hunne, {Hun,) Richard, — disputes with a parson about a bearing sheet, is sued and im- prisoned in the Lollards' Tower, 15 14 — mur- dered there, Dec. 15 14 — convicted of heresy by B[> of London, 16 Dec. — his body exhumed and burnt in Smithfield, 20 Dec. 15 14. Hunneric, King op the Vandals, — marries Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., 462 — succeeds his father, Genseric, Jan. 477 — sum- mons synod at Carthage, about 20 May 483 — publishes ^dic*. against Catholics, 25 Feb. 484 — U., Dec. 4.84. Hunnius, Egidius, theologian, — h. in Wiir- temberg, 21 Dec. 1550 — M.A. Tubingen, about 1567 — Prof. Theology, Marburg, 1576 — Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, first preacher of the Court, 1592 — superintendent of churches, 1595 — assists at conference of Ratisbon, 1602 — tf. at Wittenberg, 4 Apr. 1603. Works, 1607. Huns, Hunni,— [BC] — invade China, about 200 — the Great Wall built for defence against them : their progress checked by Emperor Vouti, 141-87 — [AD]— reach the Volga and drive the Alani beyond the Don, 93 — expel Goths from Dacia, 376 — settle in Hungary, 377 — with Goths and Alani, defeated by Theo- dosius, 17 Nov. 379 — ravage Armenia and the East, 395 — invade Illyricum, 441 — under Bleda and Attila, devastate Illyricum and Thrace, 442 — Bleda slain by Attila, 444 — ex- pelled from Hungary by Gepidse, 489 — invade Persia, 505 — ravage Armenia, 515 — again, 532 — in Thrace, Mar. 559 — reach Constanti- nople, and are defeated by Belisarius, summer 559 — retire beyond the Danube, autumn 559. Hunt, Henry, politician, — 6. in Wiltshire, 1773 — offers assistance to government in case of invasion, 1801 — unsuccessful candidate for Bristol, 18 12 — presides at Reform meetings at Westminster, 15 Nov. 18 16 — and at Man- chester, 1 6 Aug. 1 8 19 — arrested and imprisoned, same day : tried for conspiracy at York, May 1820 — released from Ilchester gaol, makes public entry into London, 4 Nov. 1822 — M.P. Preston, 1830 — tf. at Alresford, 13 Feb. 1835. Hunt, James Henry Leigh, poet, miscella- neous writer, — ft. in Middlesex, 19 Oct. 1784 — marries, 1809 — fined and imprisoned with his brother for article in the 'Examiner,' 1812-15 — visits Italy, 1822 — receives pension from the government, 1847 — tf. at Putney, 28 Aug. 1859. Joint editor of the Examiner, 1808 — Feast of the Poets, 1*815 — Story of Mimini, 1816 — Indicator, about 1818 — Companion, 1828 — Captain Sword and Captain Fen, 1835 — Men, Women, and Books, 1847 — The Town, 1848 — Autobiography, 1850 — Table Talk, 1851 — Old Court Suburb, 1855. Hunt, Thomas, orientalist, — ft., 1696 — M.A. Oxford, Oct. 1721— D.D., 1744 — Prof. Arabic, Hertford Coll., 1738— F.R.S., 1740— Regius Prof. Hebrew, 1747 — tf. at Oxford, 31 Oct. 1774. Le antiquitate, elegantia, iitilitate lingua arabicce, 1739 — Le usu dialectorum orientalium, 1748. Hunt, William, painter,— %. in London, 1790 — student at Royal Academy, 1808 — member of Water-colour Society, 1827— tf., 10 Feb. 1864. Hunter, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — fj. in Perthshire, 1741 — minister of Scotch church in London, 177 1 — tf. at Bristol, Oct. 1802. Sacrtd Biography, 1783, &c. — translations of Sonnini's Travels, 1799 — St Pierre's Studies of Feature, 1796 — and Lavater's Physiognomy, 1789-98. Hunter, John, stirgeon, anatomist, — h. at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, 14 Jul. 1728 — commences study of Anatomy in London, 1748 — enters Oxford Univ., 1753 — pupil at St George's Hospital, 1754 — lectures on Anatomy, 1754-9 — Staff-surgeon at Belle-Isle and in the HUNTER -HUNTLY. 729 Peninsula, 176 1-3 — commences practice in London, 1763— F.R.S., 1767— surgeon to St George's Hospital, 1768— surgeon to the king, 1776 — Inspector-general of Hospitals, Surgeon- general to the army, 1790 — ft. in London, 16 Oct. 1793. Natural History of Human Teeth, 177 1-8 — Treatise on Venereal Disease, 1786 — Observations on certain parts of the Animal Economy, 1786 — Treatise on the Blood, Inflam- mation, and Gunshot Wounds, 1794 Hunter, John, naval commander, — ft. at Leith, Sep. 1738 —enters the navy, 1754- — serves under Lord Howe in America, 1776 — accompanies expedition to found Botany Bay, 1786 — Governor of New South Wales, 1796- 180 1 — Bear-admiral, 1807 — Vice-admiral, 1810— if., 13 Mar. 1821. Hunter, John, classical scholar, — ft. in Dum- friesshire, 1747 — Prof. Humanity, St Andrews, about 1777 — Principal of United Coll., St Salvador and St Leonard, 1835 — if. at St Andrews, 18 Jan. 1837. Editions of Virgil, 1799 — Horace, 1797. Hunter, William, physician, anatomist, — ft. at Long Calderwood, near Glasgow, 23 May 17 18 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1732-7 — goes to London, 1741 — commences lecturing on Anatomy, 1746 — F.R.C.S., 1747 — M.D. Glas- gow, 1750 — physician to the Queen, 1764 — F.E.S., 1767— F.S.A., 1768— Prof. Anatomy, Royal Academy, 1768 — founds his Museum, 1770 — Pres. of Coll. of Physicians, 17 81 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1782 — if., 30 Mar. 1783. Anatomia uteri humani gravidi, 1774. Hunter, William, surgeon, orientalist, — ft. at Montrose, about 1760 — M.D. Aberdeen, Apr. 1777 — enters service of East India Com- pany, 17 8 1 — Prof, and Examiner, Coll. of Cal- cutta, 1784-94 — Secretary of Asiatic Society, 1794-1808 — if. in Bengal, 1815. Concise Ac- count of Pegu, 1784 — Hindostanee-English Dictionary, 1808. Huntingdon, — castle built by Edward the Elder, about 916 — gives title of Earl to Waltheof, son of Siward, about 1070 — entered and plundered by Royalists, 1645. Huntingdon, David, Earl of. [David I. of Scotland, J Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of, • — K.B., 29 May 1533 — succeeds his father, 1544 — E.G., 23 Apr. 1549 — commands English forces in France, 1550 — suppresses insurrection of Duke of Suffolk and takes him prisoner, 1553 — if., 23 Jun. 1561. Huntingdon, George Hastings, 1st Earl of, — Privy Councillor to Henry VIII., attends him at sieges of Terouenne and Tournay, 15 13 — created Earl of Huntingdon, Dec. 1529 — sent against insurgents of Lincolnshire, 1536 — fc., 24 Mar. 1544. Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of, — charged with custody of John Latimer, accuser of Duke of Lancaster, murders him, Apr. 1384 — created Earl, by Richard II., 1387— takes part in proceedings against Duke of Gloucester, 1 397 — created Duke of Exeter, 1397— reduced to his former title by Henry IV., and im- prisoned, 1399— joins in plot to release Richard II. and murder Henry, Jan. 1400 — beheaded at Pleshy, 15 or 16 Jan. 1400. Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, — ft., 24 Aug. 1707 — marries Theophilus, Earl of Hunt- ingdon, 1728 — widow, Oct. 1746 — head of Calvinistic Methodists, 1770 — if., 17 Jun. 1791. Huntingdon, Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of, — ft., 1650 — succeeds to the title, Feb. 1655 — withdraws from party of Monmouth and is made Privy Councillor by Charles II., 1683 — Chief Justice in Eyre of Forests, &c, north of Trent, 1684 — deprived of his offices, 1689 — excluded from Act of Indemnity, May 1690 — sent to the Tower, 1692 — if. in London, 30 May 1 701. Huntington, Kobert, Bp of Raphoe, — ft. in Gloucestershire, 1636 — enters Oxford Univ., 1652— Fellow of Merton Coll., 1658— M.A., 1663 — chaplain to English factory, Aleppo, 1670-82 — visits Palestine, 1677 — Egypt, 1680-1 — D.D., 1683— provost of Trim Coll., Dublin, 1683-91 — Bp of Raphoe, Aug. 1701 — if. there, 2 Sep. 1701. Huntington, William, 's.s.,' theological writer, — ftrnear Cranbrook, 1744 — if. at Tun- bridge Wells, 1 81 3. Huntly, Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of, — one of the hostages for ransom of James I. of Scotland, 1423 — joint commissioner to conclude treaty of peace with England, 1437 — created Earl of Huntly by James II., 1449 — defeats Lord Crawfurd at Brechin, 18 May 1452 — if., 1470. Huntly, Alexander Gordon, Earl of,— succeeds to the title, 1507 — commands left wing of Scots at Flodden, 15 13 — opposes Arran, 151 3-14 — member of Council of Regency, 15 16 and 1522 — if., 1524. Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of,— suc- ceeds to the title, 1470 — Privy Councillor to James III., 1484 — to James IV., 1488 — Lieutenant of the North, 1491 — Chancellor of Scotland, 1498— if., 8 Jun. 1507. a a Crawfurd. Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of, — suc- ceeds to the title, 1524 — Lieutenant of Scotland, 1536 — opposes marriage of Queen Mary to Prince Edward of England, 1543 — Chancellor of Scotland, 1546 — challenges Duke of Somerset to single combat, at Musselburgh, and is taken prisoner in the battle, 1547 — escapes, 1548 — restored to Chancellorship, and receives grant of Earldom of Moray, 1548 — Lieutenant of the North, makes unsuccessful expedition against John of Moydart, is im- prisoned and sentenced to exile, 1554 — de- prived of Earldoms of Mar and Moray, 1554 — rebels, and is killed in combat at Corichie, 28 Oct. 1563. Huntly, George Gordon, Earl of, — restored to Earldom, by Queen Mary, and made Privy Councillor, 27 Jun. 1566 — supports the queen, 1567 — if., May 1576. Huntly, George Gordon, Earl and 1st Marquis of, — succeeds to the Earldom, 1576 — heads the Catholic party, 1587 — intrigues with Spain, rebels and is imprisoned, 1589 — 73o HUXTLY— HUSSITE WAR. kills Earl of Moray, 7 Feb. 1592 — received into favour with James YL, 1593 — excom- municated by the kirk, Sep. 1593 — act of oblivion granted to, Nov. 1593 — defeats Argyle at Glenlivat, 1594 — driven from Scotland, 1595 — becomes a Protestant, spring 1597 — created Marquis, 17 Apr. 1599 — reconciled with Argyle, 1602 — &., 15 Oct. 1636. Huntly. George Gordon, 2nd Marquis of,— succeeds to the title, 1636 — supports Eoyalist cause in Scotland, 1644 — beheaded, by order of Scottish parliament, 30 Mar. 1649. Huntly, George, Marquis of. [Gordon, Duke of.] Hupfeld, Hermann, Hebraist, — rj. at Mar- burg, 1796 — studies under Gesenius at Halle, 1822 — Prof. Extraord. Theology, Marburg, 1825 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages, 1830— Prof. Theology, Halle, 1842— rj. there, 24 Apr. 1866. TJeber Begriff und Methode der scgenannten biblischen Einlcitung, 1844 — Aus- fiihrliche hebraische Grammatik, 1841. Huppazoli, Francesco, reputed centenarian, — fj. at Casal, Piedmont, 8 Mar. 1587 ? &., 27 Jan. 1702. Hurd, Richard, Bp of 'Worcester, — fc. in Staffordshire, 1720 — enters Emmanuel Coll., Cambridge, 1733 — M.A. , Fellow of Emmanuel Coll., 1742 — takes holy orders, 1744— rector of Thurcaston, 1757 — Archdeacon of Gloucester, 1767— D.D., 1768 — Bp of Lichfield and Coventry, 1775 — tutor to Prince of Wales and Duke of York, 1776 — Bp of Worcester, 1781 — F.R.S. Gottingen, 1781 — declines primacy, 1783— rj. at Hartlebury, 28 May 1808. Com- mentary on Horace's Ars Poetica, 1749 — Dialogues, 1758-64 — Introduction to Study of the Prophecies, 1772— edition of TFarburton's Works, 1788 — Life of Warburton, 1795. Hurdis, James, poet, — rj. at Bishopstone, Sussex, 1763 — studies at Oxford, 1780 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1786 — M.A., 1787 — Prof. Poetry, 1793 — D.D., 1797 — rj., 23 Dec. 1 801. Poems, 1808. Hurtado de Mendoza. [Mendoza.] Hus, (Huss,) Johann, religious reformer, — ti. at Hussinatz, Bohemia, 1369,* 1373 b — begins to study writings of Wickliffe, 1391 c — M.A. Prague, 1396 — teaches at the Univ., 1398 — ordained priest, 1400 — Dean of Faculty of Philosophy, 15 Oct. 140 1 — commissioned by Abp of Prague to investigate alleged mira- cles at Wilsnack, 1405— complaints brought against him, by the clergy, 1408 — appeals to the pope, 1408 — Rector of Univ. of Prague, 1409 ■ — procures decree for redistribution of votes at the Univ., Jan. 1409 — renewed complaints against him, appeals again to the pope, 1409 — bull of Alexander Y. for suppressing Wick- liffe's works published at Prague, 9 Mar. 141 o — excommunicated by John XXI1L, 18 Jul. 1410 — cited to Papal Court, sends three deputies, 141 o — excommunicated for contu- macy, and threat of interdict on any place he stayed at, Feb. 141 r — delivers to the Univ. a confession of faith, which is accepted as orthodox, Sep. 1411— preaches against indul- gences, 1411-12 — holds disputation on Papal theses, 7 Jun. 141 2 — has the bull burnt: again excommunicated, close of 141 2 — quits Prague, Dec. 141 2 — returns, 1414 — obtains safe- conduct of Emperor Sigismund, Oct. 14 14 — sets out for Council of Constance, 21 Oct. d — arrives at Constance, 3 Xov. — arrested and imprisoned, 28 Nov. — removed to castle of Gottlieben, Mar. 141 5 — admitted to hearing before the Council, 5, 7, and 8 Jun. — con- demned, degraded from priesthood, and burnt, 6 Jul. 1415. Fifth centenary of his birth cele- brated in Bobemia, 1869. JForks, 1869 — Letters, &c., 1869. a Some authorities. b Others. c Herzog's Encyc. d Milman. Hus-Desforges, Pierre Louis, musician, composer,— it. at Toulon, 14 Mar. 1773,* 1778 b —settles at Paris, about 1825 — a\ at Pont-le- Yoy, (Loire-et-cher,) 20 Jan. 1838. Methode de Violoncelle, 1828. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hnskisson, William, statesman, — fj. in Worcestershire, 11 Mar. 1770— sent to Paris, 1783 — present at siege of Bastille, 1789 — private secretary to Lord Gower, at Paris, 1790 — Under-secretary of State for War and the Colonies, 1795 — M.P. Morpeth, 1796 — M.P. Liskeard, 1804 — Secretary of the Treasury, 1804— M.P. Harwich, 1807— M.P. Chichester, 18 12 — Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, 18 14 — member of Com- mittee of Finance, 1819 — M.P. Liverpool, 1823 — Pres. of Board of Trade, Treasurer of the Xavy, 1823 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1827-9 — killed at opening of Liver- pool and Manchester Railway, 15 Sep. 1830. Huss. [Hus, Johann.] Hussars, — name applied to body of troops raised by Hungarian magnates, 1458 s1 — regiment of, formed in France by Louis XIV., 1692. b a Brande and Cox's Diet. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Hussein Behader, Abul Ghazi, Sultax of Persia, — rj. at Herat, (842, a. h.) 1438-9 — on death of Baber retires to Kharisniia, 1457 — King of Mazanderan, about (863,) 1459 — expelled by Abu Said, 146 1 — seizes Herat and makes himself master of Rhorasau, (873,) 1469 — Sultan, Aug. 1470 — defeats Mahmud, son of Abu Said, and recovers Balkh, (Moharram 876,) Jun. 147 1 — besieges Balkh, and takes it, (878,) 1473-4 — revolt of his eldest son, (902,) 1496-7— rj., (16 Dhu'l hajjah 911,) 10 May 1506. Hussein, Shah, Rixg of Persia, — rj. about (1086, a. h.) 1675 — succeeds his father Soly- man, (1106,) 20 Jul. 1694 — blockaded in Ispahan by Afghans under Mir Mahmud, Mar. 1722 — abdicates, 22 Oct. 1722 — put to death by Aschraf, (1142,) 1729. ' Hussey, Richard. [Vivian, Lord.] Hussite War,— [Hus, Johann,] — begins with riot at Prague, storming of town-hall, by Zizka, 30 Jul. 141 9 — [Zizka] — submission of Prague to Emperor Sigismund, Dec. 141 9 — capture of Prague by Zizka, Jul. 1420— in- vasion of Bohemia by Sigismund, 1420 — crusade against Hussites proclaimed by Pope Martin Y., 17 Mar. 1420 a — victory of Huss- HUTCHESON— HUXHAM. 73i ites over Sigismund on Mount Wittkow, u, b 14 c Jul. 1420 — battle of \Yysckebrad, 1 Nov. 1420 — battle of Saaz, 1 Sep. 142 1 — victory of Deutschbrod, 18 Jan. 1422 — Articles of Prague accepted by Abp, Jan. 1422 — negotiations for peace interrupted by deatli of Zizka, Oct. 1424 —war continued by the two Procops, 1424 — rout of Germans at Aussitz, 16 Jun. 1426 — flight of crusaders, Jul. and Aug. 1427 — defeat of new army of crusaders at Tachau, (Taass,) 14 Aug. 143 1 a — schism between States of Bohemia and Hussites, respecting decree of Council of Basel, granting communion in two kinds, 1433 — compaetata of Prague concluded, 20 Nov. 1433 d — Hussites defeated and Procop the Holy killed, by army of the States,. 31 May 1434 — adhesion of Sigismund to the Compaetata at Iglau, 5 Jul. 1436 — Sigismund enters Prague and is recognized as king, 23 Aug. 1436 — the Taborites subdued by George Podiebrad disappear, 1453. a Milman. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Engl. Cye. d Encyc. d. Gens du Monde. Hutcheson, Francis, philosopher, — b. in Ireland, 8 Aug. 1694 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 17 10-16 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Glasgow, LL.D., 1729 — tf. there, 1747. In- quiry into Original of Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, 1720 — System of Moral Philosophy, 1755- Hutchins, John, topographical antiquary, — b. at Bradford-Peverel, 1698 — ft. rector of Wareham, 21 Jun. 1773. History and An- tiquities of County of I) or set, 1774. Hutchins, Thomas, geographer,— -b. in New Jersey, about 1730 — imprisoned in England on charge of corresponding with Franklin, 1779 — geographer-general of United States, about 1780 — tf. at Pittsburg, 28 Apr. 1789. Hutchinson, John, theologian, natural philo- sopher, — b. at Spennithorne, Yorkshire, 1674 — tf., 28 Aug. 1737. Moses's Principia, 1724-7 — Philosophical and theological Works, 1748. Hutchinson, John Hely. [Donoughmore, Earl of.] Hutchinson, John, colonel, — b. at Notting- ham, 1 6 16 — marries Lucy Apsley, 1638 — Lieutenant-colonel in parliamentary army, 1 642 — governor of Nottingham Castle, 1643 — M.P. Nottingham, 1645 — member of High Court of Justice for trial of Charles I., 1649 — dismissed from offices, retires to Owthorpe, 1660 — arrest- ed and imprisoned, Oct. 1663 — tf. at Sandoun Castle, 11 Sep. 1664. Hutchinson, Lucy, {Apsley,) — b. in the Tower, 29 Jan. 1620 — marries Col. Hutchin- son, 3 Jul. 1638 — is refused permission to attend him in prison, 1664 — widow, 1664, life of Colonel Hutchinson, 1806. Hutchinson, Thomas, Governor of Mas- sachusetts, — b. at Boston, 9 Sep. 17 11 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1727 — Lieutenant- governor, 1758-71 — Chief Justice, 1760 — sus- pected of favouring the Stamp Act, his house attacked by rioters, Aug. 1765 — Governor, 1769 — comes to England. Jun. 1774 — a", at Bromp- ton, 3 Jun. 1780. History of Colony of Mas- sachusetts, 1760-7 — Collection of original Papers relative to history of the colony, 1769. Hutchinson, William, topographical anti- quary, — fi., about 1732— tf., 1 814. History and Antiquities of County Palatine of Durham, 1 7 85-7 — History of Cumberland, 1 7 94-8 — View of Northumberland, 1778-80. Hutta, Elias, — publishes a Polyglott Bible, 1599- 1600 — tf. at Niimberg, 1603. Hutten, Ulrich von, Knight, poet, theolo- gian, — b. at Steckelberg, 22 Apr. 1488 — placed in monastery of Fulda, 1499 — runs away, 1504 — studies at Erfurt and Cologne, 1504-5 — re- moves to Frankfort Univ., 1506 — wanders about Germany, 1508-12 — studies law atPavia and Bologna, 15 12- 17 — writes against tyranny of Duke Ulrich of Wurternberg, 15 17 — present at siege of Pavia, 15 12 — Knt, by Emperor Maximilian, and receives laurel crown as Impe- rial poet, 15 17 — enters service of Abp of Mentz, 1518 — becomes friend of Franz von Sickingen, and joins Suabian League, 15 19 — supports Luther, 1520 — follows Charles Y. to siege of Metz, 152 1 — at Basel shunned by Erasmus, 1522 — refused shelter at Zurich, 1523 — tf. in Isle of Ufenau, lake of Zurich, 29 Aug. 1523. Triumph us Capnionis, 1515—Ppistola? Obscur- orum Viro rum, about 1515-16— Trias Pomaua, (Dialogi,) 1520— edits Valla's He f also credita et ementita Donatione Constanthd Magni, 15 17. Huttich, (Huttichius,) Johann, archaeologist, numismatist, — b. at Mentz. about 1480 — canon of Strasburg, 1530— tf., 4 Mar. 1544. Collec- tanea antiquitatum in urbe atque agro Mogun- tino repertarum, 1520 — Vitce Imperatorum cum iconibus, 1525. Hutton, Charles, mathematician, — ft. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 14 Aug. 1737 — marries, 1760 — Prof. Mathematics, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1773— F.R.S., 10 Nov. 1774 — foreign secretary, Jan. 1779 — retires from the Royal Society, end of 1783 — LL.D., Edinburgh, 1779 — retires with pension from his Professorship, 1807 — loses his wife, 1817^ — tt. in London, • 27 Jan. 1823. Treatise on Mensuration, 1770 — Principles of Bridges, 1772 — Mathematical Tables, 1785 — Tracts, Mathe- matical and Philosophical, 1786 and 1812 — Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, 1795 — Course of Mathematics, 1798 — (with Pearson and Shaw) Abridgment of Philoso- phical Transactions, 1809. Hutton, James, geologist, natural philoso- pher, — b. at Edinburgh, 1726 — studies at the University, 1740 — M.D. Leyden, 1749 — tf. at Edinburgh, 26 Mar. 1797. Theory of the Earth, 1796 — Dissertations on Natural Philo- sophy, 1792 — Investigation of the Principles of Knoioledge, 1794. Hutton, William, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Derby, 30 Sep. 1723 — establishes himself as bookseller at Birmingham, 1750 — his house and villa destroyed by rioters, 1791 — tf. , 20 Sep. 1 8 15. History of Birmingham, 17 81 — Court of Bequests, 1784 — History of Derby, 1790 — Roman Wall, 1801 — Autobiography, 1816. Huxham, John, physician, — b. atHalberton, 732 EUY— HYDEE ALI KHAN. Devonshire, 1694 — tf. at Plymouth, 1768. Observations de Aere et Morbis Epidemicis, 1 7 39-70 — Essay on Fevers, 1739 — Ulcerous Sore Throat, 1750 — Antimony, 1756. Huy, Netherlands, — taken by troops of the States-General, 1595 — taken by French under Crequi, 1675 — again, by Villeroi, 1693 — re- covered by Prince of Orange, 28 Sep. 1694 — taken by Marlborough and Coehorn, 26 Jun. 1703 — by Marshal Yillars, 1705 — retaken by Marlborough, Jul. 1705 — fortress demolished, 17 1 8. Cathedral commenced, 131 1. Huydecoper, Balthasar, philologist, poet, — b. at Amsterdam, about 1695 — tf. there, 21 Sep. 1778. Gedichte, 1788 — Proeve van taal- en dichtkunde in vrijmoedige aanmerkingen op Vondels herscheppingen van Ovidius, 1730. Huyghens, Christian, mathematician, as- tronomer, — b. at the Hague, 14 Apr. 1629 — studies at Ley den, 1645 — at Breda, 1646-8 — accompanies Henry, Count of Nassau, to Den- mark, 1649 — visits France, 1655, 1660, and 1663 — applies pendulum to clocks, 1656 — visits England, F.E.S., 166 1 and 1663 — discovers satellite of Saturn, 25 Mar. 1665 — settles at Paris, 1666 — returns to Holland, 1681 — again in England, 1689 — tf. at the Hague, 8 Jun. or Jul. 1695. Horologium, 1658 — Systema Satur- ninum, 1659 — Horologium Oscillatorium, 1673 — Trait e de la lumiere, 1690 — Cosmotheoros, 1698 — Opuscula posthuma, 1703. Huyghens, Constantine, statesman, poet, — b. at the Hague, 1596 — visits England, 16 18 — again, as secretary to Dutch embassy, Jan. to 30 Apr. 1621 — third time, Dec. 1621 — translates some of Donne's Poems into Dutch, before 1630 — tf., 13 Jan. 1687. Poemata, 1644 — Gedichte, 1687. Huyot, Jean Nicolas, architect, — ft. at Paris, 1780 — studies at Some, 1807-13 — sub- inspector of government works, 18 13 — visits the Levant, 1817-21 — Prof, at School of Architecture, 1821 — admitted to Institute, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 2 Aug. 1840. Huysmann, Cornelius, painter, — b. at Ant- werp, 1648 — is., 1727. Huysmann, Jacob, painter,— it. at Antwerp, 1656 — tf., 1696. Huysum, Jan van, painter,— §. at Amster- dam, 1682 — tf., 1749- Huzard, Jean Eaptiste, veterinary surgeon, — b. at Paris, 1755 — Prof, at School of Elfort, 1772 — Inspector-general of Veterinary Schools of France, 1794 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1839^ 1 Dec. i838. b Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques, 1795. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hvitfeld, Arnold, Chancellor of Den- mark, historian, — b., 1549 — ambassador to England, 1597 — to Bremen, 1602 — tf., 13 Dec. 1609. Hwen Thsang, Chinese pilgrim, — travels through India, 631-43. Hwiid, Andreas Christian, orientalist, — b. at Copenhagen, 1749 — studies at Gottingen, 1777 — Prof, at Univ. of Copenhagen, 1781 — tf-, 3 May 1788. De vita Cyri major is et minoris, 1775- Hybreas, of Mylasa, — orator, [BC] — ex- postulates with Antony against plunder of My- lasa, 41 — defends Mylasa against Labienus, 40 — restored to his borne by Yentidius, 38. Hybrilides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 72, 2,) 491. Hydaspes, river of India, — [BC] — reached by Alexander, his victory over Porus on the, 3 2 7- Hydatids, — observed and described by Hart- mann, 1685 — by Tyson, 1692. Hyde, Anne, — b., 1637 — Maid of Honour to the Princess of Orange, in 1659 — secretly mar- ries James, Duke of York, 3 Sep. 1660 a — in- famous charges against her character by Berke- ley and others, Sep., Oct. — birth of her son, 22 Oct. — is publicly acknowledged by James, 24 Dec. — received into Komish communion, Aug. 1670 s — tf-, 31 Mar. 167 I. a Lingard. Hyde, Edward and Henry. [Clarendon, Earls of.] Hyde, Lawrence. [Eochester, Earl of.] Hyde, Sir Nicholas, Chief Justice of England, — b., about 1572? — M.P. Christ- church, Hants, 1603 — Lent Eeader at the Middle Temple, 1617 — prepares defence of Buckingham, 1626 — Knt, early in 1527 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 5 Feb. 1627 — tf. at Hinton Lodge, Hampshire, 25 Aug. 1631. Hyde, Thomas, orientalist, — b.atBillingsley, Yorkshire, 29 Jun. 1636 — assists Walton in editing the Polyglot, 1653 — studies at Oxford, 1658 — under-librarian of the Bodleian, 1659 — prebendary of Salisbury, i66o, a 1666 h — prin- cipal librarian of the Bodleian, 1 665-1 701 — archdeacon of Gloucester, 1678 — D.D., 1682 — Laudian Prof. Arabic, 1691 — Eegius Prof. Hebrew, canon of Christchurch, 1697 — tf. at Oxford, 18 Jan. 1703. Tabulae Stellarum fix- arum ex observatione Ulugh Beighi, 1665 — De ludis orientalibus, 1694 — Veterum Persarum et Magorum Eeligionis Mistoria, 1700. a Engl. Cyc. b Eees' Cyc. Hyde Park, London, — becomes Crown pro- perty on dissolution of the monasteries, 1535 — surveyed, divided, and sold, 1652 — resumed by Crown, 1660 — Guards encamp in, 31 Jul. 17 15 — enlarged by Queen Caroline, the Serpentine formed, 1730 — troops encamp in, Jun. 1780 — Yolunteers reviewed in, Jun. 1799 — review of London Volunteers in, by George III., 26 and 28 Oct. 1803 — demonstrations against Sunday Trading Bill, 24 Jun. and 1 Jul. 1855 — bread riots, 14, 21, and 28 Oct. 1855 — review of Yolunteers by Queen Victoria, 23 Jun. i860 — riots in, by Garibaldians and Papists, 28 Sep. and 5 Oct. 1862 — review, 4 Jul. 1864 — riot, attempt of Eeform League to hold meet- ing in defiance of Government, 23 Jul. 1866 — placed in charge of Metropolitan Police, 1 Apr. 1867 — Eeform meeting in, prohibited, 1 May 1867 — prohibition revoked, 4 May — held, 6 May. Hyder Ali Khan, Eegent of Mysore, — b. near Bednore, (1131, a. h.) 17 i8-i9, a (1129,) 1 7 1 7 b — marries, 1 740 — seizes territories HYDERABAD— HYWEL DDA. 733 of Bangalore, 1747 — fights with the French against Mahrattas, 1750 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Trichinopoli, Aug. 1754— de- poses Kandih Eao and is chosen raja of Mysore, 1762 — makes truce of three years with Mahrat- tas, 1763 — conquers Maldive Isles, 1764 — seizes Calicut, 1765 — carries on war with Nizam of the Deccan, 1766 — with the Mzam attacks English troops, Sep. 1767— defeated by them near Vellore, Dec. 1767 — continues war with English, 1768 — invades and plunders the Car- natic, Jan. 1769 — marches to Madras, and concludes treaty of alliance with English, 4 Apr. 1 769 — at war with Mahrattas, 1 7 70 to Jul. 1772 — forms alliance with Mahrattas, and ob- tains services of French officers, summer 1780 — captures detachment of English under Col. Baillie, 10 Sep. 1780 — takes Arcot, 31 Oct. 1780 — defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at Cud- dalore, 1 Jun. 178 1 — besieges Tellicherry, and is repulsed by Major Abington, 7 Jan. 1782 — tJ. at Arcot, a Chitor, b (3 Saphar 1198,) 7 Dec. 1782. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Hyderabad, in Hindustan, — founded (as Bhagnagar) by Mohammed Kuli, king of Gol- conda, about 1585 — taken and plundered by troops of Aurungzebe, 1686. Hydraulic Crane, — invented by Armstrong, 1846. Hydraulic Press,— suggested by Pascal, be- fore 1660 — patented by Bramah, 1796. Hydraulic Earn, — invented by Montgolfier, about 1795. Hydrochloric Acid Gas, — discovered by Priestley, 1772 — its composition determined by Davy, 1 8 10. Hydrocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid, — disco- vered and investigated by Scheele, 1782 — further investigation of, by Berthollet, 1787. Hydrogen, — properties of, investigated by Cavendish, 1766 — applied to balloons, by Ca- vallo and Montgolfier, 1782. Hygeia, asteroid, — discovered by De Gas- paris, 12 Apr. 1849. Hyginus, Bp of Eome, — succeeds Telespho- rus, 139 — rj., 142. Hyginus, (Higinus,) C. Julius, — [BC] — brought to Eome by Julius Caesar, (707, a. u. c.) 57— fl., about (01. 193,) (745,) 9. Hyginus Gromaticus, surveyor, — fl., about 110-120. Hygrometer, — invented by de Saussure, about 1783 — de Luc's, about 1786 — Daniell's, 1819. Hyksos {Shepherd Kings). [ Egypt.] Hyndford, John Carmichael, Earl of, diplomatist, — fi., 1701 — marries, 1732 — suc- ceeds to the title, Sep. 1737 — High Commis- sioner to the General Assembly of the Kirk, 1738 — Knt of the Thistle and envoy to Court of Frederick the Great, 1742 — envoy to Eussia, 1744 — contributes to the Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748 — Privy Councillor, 1749 — am- bassador to Vienna, 1752 — Lord Vice-admiral of Scotland, 1764 — &., 19 Jul. 1767. Hypatia, philosopher, mathematician, — mur- dered by clergy of Alexandria, Lent 415. Hypatius,— Consul of Eome with Patricks, (1253, a. u. c.) 500. Hypatius, Fl., — Consul of Eome with Fl. Eusebius, (1112, a. u. c.) 359. Hyperbolos, — [BC] — first mentioned by Aristophanes in Acham., 425 — ostracized by combination of Midas and Alkibiades, 416-5 — murdered by oligarchs of Samos, 411. Hyperides, {Hypereides,) orator, — [B C] — fj., about 396 — equips a trireme against Eubcea, 358 — prosecutes Philocrates with Demosthenes, 346 — proposes desperate measures after Cheer - oneia, 338 — accuses Demosthenes, about Har- palus, 324 — takes prominent part in Lamian war, 323 — put to death by Antipater, 6 Oct. 322. Hypsseus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul of Eome with T. Manlius Torquatus, (407, A.U.C.) 347. Hypsseus, M. Plautius, — [BC] — Consul of Eome with M. Fulvius Flaccus, (629, a. u. c.) 125. Hypsicles, mathematician, astronomer, — fl., i6o, a not before S5°- b a Selden. b A. de Morgan. Hyrcanus I., Joannes, — [BC] — High Pries r, Prince of the Jews, — with Judas his brother defeats Cendebeus, 137 — assumes High-priesthood and drives Ptolemy into Dagon, 135 — besieged in Jerusalem by An- tiochus Sidetes, 134 — accompanies Antiochus against Parthia, May 129 s — reduces parts of Samaria, and makes alliance with Eome, 129 b « — besieges Samaria and destroys it, 109— joins Sadducees, 108 c — tf., 106 or beginning 105. a Clinton. b Oxf. Tab. c Jahn. Hyrcanus II., Joannes, — [BC] — High Priest and King of the Jews, — appointed High Priest by Alexandra, 78 — succeeds Alex- andra as sovereign, 69 — resigns sovereignty to Aristobulus, 66 — takes refuge with Aretas, 65 — reinstated at Jerusalem by Pompey, 63 — revolt of Alexander suppressed by Gabinius, 56, 54 * — deprived of sovereignty : revolt of Aristo- bulus, 55, 53 a — revolt of Alexander, beginning 54, 53 a — restored to sovereign power by Julius Csesar, 47 — power confirmed by Antony, 42 — taken prisoner by Parthians, 40 — returns to Jerusalem to Herod's court, 33 a — put to death by Herod, 30. a Jahn. Hysiee, — [B C] — Argives defeat Spartans at, (01. 27, 4,) 66 9 . a a Muller. Hywel Dda, {Howell the Good,) Legislator of the Kymry, — succeeds his father Cadell as Prince of Dinevor, (and of Powis ?) about 910 — goes to Eome and obtains sanction of Pope Anastasius for his code, 926 or 928 — acquires Gwynedd on death of Idwal, 943 — tf., 948 or 95°. 734 IALYSOS— IBYCUS. I Ialysos, in Rhodes, — [B C] — Damagetos last king of the Eratidse, about 650,* 668. b a Smith's Diet. b Muller. Iambic Verse, — [BC] — originated by Ar- chilochus, about 670. Iamblichus, of Chalets, Neo-platonic philo- sopher, — ft., 309~329. a a Clinton. Ianthe, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 18 Apr. 1868. Ibarra, Joachim, printer, — ft. at Saragossa, 11 Jul. 1726— tf. at Madrid, 23 Nov. 1785. Translation of Sallust, 1772 — edition of Don Quixote, 1780. Ibas, Bp of Edessa, — succeeds Babulas, 435 — defends Theodore of Mopsuestia ; ab- solved from suspicion of Nestorianism by Councils of Tyre and Berytus, Feb. 449 — con- demned by Council of Ephesus, deposed and imprisoned, Aug. 449— reinstated by Council of Chalcedon, 451 — tf., 457 — his letter on Nestorianism condemned by Council of Con- stantinople, 553- a a Neander. Iberia, {Georgia,) — [BC] — invaded by Pom- pey, 65 — [AD] — Christianity introduced, about 270-310 — made a province of Persia by Sapor II., 365-6 — subject to Caliphs of Baghdad, about 700. [Georgia.] Ibn-al-Atsyr, Abul Hassan Ali, (^22- Eddin,) historian,— -b. in Mesopotamia, about 1 1 60 — fr. at Mosul, about 1233. Ibn-al-Khatib, Mohammed ben Ahmed, historian, — h. at Granada, 1313 — tJ., (776, a. h.) 1374. Ibn Batuta, of Tangiers, traveller, — fl. , 1340-50 — at Delhi, 1341. Ibn-Cotaibah, Abu Mohammed Abdallah, philologist,— h. at Baghdad, (213, a. h.) 829 — ft., (276,) 890. Ibn-Doreid, Abubekr Mohammed, poet, — b. at Bassorah, (223, a. h.) 838— rj. at Bagh- dad, (321,) 933. Ibn-Junis, Ali ben Abdelrahman, astro- nomer, poet, — b. at Cairo, (369, a. h.) 979 — applies pendulum to measurement of time, about 1000 a —tf., (399,) 1008. a Young and Humboldt. Ibn-Khaldun, Waly Eddin Abu Zeid Abd- alrahman, historian, philologist, — b. at Tunis, (732, a. 11.) 1332 — in the service of General Mohammed, (7-49,) 1348 — settles in Egypt, (784,) 1382— chief cadi, (786,) 1384 — again, (803,) 1400— rj. at Cairo, (808,) 1406. Ibn-Khilcan, Shems Eddin Abul Abbas Ahmed, historian, — b. at Arbel, (608, a. h.) 12 r 1 — fo. chief cadi at Damascus, (681,) 1282. Ibrahim, Caliph, — succeeds his brother Yezid 111., (20 Dhul hadja 126, a. h.) 5 Oct. 744. — deposed by Menvan, (early in 127,) Nov. 744 — recognized as Imaum by party of the Abassides, (129,) 746 — goes on pilgrimage to Mecca, captured by partisans of Merwan and put to death, (130,) 747 a — rj., (132,) 750.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Some authorities. Ibrahim, Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., about 161 3 — imprisoned, 1636 — succeeds his brother Amurath IV., (Schoual 1049, a. h.) Eeb. 1640 — besieges and takes Azof from Cos- sacks, (1051,) 1641 — declares war on Venetians, (1055,) 1645 — invasion of Candia, (Babia II. 1055,) May 1645 — deposed and strangled, (28 Bedgeb 1059,) 28 Jul. 1649^ 17 Aug. 1648. 15 a Cantimir. b Ricaut and Hist. Univ. Ibrahim. [Ghazni, Dynasty of-] Ibrahim Lodi, Emperor op Delhi, — suc- ceeds his father, Secander, 15 17 — subdues and puts to death his brother Juanpur, 15 18 — in- vasion of Baber, 1524— second invasion, Dec. 1525 — defeated and killed at Panipat, 21 Apr. 1526. a a Elphinstone. Ibrahim Bey, Chiee of the Mamelukes, — b. in Circa ssia, about 1735 — made governor of Cairo by Mohammed Abu Dahab, 1776 — on death of Mohammed shares power with Mourad Bey, Jun. 1776 — on occupation of Cairo by Napoleon, retires to Syria, 1798 — attempts to raise siege of El Arisch and is defeated by Kleber and Begnier, 7 Feb. 1799 — takes part in battle of Heliopolis, 1800 — with Nassouf Pacha surprises Cairo, 1800 — capitulates to Kleber, and evacuates * Cairo, 25 Apr. 1800 — proposes submission to Napoleon, 1802 — tf. at Dongola in Nubia, Aug. 1 8 1 6. Ibrahim Pacha, Viceroy of Egypt, — b. in Albania, 1789 — generalissimo of Egyptian army, by Mehemet Ali, commands expedition against Wahabees, 18 16-19 — sent against Greek insurgents, 1824 — takes Navarino, Feb. 1825 — repulsed at Nauplia by Ypsilanti: be- gins siege of Missolonghi, Dec. 1825 — battle of Navarino, 1828 — blockaded in the Morea by the allies, 1828 — capitulates, and evacuates Greece, 16 Sep. 1828 — undertakes conquest of Syria, Oct. 1831 — storms Acre, May 1832 — defeats army of the Sultan at Konieh, 20 Dec. 1832 — Treaty of Kutayeh, 14 May 1833 — defeats army of Mahmoud II. at Nezib, 24 Jun. 1839 — is compelled by English inter- vention to give up Syria to the Sultan, Nov. 1 840 — visits England and France, 1 846 — suc- ceeds his father, Mehemet Ali, as Viceroy, 1 Sep. 1848 — tf. at Cairo, 9 Nov. 1848. Ibrahim-El-Halepy, jurist,- — b. at Aleppo, about 1456— If., (956, a. h.) 1549. Ibrahim Effendi, — establishes printing-press in Turkey, about 1726 — tf., 1744. Ibrail. [Brailow.] Ibycus, legendary poet, — [B C] — fl. at court ICAROS— ICTINUS. 735 of Polycrates of Samos, about (01. 60) 540,* 539, b 544- c a Smith's Diet. b Hieron. c Cyril. Icaros, island, — [B Cj — colonized from Miletus, about 750. Ice, Regelation of,— observed by Faraday, 1850 — investigated by Tyndall, 1856 — by Thomson, 1857. Iceland, —discovered by Norwegians, about 860 — Norwegian settlement at Reykjavik, 874 — introduction of Christianity by Olaf Tryggva- son, king of Norway, 995-1000 — Roman alpha- bet adopted by Bp Islief, 1057 — formation of the Gragas, (code of' Laws,) 11 20 — becomes sub- ject to Haco, king of Norway, 1264 — with Nor- way, subject to Denmark, 1387 — printing in- troduced, about 1529 — Lutheran Reformation, 1550 — famine, 1784-5 — abolition of the Al- thing, 1800 — reorganized by decree of 8 Mar. 1843— visited by Hooker, 1809 — by Mackenzie, 1 8 10 — by Henderson, 18 14- 15 — by Barrow, ^34 — by Baring-Gould, 1 86 1 — dissolution of the Althing, new form of government estab- lished, summer, 1871. Iceni, British tribe, — defeated by Ostorius, 50— oppressed by Catus Decianus, revolt under Boadicea, and capture many Roman posts, 61 — defeated by Suetonius near London, 61. Icilius, I., — [B C] — tribunus plebis, obtains assignment of Aveutine to the plebs, 456 — again tribune, 455 — excites revolt of army against Decemvirs, in affair of Virginia, 449. Icilius, Sp. , — [B C] — one of the plebeian envoys from Mons Sacer, 494 — tribunus plebis, 492-481 ? 471 — sedile, 491. Icolmkill. [Iona.] Iconium, \Konieh,) Sultans or, — con- quered by Seljukides, and made seat of kingdom by Solyman, first Sultan, (467, a. h.) 1074 — he invades Syria and takes Antioch and Laodicea, (477,) 1084 — refuses tribute to Emir of Aleppo and makes war on him, is defeated and kills himself, 1085 — interregnum, 1085-92 — Kilidsch Arslan I., 1092— Saisan, (Male ic shah,) (son,) (500,) 1107 — war with Alexis Comnenus, 1 107-16 — deposed and blinded by his brother Masotjd L, who suc- ceeds him, (oil,) 1 1 17 — treaty of peace with Emperor Manuel, 1143 — war renewed, 1145 — ■ again makes peace, and forms alliance with Manuel against crusaders, 1147 — Kilidsch Arslan II., 1155 — Gajazeddin Kaikhosrotj I., (son,) (588,) 1 1 92 — deprived by his brother Rokneddin, 1200 — takes refuge with Alexis Angelus, and is baptized ; accompanies Alexis in flight from Constantinople, 1204 — on death of Rokneddin recovers the throne, (602,) 1205 — seizes Attalia, (607,) 1210 — with Alexis makes war on Theodore Lascaris, and is killed, 1210 — Azzeddin Kaikaous, (son,) 1210 — captures and puts to death Togrul Shah, Sultan of Erzeroum, 121 3 — Alaeddin Kaiko- bad, (brother,) (616,) 1219 — makes conquests in Georgia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia : Gregory IX. writes to him, 1235 — besieges Tarsus, 1237 — a", there, (Schoual 634.) Mayor Jun. 1737 — Gajazeddin Kaikhosuou II., (son,) 1237 — his kingdom invaded by Mongols, 1241 — becomes tributary to them, (642,) 1244-5 — Azzeddin Kaikaous II., (son,) 1244-5 — deposed by Khan of Mongols in favour of his brother Rokneddin, (645,) 1247 — defeats Rokneddin and recovers kingdom, 1254 — Rokneddin restored by Hulagu, 1255 — war between the brothers : seeks refuge with Michael Paloeologus who gives him up to Mongols, (659,) 1261 — (ft. at Kaptchak, 1278) ' — Rokneddin alone, 1261 — strangled by order of Mongol governor, (666,) 1267 — ■ Gajazeddin Kaikhosrou III., (son,) fc., 1263-7 — put to death by Ahmed Khan, (682,) 1283 — Gajazeddin Masoud II., (son of Kaikaous,) 1283 — killed in battle with one of his Emirs, (693,) 1294 — the Sultanate dis- membered. [Konieh.] Iconoclasts, {Image-breakers,) — excite atten- tion in the East, soon after 700 — supported by edict of Emperor Leo III., before Sep. 726 !l — revolt excited in Greece by execution of edict, 726 — revolt of Italy against Leo, 728 et seq. — denounced by Gregory II. in letters to Leo, 726, a 729^ 730° — edict of Council of Constantinople and deposition of Patriarch Germanus for refusing to subscribe edict, Jan. 730 — denounced by Gregory III. ; his envoy, Priest George, seized and imprisoned in Sicily, by officers of Leo, 731— Council of Rome against Priest George, 731 — -excommunicated by second Council of Rome, Nov. 732 — second envoy of Gregory to Leo imprisoned in Sicily, 732 — his tbird envoy reaches Constantinople, and delivers letter ; fleet sent by Leo to Italy is destroyed by storm, 732-3 — opposed by John Damascenus, 732 e — appeal of pope and prelates of Italy to Emperor against, 733 e — supported by Constantine Copronymus, who begins persecution of image-worshippers, 752 — Council of Constantinople, in support of, Feb. to Aug. 754 — condemned by Pope Stephen IV. at Lateran Council, 769 s — persecution of Catholics by Leo. IV., 780— reestablishment of image- worship by Empress Irene, 780 — unsuccessful attempt to hold Council against, at Constanti- nople, 786 — anathematized, and image-worship reestablished by second Council of Nicsea, 787 — publication of the Libri Carolini, 790 f — ■ supported by Council of Frankfort, 794 — denounced by Council of Constantinople, about Christmas 814- — supported by Emperor Leo V., and by Council of Constantinople, Apr. 815 — proposal for reconciliation by Michael the Drunkard fails, 821 — censure of both parties by Councils of Paris, Nov. 825, a and Aix-la-Chapelle, Dec. 825 a — supported by Emperor Theopnilus at Council of Constanti- nople, 829 — final establishment of images under Regency of Theodora, by Council of Constanti- nople, 19 Feb. 842 — anathematized by Council of Constantinople, 869, 870.* a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Muratori. c Pagi. d Baronius. e Dufresnoy. f Gibbon. ? Herzog. Ictinus, architect, — [BC] — completes the Parthenon, 438 — completes Phigalian temple, about 431. 73 6 IDA— ILLUS. Ida, Angle, — founds kingdom of Nor thumbria, 547 — tf., 56o. a a A.S. Chron. Idatius, chronicler, — ft. in Spain, about 395 ? — sees Jerome, 407 a — Bp of Lemica in Gal- laecia, 427 a — captured by Suevi, 26 Jul. 460 a — released, Nov. 460 a — living, 469^ a Clinton. Idatius, Bp of Emerita, — takes part in persecution of Priscillian, 380-385. Ideler, Christian Ludwig, chronologist, — ft. near Perleberg, 21 Sep. 1766 — tutor to Princes William Frederick and Charles, of Prussia, 1816-22 — Prof, at Berlin Univ., 1821 — foreign member of French Institute, 1839 — if., 10 Aug. 1846. Historischen TJntersuchungen iiber die astronomischen Beobachtungen der Alien, 1806 — Untersuchung iiber den TJr sprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen, 1809 — Eandbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie, 1825-6 — Die Zeitrechnung der Cliinesen, 1839. Ideler, Julius Ludwig, — ft. at Berlin, 3 Sep. 1809— tf. there, 17 Jul. 1842. Meteoro- logies veterum Grcecorum et Romanorum, 1832 — Aristotelis Meteorologia, 1834-6 — Fsalterium Copticum, 1837 — Hermapion, 1841. Ides, Everard Isbrand, traveller, — ft. in Holstein, about 1660 — sent as Russian ambas- sador to China, 1692-4 — ft. in Russia, about 1700. Journey from Moscow to China, 1704. Idiots, Asylum for,— established in London, 1847 — incorporated by Royal Charter, 1862. Idomeneus, of Lampsacus, Epicurean philo- sopher, — [BC] — fl., 310-270. Idria, in Austria, — quicksilver mines dis- covered, 1497. Idstadt, in Denmark, — defeat of Schleswig- Holsteiners by the Danes, 25 Jul. 1850. Idumeea, (Edom,) — [BC] — subjected by Chedorlaomer of Elam, about 1925 a — by descendants of Esau, about 1700 a — by David, about 1040 a — revolts against Judah, after spring 889 a — recovered by Uzziah, about 810 a — made independent by Rezin of Syria, 741 a — joins Nebuchadnezzar against Judah, 590 a — subdued by John Hyrcanus, about 125 b — Antipater, prefect, made procurator of Judaea, 48— [AD] — joins in defence of Jerusalem against Titus, 70 — visited by Burckhardt, 18 12. a Ussher. b Bib. Cyc. Iffland, August "Wilhelm, dramatist,— ft. at Hanover, 1759 — makes his debut at Gotha, 1777 — director of theatre, Berlin, 1796 — director of court plays, x8n — tf. there, 20 Sep. 1814. Werhe, 1798. Iglau, in Moravia, — Treaty of, by which the Emperor Sigismund accepts the Compacts of Prague and is acknowledged King of Bohemia, concluded, 5 Jul. 1436— assembly of Catholic States at, 1467. Iglesias de la Casa, Jose, poet, — ft. at Salamanca, about 1753 — tf.. 26 Aug. 1791. Foesias, 1798. Ignarra, Niccolo, antiquary, — ft. near Naples, 21 Sep. 1728 — admitted to Academy of Herculaneum, 1755— Prof. Exegesis, Univ. of Naples, 1763 — director of royal printing- press, 1782 — tutor to Prince Francis, 1784 — j canon of Naples, 1794 — tf. there, 6 Aug. 1808. De palcestra Neapolitana, 1770 — Doctissimi Mazzochi vita, 1778 — Opuscula, 1807. Ignatius, St., of Antioch, Apostolic Father, — Bp of Antioch, 69-70 a — thrown to the lions, there, 20 Dec. ii5, a 107. b Epistle to Romans, 23 Aug. 115 a — controversy respecting Syriac version of his Epistles begins, 1845. a Clinton. b Some authorities. Ignatius, St, (JVicetas,) Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — ft., about 799 — commander of Lifeguards, 8 1 2 — becomes a monk, 8 1 3 — Patri- arch, 846-7 — excommunicates Bardas and is exiled, 857 — [Photius] — reinstatedby Emperor Basilius, 867— tf., 23 Oct. 878. Ignatius Loyola. [Loyola.] Ignorantines, Congregation of, — established in France by Abbe dela Salle, 1724 — suppress- ed, 1789 — reestablished by Napoleon, 1806. Igor. [Russia, Dukes op.] Ihre, Johan, philologist, — ft. in Sweden, 3 Mar. 1707 — visits Oxford, London, and Paris, 1730-3 — Skythian Prof. Polite Literature and Political Science, 1738 — Kntof the Polar Star, 1759 — tf., Nov. or Dec. 1780. Glossarium Siciogothicum, 1769 — Svenkst Dialect-Lexicon, 1766 — TJlphilas illustratus, 1752-5. Iken, Conrad, theologian, orientalist, — ft. at Bremen, 1689 — D.D.Utrecht, pastor, Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages, Bremen, 1720— tf. at Bremen, 30 Jun. 1753. Antiqui- tates hebraicce, 1732 — Thesaurus novus theolo- gico-philologicus, 1732. Ikshidites, Saracen Dynasty of, — rule in Syria and Egypt, 934-968^ a Gibbon. Ilaulph, Gothic military commander, — quits service of Belisarius, joins Totilas, and reduces Dalmatia, 549. Ildefonso, St, in Castile, — Palace of, built by Philip V., 1700-20 — Treaty of, alliance be- tween France and Spain, signed 19 Aug. 1796 — its terms altered by Convention of 19 Oct. 1803. Ilderim. [Bajazet I.] Ilergetes, of Spain, — [BC] — conquered by L. Manlius Acidinus, between 206-199. Illiberis. [Elvira.] Illiger, Johann Karl Wilhelm, naturalist, — ft. at Brunswick, 19 Nov. 1775 — studies at Helmstadt, 1799-1802 — tf., 10 May 1813. Versuche einer systematischen Terminologie des Thierreichs und Fflanzenreichs, 1800 — Maga- zin fiir Insehtenhunde, 1802-7 — Frodromus systematis Mammalium et Avium, 1 8 r 1 . Illinois, U. S., — territory discovered by French, 1670 — settlements in, 1673 — ceded to English, 1763 — ceded by Virginia to United States, 1787 — admitted as State of the Union, 3 Dec. 1818. Illuminati, Society of the, — founded by "Weishaupt in Bavaria, 1 May 1776 — suppress- ed, by edicts of 22 Jun. 1784 and 2 Mar. 1785. Illus, (Ellus, Myllus,) general, — holds office under Emperor Leo I., between 457-472 — joins in expulsion of Emperor Zeno, 475 — with his brother Trocondus joins Zeno, Jul. 477 — appointed consul alone, 478 — puts down con- spiracy of Marcian, 479 — proclaims Leontius ILLYRIA— INA. 737 Emperor, 484 — defeated near Seleucia, 484 — blockaded, in Papyrius, near Tarsus, 484-8 — put to death, 488. Illyria, {Illyricum, Illyris,) Illyrians, — [BC] — invade Macedonia and expel Amyntas II., soon after 394 a — Bardylis, king of, de- feated and killed by Philip of Macedonia, 359 — Cleitus, his son, revolts from Alexander and is subdued, 335 — regains independence after death of Alexander, 323 — Teuta becomes queen on death of ber husband Agron, 231 — invaded by Romans, 229 — siege of Issa, 229 — naval victory of Fulvius, 22 Jun. 229 b — con- clude treaty with Rome, 229 — greater part of, given by Rome to Demetrius Pharius, 228 c — defeat and expulsion of Demetrius by L. JEmilius Paullus, 219 c — Scerdelaides, 211- 204? — Pleuratus, his son, about 204-180 — invasion of Perseus, 169 b — Gentius, conquer- ed by Romans, about 168-7 — Roman province, 168-7 — Csesar carries on war in, 35-34 b — [A.D] ■ — war with Rome renewed, 7 b — reduced, 9 b — invaded by Quadi and Sarmatee, 374— forms part of Eastern Empire, 476— invaded by Sclavonians, 547 — [Croatia, Dalmatia.] a Thirhvall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Illyria, Kingdom of [Illyrian Provinces.] Illyrian Provinces, — seized and so named by decree of Napoleon, 14 Oct. 1809 — recover- ed and united as kingdom of Illyria to Austrian empire, 1813 — ceded to Austria by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — subdivided into Duchies and Counties, 1849. Imad-Eddin, Mohammed, (El-Kateb,) his- torian, — b. at Ispahan, (519, a. h.) 1 125— is successively secretary to Noureddin and Saladin : 5j. at Damascus, (597,) 1201. Imad ed Doulah, (Abul Hassan Ali ben Bouyah,) founder of dynasty of the Bowides {Deilemites,) — fj., about (281, A. h.) 904— con- quers Schiraz and province of Fars, (322,) 932 — tr., (G-uimadha I. 338,) Nov. 949. Images, Image Worship, — introduction of, into Christian churches, condemned by Council of Illiberis, (Elvira,) between 300-305 --destruction of, enjoined by Caliph Yezid II., 723. [Iconoclasts. J In Germany, denounced by Carlstadt, 1522. In Switzerland, denounced by Zwingle, and removed from churches of Zurich, 1523. In England, removal of, ordered by Act 3 and 4 Edw. YI. c. 10, 1549. In Austria, prohibited by Joseph II. , about 1782. Imhert, Barthelemi, poet, — b. at Nismes, 1747 — tf. at Paris, 23 Aug. 1790. (Euvres poetiques, 1777. Imbonati, Carlo Giuseppe, Cistercian, — b. at Milan, about 1650 — tf. at Rome, 19 Oct. 1687,* after i696. b Bibliotheca latino -hebraica, 1694^ 1696. b a Biog. Univ. b Ncmv. Biog. Gen. Imeritia, Circassia, — detached from kingdom of Georgia, becomes independent, soon after 1400 — Salomon I. proclaimed King, 1745 — throws off yoke of the Turks, and is dethroned : restored by Russia, 1769 — his successor David dethroned and succeeded by Salomon II., 1793 — he owns allegiance to Russia : abdicates in favour of Russia, and the province is incor- porated with Russia, 1810. Imhof, Jacob Wilhelm, genealogist, — b. at Nurnberg, 1651 — rj. there, 20 Dec. 1728. Notitia S. R. I. G. procerum tarn ecclesiast. quam secular, historico-heraldico-genealogica, 1684 — Excellentium in Gallia familiarum gene- alogice, 1687 — Begum pariumque Magnce Britannice historia genealogica, 1690. Immaculate Conception. [Conception.] Immermann, Karl Lebrecht, dramatist, novelist, — b. at Magdeburg, 24 Apr. 1796 — studies at Halle, 18 13— rj. at Diisseldorf, 25 Aug. 1840. Gesammelte Sehriften, 1834-43. Imola, Innocenzio da, painter, — b. atlmola, 1494,* 1490° — pupil of Francia, 151 r, a 1506 b — fr. at Bologna, about i55o, a 1542.° Altar- piece, Gallery of Bologna, 15 17 ab — Altar-piece, Faenza, 1526 a — Crucifixion, Bologna, 1549.* a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Ersch and Gruber. Impeachment, in England, — by Commons, resorted to, 1376 — falls into disuse, 1460- 1620 — frequent, between 1620-8 8 — pardon under the Great Seal not pleadable to, by Act 12 and 13 Wm III. e. 2, 1 70 1. In America, adopted in case of Pres. Johnson, Mar. 1868. Imperato, Ferrante, naturalist. Dell'istoria natter ale, 1599. Imperial Chamber, — established at Frank- fort-on-the-Main by Maximilian I. at Diet of Worms, 1495 — after several changes, trans- ferred to Spire, 1527 — to Wetzlar, about 1680 — extinct, 1806. Imperiali, Giuseppe Rene, Cardinal, — b. at Genoa, 1651 — Cardinal, legate at Ferrara, 1690— legate to Milan, 17 11 — U. at Rome, Jan. 1737. Impey, Sir Elijah, — Chief Justice of Bengal, — 1774 — passes sentence of death on Nundco- mar, Aug. 1775 — Judge of the Sudder Dewanee Adaulut, Oct. 178 1 — recalled, Jul. 1782 — im- peached, 1788 — o\, 1 Feb. 1812. Importunus, — 6Ws^ofRome,(1262,A.u.c.) 5°9- Impressment of seamen for the navy, — recog- nized and regulated by Acts 2 Rich. II. c. 4, 1378; 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 16, 1555; 5'Eliz. c. 5, 1562; 7 and 8 "Wm III. c. 21, 1696 ; 2 .Ann. c. 6, 1703 ; 4 and 5 Ann. c. 19, 1705; 13 Geo. II. cc. 17 and 28, 1740, and 50 Geo. III. c. 108, 20 Jun. 1810. Imprisonment for Debt, — [Arrest] — in England and Wales, — abolished, and punish- ment of fraudulent debtors provided for, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 62, 9 Aug. 1869— statutes relating to, repealed, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 83, 9 Aug. 1869. In France, abolished, Mar. 1867. Impropriations, Feoffees for, — constituted by John Preston, 1624 a — prosecuted by Laud, censured by Star Chamber and their livings forfeited to the Crown, 13 Feb. i633. b a Carlyle. b Annals of England. Ina, King of Wessex, — succeeds Ceadwalla, Apr. 688 — publishes his code, 693-4 — receives from Kentish men composition for murder of Mul, 694 — defeats Geraint, king of Cornwall, 710 — at war with Ceolred, king of Mercia, 715 — kills Cynewulf the Atheling, 721 — ex- pels Aldbright the Atheling and makes war on 47 738 INAROS— INDIA. South Saxons, 722 — defeats them and kills Aldbright, 725 — abdicates and goes to Rome, 728 — founds Anglo-Saxon school at Rome ? and &., 728. Inaros, — [BC] — in Egypt, revolts against Persia, 461 — aided by Athens, defeats Achse- menes, 460— captured by Megabyzos and put to death, 455. Inchbald, Elizabeth, novelist, actress, — fc. near Bury St Edmunds, 1753 — marries, 1772 — left a widow, 1779— retires ^ rom ^ e sta o e > l l%9 — tf. in London, 1 Aug. 1821. Simple Story, 1 79 1 — Nature and Art, 1796 — edits British Theatre, 1806-9 — Modem Theatre, 1809. Inchofer, Melchior, Jesuit,— b. at Vienna, 1584 — enters the Order, 1607 — cited before Congregation of the Index, for his publication of Letter of the Virgin to the Messinese, and ac- quitted, 1630 — settles at Rome, 1636 — goes to Macerata, 1647— tf., 28 Sep. 1648. Trac- tatus Syllepticus, 1633 — Eistoria Sacra Latini- tatis, 1635 — Annates Ecclesiastici regni Eun- garice, 1644. Incledon, Benjamin Charles, singer,— fc. in Cornwall, 1764 — pupil of Jackson at Exeter, 1772-9 — appears on the stage at Covent Garden, 1790 — "U., 1826. Inclosure of Wastes, §c, in Great Britain, — authorized and regulated by Act 29 Geo. II. c. 36, ss. 1-5, 1756 — amended by 31 Geo. II. c. 41, 1758 — usual provisions respecting, consolidated in Act 41 Geo. III. c. 109, 2 Jul. 1801 — amend- ed, and further facilitated and regulated, by Acts 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 23, 19 Apr. 1821 ; 3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 35, 24 Jul. 1833, and c. 87, 28 Aug. 1833 ; 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 115, 20 Aug. 1836, and 3 and 4 Vic. c. 31, 23 Jul. 1840— parlia- mentary committee on, 1844. Commissioners appointed for England and Wales, and their powers defined by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 118, 8 Aug. 1845 — amended by 9 and 10 Vic. c. 70, 26 Aug. 1846, and 10 and 11 Vic. c. Ill, 23 Jul. 1847 — further provisions by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 99, 4 Sep. 1848 ; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 83, 1 Aug. 1849 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 53, 1 Aug. 1851 ; 15 and 16 Vic. c. 62, s. 4, and c. 79, 30 Jun. 1852; 17 and 18 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 1854; 20 and 21 Vic. c. 31, 10 Aug. 1857 ; 22 and 23 Vic. c. 43, 13 Aug. 1859. Income Tax, in Great Britain, — proposed by Pitt, 4 Dec. 1798— imposed by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 13, 9 Jan. 1799 — repealed by Act 42 Geo. III. c. 42, 4 May 1802 — reimposed, as Property Tax, by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 122, 11 Aug. 1803 — abandoned, 19 Mar. 18 16 — re- imposed by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 35, 22 Jun. 1842 — continued by Acts 8 and 9 Vic. c. 4, 24 Apr. 1845; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 8, 13 Apr. 1848; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 12, 5 Jun. 1851, and 15 and 16 Vic. c. 20, 28 May 1852 — renewed for seven years and extended to Ireland, by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 34, 28 Jun. 1853— doubled by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 10, 12 May 1 854— increased by Acts 17 and 18 Vic. c. 24, 12 May 1854, and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 20, 25 May 1855 — re- duced by Act 20 Vic. c. 6, 21 Mar. 1857 — increased, and relief extended to incomes under £150, by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 18, 13 Aug. 1859— reduced D y Acts 23 and 24 Vic. c. 14, 3 Apr. i860. Incumbered Estates. [Encumbered E- states.] Indemnity, Acts of, in England,— for treasons and state offences, between 1 Jan. 1637 and 24 Jun. 1660, passed, 12 Car. II. c. 11, 1660— for adherents of James II., passed, 2 Wm and Mar. c. 10, 20 May 1690 — for advisers of the em- bargo on exportation of corn, 7 Geo. III. c. 7, 16 Dec. 1766— for protecting authorities from penalties in respect to proceedings during sus- pension of Habeas Corpus Act, 41 Geo. III. c. 66, 23 Jun. 1 801, and 58 Geo. III. c. 6, 27 Mar. 1 81 8 — for infringement of Currency Acts, 21 Vic. c. 1, 12 Dec. 1857. Independence. [Declaration of Independ- ence. ] Independents, {Congregationalists,) Sect of, — originates in England, about 1580 — [Brown- ists] — congregation of, at Leyden, 16 10 — [Robinson, John] — reestablished in England, by Henry Jacobs, 1616 — established in America by Robinson, 1620 — become a powerful politic- al party under Cromwell, 1648-58 — publish declaration of faith and order, (Savoy Con- fession,) 12 Oct. 1658 — their ministers ejected from livings by Act of Uniformity, 1662 — in- fluence of, declines after Toleration Act, 1689 — form association with Presbyterians and Bap- tists, as Three Denominations, 1730. [Con- gregational Union.] Index Expurgatorius, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Fapal,— issued by Paul IV., 1557 and 1559 — extended by Pius V., 1564— republished with additions, 1595, 1607, 1648, 1 8 19, &c. [Congregation of the Index.] India, (Eindustan,) — [B C — [Buddhism]— part of N". W. region conquered by Darius, 520-485 — expedition of Alexander the Great, 330 — part of N. region included in Greek kingdom of Bactria, about 255-134 — [AD] — dynasty of Andra ends, 436 a — invaded by Mo- hammedans under Mohalib, (44, a. h.) 664 — conquest of Scinde by them, (92.) 711 — ex- pulsion of Mohammedans, (132,) 750 — embassy sent to, by Alfred the Great, 883 — hrst in- vasion by Sultan Mahmud, (House of Ghaz- ni,) 1 00 1— [Ghor, House of] — threatened by Moguls under Gengis Khan, (614-61^,) 1217- 21 — greater part of, conquered by Shems u din Altamsh, 1226-32 — [Delhi] — unsucci ssful in- vasions of the Moguls, 1304-5 — [Bengal, Deckan, Guzerat, &c.]— invasion of Tamer- lane, 1398-9 — Portuguese settlement on Malabar coast, 1498 — first European factory established by Vasco de Gama, 1502 — estab- lishment of Mogul Empire at Delhi by Baber, 1526 — [East India Company, India, British] — rise of the Mahrattas, 1650-80. a Elphinstone. India, British, [East India Company,] — the Portuguese defeated by the English rn coast of Bombay, 1614 — expulsion of Portu- guese from Ormuz by Persians assisted by the English, 1622 — Presidency of Madras i^Fort St George) established, 1654 — defence of Surat by English against Mahrattas, 1664 — Regency INDIA— INDIA STOCK. 739 of Bombay, 1687 — Presidency of Calcutta established, 1707 — invasion of Nadir Shah, 1739 — wars between English and French in India begin, 1746 — capitulation of Madras to the French, Sep. 1746 — siege of Pondicherry, 1748 — recovery of Madras, Aug. 1749 — arrival of Clive, and capture of Arcot, 1751 — Treaty of Pondicherry, Dec. 1754 — capture of Calcutta by Suraja Dowla, 20 Jun. 1756 — the Dutch excluded from Mahratta territories by treaty between English and the Peishwa, 1756 — Cal- cutta retaken, Jan. 1757 — capture of Ohander- nagore by English, Mar. 1757 — battle of Plassy, Jun. 1757 — war with the French in the Carnatic, 1757 — the government remod- elled by commission from Directors, Jun. 1758 — capture of Arcot by Count de Lally, Oct. 1758 — siege of Madras by Lally, Dec. 1758 to Feb. 1759 — territory extended by treaty with Mir Jaffier, Apr. 1759 — Vansittart succeeds Clive as governor, Jul. 1760 — battle of Pani- put, Jan. 1 76 1 — French power broken, 17 60-1 — rise of Hyder Ali to supreme power in Mysore, about 176 1 — by Treaty of Paris, the French recover their forts, Feb. 1763 — war with Mir Jaffier, 1763 — capture of Patna, Nov. 1763 — battle of Buxar, Oct. 1764 — Nabob of Oude, Suja ud Dowla, restored to his dominions, but Shah Alum made governor of Corah and Allahabad, May 1765 — grant of the Dewanee, 12 Aug. 1765- — alliance with the Nizam of the Deckan against Hyder Ali, Nov. 1766— Verelst succeeds Clive as governor, Jan. 1767 — attack on the English by the Nizam and Hyder Ali, Sep. 1767 — Cartier becomes governor, Dec. 1769 — great famine, 1770 — Warren Hastings govern- or, Apr. 1772— administration of justice accord- ing to. Hindu and Mohammedan law, authorized by E. I. Company, 1772 — capture of Tanjore, 1773 — occupation of Salsette and Bassein, Dec. 1 774 — treaty with Ragoba, the deposed Peishwa, IVJ ar. 1775 — treaty with Asof ud Dowla, Subah- dur of Oude, giving him Corah and Allahabad, and ceding Benares to the English, 21 May 1775 — Lord Pigot governor of Madras, Dec. 1775 — prosecution of Nundcomar, 1776 — war with France renewed, Jul. 1777 — capture of Pondicherry, Oct. 1777 — conquest of Gujerat by Goddard, 1780 — defeat of Sindia, Apr. 1780— war with Hyder Ali begins, Aug. 1780 — [Coote, Sir Eyre] — Lord Macartney go- vernor of Madras, Jun. 17 81 — several naval engagements between English and French fleets, 1782 — [Hughes, Admiral, Suffrein, Admiral — Hyder Ali succeeded by his son Tippoo Saib, Dec. 1782 — war with him: — [Mathews, Gen.] — Treaty of Versailles, 1783 —Pitt's India Bill passed, Aug. 1784 — [Board of Control] — Lord Cornwallis, governor-gen- eral, 1786 — the governor-general authorized to act against will of the Council by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 16, 1786 — the king empowered to recall the governor, by Act 26 Geo. TIL c. 25, 1786 — cession of Guntoor by the Nizam, Sep. 1788 — settlement of the lands commenced, 1789 — completed and declared perpetual, 1793 — war with Tippoo Saib renewed, Dec. 1789 — alliance with the Nizam and Mahrattas against him, summer 1790 — treaty of peace with Tippoo, Mar. 1792 — judicial reforms effected, 1793 — renewal of war with France, 1793 — Sir John Shore governor-general, Aug. 1793 — [Teign- mouth, Lord] — Lord Hobart governor of Madras, Sep. 1794 — conquest of Ceylon by the English, 1795 — Earl of Mornington governor- general, May 1798 — [Wellesley, Marquis]— Clive governor of Madras, Aug. 1798 — war renewed with Tippoo, early in 1799 — storming of Seringapatam,May 1 7 99 — Treaties of Mysore, Jun. and Jul. 1799— acquisition of Surat, May 1 800 — government of Arcot assumed by Eng- lish, Jul. 1 80 1 — acquisition of Rohilcund and the Doab, Nov. 1801 — of Furruckabad, Jun. 1802 — Treaty of Bassein, Dec. 1802 — [Mah- rattas] — cession of Cuttack by Raja of Berar, Dec. 1803 — war with Holkar begins, Apr. 1804 — Marquis Cornwallis again governor-gen- eral, Jul. to Oct. 1 805 — on his death the govern- ment administered by Sir G. Barlow, Oct. 1805 — mutiny of Sepoys at Vellore, 1806 — Lord Minto governor -general, Jul. 1 807 — war with Eaja of Travancore, 1807 to P'eb. 1809 — mutinies at Madras, Chittledroog, and Sering- apatam, Aug. 1809 — capture of Amboyna, Isle of Bourbon, Banda, Ternate, and Mauritius, 1 810 — incursions of the Pindarries begin, 1 812— Marquis of Hastings governor, Oct. 1 813 — war with the Nepaulese, 18 14-15 — [Ghorka War] — war with the Pindarries, 1817-18— Lord Amherst governor, Aug. 1823 —Burmese War, 1824-6— capture of Bhurt- pore, Jan. 1826 — Lord William Bentinck governor, Jul. 1828 — abolition of suttees de- creed, Dec. 1829 — admission of natives to magistracies and juries, by Act 2 ¥m IV. c. 117, 16 Aug. 1832 — annexation of Coorg, Apr. 1834— Lord Auckland governor, Sep. 1835 — Afghan War, 1838— [Dost MahommedJ — Lord Ellenborough governor, Feb. 1842 — war with the Beloochees, 1843— [Scinde] — oc- cupation of Gwalior, Dec. 1843 — Sir Henry Hardinge governor, May 1844 — purchase of Danish possessions in India, Feb. 1844 — war with the Sikhs, 1845-9 — Earl of Dalhousie governor, Aug. 1847 — annexation of the Pun- jab, Mar. 1849— second Burmese War, 185 1-3 — annexation of Pegu, Dec. 1852 — of Nag- poor, Dec. 1854 — of Oude, 7 Feb. 1856 — Viscount Canning governor, 29 Feb. 1856 — mutiny of the Sepoys, 1857-8 — [Sepoy War] — government of, transferred from the Com- pany to the Crown, Indian Council appointed, by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 106, 2 Aug. 1858 — amalgamation of Koyal and Indian armies by order of Gov. -gen., 10 Apr. 1861 — law con- cerning civil service in, amended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 54, 1 Aug. 1861 — sale of waste lands in, regulated by resolution of Gov. -gen., 17 Oct. 1 861 — opening of Legislative Council, 18 Jan. 1862— Lord Elgin governor, Mar. 1862 — Sir John Lawrence, Dec. 1863 — powers of Gov. -gen. enlarged, and law respecting territo- rial limits of Presidencies amended, by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 17, 9 May 1865 — Lord Mayo Viceroy, Dec. 1868. India Stock,— created by authority of Act 47 * 74° INDIA MUSEUM— INFORMERS. 22 and 23 Yic. c. 39, 13 Aug. 1859— its provi- sions extended to India Bonds by 23 and 24 Vic. c. 5, 23 Mar. i860 — registration and transfer of, provided for by Acts 25 and 26 Yic. c. 7, n Apr. 1862 ; 26 and 27 Vic. c. 73, 28 Jul. 1863 ; and 27 and 28 Vic. c. 50, 25 Jul. 1864. India Museum, — founded in London by E. I. Company, 1800. India Rubber. [Caoutchouc] Indian Mutiny. [Sepoy War.] Indian Territories, British America, — limits of, defined, 1821 — form part of diocese of Ru- pert's Land, 1849. Indian Territory, N. America, — purchased as part of Louisiana of France by United States, 1803. Indiana, U. S., — French settlements in, about 1702 — included in cession of Virginia to United States, 1787 — with Illinois erected into a territory, 1800— made a separate terri- tory, 1809 — insurrection of Shawnees, sup- pressed by Gen. Harrison, 181 1 — admitted as State of the Union, 18 16. Indibilis, Spanish chieftain, — [B C] — com- mands auxiliaries under Hanno, 218— defeats and kills P. Scipio, 212 — joins P. Scipio the younger, 209— revolts and is defeated, 206 — revolts again, and is defeated and killed, 205. Indicopleustes. [Cosmas Indicopleustes.] Indiction of Constantinople, The, — com- mences, 1 Sep. 3i2, a 313^ 314^ 315* a Some authorities. b Others. Indiction, Pontifical, The,— [B C]— com- mences, 25 Dec. or 1 Jan. 313. Indies, East. [India.] Indies, West. [West Indies.] Indigo, {Indicum,) — described by Marco Polo, about 1290 — brought to Europe, before 1500. In England, use of, prohibited, by Act 23 Eliz. c. 9, 158 1 — prohibition repealed by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 11, 1662. In langnedoc, prohibited, 1598 — prohibition repealed, 1737. In Germany, prohibited by decree of Diet, 1577, 1594, and 1603 — by Imperial edict, 1654. Indium, metal, — discovered by spectrum analysis, by Reich and Richter, 1867. Indore, capital of Makva, in Hindustan, — territory of, granted to Mulhar Rao Holkar, 1733 — town built, 1767 — defeat of Jeswunt Rao Holkar by Sindia at, 14 Oct. 1801 — taken by Col. Murray, 24 Aug. 1804 — restored, 1805 — mutiny at, 1 Jul. 1857. Induction Coil, — constructed by Ruhmkorff, about 1850— improved by Fizeau, 1853. Induction of Electric Currents, — discovered by Faraday, 183 1-2. Indulgence, Declaration of, — published by Charles II., 26 Dec. 1662 — condemned by par- liament, 27 Feb. 1663. Indulgences, (iV^;«/,) — granted to crusaders by Council of Clermont, Nov. 1095— granted to pilgrims visiting Rome at the Jubilee, by Boniface VIIL, 2 Feb. 1300 — again by Clem- ent VI., 27 Jan. 1343 — grant of, to encourage crusade against Ladislaus king of Naples, by John XXIII., 1411— preached by Tezel, 1502- 17 — promulgated by Leo X,, 15 17 — opposed by Luther at 'Wittenberg, 15 17 — denounced by Zwingli, 15 1 8— authorized, and Luther's opin- ions condemned, by bull of Leo X., 9 Dec. 15 18 — regulated by decree of Council of Trent, Dec. 1563. Indus, The, river, — sources of, visited by Moorcroft, i8i5. a a Encyc. d. Gens du Monde. Industrial Exhibitions, — protected by Act 28 Vic. c. 3, 27 Mar. 1865. Industrial and Provident Societies, — form- ation of, legalized by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 31, 30 Jun. 1852 — law amended by Acts 17 and 18 Vic. c. 25, 16 Jun. 1854; and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 40, 7 Jul. 1856 — laws amended and consolidated by Acts 25 and 26 Vic. c. 87, 7 Aug. 1862 ; and 30 and 31 Vic. c. 117, 20 Aug. 1867. Industrial Schools, in Great Britain, — ex- tension of, provided for by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 48, 17 Aug. 1857 — amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 108, 28 Aug. i860— laws relat- ing to, consolidated and amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 118, 10 Aug. 1866. In Scotland, laws consolidated and amended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 132, 6 Aug. 1861. In Ireland, pro- visions of Act extended to Ireland, by 31 Vic. c. 25, 29 May 1868. Inez de Castro, — secretly married to Don Pedro of Portugal, 1345 — assassinated by order of Alfonso IV., 1355 — her remains exhumed by Don Pedro, and homage done to her as queen, 1357- Infant School, — established at New Lanark by Robert Owen, about 1812 — at Westminster, 1819. [Wilderspin.] Infante, Infanta, — titles given to younger sons and the daughters of kings of Spain, as early as 999. Infanticide, — checked by Constantine the Great, by provision for maintenance of destitute children, 315 — the law extended to Africa, 322 — further provisions, 329 and 331 a — condemn- ed as murder by Vafentinian, 374.* In England, concealment of death of bastard child made evidence of, against mother, by Act 21 Jas. I. c. 27, 1623 — law amended by Acts 43 Geo. III. c. 58, 24 Jun. 1803 ; and 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828. a Lecky. Infernal Machines, — constructed for de- fence of Antwerp by Gianibelli, spring 1585— used in attempt to assassinate Napoleon, First Consul of France, 29 Dec. 1800 — again, by Fieschi, to assassinate Louis Philippe, 28 Jul. 1835 — again, to assassinate Napoleon III. and the Empress Eugenie, 14 Jan. 1858. Inflections, in Grammar, — theory of their origin announced by Home Tooke, 1786-1805 — demonstrated by Bopp, 18 16. Influenza, epidemic catarrh, — appears in Europe, 15 10 — rages, 1557, 1580 — fatal in London, 1729 — in Russia, 17 8 1-2 — prevails in England, 1782, 1803, 1831, 1833, 1836-7. Informers, in England, — required to appear in person, and made liable to costs if action withdrawn, by Act 18 Eliz. c. 5, 1576 — con- tinued by Act 27 Eliz. c. 10, 1585 — prosecu- tions to be within a year, by Act 31 Eliz. c. 5, 1589 — provision against malicious information, by Act 4 and 5 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 1692— course of proceeding amended by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 58, 1 Jim. 1808. INFUSORIA— INNOCENT II. 74i Infusoria, [microscopic animalcules,) — in- vestigated and classified by Miiller, 1773-86 — by Ehrenberg, 1837. Ingeburga, sister of Cnut VI. of Denmark, • — marries Philip Augustus, king of France, 14 Aug. 1 193 — divorced on pretext of affinity, 4 Nov. 1 1 93 — the divorce sanctioned by Pope Celestine III., 1195 — set aside by him, and Philip commanded to receive her, but refuses, Jun. 1 196 — recalled in consequence of interdict of Innocent III., 1200 — again dismissed, 1201 — but restored again, 12 13 — tf., 1236. Ingegneri, Angiolo, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Venice, 1550 — tf.; about 16 13. De' rimedj contra Vamore, 1576 — Danzadi Venere, 1584 — Del buon segretario, 1594. Ingemann, Bernard Severin, poet, — b. in Denmark, 28 May 1789 — travels in Germany, France, and Italy, 181 8- 19 — Prof. JEsthetics and Danish Literature, Academy of Soroe, 1822 — rj • , 1862. Procne, 1 8 1 2 — Den Sorte Bidder, 1 8 14 — Reiselyren, 1820 — Waldemar, 1824 — Waldemar Seier, 1826 — Dronning Margrete, 1836 — Holger Danslce, 1837 — Drei Wochen vor Weihnacht, 1851. Ingenhousz, Johann, natural philosopher, ■ — b. at Breda, 1730 — F.R.S. London, 1769 — Aulic Councillor, Imperial Physician, 1772— invents the eleetrophorus, about 1778 — ft. near London, 7 Sep. 1799. Experiments upon Vegetables, 1779 — Essai sur la nourriture des Plant es, 1798. Ingenuus, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — governor of Pannonia, 258 — proclaimed Em- peror, by army of Moesia, and defeated and killed by Gallienus, 260. Inghirami, Francesco, archceologist, — 6. at Volterra, 1772 — ft. at Florence, 17 May 1846. Monumenti Etruschi, 182 1-6 — Letter e di Elrus- ca Erudizione, 1828-30 — Galleria Omerica, 1829-31 — Storia della Toseana compilata, ed in sette Epoche distribuita, 1841-3. Inghirami, Tomaso Fedra, poet, orator, — ft. at Volterra, 1470 — goes to Pome, 1483 — Count Palatine, by Maximilian, 1493 — tf. li- brarian of the Vatican at Rome, 6 Sep. 15 16. Inglis, Henry David, (Derwent Conway,) miscellaneous ivriter,—b. at Edinburgh, 1795 — ft. in London, 20 Mar. 1835. Tales of Ar- dennes, 1825 — Spain in 1830, 1831 — Ireland in 1834, 1834 — New Gil Bias, 1832. Inglis, Sir James, — Secretary to Queen- dowager Margaret, 15 15. {Complaint of Scot- land, about 1548 ?) Inglis, Sir John, general, — b. in Nova Scotia, 15 Nov. 18 14 — enters the army, 1833 — serves in Canada, 1837 — distinguishes him- self at battle of Gujerat, Feb. 1849 — marries, 1851 — Colonel, Jun. 1855 — takes part with Sir H. Lawrence in defence of the Residency, Lucknow, May 1 857 — on death of Major Banks, conducts the defence and holds out till relieved by Havelock and Outram, 25 Sep. 1857 — Major-general and K.C.B., 1857 — appointed commander in Ionian Isles, 1862 — rj. at Hom- burg, 27 Sep. 1862. Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, Bart., statesman, — b. in London, 12 Jan. 1786 — B.A. Oxford, 1806— marries, 1807— M.A., 1809— F.S.A., 1 8 16 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1818 — M.P. Dundalk, 1824— M.P. Ripon, 1826— M.P. Oxford Univ., 1829-53 — Trustee of British Museum, 1834 — Privy Councillor, 1853 — tf. in London, 5 May 1855. Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, — fortified by Lud- wig the Strong, 1250 — obtains privileges from Ludwig the Bavarian, 1312 — becomes seat of Dukes of Bavaria Ingolstadt, 1392 — fortifica- tions destroyed by the French, 1800 — restored, 1827. University of , founded, 1472 — the Jesu- its gain admission, 1549 — but are expelled, 1773 — removed to Landshut, 1800 — to Munich, 1826. Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, painter, — b. at Montauban, 17 81 — studies under Da- vid at Paris, about 1797-1801 — obtains first prize of the Academy, 1802 — goes to Rome, about 1804 — marries, 18 13 — member of In- stitute, 1825 — Director of French Academy at Rome, 1833 — settles at Paris, 1842 — receives Grand Medal of Honour at International Ex- hibition, 1855 — senator and member of Council of Public Instruction, 1862 — U. at Paris, 14 Jan. 1867. Bonaparte as First Consul, 1804 — CEdipus and the Sphinx, 1808 — Apotheosis of Homer, in the Louvre, 1827 — Birth of Venus, 1848 — Odalisque, 1839 — another Apotheosis of Homer, 1866. Ingria, Ingermanland, [Government of St Petersburg}) — seized by the Swedes, 1609 — reconquered by Peter the Great, 1703 — con- firmed to Russia at Peace of Nystadt, 17 21. Inkermann, in the Crimea, — ■ defeat of Russians by British and French, 5 Nov. 1854. Inner and Middle Temple, Inns of Court, London, — seat of Knights Templars, about 1 1 85 — on suppression of the Order, pass to 'Professors of the Common Law,' 1312. Innkeepers, — law respecting liabilities of, amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 41, 13 Jul. 1863. Innocent I., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Anastasius, Dec. 4oi, a Apr. 402 b — -interferes against Donatists, 404 — demands a Council at Thessalonica in behalf of Chrysostom, 405 — refuses to hold communion with his per- secutors, 407 — present at first siege of Rome by Alaric, 408 — fails in attempt to make terms with Alaric, 409 — confirms decrees of Councils of Carthage and Milevium against Pelagius, 416 — tf., 12 Mar. 417. a Pagi. b Tillemont. Innocent II., Pope, (Gregorio Papi,) — suc- ceeds Honorius II., 15 Feb. n 30 — opposed by Peter de Leon [Anacletus] : driven from Rome, retires to France, and is received at Cluny, where he consecrates the Abbey Church : acknowledged Pope by Council of Etampes, Apr. n 30— by Henry II. of Eng- land, at Chartres : by Council of Wurzburg, Oct. 1 1 30 — holds Council of Clermont, Nov. 1 1 30 — received by Emperor Lothaire at Liege, spring 1 1 31 — visits St Denis and Clairvaux, 1 13 1 — holds Council of Rheims, mid. Oct. 1 131 — publishes a bull in favour of Heloise, 28 Nov. 1 131 — returns to Italy with Lothaire, spring 1 132 — reaches Rome, May 11 33 — 742 INNOCENT. crowns Lothaire Emperor, 4 Jim. 11 33 — again driven away, retires to Pisa, 1133 — holds Council of Pisa, and excommunicates Ana- cletus, May 11 34 — ratifies by letter Stephen's title to crown of England, 11 36 — again restored by Lothaire, n 37 — death of his rival, Jan. 1 1 38 — another antipope elected, Victor III.: who soon withdraws, 1138 — taken prisoner by Eoger, king of Sicily, 22 Jul. 1138 — confirms to Eoger his title of king, Jul. — released, 1 Aug. — holds second Lateran Council, and condemns Arnold of Brescia, Apr. 1 1 39 — condemns Abelard, 1140 — insurrection at Rome against, 1143 — tf., 24 Sep. 1143. Innocent III., antipope, — elected in opposi- tion to Alexander III., 29 Sep. 117 8 — captured and imprisoned, n 80. Innocent III., Pope, {Lothario,) — fc. at Anagni, about 1160 — Cardinal, n 89 — succeeds Celestine III., 8 Jan. 1198 — recovers the March of Ancona from Markwald and the Duchy of Spoleto from Conrad, 1198 — ap- pointed guardian of Frederick, king of Sicily, [Frederick II., Emperor,] Nov. 1198 — supports Otto of Brunswick as King of Ger- many, 1 198-1208— sends army against Mark- wald in Sicily, summer 1200 — lays interdict on France, 1200 — [Ingeburga] — proclaims a crusade, 1200 — employs Walter de Brienne, 1 20 1 — confirms title of king to Premislas of Bohemia, 19 Apr. 1204 — sends legate who crowns Joannice king of Bulgaria, 8 Nov. 1204 — crowns Pedro II. of Aragon at Rome, n Nov. 1204 — appoints Stephen Lang-ton Abp of Canterbury, summer 1 205 — proclaims crusade against the Albigenses, early in 1208 — lays England under interdict, 23 Mar. 1208 — holds a parliament at San Germano, 1208 — procures marriage of Frederick of Sicily to Constantine of Aragon, spring 1209 — crowns Otto IV. at Rome, Sep. 1209 — excommunicates him, absolves his subjects from allegiance, Nov. 1 2 10 — sends Pandulf and Durand to England, 121 1 — absolves subjects of King John from allegiance, 121 1 — pronounces his deposition, 1 2 12 — first meeting with Frederick of Sicily, Apr. 12 1 2 — approves his election of King of the Romans, 1212 — exhorts to a new crusade, Jun. 12 1 3 — revokes excommunication of King John, 20 Jul. 12 1 3 — removes the interdict from England, 6 Dec. 121 3 — prohibits inva- sion of England by Philip of France, 1213 — annuls marriage of Alfonso IX. of Leon and Berengaria, but legitimates their children, 1 2 14 — censures Abp Langton and the barons, 19 May 1 2 15 — holds fourth Council of the Lateran, Nov. 12 15 — annuls Magna Charta, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Abp Langton, Dec. 12 15 — excommunicates king of France and the Dauphin, spring 12.16 — o\ at Perugia, 16 or 17 Jul. 1216. Innocent IV. , Pope, {Sinibaldi de Fieschi,) — Cardinal, by Gregory IX., 1227 — succeeds Celestine IV. after long vacancy, 24 or 25 Jun. 1243 — sends embassy to Frederick II., Jun. 1243 — enters Rome, 15 Nov. 1243 — concludes treaty with Frederick, end of Mar. 1244 — quarrels with him, Apr. — creates twelve cardinals, summer 1244 — goes to Genoa, 7 Jul. — makes heavy exactions in England, takes David of Wales under his protection, 1244 — arrives at Lyons, 2 Dec. — holds Council of Lyons, 1245 — [Frederick II. Em- peror] — meets St Louis at Cluny, close of 1245 — and again, 1246 — publishes crusade against Frederick, 1246 — attempts are made on his life, 1246 — rejects mediation of St Louis, 1246 — promotes crusade against Conrad, son of Frederick, 1251 — quits Lyons, 19 Apr. 1 25 1 — offers crown of Sicily to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1252— settles at Perugia: goes to Rome, Oct. 1253 — sets out to take possession of Naples, ,1254 — his troops defeated by Manfred, Nov. 1254 — Xj. at Naples, 7 Dec. 1254. Innocent V., Pope, {Pietro de Tarantasia,) — succeeds Gregory X., 21 Feb. 1276— o\, 22 Jun. 1276. Innocent VI., Pope, {Ftienne d' Albert,) — Cardinal Bp of Ostia, 1342 — succeeds Clement VI., 18 Dec. 1352 — sends Cardinal Albornoz as legate to Italy, who reduces the papal pro- vinces to submission, 1353 — excommunicates the Grand Companies who overrun territory of Avignon, 1361 — tf. at Avignon, 12 Sep. 1362. Innocent VII., Pope, {Cosmat de Meliorati,) — Cardinal of Sainte-Croix, 1389 — succeeds Boniface IX., 17 Oct. 1404 — revolt in Rome, escape of the Pope to Viterbo, 6 Aug. 1405 — returns to Rome, excommunicates Ladislaus, king of Naples, 1406 — makes peace with him soon after : fr., 6 Noy. 1406. Innocent VIII., Pope, {Giovanni Battista Cibo,) — Cardinal, 1473 — succeeds Sixtus IV., 29 Aug. 1484 — canonizes Leopold, Marquis of Austria, Jan. 1485 — aids Neapolitan barons against Ferdinand I., 1485 — prohibits reading of the thesis of Pico della Mirandola, 1487 — ■ obtains from Pierre d'Aubusson custody of Zizim, 1488 — receives him at Rome, Mar. 1489 — excommunicates Ferdinand of Naples, 29 Jun. 1489 — pronounces his deposition, 11 Sep. 1489 — tf., 25 Jul. 1492. Innocent IX., Pope, {Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti,) — ft. at Bologna, 15 19 — attends Council of Trent, 1561 — Cardinal, 1583 — suc- ceeds Gregory XIV., 29 Oct. 159 1 — tf., 30 Dec. I59 1 - Innocent X., Pope, {Giovanni Battista Panjili,) — ft. at Rome, 7 May 1574 — Cardinal, 6 Jul. 1629 — succeeds Urban VIII., 15 Sep. 1644 — is governed by Donna Olimpia Malda- chini : prohibits cardinals quitting States of the Church without permission of the pope, by bull of 4 Dec. 1645 — enjoins residence of cardinals in Rome, 25 Feb. 1646 — acquires territory of Albano, 1647 — takes and razes Castro, and reunites the Duchy to Papal States, 1647 — declares Treaty of Westphalia void, 26 Nov. 1648 — condemns Jansenism, 1653 — tf-, 6 Jan. 1655. Innocent XI., Pope, {Benedetto Odescalchi,) — h. at Como, 161 1 — Cardinal, 1647 — succeeds Clement X., 21 Sep. 1676 — his quarrel with Louis XIV. respecting revenues of vacant benefices (the regale) begins, 1678 — (the question settled by assembly of French clergy, INNOCENT XII.— INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. ?43 1682) — condemns propositions of casuists, by- bull of 2 Mar. 1679 — puts an end to right of asylum of foreign ambassadors in Rome, May 1687 — refuses to receive French ambassador, Lavardin, with militaiy escort, 1687 — confirms decree of Inquisition against writings of Molinos, 19 Nov. 1687— joins League of Augs- burg, 1689 — a"., 12 Aug. ^689. Innocent XII., Pope, \Antonio Pignatelli,) — fc. at Naples, 13 Mar. 1615 — Cardinal, Abp of Naples, 1681 — succeeds Alexander VIII., 12 Jul. 1 69 1— prohibits nepotism, 28 Jun. 1692 — terminates the quarrel with Louis XIV., 1693— successfully resists attempt of Emperor Leopold to revive Imperial investiture, 1697 — condemns Fenelon's Explication des Maximes des Saints, 12 Mar. 1699— rj., 27 Sep. 1700. Innocent XIII., Pope, {Michel Angelo Conti,)—b. at Eome, 15 May 1655— Bp of Viterbo, 17 12 — Cardinal, 7 Jun. 1707— suc- ceeds Clement XL, 8 May 1721— if., 7 Mar. 1724. Innocentius, jurist, — fl., about 335. Inns of Court, London, — Royal Commission on, appointed, 5 May 1 854 — Report published, 10 Aug. 1855. Innsbruck, in the Tyrol, — raised to rank of a city by Duke Otto I. of Meran, 1234 — University of, founded by Emperor Leopold L, 1672 — converted into Lyceum by Joseph II., 1782 — restored, 1792 — suppressed, 18 10 — re- established, 1826. Inoculation, for small-pox, — in England, introduced by Lady Mary "Wortley Montagu, about 1721 — prohibited by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 29, 23 Jul. 1840. In Russia, introduced by Henry Bachesacht, before 1800. In France, introduced by Nicholas Bablot, before 1802. Inquisition, Holy Office, Inquisitors, — originates in commission by Innocent III. for conversion of Albigenses, 1203 — proceedings regulated by Council of Toulouse, Nov. 1229 — cruelties of the, excite resistance in Germany, 1232 — jurisdiction of courts of, defined and regulated by Gregory IX., about 1233 — intro- duced in Spain, 1 248 — established in Portugal, about 1543 — unsuccessful attempt to establish, in Naples, 1546-7 — tribunal for protection against, instituted in Naples, 1547 — powers of, limited in Venice by concordat with Julius III., 155 1 — established in Portugal, 1557 — abolished in Duchy of Parma, 1769 — in Tuscany, by Duke Leopold, 1787 — inLombardy, by Emperor Joseph II., about 1787 — in all Italy, by / Napoleon, 1808 — in Portugal, by the Cortes, between 1818-26. Spanish establishment of, suggested by Alfonso de Hodeja, Prior of Seville, and Philip de Barberis, Inquisitor of Sicily, 1477 — authorized by bull of Sixtus IV., Nov. 1478— execution of the bull suspended by Isabella : constituted by Ferdinand and Isabella, Sep. 1480 — first edict of, issued at Seville, 2 Jan. 148 1 — appeal of victims to the pope, 148 1 — the pope complains to Ferdinand and Isabella, and reserves right of appointment of Inquisitors to himself, Jan. 1482 — appointment of Torquemada, Feb. 1482 — appellate juris- diction given to Abp of Seville, 1482 — royal council of the Supreme Inquisition appointed by Ferdinand, 1483 — organic laws of, promul- gated at Seville, 29 Oct. 1484 — new articles added, 1488 and 1498 — new ordinances pub- lished by Valdez, 156 1 — introduced by Charles V. in the Netherlands, 1550 — abolished there, 1567 — suppressed by decree of Napoleon L, 4 Dec. 1808 — and by the Cortes of Cadiz, 12 Feb. 18 1 3 — reestablished by Ferdinand VI L, 21 Jul. 1 8 14 — again suppressed by the Cortes, 1820 — extinguished by royal decree, 1835. Roman, {Congregation of the Holy Office,) founded by bull of Paul III., Apr. 1543 — its powers confirmed and extended by Pius IV., 1564 — reorganized by Sixtus V., 1588 — prison of, broken open and victims liberated, on death of Paul IV., 1559. Insane Prisoners, — in Great Britain, con- finement and maintenance of, provided for by Acts 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1800 ; 48 Geo. III. c. 96, 23 Jun. 1808 ; 56 Geo. III. c. 117, 1 Jul. 1816; 9 Geo. IV. c. 40, 15 Jul. 1828 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 14, 30 Mar. 1838 ; 3 and 4 Vic. c. 54, 4 Aug. 1840; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 81, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 ; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 75, 6 Aug. i860 ; 27 and 28 Vic. c. 29, 23 Jun. 1864. Inscriptions, Academy of, at Paris, — in- stituted, 1663— suppressed, 7 Sep. 1793 — re- constituted as division of the Institute, by Louis XVIII., 1 816. Inscriptions, Ancient, — collection of, made by Cyriacus of Ancona, 1435. [See Boeckh, Gruter, Fabretti, Muratori, Orelli, &c.j Insolvency, Insolvent Debtors, — in Eng- land, relief of, provided for, by Acts 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 20, 1670 ; 2 fm and Mar. st. 2, c. 15, 1690; 2 and 3 Ann. c. 16, 1703; 10 Ann. c. 20, 1711 ; 6 Geo. I. c. 22, 1719; 11 Geo. I. c. 21, 1724, and various amending and con- tinuing Acts; 32 Geo. II. c. 28, {Lords' Act,) 1759; 26 Geo. III. c. 44, 1786 ; 33 Geo. III. c. 5, 1793, and 48 Geo. Ill, c. 123, 30 Jum 1808— temporary court established by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 102, 10 Jul. 1813 — further pro- vision for relief of, by Act' 1 Geo. IV. c. 119, 26 Jul. 1820 — laws consolidated and amended by Act 7 Geo. IV. c. 57, 1826, with several amending and continuing Acts — provisions con- tinued and extended by Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 1838; and 2 and 3 Vic. c. 39, 17 Aug. 1839— relief of non-traders provided for by Act 5 and 6 Vie. c. 116, 12 Aug. 1842 ; amended by 7 and 8 Vic. c. 70, 6 Aug., and c. 96, 9 Aug. 1844 — further provisions by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 127, 9 Aug. 1845 — jurisdiction of Court of Review in Bankruptcy in, transferred to Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors and to County Courts, by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 102, 22 Jul. 1847 — business of, transferred to Court of Bankruptcy by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 134, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — statutes relating to, repealed, and winding up of business of the Court provided for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 83, 9 Aug. 1869. Institute of France, — constituted as the In- stitut National, by union of the French Academy, and Academies of Inscriptions, Fine Arts, and Sciences, 1795— constitution revised 744 INSTITUTES— IODINE. by Bonaparte, Jan. 1803 — again by Louis XVIII., 21 Mar. 1816 — class of Moral and Political Sciences added by Louis Philippe, 26 Oct. 1832. Institutes. [See Justinian.] Institution, Royal. [Royal Institution.] Insubres, Celtic tribe, — [BC] — defeated by C. Flandnius, 223 — again defeated by consuls Purperco and Marcellus, 196 — encountered by proconsul Yal. Flaccus at Milan, 194. Insurance, Marine, — regulated by ordinance of Barcelona, about 1435 ? — by ordinance of Florence, 1523 — by Caroline Code of Charles Y., 155 1 — by further ordinances of Philip II., 1563 and 1565 — by ordinance of Louis XIY., 1681. In England, appointment of Court of Policies of Assurance, authorized by Act 43 Eliz. c. 12, 1601 — amended by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 23, 1662 — erection of two corporations for, by the king, authorized by Act 6 Geo. I. c. 18, 17 19 — further regulated by Acts 19 Geo. II. c. 37, 1746, and 28 Geo. III. c. 56, 1788— duties on, regulated by 54 Geo. III. c. 144, 27 Aug. 1 8 14 and Stamp Acts — restrictions on effect- ing, repealed by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 114, 24 Jun. 1824. On Lives, regulated, and insurance pro- hibited when insurer has no interest, by Act 14 Geo. III. c. 48, 1774 — duty on certain policies reduced to one penny by Act 33 and 34 Yic. c. 32, 1 Aug. 1870 — law relating to Com- panies amended by Act 33 and 34 Yic. c. 61, 9 Aug. 1870. Fire, duties on, regulated by Acts 37 Geo. III. c. 90, s. 23, 22 Jun. 1797 ; 44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804; 9 Geo. IV. c. 13, 9 May 1828 ; 19 and 20 Yic. c. 22, 5 Jun. 1856. Interdict, Ecclesiastical, — laid on a parish of his diocese, by Hincmar, Bp of Laon, 870 — laid on France, by Gregory V., 998. [For subsequent interdicts see names of countries.] Interest, of money, — [BC] — Roman, regu- lated by law of Twelve Tables, 450 — restric- tions on rate removed by Licinian laws, 366-5 — former law reestablished, 357 — rate again lowered, 347 — prohibited by Genusian law, 341 — law respecting, made same for the Socii as for Roman citizens by Sempronian law, 193 — [AD] — rate reduced* to 6 per cent, by Justinian, 529. In England, legal rate of, re- duced to 10 per cent, by Act 37 Hen. VIII. c. 9, 1543-4 — taking of, prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 20, 1552— repealed by 13 Eliz. c. 8, 1570 — restricted to 8 per cent, by Act 21 Jac. I. c. 17, 1623 — to 6 per cent, by Act 12 Car. II. c. 13, 1660 — to 5 per cent, by Act 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 16, 17 13 — laws relating to, re- pealed by Act 17 and 18 Yic. c. 90, 10 Aug. i854- Interference of Light, — observed and described by Grimaldi, 1665 — explained, and name adopted, by Young, 1 802 — laws of, established by Arago and Fresnel, 1816. Interim, The, — formulary of faith and church discipline, published by Charles V. at Diet of Augsburg, but rejected by Catholics and Protestants, 15 May 1548 — abolished by Treaty of Passau, 15 Aug. 1552 — another adopted at Diet of Leipsic, 22 Dec. 1548. Intermarriage, (Connubium,)—*[B C] — be- tween Patrician and Plebeian orders at Rome, restored by Lex Canuleia, 455. Interment. [Burial.] International Copyright. [Copyright.] International Exhibition. [Exhibition.] Interregnum, in England. [England, Kings of.] Interrex, Interreges, Roman, — [B C] — elected by senate from the whole body, from 482 — appointment of, discontinued after second Punic War, 218-202 — renewed, 82, 53, and Inveges, Agostino, historian, — ft. in Sicily, 1595 — ts. at Palermo, 1677. Annali della cittd di Falermo, 1649-51 — La Carthagine siciliana, 1650. Inventions, — exhibited at International Ex- hibitions in United Kingdom, protection of, provided for by Act 33 and 34 Yic. c. 27, 14 Jul. 1870. Inverlochy, in Scotland, — Montrose defeats Argyle at, 2 Feb. 1645. Inverness, in Scotland, — castle destroyed and rebuilt by Malcolm III., 1057-93 — receives charters from William the Lion, 11 65- 12 14 — taken by Edward I. and by Bruce, 1303 — burnt by Donald, lord of the Isles, 1411 — James I. holds parliament at, 1427 — held by Cromwell, 1650 — castle blown up by the rebels, 1746 — damaged by earthquake, 18 16. Cathedral, founded, 17 Oct. 1866. Inverury, in Scotland, — Bruce defeats the English at, 22 May 1308. Investiture of Benefices,— dispute respect- ing, between popes and emperors, originates with decree of Gregory VII. at Council of Rome, prohibiting lay investiture, Feb. 1075 — [Henry IV. , Empeeok] — prohibition confirmed by Urban II., 1090 — right of, given up by Henry V., 9 Feb. mi — at Council of the Lateran, Henry refuses to ratify the treaty and arrests Pope Pascal II., 12 Feb. 1111 — and compels him to concede the right by treaty of 1 1 Apr. mi — Pascal revokes the grant at second Council of the Lateran, Mar. 11 12 — lay, de- clared heresy by Council of Yienne, Sep. 1 1 1 2 — again prohibited by Councils of the Lateran, Mar. 1 1 16, and of Rheims, Oct. n 19 — the dispute terminated by renunciation of the claim, by Emperor, at assembly of Worms, 8 Sep. 1 1 22 — the treaty ratified by Calixtus II. at Rome, 23 Sep. 1122. Inwood, Charles Frederick, architect, — ft., 28 Nov. 1798— o\, May 1840. Inwood, Henry William, architect, — ft., 22 May 1794 — 0"., probably by shipwreck, Mar. 1843. Inwood, William, architect, — ft. near Lon- don, about 1 77 1 — tf., 16 Mar. 1843. (With Henry Inwood) St Pancras Church, London, 1819-22 — (with Charles Inwood) Westminster Hospital, 1832-4. Io, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 19 Sep. 1865. Iodine, elementary body, — discovered by Courtois, 1 8 12 — properties of, ascertained by Gay Lussac and Davy, 1814. ION— IRELAND. 745 Ion, of Chios, tragic poet, — [B C] — begins to exhibit, (01. 82,) 451 — meets Sophocles at Chios, 440— obtains third prize, (01. 87, 4,) Feb. or Mar. 428 — tf., before 421. lona, one of the Hebrides, — St Columba preaches in, about 565 — monastery burnt by Northmen, about 795 and 802— the monks slain by Northmen, 807 — again ravaged by them, Christmas 986— burnt, 1069 — visited by Magnus of Norway, 1097 — settlement of Bene- dictine monks, and Augustinian nuns in, about 1290-1300 — seat of Bp of the Isles, 1507 — monastery demolished, 156 1 — given to Earls of Argyle, about 1695 — visited by Johnson, 1773. Iona Club, — instituted, 1833. Ionia, — [BC] — conquered by Croesus, 560- 555 — conquered by Persians, 544-539 — revolts, 501. [Ionian War.] Ionian Islands, — included in Eastern Em- pire, as the Tenia of Cephallenia, by Leo the Philosopher, about 890 — taken possession of by Duke of Calabria, 1081 — become possession of Venetian republic, between 1 386-1499 — seized by the French, 1797 — confirmed to them by Treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 1797— taken by Russians and Turks, declared independent republic under joint protection, 1799 — restored to France by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — taken by Collingwood, 1809-10 — placed under protection of Great Britain, by treaty with Russia, 5 Nov. 1815 — constitutional charter passed, 1817 — ratified by Prince Regent, 18 19 — modern Greek adopted as official language, 1852 — cession of, to Greece, by protocol of 28 May 1864. [See names of separate Islands.'] Ionian War, — [B C] — Aristagoras revolts, summer 501 — obtains help from Athens and Eretria, 500 — Sardis burnt, 499 — Ionians and allies defeated near Ephesus, 499 — Athens and Eretria leave the confederacy, 499 — Cyprus, Caria, cities on the Hellespont and in Thrace, revolt, and are subdued, 498 — Clazomense and Cyme taken, 498 — Aristagoras leaves Miletus and is slain in Thrace, 497 — Histia3us escapes from Susa, and comes down to the coast, 496 — the confederates are defeated at Lade, 494 — Miletus taken, 494 — iEaces reinstated in the tyranny of Sanios, 494 — Chios, Lesbos, Tene- dos, taken by the Persians, 493 — Byzantium and Chalcedon taken by the Persians, 493 — Ionia completely subjugated by Persia, before 492. Iophon, tragic poet, — [B C] — obtains second prize, (01. 88, 1,) 428 a — ft., after 405. a a Clinton. Iowa, one of the United States, — French settlements in, 1686 — as part of Louisiana, pur- chased by United States, 1803— and added to territory of Missouri : erected into a territory, 1838 — admitted to the Union, 28 Dec. 1846. Ipecacuanha, — introduced as a medicine in Europe, 1680. Iphicrates, general, — [B C] — serves at battle of Cnidus ? 394 — at battle of Lechaeum, 393 — doubles length of Greek sAvord, 393 a — cuts off the Spartan mora, 392 — commands at the Hel- lespont, 389 b — besieges Nicolochus at Abydos, 388 — aids Seuthes against Cotys, 387 — sent in aid of Pharnabazus against Egypt, 377 — sent to aid Korkyra, midsummer 373 — with Callis- tratus prosecutes Timotheos, Nov. 373 — his speech against Harmodius, de Imagine, 37 1 b — ■ commands against Epaminondas in aid of Sparta, 369 — sent against Ampbipolis, about 367 — joint- commander of fleet in Social War, 355 — prosecuted by Aristophon and Chares, 355— "&., before 348. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Ipsilanti. [Ypsilanti.] Ipsus, in Phrygia, — [BC] — defeat of An- tigonus and his son by Cassander and the allies, Aug. 301. Ipswich, in Suffolk, — ravaged by Northmen, 991 — they land at, and defeat East Anglians, 18 May 1010 — fortifications strengthened, 1204. Town hall, built, 1867. Iran. [Persia. ] Irasa,— [BC] — visited by the Greeks, about 631. Irdjar. [Bokhara.] Ireland, (Ir, Eri, Erin,) (Greek, Icrne, Latin, Hibemia, Jicvema,)— described by Pom- ponius Mela, about 50 ? — its inhabitants, the Scots, make descents on Britain and Gaul, be- tween 350-430 — mission of Palladius, about 431 — mission of St Patrick, about 440-460 a — ravaged and the churches plundered by North- umbrians, 684 b — descent of Northmen on, 748,* 795 b — [Danes] — Anlaf establishes his supreme acy in, 853 b — ravaged by Northmen, 905 — de- feat of Northmen at Tara, 980 — Brien Boru, king of, defeats Northmen at Clontarf and is killed, 1 o 1 4 — Mal achi succeeds him, 1 014 — and rj., 1022 c — Godred Chronan establishes himself in, 1068 — Waterford seat of a bishopric by Ostmen, 1096 — invaded by Magnus III. of Norway, who is defeated and killed, Aug. 1 103 — O'Connor the Great acknowledged King, 1 136° —invaded by Godred of Man, 1 143 — supremacy of Rome acknowledged by Synod of Kells, 1152 — Henry II. of England authorized by Pope Adrian IV. to undertake conquest of, 1155 — Murloch O'Lochlin, 1156 — succeeded by Roderick O'Connor, 1166 — Dermot Mac Murrough seeks aid of Henry II., 1 168 — Eng- lish invasion under Fitzgerald and Fitz- stephen, associates of Richard de Clare, Jim. 1 169 — [Strongbow] — invasion of Henry II., 18 Oct. 1 17 1 — English slaves set at liberty: Henry is acknowledged King at Council of Cashel, 6 Nov. 1171 — Hugh de Lacy ap- pointed governor, 1 17 3 — divided into twelve counties: general insurrection, 1.1 74 — pro- mulgation of bull of Adrian IV., and submis- sion of chief's to Henry II., 1175 — Earl John declared Lord of, and the country partition- ed among knights and nobles, 1177 — [John, King of England] — English settlers in, reduced to obedience by John, Jun. to Aug. 1 2 10 — Piers Gaveston named governor by Edward II., 1308 — invasion of, by Edward Bruce, 13 15- 18 — ordinance for the state of, 31 Edw. III. st. 4, c. 1-19, 1357 — Lionel, son of Edward III., named Lieutenant of, 1 Jul. 1 36 1 — [Clarence, Lionel, Duke or] — whole revenue of, given to Robert de Vere, by Rich- ard II., 1385 — [Oxford, Earl op]— expeditions 74 6 IRELAND. of Richard II., 1394 and 1399 — Irish residents at Oxford and Cambridge expelled the realm by Stat. 1 Hen. VI. c. 3, 1422— Richard, Duke of York, appointed Lieutenant, 5 Jul. 1449 — currency of, prohibited in England, by Stat. 17 Edw. IV. c. 1, 1478— Gerald, Earl of Kildare, made Deputy for life, 1484 — Lambert Simnel supported in, 1487 — Perkin "Warbeck ac- knowledged, 1492 — Poyning's Law passed, 1495 — Earl of Surrey, Lord-lieutenant, Apr. 1520 — Pierce Butler [Ormond, Earl of] Deputy, 6 Mar. 1522 — negotiations for conquest of, between Earl of Desmond and other nobles and Francis I. of France, 1522 — descent of Scots on, 1523 — Sir W. Skeffington Deputy, Aug. 1529 — rebellion of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, 1534 — Lord Leonard Grey Deputy, 1537 — the royal supremacy proclaimed; suppression of the monasteries ; Commission of Inquiry into state of, sent, 1537 — rebellion of O'Connor, O'Neil, and others, 1540° — title of King of, assumed by Henry VIII., 23 Jan. 1542— the title confirmed by Act 35 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1544 — [Great Britain, United Kingdom] — rebellion of Shan O'Neil, 1565 — projected invasion of, promoted by Gregory XIII., fails, 1578 — capture of Smerwick in Kerry, by Span- iards under Fitzmaurice, Jul. 1579 — the in- vaders joined by Italians, but compelled to sur- render, 1 1 Nov. 1580 d — Sir John Perrott Lord- deputy, 7 Jan. 1584 — rebellion of Tyrone, 1594 — Earl of Essex, Lord-lieutenant, 12 Mar. 1599 — Lord Mountjoy appointed, Oct. 1599 — Kinsale seized and fortified by party of Spaniards, Sep. 1601 — they surrender, Jan. 1602 — rebellion of O'Dogherty in Ulster breaks out, Apr., and is suppressed, Jun. 1608— [Ulster, Settlement of]— Wentworth Lord-deputy, Jul. 1633 — [Strafford, Earl of] — insurrection breaks out, Oct. 164.1 — [Irish Rebellion, Cromwell, Oliver] — Irish troops in service of Charles I. in England, 1643-4 — Act for settlement of, passed by the parlia- ment, 12 Aug. 1652 d — second Act passed, 26 Sep. 1653 d — Declaration of Charles II. for settlement of, 28 Nov. 1660 — Act of Settlement passed by Irish parliament, 1662 — Explanatory Act, Aug. 1665 — free trade opened with foreign countries, 1667 — supports James II., 1689 — [William III., Tyrconnel, Sarsfeld, Walker, George, Ginkell, Gen.] Treaty of Limerick, Oct. 1691 — new oaths imposed for, by Act 3 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1691 — right of William and Mary to crown of, recognized by Act of Irish parliament, 4 Wm and Mar. c. 1, 1692 — settlement of Protestants in, encouraged by Act (Irish) 4 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1692 — the parliament prorogued and government carried on by Lords Justices, 1692 — parliament again meets, 27 Aug. 1695— legis- lation of parliament of James II. declared void by Act 7 Wm III. c. 3, 1695— English and Irish Acts against foreign education enforced by c. 4 ; Romanists disarmed, by c. 5 ; articles of Treaty of Limerick confirmed with limita- tion, by Act 9 Wm III. c. 2, 1697 — forfeited estates in, ordered to be sold by Act 11 Wm III. c. 2, 1699 — made treason to impeach the Protestant succession by Act 2 Ann. c. 0, 1703 — foreign Protestants naturalized by c. 14 — provision for better securing dependency of, by Act 6 Geo. I. c. 5, 17 19 — census of Protestants in, taken by order of Lord-lieutenant, Nov. 1741 — landing of Thurot at Carrickfergus, Feb. 1760 — parliaments of, limited to eight years by Act passed, 2 Feb. 1768 — formation of Volunteer army in, 1779 — freedom of trade conceded, by resolutions introduced by Lord North, Dec. 1779 — legislative independence claimed by Convention of Dungannon, 17 81 — ' Declaration of Rights ' adopted by Irish parliament, on motion of Grattan, 16 Apr. 1782 — legislative independence conferred by Act 28 Geo. III. c. 28, 1783 —Volunteer convention at Dublin, project of parliament- ary reform discussed, 10 Nov. 1783 — Na- tional Congress proposed and prevented, Jun. 1784 — agitation in, non-importation agree- ments with England signed, summer 1785 — outrages of the Defenders, Jan. 1793 — Earl Fitzwilliam Lord-lieutenant, 10 Dec. 1794 — he favours Catholic emancipation and is re- called, 21 Feb. 1795 — Earl Camden appointed, n Mar. 1795 — Catbolic Relief Bill rejected, Mar. 1795 — influence of United Irishmen increases, summer 1795 — Orange Societies instituted, 1795 — O'Connor and Griffin found guilty of bigh treason, 1 Sep. 1795 — Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 26 Oct. 1796 — French invasion frustrated, Dec. 1796 — [Hoche, Gen.] reform motion negatived by Irish House of Commons, Grattan secedes, 15 May 1797— [Irish Rebellion of 1798] — Irish regiment of dragoons disbanded for insubordination, Apr. 1799 — legislative Union with Great Britain completed by Act 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800 — parliament of, closes, 2 Aug. 1800 — insurrection in Dublin, 23 Jul. 1803 — [Emmett, Robert]— repeal of the Union pro- posed at meeting in Dublin, 1 Sep. 18 10 — [O'Connell, Daniel] — meeting of Catholic committee prohibited by Wellesley Pole's cir- cular, Mar. 1 8 1 1 — Walter Cox set in the pillory at Dublin for recommending repeal, 27 Mar. 1 81 1 — the committee dispersed by a magistrate, 23 Dec. 1811 — the coasting trade of, encouraged by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 26, 30 Jun. 1820 — visit of George IV., 15 Aug. to 5 Sep. 1 82 1 — disorders caused by the Whiteboys, 1822 — famine in, from failure of potato crops, spring 1822 — Insurrection Act, 3 Geo. IV. c. 1, 11 Feb. 1822 — state of, considered by Com- mittee of House of Lords, 1825 — currency of, assimilated to British by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 79, 27 Jun. 1825 — agitation by Catholic Associa- tion, 1828— Catholic Emancipation effected, 1829 — disfranchisement of forty-shilling free- holders in, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 8, 13 Apr. 1829— Public Works in, authorized and regu- lated by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 33, 15 Oct. 1 83 1 — amended by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 108, 20 Aug. 1836 — agitation for repeal con- tinued, meetings prohibited, 1831 — [Repeal Association] — Protestant address against Re- form Bill presented to the king, 28 Feb. 1832 —Irish Reform Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 88, 7 IRELAND— IRISH CHURCH. 747 Aug. 1832— Insurrection Act, 3 Win IV. c. 4, 2 Apr. 1833— [Irish Church, Tithes, Munici- pal Reform, Poor Law, MaynoothJ — National Education Society incorporated, 23 Sep. 1845 [Queen's Colleges]— famine, from failure of potato crop, 1845-7 — better prevention of crime and outrage provided for by Act 11 Vic. c. 2, 20 Dec. 1847— rebellion suppressed, 1848 — [O'Brien, Smith] — visit of Queen Victoria, 1-12 Aug. 1849 — commission for sale of En- cumbered Estates opens, Oct. 1849— Party Processions prohibited, Mar. 1850 — Catholic Defence Association formed at Dublin, 22 Apr. 1 85 1 — meeting of Irish Tenant League on site of battle of the Boyne, 14 Jul. 1851 — communication with England by submarine telegraph opened, 1 Jun. 1852 — visit of Queen Victoria to Industrial Exhibition, Dublin, 29 Aug. 1853 — better preservation of peace in, provided for by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 36, 30 Jun. 1856 — visit of the Queen and Prince Con- sort, 22-30 Aug. 1 86 1 — Fenian conspiracy dis- covered, autumn 1 865 — [Fenians] — Peace Preservation Act (1856) amended and reenacted by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 9, 4 Apr. 1870— land laws amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 46, 1 Aug. 1870. a Todd. b Annals of England. c Pict. Hist. England. d Lingard. Ireland, Duke of. [Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of.] Ireland, John, miscellaneous writer, — fo. near Birmingham, 1808. Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, 1794-99 — Life and Letters of John Henderson, 1786. Ireland, John, Dean of "Westminster, — fc. at Ashburton, 8 Sep. 17 61 — enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1780 — vicar of Croydon, 1793 — prebendary of Westminster, Aug. 1802 — Dean, Feb. 1 8 16— M.A. and D.D., 18 19— founds four scholarships at Oxford, 1825 — "&., 1 Sep. 1842. V indicia Regia, 1797 — Nuptia Sacrce, 1821. Ireland, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, — rj. in London, about 1760 — takes part with his son in the Shakespeare forgeries, 1795— rj., Jul. 1800. Picturesque Tour through Holland, 1790 — Picturesque Views on the Upper Avon, 1795 — Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, 1794. Ireland, William Henry,— fj. in London, 1777 — forges Shakespearian MSS., 1795 — rj., 17 Apr. 1835. Ireneeus, St, Bp of Lyons, — b. at Smyrna, probably between 135-145, a 120-140 b — sent to Rome to Eleutherus, 177 — succeeds Photinus, Bp of Lyons, 177 — living, 197. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Smith's Diet. Irene, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 19-20 May 1 85 1 — seen by Gasparis, 23 May. Irene, daughter of the Khan of the Chazars, — marries Constantino Copronymus, 732 — becomes Empress of the East, 741. Irene, Empress of the East, — b. at Athens, about 750 — marries Leo (IV.), 3 Sep. 769 — becomes Empress, 775 — assumes the government on Leo's death, in the name of her son, Constantine V., Sep. 780 — restores image- worship, 780 — procures convocation of Council of Nice, 787 — sends an army into Italy, which is defeated by troops of Charles, 788 — banished by her son, 790— recalled, 792 — puts her son to death and reigns alone, 797 — a conspiracy formed against her, deposed by Nicephorus, 802 — lj. in Lesbos, 803. Ireton, Henry, general,— h. in Nottingham- shire, 1610 — enters Trin. Coll., Oxford, 1626 — distinguishes himself at battle of Naseby, Jun. 1645 — marries Cromwell's daughter Bridget, 1646 — has intercourse with the king at Hampton Court, Aug. to feep. 1647 — member of High Court of Justice for trial of Charles I., 1649 — Lord-deputy of Ireland, 1650 — forms siege of Limerick, 11 Jun. 1651 — takes it, 23 Oct. — tf. at Limerick, 15 Nov. 1651 — buried in Westminster Abbey, 6 Feb. 1652 — his body exhumed, gibbeted, and burnt at Tyburn, 1660. Iriarte. [Yriarte.] Iridium, metal, — discovered by Tennant, 1804. Iris, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 13 Aug. 1847. Irish Church, [Ireland,] — Papal authority in Ireland recognized by Synod of Kells, 1 152 — abolished, and Henry VIII. declared head of the Church, 1539 — English reformed Liturgy introduced, 1550 — but soon falls into disuse : reestablishment of Catholic worship prevented by Mountjoy, 1603 — expulsion of Catholic priests under penalty of death, by pro- clamation of James I., 4 Jul. 1605 — commission of graces issued, 1605 — Convocation of Clergy meets at Dublin ; Articles of Eeligion agreed to, 16 15 — Catholic clergy ordered to quit, by Lord- deputy Falkland, 21 Jan. 1623 — Articles of Church of England finally adopted by, 1635 — revised Prayer Book of England adopted by Con- vocation, 1662 — Romish ecclesiastics banished on pain of death, by (Irish) Act 9 Wm III. c. 1, 1697 — intermarriage of Bomanist and Protestant forbidden by c. 3 — building of churches out of forfeited estates authorized by parliament, 1702 — registration of Romish clergy required by Act 2 Ann. c. 7, 1703 — Romanists disqualified for Grand Jury, by Act 4 Ann. c. 6, 1705 — penal laws against Catholics mitigated, 1778 — endowment of Catholic clergy unsuccessfully proposed by Pitt, 1799 — united with Church of England, and continuance of United Church declared essential part of the Union, by Act of Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, art. 5, 2 Jul. 1800 — laws relating to temporalities of, altered, first-fruits abolished, Ecclesiastical Commission appointed, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833 — amended by Acts 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 90, 15 Aug. 1834, and 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 99, 20 Aug. 1836— Committee on, appointed, on motion of Lord John Russell, 3 Apr. 1835 — resolution for appropriation of surplus revenue to general education, carried in House of Commons, 6 Apr. — leads to resignation of ministry, 8 Apr. 1835 — Royal Commission on, appointed, Nov. 1867 — Report published, 29 Sep. 1868— dis- establishment and disendowment of, provided for and regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 26 Jul. 1869 — meeting of General Synod, at Dublin, 14 iSep. 1869 — Sustentatiuu Fund 74-S IBISH REBELLIONS— IKVIXG. originated, 1870 — disestablished, and union with Church of England dissolved, 1 Jan. 187 1 — General Synod opens, 13 Apr. 187 1. Irish Rebellions,— [Ireland,] — of 1 641 : in- surrection under Roger More and Sir Pkelirn 0'Xeil, breaks out, 23 Oct. — attempt on Dub- lin fails, same day: massacre of Protestants, Oct., Nor. — Earl of Ormond namedLieutenant- general in Ireland, by Charles I., Nov. — National Association formed to uphold Catholic faith and defend the king, 3 Dec. 1642 : insurgents proclaimed traitors by the king, 1 Jan. — petitions complaining of delay in suppressing the rebellion, presented to parlia- ment, and conference of Commons with the Lords respecting, Jan. — Supreme Council of Catholics chosen by Synod of Kilkenny, 10 May — commissioners sent by English parlia- ment to examine state of affairs, autumn — National Assembly meets, 1 Oct. 1643 : Charles I. commissions Ormond to negotiate 'with confederated Catholics, Jan. — truce for a year agreed to, 15 Sep. — which is condemned by parliament : Irish troops sent by Ormond to join the king, Xov. " Secret commission given by Charles I. to Earl of Glamorgan to raise troops and treat with Catholics, Mar. 1645— a treaty concluded, 25 Aug. 1645 — the intrigue discovered, 17 Oct. 1645 — peace published at Dublin and Kil- kenny, condemned by Synod of Waterford, 6 Aug." 1 646 — Dublin surrendered to the parlia- ment by Ormond, 22 Feb. 1647 — Catholic army defeated by Jones, governor of Dublin, 8 Aug. 1647 — new Council appointed, 4 Jan. 1648 — Jones and Monk conclude truce with O'Xeil, Sep. 1648 — Ormond makes terms with Catho- lics, Jan. 1649 — treaty of O'Xeil with par- liamentary army, 8 May 1649 — Cromwell, Lord-lieutenant " and General, 22 Jun. 1649 — Ireton Deputy, Jun. 1650 — negotiation for aid carried on with Duke of Lorraine, 1651 — capitulation of Limerick to Ireton, 27 Oct. 1 65 1 — treaty with Lorraine frustrated, Mar. 1652 — suppression of rebellion completed, May 1652 — treaty for aid concluded by leaders of insurrection with French Directory, Jun. 1796 — frustrated by battles of Bantry Bay, 1796 — and Carnperdown, 1797. Of 1798: Earl Moira's proposal for con- ciliatory measures rejected by Irish House of Lords, 19 Feb. — conspiracy to seize Dublin castle betrayed, and frustrated by arrest of the Directory, 12 Mar. — arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, 19 May — city and county of Dublin declared in state of insurrection, arrest of the Sheares, 21 May — martial law pro- claimed, 23 May — Lady" Fitzgerald banished, 23 May — repulse of rebels at Carlowand Naas, 24 May — capture of Wexford and Enniscorthy, repulse" at Xew Eoss, 25 May— Sir Edward Crosbie and others hanged at Dublin, 4 Jun. — victory of Gen. Xugent at Ballynahineh, 12 Jun. — Marquis Cornwallis, Viceroy, arrives in Dublin, 20 Jun. — militia regiments empowered to serve in Ireland, by Act 38 Geo. 111. c. 66, 21 Jun. 1798 — Oen. Lake defeats the rebels at Vinegar Hill, 21 Jun. — the Sheares executed, O'Connor and others pardoned on giving in- formation, 19 Jul. — amnesty published, Jul. — French troops under Gen. Humbert land at Killala, 22 Aug. — they surrender to Gen. Lake at Ballinamuck, 8 Sep". — French frigates on the way to aid the rebels, captured by Sir J. B. Warren, Wolfe Tone among the prisoners, 12 Oct. — arrest of Xapper Tandy and confederates for treason, at Hamburg, 24 Xov. Irish Society, — [Londonderry,] — incorpor- ated, 16 19 — charter cancelled, 1637 — renewed, 1662. Irnerius, Werner, {Gamier,) (Wernerius, Guarnerius, LLimerius, Yrnerius, §c.,) jurist, — h. at Bologna? about 1065 a — sent by Em- peror Henry V. to Borne to hasten election of Pope, 1 1 18 b — 3j. there, between 11 26-38. a s a Biog. TJnir. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. Iron, — exportation of, from England, pro- hibited by Stat. 28 Edw. III. c. 5, 1354 — importation of manufactured goods prohibit- ed by Stat, 1 Bich. III. c. 12, 1483-4 — erection of works restricted by Act 23 Eliz. c. 0, 15 8 1 — use of pit coal for smelting, pa- tented by Dudley, 1619 — his invention not generally adopted till 1740 — rolling, process of, patented by Cort, 17 Jan. 1783 — puddling, patented by Cort, 13 Feb. 1784 — introduction of the hot blast by Xeilson, patented, Sep. 1828 — Bessemer's process introduced, Oct. 1855 — application of magnetism, patented by Bobinson, 1865. Armour Flates, suggested in America, 1812 — experiment on, at Woolwich, 1827 — used by the French at attack on Kin- burn, 1855. Iron Bridge, — at Coalbrookdale, completed, 1779- Iron-clad War-ship, — the first completed, La Gloire, i860. Iron Crown, Order of the, in Austria, — in- stituted by Xapoleon, 1805. Iron Crown, of Lombardg, — used at coron- ation of Agilulph, 591 — of Charles the Great as king of Italy, 774 — of Frederick IV., 1452 — of Charles V., 1530 — of Xapoleon, 26 May 1805 — given up to Victor Emmanuel, on the conclusion of peace with Austria, 11 Oct. 1866. 'Iron Mask,' state prisoner in France, — placed in the chateau of Pignerol, 1662 — ft. in the Bastille, 1703. Ironmongers' Company, of London, — incor- porated, 1464. Iron Steamboat, — exhibited on the Thames, 9 May 1822. Irun, in Spain, — captured and pillaged by British Auxiliary Legion, under Gen. Evans, 17 May 1837. Irving, Edward, theologian, — ft. at Annan, Scotland, 4 Aug. 1792 — goes to Edinburgh Univ., 1805 — M.A., 1809 — master of Hadding- ton school, 1 810 — master of Kirkaldy school, 18 1 2 — licensed as preacher, 1815 — removes to Edinburgh, 181 8 — assistant to Dr Chalmers at Glasgow r , autumn 18 19 — minister of Caledonian Chapel, London, Jul. 1822 — married at Kirk- aldy, 13 Oct. 1823 — begins study of prophecy, and becomes acquainted with H. Drummond, about 1824 — attends conference at Albury, 1S26 — his church in Begent Square opened, 1827 — makes missionary tour in Scotland, IRVING— ISABELLA. 749 1828 — originates the Morning Watch, 1829— makes second missionary tour in Scotland, and attends Albury Conference, 1829 — sanctions the ' speaking with tongues,' Oct. 1830 — is con- demned by London Presbytery, and denies its authority, Oct. 1830 — ejected for heresy by the Presbytery, May 1831 — deposed by Presbytery of Annan, Mar. 1833— tf. at Glasgow, 7 Dec. 1834. Orations for the Oracles of God, 1823 — Judgment to Come, 1823 — Missionary Sermon, 1824 — Lectures on Baptism, 1828 — Sermons on the Trinity, 1828 — Church and State, 1829. Irving, Washington, novelist, historian, — fi. at New York, 3 Apr. 1783 — visits Europe, 1803-6 — visits Great Britain, 18 15 — goes to Paris, 1 8 20 — goes to Madrid, 1826 — secretary of embassy, London, 1829 — LL.D. Oxford, 1830 — returns to New York, 1832 — minister plenipotentiary to Madrid, 1741-46 — ft., 28 Nov. 1859. Knickerbocker s History of New York, 1809 — Sketch-book, 1818-20 — Brace- bridge Hall, 1822 — Tales of a Traveller, 1824 — Life of Columbus, 1828 — Companions of Columbus, 1 83 1 — Conquest of Granada, 1829 — Mahomet and his Successors, 1849-50 — Life of Oliver Goldsmith, 1855 — Life of Washington, 1855 — Life and Letters, 1862. Irwin, Eyles, poet and traveller, — fo. at Cal- cutta, 175 1 — enters service of E. India Com- pany, 1767 — suspended, 1777 — visits England, 1777 — reinstated, 1778 — returns to E urope, 1785 — superintendent of affairs of China Com- pany, 1792-94 — U- at Clifton, 14 Oct. 1817. Isaac, — [BC] — b., spring 1896^ 2030 b — offered up, 187 1 a — marries Rebekah, summer 1856,* 1990 b — birth of Esau and Jacob, spring, 1 836,3 1970 b — covenant renewed to him, 1 804 a — blesses Jacob and Esau, autumn 1760 a — Jy., spring I7i6, a i850. b a Ussher. b Clinton. Isaac I. Comnenus, Emperor of the East, — proclaimed Augustus by army in Asia, 8 Jan. 1057 — deposes Michael VI. and succeeds him, 31 Aug. 1057 — defeats Hungarians, 1059 — deposes and banishes the patriarch, Michael Cerularius, Nov. 1059 — abdicates in favour of Constantine Ducas, Dec. 1059 — ft. inmonastery of Stude, 1 06 1. Isaac II., Angelus, Emperor of the East, — his life threatened by Andronicus Comnenus, 1 1 85 — succeeds him, 12 Sep. n 85 — with the Sultan of Iconium unsuccessfully opposes pass- age of crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa, 1 1 89 — furnishes fleet for passage of the Helles- pont, 1 1 90 — dethroned and blinded by his brother Alexius, 8 Apr. 1195 — restored, 18 Jul. 1203 — ratifies treaty of his son Alexius with crusaders, 1 203 — put to death, by Alexius Ducas, 25 Jan. 1204. Isaac Comnenus, — viceroy of Cyprus, by Alexius II. 1 1 82 — makes himself independent, 1 x 84 a — dethroned by Richard I. of England, 1 191. a Finlay. Isaac Levita. [Levita.] Isabella, St, Order of,— founded by Ferdi- nand VII. of Spain, 24 Mar. 18 15. Isabella, daughter of Amaurg L., king of Jerusalem, — inherits titular sovereignty of Jerusalem on death of her sister Sibylla, n 89 — divorces Humphrey, seigneur de Thoron, and marries Conrad of Montferrat, 11 92— as- sassination of Conrad in Syria, 29 Apr. 11 92 — marries Henry, Count of Champagne, who refuses title of king, n 92 — on bis death, mar- ries Amaury of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, — 1197. Isabella of Angouleme, Queen op England, — b., about 1 1 85 — betrothed to Hugh of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, 1200 — marries John, king of England, 24 Aug. i20o a — crowned with him at Westminster, 8 0c<\ 1200 b — suspected and disgraced, about 1212 c — reconciled with her husband, 12 15 — left a widow, Oct. 1 2 16 — marries Hugh Lusignan, i2i7, a 1220 c — instigates attempt on life of St Louis, 1 244 c — takes the veil at Fontevraud ; If. there, I245, a 1246.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. c Strickland. Isabella, daughter of Xing John of England, — offered in marriage to Henry, king of the Romans, by her brother Henry III., 1225 — demanded in marriage by Emperor Frederick II., Nov. 1235 — betrothed to him, 27 Feb. 1236 a — embarks at Sandwich, 11 May — enter- tained at Cologne, May to Jun. — married to Frederick at Worms, 15 Jul. — meets her brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, in Sicily, 1241 a — tf., 1 Dec. I24i. a a Kington. Isabella of France, Queen of England, — • {)., 1295 — marries Edward II., at Boulogne, 25 Jan. 1309 — arrives in England, 7 Feb. 1309 — ■ accompanies Edward to coronation of Louis X., 1 3 1 3 — aids escape of Mortimer from the Tower, 1323 — quarrels with the Despensers, 1 324 — sent to France, arranges dispute between Edward and her brother, Charles IV., respecting Gascony, May 1325 — intrigues with Mortimer against the Despensers, and is joined by Earl of Kent, 1325 — banished by Charles IV. takes refuge in Hainault, and engages her son, Edward, to Philippa, 1326 — lands, with Mortimer and other exiles and a small army, at Orwell, 24 Sep. 1326 — joined by the barons, has Prince Edward pro- claimed guardian of the realm, Oct. — [Edward II., Edward III., Despenser] — rules with Mortimer in name of her son, 1327 — imprisoned at Castle Rising, end of Nov. 1330 — ti. there, 22 Aug. I358. a a Strickland. Isabella of Valois, Queen of England, — ft., 9 Nov. 1387 a — marries Richard II., at Calais, 3 Nov. 1396 — enters London, 13 Nov. — refuses to acknowledge Henry IV., 1399 — confined at Haveringe-atte-Bower, early in 1400 — returns to France, 140 1 — marries Charles of Angou- leine, 1406 — becomes Duchess of Orleans, Nov. 1407 — a"., 13 Sep. i4io. a a Strickland. Isabella, of Bavaria, Queen op France, — b., 1 37 1 — marries Charles VI., 13 Jul. 1385 — her liaison with the Duke of Orleans becomes known, 1405 — her paramour Bois-Bourdon arrested and drowned, 141 7 — kept in confine- ment at Tours, 1417 — liberated by John, Duke of Burgundy, she takes title of regent, Nov. 1417— enters Paris with the Duke, 14 Jul. 1418 — treats with Henry V. of England, 14 19 — concludes with him Treaty of Troyes, 1420 — tf. at Paris, 30 Sep. 1435. Isabella, Queen op Castile, and after- wards op Spain, — b., 23 Apr. 145 1— declines 750 ISABELLA II.— ISIASLAV III. crown of Castile, offered by the Confederates, 1468 — acknowledged heir to the crown, 9 Sep. 1468 — marries Ferdinand V. of Aragon, at Valladolid, 19 Oct. 1469 — disinherited by her brother Henry IV. and her sister Joanna, suc- ceeds to throne of Castile, 13 Dec. 1474 — ob- tains bull of Sixtus IV. for introducing Inqui- sition into Spain, 1478 — becomes queen of Aragon and Navarre, on death of John II., Jan. 1479 — [^ er( linand V.,] — favours Colum- bus, 1492 — consents to proscription of Jews, Mar. 1492 — Ximenes her confessor, 1492 — if. at Medina del Campo, 26 Nov. 1504 — buried in the Alhambra, 18 Dec. 1504. Isabella II. , Queen of Spain, — ft. at Ma- drid, 10 Oct. 1830 — oath of allegiance to her, taken by the Cortes, 20 Jun. 1833 — succeeds her father Ferdinand VIL, 29 Sep. 1833 — proclaimed queen, 2 Oct. — and placed under guardianship of her mother; the succession disputed by Don Carlos, civil war lasts till Sep. 1 840 — the Queen-regent deprived of her power, 13 Aug. 1836 — but reinstated, 18 Jun. 1837 — again deprived, 12 Oct. 1840 — regency of Espartero, 8 May 1841 to Jul. 1843 — de- clared of age, 8 Nov. 1 843 — marries her cousin Don Francisco de Assis, 10 Oct. 1846 — depos- ed, 29 Sep. 1868 — [Spanish Revolution] — abdicates in favour of her son, Prince of Astu- rias, 25 Jun. 1870. Isabella, Queen op Portugal, — marries Alfonso, son of John II. of Portugal, Nov. 1490 — left a widow, 12 Jul. 149 1 — marries Emmanuel, king of Portugal, 1497 — if., 24 Aug. 1498. Isabella of Austria, Clara Eugenia, In- fanta of Spain, — ft., 1566 — -offered by her father Philip II. in marriage to Henry of Navarre, 1584 — her marriage with Duke of Guise proposed, 1593 — marries Archduke Albert and receives the Netherlands as her dower, 1599 — assists at siege of Ostend, 160 1-4 — governess of the Netherlands on death of her husband, 1621 — receives Queen Mary of France, 1632— &., 1633. Isabey, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at Nancy, 11 Apr. 1767 — studies under David, 1790 — first miniature painter to Napoleon, 1805 — accompanies Empress Maria Louisa to Vienna, 18 14— if., 18 Apr. 1855. Barque d' Isabey, 1797 — Revue clu premier Consul dans la cour des Tuileries, 1 802 — Escalier da Musee, about 181 7. Isseus, orator, — [B C] — fl.,between42o-348. a a Smith's Diet. Isaiah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies, 763 (759) to 713 — [AD] — controversy respect- ing genuineness of last 27 chapters originated by Koppe — 1779-81. Isambert, Francois Andre, jurist,— -b. at Aunay, 30 Nov. 1792 — advocate to Court of Cassation, 181 8— counsellor to Court of Cassa- tion, Aug. 1830 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Oct. — member of Constituent Assem- bly, 1848 — if., 13 Apr. 1857. Rccueil general des anciennes lois franqaises, 1822-33 — Trade du droit public ct du droit des gens, 1823 — Trade sur la voirie, 1825-30. Isarchos,— [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 89, 1,) 424. Isauria, Isaurians, in Asia Minor, — [B C] — war against pirates of, commenced by P. Servilius, 77— concluded by their subjugation, 75 — war renewed by Pompey, spring 67 — finished, midsummer 67 — [AD] — rebellion of Trebellianus in, 264 — Probus defeats banditti and captures their leader Palfurius, 279 — plunder Lycaonia and Pamphylia, 353 — ravage Pamphylia and Cilicia, 404-5-6-7 — Zeno takes refuge in, winter, 475-7 — in Constantinople, support rebellion of Longinus, 491 — banished from Constantinople, again rebel against Anas- tasius, 492 — defeated at Cotyseum in Phrygia, 492 — the war ended and the chief Athenodorus taken and put to death, 497 — betray Eome to Totila, 549 — conquered by Soliman I., Sultan of Iconium, 1074-80 — by Amurath I., and made part of Turkish empire, 1360-80. Isauricus. [Vatia, P. Servilius.] Iscanus, Josephus, (Joseph of Exeter,) poet, — accompanies Richard I. to Palestine, 11 90 — if., about 1224. Be bello Trojano,\>eiore 1190 — Antiocheis, after 11 90. Iselin, Isaak, jurist, §c, — ft. at Basel, 17 Mar. 1728 — member of Great Council, 1754 — second Secretary of State, 1756 — if., 15 Jun. 1782. JJeber die Geschichte der Menschheit, 1764-70 — Vermischte Schriften, 1770. Iselin, Jacob Christoph, theologian, philolo- gist, — ft. at Basel, 168 1 — Prof. History and Antiquities, 1707 — Prof. Theology, 17 n — As- sociate of French Academy of Inscriptions, 17 17— if., 14 Apr. 1737. Isembert of Xaintes, architect, — employed in completing London Bridge, (?) 1209. Isert, Paul Erdman, traveller, — embarks at Copenhagen for Guinea Coast, 1783 — returns to Europe, 1787 — if. in Africa, 1789. Ishmael, — [BC] — ft., winter i9io, a 2044, b 1912° — sent away with his mother, by Abraham, i892 a — if., winter 1773, a 1907^ a Ussliev. b Clinton. c Prideaux. Isiaslav I., Jaroslavich, (Demetrius,) Grand Duke of Eussia, — succeeds his father Jaroslav I., 1055 — defeats and takes prisoner the rebel Vseslav, at battle of Niemen, 3 Mar. 1067 a — expelled by revolt of his subjects, takes refuge with Boleslaus II. of Poland, io67, b 1068 a — restored by him, 1067 or 1068 — de- prives Vseslav of his states, 1069 — again ex- pelled, returns to Poland, 1073 — seeks aid of Gregory VIL, who treats Eussia as fief of the Holy See, 1075 — reestablished by Boleslaus, 1077 — killed in batttle, 1078. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Isiaslav II., Mstislavich, Grand Duke of Eussia, — distinguishes himself in war with Prince of Polotsk, 11 27 — takes part in civil war in Poland, 11 46 — deprives and succeeds Igor II., 1 147 — imprisons Igor, 1147 — puts him to death: defeated and deposed by Sviatoslav, brother of Igor, 1149 — restored by aid of Hungarians, 1 150— if., 1154. Isiaslav III., Davidovich, Grand Duke of Eussia, — succeeds Eostislav, and is deprived by Jurij, 1154. ISIDORE— ISRAEL. 75 » Isidore, St. Bp of Seville, theologian, — fc. at Carthagena, about 570 a — succeeds Se- cundus as Bp of Seville, about 600 — pre- sides at secoud Council of Seville 619 — at Council of Toledo, 633 — tJ. at Seville, 4 Apr. 636. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. Isidore, of Pelusium, theologian, — tf., 45°- Isidore of Moscow, Abp of Thessaloxica, — goes to Rome, about 1435 — Patriarch at Kiev, 1437— sent to Council of Florence to oppose union of Latin and Greek churches, Sep. 1437— signs decree of union, Jul. 1439 — Car- dinal, 6 Sep. 1439 — deprived and imprisoned at Moscow, 1440— escapes to Rome, 1443 — sent by Pope Nicholas to Constantinople, 145 1 — rj. at Rome, 27 Apr. 1463. Isidorian Decretals. [Decretals, False.] Isidores, of Miletus, the Elder, architect, — fl -> 532 ' « ,. Isidorns, jurist,— fl., about 533. Isidorus, the Younger, — fl., 557. Isidorns, Fl. Anthemius,— Consul of Rome with Senator, (1189, a. u. c.) 436. Isis, Worship of, at Rome,— [B C]— intro- duced about 85 — statue removed from Capitol by decree, resisted, 58 — private, forbidden, 53 iEmillius Paullus, consul, begins destruction of temples, 50— new decrees to destroy, 47 — worship sanctioned by Triumvirs, 43 — [AD] — established, under Vespasian, about 70. Isla, Juan, a (Jose Francisco de, h ) Jesuit, — b. at Segovia, Apr. 1714— fc. at Bologna, Dec. I7 83, a 1781. 15 Vida de frag Gerundio de Compazas, 1758-72. a Biog. L'niv. b Erscb. and Gruber. Islamism. [Mohammed.] Isle, De 1'. [Delisle.] Isle de Rhe. [Rhe.] Isle of Man. [Man, Isle of.] Isle of Wight. [Wight, Isle of.] Isly, The, in Algeria,— Marshal Bugeaud defeats army of Morocco at, 14 Jul. 1844 — gives title of Duke to Bugeaud, 1844. Ismail, Ismailof, in Bessarabia, — taken by Count Romanzof, 1 Aug. 1770 — by Suwarrof, 22 Dec. 1790, and the garrison massacred: ceded to Russia by Treaty of Bukharest, 18 12 — given up to Moldavia by Treaty of Paris, 1856. Ismail. [Granada, Kingdom of.] Isoard, Joachim Jean Xavier d' , Cardinal, Abp of Alch,— b. at Aix, Provence, 23 Oct. 1766— auditor of the rota, at Rome, Jun. 1S04 — follows Pius VII. to France, 1809 — takes part in the Concordat of 18 17 — ordained priest at Rome, 1825 — Cardinal, Jun. 1827 — Abp of Auch, Peer of France, Jan. 1829 — rj. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1839. Isocrates, orator — [B C]— fj. at Athens, about Aug. 436 a — excuses himself from trierarchy, 355 — performs trierarchy, 352 — starves him- self, 338. a His Panegyric, 380 — Flataicos, 374 — Archidamus, 366 — Be Face, 356-5 — Peri antidose.os pros Megacleidtn, 355 — Peri antidoseos pros Bysimachon, before mid- summer 353 — Areopagitica, 353? Fhilippus, between Mar. and Aug. 346 — begins his Panathenaic Oration, 342 — completes it, 340. a Clinton. Isocrates, of Apollonia, orator, — [BC] — contends unsuccessfully for prize given by Artemisia, 352. Isomorphism, — discovered by Mitscherlich, 1819. Isothermal Lines, on maps, laid down by Humboldt, 18 17 — improved by Kaemtz and Berghaus, 1831 and 1838. Ispahan, in Persia, — taken by Tamerlane, (7S9, a. h.) 1387 a — made capital of Persia by Shah Abbas, (998,) 1590 a — besieged by- Afghans, under Mahnioud, (Guimadhi 1133,) Apr. 1721 a — taken, (14 Sepher 1134,) 23 Nov. i72i, a 1722 b — recovered by Nadir Shah, (1141,) 1729 a — seat of government removed to Teheran, 1795.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Hist. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. Israel, Kingdom of, (political history,) — [B C] — rivalry of the tribe of Ephraim mani- fested against Gideon, 1245 s — against Jephtha, leading to civil war, 1 1 87 a — 11 tribes side with Ishbosheth against David, 1055-10483 — ri- valry of Israelites and revolt of Sheba, 1023 a — rebellion of Jeroboam against Solomon, after Abijah*s prophecy, 978 a — revolt of the 10 tribes, establishment of the kingdom under Jeroboam I., spring 975, a May 976 b — establish- ment of idolatry at Dan and Bethel, 6 Dec. 975 a — Levites and others desert to the king- dom of Judah, winter 974 s1 — revolution, Nadab killed by Baasha, who usurps the kingdom, summer 953 a — revolution, Elah killed by Zimri, who is again dethroned by Ornri, sum- mer 929^ 930 b — division of the kingdom, Tibni reigning over part till summer 925 a — Samaria built for royal residence by Omri, summer 924,3 926 b — Phoenician idolatry in- troduced by Ahab, 918 a — Elijah's reformation, 906,° about 916 b — Moabites revolt from Ahaziah, autumn 897, a 894 ? b — revolution, Jehu kills Jehoram and takes the throne, 884 a — Phoenician idolatry put down by Jehu, 884 a — the transjordane territory lost, Jehoahaz tributary to Hazael of Syria, spring 856,* 855- 839 b — the kingdom raised to its ancient extent and splendour by Jeroboam II., 825-784° — anarchy, 784-773,3 782-771 b — revolution, Zechariah killed by Shallum, who after a month is killed by Menahem, who takes the throne, 774, a 770 b — Menahem tributary to Pul of Assyria, spring 773, a 769 b — revolution, Pekah kills Pekahiah and reigns instead, 759 ;l — Pekah tributary to Tiglath Pileser, the transjordane tribe transported into Assyria, 741 a — revolu- tion, Pekah killed by Hoshea, anarchy till Hosea takes the throne, 739-730,* 738-730 b — Hoshea tributary to Shalmaneser of Assyria, 730 a b — Samaria besieged and taken by Shal- maneser, transportation of the people to Assyria, 724-721,3 723-721 b — final transport- ation of the people, and colonization of the country by Assyrian tribes, by Esarhaddon, 677,3 about 695 b — Josiah's reforms extended amongst the Jews remaining in territory of Israel, spring 630,3 62 2. b [Palestine, Jews, &c] a rssher. b Clinton. c Bib. Cliron. 75 2 ISRAEL— ITALY. Israel, {rulers,) — [B C] — Jeroboam L, spring 975 to winter 954,* 976-955^ 963-943,° 98o-959, d 971-951 e — Nadab, winter 954 to winter 953" 2 > a 955-954. b 943-94*/ 959~958/ 951-950 e — Baasha, winter 953-2 to summer 93°> a 958-935^ 95°"9 2 7/ 95 2 "9 2 9> f 953"93 1 > b 943-919° — Elah, summer 930 to summer 929/ 919-918,° 927-926/ 9 2 9 - 9 28, f 931-930/ 935- 934 d — Zimri, summer 929/928/ 93o, b 918,° 926 e — Tibni, summer 929 to summer 925. .924, ■9°7. 930-928 934"9 2 3> -Omri, summer 929-91 8, a 9 26- 9 i5, e 928-917 f — Ahab, 918-897/ 917-897/918-898/ 915-894/ 907-888,° 923-902 d — Ahaziah, with Ahab, summer 898-897 a — alone, 897-896/ 898-896/ 888-887,° 894-889,° 902-901 d — Joram, 896- 884,* 895-884/ 887-876,° 889-883/901-889* —Jehu, 884 to spring 856,* 876-848,° 883-855/ 884-855/ 883-856/ 889-861 d — Jehoahaz, spring 856-839,* 856-840,? 848-832/ 855- 838,° 855-840/ 855-839/ 861 -848 d — Jehoash, with Jehoahaz, spring 841-839,* alone, 839 to spring 825,* 839-823/ 832-817/ 840-824/ 841-828-6,° 840-824 s — Jeroboam I L, with Jehoash, spring 836 to spring 825/ 817-777/ 826-786/ alone, spring 825-784,* 824-772/ 823-783/ 831-790/ 824-783 s — (Interregnum, 11 years/ 7 years/ 22 years/) — Zachariah, autumn 773 to spring 772/771-770/ 769-768/ 778/ 772-771/766-765,° 772s — Shallum, spring 772/ 771/ 770/ 778,° 765,° 768/ 772- 771 s — Menahem, spring 772-761,* 770-760/ 7 6 5-754 c 77 J -7 6 o/ 768-750/ 771-761 s— (In- terregnum, 777-766/ less than 1 year/ 1 year/)— Pekahiah, 761-759/ s 759-758/ 757- 755, d 7 6 °-75 8 / 754"753> c 7 6 4"744 e — Pekah, 759, to spring 739/ 759"73 8 ,s 757"73 8 / 758- 7 2 9> f 753-726/ 755-735 d — (Interregnum, 9 years/) — Hoshea, spring 739-721/ 730-721/ 738-721/729-721/ 726-718/ 727-718/ 744- 736.° *Ussher. b Clinton. ° Des Vignolles. d DuFresnoy. e Marsham. f Newman. S Petau. Israel, (alliances,) — [B C] — of Baasha with Benhadad of Syria, before 940 * — of Omri with Benhadad of Syria, about 925 * — alliance of Ahab with Sidon, (marries Jezebel, about 928/) 918* — of Ahab with Jehoshaphat of Judah, Athaliah married to Jehoram, 907 * — war with Syria, summer 897/ 898 b — of Ahaziah with Jehoshaphat of Judah in his attempt to renew the Eastern trade, winter 897 * — of Jehoram with Jehoshaphat of Judah, spring 895/ 894 ? b — of Jehoram with Ahaziah of Judah, 884* — of Pekah with Rezin of Syria, 742 * — of Hoshea with So of Egypt, winter 725.* * TJsslier. b Clinton. Israel, (wars,) — [BC] — of Jeroboam with Rehoboam and Abijah of Judah, spring 975 — defeated by Abijah in Mount Ephraim, 957/ 976-957 b — of Nadab, Elah and Zimri against Philistines in Gibbethon, 953-929 * — of Baasha against Asa, Rama taken and recovered, 940/ 941, 951 ? b — of Baasha against Benhadad of Syria, Israel ravaged, 940 * — civil war between Omri and Tibni, summer 929 to summer 925 * ■ — of Ahab against Benhadad, Samaria besieged unsuccessfully, spring 901 * — Benhadad de- feated, summer 900 a — Ahab slain at Ramoth Gilead, 897/ 898 b — of Jehoram with Jehosha- phat of Judah, against the Moabites, spring 895/ 894 ? b — of Jehoram against Benhadad of Syria, Samaria besieged, and miraculously de- livered, 893-2 *— of Jehoram against Hazael of Syria, Jehoram wounded, 884* — of Jehoash against Benhadad of Syria, three victories, 836/ 837 b — of Jehoash against Amaziah of Judah, Jerusalem plundered, 826* — of Jero- boam II. against Syria, Damascus and Hamath taken, 825/ Aug. 800 ° — of Menahem against Syria, Thapsacus taken, 773* — of Pekah and Rezin of Syria against Judah, Jeru- salem besieged, 742-1*— of Hoshea against Shalmaneser of Assyria, Samaria taken, 724- 721/723-720^ *Ussher. b Clinton. ° Newman. Israelite Congress, held at Pesth, 14 Dec. 1868. Isselt, Michael von, historian, rj. near Ham- burg, 17 Oct. 1597. Historia belli Coloniensis, 1584. Issus, in Cilicia, — [B C] — Alexander defeats Darius at, Nov. 333 — [A D]— Candidus defeats Niger, 194 — Heraclius encamps near, 622. Ister. [Danube.] Isthmian Games — [B C] — in Greece, suspended during the power of the Kypselids, about 650- 580 — periodically celebrated, after (01. 49) 584-0 — Romans admitted, 228 — Sikyon con- ducts them, 146 — Corinth recovers the direc- tion, about 45— [AD]— still celebrated, 362.* a Clinton. Isthvanfius, Nicholas, historian, — fc. in Hungary, 1535 — rj. at Presburg, 16 15. Sistor. de rebus Hungaricis lib, XXXIV., 1622. Istria — [BC]— invaded by Romans, 221 — Manlius carries on war in, 178 — conquered by Caius Claudius, 177 — [AD] — overrun by Goths, between 500-600 — conquered by Franks under Pepin, 789 — forms a Margraviate, from about 950 — subject to Dukes of Dalmatia, 1170 — Western, on outlawry of Duke Henry, falls to patriarchs of Aquileia, 1204 — taken by Vene- tians, given to Austria by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — Eastern, passes to Austria, and is incorporated with Carinthia — whole territory of, ceded to Napoleon by Treaty of Presburg, and united to Illyria, 1 805 — restored to Aus- tria, 181 3. Istria,Vincentello d'. Viceroy of Corsica, — ft., 1308 — enters service of the king of Ara- gon, 140 1 — gets himself proclaimed Count of Corsica, 1409 — Viceroy, 142 1 — beheaded at Genoa, 1434. Istria, Duke of. [Bessieres.] Istrias, Cape d\ [Capo d'Istrias.] Istrus, (Istria, IstropoUs,) in Mcesia, — [BC]— colony from Miletus, 633, 656-5,* 654^ * Euseb. b Hieron. Istrus, (Ister,) historian, — [BC] — fi. 250- 220. Italian Architecture. [Renaissance.] Italian Eepublic, — name substituted for Cisalpine Republic, under presidency of Na- poleon, (5 Pluviose an X,) 25 Jan. 1802. Italian Version of the Bible, by Martini, published 1769-78. Italy, — [BC] — [seenamesof ancient divisions, ITHOME— IVAN III. 753 Apulia, Campania, Etruria, &c, and Rome]— entirely subjugated by Rome, on fall of Vulsinii, (489, a.u.c.) 265 — transpadane, receives the jus Latii, 89 — [AD] — ravaged by pestilence, 252-267 — subjugated by Constantine, 312 — in- vaded by Alaric, 400— by Attila, 451— erected into a kingdom by Odoacer, 476 — conquered by Ostrogoths under Theodoric, 493 — his grandson Athalaric succeeds, 526 — Theodatus raised to the throne by Amalasuntha, 534 — Vitiges, 536 — HeldibAld, (Theodebald,) 540 — Eraric 541 — Totila elected, 541— Teias, 552— conquered by Narses, annexed to Greek empire, 553 — Exarchate of Eavenna estab- lished, 568 — conquered by Lombards, under Alboin, 568-73 — [Spoleto, Duchy of, Be- nevento] — invaded by Pranks, under Pepin, 754 — conquered by Charles the Great, 773-4 —[Tuscany, Duchy of] — erected into a king- dom for Lothaire, Emperor, by Louis le Debonnaire, 820 — confirmed to him by Treaty of Verdun, 843 — Saracen invasion, 846 — Louis II. succeeds, 855 — Charles II., the Bald, 875 — conquered by Carloman, 877— Charles III., the Fat, 880— Berenger, 888— partly con- quered by Guy of Spoleto, 889 — partition of, between Berenger and Lambert, 896 — invasion of the Huns, 899 — Louis of Aries, 900-905 — Eudolph, King of Burgundy, 922-26— Hugh, King of Provence, 926 — Lothaire II., (son,) 945 — Berenger II., and his son Adalbert, 950 — conquered by Emperor Otto I., 961- — Ardouin, Marquis of Ivrea, gets himself crowned king, 1002 — but is driven away by Emperor Henry II., 1004 — invaded by Nor- mans, 1 01 6— [Guiscard, Apulia, Calabria] — kingdom of Two Sicilies, erected, 1 1 3 1 — rise of independent republics, about 1020-1100 — [see names of principal Italian cities, and of the Popes and German Emperors, Lombard League, Guelphs and Ghibellines, Savoy] — Turkish invasion, conquest of Otranto, 1480 — French invasion under Charles VIII., 1494 — [Louis XII., Prancis I., Charles V., war of the Spanish Succession] — kingdom of Sar- dinia constituted, 1720 — [Cisalpine Republic, Italian Republic] — erected into a kingdom by Napoleon I., 1805 — the kingdom dissolved, 1 814 — Austrian possessions in, form Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, by Treaty of Vienna, 1815 — disturbances excited by the Carbonari, sup- pressed by Austria, 1820-21— insurrections in, break out, Feb. 1831 — suppressed, Mar.— in- surrections break out, 1848 — battle of No- vara, 23 Mar. 1849 — siege of Rome, 3 Jun. to 3 Jul. — Treaty of Milan, 6 Aug. — fall of Venice, 22 Aug. — Austro-Sardinian war, 1859 — '[see Napoleon III., and battles of Monte- bello, Magenta, and Solferino] — annexation of Lombardy, part of the Papal States, Parma, and Modena, to Sardinia, by Treaty of Villa- Franca, 11 Jul. 1859, and Treaty of Zurich, 10 Nov. 1859— annexation 0I Tuscany to Sar- dinia, 22 Mar. — treaty of cession of Savoy and Nice to France, 24 Mar. i860— annexation of the Marches, Umbria, and Two Sicilies, to Sar- dinia, 17 Dec. i860 — [Garibaldi] — first par- liament of Italy meets at*Turin, 18 Feb. 1861 — erected into a kingdom for Victor Emmanuel, 14 Mar. 1 86 1 — recognized by English go- vernment, 30 Mar. — protest of the Pope against, 15 Apr. — recognized by Napoleon III., 27 Jun. — recognized by Russia, 2 Jul. — by i 'russia, 1 1 Jul. — convention for evacuation of Papal States by French troops concluded, 15 Sept. 1864 — transfer of capital from Turin to Florence de- creed, n Dec. 1864— census taken, 31 Dec. — ■ kingdom recognized by Spain, Jul. 1865 — alliance with Prussia ratified, 12 Jun. 1866 — [Seven Weeks' War] — annexation of Vene- tia voted, 21-29 0°^ 1866— the government, and all who took part in the invasion of the States of the Church, excommunicated by Pius IX., 1 Nov. 1870 — the capital transferred to Rome, 1 Jul. 187 1. Ithome, in Messenia, — [B C] — surrenders to Lacedaemonians, 455. Ithycles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 95, 3,) 398. Ittig, (Ittigius,) Thomas, theologian, — fj. at Leipsic, 31 Oct. 1643 — Prof. Theology there, 1677 — o". at Leipsic, 7 Apr. 17 10. Bibliotheca patrum apostolicorum grceco-latina, 1690 — De hceresiarchis cevi apostolici, 1703. Itursea, (Jetur,) — [B C] — conquered and colonized by Israelites, about 1300 a — possessed by transjordane tribes, ii5i b — occupied by other nations, after 740 b — subdued by Aristo- bulus, about 106? — taken from Zenodorus, by Rome, and given to Herod, about 20 a — forms part of Philip's tetrarchy, 4. a Smith's Diet. Bib. b TJssher. Iturbide, Augustine de, Emperor of Mexico, — ft. in New Spain, 1784 — enters the army, 1801 — publishes the Plan of Iguala, for union of Spain and Mexico, 24 Feb. 1821 — takes possession of the capital, Sep. 1821 — gets himself proclaimed Emperor, 18 May 1822 — abdicates, 20 Mar. 1823 — retires to Italy, May 1823 — returns to Mexico, and is arrested, Jul. 1824 — shot, 19 Jul. 1824— his two grandsons declared princes of the blood by Maximilian, 1865. lulus, C. Julius, — [BC] — 1. Consul with P. Pinarius Rufus Mamercinus, (265, a. u. c.) 489 — 2. Consul with M. Geganius Macerinus, (307,) 447 — with L. Verginius Tricostus, (319,) 435— again, (320,) 434. lulus, L. Julius,— [BC]— Consul with L. Papirius Crassus, (324, a. u. c.) 430. lulus, Vopiscus Julius, — [BC] — Consul with L. JEmilius Mamercinus, (281, a. tj. c.) 473- Ivan I. and II. [Russia, Grand Dukes of.] Ivan III., Vassilivich, the Threatening,— ft., about 1439 — succeeds his father, 28 Mar. 1462 — his army defeated in Kasan, 1468 — makes the Khan of Kasan tributary, 1470 — suppresses revolt of Novogorod, 1470 — marries Princess Sophia, daughter of Constan- tine Palaeologus, at Rome, 1 Jun. 1472 — the revolt renewed, and the republic abolished, 1475 — refuses tribute to Ahmed, Khan of the Golden Horde, and defeats him, about 1476 — the war renewed, Ahmed defeated and killed, 148 1 — defeat of the Poles, 148 2- — defeat and capture 48 754 IVAN IV.— JACKSON. of Khan of Khasan, 1487 — defeats theLivonians near Pleskof, 1492 — names his younger son Vassili his successor, 1497 — \f., 7 Oct. 1505. Ivan IV., Vassilivich, the Terrible, Grand Duke and 1st Czar of Bussia, — ft., 1529 — succeeds his father, 4 Dec. 1533, under re- gency of his mother — , and, on her death, of a triumvirate, 1538 — puts them to death, 1543 — crowned, takes title of Czar, i545, a 16 Jan. J 547 b — marries Anastasia, 1545 — publishes his code, 1550 — takes Kasan, Oct. 1552 — takes Astrakan, and receives submission of the Tatars, 1554 — confirms treaty of peace with Sweden, 1554 — breaks it, 1555 — renews it, 1557 — destroys Teutonic Order, 156 1 — loses his wife, 1563 — seizes Polotsk, 1563 — resigns the sovereignty in favour of Jediguer the Tatar, 1568 — slaughters citizens of Novogorod, 1570 — his general defeats Tatars of the Crimea, 157 1 — makes peace with Poland, 157 1 — attacked by Swedes and Poles, asks intervention of Gregory XIIL, who procures a truce for ten years, 15 Jan. 1582 — if., 19 Mar. 1584. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ivan V., Alexeiovich, Czar op Eussia, — ft., i663, a 1666 b — succeeds his brother Theo- dore, 27 Apr. 1682 — his brother Peter I. associated with him, Jun. 1682 — marries Pras- kovia, 1683 — abdicates, 1689 — tf. 26 Jan. 1696. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nout. Biog. Gen. Ivan VI., Czar of Eussia, — ft., 23 Aug. 1740 — succeeds Anne, 29 Oct. 1740, under regency of Biren : deposed and imprisoned, 6 Dec. 1 74 1 — attempt to reinstate him fails, and he is put to death, 16 Jul. 1764. Ives, Edward, traveller, — embarks for East Indies, Aug. 1754 — returns to England, Mar. 1759. Voyage from England to the Indies, 1773- Ivetaux, Nicolas Vauquelin, Seigneur d', poet, df-c, — ft. near Falaise, 1567 — tutor to Duke of Vendome, 1606 — to Dauphin, Aug. 1609 — dismissed for licentious conduct, 161 1 — ft., 9 Mar. 1649. Institution d'un prince, 1604. Ivica. [Balearic Isles.] Ivory, James, mathematician, — ft. at Dundee, 1765 — studies at Univ. of St Andrews, 1779 — at Edinburgh, 1785 — Prof. Mathematics, Eoyal Military Coll., 1804-19— F.E.S., 1815— receives Eoyal Medal, 1826 and i839^Knt of the Guelphic Order, receives pension, 1831 — LL.D. St Andrews, 1839 — fr. near London, 21 Sep. 1842. Ivry, in France, — Henry IV. defeats Duke of Mayenne, 14 Mar. 1590. Jabesh Gilead,— [B C] — taken by Israelites in civil war, 1419 a — besieged by Nahash the Ammonite, and relieved by Saul, io55. b a Bib. Chron. b Ussher. Jablonowski, Vladislaus, general, — ft. in Poland, 1769 — enters the French army, 1789 — distinguishes himself in campaign against the Bussians, 1792 — under Kosciusko, 1794 — serves in French army, 1798 — Adjutant-general, 1799 — distinguishes himself at defence of the bridge of Var, May 1800 — )j., commander of Polish legion in expedition to St Domingo, 1802. Jablonski, Carl Gustav, naturalist, — ft., 1756 — tf. at Berlin, 1787. Natur-system alter bekannten in- und auslundischen Insekten, I783-7- Jablonski. Daniel Ernst, theologian. — ft. at Dantzic, 20 Nov. 1660 — studies at Frankfort- on-the-Oder, 1677 — pastor at Magdeburg, 1683 — settles at Berlin, 1693 — D.D. Oxford, 1706 — Pres. Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1733 — ts. there, 26 May 1741. BibliaHebraica, 1699. Jablonski, Jchann Theodor, — ft. at Dantzic, 1665^ 1654 b — secretary of Eoyal Society of Berlin, 1700 — rj. tbere, 1731. Dictionnaire allemantl et frangais, 1 7 1 1 . a Biog. Univ. b Erscn and Grnber. Jablonski, Paul Ernst, orientalist, — ft. at Berlin, 1693 — as government commissioner visits public libraries of Europe, 17 14 — Prof. Theology, pastor of Protestant church, Frank- fort -on-the- Oder, 1722 — member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1722 — 5j. at Frankfort, 13 Sep. 1757. Pantheon JEgyptiorum, 1750-2 — De Memnone Grcecorum et JEgyptiorum, 1753 — Institutiones Histoj^iae Christiana antiquioris, 1754 — Institutiones Histories Christiana re- centioris, 1756. Jaca, Jacca, in Spain, — [B C] — taken by M. Porcius Cato, 197 — [AD] — taken by Charles the Great, 778 — citadel built, 1592 — held by the French, 1808-14. Council of, for intro- duction of Eoman ritual in Aragon, 1600. Jackson, capital of Mississippi, U. 8., — occupied and partly burnt by Gen. Grant, 14 May 1863. Jackson, Fort. [New Orleans.] Jackson, Port, in Australia, — discovered by Captain Cook, May 1770. Jackson, Andrew, general, President of the United States, — ft. in South Carolina, 15 Mar. 1767 — serves in war of Independence, 1782 — member of House of Eepresentatives, 1796 — Major-general of State fore s, Tennessee, 1797 — serves in war with England, 181 2 — Major-general in service of U. S., 18 14 — takes Pensacola, 7 Nov. 18 14 — defeats British at New Orleans, 8 Jan. 18 15— commands against Seminole Indians, 181 8 — negotiates with Spain the cession of Florida, and is named first governor, 1821 — senator, 1822— Pres. of United States, 1828-37 — refuses to renew Bank Charter, 1833— tf. near Nashville, 8 Jun. 1845. JACKSON— JACOBS. 755 Jackson, John, chronologist, — b. in Yorkshire, 1686 — enters Jesus Coll., Cambridge, 1702 — master of Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, 1729 —ft. there, 12 May 1763. Chronological Antiquities, 1752. Jackson, John, painter, — b. in Yorkshire, 31 May 1778— studies at Boyal Academy, 1797 — A.R. A., 6 Nov. 1 8 15— B.A.,ioFeb. 1817— visits Italy with Chantrey, 1 8 1 9 — member of Academy of St Luke, Eome, 1819 — tr. in London, 1 Jun. 1831. Portraits, of Canova, 1820 — Flaxman, 1827 — Marquis of Chandos, 1830. Jackson, Thomas, theologian, — b. in Dur- ham, 1579 — enters Oxford Univ., 1595 — Pres. Corpus Christi Coll., 1630 — prebendary of Winchester, 1635— dean of Peterborough, 1638 — ft., 1640. Works, 1672-3. Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, (' Stonewall ' Jackson,) general, — b. in Virginia, Jan. 1824 — enters West Point Academy, 1 843 — serves in Mexican war, 1847 — Prof. Chemistry, Lexing- ton, 1852 — accepts commission in Confederate army, spring 1861 — contributes to defeat of Federals at Bull Pun, 21 Jul. 1861 — distin- guishes himself in battles of the Chickahominy, 25-30 Jun. 1862 — defeats Gen. Banks at Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug. 1862 — seizes Manassas, 27 Aug. — captures Harper's Ferry, 15 Sep. — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Antietam, 17 Sep. — contributes to defeat of Burnside at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. — and to defeat of Hooker at Chancellorsville, where he is mortally wounded, 2 May 1863 — ft., 9 May 1863. Jackson, William, musical composer, — b. at Exeter, 1730 — organist of the Cathedral, 1777 — ft. at Exeter, 12 Jul. 1803. Jacksonville, U. S., — burnt by Federals, 28 Mar. 1863. Jacob, Jewish patriarch, — [B C] — ft., spring 1836,* 1970 b — blessed by Isaac, goes to Haran, autumn 1760,* 1893 b — marries Leah and Ba- chel, 1753 c — birth of Levi, 1756,* 1889 b — returns to Canaan, spring 1740^ 1873b — death of Eachel, 1732,° 1729 d — removes to Egypt with his family, winter 1706,* 1840 b — ft i} 1689^ 1823^ " a TJssher. b Clinton. c Bib. Chron. d £>u Fresnoy. Jacob, Henry, theologian, — founds first Con- gregational Church in England, about i6i6 a 1 — goes to Virginia, 1624. Reasons taken out of God's Word and the best of human Testi- monies, proving the necessity of reforming our Churches of England, 1604. a Neal. Jacob, Henry, — b., about 1609 — B.A. Oxford, 1628-9 — probationer Fellow of Merton Coll., 1630 — amanuensis to Selden, 1636 — M.A., 1636 — expelled from his Fellowship and College by parliamentary visitors, 1648 — tr. at Canterbury, 1652. Jacob, Jean Claude, centenarian, — ft. in the Jura, about 1670 — presented to the Constituent Assembly, Paris, Oct. 1790 — ft. in the Jura, Dec. 1790. Jacob de Saint-Charles, Louis, bibliograph- er,— b. at Chalons-sur-Saone, 1608 — enters Carmelite Order, 1625 — visits Eome, 1639 — ft., librarian to Pres. de Harlay at Paris, 10 May 1670. Bibliotheca pontificia, 1643 — Traite des plus belles bibliotheques du monde, 1644 — Bibliographia Farisina, 1644. Jacob, St, in Switzerland, — the Dauphin defeated by the Swiss, 1444. Jacobseus, Oliger,— b. in Denmark, 1650 — Prof. Physic and Philosophy, Copenhagen, 1680 — ft., 1701. De Ranis dissertatio, 1676 — Bartholomcei Scales historia Florentinorum, edita ex bibliotheca Medicea, 1677 — Museum regium, 1695. Jacobe, (Jakobe,) Johann, engraver, — b. at Vienna, 1733 — ft. there, 24 Jul. 1797. Jacobi, Christian Friedrich, litterateur, — b. in Denmark, 12 Mar. 1739 — assessor to Su- preme Court, 1772 — Counsellor of Justice, 1774 — of State, 1776 — secretary of Society of Sciences, 1780 — ft., 18 10. Samlade Skrifter, 1817. Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, philosopher, — b. at Diisseldorf, 25 Jan. 1743 — has govern- ment appointment at Munich, 1779 — assists in founding Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1804 — Pres., 1807 — ft. at Munich, 10 Mar. 18 19. Woldemar, 1799 — Eduard Allwill's Brief - sammlung, 178 1 — TJeber die Lehre des Spinoza, 1785 — David Hume uber den Glauben, 1787 — Sendschreiben an Fichte, 1799. Jacobi, Johann Georg, poet, — b. at Diissel- dorf, 1740 — studies at Gottingen, 1758 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Friburg, 1784 — ft. there, 4 Jan. 18 14. Sdmmtliche Werfce, 1807-13. Jacobi, Karl Gustav, mathematician, — b. at Potsdam, 10 Dec. 1 804 — studies at Berlin Uni *., 1 82 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Konigsberg, 1827-42 — ft., member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 18 Feb. 1 85 1. Mathematische Werke, 1846-51. Jacobin Club, (Breton Club,) — originated by Breton deputies at Versailles, 1788 — establishes itself in Jacobins' Convent, Paris, about Oct. 1789 — Danton secedes and forms Cordeliers' Club, 1790 — secession of Monarchists who form Feuillans' Club, 1790 — suppressed at Nanci, Sep. 1790 — the Cordeliers rejoin it, 1791 — denounced by Kaunitz, Mar. 1792 — are the governing power, 1792— [French Revolu- tion] — purges the members, Mar. 1794 — locked out of their hall by Legendre, 17 Jul. 1794— attempt an insurrection, Nov. 1794 — closed, Nov. 1794 — members of, hunted down, 1795. Jacobins, — in Ecclesiastical History, name applied to Preaching Friars, who settle at Paris, 1 2 1 7— resist reform, and are driven away, 1501 — reestablished, 1504 — suppressed, 1789. Jacobites, in Great _5n'tam,— support James II. and the Stuarts, from 1688— rebel in Scot- land, 17 15 — [Stuart, James F. E., and Mar, Earl ofJ— again, 1745. [Stuart, Charles Edward.] Jacobites, Sect of, Monophysites of Syria, — revived by Jacob Baradai, (Jacob of .Nisibis,) 545-578. a [Jacobus, BPOFEDESSA.] a Neander. Jacobs, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, — b. at Gotha, 6 Oct. 1764 — studies at Jena, 1781 —at Gottingen, 1784 — Prof. Ancient Liter- ature, member of Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1807 — Chief Librarian, director of Cabinet of Coins, Gotha, 18 10 — ft., 30 Mar. 1847. Fmendationes criticce in scriptores 48* 75* JACOBS— JAFFA. veteres, 1796 — Charactere der Diehter atter Nationen, 1793-1803 — translation of Velleius Pater cuius, 1793 — Beitrdge zur altern Liter- atur, 1835-43 — Vermischte Schriften, 1823-44 — Elementarbuch der griech. Sprache, 1805 — ■ Schriften fur die Jug end, 1842-4. Jacobs, Jurien, painter, — b. in Switzerland, 1610 — tf., 1664. Jacobs, Lucas. [Lucas van Leyden.] Jacobsen, {Jacobs, Jacopsen,) Michael, ad- miral, — fi. at Dunkirk, about 1550 — post-cap- tain in service of Spain, 1585 — distinguishes himself in the Armada, 1588 — tf- at Dunkirk, 3 - in Spain, b 1633. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Jacobus, {the Elder,) Bp op Edessa, 545- 578. [Jacobites.] Jacobus, {the Younger,) Bp op Edessa, 651- 710. Epistola de Orthographia Syriaca, dis- cussed by Assemani, 17 19 — by Wiseman, 1828 — edited by Martin, and by Phillips, 1869 — portions of his Syriac Grammar discovered and printed by Wright, 1871. Jacobus, Magnus, Bp of Nisibis, — at Council of Mcsea, 325— at Council of Antioch ? 341 — animates citizens at siege of Nisibis by _ *, 35o ? 338 ? Jacopone, {Jacopo da Todi,) poet, — tf., 25 Dec. 1306. Cantici Spirituali, 1490. Jacotin, Pierre,— b. near Langres, n Apr. 1765 — assists in preparation of register of lands in Corsica, 1781-96 — accompanies expedition of Egypt, 1798 — director of geographical en- gineers, 1799 — colonel, 1801 — rj.,4Apr. 1827. Jacotot, Joseph,— b. at Dijon, 4 Mar. 1770 — director of Polytechnic School, 1793 — retires to Belgium, 18 15 — lecturer on French, Louvain, Oct. 1 8 18 — returns to France, Aug. 1830 — tf. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1 840. Enseignement universel, Langue maternel, 1822 — Langue etrangere, 1824 — Mathematiques, 1828 — Musique, dessin, et peinture, 1824. Jacquard, Joseph Marie, mechanical in- ventor, — b. at Lyons, 7 Jul. 1752 — takes part in defence of the city, 1793— patents his loom, 1 801 — receives gold medal for net-making machine, 1 804 — member of Legion of Honour, 1 8 19 — tf. near Lyons, 7 Aug. 1834. Jacquard Loom. [Jacquard, J. M.] Jacqueline, Countess of Holland, — b., 1400 — marries John of Touraine, 1415 — left a widow, and succeeds her father, 141 7 — marries John IV., Duke of Brabant, 4 Apr. 14 18 — her title disputed by her uncle, John of Bavaria, she unsuccessfully besieges him in Dort, spring 141 8 — recognizes him as her heir-presumptive, Feb. 1419 — her estates sold to him by her hus- band, 1420 — she takes refuge in England, 142 1 ■ — gets her marriage annulled by Pope Benedict XIII., 1422 — marries Humphrey, Duke op Gloucester, 1423 — attempts to recover her inheritance, and is defeated and taken prisoner by Philip, Duke of Burgundy, Oct. 1424 — escapes to Holland, beginning 1425 — widow again, Apr. 1427 — recognizes Duke of Bur- gundy as her lieutenant and heir, by treaty of 3 Jul. 1428 — secretly marries Frans de Borselen, 1432 — gives up her states to Duke of Bur- gundy, 1433 — tf., 8 Oct. 1436. Jacqueline {Jacquetta ?) of Luxemburg, — marries John, Duke of Bedford, 1433 — left a widow, 1435 — marries Richard Woodville, about 1436 — visited by Edward IV. at Stony- Stratford, 1463 — her daughter married to Ed- ward, 1464. [Elizabeth, Queen op Edward IV.]— tf., 1472. Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, traveller, — b. at Paris, Aug. 1801 — goes to America, Nov. 1826 — visits London, 1827 — embarks at Brest for India, Aug. 1828 — tf. at Bombay, 7 Dec. 1832. Correspondance pendant son voyage dans I'lnde, 1834 — Voyage dans VInde, 1835. Jacquerie, La, — insurrection of the peasantry in Picardy, breaks out, 12 May 1358 — sup- pressed, Jun. 1358. Jacques, Mathieu Joseph, theologian, — b. in France, 1736 — Prof! Theology, Besancon, 1775 — quits France, 1791 — settles at Paris, 1 801 — dean of the Faculty of Theology, Lyons, 1 8 10 — tf. there, 16 Feb. 1821. Frcelectiones theologicce, 178 1-6. Jacquier, Francois, mathematician, — b. at Vitry-le-Francais, 17 n— Prof. Holy Scripture, Coll. of the Propaganda, 1733— Prof. Experi- mental Physics, Rom. Coll., 1746 — Prof. Mathe- matics, 1773 — tf. there, 3 Jul. 1788. (With Le- seur) Isaaci Newtoni philosophies naturalis prin- cipia mathematica, 1739-42 — Elementi di per- spettiva, 1755 — Trattatointomolasphcera, 1775. Jacquin, Nicolas Joseph, Bakon, botanist, — b. at Leyden, 16 Feb. 1727 — sent to America by Emperor Francis I., T 755 — returns, 1760 — Prof. Botany and Chemistry, Vienna, after 1763 — Baron, Chevalier of St Stephen, 1806 — tf. at Vienna, 24 Oct. 1 817. Selectarum stirpium Americanarum historia, 1763 — Observationes botanicce, 1764-71 — Eortus botanicus Vindo- bonensis, -&c, 1770-6 — Icones plantarum rariorum, 1781-93. Jaen, in Spain, — entrance of Abdelrahman into, 21 Jan. 919 — surprised by rebels, 920 — retaken by Abdelrahmann, 922 — the Wali of, proclaimed king of Spain, 10 16 — besieged and taken by the Almoravides, 1090 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Alfonso, n 81 — by Ferdi- nand II., 1224 — taken by Mohammed Abu Abdallah, (629, a. h.) 1232 — conquered by Ferdinand III. ? and annexed to Castile, 1234 — territory of, ravaged by Mohammed, king of Granada, 1273 — attacked by Moors, 1295, 1368, and 1407 — earthquake at, 17 12. Jaffa, Joppa, in Syria, ( Ydfa) — [BC] — taken by Jonathan Maccabseus, about 153 — taken and fortified by Simon, between 143-135 — annexed to province of Syria, by Pompey, 66 — taken by Herod, 39 — [A D]— destroyed by Cestius Gallus, (818, a. u. c.) 65 — again de- molished by Vespasian, (820,) 67 — seat of a bishopric, before 500— taken by Saracens, 636 — by Godfrey of Bouillon, 1098 — Genoese fleet surprised and burnt by Saracens, near, 1099 — head of a County, 1099 — unsuccessfully besieged by Saracens of Egypt, 11 23 — fortifications de- molished by Saladin, rebuilt by crusaders, 1 1 90- 1 — attacked by Saladin, and relieved by Richard I., Jul. to Aug. 1192 — sacked by Malek Adel, 11 97 — occupied and fortified by Frederick II., winter of 1228-29 — occupied by French crusaders, 1239 — gives title of Count to JAFFE— JAMES I. 757 Walter de Brienne, 1239 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Nodgemeddin, 1244 — fortifications strengthened by St Louis, 1250-52— taken by Sultan Bibars, 1266— sacked by Arabs, 1722 — sacked by Mamelukes, 1775 — taken by Na- poleon, 7 Mar. 1799 — his massacre of Turkish garrison of El Arish at, 11 Mar. 1799 — taken possession of, by Mehemet Ali, 1832 — earth- quake at, 22 Jan. 1837 — restored to Turks, 1840 — visit of Prince of Wales, Mar. 1862. Jaffe, Phillip, historical writer, — b. near Posen, 17 Feb. 18 19 — coadjutor with Pertz, in the Monumenta Germanics, 1854-63 — Prof. Extraord. History, Berlin Univ., 1862 — kills himself, Apr. 1870. Geschichte des deutschen , Peiches tenter Lothar den Sachsen, 1 843 — unter Konrad III., 1845 — Eegesta Pontificum, 1851 — Bibliotheca Serum Germanicarum, 1864-9. Jaffier, Mir, — made Subahdar of Bengal on defeat of Suraja Dowla at Plassy, Jim. 1757 — grants the Northern Circars to the French, 1757 — transfers power to his son Mir Casim, Jul. 1760 — resigns, autumn 1760 — reinstated by British, Aug. 1763 — tf. at Calcutta, Jan. 1765. Jagellon, Duke of Lithuania, — b., about 1 354 — embraces Christianity and marries Hedwig, queen of Poland, 17 Feb. 1386 — reigns as Ladislaus V. : cedes Lithuania to his cousin Withold, 1392 — loses his wife, 1399 — marries again, 140 1 — refuses crown of Bohemia, 1402 — defeats Teutonic Knights, near Tannenberg in Prussia, 15 Jul. 141 o — marries a third wife, 1417 — a fourth, 1427 — arrested and confined by his brother Suidrigelon, 1430 — cedes Lithuania to him; deposes him, 1432 — makes truce for twelve years with the Knights, 1434 — *., 31 May 1434. Jagellon Dynasty, in Poland, [Jagellon] — ends with death of Sigisnmnd II., 1572. Jagerndorf, — Field-marshal Apraxin defeats Prussians at, 30 Aug. 1757. Jago, St. [Santiago.] Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, — b. at Lanz, 11 Aug. 1778 — tf. at Freiburg, 15 Oct. 1852. Pas deutsche Volksthum, 18 10 — Runenbldtter, 1 8 14 — Neae Runenbldtter, 1828. Jahn, Johann, orientalist, theologian, — b. in Moravia, 18 Jun. 1750 — Prof. Oriental Lan- guages, Biblical Archaeology, &c, 1789 — charge of heresy brought against him by Card. Migazzi, 1792 — deprived of his chair, 1808 — if. at Vienna, 16 Aug. 1816. Introductio in Libros Sacros Vet, Feed., 1804 — Archceologia Biblica, 1 805 (both works put in the Papal In- dex) — Einleitung in die Gbttlichen Schriften des alien Bundes, 1793 — Arabische Sprachlehre, 1796 — Arabische Chrestomathie, 1802 — Lexicon Arabicum-Latinum, 1 802. Jains, (Jainas,) religious sect, — originates in Hindustan, about 500-700 — attains highest prosperity, about 1 100-1200 — declines, after 1200. Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von, philosopher, — b. in Magdeburg, 26 Feb. 1759 — studies at Halle, 1773— Prof. Philosophy there, 1789 — pro-rector of University, 180 1-4 — Prof. Political Economy, Kharkov, 1807 — reinstated at Halle, 1816 — co-rector, 1824 — Xf. at Lauchsted, 22 Jul. 1827. Lehrbuch der Nationaloehonomie, 1805 — Grundriss der allgemeinen Logilc, 1788 — Staatsjinanzwissenschaft, 1 82 1 . Jales, Camp of, in France, — established by Royalists, 1790 — destroyed, Jul. 1792. Jallabert, Ludwig, a (Jean, h ) natural philo- sopher, — b. at Geneva, Jul. 17 12 — Prof. Ex- perimental Physics, 1737 — correspondent of French Academy of Sciences, 1739 — F.R.S., London, 1740 — Prof. Mathematics, 1750 — Prof. Philosophy, 1752 — Syndic, 1765 — tf., Apr. 1768. Experiences surV 'electricite, in^S. a Ersch and Gruber. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Jalula, in Persia, — Tezdegerd defeated by Saracens under Said, 637. Jamaica, island of the West Indies, — dis- covered by Columbus, 2 or 3 May 1494 — taken possession of, by Juan de Esquivel for Diego Columbus, 1509 — visited by Diego, who founds St Jago de la Vega, (Spanish Town,) 1523 — invaded by British under Sir Anthony Shirley, 1596 — again, under Col. Jackson, 1638 — cap- tured by Penn and Venables, May 1655 — rem- nant of the Spaniards expelled, 1658— legisla- tive assembly appointed by commission of Charles II., 13 Feb. 1661 — title of England to, recognized by Treaty of Madrid, 1670 — earth- quake destroys Port-Royal, 7 Jun. 1692 — ravaged by the French, 1694 — hurricanes, 1 7 12, 1722 — constitution completed, 1728 — pacification of Maroons in, 1738 — hurricane, 20 Oct. 1744 — martial law proclaimed, 1745 — negro revolt suppressed, 1760 — another revolt, 1765 — hurricane and earthquake, Oct. 17 So- threatened by French and Spaniards, 1782 — rebellion of Maroons, 1795-6 — again threat- ened by French squadron, which is defeated by Admiral Duckworth, 1806 — slave-trade abolished, 1807 — seat of a bishopric, 1825 — negro insurrection breaks out, 22 Dec. 1831 — abolition of Slavery, 1833 — system of appren- ticeship abolished, 1 Aug. 1838 — immigration commenced, 1839 — sanctioned by legislature, 1840 — cholera rages, 1850 — Encumbered Es- tates Act passed, 1854 — constitution remodel- led, 1854 and 1856 — negro riots at Morant Bay, n Oct. 1865 — martial law proclaimed in the district by Gov. Eyre, 13 Oct. — [Gordon, Geo. W.] — constitution abolished by House of As- sembly, 21 Dec. 1865— Royal Commission of Inquiry, under Sir H. Storks as temporary governor, opens at Spanish Town, 24 Jan. 1866 — closes, 3 Apr.— provision for govern- ment of, made by Act 29 Vic. c. 12, 23 Mar. 1866 — Report of Commission presented to par- liament, 18 Jun. 1866 — new Legislative As- sembly opens, new constitution promulgated, 16 Oct. 1866 — the church disestablished by expiry of Clergy Act, 31 Dec. 1869. James, Apostle, (son of Zebedee,) martyred, about 42. a a Bib. Cyc. James {Jay me,) I., the Conqueror, King of Aragon, — b. at Montpellier, 1 Feb. 1208 — placed in charge of Simon de Montf ort, 1 2 1 1 - 14 — succeeds his father Pedro II., 17 Sep. 1 213 — marries Eleonora of Castile, 1221 — the marriage annulled by Council of Lerida, 1229 — defeats the Moors in Majorca, 1229— takes 758 JAMES. the town of Majorca, and captures the king, 31 Dec. 1229 — receives Abu Said, king of Valencia, 1230 — exchanges Balearic Isles for County of Urgel, 1 231— adopted as son and successor of Sancho VII. of Navarre, 1231 — obtains bull of Gregory IX. for crusade and conquest of Valencia, 1233 — renounces his claim on Navarre in favour of Theobald Count of Champagne, 1234 — marries Yolande, daughter of king of Hungary, 8 Sep, 1235 — defeat of Moors of Valencia, 1237 — siege and capture of Valencia, truce for seven years with Zaan, king of Valencia, 1238 — breaks the truce and conquers kingdom of Valencia, 1239 — ex- pels Moors of Valencia by ordinance of 6 Jan. 1248 — concludes treaty with Louis IX. respect- ing disputed territorial rights, 11 May 1258 — with Alfonso of Castile conquers Murcia, 1265- 6 — embarks for Palestine and is driven back by a storm, 1269 — assists at Council of Lyons, where the Pope refuses to crown him, 1274 — Moorish inroad, 1275 — his generals defeated by Moors of Granada, 1276 — takes habit of Cis- tercians, and if. at Xativa, 25 Jul. 1276. James (Jay me,) II., the Just, King of Aba- gon, — becomes king of Sicily (James I.) on death of his father, Pedro III., Nov. 1285 — succeeds his brother Alfonso III. as king of Aragon, Jun. 1291 — gives up Sicily to his brother Frederick : promises to restore Sicily to Charles II. of Naples, by treaty of Jun. 1295 — marries Blanche of Naples, 1 Nov. 1295 — visits Borne, attends marriage of his sister Yolande (Violante) with Bobert, Duke of Calabria, 1297 — unsuccessfully attempts con- quest of Sicily, 1298 — declares his son James heir to the crown, 1301 — with Ferdinand of Castile attacks the Moors, 1309 — death of his queen, 12 Nov. 13 10 — marries Mary, daughter of the king of Cyprus ; on renunciation of his son James names Alfonso heir, 13 19 — death of his queen, Mary, Apr. 1321 — his aid invited by Sardinians against Pisa, 1321 — marries Elisen- da of Moncada, Christmas 1321 — sends fleet to Sardinia under Alfonso, who defeats the Pisans, 1323-4 — the conquest of Sardinia completed, 1326 — ft. at Barcelona, 2 Nov., a 31 Oct. b 1327. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. James I., King or Scotland, — b., about 1 39 1 — captured on his way to France by the English, 30 Mar. 1406 — death of his father, Bobert III., and nominal beginning of his reign, 6 Apr. 1406 — imprisoned in the Tower of London, 14 Apr. 1406 — removed to Notting- ham Castle, 1407 — accompanies Henry V. to France, 141 7 — marries Joanna, daughter of Earl of Somerset, 24 Feb. 1424 — liberated by Henry V., Apr. 1424 — proclaimed king, 1424 — crowned at Scone, 21 May 1424 — holds a par- liament at Perth, 12 Mar. 1425 — arrests there many of the nobles, 24 Mar. — holds a parlia- ment at Inverness, and arrests many of the Highland chiefs, 1427 — has the Duke of Albany with his two sons and Earl of Lennox executed as traitors, 24 May 1424,* 1428^ 1425° — makes treaty with Charles VII. of France, 1429 — renews truce with England, 1430 — sends his daughter to France to be be- trothed to the Dauphin, (Louis XL,) 1435 — excites discontent by resuming estates granted to nobles, 1435 — war with England, besieges Boxburgh Castle, but suddenly disbands his army, Aug. 1436 — spends Christmas at Perth, 1436 — murdered by conspirators at Perth, 21 Feb. 1437. a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. c Tytler. James II., King of Scotland, — fi. 1430 — succeeds his father, James L, 21 Feb. 1437 — plots of Crichton and Livingston to secure his person, 1438 — assumes the government, 1444 — marries Mary of Guelderland, 1449— assas- sinates Douglas at Stirling, 1452 — receives Margaret of Anjou and Prince Edward, and leads an army into England in their behalf, 1460 — killed at siege of Boxburgh, 3 Aug. 1460. James III., King of Scotland, — fc. 1 Jun. 1452 — succeeds his father, James II., 3 Aug. 1460 — fifteen years' truce with England con- cluded, 1 Jun. 1464 — supreme power placed in the hands of his favourites, the Boyds, 1466 — marries Margaret of Denmark, 1469 — dismisses the Boyds and puts Alexander to death, 1469 — imprisons his brother, Earl of Mar, who soon dies, 1477, a 1480 b — his brother, Duke of Albany, arrested, but escapes to France, 1477, a 1480 b — breaks treaty with England, 1480 — title of king assumed by Al- bany, who agrees to hold the kingdom as vas- sal of Edward IV., Jun. 1482 — leads an army to meet Gloucester, his favourites hung by Angus, himself shut up in Edinburgh castle, and his army disbanded, Jul. 1482 — his formal reconciliation with Albany, Aug. 1482 — ap- points him Lieutenant-general of the kingdom : flight of Albany to England, 1483 — makes three years' truce with Bichard III., 21 Sep. 1484 — death of his queen, i486 — rebellion of nobles, 1487 — his son taken prisoner, spring 1488 — makes terms with rebels, May 1488 — defeated by nobles, and kilkd-i^-^igitLjiea^ ^?»ftackjijicfi, 11 Jun. 1488. tL^C-v, -^ k a Annals of England. b Pict. Hist. England. James IV., King of Scotland, — 6., 17 Mar. 1472 a — joins rebellious nobles against his father, James III., 1487— succeeds his father, 11 Jun. 1488 — crowned at Scone, 26 Jun. r a — concludes three years' truce with England, 1488 — suppresses insurrection of Lords Forbes, Lyle, and others, 1489 — visits the Highlands, 1490 — plot of Bothwell and Todd to seize and give him up to Henry VII., frustrated, 149 1 — another plot formed by Angus and frustrated, 1491 — favours ' Perkin Warbeck,' 1492 — visits the Highlands, 1493 — extends truce with England, 1494 — invades England with the Pretender, Oct. 1496 — again, 1497 — besieges Norham, and retires before Surrey : treats with Henry VII., and banishes the Pretender, Jul. 1497 — concludes truce with Henry for seven years, 29 Sep. 1497 — concludes treaty for marriage with Margaret of England, 24 Jan. 1502 — marries her, 8 Aug. 1503 — makes alliance with Louis XII., 22 May 1512 — invades England, 15 13 — defeated and killed at Flodden Field, 9 Sep. 15 13. a Tytler. James V., King of Scotland, — fc., 10 JAMES. 759 Apr. 1512 — succeeds his father, James IV., under regency of Queen Margaret, 9 Sep. 15 1 3 — crowned at Scone, Oct. — under regency of Duke of Albany, 15 14 — as- sumes the government, 1528 — concludes treaty of peace with Henry YIIL, 1534 — marries Madeleine of France, at Paris, 1 Jan. 1537 — her death, 7 Jul. 1537 — marries Mary of Lorraine, 1538 — visits Highlands and Isles, 1540 — consents to meet Henry VIII. at York, but breaks his word, autumn T541 — English invasion, 1542 — his army defeated at Solway Moss, and the nobles taken prisoners, 25 Nov. 1542 — rj. at Falkland, 14 Dec. 1542. James VI. and VII. of Scotland. [James I. and II. of England.] James I., Xing of England, (VI., of Scotland,) — h. at Edinburgh Castle, 19 Jun. 1566 — succeeds his mother, Mary, as king of Scotland, 24 Jul. 1567 — crowned at Stirling, 29 Jul. — regency of Murray, 1567 — of Lenox, 1570— Mar, 1570 — and Morton, 1572 — assumes the government, early in 1578 — chief power exercised by his favourites, 158 1 — seized by Earl of Gowrie at Kuthven, 1582 — [Ruthven, Raid of] — makes treaty with Queen Elizabeth, who grants him a pension, 29 Jul. 1585 — besieged in Stirling Castle by the banished lords and is compelled to pardon them, Oct. 1585 — dismisses his favourite Arran, and de- prives him of his titles and estates, 1585-6 — con- cludes treaty of alliance with England, 8 Jul. 1586 — intercedes with Queen Elizabeth for lite of his mother, 1587 — cooperates in pre- parations against the Armada, 1588 — marries Anne of Denmark, 24 Nov. 1589 — endeavours to restore peace in Europe, 1590 — invested with Order of the Garter, by Queen Elizabeth, summer 1590 — escapes treasonable attempt of Bothwell at Holyrood Palace, 27 Dec. 1591 — and another at Falkland, 1593 — made prisoner by Bothwell, 24 Jul. 1593— released, Sep. 1593— - battle of Glenlivat, Oct. 1594 — reduces Catholic lords in northern districts, 1594 — his life in danger in tumult at Edin- burgh, Dec. 1596 — suppresses the insurrection, 1597 — the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — sends embassy to intercede with Queen Elizabeth for Essex, 1 60 1 — proclaimed King of England, 24 Mar. 1603 — creates 700 knights, Mar. to Jun. — enters London, 7 May — plot to seize him on his way to Windsor fails, Jun. — crowned at "Westminster, 25 Jul. — presides at Hampton Court Conferences, Jan. 1604 — orders Jesuits and seminary priests to quit the realm, 22 Feb. 1604 — his succession recognized by Act 1 Jac. 1, c. 1, 1604 — assumes title of ' King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland,' 24 Oct. — [Gun- powder Plot] — visited by Christian IV. of Denmark, Jul. 1606 — recommends union of England and Scotland, 1607— prorogues par- liament, 4 Jul. 1607 — mediates truce for twelve years between Spain and the Netherlands, 1609 — convokes the parliament, Feb. 16 10 — takes Robert Carr into his favour, 16 10 — founds a Komish seminary, 8 May — creates his son Henry, Prince of Wales, 30 May — prorogues the parliament, 1 Jul. — reassembles it, 16 Oct. —prorogues it, 6 Dec. — dissolves it, 9 Feb. 161 1— institutes Order of Baronets, 161 1 — imprisons his cousin Arabella Stuart, 161 1 — marries Princess Elizabeth to Elector Palatine, 161 3 — [Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia] — dissolves the parliament, 7 Jun. 16 14 — extorts a benevolence, 16 14 — George Villiers becomes his favourite, 16 15 — visits Scotland and re- establishes the bishops in their supremacy, 16 17— publishes the ' Book of Sports,' 24 May 161 8— refuses aid to Elector Palatine, 16 18 — has Baleigh executed, Oct. 161 8— death of his queen, 1 Mar. 16 19 — assembles a parliament, 30 Jan. 1620 — concludes treaty for marriage of Prince Charles to Infanta of Spain, Apr. 1620 — liberates Komish recusants, 1620 — prohibits talking of public affairs, by proclamation of 23 Dec. 1620 — censures petition of the parliament, Dec. 1 62 1 — tears their protest from the Journal and adjourns the House, 19 Dec. 1621 — dissolves the parliament, 8 Feb. 1622— im- prisons Sir E. Coke and Pym, and sends other members to Ireland, 1622 — agrees to the treaties for the Spanish marriage, Jul. 1623 — breaks off the treaty, Dec. 1623 — meeting of parliament, 19 Feb. 1624 — declares war on Spain, 10 Mar. — permits Count Mansfeldt to enlist troops in England, 1624 — rj. at Theobald's, 27 Mar. 1625. Essays of a Prentice in the Divine Art of Poesy, 1584 — Poetical Exercises, 159 1 — Dcemonologie, 1597 — True Laiv of free Monarchies, 1598 — Basilikon Doron, 1599 — Discourse of the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — Triplici Nodo Triplex Cuneus, 1605 — Pre- monition to all most mighty Monarchies, 1608 — Remonstrance for the Eight of Kings, 16 15 — Counterblast to Tobacco, 16 16. James II., King of England, (VII., of Scotland,) — b. in London, 15 Oct. 1633 — de- clared Duke of York immediately : formally created Duke, 27 Jan. 1643 — captured by Fair- fax, at Oxford, and with his brother and sister placed in charge of Earl of Northumberland, Jun. 1646 — escapes to Holland, Apr. 1648 — takes a command in French army, and serves under Turenne, 1653 — appointed Captain-gen- eral of army of Italy by Mazarin, 1656 — is compelled by Charles II. to resign, and enters Spanish service, 1656 — commands English exiles against Turenne, and is repulsed at Mar- dyke, Sep. 1657 — distinguishes himself at bat- tle of the Dunes, 1658 — comes to England with his brother, Charles II., May 1660 — Lord High Admiral and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1660 — marries Anne Hyde, 3 Sep. 1660 — publicly acknowledges her, 24 Dec. — re- ceives grant of all lands of the regicides in Ireland, 1663 — takes command of fleet against the Dutch, Apr. 1665 — defeats the Dutch in Solebay, 3 Jun. — assists in checking the Great Fire, Sep. 1666 — Buckingham intrigues against him, 1668 — avows his conversion to Romanism, 1669 — death of his wife, Mar. 167 1 — takes command of fleet against the Dutch, Mar. 1672 — defeats Dutch fleet in Solebay, 28 May 1672 — on passing of the Test Act, resigns his post of Admiral, early in 1673 — marries Mary of Modena, 21 Nov. 1673 — intrigues for 760 JAMES— JAMESONE. excluding him from the succession begun by Shaftesbury, 1674 — marries his daughter Mary to William, Prince of Orange, 4 Nov. 1677 — is ordered to quit the kingdom, and retires to Brussels, 4 Mar. 1679 — [Exclusion Bill] — returns to England, Sep. 1679 — sent as Lord High Commissioner to Scotland, Oct. 1679 — returns, Feb. 1680 — presented as a Eomish recusant, 26 Jim. — returns to Scotland, sum- mer 1680 — again presented as a recusant, 29 Nov. — holds a parliament in Scotland, Jul. to Aug. 1681 — visits England, Mar. 1682 — ship- wrecked on his return, 5 May — leaves Scotland, May — Charles II. dispenses with Test Act, and restores him to his post of Admiral, 1684 — at- tends Charles in his last illness, 1685 — succeeds him, 6 Feb. 1685 — accepts pension from Louis XIV., Feb. — publicly celebrates mass, Easter — opens negotiations with Pope Innocent XL ; crowned, 3 May — meeting of parliament, 19 May — revenue for life granted to him, by 1 Jac. II. c. 1, 1685 — invasion of Scotland by Earl of Argyle, May — of England by Duke of Monmouth, Jun. — battle of Sedgemoor, 6 Jul. — appoints Jeffreys Lord Chancellor, Sep.— claims authority to keep Eomish officers in his service, is opposed by parliament, and dismisses the Houses, 20 Nov. —sends Castlemaine as am- bassador to Eome, Jan. 1686 — grants dis- pensations to clerical converts to Eomanism, 1686 — directs preachers to abstain from con- troversial subjects, Mar. 1686 — his dispensing power affirmed by Judges, Jun. — [Hales, Sir Edward] establishes Ecclesiastical Commis- sion, Jul. — forms a camp on Hounslow Heath, Jul. — receives papal nuncio, Jul. — restores public profession of Eomanism, 1686 — his demand from Cambridge Univ. of degree for a monk resisted, Feb. 1687 — publishes Declar- ation for liberty of conscience in Scotland, 12 Feb. 1687 — in England, 4 and 27 Apr. — his mandate to Oxford Univ. to elect Farmer Pres. of Magdalen Coll. resisted, spring — again forms camp on Hounslow Heath, Jun. — dissolves parliament, 2 Jul. — receives papal nuncio at Windsor, 3 Jul. — entrusts government to Sunderland and Father Petre, Jul. — dissolves the parliament, 2 Jul. — makes a progress through the country, autumn — admits Father Petre into the Council, Nov. — reissues Declar- ation for liberty of conscience, 25 Apr. 1688 — orders it to be read in churches, 4 May — [Seven Bishops] —birth of his son, 10 Jun. — [Stuart, James Francis E.]— warned of in- tended invasion by Prince of Orange, Sep. — — seeks advice of bishops, 2 Oct. — restores charter to London, Oct. — dissolves Ecclesiasti- cal Commission, 8 Oct. — reinstates Pres. and Fellows of Magdalen Coll., 15 Oct.— dismisses Father Petre and Sunderland, 22 and 27 Oct. — landing of Prince of Orange, 5 Nov. — [Wil- liam III.] — his commissioners make arrange- ment with the Prince, 8-9 Dec. — leavesWhite- hall in disguise, and throws Great Seal into the Thames, 1 1 Dec. — seized near Faversham and brought back to London, 16 Dec. — goes to France, 23 Dec. — takes up his residence at St Germains, 28 Dec. — lands at Kinsale in Ire- land, 14 Mar. 1689 — enters Dublin, 24 Mar. — lays siege to Londonderry, 20 Apr. — holds a parliament at Dublin, 7 May — his army in- creased by French troops under Lauzun, early in 1690 — encamps on the Boyne, Jun. 1690 — defeated by William III. on the Boyne, 1 Jul. — escapes to France : his project of invasion of England frustrated by victory of La Hogue, May 1692 — goes to Calais to prepare for in- vasion of England, his project frustrated by Admiral Eussell, Feb. 1696 — tf. at St Germains, 6, a 16 b Sep. 1701. a Annals of England. b Art de Verifier les Dates. James, George Payne Rainsford, novelist, §c, — ft. in London, 1801 — British Consul at Norfolk, Virginia, 1852 — Consul-general for Austrian Ports in the Adriatic, 1856 — fc. at Venice, i860. Richelieu, 1825 — Darnley, 1830 — Memoirs of Great Commanders, 1832 — Life and Times of Louis XLV., 1838. James, John Angell, theologian, — ft. at Blandford, 6 Jun. 1785 — Congregational pastor at Birmingham, May 1 805 — celebrates his jubilee, Sep. 1855 — rj. at Birmingham, 1 Oct. 1859. Anxious Lnquirer, 1834 — Works, 1860-4. James, Robert, physician, — ft. in Stafford- shire, 1703 — patents his Fever Powder, about 1750 — M.D. Cambridge, by mandamus, 25 Jun. 1755— licentiate of B.C. P., 1765 — rj. in London, 23 Mar. 1776. Medicinal Dictionary, 1743 — Dissertation upon Fevers, 1751 — Vin- dication of the Fever Fourier, 1778. James, Thomas, theologian, §c, — ft. at New- port, Isle of Wight, about 157 1 — Fellow of New Coll., Oxford, 1593 — M.A., 1599 — keeper of the Bodleian Library, 1602-20 — D.D., 1614 — "a", at 'Oxford, Aug. 1629. Eclogce Oxonio- Cantabrigienses, 1600 — Catalogus Librorum in bibliotheca Bodlciana, 1605. James, Thomas, maritime explorer, — at- tempts discovery of North-west Passage, 1631- 2. Voyage, 1633. James, William, historian, — rj., 1827. Naval History of Great Britain, 1822. James Island, near Charleston, V. S., — the Federals defeated bv Confederates, 16 Jun. 1862. Jameson, Anna, writer on art, §c., — ft. at Dublin, 19 May 1797 — marries Eobert Jameson, 1823 — tS., 17 Mar. i860. Characteristics of Women, 1832 — Handbook to Public Galleries of Art in and near London, 1842 — Lives of Farly Dalian Painters, 1845 — Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art, 1848 — Legends of the Monastic Orders, 1850 — Legends of the Madonna, 1852 — History of our Lord and of his Precursor, as represented in Art, i860. Jamesone, George, painter, — ft. at Aberdeen, 1586 — pupil of Eubens at Antwerp, 1616 — returns to Scotland, [628 — Charles I. sits to him, 1633 — tf. at Edinburgh, 1644. Jamesone, Robert, geologist, §c, — ft. at Leith, 11 Jul. 1774 — studies under Werner at Freyburg, 1 800 — Prof. Natural History, Edin- burgh, 1804 — founds Wernerian Society, 1808 — 13. at Edinburgh, 28 Apr. 1 854. Geology of Arran and Shetland Ishs, 17 98 — Mineralogy of Scottish JAMIESON— JAPAN. 761 Isles, 1800 — Characters of Minerals, 1805 — Elements of Geognosy, 1809 — System of Miner- alogy, 1806-9 — founds and edits Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 18 19 — and Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1826. Jamieson, {Jameson,) John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Glasgow, 3 Mar. 1759 — studies at the Univ., 1768 — minister at Edinburgh, 1795 — ft. there, 12 Jul. 1838. Etymological Eictionary of the Scottish Language, 1808 — Hermes Scythicus, 18 14. Jamyn, Amadis, poet,—b. in Champagne, 1538 — if. there, 1585. (Euvres, 1575. Jane. [Joanna, Queen of Naples.] Jane Grey. [Grey, Lady Jane.] Jane Seymour. [Seymour, Jane.] Jane Shore. [Shore, Jane.] Janeiro. [Rio de Janeiro.] Janfortius. [Forti] Janina. [Joannina.] Janissaries, Ottoman Infantry, — organized by Orchan, 1326-59 — increased by Amurath I., 1360 — depose Bajazet II., and raise Selim to the throue, 1512 — procure death of Amurath II., 1595 — depose and kill Othman II., May 1622 — elevate and depose Mustapha, 1622 — depose Ibrahim, 1649 — Mohammed IV. abolishes law which required the Christian rayahs to give up then- children for the corps, 1680 — depose Mustapha II., 1703 — procure death of Grand Yizier, imprison Achmet III., and elevate Mohammed, 1730 — revolt against Selim III., May 1806— kill him, 28 Jul.— rebel against Mahmoud II., Jun. 1826 — mas- sacred by Mahmoud, 15 Jun. 1826. Jan May en's Land, island in Arctic Ocean, — discovered by Mayen, 161 1 — visited by Scoresby, 18 17. Janowitz. — Torstenson defeats Imperialists at, 6 Mar. 1645. Janozki, (Janisch,) John Daniel, — n. at "Wiborgy 1 AVieniar, b 1720 — keeper of the Zaluski Library, about 1747 ? — ft. at Eabimost, 1786. Nachrichten von den in cler Zaluskischen Biblio- thek sich befrndenden raren polnischen Buchern, 1747-53 — Polonia litterata nostri temporis, 1750-66 — Janociana, 1776-79. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. Jansen, Zacharias, optician, — with his father, Hans Jansen, invents the compound microscope, about 15 90- 16 00 — invents the telescope, ? 16 10. Jansenists, Jansenism. [Janssen, Bp of Ypres] — sect of, originates in France, about 1640 — condemned by Innocent X., 1653 — Pascal publishes the Lettres Provinciates, 1656 — again condemned by Alexander VII., 1656 — miracles reported in support of, 1656, 1661, &c. — refuse to subscribe formulary prepared in accordance with the bull, 1665 — make com- promise with Clement IX., (Peace of Clement IX.,) 1668— Father Quesnel banished, 1685 — Port-Royal suppressed, 1709 — condemned by Clement XL, in the bull 'TJnigenitus,' 17 1 3 — appeal to General Council, 17 14— per- secuted and exiled by Regent Orleans, 1720. Jansenius. [Janssen.] Janssen, (Jansenius,) Cornelisz, theologian, — b. at Hulst, 15 10 — Prof. Divinity, Louvain, 1562 — takes part in Council of Trent : Bp of Ghent, 1568 — U. there, 10 Apr. 1576. Janssen, (Jansenius,) Cornelisz, Ep of Ypres, — b. in the Netherlands, 1585 — D.D. Louvain, 1619 — Prof. Holy Scripture, 1630 — Bp of Ypres, 1635 — ft., 6 May 1638. Augustinus, published, 1640 — perusal of, prohibited by Inquisition, 1641 — and by Urban VIII. , 6 Mar. 1642. [Jansenism.] Janssens, Abraham, painter,— -b. at Ant- werp, 1569 — ft., 163 1. Janssens, Cornelisz, painter, — n. at Am- sterdam, 1590 — in England, 1618-48 — if. at Amsterdam, 1665. Janssens, Johan "Willem, general, — u. at Ximeguen, 12 Oct. 1762 — enters the army, 1777 — serves against the French, 1793 — ■ Commissary-general of French troops in service of Holland, 1797 — Governor of Cape Colony, 1802-6 — Councillor of State, Secretary to Ministry of War, 1806 — Governor-general of Dutch East Indies, 1 8 1 1 — defeated, taken prisoner by the English at Batavia, Sep. — returns to France, Baron of the Empire, 18 12 — tf. in Holland, 1 Jun. 1833. Janssens, Victor Honorius, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1664 — ft. there, 1739. Jansson, Jan, printer, — tf., about 1666. Atlas, 1641-6 and 1656-8. Sanuarmus,^ Consul of Rome, with Justus, (1081, a. u. c.) 328. Januarius, Pomponius, — Consul of Rome, with Maximianus Aug., (1041, a. u. c.) 288. Januarius, St, Order of, — instituted by Charles, king of Sicily, [Charles III. of Spain,'] 6 Jul. 1738 — suppressed, 1806 — revived, 18 14. January, — in England, made first month of the year by Act 24 Geo. II. c. 23, 1751. [Calendar.] Janus, Gate of, Pome, — [BC] — said to be built by Numa Pompilius : closed in consul- ship of T. Manlius, (519, a. u. c.) 235— again, by Octavius, (725,) 29, and (729) 25 — [AD] — closed by Vespasian, (824) 71. Janvier, Antide, mechanician, — n. in the Jura, 175 1 — settles at Paris, 1784 — receives gold medal for astronomical machine, 1802 — tf. at Paris, 23 Sep. 1835. — Manuel chronome'trique, 1 8 10 — Pecueil des machines composees et exe- cutees par A. Janvier, 1827. Japan, Empire of, (ffipkon, Yanghou, Zi- pangu,) — Buddhism introduced, 69,* ? 552 b ? — Chinese letters introduced, about 284 — ■ phonetic alphabet invented, aboiit 810 b — the supreme power of the Mikado usurped by his chief captain, Joritomo, ii43, b 1192,° ii52 d —invaded by Kublai Khan, 1284,* i28i c — printing practised, since 1206 — made known to Europe by Marco Polo, 1298— the Onin war, 1466-77 c — earthquakes in, 1475, 1498, 1515 — attempt made to trade with China, 1523 — reached by Portuguese, who are admitted to trade, 1542 — arrival of Francis Xavier and other Jesuit Missionaries, 1549 — embassy from, sets out, 22 Feb. 1583 c — received by Gregory XIII., Mar. 1585^ — arrive in Japan, 1590— supreme power seized by Fide Josi (Taiko- 762 JAPANESE EMBASSY— JASLNSEX Sania), first Ziogoon of whole of Japan, 1585 — persecution of Christians in, 1587, 1590, 1597 — reached by the English adventurer, William Adams, 19 Apr. 1600 — the Dutch admitted to trade, 1607 or 1609 — John Saris obtains authority from James I. to trade with, 1609 — the English receive permission to trade, 1612 — they withdraw, about 1622 — massacre of Christians, 12 Apr. 1637 — foreigners ex- pelled and natives forbidden to travel, 1637 — the Dutch removed to Nagasaki, 1641, 1639 c — unsuccessful attempt of Charles II. to renew trade with, 1653 a — visited by Kaempfer, 1690- 2 — earthquake and volcanic eruption, 1707 — visited by Thunberg, 1772 and 1776 — by Golownin, 1811 — attempt of Sir Stamford Baffles to trade, fails, 1 8 1 3 — visited by Siebold, 1825-30 — earthquake and volcanic eruption, 1828— visited by .Belcher, 1845 — by Mathison, 1849 — ports opened to foreigners, by American treaty of commerce, 31 Mar. 1854 — Russian treaty, Oct. 1757 — British treaty negotiated by Lord Elgin, signed, 29 Jul. 1858 — visited by Hodgson, 1859-60 — attack on British legation, 5 Jul. 1 861 — attempt to assassinate British envoy, 26 Jun. 1862 — revolution in, autumn 1862 — convention with England, France, America, and Holland, concluded, 25 Jun. 1866 — treaty of commerce with Italy concluded, 25 Aug. 1866 — public reception of Duke of Edinburgh by the Mikado, 22 Sep. 1869. a Encyc. Brit. b Chambers' Encyc. c Dickson. d Edinb. Rev. (XCVI.) Japanese Embassy, to Europe. I. Sails from Japan, 22 Feb. 1583 — reach Lisbon, 10 Aug. 1584 — interview with Philip II., at Madrid: reach Home, 20 Mar. 1588 — received by Gregory XIIL, Mar. 1585 — sail from Lisbon, 30 Apr. 1586 — reach Goa, 29 May 1587 — reach Japan, 1590. 2. Received by Napoleon III., 13 Apr. 1862 — arrive in London, 30 Apr. — embark for the Hague, 12 Jun.--- reach Berlin, 18 Jul. — St Petersburg, 10 Aug. — Lisbon, 17 Oct. 3. To France, 15 Apr. to 20 Jun. 1864. 4. Jan. 1867. 5. To England, the brother of the Tycoon received by Queen Victoria at Windsor, 4 Dec. 1867. Japanese Language, — Grammar of, com- piled by Alcock, 1 86 1. Japanese Martyrs, Franciscan Friars, — crucinednear Nagasaki, 5 Feb. 1597 — beatified, 3 Jan. 1627 — canonized by Pius IX.., 7 Jun. 1862. Japix, (Japicx, Japiks,) Gysbert, poet, — u. in Friesland, 1603 — lj. there, 1666. Friesche Rymlerye, 1668. Jaquelein. [Rochejaquelein.] Jaqueline. [Jacqueline.] Jaquerie. [Jacquerie.] JarcM, Solomon, Rabbi, — fc. at Troyes, Champagne, 1040^ no4 b — travels in the East, 1 1 33-40 b — tf. there, 1105,* n8o. b Com- mentar. in Fentateuchum, (1475) — Commentar. in Canticum, Ecelesiasten, Ruth, Fster, Daniel, Fsdram, Kehemiam, (1487) — Commentar. in Talmud, (1520). a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. 4 Jardin des Plantes,' Far is,— founded by Louis XIIL, 1635. Jardinier, Claude Donat, engraver, — n. at Paris, 1726 — tf. there, 1774. Jardyn, Karel du, -painter, — it. at Amster- dam, about 1638, a 1635 b — u. at Venice, 1678. a Engl. Cyc. b Erscb and Gruber. Jared, — [ BC ] — &•> summer 3544, a 367 8 b — birth of Enoch, sum. 3382 s — tf., sum. 2582^ a Ussher. b Clinton. Jarnac, in France, — the Huguenots defeated by Duke of Anjou, Conde killed, 13 Mar. 1569. Jaromir. [Bohemia.] Jaropolk I., Grand Prince of Russia,-t— ft., about 960 — succeeds his father Sviatoslav, 973 — defeats and kills his brother Oleg, 97 5, a 977 b — seizes his territory: drives Vladimir from Novogorod, 977 b — defeated and put to death by Vladimir, 980. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. Jaropolk II., Grand Prince of Russia, — succeeds his brother Mstislav, n 32 — defeats Boleslaus, king of Poland, n 38 — "&., 1140. Jaroslav I., Grand Prince of Russia, — revolts against his father, Vladimir I., 10 15 — defeats and dispossesses his brother Sviatopolk, 1 01 6 — defeated and Sviatopolk restored by Boleslaus, king of Poland, 1018 — expels and succeeds Sviatopolk, 1019 — invades Livonia, 1028 — founds Dorpat, 1030 — sends expedition against Constantinople, 1043 — makes peace with Greek Emperor, 1047— marries his daugh- ter Anne to Henry I, of France, 1051 — &., 7 Feb. 1055. Jaroslav II., Grand Prince of Russia, — succeeds his brother Youri, 1237 — invasion of Russia by Batou Khan, 1239 — -his son Alex- ander (Newski) repulses the Swedes, about 1 241 — goes to do homage to Batou Khan, 1246 — rj., 36 Sep. 1246. Jaroslav III., Grand Prince of Russia, — succeeds his brother Alexander Xewski, 1264 — sets out for the Golden Horde and dies on the way, 1272. Jaroslavl, in Russia,— founded by Jaroslav I., j 025 — subject to Dukes of Moscow, 1426 — raised to commercial importance under Peter the Great, about 1700. Jarric, Pierre du, Jesuit, — ft. at Toulouse, 1565 — tf. at Saintes, 16 16. FListoire des choses memorables advennes tant es hides orientales que aatres pays de la decouverte des Fortugais, 1608-14. Jarrow, Yarrow, in Durham, — monastery, founded by Benedict Biscop, 681 — burnt by Northmen, 870 — again destroyed by' William I., 1070 — the church rebuilt, 1783. Jars, Gabriel, mineralogist, — b. at Lyons, 29 Jan. 1732 — visits mines of Germany, Eng- land, Sweden, &c, 1757-66 — admitted to the Academy, 1768— tf. at Clermont, 20 Aug. 1769. Voyages metallurgiqnes, 1774-81. Jasher, (Jashar,) Book of, — a forgery by Jacob Hive, 175 1 — the fraud exposed in Monthly Review, Dec. 175 1 — again brought under discussion, 1827 and 1833 — republished by Donaldson, 1854. Jasinski, James, general, — distinguishes himself in campaign against the Russians, JASMIN— JED AIA. 1 6 3 1792 — takes Wilna, 24 Apr. 1794 — distin- guishes himself at battle of Polany, 1794 — member of Supreme Council, 1794 — falls at defence of Praga, 4 Nov. 1794. Jasmin, Jacques, poet, — 6. at Agen, 6 Mar. 1798 — visits Paris and receives a pension, 1840 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1846 — if. at Agen, 4 Oct. 1864. Lou Gharibari, 1825 — VAbuglo de Castel-Cuille, 1836 — las Papil- lotos de Jasmin, 1835-43. Jason, Tyrant of Pher^, Tagos of Thessaly,— [BCJ — succeeds Lycophron at Pheroe, after 395 — obtains government of all Thessaly, 375 — chosen Tagos, 374 ? — intercedes for Timotheos at Athens, Nov. 373 — joins The- bans after Leuctra, 371 — slain, 370. Jassy, {Yassy,) in Moldavia, {Jassiorum municipium,) — burnt, 1723 — occupied by Rus- sians, 14 Sep. 1739 — restored to Turks by Peace of Belgrade, 18 Sep. 1739— again occu- pied by Russians, 1769 — ravaged by plague, 1772 — fortifications destroyed by Russians, 1 788 — burnt by Janissaries, 1 822 — again burnt, 1827 — insurrection at, Apr. 1848 — occupied by Russians, 1853— by Austrians, autumn 1854 — riots at, on election of Prince Charles of Hohen- zollern as Hospodar, Apr. 1866. [Danubian Principalities]. Treaty of, between Catherine II. and Sultan Selim, signed, 9 Jan. 1792. Jaubert, Pierre, — b. at Bordeaux, 17 15 — if. at Paris, 1780. Dictionnaire raisonne univer- sel des arts et metiers, 1773. Jaubert, Pierre Amedee Emilien Probe, orientalist, diplomatist, — b. at Aix, (Provence,) 3 Jun. 1779— interpreter to Egyptian expedi- tion, 1798 — Prof. Turkish, 1801 — envoy to Constantinople, 1804 — to Persia, 1805 — re- turns, 1807 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 9 Jan. 1807 — again visits the East, 18 14 and 18 1 8 — contributes to conclusion of Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1830 — Prof. Persian, at the Coll. de France, May 1838 — Pres. Asiatic Society of Paris, 1838 — Peer of France, Councillor of State, Dec. 1841 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1845 — if. at Paris, Jan. 1847. Elements de la grammaire Turque, 1823-34 — Geographic a" Edrisi, 1836-40. Jaucourt, Louis, Chevalier de, — b. at Paris, 26 Sep. 1704 — F.R.S. London, 1756 — if. at Compi^gne, 3 Feb. 1780, Collaborateur in the Encyclopedic, 1750-80. Jauffret, Gaspard Jean Andre Joseph, Bp of Metz, — b. in Provence, 13 Dec. 1759 — if. at Paris, 12 May 1823. De la religion, 1790 — Du cidte public, 1795 — Memoire pour servir a Vhistoire de la religion, 1803. Jauregui y Aguilar, Juan de, poet, painter, — b. at Toledo, a Seville, 15 Mar. 1566^ about 1570 b — goes to Rome, 1607— equerry to Queen Isabella de Bourbon, 16 12 — if. at Madrid, 1650,* 1641. 13 Translation of the Pharsalia, 1684 b — Orfeo, 1624b — Mimas, 161 8 — Apologia de la pint ur a, 1633. H Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Java, island of Indian Archipelago, — [B C] — settlement of Hindoos from Caliuga, 75 — [AD] — subject to Hindoo Princes, from about 1 1 90? — mentioned by Marco Polo, 1295 — conquered by Arabs, 1478 — Portuguese settle in, 15 1 1 — the Dutch, 1595 — [Batavia] — Eng- lish factory in, 16 19 — [Bantam] — wars with tbe Dutch, 1674-1708, 1718-23, and 1740-55 — — taken by English, 181 1 — given up to king of the Netberlands by Treaty of Paris, 18 16 — be- comes after five years' war a Dutch province, 1830— slavery abolished in, 20 Sep. 1859. Javolenus Priscus, jurist, — fl., about 125- 150. Jay, John, jurist, statesman, — b. at New York, 12 Dec. 1745 — delegate to Congress at Philadelphia, 1774— Pres., 1776 — assists in framing constitution of New York State, 1777 — Chief Justice of the State, 1778— minister- plenipotentiary to Spain, 1779 — joint commis- sioner to treat for peace with Great Britain, 1782-3 — envoy-extraordinary to Great Britain, concludes treaty, 1784 — governor of New York State, 1795 — retires, 1801— if. at Bedford, 17 May 1829. Jay, William, theologian, — b. at Tisbury, Wiltshire, 8 May 1769 — pastor at ArgyJe Chapel, Bath, Jan. 1791 — if. there, 27 Dec. J 853. Works, 1845-9. Jean d'Acre, St- [Acre.] Jean d'Angely. [St Jean d'Angely.] Jean de Luz, in France, — marriage of Louis XIV. and Maria Theresa of Spain, celebrated at, 9 Jun. 1660 — Wellington defeats Soult be- fore, 10 Nov. 1 81 3 — declared a free port by Wellington, 1813. Jean Paul. [Richter.] Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, — b. at Autun, 1540 — second Pres. of Parliament of Dijon, 1581-1602 — Intendant of Finances, 1602 — negotiates peace between the Dutch and the king of Spain, 1607 — if., 31 Oct. 1622? Nego- tiations, 1656. Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien, astronomer^ — b. at Paris, 1724 — Prof. Mathematics at the Military School, 1753 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1753 — to Institute, 1796 — if., Mar. 1803. Jebb, John, Bp of Limerick, — b. at Drogheda, 27 Sep. 1775 — takes holy orders, 1799 — Bp of Limerick, 1823 — if., 7 Dec. 1833. Jebb, John, divine and physician,— -b. in London, 1736 — B.A. Cambridge, 1757 — M.A. and Fellow of St Peter's Coll., 1760 — ordained priest, 1763 — advocates reform, 1768 — resigns his livings, 1775 — M.D. St Andrews, 1777 — F.R.S., 1778— if., 2 Mar. 1786. Works, 1787. Jebb, Sir Richard, Bart., physician, — b., about 1730 — F.R.C.P., 1768 — physician ex- traord. to the. king, about 1777 — physician in ordinary to Prince of Wales, 1780 — to the king, 1786 — if. at Windsor, 4 Jul. 1787. Jebb, Samuel, physitian x classical scholar, — enters Cambridge Univ., before 17 18 — if. in Derbyshire, 1772. Edits Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho, 17 19 — Bibliotheca Literaria, from 1722 — > Baconi Opus Majus f 1733- Jedaia, (Jedaaiah,) Ben Abraham Hap- penini Bedraschi, Rabbi,— -if. at Barcelona, about 1298. Bechinat Olam, 1476. 764 JEDBURGH-JENISCH. Jedburgh, in Scotland, — seat of Malcolm IV., about 1 1 60-5 — marriage of Alexander III. at, 1285 — tbe castle recovered from tbe English and demolished, 1409 — stormed by Earl of Surrey, 1523 — taken by Earl of Hert- ford, 1545. Abbey, founded or rebuilt by David I., 1 1 18 or 1147. Jedda, Jidda, Djidda, port of Mecca, — for- tified by Sultan of Egypt, 15 14 — massacre of Christians at, 15 Jun. 1858 — bombarded by English, 23 Jul. and 5 Aug. 1858. Jeddo, Yeddo, in Japan, [Japan, Empire of,] — British subjects allowed to reside at, 1862 — seat of government transferred to Miako, autumn 1862 — British Residency burnt, early in 1863 — American Residency burnt, May 1863. Treaty of, commercial, between Great Britain and Japan, signed, 26 Aug. 1858. Jefferson,Thomas, President of the United States, — ft. in Virginia, 2 Apr. 1743 — called to the bar, 1767 — member of Virginia House of Burgesses, 1769 — deputy to the Convention at Williamsburg, Aug. 1774 — member of Con- gress at Philadelphia, Jun. 1775-6 — governor o f Virginia, 1779-81 — minister to Franc e , M ay 1784-9 — envoy to London, but soon returns to Paris, 1786 — Secretary of State, 1790-3— Vice- president of United States, 1796 — Pres., 1801-9 — tf. at Monticello, Virginia, 4 Jul. 1826. Notes on Virginia, 1782. Jeffrey, Francis, Lord Jeffrey, — ft. at Edinburgh, 23 Oct. 1773 — studies at Univ. of Glasgow, 1787 — at Edinburgh, 1789-90 — at Oxford, 1791 — at Edinburgh, 1792-3— joins Speculative Society, Dec. 1792— called to the Scottish bar, Dec. 1794 — takes part with Sidney Smith, Horner, and Brougham in founding the Edinburgh Review, 1802 — duel with Moore at Chalk Farm, Hampstead, 1806 — visits America, 181 3 — rector of Glasgow Univ., 1 82 1 — dean of the Faculty of Advocates, 1829 — M.P. Perth, 1830— M.'P. Malton, 1831 — Lord Advocate, 1830 — M.P. Edinburgh, 1832 — rj. at Craigcrook, near Edinburgh, 26 Jan. 1850. Edits Edinburgh Review, 1803-29 — Contributions to Edinburgh Revieiv, 1844. Jeffreys, George, Baron "Wem, (Judge Jeffreys,) — ft. at Acton in Denbighshire, 1648 — enters Middle Temple, 19 May 1663 — marries, May 1667 — called to the bar, 22 Nov. 1669 — Knt, 1677 — Recorder of London, 22 Oct. 1678 — Chief Justice of Chester, Apr. 1680 — Bart., 17 Nov. 1681 — Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 29 Sep. 1683 — passes sentence of death on Algernon Sidney, 1683 — presides at trials of Titus Oates, and Baxter, May 1685 — created Baron Wem, 15 May 1685 — executes com- mission for trial of adherents of Monmouth, (Bloody Assize,) Aug. to Sep. 1685 — Lord Chan- cellor, 28 Sep. 1685 — High Steward on trial of Lord Delamere, Jan, 1686 — seized by the populace, and committed to the Tower, 13 Dec. 1688— tf. there, 18 Apr. 1689 — his remains removed from the Tower to St Mary's, Alder- manbury, after 2 Sep. 1692 — discovered there, 1810. Jeffries, John, physician, — ft. at Boston, U. S., 1747 — accompanies Gen. Howe to Halifax, and is named Surgeon-general to British forces, 1776 — settles in London, 1780 — crosses the Channel in a balloon, 7 Jan. 1785' — returns to Boston, 1789 — "ft. there, 18 19. Jegher, Christopher, engraver, — ft. in Ger- many, 1596, a 1578 b — if. in Holland, 1670,* l66o, b 1635.° a Ersch and Gruber. b Heller. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Jehangir, Abul Mozaffer Noureddin Mo- hammed, Mogul Emperor, — ft., about 1570 — declared successor to the throne by his father, Akber, and named viceroy of Ajmir, 1599 — seizes on provinces of Hindustan, (Shaban 1009, a. h.) about Nov. 1600 — instigates murder of Abul Fazl, (1011,) 1602 — makes his submis- sion to Akber, 1602 — succeeds him, (Guimadhi 1014,) Oct. 1605 — suppresses rebellion of his son Khusru, and imprisons him, Mar. 1606 — sends an army into the Deckan, 1607 — insur- rection of pretended Khusru at Patna, (1017- 19,) 1607-10 — marries Nourjehan, (1020,) 161 1 — receives ambassador from James I. of England, Dec. 16 15 — [Roe, Sir T.] — declares Shah Jehan heir-apparent, 16 16 — removes to Mandu, Oct. 16 16 — visits Guzerat, Sep. 161 7 to Sep. 161 8 — falls ill, autumn 1621 — fixes his court at Lahore, (1031,) about Oct. 1622 — re- bellion of his son Shah Jehan, 1623 — marches against Roushenias in Cabul, 1625 — seized by Mohabat Khan on the Hydaspes, (Guimadhi II. 1035,) Mar. 1626 — escapes by plots of Nourje- han : — U. on his return from Cashmir to Lahore, (28 Saphar 1037,) 28 Oct. 1627. Jehoiachin, (Jeconiah, Coniah,) — [BC] — made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, spring 599, a Mar. 598 b — taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon, autumn 599," Jun. 598 b — released by Evil Merodach, 15 Apr. 562,* (187, N. E.) Feb. 561.* a Ussher. b Clinton. Jehoiakim. [Jews, political history.'] Jeipur, (Jypoor,) in Hindustan, — founded, 967 — ally of Akber, about 1560 — overrun by Mahrattas, from about 1780 — treaty with British, 1803 — annulled, 1805 — another treaty, 1818. Jekyll, Sir Joseph, Master of the Rolls, —ft. in Northamptonshire, about 1664 — enters Middle Temple, 1680 — called to the bar, 1687 — Chief Justice of Chester, 1697 — M.P. Eye, 1698 — Knt, about 1698 — one of the managers of impeachment of Sacheverell, 17 10 — Master of the Rolls, 13 Jul. 17 17 — one of the com- missioners of the Great Seal, Jan. to Jun. 1725 — brings in the Gin Act, and Mortmain Act, 1736 — ft., 19 Aug. 1738. Jellalabad, in Afghanistan, — occupied by British, 1839 — [Afghan War] — besieged by Akbar Khan, successfully defended by Gen. Sale, 18 Jan. to 5 Apr. 1842 — evacuated by British, Oct. 1842. Jemappes, in Belgium, — Dumouriez defeats Austrians at, 6 Nov. 1792. Jena, in Saxe- Weimar, — Napoleon I. defeats the Prussians, 14 Oct. 1806. University of, founded by Elector John Frederick, 1547 — opened, 2 Feb. 1558. Jenisch, Bernhard, Baron von, orientalist, JENKINS— JERROLD. 765 ' — ft. at Vienna, 10 Nov. 1734— secretary of embassy at the Porte, 1755 — interpreter, at Temesvar, 1757 — secretary of the Cabinet, 1770 — charge d'affaires of the Emperor at the Porte, 1772 — keeper of Imperial Library, 1772 — aulic councillor, 1776 — counsellor to the privy chancery, 1791 — director of Italian chancery, 1798 — tr. at Vienna, Feb. 1807. Defatis Knguarum orientalium, 1780 — Historiapriorum regum Persarum post jirmatum in regno islamis- mum, 1782. Jenkins, David, Judge for South Wales, — fc. in Wales, 1586 — enters Oxford Univ., 1597 — taken prisoner at Hereford and sent to the Tower, 1645 — ■impeached of treason, fined for contempt, and committed to Newgate, be- tween 1650-55 (?) — liberated, 1656 or 1660 — ft. at Cowbridge, 6 Dec. 1667. Works, 1648 — Reports, 1661. Jenkins, Henry, reputed centenarian, — witnesses battle of Flodden Field, ? 15 13 — if. at Ellerton-upon-Swale, 8 Dec. 1670. Jenkins, Sir Leoline, {Llewellyn,) statesman, — b. in Wales, 1623 — enters Jesus Coll., Ox- ford, 1641 — takes up arms for Charles I., 1642 —quits Oxford, 1649— LL.D. Oxford, 16 Feb. 1661 — Principal of Jesus Coll., 1 Mar. 1661 — Judge of Court of Admiralty, 1665 — Judge of Prerogative Court, 1668 — Knt, Jan. 1670 — am- bassador to Holland, 1673 — negotiates Treaty of Nimeguen, 1676-9 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 1679 — Privy Councillor and Secretary of State, Feb. 1680 — resigns, Apr. i684 — tf. 1 Sep. 1685. Letters, §c, 1724. Jenkins, (Jenkyns,) Robert, Captain, — has an ear torn off by Spanish officer, 173 1 — ex- amined before House of Commons, and exhibits the ear, 16 Mar. 1738. Jenkinson, Anthony, engraver,— &., 1562. Jenkinson, Charles. [Liverpool, Earl op.] Jenner, Edward, discoverer of vaccination, — fi. at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, 17 May 1749 — studies under John Hunter in London, 177 1- 73 — M.D. St Andrews, 1792 — makes first ex- periment of vaccination, May 1796 — surgeon and physician of Royal Navy, 1 801— receives grant of £10,000 from parliament, 1802 — of £20,000, 1807— tf. at Berkeley, 26 Jan. 1823. Enquiry into the causes and effects of the Variola Vaccina, 1798 — New observations on the Variolce Vaccina, 1799. Jennerian Institution, Royal, London, — founded, 19 Jan. 1803 — merges in National Vaccine Establishment, Dec. 1808. Jenson, (Janson,) Nicholas, printer, — sent by Charles VII. to Mentz, to obtain informa- tion of the discovery of printing, close of 1458 — settles at Venice, about 1469 — Count Palatine, by Sixtus IV., 1475 — tf., before 3 Feb. 1482. Jenyns, Soame, miscellaneous writer, — fi. in London, 1704 — studies at Cambridge, 172 1 — M.P. Cambridgeshire, 1741 — M.P. Dunwich, 1754— Lord of Trade, 1755-80 — M.P. Cam- bridge, 1761 — tf., 18 Dec. 1787. Free In- quiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil, 1756 — View of the Internal Evidence of the Chris- tian Religion, 1876. Jerdan, William, miscellaneous writer, — 6. at Kelso, 1782 — settles in London, 1805 — becomes editor of the Literary Gazette, Jul. 18 17— retires, 1850— tf., 11 Jul. 1869. Auto- biography, 1852-3. Jeremiah, Jewish prophet, — [B C]— called as a prophet, 629,* b 628 c — the scroll burnt by the king, autumn 6o6, a Nov. or Dec. 605° — im- prisoned by Pashur, 590 a — again imprisoned as a bad subject, 590" — set free by Nebuchad- nezzar, 588, a 587° — carried into Egypt by Johanan, late in 587.* a Ussber. b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. Jeremie, Sir John, — h. in Guernsey, 19 Aug. 1795 — Chief Justice of St Lucia, West Indies, Oct. 1824 — Procureur and Advocate- General of the Mauritius, 1832 — Judge of Supreme Court of Ceylon, 1836— Knt, Governor of Sierra Leone, Oct. 1840 — tf. there, 23 Apr. 1 841. Four Essays on Colonial Slavery, 1831 — Letter on Negro Emancipation and African Civilization, 1 840. Jergeau, in France, — taken by Joan of Arc, and Earl of Suffolk captured, 12 Jun. 1429. Jericho, — [B C] — destroyed by Joshua, 145 1 a — rebuilt by Hiel, about 930 b — Pompey encamps at, 63 — sacked by Herod, 39— rebuilt by Herod, about 35-30 — adorned by Archelaus, 4- [A D] 7 — [A D] — destroyed by Romans dur- ing siege of Jerusalem ? 70. a Ussber. b Bib. Cyc. Jerome, St, (Eusebius Hieronymus So- phronius,) Father of the Latin Church, — ft. in Pannonia, Apr. 331 a — at Aquileia, 370 — sets out for the East, 373 — retires to desert of Chalcis, 374 — ordained presbyter at Antioch, spring 379 — at Constantinople, 380 — secretary to council at Borne, 382 — begins to revise translation of Scriptures at Rome, 382 — quits Borne, Aug. 385 a — settles at Bethelehem, 386 a — acquainted with Augustine, about 394 b — con- ceals himself from Pelagians, 416-418 — tf., 30 Sep. 420. Vita S. Fauli Erem., about 375-— Vita S. Hilarionis Erem., about 390 — -Vita Malchi llonach., about 390 — Alter cat. lucif. et Orthod., about 378 — Adv. Helvidium, about 382—^^. Jovinianum, about 393 — - Contra Vigilantium, about 406 — Contra Joan. Hierosol. 399, 397 a — In Rujinum, about 402 — -Dialog, contra Pelagianos, about 415 — Be Viris Illustribus, about 392 — DeNominibus Hebraiis, about 388-390 — De Situ et Nominibas locoritm Hebraicorum, 388 — -Comment, in Genesim, 388 — -in Ecclesiasticum, 388 — in Canticum Canti- corwn, 383 — in Jesaiam, 397-41 1 — in Jeremiam, 415- — in Ezechielem, 411 -414 — in Danielem, 407 — in Prophetes Minores,, 392-406 — in Matthaum, 398 — in Pauli Epistolas, 387 — Old Test., original translation from Hebrew, finished, ^05— revised translation, 390-1. a Clinton. b Herzog's Encyc. Jerome of Prague, follower of John Hus, — h. about 1360-70— D.D. Paris, 1399 — visits England, 1400 — regulates Cracow University, 1410 — cited by the Council of Constance, 1415 — arrested by Duke of Bavaria, 25 Apr. 1415 — recants at Constance, 23 Sep. 1415 — retracts, and is burnt there, 30 May 141 6. Jerrold, Douglas Wiliiam, dramatist, hu-. 766 JERSEY— JERUSALEM. mourist, — ft. at London, 3 Jan. 1803 — becomes a eompositor, 18 18 — joins the staff of Punch, 1 841 — rj. in London, 8 Jun. 1857. Black-eyed Susan, 1822— Rent Bay, 1830 — Men of Cha- racter, 1838 — Bubbles of the Bay, 1842 — Time works Wonders, 1845 — Caudle Bectures, 1 846 — Chronicles of Clovernook, 1 846 — St Giles and St James, 1851 — edits Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, iSsi—Bloyd's Weekly Newspaper, 1852-57. Jersey, one of the Channel Islands, {Ccesarea,) —[Channel Islands]— held for Charles L, by Sir Philip and Sir G. Carteret, 1642— Prince Charles takes refuge in, Apr. 1646 — Charles II. proclaimed in, 1649 — taken by Blake and Haines, 22 Oct. 165 1 — attacked by French under Prince of Nassau, 1 May 1779— again, by Baron de Rullecourt, 6 Jan. 17 81 — [Helier, St, Pierson, Major]— visited by Queen Vic- toria, 2-3 Sep. 1846. Code, compiled, 1771. Jersey, New. [New Jersey.] Jerusalem, {topographical history,) {Salem, Jebus,Hierosolyma,Meli&, Capitolina, JElKhuds) — [B C] — taken in part by Israelites, about 1445 a — recaptured by Jebusites after Joshua's death, 1427 b _ taken by David, 1048 a — Zion built by David, 1045 a — Temple built by Solomon, 10 12- 1005 — taken by Shishak of Egypt, spring 97 1 a —threatened, by Zerah the Cushite, saved by Asa, about 940 — plundered by Philistines, spring 888 a — threatened by Hazael of Syria, about 838— taken and plundered by Jehoash of Israel, 826 a — fortified by Uzziah, after 810 a — improved by Jotham, about 750-740 — adorned by Hezekiah, the aqueduct built, 7 1 3 a — forti- fied by Manasseh, after 699— taken by army of Esarhaddon, 677 b — taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, after year and a half's siege, Jun. 587,° 27 Jul. 588, a 16 Jun. 589/586^— rebuilt by Zerubbabel, after 536/ 534-516 d — fortified by Nehemiah, after 454,* 444 b — visited by Alexander,? 331 — taken by Ptolemy, 324, b 320 d — visited by Ptolemy Euergetes, 245 — taken by Antiochus the Great, 206 d — retaken by Scopas, 199 — again submits to An- tiochus, 198— dismantled and plundered by An- tiochus Epiphanes, Dec. i68, c 170 d — taken by Judas Maccabieus, 163-2 — dismantled by Ly- sias, 163 — fortified by Jonathan, 153 d — taken wholly from Syrians by Simon, and re-fortified, 142 — again held by Syrians, 133-128 — siege of, by Hyreanus and Aretas, raised by Scaurus, 65 d — taken by Pompey, (690, a.u.c.) 63 — pil- laged by Crassus, 54 — fortified by Antipater, 47-43 — seized by Antigonus and Partlrians, 40 d — unsuccessfully besieged by Herod the Great, 39— taken by Herod, 37— visited by Cleopatra, 34 d — earthquake, spring 31 — Tem- ple rebuilt, about 17-9 — [AD] — disturbances at, 48 — conquered by insurgents, under Eleazar, 66 — unsuccessfully assailed by Cestius, 66 — invested by Titus, (14 Xanthicus,) 13 Apr. 70 — first wall taken, (7 Artemisius,) 6 May—second wall stormed, (12 Artemisius,) 11 May — wall of the Antonia taken, (1 Pansemus,) 28 Jun. — the Temple burnt, (10 Lous,) 5 Aug.— last wall taken, (8 Gorpucus,) 2 Sep. 70 — the city razed, Sep. 70 — visited by Hadrian, 130 — rebuilt by Hadrian, 131°— [iElia Capitolina]— occupied by Barchocheba, about 133-135 — visited by the Bordeaux pilgrim, about 333 — recovers its ancient name, about 335 — adorned by Constan- tine and Helena, about 335 — Jews permitted to visit, once a year, about 350 — unsuccessful attempt of Julian to rebuild the Temple, 363— erected into a patriarchate by Council of Chal- cedon, 451 — repaired and adorned by Justinian, 527 — the holy vessels restored to the Temple by Belisarius, 534 — visited by Antoninus, martyr, 570 — Gregory the Great founds hospital at, 590-604 — taken by Chosroes II. and the Jews, the Christians massacred, Jun. 614 — visited by Arnulph, 614 — churches restored by Modestus, 614-628 — visited by Heraclius, who banishes *he Jews, spring 629 — siege of, by Abu Obei- dah, formed, close of 636 — entered by Caliph Omar, (16, a.h.) 637 — [Holy Places] — visited by Arculfus, about 690 — taken by Zimisces, before 970 — becomes subject to Fatimite Caliphs of Egypt, about 976 — becomes place of pilgrimage, about 1000 — pilgrimage of Ger- man prelates to, 1065 — conquered by Afsiz, lieutenant of Malek Shah, (469,) 1076, 1077 d — given to the Turkman Ortok, about 1084 — on his death, held by his sons, 109.1 — visited by Peter the Hermit, about 1093 — recovered by Sultan Afdal, (489,) 1096— siege of, by Crusaders, formed, 7 Jun. 1099 — taken, 15 Jul. 1099 — erected into a kingdom, under Godfrey of Bouillon, 23 Jul. 1099 — visited by Saewulf, 1102 — by Benjamin of Tudela, about 1160-70 — by William of Tyre, about 1 1 70— taken by Saladin, Oct. 11 87 — threat- ened by crusaders under Richard I., and the fortifications strengthened by Sakdin, 1192 — fortifications demolished by order of Sultan Melek of Damascus, 12 19 — taken possession of by Emperor Frederick II., by treaty with Malek el Kamel, 17 Mar. 1229 e — again taken by Mussulmans, 1239 — given up to the Franks by Sultan of Damascus, 1243 — ravaged by Kharismians, 1244 — nominally annexed to kingdom of Sicily, 1277 — the Christians ex- pelled by Sultan Ascraf, May 1291 — becomes subject to Ottoman Sultan, Seliml., (922,) 15 16 — walls rebuilt by Solyman the Magnificent, 1542 — submits to Mehemet Ali, 1832 — seized by Fellahin insurgents, and recovered by Ibra- him Pasha, 1834 — restored to Sultan by European intervention, 1841 — made seat of Protestant bishopric, by England and Prussia, Nov. 1 841 — visit of Prince of Wales, 31 Mar. to 10 Apr. 1862 — [Palestine Ex- ploration, and names of travellers]. Synods of, respecting Pelagius, 415 — to confirm de- cree of Synod of Constantinople against Monophysites, 536 — against Monothelites, 634 — against Iconoclasts, 730, 1099, 1107, 1143 — against Cyrillus Lucaris and Calvinism, 16 Mar. 1672. a Ussher. b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. d Smith's Diet. Bib. e Kington. f Petavius. Jerusalem, {rulers,) — [BC] — Melchize- dek, king of Salem, 191 3 a — Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, 1450^ a Ussher. Jerusalem, Kingdom of, — erected for God- JERVAS— JEWELL. 767 frey of Bouillon, 23 Jul. 1099— his brother Baldwin I. succeeds, 18 Jul. 11 00 — Bald- win II., Apr. 1 1 18 — Fulk, of Anjou, (son-in- law,) 21 Aug. 1 131 — Baldwin III., (son,) 1 144 — Amaury I., (brother,) Feb. 1162 — Baldwin IV., (son,) Jul. 117 3 — Baldwin V., (nephew,) Mar. 11 86 — Guy of Lusignan, 11 86 — taken by Saladin, 1187 — titular kings, who reside at Acre, are Conrad of Montferrat, 1192 — Henry of Champagne, 1192— Amaury II. of Lusignan, n 97 — John of Brienne, 1210. Jervas, Charles, painter, — visits France and Italy, before 1709 — again in Italy, 1738 — fr. in London, 2 Nov. 1739. Translation of Don Quixote, 1742. Jervis, Sir John. [St Vincent, Earl of.] ^ Jervis, Sir John, Chief Justice of the' Common Pleas, — b., 1802 — called to the bar, 1824 — M.P. Chester, 1832 — Solicitor- General, 4 Jul. 1846 — Attorney- General, and Knt, 7 Jul. — Chief Justice, 15 Feb. 1850— ft., 1 Nov. 1856. Jesse, Edward, naturalist, — ft. near Halifax, 14 Jan. 1780 — ft. at Brighton, 28 Mar. 1868. Gleanings in Natural History, 1832-5 — Scenes and Tales of Country Life, 1844 — Anecdotes of Dogs, 1846— edits White's Selborne, 1849 — Walton and Cotton's Angler, 1849. Jesselmer, (Jesulmer,) Rajput state, — found- ed by tribe from N. India, first mentioned, 731 ■ — seat of government removed to, 1156 — alliance with British, 181 8. Jessey, Henry, theologian, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1 60 1 — enters St John's Coll., Cambridge, 161 8 — leaves the Univ., 1624 — ordained priest, 1627 ■ — settles in London, 1635 — deprived of his benefice, and imprisoned, 1660 — liberated, 1663 — tf., 4 Sep. 1663. Jester, {Fool,) Court, — in the service of kings of France, (John II., Charles V, and VI.,) as early as 1350-80. Jesuates, Order of, — founded in Italy, and approved by Urban V., 1367 — suppressed, and their possessions given to Hospitallers of Italy, 1668. Jesuits, Order of, Society of Jesus, — found- ed by Ignatius Loyola, 15 Aug. 1534 — con- ditionally sanctioned by bull of Paul III., 27 Sep. 1540 — unconditionally approved by him, 1543 — college of, established at Gandia in Spain by Francis Borgia, 1546 — mission of, to Japan, 1549 — [Xavier, Francisco de] — estab- lished in France, Spain, Portugal, and Ger- many, and missions sent to the East, Africa, and America, before 1556 — mission to Abys- sinia, 1557 — Constitutions published, 1558 — their General, Lainez, takes part in Council of Trent, between 1558-65— missionaries sent to England by Gregory XIII. , Jul. 1580 — [Campion, Edmund, and Parsons, Robert] — banished the kingdom by Act 27 Eliz. c. 2, 1584 — commissioners appointed by Queen Elizabeth, with power to banish, 15 Jan. 1585 — banished from France by decree of parlia- ment of Paris, 29 Dec. i594, a confirmed by royal edict, 7 Jan. 1595 a — establish a college at Galata, 1603 b — recalled to France by Henry III., end of 1603 — his letters patent lor their restoration registered by parliament of Paris, 2 Jan. 1604 — take part in Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — expelled from Venice, 9 May 1606— [Paul V., Pope, Sarpi, Paolo] — settle in Paraguay, soon after 1600 — sent by Emperor Ferdinand II. to overthrow Protestantism in Bohemia, 1619 — [Thirty Years' War] — expelled from Turkey, 1628 — but reenter it: expelled from Abyssinia, 1632 — oppose the Jansenists in France, 1650 — [Port-Royalists] — attacked by Pascal in the Lettres Frovinciales, 1656 — readmitted to Venice, on request of Alexander VII., 1657 — accused of conspiracy by Titus Oates, 1678 — [Popish Plot]— expelled from Portuguese ter- ritories by King Joseph, 3 Sep. 1759 — their teaching prohibited and societies dissolved by parliament of Paris, 6 Aug. 1762 — and by other parliaments of France, 1762-3 — suppress- ed in France by edict of Louis XV., Nov. 1764 — expelled from Spain by Charles III., 2 Apr. 1767— expelled from Naples, 5 Nov. 1767 — from Parma, 7 Feb. 1768- — from Malta, 1768 — suppression of, demanded by France, Spain, Portugal, and Naples, 1768 — dissolution of, by brief of Clement XIV., 21 Jul. 1773 — permit- ted to have colleges and schools in Russia, by brief of Pius VII. , 1801 — and in kingdom of Two Sicilies, by brief of 30 Jul. 1804 — re- established by Pius VII., 7 Aug. 18 14 — read- mitted to Spain, by Ferdinand VII., 18 15 — expelled from Petersburg and Moscow, by Em- peror Alexander, 1 Jan. 18 17 — from Russia, 25 Mar. 1820 — readmitted to Sardinia, about 1820 — their schools and colleges in France closed, by Charles X., Jun. 1828 — regulations respecting, in England, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 7, 13 Apr. 1829 — College of the Propaganda placed under their charge by Gregory XVI., 2 Oct. 1836 — expelled from Switzerland, 3 Sep. 1847 — from Genoa, 1 Mar. 1848 — from Na- ples, 1 1 Mar. — expelled from Papal States by Pius IX., 29 Mar. — from Austria by Ferdi- nand, 8 May- -from Sicily, 31 Jul. — return to Rome, 1849 — to Austria, 1854 — suppressed in Spain, by Provisional Government, 13 Oct. 1868. a Encyc. Mod. b Herzog. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Jesuits' Bark. [Cinchona.] Jesus Christ, Order of, — instituted at Avig- non, by John XXII. , 1320. Jesus College, Cambridge, — founded by Bp Alcock, 1496. Oxford, founded by Hugh Price, 157 1 — receives new charter from James I., 1622 — further endowed by Sir L. Jenkins, 1685. Jesus and Mary, Order of,— instituted in Italy, by Paul V., 16 15. Jew, Wandering, — legend of the, related by Matthew Paris, about 1259. Jewell, {Jewel,) John, Bishop of Salisbury, — h. in Devonshire, 22 May 1522 — enters Merton Coll., Oxford, 1535 — removes to Corpus Christi Coll., 1539— B.A., 1540— M.A., 1544— declares himself a Protestant, 1546 — subscribes confession of Romish faith, 1553 — escapes to the continent, summer 1554— returns, 1559 — Bp of Salisbury, Jan. 1560— pronounces chal- lenge to Papists at Paul's Cross, Lent 1560 — 7 68 JEWISH DISABILITIES-JEWS. D.D. Oxford, 1565— ft. at Monkton Farieigh, Sep. 157 1. Apology for Church of England., 1562 — Defence of the Apology, 1567. Jewish Disabilities. [Jews.] Jewish Mundane Era, — [B C] — commences, vernal equinox, 3761. Jews, [political history,) — [BC] — a nomade people, 1921-1491 a — call of Abraham, 4 May i92i, a 2055^ 1961,° i9i8 d — Jacob and his family settle in Egypt, winter 1706 a — enslaved by Barneses Mianiun, 1576 a — by Aniasis, 1575 e — the Exodus, (1 mo. 15,) 5 May — passage of the Red Sea, 11 May i49i, a i625, b 1531,° i488, d 1648/ 1593 s — a theocratic state, 149 1- [AD] 70 — law given at Sinai, (3 mo. 3,) 22 Jan. 149 1 a — wanderings in the wilderness, Oct. 1490 to 30 Apr. 1451,* 1608 f — conquest of Palestine and allotment of the land com- pleted, autumn 1445 a — -first division, 1602 f — second division, 1596/ 1553, s 1579 b — federal republican government under priests and judges, i445-io95, a i579~i096, b 1602- 1104/ 1553-1077 g — Tabernacle set up at Shiloh, 1444 a — attempt of Abimelech to estab- lish a monarchy, 1236,* 1319/ 1273,? 1305 b — various attempts at idolatry, about i4i5-noo a — ark taken by Philistines, autumn 11 17 — remains at Kirjath-jearini, autumn 1 1 17-1045 a — a monarchy established, Saul chosen by God, spring 1095, a May or Jun. iQ96, b 1104/ 1077 s — foreign conquests begin, Hagarenes subdued, about 1060 a — the ark brought from Gibeah to Jerusalem by David, 1045 a — Syria, Idumeea, &c, conquered, period of greatest power, 1035 to about 980 a — David's census, summer 1017 a — building of the Temple, 1012-1005 a — foreign trade flourishes under Solomon, about 990 — idolatry introduced by Solomon, about 990 — Syria lost under Solomon, about 980 a — rebellion of Jeroboam against Solomon, about 978 a — revolt of the ten tribes under Jeroboam, from Eehoboam, May 975, a May 976, b 979 h — Levites and priests settle in the kingdom of Judah, winter 975-4 a — idolatry introduced again by Eehoboam, summer 972 a — Asa re- news the national covenant, spring 941,* 942 b — reformation under Jehoshaphat, 9i2, a 9 1 3 b — Jehoshaphat attempts to renew com- merce with India, autumn 897 a — Iduma?a lost, under Jehoram, summer 889 a — revolu- tion by Athaliah, who seizes the throne, 884, a 883 b — counter-revolution by Jehoiada, who places Joash on the throne, spring 878,^ 877 b — Reformation by Joash, summer 857, spring 856 a — idolatry restored by Joash, Zachariah stoned, spring 840^ after 834 e — Idumsea regained, the kingdom prospers under TTzziah, 810 — idolatry encouraged by Ahaz, autumn 742 a — Idumsea lost and the kingdom imperilled by Ahaz, spring 741 a — Eeforrnation by Hezekiah, national covenant renewed, 3 Jun. 726 a — idolatry restored by Manasseh, 894 a — Manasseh carried to Babylon as a captive, 677-643 a — the kingdom tributary to Assyria, to 610 a — Eeformation by Manasseh, 643 a — idolatry restored by Amon* 643 a — Eeformation of Josiah, spring 630 a — great book of the law found, summer 624/ Mar. or Apr. 622 b — renewal of national covenant, 4 May 623 a — Pharaoh Necho dethrones Jehoahaz, and makes Jehoiakim king as his tributary, 610 a — Jehoiakim tributary to Nebuchadnezzar, 606 a — the Seventy Years' captivity, 606-536^ (143-212, N.E.,) 6o 5-536, b 590-520^ 608-538 cd — first trans- portation of the people, including Daniel, to Babylon, 6o6, a summer 606 b — Jehoiakim rebels, autumn 603 a — second transportation, summer 600 a — Jehoiachin dethroned by Nebuchadnezzar, Zedekiah made king, the Temple spoiled, third transportation, autumn 599 a — Zedekiah rebels, 593 k — Jerusalem taken, 588 a — [Jerusalem and Temple] — Zedekiah captured, 631, 1 620,™ 667, 11 602 ° — fourth transportation, autumn 588 a — Gedaliah murdered by Ishmael, Johanan conducts flight into Egypt, autumn 587 a — final deportation of the people by Nebuzaradan, 584 a — Je- hoiachin released, 560 a — edict of Cyrus for return of Jews from Babylon, autumn 537,* (212, N.E.,) 536,^ 538° d — defeat of Hainan's plot, Feast of Puriin instituted, early in 509 a — Ezra with his colony arrives at Jerusalem, (5 mo. 1,) summer 46 7, a 457 h — Eeformation by Ezra, completed, (9-12 mo.,) early in 466 a — Nehemiah arrives at Jerusalem, spring 454,* 444 e h — renewal of national covenant, (7 mo. 24,) autumn 454 a — Eeformation by Nehemiah, 444-3 e — Johanan kills Jeshua in the Temple, and the Satrap of Syria imposes a fine on the daily sacrifice, 402 a — deportation by Artaxerxes III. after Phoenician revolt and Egyptian war, 350 a — Jaddua refuses tribute to Alexander at siege of Tyre, 332 a — Alexander secures the Jews in their national freedom, 332 a — Judaea assigned to Ptolemy, 301 — persecuted by Antiochus, 167 — revolt under Mattathias, summer 166 p — Judas Maccabaeus takes the command, 166 — independence ratified by Eome, 162 — tributary to Antiochus of Syria, 134 — again independent, 130 — rebellion against Alexander Janneeus, 95-81 — arbitration of Pompey, between Hyrcanus II. and Aristo- bulus II. , 63 — Eoman conquest, under Pompey, 63 — census taken by Quirinius, 10 p — [AD] — expelled from Eome by Tiberius, 16 p — mas- sacre of, at Jerusalem, by Floras, 16 May 66 p — revolt at Jerusalem, 66 — fall of Jerusa- lem, 70. a Ussher. b Clinton. c Petavhis. d Marsham. e Bib. Cyc. f Hales. S Jackson. h Newton. 1 Euseb. k Bib. Chron. l Sulp. m Afric. n Deni. ° Chron. Pasch. P MHman. Jews, {alliances,) — [B C] — of Abraham with Canaanitish chiefs against Chedorlaomer, 1914* — of Abraham with Abimelech of Gerar, 1897 a — of Joshua with Gibeonites, 145 1 a — of David (commercial) with Hiram of Tyre, winter 1046 a — of David with Toi, king of Hamath, against Syria, autumn 1044 a — of Solomon with Pharaoh of Egypt, whose daughter he marries, autumn ioi4 a — of Solomon with Hiram of Tp-e, autumn ioi3 a — of Asa with Benhadad of Syria against Israel, spring 94o, a 941, 951 ? b — of Jehoshaphat with Ahab of Israel, spring 908 a — with Ahaziah of Israel, autumn 897 " — JEWS. 769 with Jelioram against Moab, spring 895, a 894 b — of Jehoram with Jehoram of Israel, 892- 885 a — of Ahaziah with Jehoram of Israel against Syria, 884 s b — of Hezekiah with Merodach Baladaa of Babylon, spring 713^ 7 1 2 b — of Hezekiah with "Egypt, _ 7 1 3 a — of Zedekiah with idumaea and neighbouring countries against Nebuchadnezzar, 599 a — of Zedekiah with Pharaoh Hophra of Egypt, against Nebuchadnezzar, summer 589 a — of Judas Maccabaeus with Rome, 162° — of Jona- than with Alexander Balas, about 150— with Demetrius Nicator, 145. a Ussber. b Clinton. c Milman. Jews, {wars,) — [BO]— of Abraham against Chedorlaomer and confederate kings, 1914* — against Amalekites at Repkidim, middle Jun. 149 1 a — against Amalekites and Canaanites at Kadesh Barnea, Sep. 1490 a — against king of Arad at Mount Hor, Sep. 1452 a — -against Sihon and the Amorites, 145 1 a — against Og, king of Bashan, 145 1 a — against Midianites, 145 1 a — against Canaanites, conquest of Canaan, 1 45 1 to autumn 1445 a — against Cushan-risha- thaim, king of Mesopotamia, {first Servitude,) summer 141 3 — Othniel successful against him, summer 1405,* 1558-50^ 1572-64,° i5 2 6-i8, d 1529-21,° 1562-54/ 1467-59,5 1389-81 h — against Moabites, Amalekites, and Ammonites, under Eglon, {second Servitude,) summer 1343 — Eglon successful against them, winter 1325/ 1510-1492/ 1341-23/ 1419-1401,? 1524- 1506,° 1478-60^ 1481-63,6 1514-1496*' — Philistines defeated by Shamgar, i294 h — against Canaanites, under Jabin, king of Hazor, {third Servitude,) summer 1305 — Barak suc- cessful against him at Megiddo, summer 1285/ 1321-1301,5 1426-1406,° 1380-60/ about 1296,* 1 303-1285, h 1412-1392/ 1383-63^ 1416-1396* — against Midianites, {fourth Servitude,) sum- mer 1252 — Gideon successful against them, i245, a 1368-59,° 1320-13,* i 35 2-45,b 1323-16,6 1356-49/ 1242-35 h — civil war, Abimelech against Shechem, summer 1233,* 1261-545 — against Philistines, 1 148 - 1 107 h — against Ammonites, {fifth Servitude?) autumn 1206 — Jephthah victorious over them, autumn n88, a 1257-39/ 1228-10, e 1261-43/ 1271-53,° 1226- 1208 d — civil war, Jephthah against Ephraim, autumn n88, a 11 84-66 s — against Philistines, {sixth Servitude,) 1148-1107/ 1 spring 1156 s — Samson's victory at Lehi, spring 1136 s — Ark of the Covenant lost, autumn ui7, a 1128 11 — Samuel's victory at Ebenezer, spring 1096^ 1074,5 1099^ no7, h 1128/ 1179-59,6 1212- 1172/ 1222-1182/ 1177-37/ 1208-1168/ 1 1 35- 1 095? s {seventh Servitude ox Anarchy,) 1 1 19-1099 e — of Saul against Nahash and the Ammonites at Jabesh Gilead, summer 1095 a — of Saul against the Philistines, spring 1093 to spring 1055^ 1093-56 b — of Saul against Amalekites, Agag's death, about 1087 k — of Saul against David during his outlawry, 1063- 60 a — of transjordane tribes against Hagarenes of Arabia, about 1060 a — of David, when an outlaw, against Amalekites, &c, spring 1060 to spring 1055 a — civil war between David and Ishbosheth, summer 1048 a — of David against Jebusites, Jerusalem taken, autumn 1040 a — against Philistines, spring io47-4 a — against Moabites, 1 044 a — against Syrians of Zobah, under Hadadezer, summer io44, a 1034' — against Idurnseans, 1044 a — against the Northern League formed by Ammonites, 1037 to winter 1036 a — against Ammonites, Kabbah taken, winter 1035-3 a — civil war, rebellion of Absalom, spring 1023 s1 — against Israelites under Sheba, summer 1023 — against Philistines, autumn 1018 a — of Rehoboam and Abijah and Asa against Jeroboam of Israel, 973-95i, a 976- 957 b — Abijah's victory on Mount Ephraim, 957 a — of Rehoboam against Shishak of Egypt, Jerusalem taken and plundered, spring 971/ 972, b 9741 — of Asa against Zerah the Ethio- pian, Asa's victory at Mareshah, spring 941, a 943/ 944/ 946 k — of Asa against Baasha of Israel, Ramah taken, spring 94o, a 941/ 951 ? — of Jehoshaphat with Ahab against Benhadad of Syria, defeat at Ramoth Gilead, summer 8g7, a 898 b — of Jehoshaphat with Moabitish league, which is miraculously defeated, 896 a — of Jehoshaphat with Jehoram of Israel, against Moabites, spring 895, a 894 ? b — of Ahaziah with Joram of Israel, against Hazael of Syria, 884 a — of Jehoash against Hazael of Syria, Jehoash pays tribute, 839 a — of Ama- ziah, with Israelitish mercenaries, against Idurnseans, 826 a — of Amaziah against Jehoash of Israel, Amaziah taken and Jerusalem plun- dered, 826 a — of Jotham against Ammonites, 759 a — °f Jotham and Ahaz against Rezin of Syria and Pekah of Israel, 742 a — Jerusalem besieged, Elath taken, captives carried to Damascus and Samaria, spring 741 a — of Ahaz against Idurnseans and Philistines unsuccessfully, spring 740 a — of Hezekiah against Philistines successfully, 717 a — of Hezekiah against Sen- nacherib of Assyria, Hezekiah pays tribute, 713* — Sennacherib's army destroyed, 7ii, a 7i3, b 710 k — of Josiah with Pharaoh Necho of Egypt, Josiah killed at Megiddo, 6io, a May 609 h — of Jehoiakim against Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, Jehoiakim taken, 600 to spring 599 a — of Jehoiakim against Nebuchadnezzar, J eru- salem besieged, Jehoiakim taken to Babylon, autumn 599, a Jun. 598 b — of Zedekiah against Nebuchadnezzar, Jerusalem besieged, winter 591-0 — taken, 27 Jul. 588, a Jun. 587 b — against Artaxerxes III., siege of Jericho, and im- pressment of Jews in Egyptian war, 351 a — of Judas Maccabseus against Antioehus, 166- 161 — of Jonathan against Antioehus, about 153 — of Jonathan, with Alexander Balas, against Demetrius, 150 — of John Hyrcanus against Antioehus, siege of Jerusalem, treaty of submis- sion to kings of Syria, 134— civil war, rebellion against Alexander Jannaeus, 95-81 — civil war between Hyrcanus II. and .Aristobulus II., from 69 — Roman conquest by Pompey, 63. a Ussber. b Clinton. c Hales. d Jackson. e Du Fresnoy. f Des Vignolles. 5 Petavius. h Marsham. i Bib. Cyc. k Bib. Cbron. 1 Newton. m Smith's Diet. Bib. Jews, {rulers,) — [BC] — Moses, 1491-51/ 1648-1608/ i593-53» Cl62 5- I 585> d *53 I -i49 I > e 1488-48 f — Joshua, 145 i, a i6o8, b 1553,° (11 49 77° JEWS. mo.,) 1585,* i49i-77, e 1448-23/ 1605 s— the Eldbks, i477-67, e 1423-1388*' — Othniel, sum. 1405,* 1564-24/ I5i8-i478, c 1550-10,* 1554,? i459, e I 3^ 1 f — Ehud and Shamgar, wint. 1325,* i5o6-i426, b i46o-i38o, c i4oi, e 1492-12,* 1496,? i323-i294 f — Deborah and Barak, sum. 1285^ 1406-1368/ 1360-20,° i392-52, d 1396,3 i3oi, e 1285 f — Gideon, 1245 to sum. 1236^ 1249-1209, 11 1349,8 1 359-1 9, b 1313-1273^ 1345-1305,1 1254^ 1235 f— Abim- elech, sum. 1236 to sum. 1233^ 1309,? 1195/ I3i9-i6, b 1273-70,° 1305-2,1 i2i4 e — Tola, aut. 1233 to aut. i2io, a I3i6-i293, b 1270-48,° 1192/ 1302-1279,1 1306,? 121 1 e — J air, aut. 1210 to aut. n88, a 1293-71^ 1248-26,° 1279- 57,11169/ u88, e 1283^ — Jephthah, aut. 11 88 to sum. u8i, a 1253-47^ 1208-1202,° 1130/ 1239-33,1 1243,8 n66 e — Ibzen, sum. 1181 to aut. 1175,* 1190-82/ u6o, e 1127/ i247-4o, b 1202-1195,° 1237,8 1233-26 1 — Elon, aut. 1175 to aut. n65, a 1230,8 H53, e 1119/ 1240- 3o, b 1195-85,° 1226-16 1 — Abdon, aut. 1165 to aut. 1 157^1220,8 1109/1230-22/ 1185-77,° 1216-1208,1 1 143 e — Eli-, aut. 1157 to aut. iii7, a 1182-42/ 1137-17,° n68-28, df 1152,? i 1 15-1095 e — Samson, sum. 11 37 to sum. ni7, a 1172,? 1119-1099/ 1222-1182/ 1177- 37,° about 1208-1188,1 ii35-i5, e 1148-28/ (anarchy, 1112-1092S) — Samuel, 1116 to spring 1095, a 1108-1096,1 about no2, k 1122- 1104/ 1097-77,° 1092,8 1099-79/ 1095-55/ 1107-1091*' — Saul, spring 1095-55/ 1104- 1070/ 1077-57/ May or Jun. I0 96-56, d 1080- 40,8 1079-59/ 1067-55,* 1069-59/ io 9 i-5i f — over Judah only, spring 1055 to sum. (aut.) 1048^ 1096-561 — Ishbosheth, (Ishui, Esh- baal,) over other tribes, spring 1055 to sum. 1048 a — David, over all the tribes, sum. (aut.) 1048 to aut. ioi5, a 1070-30/ 1057-17,° 1056- 16/ (over Judah, 1055-47, over Israel, 1047- i5, e ) 1051-12/ 1040-1001,8 io59-i9 ik — Solo- mon, spring 1015 to aut. 1015 — alone, spring 975, a 1001-962,8 1019-979/ 1016 to May 976/ IOI4-9SO, 1 1012-97 1 f — Eehoboam, spring 975- 95 8 > a 975-957/ Nay 97 6 -959> d 9 62 "94^> g 9 8 °" 963/979/ 97 1-954 f — Abijah, 958 to spring 955> a 973/ 963-960/ 957-955/ 959-95 6 / 946- 944,s 954-952 *— Asa, spring 955-914/ 960- 919/ 952-911/ 956-916/ 944-9048 — Jeho- shaphat, 914 to spring 889/ 904-879,8 911- 887/ 915-891/ 919-9021 — Jehoram, Vice- regent, sum. 898 — associated with Jehoshaphat, spring 892 to spring 889/ 883-876 s — alone, spring 889-885/ 891-885/ 890-887-883/902- 896-890 i — Ahaziah {Azariah) with Jehoram, sum. 886-885/ 884 1— alone, 885-884/ 876- 875,8 890-! »3 f — Athaliah, (queen,) 884 to spring 878,* 883-877/" 875-870,8 883 £ — Joash, (Jehoash,) spring 878-839/ 878- 838/877-837/ 870-831/ 883-845/ 878-838,° 877-838 f — Amaziah, 839 to spring 811/ 838- 809/° 838-812/ 837-808/ 831-803,8 845- 8 1 6 i — (interregnum, 1 1 years b ) — Uzziah, (Azariah,) spring 811 to autumn 758/ 809-757/ e 815, 812-764/ May 808-757/ 803-752,8806-754! — JoTHAM,aut.758tospring 742, a 757-741. le 75 6 -74i, d 752"737> s 754- 739/ 763-744 f — Ahaz, spring 742 to spring 726/775-759/741-727/741-726/1737-726,8 748, 744-731/ 739-724 ! — Hezekiah, spring 727-699/ 726-696,1 726-698/ 727-698^ 723- 694,8 724-696/ 742, 731-713 f — Manasseh, 699 to spring 643/ 696-641 , H 698-643,° 697- 642/ 694-690,8 713-659 f — Amon, spring 643- 641/ e 644-639/ 659-658/ 642 to May 640/ 640-639,8 641-640 » — Josiah, 641 to spring 6io, ae 639-609/ s 658-628/ May 640 to May 609/ 640-6091 — Jehoahaz, (Shalhim,) 6io, aa 6o8, h 609,11s Mayto Aug. 609/ 628 f — Jehoia- xim, (Eliakim,) 610 to spring 599/ e 609-598/ Aug. 609 to Mar. 598/ 608-598/ 609-599/ 628 - 618 £ — Jehoiakin, (Jeconiah,- Coniah,) spring 599 to aut. 599/ e 598/ 599"59 8 / Mar - to Jun. 598/ 598-597/ 618 f — Zedekiah, 599 to 27 Jul. 588/ 598-588/1 Jun. 598 to Jun. 587/ 598-587,8 599-589/ 618-608I— -Geda- liah, Sep. to Nov. 588. a After the Captivity : Zerubbabel, spring 536 s — Nehemiah, spring 454 s — Jonathan, Asmoncean, first of the priest-kings, 152 — Simon, 143 — John Hyrcanus, 135 — Aristo- bulds, 106 — Alexander Jannjeus, 105 — ■ Alexandra, 78 — Hyecanus II., last of the Asmongeans, 69 — civil war with his brother Aristobulus II., 69-63. After Roman Conquest : Antipater, the Idumsean, procurator of Judaea, 47 — Herod the Great, king, by Eoman senate, 40-4 — on his death the kingdom divided : Archelaus, his son, 4 (ethnarch, 1) — Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Persea, 4 — Herod Philip II. , tetrarch of Ituraea and Gaulonitis, 4 — [AD] — on banishment of Archelaus, 6 — Judsea made a Eoman province, Coponius first procurator : Pontius Pilate, procurator, 25- 35 — Herod Agrippa I., king, by Caligula, 37-44 — his dominions augmented by tetrarch. y of Herod Antipas, 39 — Cusptus Fades, pro- curator, 44— Tiberius Alexander, before 47 — Yentidius Cumanus, 47 — Antonius Felix, 5°> 53» m some years before 521 — Herod Agrippa II., king, with teeharchies of Philip and Lysanias, 52, m about Feb. 53 d — Porcius Festus, procurator, probably aut. 6o, m 58 ? — Albinus, 62 — Gessius Florus, 64. Ussher. b Hales. Jackson. Clinton. e Petavius. f Marsham. 8 Des Vignolles. h Bib. Cyc. 1 Du Fresnoy. k Newton. 1 Newman. m Smith's Diet. Bib. Jews, (miscellaneous,) (after fall of Jeru- salem,) — colony of, settle in China, probably between 58-75 — rebel in Gyrene and Egypt, 1 15 a — rebellion suppressed by Lusius, 1 17 — re- bellion of Barchocnebas, 132-135 a — meeting of, with Christians at harvest festival in Spain, prohibited by Council of Elvira, about 305 — forbidden to raise tumult against Christians on pain of being burnt, by edict of Constantine, 315— revolt of, suppressed by the Caesar Gallus, 352— favoured by Julian, 363 — tolerated and protected by Theodosius, 398 — prohibited from buying Christian slaves, by Theodosius, 415 — expelled from Alexandria, by Cyril, 415 — excluded from military service, 418 — forbidden JEWS— JEZZAE. 77* to build synagogues, by Theodosius the Younger, 429 — persecuted in Persia, about 430- 530 — persecuted by Catholics in Italy, and pro- tected by Theodoric, about 520— declared in- capable of holding offices of state, by Justinian, about 528-31 — marriage of, with Christians, forbidden in France, by Council of Orleans, 533 — severe edicts of Justinus II. against, 567 —pains and penalties inflicted on, by Council of Toledo, 586 — protected by Gregory the Great, 590-604 — rise against Christians at Antioch, Sep. 610 a — persecuted by Visigoths in Spain, 612-712 b — assist Chosroes to take Jerusalem, 614-7- disqualified for civil and military office in France, by Clotaire, 615 s— expelled from Medina by Mohammed, 623 — join the Moors in conquest of Spain, 7 1 2 — forcible baptism of, ordered by Leo the Isaurian, 723 ^— marriage with Christians prohibited by Council of Rome, 743— favouredby Charles the Great, about 8 00 — excluded from civil offices in France, by Council of Meaux, c 845 — persecuted in France, IOIO g — pillaged and massacred by crusaders, in Germany, 1096— protected by Emperor Henry IV., about 1098 f — dealings with, subject to jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts, about 1130-50 — protected by St Bernard, 1147 — protected in Egypt by Saladin, 1170-90 — banished from France by Philip Augustus, Apr. 1 1 82 — ordered to wear distinctive dress, by Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — excluded from public offices in Aragon, 1228 — massacre of, at Fulda, 1236 — saved from further massa- cres, by Frederick II., who convokes assembly to consider their treatment, 1236 d — expect their Messiah, about 1 240 u — Innocent IV. issues letters of protection to, about 1245 — forbidden to employ Christian nurses, by In- nocent IV., 1 245— privileged in Poland, as early as 1264 — expelled from France, and their property confiscated, by Philip the Fair, 1301 and 1306 — persecuted by French peasantry, 1 32 1 — charged with causing the plague in Europe by poisoning wells, and massacred, 1348-50 — find asylum in Poland, under Casimir the Great, about 1 360 — persecuted and plunder- ed by Wenceslaus and the German Princes, by compact of Niirnberg, 1389 s — massacre of, in- stigated by Abp of Seville, 1391 c — finally ban- ished from France, by edict of Charles VII., 17 Sep. 1394 — banished from Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1492 — from Portugal, by Em- manuel the Fortunate, 1496 — from Naples and Sicily, 1504 — burning of their books opposed by Eeuchlin, 15 13 — driven from Prague and Bohemia, about 1520 — conflagrations in Ger- many laid to their charge, 1542 — prohibited from holding land, by Paul IV., 1555 — expelled from Papal States, except Koine and Ancona, by Pius V., 1569 — tolerated by Sixtus V., 1585-90 — permitted to settle in Holland, 1603 — again expelled from France, by Louis XIII. , 1 6 15 — deprived of privilege of farming the revenue in Hungary, by Ferdinand II., 1630 — hold grand council in Hungary respecting Messiah, 1650 — in Prussia, regulated by edict of Frederick II., 1750— limited toleration conceded to, in Austria, 1782 — relieved from capitation tax in France, by Louis XVI., 1784 — recog- nized as citizens of French republic, Sep. 179 1 — expelled from Eussia, by Empress Elizabeth, x 795 — relieved from capitation tax, in German States, 1 803 — Napoleon I. assembles Sanhedrim at Paris, respecting their doctrine and discipline, 10 Feb. to 9 Mar. 1 807 — obtain virtual equality of civil rights in Prussia, 1812 — in Bavaria, 18 13 — successively in other German States, by 1833 — condition of, in Eussia, ameliorated by ukase of Nicholas I., 1835 — complete equality promised to, in Germany, 1 848 — outbreak against, in Stockholm, 3 Sep. 1852 — admitted into Norway, i860 — acquire right to hold land in Austria, i860 — made eligible to public offices in Eussia by ukase of 26 Jan. 1862 — in Algeria, naturalized in France by Government of National Defence, Sep. 1870. In England, settle, as early as 750 — Henry II. extorts large sums from, 11 88 — massacre of, in London, Sep. 11 89 — at York and other towns, Feb., Mar. 1 190— persecuted by King John, 1 2 10 — plundered by Henry III., 1252 — pillaged and massacred, 1264 — usurious practices of, restrained by statute, 1275 — ac- cused of clipping the coin and seized, 1 2 Nov. 1278 — many hung soon after: banished by order of Edward I., 31 Aug. 1290 — Conference concerning reiidmission of, held by Cromwell, at Whitehall, 12 Dec. 1655 — again settle in, after 1660 — compelled to provide for their Protestant children, by Act 1 Ann. c. 30, 1701 — naturalization of, without taking the sacra- ment, permitted by Act 26 Geo. II. c. 26, 1753 — the Act repealed by 27 Geo. II. c. 1, 1754 — refused admission to freedom of city of London, 1 7 85 — the order rescinded, Mar. 1828 — admitted to exercise of elective franchise, by Act 2 Wm IV. c. 45, 7 Jun. 1832 — relief of, when elected to municipal offices, provided by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 52, 31 Jul. 1845 — disabilities relieved by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846— their marriages solemnized before certain periods legalized by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 58, 2 Jul. 1847 — liberty of religious worship, on same footing as Protestant Dissenters, given by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 86, 14 Aug. 1855 — made eligible for seats in parliament by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 49, 23 Jul. 1858 — relieved from obligation of Sunday observance by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 19, 26 May 1871. a Clinton. Gibbon. Enerl. Cvc. d Kington. e Art cle Verifier les Dates. f Robertson. S Milman. Jezzar, (the Butcher,) (Ahmed,) Pacha or Acre, — fo. in Bosnia, about 1735 — sold as a slave to Ali Bey, about 1755? — escapes from Egypt, 1773 — governor of Beirout, 1775 — besieged by the Emir Yusuf and Sheikh Dhaher, submits to Dhaher ; named Pacha of Acre and Syria, 1775— made Pacha of Three Tails and Vizier, 1784 — deprived, 1791 — rejects overtures of Napoleon, and with cooperation of Sir Sidney Smith, defends Acre against Napoleon, spring 1799 — gives friendly recep- 49 * 772 JHANSI— JOANNA II. tion to envoy of Napoleon, Col. Sebastiani, 1802 — rj. at Acre, 1804. Jhansi. in Hindustan, — territory of, lapses to British government, 1854 — mutiny of the garrison, 1857 — the town recovered by Sir Hugh Rose, Apr. 1858. Jidda. [Jedda,] Joachim, Abbot of Flora, {the Prophet,) — rj. in Calabria, 1130,* ii45 b — if., 30 Mar. i202, b 1 20 1 or 1207.= His Everlasting Gospel condemnedby Council of the Lateran, 1 215 — and by Council of Aries, 1260 — unsuccessful attempt to canonize him, i346. d a Biog. Univ. b Milman. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Robertson. Joachim. [Brandenburg, Electorate of.] Joachim, King of Naples. [Murat.] Joachim, George, {Rhcticus,) mathematician, — b. at Feldkirch, 16 Feb. .1514— Prof. Mathe- matics, Wittenberg, 1537 — studies under Copernicus, 1539-41 — rj. at Caschau, 4 Dec. 1576. Narratio de libris revolutionism Co- pernici, 1540 — Ephemeris ex fundamentis Co- pernici, 1550. Joan, Fair Maid of Kent, — b., about 1326 — marries Edward the Black Prince, at Windsor, 10 Oct. 1361 a — stopped by insurgents under Wat Tyler on Blackheath, 1 1 'Jun. 1381 b — her apartments in the Tower entered by them, 14 Jun. — obtains pardon for her son, Sir John Holland, for killing a friar, 1384 — fc., Jul. 1385. a Strickland. b Lingard. Joan, Pope, — legendary, 853 — story told by Stephen de Bourbon, about 1240-30 — refuted by Blondel, 1649 — investigated by Dollinger, 1863. Joan of Arc, {Jeanne d'Arc,) La Pucelle d' Orleans, — b. at Domremy, about 1412* — first professes to hear supernatural ' voices,' about 1423-4 — announces her mission to De Baudricourt, gov. of Vaucouleurs, May 1428 — to the Dauphin, Charles, 28 a Feb. 1429 — receives rank of military commander, effects entrance into Orleans besieged by the Eng- lish, 29 Apr. — compels them to raise the siege, 8 May— defeats English at Jergeau, 12 Jun., a before 18 May b — and again at Patay, and takes Talbot prisoner, 18 May, b Jun. 3 — attends coronation of Charles at Eheims, 17 Jul. — severely wounded in attack on Paris, 1 2 Sep. —her family ennobled by royal edict, 29 Dec. — goes to Compiegne besieged by Duke of Burgundy and the English, May 1430— captured in a sortie against Burgundian quarters, 24,° 25 b a May — given up to English, her trial demanded * by Univ. of Paris, authorized by king of England and France : condemned to be burnt as heretic, ' submits ' on the scaffold, 24 May 143 1 — relapses, burnt at Rouen, 30 May 143 1 — married to Robert des Armoises, (?) before 1439 d — &•> (?) a ^ ter I 444 d — sentence reversed by the pope, 7 Jul. 1456. a Lingard. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Biog. Univ. d Delepievre. Joanes, {Joanez, Jaanes,) Vicente, painter, — b. in Valencia, 1523 — rj. at Bocairente, 21 Dec. 1579^ I 5 8l - b a En s^- Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Joanna I., Queen of Navarre, — fj., 1270 — succeeds her father, Henry I., Jul. 1274— taken by her mother to Paris, 1274— affianced to Philip (the Fair) of France, May 1275 — marries him, 16 Aug. 1284— founds Coll. of Navarre in Paris Univ., 1304 — ft. at Vincennes, 2 Apr. 1305. Joanna II., Queen of Navarre, — fi., 28 Jan. 131 1 — declared to be excluded from throne of France by Salic -Law, by States held 2 Feb. 1 3 17 — marries Philip of Evreux : with him succeeds Charles the Fair, Feb. 1328 — com- pelled to sign articles securing independence of the kingdom, and crowned at Pampeluna, 1329 — goes to France with Philip, 1331 — returns to Navarre, 1335 — on death of Philip, sole sovereign, Sep. 1 343 — aids the king of France against the English, 1346— rj. at Conflans, 8 Oct. 1349. Joanna of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, and Queen of England, — contracted to Jobn, heir of Castile, 1380 — captured and carried to Paris, 1381 — marries John de Mont- fort, Duke of Brittany, n Sep. 1386 — effects reconciliation between her husband and Con- stable de Clisson, 1393 — left a widow, 1 Nov. 1399 — regent for her son in Brittany, 1399- 1401 — obtains dispensation from the pope (of Avignon), and marries Henry 1Y. of England, by proxy, at Eltham, 3 Apr. 1402 — arrives in England, Jan. 1403 — the marriage again celebrated at Westminster, 7 Feb. — crowned, 26 Feb. — her foreign attendants dismissed, Feb. 1404 — widow again, Mar. 141 3 — her son Arthur of Brittany taken prisoner by the English at Agincourt, 1415 — accused of witch- craft and imprisoned at Pevensey, 141 8 — released, Jul. 1422 — ft. at Havering-atte- Bower, 9 Jul. 1437. Joanna I., Queen of Naples, — b., 1326 — married to her cousin Andrew, son of Charo- bert, king of Hungary, 26 Sep. 1333 — succeeds her grandfather, Robert, on throne of Naples, Jan. 1343 — the regency claimed by Clement VI. ; suspected of consenting to murder of her husband, 18 Sep. 1345 — marries Louis of Tarentum, 20 Aug. 1 346,3- 1 347 b — invasion by Louis I., king of Hungary, Nov. 1347 — em- barks for Provence, 15 Jan. 1348 — sells Avig- non to Clement VI., 19 Jun. 1348 — returns with her husband to Naples, end of Aug. 1 348 — renewed Hungarian invasion, 1 350 — declared innocent of the murder of her husband by Clement VI., May 1352 — crowned with Louis, 27 May 1352 — death of Louis, 25 May 1362 — marries James, titular king of Majorca, and excludes him from any share in the govern- ment, about May 1363 — his death, 1375 — marries Otto of Brunswick, 25 Mar. 1376 — refuses him title of king : embraces party of Clement VII., and Urban VI. proclaims crusade against her, 1378 — adopts as her successor Louis of Anjou, 23 Jun. 1380 — submits to Charles of Durazzo, Jul. 1381 — put to death by his order, 22 May 1382. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Joanna II., Queen of Naples,— b., 137 i, a 1368 b — marries William, son of Leopold, Duke of Austria, 1389,* 1404 b — left a widow, 15 Jul. 1406 — succeeds her brother Ladislaus, JOANNA-JOANNES LAURENTIUS. '73 6 Aug. 1414 — marries James of Bourbon, Count of La Marche, 10 Aug. 1415 — kept in confinement by him, 1415-16 — rescued by tbe people, deprives him of title of king, 13 Sep. 141 6 — he escapes to France, 1419 — attacked by Louis III. of Anjou, adopts Alfonso V. of Aragon, and gives him Duchy of Calabria, 1420 — quarrels with him, 142 1 — adopts Louis of Anjou, 2 Jun. 142 1 — capture of Naples by Alfonso, 1423 — recovers Naples by aid of Genoese, 12 Apr. 1424 — again adopts Alfonso, 4 Apr. 1433— tf., 2 Feb. 1435. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Joanna, the mad, Queen of Castile, — ft. at Toledo, 14^9 — marries Philip, Archduke of Austria, 21 Oct. 1496 — birth of her son Charles, (Charles V.,) 1500— becomes queen on death of her mother, Isabella, Nov. 1504 — in England with Philip, Jan. 1506 — arrives with him in Spain, Apr. 1506— left a widow, 25 Sep. 1506— loses her reason, 1506— fo. at 1 Tordesillas, 12 Apr. 1555. j Joanna, of Castile, — disinherited by her father, Henry IV., in favour of her aunt Isabella, 1468 — reinstated, on marriage of Isabella, 1469 — affianced to Duke of Guienne, who refuses to marry her, 1469 — gets herself proclaimed Queen of Castile, 1474 — affianced to Alfonso, king of Portugal, 1475 — unsuccess- ful intervention of Alfonso in her behalf, 1476 — becomes a nun at Coimbra, 1476 — makes profession, 11 Nov. 1480. Joannes, {John of Brienne,) Latin Em- peror of the East, — ft., 1:148 — at taking of Constantinople, 1204 — crowned king of Jeru- salem, 3 Oct. i2io a — leads expedition against Egypt and takes Damietta, 5 Nov. 12 19 ■ — marries Berengaria, sister of Ferdinand, king of Castile, 1222 — gives his daughter Iolante to Emperor Frederick II., 1225 — elected Emperor of the East, 1229 — crowned, 1231 — if., 23 Mar. 1237. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Joannes I., Zimisces, Emperor of the East, — ft. in Armenia, 925 a — general in service of Nicephorus Phocas, 963 — defeats Saracens at Adana in Cilicia, 963 — conquers Cilicia and invades Syria, 964 — deprived of his command, 967 — conspires with Empress Theo- phano against Nicephorus, and assassinates him, 10 Dec. 969 — proclaimed Emperor, same day : associates with himself Basilius and Constantine, sons of Bomanus, 969 — marries Theodora, 970— marches against Bussians in Bulgaria, 97 1 b — takes Marcianopolis, defeats Sventislav at Parasthlava, and makes peace with him, Jul. 971 b — his campaigns in the East, 974-5 — prepares for siege of Damascus, 975 — tl., 10 Jan. 976. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Finlay. Joannes II., Comnenus, (Calojoannes,) Em- peror of the East, — ft., 1088 — declared Augustus by his father Alexius, 1092 — marries Pyrisca, Hungarian princess, 11 05 — succeeds Alexius, Aug. 11 18 — his sister Anna, with Nicephorus Bryennius, conspires against him, 1 1 18— marches against Turks, and takes Lao- dicea, 11 19 — takes Sozopolis, n 20 — drives barbarians out of Thrace, spring 11 22 — sub- dues Servians, n 23— death of his wife, 11 24 — campaign against Stephen II. of Hungary, 1 1 24 — campaign in Armenia, 1 1 3 1 — subdues Raymond, Prince of Antioch, and enters the city, 1 1 38 — returns to Constantinople, 1141 — invades Cilicia, 1142 — tr. at Anazarba, in Cilicia, 8 Apr. 1143. Joannes III., IV., VI., Emperors of the East. [Vataces, Lascaris, and Cantacuzenus.] Joannes VI., (V.,) Palaeologus, Emperor of the East, — ft., 18 Jun. 1332 s1 — succeeds under regency of Cantacuzenus, 15 Jun. 1341 — Joint-emperor with Cantacuzenus in name, 1347 — rebels, 1353 — succeeds John Cantacu- zenus, Jan. 1355 — loses Adrianople to Murad, 1 36 1— becomes tributary to Murad; attempts to get aid from Western States, 1369-70 — arrested and released by Manuel at Venice, 1370 — conspiracy of his son Andronicus with Sanji, 1385 — imprisoned by Bayazid and An- dronicus, 1389? — released, 1391 ? — a"., 1391. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Joannes VII., Palaeologus, Emperor of the East,— ft., 25 Dec. 1390 — Joint-emperor with his father, Manuel, 141 9 — succeeds him, 21 Jul. 1425 — visits Italy, Nov. 1437 to early in 1440— agrees to minion of Churches of Rome and Constantinople at Florence, Jul. 1439 — ^ > 1448. Joannes, Bp of Jerusalem, theologian,— succeeds Cyril, 386 — quarrels with Jerome, about 394— reconciled, about 400 — accused of favouring Pelagius, 415 — £r., 4i7, a 416. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Pagi. Joannes, Patriarch of Antioch, theolo- gian, — appointed patriarch, 427^428-9 b — op- poses Cyril, 431 — reconciled to him, 432 — 13., 441-2. a Cave. b Tillemont. Joannes, jurist, — employed on the Digest by Justinian, 530-3 — one of the subsequent com- missioners, 534. Joannes, — Consul of Rome with Varanes, (1209, a. tj. c.) 456 — Consul with Puseus, (1220,) 467. Joannes of Antioch, Scholasticus, Patri- arch of Constantinople, — appointed, 565 — &., 31 Aug. 577^578? a Art de Verifier les Dates. Joannes of Cappadocia, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — succeeds Timotheus, 517 — o\, Feb. 520. Joannes of Cappadocia, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — succeeds Eutychius, 582 — as- sumes title of (Ecumenical Patriarch, 588 — tf-, 595-6- Joannes Eleernosynarms, Patriarch of Alexandria, theologian, — appointed, 606-9 — ft., 616. Joannes Galenus, philosopher— -chartophy- lax to Andronicus Paloeologus, junior, 1328-41. Joannes Italus, philosopher,— employed by Michael Ducas, about 1075— becomes princi- pal teacher of Philosophy, 1077 — compelled to retract his heresies, 1084. Joannes Lanrentius, of Philadelphia, (Ly- dus,) Byzantine writer, — ft., 490 — MS. of his work, on Roman Magistrates, discovered at Constantinople, 17 81 — published, 1812. 74 JOANNES-JOHN XII. Joannes. [For others, see John.] Joannice. [Bulgarians.] Joannina, Janina, in Albania, — seat of a bishopric, 879 — the Emperor Alexius Comne- nus defeated and the town taken by Bohemond, 1082 — devastated by plague, 1368 and 1378 — taken by Turks, 1432 — expulsion of Albanian Greeks from, 16 n — captured by Ali Pasha, and made capital of his pashalic, about 1788 — recovered by Turks, 1822. Jobst, Jodocus, Josse, of Luxemburg, Mar- quis of Moravia,— 6., about 1350 — elected Emperor in rivalry with Sigismund, 1 Oct. 1410 — tf., 8 Jan. 141 1. Jocelyn of Brakelonde, — writes his Chronica, about 1200-10. Jocelyn of Courtenay. [Edessa.] Jode, Arnold de, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, about 1636 — afc London, 1667. ? Jode, Pieter de, (the Elder,) engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 1570 — ft. there, 1634. Jode, Pieter de, (the Younger,) engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, i6o6, ac i6o2. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Erscta and Gruber. Jodelle, Etienne, dramatist, — ft. at Paris, 1532 — his Cleopatre Captive exhibited before Henry II. at Rheims, 1552 — fr. at Paris, Jul. 1575. CEuvres, 1574. Jodocus. [Jobst.] Jodrell, Richard Paul, litterateur, — ft., 13 Nov. 1745— F.R.S., 1772 — F.S.A., 1784— D.C.L. Oxford, 4 Jul. 1793— M.P. Seaford, 1794 — ft. in London, 26 Jan. 1831. Illustra- tions of Euripides, 1781-90 — Knight and Friars, 1785 — Seeing is believing, 1786. Joecher, Christian Gottlieb, — ft. at Leipsic, 1694 — Prof. Philosophy, 1730 — Prof. History, 1732 — librarian to the "Univ., 1742 — tf., 10 May 1758. Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, i75°- Joel, Jeicish prophet, — [B C] — prophesies, 8oo-78o, a about 85o, b about 710,° about 625/ 1 about 675, e about 808. f a De "Wette, &c. b Winer. c Bertholdt. d Credner. e Jahn. f TJssher. Johannaeus Finnus. [Jonsson, Finn. Johannisberg, in Germany, — Marshals d' Estrees and Soubise defeat Prince of Bruns- wick, 30 Aug. 1762. Johannot, Alfred, painter, engraver, — ft. at Offenbach, 21 Mar. 1800 — taken to Paris, 1 807 — tr. there, 7 Dec. 1837. Johannot, Tony, painter, engraver, — ft. at Offenbach, 9 Nov. 1803 — ft. at Paris, 4 Aug. 1852. John, Apostle and Evangelist, — at Jerusa- lem, about 52 — at Ephesus, about 65 — at Pat- mos, about 95 — o\, about 100. John the Baptist, — begins his ministry, 28. John I., Poi'E, — succeeds Hormisdas, 13 Aug. 523 — sent by Theodoric as ambassador to Emperor Justinus, 525 — crowns Justinus, 25 Mar. 525 ? — imprisoned at Ravenna by Theodoric, and tf. there, i8, a 27 b May 526. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. John II., Pope, (Mercury,) — succeeds Boni- face II,, 22, a 31° Jan. 533 — receives embassy ( from Justinian, 534 — fr., i8, a 26,^ 27 b May 535. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. John III., Pope, (Catelin,) — succeeds Pela- gius I., 18 Jul. 560 — tf., 13 Jul., a 25 Oct. b 573. a Pagi and Muratori. b Mansi. John IV., Pope, — succeeds Severinus, 24 Dec. 640 — condemns the Monothelites and the Ecthesis of Heraclius, 641— writes to bishops of Scotland and Ireland on celebration of Easter and on Pelagianism: )j., 11 Oct. 642. John V., Pope, — legate of Agathon to Coun- cil of Constantinople, 680-681 — succeeds Be- nedict II., 10 Jun. 686, a 23 Jul. 685 b — re- covers jurisdiction over sees of Sardinia : fr., 7 Aug. 687, a 1 Aug. 686. b a Fleuri. b Pagi. John VI., Pope, — succeeds Sergius L, 28 Oct. 701 — induces Gisulph, Duke of Beneven- tum, to retire from Campania, 70 r — appeases agitation caused at Rome by arrival of Theophy- lact, exarch of Ravenna, 702 — at Council "of Rome, absolves St Wilfred and sends him back to his diocese, 704 — rj., 9 Jan. 705. John VII., Pope, — succeeds John VI., 1 Mar. 705 — fr., 17 Oct. 707. John VIII., Pope, — succeeds Adrian II., 14 Dec. 872 — crowns Charles the Bald Emperor, 875 — appoints Ansegisus primate of the Gauls and of Germany, 876 — asks aid of Charles the Bald against Saracens, 876-7 — meets Charles at Pavia, May 877 — is compelled to pay tribute to Saracens, 877 — seized by Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, escapes to France, spring 878 — holds Council of Troyes, Aug. 878 — is robbed at several towns and excommunicates .the cri- minals, 878 — crowns Louis the Stammerer, 7 Sep. 878 — on request of Basilius, recognizes Photius as patriarch of Constantinople, and sends embassy to him, 879 — threatened again by Saracens, obtains help of Emperor Basilius, 879 — adopts Boso Duke of Lombardy, 879 — permits Methodius to use Sclavonic language in divine service, 879 — crowns Charles the Fat Emperor, 881 — excommunicates Anspert, Abp of Milan, about 881 — proposes massacre of Saracens, 882 — ft., 15 Dec. 882. John IX., Pope, — succeeds Theodore II., Jul. 898 — unsuccessfully opposed by Sergius ; holds Councils of Rome, 898 — of Ravenna, 898 — If., 30 Nov., a Aug. b 900. a Mansi. b Pagi. John X., Pope, — made Abp of Ravenna, by Lando, 914 — succeeds Lando, through in- fluence of Theodora, 15 May 9i4 a — crowns Berenger Emperor, 24 Mar. 916" — leads an army against Saracens and defeats them, Aug. 9i5, b 916 e — his contest with Marozia, 925 — murdered by order of Guido and Marozia, May or Jun. 928. a Milman. b Fleuri. c Pagi and Muratori. John XI., Pope, — ft., 906 — succeeds Stephen VII., 20 Mar. 931 — the supreme power exercised by Alberic : fr. in the prison of St Angelo, Jan. 936. John XIL, Pope, (Octavian,) — b., 938 — succeeds his father Alberico as patrician of Rome, 954— takes possession of holy see on JOHN. 775 death of Agapetus II., Jan. 956 — threatened by Berenger, calls Otto I. to his aid, 961 — crowns Otto Emperor, 2 Feb. 962 — the Eomans complain to Otto of his profligacy, Otto remon- strates with him : allies himself with Adalbert, son of Berenger, against Otto, 962 — flies from Eome on approach of Otto, and carries off part of the treasures, 963 — deposed by Council of Eome, Nov. 963 — returns to Eome, early in 964 — massacres and mutilates his adversa- ries, Feb. — holds a council and deposes his rival, Leo VIII., 26 Feb. — 0., 14 May 964. John XIII., Pope, — succeeds Leo VIII. , 1 Oct. 965 — seized and imprisoned by the nobles, and afterwards expelled, 965 — recalled on ap- proach of Otto, 966 — his enemies put to death by Otto, 967 — crowns Otto Emperor, Christmas 967 — tf., 5 or 6 Sep. 972. John XIV., Pope, — succeeds Benedict VII., Nov. 983^ 19 Oct. 984 b — deposed and im- prisoned by antipope Boniface. (VII), Mar. 984;* — ^. i n castle of St Angelo, 20 Aug. 984,* 30 Aug. 995. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. John XV., (titular,) — elected, on death of John XIV., 984^ 25 Apr. 986 b — tf., before Jul. 985,* Apr. 9 86. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. John XVI., Pope, — succeeds, Jul. 985^ 986 b — driven from Eome by Crescentius, 987 — restored by Otto III.,' 987 — canonizes Uldaric Bp of Augsburg, 30 Jan., c 3 Feb. d 993 — "ft'i 996' a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Fleuri. d Pagi. John XVII., Pope, (Sicco,) — succeeds Silves- ter II., 9 Jun. 1003 — tf., 31 Oct. 1003. John XVII., Antipope, (Philagathus,) — appointed by Crescentius on expulsion of Gregory V., 997 — expelled by Otto III., Feb. 998 — barbarously treated by Gregory, 998. John XVIII., Pope, (Phasian,) — succeeds John XVII., 26 Dec. 1003,* 19 Mar. 1004 b — abdicates and retires to a monastery, May 1009 — 0\, 18 Jul. 1009. a Pagi. b Biog. Univ. John XIX., Pope, (Romano,) — succeeds his brother Benedict VIII., 19 Jul., a Aug. b io24, a b between n Apr. and 6 Jun. 1025° — crowns Conrad Emperor, Easter 1027 — expelled, Jun. 1033 — restored by Conrad : tf. at Eome, 8 Nov., a end of May b 1033. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Mansi. John XX. or XXI., Pope, (Pedro,) — succeeds Adrian V., 13 Sep. 1276 — ft., 16 or 17 May 1277. John XXII., Pope, (Jacques cVEuse,) — fc. at Cahors, about 1244 — Bp of Frejus, 1300 — Abp of Avignon, 29 Aug.- 13 10 — Cardinal, Bp of Porto, 131 2 — elected at Lyons, succeeds Clement V., 7 Aug. 1 316 — crowned at Lyons, 5 Sep. — establishes his seat at Avignon, Oct. 1316 — erects Toulouse into archbishopric, 1 3 1 7 — founds sees of Tulle, Lavaur, and Mirepoix, 1 318 — establishes reserves of benefices, 13 19 — forms league with Eobert of Naples, 1320 — publishes bull against Franciscans, 1322 — against Louis of Bavaria, 1323 — excom- municates Galeazzo Visconti, 1324 — excom- municates Louis, 20 Mar. 1324 — antipope elected, [Nicholas V.,] 1328 — reconciled with the Visconti, 1328 — accused of heresy, 1330 — publishes a recantation, 3 Dec. 1334 — ft. at Avignon, 4 Dec. 1334. John XXIII., Pope, (Balthasar Cossa,) — Cardinal, 1402 — legate to Bologna, besieges and makes himself master of the city, before 1410 — succeeds Alexander V., 17 May 1410 — ordained priest, 24 May — consecrated, 25 May — has interview with Emperor Sigismund at Lodi, 141 3— convokes Council of Constance, 141 3 — opens it, 5 Nov. 1414 — is compelled to abdicate, 2 Mar. 1415 — has interview with Sigismund, 19 Mar. — escapes from Constance in disguise, 20 Mar. — declared contumacious and suspended, 14 May — deposed, 29 May — imprisoned, May 1415-19 — recognizes Martin V., at Florence, 13 May 141 9— Dean of the Sacred College, May — tf., 22 Nov. 1419. John, (Lackland,) King of England, — fj. at Oxford, 24 Dec. 11 66— affianced to Hadwisa, (Joanna,) daughter of William, Earl of Glou- cester, 1 1 76— declared Lord of Ireland, May 11 77 — joins his brother Geoffrey in war against Eichard, 11 84— goes to Ireland, Mar. 11 85— offends the chiefs by his insolence, and is recalled, Dec. 1 1 85 — receives earldom of Mortaigne and many great estates from Eichard, Jul. n 89 — marries Hadwisa, 29 Aug. n 89— begins to intrigue against Eichard, and is prohibited the kingdom, 1190 — comes to England, seizes castles of Nottingham and Tickbill, summei 1 191— takes the part of Geoffrey, Abp of York, and procures expulsion of the Guardian, Long- champ, Oct. 1 19 1 — with Philip Augustus offers bribes to the Emperor to keep Eichard a prisoner, autumn 11 93 — gives up part of Normandy to Philip, 1193 — his castles and estates seized by Eichard, spring 11 94 — escapes to Normandy : is there pardoned by Eichard, May — present at death of Eichard, and is de- clared his successor, 8 Apr. 1199 — recognized as Duke of Normandy, 25 Apr. — his nephew Arthur supported in Normandy by Philip : crowned at Westminster, Ascension Day (27 May) — returns to Normandy, Jun. — makes a progress through England, Feb., Mar. 1200 — makes peace with Philip, who acknowledges him king, 23 May 1200 — divorces his queen and marries Isabel of Angouleme, 1200 — crowned with her, 8 Oct. — receives homage of king of Scotland, at Lincoln, 22 Nov. — visits Philip at Paris, Jul. 1201 — defeats French and Poictevins before castle of Mira- beau, and captures Arthur and Eleanor, 31 Jul. 1202 — sends Arthur to Falaise, thence to Eouen ; imprisons Eleanor in England : cited by Philip to answer for murder of Arthur, refuses to appear, and is pronounced con- tumacious, and to have forfeited his territories in France, 1203 — Normandy conquered by Philip, 1204 — claims right of appointing Abp of Canterbury, his nominee set aside by Pope Innocent III., 1205 — invades France, Jun. 1206 — takes Montauban, 1 Aug. — burns Angers, Sep. — makes truce with Philip, returns to England, Dec. — seizes a thirteenth of all property, deprives Geoffrey of see of York, 776 JOHN. 1207 — expels monks of Canterbury, and seizes their possessions, Jul. 1207 — interdict laid on the kingdom, 23 Mar. 1208 — receives homage and tribute of king of Scotland, Aug. 1209 — excommunicated by the pope, Nov. 1209 — ■ extorts money from the Jews, 1209 — suppresses rebellion in Ireland, Jan. to Aug. 12 10 — in- vades Wales and reduces Llewellyn, Jul. 1211 — unsuccessfulmissionofDurandandPaiidulph, 121 1 — his subjects absolved from allegiance, 121 2 — secretly negotiates with Mohammed al Nassir, 1 2 1 2 —frustrates plot of the Barons against him, 12 12— threatened with French invasion, sends a fleet to ravage coasts of France, close of 12 12 — receives Pandulph, and is reconciled to the Church, 1 3 May — surrenders his dominions to the pope and does homage, 15 May — recalls the banished prelates and monks, 24 May — excommunication revoked, 20 Jul. — interdict removed, 6 Dec— invades France, Feb. 12 14 — joins league for par- titioning France : battle of Bouvines, Jul. 1 2 14 — makes a truce for five years, 1 9 Oct. — and returns to England : signs Magna Charta, 15 Jun. 1 2 15 — levies foreign troops, Aug., Sep. — appeals to the pope, 1 3 Sep. — takes Kochester Castle, 30 Nov. — with Fulk de Breaute ravages the North, close of 12 15 — invades Scotland, Jan. 12 16 — arrival of Prince Louis of France, May — captures Lincoln, 22 Sep. — at Lynn, 9 Oct. — ft- at Newark, 19 Oct. 1216. John I., King of France, (posthumous son and successor of Louis X.,) — h., 15 Nov. 1316—13., 19 Nov. 1316. John II., the Good, King of France, — ft., 26 Apr. I3i9, a between 1310-20 b — succeeds his father Philip of Valois, 22 Aug. 1350 — crowned at Rheiins, 26 Sep. — puts to death the Constable, Eaoul, Count of Eu and of Guines, 19 Nov. — institutes Order of the Star, Oct. 1 35 1 — convokes States-general for sub- sidies for war with England, Dec. 1 355 — seizes and imprisons king of Navarre, Apr. 1356 — defeated and taken prisoner by the .Black Prince at Poitiers, 19 Sep. 1356 — concludes truce for two years, 23 Mar. 1357 — taken to London, Apr. 1357— Peace of Bretigny, May 1360 — liberated, 25 Oct. 1360— reaches Paris, 13 Dec. — on violation of the treaty by flight of his son from London, returns to London, early in 1364 — tf. there, 8 Apr. 1364. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. John I., King of Aragon, — ft., 27 Dec. 1350 — marries Jane, daughter of Count of Armagnac, 1372 — marries Yolande, daughter of Duke of Bar, 1384— succeeds his father, Pedro IV., 5 Jan. 1387 — recognizes Clement VII. as pope, 1387— repulses Count of Ar- magnac, 1390 — sends an army to reduce Sar- dinia and Sicily, 1389, a 1392 b — q\, 19 May 1395- a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. John II. of Aragon. [John II. of Navarre.'] John I., King of Castile and Leon, — b. at Epila, 20 Aug. 1358 — marries Leonora of Aragon, 18 Jun. 1375 — succeeds his father, Henry II., 29 or 30 May 1379— crowned with his wife, 25 Jul. — assembles the Cortes and declares for Clement VII., 1379 — n ^ B ^ ee ^ c ^ e " feats the Portuguese, 1381 — invades Portugal, 1381 — death of Leonora, 18 Aug. 1382 — mar- ries Beatrice of Portugal, May 1383 — on death of Ferdinand, king of Portugal, claims the crown, 1383 — invades Portugal, 1384 — unsuc- cessfully besieges Lisbon, 1384 — again invades Portugal, 1385 — defeated, by John I. at Alju- barotta, 14 Aug. 1385 — his kingdom invaded by John of Gaunt, 1386 — makes peace with him and arranges marriage of his son Henry with daughter of his rival, 1387 — the treaty confirmed by the Cortes, Henry takes title of Prince of Asturias, 1388 — ft., 9 Oct. 1390. John II., King of Castile and Leon, — h., 6 Mar. 1405 — succeeds his father, Henry III., Dec. 1406— regency of his mother and his uncle Ferdinand — [Ferdinand I. of Ara- gon~\ — crowned at Segovia, 15 Jan. 1407 — marries his cousin Mary of Aragon, 141 8, a 1420 b — influence of Alvarez de Luna pre- dominant, 1420 — seized and imprisoned by Grand Master of St Iago, 1420 — invades Granada and defeats Moors at Figuieres, 143 1 — again invades Granada and defeats Moors at Guadix, 1435 — taken prisoner by insurgents and compelled to banish his favourite, 1441— death of his queen, 1445 — marries Isabella of Portugal, 1447 — "&., 21 Jul. 1454. a !N T ouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. John I. of Navarre. [John I., King of France.] John II., King of Aragon and Navarre, — i).,* 29 Jun. 1397 — marries Blanche, daughter of Charles III. of Navarre, 141-9 — succeeds Charles III., Sep. 1425 — joins league against Alvarez de Luna, 1426 — crowned at Pam- peluna, 15 May 1429 — taken prisoner by Mi- lanese at battle of Gaeta, 5 Aug. 1434 — but soon released : death of his queen, 3 Apr. 1441 — refuses to give up the crown to Don Carlos, 1441— invades Castile and is defeated at 01- medo, 1445 — marries Joanna Henriquez, 1447 — revolt and imprisonment of Don Carlos, 1452 — liberates him, 1453 — concludes treaty with Henry IV. of Castile, 1455 — Don Carlos re- news civil war and is disinherited, 1455 — de- feats Don Carlos at Estella, 1456 — succeeds his brother Alfonzo in Aragon, 5 Jul. 1458 — joins conspiracy against king of Castile, 1460 — declares Sicily and Sardinia reunited to Ara- gon, 30 Aug. 1460 — arrests Don Carlos, 2 Dec. 1460 — liberates him, 146 1 — makes alli- ance with Louis XL and disinherits his daugh- ter Blanche, 1462 — imprisons her at Orthes, where she dies, 2 Dec. 1464 — invasion by Don Pedro and the Catalans, Jan. 1465 — death of his queen Joanna, Feb. 1468 — takes Barce- lona, 17 Oct. 1472 — takes Perpignan, defends it against the French, who raise the siege, Jun. 1473 — tf. at Barcelona, 19 Jan. 1479. John III., d'Albret, King of Navarre, — marries Catherine, queen of Navarre, 14 Jun. 1484 — crowned with her at Pampeluna, 10 Jan. 1494 — Treaty of Tarbes, 1497 — refuses a passage through his states to Ferdi- nand of Aragon, and allies himself with Louis JOHN T L— JOHN CASIMIR. 777 XII., 1511 — declares for Council of Pisa against Julius II., and is excommunicated by Julius II., 18 Feb. 1512* — conquest of the kingdom for Ferdinand, by Duke of Alva, summer 15 12 — retires to Beam ; unsuccessfully attempts to recover Navarre, 15 13- 14- 15- 16 — fc. at Pau, 17 Jan. 15 1 6. a Mariana and Zurita. John I. , the Great, King of Portugal, — ft. at Lisbon, Apr. 1357— Grand Master of Order of Avis, 1364 — discovers conspiracy of the queen, ETeonora, and murders her favourite, 6 Dec. 1383 — Regent of the kingdom, 16 Dec. 1383 — accepts the crown, 6 Apr. 1385 — defeats king of Castile at Aljubarotta, 14 Aug. 1385 — obtains dispensation from vow of chastity, and marries Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt, 2 Feb. 1387 — makes ten years' truce with Castile, 1387— surprises Badajoz, 1396 — death of his wife, 14 14— holds a tournament at Lisbon, 1414 — takes Ceuta, autumn 1415 — concludes treaty of perpetual peace with Castile, 1431— tf., 14 Aug. 1433. John II., the Perfect, King of Portugal, — 6. at Lisbon, 3 May 1455 — recognized heir to the crown, 25 Jun. 1455 — marries Leonora of Lancaster, 22 Jan. 147 1 — at capture of Arzila in Tangier, Aug. 147 1 — distinguishes himself at battle of Toro, 1476 — succeeds his father, 29 Aug. 148 1 — establishes a fort on coast of Guinea, 1482 — puts to death Duke of Braganza for conspiracy, 21 Jun. 1483 — declines proposals of Columbus, about 1484 — sends a fleet to India, 1492 — sends a fleet to America, 1493 — disputes possession of the new world with king of Castile, and submits to arbitration of Alexander VI., 1493 — tf., 14 Sep., a 25 Oct.b 1495. a Mariana. b Another authority. John III., King of Portugal, — ft. at Lis- bon, 6 Jun. 1502 — succeeds his father, Em- manuel, 19 Dec. 152 1 — marries Catherine, sister of Charles V., 5 Feb. 1525 — introduces Inquisition at Lisbon, 1526 — favours the Jesuits, 1540,* 1541 b — sends Xavier to Japan, 1542 — tf. at Lisbon, 7, h n a Jun. 1557. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. John IV., King of Portugal, — ft. at Villaviciosa, 19 Mar. 1604 — marries Luisa de Guzman, 12 Jam 1633 — succeeds Philip III. on reestablishment of independence, 1 Dec. 1640 — defeats Spaniards at Badajoz, 1644 — ■■ plot of Bp of Coimbfa to deliver him to Spaniards is frustrated, 1653 — tf., 6, a 26 b Nov. 1656. Defensa de la Miisica, 1649. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. John V-, King of Portugal, — ft. at Lisbon, 22 Oct. 1689 — succeeds his father, Pedro II., 9 Dec. 1706 — proclaimed, 1 Jan. 1707 — battle of Almanza, 1707 — marries Maria Anna of Austria, 28 Oct. 1708 — Treaty of Utrecht, 17 1 3 — makes peace with Spain, 13 Feb. 17 15 — founds Royal Academy of History, 1720 — title of Most Faithful Majesty accorded to him and his successors by bull of Benedict XIV., 23 Dec. 1748 — o\, 31 Jul. 1750. John VI., King of Portugal, — ft. at Lis- bon, 13 May 1767^ 1769 b — marries Charlotte, Infanta of Spain, 9 Jun. 1785,* 8 May 1784 b — named Prince of Brazil, 1788 — governs during his mother's illness, 1789,3 1792 b — joins first coalition against France, Sep. 1793 — withdraws his troops, Jul. 1795 — assumes the government with title of Regent, 1799 — Spanish and French invasion, 1801 — [Penin- sular "War] — a plot formed for making his wife regent, frustrated, 1 805— partition of the kingdom by Treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 1 807 — embarks with royal family for Brazil, 30 Nov. 1807 — protests against invasion of Napo- leon, 25 Nov. 1808 — seizes French Guiana, 1809 — makes treaty of alliance with England, 19 Feb. 1 8 10— adheres to Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — raises Brazil to rank of a kingdom, 16 Dec. 1 8 15— recognized King of Portugal on death of Queen Maria, 16 Mar. 1816 — crowned, 16 Feb. 1 8 1 8 — accepts constitution framed by the Cortes, 26 Feb. 1821 — embarks for Europe, 26 Apr. 1821 — again accepts the constitution, 23 Sep. 1822 — rebellion of Don Miguel, May 1823 — modifies the constitution, 1823— recog- nizes independence of Brazil, 5 Nov. 1825 — tf. at Lisbon, i, a 10 b Mar. 1826. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. John, King of Scotland. [Baliol, John.] John of Luxemburg, the Blind, King of Bohemia, — ft., about 1298 (?) — becomes king of Bohemia by his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of King Weneeslaus, 1309 — Count of Luxemburg, by cession from his father, Henry VII., 1309 — crowned at Prague by Abp of Mentz, 5 Feb. 131 1 — vicar of the Empire in his father's absence, 131 1 — leaves Bohemia and resides at Luxemburg, 131 9 — attends mar- riage of his sister to Charles the Fair, Aug. 1322 — takes prisoner Frederick of Austria at Mifhldorf, Sep. 1322 — joins confederation of princes at siege of Metz, 1324 — acquires Silesia, 1327 — contributes to victory of Philip of Valois over Flemings at Cassel, 1328 — vicar of the Empire for Louis of Bavaria, 1330 — subdues revolted towns in Lombardy : makes a treaty with the pope, 1331 — joins league of Bp of Liege against Duke of Brabant, 1332 — again invades Italy, 1333 — invades Poland, and com- pels Casimir to cede his claims on Silesia, 1335 — becomes blind, 1340 — procures deposition of Louis of Bavaria, 1346 — killed at battle of Crecy, 26 Aug. 1346. John I., Albert, King of Poland,— ft., 27 Dec. 1459 — succeeds his father, Casimir IV., 1492 — renews treaty with Bajazet II., 1492 — makes war on Wallachians, 1496 — concludes peace, 1499 — seeks the help of Tatars against Russians, 1500 — puts to death Peter, son of the Waiwode of Wallachia, 1500 — secretly makes peace with Russians, 1501 — ij. at Thorn, 17 Jun. 1501. John Casimir, (Casimir V.,) King of Po- land, — ft., 1609 — promotes election of his brother Ladislaus VII., 1632 — sent ambassador to Spain, and is arrested at Marseilles by order of Richelieu, 1638 — liberated, 1640 — enters Society of Jesuits at Loretto, 1643 — Cardinal, 1647 — elected to succeed Ladislaus, 20 Nov. 1648 — crowned, 17 Jan. 1649 — makes peace with Cossacks, 17 Aug. 1649 — marries widow JOHN SOBIESKI— JOHN OF LEYDEN. of his brother, 1649 — the war renewed, 1650 — defeats Cossacks and Tatars near B-eretesko, 30 Jan. 1 65 1 — driven from the kingdom by Charles of Sweden, retires to Silesia, 1655 — the war continues, 1656 — treaty of Vehlau, 1657 — treaty of Oliva, 1660 — his project of abdicating and .naming his successor opposed by Grand Marshal Lubormiski, 1665 — con- fiscates his possessions and sentences him to death, 1665 — is compelled to revoke the pro- scription, 1666 — death of his wife, 1667 — in- vasion of Tatars and Cossacks, 1667 — [Sobieski, John] — abdicates at Diet of Warsaw, 16 Sep. 1668 — retires to France: secretly marries Francoise Mignot, 14 Sep. 1672 — tr. at Nevers, 16 Dec. 1672 — his remains transferred to Cracow, 1675. John Sobieski, King of Poland. [So- bieski.] John I., King of Sweden, — succeeds Erick X., 1220 — fj. 1223. John II. , King of Sweden. [John I., of Denmark. .] John III., King of Sweden,— ft., 21 Dec. 1537 — marries Princess Catherine of Poland, 1562 — dethrones his brother Erick and succeeds him, 30 Sep. 1568 — makes peace with Den- mark, 17 Dec. 1570 — unsuccessfully attempts to reestablish Romanism, 1570-82— death of his queen, 1583 — returns to Lutheranism, 1583 — gets his son Sigismund elected king of Poland, 1586 — 3j., 17 Nov., a 19 Oct. b 1592. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. John 'SansPeur,' Duke of Burgundy, — b. at Dijon, 28 May 1371 — marries Margaret of Bavaria, 12 Apr. 1385 — taken prisoner by the Turks at Nicopolis, 28 Sep. 1396 — succeeds his father, 23 May, a 28 Apr. b 1404 — takes Gravelines from the English, 1405 — gets Duke of Orleans assassinated at Paris, 23 Nov. 1407 — obtains victory over the Liegecis at Othei, 23 Sep. 1408 — reconciled with Orleans family, early in 1409 — Governor of the Dauphin, 27 Dec. 1409 — league formed against him by Bernard d'Armagnac, early in 1410 — peace signed at Bicetre, 2 Nov. 1410 — the war renewed, 141 1 ■ — escapes to Flanders, Aug. 141 3 — unsuccessful negotiations with Emperor and King of Eng- land at Calais, Oct. 141 6 — leads army to Paris, Sep. 141 7 — liberates the queen at Tours, Nov. 141 7 — she names him Governor of the king- dom, 10 Jan. 141 8 — treaty of peace agreed to, 23 May 1418 — conferences at Meulan, 30 May to 30 Jun. 141 9 — assassinated at the Bridge of Montereau, 18 Aug. 1419. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. John, the Constant, Elector of Saxony, — b., 30 J un. 1467 —succeeds his brother Frederick the Wise, May 1525 — allies himself with Philip of Hesse in defence of Lutheranism, 1526 — presents Confession of Faith to Charles V. at Augsburg, 1530— ft., 16 Aug. 1532. John Frederick, the Magnanimous, Elector of Saxony, — b. at Torgau, 30 Jun. 1503 — marrirs Sibylla of Cleves, 1527 — administrator on death of his father, John the Constant, for his brother, John Ernest, 1532 — introduces Lutheranism in his states, 1533 — put to the ban of the empire, 1547 — defeated and taken prisoner by Charles V. at Miihlberg, 24 Apr. 1547 — liberated on renouncing Electorate and all his states, 1552 — succeeds his brother, 1553 — tr. at Weimar, 3 Mar, 1554 John George I., Elector of Saxony, — b., 5 Mar. 1585 — administrator of see of Merse- burg, 1603 — marries Sibylla of Wurtemberg, 16 Sep. 1604 — her death, 20 Jan. 1606 — marries Madeleine of Brandenburg, 19 Jul. 1607 — succeeds his brother, Christian 11., 23 Jun. 161 1 — supports Emperor Ferdinand II. against Bohemians, 1620— forms alliance with Sweden, 1631 — his troops contribute to victory of Leipsic, Sep. 1631 — takes Leipsic, 13 Sep. — takes Prague, 1 1 Nov. — loses it and all Bohemia, to Wallenstein, May 1632 — continues the war : makes peace with Emperor, at Prague, 10 May 1635 — defeated by Swedes at Dommitz,23 Oct. 1 635, and at Witstock, 4 Oct. 1636 — contributes to victory of Imperialists over French, at Dutlingen, 24 Sep. 1643 — ft., 8 Oct. 1656. John II., Falceologus, Marquis of Mont- ferrat,— succeeds his father, Theodore, Apr. 1338 — recovers Asti from Robert of Sicily, 26 Sep. 1339— recalls banished Ghibellines, 1339 — defeats Neapolitans and recovers castle of Gamenaro, 1345 — recognized Lord of Yalenzia, 17 Jun. 1357 — with Duke of Milan, defeated by Count of Savoy and his allies, Jul. 1347 — escapes seizure by Duke of Milan, 1348 — takes Asti and Alba from the Yisconti, 1 35 6 — delivers Pavia from them, and seizes Novara, 1357 — is compelled to give up Novara and Alba, at As- sembly of Milan, 8 Jun. 1358 — renews war with Galeazzo Yisconti, close of 1369 — 1$., be- tween 14-20 Mar. 1372. John, (Juan,) Don, of Austria, general, — b. at Batisbon, 25 Feb. 1546 — defeats and drives the Moors from Spain, 1570— commands fleet sent against Turks, obtains victory at Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — makes descent on coast of Africa, 1573 — Governor of the Netherlands, Nov. 1576 — defeats insurgents at Gemblours, 31 Dec. 1577 — tf. at Bouges near Namur, 1 Oct. 1578. John, (Juan,) Don, of Austria, general, — b. at Madrid, 1629 — Commander-in-chief of Spanish army in Italy, takes Naples, 1647 — takes Barcelona, 1652 — commands in Flanders, 1656 — defeated by Turenne at battle of the Dunes, 14 Jun. 1658 — defeated by the Por- tuguese at Estremos, 1660 — tf. at Madrid, 17 Sep. 1679. John of Cappadocia, praetorian prafeci of 'the East, — appointed by Justinian, 530 — dismissed, Jan. 532 — restored, before Jun. 533 — banished, 541 — recalled, between Jun. 548 and 1 Apr. 549- John of Damascus. [Damascenus, Joan- nes.] John Hyrcanus. [Hyrcanus.] John of Leyden, — b. at the Hague, about 1495 (?)— -joins Anabaptists at Minister, 1533 — besieged there by Bp of Munster, close of 1534 — organizes a government, and is named king : the town taken by treachery, Jun. 1535— tortured, mutilated, and put to death, Jan. rOHN PEIMICEEIUS— JOHNSTONE. John Priinieerius, secretary to Honorius, — ■ supported by Castinus and Aetius, is pro- claimed Emperor on death of Honorius, 423 — captured by Artaburius and Aspar, sent prisoner to Placidia at Aquileia, and put to death, J ul. 425 . John. [Athens, Bavaria, and Brabant, Dukes or ; Brandenburg 1 , Electorate of ; Brittany, Dukes of; Holland, Counts of; Lorraine, Dukes of; Montferrat, Marquisate of ; Saxe-Weimar, Dukes of ; Thessaloniea and Trebizond, Empires of.] John of Bruges. [Eyck, Jan van.] John of the Cross, (Juan de la Cruz,) St, mystic, — ft. in Old Castile, 1542 — enters Car- melite Order, at Medina del Campo, 1563 — becomes friend of St Teresa, 1563 — ordained priest, 1567 — tf. at monastery of Ubeda, 14 Dec. 1591 — beatified by Clement X., 1675 — canonized by Benedict XIII., 1726. Works, 1619. John of Gaunt. [Lancaster, Duke of.] John of Salisbury, — b., about 11 10? — studies at Paris, 11 37 — chaplain to Abp Theo- bald of Canterbury, 1151 — sent to court of Adrian IV., 1156 — procures canonization of Becket, 1 17 3 — Bp of Chartres, 11 76 — assists at Council of the Lateran, 11 79 — if. at Char- tres, 25 Oct. 1 1 80, 1 181, or 1 1 82. Johnes, Thomas. [Jones.] John's, St, College, Cambridge, — founded by Margaret, Countess of Eichmond, 151 1. John's, St. College, Oxford, — founded by Sir Thomas White, 1555. Johnson, Samuel, divine, political writer, — b. in Staffordshire or Warwick shire, 1649 — while chaplain to Lord William Eussell pub- lishes his Julian the Apostate, 1682 — fined and imprisoned, 11 Feb. 1684 — his book burnt by the hangman : publishes address to soldiers at Hounslow camp, autumn 1686 — degraded from priesthood, set in the pillory, and publicly whipped through London, 21 Nov. 1686 — his degradation declared illegal by House of Com- mons, 11 Jun. 1689 — refuses deanery of Dur- ham offered by William III., but accepts a pen- sion, 1689— tl., about May 1703. Works, 1710. Johnson, Samuel, lexicographer, moralist, — ft. at Lichfield, 18 Sep. 1709 — enters Pembroke Coll., Oxford, 31 Oct. 1728 — leaves the Coll., autumn 1731 — death of his father, Dec. 1731 — marries and opens a school, 1735 — goes to Lon- don with Garrick, Mar. 1737 — begins to con- tribute to Gentleman's Magazine, Mar. 1738 — commences the English Dictionary, 1747 — loses his wife, 17 Mar. 1752 — M.A. Oxford, 20 Feb. 1755 — receives pension from George III., 1762 — first meets Boswell, 16 May 1763 — LL.D. Dublin, 23 Jul. 1765 — his interview with George III., Feb. 1767 — Prof. Ancient Literature, Eoyal Academy, 1769 — visits the Hebrides with Boswell, 1773 — LL.D. Oxford, 1775 — visits France, 1775 — tf. in London, 13 Dec. 1784. Life of Savage, 1744 — Vanity of Human Wishes, 1749 — Irene, 1749 — Rambler, 1750-2 — English Dictionary, 1755 — Idler, 1758 — Rasselas, 1759 ■ — Edition of Shakespeare, Oct. 1765 — Journey to Western Islands of Scotland, 1775 — Taxation no Tyranny, 1775 — Lives of the Foets, 1779-81. Johnson, Thomas, botanist, — tf., 30 Sep. 1644. Iter in Agrum Cantianum, 162$ — Ericetum Hamstedianum, 1632 — edits Gerard's Herbal, 1633. Johnson, Sir William, Bart., general, — b. in Ireland, about 17 15 — unsuccessful in expe- dition against French fort at Crown Point, 1755 — defeats and captures Baron Dieskau, 1755— tf-, 1774. Johnston, (St John's Town,) in Scotland, — Aymer de Valence defeats Bruce at, 22 Jul. 1306. Johnston, Alexander Keith, geographer, — b. at Eirkhill near Edinburgh, 28 Dec. 1804 — visits Germany, 1842 — F.E.G.S. and Geo- grapher to the Queen for Scotland, 1843 — meets Humboldt at Paris, 1845— F.G.S., Lon- don, 1848 — F.B.S.E., 1850— receives medal of Great Exhibition for his Physical Globe, the first constructed, 1851 — honorary LL.D. Edin- burgh, 1865 — tf. at Ben Ehydding, 9 Jul. 1871. National Atlas, 1843 — Physical Atlas, 1848 — Dictionary of Geography, 1850 — Chart of dis- tribution of Health and Disease, 1852 — School Atlases of Physical Geography, 1852 — General Geography, 1852 — Classical Geography, 1853 — and Astronomy, 1855 — Eoyal Atlas, 1861. Johnston, Arthur, physician, poet, — b. in Aberdeenshire, 1587 — M.D. Padua, 1610 — re- sides in France, 1612-32 — physician to Charles I., 1632 — tj. at Oxford, 1641. Parerga, 1632 — Eoetarum Scoticorum Delicia, 1637 — Eara- phrasis Eoetica Esalmorum Davidis, 1637. Johnston, George, naturalist, — b., 1798 — M.D., Edinburgh, 1819 — tf., 3 Jul. 1855. History of British Zoophytes, 1838 — History of British Sponges and Lithophytes, 1842 — In- troduction to Conchology, 1850. Johnston, James. Norvegian account of King Haco's expedition against Scotland, 1782 — Lodbrokar Qvida, 1782 —Antiquitates Celto- Scandiccc, 1786. Johnston, James P. W., chemist, — b. at Pais- ley, about 1796 — studies under Berzelius, in Sweden, 1830— reader in Chemistry and Min- eralogy, University of Durham, 1833— F.E.S., 1837— tf. at Durham, 18 Sep. 1853. Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology, 1842 ■ — Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geo- logy, 1844 — Catechism of Agricidtural Chemis- try and Geology, 1 844 — Notes on North Ameri- ca, 1 85 1 — Chemistry of Common Life, 1853-5. Johnstone, Bryce, theologian, — b. at Annan, 1747 — enters Univ. of Edinburgh, 1762 — minister of Holywood, 177 1 — D.D., 1786— tj., 1805. Commentary on Revelation, 1794 — In- fluence of Religion on Civil Society, 1801. Johnstone, Chevalier de, — b. at Edinburgh, 1720 — aide-de-camp to the Pretender, 1745 — at battle of Preston, Oct. 1745 — escapes from Culloden, and goes abroad, Apr. 1746 — tf. in France, about 1790-5 (?) Memoirs of the Rebellion, 1820. Johnstone, John, physician, — b., about 1768 — settles at Birmingham, about 1796 — M.D. Oxford, 1800 — tf. at Birmingham, 28 Dec. 1836. Life and Works of Earr, 1828 — Medical Jurisprudence, 1800. Johnstone, John Henry, actor, singer, — b. at Tipperary, 1750 — appears at Covent Garden 780 JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES— JONES. Theatre, Oct. 1783 — atDrury Lane, 1803 — tf., 26 Dec. 1828. Joint Stock Companies, in United Kingdom, — individual liability of members provided for by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 91, 5 Jul. 1825 — right to sue and be sued in name of their officers conferred by Act 4 and ¥m IV. c. 94, 15 Aug. 1834 — new regulations by Act 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 73, 17 Jul. 1837 — registration, incorporation, and regulation of, provided for by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 110, 5 Sep. 1844 — provisions con- solidated by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 16, 8 May 1 845 —provisions for winding up affairs of, by Acts 11 and 12 Vic c. 45, 14 Aug. 1848, and 12 and 13 Vic. c. 108, 1 Aug. 1849— -repeal of winding-up Acts and new regulations by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 47, 14 Jul. 1856 — amended by Acts 20 and 21 Vic. c. 14, 13 Jul. 1857, and 21 and 22 Vic. c. 60, 23 Jul. 1858— com- promises and arrangements between creditor and shareholder facilitated by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 1870. Jointure, — in bar of dower, denned and regu- lated by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 10, s. 6, 1535-6. Joinville, Jean, Sihe de, historian, — ft. at chateau of Joinville, in Champagne, about 1224 — affianced to Alais de Grand-Pre, 1231 — Seneschal and Grand Master of the house to Count of Champagne, 1239 — follows St Louis on his first crusade, 1248 — returns to France, 1254 — marries again, 1 261— gives evidence on inquest for canonization of Louis, 12-18 Aug. 1282 — tf., probably 1319. "Writes his Histoire de St Louis, 1309. Jomelli, Eiccolo, musical composer, — ft. at Avellino, a Aversa, b in Naples, 17 14 — called to Borne, 1740 — to Vienna, 1749 — settles at Stuttgard, about 1755,° 1748 b —tf. at Naples, 28 Aug. 1774. a Bees' Cyc. b Ersch and Gruber. c Biog. Univ. Jomini, Henri, Baron, general, historian, — ft. in the Pays de Vaud, 6 Mar. 1779 — Lieut. - col. of Swiss militia, 1795 — goes to Paris, 1799 — aide-de-camp to General Ney, 1804 — Col., 1805 — contributes to capture of Mack's army, 1805 — as chief of the staff of Marshal Ney dis- tinguishes himself in campaigns of 1806-7 — Baron, 1807 — accompanies Marshal Ney to Spain, 1808 — suspended, 1809 — General of Brigade, 18 10 — historiographer of the empire, 181 1 — distinguishes himself in Eussian ex- pedition, 1 8 12— governor of Wilna, and of Smolensko, 1 8 1 2 — distinguishes himself at battle of Bautzen, 18 13 — deserts to the allies, 18 13 — accompanies Emperor Alexander to Paris, and is named Chevalier of St Louis, 1 8 15 — at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 181 8 — of Verona, 1823 — aide-de-camp to Emperor Nicholas, 1825— settles at Brussels, 1855 — tf. at Passy, 24 Mar. 1869. Traite des grandes operations milit aires, 1804 — Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon, 1827 — Precis de I' Art de Guerre, 1838 — Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Revolution de 1792 d 1801, $c, 1819-24. Jonah, Jewish Prophet,— [B C] — lives, before 825/ 862, b about 840,° about 750 ? a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. c Drake. Jones, Ernest Charles, poet, politician, — called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1 844 — becomes Chartist leader, 1845-6 — imprisoned, 1848-50— tf. at Manchester, 26 Jan. 1869. Wood-spirit, 1841 — Battle-l)ay, 1855 — Songs of Democracy, 1 856-7 . Jones, George, painter, — ft., 1786— student at Eoyal Academy, 1801 — A.E.A., 1822 — E.A., 1824 — Librarian, 1834-40 — Keeper, 1840-50 — tf. in London, 19 Sep. 1869. Life of Chantreg, 1849. Jones, Inigo, architect, — ft. in London, before 19 Jul. 1573 a — in Denmark, about 1604-5 — employed at English Court, 1605 — surveyor of the works to Prince Henry, 16 10- 12 — visits Italy a second time, 1612-15 — surveyor of the works to James I., 1615 — member of commission for repair of St Paul's, 1620 — quarrels with Ben Jonson, 1631 — tf. in London, 21 Jun. 1652. a Banqueting House, JFh itehall, 1 6 1 9 - 2 2 — Piazza and eh urch, Co ven t Garden, 1631-8 — Stonehenge restored, 1655. a Cunningham. Jones, Jeremiah, theologian, — ft., about 1693 ? — tf., 1724. Method of settling the Canonical Authority of the New Testament, 1726-27. Jones, John, theologian, §c, — ft. in London, 10 Jan. 1827. Ecclesiastical Researches-, 1812 — Greek and English Lexicon, 1823. Jones, John Gale, delegate of London Cor- responding Society, — convicted of sedition, 9 Apr. 1797— committed to Newgate for alleged infringement of privileges of House of Commons, is refused a trial, and is sent out of prison by stratagem, Mar. 18 10. Jones, John Paul, adventurer, — ft. in Scot- land, 6 Jul. i747, a about 1736 b — settles in Virginia, 1773 — distinguishes himself in American war, 1776-83 — makes a descent on English coast at Whitehaven, 1777 — captures the Serapis, off Flamborough Head, Sep./ 1 Aug. b 1779 — receives gold medal from American Congress, Feb. 17 81 — at Paris, 1789-90— tf. at Paris, 18 Jul. 1792. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Jones, Owen, (Myfir,) antiquary, — ft., 1740 — tf., 1814. Myvyrian Archeology of Wales, 1 801-7. Jones, (Johnes,) Thomas, translator, — ft. in Wales, about 1749 — tf. atHafod, 23 Apr. 1816. Translations of Eroissart, 1803-7 — °^ Broc- quiere, 1807 — of Monstrelet, 1809. Jones, William, (Pones of Nayland,) theo- logian, — ft. in Northamptonshire, 30 Jul. 1726 — enters Univ. Coll., Oxford, about 1744 — ■ B.A., 1749 — ordained priest, 1751 — F.B.S., 1780 — tf., Feb. 1800. Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity, 1756 — Physiological Disquisitions, 1 7 8 1 — Art of Music, 1 7 84 — The Scholar armed against Errors of the Times, 1792 — Letter from Thomas Bidl to his brother John, 1792 — Life of Bp Home, 1795 — originates the British Critic, 1793. Jones, Sir William, orientalist, §c., — ft. in London, 28 Sep. 1746 — enters Oxford Univ., 1764 — tutor to Lord Althorp, i765-~o — F.E.S., 1772 — M.A., 1773 — called to the bar, Jan. 1774— visits France, 1780-1 — Knt, Judge JONKOPING— JOSEPH II. 7*i of Supreme Court of Bengal, 1783 — marries and goes to India, Apr. 1783 — tf. at Calcutta, 27 Apr. 17.94. Life of Nadir Shah, 1773 — Jfoeseos Asiaticce Commentariorum lib. VI., 1774 — Moallahat, 1783 — Laivs of Manu, 1794 — translations of Sacuntalu, 1789. Jonkoping", Treaty of, — for peace between Sweden and .Denmark, signed, 10 Dec. 1809. Jonson, [Johnson,) Benjamin, dramatist, — b. at Westminster, 1574 — settles at Oxford, about 161 6 — poet laureate, 16 19 — tf., 6 Aug. 1637. Every Man in his Humour, 1598 — Sejanus, 1603 — Volpone, 1605 — Epicozne, 1609 — A lehemist, 1 6 1 o. Jonsson, Finn, (Finnus Johannceus,) his- torian, — ft. in Iceland, 16 Jan. 1704 — studies at Copenhagen, 1725 — Bp of Skalholt, 1754 — tf., 23 Jul. 1789,* about i8io. b Ristoria Ecclesiastica Islandice, 1772-8. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Jonston, Johann, naturalist, — b. in Posen, 1603 — tf. in Silesia, 1675. Thaumatographia nat., 1632 — Bendrographia, at Lombez, 21 Oct. 1583. Paradoxa niedica, 1566 — Erreurs populaires au fait de la medicine, $c., 1570. Jouffroy, Marquis de, — ft. inFranche Comte, about 1 75 1 — attempts to apply steam to navi- gation, 1776 and 1783— again, 1816 — tf., 1832 — his claim to discovery of steam navigation acknowledged by Academy of Sciences, 1840. Jouifroy, Theodore Simon, philosopher, — ft. near Mouthe, (Doubs,) 1796 — studies at the Normal School, 18 14 — reader in Philosophy, 1817-22 — Prof. Pbilosophy, College Bourbon, 1817-20 — Prof. Ancient Philosophy, Faculty of Letters of Paris, 1828 — Assistant Prof. History of Modern Philosophy, 1830 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1831 — Prof. Greek Literature and Philosophy, Coll. de France, 1833 — resigns his chair and is named librarian to the Univ., 1838 — member of Council of the Univ., 1840 — tf. at Paris, 4 Feb. 1842. Translations of Dug aid Stetvart's Sketches of Moral Philosophy, 1826 — of Works of Thomas Reid, 1828-35 — Melanges p>hilosop>hiques, 1833 — Cotirs de Droit Natitrel, 1835 — Nouveaux Melanges philosophiques, 1 842 — Cours d'Esthe- tique, 1843, JOTJNPOOR— JOYEUSE. 7S3 Jounpoor. [Juanpur.] Jourdain, — b. in Palestine, about 1200 — becomes Preaching Friar, 1220 — Patriarch of the Order, 6 Aug. 1221— ft. by shipwreck, near Acre, 13 Feb. 1237. Jourdain, Margery, the Witch of Eye, — ac- cused as confederate of Duchess of" Gloucester against Henry VI., and executed, 1441. Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, Peep, and Mar- shal of France, — b. at Limoges, 2 Apr. 1762 — enters the army, 1778 — serves in American war, 1778-82 — serves under Dumouriez in campaign of Belgium, 1792 — General of Division, 30 Jul. 1793 — wounded at battle of Hondschoote, 8 Sep. — Commander-in-chief of army of the North, Oct. — raises the blockade of Maubeuge, Oct. — defeats Austrians at Arlon, May 1794 — takes Charleroi, 25 Jun. — obtains victory over Austrians at Fleurus, 26 Jim.— defeats Clairfait before Maestricht, 18 Sep. — takes Juliers on the Roer, 2 Oct. — takes the fortress of Luxemburg, 1795 — passes the Rhine, 7 Sep. 1795— again, Jul. 1796— de- feated by the Austrians at "Wurzburg, 3 Sep. 1796 — resigns his command, and is chosen member of Council of Five Hundred, 1797 — Pres., 23 Sep., 1797 — secretary, 21 Jan. 1798 — again Pres., 24 Sep. — commands army of the Danube, 1798 — defeated by Austrians at Ostrach, 20 Mar. 1799— again at Stockach, 25 Mar. — reelected to Council of Five Hun- dred, May — excluded, Nov. — chief adminis- trator of Piedmont, 1800 — Councillor of State, 1802— member of Conservative Senate, Jan. 1803 — Marshal of the Empire, 19 May 1804 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1 Feb. 1805 — governor of Naples, 1806 — follows Joseph Bonaparte to Spain, 1808 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1814 — Count, 1815 — called to Chamber of Peers, Mar. i8i9, a i8i8 b — ft., governor of the Hotel des Invalides, at Paris, 24 Nov. 1833. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Jourdan, Mathieu Jouve, (Coupe-tete,) — b. at St Just near Puy, Velay, 1749 — head of the Brigands of Avignon, Nov. 1791 — arrested at Marseilles, 1793 — executed, 27 May 1794. ' Journal des Savants,' — commenced, 5 Jan. 1655. ' Journal de Trevoux.' [Trevoux.] Journals, of Souse of Lords, — commence, 1509 — of House of Commons, commence, 1547. Jouvancy, Joseph, a (Pierre, b ) Jesuit,— %. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1643 — enters the Order, 1659 — called to Rome, 1699 — ft. there, 29 May 17 19. Hist, societatis Jesu pars quinta * * ab anno 1591 ad annum 1616, 17 10 — He ratione discendi et docendi, 1692. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Jouvenet, Jean, painter, — b. at Rouen, 21 Aug. 1 647 , 11 before 1 May 1644*' — received at Academy of Painting, 1675 — one of the rectors, 1707 — ft. at Paris, 5 Apr. 17 17. Esther before Ahasuerus, 1675. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Jouy, Victor Joseph Etienne de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Jouy, near Versailles, 1769,* 1764 b — serves in the army, 1782-99 — settles at Paris, about 1 800— admitted to Academy, 18 15 — librarian of the Louvre, after 1830— ft. at Paris, Oct," 1 4 Sep. b 1846. L' Hermits de la chaussee d'Antin, 18 15 — L'Hermite en Erison, 1823 — Z'Hermite en Liberie, 1824. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchior de, statesman , miscellaneous ivriter, — b. in the Asturias, i749, a b 1744° — admitted to Spanish Academy, 1769— Chief Judge of King's Court, Madrid, 1778 — exiled with Cabarrus, 1790— founds the Lnstituto Asturiano, Gijon, 1794 — minister of grace and justice, 1799, 1 *797 c — imprisoned in Majorca, 1 801-8 — member of Central Junta, 1809 — ft., 27 Nov. 181 1. Obras, 1830-2. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Jovianus, JTlavius Claudius, Roman Em- peror, — chosen Emperor on death of Julian, (0 Kal. Jul.) 27 Jun. 363— ft., ( 14 .Kal. Mar.) 17 Feb. 364. Jovinian, Ltalian monk, — opposes asceti- cism, about 388 — condemned by Siricius, Bp of Rome, 390 — escapes to Milan, is opposed by Ambrose and condemned, 390 — banished by Theodosius, 12 Sep. 390 — Jerome writes against, 393 — ft., before 406? — living and again banished by Honorius, 412. ? Jovinus, — revolts against Theodosius and assumes the purple at Moguutiacum, Sep. 410 — negotiates with Ataulphus, 412 — taken pri- soner by Ataulphus at Narbonne, and put to death, 413. Jovinus, Valens, general of Valentinian, — defeats Alamanni, about Jun. 366 — Consul with Lupicinus, (1120, A. u. c.) 367 — sent to command in Britain, 367. Jovius, Paul. [Giovio.] Joyce, cornet in parliamentary army, — seizes Charles I. at Holmby House and takes him to Childersley, 4 Jun. 1647. Joyce, Jeremiah, miscellaneous writer, — b., 1764 — prosecuted with Hardy, Home Tooke, and others, 1794 — ft., 1816. Scientific Hia- loyues, 1807 — Dialogues on Chemistry, 1807 — Arithmetic, 1808. Joyeuse, Anne de, Admiral or France, — b., about 156 1 — distinguishes himself at siege of la Fere, 1580 — Duke, 1580 — Admiral of France, 1582— governor of Normandy, 1583 — commands army of Guienne, 1587 — defeat- ed and killed at battle of Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587. Joyeuse, Francois de, cardinal, — b., 24 Jun. 1562 — Abpof Narbonne, 1582 — Cardinal, about 1583 — negotiates reconciliation of Henry IV. with the pope, 1593 — Abp of Bouen, 1604 — Pres. of General Assembly of the Clergy, 1605 — legate of Paul Y. in France, 1606 — ■ negotiates peace between Rome and Venice, 1607 — namedmember of regency by Henry IV., 1 6 10 — crowns Queen Mary de' Medici at St Denis, 13 May 16 10 — crowns Louis XIII. at Rheims, 17 Oct. — Pres. of States, General, 16 14 — ft. dean of the cardinals, at Avignon, 27 Aug. 1615. Joyeuse, Jean Armand, Makquis de. Mar- shal of France, — b., 1631 — serves with dis- tinction in the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain for nearly 50 years, 1648-97 — Chevalier, 1688 — Marshal of France, 1693 — wounded at battle of Neerwinden, Jul. 1693 — governor of 784 JUAN— JITEL. the three bishoprics, 1697 — "&• at Paris, 1 Jul. 17 10. Juan, Don. [John, Don.] Juan Fernandez, island in the Pacific Ocean, — visited by Anson, 1741- — Spanish settlement on, 1750— earthquake, 175 1 — visited by Car- teret, 1767 — earthquake and submarine volcanic eruption, 1835. [Selkirk, Alexander.] Juan y Santacilia, George, mathematician, — b. at Orihuela, 17 12 — enters the navy, 1725 — goes to America, 1735— if. at Cadiz, 21 Jim. 1774. Examen maritime- theorico-practico, 1 7 7 1 . Juanpur, (Jonpur,) in Hindustan, ■ — fort built by Feroze Shah Toghluk, 1370 — inde- pendent, after 1394 — the king besieges Delhi, (856, a. h.) 1452 — war with Behlol Lodi, commenced, 1452 — territory annexed to Delhi, (883,) 1478 — a brother of Ibrahim proclaimed King and defeated, about 1515-16 — occupied by Baber, 1526 — besieged by Shere Khan, 1538-9 — conquered by Akber, 1559 — Shere Shah II. attempts to regain, defeated by Khan Zeman, 1560 — Khan Zeman rebels, 1564 — seized by Vizier of Oude, 1760 — ceded to E. I. Company, 1775. Juanpur, {Rulers,') — Kiiaja Jehan, (796, a. h.) 1394— Mobakik, (802,) 1399 — Ibrahim, (804,) 1401 — Mahmud, (844,) 1440 — Mo- hammed, (862,) 1457 — Htjsen, 1457. Juarez, Benito, Pkesident of Eepublic of Mexico, — b., 1809 — member of Institute of Arts and Sciences, Mexico, 1830 — member of State Legislature, 1833 — Prof. Canon Law, Oaxaca, 1834 — deputy to Congress, 1846 — Go- vernor of Oaxaca, 1848-52 — banished by Santa Anna, 1853 — Minister of Foreign Affairs and Justice to Alvarez, Oct. to Dec. 1855— member of Congress, 1856 — Pres., Jan. 1858 — is defeated by Zuloaga and retires to Vera Cruz, Jan. 1859 ■ — recognized as Pres. by United States, Apr. 1 859 — reenters Mexico after defeat of Miramon, Jan. 1 86 1 — Pres. again, 11 Jun. 1861 — decrees dissolution of religious orders and seculariza- tion of Church property, Jun. — suspends pay- ments to creditors of the State, 17 Jun. — [Mexican Expedition] — convention of Soledad, 19 Jan. 1862 — revolt of Almonte, who is pro- claimed Pres., 3 Jun. 1862 — on approach of the French removes to San Luis de Potosi, 10 Jun. — [Maximilian, Empekok of Mexico] — abandons San Luis, Nov. 1863— declares his Presidency extended, Dec. 1865 — orders Maxi- milian to be shot, 19 Jun. 1867 — reenters Mexico, 16 Jul. 1867 — reelected Pres., Oct. . Juba I., King of jNumidia, — [BC] — at Bome, to oppose Masintha, 62 — succeeds his father Hiempsal : his kingdom proposed to be made a Eoman province by Curio, 50— joins Pompey's party, defeats and kills Curio, 49 — takes part in African war against Caesar, 47 — defeated at Thapsus, kills himself, (pr. Non. Apr. 708,) 4 Feb. 46.* a Fischer. Juba II., King of Mauritania, — [BC] — historian, §c, — carried to Eome by Caesar for his triumph, 46 — restored to kingdom of JSu- midia by Augustus, 30 — Numidia exchanged for Mauritania, 25 — tf. [AD] 18 or 19, 11 4.'" a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Jube, Auguste, general,— b. near Montlhery, 1765 — Inspector-general of the coasts, 1794 — Adjutant-general, 1796 — Marechal cie Camp, 1 8 16 — tf. at Dourdan, 1 Jul. 1824. JBistoire des guerres des Gaulois et des Erancais en Italic, 1805. Jubilee, — of .Roman Church, proclaimed by Boniface VIII. , with general indulgence to pilgrims to Eome, 1300 — period of celebration reduced to fifty years by Clement VI., 1350 — to thirty-three years by Urban VI., 1388 — again raised to fifty by Nicholas V., 1450 — fixed to twenty-five by Paul II., 19 Apr. 1470. Of the Reformation, celebrated in Germany, 1617. Shakespeare, celebrated at Stratford- on-Avon, 6-8 Sep. 1769 — another, 1824. Na- tional, on commencement of fiftieth year of reign of George III., 25 Oct. 1809. Juda Hakkadosch, Eabbi, — b. at Sephora, 120. Completes the Mishna, about 190-200. Juda, Leo de, theologian, — b. in Alsace, 1482 — studies at Basel, about 1502 — tf. in Switzerland, 1542. Translation of the Bible, 1543- Judah, Kingdom of. [See Jews.] Judas Levita, Eabbi,— b., 1090— "&., 1140. Judges, [see Jews.] Judges, at Rome, (Judices,) — [B C] — selection and appointment of, regulated by Lex Semprouia of C. Gracchus, 123 — Lex Servilia Ccepionis, 106 — Lex Servilia Glaucicc repetundarum, pro- bably 104— to be chosen by the Tribes, by Lex Plant i a, 89 — to be chosen from the Senators, by Lex Cornelia, 80 — to be chosen from Se- nators, Equites, and Tribuni JErarii, by Lex Aurelia, 70 — further regulations by Leges Pom- peice, 55 and 52 — re-constituted and increased in number by Augustus, 28 ? Judges, of Superior Courts in England, — hold office during good behaviour, removable by the Crown on address of parliament, by Act 13 "Wm III. c. 2, 1702 — their commissions not to cease by demise of the Crown, by Act 1 Geo. III. c. 23, 19 Mar. 176 1. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, — constituted by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833. Judith, — [B C] — kills Holof ernes and de- livers Judaea, spring 6$6, a (Msan,) about Apr. 633^ about 525, c about 5io, d about 475, e about 400/ 688.S a Ussher. b Clinton. c Euseb. d Whiston. e Jul. Afric. f Sulp. Sev. S Petavius. Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, — ' marries Ethelwulf, king of England, at Eheims, 1 Oct. 856 — on his death marries bis son Ethelbald, 858 — sent back to France; retires to a convent, 860 — carried off by Baldwin Iron-arm, Count of Flanders, 862. Judson, Adoniram, missionary, — b. in Mas- sachusetts, 9 Aug. 1788 — visits England, 181 1 — arrives at Rangoon, Birmah, Jul. 1813 — visits Boston, U. S., 1845 — Ij. at sea, 12 Apr. 1850. Birmcse translation of the Bible, 1835 — Bir- mese and English Dictionary, 1852. Juel, Nicholas, admiral, — b. in Denmark, 8 May 1629 — serves in Dutch fleet under Tromp and Buyter, 1652 — distinguishes himself at JUGGEENAUTH-JULIITS II. 785 siege of Copenhagen, 1659 — takes possession of Isle of Gothland, 1676 — defeats Swedish fleet twice, Jun, 1676 — governor of Gothland, 1676 — obtains third victory, 1-2 Jul. 1677 — Lieu- tenant-general, Admiral, Jul. 1677 — Knt of the Elephant, 1679— U. at Copenhagen, 8 Apr. 1697. Juggernauth, (Jagannat,) Pagoda of—in Orissa, completed, 1198 — becomes place of pil- grimage, probably about 1740. Jagurtha, King of Ntjmidia, — [B C] — adopted by Micipsa, 149 — sent to aid Scipio against Numantia, 134 — kills Hiempsal and defeats Adherbal, 1 1 8— obtains division of the kingdom, 1x7 — takes Cirta and kills Adherbal, 112 — purchases peace of Calpurnius Bestia, 1 1 1 — summoned to Eome, assassinates Massiva, and returns to Africa, 1 1 1 — defeats Aulus Pos- tumus and sends his army under the yoke, no — defeated by Csecilius Metellus, 109— joined by Bocchus, 108 — defeated by Marius, 107 — taken prisoner, early in 106 — carried to Eome to triumph of Marius, and starved to death, 1 Jan. 104. Jukes, Joseph Eeete, geologist, — ^, near Birmingham, 10 Oct. 181 1 — B.A. Cambridge, !3^6 — M.A., 1 841 — naturalist to exploring expedition to Australia, &c, Jan. 1842 to Jun. 1846 — engaged on Geological Survey of United Kingdom, 1846 — Director of Geological Survey of Ireland, 1850— Prof. Geology, lloyal Coll. Science, 1854 — rj., 29 Jul. 1869. Excursions in Newfoundland, 1842 — Student's Manual of Geology, 1858 — Physical Structure of Australia, 1850. Julia, — [BC] — ft., 832 — married to Cn. Pompey, 59— rj., Sep. 54. Julia, — LB C] — fc., 39 — married to Marcellus, 25 — married to Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 — ac- companies him to Syria, 17 — Agrippa dies, 12 — married to Tiberius Nero, 1 1 — Tiberius leaves her, 6 — banished to Pandataria, 2 — tj. [AD] 14. Julian, Cardinal, (Giuliano Cesarini,)— ij., 1398 — Cardinal, by Martin V., 1426 — legate in Germany, preaches crusade against the Hus- sites, 1427 — presides at Council of Basel, Jul. 143 1 to Jan. 1438 — ambassador from Eugenius IV. to Ladislaus, king of Hungary, 1443 — urges him to violate his treaty of peace with Amurath II., 1444 — disappears at battle of Varna, 10 Nov. 1444. Julian, Count, Governor of Ceuta, — success- fully defends Ceuta against Musa, 709 — offers to aid the Moors in conquest of Spain, 709 — takes part in overthrow of Koderic the Visigoth, 7 10-7 1 1. Julian Era, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 45- Julian Period, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 4713. Julianus, Bp of Eclanum, theologian, — ap- pointed, about 416 — refuses to sign the Tractoria, 418 — and appeals to General Coun- cil ; deposed, 41 8 — banished by Emperor, takes refuge with Theodore of Mopsuestia, 420 — befriended by Nestorius at Constantinople, 428 — condemned by Council of Ephesus, 431 — at- tempts to regain his station, 439 — rj., before 455- Julianus, Bp of Halicaknasstjs, — banished from Alexandria by Justinian, 539. Julianus. (1.) Consul of Eome with Piso, (928, a.u.c.) 175. (2.) CW^withCrispinus, (977,) 224. (3.) C'onsulvfith. Paulinus, (1078,) 325- Julianus, jurist, — publishes Epitome of No- vella, 556 ? 570.* a Freherus. Julianus, Anicius, — Consul with Petronius Probianus, (1075, a. u. c.) 322. Julianus, Didius. [Didius.] Julianus, Fiavius Claudius, Apostata, Eoman Emperor — ft., 17 Nov. 331-2 — im- prisoned in Asia, 354 — removed to Italy, 355 — prisoner at large at Athens, 355 — proclaimed Caesar at Milan, 6 Nov. 355 — sent into Gaul, 1 Dec. 355 — defeated near Eheims, 356 — defeats and takes Chnodomarius at Strasburg, Aug. 357 — invades Germany, 358 and 359 — proclaimed Emperor by his troops at Paris, Apr. 360 — marches against Constantinople, 360-1 — Emperor by death of Constantius, 3 Nov. 361 — enters Constantinople, n Dec. 361 — sets out on his Persian expedition, 5 Mar. 363 — defeats Sapor at Ctesiphon, Jun ? — killed in battle, 26 Jun. 363. De Constantii Rebus Gestis, not before 356 — Encomium Eu- sebice, early in 357 — Letter to Sallustius, 360 — Letter to Senate and People of Athens, 361 — Letter to Themistius, 361 — Kaisares, Oct. 362 — Misopogon, 363 — Contra Christianos, 363. Julianus, M. Aquilius, — Consul with P. Nonius Asprenas, (791, a. tj. c.) 38. Julianus, Salvius, jurist, — fl., about 1 30 — Consul with Torquatus, (901, a. tj. c.) 148. ab a Clinton. b Zumpt. Julich. [Juliers.] Julien, Pierre, sculptor, — ft . at St Paulien, 17 3 1 — obtains the grand prize, 1765 — studies at Eome, 1768-72 — admitted to the Academy, 1778 — rj. at Paris, 17 Dec. 1804. Julien, Simon, painter,— 3&. at Toulon, 1736 — rj. at Paris, 23 Feb. 1800. Juliers, Julich, (Juliacum,) in Prussia, — head of a County, about 940 — erected into a Duchy by Emperor Charles IV., 1357 — united witb Berg, under Duke Adolph, 1420 a — under Gerard "VII., 1437 b — united with Cleves, under John the Pacific, 15 21 — on extinction of ducal family, seized "by Maurice of Nassau, 1609 — taken from him by Spaniards, under Count of Berg, 1622 — given to Palatine house of Neuburg at Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — taken possession of by French, 3 Oct. 1794 — confirmed to France by Treaty of Luneville, 1 80 1 — assigned to Prussia by Congress of Vienna, 18 14. a Conv.-Lex. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Julin. [Wollin.] Julius I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Mark, 6 Feb. 337 — holds Council of Eome, protects Athanasius, and reestablishes him in his see, 342 — writes Letter to the Eusebians, 342 — "0., 12 Apr. 352. Julius II., Pope, (Giuliano della Eovere,) — ft. near Savona, about 1440 — Cardinal, Bp of 50 786 JULIUS III.— JUNOT. Avignon, 147 1 — contributes to elevation of Innocent VIII., 1484 — banished by Alexander VI., about 1493 — accompanies Charles VIII. ^expedition to Naples, 1494 — procures election of Pius III., Sep. 1503 — succeeds him, 1 Nov. 1503 — permits marriage of Henry Prince of Wales with Catherine of Aragon, by bull of 26 Dec. 1503 — reconquers the Roxnagna, from Caesar Borgia, the Bentivoglie and the Venetians, 1504 — commences rebuilding of St Peter's, 18 Apr. 1506 — joins in League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — unsuccessfully negotiates with Venetians, 1509 — ratifies the League, by bull of 2 Mar. 1509 — publishes bull against Venice, Mar. 1509 — condemns appeal of Venice to a Council, by bull of 1 Jul. 1509 — receives submission of Vene- tians and absolves them, 25 Feb. 15 10 — forms alliance with Venice against France, 15 10 — besieges and takes Mirandola, 21 Jan. 151 1 — his army defeated and Bologna taken by Trivulzio, retires to Rome, 1511 — convokes General Council at Borne, by bull -of 18 Jul. 1511— [Lateran, XIX., Council of,]— forms the Holy League, Oct. 15 11 — excommunicates Louis XII., and lays interdict on France, 21 Jul. 1512 — tf., 21 Feb. 1513. Julius III., Pope, [Giovanni Maria del Monte,) — c.atArezzo, 10 Sep. 1487 — Cardinal, 1536 — legate of Paul III. at Council of Trent, 1545 — succeeds Paul III., 8 Feb. 1550 — opens the Jubilee, 24 Feb. 1550 — reopens Council of Trent, 155 1 — threatens Henry II. of France with excommunication for supporting Duke of Parma, 1551— "ft., 23 Mar. 1555. Julius Africanus. [Africanus.] Julius Caesar. [Caesar, C. J.] Julius Romanus. [Griulio Romano.] Jumilhac, Antoine Pierre Joseph Chapelle, Marquis de, general, — h. at Paris, 31 Aug. 1 7 64 — enters the army, 1777 — Lieutenant- colonel of Constitutional Guard, 179 1 — arrested, Aug. 1792 — takes part in expedition of Qui- beron, 1795 — receives cross of St Louis, 1795 — serves in campaign of Russia, member of Legion of Honour, 1 8 1 2 — Lieutenant-general, 1 8 14 — Commander of St Louis, May 18 16 — tf. at Lille, 19 Feb. 1826. Juncker, {Junker,) Johann, chemist, — fc. near Giessen, 1680— M.D. Halle, 17 18— Prof. Medicine, 1729-59 — tf. there, 1759. Conspectus formularum medicarum, 1730 — Conspectus chemice in forma tabularum, 1730-44— Com- pendium materia medicce, 1760. Jung- Stilling, Johann Heinrich, Pietist, — fc. in Westphalia, 12 Sep. 1740— Prof. Econo- my, Marburg, 1787 — Prof. Political Economy, Heidelberg, 1804— tf. at Karlsruhe, 2 Apr. 1817. Jugend, Junglings-Jahre,§c, 1777-8 — Theobald, 1797 — Theorie der Geisterkunde, 1808. Junge, Joachim, (Jungius,) mathematician, &c.,— ii. at Liibeck, 22 Oct. 1587 — Prof. Mathematics, Giessen, 1609-14 — M.D. Padua, 2618 — Prof. Medicine, Helrastadt, 1625 — Rector of Johanneum, Hamburg, 1629 — tf. there, 23 Sep. 1657. Geometria empirica, 1688 (6th ed.) — Logica Hamburgensis, 1638 — Boxo- scopice physicce minores, 1662 — Karmonid theoretica, 1678. Jungermann, Ludwig, botanist, — n. at Leipsic, 1572 — visits England, about 16 16 — Prof. Botany, Altdorf, 1625 — if. there, 1653. Catalog, plantarum omnium qum circa Alt- dor jium JVoricum reperiuntur, 16 15 — Kortus Eystettensis, 1613. Jungfrau, The, Bernese Alps, — ascent of, by brothers Meyer of Aarau, Aug. 18 11 — by peasants of Grindelwald, 1828 — by Forbes and Agassiz, 28 Aug. 1841 — bv a lady, 13 Aug. 1863. Jungmann, Josef Jakob, lexicographer, bib- liographer, — fc. in Bohemia, 16 Jul. 1773 — Prof. Latin at the Grammar School, Prague, 1815 — Prefect, 1834 — Rector of the Univ., 1840 — tf. at Prague, 16 Nov. 1847. Slownik Cesko-Kemecky, 1835-9 — History of Bohemian Literature, 1825 — Gesammelte Schriften, 1841. Junia Tertia, (Tertulla,) wife of C. Cassius, — tf., 22. Junius, Adrian, philologist, §c, — fj. at Horn, i5i2, a 1 Jul. 151 i b — tf. at Armuiden, near Middelburg, 16 Jun. 1575. Lexicon Graco-latinum auctum, 1548 — Be anno et mensibus commentarius, $c, 1553 — JSfomenclator omnium rerum, 1567. a Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Junius, Franciscus, philologist, — b. at Heidelberg, 1589 or 159 1 — goes to England, 1620 — librarian to the Earl of Arundel, 1620-40 — visits Friesland, 1672-4 — tf. at Windsor, 19 Nov. 1677. Edits Ulphilas's Version of the Four Gospels, 1665 — Be pictura Veterum, 1637 — Etymologicum Anglicanum, 1743. Junius, [Bu Jon,) Franciscus, theologian, — ■ ft. at Bourges, 1 May 1545 — minister of Wal- loon church, Antwerp, 1565 — chaplain to Prince of Orange, 1568 — called to Heidelberg by Elector Palatine, 1573 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 1592 — tf. there, 23 Oct. 1602. Opera, 1607 — (with Tremellius) Latin Version of the Bible, 1590. Junius, Letters of, — begin to appear in Public Advertiser, 21 Jan. 1769 — prosecution of publisher and printers, Jun. 1770 — [Woodfall] — close, 21 Jan. 1772 — authorship of, first ascribed to Sir Philip Francis, by John Taylor, 1 8 16 — hand- writing of, investigated by Chabot, and Franciscan authorship reasserted by Twis- tleton, 1 87 1. Juno, asteroid, — discovered bv Harding, at Lilienthal, 1 Sep. 1804. Junot, Andoche, Duke of Abraxtes, Marshal of France, — b. at Bussy-les- Forges, 24 Sep., a Oct. b 1771 — enters the army, 1 79 1 — serves at siege of Toulon, 1793 — aide- de-camp to Napoleon, 1794 — distinguishes himself in Italian campaign, 1796-7 — follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — distinguishes him- self at combat of Nazareth, 8 Apr. 1799 — con- tributes to overthrow of the Directory, .(18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. 1799 — commandant of Paris, (9 Thermidor,) 28 Jul. 1800 — General of Division, 1801 — Colonel-general of Hussars, May 1804 — governor of Paris, early in 1804 — receives Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, JTTNOT— JUSTICIAR OF SCOTLAND. 787 Jul. 1804,° Feb. 1805 — ambassador to Portugal, 1805 — takes possession of Portugal, end of 1807 — Duke of Abrantes, 1807 — signs Con- vention of Cintra, 30 Aug. 1808— distinguishes himself at second siege of Saragossa, 1809 — takes part in Eussian expedition, 1812— if. at Montpellier, a Montbard, b 28 Jul. 1813. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Junot, Laura Pennon, Duchess of Abrantes, — fj. at Montpellier, 6 Nov. 1784 — ' marries Junot, 1 800 — widow, 1 8 1 3 — tf . at Chaillot, 7 Jun. 1838. Memoires ou Souvenirs historiques sur Napoleon, 1831. Junquera, in Spain, — Abdelrahman III. defeats kings of Leon and Navarre at, 921. Jupiter, planet, — . satellites, discovered by Simon Marius, 29 Dec. 1609 a — by Galileo, (Medicean Stars,) 7-10 Jan. 16 10 — seen by Thomas Harriott, 17 Oct. 16 10 — eclipses of, lead to discovery of velocity of light, by Eoemer, 1675. Spots observed and time of rotation determined by D. Cassini, 1665 — spots investigated by Schwabe, 1834.* Flat- tening, observed by Cassini, before 1666 a — his observation published, 1691.* a Humboldt. Jurieu, Pierre, theologian, — fi. at Mer, (Orleans,) 24 Dec. 1637 — Prof. Theology, Academy of Sedan, 1674— pastor, Prof. Theo- logy, Botterdam, 168 1 — ft. tbere, n Jun. 17 13. Histoire du calvinisme et du papisme mis en parallele, 1682 — Histoire critique des dogmes et des cultes, 1704. Jurin, James, mathematician, physician, — fc., 1684— Fellow of Trim Coll. Cambridge, 17 1 1 — 5. Pres. E. C. P., 1750. Physico- Mathematical Dissertations, 1732 — Distinct and Indistinct Vision, 1738 — translation of Geography of Yarenius, 17 12. Jury, Juries, in England, — regulations respecting persons to serve on, by Stat. West- minster, 13 Edw. I. c. 38, 1285 ; 21 Edw. I. st. 2, 1293; 28 Edw. I. c. 9, 1299-1300; 2 Hen. V. st. 2, c. 3, 1414 — (de medietate lin- guae,) 8 Hen. VI. c. 29, 1429 ; 23 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1531-2; 4 and 5 Wm III. c. 24, 1692; 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 32, 1695 ; 3 Geo. II. c. 25, s. 18, 1730; 4 Geo. II. c. 7, 1731 — laws relating to, consolidated and amended by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, 22 Jun. 1825 — amended by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 42, s. 35, 14 Aug. 1833, and 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, ss. 121-123, 9 Sep. 1835 — in County Courts, regulated by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 1846 — officers of Court of Bankruptcy exempt from serving on, by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. 106, s. 47, 1 Aug. 1849 — jury process abolished , and new pro- visions as to special, by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 76, s. 104, 30 Jun. 1852 — decision of judge permitted in lieu of verdict, by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 125, 12 Aug. 1854 — in Chancery suits, provided and regulated by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 27, 28 Jun. 1858 — verdict of majority admitted in Scotland, by Acts 17 and 18 Vic. c. 59, 31 Jul. 1854, and 22 and 23 Vic. c. 7, 8 Aug. 1859— law respecting petit juries in Ireland amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 75, 31 Jul. 1868 — special and common, laws relating to qualifications, attendance, &c, amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 77, 9 Aug. 1870. In France, trial by, in criminal cases, introduced by National Assembly, 30 Apr. 1790 — regulated by decree of 29 Sep. 1791. At Rome, introduced, Aug. 187 1. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent, botanist, — ft. at Lyons, 12 Apr. 1748 — studies at Paris, 1765 — M.D., demonstrator of Botany, Jardin du Eoi, 1770 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1773 — administrator-in-chief, 1777 — Prof. Eural Botany, 1793 — ft. at Paris, 15,* 17 b Sep. 1836. Genera Plantarum, 1788. * Biog. Univ. b Ersch and Gruber. Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, — ft. at Lyons, 1699 — M.D. Montpellier, 1720 — sub-demon- strator of Botany, Jardin du Eoi, 1722 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1725 — fr. at Paris, 6 Nov. 1777. Jussieu, Joseph de, botanist, — ft. at Lyons, 1704 — accompanies La Condamine to Peru, 1735 — member of Academy of Sciences, May 1743 — returns to France, 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 11 Apr. 1779. Justice Clerk, of Scotland, — made one of the Judges of Court of Session, 1532 — acquires style of Lord Justice Clerk, about 1650 — made Pres. of Court of Justiciary, 1672 — ex-officio Pres. of second division of Court of Session by Act 48 Geo. III. c. 151, 18 11. Justice-seat, Courts of, — held to inquire of infraction of forest-laws, 1632. Justices, Lords. [Lords Justices.] Justices in Eyre, Itinerant or of Assize, in England, — appointed by parliament of North- ampton, 1 176 — provision for yearly visit to each county, by Magna Charta, 12 15 — author- ized to try civil causes by Stat. Westminster II. 13 Edw. I. c. 3, 1285— jurisdiction of, extended to Wales and County Palatine of Chester by Act 1 Will. IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830. Justices of the Peace, in England, — appoint- ed by 1 Edw. III. stat. 2, c. 16, 1327 — empowered to try felonies, by 34 Edw. III. c. 1, 1 360-1 — wages fixed by Stat. 12 Eich. II. c. 10, 1389 — form of appointment of, settled by judges, 1590 — attorneys, solicitors, and proctors', while in practice, declared incapable of the office, by Act 5 Geo. II. c. 18, 1732 — qualifying estate required by same Act, and by Act 1 8 Geo. II. c. 20, 1745 — protection of, provided for by Acts 24 Geo. II. c. 44, 175 1 ; and 43 Geo. III. c. 141, 11 Aug. 1803 — exempted from taking the sacrament as qualification, by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828 — jurisdiction of, in Ge- neral and Quarter Sessions, defined by Act 5 and 6 Vict. c. 38, 30 Jun. 1842 — duties of, further defined by Acts 11 and 12 Vict. cc. 42, 43, and 44, 14 Aug. 184.8 ; 14 and 15 Vict. c. 100, s. 19, 7 Aug. 1851; and 18 and 19 Vict, c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855. In Scotland, office of, mentioned, 1587 — regulated by statutes of 1609, 1617, 1633, 1661, 1686 — invested with same authorities as in England by Act 6 Ann. c. 6, 1707. Justiciar of Scotland, — office exists in time of Malcolm IV., 1153-65 — acquires title of Justice-General, about 1500 — civil jurisdiction of, passes to Court of Session, 1537 — office 50 * 7^ JUSTIN MARTYR— JUXON. merges in that of Lord Pres. of Court of Ses- sion, 1836. Justin Martyr. [Justinus.] Justina, Flavia, Roman Empress, — marries Yalentinian I., 368 — regent for her infant son Yalentinian II., 383 — unsuccessfully attempts to procure from Ambrose toleration for Arians, Apr. 385 — flies with her son to Thessalo- nica, on invasion of Maximus, Aug. 387 — tf., 388. Justinianus I., (Flavius Anicius,) Roman Emperor, — b. at Tauresium, 5 May 482, or 11 May 483 — Master-general of Eastern armies, 520 — adopted by Justin I., 520 — Con- sul with Valerius, (1274, a. u. c.) 521 — marries Theodora, about 522 — joint Emperor with Justin, crowned with Theodora, 1 Apr. 527 — succeeds Justinus, 1 Aug. 527 — carries on war with Persia, 528-532, — [Belisarius] — orders compilation of his code, 13 Feb. 528 — publishes edicts against philosophers, pagans, and here- tics, latter part of 529 — suppresses schools of Athens, 529 — concludes a league with Abys- sinians and Homerites, 531 — sedition of Con- stantinople, named Nika, Jan. 532 — com- mences rebuilding of church of St Sophia, 532 — ratifies peace with Persia, 533 — war with Vandals, 533-4 — [Pandects, Institutes, No- veils] — condemns Anthimus, Bp of Constan- tinople, Severus of Antioch, and Petrus of Apamea, 6 Aug. 536 — invasion of empire by Chosroes, Persian war begins, spring 540 — extinguishes the consulship, 541 — war in Africa, 543 — summons Pope Vigilius to Con- stantinople, 545 — concludes peace with Chos- roes, Apr. 545 — receives Vigilius, 5 Feb. 547 — death of Theodora, 28 Jun. 548 — sends Narses to conduct Gothic war, 551 — confirms election of Pope Pelagius, ^^^ — receives embassy from Avars, 557 — bribes the Huns to retire, 559 — makes peace with Chosroes for fifty years, 562 — plot against him discovered, Nov. 562 — adopts heresy of the Incorruptibles, 564 — &., 14 Nov. 565. Justinianus II., {Rhinotmetus,) Emperor of the East, — b. about 670 — declared Au- gustus, by his father Constantine III., 681 — succeeds him, Sep. 685 — concludes treaty of peace with Caliph Abdelmalik, and agrees to suppress rebellion of Maronites, 686 — makes war on Sclavonians, and incorporates 30,000 in his army, 688— breaks the peace with Sara- cens, is defeated, and cedes Armenia, 690 — ex- pels inhabitants from Cyprus, 690 — orders massacre at Constantinople, and is the same night deposed by the patrician Leontius, 695 — mutilated and banished to the Crimea : escapes and takes refuge with the Chazars ; afterwards with Bulgarians, 702 — reestablished by Ter- bellis, close of 705 — puts to death Leontius and Absimarus, 705 — makes war on Bulgarians and is defeated, 708 — orders sack of Ravenna, 709 — orders devastation of Cherson and the Crimea, revolt excited ; seized and beheaded by Philippicus Bardanes, 11 Dec. 711. Justinianus, general, — b. about 530 — dis- tinguishes himself in Gothic campaign, 550 — Commander-in-chief against Persia, 575-6 — recalled, 577 — conspires against Tiberius, 578 —again, 579. Justinus I., (Flavius Anicius,) Emperor op the East, — b. in Thrace, 450 — serves with distinction in Imperial army under Leo I. and II., about 470-490 — Commander of the Guards, under Anastasius, before 518 — proclaimed Em- peror by the army, 9 Jul, 518 — puts to death Amantius and Andreas, 19 Jul. 518 — with Pope Hormisdas effects reunion of Greek and Latin churches, 519 — orders mutilation of Severus of Antioch, 519 — names Vitalianus Consul and puts him to death, 520 — puts an end to Olympic Games of Antioch, 520 — makes treaty with Cabades, 521 — persecutes Manicheans, 524 — refuses toleration to Arians, 525— rebuilds Antioch after earthquake, 526 — declares his nephew Justinian Augustus, 1 A P r - 527— tf-, 1 Aug. 527. Justinus II., Emperor of the East, — succeeds his uncle Justinian I., 14 Nov. 565 — Consul alone, (1319, a. it. c.) ^ — P u f s *° death senators iEtherius and Addieus, and orders assassination of his cousin Justinus, ^66 — refuses aid to the Gepidae against Lombards, 566 — deprives Narses of his command in Italy, Apr. 567 — receives embassy from Turks, and fomis alliance with them, 568 — sends embassy to Turks, 569 — gives protection to Armenians, 571 — Persian war renewed, 572-5 — deranged, 574 — appoints Tiberius Csesar, Dec. 574 — peace for three or five years with Chosroes, 575 — creates Tiberius Augustus, 26 Sep. 578 — if., 5 Oct. 578. "Justinus, the Martyr, [or philosopher) — b., 103, a 118 b — converted to Christianity, 133,* about 140 b — martyred at Rome, i65, a i66, c i67, d 168. e Apologia I., i5i, af 139 s — Dia- logue vjith Trypho, 158 h — Apologia II., about 164.1 a Tiliemont. b Halloix. c Dupin. d fleury. e Maran. f Clinton. S Neander. h Paddle. » Otto. Justus, — Consul of Rome with Januarinus, (1081, a. v. c.) 328. Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury, — consecrated Bp of Rochester, by Augustine, 604 — retires with Mellitus to Gaul, but is recalled by Laurentius, 616 — succeeds Mellitus as Abp or Canterbury, 624 — "&., probably 10 Nov. 630^ s Le Neve. Jutes, The, — invade Britain with the Saxons, and obtain settlements in Kent, about 449 ? Juthungi, Alamannie tribe, — defeated by Aurelian on the Danube, 271 — defeated by Aetius in Gaul, 430. Juvara, Filippo, architect, — b. at Messina, 1685— tf. at Madrid, 1735. Juvenalia, at Rome, — games instituted by Nero, 59. Juvenalis, Decius, {Deamtts Junius,) satirist, poet, — b. about 40 — tf. about 120. Sat. XIII, Il8. a a Clinton Juvencus, Vettius Aquilinus, poet. His- toric? Evangelicce, about 332. Juxon, William, Archbishop of Canter- bury, — b. at Chichester, 1582 — Fellow of St John's Coll., Oxford, 1598 — Pres., 1621 — Lord High Treasurer, 1625-41 — clerk of the king's KAAB— KALENBEKG. 789 closet, 1632 — Bp of Hereford, 1633 — trans- ferred to London, 1633— Lord Treasurer, 1635 — advises the king to save Strafford, May 1641 — resigns treasurership, 1641 — attends Charles I. in Isle of Wight, 1647 — attends him on the scaffold, Jan. 1649 — imprisoned for contumacy, hut soon released, 1649 — Abp of Canterbury, 1660 — tf., 4 Jun. 1663. K. Kaab, (Caab,) Ben Zohair, Rabbi and poet, — abandons Judaism and makes his peace with Mohammed, (9, a. h.) 630 s — rj., (41,) 662. b a Ockley. b Biog. Univ. Kaaha, {Caaba,) of Mecca, — taken possession of,byCossai, about 450-460 — restored by Sultan Mustapha, 1630. Kaas, Nicholas, statesman, — b. in Denmark, 1 5 35 —Chancellor of the kingdom, 1573 — first Regent, 1588 — tf., about 1594. Kabel, Adrian van (Lev,— painter, engraver, — b. at Byswick, 1631 — tf. at Lyons, 1695. Kabul. [Cabul.] Kabyles. [Algeria.] Kadlubek, (Kodlubko,) Vincent, historian, — b. inPoland, 1161 a — Bp of Cracow, 1208-18 — enters Cistercian Order, 121 8 — tf • in Poland, 8 Mar. 1223. Historia polonica cum commen- tario anonymi, (1612). a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Kaempfer, Engelbert, botanist, traveller, — ft. at Lemgo, 16 Sep., a Nov. b 165 1 — studies at Univ. of Cracow, 1674 — at Univ. of Konigsberg, 1677 — accompanies embassy to Persia. 1683-4 — surgeon in Dutch East India Company, 1685 — goes to Batavia, 1689 — in Japan, Sep. 1690 to Nov. 1692 — re turns to Amsterdam, 1693 — M.D. Leyden, 1694 — ft. at Lemgo, c 2 Nov. 17 16. Amoznitatum exoticarum politico-physico- medicarum fasciculi V., 17 12 — History of Japan, 17 27. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Xouv. Biog. Gen. Kaestner, Abraham Gotthilf, mathematician, — b. at Leipsic, 27 Sep. 17 19 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Gottingen, 1756 — Director of Observ- atory, 1762 — tf., 20 Jun. 1800. Anfangs- griinde der Math ematilc, 175 8-69 — Sin ngedich te, 1781. Kaeuffer, Christian Gottlieb, historian, — b. near Gorlitz, 24 Apr. 1757 — pastor at Beichenbach, 1809 — superintendent, 1821 — tf., 8 Aug. 1830. Kaffa. [Caffa.] Kaffraria. [Caffraria.] Kaffirs. [Caffre War.] Kagosima, in Japan, — attacked and burnt by Admiral Kuper, 15 Aug. 1863. Kahding, in China, — taken by Taepings, 1 May 1862 — retaken from Taepings by allies, 24 Oct. 1862. Kahira. [Cairo.] Kainardji. [Kutchuk Kainardji.] Kairwan, (Cairoan,) in Africa, — founded by Okbah, (50, a. h.) 670 a — head of a principality subject to Caliphs : becomes subject to Ibrahim ben Aglab— [Aglabites]— about (184,) 800— subject to Fatimites, about 900— to Zeirites, 972 — to Almohades, 1150 — partly subjugated by Dragut, (956,) 1549. a Ockley. Kaiserslautern, — castle built by Frederick Barbarossa, 1153 — the French under Gen. Hoche repulsed by Duke of Brunswick near, 28, 29,and3oNov. 1793 — Field-marshal Moel- lendorf defeats French, 23 May 1794— Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen defeats French, 20 Sep. 1794. Kaiserswerth. [Kayserswerth.] Kaitbai, Ascraf, Sultan of Egypt, — suc- ceeds Tamarboga, (872, a. h.) 1468— sends ' succours to Circassians, (893,) 1488 — fights indecisive battle with Bajazet II. in Cilicia, (894,) 1489 — carries on war with Bajazet, (895-900,) 1490-5 — sends embassy to Pope In- nocent TILL in behalf of Zizim, about 1490 — tf., (901,) 1496. Kalafat, in Wallachia, — occupied by Turks, Oct. 1853 — [Citate] — evacuated by them, 1854. Kalb, Johann, Bahon von, general, — b. near Niirnberg, 1732 — serves in American War of Independence, 1777-80 — falls at battle of Clermont, 17 Aug. 1780. Kalchberg, Johann Nepomnk de, poet, — b. in Styria, 1765— tr., 3 Feb. 1827. Sdmmtliche JFcrke, 1816. Kalckreuth, Friedrich Adolph, Count von, field-marshal, — b. in Prussia, 1737 — enters the army, 1752 — adjutant to Prince Henry in Seven Years' War, 1758 — Count, 1788 — Lieu- tenant-general, 1790 — commands army of Poland in campaigns against France, 1792-4 — signs capitulation of Mentz, 1793 — governor of Thorn and Dantzic, 1806 — surrenders Dantzic to the French, 27 May 1807 — Field-marshal, 1807 — plenipotentiary at Peace of Tilsit, Jul. — governor of Berlin, 18 10 — tf. there, 18 Jun. 1818. Kalderoon, in Persia, — Selim I. defeats Ismael, king of Persia, (920, a. h.) 26 Aug. Kaldi, George, Jesuit, — b. in Hungary, about 1572 — enters the Order at Borne, 1598 — tf. Prof. Theology, Presburg, 1634. Hun- garian translation of Bible, 1626. Kale, (Half) willem, painter, — b. at Am- sterdam, 1630 — tf., 1693. Kaleidoscope, — invented by Brewster, 1817. Kalenberg, Principality of, in Germany, — united with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, 1473 — passes to Brunswick-Liineburg, 1634 — passes 79- KALEXDAE-KAXG-HI. to the Zelle line, 1648— to Elector of Han- over, 1705. Kalendar. [Calendar.] Kalidasa. [Calidasa.] Kalilah and Dimnah, (Ealilag andDamnag,) Sanscrit Book of Fables, — extant in India, soon after 500 — translated into Pehlvi, probably be- tween 530-580 — translated from Pehlvi into Arabic by Abdallah ibn al Mukaffa, who tf., 762. Syraic version of, made by Nestorian, Periodeutes Bud, about 570 — mentioned by Kestorian, Ebed-Yeshu, about 1280-90 — exist- ence of, reported to Proff. Bickell and Benfey, May 186S — again to Benfey, 11 Jun. 1870 — discovered in monastery at Mardin, by Dr Socin for Benfey, 19 Aug. 1870 — copy received by Benfey, Apr. 1871 — discovery announced in Allgemeine Zeitiuig, Jul. — in Academy, 1 Aug. 1871. Kalisch, Kalisz, in Poland, — founded about 655 (?) —taken by Duke Boleslaus of Silesia, 1144 — burnt, and the castle betrayed to Duke Henry of Breslau, 1284 — castle taken by Knights of the Cross, who are repulsed before the town, 1331 — taken by Duke of Masovia, 1383 — taken by Swedes, before 1600 — re- covered by Poles, 1656 — Augustus, king of Poland, defeats the Swedes near, 29 Oct. 1706 — Gen. Winzingerode defeats Gen. Eegnier, 13 Feb. 1 81 3 — meeting of sovereigns of Eussia and Prussia at, 2 Apr. 181 3 — review of Bus- sian troops before Emperors of Eussia and Austria, and kiug of Prussia, Sep. 1835. Council of, held by Abp of Gnesen, 1457. Treaties of, between Casimir the Great and Teutonic Knights, for restoration of recent conquests by the Knights, and renunciation of claim to Pomerania by Casiinir, signed 8 Jul. — ratified, 23 Jul. 1343 — between Eussia and Prussia, signed 28 Feb. 1813. Kaliyuga. [Caliyuga.] Kalkbrenner, Christian, musical composer, — b. in Hesse-Cassel, 22 Sep. 1755 — tf. at Paris, 10 Aug. 1806. Kalkbrenner, Friedrich "Wilhelm Michael, musical composer, — b. at Cassel, 1788,* 1784 b — studies at Paris, 1798 — goes to London, 1814 — settles in France, 1823 — tf. near Paris, 10 Jun. 1 849. a Conv.-Lex. b >"ouv. Biog, Gen. Kail, Abraham, — b. in Denmark, 1743 — librarian of the Univ., Copenhagen, 1765 — Prof. Greek, there, 1767,3 1770 b — Prof. North- ern History and Mythology, 1778 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1782,3 i78o b — Prof. Mytholo'gy and History of the Fine Arts, Char- lottenburg, about 1782 — historiographer of Denmark and Norway, 1 808 — Chevalier of Danebrog, 1817— tf., 5 Dec. 1821. Supple- mentuia Lexicorum Grcecorum, 177 1. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Kalm, Peter, naturalist, traveller, — ft. in Finland, 17 15— Prof. Natural History, Abo, about 1746 — travels in North America, 1748- 51—0"., 16 Nov. 1779. En resa til 2\orra Amerika, 1753. Kalmar. [Calmar.] Kameel, Malek el, Sultan of Egypt, — succeeds his father, Seif-Eddin, (615, a. h.) 1 21 8 — recovers Damietta from crusaders, 1221 — makes treaty with Frederick IE, gives up Jerusalem to him, 1229 — tf., (635,) 1238. Kamensky, Mikhail Federovich, Count,— general — ft. in Eussia, about 1735 — lieutenant- general, with Suwarrof defeats Turks at Kos- ludje, 1774 — at Eimnik, 22 Sep. 1789 — ■ serves against the Poles, 1794 — Field-marshal, 1802 — Commander-in-chief against French in Poland, Dec. 1806 — commands against Turks, 1809 — tf. at Bucharest, 12 Aug. 1809. Karnes, Henry Home, Lord, jurist and metaphysician, — ft. at Karnes, Berwickshire, 1696 — called to the bar, 1724 — Judge of Court of Session, 1752 — one of the Lords' Commis- sioners of Justiciary, 1763 — tf., 27 Dec. 1782. Decisions of the Court of Session, 1741-66-80 — Historical Law Tracts, 1759 — Principles of Equity, 1760 — Pntroduction to the Art of Thinking, 1761 — Elements of Criticism, 1762 — Sketches of the History of Man, 1774 — Gentleman Farmer, 1776. Kaminietz, Kaminieck, in Poland, — found- ed, about 1 33 1 — fortified soon after: has rank of a city, 1374 — defeat of Turks by Poles at, 22 Oct. 1633— peace between Poles and Khan of Tatars concluded at, 17 Dec. 1653 — held by Turks, 1672-99 — unsuccessfully attacked by Poles and Bussians, 1688 — and by Poles, 1689 — captured by Eussians, 1793 — its walls level- led, 1812. Kampen, Nicolaas Godfried van, historian, — ft. at Haarlem, 15 May 1776 — Prof. German Language, Ley den, 18 16 — Prof. Dutch Litera- ture, Amsterdam, 1829 — rj. there, 14 Mar. 1839. Geschiedenis der Fransche Heerschappij inEuropa, 1815-23 — Staat-en aardrykskundige beschrijving van het koningrijk der Xederlanden, 1 816 — Vaderlandsche karakterkunde, 1826-8 Geschichte der Niederlande, 183 1-3. Kamptz, Karl Albert Christoph Heinrich. von, statesman, — ft. at Schwerin, 1769 — enters service of Prussia, 1804 — director of ministry of Police, 1 8 17 — first director of ministry of Public Instruction, 1824 — director of ministry of Justice, 1825 — Minister of Justice, 1830 — rj. at Berlin, 3 Nov. 1849. Jahrbiicher fur die preuss. Gesetzgebung, Eechtswissenschaft unci Eechtsvenvaltung, 1814-40 — Annalen der preuss. innem Stuatsvencaltung, 1821-34. Kamtschatka, — partly conquered by Peter the Great, 1696 — completely tributary, 1706 — ■ revolts, 17 3 1 — visited by Capt. King, 1779 — by Lutke, 1827-30 — by Erman, 1829 — by Do- bell, 1829. Kandahar. [Candahar.] Kandy, Ceylon, — General Macdowall's em- bassy to, 1800 — conquered by General Mac- do wall, Feb. 1803 — recovered by natives and British prisoners killed, Jun. 1803 — taken pos- session of by the British, 18 15. Kane, Elisha Kent, traveller, — ft. at Philadelphia, 1822 — assistant surgeon in U. S. navy, 1843 — takes part in expedition to search for "Franklin, May 1850 to Oct. 1851 — again explores Arctic regions, May 1853 to jSoy. 1855 — tf. at the Havannah, 16 Feb. 1857. Kang-Hi, Emperor of China, — ft., 1654 — KANOUGE— KATONA. 791 succeeds his father Chun-chi, 1662 — assumes the government, 1667 — introduces teaching of European astronomy, 1667 — revolt of Prince of Yunnan, 1673 — revolt of Kaldan, 1676 — annexes Quang-Tung to his Empire, 1680 — annexes Fo-Kien, 1681 — annexes Formosa, 1683 — concludes a peace with Eussia, 3 Sep. 1689 — annexes Tibet, about 1700 — persecu- tion of Christians, 17 17 — tf., 20 Dec. 1722. Kanouge, {Kanyacubja,) in Hindustan, — Bathas acquires, about 470 — submits to Mah- niud of Ghizni, (408, a. h.) 10 17 — Eathas expelled by Shahab u din, H93, a (591,) ii94 b — massacre at, by Mohammed Khilzi, about 1340 — belongs to king of Juanpur, 1400 — Baber becomes master of, about 1528 — Humayun defeated by Shir Shah, 1540 — sacked by Mahrattas, 176 1. a Tod. b Elphinstone. Kansas, TT. S., — part of Nebraska, purchased from the French, 1 803 — organized as a territory, 1 854 — contests among settlers respecting slavery, lead to civil war, 1856 — constitution agreed to, excluding slavery, 1859 — admitted to the Union, 29 Jan. 1869. Ka,nt,Inxma,m\el, philosopher, — fj. at Konigs- berg, 22 Apr. 1724 — enters the Univ., 1740 — M.A., 1755 — Prof. Logic and Metaphysics, 1770-94 — Bector of the Univ., 1786— member of Academy of Berlin, 1787— tf. at Konigsberg, 12 Feb. 1804. Allgemeine Raturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, 1755 — De Mundi Sensibilis atque Intelligibilis Forma et Prin- cipiis, 1770 — KritiJc der reinen Vernunft, 1781 — KritiJc der praJctiscJien Vernunft, 1788 — KritiJc der JJrtJieilsJcraft, 1790 — Prolegomena zu einer jeden Jciinftigen MetapJiysiJc, 1783 — Grundlegung der MetapJiysiJc der Sitten, 1785 — MetapJiysiscJie Anfangsgrunde der Naturwis- senscJiaft, 1786 — P/ie Religion innerhalb der Grdnzen der blossen Vernunft, 1793 — Anthro- pologic in pragmatischer HinsicJit, 1798. Kantemir, Prince Antiochus a (Constan- tinos b ) Demetrius, diplomatist, translator, — fc. at Constantinople, 10 Sep. 1708,* 1709 b — studies at St Petersburg, 1725 — resident at British Court, 173 1 — plenipotentiary, 1732 — plenipotentiary to Court of France, 1738,* 1736 b — tf. at Paris, a in Italy, b 1 Mar. 1774. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Kapnist, Basil, poet,—b. in Eussia, 1756— U., 28 Oct. 1823. Kaptschak, in Tatar y, — forms a Khanate under Batou, about 1240 — divided into four Khanates, 1441 — name attached to one of the four, which loses its last Khan, 1506 — and is divided between Kazan, Astrachan, and the Krim. Karaites, sect of,— founded by Anan ben David, about 750-770 — tomb inscriptions of the, in the Crimea, investigated by Firkowitsch, 1839-53. Karak, Kharrack, {Icarus,) island in Persian Gulf — Dutch settlement in, 1748 — the Dutch expelled by Arabs, about 1765 — occupied by the French, 1807 — taken possession of by the English, 1839. Karamania, — conquered and made part of Ottoman Empire, by Bajazet II., i486. Karamsin, Nikolai Mikhaelovich, historian, — fc. in Eussia, 1 Dec. 1765,* 1766 b — visits Germany, France, England, &c, 1789-91 — tf. at the Tauridan Palace, 3 Jun., a 13 May b 1826. History of Russian Empire, 1816-29. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Karmathians. [Carmathians.] Karnkowski, Stanislaus, prelate, statesman, — {>., about 1520 — Bp of Vladislav, (or Cujavie,) 1563 — draws up the Peace of the Dissidents, 1573 — crowns Stephen Bathori King of Poland, May 1575 — primate of Poland, 158 1 — proclaims Sigismund III., 1586 — convokes assembly at Kief to declare null the constitu- tion established by John Zamoyski, 1590 — tf. at Lowicz, 18 Jim. 1603. K&rs, in Armenia, — submits to Timour, (788, a. h.) 1386 a — castle of, rebuilt by Amurath III., about 1580 — taken by Nadir Shah, 1735 — the Turks defeated by Persians at, 31 May 1744 — the Turks defeated by Paskie- vich, 1 Jul. 1828 — taken by Paskievich, 5 Jul. — invested by Eussians under Mouravieff, 16 Jun. 1855 — defended by General Williams : as- sault repulsed, 29 Sep. 1855 — capitulates to Gen. Mouravieff, 12 Dec. 1855 — restored to Tur- key by Treaty of Paris, 1856. a Von Hammer. Karsten, Dietrich Ludwig- Gustav, miner- alogist, — h.atButzow, 1768 — Prof. Mineralogy, &c, Berlin, 1790 — tf. there, 20 May 18 10. Museum LesJceanum, 1789. Karsten, Wenceslaus Johann Gustav, — mathematician, — fc. in Mecklinburg-Strelitz, 1732 — studies at Eostock, 1750 — at Jena, 1752 — Prof. Natural History and Mathematics, Halle, 1773 — tf. at Halle, 17 Apr. 1787. Kasan, Kazan, Casan, in Russia,— founded by great-grandson of GengisKhan, 1257 — seat of independent Khanate, 1441 — conquered by Ivan II. and annexed to Eussia, 1552 — burnt by Eussians, 1774 — again burnt, Sep. 1815 and 1842. -University of, opened, 1814. Kasbek, in the Caucasus, — ascent of, by Freshfleld, 1 Jul. 1868. Kaschau, in Hungary, — Gen. Schlick de- feats Hungarians near, 4 Jan. 1849. Cathedral (Elizabeth-Pfarrkirche) built, 1342-82. Kate, Lambert Ten, grammarian, — 0. at Amsterdam, 23 Jan. 1674 — tf. there, 14 Dec. 1731. Aanleiding tot de kennisse van het ver- hevene deel der Nederduitsche sprake, §c, 1723 — Gemeenschap tusschen de Gottische SpracJce en de Nederduytsche, 17 10. Kater, Henry, mathematician, — fr. at Bristol, 16 Apr. 1777 — assists Col. Lambton in trigo- nometrical survey of India, 1795 — enters Eoyal Military Coll. Sandhurst, 1808— Chevalier of St Anne, by Emperor of Eussia, 18 14 — em- ployed in ascertaining length of seconds pen- dulum, 1 818 — tf. in London, 26 Apr. 1835. Katherine. [Catherine.] Katona, Istvan, {Stephen,) historian,— fc. in Hungary, 13 Dec. 1732 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1750 — tf., 17 Aug. 1 81 1. Historia vri- tica primorum Hungarian Pucum, 1778 — Histo- ria critica Regum Hungarice stirpis Arpudiance, 1779-80 — Historia critica Regum stirpis Aus- triaccc, 1795-18 11. 19- JXATTE— KEBLE COLLEGE. Katte, Lieutenant, — assists attempt of Prince Frederick of Prussia to escape, and is beheaded by Frederick William L, 1730. " Katzbach, — Blticher defeats the French on the, 26 Aug. 1 813. Kaufmann, Maria Anna Angelica Catha- rina, painter, — b. in the Grisons, 30 Oct. 1741 — goes to Borne, 1763 — comes to England, 1765 — B.A., 1768 — marries Antonio Zucchi, 17 81 — If. at Rome, 5 Nov. 1807. Kaunitz, Wenceslaus Anton, Prince von, statesman, — b. at Vienna, i7io, a i7ii bc — travels in Germany, Italy, France, and Eng- land, 1732-5 — Auiic Councillor of the empire, 1735 — Imperial Commissioner at Diet of Ra- tisbon, 1739 — ambassador to Borne, 1741 — minister plenipotentiary to Turin, 1742 — am- bassador to the Netherlands, 1744 — ambassa- dor to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — Minister of State and of Conferences, 1748 — Knt of the Golden Fleece, 1749 — ambassador to France, negotiates alliance of Austria and France, 1750 — Knt. of St Stephen of Hungary, 1750 — Chancellor of the Court and of State, 1753 c — Chancellor of the Netherlands and of Italy, 1756 c — Prince of the Empire, by Francis L, 1764 — Chief Minister, 1790-2 — ft., 24 Jun. 1794. * Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Kaye. [Cains.] Kaye, John, Bp of Lincoln, — b. at Ham- mersmith, 1783 — B.A. Cambridge, 1804 — Master of Christ's Coll., Cambridge, 18 14 — D.D. 1815 — Begius Prof. Divinity, 1816 — Bp of Bristol, 1820 — Bp of Lincoln, 1827 — resigns Mastership of his college, 1830 — visitor of Balliol Coll. Oxford, 1848 — ft., 19 Feb. 1853. Ecclesiastical History of second and third Centuries, 1826 — Writings and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria, 1835 — Council of Niccea in connection with Athana- sius, 1853 — External Government and Discipline of the Church during first three Centuries, 1855. Kayserswerth, in Prussia, — castle built by Frederick Barbarossa, between 1150-90 — be- sieged by Imperialists and Prussians, 1689— taken by them, 1702 — Deaconesses Institute, founded by Fliedner, 1836. Kazinczy, Ferencz, (Francis,) — b. in Hun- gary, 27 Oct. 1759 — takes part in the con- spiracy of Martinovics, and is imprisoned, Dec. 1794 — liberated, 1801 — member of Hungarian Academy, 1830 — ft., 22 Aug., a Nov. b 1831. Works, 1814-16. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Kazwini, Zachariah Ben Mohammed Ben Mahmoud, el, naturalist, geographer, — b. at Kazwin, in Persia, about 1200 — living at Da- mascus, 1 23 1 — retires from public life, about 1258 — ft., (682, A. H.) 1283. Cosmography, 1263 — Arabic text edited by "Wustenfeld, 1848-9. Kean, Charles, actor, — b. at Waterford, 18 Jan. 181 1 — first appears at Drury Lane Thea- tre, 1 Oct. 1827 — visits America, 1830 — again, 1839 — marries Ellen Tree at Dublin, 29 Jan. 1842 — visits America, 1845 — revives Shake- speare's historical plays, at the Princess's Thea- tre, 1 850-60 — makes a tour round the world, 1863-66 — ft. in London, 22 Jan. 1868. Kean, Edmund, actor, — b. in London, about 1787 ? — marries Miss Chambers, Jul. 1808 — first appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 26 Jan. 1 8 14 — visits America, 1820 — again, 1825 — ft. at Richmond, 15 May 1833. Keane, John, 1st Lord Keane, general, — b., 1781 — enters the army, 1793 — serves in cam- paign of Martinique,' 1809 — Colonel, serves under Wellington in Spain, 1812-14 — Major- general, cooperates with Admiral Cochrane in attack on New Orleans, 18 14 — commander of forces in Jamaica, 1823-30 — at Bombay, 1833 — commands expedition of Scinde, 1838 — takes Ghuznee, 21-25 Jul. 1839 — Baron Keane of Ghuznee, Dec. 1839 — returns to England, 1840 — ft. at Burton Lodge, Hampshire, 24 Aug. 1844. Keating, Sir Henry Sheehy, Lieutenant- general, — b., 1777 — enters the army, 31 Aug. 1793 — serves under Sir C. Grey in Martinique, and is severely wounded and taken prisoner, 1794 — Lieut.-col., 1804 — commander of island of Roderigues, 1809 — captures St Paul's, Isle of Bourbon, 1809 — conquers Isle of Bourbon, 1 8 10 — wounded in attack on Isle of France, 1810— Colonel, 1813— C.B., 1815 — K.C.B., 1836 — Lieutenant-general, 1837 — ft. at Chel- tenham, 12 Sep. 1847. Keats, John, poet, — b. in London, 1796 — goes to Italy, Dec. 1820 — ft. at Rome, 24 Feb. 1 82 1. Endymion, 1818 — Lamia, Eve of St Agnes, Hy per ion, 1820. Keats, Sir Richard Godwin, admiral, — b. in Hampshire, 16 Jan. 1757 — enters the navy, 1770 — serves under Rodney at Gibraltar, 1780 — in American war, 1781-5 — in expedition of Quiberon, 1795 — under Nelson, 1803— distin- guishes himself against the French at St Do- mingo, 6 Feb. 1806 — takes part in expedition against Copenhagen, 1807 — Rear-admiral, 2 Oct. 1807 — takes part in expedition to Sweden, transports Spanish forces under the Marquis of La Romana to Spain, 1808 — K.B., 1808 — takes part in expedition to the Scheldt, 1 809 — ■ Yice-admiral, 181 1 — Governor of Newfound- land, 1 8 13 — Major-general of Royal Marines, 18 1 8 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1821 —ft., 5 Apr. 1834. Keble, John, poet, theologian, — b. at Fair- ford, Gloucestershire, 25 Apr. 1792 — enters Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, 12 Dec. 1806 — B.A., 1810— Fellow of Oriel Coll., Apr. 18 11 — M.A., 18 13 — Public Examiner, 18 14- 16 — or- dained deacon, 1815 — priest, 1816 — college tutor, 1818 (1817?) — resigns, 1823 — Prof. Poetry, Oxford, 1831 — takes part in originat- ing Tractarian movement, 1832 — preaches Assize Sermon (on National Apostasy) at Ox- ford, Jul. 1833 — contributes to Tracts for the Times, 1833 — marries, 10 Oct. 1835 — Vicar of Hursley, Mar. 1836 — ft. at Bournemouth, 29 Mar. 1866. Christian Year, 1827 — Lyra In- nocentium, 1846 — De Toetica Vi Medica, 1844 — Edition of ILoolcer, 1863. Keble College, Oxford, — first stone laid, 25 Apr. 1868 — opened, 23 Jun. 1870. KEEPER— KELLERMANN, 793 Keeper. [Lord Keeper.] Kehl, in Baden, — fortified by Vauban, 1688 — ceded by France to Baden, 1697 — taken by Marshal Yillars, 9 Mar. 1703 — by Marshal Berwick, 28 Oct. 1733 — by the French, 13 Sep. 1793 — surprised byMoreau, 24 Jun. 1796 — bombarded by Archduke Charles, 29 Oct. 1796 — surrenders to him, 9 Jan. 1797 — given up to French, 21 Apr. 1797 — united to French Empire by decree of Senate, Jan. 1808 — re- stored to Baden, 18 14 — its fortifications dis- mantled, 18 15. Keill, John, mathematician, — b. at Edin- burgh, 167 1 — enters Oxford Univ., 1694 — Sedleian Prof. Natural Philosophy. 1700 — F.R.S., i7o8, a 1701 b — accompanies the Pala- tines to America, 1709 — Savilian Prof. As- tronomy, 17 10— M.D., 17 13 — "&., 1 Sep. 1721. Examination of Dr Burnet's Theory of the Earth, 1698 — Introductio ad veram Ehysicam, 1702 -— Introductio ad veram Astronomiam, 17 1 8. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. Keiser, Reinhard, musical composer,— $. at Leipsic, 1673 — settles at Hamburg, 1694 — ■chapel-master to king of Denmark, 1722 — ft. at Hamburg, 12 Sep. 1739. Circe, 1734. Keith, George, founder of Marischal College, — succeeds his grandfather as Earl Marshal, 15 8 1 — one of the commissioners to superintend reorganization of King's College, Aberdeen, 1583 — founds Marischal College, 2 Apr. 1593 — Lord High Commissioner to parliament of Scotland, 6 Jun. 1609 — ft., 5 Apr. 1623. Keith, George Elphinstone, Viscount, admiral, — ft. at Elphinstone, 12 Jan. 1746 — enters the navy, 1762 — Captain, 1775 — takes part in American war, 1780-3 — M.P. Dumbar- tonshire, 1780 — secretary to the king and Chamberlain of Scotland, 1783 — distinguishes himself at siege of Toulon, 1793 — K.B., Rear- admiral, 1794 — commands expedition to the Cape of Good Hope, 1795 — captures Dutch squadron in the bay of Saldanha, raised to Irish peerage, 1795 — M.P. Stirlingshire, 1796 — com- mands under Lord St Vincent in the Mediter- ranean, 1799 — Commander-in-chief, bombards and takes Genoa, 1800 — commands fleet con- veying army of General Abercomby to Egypt, 1 801 — Peer of England, receives thanks of parliament, 1801 — commands fleet of the North, 1803-7 — Admiral of Channel Fleet, Feb. 1808 — Viscount, 1 814 — o\ at Tullialan, Ireland, 10 Mar. 1823. Keith, James, field-marshal, — fj. at Freter- essa, Kincardineshire, 11 Jun. 1696 — joins the Pretender and is wounded at Sheriffmuir, 17 15 — attainted, 17 16 — goes to Madrid, 17 17 and 1720 — to St Petersburg, about 1728 — as Lieutenant-general in Russian army, serves against France, 1735 — distinguishes himself in campaigns against the Turks, 1736-7 — contri- butes to capture of Oczakoff, 1737 — commands in Finland, takes Isles of Aland, 1741 — am- bassador to Sweden, occupies Stockholm, Nov. 1743 to Jun. 1744 — Field-marshal of Prussia, 15 Sep. 1747 a — Governor of Berlin, about 1749 — takes part in invasion of Saxony, Sep. 1756 — distinguishes himself at battle of Prague, May 1757 — contributes to victories of Rosbach and Leuthen, 1757 — directs siege of Olmiitz, Jun. 1758 — joins Ziethen in Saxony, Sep. 1758 — falls, at Hochkirchen, 14 Oct. 1758. a Carlyle. Keith, Sir Robert Murray, diplomatist, — ft., 20 Sep. 1730 — commands Highland auxiliary corps in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — envoy to Dresden, 1769 — interferes at Copenhagen "for protection of the queen Matilda, and is created K.B., 1772 — ambassador to Vienna, Nov. 1772 — ft. at Hammersmith, 1795. Keith, Thomas, mathematician, — fj. in York- shire, 1759 — settles in London, 17 81 — Prof. Geography and the Sciences to Princess Charlotte, 1801 — Accountant to British Museum, 18 14 — ft. in London, 29 Jun. 1824. Practical Arithmetician, 17 89 — Use of the Globes, 1805. Kelat. [Khelat.] _ Kelbite Dynasty, in Sicily, — founded by Hassan, 948 — overthrown by Maniaces the Catapan, 1038. Kellehoven, Moritz, painter, — b. at Alten- rath, Berg, 1768^ 1758 b — goes to Vienna, 1779 — painter to the Elector, Munich, 1784 — ■ first Prof. Academy of Painting, 1808 — ft., Director of Academy, i83i, a i83o. b a Biog'. "Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Keller, Dorotheus Ludwig Christoph, Count, diplomatist, — b. at Gotha, 19 Feb. 1757 — plenipotentiary of Prussia at court of Sweden, 1779 — a ^ the Hague, 1789 — assists at the con- ferences of Antwerp, 1793 — envoy to Vienna, 1797-1805 — Saxon ambassador to Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — first Pres. of Regency of Erfurt, 1815 — ft. at Stettin, 22 Nov. 1827. > Kellermann, Francois Christophe, Duke of Yalmy, marshal and peer of France, — b. at Strasburg, 30 May 1735 — enters the army, 1752 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — serves in Poland, 177 1 — Marechal de Camp, 1785 — Commander of Alsace, 179 1 — obtains victory over Prussians and Austrians at Yalmy, 20 Sep. 1792 — called to bar of the Convention, 14 Nov. 1792 — Com- mander-in-chief of army of the Alps, May 1795 — defeats Piedmontese at Bonneville, takes Lyons, Aug. — deprived and arrested, 18 Oct. — ' Commander-in-chief of army of the Alps, Nov. 1796 — Pres. of Conservative Senate, 2 Aug. 1 801 — Grand Eagle of Legio'nof Honour, Feb. 1805 — Marshal of France, 1805 — Prefect of Electoral Coll. of Upper Rhine, 1805 and 1811 — Peer of France, Grand Cross of St Louis, 1 8 14 — ft., 12 Sep. 1820. Kellermann, Francois Etienne, Duke of Valmy, general, — b. at Metz, 1770 — serves in campaign against Prussians, 1793 — distinguishes himself at passage of the Tagliamento, 1797 — General of Brigade, 1797 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1799 — contributes to victory of Marengo, General of Division, 1800 — wounded at Austerlitz, 1 805 — serves in Portugal, 1808 — Commander-in-chief in North Spain, 1 809 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Saxony, 181 3 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 1814 — ft! at Paris, 2 Jun. 1835. 79+ KE LLGREN— KENNET. Kellgren, Johan Henrik, poet,—b. in West Gothland, i Dec. 175 1— goes to Stockholm, 1774 — member of Swedish Academy, 1786 — tf., Apr. 1795. Samlade SJcriftes, 1796. Kells, in Ireland, synod of, acknowledges supremacy of Home, 1152 — castle built, 1178. Monastery founded, (by St Columba ?) 550. Kelly, John,— b. at Douglas, Isle of Man, 1 Nov. 1750— tutor to Marquis of Huntly, 1779— LL.D. Cambridge, 1799— tf., 12 Nov. 1809. Manx translation of the Bible, 1772 — Gaelic Grammar, 1803. Kelly, Michael, musical composer and singer, — b. at Dublin, 1762 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1787 — tf., 1826. Reminiscences, 1826. Kelso, in Scotland, — damaged in border wars, 1522, 1542, 1544— made a burgh of barony, 1634 — burnt, 1686 and 1738. Abbey, transferred from Selkirk by David I., 11 28 — destroyed by Earl of Hertford, 1545. Floors Castle, built, 17 18. Kemal-Eddin Abul Kasern Omar, {Ebn A.ladim,) historian, — h. at Aleppo, (588, A. H.) 1 1 92— tf. at Cairo, (660,) 126 1-2. Kemhle, Charles, actor,— b. at Brecknock, 25 Nov. 1775 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, Apr. 1794 — visits America, 1832 — Examiner of Plays, quits the stage, 1840 — tf., 12 Nov. 1854. Kemhle, George Stephen, actor, — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 1783 — tf., 1822. Kemhle, John Mitchell, historian, antiquary, — h. in London, 1807 — B.A. Cambridge, 1830 —resides in Germany, 1849-55— tf. at Dublin, 2 6 Mar. 1857. Anglo-Saxon I'oems of Beoivulf, 1833 — Codex cliplomaticus cevi Saxonici, 1839- 40 — Saxons in England, 1849. Kemhle, John Philip, actor,— b. at Prescot, Lancashire, 1 Feb. 1757 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, Sep. 1783 — manager, 1790 — manager of Covent Garden Theatre, 1803-17 — tf. at Lausanne, 26 Feb. 1823. Kemhle, Sarah. [Siddons.] Kemp, John, Cardinal, Abp of Canter- bury, and Chancellor of Exglaxd, — b. at "Wye in Kent, 1380 — assists in proceedings against Sir John Oldcastle, Sep. 141 3 — am- bassador to Aragon, Jul. 141 5— Dean of the Arches, 1415— Bp of Bochester, 141 9 — Bp of Chichester, 28 Feb. 142 1 — Bp of London, 17 Nov. 142 1 — Chancellor, 16 Mar. 1426— Abp of York, 8 Apr. 1426 — resigns the Great Seal, 25 Feb. 1432 — joint ambassador to France, 1439— Cardinal Priest, 18 Dec. 1439 — endows College at Wye, 1447— again Chancellor, 31 Jan. 1450— Cardinal Bp, Jul. 1452 — Abp of Canterbury, by Papal bull, 21 Jul. 1452— tf., 22 Mar. 1454^ I457. b a Foss. b Le Neve. Kemp, Joseph, musical composer, — b. at Exeter, 1778 — Mus. B. Cambridge, 1808 — Mus. D., 1809 — tf. in London, 22 May 1824. System of Musical Education, i8i9.(?) Kempelen, Wolfgang, Barox, mechanician, — b. at Presburg, 1734 — exhibits his Automaton Chess-player at Paris, 1783 — tf., 1804. Kempenfelt, Richard, admiral,— b. at West- minster, 1720 — Lieutenant R.N., 1741— Post- captain, 1757 — Captain of the fleet and Bear- admiral, 1779 — captures French convoy on the way to W. Indies, close of 17 81— appointed to the Royal George, early in 1782— drowned by sinking of his vessel at Spithead, 29 Aug. 1782. Kempis, Thomas a, {Thomas EGimmerlein, Malleolus,) theologian, — b. at Kempen, near Cologne, 1380 — sub-prior of Mount St Agnes, 1425 — prior, 1448 — tf., 147 1. Ken, Thomas, Bp of Bath axd Wells, — b. at Berkhampstead, Herts, 1637 — enters Oxford Univ., 1657 — Fellow of Winchester Coll., 1666 — prebendary of Winchester, 1669 — visits Home, 1675 — D.D., 1679 — chaplain to Charles II., 1684— Bp of Bath and Wells, 1685— one of the Seven Bishops committed to the Tower, 1688 — deprived as a nonjuror, 1691 — tf. at Longleate, 19 Mar. 171 1. Works, 1721. Kendal, Ermengard Melnsina von Schulen- herg, Dlchess of, mistress of George I., — created Duchess of Munster, 17 16 — Duchess of Kendal, 17 19 — tf., 1743- Kenilworth, Warwickshire, — castle built by Geoffrey de Clinton, about n 20 — garrisoned for Henry II., 1 173-4 a — held by De Mont- fort, 1264 — besieged by Henry III., 1266 — surrendered to him, Nov. 1266 — tournament held at, by Earl of Leicester, 1279 a — becomes possession of the crown under Henry IV., 1399 — given by Queen Elizabeth to Bobert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 9 Jun. 1563 — Queen Eliza- beth entertained at, by Leicester, Jul. 1575. Dictum de, terms of accommodation agreed to between Henry III. and the Barons, passed at Coventry, 15 Oct. 1266. a Dugdale. Kenmure, William Gordon, 6th YiscorxT, — succeeds to the title, 1698 — joins the Pretender, Oct. 17 15 — taken prisoner at Preston, 13 Nov. 17 15 — beheaded in London, 24 Feb. 17 16. Kennedy, James, Bp of St Andrews, — b., about 1405 — Bp of Dunkeld, 1437 — Bp of St Andrews, 1440 — Lord Chancellor, 1444 — visits Borne, 1446— founds Coll. of St Salvador, 1455 or 1458 — tf. at St Andrews, 10 May 1466. Kennedy, Sir James Shaw, general, — fc., about 1789 — enters the army, 1805 — present at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — in retreat from Corufia, 1808 — aide-de-camp to Major-gen. Craufurd, 1809 — at siege of Ciudad Kodrigo, 1 8 12 — at siege of Badajoz, 1812 — at battle of Salamanca, 1812 — returns to England, Dec. 1 8 12 — serves as Deputy-assistant Quarter- master-general, at Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo, 16, 17, 18 Jun. 1815 — commands at Calais, 1 815-18 — Assistant Adjutant-general in Ireland, 1826 — at Manchester, Dec. 1826-36 — Inspector-general of Constabulary Force of Ireland, 1836-8 — Major-general, Nov. 1846 — Lieut. -gen., Jun. i860 — General, Aug. 1862 — tf. at Bath, 30 May 1865. Kennedy, John, chronologist, — tf. at Bradley, Derbyshire, about 1770. Scripture Chronology, Kennet, — Ethelred II. defeated by North- men at, 1006. Kennet, White, Bp of Peterborough, KENNETH II.— KEPLER. 795 antiquary, — b. at Dover, 1660 — enters Oxford Univ., 1678 — D.D., 1695 — Dean of Peter- borough, 1707 — Bp of Peterborough, 1718 — tf., 19 Dec. 1728. Parochial Antiquities attempted in the history of Ambrosden, Bnr- cester, §c, 1695 — Register and Chronicle, Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1728. Kenneth II., MacAlpin, King of the Scots, — succeeds Alpin, 836 — the Picts sub- mit to, about 843 — tr., 859. Kenneth III., King or Scotland, — succeeds, about 970 — does homage to Edgar at Chester, 972 — conquers Strathclyde : murdered by Fenella, 994. Kenneth IV., the Grim, King of Scotland, — succeeds Constantine IV., 995 — attacked and killed by Malcolm, Prince of Cumberland, at Monivaird, 1003. Kennicott, Benjamin, Hebraist, — 6. at Totnes, Devonshire, 4 Apr. 17 18 — studies at Oxford, 1744 — Fellow of Exeter Coll., about 1747 — M.A., 1750 — D.D., 1761 — HadclifTe Librarian, Nov. 1767 — canon of Christchurch, Oct. 1770 — tf. at Oxford, 18 Sep. 1783. Hebrew Bible, 1776-80 — On the state of the printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament, 1753-9- Kensal Green Cemetery, near London, — opened, 31 Jan. 1832. Kensington. [Horticultural Society's Gardens. ] Kensington Museum, South, — opened, 24 Jun. 1857. Kensington Palace, — purchased of Earl of Nottingham by William 111., 1690. Kent, [Cantium, Cantivaraland,) — [BC] — Cresar invades, 55 — [A D] — kingdom of, founded by Hengist, 455 ? 446 ? — his son Esc (Eric) succeeds, 488? — Ethelbert, 568 — Eadbald, 616 — tf., 20 Jan. 640 — Eucombert, 640 — tf., 14 Jul. 664 — Egbert, 664 — Lothaire, Jul. 673 — ravaged by Ethelred of Mercia, 676— fc., 6 Feb. 685 — ravaged by Ceadwalla, 687 — Wihtred and Webheard, 692 ? 690 ? — "VVihtred alone, 694 — he prohibits idolatry, 696 — Eadbert, 23 Apr. 725 — Ethelbert II., 748 — Alric, 760 — Offa makes war on, 771 — he defeats Kentish men at Otford, 774 — Edbert Praen, 794 — taken prisoner and mutilated by Cynulf of Mercia, 796 — subject to Mercia, 796 — Cuthked ; Baldred, 805 — jonquered by Egbert of Wessex, and his son Ethel wulf made king, 823 — his son Athelstan appointed, 837 — his brother Ethelbert, 851 — united with Wessex under him 860 — in- vaded by Northmen, 865, 885, 893 — [Hasting] — again, 980, 994, 999, 1006, 1009-11 — forms part of earldom of Godwin, about 1035 ? — insurrections of Wat Tyler in, 1381 — and of Jack Cade, 1450 — entered by Cornish insurgents under Lord Audley, 1497. Kent, Earls of. [Godwine, Odo of Bayeux, Hubert de Burgh.] Kent, Fair Maid of. [Joan.] Kent, Holy Maid of. [Barton, Elizabeth.] Kent, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of, — b., 5 Aug. 1 30 1 — created Earl, 1321 — joins Isa- bella, Queen of Edward II., in France, 1325 — with her invades England, Sep. 1326 — con- spires against Mortimer, 1329 — executed, 19 Mar. 1330. Kent, Edward Augustus, Duke of, Earl of Dublin, and Duke of Strath earn, — &., 2 Nov. 1767 — as Colonel, serves under O'Hara at Gibraltar, 17 90-1 — distinguishes himself in campaign in Martinique and Guadaloupe, 1794 — Lieutenant - general, 1796 — created Duke of Kent and of Strathearn and Earl of Dublin, 1799 — governor of Gibraltar, 1802— suppresses mutiny of the garrison, Christmas 1802 — recalled, 1803 — Field-marshal, 1805 — marries Princess of Leiningen, 20 May 1818 — ■ birth of his daughter, Princess Victoria, 24 May 1 8 19 — tf. at Sidmouth, 23 Jan. 1820. Kent, James, musical composer, — b. at Win- chester, 1700 — organist of Winchester Cathe- dral, 1737-74 — tf. at Winchester, 1776. Twelve Anthems, 1773. Kent, James, Chief Justice of New York, — b. at Fredericksburg, New York, 31 Jul. 1763 — Counsellor in Supreme Court, 1787 — member of State Legislature, 1790-4 — Prof. Law, Columbia Coll., settles at New York, 1794 — appointed with Judge Eadcliffe to revise legal code of New York, 1 800 — Chief Jus- tice, 1804 — Chancellor, about 18 14 to Aug. 1823 — reappointed Prof. Law, 1 823 — tf. at New York, 12 Dec. 1847. Commentaries on Ameri- can Law, 1826-30. Kent, Maria Louisa Victoria, Duchess of, — b., 1786 — marries the Prince of Leiningen, 1803 — widow, 1 8 14 — marries Edward, Duke of Kent, at Coburg, May 181 8 — at Kew, Jul. 1 81 8 — removes to England, spring 18 19 — widow again, 1820 — tf. at Frogmore, 16 Mar. 1861. Kent, William, architect, landscape-gar- dener, — b. in Yorkshire, 1684 — studies paint- ing in Italy, 17 10 — in service of Earl of Bur- lington, 17 16 — tf. in London, 12 Apr. 1748. Kentish Petition, — signed at Maidstone, 29 Apr. 1 70 1 — presented to House of Commons, 8 May, and the petitioners presenting it im- prisoned. Kentucky, U. S.,< — Europeans arrive in, 1767 — settlement formed, 1775 — separated from Virginia, 1790 — becomes one of the United States, 1792 — sends delegates to Congress of Confederate States, Jan. 1863. Kenyon, Lloyd, Lord Kenyon, Chief Justice of England, — b. in Wales, 5 Oct. 1732 — enters Middle Temple, 7 Nov. 1750 — called to the bar, 7 Feb. 1756 — M.P. Hindon, and Chief Justice of Chester, 1780 — engaged in defence of Lord George Gordon, 1780 — Attorney- general, Mar. 1782 — Master of the Polls, 30 Mar. 1784 — Bart., 24 Jul. 1784 — raised to the peerage, and appointed Chief Justice, 9 Jun. 1788 — tf. at Bath, 4 Apr. 1802. Kepler, (Jtepplcr,) Johann, astronomer, — b. at Weil, Wiirtemberg, 21 Dec. 157 1 — at school of Maulbronn, 1586— M. A. Tubingen, Aug. 1591 — lecturer on Astronomy at Gratz, about 1594 — virits Tycho Brahe at Benach, near Prague, Jan. 1600 — Imperial mathematician, assistant to Tycho Brahe at Prague, Sep. 1601 79 6 KEPPEL-KEW GABDEXS. — principal mathematician to th.3 Emperor, Oct. — Prof, at Univ. of Linz, 1612 — tf. at Batisbon, 15 Nov. 1630. Frodromus Dissertat. Cosmography 1596 — Be Fundamentis Astro- logies, 1602 — Faralipomena ad Vitellionem, 1604 — F)e Stella Nova, 1606 — Astronomia Nova, 1609 — F)e Cometis, 1619 — Harmonice Mv/ndi, 1619 — Fabules Rudolphines, 1627 — Epitomes Astron. Copern., 1618-22. Keppel, Augustus, Viscount, admiral, — fc. in Suffolk, 2 Apr. 1725 — accompanies Anson round the world, 1740-5 — negotiates treaty with Dey of Algiers, close of 1749 — negotiates treaties with Tripoli and Tunis, 175 1 — M.P. Chichester, 1755 — takes Goree, Dec. 1758 — contributes to defeat of French fleet under Marquis de Conflans, 1759 — takes Belleisle, 7 Jun. 1761 — Bear-admiral, 1761 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1 7 65 — Vice-admiral, 1 775 — Admiral, commander of Channel Fleet, Jan. 1778 — en- gages the French off Ushant, 27 Jul. — tried by Court Martial and acquitted, 7 Jan. to 11 Feb. 1779 — First Commissiouer of the Ad- miralty, and Privy Councillor, 30 Mar. 1782 — raised "to the peerage,* 8 Apr. 1782 — tf. in Suf- folk, 3 Oct. 1786. Ker, John. [Eoxburghe, Duke of.] Kerala. [Malabar, Ganara.] Keralio, Louis Felis G-uinement de, his- torian, — h. at Bennes, 17 Sep. 17 31 — tutor to Don Ferdinand at Parma, about 1756— ad- mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1780 — tf. at Grosley, (Seine-et-Oise,) 10 Dec. 1793. Sistoire de la Guerre entre la Russie et la Tur- quie, 1773 — Ftistoire de la Guerre des Turcs et des Fusses, 1736-9, 1777. Kerbela, (JTeshedFf ossein,) in Turkey, — taken by "Wahabees, and inhabitants massacred, 2 Apr. 1 80 1 — Shiite Shrine of, Shah Nasreddin makes pilgrimage to, Dec. 1870: first visit of Shah to, since conquest of Baghdad by Osman- lees. Kerckhove, Johan Polyander van der, theo- logian, — b. at Metz, 26 Mar. 1568 — studies at Geneva, 1588 — pastor of French church at Dort, 1591-1610 — Prof. Theology, Leyden, 1610-46 — assists at Synod of Dort, 161 8-1 9 — tf. Bector of Univ. of Leyden, 4 Feb. 1646. Keresstury, Aloys Joseph de, historian, — ft. in Hungary, 1765 — Prof. History, Pesth, about 1809 — a", there, 21 Apr. 1825. Com- pendium histories universalis, 1817-19 — Bis- sertatio de FLungarorum origins atque primis incunabulis, 18 19. Keresztes, in Transylvania, — Mahomet III. defeats Imperialists at, 23 Oct. 1596. Kerguelen - Tremarec, Yves Joseph de, maritime discoverer— b. in Brittany, 1745— discovers Kerguelen's Land, 1772— revisits it, 1773-4 — tf., Mar. 1797. Relation d'un voyage dans la mer du Nord, 1771— Relation de deux voyages dans les mers australes et les Fides, 1782. Kerguelen's Land, Island of Desolation, [Kerguelen-Tremarec,] — visited by Captain Cook, Dec. 1776. Kerkhove, Joseph van den, painter, founder and director of Academy of Fainting, Bruges, — b. at Bruges, 1669 — tf. there, 1724. Kerouaille, Mademoiselle. [Portsmouth, Duchess of.] Kertch, in the Crimea — [Panticapaeum, Bosporus] — [AD] — taken by the Huns, 375 — held by Genoese, 1280 — conquered by Turks, 1473 — seized by Bussians, 1771 — ceded by Turkey to Bussia, 1774 — made a free port, 1822 — Russian fleet and stores at, captured by allies, 24 May 1855. Kessel, Ferdinand van, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1660 — tf., about 1710^ i696. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. Kessel, Jan van, painter, u. at Amsterdam, 1648^ at Antwerp, 1644 b — court painter to king of Spain, 1686 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1698, a at Madrid, i7o8. b a Biog. Woordenboek. b Conv.-Lex. Kessel, Jan van, painter, b. at Antwerp, 1626— tf., about 1690? Kessel, Theodor van, engraver, — S. in Hol- land, about 1620. Kessels, Matthias, sculptor, — b. at Maes- tricbt, 20 May, 1781,* 1784^ d — goes to St Petersburg, 1806 — returns to Maestricht, i8i7 d — goes to Borne, 1818 — tf. there, 3 Mar. 1836. a jSouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Woordenboek. d Xagler. Kesselsdorf, — Prince Leopold of Dessau defeats Saxons under Prince Charles of Lor- raine at, 15 Dec. 1745. Kestner, Christian "Wilhelm, physician, — b. in Thuringia, 1694 — M.D., Halle, 1719 — tf., 13 May 1747. Jfedicinisches Gelehrten- Lexicon, 1740 — Bibliotheca medica optimorum per si?igulas medicines partes auctorum delecta circumscripta, 1746. Ket. [Kett.j Ketel, Cornelisz, painter, — b. at Gouda, 1548 — visits England, 1587-81 — living at Leipsic, i6oo. a a Descamps. Ketelaer, Nicholas, printer, — $. at Utrecht. Scholastica historia super Novum Testamen- turn, 147 3, a 1475 b — Fusebii Historia Ecclesias- tica, 1474 — Th. a Kempis defuncti opera, 1474. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Woordenboek. Kett, Robert, the tanner, — heads insurrec- tion in Norfolk, Jul. 1549 — his forces dispersed by Earl of "Warwick, end of Aug. — hung, with his brother, Nov. or Dec. 1549. Kettilmundsson, Matts, Administrator of Siceden, — distinguishes himself in war against Bussians, 1291 and 1293 — supports revolt of Dukes Eric and Yaldemar, 1304 — commands insurgents against King Birger, 13 17 — gets himself declared Administrator, 131 7 — obtains recognition of Magnus as king, 13 19 — resigns his office, 1320 — tf., 1337. Keulen, Jan van, hydrographer, — tf., 1705. Edition of Le Xouveau grand illuminant Flam- beau de la mer, 1687. Keulen, Ludolph van, mathematician,— -tf., at Leyden, 16 10. Be circulo et adsenptis, 1596 — Fundamcntaarithmetica et gcometrica, (17 16.) Kew Bridge, near London, built by Paine, 1789. Kew Gardens, in Surrey, {Botanic,) formed about 1750-60 — parliamentary committee on management of, appointed, 1838 — Lindley's Be- KEW HOUSE— KIEFFER. 797 pjrt presented,. May 1840 — transferred to Com- missioners of Woods and Forests, 1840 — opened to the public, 1 84 1 — Palm Stove completed, 1848. Kew House, — leased by Frederick, Prince of "Wales, about 1730 — purchased and pulled down by George III., about 1789. Kew Palace, —purchased for Queen Char- lotte, 1781. Key, Willem, painter, — ft. at Breda, 1520 — ft., 5 Jul. 1568. Khadija, — marries Mohammed, about 595 —ft., 621. Khaled, military commander, — ft. ,5 82 — com- mands cavalry of the Koreish against Moham- med at battle of Ohud, (3, a. h.) 623 — saves army of Mohammed at battle of Muta, 629 — invades Persia, (12,) Mar. 632 — takes Bozrah, 633 — besieges Damascus, Feb. 633 — defeats Werdan, general of Heraclius, at Aiznadin, 13 Jul. 633 — storms Damascus, 30 Aug. 634 — takes part in siege of Aleppo, 638 — commands at battle of Yermuk, Nov. 636 — ft. at Eniesa, (21,) 642. Khalil, Dhahery ben Schahin, — ft. at Jerusalem, (813, a. h.) 1410-11— governor of Alexandria, (839,) 1435-6 — superintendent of Mint of Cairo, (840,) 1436-7— Vizir, (841,) 1437-8 — commander in Syria, (843,) 1439 — goes to Cairo, (854,) 1450-1. Zobdad Kaschef al memalek, about 142 1. Khandeish. [Candeish.] Kharizm, Kharizmians, in Turkestan, — conquered by Catiba of Khorasan, (93, a. h.) 712 a — conquered by Sultan Mahmud, (407,) 10 16 a — contests of Ghorians against, in Kho- rasan, (599,) 1202 — invasion of Shahab u din repulsed, (600,) 1203 — take Ghazni, (612,) 1 2 15 — under Sultan Jelal u din, the kingdom overthrown by Moguls under Gengis Khan, (618,) 1221 a — assist ISodgemeddin, ravage Syria, and pillage Jerusalem, i244. b [Khiva.] a Elphinstone. b Kington. Khelat, in Ghxjlzie, — unsuccessfully besieged by Ameen Khan and his brother Shureef, Mar. 1865 — Shere Ali defeats Ameen Khan near, 6 Jun. — taken possession of by Shere Ali, 14 Jim. Khemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovich, fabulist,— ft. at St Petersburg, 1744 — ft. consul-general at Smyrna, 20 Mar. 1784. Works, 1799. Kheraskov, Mikhail Matyievich, poet,^ — ft., 25 Oct. 1733 — curator of Moscow Univ., 1802 — ft. at Moscow, 27 Sep. 1807. Rossiada, 1 7 85 — Vladimir, 1786. Kherson. [Cherson.] Khevenhuller, Franz Christoph, Count von, — ft., 1588 — ft., 1650. Annates Ferdin- andei, 1640-6. Khitans, {Tatar,) — contest of Toghan Khan with, 1012-25 a — invited to assist revolted governor of Kharizm, about H52. b a De Guignes. b Elphinstone. Khiva, [Kharizm,] Orgunje, {Chorasmia,)'m Central Asia,— conquered by Gengis Khan, 1 22 1 — independent kingdom under his descend- ants, till conquered by Timur, 1379 — conquered by Uzbeks under Sheibani Khan, 151 1 — un- successful Russian expeditions against, 17 17 and 1839-40 — visited by Captain Abbot, end of 1839 — commercial treaty with Russia, 1854 — visited by Vambery, 1 860- 1 — Russian campaign against, spring 187 1 — terminates before 7 Jun. Khodjent, in Bokhara, — besieged by Ro- manoffsky, 29 May 1866 — taken by assault, 8 Jun. Khoi, in Fersia, — Shah Ismael defeats Se- lim I. at, 15 14. Khondemyr, Gaiatheddin Mohammed Ben Hoinameddyn, historian, — named one of the commissioners for making peace between Abu Said and Ibrahim Mirza, (862, a. h.) 1457 — ft., after 1522. FJielassat al Akhbar, about 1495 — Habyb alseir Afrad Albaschar one Akhbar Afrad, after 1523. Khondistan, The Khonds, in India, — first come in contact with Euglish, 1835 — revolt of, suppressed by Gen. Sir Henry Taylor, 1836-7 — suppression of human (MeriaA) sacrifices by British Agency, under Col. John Campbell, 1837-49. Khoord Cabul Pass. [Afghanistan.] Khorasan, [Persia,] — conquered by the Caliphs, 646 — revolts, 750 — independent under the Taherites, 820 — under Sofarides, 872 — in possession of Samanis, 892 — Alptegin go- vernor, 961 — Mahmud governor, 993 — inde- pendent under Mahmud (389, a. h.) 999 — Sel- juks settled in, by Mahmud of Ghazni, about 1020 — ravaged by Uzbeks, 1 150— submits to Timur, about 1380 — conquered by Shabak Khan, 1507 — Herat separated from, by Afghans, 17 16 — recovered by Nadir Shah, 1735 — part of, annexed to Cabul, 1747 — conquered by Agha Mohammed, 1797 — explored by Khanikoff, 1858-60. Khosru. [Chosroes.] Khyher Pass. [Afghanistan.] Khyrpur, in Hindustan, — incorporated with British empire, 1853. ♦ Kiachta, in Siberia, — becomes important trading place, 1727. Kicinski, Pius, statesman, — ft. in Poland, 1752 — secretary to the Diet, 1782 — first secre- tary to the king, 1783-92 — deputy to Diet of Grodno, 1784 and 1788-92 — takes part with the insurgents, 1794 — recalled to the Senate, 1 8 15 — ft. at Warsaw, 1828. Kickx, Jan, naturalist, — ft. at Brussels, 1772 — ft. there, 1831. Flora Bruxellensis, 1812 — Tentamen mineralogicum, 1821. Kidd, William, captain F.JSF., — commission- ed by Lord Chancellor Somers to suppress piracy in E. Indies, 1699 — turns pirate, and with three of his companions is hung, 23 May 1701. Kidd, William, naturalist — ft. at Hammer- smith, 1803 — ft. there, 7 Jan. 1867. British Song Birds, 1856. Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, — seat of carpet manufacture, from 1735. Kidnapping, — in Great Britain, prohibited by Acts 11 and 12 Wm III. c. 7, 1700, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, ss. 20 and 21, 27 Jun. 1828. In Ireland, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 34, 4 Jun. 1829. Kieff. [Kiew.] Kieffer, Johann Daniel, orientalist, — ft. at 79 3 KIEL— KILLIGREW. Strasburg, 4 May 1767 — interpreter to the French embassy at Constantinople, Mar. 1796 — imprisoned there, 1798-1801 — assistant Prof. Turkish Language, Coll. of France, 1804 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 22 Jan. 18 15 — deprived of his post of private interpreter to the king for Oriental Languages, Dec. 1829 — Vice-Pres. Asiatic Society, 1831 — &., 29 Jan. 1833. Assists in Turkish translation of Bible, 1827 — with Biancki, Dictionnaire Turc-Fran- tois, 1835-7. Kiel, in Rohtein, — burnt by the Slaves, 1072 — member of Hanseatic League, before 1400 — taken by Imperialists, 1627 — unsuccessfully besieged by Danes, 1628 — by Swedes, 1643 — taken again by Imperialists under Gallas, 1643 — seat of Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, 1721-73 — occupied by Danish troops, Nov. 1863. University of, founded, 1665. Treaty of, be- tween Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark, for cession of Norway to Sweden, concluded, 14 Jan. 1 8 14. Kien-Lung, Emperor of China, — b., about 17 10— succeeds his father, Yung-Ching, i735, a 1736 b — carries on war with Tatar tribes, 1754- 60 — war with Ava, 1768 — publishes edict against Christian religion, 1753 — reduces Miao- tse, 1775 — receives English embassy, 1793 — [Macartney, Lord] — abdicates in favour of his son, 1795 — u - ., 7 Feb. 1799. a Engl. Cyc. b Medhurst. Kiew, Kiow, Kieff, in Russia, — taken from the Khazars by Oskold and Dir, 864 — head of a Grand-Duchy and capital of Southern Bussia, about 882 — Christianity introduced, 988 — capital of all the Bussias, 1037-1167 — subject to the Golden Horde, 1240 — taken from them by Gedimin, Grand-Duke of Lithuania, 1320 — aunexed to Poland, 1569 — ceded by truce of Andrussow to Bussia for two years, 1667 — finally ceded to Bussia, 1686. Cathedral, built, 1037 — Theological Academy, founded, 1661 — University, founded, 1833. Kilcullen, in Kildare, — plundered by Danes, 936, 944, and 1037 — General Dundas defeats the rebels at, 24 May 1798. Kildare, in Ireland, — see founded, about 500 ? — parliament held at, 1309 — Protestant bishop of, consecrated, 1550 — see united with Dublin, under Act 3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, — succeeds to the title on death of his father, Thomas, and is made Lord Deputy, 1478 — favours rebellion of Lam- bert Simnel, May 1487 —pardoned, 1487— deprived of his office, 1491 — attainted, as sup- porter of ' Perkin Warbeck,' by Sir E. Poynings, 1494 — arrested and sent to London, 1495 — K.G. and again made Lord Deputy, 1496 — tj. at Kildare, Sep. 15 13. Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of, Lord Deputy op Ikeland, — appointed High Treasurer of Ireland, 1503 — succeeds his father in the Earldom, 15 13 — takes part in subduing the Irish, 1514-17 — visits Henry VIII. and is named Lord Deputy, 15 15 — deprived, 1520 — accompanies Henry to the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520 — marries Lady Elizabeth Grey, soon after — again Lord Deputy, 1524 — joins in preparations for general insurrection : called to London and committed to the Tower, 1527 — pardoned and liberated, 1530 — again Lord Deputy, 1532 — wounded at attack on Castle of Bir, 1533 — summoned to London and im- prisoned, Feb. 1534 — tf. there, 12 Dec. 1534. Kilfenora, see of, — mentioned, 1265 — united to Clonfert, 1741 — to Fillaloe, 1752 — and the three to Kilmacduagh, under Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833. Kilian, St, — goes to Borne and obtains sanction of Pope Conon for preaching in Thu- ringia, and is ordained Bp of Wiirzburg, 687 — murdered with his fellow-missionaries, 689. Kilian, Bartolomaeus, engraver, — b. at Augsburg, 1630 — tf. there, 1696. Kilian, Lucas, engraver, — b. at Augsburg, 1579 — tf. there, 1637. Kilian, Philipp Andreas, engraver, — b. at Augsburg, 1 7 14 — Court-engraver to the king of Poland, 1744 — tf. at Augsburg, 1759. Kilian, Wolfgang, engraver, — b. at Augs- burg, 1581 — tf. there, 1662. Kilidge Arslan I„ (Soliman the Younger,) Sultan of Iconium, — succeeds the Emir Abul Cassem, (485, a. h.) 1092 — defeated by the crusaders before Nicasa, and again at Dorylseuni, May to Jul. 1097 — defeats three bodies of crusaders, (Bamadan 494,) Jul. 1101 —killed in battle, (20 Dhu'lka Dah 500,) 13 Jul. 1 107. Kilidge Arslan II., Azzeddin, Sultan of Iconium, — succeeds his father Masoud, (550, a. h.) 1 155 — defeated by Emperor Manuel, near Antioch, (554,) 1159 — demands peace of him, 1 1 60 — renews the war and defeats Manuel at Myriokephalon, 1176 — concludes peace, 1 177 — arrested by his son Cothbeddin and is compelled to declare him his successor, (583,) 1 1 87 — capture of Iconium by Frederick I., (586,) 1 190 — tf., (17 Shaban 588,) 28 Aug. 1192. Kilinski, John, — b. in Poland, about 1755 — organizes insurrection at Warsaw, Apr. 1794 — member of Council of Government, Colonel of Warsaw militia, Apr. to Oct. — captured and imprisoned by Bussians at St Peterburg, Oct. — tf. at Warsaw, 1817. Kilkenny, Ireland, — castle, partly built, destroyed by Donald O'Brien, king of Thomond, 1 193 — castle rebuilt by William Earl of Pem- broke, 1 1 95 — parliament held at, before Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Feb. 1367 — walled, by Bobert Talbot, 1400 — head-quarters of the Catholic party, 1641 — besieged by Cromwell, 23 Mar. 1650 — surrenders, 28 Mar. — gives title of Earl to Butler family, 1793. Statute of, for abolition of Brehon Law, passed 1367. Killala, Ireland, — occupied by the French, 22 Aug. to 8 Sep. 1798. See of, united to Achonry, 1607 — to Tuam, 1833. Killaloe, Ireland. [See Kilfenora.] Killiecrankie, Pass of, in Scotland, — Vis- count Dundee defeats Gen. Mackay, 17 Jul. 1689. Killigrew, Anne, painter, — b., 1660 — tf., 1685. KILLIGREW— KING. 799 Killigrew, Thomas, ' King Charles 's Jester,' dramatist, — ft. in Middlesex, 1611 — envoy to Yenice, 165 1 — groom of the bed-chamber to Charles II., 1660 — if. at Whitehall, 1682. Flags, 1664. Killigrew, Sir William, —ft., 1605— Knt, Vice -chamberlain to Charles II., 1660 — If., 1693. Kilmacduagh, Ireland. [See Kilfenora.] Kilmaine, Charles Jennings, general, — ft. at Dublin, about 1750— enters army of France, about 1765 — serves under Lafayette in American war, 1775-83 — General of Brigade, about 1792 — distinguishes himself at battle of Jemappes, 1792 — in campaign of Italy, 1796 ■■ — tf. at Paris, 15 Dec. 1799. Kilmainham Hospital, Dublin, for soldiers, — founded by Charles II., 1680. Kilmallock, in Ireland, — sacked and burnt by Fitzmaurice, about 1568. Kilmarnock, William Boyd, Earl of,— joins the Pretender, 1745 — captured at Culloden, 16 Apr. 1746 — beheaded on Tower Hill, 18 Aug. 1746. Kilmore, Ireland, — seat of a bishopric, 1454 — see united with Ardagh, 1661 — separated and forms part of Tuam, 1742 — again united with Ardagh under Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 37, 14 Aug. 1833 — both united with Elphin, 1841. Kilsyth, Scotland, — Montrose defeats Baillie at, 15 Aug. 1645. Kilwarden, Lord, Chief Justice of Ike- land, — murdered by insurgents at Dublin, 23 Jul. 1803. Kilwarline, Viscount. [Hillsborough.] Kilwinning Abbey, Scotland, — founded by Hugh de Moreville, about 1140. [Free- masons.] Kimholton, Lord. [Manchester, Earl of.] Kimchi, David, rabbi, — ft. at Narbonne, probably about n 90— arbiter between French and Spanish rabbis respecting Maimonides, 1232 a — tf. in Provence, b about 1240. Michlol, 1545 — Sepher Scorasain, 1490. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Kimchi, Joseph, rabbi, — fl. at Narbonne, about 1 1 60. Kimchi, Moses, rabbi, — ft. at Narbonne, about 1 150. Kimmerians, — [B C] — first appear in Asia Minor, about 876 a — invade Asia Minor, 782, b 1078° — take Sardis, 635 — expelled byAiyattes, not before 617, 616? — driven by Scythians into Asia Minor, 7. a strabo. b Orosius. c Eusebius. Kimon,— [B C] — ft. about 502 — imprisoned on death of his father Miltiades, 489 — dedicates his bridle in the Parthenon, 480 — at Platsea, 479 — serves under Pausanias, in Cyprus and at Byzantium, 477 — takes Eion, 476 — expels Dolopians from Scyros, 476 — transports bones of Theseus to Athens, 468, 472° — defeats Persians at the Eurymedon, 466, a 469 c — re- covers the Thracian Chersonese, 466 — reduces Tbasos, 463^ 465 c — conducts aid to Sparta, 464 and 46 1, a 462 b — tried and acquitted; afterwards ostracized, end of 46i, a 463 c — not suffered to fight at Tanagra, 457 —recalled by Pericles, beginning 456^ 454-3 — negotiates five years' truce with Sparta, 450/ 451 c — killed at Kition in Cyprus, 449. a ciinton. b Grote., c Zumpt. Kinaethon, (Kinaithon,) Cyclic poet, — [B C] -fl., (01. 3, 4,) 7 6 5 , a (01. 3) 7 68. b a Eusebius. b Miiller. Kinaethus, (Kinaithos,) rhapsodist, — [BC] — fl., about (01. 69) 504. Kinburn, in Russia, — Suwarrof defeats the Turks at, 1787 — bombarded and taken by allied French and English fleets, 17 Oct. 1855— given up to Bussia by Treaty of Paris, 1856. Kind, Johann Friedrich, poet, $c, — ft. at Leipsic, 1768 — tf. at Dresden, 25 Jun. 1843. Gedichte, 1808 — Erzdhlungen und Heine Romane, 1820 — Der Freischutz, 1821. ' Kinder-Garten,' — the system originated in Germany by Froebel, 1837. Kineas, orator, — [BC] — accompanies Pyr- rhus to Italy, 280 — ambassador to Borne, 280 and 288— to Sicily, 278 ?— tf., before 276 ? King. [Supremacy, Royal,] King, Edward, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Norfolk, 1735— F.B.S., 1767— F.S.A., 1770— Pres., 1784 — tf., 16 Apr. 1807. Mnnimenta Antiqua, 17 99- 1805 — Essag on the English Government, 1767 — Morsels of Criticism, 1788. King, Gregory, herald, genealogist, — ft. at Lichfield, 15 Dec. 1648 — in service of Sir W. Dugdale, 1662-7 — tf. in London, 29 Aug. 1712. Observations on State of England, 1810. King, Peter, Lord King, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft. at Exeter, 1669 — studies at Leyden, 1692-4 — enters the Middle Temple, Oct. 1694 — called to the bar, 8 Jun. 1698 — M.P., 1699^ 1701 b — marries, 1704 — Becorder of London, 27 Jul. 1708 — Knt, Sep. 1708 — takes part in impeachment of Dr Sacheverell, 1709 — Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 14 Nov. 17 14 — Privy Councillor, Apr. 17 15 — Speaker of House of Lords, Jan. 1725 — Lord Chancellor, 1 Jun. 1725 — raised to the peerage as Baron King of Ockham, 29 May 1725 — resigns, 29 Nov. 1733 — tf. at Ockham, in Surrey, 22 Jul. 1734. Inquiry into the Con- stitution, Discipline, §c, of the Primitive Church, 1 69 1 — History of the Apostles' 1 Creed, 1702. a Chalmers. b Foss. King, Sir Richard, Bart., admiral, — ft. in Dorsetshire, 28 Sep. 1 771— Post-captain, B. N., 1792 — captures two Dutch ships of Avar, off the Texel, 24 Oct. 1798— at Trafalgar, Oct. 1805 — Bart., Nov. 1806 — K.C.B., 1816— Vice- admiral, 1821 — Gr.C.B., 1833 — tf. at Sheerness, Commander-in-chief in the Medway, 5 Aug. 1834. King, Rufus, statesman, diplomatist, — ft. in Maine, U. S., 1755 — enters Harvard Coll., 1773 — admitted to the bar, 1778 — member of Cougress, 1784 — minister plenipotentiary to court of St James's, 1796-1803 — again, 1825 — tf., 1827. King, Thomas, actor, dramatist, — ft. in London, 1730 — appears at Drury Lane Tbeatre, 1759 — retires, 1801 — tf., 1805. King, William, Abp of Dublin, — ft. at Antrim, 1650 — studies at Trin. Coll., Dublin, 8oo KING— KIRBY. 1667-73 — Dean of St Patrick's, 1688— D.D., 1689 — Bp of Deny, 1691— Abp of Dublin, 1702 — one of the Lords Justices in Ireland, 1717, 1721, and 1723 — tf. at Dublin, 8 May 1729. State of the Protestants in Ireland, 169 1 — De origine mali, 1702. King", William, satirical and miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1663— enters Oxford Univ., Michaelmas 1681— M.A., 1688— LL.D., 1692— advocate at Doctors Commons, 1692 — secretary to Princess Anne, 1694 — takes part in controversy on Epistles of Phalaris, 1697 — Judge of Court of Admiralty in Ireland, 1702 ? — rj. in London, 25 Dec. 17 12 — History of Heresies, 1688 — Animadversions on pretended Account of Ireland, 1694 — A Journey to London, 1698 — Dialogues of the Dead, 1699 — Vindication of Dr Sacheverell, 17 10. Sing of the English,— title of, assumed by Egbert, 828. King of France,— title of, assumed by Louis TIL, instead of king of the French, 1171 — exchanged for 'king of the French,' by National Assembly, 1789— reassumed by Louis XVIII., 1 814 — again exchanged for 'king of the French ' by Louis Philippe, 1830— assumed by Edward III. of England, 1 337— relinquished by George III., by proclamation, 3 Jan. 1801. King of Ireland,— title assumed by Henry VIII., 1542. King of the Romans, — title of, assumed by the Emperor, about 1014 ? King of Rome, — title given by Napoleon I. to his son, b., 20 Mar. 18 11. King George's Islands, S. Pacific Ocean,— discovered by Byron, 1765 — visited by Captain Cook, 1773. King's Bench. [Queen's Bench.] King's Bench Prison. [Queen's Prison.] King's College, Aberdeen, — founded by James IV., 1494. [Aberdeen, Univ. of.] King's College, Cambridge, — founded by Henry VI., 1441 . Chapel commenced by Henry VI., and completed, 1530. King's College, London,— incorporated, 1828. Hospital, established, 1839. King's County, Ireland, — formed on con- fiscation of district (West Glenmalery) to the crown, 1557. King's Evil, (Scrofula,) The, — touching for, practised by Edward the Confessor, 1043-66 — by Louis XL of France, 1480 — by Charles VIII. at Pome, 20 Jan. 1495— at Naples, 15 Apr. 1495— by Francis I., 1527— by Charles II., 1660-84— by Queen Anne, 1703-15— office for the ceremony omitted from the Liturgy, since 17 19 — practised by Prince Charles Edward at Holyrood, 1745— by Louis XVI. at Rheims, 1775. Kingsborough, Edward King, Viscount — {,_ } I?95 — enters Exeter Coll., Oxford, Jun. 1 8 14— M.P. Cork, 1820-6— rj. at Dublin, 27 Feb. 1837. Antiquities of Mexico, 1831. Kingsdown, Pemberton Leigh, Lord, — 6., I793 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 18 16 —M.P. Rye, 1831 — Attorney-general to Prince of Wales, 1 841 — Chancellor of Duchy of Corn- wall, and Privy Councillor, 1 843 — assumes name of Leigh, 1843 — created Baron Kings- down, 1858 — r/. in Kent, 7 Oct. 1867. Kingston, Jamaica, — founded, 1693 — incor- porated, 1802. Kingston, Canada, — founded, 1793 — incor- porated, 1838 — seat of government transferred to Toronto, 1849. Queen's University, incor- porated, 1 841. Kingston on Hull. [Hull.] Kingston on Thames, (More-ford,) in Sur- rey, — Council at, under Egbert of Wessex and Ethelwolf of Kent, 838 — place of coronation of seven Anglo-Saxon kings, (Edward the Elder to Ethelred II.,) 901-979 — treaty between Henry III. and Prince Louis of France, the latter abandoning attempt on English crown, signed at, 11 Sep. 1216. Kingstown, Dublin, — name substituted for Dunleary on visit of George IV., 1821. Kinker, Jan, poet, — h. near Amsterdam, about 1760 — Prof. Flemish Literature at Liege, 18 17 — rj., about 1825. Kinsale, in Ireland, — gives title of Baron to the de Coureeys, 1181 — the English defeat French and Spanish fleet at, 1380 — occupied by Spanish force, Sep. 1601 — retaken by Sir G. Carew, Jun. 1602 — held for James II., 1688 — James lands at, with French troops, 14 Mar. 1689 — recaptured by Earl of Marlborough, 5 Oct. 1690. Kinsbergen, Jan Hendrik van, admiral, — h. in Guelderland, 1735 — enters the navy, about 1750 — in service of Russia, 1767-76 — negotiates peace with Morocco, 1776 — con- tributes to victory of Doggersbank, 5 Aug. 178 1 — Count of Doggersbank, by Louis Na- poleon, 1806 — senator by Napoleon, 18 10 — rj., 27 May 1 8 19. Kinski, Franz Joseph, Count, general, — b. at Prague, 6 Dec. 1739 — en ters the army, 1759 — Maj or-general, 177 3 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of Bohemia, 1778-9 — sub-director of Military Academy of Vienna Neustadt, 1780 — accompanies Joseph II. to Italy, 1783 — fol- lows him in campaign against Turks, 1788 — takes part at siege of Quesnoy, Aug. 1794 — retires, 1801 — tJ. at Vienna, 9 Jun. 1805. Works, 1785-7. Kios, — [BC] — founded by Miletus, 626, a (01. 38, 3,) 62 1, b 625 c— taken by Prusias of Bithynia aided by Philip of Macedonia, and named Prusias, 203. a Eusebius. b Hieron. c Syncellus. Kippis, Andrew, miscellaneous writer, — fi. at Nottingham, 1725 — pastor of Presbyterian congregation at Westminster, 1753 — D.D. Edinburgh, 1767 — F.S.A., i77i, a 1778 Ll — F.R.S., 1772,3 1779 13 — *&., 8 Oct. 1795. Ed- ition of Biographia Britannica, 1778-93 — Life of Captain Cook, 1788. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. Kipzak, Kapzak, in Asia, — occupied by Jujy, son of Zengis Khan, 1227 — occupied by Batou and the Golden Horde, 1236. Kirby, John Joshua, painter, — fj. in Suffolk, 17 16 — rj., 1774. Perspective of Architecture, 1761. Kirby, William, entomologist, — b. in Suffolk, 19 Sep. 1759 — rector of Barham, Suffolk, 1782 KIRCHDENKERN— KLAPROTH. — F.L.S., 1788— F.G.S., 1807— F.R.S., 1818— Hon. Pres. of Entomological Society, 1833 — Pres. of Nat. Hist. Museum, Ipswich, 1847 — if. at Barham, 4 Jul. 1850. Monographia Apum Anglice, 1802 — (with Spence) Introduc- tion to Entomology, 1815-26 — Habits and In- stinct of Animals, (Bridgewater Treatise,) 1830. Kirchdenkern, on the Rhine, — Prince Fer- dinand of Brunswick defeats Marshal de Broglie and Prince de Soubise at, 15 Jul. 1761. Kircher, Athanasius, mathematician, anti- quary, §c.,— b. at Geysen, near Fulda, 1602 — enters Order of Jesuits, 16 19 — quits chair of Philosophy and Oriental Languages, Wurzburg, 163 1 — goes to Avignon, 1633 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Roman Coll., 1635-43 — if. at Rome, 28 Nov. 1680. Ars Magnesia, 1631 — Lingua JEgyptiaca restituta, 1643 — Ars Magna Lucis et TJmbrcB, 1645 — Musiorgia Universalis, 1650 — (Edipus JEgyptiacus, 1652-4 — China il- lustrata, 1667 — Latium, 1671 — Mundus sub- terraneus, 1664 or 1668. Kircher, Conrad, theologian, — quits his pas- torate at Augsburg, 1586 — if., after 1622. Con- cordantice Vet. Test. Greece, §c., 1607. Kirchholm, in Livonia. — the Poles defeat army of Charles IX. of Sweden, 27 Sep. 1605. Treaty of, between Abp of Riga and Master of Teutonic Order, concluded, 30 Nov. 1452— annulled, 1525. Kirchmaier, Georg Kaspar, chemist, §c.,— b. in Franconia, 1635 — if., 28 Sep. 1700. Kirghises, Tatar tribes, middle and lesser hordes of, submit to Russia, 17 31 — visited by Pallas, 1769 — visited by Wood, 1839. Kirjath-jearim, (Kirjath-Baal, Baali,) — [B C] — city of the Gibeonites, confederate with Israel, 1451 — ark remains here, 1117-1046,* 1 128 till after 1049. b a Ussher. b Clinton. Kirkaldy, Sir William, of Grange,— joins conspiracy against Cardinal Beatoun, spring 1546 — surrenders to the French at St An- drews, and is imprisoned, summer 1546 — escapes to France : returns to Scotland, 1559 — narrowly escapes assassination by Bothwell at Carberry Hill, 1567 — unsuccessfully pursues Bothwell to Norway, 1567 — contributes to de- feat of Mary at Langside, May 1568 — govern- or of Edinburgh Castle, May 1568 — takes the side of Queen Mary, and holds the castle for her, 1570 — besieged by Marshal Berwick, surrenders, 28 May 1573 — hung, 3 Aug. 1573. Kirkcudbright, in Scotland, — reached by Agricola, 82 — created a royal burgh by James II.', 1455 — Henry VI. takes refuge at, 1461-3 —visited by James IV., 1501 and 1508 — attacked by Manxmen under Thomas Earl of Derby, 1507 — the Duke of Albany lands at, 7 Oct. 1523 — Queen Mary takes refuge in the parish, 15C8 — visited by James VI., 1587 — riot on appointment of Episcopalian curate, 1663 — visit of English fleet, 1690 — attacked by Paul Jones, 1778. Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, — bone-cave dis- covered, 1 82 1. Kirke, Percy, Colonel, — left in command in West of England, after execution of Mon- mouth, 1685— sent by William III, to relief of Londonderry, Jun. 1689 — raises the siege, 30 Jul. Kirnberger, Johann Philipp, writer on music, — b. at Saalfeld, Thuringia, 1721 — if. at Berlin, 27 Jul. 1783. Lie Kimst des reinen Satzes, 1774— Grundsdtze des Generalbasses, 1781. Kirstenius, Peter, physician, §c, — b. at Breslau, 1577 — M.D. Basel, 1601— if., Prof. Medicine, Upsala, 1640. Grammatica Ara- bica, 1608-10 — Liber de vero usu et abusu me- dicine, 1 610. Kirwan, Richard, chemist, §c, — ft. in Ire- land, about 1750 — F.R.S., London, about 1779— receives tne Copley medal, 1782 — Pres. Royal Irish Academy, 1789,* 1783 b — if., 22 Jun. 1 8 12. Essay on the Constitution of Acids, 1787 — Elements of Mineralogy, 1794. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Kisfaludy, Karoly, poet, — b. in Hungary, 6 Feb. 1788 — serves in Austrian army, 1805-10 — settles at Pesth, 1817 — if., 21 Nov. 1830. Works, 1831. Kisfaludy, Sandor, poet, — b. at Siimeg, in Hungary, 22 Sep. 1772 — serves in the army, 1793-1800 — at battle of Zurich, 1799 — settles at Siimeg, 1801 — tf. there, 28 Oct. 1844. Himfy, 1800-7 — Works, 1847. Kissingen, in Bavaria, — meeting of Emper- ors of Russia and Austria at, 16-22 Jun. 1864. Kit Cat Club, — formed in London, about 1688 a — dissolved, about 1720. a Brande and Cox's Diet. Kitto, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Ply- mouth, 4 Dec. 1804 — travels in the East, 1829- 33 — D.D. Giessen, 1844 — receives pension from the Queen, 1850 — ij. at Cannstadt, Wiir- temberg, 25 Nov. 1854. Tutorial Bible, 1838 — Tutorial History of Talestine, 1839-40 — The Lost Senses, 1845 — edits Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature, 1845 — Journal of Sacred Literature — 1848-53. Kitts, St. [Christophers, St.] Kiuperli. [Koproli.] Klagenfurt, in Austria, — ■ given by Em- peror Maximilian I. to States of Carinthia, 1518 — burnt, 1535, 1723, and 1796 — occupied by Napoleon, Mar. 1797 — fortifications de- molished by the Freneh, 1809. Klaproth, Julius Heinrich, orientalist, — tf. at Berlin, 11 Oct. 1783 — studies at Halle, 1801 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, interpreter to Russian embassy to China, 1805 — sent to the Caucasus, 1807- 9 — quits Russia, 18 12 — settles at Paris, 1 8 15 — Prof. Asiatic Languages, 18 16 — if. at Paris, 27, ab 20 c Aug. 1835. Reise in den Kaukasus, 1 812-14 — Asia Tolyglotta, 1823 — Me'moires relatifs d VAsie, 1824-8 — Tableau historique, geographique, etlmographique, et po- litique du Caucase, $c, 1827 — Vocabalaire et Grammaire de la langue Georgienne, 1827 — Examen critique des Travaux de M. Champol- lion,jeune, sur les Hieroglyphes, 1832. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Klaproth, Martin Heinrich, chemist, — b. in Saxony, 1 Dec. 1743 — assistant to Valentine Rose at Berlin, 177 1 — member of Royal Acade- 5i 8o2 KLEBER— EXUBER. my of Arts, 1787 — of Sciences, 1788 — Prof. Chemistry, Berlin, 1809 — Knt of the Bed Eagle, 181 1 — if. at Berlin, 1 Jan. 18 17. Beitrdge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineral- korper, 1795- 18 15 — (with Wolf) Chemisches Worterbuch, 1 807 -19. Kleber, Jean Baptiste, general, — b. at Strasburg, 1754 — enters the army, 1792 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Mentz, 1793 — wounded at combat of Tourfou, 19 Sep. 1793 — General of Division, contributes to victory of Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — takes Maestricht, Nov. 1794 — leads army of Sambre and Meuse across the Bhine, 1795 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, and is wounded at siege of Alexandria, 1798 — distinguishes himself in expedition of Syria, spring 1799 — and at siege of Acre, May 1799— obtains victories over Turks at Mount Thabor, 17 Apr. 1799 — and at Heliopolis, 20 Mar. 1800 — takes Cairo, Mar. — assassinated at Cairo, 14 Jun. 1800. Klein, Bernhard, musical composer, — b. at Cologne, 1794 — Director of Music at the Ca- thedral, 1 81 3-1 9 — Director of Music and Prof, of Singing, Univ. of Berlin, 1822 — if. at Ber- lin, 9 Sep. 1832. » Klein, Ernst Ferdinand, jurist, — b. at Breslau, 1743 — cooperates in editing new Code of Prussia, 1788-94 — rector of Univ. of Halle, 1791 — if. at Berlin, i8, a 28 b Mar. 1810. Annalen der Gesetzgebung und Rechtsgelehrsam- Jceit in den preuss. Staaten, 1788-1809. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Klein, Jacob Theodor, naturalist, — b. at Konigsberg, 1685 — if. at Dantzic, 27 Feb. 1759. Naturalis clispositio echinodermatum, 1734 — Quadrupedum dispositio et hist, naturalis, 1751 — Hist, pisciitm naturalis, 1740-9 — Historian avium prodromus, 1750. Kleinschrod, Gallus Aloys Kaspar, jurist, — b. at Wurzburg, 6 Jan. 1762 — Prof. Boman and Criminal Law there, 1785 — if, Dean of the Faculty of Law, 17 Nov. 1824. Systematische Entivickelung der Grundlagsverfassung und Grundwahrheiten des peinlichen Rechts, 1794-6 ■ — (with B. F. Klein) Archiv des Kriminal- rechts, 1798-1808. Kleist, Ewald Christian von, poet,— b. in Pomerania, 17 15 — studies at Konigsberg, 17 31 — officer in Danish army, 1736 — wounded at battle of Kunnersdorf, 12 Aug. 1759— if., 24 Aug. Gedichte, 1756. Kleist, Heinrich von, poet, — b. at Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, 10 Oct. 1776 — studies at the Univ., 1799 — kills himself at Berlin, 21 Nov. 1 8 1 1 . Gesammelte Schriften, 1826. Kleist von Nollendorf, Friedrich Heinrich Ferdinand Emil, Count von, general, — b. at Berlin, 9 Apr. 1762— serves in campaigns of 1788 and 1792 — Adjutant-general of the king, 1803-7 — takes part in campaigns of 1812-13 — distinguishes himself at battle of Bautzen, 20 May 1 813 — defeats French near Nollendorf , 30 Aug. 1 81 3 — contributes to victory of Leipsic, 18 Oct. — General of Infantry, Count, 1814— follows the king to England, 18 14 — Field- marshal, 1821 — if. at Berlin, 17 Feb. 1823. Klenau, Johann, Count von, Baron von Janowitz, general, — b. in Bohemia, about 1760 — Lieutenant -colonel, 1794 — serves under Clairfayt, 1795 — aide-de-camp to Marshal Wurmser in Italy, 1796 — serves under Kray in Germany, 1800 — at battle of Wagram, 1809 — General of Cavalry, 1 813 — distinguishes himself at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 181 3 — receives capitulation of the French at Dresden, Nov. 1813 — if. commander of Moravia, 1819. Klengel, Johann Christian, painter, — b. in Saxony, 5 May 1751 — member of the Academy, Dresden, 1783 — member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1786 — Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, Dresden, 1802 — if. there, 19 Dec. 1824. Klenze, Leo von, architect, — b. at Hildes- heim, 1784 — visits Italy, 1808 — court architect to Maximilian, king of Bavaria, 18 15 — made Privy Councillor and ennobled by Ludwig, 1 83 1 — visits Greece, 1834 — goes to St Peters- burg, 1839 — foreign Associate of French In- stitute, 1 841 — if. at Munich, 26 Jan. 1864. Glyptothek, commenced, about 181 6 — Walhalla, 18 Oct. 1830-9 — Pinacothek, 1826-36 — Im- perial Museum, St Petersburg, completed, 1 85 1 . Klingemann, August, dramatist, — b. at Brunswick, 1777 — director of theatre there, 1813-29 — if., 24 Jan. 1831. Theater, 1808-20. Klingenstierna, Samuel, mathematician, natural philosopher, — b. in Sweden, 1689 — visits Germany, France, and England, 1727-30 — F.B.S. London, 1730 — Prof. Mathematics, Upsala, 1730 — if. at Stockholm, 28 Oct. 1785,* 1765. 15 a B i og> Tj n i T# b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von, poet, — b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 19 Feb. 1753 — goes to St Petersburg, 1780— director of corps of Cadets, 1799 — -^nt °^ St Vladimir, 1806 — Lieutenant-general, 1811 — if. at St Petersburg, 25 Feb. 1831. Werke, 1809-16. Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, poet,—h. at Quedlimburg, 2 Jul. 1724 — studies at Jena, 1745 — at Leipsic, 1746 — visits Switzerland, 1750 — goes to Copenhagen, 1751-4, and 1763 — marries, 1754 — death of his wife, 1758 — settles at Hamburg as Danish ambassador, 177 1 — if. there, 14 Mar. 1803. Messias, 1773. Klotz, Christian Adolph, philologist, — b. at Bischoffswerda, 1738— Prof. Pbilosophy, Got- tingen, 1762 — Prof. Eloquence, Halle, 1765 — if. at Berlin, 31 Dec. 177 1. Edition of Tyrtceus, 1764 — Vindieice Horatiance, 1764 — Opuscula varii argumenti, 1767 — Opuscula philologica et oratoria, 1772 — Bibliothek der elenden Scriben- ten, 1768-71. Klotz, Keinhoid, philologist, — b. at Stol- berg, 13 Mar. 1807 — studies at Leipsic Univ., 1826-31 — Prof. Extraord. Philology, Leipsic, 1832 — Assistant Director of Philological Semin- ary, 1834 — Prof. Philology, 1849— if., Aug. 1 870. Edition of Clement of Alexandria, 1 8 3 1 - 34 — of Denarius' Liber de Grceca Lingua Par- ticv.lis, 1835-42 — of Cicero's Orations, 1835-9 — Handbuch der Lat. Liter aturgeschi elite, 1 846 —Edition of Ciceronis Opera Omnia, 185 1-6 — Pmendationes Catullianai, 1859. Kluber, Joseph Ludwig, publicist, — b. near Fulda, 1762 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Eiiangen, 1786 — Prof. Law, Heidelberg, 1807 — Coun- KLUGEL— KNOLLES. 803 sellor of State, and Privy Counsellor at Carls- ruhe, 1808 — Counsellor of Embassy in service of Prussia, 18 17 — tr. at Frankfort-on-the- Maine, 16 Feb. 1837. Aden des Wiener Con- gresses in den Jahren 1814 und 1815, 1 815-19 — edition of the Schlussacte und der Deutschen Bundesacte, 181 6 — Offentliches Rechl des Deuts- chen Bundes, $c. t 18 17. Kliigel, Georg Simon, mathematician, — ft. at Hamburg, 19 Aug. 1739 — P r °£ Mathema- tics, Helmstadt, 1766 — Prof. Mathematics, Halle, 1788 — tf. at Halle, 4 Aug. 1812. En- cyclopcedie, 1782-4 — Mathematisches Wbrter- buch, 1803-8. Kluit, Adrian, historian, §c, — ft. at Dort, 9 Feb. 1735 — studies at Utrecht, about 1760 — Prof. Eloquence, Middelburg, 1776 — Prof. Dutch Archaeology, Leyden, 1779 — deprived, 1795— reinstated, Feb. 1802 — Prof. Statistics of Holland, 1806 — rj. at Leyden, 12 Jan. 1807. Historia critica comitatus Hollandice et Zelan- dice, 1777-82 — Historie der Hollandsche Staats- regeling tot aan hetjaar 1795, 1802-5. Kmety, George, general, — ft. in Hungary, 1 8 13— first lieutenant and adjutant of regiment in Austrian army, trains battalion of volunteers for national army at Baab, 1 848 — as colonel, serves under Gbrgey in campaign of 1849 — retires to Turkey, 1849 — comes to England, 1 85 1 — as major-general in Turkish army com- mands irregulars in Anatolia, 1854 — takes part in defence of Kars, 1855 — defeats Eussians near Tachmaz, 29 Sep. 1855 — escapes to Con- stantinople and is named Lieutenant-general, close of 1855 — ft. in London, Apr. 1865. Knapp, Georg Christian, theologian, biblical critic,— ft. at Halle, 17 Sep. 1753 — studies at the Univ., 177 1 — at Gottingen, 1774 — Prof. Theology, Halle, 1777— rj. there, 14 Oct. 1825. Edition of Greek Testament, 1797 — Scripta varii argumenti, 1805. Knebel, Carl Ludwig von, poet, $c„ — ft. in Franeonia, 30 Nov. 1744—11. at Jena, 23 Feb. 1834. Sammlung Tcleiner Gedichte, 18 15 — Disticlien, 1827 — Elegien des Froperz, 1798 — translation of Lucretius, 1821 — Litterarischer Nachlass und Brief wechsel, 1835 — Brief wech- sel mit Goethe, 1851. Kneller, Godfrey, painter, — ft. at Liibeck, 1648 — visits Italy and studies with Carlo Maratti and Bernini, 1672 — comes to England, 1674 — state painter to Charles II., James II., William III., Queen Anne, and George I., 1680-17 23 — Knt, 1692 — lj. in London, 1726,* Oct. i723. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich, Baron yon dew, field-marshal, — ft. in Prussia, 5 May 1768 — enters the army, 1782 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 1792-4 — envoy to Cassel, 1805 — at battle of Auerstadt, 1806 — ambassador to Russia, 1811-12 — Lieutenant-general, first Ad- jutant-general of the king, 18 13 — General of Infantry, 1825 — lj. Field-marshal, 12 Jan. 1848. Knibb, William, Baptist missionary, — ft. at Kettering, Northamptonshire, about 1800 — goes to Jamaica, Nov. 1824 — visits England, 1833-4, 1842, and 1845 — tr. in Jamaica, 15 Jul. 1845. Knight, Henry Gaily, traveller, antiquary, — ft., 2 Dec. 1786— sets out for Spain, Greece, and the East, 1808— M.P. Aldborough, 1824 — M.P. Malton, 1830— M.P. North Nottingham- shire, 1 835 — member of the Fine Art Commis- sion, 1 841 — ft. in London, 9 Feb. 1846. Architectural Tour in Normandy, 1836 — Nor- mans in Sicily, 1838 — Ecclesiastical Architec- ture of Italy, 1842-4. Knight, Richard Payne, — ft. in Hereford- shire, about 1750 — M.P. Leominster, 1780 — M.P. Ludlow, 1 7 84- 1 806— trustee of British Museum, 18 14 — fc. in London, 24 Apr. 1824. Worship ofPriapus, 1786 — Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste, 1805 — edition of Homer, 1820 — Nummi veteres, 1830. Knight-Bruce, Sir James Lewis, Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery, — ft. in Devonshire, 1 791— enters Lincoln's Inn, 18 12 —called to the bar, 1817 — M.P., 1831 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1834 — assumes surname Bruce, 1837 — Vice-chancellor, 1 841 — one of the Lords Justices, 1 85 1 — ft. at Eoehampton, 7 Nov. 1866. Knighthood, in England, — obligation to receive, defined and regulated by Statutum de Militibus, 1 Edw. II., 1307 — put in force by James I., Jan, 1626 — compulsory taking order of, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Car. I. c. 20, 1642. Knighthood. [See Bath, Garter, Templars, and other names of Orders.] Knighton, Henry, historian. Writes Com- pilatio de eventibus Anglice a tempore regis Edgari usque mortem regis Bicardi Secundi, about 1400. Knight's Service, Tenure by, in England, — abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. Knights of the Shire, — absenting themselves from parliament, to be amerced, by Act 5 Bic. II. st. 2, c. 4, 138 1-2 — wages of, regulated by Act 12 Bic. II. c. 12, 1388— required to be actual knights, by Act 23 Hen. VI. c. 15, 1444-5 — oaths and declarations to be taken by, prescribed by Act 30 Car. II. st. 2, 1677 — new oaths substituted by Act 1 ¥m and Mar. s. 1, c. 1, 1688— [Jews, Abjuration] — to have estate of £600 per annum, by Act 9 Ann. c. 5, 17 10 — property qualification of, enforced and amended by Act 33 Geo. II. c. 20, 1760 — abolished by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 26, 28 Jun. 1858. Knoller, Martin von, painter, — ft. in the Tyrol, 1725 — obtains great prize of Austrian Academy for painting, 1753 — visits Borne, 1755-8— settles at Milan, 1765 — ft. Prof, at the Academy, 1804. Frescoes at V alders near Hall, Tyrol, 1764 — Frescoes at Neresheim, Wiirtemberg, 1770-5. Knolles, Richard, historian, — enters Oxford Univ., about 1560 — tf. at Sandwich, 1610. History of the Turks, 16 10. Knolles, {Knowles, Knollys,) Sir Robert, general, — ft. in Cheshire, about 1317 — serves in French wars, 1349-70 — defeated by Dugues- clin, near Pont- Villain, 1370 — leads English 5i * 8 04 KNOLLIS— KOEBERGER. army from Calais to Paris, 1373 — takes part in siege of Nantes, 1380 — disperses followers of Wat Tyler, Jun. 138 1 — tf. in Norfolk, Aug. 1407. Knollis, Knowles, Sir Francis, statesman, — b. at Grays in Oxfordshire, about 1530 — one of the Commissioners on trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — tf., 1596. Treatise against Usurpation of Papal Bishops, 1608. Knorr, Georg Wolfgang, engraver, — b. at Niirnberg, 1705 — tf. there, 1761. Thesaurus rei herbarice hortensisque universalis, 1750 — Mojtumentorum et aliarum quce ad sepulcra veterum pertinent rerum imagines, 1753 — Delicice natures selectee, 1766-7. Knorr von Rosenroth, Christian, Baron, — h- near Liegnitz, 1636 — tf-, 1689. Kabbala denudata, 1677-83 — Neuer Helikon, 1684. Knott, Edward, (Matthias Wilson,) Jesuit, — b. in Northumberland, 1580 — enters the Order, 1606 — assists as Provincial of his Order in England, at General Assembly at Eome, 1646 — tf. in London, 1656. Charity Mistaken, 1630 — Infidelity Unmasked, 1652. Knowles. [Knolles.] Knowles, James. Dictionary of the English Language, 1835. Knowles, James Sheridan, dramatist,— b. at Cork, 1784 — removed to London, 1792 — relinquishes the stage, about 1845 — tf. at Tor- quay, Nov. 1862. Cuius Gracchus, 18 15 — Virginius, 1820 — The Hunchback, 1832 — Rock of Rome, 1849 — Alexina, 1866. Knox, John, religious reformer, — ft. at Had- dington or Gifford, 1505— enters Univ. of St Andrews,* Glasgow, 13 152 1 — ordained priest, probably before 1530 — begins to teach at St Andrews, about 1530 — declares himself a Pro- testant, about 1542 — takes refuge with Douglas of Longniddry, 1543-5 — companion of Wishart, 1545-6 — taken prisoner by the French, Jun. 1547— liberated, goes to England, Feb. 1549 — chaplain to Edward VI., Dec. 155 1 — declines offer of a benefice in London, Apr. 1553— marries, 1553 — escapes to France, Jan. 1554 ■ — visits Switzerland, spring 1554 — visits Cal- vin at Geneva, 1554 — minister to English exiles at Frankfort, JN'ov. 1554 — accused' of high treason, returns to Geneva, Mar. 1555— visits Scotland, Aug. 1555 — returns to Geneva, Jul. 1556 — burnt in effigy at Edinburgh, 1556 — leaves Geneva for Scotland, Jan. 1559 — is refused a passage through England, Mar. — lands at Leith, 2 May — proclaimed an outlaw and a rebel, May — forbidden to preach at St Andrews, 9 Jun. — preaches there, 10 Jun. — the Reformation established by parliament, 24 Aug. 1560 — loses his wife, Dec. 1560 — his first interview with Queen Mary, Sep. 156 1 — the second, May 1562 — third, at Lochleven, May 1563 — fourth, 1563 — quarrels with Earl of Moray, 1563 — tried for high treason and ac- quitted, Dec. 1563 — marries again, Mar. 1564 — reconciled with Moray, beginning of 1565 — inhibited from preaching, 19 Aug. 1565 — visits England, Dec. 1566 — returns, before 25 Jun 1567 — struck with apoplexy, Oct. 1570 — quarrels with Kirkaldy of Grange, end of 1570 — tf., 24 Nov. 1572. An Admonition, 1554?— First Blast of the Trumpet against the mon- strous Regiment of Women, 1558 — History of the Reformation of Religion in the realm of Scotland, 1573. a Beza and Verheiden. b M'Crie. Knox, Robert, traveller, — b., about 1641 — goes to India, 1657 — prisoner in Ceylon, 1659- 79 — returns, Sep. 1680. Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon, 1681. Knox, Robert, anatomist, — b. at Edinburgh, 4 Sep. 1791 — M.D. Edinburgh, 18 14 — Assist- ant-surgeon in the army, 18 15 — at Cape of Good Hope, 1817-20 — F.R.S.E., 1823 — F.R.C.S.E., 1825 — Conservator of Museum of Comparative Anatomy, Jan. 1825 — lectures at Edinburgh, 1 825-44 — settles in London, 1 845 — ■ tf. at Hackney, 20 Dec. 1862. Races of Men, 1850 — Manual of Artistic Anatomy, 1852 — Manual of Human Anatomy, 1853. Knox, Vicesimus, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 8 Dec. 1752— head master of Tun- bridge Grammar School, 1778-1811 — tf. at Tunbridge, 6 Sep. 1821. Essays, 1777 — Liberal Education, 17 81. Knupfer, Nikolaus, painter, — b. at Leipsic, 1603— tf., 1660 ? Knutsson, Torkel, Grand Marshal and Senator of Sweden, — regent and tutor to son of Magnus II., 1 290-1 302 — beheaded at Stockholm, 6 Feb. 1306. Knyghton. [Knighton.] Kobell, Ferdinand, painter, engraver, — b. at Mannheim, 1740 — studies at Paris, 1768-70 — tf. at Munich, 1799,* i796. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Kobell, Franz, painter, — b. at Mannheim, 1749 — in Italy, 1776-85 — tf. Court-painter at Munich, 1822. Koberstein, August, historian, — b. in Po- merania, 10 Jan. 1797 — studies at Berlin Univ., 1816-20 — Prof, at the Institute of Naumburg, 1824 — First Prof., 1855 — tf. at Schulp forte near Naumburg, 8 Mar. 1870. Grundriss der Geschichte der Deutschen Na- tional-literatur, 1827. Koch, Christophe Guillaume de, publicist, — b. in Alsace, 1737— Prof, of Law, Strasburg, 177 1 — Chevalier of the Empire, by Joseph II., 1780 — deputy from Protestants of Alsace to Paris, 1789 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1790 — Rector of Strasburg Univ., 1810 — tf. at Strasburg, 25 Oct. 18 13. Tableau des revo- lutions de V Europe, 1771-90 — Histoire abre'gee des traite's de paix, 1796-1 8 18. Koch, Joseph Anton, painter, — b. in South Germany, 1768— tf at Home, 12 Jan. 1839. Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph, botanist,— b. near Zweibruckcn, 177 1 — Prof. Medicine and Botany, Erlangen, 1824 — tf. there, 14 Nov. 1849. Entomologische Hefte, 1803 — Synopsis Jlorce Germanicce ct Helvetica;, 1835-7. Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dramatist, — b. at Passy, near Paris, 21 May 1794 — tf. at Paris, Aug 187 1. QLuvres, 1844-5. Koeberger, Wenceslaus, painter, §c, — b. at Antwerp, 1554 — tf., 1634,* about i6io, b after i6co. c a Rose's Biog. Diet. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Nagler. KOELER— KONIG. 805 Koeler, (Koehler,) Johann David, historian, numismatist, — b. near Leipsic, 1684 — Prof. Logic, Altdorf, 1710— Prof. History, 17 14 — Prof. History, Gottingen, about i735, a 1725 b — ft. there, 1755. Fasti universitatis Altorfiuce, 1 7 1 9- 2 3 — Historische Miinzbelustigungen ,1729- 50 — Sertum familiaruni augustarum, 1721-31. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Koenigseck, Lothaire Joseph George, Count yon, field- marshal, — b., 1673 — serves in Imperial army, 1692 — Lieutenant-general ■ Field- marshal, 1708 — commander of Milan, 1708-12— governor of the Netherlands, 17 12- 17 — ambassador to Paris, 17 18 — General Field-marshal, Privy Councillor, 172 1 — com- mands army of Italy, 1734 — defeats Marshal de Broglie at la Secchia, 14 Sep. — Pres. of Council of "War, 1736 — defeated by Prussians at Czaslow, 17 May 1742 — ft., 8 Dec. 1751. Koenigsmark, Johann Christoph, Count von, general, — b. in Germany, 25 Feb. 1600 — enters service of Gustavus Adolphus, 1630 — obtains victory over Imperialists at Wolfenbiit- tel, 1642 — takes Prague, 1648 — assists at coron- ation of Queen Christina, 1650 — Count, Field- marshal, 1650 — tf. at Stockholm, 20 Feb. 1663. Koenigsmark, Maria Aurora, Couxtess of, ^-b., about 1678— goes to Dresden and be- comes mistress of Augustus II. of Poland, 1694 • — sent as ambassadress to Charles XII., who refuses to receive her, 1702 — tf. at Quedlin- burg, 1725^ 16 Feb. 1738. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Koenigsmark, Otto "Wilhelni, Count von, general, — b. at Minden, Westphalia, 5 Jun. 1639 — ambassador from court of Sweden to England, 1661 — assists at siege of Maestricht, 1673— enters service of Venice, and is named Commander-in-chief, 1686 — defeats Turks in the Morea, summer 1686— distinguishes him- self at siege of Nauplia, Aug. 1686 — defeats Mehemet Pasha near Patras, 23 Jul. 1687 — takes part in siege of Negropont, Jul. to Sep. 1688— Ij., 25 Sep. 1688. Koenigsmark, Philipp Christoph, Count von, — b., about 1640 — procures assassination of Mr Thynne, at London, 12 Feb. 1682 — tried and acquitted, 28 Feb. — is suspected of in- trigue with Sophia Dorothea, electoral prin- cess of Hanover, and is murdered by order of the Elector, 1694. Kohath— [B cj— b., i84i, a about 1716^ 1662° — birth of Amram, about i646, b 1630,° — o"., 1708^ about 1583,° 1529.° a Clinton. b Bib. Chron. c Du Fvesnoy. Koh-i-noor, {Mount ain-of- Light,) diamond, — comes into possession of Ala-u-din, soon after 1300 — falls to Baber, 1526 —given up by Mohammed Shah to Nadir Shah, 1739— ac- quired from Shah Shuja by Runjeet Singh, 1 Jun. 1813 -- on abdication of Dhuleep Singh, surrendered to Queen Victoria. 1849 — re-cut and exhibited at Great Exhibition in London, 1851 — again re-cut, 1852. Kolapur, in Hindustan, — taken possession of, by E. India Company, 1844. Kolbe, Karl "Wilhelm, engraver, §c, — b. at Berl n, 20 Nov. 1757 — member of Academy, 1795 — tf. in Dessau, 13 Jan. 1835. Kolbe, (Kolben,) Peter, traveller, — b. in Baireuth, about 1675 — studies at Halle, 1700 — visits Cape of Good Hope, 1704-13 — a", at Neustadt, 1726. Vollstdndige Beschreibung des Afrihanischen Vorgebirges der Guten Hoff- nung, 17 19. Kblcsey, Ferencz, poet, §c, — b. in Hungary, 8 Aug. 1790 — deputy to the Diet, 1832 — tf., 24 Aug. 1838. Works, 1832-8. Kolin, in Bohemia, — Marshal Daun defeats Frederick II. at, 18 Jun. 1757. Kollar, Jan, poet, §c, — b. in Hungary, 29 Jul. 1793 — studies at Jena, 18 17 — pastor at Pesth, 1819-48 — Prof. Archaeology, Vienna, 1849 — tt« there, 29 Jan. 1852. Narodnie Zpiewanhy, 1823-7 — Slawy Dcera, 1824 — Veber die liter drische Wechselseitigheit zwischen den Stdmmen tend Mundarten der slaivischen Nation, 1831. Koller, Franz, Baron von, general, — b. in Bohemia, 27 Nov. 1767 — enters the army, 1 7 85 — serves under Clairfayt, 1792 — under Prince of Coburg, 1793 — Colonel, serves in campaign of 1805 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 1809 — Major-general, Chevalier of Maria Theresa, 1809 — Adjutant-general to Prince of Furstenberg, 181 3 — one of the commissioners to conduct Napoleon to Elba, 18 14 — ft. at Na- ples, 22 Aug. 1826. Kollontay, Hugo, statesman, — b. in Poland, 1750 — Inspector-general of Cracow Univ., 1777 — Rector, 1782-6 — Vice-chancellor of the crown, 1788 — takes part in preparing constitu- tion of May 1 791 — retires to Dresden, 1792 — member of Supreme National Council, 1794 — imprisoned at Olmutz, 17 94- 1803 — ts. in Po- land, 1812. Kollowrath - Krakowski, Johann Karl, Count von, field-marshal, — b. at Prague, 21 Dec. 1748 — enters the army, 1766 — Colonel, 1788 — distinguishes himself at siege of Bel- grade, Sep. to Oct. 1788 — Field-marshal-lieu- tenant, serves under Clairfayt, 1792 — Coun- cillor of War, Apr. 1801 — Commander in Bohemia, 1803 — covers retreat of Archduke Ferdinand, 1805 — distinguishes himself at Wagram, 1809 — Field-marshal, 10 Sep. — Commander-general of Bohemia, 1815 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — receives gold cross of Civil Order of Austria, 1815 — tr., 5 Oct. 1 8 16. Koln. [Cologne.] Kcmorn. [Comorn.] Konarski, Stanislaus, litterateur, — b. in Poland, 1700 — tf. at Warsaw, Aug. 1773. Collectio legum, statutorum et constit. regni Po- lonies et magni ducatus Lithuania;, 1732-9. Konewka, Paul, artist,— %., 184.1 — tr. at Berlin, 10 May 1871. Blatter zu Goethes Faust, (silhouettes,) 1866 — Shakespeare's Mid- summer Night's Bream illustrated, 1868. Konieh, Koniyeh, [leoniunv m Turkey } — Ibrahim Pasha defeats Turks near, 20 Dec. 1832. Konig, Frisdrich, mechanician. — b. at Eisle- ben, 17 Apr. 1775 — arrives in London, 1806 — obtains' patent for steam-press, 29 Mar. 18 10 — second patent, for cylinder press, 30 Oct. 1 8 1 1 — third, 1 8 13 — tf. at Oberz ell, in Bavaria, 17 Jan. 1833. 8o6 KONIGGRATZ— KOSSAKOWSKI. Koniggratz, battle of. [Sadowa.] Konigsberg, in Prussia, — founded by Otto- car of Bohemia, 1255-7 — plundered and burnt, 1264 — joins Hanseatic League, 1365 — resid- ence of Grand Master of Teutonic Knights, 1457-1528— coronation of Frederick III. as King of Prussia at, 1701 — occupied by Rus- sians, 1758-64 — seized by the French, 1807 — visited by king of Prussia, 13 Sep. 1869 — ravaged by cholera, summer 1871. Cathedral founded, 1332. University, founded by Duke Albert I., 1544. Konigstein, in Saxony, — fortress commenced by Elector Christian I., 1589 — completed, 1731 — taken by Marshal de Maillebois, 1745 — by Gen. Custine, 28 Oct. 1792 — surrenders to Prussians, 4 Mar. 1793 — retaken by Marceau, 1796 — the king of Saxony takes refuge at, May 1849 — fortress of, given up to Prussia, 24 Oct. 1866. Kdnigswartha, in Bohemia, — Barclay sur- prises the French at, 19 May 181 3. Konrad. [Conrad. ] Koornhert, Theodor, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1522 — secretary to city of Haarlem, 1562 — secretary to the burgomasters, 1564 — presents petition of Confederates to Duchess of Parma, 1566 — rj. at Gouda, 1590. Works, 1630. Koppe, Johann Benjamin, biblical critic, — b, at Dantzic, 19 Aug. 1750 — Prof. Theology, Gottingen, 1775 — preacher to the Univ. 1777 — Court-preacher at Hanover, 1788 — Is., 12 Feb. 1 79 1. Novum Test, grcece. perpetua annotatione illustration, 1778-83. Koproli, {Kiuperli,) Mohammed, Grand YiziEK, — b. in Anatolia, 1585 — Grand Yizier, ahout (1065, a. h.) 1655 — rj. at Adrianople, (1072,) 31 Oct. 1661. Koproli, (Kiuperli,) Fazil Achmet Kiu- perli Ogli, Grand Yizier, — b., 1626 — suc- ceeds his father, (1072, a. h.) 1661 — distin- guishes himself in campaign of Hungary, 1662 — defeated at St Gothard by Montecuculi, 22 Jul. 1664 — concludes Peace of Temesvar, 1664 — takes Candia, about 167 1 — Caminiek, 1672 — defeated by Sobieski at Choczim, 11 Nov. 1673 — Is. near Adrianople, 30 Oct. 1675. Koproli, Mustapha, Grand Yizier, — ap- pointed, Nov. 1689 — secures elevation of Achmet II., 1691 — falls at battle of Salankemen, 19 Aug. 1 69 1. Korah, Dathan, and Abiram,— [B C]— con- spiracy of, against Moses and Aaron, 1 489,3- 147 i. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. Koran, Alkoran, The, — scattered leaves of, collected into a volume by Abubeker, 634 — revised and sanctioned by Caliph Omar, 652 — first printed at Rome, 1530— and burnt by order of Pope Clement VII. ; translated into English by Sale, 1734 — into French by Savary, 1783 — the copy of, made by Hafiz Osman, (1094, a. h.) 1683, reproduced by photography, by Kemal Bey, at Constantinople, 1871. Koray, (Coray,) Adeimantos, hellenist,—h. at Smyrna, 27 Apr. 1748 — M.D. Montpellier, 1788— arrives at Paris, 28 May 1788 — tf. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1833. Greek translation of Bec- caria, 1801 — Bibliotheqm Hellenique, 1805-27 — Atakta, 1828-32 — with La Porte du Theil and others, translation of Geography of Strabo, 1805-19. Kordofan, in Africa, — conquered by king of Sennaar, 1770 — by king of Darfur, about i795, a 1776 b — conquered by Mehemet Ali, 1820. a Eees' Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. Koreish, Tribe op, Arabia, — acquire cus- tody of the Caaba at Mecca, about 460 — oppose pretensions of Mohammed, 613-622 — defeated by him at Beder and Ohud, 623 — and again in expedition of the nations, 625 — conclude truce with him near Mecca, 629 — surrender Mecca, 629. Kbrner, Karl Theodor, poet, — b. at Dresden, Sep. 1791 — studies at Leipsic, 1810, and Ber- lin, 181 1 — serves against French, 181 3 — falls in battle, 26 Aug. 18 13. Leier und Schwert, 1 8 14 — Poetischer Nachlass, 18 14-15. Kornmann, Heinrich, jurist, — b. in "Wiir- temberg— rj. at Frankfort, after 1620. Templum natural historicum, 161 1 — Liber de miracidis vivorum, 16 14 — Liber de miracidis mortuorum, l620, a i6io. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Korosi. [Csoma.] Korte, Wilhelm, biographer, — b. at Aschers- leben, 24 Mar. 1776 — studies at Halle, 1796- 9 — Is. at Halberstadt, 30 Jan. 1846. Leben Gleims, 181 1 — Leben Carnots, 1820 — Leben und Studien Fr. Aug. Wolfs des Philologen, 1833. Kortiim, Karl Arnold, humourist, — b. at Miihlheim, 5 Jul. 1745 — rj. at Bochum, in county of Mark, 15 Aug. 1824. Die Jobsiade, 1784 — DieMagische Laterne, 1784-86 — Adams Sochzeitfeier, 1788 — Skizze einer Zeit und Literaturgeschichte der Arzneilcunde, 1809. Kortiim, Johann Friedrich Christoph, historian, — b. in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 24 Feb. 1788— Prof. History, Basel, 1821 — Prof. History, Berne, 1826 — Prof. History, Heidel- berg, 1840 — Is., 4 Jun. 1858. Friedrich I. mit seinen Freunden und Feinden, 181 8 — Ent- stehungsgeschichte der freistddtischen Biinde im Mittelalter und in der nenern Zeit, 1827-9 — Geschichte des Mittelalters, 1836-7. Kosciusko, Thaddeus, general, — b. in Lithuania, 28 Oct. 1746,* 1756, 15 1753 c — dis- tinguishes himself in American war, 1777-83 — Major-general in Polish army, 1789 — dis- tinguishes himself in campaign against Russians, 1792 — Commander-in-chief of national forces, 1794 — defeats Russians at Raclawice, 4 Apr. — defeated by Russians and Prussians near Warsaw, Jun. — defends Warsaw, Jun. to Aug. — • defeated and captured at battle of Macziewice, 10 Oct. — liberated by Emperor Paul, Dec. 1796 — visits London, May 1797 — visits America, 1797 — goes to France, 1798 — settles in Switzer- land, 1 8 16 — Is. there, 15 Oct. 1817. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv. Lex. Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul, poet, — b. in Mecklenburg, 1 Feb. 1758 — pastor at Alten- kirchen, Isle of Rugen, 1792 — Prof. Histoiw, Greifswald, 1808 — Is. Rector of the Univ., 20 Oct. 1 81 8. Lyrische Dichtnngen, 1823-5. Kossakowski, Simeon, — b. in Poland, 1742 — joins the confeder tion of Bar, 1768 — sent to revolutionize Lithuania, 177 1 — devotes himself to Russia and takes part in conspiracy of KOSSOVA— XBASINSKI. 807 Targowice, 1792 — assumes title of Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1792 — agent of Diet of Grodno, 1793 — hung at Wilna, 23 Apr. 1794. Kossova, Cossova, Cassova, — Amurath I. defeats the Servians, Bulgarians, and Hungar- ians at, and is killed in the hattle, (Bamadan 791, a. h.) Aug. or Sep. 1389,* (783,) i38i b — Amurath II. defeats John Huniades, 1448. a De Guignes. b Turkish Annals. Kossuth, Lajos, (Louis,) dictator of Hun- gary, — ft. at Monok, 27 Apr. 1802 — admitted advocate, and settles at Monok, 1822 — removes to Pesth, 1 831 — attends the Diet as represent- ative of a magnate, 1832- 6 — imprisoned at Buda, 1837 — the Diet declares his imprison- ment unjust and refuses supplies till he is liberated, 1 840 — editor of Pesth Journal, Jan. 1841— marries, 10 Jan. 1841— elected deputy for Pesth, Nov. 1847 — proposes and heads deputation to Vienna to demand new ministry, Mar. 1848 — Minister of Finance, Mar. 1848 — promotes the insurrection, Jun. 1848 — [Hun- garian Revolution] — proposes declaration of Independence of Hungary, 14 Apr. 1849 — Provisional Governor and Pres. Committee of Defence, Apr. — resigns in favour of Gorgei, 1 1 Aug. — escapes to Turkey and is kept prisoner : joined by his wife and family at Kutayia, Feb. 1850 — liberated, Aug. 1851 — arrives in Eng- land, 17 Oct. 1 85 1 — goes to America, Nov. 1 85 1 — returns to England, Jun. 1852 — gets bank-notes lithographed for circulation in Hun- gary, i860 — injunction granted against printing them, Feb. 1861 — publishes address to Hun- garians, 6 Jun. 1866 — elected deputy to Diet, Jul. 1867. Koster, Henry, traveller, — ft. at Liverpool, 1793 — ft. at Fernambouc, 20 May 1820. Brazil, 18 16. Koster, Lawrence, {Laurent Janszoon,) printer, — ft. probably at Haarlem, about 1370 — living, 1430. Kotah, in Hindustan, — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Mahrattas and their allies, 1744 — the Baja, Zalim Singh, concludes treaty with British government, 1817 — his successor, Keshour Singh, defeated by British, 30 Sep. 1 82 1 — taken by Sepoy mutineers, 1857 — stormed by Gen. Boberts, 30 Mar. 1858. Kbthen, capital of Anhalt-Kbthen, — devas- tated by Emperor Henry I., 927 — besieged by Abp Gunther of Magdeburg, 1406 — seized by Emperor and given to Gen. Ladron, 1547 — castle rebuilt, 1597-1606. Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von, dramatist, — ft. at Weimar, 3 May 1761 — studies at Jena, 1777 — goes to St Petersburg, 178 1 — at Vienna, 17 98- 1800— exiled to Siberia, 1800 — Bussian Consul-general at Konigsberg, 1 8 14 — assassinated at Mannheim, 23 Mar. 18 19. Sdmmtliche dramatische Werhe, 1797-1823. Kotzebue, Otto von, traveller, — ft. at Beval, 19 Dec. 1787 — accompanies Krusenstern round the world, 1803-6 — conducts expedition to polar seas, 18 15-18 — conducts expedition round the world, 1823-6 — tf. at Beval,*5 Feb. 1846. Entdeckungsreise in die Siidsee, 1821 — Neue Eeisen um die Welt, 1830. Kouli Khan. [Nadir Shah.] Koum, in Persia, — built or rebuilt by Sara- cens, about 800 — destroyed by Timur Leng, about 1386 — visited by Chardin, about 1675 — ■ pillaged by Afghans, 1722. Kourakin, Alexander, Prince, diplomatist, — ft., 18 Jan. 1752 — accompanies Paul I. to Prussia and France, 1776 and 1782 — Minister and Vice-chancellor of the Empire, 1796-1802 — ambassador to Vienna, 1806 — concludes Peace of Tilsit, 1807 — Privy Councillor, Field- marshal, 1807-8 — ambassador to Paris, 1808-12 — tf. at Weimar, 6 Jul. 18 18. Kourakin, Boris Ivanovich, general, di- plomatist, — ft. in Bussia, 18 Aug. 1677 — serves in expeditions of Azof, 1695-6 — at battle of Narva, 1700 — envoy to Borne, 1705 — to Ham- burg, 1708 — contributes to overthrow of Charles XII., at Pultawa, 1709 — ambassador to Han- over, 1709-10 — negotiates Treaties of the Hague, Mar. and Aug. 17 10 — member of the Privy Council, 17 1 3 — Knt of St Andrew, 17 17 — returns to Bussia, 1721 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1722 — ambassador to France, 1723 — plenipotentiary to Congress of Soissons, 1727 — tf. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1727. Kowno, in Russia, — the castle taken and destroyed by Teutonic Knights, 1362 a — taken from Bussians by Poles, and burnt, i66i a — reached by Napoleon I., who crosses the Niemen near, 24 Jun. 18 12 — his army recrosses it on the retreat, 13 Dec. 1813. a Zedler. Kozloff. [Eupatoria,] Kozlov, Ivan Ivanovich, poet, — ft. in Bussia, 1774 — tf., 1838. Works, 1840. Krafft, Adam, sculptor, architect, — ft. at Niirnberg, about 1435, a about 1430 b — tf. at Schwabacb, 1507 or 1508. Stone tabernacle, Church of St Laiorence, 1496-1500. a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. Krafft, Jean Louis, engraver,— -ft. at Brus- sels, 1705 a — tf., about 1770.* Tresor des fables choisies, 1733. a Nagler. Krain. [Carniola.] Kranach, Lucas. [Cranach.] Krantz, (Crantz,) Albert, chronicler, — ft. at Hamburg, about 1450 — rector of Univ. of Bos- tock, 1482 — syndic of Hamburg, 1489 — tf. there, 15 1 7 . Chronica regnorum Aquilonarium, 1546 — Saxonia, 1520 — Wandalia, 15 19 — His- toria ecclesiastica Saxonice, 1548. Krascheninnikof, Stephen, traveller^ — ft. at Moscow, 17 12- 13 — accompanies expedition to Siberia and Kamtschatka, 1733-43 — tr. at St Petersburg, 1754-5. Description of Kamt- schatka, 1755. Krasicki, Ignacy, poet, — ft. at Dubiecko, Feb. 1734 — Bp of Warmia, about 1766 — Abp of Gnesen, 1795 — q\ at Berlin, 14 Mar. 1801. Works, 1803-4. Krasinski, John, — forms Confederation of Bar, 1768 — member of Commission for re- forming laws of Poland, 1789 — assists at Diet, 1791— tf., 1805. Krasinski, Valerian, Count, — ft. in White Bussia, about 1780— Polish envoy to England, 1830-1 — tf. at Edinburgh, 22" Dec. 1855. Pise, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland, 1839-40 — Panslavism and Ger- SoS KEASXOI— KEUSENSTEEN. Krasnoi, in Russia, — Prince Kutusoff defeats Napoleon I. near, 17 Nov. 1812. Kraus, (Krauss,) Johann Baptist, Bene- dictine, — ft. at Eatisbon, 12 Jan. 1770 — enters the Order, 17 15 — Prince-abbot of St Emmeran, Eatisbon, 1742 — tf., 14 Jim. 1762. Catalogus bibliotheccc Sancti Emmerani, 1748-50 — Acten- massige Nachrichten von der die Gewissensfrei- lieit betreffenden Friedenshandlungen, von 1555 bis 1648, 1759—Pacificatio Westphalica, 1759. Kraus, Johann XJlrich, engraver, — ft. at Augsburg, about 1645 — ft., 17 19. Krause, Georg Friedrich, economist, $e.,— ft. in the Ukraine, 2 Apr. 1768 — goes to Berlin, 1784 — officer of artillery in Polish campaign, 1794 — prepares plan of administration of Poland, 1 801 — sent to organize insurrection in Silesia, 1813 — tf., 22 Nov. 1836. Compendium der hbhern Forsticissenschaft, 1824 — Versuch eines Systems der National und Staats-Oeko- nomie, 1830. Kray, Peter, a {Paul*) von, Baron, general, — ft. in Hungary, 5 Feb. 1735 — Major- general, 1790 — distinguishes himself in cam- paigns against French, 1793-5— serves under Wartensleben, Field-marshal- lieutenant, 1796 ■ — takes Mantua, 1799 — Commander-in-chief of army of the Ehine, 1800 — defeated at Hohen- linden by Moreau, 3 Dec. — tf. at Vienna, 19 Jan. i8o4, a i8oi. c a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Conv.-Lex. Krayenhoff, Cornelisz Eodolph Theodore, general, — ft. at Nimeguen, about 1759 — enters the army, 1795 — Inspector-general of fortifi- cations, 1798 — aide-de-camp to King Louis Napoleon, 1 805 — serves in campaigns of Holland, 1805, 1806, and 1809 — Inspector- general of engineers, 18 10 — governor of Amsterdam, 24 Nov. 18 13 — directs siege of Naarden, 181 3-14 — tf. at Nimeguen, about 1838. Kremlin, The, Moscow, — built by Demetrius III., about 1367— reconstructed for ivan III., 1485 — Napoleon fails in attempt to destroy, Oct. 1812. [Moscow.] Kreutzer, Rodolph, musical composer, — ft. at Versailles, 15 Nov. 1766 — tf. at Paris, a Ghent, b 6 Jan. I 831. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Kreuznach, in Prussia, — given to see of Spire, by Henry IV., 1065 — sold to Count Henry of Sayn, 1241 — mineral springs at, dis- covered, 1478 — frequently plundered in Thirty Years' War, 1619-48 — the citadel blown up by the French, 1689. Kreytmayr, (Kreitmayer,) Wiguleius Xa- vier Aloys, Baron von, statesman, — ft. at Munich, Dec. 1705 — studies at Utrecht and Levden, 1724-5 — Court Councillor to Elector of Bavaria, 1725— Chancellor of Aulic Council by Maximilian Joseph, 1745 — Vice-chancellor of Privy Council, 1749 — prepares new criminal code, 175 1 — tf., Oct. 1790. Krieg, Johann Friedrich, general,— ft. in Brisgau, 1730 — enters French army, 1746 — wounded at battle of Rosbaeh, 1757— dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Minden, 1759— receives 16 wounds at battle of Clostercamp, 1760— wounded in Corsican campaign, 1778 — takes part in siege of Gibraltar, 1780 — con- tributes to defence of Thionville, 1792 — im- prisoned, 1793-4 — tf. at Bar-sur-Ornain, about Dec. 1803. Krotzka, — the Turks defeat the Austrians under Count Wallis at, 22 Jul. 1739. Krbyer, Henrik Nikolaj, zoologist, — ft. at Copenhagen, 22 Mar. 1799 — member of French Commission of the North, explores coasts of Norway, 1838-40 — charged with formation of Natural History Collection for the king : visits S. America, 1840-1 — member of Legion of Honour, 1841 — Inspector of Eoyal Museum of Nat. Hist., 1842 — attends meeting of naturalists at Gratz, 1843 — Ph.D. Kiel, 1843 — tf., before 1870. Panmarks Fislce, 1834-53 — edits and contributes to Xatur Mstorik Pidsskrift, from 1843. Krudener, Bourkhard Alexis Constantin, 1 Baron de, diplomatist, — ft. in Livonia, 25 Jim. 1744 — charge d'affaires at Venice, 1780,* i784 b — ambassador to Copenhagen, 1793,* 1786 b — envoy to Dresden, 1798 — to Berlin, 1800 b — tf., 14 Jim. 1802. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Krudener, Julienne Wittinghoff, Baroness de, mystic, — ft. at Eiga, 1766, a 21 Nov. 1764 b — marries the Baron de Krudener, 1780,* 1782 b — accompanies him to Venice, 1784 — separates from him, 1791 — appears as a prophetess, 1814 — has interview with Emperor Alexander at Heilbronn, May 18 15 — establishes herself at Paris, Jul. 18 15 — promotes the Holy Alliance, 1815 — tf. in the Crimea, 13 Dec. 1824. Valerie, 1803. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Krug, Wilhelm Traugott, philosopher, — ft. in Prussia, 22 Jim. 1770— studies at Witten- berg, 1788 — Extraord. Prof. Philosophy, Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, 1801 — Prof. Logic "and Me- taphysics, Konigsberg, 1804 — Prof. Philosophy, Leipsic, 1809 — D.D., 1830 — deputy to first Constitutional Diet, 1833 — tf. at Leipsic, 13 Jan. 1842. Versuch einer systematischen Pn- cyclopddie der Wissenschaften, 1796- 1804 — Per Schonen KUnste, 1802 — Aphorismen zur Philo- sophic des Pechts, 1800 — Fundamentalphiloso- pltie, 1803 — System der theoretischen Philoso- phic, 1806-10 — Geschichte der Philosophie alter Zeit, 1 8 15 — Allgemeines Handworterbuch der philosophischen Wissenschaften, 1827-8 — Meine Lebotsreise in scchs Stationen, vonUrceus, 1826. Kruger, Dietrich, engraver, — ft. at Munich, about 1570 — tf. at Borne, 1650. Kruger, {Krug,) Lucas, engraver, §c, — ft. at Niirnberg, about 1489 — tf. there, 1535. Kruger, Theodor, engraver,— $., 1646 — tf., 17 15. (With Mogalli, &c.,) Museum Florenti- num, 17 10. Kruilov. [Krylow.] Krummacher, Friedrich Adolf, theologian, — ft. in Westphalia, 13 Jul. 1768 — tf., 1845. Parabeln, 1805 — Pie Kinderwelt, 1806 — Pas Leben des heiligen Johannes, 1833. Krunitz, Johann Georg, — ft. at Berlin, 1728 — tf. there. 20 Dec. 1796. Oekonomisch-techno- logische Encyclopadie, 1773-96. Krusenstern, Adam John, traveller, hydro- grapher, — ft. in Esthonia, 8 Nov. 1770 — serves in British navy, 1793-9 — conducts expedition I of discovery round the Avorld, 1803-6 — Knt of KRUSINSKI— KUTUSOFF SMOLENSKOI. St Anne — 1805— Knt of Bed Eagle, 1810— ft. in Esthonia, 12 Aug. 1846. Reise urn die Welt in den Jahren 1803, &c, 1810-14 — Beitrage zur Rydrographie der grosser n Oceane, 1819 — Atlas de V Ocean Pacijiqite, 1824-7 — Recueil de me'moires hydrographiques, §c, 1824-7 — Supplements, 1835. Krusinski, Judas Thaddeus, Jesuit,— b. in Poland, about 1677 — Proctor-general of Per- sian missions, 1720 — returns to Poland, 1725 — at Diet of Warsaw, 1748 — rj. at Kaminiek, 1754. Chronicon peregrinantis, 1 7 3 1 . Krylow, (Krilojf,) Ivan Andreevich, fabu- list, — b. at Moscow, 2 (13) Feb. 1768 ?— secre- tary to Prince Galitzin, 1801 — attached to Imperial Library, 18 12-41 — Counsellor of State, 1830— ft. at St Petersburg, 11 (23) Apr., a 9 (21) Nov. b 1844. Works, 1847. a Engl. Cyc. b Ralston and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Kublai Khan, (Chi-Tson,) Grand Khan of the Mongols,— Khan of the Mongols, 1259— invades China and expels the Mantchus, 1260 — builds palace atPekin, 1267 — conquers south China, and founds the Yuen dynasty, 1279 — visited by Marco Polo, between 1280-94 — tf. at Pekin, 1294. Kufic Coins, {Mohammedan,) — first struck by order of Caliph Omar, (18, a. h.) 638 a — by Abdalmalek, (79,) 695. b a Makrizi. b Almakin and other authorities. Kiigelgen, Gerhard and Carl von, {twin- brothers,) painters, — b. at Bacharach on the Bhine, Jan. 1772 — study at Bome, 1791 — Gerhard settles at Dresden, 1804 — murdered near Dresden, 1820 — Carl, court painter at St Petersburg, 1799 — travels in the Crimea, 1804 and 1806 — in Finland, 18 18 — tf. at Bevel, 9 Jan. 1832. Kugler, Franz Theodor, archaeologist, §c, — b. at Stettin, 19 Jan. 1808 — studies at Berlin, 1826 — Prof, at Academy of Fine Arts, 1835 — visits Italy, 1835 — France and Belgium, 1843 — admitted to Academy of Berlin, 1849 — fr., 18 Mar. 1858. Den/cm ciler der bildenden Kunst im Mittelalter in den preuss. Staaten, 1 830 — Museum, 1833 — Handbuchder Geschichte der Malerei von Konstantin d. Gr. bis auf die neuere Zeit, 1837 — Gedichte, 1840 — Mandbuch der JCunstgeschichte, 1 841-2. Kuk, Ephraim Moses, poet, — b. at Breslau, 1731— tf., 1790. Kuklmann, Quirinus, visionary, — b. at Breslau, 165 1 — burnt at Moscow, 3 Oct. 1689. K'uhn, Karl Gottlob, physician, — b. in Mer- seburg, 1754 — M.D. Leipsic, 1783 — Extraord. Prof. Medicine, 1793 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 1 802 — Prof. Physiology and Pathology, 1819— tf., 19 Jim. 1840. Opera medicorum Grcecorum quce supersunt, 1%21-30—Opitscula academica et philologica, 1827-8 — Geschichte der medicinischen und physikalischen Elek- tricitut, 1783. Ku-Klux-Klan, — secret Society of ex-rebels, organized in Tennessee, U. S., 1868 — crimes of, made punishable in Federal Courts, Pres. authorized to suspend Habeas Corpus Act, Apr. 1871. Kulmbach, Hans von, painter, engraver, — tl., about 1545.* Madonna Enthroned, St Sebald's, Niirnberg, 1513 s — Adoration of the Kings, discovered, 187 1. a Nagler. Kunckel, Johann, chemist, — b. in Schleswig, 1630 — called to Berlin, 1679 — rj. at Stockholm, 1702. Oeffentliche Zuschrift von dem phosphoro mirabili, 1678 — Laboratorium chymicum, 1716. Kunersdorf. [Cunersdorf.] Kunobizza, — Amurath II. defeated by John Huniades, 24 Dec. 1443 or Jan. 1444.* a Von Hammer. Kunth, Karl Sigismund, botanist, — b. at Leipsic, 18 Jun. 1788 — goes to Berlin, 1806 — at Paris, 1813-19 — Prof. Botany, Vice- director of Botanic Garden, Berlin, 181 9 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1829 — tf. at Berlin, 22 Mar. 1850. Flora Berolinensis, 181 3 — Nova genera et species plantarum, 1815-25 — Die Mimosen, 1819 — Die Grdser des tropischen Amerika, 1829-33 — Enumeratio plantarum omnium hucusque cognitarum, 1833-50. Kuntz, Karl, painter, — b. at Manheim, 28 Jul. 1770 — visits Switzerland, 1790 — court painter, Baden, 1 805 — director of Picture Gal- lery, Carlsruhe, 1829 — tf. there, 8 Sep. 1830. Kupetzki, Johann, painter, — b. near Pres- burg, 1666 a — rj. at Niirnberg, 1740. a Nagler. Kurdistan,— subject to Caliphs of Baghdad, about 640-868 —conquered by the Moguls, 1 258 — by Tamerlane, 1388 — forms part of Persia, 1502 —submits to the Ottomans, 1516 a — visited by Bich, 1820 — massacre of Nestorians in, by Beder Khan Bey, 1 843 b — visited by Grant, 1844 — by Layard, 1846 and 1850. a Von Hammer. b Layard. Kurile Islands, — discovered by Bussians, 1713-20. Kuster, Ludolf, philologist, — fj. in West- phalia, 1670 — visits England, 1700-5 — Prof, at Joa.chim Coll., Berlin, 1705 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, Paris, 17 13 — tf. there, 1 7 1 6. Historia Critica Homer i, 1 696 — edition of Suidas, 1705 — of Jamblichus, 1707 — of Aristophanes, 17 10. Kiistrin, in Prussia, — founded, about 1530 — bombarded by Bussians, 15-22 Aug. 1758 — ■ surrendered to the French, 1 806 — restored to Prussia, 18 14. Kutchuk Kainardji, — Treaty of, between Bussia and Turkey, cession of Azof to Bussia, freedom of the Black Sea established, concluded 21 Jul. 1774. Kutusoff Smolenskoi, Mikhail Lavionovich Golenischtscheff, Phince, general, statesman, — ti., 1745 — enters the army, 1761 — serves in Polish campaigns, 1764-9— distinguishes him- self against Turks, 1770 — at battle of the Posts, 177 1 — serves in the Crimea, 1772-3 — Brigadier, 1783 — Major-general, 21 Nov. — Governor-general in the Crimea, 1787 — wounded at siege of Oczakoff, Aug. 1788 — commands under Suwarrof at siege of Ismaeloff, 1790 — Lieutenant-general, 25 Mar. 1791 — distinguishes himself at battle of Matschine, Apr. 1791 — ambassador to the Porte, Jun. 1793 to May 1794 — Commander-in-chief in Finland, 1794 — military governor of St Petersburg, 1 801 — commands forces sent to assistance of Austria, 1805 — defeated at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. — governor of Lithuania, 1806-11 — obtains 8io KUYCK— LABORDE. victories over Turks, 181 1 — concludes Treaty of Bucharest, 16 May 1812 — Prince, Pres. of the Council, generalissimo, 18 12 — defeated by Na- poleon at the Moskowa, 26 Aug. 18 12— Field- marshal, 18 1 2 — ft. at Bunzlau, Silesia, 16 Apr. 1813. Kuyck, Jan van, painter on glass, — fj. at Dort, 1530 — burnt there, 28 Mar. 1572. Kyd, Thomas, dramatist. Cornelia, (trans- lation,) 1594 — First part of Jeronimo, 1605 — Spanish Tragedy, 1599. Kynaston, Sir Francis, poet, — fc. in Shrop- shire, 1587 — tf., about 1642. Leoline and Sydanis, 164.1. Kyriel, Sir Thomas, — leads troops into Normandy, to reinforce Somerset, 1450 — de- feated by Constable of France at Fourmigni, 15 Aug. 1450 — made prisoner at battle of Barnet, and beheaded, 147 1. Kyrle, John, ' the Man of Boss,' — ft. in Gloucestershire, about 1634 — tf. at Boss, Herefordshire, 1724. Laaland, island in the Baltic, — defeat of Danish fleet by the Swedes off, 23 Oct. 1644 — traversed by Charles X. in his march across the Baltic, 1657-8. Laar, (laer,) Pieter van, (II Bamboccio,) painter, engraver, — fc. at Laaren, 16 13 — rj. at Haarlem, about 1673. Labadie, Jean, mystic, — b. inGuienne, 1610 — renounces Catholicism, 1650 — pastor at Mont- auban, 165 1-9 — goes to Geneva, 1659 — pastor at Middleburgk, 1666 — tJ. at Altona, 1674. La Barre, Jean Francois Lefevre, Che- valier de, — b., 1747 — accused of mutilating a crucifix, 1765 — condemned by tribunal of Abbeville to be mutilated and burnt alive, 1766 ■ — sentenced to be beheaded and burnt, by Parliament of Paris, 5 Jun. 1766 — executed at Abbeville, 1 Jul. Labarum, (Standard of the Cross,) — adopted by Constantine the Great, about 312 ? or 322 ? Labat, Jean Baptiste, Dominican, — b. at Paris, 1663— goes to Martinique as superior of the missions of the Antilles, 1693- 17 06 — tf. at Paris, 1738. Kouveau voyage aux iles de V Amerique, 1722 — Voyage en Espagne et en Italie, 1730. Labbe, Philippe, Jesuit, — b. at Bourges, 10 Jul. 1607 — fr. at Paris, 25 Mar. 1667. CI. Galeni vita ex propriis operibus collecta, 1660 — Concordia chronologica, technica, et historica, 1670 — SS. Concilia ad regiam editionem exacta, 1671-2,. Labe, Louise, (la belle Cordiere,) poetess, — b. at Lyons, 1526 — distinguishes herself at siege of Perpignan, 1542— IT. at Lyons, Mar. 1566. CEuvres, 1555. Labedoyere, Charles Angelique Francois Huchet, Count de, general, — b. at Paris, 1786 — as officer in Imperial Guard, serves at Eylau, 1807 — aide-de-camp to Marshal Lannes, 1808 — wounded at Tudela, 1808 — distinguishes himself at capture of Eatisbon, Apr. 1809 — wounded at Essling, 21 May 1809 • — aide-de-camp to Prince Eugene (Beauhar- nois), Jul. 1809— serves in Russian expedition, 18 1 2 — distinguishes himself at Liitzen and Bautzen, 18 13— joins Napoleon I. on his return from Elba, Mar. 18 15— at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 1 815 — tried by court martial and executed, 19 Aug. 1815. Labeo, M. (?) Antistius, jurist,— {B C] — nominates senators, 18. Labeo, Q. Antistius, jurist, — [BC] — kills himself, 42. Labeo, Q. Fabius, — [B C] — quaestor urbanus, 196 — compels augurs to pay tributum : praetor, 189 — releases Roman prisoners at Gortyne, takes Telmissus : triumvir to plant Potentia and Pisaurum, i86, :i i84 b — Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (571, a.tj.c.) 183 — ponti- fex, 180. a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. Labergerie, Jean Baptiste Rougier, Baron de, writer on agriculture, — b. in Touraine, 1759 — rj., 1836. Histoire de V agriculture ancienne des Grecs, 1829 — Histoire de V agri- culture ancienne des Bomains, 1834 — Histoire de l' agriculture des Gaulois, 1829. Laberius, Decimus, mimographer, — [B C] — b. about 107 — appears on the stage at Caesar's command, Oct. 45 — rj., (711," a. u. c.) Jan. 43. Labienus, T. — [B C] — tribunus plebis, 63 — legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 58— again, 54-50 — joins Pompey, 49— legatus to Pompey, 48— defeated at Ruspina by Caesar, 46 — legatus to Scipio : defeated and killed at Munda, by Caesar, 45. Labienus, Q. — [B C] — joins Brutus and Cas- sius, 44— sent to Parthia, 42 — contrives the Parthian inroad in the East, 40 — defeated by Ventidius and killed, 39. Labienus, T. historian, orator, — his works burnt by decree of the senate, kills himself, 12. Labitte, 3&eques,jurist, — {■[., about 1550-84. Index legum quce in Bandectis continentur,!^^-]. Lablache, Lodovico, singer, — b. at Naples, 6 Dec. 1794 — marries, 1 812 — goestoMilan,i8i7 — to Paris, 1830 — appears in London, 1835 — at St Petersburg, 1852 — private singer to Em- peror of Russia, Knt of. St Andrew, 1857 — tf. at Naples, 23 Jan. 1858. Laborde, Count Alexandre Louis Joseph de, traveller, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 17 Sep. 1773— travels in Spain, 1 800-1 — auditor to Council of State, 1808 — Master of Requests, member of Legion of Honour, 1809 — member of Institute, 18 13 — Adjutant-major of National LABORDE— LA CHASTRE. 811 Guard of Paris, 1814 — receives cross of St Louis, Apr. 18 14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1822 — takes part in insurrection of Jul. 1830— Prefect of the Seine, and aide-de- camp to Louis Philippe, 1830 — tf., 24 Oct. 1842. Voyage pittoresque et historique de V Espagne, 1807-18 — Ltineraire descriptif de V Espagne, 1808 — Collection de vases Grecs de M. le Comte de Lamberg, 1813-24 — Voyage pittor- esque en Autriche, 182 1-3 — Les monuments de la France classes chronologiquement, 1832-6. Laborde, Jean Benjamin de. [Borde.] Labourdonnais. [Mahe.] Labourdonnais, Mahe de, (Chess-king,) — fc., 1795— If., 1840. La Bourdonnaye, Francois Kegis, Count de, statesman, — b. at Angers, 19 Mar. 1767 — emigrates, 1792 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — Minister of the Interior, Aug. 1828 — raised to the peerage, 1830 — rj. near Beaupreau, 28 Aug. 1839. Labourers, in England, — wages, &c, regu- lated by Stat, of Labourers, 23 Edw. III. c. 1, 1349 — [Wages] — erection of dwellings for, facilitated by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 132, 14 Aug. 1855. Laboureur, Jean le,— b. at Montmorency, 1623 — commander of St Michael, 1664 — "&, at Paris, Jun. 1675. Les Tomb eaux des per sonnes illustres, avec leurs elcges, genealogies, armes, et devises, 1642 — Relation du voyage de la reine de Pologne, et du retour de la marechale de Gue- briant, 1647 — Tableau genealogique des 16 quar- tiers de nos rois depuis St Louis, 1683. Labrador, N. America, — coast of, discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 1496 — visited by Corte Real, 1501 — probably visited by Sebastian Cabot, 1513 s — explored by Frobisher, 1576 — rediscovered by Hudson, 16 10- -Moravian set- tlement in, 1752. b a Engl. Cyc. b Maceulloch. Labrousse, Clotilde Suzanne Courcelles de, — b. in Perigord, 8 May 1741 — enters Fran- ciscan Order, about 1760 — imprisoned at Borne, 1792-6— returns to Paris, 1798 — tr., 1821. Fropheties concernant la revolution francaise, suivies d'une prediction qui annonce la Jin du monde, 1790. Labrousse, Jacques de, general, — b. in Peri- gord, i486 — defends Leith against the Scotch, 156 1 — falls at battle of Dreux, 19 Dec. 1562. Labrousse, Nicolas de, Count de Verteil- lac, general, — b., 1648 — serves in campaign of Holland, 1672 — wounded at siege of Dole, 1674 — at sieges of Ghent and Ypres, 167 8 — wounded at battle of St Denis, 1678 — Brigadier of armies of the king, 1686 — Major-general, serves at sieges of Philipsburg, Frankenthal, and Mailn- heim, 1688 — contributes to defence of Mentz, 1689 — assists at siege of Mons, governor of the town, 169 1 — Marechal de Camp, serves at siege of Ftirnes, Jan. 1693— falls in combat at Boussu, 4 Jul. 1693. La Bruyere. [Bruyere, Jean la.] Labuan, in the Malay Archipelago, — ceded to England, 1 846 — seat of colonial government, Oct. 1848. La Caille, Nicolas Louis de, astronomer, — b. at Bumigny, near Rosoy, 15 Mar. 17 13 — studies at Paris, 1729— Prof. Mathematics, Mazarin Coll., 1738— employed with Cassini in measurement of arc of meridian, 1739-40 — Assistant Astronomer, Academy of Sciences, 1741 — at Cape of Good Hope, 1750-4— tf. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1762. Fundamenta astvono- mice, 1757 — Tabulae Solares, 1758 — Journal historique du voyage fait au Cap de Bonne Esperance, 1763 — Coelum Australe stelliferum, 1763. Laccadive Islands, in the Indian Ocean, — discovered by Vasco de Gama, 1499 — ceded by Tippoo to the English, 1792. Lace, — Venetian, mentioned, 1483 a — worked in Flanders, before 1495. Pillow, invented by Barbara IJttmann, 156 1 b — manufacture of, developed in France by Colbert, 1666. Machine for making, attempted by Strutt, 1758. Bob- bin-net machine, patented by Heathcoat, 1 809 — improved by Brown, 1 8 1 1 — by Morley, X 8 1 1 and 1824 — by Leaver and Turton, 1811 — smuggled into France, 18 15 — Jacquard system applied to, 1837. Ln England, making of bone-lace taught to peasantry of Bedfordshire by Queen Catherine of Aragon, 153 1 -3 a — manufacture of pilloiv-lace carried on, 1620. Importation of, prohibited by Acts 1 Ric. III. c. 10, 1483-4, and 19 Hen. VII. c. 21, 1503-4 — license for, granted to Earl of Suffolk by James I., 1606 — prohibited by royal proclama- tion, 30 Apr. 1635 — and again, 20 Nov. 1661, by Acts 14 Car. II. c. 13, 1662, and 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 9, 1698— permitted by Acts 11 and 12 Wm III. c. 11, 1700, and 5 and 6 Anne, c. 17, 1706 (French excepted) — again prohibited by Acts 3 Geo. III. c. 21, 1762, and 5 Geo. III. c. 48, 1765. Factories, placed under regulation of Factories' Acts by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 117, 6 Aug. 1861. a Palliser. b Beckmann. Lacedsemon. [Sparta.] Lacepede, Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville-sur-Illon, Count de, naturalist, — b. at Agen, 26 Dec. 1756 — goes to Paris, 1776 — sub-demonstrator in the Cabinet du roi, 1785 — ■ Prof, at Museum of Natural History, member of Institute, 1796 — Pres. of Senate, 1801 — Grand Chancellor of Legion of Honour, 1803- 14 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, Mar. 181 9 — "&. at Epinay, 6 Oct. 1825. Histoire naturelle des quadrupedes ovipares, 1788 — Histoire na- turelle des reptiles, 1789 — Histoire naturelle des poissons, 1798- 1803 — Histoire naturelle des cetaces, 1 804. Lacerda. [Cerda.] Lachaise, Francois d'Aix de, Jesuit,— b. at Aix in Forez, 25 Aug. 1624 — confessor to Louis XIV., 1675 — superior of Mont Louis, 1705 — tj., 20 Jan. 1709. Lachares, — [B C ] — demagogue at Athens after restoration of democracy, 307 — aided by )r, makes himself tyrant of Athens, (01 120, 2,) 299^ 296 b c — escapes to Bceotia, 299 — expelled from Cassandrea, 279.= a Clinton. b Thirlwall. c Smith's Diet. La Chastre, (La Chdtre,) Claude Louis, Duke de, — b. at Paris, 30 Sep. 1745 — enters the army, 1761 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1779 LACHES— LACPOZE. : — deputy to States -General, i*5 1792— serves in Flanders, 1793- ) — emigrates, -in Portugal, 1797 — charge d'affaires of Louis XVIII. in England, 1807 — first equerry, 180S — ambas- sador to London, 18 14 — Peer of France, 17 Aug. 1 8 15 — returns to Paris, May 18 16 — rj. at Meudon, 13 Jul. 1824. Laches,— [B CJ— Arclion at Athens, (01. 95, 1,) 400. Laches, — [BC] — takes Messina, 427 — tried for peculation, 426 — at battle of Delion, 424 — commissioner about the 50 years' truce, 421 —commander in Argos, killed at battle of Mantiueia, 41 S. Lachiche, Claude Quentin, engineer, — ft. at Dole, 1719 — at siege of Friburg, 7744 — pro- jects canal of the lihone and Ehine, 1765 — a", at Paris, 14 Oct. 1802. Prospectus d'un canal de vingtcinq lieues de longueur, 1790. Lachmana, Karl, philologist, — ft. at Bruns- wick, 4 Mar. 1793— studies at Leipsic and Got- tingen, 1 809-1 1 — Prof. Extraord., Konigsberg, igjg — p ro f. Extraord., Berlin, 1825 — Ordinary Prof. 1827 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1830 — D.J)., LL.D. Gottingen, 1837— U. at Berlin, 13 Mar. 1851. Ueber die ursprungliche Gestalt des Gedichts von der Niebelimgen Noth, i2,id — editions of the New Testament, 1834 and 1842 — Betrachtungen iiber die Bias, 1847 — edi- tion of Caius, 1 841 — of Niebelungen Lied, 1826 — translation of Shakspeare's Sonnets, 1820 — edition of Lessing's Works, 1838-40. Laclede, N. de, — fc., Jan. 1736. Histoire generate da Portugal, 1735. Laclos, Pierre Ainbroise Francois Choderlos de, litterateur, — ft. at Amiens, 1741— enters the army, 1759 — secretary to Duke of Orleans, 1789 — tt. at Tarente, 5 Oct. 1803. Les Liaisons dangereuses, 1782. Lacolombe, Jacques, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 1724 — a", there, 180 1, a i8u. b Diction- naire Eucyehpedique des Arts et Metiers, 1789- 91 — Dictionnaire Encychpedique des Sciences mathe'matiques et physiques, 1792 — Encyclope- diana, 1792 — Dictionnaire Encychpedique de V Art aratoire et du Jardinage, 1797. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. La Colonibiere. [Vulson.] Lacolonie, Jean Martin de, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1674 — a", there, 26 Nov. 1759. Memoires con- tenant les evenements de la guerre depuis le siege de Namur en 1692 jusqii a la bataille de Belgrade, 1737. La Condamine. [Condamine.] Lacordaire, Jean Eaptiste Henri, Father Lacordaire, — ft., 12 Mar. 1802 — settles as advocate at Paris, 1821 — ordained priest, 1827 — associated with Montalembert and Lamennais in editing L'Avenir, 1830— the paper con- demned by Gregory XVI., and discontinued, 1832 — enters Dominican Order at Pome, 1839 — preaches at Xotre-Dame, Paris, 1841 — mem- ber of Constituent Assembly, Mar. 1848 — re- tires, May — director of College of Sorreze, 1853— received at French Academy, i860 — tr. at Sorreze, 22 Nov. 1861. Vie de Saint Dominique, 1840 — (Euvres, 1858. Lacordaire, Jean Theodore, anatomist, ento- mologist, — ft., 1 Feb. 1 801 — four times visits America, 1825-32 — Prof. 'Zoology, Liege, 1835 — Prof. Comparative Anatomy, 1838 — Dean of the Univ., 1850 — a", at Liege, 31 Aug. 1870. Introduction a V Entomologie, 1834-7 — - Histoire naturelle des insectes, 1854-68. Lacoste, Etienne Clement, Baron, general, — ft. in Dauphine, 27 Dec. 1773 — enters the army, 1792 — assists at siege of Toulon, 1794 — wounded at battle of St Laurent de la Monga, 6 May 1794 — distinguishes himself at Areola, Oct. 1796 — follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — takes part in siege of Acre, 1799 — at battle of Alexandria, 1801 — serves in Austrian compaign, 1805 — in Prussian and Polish, 1806-7 — dis- tinguishes himself in Peninsular campaigns, 1808-12 — Baron, and General of Brigade, 1813 — falls in campaign of Saxony, 1813. Lacoste, Jean, {Janus a Costa,) jurist, — ft. at Cahors, about 1560— tf. there, 13 Aug. 1637. Comment, ad institutiones juris civilis, 17 14 — Comment, in Decretales, 1676. Lacretelle, Jean Charles Dominique de, historian, publicist, — ft. at Metz, 3 Sep. 1766,* 27 Aug. 1763 b — goes to Paris, 1787 — assistant Prof. History, Faculty of Letters, 1 809 — Cen- sor Imperial, 18 10* — member of French Academy, 181 1 — titular Prof. History, 18 12- 48 — ennobled by Louis X VIII., 1822 — Chevalier of St Michael, 1826 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1845 — $• at Macon, 26 Mar. 1855. (With Eabaut Saint-Etienne) Precis historique de la Revolution francaise, 1 801-6 — Histoire de France pendant le dix- huitieme siecle, 1808 — Histoire de France pen- dant les guerres de religion, 18 14-16 — Histoire de V Assembled Constituante, 1821 — E Assem- bled Legislative, 1824 — La Convention nation- ale, 1824-5 — Histoire de France depuis la Restauration, 1829-35 — Histoire du Consulat et de V Empire, 1846. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Lacretelle, Pierre Louis, jurist, — ft. at Metz, 1 75 1 — member of Legislative Assembly, 1 79 1 — member of Legislative Body, 180 1-2 — member of Institute, i8o3, a 1801 b — tf., 5 Sep. 1824. (Euvres, 1823-4. a Nouy. Biog. Gen. b Conv. Lex. Lacroix, De, — secretary of embassy at Con- stantinople, 1670-80 — rj., 1704 ? Memoires concernant diver ses relations tres-curieuses de V empire ottoman, 1684 — Guerres des Turcs avec la Pologne, la Moscovie, et la Hongrie, 1689. Lacroix, Silvestre Francois, mathematician, — ft. at Paris, 1765 — Prof Mathematics, Mili- tary school, 1787 — Prof. Analysis, Polytechnic School, 1799 — member of Academy of Sciences, May 1799 — Prof. Mathematics, Coll. of France, 1 8 15 — ft. at Paris, 25 May 1843. Trait e du calcul differentiel et du calcul integral, 1797 — Elements d'Algebre, 1799 — Complement des Elements d'Algebre, 1799 — Traite du calcul des probabilites, 1816. Lacroix du Maine, Francoise Grude, Sieur de, bibliographer, — ft. at Mans, 1552 — assas- sinated at Tours, 1592. Bibliotheque francaise, 1584. Lacroze, Mathurin Veyssieres de, oriental- LACPJTZ— LADISLAUS. 813 ist, — ft. at Nantes, 4 Dec. 1661 — tf. Prof. Phi- losophy at French Coll., Berlin, 21 May 1739. Histoire du christianisme des Indes, \~\i\ — Histoire du christianisme d' Ethiopie et d'Arme- nie, 1739 — Lexicon JEgyptiaco-latinum, 1775. Lacruz, Juan de, (Pantoja,) painter, — ft. at Valencia, 1545 — tf. at Valladolid, 16 10. Lacruz y Cano, Eamon de, dramatist, — ft. at Madrid, 12 May 1728 — tf., 4 Nov. 1795. Teatro, §c, 1788. Lactantius, Lucius Coelius, (Ccecilius Firmianus,) rhetorican, theologian, — ft., ahout 250 — teaches rhetoric at Mcomedeia, becomes a Christian? 301 — tutor to Crispus, son of Constantine, 3 1 7 — tf., about 325-30. a a Clinton. Lacteal Vessels, — discovered by Aselli, 1622. Lacuee, Jean Gerard de, Count de Cessac, statesman, — ft. near Agen, 4 Nov. 1752 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1790 — member of Council of Ancients, 1795 — secretary, May 1796 — Prcs., Oct. — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1799 — member of Institute, 1799 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Governor of Polytechnic School, General of Division, 1800 — Director-general of the conscription, 1807 — Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, Count, 1809 — director of administration of the war, Jan. 18 10 — receives cross of St Louis, 1814 — called to Chamber of Peers, 1831 — ft. at Paris, 18 Jim. 1841. Lacuna. [Laguna.] Lacurne. [Sainte-Palaye.] Lacy, Hugh de, Earl of Ulster, — ap- pointed governor of Ireland, by Henry 11., spring 1 1 72 — deputy to Earl John, 1178 — but soon ordered to resign : the family expelled from Ireland by Xing John, 12 10. Lacy, Luis de, general, — ft. at St Roch, near Gibraltar, n Jan. 1775 — enters the army, 1784 — distinguishes himself in campaigns against French, 1794-5 — serves in French army, 1803-8 — serves with distinction in Peninsular campaigns, 1808-14 — Commander- in-chief of army of Galicia, 18 12 — attempts reestablishment of the Cortes, 18 16- 17 — shot, in Majorca, 5 Jul. 1817. Lacy, Koger de, — surrenders Chateau- Gaillard to Philip of France, 1 Jun. 1202. Lacydes, (Lakudes,) Academic philosopher, {New,) — [B C] — succeeds Arkesilaos as presi- dent, 267-6— tf., 241-0. Ladakh, (Middle Thibet,) visited by Moor- croft, 1820 — conquered by Gholab Singh, of Cashmere, 1835 — visited by Forsyth and Shaw, Jul. 1870. Lade, — [BC] — defeat of Ionian fleet by Persians, 494. Ladislaus. [See Bohemia and Poland.] Ladislaus* the Posthumous, — King or Bo- hemia and Hungary, — ft., 22 Feb. 1440 — the supreme authority seized by the adminis- trator, George Podiebrad, 1444— chosen King of Hungary, 1445 — goes to Buda, Feb. 1453 — crowned King of Bohemia, 28 Oct. 1453 — enters Breslau,and receives homage of Silesians, ri Dec. 1454 — demands in marriage Princess Madeleine of France, 1457 — tf. at Prague, 23 Nov. 1457. Ladislaus, (VI. ?) King of Bohemia, and (VI. or VII.) of Hungary, - ft., about 1456 — recognized as successor of Podiebrad, 19 Jul. 1469 — proclaimed King of Bohemia, 27 May 147 1 — crowned at Prague, 16 Aug. 147 1 — makes terms with his rival, Matthias, King of Hungary, 12 Feb. 1475 — the convention con- firmed at Olniutz, 7 Dec. 1478 — forms alliance with Louis XI. against Archduke Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, 1480 — enters Hungary with an army, on death of Matthias, and is proclaimed King, 15 Jul. 1490 — crowned, 21 Sep. — gives up Silesia to his brother John Albert, and his part of Austria to Maximilian, 1491— makes alliance with Venetians against Turks, repulses army of Bajazet, 1501 — marries, 1502 — 'Concludes peace with Bajazet at Buda, 20 Aug. 1503 — permits publication of crusade against Turks, 15 14 — concludes with Maxi- milian convention of Vienna, 15 15 — tf. at Buda, 13 Mar. 15 1 6. Ladislaus I., (St Lancelot,) King of Hungary, — ft., about 1031^ 1041 b — elected to succeed his brother Geysa, 1077 — acquires Croatia and Dalmatia, 1087 b — promulgates new laws at Diet of Zablon, 1092 — tf., 29 Jul. 1095— canonized by Celestine III., 1192. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. Ladislaus II., King of Hungary, — ft., about 1 1 34 — one of the competitors for the throne on death of Geysa II., Jun. 1161 — crowned, 15 Jul. 1161 — excommunicated by Abp of Gran, 8 Jan. 1162 — tf., 14 Jan, 1162. Ladislaus II., (III.,) King of Hungary, — ft., about 1185 11 — succeeds his father Emeric, end of 1203, or beginning of i204 b — tf., 7 May 1205. » Nouy. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Ladislaus III., (IV.,) King of Hungary, — ft., about 1250 — succeeds his father, Stephen IV. or V., 1272 — continues war with Bohe- mians : carries on war with Cumans, 1282 — defeated by them, 1285 — makes terms with them and adopts their customs, 1285— assas- sinated by them, 19 Jul. 1290. Ladislaus IV., (V.,) King of Hungary. [Ladislaus III., King of Poland.] Ladislaus V., (VI.,) and VI., (VII.,) Kings of Hungary. [Ladislaus, the Posthumous, and Ladislaus VI., of Bohemia.] Ladislaus, {Lancelot,) King of Naples, — ft., about 1375 — succeeds his father, Charles III., under regency of his mother, Margaret, 1386 — driven from Naples by Louis of Anjou, and reinstated by Otto of Brunswick, 1387 — Pope Urban VI. unsuccessfully attempts to seize Naples, 1388 — marries Constance, daugh- ter of Manfred of Clermont, 5 Sep. 1389 — crowned by legate of Boniface IX. at Gaeta, 29 May 1390 — repudiates Constance, May 1392 — takes Aquila and defeats troops of his rival, summer 1392 — unsuccessfully besieges Naples, Apr. to May 1395 — recovers his kingdom, Jul. 1399— gets himself crowned King of Hungary, 5 Aug. 1403 — but soon retires : marries Mary, daughter of James I. of Cyprus, 1403 — effects arrangement between Innocent VII. and the Romans, 1404 — loses his wife, Sep. 1404 — at- 8i4 LADISLAUS I.-LAENXEC. tempts to seize Borne, Aug. 1405 — excommuni- cated and deprived of his kingdom by the pope, 18 Jun. 1406 a — besieged in St Angelo, sub- mits, and is named gonfaloniere of the church, 9 Aug. 1406 a — again enters Eome and appoints governors, 25 Apr. 1408 — retires, 23 Jun. — his troops driven away by Alexander V. , 31 Dec. 1409 — protects Gregory XII. and occu- pies Eome, 1410 — defeated by Louis at Bocca Secca, i7, a 19° May 1411 — cited to appear before John XXIII., by bull of 15 Aug. — cru- sade published against him : makes peace with the pope, 15 Jun. 141 2 — surprises and plun- ders Eome, 8 Jun. 141 3— falls ill at Perugia, 1414 — tf. at Xaples, 6, a c 16 b Aug. 1414. a ililman. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Ladislaus 1., {Her man,) Duke of Poland, — 6., 1043 — succeeds his brother Boleslaus II., 108 1 — obtains from Gregory VII. removal of interdict from Poland, 108 1 — marries Judith, daughter of Duke of Bohemia, 1083 — marries Sophia, daughter of Emperor Henry III., 1088 ■ — carries on war with Prussians, 1092-7 — re- volt of his son, 1096 — tf., 26 Jul. 1102. Ladislaus II., Duke of Poland, — ft., 1104 — succeeds his father, Boleslaus III., in part of his dominions, 1138 — attacks his brothers Bo- leslaus and Micislaus, and expels them, 1 142 — besieges them and is defeated, 1146 — escapes to Germany, 1146 — ft. at Altenburg, 4 Jul. H59. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ladislaus III., (Laskonogi,) Duke of Po- land, — h., 1 168 — succeeds his father, Miecis- laus III., 1203 — o". at Posen, 17 Mar. 1231. Ladislaus III., (IV.,) (Zoktek,) Duke of Poland, (I. King,) — fc., 1260 — succeeds Przemislaus II., 1296 — deposed, 1300 — attends the jubilee at Eome, 1300 — restored, 1304 — carries on war with Teutonic Knights, from 1304 — with permission of Pope John XXII. takes title of king, 1320— defeats Teutonic Knights at Plowce, 27 Sep. 1321 — marries his son to Anne, daughter of Gedymin, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 1325 — ft. at Cracow, 2 or 10 Mar. 1333. Ladislaus II., King of Poland. [Jagel- lon.] Ladislaus III., King of Poland,— fc., 31 Oct. 1424 — succeeds his father, Jagellon, 1434 — elected king of Hungary, 1440 — concludes a truce with Amurath II. at Szegedin, Jun. 1444. — at the instigation of Cardinal Julian violates the truce ; defeated and killed at battle of Varna, 10 Nov. 1444. Ladislaus IV., King of Poland, — h. at Cracow, 9 Jun. 1595 — succeeds his father, Si- gismund III., 13 Nov. 1632— crowned,. 18 Feb. 1633 — compels Eussians to raise siege of Smo- lensko, 1632 — defeats Turks in Moldavia, 1634 makes truce for 26 years with Sweden, 12 Sep. 1635 — begins war with Cossacks, 1637 — mar- ries Ceciiia, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand II., 1637 — she dies, 1644 — marries Maria Louisa of Xevers, 1646— tf. in Lithuania, 19 May 1648. Ladmiral, Jan, engraver, — b. at Leyden, 1680 — a"., after 1746. Ladoga Canal, in Russia, — commenced by Peter the Great, 17 18 — completed by Empress Anne, 1732. Ladon, in France, — battle of, between Gen. d'Aurelle de Paladines and Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, 24 Xov. 1870. Ladrone Islands, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Magalhaens, 152 1 — Spanish mis- sions to, 1667, a 1688 b — named by Jesuits Mariana Islands : visited by Anson, 1742. a Chambers' Encyc. b Bees' Cyc. Ladvocat, Jean Baptiste, doctor and libra- rian of the Sorbonne, — b. at Vaucouleurs, 3 Jan. 1709 — Prof, at the Sorbonne, 1740 — librarian, 1742 — rj. at Paris, 29 Dec. 1765. Dictionnaire geographique portatif , 1747 — Dic- tionnaire historique portatif des grands homines, 1752 — Grammaire he'braique, 1755. Lady of Mercy, Our, Order of — founded by James I. of Aragon, 121 8 — women admitted to, 1261. Lady of Montesa, Our, Order of, — founded by James II. of Aragon, 13 17. Laelianus, — Consul of Eome with Pastor, (916, a. u. c.) 163. Laelianus, (Lollianus, Allianus,) TTlpius Cornelius, — one of the Thirty Tyrants, 267 — Laelius, C, — [BC] — ft., about 235 — [com- mands fleet at capture of Xew Carthage, 210] — with P. Corn. Scipio Africanus in Spain, 210-206 — and in Africa, 204-202 — quaestor extraord., 202 — praetor in Sicily, 196 — Consul with L. Corn. Scipio, (Asiaticus,) (564, a. u. c.) 190 — commands in Cisalpine Gaul, 190, 189, 183 — commissioner in Macedonia, against Car- thage, 174 — sent to inquire into charges against C. Cassius in the Grisons, 170. Laelius, C, Sapiens, orator. — [BC] — rj., about 186-5 — tribunus plebis, 151 — praetor, 145 — Consul with Q,. Servilius Caepio, (614, a. u. c.) 140 — opposes popular party and move- ments, 132-122. Lsenas, C Popillius, — [BC] — Consul with P. iElius Ligus, first plebeian with plebeian colleague, (582, a. u. c.) 172 — overbears An- tiochus, Jul. to Aug. 168 — Consul with M. JEniillius Lepidus, (596,) 158. Laenas, M. Popillius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, defeats Tibur- tines, (395, a. u. c.) 359 — Consul with M. Fabius Ambustus, again defeats Tiburtines, (398,) 356 — Consul with L. Corn. Scipio, celebrates first plebeian triumph over Gauls, (404,) 350 — Consul with M. Valerius Corvus, (406,) 348. (2.) Consul with Sp. Nautilus Eutilus, (438,) 316. (3.) Praetor, 176— Consul with L. Postumius Albums, (581,) 173 — defeats Ligurians, 173 — censor, 159. (4.) Consul with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, conducts war with Xu- niantia, (615,) 139 — defeated by Xumantines, 138. Laenas, P. Popillius, — [BC] — Consul with P. Eupilius, prosecutes accomplices of Tib. Gracchus, (622, a. d. c.) 132. Laennee, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe, phy- sician, — b. at Quimper, 17 Feb. 1781 — goes to Paris, 1800 — M.D., 18 14 — invents the stetho- scope, 1 8 15 — chief physician to the Hopital LAER— LAFUEXTE. 8i5 Xecker, 18 16 — Prof. Medicine, Coll. of France, 182 1 — Prof. Clinical Medicine, 1822 — Tr. in Brittany, 13 Aug. 1826. Traite d' 'Auscul- tation mediate, 1819. Laer, Pieter van de. [Laar.] LaBtitia, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornai, 8 Feb. 1856. Laetorius, M„ — [B C] — first plebeian magis- trate at Eome, (asdile ?) 495. Lsetus, general, — serves under Severus in the East, 195 — governor of Egypt, 202 — Consul with Cerealis, (968, a. u. c.) 215. Laetus, — Praetorian prefect, kills Commodus, and makes Pertinax Emperor, 31 Dec. 192 — instigates murder of Pertinax, 24 Mar. 193 — ■ put to death by Didius Julianus, 193. Laevinus, C. Valerius, — [BC] — Consul sufF. with Q. Petillius Spurinus, (578, a. u. c.) 176. Laevinus, M. Valerius,— [B C] — praetor pere- grinus, 215 — concludes league between JEto- lians and Eome, 215 — serves in X. Greece, 212- 211-210 — Consul with M.Claudius Marcellus, (54:4:, a.u.c.) 210 — takes Agrigentum and expels Carthaginians from Sicily, 210— proconsul in Sicily, 209-207 — makes descents on Africa, 208- 207, about 206 — in X. Greece, 201 — tf., 200. Laevinus, P. Valerius, — [BC] — Consul with Tib. Coruncanius, (474, a. it. c.) 280— defeated by Pyrrhus at Heraclea, 280. Lafage, Raimond de, designer, engraver, — 6. at l'lsle, (Albigeois,) 1654? 1656 ? 1652 ?— tf. at Paris, 1684? 1690? Lafaye, Antoine de, (Fayits,) theologian, — Principal of Coll. of Geneva, 1570 — Prof. Philosophy, at Academy, 1577 — Rector, 1580 — Prof. Theology, 1584 — accompanies Beza to conference of Montbeliard, 1589 — tf. at Geneva, about 1618 a ? i6i5. b Translation olJosephus, 1560 — of Livy, 1582 — De vita et obitu Bezce hypomnemata, 1606. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lafayette, Marie Paul Jean Roch Yves Gil- bert Motier, Marquis de, general, — ft. at Chavagnac, (Auvergne,) Sep. 1757 — marries granddaughter of Duke of Xoailles, 1774 — Major-general in American army, serves in War of Independence, Apr. 1777-83 — member of Assembly of Xotables, Paris, 1787 — deputy to States-General, May 1789 — Yice-Pres. Xational Assembly, Commandant-general of Paris, or- ganizes Xational Guard, Jul. — escorts king and royal family to Paris, Oct. — with Bailly founds Club of Feuillants, 1790 — suppresses insurrec- tion of De Castries, Xov. 1790 — commands army of Flanders, 1792 — burnt in effigy, 30 Jun. 1792 — arrests Commissioners of the As- sembly, 15 Aug. — imprisoned at Olmutz, 1792- 7 — returns to France, 1799 — loses his wife, 1808 — member of House of Representatives, 1 8 15 — of Chamber of Deputies, 181 8 — visits America, 1824 — Commander-in-chief of Xa- tional Guards, takes part in revolution of Jul. 1830 — tf. at Paris, 20 May 1834. Lafayette, Marie Madeline Pioche de la Vergne, Countess de La. miscellaneous writer, — b. at Havre, 1632 — marries Francis, Count de Lafayette, 1655— tf., 1693. (Euvres, 1786. La Fere, in France, — invested by Marshal de Matignon, end of Jun. 1580 — surrenders, 12 Sep. — blockaded by Prussians, successfully de- fended by Berthier, 18 15 — capitulates to Ger- mans, 27 Xov. 1870. Laferriere-Levesque, Lords Marie, general, — b. in Brittany, 9 Apr. 1776 — enters the army, 1792 — aide-de-camp to General Monnet, 1 7 95— wounded at battle of Jena, 1 806— officer of Legion of Honour, 1 807 — Commander, 1808 — distinguishes himself in Spain, 1 809-10 — Gene- ral of Brigade, Count, 181 1 — commands grena- diers of Imperial Guard in campaign of Saxony, 18 13 — wounded at Leipsic, Oct. — serves in campaign of France, 1814 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1821 — Grand Cross of St Louis, 1823 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, 1830,* 1832 b — tf. at Vallery, 22 Xov. 1835. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Laffeldt, in Holland, — Marshal Saxe defeats the Duke of Cumberland at, 2 Jul. 1747. Laffitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, — ft. at Bayonne, 1767 — goes to Paris, 1787 — book- keeper in bank of Perregaux, 1788 — succeeds to the business, 1 809 — regent to bank of France, 1809 — Pres. Chamber of Commerce, before 1 8 1 3 — governor of bank of France, 1 8 14— member of Chamber of Deputies, Oct. 1 8 16 and 18 17 — supports revolution of Jul. 1830 — Pres. Council, Minister of Finance, 3 Xov. 1830 to Mar. 1831 — ft. at Paris, May 1844. Laffon de Ladebat, Andre Daniel, statesman, financier — b. at Bordeaux, 1746 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1790 — Pres., 23 Jul. to 8 Aug. 1792 — saves life of Abbe de Sicard, Sep. 1792 — member of Council of Ancients, Sep. 1795 — Pres., 18 Aug. 1797 — exiled, 1797 — re- turns, 1799 — visits England, 18 15 — assists in founding French Protestant Bible Society, 181 8 — tf. at Paris, 14 Oct. 1829. Lafontaine. [Fontaine.] Lafontaine, August Heinrich Julius, novel- ist, — ft. at Brunswick, 1759 — tf. at Halle, 183 1. Laforce. [Force.] Laforge, J. de, poet, — Le Cercle des femmes savantes, 1663 — La Hongrie sauve'e, 1664 — La Joueuse dupe'e, 1664. Lafosse, Charles de, painter, — b. at Paris, 1640^ 1636 b — at Venice, 1663 b — admitted to Academy of Painting, 23 Jun. 1673 b 1683 a — tf. at Paris, 13 Dec. 17 16. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Lafosse, Jean Baptiste Joseph de, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1721 — tf., about 1775. Lafosse, Philippe Etienne, veterinary sur- geon, — takes part in siege of Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789 — Veterinary Inspector of Cavalry, 1791 — tf. at Yileneuve-sur-Yonne, 1820. Le Guide du Mare'chal, §c, 1766 — Cours a* hippiatrique, 1769 — Dictionnaire raisonnee d' Hippiatrique, cavalerie, manege, et marechallerie,!']'] 5 — Mem- ael d' hippiatrique, 1803. La Fratta, in Italy, — besieged by Pi sans, who are defeated by Roger II., king of Sicily, "35- Lafuente. [Fuente.] 8i6 LAGALLA— LAHOEE. Lagalla, Giulio Cesare, — 6. in Naples, 1571 — M.D., 1589— Prof. Philosophy, Bom. Coll., 1597-1624 — tf., 15 Mar. 1624. Be phcenomenis in urbe Roma novi telescopii usu a Galileo nuperrime suscitatis, 161 2 — Tractatus de comet is, 161 3. Lagaraye, Claude Toussaint Marot de, phikmthrophistf—ii. atEennes, 27 Oct. 1675 — tf. near Dinan, 2 Jul. 1755. Lagarde, Martin, Bakon, general, — b. at Lodeve, 15 May 1770 — enters the army, 1792 — member of Legion of Honour, Feb. 1804 — officer, May 181 1 — General of Brigade, May 1813 — Chevalier of St Louis, Oct. 1814 — Com- mander of Legion of Honour, Jan. 1815 — tf., 1822. Lagerbring, Sven, historian, — b. 1707 — tf. at Lund, 5 Lee. 1788. Svea Mikes historia, 1769-76. Lagneau, David, alchemist, — b. at Aix, Provence, about 1590 — M.D. Montpellier, 1610 — tf., after 1659. Rarmonia, 161 1. Lagny, in France,— taken and destroyed by the English, 1 348 — John, Duke of Burgundy, visits, 141 5 — taken by Armagnacs, 141 8 — un- successfully attacked by Luke of Bedford, 1432 —taken by Duke of Parma, 1590. Council of, held 1 142. Lagny, Thomas Fantet de, mathematician, — h. at Lyons, 1660 — member of Academy of Paris, 1695 — F.E.S. London, 1718 — tf. at Paris, 12 Apr. 1734. Methodes nouvelles et abrege'es pour V extraction et V approximation des racines, 167 1 — la Cubature de la sphere, 1702. Lagomarsini, Geronimo, Jesuit, philologist, — b. at Genoa, 1698 — enters Order of Jesuits, 17 1 3 — Prof. Ehetoric, Florence, about 1730-50 — Prof, at Rom. Coll., about 1750 — tf: at Borne, 18 May 1773. Antonii Maries Gratiani descriptis invito, Minerva, 1746 — Julii Poggiani Senensis epistolce et orationes, 1762. Lagos, in the Bight of Benin, — blockaded by British squadron, 6 Dec. 1851 to n Feb. 1852 — attacked and taken by British, 24-27 Dec. 1 85 1. Lagos, Bay of, — Tourville surprises English and Dutch merchant fleet, 27 Jun.. 1693 — Ad- miral Boscawen defeats French fleet under M. de la Clue, 17 Aug. 1759. Lagrange, translator, — b. at Paris, 1738 — tf. there, 1775 — translation of Lucretius, 1768 —of /Seneca, 1778. Lagrange, Joseph de Chancel de, poet, — b. at Perigueux, 1 Jan. 1676 — tf. there, 27 Dec. 1858. Pnilippiqucs, 1723. Lagrange, Joseph Louis, mathematician, — b. at Turin, 25 Jan. 1736— Prof. Mathematics at the Military Coll., 1754 — assists in founding Academy of Sciences, 1758 — Prof . Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Academy of Berlin, 1766 — foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1772 — settles at Paris, 1787 — foreign member of Boyal Society, London, 179 1— Prof. Mathematics, Polytechnic School, 1794 — tf. at Paris, 10 Apr. 1813. Mecanique annlijtique, 1788 — The'orie des fonctions analg- tiques, 1797 — Resolution des equations numer- aires, 1798 — Lecons sur le calcul des fonctions, 1 801, Lagrenee, Louis Jean Francois, painter, — b. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1725^ 30 Dec. 1724 b — re- turns from Borne, 1753 — admitted to the Academy, 31 May 1755— employed by Empress Elizabeth at St Petersburg, 1760-3 ;1 — Director of French Academy at Borne, 17 81 a — tf. at Bome, 19 Jun. 1805. a Jal. b Biog. Univ. Lagrive, Jean de, geographer of Paris,- — b. at Sedan, 1689 — tf. at Paris, 18 Apr. 1757. Manuel de trigonometrie pratique, 1754 — - Nouveau Plan de Paris, 1729 — other Plans, 1735-44. Laguerre, Louis, painter, — b. 1663 — visits England, 1683 — tf., 172 1. Laguna, {Lacuna,) Andrea, physician,— -b. at Segovia, 1499 — tf., 1560. Compendium cura- tionis prcecautionisque morbi passim popular iter grassantis, 1542 — Ppitome Galeni operum, 155 1 — translation of Pioscorides, 1563. Laharpe, Jean Francois de, dramatist and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Paris, 20 Nov. 1739 — tf. there, n Feb. 1803. Lyce'e, on Cours de la litterature, 1786 — CEuvres, 1 821-2. Lahire. [Lahyre.] Lahire, Etienne Vignoles, military com- mander, — b-, about 1390 — defeats and captures Count de Vaudemont in Champagne, 142 1 — distinguishes himself at siege of Orleans, 1427 — at battle of Patai, 1429 — takes Chartres from the English, 1432 — takes Soissons, 1436 — ac- companies King Charles to Montauban, 1442 — tf. there, 11 Jan. 1443. Lahire, Philippe de, mathematician, — b. at Paris, 18 Mar. 1640 — visits Italy, 1660— ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, 1678 — employed with Cassini in measurement of the meridian, 1683— tf. at Paris, Prof. Astronomy and Ma- thematics, Coll. of France, 21 Apr. 17 19. Sectiones conicce in JX. libros distribute, 1685 — Tabulce astronomic^, 1702. La Hogue, — Edward III. lands at, 10 Jul. 1346 — the French fleet under Admiral Tour- ville destroyed by English and Dutch near, 19 May 1692. Lahore, in Hindustan, — Jeipal, Baja of, in- vades Ghazni, defeated by Sebektegin, (365, a. h.) 976 — again defeated by Mahmud, near Pesbawur, (391,) 1001 — Anang Pal defeated by Mahmud, (399,) 1008 — Jeipal II. defeated, Lahore annexed to Ghazni, (413,) 1022 — be- seiged by Baja of Delhi, 1043— seat of govern- ment of Ghaznevide princes, 1152 — who are expelled by Ghorians, 1 1 84-6 — taken and plun- dered by Charismians under Jelaleddin, 1225 — by Mongols, 1241 — by Gakkars, about 1340 — ■ burnt by Baber, who defeats Afgbans near, (930,) 1524 — recovered by Humayun, 1555 — seized by Hakem, 1566 — besieged by Hakem, 158 1 — taken by Prince Khusru, 1606 — visited by Thevenot, 1665 — taken by Ahmed Shah, 1748 — seat of independent kingdom, by Run- jeet Singh, 1799— [Punjab] — occupied by Sir Hugh Gough, 20 Feb. 1846 — becomes part of British India, 29 Mar. 1849 — grand Durbar, held by Sir John Lawrence, 18 Oct. 1864. Oriental College, opened, early in 187 1. Treaty LAHYRE— L AM ACHO S. 817 of, between Dhuleep Singh and the British, signed, 8 Mar. 1846. Lahyre, (Zahire,) Laurent de, painter, $c, — b. at Paris, 28 Feb. 1606 — ft., 29 Dec. 1656. Laine, Joseph. Henri Joachim Hostein, statesman, Peer or France, — ft. at Bordeaux, 11 Nov. 1767 — deputy to Legislative Body, 1808 — Pres. Chamber of Deputies, 18 14 — Minister of Interior, 18 16 to Dec. 18 18 — member of French Academy, 18 16 — raised to the peerage, 1824 — ft. at Paris, 17 Dec. 1835. Lainez, (Zayner,) Jacopo, 2nd General of the Jesuits, — b. in Castille, 15 12 — studies at Alcala, 1526 — goes to Paris, and attaches himself to Loyola, about 1530 ? — assists him in found- ing Society of Jesus, 1534 — sent by Paul III. to Council of Trent, 1545-7- -succeeds Loyola as General of the Order, 1558 — assists at Con- ference of Poissy, 156 1 — at Council of Trent, 1562-3 — ft. at Rome, 19 Jan. 1565. Laing, Alexander Gordon, traveller, — b. at Edinburgh, 27 Dec. 1794 — enters the army, 1 8 10 — explores interior of Africa, 1822 and 1825 — massacred near Timbuctoo, Sep. 1826. Travels, 1826. Laing, Malcolm, historian, — ft. in Orkney, 1762 — member of Scottish bar, 1785 — ft., 181 8. History of Scotland, with Critical Dissertation on Poems of Ossian, 1800 — Edition of Ossian's Poems, 1805. Laire, Francois Xavier, bibliographer, — b. in Franche-Comte, 1738 — ft. librarian of Auxerre, 1801. Serie delV edizioni Aldine, 1790 — Index librorum ab inventa typoyraphia usque ad annum 1500, 1791. Lairesse, Gerard, painter, engraver, — b. at Liege, 1640 — ft. at Amsterdam, 171 1. Groot Schilderboek, 1707. Lake, Gerard, Viscount Lake, general, — b., 27 Jul. 1744 — enters the army, 1758 — serves in American war, 1781 — in Holland under Duke of York, 1793-4 — defeats the French at Lincelles, 18 Aug. 1793 — Com- mander-in chief in Ireland, 1797 — defeats Irish rebels, and recovers Wexford, 21 Jun. 1798 — defeats and takes prisoners the French troops under Humbert, at Killala, 8 Sep. 1798 — Com- mander-in-cbief in India, 1800 — defeats Mah- rattas, and takes Delhi, 12 Sep. 1! -takes Agra, 17 Oct. — defeats Mahrattas near Las- waree, 1 Nov. — Lord Lake, Baron of Delhi and Laswaree, 1 Sep. 1804 — defeats Holkar near Bburtpoor, 2 Apr. 1805 — returns to Eng- land, Sep. 1807 — Viscount, 31 Oct. 1807 — ft. governor of Plymouth, 20 Feb. 1808. Lake Dwellings, — discovered in Switzer- land, and exploration of, commenced by Keller, 1854. Lalain, Jacques de, (le bon chevalier,) — ft. in Hainault, about 1421 — distinguishes himself at siege of Luxemburg, 1443 — travels in France, Spain, England, &c, 1445-50 — attends Jubilee at Rome, 1450 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 1452 — ambassador from Duke of Bur- gundy to the Pope, 1452 — takes part in sup- pressing revolt of Ghent, 145 1-3 — killed at siege of Poncques, 3 Jul. 1453. Lalande, Joseph Jerome Le Francais de, astronomer, — b. at Bourg-en-Bresse, 11 Jul. 1732 — employed in observatory at Berlin, 1751-2 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1753 — Prof. Astronomy, Coll. of France, 1762 — ft. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1807. Traite d'' astronomie, 1764 — Memoires sur le passage de Venus, 1772 — Bibliographic astronomique, avec Vhistoire de V astronomie, (1781-1802,) 1803 — Voyage d'ltalie, 1786 — edits Connais- sance des Temps, 1760. Lalande, Michel Richard de, musician, — b. at Paris, 1657 — chapel-master to Louis XIV., 1683 — ft. at Versailles, 18 Jun. 1726. Lallemand, Charles Francois Antoine, Bakon, general, — b. at Metz, 23 Jun. 1774 — enters the army, 1792 — takes part in expedi- tion to St Domingo, 1802 — serves in cam- paigns of 1805-6-7 — sent to Spain, 1808 — Baron of the Empire, before 181 1 — General of Brigade, Aug. 181 1 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1 8 14 — at battles of Fleurus and "Waterloo, 1 8 15 — assists in founding a colony in Texas, 1 8 17 — returns to Europe, 1823 — Peer of France, Oct. 1832— Inspector-general of Ca- valry, 1833-4 — ft. at Paris, Mar. or Apr. 1839. Lallemand, Jean Baptiste, painter, — b. at Dijon, about 17 10 — ft., about 1802. Lallemant, Nicolas Conteray de, — b. in Ardennes, 1739 — Prof. Mathematics, Rheims, 1764-96 — ft., 12 Sep. 1829. Bibliotheque his- torique et critique des therenticograplies, 1763. Lallemant, Richard Conteray, painter, — ■ b. at Rouen, 1726 — ft. there, 1807. Le Petit apparat royal, 1760. Lalli, Giovanni Battista, poet, $c, — b. at Norcia, Umbria, 1572 — ft. there, 3 Feb. 1667,* 1637. b Opere, 1630 — Eneide travestita, 1633. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lally, Thomas Arthur, Count de, general, — b. in Dauphine, 1702— at siege of Kehl, 1733 — distinguishes himself at Etlingen, 1734 — at Fontenoy, 1744 — at Laffeldt, 1747 — Lieutenant-general, 1756 — Governor of French possessions in India, 1758 — takes Fort St David, 1 Jun. 1758 — takes Arcot, 4 Oct. — be- gins siege of Madras, 1 1 Dec. — compelled to raise the siege by Admiral Pococke, 19 Feb. 1759 — loses Arcot, 9 Feb. 1760 — surrenders Pondicherry to the English, 14 Jan. 1761 — imprisoned in the Bastille, Nov. 1761 — executed at Paris, 9 May 1766. Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gerard, Mar- quis de, — b. at Paris, 5 Mar. 1751 — recovers his father's estates, 1783 — deputy to States- General, 1789 — accompanies Louis XVI. to Hotel de Ville, 17 Jul. 1789 — arrested, Aug. 1792 — escapes to England, Sep. 1792 — returns to France, 1799 — accompanies Louis XVIII. to Ghent, 18 15 — Peer of France, Aug. 18 15 — member of French Academy, 18 16— ft. at Paris, 11 Mar. 1830. Quintus Capitolinus, 1790 — Defence des Emigrants, 17 96 — Essai sur la vie de T. Wentworth, Comic de Strafford, 1795 — Memoires concemant Marie Antoinette, 1 804. Lama, Grand, — title assumed by chief of the Lamas of Thibet, about 1426. Lamachos, — [B C] — left at Sinope to aid the people, by Pericles, 445 — loses his ships by flood, 52 LAMARCK— LAMBERT OF HERTZFELD. near Heracleia, 424 — sent as commander with Nikias and Alkibiades to Sicily, 415 — killed, 414. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de, naturalist, — b. at Bazantin, Picardy, 1 Apr., a Aug. b 1744— goes to Paris, about 1772 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1779 — botanist in tbe Cabinet of the Jardin du Roi, 1788 — Prof. Zoology, at tbe Museum, 1794-1818 — tf. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1829. Flore Francaise, 1778 — Systeme des ani- maux sansvertebres, 1801 — Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, 1815-22 — Tableau ency clop edi que et methodique de la botanique, 1791-1823. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Lamarliere, Antoine Nicolas Collier, Count de, general, — b. near Meaux, 1746 — enters tbe army, 1762 — serves in Corsica, 1769 — Lieutenant of tbe king, Commander of Montpellier, 1779-89 — Marechal de Camp, 179 1 — takes part in defence of Liege, Sep. 1792 — takes citadel of Antwerp, Nov. 1792 — General of Division, 1793 — defeats Dutch at Roubaix and Turcoing, May 1793 — executed, 25 Nov. 1793. Lamarque, Francois, statesman, — b. in Perigord, about 1755 — advocate to Parliament of Paris, 1785 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to National Convention, 1792 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1796 — Pres., Apr. 1797 — member of Court of Cassation, 1804-15 — tf. at Montpont, (Dordogne,) Aug. 1839. Lamarque, Maxixnilien, Count, general, — b. at St Severs, (Landes,) 22 Jul. 1770 ■ — enters the army, 1792 — serves in army of the Pyrenees, 1793 — General of Brigade, distinguishes himself at battle of Hohen- linden, 1801 — serves in Austrian cam- paign, 1805 — reduces insurgents of Calabria, General of Division, 1807 — distinguishes him- self at Wagram, 1809 — serves in Russian campaign, 1812 — in Peninsular campaigns, 18 1 3-14 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1829 — tf. at Paris, 3 Jun. 1832. La Martilliere, Jean Favre de, general, — b. at Nimes, 10 Mar. 1732— enters the army, 1757 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — Cbevalier of St Louis, 1789— directs defence of Bellegarde, 1793 — General of Division, 1795 — commands artillery at battles of Stockach and Zurich, 1799 — at siege of Genoa, 1800 — senator, Jan. 1802 — Count and Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, soon after — tf. at Paris, 28 Mar. 1 8 19. Lamartine, Alphonse de, poet, historian, statesman, — b. at Macon, 21 Oct. 1792 — visits Italy, 1811-13 — settles at Paris, 18 17 — visits Italy again, 1 8 1 8 — attache to French embassy at Naples, spring 1820 — marries, 1820 — se- cretary of embassy at Florence, 1824 — charge d'affaires, 1826-9— wounded in duel with Col. Pepe, 1827— received at French Academy, 1 Apr. 1830 — visits the East, May 1832 to Nov. 1833— loses his daughter, Jan. 1833— elected member of Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 1833 — makes his first speech, 4 Jan. 1834 — takes a leading part in revolution of Feb. 1848 — Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Pro- visional Government, 24 Feb. — his Manifesto a V Europe, 4 Mar. 1848 — elected by ten departments, Apr. 1848— unsuccessful candi- date for Presidency of the Republic, 1849 — loses his wife, 21 May 1863 — tr., 28 Feb., 1869. Meditations Foetiques, 1820 — Nou- velles Meditations, 1823 — Bernier Chant du Felerinage d' Harold, 1825 — Epitres, 1825" — Harmonies Foetiques et Feligieuses, 1830 — Souvenirs, §c, pendant un voyage en Orient, 1835 — Histoire des Girondins, 1847 — Trots Mois au Fouvoir, 1848 — Raphael, 1849 — Histoire de la Revolution de 1848, 1849 — Con- fidences, 1849-51 — Histoire de la Eestauration, 1851-2. Lamb, Charles, humourist, poet, — b. in London, 18 Feb. 1775— clerk in the India House, 1792-1825 — tf. at Edmonton, 27 Dec. 1834. Specimens of English Dramatic Foets, 1808 — Tales from Shakespeare, 1807 — Essays of Elia, 1830 — Foems, 1836. Lamb, Sir James Bland Burges, Bart., statesman, journalist, — b. at Gibraltar, 8 Jun. 1732 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1777 — M.P. Helston, 1787 — Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1789 — commissioner of Privy Seal, 1794 — Bart., 1795 — assumes name of Lamb, 1821 — tf., 1824. Founds The Sun newspaper, about 1790. Lamb, William. [Melbourne, Viscount.] Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie- Carignan, Princess de, — b. at Turin, 8 Sep. 1749 — accompanies Marie Antoinette to tbe Temple, Aug. 1792 — massacred, at Paris, 3 Sep. 1792. Lambarde, (Lambert,) William, topograph- ical antiquary, — b. in London, 18 Oct. 1536 — — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1556 — bencher, 1578 — J.P. Kent, 1579 — Keeper of Records in the Tower, 1600 — tf. at "Westcombe, Kent, 19 Aug. 1601. Archaionomia, 1568 — Ferambulation of Kent, 1576 — Eirenarcha, 158 1 — Bictionarium Anglia Topographicum et Historicum, 1730 — College of the Foor, at Greenwich, opened, 1576 — Fandecta Eotulorum, presented to Queen Elizabeth, 1601. Lambecius, Peter, bibliographer, — b. at Hamburg, 1628 — at Rome, 1647-9 — Prof. History, Hamburg, 1652 — goes to Vienna, 1662 — chief librarian of Imperial Library, 1663 — 0. at Vienna, Apr. 1680. Origines Mambur- genses, 1652-61 — Frodromus histor. litteraria*, 1659 — Comment, de augustissima biblioth. Ccesarea Yindobonensi, 1665-79. Lamberg, Joseph Maximilian, Count von, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Briinn, 24 Nov. 1729 — tf. there, 23 Jun. 1792. Mes fragments, 1758 — Essai sur V impossible, 1764 — Yanite de quelquesunes de nos connaissances, 1766. Lambert. [See Spoleto and Tuscany.] Lambert, King of Italy and Emperor of the Romans, — b., about 880 — associated with his father Guy of Spoleto, 891 — succeeds him under regency of bis mother, Dec. 894 — defeats and captures his rival Adalbert II. Marquis of Tuscany, 898 — tf. near Marengo, Oct. 898. Lambert of Hertzfeld, (of Aschaffenburg,) historian, — b. in Franconia, about 1020? — L AMBEET- LAMETH. 819 enters Benedictine Order at Hertzfeld, 1058— visits Jerusalem, 1058-9 — tf., about 1080. Chronicon, his MS. of, discovered by Melanch- thon at Wittenberg, and printed, 1525. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, botanist, — b., 1761,—F.L.S., 1788— tf., 10 Jan. 1842. De- scription of the Genus Pinus, 1803-24 — Illus- tration of the Genus Cinchona, 1821. Lambert, George, painter, engraver, — fj., 17 10— tf., 1765. Lambert, Henri Joseph, Marquis de, military commander, — b., n Feb. 1738 — serves in Seven Years' War, 1757-62— receives Cross of St Louis, 1763— Brigadier of armies of the king, 1770 — first aide-de-camp to Marshal Broglie, 1778 — Commander of St Louis, 1779— Governor of Arras, 1788— goes to St Petersburg, Feb. 1794— tf. at Graudenz, 19 Jan. 1808. Lambert, Jean de, Marquis de Saint-Bris, general, — b. inPerigord, 25 Sep. 1586 — page to Henry IV., serves in Holland under Maurice of Nassau, 1598 — at siege of Eoehelle, 1627-8 — at siege of Gravelines, 1 644 — Lieutenant- general, 1648 — Commander of Order of Holy Ghost, Nov. 1 65 1 — tf. at Saint-Bris, Auxerre, 23 Oct. 1665. Lambert, Johann Hienrich, philosopher, mathematician, §c, — b. at Miilhausen, 29 Aug. 1728— secretary to Iselin at Basel, 1745-9 — tutor to sons of M. de Salis, 1749-59 — goes to Berlin, 1764— tf. at Berlin, 25 Sep. 1777. Photometria, 1760 — Insigniores orbitce come- tarum proprietates, 1761 — Neues Organon, 1764 — Beitrdge zum Gebrauche der Mathematih und deren Anwendung, 1765-72. Lambert, John, — prosecuted for heresy, and tried before Henry VIII., burnt in Smithfield, 20 Nov. 1538. Lambert, John, Parliamentary general, — b., probably about 1620 — Colonel in Parliamentary army at battle of Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — — distinguishes himself at Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — with Cromwell defeats the Scots near Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 a — the Duke of Hamil- ton surrenders to him, 20 Aug. a — Major-gen- eral in Scots' war, Jun. 1650 b — takes part in battle of Dunbar, 3 Sep, 1650— routs Colonel Ker, at Hamilton, 1 Dec. — routs Gen. Browne at Inverkeithing, Jul. 156 1 — at battle of Wor- cester, 3 Sep. 1 65 1 — appointed Lord-deputy of Ireland, but set aside in favour of Fleetwood, 1652 s — pacifies the Highlands, summer 1652 — member of the Council, Mar. 1654 b — of Cromwell's first parliament, Sep. 1654 b — Ma- jor-general, by Cromwell, May 1655— opposes assumption of title of king by Cromwell, and is dismissed with a pension, May 1657 — heads confederacy against Eichard Cromwell, 1659 — member of Council of State, May 1659 — sup- presses Royalist insurrection, Aug. 1659 — re- warded by parliament, 22 Aug. — disperses Eump parliament, 13 Oct. — sent against Monk and is deserted by his troops, Nov. — committed to the Tower, 6 Mar. 1660 — escapes, n Apr. — is defeated near Daventry and retaken, 21 Apr. — tried and reprieved, Jun.' 1662 — tf. in Guernsey, about 1692 ? a Lingard. b Carlyle. Lamberti, Jacopo Lodovico, hellenist, — b. at Eeggio, 1758^ 1756 b — aids Napoleon in estab- lishing Italian Bepublic, 1796 — presents his Homer to Napoleon, 18 10 — tf. at Milan, 4 Dec. 1 81 3. Edition of Homer, 1808 — Sculture del palazzo della villa Borghese, %c, 1796. a Biog. Univ. b n ou .v. Biog. Gen. Lambertini, Prospero. [Benedict XIV., Pope.] Lamberty, Guillaume de, diplomatist,— b. in the Grisons, about 1668 — tf., 1742. Me- mories pour servir a Vhistoire du 18 e siecle, 1724-36. Lambeth Articles, — proposed by Abp Whit- gift and passed, 10 Nov. 1594 — suppressed by Queen Elizabeth, 1595 — brought forward and rejected at Hampton Court Conferences, 1604 — adopted by Irish Church, 16 15. Lambeth, Surrey, — Henry III. holds a par- liament at, Sep. 1232 — college founded by Abp Hubert Walter, and demolished by order of Pope Innocent III., 1298 — provincial synod held at, 1281 — palace attacked by Wat Tyler, 1 381 — Lollards' Tower built, 1434 — conference between Bishops and Puritans, Feb. 1584 — — riot of London apprentices at, Feb. 1641. Lambeth Suspension Bridge, — opened, 10 Nov. 1862. Lambinet, Pierre, bibliographer, — b. near Mezieres, 1742 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1757 — tf. at Paris, 10 Dec. 181 3. Becherches his- toriques, litteraires, et critiques sur Vorigine de V imprimerie, 1798. Lambton, John. [Durham, Earl oe.] Lambton, William, mathematician, — b., about 1748 — employed in measurement of me- ridian in Hindustan, about 1801-23 — tf. in In- dia, Jan. 1823. Lamego, in Portugal, — assembly held at, by Alfonso I., for regulation of succession and establishment of the Cortes, 1 143. Lamennais, Hugues Felicite Robert, Abbe de, theological and political writer, — b. at St Malo, 19 Jun. 1 782 — goes to Paris, 1 814 — escapes to England, Mar. 1 8 15 — ordained priest, 1 8 1 6 — visits Eome, 1824 — imprisoned, 1 840-1 — mem- ber of Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, 1 848— tf. at Paris, 27 Feb. 1 854. Bejlexions sur V Etat de V Eg Use en France pendant le 18 e siecle, §c, 1808 — Essai sur V indifference en matiere de religion, 18 17 — La religion consider ee dans ses rapports avec I'ordre civil et politique, 1825-6— edits the Avenir, 1830-32 — Paroles cVun Oroy- ant, 1834 — Esquissed'ime Philosophic, 1840-6. Lameth, Alexandre de, politician, — b. at Paris, 28 Oct. 1760 — deputy to States- General, 1789 — Pres. Legislative Assembly, Nov. 1790 — arrested, 1792 — released, 1795 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1821 — tf. 18 Mar. 1829. Lameth, Charles Malo Francois, Count de, — b. at Paris, 5 Oct. 1757 — serves in American war, and is wounded at siege of Yorktown, 1 7 8 1 —deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres. of Assembly, Jul. 1791 — arrested, 12 Aug. 1792 — aide-de-camp to Murat, 1807 — serves in Aus- trian campaign, and is made governor of Grand Duchy of Wurzburg, 1 809 — • commander of Santona, 1812-14 — Lieut. -general, Jun. 1814—^ 52* 820 LA METTRIE— LANA TERZI. member of Chamber of Deputies, 1830 — ft. at Paris. 28 Dec. 1832. La Mettrie. [Mettrie.] Lamey, Andreas, historian, — fc. at Minister, 1726 — perpetual secretary of Academy, Mann- heim, 1763 — visits Italy, 1774-6 — ft. at Mann- heim, 17 Mar. 1802. Codex principis olim Laureshamiensis abbatice diplomaticus, 1768 — Histoire diplomatique des anciens comtes de Mavensberg, 1779. Lami, Giovanni, archceologist, — ft. at Santa Croce, in Tuscany, 8 Feb. 1697— LL.D., Pisa, 17 19 — visits Paris, 1729 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History at the Lyceum, Florence, 1732— tf., 6 Feb. 1770. De recta patrum Nicenorum fide, 1730 — De eruditione apostolorum, 1738 — edits Nov elle Letter arie, 1740-60 — Delicice erudito- rum, 1736-69 — Meursii opera, 1740 — Me- morabilia Italorum eruditione prcestantium, 1743-7- . Lamia, in Thessaly. [Lamian War.] Lamia, L. iElius, — Consul with M. Ser- vilius, (756, a. u. c.) 3. Lamian War, — [B C] — return of the exiles proclaimed at Olympia, Jul. 324 — democrats of Athens send embassies to Alexander, after Jun. 323 — general rising of Greece, 323 — Anti- pater's embassy to Athens, Leosthenes head of the League, Boeotians defeated, 323 — Antipater defeated at the Spercheios, and shut up in Lamia, 323 — he sues for peace, sends fresh embassies to Peloponnesus, 323 — Leosthenes falls in the siege, Antiphilus takes command : Leonatus comes to aid Antipater, is defeated and slain, 322 — Antipater escapes from Lamia, Craterus brings reinforcements out of Asia, 322 — battle of Cranon, 6 Aug. 322 — dissolu- tion of the confederacy : Xenocrates sent am- bassador to Antipater ; Macedonian garrison enters Munychia, 17 Sep. 322 — exile of the orators : Antipater and Craterus make war on iEtolians, winter 322-1, but are called into Asia, before summer 321 — 12,000 Athenian citizens disfranchised by Antipater and settled in Thrace, 322 — restored on death of Antipater, 320-319. Lamoignon, Chretien Francois II. de, — ft., 18 Oct. 1735 — Pres. a mortier of Parliament of Paris, 1758 — Keeper of the Seals, 1787 to Oct. 1788— ft. at Baville, 16 May 1789. Lamoignon, Guillaume de, — ft. at Niver- nois, 1 6 17 — Master of Requests, 1644 — first Pres. Parliament of Paris, 1658 — ft., 10 Dec. 1677. Arretes de Lamoignon, 1702. Lamoignon, Guillaume II. de, Chancellor of France — ft., 1683 — Chancellor, 1750 — exiled, 1763— ft., 1772. Lamoignon-Malesherbes. [Malesherbes. ] Lamoriciere, Christophe Leon Louis In- chault de, general and statesman, — b. at Nantes, 6 Feb. 1 806 — enters Polytechnic School, 1824 — Lieutenant in Algeria, 1830 — Lieutenant-colonel of Zouaves, 31 Dec. 1835 — wounded at capture of Constantine, 1837 — Lieutenant-general, 9 Apr. 1843— member of Chamber of Deputies, 1846 — assists at capture of La Smala, and receives submission of Abd- el-Eader, 1847— Grand Cross of Legion of Honour ; member of Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 1848 — opposes revolution at Paris, 24 Feb. 1848 — serves under Cavaignac against insur- gents, Jun. 1848 — Minister of War, Jun. to Dec. 1848 — Envoy Extraord. to Russia, Jul. 1849 — Vice-Pres. Legislative Chamber, 1850 — arrested by Prince Louis Napoleon and im- prisoned, 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — refuses oath to new constitution, is struck out of army list, and quits France, 1852 — returns, 1857 — takes command of Papal army, Apr. i860 — his troops routed by Cialdini, at Castel Fidardo, 18 Sep. i860 — ft. near Amiens, 10 Sep. 1865. Lamothe. [Mothe le Vayer.] Lamothe, Etienne Auguste de, Baron, general — ft. at Paris, 5 Apr. 1772— serves in campaigns of Revolution and the Empire, 1793- 181 2 — General of Brigade, 181 2 — Chevalier of St Louis, Commander of Legion of Honour, 1814— ft. at Paris, 1836. La Motte, Antoine Houdar de, dramatist, — ft. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1672 — member of French Academy, 1710 — ft. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1731. (Euvres, 1754. Lamotte - Fouque, Friedrich Heinrich Karl, Baron de, poet, novelist, — fc. at Branden- burg, 12 Feb. 1777 — enters Prussian army, 1796 — ft. at Berlin 23 Jan. 1843. Sigurd der Schlangentbdter, 1809 — Undine, 18 13 — Sin- tram, .1814 — Altsachsischen Bildersaal, 1818- 19 — Bertrand du Guesclin, 1821 — Der Sdnger- krieg auf der Wartburg, 1828 — Die Weltreiohe, 1835-40 — Abfall und Busse, 1844. Lamotte-Fouque, Caroline, Baroness de, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Nennhausen, 1773 — ft. there, 21 Jul. 1831. Lamotte Valois, Jeanne, Countess, — n. at Bar-sur-Aube, 1757 — marries, 1783 — obtains introduction to Cardinal de Rohan, 1783 — [Dia- mond Necklace] — ft. in London, 23 Aug. 1791. Lamouroux, Jean Vincent Felix, naturalist, h. at Agen, 3 May 1779 — Prof. Natural His- tory, Caen, 1809 — ft. there, Mar. 1825. Dis- sertation sur plusieurs especes de fucus, 1805 — Histoire des poly piers coralligenes fiexibles, 18 16 — Dictionnaire des zoophytes, 1824. Lampadius, — Consul of Rome with Orestes, (1284, a. u. c.) 530. Lampadius, Wilhelm August, chemist, — ft. in Brunswick, 1772 — studies at Gottingen, 1790 — travels in Russia, &c, 1793 — Prof. Chemistry, Freiberg, 1795 — ft. there, 13 Apr. 1842. Hancl- buch der Huttenkunde, 1801-9 — Supplementen, 1818-26 — Grundriss der Huttenkunde, 1827. Lampeter, in Cardiganshire, — Castle taken by Henry, Prince of Wales, 1405. St David's College, founded by Bp Burgess, 1822 — incor- porated, 1828 — obtains supplementary charter, Aug. 1852. Lampon, the Soothsayer, — [B C] — fl., before 444 — leads the colony to found Thurii, 444. u a Smith's Diet. Lampridius, JElius, (Gentianus ?)— one of the Hist. Aug. Scriptures, £(., about 300 Lampsakos, in My si a, — [ B C] — second colony planted by Milesians from Psesus, 654.* ;i Clinton. Lana Terzi, Francesco, Jesuit, naturalist, — LANARK— LANCASTER. 821 fc. at Brescia, 1631 — tf. there, 1687. Magis- terium natures et artis, 1684-92. Lanark, in Scotland, — Assembly of the States held at, by Kenneth II., 978 — burnt, 1244 — "Wallace kills the English sheriff and expels the soldiers, 1297— surrenders to Bruce, 13 10. Lanatus, Agrippa Menenius, — [B C] — Con- sul with P. Postumius Tubertus, (251, a. u. c.) 503 — mediates successfully between patricians and plebeians, 494. Lanatus, Agrippa Menenius,— [B C]— Con- sul with T. Quinct. Capitolinus, (315, a. u. c.) 439- Lanatus, L. Menenius,— [B C]— Consul with Proculus Geganius Macerinus, (314, a. u. c.) 440. Lanatus, T. Menenius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul with C. Horatius Pulvillus, (277, a. u. c.) 477 • — defeated by Etruscans, 477. (2.) Consul with P. Sestius Capitolinus, (302,) 452. Lancashire, — made county palatine for Henry, Earl of Derby; by Edward III., 1351 — distress in cotton manufacturing districts, commences about Jul. 1862 — relief committee discontinues sittings, 19 Jun. 1865. Lancaster, to ion,— Roman station, by Agri- cola, 79 — given by "William I. to Roger de Poictou, who builds or enlarges the castle, about I0 7o — besieged by Hubert Walter, Abp of Canterbury, 11 99 — gives title of Earl to Ed- mund, son of Henry III., 1266 — burnt by Scots, 1322 — gives title of Duke to Henry, Earl of Derby, 1351 — again partly burnt by Scots, 1389— taken from Royalists by Sergeant- major Birch, 12 Feb. 1643 — retaken by Earl of Derby, 18 Mar. 1643 — the town occupied by the Scots under Hamilton, and the castle un- successfully besieged, Aug. 1648 — entered by troops of the Pretender, 7 Nov. 17 15 — evacu- ated, 9 Nov.— Prince Charles Edward passes through, 24 Nov. 1745 — again on his retreat, 13 Dec. Lancaster, Duchy of,— erected for Henry, Earl of Derby, by Charter of Edward III., 6 Mar. 1 35 1 — passes to John of Gaunt, 1362 — grant of a chancery and palatine privileges for the county by Edward III., 1377 — becomes Crown possession by accession of Henry IV., 1399 — inheritance of, declared independent of possession of the Crown, 1399 — court of, estab- lished, 1406 — incorporated and confiscated to the Crown, by Edward IV., 1461 — enlarged by Act 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 20, 1554 — com- mission appointed by parliament for sale of lands of, 1649 — the proceedings annulled by Charles II., 1660 — commissions to take affidavits in, authorized by Act 16 and 17 Car. II., 1664 — sale of fee-farm rents authorized by Act 22 and 23 Car. II., 1670 — granting of leases restrained by Act 1 Ann. s. 1, c. 7, 1701 — affairs of, further regulated by Acts 19 Geo. III. c. 45, 1779; 2 7 Geo. III. c. 34, 1787; 48 Geo. III. c. 73, 18 Jun. 1808 ; 52 Geo. III. c. 164, 29 Dec. 1 812; 4 and 5 Vic. c. 38, s. 3, 21 Jun. 1841 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 83, s. 14, 31 Aug. 1848 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 94, 7 Aug. 1851, and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 58, 16 Jul. 1855. Lancaster Sound, Arctic Ocean, — discovered by Bylot and Baffin, 16 14— explored by Ross, 1 8 1 8 — by Parry, 1 8 1 9 — passed by Ross, 1829 — again, 1848 — passed by Kennedy, 1 85 1. [North- West Passage.] Lancaster, Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of, — fj. in London, 1245 — Earl of Chester, titular King of Sicily, about 1253— created Earl of Lancaster by his father, Henry III., 1266 — • goes to Palestine, 1269-71— sent to France to negotiate respecting Guienne, 1293-4 — ravages French coast, 1296 — captures Bordeaux, 28 Mar. 1296 — tf. at Bayonne, 1296. Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, Earl of, — succeeds to the title on death of his brother, 1322— joins revolt under Queen Isabella and Mortimer, 1326 — charged with custody of the deposed king, Edward II., and named head of regency, Jan. 1327 — forms confederacy against Mortimer, but is abandoned by the Earls of Kent and Norfolk, 1329 — imprisoned by Mortimer, 1330 — released by Edward III., i33i— ^., 1345- Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Derby, Earl and Duke of, general, — Earl of Derby, by Edward III., 1338 — wounded in combat of Isle of Cagant, 1338 — serves under the king in Flanders, 1339 — serves at battle of Sluys, 1 341 — envoy to Castile, 1344 — Lieu- tenant of the king in Aquitaine, 1 345 — retakes many towns from the French, 1345 — assists at siege of Calais, 1346-7 — K.G., 1350— assists in defeat of Spaniards in the Channel, 1350 — Lancaster erected into a Duchy for him, 1 15 r — Lieutenant and Captain-general in Brittany, 1357 — promotes Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — tf. at Leicester, 1362. Lancaster, Henry, Duke of. [Henry IV. of England."] Lancaster, Sir James, Bart., maritime dis- coverer, — commands expeditions to East Indies, 1591-3, and 1601-3 — rj., 1620. Lancaster, Joseph, founder of Lancasterian Schools, — b., 177 i, a 25 Nov. 1778 b — com- mences teaching poor children in London, 1798 — presented to George III., at Weymouth, 1805 — goes to America, 1818— tf. at New York, 23 Oct., b 24 Sep.* 1838. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Lancaster, Thomas Plantagenet, Earl of, — succeeds to the title on his father's death, 1296 — does homage to Edward I., 1298 — heads con- federation of barons to compel removal of Gaveston, 13x0 — besieges Scarborough Castle and captures Gaveston, May 13 12 — present at his execution, near Warwick, 19 Jun. — Pres. of the Council, 13 14 — prevents another invasion of Scotland, 13 16 — quarrels with Earl War- renne, 1317 — renews confederation of barons, 1 32 1 — defeated and captured at Boroughbridge, 16 Mar. 1322 — beheaded at Pontefract, 22 Mar. Lancaster, John of Gaunt, {Ghent,) Duke of, — h ac Ghent, 1339 — marries Blanche, daughter of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1359 — created Duke, 13 Nov. 1362 — distinguishes him- self under the Black Prince at battle of Najara, 1367 — marries Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel, and assumes title of King of Castile, LANCE— LANDI. 1370 — marches through France from Calais to Bordeaux, Jul. to Dec. 1 373 — supports Wickliffe at Synod of London, Feb. 1377 — retires to his castle of Kenilworth, close of 1377 — takes pos- session of Cherbourg, and unsuccessfully be- sieges StMalo, 1378 — invades Scotland, 1380 — concludes truce, Nov. 1380— his palace burnt by Wat Tyler, Jun. 1381 — accused of treason by Latimer, a Carmelite friar, Apr. 1384 — is reconciled to Eichard II., and returns to court, 1384 — forms alliance with John I. of Portugal, and invades Castile, 1386 — retires to Gascony, 1387 — marries his daughter Catherine to Prince Henry of Castile, 1388 — returns to England and effects formal reconciliation between the king and Gloucester, 1389— created Duke of Aquitaine for life, 1390— tf., 3 Feb. 1399 — n ^ s estates seized by Eichard II., 18 Mar. 1399. Lance, George, painter, — fj. in Essex, 1802 — begins to exhibit at Eoyal Academy, 1828 — tr., 18 Jun. 1864. Lancelloti, (Lancillotti,) D. Secondo, — b. at Perugia, about 1575 — enters congregation of Mount Olivet, 1594 — tf. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1643. Si st. olivetana, 1623 — Mercurius olivetanus, 1628 — Farfalloni degli antic hi storici, 1636. Lancelot, Claude, Port-Royalist, — b. at Paris, 16 15 — Tj. at Quimperle, 15 Apr. 1695. Nouvette methode pour apprendre la langue latino, 1644 — Nouvelle methode pour apprendre la langue Grecque, 1655 — Jar din des racines grecques, 1657. Lancelot-Castello, Gabriel, numismatist, archceologist, — b. at Palermo, 1727 — tf. there, 1794. Le antiche iscrizioni di Palermo, 1762 — Sicilice veter. populor., terbium, regum, et ty- rannorum numismata, $c, 1767. Lancers, {Uhlans,) — introduced in Prussian army by Frederick II., about 1740 — in Austri- an and French armies, 1742 — revived by Na- poleon I., 1808 — introduced in English army, about 1 8 16. Lances, — disused by cavalry, and pistols sub- stituted, about 1550. Lancia, Bianca, — paramour of Emperor Frederick II., 1231 a — married to him, between 1241-50.* a Kington. Lancia, Galvano, statesman, general, — aids Manfred to reconquer Sicily, 1 254 — chief minister to him, 1254-66 — commands Italians at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 1268. Lancia, (Lanza,) Manfred, (Frederick ?) Marquis of, military commander, — aids Em- peror Frederick II., and defeats Milanese near Piacenza, 1238 — Governor of Alessandria, 1238 — unsuccessfully attacks Piacenza, 1239 — Po- desta of Alessandria, 1240 — Podesta of Cremo- na, defeats Brescians, 1 242 — excommunicated by Innocent IV., 1244 — occupies Fornova, 1247 — defeated and wounded by Parmesans, 1248 — seizes Vercelli, 1248. Lancisi, Giovanni Maria, first physician to the pope, — b. at Eome, 1654 — Prof. Anatomy, Coll. of la Sapienza, 1684-97 — tf. there, Jan. 1720. Opera, 17 18. Lancre, Pierre de, — Counsellor to parlia- ment of Bordeaux, appointed joint-commis- sioner with D'Espaguet for prosecution of sorcerers in Basque-land, May to Aug. 1609 — made Councillor of State, and tr. at Paris, about 1630 — Livre des princes, 16 17- — Tableau d' inconstance des mauvais anges et demons, 1612. Lancret, Michel, engineer, — b., about 1774 — accompanies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — tr. at Paris, 1807. Assists in preparation of the Description de V Egypte, 1809. Lancret, Nicolas, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 Jan. 1690 a — received at the Academy, 24 Mar. 17193 — tj. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1743.* a Jal. Lancrinck, Prosper Henry, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1628 — tf. in London, 1692. Land, — provisions relating to acquisition of, for public undertakings, consolidated by Act 8 Vic. c. 18, 8 May 1845— amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 106, 20 Aug. 1 860— transfer of, facilitated by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 53, 29 Jul. 1862. Jn Ireland, sale and transfer of, facili- tated by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 72, 2 Aug. 1858 — laws relating to occupation and owner- ship of, amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 46, 1 Aug. 1870. Land Tenure Association, in England, — formed, spring 1871. Landau, in Bavaria, — free imperial city, by Eudolphof Hapsburg, about 1280-90— annexed to Lower Alsace, 15 1 1 — ceded to France,i68o — fortified by Vauban, 1684 — taken, after several months' siege, by Prince Louis of Baden, 10 Sep. 1702 — invested by Tallard, 18 Oct. 1703 — sur- renders to bim, 1 6 Nov. 1703 — recovered by Aus- trians, 26 Nov. 1704 — invested by Marshal de Bezons, 22 Jun. 17 13 — surrenders, 20 Aug. 17 13 — ceded to France by Treaty of Eastadt, 17 14 — seized by Austrians, summer 1743 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Austrians and Prussians, Aug. to Oct. 1793 — unsuccessfully attacked by Eus- sians, 1794 — given up to France by first Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — declared a fortress of German Confederation under protection of Bavaria, by second Treaty of Paris, 18 15 — fortifications strengtbened, 1840. Landed Estates Court, Ireland. [Land.] Landen, (Neerwinden,) — Marshal Luxem- bourg defeats "William III. of England at, 29 Jul. 1693. Landen, John, mathematician, — b. at Pea- kirk near Peterborough, 1719— F.E.S., 1766 — t». at Melton near Peterborough, Jan. 1790. Mathematical Lucubrations, 1755 — Residual Analysis, 1758 — Memoirs, 1780 and 1790. Lander, Eichard, traveller,— -b. at Truro, 8 Feb. 1804 — accompanies Clapperton to Africa, Aug. 1825 — returns to England, Apr. 1828 — with his brother John Lander (b. 1806) explores course of the Niger, 18 30-1 — returns to Africa, 1832 — tr. at Fernando Po, Feb. 1834 — Records of Captain Clapperton 's last expedition in Africa, 1829 — Journal of an expedition to ex- plore the course and termination of the Niger, 1832. Landi, Costanzo, — fj. at Placentia, 152 t — tl. at Eome, 1564. Veterum numismatum Ro- manorum miscellan. explicationes, about 1560. Landi, Ortensio, — b. at Milan, about 1500 — assists at opening of Council of Trent, 1545 — tr. at Venice, about 1560. Paradossi, 1543 LANDINO— LANGARA. 823 — Sermoni funebri di varj autori nella morte de' diversi animali, 1548. Landino, Cristoforo, classical scholar, — fi. at Florence, 1424,* 1434 b — tf. at Prato Vec- chio, .1504. Commentaries on Virgil, 1520 — Commentaries on Horace, 1482 — Commentaries on Dante, 1481 — translation of Flint/ s Natural History, 1476. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. Lando, Pope, — succeeds Anastasius III., 913 or 914 — tr., 914. Lando, Conrad, Count, adventurer, — serves in Italy under Montreal, about 1350— takes command of irregular bands, 1354 — defeats Bernabo Visconti on the Oglio, 1357 — taken prisoner, 1358— killed near Novara, 1363. Lando, Lucius, — takes the command on death of his brother Conrad, 1363 — serves the Florentines against the pope, 1376-7. Lando, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — ft., 1461 — elected to succeed Andrea Gritti, 20 Jan. 1539 — concludes peace with Turks, 1540— tf., 8 Nov. 1545. Landolt, Solomon^ painter, $c., — fc. at Zurich, 1741 — visits Berlin, 1776 — member of the great Council, 1777 — takes part in cam- paigns against French, 1790-9 — tf- at Andel- fingen, 18 18. Landon, Charles Paul, painter, litterateur, — fc. at Nonant, (l'Orne,) 1760— tf. at Paris, 1826. Annates du Musee et de I'e'cole moderne des beaux-arts, 1801-17 — V'' m e ^ ceuvres des peintres les plus ce'lebres, 1803-17 — Galerie des hommes les plus ce'lebres de tous les siecles et de toutes les nations, 1805-9. Landon, Letitia Elizabeth, (L.E.L.,) poetess, — b. in London, 1802 — marries George Mac- lean, accompanies him to Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa, 1838— tf. there, 15 Oct. 1839. Life and Literary Remains, 1841. Landor, Walter Savage, poet,— b. at War- wick, 30 Jan. 1775 — sent to Rugby School, 1785 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1793 — leaves Oxford, summer 1794 — visits Paris, 1802 — his friendship with Southey begins, 1808 — raises a troop and serves against the French in the Pen- insula, 1808 — marries, 18 n- — leaves England, May 1 8 14— settles near Florence, 1821 — visits England, May 1832 — settles at Bath, 1835 — returns to Italy, 1858 — tf. at Florence, 17 Sep. 1 8 64. Gebir, 1797 — Count Jidian, 1 8 1 2 — Hellenics, 1847 — Idyllia Heroica, 1820 — Lm- aginary Conversations, 1824-9 — Popery, British and Foreign, 1851 — Last Fruit off an old Tree, 1853 — Fry Sticks, 1858. Landrecies, in the Netherlands, — taken and pillaged by John of Luxemburg, 1423 — taken by Francis I. of France, 1543 — besieged by Emperor Charles V., Sep. 1543— relieved by Francis I., end of Nov. 1543 — taken by the French, 26 Jul. 1637 — recovered by Spaniards, 16 Jul. 1647 — besieged by Turenne, 26 Jun. 1655 — surrenders to him, 14 Jul. 1655— un- successfully besieged by Prince Eugene, sum- mer 17 1 2 — invested by Prince of Orange, 17 Apr. 1794 — surrenders to him, 30 Apr. — re- taken by French, 16 Jul. — invested by Ger- mans, Jan. 1 87 1. Landry, Pierre, designer, engraver, — fi. at Paris, about 1630. Landseer, John, engraver,— 6. at Lincoln; 1769— Associate Engraver of Eoyal Academy, 1806— tf. in London, 29 Feb. 1852. Lectures on Engraving, 1807 — Sabcean Researches, 1823. Landshut, in Bavaria,— the castle [Traus- nitz) strengthened by Duke Otto, 11 80 — made a regular fortress by Duke Ludwig, 1204 — combats between Austrians and French at, 16 and 21 Apr. 1809. University, transferred from Ingolsfcadt, 1800 — removed to Munici, 1826. Landshut, in Silesia, — site of a castle, 1286 — the town walled, 1296 — Gen. Winterfeld defeats Austrians at, 23 May 1745 — Gen. Laudohn defeats Prussians at, 23 Jun. 1760. Landskrona, — Charles XL of Sweden de- feats Christian V. of Denmark at, 14 Jul. 1677. Landtax, in England, — imposed by Act 4 Wm and Mar. c. 1, 16 Nov. 1689 — annually re'imposed : made perpetual, and redemption of*, provided for by Act 38 Geo. III. c. 60, 21 Jun. 1798 — provisions for redemption of, con- solidated by Act 42 Geo. III. c. 116, 26 Jun. 1802— law explained and amended by Acts 53 Geo. III. c. 142, 14 Jul. 1813 ; 54 Geo. III. c. 173, 30 Jul. 1814; 57 Geo. III. c. 100, 10 Jul. 18 17; 4 and 5 Wm IY. c. 60, 13 Aug. 1834; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 58, 31 Jul. 1838, and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 117, 20 Aug. 1853. Lane, Sir Richard, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, — reader to Middle Temple, 1630 — Attorney-general to Prince of Wales, 1634 — defends Earl of Strafford, 1640— Knt by Charles I. at Oxford, Jan. 1644 — Chief Baron, 25 Jan. 1644 — Lord-keeper of Great Seal, 30 Aug. 1645 — commissioner for surrender of Oxford, 1646— deprived of Great Seal, Jun. 1646 — tf. in Jersey, 1650. Reports in the Court of Exchequer in the reign of King James, 1657- Lanfanan, in Scotland, — Siward, Earl of Northumbria, defeats Macbeth, 27 Jul. 1054. Lanfranc, Abp of Canterbury, — b. at Pavia, about 1005 — opens school at Avranches, about 1039 a — enters abbey of Bee, 1042 — prior, 1046 — is ordered to quit Normandy, by Duke William, but has interview with him and becomes his friend, 1053 — Abbot of Caen, 1066 — refuses archbishopric of Rouen, 1067 — con- secrated Abp of Canterbury, 29 Aug. 1070 — visits Rome, 1 071— holds Council of Win- chester, 1072 — Council of London, 1075 — Council of Winchester, 1076 — recovers church lands from Odo of Bayeux, 1076 — holds Coun- cil of London, 1078 — refuses to visit Gregory VII. at Rome, 1079 — holds Councils of Gloucester, 108 1 and 1086 — tf. at Canterbury, 24 May io89. a Fe Corpore et Sanguine Fomini Nostri, about 1080. a Hook. Lanfranco, physician, — b. at Milan, about 1250 — goes to Paris, 1295 — writes his Chirur- gia magna et parva : tf., 1300. Lanfranco, Giovanni, painter, — b. at Parma, 158 1— tf. at Rome, 29 Nov. 1647. Langara, Juan de, admiral, — b. in Andalu- 524 LANGBAINE— LANGRES. sia, about 1730 — defeated and taken prisoner by Rodney at Cape StYincent, 15 Jan. 1780 — enters, with English fleet, port of Toulon, Aug. 1793 — compels retreat of English from Toulon, Oct. 1796 — Minister of Marine, Jan, 1797-8 — Captain-general of Spain, 1798 — tf., 1800. Langbaine, Gerard, — b. in Westmoreland, 1608 — enters Oxford Univ., 1626 — Keeper of Archives of the Univ., 1644— Provost of Queen's Coll., 1645— tf., 10 Feb. 1658. Edi- tion of Longinns, 1636. Langbaine, Gerard, — b. at Oxford, 1656 — enters the Univ., 1672 — tf., Jun. 1692. Keiv Catalogue of English Plays, 1688. Langdale, Henry Bickerstetk, Lord, Mas- ter of the Rolls, — b. in Westmoreland, 18 Jan. 1783 — enters Cams Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1802— senior wrangler, 1808 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 22 Nov. 1811 — M.A., 18 1 1 — Master of the Rolls, 19 Jan. 1835 — created Baron Langdale, 23 Jan. 1835 — tf. at Tunbridge Wells, 1 8 Apr. 1 85 1 . Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, general, — b. in Yorkshire.about 1590 — embraces Royalist cause, 1642 — commands at battle of Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — surprises Berwick, May 1648— defeated by Cromwell, near Preston, 17 Aug. 1648 — goes to France, 1649— Peer, by Charles II., Lord-lieutenant of Yorkshire, 1660 — tf. at York, 5 Aug. 166 1. Lange, {Langius,) Johann, physician, — b. in Silesia, 1485 — tf. at Heidelberg, 1565. Medici nalium epistolaram miscellanea, 1554. Lange, {Langius,) Johann, — b. in Silesia, 1503 — tf. at Schweidnitz, 1567. Latin trans- lation of the Ecclesiastical History of JSficepho- rus Callisius, 1553. Lange, {Lang,) Johann Michael, orientalist, §c, — b. in Germany, 1664 — M.A. Altdorf, 1687— D.D., pastor, Prof. Theology, 1697— tf. at Prentzlau, 1731. Eisscrtatio de Alcorani prima inter Europceos editione Arabica, 1703 — Philologia barbaro-grceca, 1707-8. Langebeek, Jacob, — b. in Denmark, 17 10 — studies at Copenhagen, 1728 — employed in Royal Library, 1 740 — member of Royal Swedish x\.cademy,i754 — tf. Councillor of State, 16 Aug. 1774. Edits Scriptores rerum Eanicarum medii tevi, 1772-4. Langendijk, Pieter, poet, — b. at Haarlem, i683, a 1662 b — tf. there, about 1756^ 1735. b a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Langensalza, in Prussia, — Gen. Flies de- feats Hanoverian army at, 27 Jun. 1866. Langermann, Johann Gottfried, physician, — b. near Dresden, 8 Aug. 1768— M.D., 1797 — settles at Baireuth, 1799— Councillor of State to king of Prussia, 18 10 — Chevalier of the Red Eagle, 1821 — tf., 5 Sep. 1832. Ee methodo cor/noscendi curandique animi morbos stabilienda, 1797.. Langeron, Andrault de, -Count, general, — b. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1763 — serves in American war, 1782-3 — enters Russian army, 1790 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Ismael, Dec. 1790 —serves in Champagne, Sep. 1792 — in cam- paigns of the Netherlands, 1793-4 — Lieutenant- general, 1799 — serves under Buxhowden at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805— against Turks in Bes- sarabia, 1807 — takes Silistria, 18 ro — com- mands against French, 18 12 — takes Thorn, Mar. 18 1 3 — distinguishes himself at battle of Konigsvarta, 181 3 — contributes to victory of the Katzbach, Aug. — to victory of Leipsic, 18 Oct. — blockades Mentz, Jan. to Feb. 18 14 — occupies Paris, 29 Mar. — Governor-general of New Russia, 1822 — dismissed, May 1823 — follows Emperor Nicholas to Moscow, 1826 — serves in Turkish war, 1828-9 — °"-> 4 Jul- I %3 1 - Langham, Simon de, Abp or Canterbury, Cardinal, — monk of Westminster, 1335? — Prior, Apr. 1349 a — Abbot, May 1349 — Lord High Treasurer, 21 Nov. 1360 — consecrated Bp of Ely, 20 Mar. 1362 — Chancellor, Feb. 1 )^3 b — Abp of Canterbury, by Papal pro- vision, 22 Jul. 1366 — resigns the Great Seal, before 16 Sep. 1366 b — Cardinal, Presbyter, by Urban V., 27 Sep. 1368 — resigns archbishopric, 27 Nov. 1368 — and retires to Avignon: em- ployed by Gregory XL in negotiations between kings of England and France, 1372 — tf. at Avignon, 22 Jul. 1376 — his remains removed to Westminster Abbey, 1379. a Hook. b Foss. Langhorne, Jesuit, — condemned under the Popish Plot, 14 Jun. 1679 — executed, 20 Jun. Langhorne, John, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Westmoreland, 1735 — enters Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1760 — D.D. Edinburgh, 1766 — prebendary of Wells, 1777 — tf. at Blagden, Somersetshire, Apr. 1779. Translation of Plu- tarch's Lives, 1 77 1 — Poems, 1804. Langius. [Lange.] Langland, "William, poet, — b. probably at Cleobury Mortimer, about 1332 s1 — tf., pro- bably about i4co. a Vision of Piers Plowman, A-text written, 1362a — B-text, 1 377 a — C-text, probably between 1380-90.* a skeat. Langles, Louis Mathieu, orientalist, — b. at Peronne, 23 Aug. 1763 — Prof. Persian and Malay, keeper of Oriental MSS., 1792 — member of Committee of Public Instruction, 1793 — tf. at Paris, 28 Jul. 1824. Lnstituts politiques et militaires de Tamerlan, 1787 — Alphabet Tar- tare Mantchou, 1787. Langlois, Eustache Hyaeinthe, designer, engraver, antiquary, — b- in Normandy, 3 Aug. 1777 — studies under David at Paris, 1793 — settles at Rouen, 18 16 — member of Academy of Rouen, 1824 — Prof. Design, at the Muni- cipal School, 1828 — member of Legion of Honour, 1835 — tf., 29 Sep. 1837. Rccucil de quelques vaes, sites, et monuments de France, 1 8 17 — Essai historique et descriptif sur la peinture sur verre, 1832. Langlois, Jean Jerome, painter, — b. at Paris, about 1782 — admitted to the Institute, 1838— tf., Dec. 1838. Langres, {Lingonum Ci vitas,) in France, — seat of a bishopric, before 300 — Constantius de- feats Alemanni near, after 297, a 301 b — burnt by Yandals, 407— burnt by Attila, 451 — seized by Burgundians, soon after — becomes part of France, 843 — right of coining money conceded to Bps of, by Charles the Bald, 863 — and LANGSIDE— LANTABA. 825 Charles the Fat, 887 c — the County purchased of Duke of Bar by Hugh III., Duke of Bur- gundy, and given to Gauthier, Bp of Langres, II?9 — erected into a Duchy for him by Louis VII., 1 179 — fortified against the English, ! 362 d — capitulates to Austrians, 1 8 14. Councils of, for reformation of the clergy, held before Louis the Debonnaire, and Lothaire, 859 — respecting investitures, 1077 or 1080. Ca- thedral, founded, 380. a Clinton. b Euctc. Mod. Univers Pittoresque. Conv.-Lex. Lang-side, in Scotland, — Mary queen of Scots defeated by Earl of Murray at, 13 May 1568. Langtoft, Peter de, chronicler, — H., about 1300. Langton, Stephen, Abp of Canterbury, — member of the household of Innocent III., 1 1 98 — Cardinal, priest of St Chrysogonus, 1206 — elected Abp of Canterbury at Koine, by order of Innocent III., Dec. 1206 a — consecrated at Viterbo, 17 Jun. 1207— [John, King op Eng- land] — visits Borne, summer 12 12 — acknow- ledged by King John at Winchester, Jul. 1 2 1 3— joins insurgent barons at Council of St Albans, 4 Aug. 1 2 1 3— meets them at Bury St Edmunds, 20 Nov. 1 2 14 — censured by the pope, 19 May 1 2 15 — attends the king at Bunny mede, 15 Jun. 1215 — goes to Rome, 1215 — suspended by the pope, Dec. 12 15 — returns to England, May 12 1 8 — crowns Henry III., 17 May 1220 — presides at Council of Osney, 11 Jun. 1222 — demands of Henry III. full execution of the Charter, Jan. 1223 — ft., 9 JuL-1228. a Hook. Langton, Walter de, — Lord Treasurer of England, 28 Sep. 1295 a — consecrated Bp of Lichfield and Coventry, 22 Dec. 1296 a — dis- missed by Edward I., on false accusation, 1 30 1 — ■ goes to Borne, purges himself, and is reinstated, Jun. 1303 — deprived and imprisoned by Ed- ward II., 1307 — again imprisoned, 131 1 — re- stored to office, Mar. 131 2 — resigns, 1314— ft., 16 Nov. 1321. a Foss. Languedoc, province of France, (Gallia Celtica or Braccata,) — [BC] — conquered by proconsul Domitius, 121 — forms part of Gallia Narbonensis, under Augustus, 25 — [AD] — ceded by Honorius to the Visigoths, about 412 — conquered by Saracens, 719 — taken from them by Charles Martel, 732— invaded by Abdelmalek, 793 — scene of war against Albi- genses, 1208, seq. — united to Crown of France, 1270. Canal of, project for, presented by Biquet, 26 Nov. 1662 — commission of investi- gation, opens, 8 Nov. 1664 — closes, 17 Jan. 1665 — construction authorized by edict of Louis XIV., Oct. 1666— commenced by Biquet and Andreossi, Apr. 1667 — completed, May 1681. Languet, Hubert,— fj. in Burgundy, 15 18 — studies at Padua, 1547 — deputy to Diet of Spire, 1568 — at Paris, Aug. 1572 — ft. at Ant- werp, 30 Sep. 158 1. Epistolce ad I. Cainera- rium et fiiium, 1646— Arcana sccacli decimi sexti, 1699 — Yindicice contra tyrannos, 1579. Langusco, Filippo, Count de, Sovereign of Pavia, — obtains victory over Beccaria, 1300 — deprived by Emperor Henry VII., resumes so- vereignty, 1 3 1 1 — cakes Vercelli, 1312 — defeated and taken prisoner at Placentia, 1 31 3 — ft., 13 15. Laniere, Niccolo, painter, musician, — fj. in Italy, 1568 — chapel-master to Charles I. of England, 1626 — ft. in London, 1646? Lanjuinais, Jean Denis, statesman, mis- cellaneous writer, — rj. at Bennes, 12 Mar. 1753 — Advocate, 177 1 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — to Convention, 7 Jun. 1792 — Pres., Jun. 1795 — member of Council of Ancients, 1797 — of ^enate, 22 Mar. 1800 — Count of the Empire, 1808 — member of Institute, 16 Dec. 1808 — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — ft. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1827. Constitutions de la nation fran- caise, 1819 — Etudes biographiques et litteraires sur Ant oi ne Arnould, P. Nicole et J. Necker, 1823. Lannes, Jean, Duke of Montebello,Mar- shal op France, — fj. at Lectoure, Guienne, 1 1 Apr. 1769 — enters the army, 1792 — Chef de Brigade, 1793 — serves under Napoleon in affair of the Sections at Paris, Oct. 1795 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Millesimo, 26 Apr. 1796 — at Lodi, 10 May — wounded at Areola, 14 Nov. — General of Brigade, 1797 — follows Napoleon to Egypt, 1798 — General of Division, May 1799 — contributes to victory of Aboukir, 24 Jul. — wounded at siege of Acre, 1799 — takes part in revolution of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov.) 1799 — defeats Austrians at Monte- bello, Jun. 1800 — contributes to victory of Marengo, 14 Jun. — minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon, Nov. 1801 — Marshal of the Empire, Duke of Montebello, 1804 — distinguishes him- self at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — in campaigns of Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — Colonel-ge- neral of the Swiss, Sep. 1807 — takes part in Peninsular campaign, 1808 — commands at siege of Saragossa, 1809 — distinguishes himself at battle of Eckmiihl, 22 Apr. — takes Batisbon, 23 Apr. — distinguishes himself at Essling, 22 May — ft. at Vienna, 31 May 1809. Lannoy, Charles de, general, — 6. in Flan- ders, about 1470 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 15 16 — Viceroy of Naples, 1522 — de- feats and takes prisoner Francis I. at Pavia, 1525 — ft. at Gaeta, 1527. Lansdown, near Bath, — Sir "William Wal- ler defeated by Boyalists, under Sir Bevil Gran- ville, who is killed, 5 Jul. 1643. Lansdowne, 1st Makquis op. [Petty, Sir William.] Lansdowne, Henry Petty Fitzrnaurice, Marquis of, statesman, — b. in London, 2 Jul. 1780 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1796 — M.A. Cambridge, 1801 — M.P. Calne, 1801— Chancellor of the Exchequer, M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1805 — loses his seat, 1807 — succeeds to the peerage, Nov. 1809 — Secretary of State for Home Department, 1828 — for Foreign Affairs, 1828 — retires, 1829 — Pres. of the Council, 1 831-41, and 1846-52— ft. at Bowood, 31 Jan. 1863. Lansdowne, Lord. [Granville, George.] Lantara, Simon Mathurin, painter, — fi., i745, a 1729 b — ft. at hospital of La Charite, 22 Dec. 1778^ a Bouillet. b Jal. 826 LANTHAXIUM— LARDXER. Lanthanium, metal, — discovered by Mosan- der, 1839^ 1841^ a Conv.-Lex. b Chambers' Encyc. Lantier, Etienne Francois de, litterateur, — ft. at Marseilles, 1734 — admitted to Academy, 1786 — ft. at Marseilles, 31 Jan. 1826. Voy- ages d'Antenor en Grece, 1798 — Contes en prose eten vers, 1801 — Les Voyageurs en Suisse, 1803. Lanusse, Francois, general, — b. atHabbas, Landes, 3 Xov. 1767 — enters the army, 1792 --distinguishes himself in campaign of 1793 — ■ General of Brigade, is wounded at Mondovi, and commands under Augereau at Castiglione, 1796 — taken prisoner by Austrians ; released, Aug. 1797 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — falls at Aboukir, Mar. 1801. Lanuze, Vicente Blasco de, historian, — n. in Aragon, about 1570 — £r., about 1630. His- torias ecclesiasticas y seculares de Aragon, 1622. Lanzi, Luigi, historian of painting, archae- ologist, — b. in the Marco d'Ancona, 14 Jun. 1732 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1749 — keeper of cabinet of medals to Grand Duke of Tus- cany, Apr. 1775 — if. at Florence, 30 Mar. 1 8 10. Saggio di lingua Etrusca, 1789 — Storia pittorica delta Italia, 1792-6. Lanzone. [See Milan.] Laocoon, group of sculpture, — discovered at Rome, 1506. Laodicaea, Era of. [Antioch, Era of.] Laon, (landunum,) in France, — attacked by Vandals, 40 7 : — by Attila, 451 — submits to Clovis, seat of a bishopric, 500 — besieged and sacked by Gellimer, vicar of Xeustria, 682 — taken by Pepin, 742 — unsuccessfully attacked by Normans, 882 — captured by Eudes, 892 — recovered by Charles the Simple, 895 — made by him a royal residence and capital of the kingdom: attacked by Count of Vermandois, 940 — given to Normans as ransom for Louis d' Outremer, 944 — recovered by Louis, 949 — establishes independent commune, n 10 — ■which is suppressed by royal decree, 133 1 — taken by Duke of Burgundy, 141 1 — retaken by French, 14 14 — again taken by Duke of Burgundy, 141 8 — given up by him to the English, 1419 — recovered by Charles VII., 1429 — the Reformation makes progress in, 1560 — supports the League, 1589 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Henry IV., 1590 — taken by Henry IV., 1594 — depopulated by plague and famine, 1668 — .Napoleon I. defeated by Bliicher, 9 Mar. 18 14 — besieged by allies, 18 15 — capitu- lates to Germans, the citadel blown up, 9 Sep. 1870. Lao-Tze, Chinese philosopher, — [BC] — fl., about 550-530? Laperouse. [Perouse, La.] Laplace, Pierre Simon, mathematician, — h. at Beaumont-en-Auge, near Honfieur, 22 Mar. 1749 — studies at Paris, 1767 — Prof. Mathe- matics at the Military School, about 1769 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1773 — titular member, 1785 — Minister of Interior, Nov. 1799 — Vice-president, Jul. 1803 — member of Academy of Berlin, 1808 — Marquis, by Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — member of French Academy, 18 16 — ft. at Paris, 6 Mar., a 5 May, b 5 Mar. c 1827. Theorie du mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planetes, 1784 — Theorie des attractions des sphe'roides et de la figure des planetes, 178 5 — Exposition du systeme du monde, 1796 — Trait e de mecanique celeste, 1799-1825 — Theorie analytique des probabilites, 18 12 — Essai philosophique sur les probabilites, 18 14. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. La Plata. [Plata, La.] Lapo, — -Prof. Canon Law, Florence, 1357 — banished, and his house burnt by Ghibellmes, 21 Jun. 1378 — accompanies Charles of Durazzo to Rome, 1380 — ft. at Rome, 27 Jun. 1381. Lapo, Arnolfi di. [Cambio.] Lappenberg, Johann Martin, historian, — ■ 6. at Hamburg, 1794 — studies at Edinburgh, before 1815 — LL.D., Gottingen, 1816 — keeper of archives of Senate, Hamburg, 1823 — sent as plenipotentiary of Hamburg to conference at - Frankfort, 1850 — ft., 28 Nov. 1865. Geschichte von England, 1834-7 au( i 1853 — TJrkundliche Geschichte des Vrsprungs der Deutschen Hansa, 1830 — Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch, 1842 — Hamburger Rechtsalterthiimer, 1845. Lapsi, Treatment of,-— in Church history, controversy respecting, begins, about 200-10 — regulated by Councils of Carthage and Rome, 251 — by Council of Carthage, 252 — again discussed, 304. Larceny, in Great Britain, — distinction be- tween grand and petty, abolished, and laws relating to, consolidated by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, 21 Jun. 1827 — summary conviction for simple, in certain cases, authorized and re- gulated by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 82, 22 Jul. 1847 ; 13 and 14 Vic. c. 37, 29 Jul. 1850, and 18 and 19 Vic. c. 126, 14 Aug. 1855 — law respecting, amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 116, 31 Jul. 1868. Larcher, Pierre Henri, hellenist, — b. at Dijon, 12 Oct. 1726 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1778 — tr., Prof. Greek Literature, at Paris, 22 Dec. 1812. Translation of Hero- dotus, 1786. Lardizabal, Manuel de, statesman, — b. in Biscay, about 1750 — restored to favour by Fer- dinand VII. , 1808 — recognizes Joseph Bona- parte as king, Jun. — member of Supreme Junta, Sep. — imprisoned at Cadiz, 1811-14 — Councillor of State, Minister of the Indies, 18 14 — tf. in exile in Biscay, Dec. 1823. Lardner, Dionysius, mathematician, natural philosopher, — ti. at Dublin, 3 Apr. 1793 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 18 12 — B.A., 18 17 — Prof. Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, London University, 1828 — visits Paris, 1840 — visits N. America, 1840- — settles at Paris, 1845 — ft., 1859. Treatise on Algebraic Geometry, 1823 — Treatise on Differential and Integral Cal- culus, 1825 — lectures on the Steam Engine, 1828 — Discourse on the Advantages of Natural Philosophy, 1828 — Cabinet library, 1830-2 — projects and contributes to Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1830-44 — Handbook of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 185 1-2 — Museum of Science and Art, 1854. LAEDNEE— LA SALLE. 827 Lardner, Nathaniel, theologian, — b. at Hawkhurst, Kent, 6 Juu. 1684 — studies at Utrecht and Leyden, 1699-1703 — Presbyterian minister, about 1730 — D.D., 1745 — tf. at Hawkhurst, 24 Jul. 1768. Credibility of the Gospel History, 1727-55 — Supplement, 1756-7 — Jewish and Heathen Testimonies, 1764-7. Larevelliere - Lepaux, Louis Marie de, member of Directory of French Republic, — b. in Poitou, 23 Aug. 1753 — goes to Paris, 1775 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — to Convention, 1792 — declared outlaw by Committee of General Safety, Oct. 1793 — secretary to Convention, 26 Mar. 1795 — member of Committee of Public Safety, 1 Sep. — member of Directory, Oct. 1795 — takes part in revolution of 18 Fructidor, 2 Sep. 1796— retires, 18 Jun. 1799— tf. at Paris, 27 Mar. 1824. Largilliere, Nicolas, painter, — b. at Paris, 9 or 10 Oct. 1656 a — visits England, 1674, and is employed by Charles II. : returns to France, 1678 — recalled by James II., 1684 — received at Academy of Painting, 30 Mar. 1686 — tf. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1746. a Jal. Largs, in Scotland, — Alexander III. defeats Haco and the Norwegians, 3 Oct. 1263. Largus, — Consul of Pome with Messalinus, (900, a. u. c.) 147. Largus, C. Caecina, — Consul with Claudius Caesar, (795, a. it. c.) 42. Largus, Scribonius, physician., — accom- panies Claudius on his British expedition, 43. Larissa, in Thessaly, — [B C] — taken pos- session of and garrisoned by Alexander II. of Macedonia, about 369 — the garris-on withdrawn, occupied by Thebans under Pelopidas, 368 — with all Thessaly, conquered by Philip of Mace- donia, 352. Laristan, in Persia, — kingdom of, conquered by Shah Abbas, 16 12. Larivey, Pierre de, dramatist, — b. at Troyes, about 1550? — tf., about 1612 ? Comedies facetieuses, 1579. Lariviere, Pierre Joachim Henri, — b. at Falaise, 1761 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to Convention, 1792 — member of Coun- cil of Five Hundred, 1795— counsellor to Court of Cassation, 181 8 — tf. at Paris, 3 Nov. 1838. Larmessin, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at Paris, about 1640. Larmessin, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1683 — member of Academy, 1730 — tf. engraver to the king, 1755. Larochefoucauld. [Rochefoucauld.] Larochejaquelein- [Rochejaquelein.] La Rochelle. [Rochelle.] Laromiguiere, Pierre, philosopher, — b. at Levignac, (Eouergue,) 3 Nov. 1756 — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of Toulouse, 1784-90 — Prof. Logic, Central School, Paris, 1795 — member of Institute, 1796— Prof. Philosophy, Univ. of Paris, 181 1 — tf. at Paris, 12 Aug. 1837. Le- cons de philosophic, 1815 — Paradoxes de Con- dillac, 1805. Larothiere, in France, — Bliicher defeats Napoleon 1. at, 1 Feb. 18 14. Larra, Mariano Jose de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Madrid, 4 Mar. 1809 — kills himself, 13 Feb. 1837. Obras, 1837. Larramendi, Manuel de, Jesuit, philologist, — b. in Biscay, about 1690 — tf. in Biscay, about 1750. La antiquedad y universalid del Bas- crteuce en Hspagna, 1728 — Diccionario trilengue del castellano bascuence y latin, 1745. Larrey, Isaac de, historian, — b. in France, about 1638 — tf. at Berlin, 1729^ 17 19.^ His- toire d'Auguste, 1690 — L' Heritiere de Guienne, 1691. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Larrey, Dominique Jean, Baron, surgeon, — b. at Beaudeau near Bagneres de Bigorre, Jul. 1766 — studies at Paris, 1787 — attached to army of the Ehine, 1792 — invents the ambu- lance volante, 1793 — at siege of Toulon, 1794 — attached to army of Italy, 1796 — accompanies expedition of Egypt, 1798 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804— Inspector-general of service of health of tbe army, 1805 — serves in cam- paigns of Austria, Prussia, Poland, and Spain, 1805 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Feb. 1807 — Baron, 1809 — Surgeon-in-chief to grand army, 1812 — wounded and taken prisoner at Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — at siege of Antwerp, 1832 — tf. at Paris, 1842^ at Lyons, 25 Jul. 1841. 13 Relation chirurgicale de Varmee d' Orient, 1804 — Memoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes, 1812-17. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Larue, Gervais de, antiquary, — b. at Caen, 7 Sep. 1 75 1 — ordained priest, 1775 — member of Eoyal Academy of Caen, 1785 — Prof. His- tory at the Coll. du Bois, Dean of Faculty of Arts, 1786 — member of Legion of Honour, Oct. 1826 — Associate of Academy of Inscrip- tions, 1832 — tf., 24 Sep. 1835. Recherches sur les prairies de Caen, 1804 — Recherches sur le ce'lebre tapisserie de la reine Mathilde, 1805 — JSssais historiques sur la ville de Caen, 1820 — Histoire des Trouveres, 1834. Laryngoscope, — brought into use by Turck and Czermak, 1857-8. Lasalle, Antoine de, — b. at Paris, 1754— tf. there, 1829. JJesordre regulier, 1786 — trans- lation of -Bacon's Works, 1799-1802. Lasalle, Antoine Charles Louis Collinet de, general, — b. at Metz, 10 May 1775 — enters the army, 1793— aide-de-camp to Kellermann, distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796-7 — in campaign of Egypt, 1798 — of Italy, 1 800- 1 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — General of Brigade, 1805 — dis- tinguishes himself at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — contributes to victory of Jena, 1806 — dis- tinguishes himself in campaign of Prussia, 1807 — General of Division, 30 Dec. — serves in Poland, 1807 — in Spain, 1808 — falls at Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809. Lasalle, Philippe de, mechanician, — b. at Sessell, 1723 — receives gold medal for useful inventions, 1783 — tf. at Lyons, 27 Feb. 1804. La Salle, Rene Robert Cavalier, discoverer of the Mississippi,— -b. at Eouen, Nov. ? 1643 a — leaves the Jesuits and goes to Canada, 1666 — sets out on his first expedition of discovery, 6 Jul. 1669" — discovers the Ohio, 167 1 a — goes to France, 1674— and obtains grant of Fort Frontenac : again visits France, 1677 — LASAULX— LASCY. builds the first vessel on the upper lakes, 1679 — explores Lakes Huron and Michigan, 1679 — returns to Fort Frontenac, 1680 — reaches the Mississippi, Dec. 1680 — sees the Great Comet of 1680 : returns to Canada, and again sets out for the Mississippi, 1 681— reaches its mouth, 9 Apr. 1682 a — and takes possession of Louisiana for Louis XIV. : in France again, 1684 — sets out on his third expedition, 24 Jul. 1684 — lands in Texas, Mar. 1685 — builds Fort St Louis ; sets out on tour of exploration, 1 Nov. 1685 — murdered by his followers, 19 Mar. 1687^ a Parkman. Lasaulx, Ernst von, philologist, arcliceologist, — ft. at Coblenz, 16 Mar. 1805 — studies at Bonn and Munich, 1824-30 — Prof. Philology, "Wurzburg, 1835 — Prof. Philology and ^Esthe- tics, Munich, 1844-7 — deputy to National Assembly at Frankfort, 1848— restored to the Professorship, 1849 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1849 — *%'■> 10 May 1 861. TJntergang des Hellenismus, 1854 — Bhilosophie der schbnen Kunste, 1%60—TJeber die theol. Grundlage aller p kilos. Systeme, 1856 — Des Solvates Leben, Lehre unci Tod, 1857 — Prophetiscke Kraft der menschlichen Seele in Dichtern und Denkern, 1858. Lascaris, John IV., Emperor of ISTiciEA, — h., 1253 — succeeds his father, Theodore II., Aug. 1258, a 1259 b — Michael Palseologus pro- claimed Emperor, 1 Jan., a 1 Dec. b 1259 — blinded by Michael, 25 Dec. 1261. a Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Lascaris, Theodore I., Emperor of Nicjea, — marries Anna Comnena, 1200 — unsuccess- fully defends Constantinople against crusaders, 1203-4 — elected to succeed Alexius V., 1204 — takes title of despot in Anatolia, 1204 — defeated by Louis, Count of Blois, 1204 — crowned Em- peror at Niccea, 1206 — corresponds with Innocent III., 1208 — defeats his father-in-law Alexius, and the Sultan of Iconium, 12 10 — carries on war with Emperor Henry, 12 14 — third wife, Maria, daughter of Peter of Courtenay, 1219 — ft., 1222. Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor of Nic^ea, — h., 1222 — succeeds his father, John Ducas Vataces, Oct. 1254,* 1255 b — attacks Bulgarian camp on the Hebrus, beginning of 1255 — makes peace, 1256 — attacked by Michael, king of Bulgarians, 1257 — tf. at Magnesia, Aug. 1259^ 1258.* Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Lascaris, Andreas Johannes, {Bhyndacenus,) classical scholar, — rj-, about 1445 — goes to Italy, and is received at Florence by Cosmo de' Medici, 1454 — follows Charles VIlI. to France, 1494 — envoy from Louis XII. to Venice, 1503 and 1505 — director of Greek Coll. at Pome, about 15 1 3 — envoy from Leo X. to Francis I., 1 5 15 — employed with Budams in Royal Library of Fontainebleau, 1518— tf. at Pome, 1535. Anthologia epigrammatum grcccorum, 1494 — Callimachi hymni greed, about 1495— Scholia grceca in Iliadem, 15 17 — Commentarii in septem tragoedias Sophoelis, 151 8. Lascaris, Constantino, classical scholar, — ouits Constantinople for Italy, 1454 — tutor to Hippolyta, daughter of Francesco Sforza, 1455 — living at Messina, 17 Nov. 1493. Gram- matica Grccca, 1476. Lascaris, Paul, Grand Master of Order of Malta, — 6. at Chastellar, 1560— enters the Order, 1584 — Grand Master, 1636— tf. at Malta, 14 Aug. 1657. Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, ' Apostle of the Indies,' — b. at Sevilie, 1474— graduates at Univ. of Salamanca, 1498 a — with his father accompanies Columbus to W. Indies, 1498 b — accompanies Oviedo, a (Ovando, b ) to New World, 1502 — takes priest's orders in St Domingo, i5io a — goes to Cuba, 151 1 ? — his expedition with Narvaez, 15 13 or i5i4 b — begins to preach against repartimientos, 15 14 — embarks for Spain, Sep. 1515 b — sees King Ferdinand at Plasencia, Dec. i5i5 b — has conferences with Card. Ximenes, early in 15 16 — appointed Pro- tector of the Indians, 15 16 — returns to St Domingo, by Dec. i5i6 b — embarks for Spain, May 15 1 7 — sees Ximenes at Aranda, Jul. — obtains licence for importation of negroes into St Domingo, 15 17 — commission to redress Indian grievances, and embarks for America again, 1520— attempts to found a colony on the mainland, 152 1 — -takes refuge in Franciscan monastery, 152 1 — returns to St Domingo, and enters Dominican Order, 1522 b — goes' to Mexico, 1530 — sets out on voyage to Peru, 153 1 — again, 1534 — settles at Guatemala, 1536 — visits Spain, 1539 — declines bishopric of Cuzco, 1543 — Bp of Chiapa, returns to Mexico, Jul. 1544 — resigns the see, 1547 b — and returns to Spain, 1550 — his controversy with Sepulveda, 1550 — ft. at monastery of Atocha, Madrid, Jul. 1566. Brevissima relacion de la destruccion de las Indias, 1552 — his Historia General de las Indias commenced, 1527 ? — in progress, 1561 — still unpublished. a Prescott. b Helps. Las-Cases, Maria Joseph Emmanuel Auguste Bieudonne de, Count, historian, — h. at Las-Cases, (Haute Garonne,) 1766— at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — distinguishes him- self in naval battle near Cadiz, 20 Oct. 1782 — emigrates, 1790 — takes part in expedition of Quiberon, 1795 — serves under Bernadotte, 1809 — Master of Bequests, 1 8 1 o — Inspector of public establishments, 18 12 — follows Napoleon I. to St Helena, 18 15 — arrested, sent to Cape of Good Hope, Nov. 1816 — tf. at Paris, May 1842. Atlas historique et ge'ographiqtie, 1802 — Memorial de Sainte-Helene, 1822-3. Lasey, {Lacy,) Peter, Count de, feld- marskal, — fc. in Ireland, 1678 — goes to France with his uncle, 1691 — enters Bussian army, serves as brigadier, and is wounded at battle of Pultawa, 1709 — ravages coasts of the Baltic, 17 19 — Lieutenant-general, 1720 — Gcneral-in- chief of infantry, 1728 — Field-marshal, and Governor-general of Livonia, about 1735 — defeats Swedes at Helsingfors, 1742 — fr., 1751. Lascy, {Lacy,) Joseph Maurice, Count de, field-marshal, — ft. at St Petersburg, 1725 — enters Austrian army, 1744 — distinguishes him- self at combat of Velletri, 1745 — at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — Colonel, 1748 — saves Austrian army at battle of Lowositz, and is LASERtfA— LATINI. 829 .made Major-general, 1756 — at battle of Breslau, Lieutenant-general, 22 Nov. 1757 — contributes to victory of Hochkirck, Oct. 1758 — occupies Berlin, 1760— Marshal, 1762— Aulic Councillor, 1763 — commands against lurks, 1788— recalled, Feb. 1789 — Xf. at Vienna, 30 Nov. 1 80 1. Laserna. [Santander.] Lasion, in JEl-is — [B C] — seized by Arcadian exiles and Eleans, latter part of 365. Lasne, Michel, engraver, — ft. at Caen, about 1596 — ft. at Paris, 1667. Lasos, of Hermione,— [B C] — lyric poet, in- structs Pindar, about 506 a — {{., 503, b 497.° a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Miiller. Lasso, Orlando di, {Orlandus Lassus,) mu- sical composer, — ft. at Moils, 1520^ 1530 b — goes to Home, 1541-3 — settles at Munich, 1557 — chapel-master to Duke Albert V., 1562 — ennobled by Maximilian, Dec. 1570 — Chevalier, by Gregory XIII., Apr. 1574— tr. at Munich, about 1595. Magnum Opus Musician, i6o4. b a -Biog. Univ. b Con v. -Lex. Lastic, Jean Bonpar de, Grand Master of Order op Malta, — ft. in Auvergne, about 1 37 1 — enters the Order, 1395 — Grand Master, 1437 — defends Rhodes against Sultan of Egypt, 1444 — U. at Rhodes, 19 May 1454. Laswaree, in Hindustan, — Lord Lake de- feats the Mahrattas at, 1 Nov. 1803. Lateran, The, at Rome, Councils of, — for condemnation of Monothelites, held, 5-31 Oct. 649 — for deposition and excommunication of Bp of Porto, 1 Nov. 864 — for restoration of Bp of Langres, Aug. 900 — for canonization of Udalric, Bp of Augsburg, 31 Jan. 993 — re- specting the regalia and investitures, the pope, Pascal II., taken prisoner by Emperor Henry V., and compelled, to sign treaty conceding investitures, 12 Feb. 1111 — for revocation of the concession, by Pascal II., 18-23 Mar. 1112 — for condemnation of privilege of investiture and confirmation of excommunication of Em- peror, 5 Mar. 1 1 16. General, first of Western Church, held by Callixtus II. , 18 Mar. to 5 Apr. 1 123. II. General, for reunion of the Church, under Innocent II., Arnold of Brescia con- demned, 20 Apr. 1 1 39. Ill- General, right of election of Popes vested in Cardinals, by Nicholas II. confirmed : war against Albi- genses authorized, held by Alexander III., 5, 14, and 19 Mar. 1179. IV. General, held by Innocent III. : Count of Toulouse deprived of his dominions, Albigenses condemned, con- fession ordained, new religious Orders pro- hibited, &c, n-30 Nov. 1215. V. General, convoked by Julius II., 18 Jul. 1511 — meets, 3 May 15 1 2 — Acts of Council of Pisa declared void; continued by Leo X., Apr. 15 13 — the Pragmatic Sanction abolished, Concordat with Francis I. confirmed, decree on 'printing of dangerous books,' imposition of tenths for war against Turks ; closes, 16 Mar. 1517. Lateranus, (1.) Consul of Pome with Aspre- nus, (847, a. u. c.) 94 — (2.) Consu with liu- linus, (950,) 197. Lateranus, L. Sextius Sextinus, — [BC] — triuunus plebis with Licinius Stolo, 376 — first plebeian Consul, with L. JEmilius Mamercinus, (388, a. u. c.) 366. Latham, John, ornithologist, — ft. at Eltham, Kent, 27 Jun. 1740 — commences practice as surgeon at Dartford, 1763 — F.R.S., 1775 — assists in founding Linnajan Society, 1788 — F.S.A., 1792 — M.D. Erlangen, 1795 — retires from business, 1796 — ft. at Romsey, Hamp- shire, 4 Feb. 1837. General Synopsis of Birds, 178 1-7 — Index Omithologicus, 1791 — General History of Birds, 182 1-4. Latham House, — defended by Charlotte, Countess of Derby, against Parliamentary forces, from Feb. 1644— relieved by Prince Rupert, May 1644 — siege renewed by Gen. Egerton, Jul. 1645 — surrendered by Col. Rawstone, 2 Dec. 1645. Latil, Jean Eaptiste Marie Anne Antoine de, Cardinal, — ft. in the lies Sainte-Mar- guerite, 6 Mar. 1761 — ordained priest, 1784 — emigrates 1791 — almoner to the Count d'Ar- tois, 1*794 — Bp of Chartres, 1821 — Peer, 1823 — Abp of Rheims, 1824 — crowns Charles X., 29 May 1825 — Cardinal, by Leo XII., 1826— attends Charles X. in England, Jul. 1830 — 3j. near Marseilles, 1 Dec. 1839. Latimer, Hugh, Bp of Worcester, — ft. at Thurcaston, Leicestershire, about 1490 s1 — enters Cambridge Univ., about 1504 — Fellow of Clare Hall, 1509 — embraces Lutheranism, about 1520 — summoned before Wolsey and dismissed, 1527 a — chaplain to Henry VIII., 1530 — cited before bishops as a heretic and imprisoned, Jan. 1532 — chaplain to Anne Bo- leyn, 1534 — Bp of Worcester, 1535 — resigns, Jul. 1539— imprisoned in the Tower, 1541-7 — again, Sep. 1553 — commission issued by Car- dinal Pole to try him and liidley, 1555 — burnt at Oxford, 16 Oct. 1555. Sermons, 1570. a Froude. Latimer, Lord. [Dauby, Earl of.] Latin Church. [See Greek Church.] Latin Empire. [Eastern Empire.] Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. [Jerusalem.] Latin Language, — use of, prohibited in Spain, by Hixem I., king of Cordova, about 790-5 — use of, in English Church, prohibited by Edward VI., 1547 — restored by Mary, 1553 — again disused by Elizabeth, 1558— use of, in law pleadings and processes, prohibited by Act 4 Geo. II. c. 26, 1731. Latin War, between confederate cities of latium and Borne,— [B C] — first Latin League with Rome concluded by Sp. Cassius, (261, a. u. c.) 493 a — dissolved, 390-389 — renewed, 356 b — violated by Rome, 341 — minion pro- posed by Latins, rejected by Rome, war begins, (414,) 3 4 o, ab (415,) 339,° (410,) 344^— Latins defeated at Mount Vesuvius, by Manlius Tor- quatus and P. Decius Mus, 34o, ab 339,° 344 d — the war continued, Tibur, Praeneste, and other towns conquered by Tib. ZEmilius, 339 a — Pedum conquered, and the war ends, 339, b 338, a 417,° 4i2. d a Zumpt. b Lid dell. c Arnold. d Niebuhr. Latini, Brunetto, grammarian, — ft. at Flo- rence, about i2oo, a 1230 b — exiled as a Ghibel- line, resides in France, 1260-7 — ft. there, 1294. 830 LATITAT— LAUDON. Tcsoro, 1474 — Fettorica in volgar fiorentino, 1546. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Latitat, writ of, — abolished by Act 2 ¥m IV. c. 39, 23 May 1832. Latitudinarians,— party of, become distin- guished in Church of England, about 1650-70. Latium, — [B G] — conquered by Rome, 340- 338. [Latin War.] Latour, Theodor Baillet, Count von, — ft. at Vienna, 15 Jun. 1780 — Minister of "War, Mar. 1848 — murdered by insurgents at Vienna, 6 Oct. 1848. Latour d'Auvergne Corret, Theophile Malo de, 'First Grenadier of France,' — ft. in Brit- tany, 1743 — distinguishes himself in early wars of the Revolution, 1792-5 and 1799 — named First Grenadier by Napoleon, 1799 — killed at battle of Neuburg, 27 Jun. 1800. Nouvelles Eecherches sur la Langue, V Origine, et les Anti- quit es des Bretons, 1792. Latour - Maubourg, Marie Victor Fay, Marquis de, general,— ft. in the Vivarais, 11 Feb. 1756 — enters the army, 1782 — aide-de- camp to Kleber in Egypt, 1798 — at battle of Austerlitz, General of Brigade, 2 Dec. 1805 — — serves in Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — General of Division, 1807 — wounded at Fried- land, 14 Jun. 1807 — commands in Spain, 1808 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 181 2 — distinguishes himself at battle of Dresden, 27 Sep. 1 8 13 — at Leipsic, 18 Oct. — Peer, Jun. 1 8 14 — Minister of War, 1820 — tf. Governor of the Invalides, 1832. La Trappe. [Trappe.] Latreille, Pierre Andre, naturalist, — b. at Brives, 29 Nov. 1762- — goes to Paris, 1778 — member of Academy of Sciences, 18 14 — Prof. Zoology, at the Museum, 1829 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1821 — ft. at Paris, 6 Feb. 1833. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, 1808-9 — Histoire naturelle des reptiles, 1802 — Histoire naturelle des crustacees et des insectes, 1802-5 — Families naturelles, 1825 — Cours a" entomologie, 183 1-3. Latro, M. Porcius, rhetorician, — fl., about Latronianus, ecclesiastical writer, — put to death by Maximus with Priscillian and others, 385. L'Attaignant. u Attaignant, L .] Latter Day Saints. [Mormons.] Latude. [Masers de Latude.] Laubanie, Yrieix de Magouthier de, gen- eral, — 0. in Limousin, 6 Feb. 163 1 — Major- general, 1684 — Marechal de Camp, 1689 — governor of Mons, commander of St Louis, 1693 — governor of Alsace, 1699 — Lieutenant- general, 1702 — governor of fortress of Landau, 1703 — ts. at Paris, 25 Jul. 1707. Laubardemont, Jean Martin, Baron de, — ft., about 1590 — Councillor of State, Nov. 1631 — Intendant of the Generality of Touraine, &c, 1632— Pres. Commission of Inquiry into case of Urban Grandier, at Paris, Nov. 1633 — member and reporter of Commission to try Cinq-Mars and De Thou, 1642 — tf., before i 6 57- Laud, William, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. at Beading, 7 Oct. 1573 — enters Oxford Univ., Jul. 1589 — M.A., 1598 — ordained priest, 160 r — Pres. of St John's Coll., 16 11 to Nov. 1621 ■ — Dean of Gloucester, 161 6 — as chaplain, ac- companies James I. to Scotland, 1617 — Pre- bendary of Westminster, Jan. 1620 — Bp of St David's, Nov. 162 1 — has controversy with Jesuit Fisher, 1622 — chaplain to Buckingham, Jun. 1622 — Bp of Bath and Wells, Dean of Chapel Royal, 1626 — Privy Councillor, 1627 — Bp of London, 1628 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 1630 — attends Charles I. to Scotland, 1633 — Abp of Canterbury, 16 Aug. 1633 — Chancellor of Dublin Univ., 1633 — Commissioner of the Treasury, 1634— founds Prof essorship of Arabic, Oxford, 1636 — impeached of high treason, com- mitted to the Tower, 1 Mar. 1641 — beheaded, 10 Jun. 1645. History of his Troubles and Trial, 1695. Lauder, Sir Thomas Dick, Bart., miscel- laneous writer, — ft. near Edinburgh, 1784 — • succeeds to the baronetcy, i82o, a 1830 b — ft. near Edinburgh, 29 May 1848. Highland Rambles, 1837 — Great Floods in Moray, 1829, 1830 — Legendary Tales of the Highlands, 1841. a Chambers. b Gent. Mag. Lauder, William, — tf. at Barbadoes, about 177 1. Fssay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Modems, 1751 — Grand Impostor de- tected, 1754. Lauderdale, James Maitland, Earl of, statesman, — ft. in Scotland, 1759 — M.P. New* port, 1780 — one of the managers of impeach- ment of Warren Hastings, 1788 — succeeds to the title, 1789 — one of the representative Peers of Scotland in House of Lords, Nov. 1790-6 — raised to English peerage, made Privy Coun- cillor and Chancellor of Scotland, 1806 — min- ister plenipotentiary to France, to conclude peace, Aug. 1807 — resigns Great Seal of Scot- land, 1807 — tf., 13 Sep. 1839. Lauderdale, John Maitland, Duke of, statesman, — ft. at Lethington, 161 6 — one of the Commissioners to treat with Charles L, 1647 — taken prisoner at battle of Worcester, Sep. 1 65 1 — imprisoned, 1651-60 — Secretary of State and High Commissioner in Scotland, 1660 — Duke of Lauderdale, 1673 — publishes act of grace for offences against Conventicle Act, 1673 — raised to English peerage, 1674 — ■ ft., 24 Aug. 1682. Laudon, {Loudon,) Gideon Ernst, Baron von, field-marshal, — ft. in Livonia, 10 Oct. 17 16 — enters Russian army, 17 31 — serves in Poland, 1733 — in Rhine campaign, 1735 — in Turkish war, 1736-9 — enters Austrian army as Captain of Pandours, 1742 — becomes a Catholic, 1754 — Major-general, 1757 — Lieutenant-gen- eral, 1758 — contributes to raising of siege of Olmiitz, 1758 — contributes to victory of Hoch- kirch, Oct. 1758 — defeats Fouque, near Lands- hut, 29 Jun. 1760 — takes Glatz and invests Breslau, 1760 — seizes Schweidnitz, 1761 — Aulic Councillor, 1766 — Commander-general of Moravia, 1769— accompanies Joseph II. on visit to Frederick II., 1770 — Field-marshal, 1778 — prevents junction of Prince Henry with Frederickin Bohemia, 1778 — takes Belgrade and LAUENBURG— LAUTREC 831 is named Generalissimo, 1789 — b. at Neu- stichen, 14 Jul. 1790. Lauenburg, Saxe-Lauenburg, Lower Sax- ony, — town built, about 11 82 — separate Duchy for John, son of Albert L, Elector of Saxony, j: 260 — ducal line ends with death of Julius Francis, 19 Sep. 1689 — held by Electors of Saxony, 1689 — sold by them to Duke of Bruns- wick Liineburg, 1697 — forms part of Elector- ate of Hanover, 17 16 — taken possession Of, by Napoleon I., 1803 — incorporated with French department of Mouths of the Elbe, 18 10 — restored to George III. as king of Hanover, 1 8 14— exchanged with Prussia for East Fries- land, 1 8 15 — exchanged with Denmark for Swedish Pomerania, 1816 — seized by Austria and Prussia, 1863 — ceded to them by king of Denmark, by Treaty of Vienna, 30 Oct. 1864 — share of Austria sold to king of Prussia, by Convention of Gastein, 15 Aug. 1865 — annex- ation of, to Prussia, proclaimed, 15 Sep. — entry of king of Prussia into, 25 Sep. — an- nexation without sanction of Chamber, declared illegal by Prussian Chamber of Deputies, 3 Feb. 1866. Laughern, Major-general, — deserts Parlia- mentary army, and with Col. Poyer raises Royalist standard in S. Wales, Feb. 1648 — defeated by Cromwell, at St Fagan, near Car- diff, 8 May 1648. Laugier, Marc Antoine, litterateur, — b. at Manosque, 17 13 — b. at Paris, 1769. Kistoire de la republique de Venise, 1759-68. Launay, Mlle de. [Staal.] Launay, Jean Baptiste, engineer, — b. at Avranches, 1769 — erects column of the Place Vendome, 1807 — takes it down, 18 14 — b. at Savigny sur Orge, 23 Aug. 1827. Launay, Nicolas de, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1739 — member of Academy of Painting, 1777 — b., 179*. Launey, Bernard Rene Jourdan de,— b. at Paris, 1740 — succeeds his father as governor of the Bastille, 1776 — massacred at siege of the Bastille, 14 Jul. 1789. Launoy, Jean de, doctor of the Sorbonne, — b. at Valderic (Coutances,) 1603 — b. at Paris, 1678. Opera, 1721-33. Laura. [Petrarch.] Lauraguais, Louis Leon Felicite, Duke de Brancas, Count de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Versailles, 3 Jul. 1733 — Associate of Acad- emy of Sciences, 177 1 — b. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1824. Clytemnestre, 17 81 — Jocaste, 17 81. Laurati. [Lorenzetti.] Laurens, Henry, statesman, — b. at Charles- ton, 1724 — Pres. Council of Safety, 1774 — Pres. Congress of Carolina, Jun. 1775 — Pres. Congress, U.S., Nov. 1777 — ambassador to Hol- land, 1780 — arrested by British, and committed to the Tower, Oct. 1780 — liberated, Dec. 178 1 — signs preliminaries of peace at Paris, 30 Nov. 1782 — b. at Charleston, 8 Dec. 1792. Laurent, {de Graff,) Cornalisz Baldran, adventurer, — with Van Horn leads expedition to Vera Cruz, 1683 — takes part in various en- terprises against Spaniards in the West Indies, 1685-8 — Lieutenant of the king in St Do- mingo, 1694. Laurent, Pierre, engraver, — b. at Marseilles, 1739 — b. at Paris, 1809. Laurentian System, in geology, American, — investigated and described by Logan, between 1855-60. Laurentius, — ordained by Bp of Rome, in opposition to Symmachus, 22 Nov. 498 — re- jected by decision of Theodoric, 498. Laurentius, Abp of Canterbury, — succeeds Augustine, 605 — b., 2 Feb. 1619. Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard Law, Marquis de, Marshal and Peer op France, — b. at Pondicherry, 1 Feb. 1768 — enters French army, 1793 — General of Brigade, 1800 — envoy to Copenhagen, takes part in defence of the town, 1801 — General of Division, 1802 — serves in campaign of Austria, 1805 — takes Ragusa, 1807 — takes part in attack on Castel-Nuovo, Governor of Venice, 1807 — con- tributes to taking of Madrid, 1808 — to taking of Raab, 1809 — to victory of Wagram, 1809 — escorts Archduchess Maria Louisa to Paris, 1 810 — ambassador to St Petersburg, i8n — takes part in expedition of Russia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaign of 181 3 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 1 8 Oct. — Peer of France, Commander of Royal Guard, 1815 — Marquis, 1817 — Minister of the king's house, 1820 — Marshal, 1821 — b- at Paris, Jun. 1828. Lauro, Jacopo, antiquary, engraver, — b. at Rome, about 1630. Antiquce urbis splendor, 1612-13. Lausanne, in Switzerland, — seat of a bishop- ric, 580 — interview between Pope Gregory X. and Rudolph of Hapsburg, 18 Oct. 1275 — forms alliance with Berne and Friburg, 1525 — colloquy attended by Calvin, Farel, and Virel, followed by adoption of Reformed Faith, 1536 — taken by the French and made capital of department of the Leman, 1798 — capital of canton of Vaud, 1 803 — Peace Congress held at, Sep. 187 1. Council of, to ratify renunciation of Pope Felix V., 16 Apr. 1449. A cademy, found- ed, 15 37. Cathedral, commenced, about 1000 — ■ consecrated bv Gregory X. in presence of Em- peror Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1275. Lausitz. [Lusatia.] Lautensack, Hans Sebald, engraver, — b. at Nurnberg, 1508. Lautensack, Heinricb, goldsmith, engraver, — b. at Nurnberg, about 1506 — b- there, 1590. Lautb, Thomas, physician, — b. at Strasburg, 29 Aug. 1758 — visits England, France, Hol- land, and Germany, 17 81-2 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Strasburg, 1785 — Physician-in- chief to Civil Hospital, 1795 — b., 16 Sep. 1826 Lautrec, {Odet de Foist:,) Marshal op France, — follows Louis XII. in expedition of Italy, 15 1 1 — wounded at battle of Ravenna, Apr. 15 1 2 — Lieutenant-general of Francis I. in Italy, Aug. 1516 — retakes Verona, 1517 — compels Imperialists to raise siege of Parma, 1521— defeated at la Bicoque, evacuates Italy, 1522 — wounded at battle of Pavia, 1525 — takes Alessandria and Pavia, 1527 — b. at siege of Naples, 15 Aug. 1528. 8 3 2 LATTTUL^— LAW. Lautulae, — [BC] — the Dictator Q,. Fabius defeated by Samnites at, (439, a.it.c.) 315. Lauwers, Nicholas, engraver, — ft. in Bel- gium, 1620 — tj., about 1660. Lauzun, Antonin Nompar de Caumont, Marquis of Puyguilhem and Duke or, Marshal or France, — ft. in Gaseony, about 1632 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1669 — re- leased and named Captain of the Guards, 1669 — Marshal of France, commands in Flanders, 167 1 — disgraced through intrigues of Madame de Montespan and imprisoned, Nov. 167 1 — exiled, 1676 — goes to England, 1688 — con- ducts queen of James II. to France, Dec. 1688 — conducts auxiliaries to Ireland, Nov. 1689 — Duke, 1692 — ft. at Paris, 19 Nov. 1723. Lauzun. [Biron.] Laval, in France, — castle rebuilt, 840 — head of a Lordship, about 1000 — raised to a County by Charles VII., 143 1 — raised to a Duchy by Louis XL, 148 1 — captured by Talbot, 1466 — retaken by French, 1467 — taken by Vendeans under Larochejaquelein, 21 Oct. 1793 — the Republicans defeated near, 24 Oct. 1793. Laval, Anne Adrien Pierre de Mont- morency, Duke de, Peer of France, diplo- matist, — ft. at Paris, 29 Oct. 1768 — Prince, by Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — ambassador to Spain, Aug. — to Rome, 18 19 — to Vienna, 1828 — to London, 1829 — tf. at Montigny, 16 Jun. 1837. La Valetta. [Valetta.] Lavalette, Antoine Marie Chaman3, Count de, politician, — ft. at Paris, 1769 — officer of National Guard, assists in defence of the Tuileries, 10 Aug. 1792 — serves in campaign of Italy, 1796 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon after battle of Areola, Oct. 1796 — takes part in ex- pedition of Egypt, 1 7 98— Count of the Empire, 1808 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1 8 11-— deprived of office of Postmaster-general, 1814 — Peer, 2 Jun. 18 14 — again Postmaster- general, 20 Mar. 1 815 — deprived, Jul. 1815 — condemned to death, 21 Nov. 18 15 — escapes from prison by aid of his wife, who remains in his place, 20 Dec. — assisted in his flight by "Wilson, Bruce, and Hutchinson, Jan. 1816 — permitted to return to France, 1822 — ti. at Paris, 15 Feb. 1830. La Valliere. [Valliere.] Lavardin, Henri Charles de Beaumanoir, Marquis de,— ft., 1643 — sent as ambassador to Rome, with troops, to maintain franchises of ambassadors, enters Rome, 16 Nov. 1687 — is refused audience of Pope Innocent XL and ex- communicated : returns to Paris, 1689 — tf. there, 19 Aug. 1701. Lavardin, Jean de Beaumanoir, Marshal de, — ft. in Maine, 155 1 — enters the army and serves at siege of Poitiers, 1569 — wounded at taking of St Lo, 1574 — Colonel of Infantry, takes Villefranche de Rouergue, Cahors, &c., 1580— commands under Duke de Joyeuse, dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Coutras, 1587 — joins party of the League, 1589 — Chevalier of the Holy Ghost, governor of Maine, Marshal, 1595 — commander in Burgundy, 1602 — present at assassination of Henry IV., 16 10 — Grand master of France, assists at coronation of Louis XIII., 1612— If. at Paris, 1614. Lavater, Johann Caspar, physiognomist,— -ft. at Zurich, 15 Nov. 1741 — deacon of Orphan House Church, 1769 — first pastor, 1774 — wounded at taking of Zurich by French, 26 Sep. 1799— )j. there, 2 Jan. 1801. Fhysiogno- mische Fragmente, 1775-8 — Schweizerlieder, 1767—Aussichte in die Fwigkeit, 1768. Lavater, Ludwig, theologian, — ft. atKyburg, 1527 — ft. at Zurich, 1586. De spectris leinuri- bus et magnis atque insolitis fragoribus et prcesagitionibus quae obitum hominum, §c, prcecedmit, 1570. Lavauguyon, Paul Francois de Quelen de Stuer de Caussade, Duke de, peer of France, — ■ ft., 30 Jul. 1746 — enters the army, 1758 — am- bassador to Holland, 1776 — Brigadier, 17 81 — Chevalier of the Holy Ghost, ambassador to Spain, 1784 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 1788 — returns to France, Jul. 1789 — Peer, 1 8 14— tr. at Paris, 14 Mar. 1828. Lavaur, in France, — taken by Simon de Montfort, 3 May 121 1 — captured by Raymond, Count of Toulouse, Jan. 1220 — fortifications demolished, 1229 — seat of a bishropric, by John XXII., 13 16 — erected into a County by Louis XL, 1462 — reunited to the Crown, 1483. Council of, against Albigenses, 12 13. Laveaux, Jean Charles Thibault de, lexico- grapher, — ft. at Troyes, 17 Nov. 1749 — ft. at Paris, 15 Mar. 1827. Dictionnaire francais- allemand, 1784-5 — Vie de Frederic II., roi de Frusse, 1788-9 — edits Dictionnaire de V Acade- mic franc aise, 1803 — Dictionnaire raisonne des difficultes grammaticales et litteraires de la langue francais, 1822. La Vendee. [Vendean War.] Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, — ft. at Paris, 16 Aug. 1743 — Associate of French Academy, 1768 — Farmer-general, 1769 — mar- ries, 177 1 — improves gunpowder, 1776 — dis- covers composition of water, 1783 — guillotined at Paris, 8 May 1794. Opuscules chimiques et physiques, 1775 — Instructions sur les Nitrieres et sur la fabrication de Salpetre, 1777 — Traite ele'mentaire de chimie, 1789. Law, Edmund, Bp oe Carlisle, — ft. in Lancashire, 1703 — B.A. Cambridge, 1723 — M.A., 1727 — Archdeacon of Carlisle, 1743 — ■ D.D,, 1749 — Master of Peter-House, 1756^ i754 bc — Librarian to the Univ., about i76o, b 1755 c — loses his wife, 1762 — prebendary of Durham, 1767 — Bp of Carlisle, 1768 — if. at Rose Castle, 14 Aug. 1787. Translation of King's Fssay on the Origin of Evil, 17 31 — Enquiry into the Ideas of Space and Time, 1735 — Considerations on the Theory of Religion, 1745 — edition of Locke's Works, 1777. a Engl. Cyc. b Baines. c Rees' Cyc. Law, Edward. [Ellenborough, Lord.] Lav/, John, ' the projector, ' — ft. at Edin- burgh, 21 Apr. i68i, a 1671b — obtains letters patent from Regent Orleans for founding General Bank, 1716° — projects the 'Missis- sippi Scheme,' 17 19 — Controller-general, 1720 c — tf. at Venice, May 1729. Works, 1790. u Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. c Henault. LAW— LEAGUE. 833 Law, William, theologian, — b. at King's- Cliffe, Northamptonshire, 1686 — enters Cam- bridge Univ., 1705 — Fellow of Emanuel Coll., 1711 — M.A., 1712 — resides in Gibbon's family, about 17 16 — ft. at King's-Cliffe, 9 Apr. 1 76 1. Remarks on the Fable of the Bees, 1726 — Serious Gall, 1729 — Way to Divine Know- ledge, 1752 — edition of Jacob Boehmen's Works, 1765. Lawes, Henry, musical composer, — b., 1600 — gentleman of the Eoyal Chapel, 1625 — tr., Oct. 1662. Music to Comus, 1634 — Ayres and Dialogues, 1653. Lawes, William, musical composer, — gen- tleman of the Chapel Eoyal, 1602 — resigns, 1 6 1 1 — killed at siege of Chester, 1 645 . Fmlms for three voices, 1648. Lawrence, St, River, in N. America, — ex- plored by Cortereal, about , 1501 — by Jacques Cartier, 1535. Lawrence, St, the Deacon, — martyred at Eome, 258. Lawrence 0' Toole, St, Abp of Dublin,— attempts to negotiate a peace with Strongbow, 1 1 69 — promotes confederacy of Irish princes against the English, n 70 — conducts funeral of Strongbow, 1176. Lawrence, Andrew, engraver, — fj. at West- minster, 1708 — assists Le Bas, at Paris : tf. at Paris, 8 Jul. 1747. Lawrence, Frederick, biographer, — fj. at Bisham, 1821 — called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1849 — tf. in London, 25 Oct. 1867. Life of Fielding, 1855. Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery, Go- vernor of Oude, — ft. in Ceylon, 1806 — cadet in Bengal artillery, 1821 — Eesident atNepaul, 1843 — Lieut.-colonel, about 1845 — Eesident at Lahore, 1 846 — K. C.B. , 1 848 — Superintendent of the Punjab, 1849 — Colonel, 1854 — Governor of Oude, 1856 — defeats mutineers atLucknow, 31 May 1857 — fortifies the Eesidency: wounded in a sortie, 2 Jul. — ts., 4 Jul. 1857. Lawrence, Stringer, Major-general, — b., 1697 — distinguishes himself in Indian cam- paigns, 1750-61 — rj., 10 Jan. 1775. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, — b. at Bristol, 4 May 1769 — student at the Eoyal Academy, 1787 — A.E.A., 1791 — painter to George III., 1792 — E.A., 1794 — Knt, by the Prince Eegent, 18 15 — Pres. Eoyal Academy, 1820 — tf. in London, 7 Jan. 1830. Lawrence, Sir William, Bart., surgeon, anatomist, — b. at Cirencester, Jul. 1783 — apprenticed to Abernethy, Oct. 1799 — M.E.C.S., 6 Sep. 1805— F E.S., 1813— Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, E.C.S., 18 15 — resigns, 1819 — principal surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1824 — marries, 1828 — delivers Himterian Oration, 1834— member of Court of Examiners, 24 Nov. 1840 — again delivers Hunterian Oration, 1846 — Pres. E.C.S., Jul. 1846 — and again, 1855 — Correspondent of French Institute, 1864 — member of Council of Medical Education, Bart., 1867— fr. in London, 5 Jul. 1867. Treatise on Hernia, 1807 — Lectures on the Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man 1 8 1 9 — translation of Blumenbach' s Manual of Comparative Anatomy, 1827 — Treatise on Venereal Diseases of the Eye, 1830. Lawyers, — [B C] — first professed, at Eome, Tib. Coruncanius, about 281. Layamon, poet, — publishes his Brut, (chro- nicle of Britain,) soon after 1 200 ? Laybach, in Austria, — Congress of, attended by sovereigns of Austria, Eussia, and Prussia, for the purpose of suppressing revolutionary movements, meets, 17 Dec. 1820 — closes, 6 May 1821. Layer, Christopher, — committed to the Tower on a charge of enlisting men for the Pretender, 20 Sep. 1722 — tried and found guilty, 21 Nov. 1722 — executed at Tyburn, 17 May 1723. Lazaretto, — established at Venice, about 1484 — in England, escape from, subject to penalty, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 78, 27 Jun. 1825. [Quarantine.] Lazarists, Order of, (Fathers of St La- zarus,) — instituted by de Gondi and placed under direction of Vincent de Paul, 1625 — con- firmed by Urban VIIL, 163 1. Lazarus, St, Order of, — the knights, driven from Palestine, follow St Louis to France, 1253 — confirmed by Alexander IV., 1255 — suppressed by Innocent VIIL, and united with Order of St John, 1490 — in Italy, united with Order of St Maurice, by Gregory XII., 1572 — in France, with that of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 1608. Lazi, The, — occupy Colchis, about 100 ? — their king, Tzathus, visits Constantinople and becomes a Christian, 522 — seek aid against the Persians, 528 — their country occupied by Eomans, 549 — assist Eomans at siege of Petra, 549-51 — Heraclius leads expedition against, 626. Lazins, Wolfgang, historian, — b. at Vienna, 15 14 — "is., 19 Jun. 1565. Viennce-Austrice, 1546 — De gentium aliquot migrationibus, sedibus fixis, reliquiis, 1557. Lazzari. [Bramante.] Lazzarini, Domenico, miscellaneous tcriter, — fj. in Ancona, 1668 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Macerata, 1690 — Prof. Canon Law, 1791 — Prof. Greek and Latin Literature, Padua, 1 7 1 1 — tf. there, 12 Jul. 1734. Lazzarini, Gregorio, painter, — h. at Venice, 1655 — rj. at Villabona, 1730. Lea, river in Hertfordshire, — the Northmen sail up the, 895. [Danes, Hasting.] Leach, William Elford, naturalist, physi- cian, — b. at Plymouth, 1790 — goes to London, 1808 — M.D. Edinburgh, 181 1 — curator of Natural History Department, Brit. Mus., 18 n — resigns, about 1818—0". in Piedmont, 25 Aug. 1836. Zoologist's Miscellany, 18 17 — His- tory of the British Crustacea, 18 15. Lead, — process of crystallizing silver from, invented by Pattinson, 1829 — shot, process of making, invented by Watts, 1782. Leade, Jane, mystic, — fc. in England, 1623 — rj., 1704. League. [See Cambray, Holy League, Lombard, and other special names.'] 53 834 LEAGUE-LEBLANC. League, The, in France, — for maintenance of the Catholic faith, proposed by Philip II. to Duke of Guise, 157 1 — signed at Peronne, 15 Feb. 1576 — authorized by States-General at Blois, and joined by Henry III., Dec. 1576 — begins war with the Huguenots, Apr. 1577 — headed by the Guises, and favoured by Gregory XIII. and Philip II. of Spain, 1584 — opposes Henry of Navarre, 1584 — the war renewed, summer 1585 — Peace of Nemours, 7 Jul. 1585 — League of the Sixteen formed at Paris, Sep. •1585 — war of the Three Henries, 1586 — day of the Barricades, 12 May 1588 — alliance of Henry III. with Henry of Navarre against, Apr. 1589 — battle of Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 — battle of Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — siege of Paris, by Henry IV., begins, May 1590 — procession of priests and monks (la Drolerie) at Paris, 14 May — ridiculed in the Satire Menippee, 1593 — begins to break up, close of 1593 — Duke of Mayenne concludes peace with Henry IV., Jan. 1596. League of the Public Good, in France, — formed by Charles, Duke of Berri, Count of Charolais, Duke of Brittany, and others, against Louis XL, 1464 — battle of Montlheri, Jul. 1465 — war terminated by Treaties of Conflans, 5 Oct., and St Maur, 29 Oct. 1465. Leake, Sir John, admiral, — b. at Rother- hithe, 1656 — serves in the navy, from 1677 — distinguishes himself at battle of La Hogue, 1692 — Vice-admiral, about 1702 — relieves Gibraltar, Oct. 1704 and Mar. 1705 — takes part in reduction of Barcelona, 1705 — takes Carthagena and Majorca, 1706 — Commander- in-chief of the fleet, 1707 — takes Sardinia and Minorca, 1708 — Bear-admiral of Great Britain, 1709 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1709 — tf. at Greenwich, 1 Aug. 1720. Leake, Richard, naval commander, — b. at Harwich, 1629 — master gunner of England, 1677— tf., 1686. Leake, Stephen Martin, herald, antiquary, — ft., 1702 — F.S.A., 1726-7 — Clarenceux her- ald, 1 741 — Garter, 1754 — tf. in London, 24 Mar. 1774. Nummi Britannici historia, 1726 — Life of Sir John Leake, 1750. Leake, William Martin, topographical anti- quary, — b., 1777 — travels in Asia Minor, Greece, and Albania, 1800-10— quits the army with rank of Lieutenant-colonel, 1823 — tf., 6 Jan. i860. Researches in Greece, 18 14 — To- pography of Athens, 1821 — Travels in the Morea, 1830 — Travels in Northern Greece, 1835 — Numismata Hellenica, 1854. Lease, — required to be in writing by Sta- tute of Frauds, 29 Car. II. c. 3, 1677 — to be made by deed, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 106, 4 Aug. 1845. Lease and Eelease, — method of conveyance by, devised, about 1536 — validity of , established, 1620 — the lease declared unnecessary, by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 21, 18 May 1841 — use of, dis- continued since Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 106, 4 Aug. 1845. Leather, in England, — exportation of, regu- lated by Act 27 Hen. V1IL c. 14, 1535-6— prohibited by Act 18 Eliz. c. 9, 1576— laws respecting, consolidated by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 22, 1603 — exportation permitted by Act 20 Car. II. c. 5, 1668 — duty imposed on imported, by Acts 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 1803, and 49 Geo. III. c. 98, 10 Jun. 1809 — duties and drawbacks on, repealed by Act 11 Geo. IV. c. 16, 29 May 1830. Lebailly, Antoine Francois, fabulist, — b. at Caen, 1756 — tf. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1832. Fables Nouvelles, 1784. Lebanon, (Libanus,) Mount, in Syria, — [Druses, Maronites] — governor of the Leba- non to be a Christian, nominated by the Porte, by decision of Great Powers, 9 Jun. 1861. Lebarbier, Jean Jacques Francois, painter, — b. at Rouen, 11 Nov. 1738 — visits Switzer- land, 1776 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1826. Lebas, Jean a (Jacques b ) Philippe, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1707 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1743 — counsellor of the Academy, 177 1 — engraver to Louis XVL, 1782 — tf., 14 Apr. 1783, a i784. b a Biog. Univ. k Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lebe, Gruillaume, engraver, type-founder, — b. at Troyes, 1525 — tf. at Paris, 1598. Lebeau, Charles, historian, — b. at Paris, 15 Oct. 1 7 01 — Prof, at Coll. of Plessis, 1727 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1748 — Prof. Eloquence, Coll. of France, 1752 — Per- petual secretary, 1755 — tf. at Paris, 13 Mar. 1778. Histoire du Las- Empire, 1757-79. Leberecht, Karl von, engraver of medals, — b. at Meiningen, 1749 — goes to Russia, 1775 — first engraver of medals, Director of the Mint, St Petersburg, Feb. 1800 — Counsellor of State, Chevalier of St Anne, 1806 — member of Academies of Fine Arts, Berlin and Stockholm, 18 1 2 — tf., 30 Oct. 1827. Lebeuf, Jean, historian, — ft. at Auxerre, 1687 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1740 — tf. at Auxerre, 10 Apr. 1760. JDiscours sur I'e'tat des sciences dans V etendue de la mon- archic francaise sous Charlemagne, 1734 — Re- cueil de divers e'erits pour servir d' eclair cisse- ment a V histoire de France, 1738 — Histoire de la ville et de tout le diocese de Paris, 1754. Lebey de Batilly, Denis, (Bathyllus,) jurist, — b. at Troyes, 27 Nov. 155 1 — Advocate at Paris, 1755-85 — tf. at Metz, 1600. TJionysii Lebei Bathilli regii Mediomatricum poesidis Emblemata, 1596. Leblanc, Claude, statesman, — b., 1 Dec. 1669 — Counsellor to Council of "War, 17 16 — Secretary of State for War, 17 18 — takes part in conspiracy of the Prince de Cellamare, 17 18 — Grand Cross of St Louis, 17 19 — reinstated, 1726 — tf. at Versailles, 19 May 1728. Leblanc, Francois, — tf. at Versailles, 1698. Traite historique des monnaies de France depuis le commencement de la monarchic, 1690 — Dis- sertation sur quelques monnaies de Charlemagne, Louis le JDebonnaire, Lothaire et ses successeurs, f rappees dans Rome, 1689. Leblanc, Marcel, mathematician, Jesuit missionary, — b. at Dijon, 1653 — s.ent with other mathematicians to Siam, by Louis XIV., 1687 — returns, and is taken prisoner by the Dutch, 1688— Prof. Mathematics, Jesuits' Coll. LEBLANC— LECLERC. H: Dijon, 1690 — embarks for China, 1691 — 0. at Mozambique, 1693. JEistoire de la Revolution de Stamen 1688, 1692. Leblaae, Bichard, translator, — b. at Paris, about 15 10 — ft., probably about 1580. Trans- lations of BZesiod, 1547 — Virgil' & Georgics, 1554 — Virgil's Bucolics, 1555 — Cardan's Books of Subtilty, 1556. Leblanc, Vincent, traveller^ — b. at Mar- seilles, 1554 — embarks for the East, 1567 — tl., probably about 1640. Les Voyages, fameux du sieur Vincent le Blanc, 1649. Leblond, Gaspard Michel, antiquary, — b. at Caen, 1738 — received at Academy of In- scriptions, 1772 — keeper of Mazarin Library, 1791 — member of Institute, 1796 — "ft., 1809. Description des principals pierres gravies, du cabinet du due d' Orleans, 1780-4. Leblond, (Leblon,) Michael, engraver, — it. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, about 1590 — fc. at Amsterdam, 1656. Lebon, Joseph, — b. at Arras, 1765 — deputy to National Convention, 1792 — establishes re- volutionary tribunal at Arras, 1794 — executed, Oct. 1795. Leboulanger, Jean, statesman, — negotiates treaty of Confians, 1465 — First Pres. Parlia- ment of Paris, 147 1 — ft., 24 Feb. 148 1. Lebrixa, Ant. de. [Nebrissensis.] Lebrun, Charles, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 Feb. i6i9 a — painter to the king, 1638 a — goes to study at Rome, 1642 ? — returns, before 7 May 1646. a — received at the Academy, 1648 — ennobled, 1662 — first painter to the king, 1 Jul. 1664 — originates French School of Paint- ing at Eome, 1666 — employed at Palace of Versailles, 1670-83 — ft. at Paris, 12 Feb. 1690. Conference sur V expression des differents carac- teres des passions, 1667. a Jal. Lebrun, Charles Francois, Duke of Pla- centia, statesman, translator, — b. near Cou- tances, 19 Mar. 1739 — deputy to States-Gen- eral, 1789 — member of Council of Five Hun- dred, Oct. 1795 — Pres., 1796 — Third Consul, 1799 — Arch-treasurer of the Empire, 1804 — Governor-general of Liguria and Duke of -Placentia, 1 805 — Administrator - general of Holland, 1&10 — Peer of France, by Louis XVIII.,, 18 14 — Peer, by Napoleon, 1815—0"., 14 Jun. 1824. Translation of Tasso's Jerusa- lem Delivered, J 7 74 — the Iliad, 1776 — the Odyssey, 1809. Lebrun, Jean Baptiste Pierre, painter, — b. at Paris, 1748 — ft., 6 Aug. 1813. Galerie des peintres flamands, hollandais, et allemands, 2792-6. Lebrun, M me Vigee, {Marie Louise Elisa- beth Vigee,) painter, — b. at Paris, 16 Apr. 5755 — marries M. Lebrun, 1776 — received at Academy of Painting, 1783 — visits Italy, 1789 —goes to St Petersburg, 1795 — received at Academy of Painting, Berlin, 1801. — visits. England, 1802-5— ft. at Paris, 30. Mar, 18,42. Souvenirs, 1835-7. Lebrun, Pigault, novelist, ■ — b., 1742 — ft. at Paris, 1835. Lebrun, Ponce Denis Eeouchard, poet,— b. at Paris, 11 Aug, 1729 — member of Insti- tute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, 2 Sep., a 31 Aug. b 1807. (Euvres, 18 11. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Lebrun. [Tondu.] Lecapenus. [Eomanus I., Emperok.] Lecat, Claude Nicolas, surgeon, — b. at Blerancourt, 1700 — ennobled, 1764 — ft., 20 Aug. 1768. Trait e des sens, 1740 — Lettres concernant V operation de la taille, 1749 — Trait e des sensations et des passions, 1766. Lecce, Matteo Perez da. [Alesio.] Lecchi, Giovanni Antonio, mathematician, natural philosopher, — b. at Milan, 1702 — enters Order of Jesuits, 17 18 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Pavia, 1739 — mathematician to the Court, Vienna, 1759 — ft. at Milan, 24 Aug. 1776. Theoria lucis, 1739 — La idrostatica esaminata ne suoi principii, 1765. Lech, The, river, affluent of the Danube, — Otto I. defeats Hungarians on, 10 Aug. 955 — Tilly defeated by Gustavus Adolphus, 5 Apr. 1632. Lech. [See Bohemia and Poland.] Lecheeum, harbour of Corinth, — [B C] — Spartans defeat Corinthians, (01. 96, 4,) 393. Lechevalier, Jean Baptiste, — h. near Cou- tances, 1 Jul. 1752 — goes to Paris, 1767 — Prof. Philosophy there, 17.70-8 — secretary to Count de Choiseul-Gouffier, accompanies him to Constantinople, 1785 — member of Academy of Gottingen, 1792 — Keeper of Library of St Genevieve, 1806— ft., 2 Jul. 18-36. Voyage de la Tropontide et du Font-Muxin, about 1786 — Voyage de la Troade, 1798. Leclerc, Charles a ( Victor b ) Emmanuel, general, — b. at Pontoise, 17 Mar. 1772 — enters the army, 1791 — at siege of Toulon, 1793 — serves in Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 1797 — marries Pauline, sister of Napoleon I., 1797 — General of Division, 179.9 — distinguishes himself at Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. 1800 — com- mands expedition of St Domingo,, 1 801-2 — ft. there, 2 Nov. 1802. a Biog.. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Leclerc, Daniel, physician, — b. at Geneva, 1652 — ft., 1728.. (With Manget) Bibliotheque anatomique, 1688 — Histoire de la me'decine, 1696. Leclerc, David,, painter, — b. at Berne, 1680 — in England, 17 15 -17 — ft. at Frankfort, 1738. Leclerc, Jean, Protestant martyr, — burnt at Metz, 1525. Leclerc, Jean, theologian, critic, — b. at Ge- neva, 19 Mar. 1657 — preaches in London, 1682 — visits Holland, with Gregorio Leti, 1682 — Prof. Philosophy, Belles Lettres, and Hebrew, at Amsterdam, 1684 — Prof. Ecclesiast- ical History, Coll. of Remonstrants, 17 12 — retires, 1728 — ft. at Amsterdam, 8 Jan. 1736. Liberii a San.cto Amore epistolce theologicce, 1679 — Twite- de V Incredulite, 1696 — (with Ham- mond) Annotated N.exv Testament, 1698 — Ars Critica^ in,i\-^ Ilarmonia Evan,geliea, 169.9 — (with Laeroze). B.iblippMque wniver&elle- et- his- aorique, 1686-93— Bibliotheque ancienne et mo- derne, 1714-30. ; Leclerc, Nicolas Gabriel* physician,, his- torian, — b. in France, 1726 — first physician to forces of the. king in Germany, 1.757 — nr&t physician to. Grand Duke of Russia, 1769—. 53 * 8 3 6 LECLEEC— LEDEU DES ESSAETS. returns to France, 1777 — if. at Versailles, 1798. Histoire de la Russie ancienne et modeme, 1783-94. Leclerc, Sebastien, designer, engraver — b. at Metz, 26 Sep. 1637 01-1639 — Prof. Perspect- ive, Academy of Painting, 1672 — engraver to the King, 1693 b — Chevalier, by the Pope, 1706 — if. at Paris, 25 Oct. 17 14. Pratique de la Geometric, 1669 — Systeme de la Vision, 1679 — Trait e d' Architecture, 17 14 — Prin- cipes du Dessin, 1784. Leclerc, Sebastien, painter, — b., about i684, a — 1676 b — admitted to Academy, 23 Aug. 1704 — if. at the Gobelins, 1767, 11 29 Jun. I763. b a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Leclerc, Jean. [Clerc, Jean Le.] Leclerc Des Essarts, Louis Nicolas Marin, general, — b- at Pontoise, 1770 — enters the army, about 1791 — takes part in expedition of St Domingo, 1802 — serves in campaign of Austerlitz, 1805— General of Brigade, 1805 — serves in campaigns of Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — distinguishes himself atEckmiihl and "Wagram, 1809 — Count, Commander of Legion of Honour, 1809 — takes part in Eussian ex- pedition, and is wounded at the Moscowa, 1812 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 15 — if. at Paris, 16 May 1820. Leclerc. [Buffon.] Leclercq, Michel Theodore, dramatist, — b. at Paris, 1777 — if. there, 15 Feb. 1851. Pro- verbes dramatiques, 1823-6 — Nouveaux Pro- verbes dramatiques, 1830. L'Ecluse. [Clusius.] Lecointre, Laurent, — b. at Versailles, about 1750 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to Convention, 1792 — if. at Guignes, 1805. Lecomte, Felix, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 1737 — member of Academy of Painting and Sculp- ture, 177 1 — member of Institute, 18 10 — Prof. Sculpture, 18 14 — if. at Paris, n Feb. 18 17. Lecomte, Louis, Jesuit, — sent to China, 1685 — if. at Bordeaux, 1729. Nouveaux Me- moir -es sur I'e'tat present de la Chine, 1696- 1701. Leconte, Antoine, (Contius,) jurist, — b. at Noyon, about 1526 — if. at Bourges, 1586. Opera, 1616. Leconte, Louis, sculptor, — b. near Paris. 1643,° about 1639 b — received at Academy of Painting, 25 Jan. 1676 b — if., 25 Dec. i694. b il Zani. b Jal. Lecoq, Carl Christian Erdmann, Edler von, general, — b. at Torgau, 28 Oct. 1767 — enters the army, 1780 — serves against French, 1792 — enters Saxon army, and distinguishes him- self at Wagram, 1809 — receives cross of St Henry and of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1 809 — Lieutenant-general, 18 10 — takes part in ex- pedition of Eussia, 1 81 2 — in campaign of 1 81 3 — Commander-general of Saxon army, 18 15 — if. in Switzerland, 30 Jun. 1830. Lecourbe, Claude Joseph, general, — b. at Lons-le-Saunier, 1759 —distinguishes himself at battle of Fleurus, Jun. 1794 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of the Ehine, the Danube, and Switzerland, 1795-9 — General of Division, 1796 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Count, Inspector-general of Infantry, 18 14— if. at Befort, 23 Oct. 18 15. Le Coutenr, John, general, — b. in Jersey, 1 76 1 — enters the army, 1780 — distinguishes himself in defence of the island against the French, Jan. 1781 — goes to India, 1782 — takes part in defence of Nagur against Tippoo, and is taken prisoner, Apr. 1782 — liberated, Mar. 1784 — Major-general, 4 Jul. 181 1 — Com- mander-in-chief of Dutch islands of Curacoa, Aruba, and Bonaie, 18 15 — Lieutenant-general, 1821 — if., 23 Apr. 1835. Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actress, — b. in Champagne, 1690 — makes her debut at the Theatre Francais, 17 17 — if. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1730. Lecreulx, Francois Michel, engineer, — b. at Orleans, 1734 — Engineer-in-chief of Lorraine, 1775 — Inspector-general of bridges and roads, 1 801 — Pres. of Council, 1809 — if. at Paris, 1 8 1 2. Memoire sur la construction des chemins publics, 1782. Lect, Jacques, {Lectins,) jurist, — b. at Geneva, 1560 — Prof. Law, 1583 — member of Council of State, 1584 — ambassador to Eng- land, 1589 — takes part in defence of Geneva, 1602 — if., 25 Aug. 161 1. Lectoure, in France, — seat of a bishopric, about 500 — becomes possession of the Ar- magnacs, 1325 — besieged by Cardinal d'Albi, Jan. 1473 — capitulates, is destroyed, and John of Armagnac put to death, 5 Mar. 1473 — ■ forfeited by Charles V., Count of Armagnac, 148 1 — united to the Crown of France by Henry IV., 1589. Lectures, in England, — publication of, with- out consent, prohibited by Act 5 and 6 YVm IV. c. 65, 9 Sep. 1835. Leczinsky. [Stanislaus I., King of Po- land.] Led a, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac, i2 > Jan. 1856. Lederlin, Johann Heinrich, philologist, — b. at Strasburg, 1672 — M.A., 1692 — Prof. Hebrew and Greek, 1703 — if. there, 1737. Edition of the Onomasti'con of Julius Pollux, 1706 — edition of the Iliad, 1707. Ledesma, Alfonso de, poet, — b. at Segovia, 1552 — if. there, 1623. Conceptos espirituales divididos en tres partes, 1600-16. Ledesma, Jose de, painter, — b. at Burgos, 1630 — if., 1670. Le Despenser. [Despenser.] Ledos, in Spain, — Alfonso II. , king of Oviedo, defeats the Saracens, (179, a. h.) 795. Ledoux, Claude Nicolas, architect, — b. in Champagne, 1736 — goes to Paris, 1751 — if. there, 20 Nov. 1806. L' Architecture conside're'e sous le rapport de Vart, des moeurs, et de la legislation, 1804. Ledran, Henry Francois, surgeon, — b. at Paris, 1685 — if, at Paris, 17 Oct. 1770. Parallele des differentes manieres de tirer la pierre hors de la vessie, 1730 — Observations de chirurgie, 173 1 — Traite des operations de chirurgic, 173 1. Ledru. Des Essart3, Francois Hoch, Bakon, general, — b. at Chantenay, 1765 — enters the LED WICH— LEEDS. 837 army, 1791 — General of Brigade after battle of Austeiiitz, Dec. 1805 — serves in campaigns of 1806-15 — General of Division, 1811 — distin- guishes himself at the Moscowa and Smolensk, 1 8 1 2 — Chevalier of J^ Louis, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1814 — if. near Paris, 24 Apr. 1844. Ledwich, Edward, antiquary, — ft. in Ireland, 1739 — ts., 8 Aug. 1823. Antiquities of Ire- land, 1794-6. Ledyard, John, traveller, — ft. in Connecticut, IT. S., 1 75 1 — comes to London, 177 1 — accom- panies Captain Cook on his third voyage, 1776- 80 — -arrested at Yakutsk and expelled from Eussia, Jan. 1788 — embarks at London for Africa, 30 Jun. 1788 — tf- at Cairo, 17 Jan. 1789^ Oct. l'788. b a Allen, Biog. Diet. b Biog. Univ. Lee, Anne, founder of sect of Shakers in America, — ft. at Manchester, about 1735 — joins sect of Shakers, 1757 — recognized as their chief, 177 1 — goes to America, 1774 — 5j. there, 8 Sep. 1784. Lee, Charles, general, — ft. in N. "Wales, 17 31 — as Colonel, serves under Burgoyne in Portugal, 1762 — goes to America, Nov. 1773 — Major-general in American army, accom- panies Washington to camp before Boston, Jul. 1775 — commands in the North, 1776 — taken prisoner by the British, Oct. 1776 — exchanged, May 1778 — disobeys orders of Washington at battle of Monmouth, Jun. 1778 — tried by court-martial and suspended, 30 Jun. 1778 — ft. at Philadelphia, 2 Oct. 1782. Lee, Edward, Abp of York — ft. in Kent, 1482 — enters Oxford Univ., about 1499 — envoy to Rome, 1529 — D.D., Abp. of York, 153 1 — privately marries Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, at Whitehall, Jan. 1533— is compelled to join the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536 — tf. at York, 13 Sep. 1544. Lee, Harriet, novelist, — ft. in London, 1756 ■ — If. at Clifton, 1 Aug. 1851. (With Sophia Lee,) Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805. Lee, Henry, general, — ft. in Virginia, 29 Jan. 1756 — graduates at Princeton Coll., 1773 — joins American army, Sep. 1777 — distinguishes himself at battle of Guilford, 15 Mar. 17 81 — captures Fort Watson, 23 Apr. — and Fort Granby, 15 May — takes Forts Cornwallis and Augusta, 5 Jun. — at siege of Ninety-six, Jun. ■ — at battle of Eutaw Springs, 8 Sep. — member of House of Delegates, 1786 — governor of Virginia, 1791 — member of Congress, 1799 — retires, 1801 — lj„ 2/ Mar. 18 18. Lee, Nathaniel, poet, — ft. at Hatfield, about 1657 — B.A. Cambridge, 1668 — Ij. in London, 1691. Works, 1734. Lee, Richard Henry, statesman, — ft. in Virginia, 20 Jan. 1732 — urges resistance to Stamp Act, 1765 — member of Congress, 1774 — supports Declaration of Independence, 1776 — Pres. Congress, Nov. 1784 — Senator, 1789 — fo. in Virginia, 19 Jun. 1794. Lee, Robert, theologian, — ft. in Durham, 1804 — studies at St Andrew's Univ., 1824-32 — minister at Arbroath, 1 833 — minister of Camp- sie, 1835 — °f Grey Friars' Church, Edinburgh, 1 843 — Prof. Biblical Criticism and Antiquities, Edinburgh, 1846— condemned for innovations in public worship, by General Assembly, 1866 — ft. at Torquay, 15 Mar. 1868. Reform of Church of Scotland, 1864 — Clerical Profession, 1866. Lee, Robert Edmund, general, — ft. in Vir- ginia, U. S., 1808 — enters Military Academy of West Point, 1825 — enters the army, 1829 — distinguishes himself in Mexican war, 1846-7 — superintendent of West Point, 1852 — Lieut.- col. of Cavalry, 1855 — Colonel, 16 Mar. 1861 — resigns his commission, 25 Apr. 1 861— Com- mander-in-chief of forces of Virginia, 1861 — directs the defence of Richmond, from Jun. 1862 — repulses Gen. M'Clellan, Jul. 1862 — defeats Gen. Pope at Manassas, 29 Aug. — invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, Sep. — battleof Antietam, 17 Sep. — defeats Gen. Burn- side at Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. — defeats Gen. Hooker at Chancellorsville, 2-3 May 1863 — defeated at Gettysburg, 1-3 Jul. 1863 — conducts operations on the Rappahannock, Aug. 1863 to May 1864 — defeats Gen. Grant in the Wilderness, 5 May 1864 — retires on the James River, 7-8 May — Commander-in-chief of Con- federate armies, 6 Feb. 1865 — defeated and driven from Petersburg, by Gen. Grant, 2 Apr. 1865— surrenders with his army to Gen. Grant, 9 Apr. — Pres. Washington College, 2 Oct. 1865 — tf. at Lexington, Va., 13 Oct. 1870. Lee, Samuel, orientalist, — ft. in Shropshire, 14 May 1783 — master of Bowdler's School, Shrewsbury, 18 10 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 18 13 — B.A., 18 17 — Prof. Arabic, 1 8 1 9 — Regius Prof. Hebrew, 1 8 3 1 — D . D . , l8 33 — Xf.j 16 Dec. 1852. Travels of Ibn Batata, 1829 — Hebreiv Grammar, 1830 — Book of Job, 1837 — Hebrew, Chaldaic, and English Lexicon, 1840. Lee, Sophia, novelist, §c, — ft. in London, 1750 — tf. at Clifton; 13 Mar. 1824. Chapter of Accidents, 1780 — The Recess, 1785 — (with Harriet Lee) Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805. Lee, William, — enters Christ's Coll. Cam- bridge, May 1579 a — B.A., 1582-3 a — M.A., 1586 (?) a — while curate of Calverton, near Nottingham, invents the Stocking-Frame, 1586-9 a — completes his silk-hose frame, 1598 a ■ — settles at Rouen, after 1603 — ft. at Paris, i6io. a a Felkin. Leeb, Johann, sculptor, — ft. at Memmingen, 1790 — studies at Rome, 1817-20 — settles at Munich, 1826 — -ft., about 1856. Death of Niobe's Son, 1838. Leech, John, artist, — ft. in London, 18 17 — joins the staff of Punch, 1841 — tf. in London, 27 Oct. 1864. Leeds, Yorkshire, — castlebesiegedby Stephen, 1 1 39 — taken by Fairfax, 23 Jan., 1643 — deso- lated by the plague, 1644-5— Marshal Wade encamps near, 1745 — made an assize town, 1864 — Art Treasures Exhibition, opened by Prince of Wales, 19 May 1868. Town-hall, opened, 7 Sep. 1858 — Infirmary, hmlt, 1864-8. Leeds, Sir Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, and Duke of, First Minister of England, — Treasurer of the Navy, 1671 — Privy Coun- 838 LEEDS MERCURY— LEGAL TENDER ACT. cillor, 3 May 1672 — Knt, by Charles II. : Baron Kiveton, and Viscount Latimer, 15 Aug. 1673 — Lord Treasurer, 19 Jun. 1674 — Earl of Dauby, 27 Jun. 1674 — K.G., 21 Apr. 1677 — impeached by the Commons, but proceedings stopped, Dec. 1678 — pardoned, 1679 — again committed to the Tower, 16 Apr. 1679 — released on bail, 12 Feb. 1684 — discharged, 19 May 1685 — joins Prince of Orange, Nov. 1688 — Pres. Council, 13 Feb. 1689 — Marquis of Carmarthen, 20 Apr. 1689 — Duke of Leeds, 4 May 1694 — defends Sir Thomas Cooke, and is again threatened with impeachment, Apr. to May 1695 — dismissed from Presidency, 1699 — tf. at Easton, 26 Jul. 17 12. Leeds Mercury, daily newspaper, commenced, May 17 1 8 — discontinued, 1755 — reestablished, Jan. 1767. Leeds Times, weekly, commenced, 11 Mar. 1832. Leepe, Jan Anton van der, painter, — ft. at Bruges, a Brussels, 5 1664 — tf. at Bruges, 1720. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Leesburg, in America, — Gen. Evans defeats the Federals, 21 Oct. 1861. Leeuwen, Simon, jurist, — ft. at Leyden, 1625 — tf. at the Hague, 13 Jan. 1682. De origine et progressu juris civilis Romani, §c., 167 1 — edition of the Corpus juris civilis, 1663 — Batavia illustrata, 1685. Leeivwenhoek. [Lenwenhoek.] Leeves, William, musical composer, — ft., about 1748 — tf. rector of Wrington, in Somer- setshire, 1828. Auld Robin Gray, 1770. Lefebure, Simon, engineer, — ft. in Prussia, about 1720 — "ft., 1770. SammtlicJie WerJce, 1778. Lefebvre, Claude, painter, — ft. at Fontaine- bleau, 1633 (?) — received at the Academy, 31 Mar. 1663 a — tf. in London, 26 Apr. 1675 b — at Paris, 5 Apr. 1675.° a Jal. b D'Argenville. c Guerin. Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, Duke of Dant- zic, Marshal of France, — ft. at Rufach, (Upper Rhine,) 1755 — enters the army, 1773 — General of Division, Jan. 1794 — distinguishes himself in Germany and the Netherlands, 1794-5 — defeats Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4 Jun. j^gS — distinguishes himself at Stockach, 25 Mar. 1799 — takes part with Napoleon in re- volution of 18 Brumaire, Nov. 1799 — Marshal of the Empire, 1804 — serves in Austrian cam- paign, 1 805— in Prussian and Polish campaigns, ! 806.7 — takes Dantzic, Duke of Dantzic, May j8o7 — serves in Spain, 1808 — in Germany, 1 8 09— in Russia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaigns of 1 8 1 3 and 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Peer of France, 1814 — excluded from Chamber of Peers, 18 15— recalled, 18 19— tf. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1820. Lefebvre-Desnonettes, Count Charles, gen- eral— h. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1775 — Colonel at Austerlitz, 1805 — General, 1808 — serves in campaigns of Austria, Russia, Saxony, 1809-13 — sentenced to death, goes to America, 18x6 — tl. by shipwreck, 22 Apr. 1822. Lefebvre de Villebrune. [Villebrune.] Leferon, Jean, genealogist. Catalogue des connestables de France, chanceliers, grands- maitres, admiraux, et marechaux de France, 1555 — De la primitive institution des roys, heraulds, et pour suiv ants d'armes, 1555. Lefevre, Claude, painter, — ft. at Fontaine- bleau, 1635— member of Academy of Painting, 1663 — tf. in London, 1675. Fortrait of Col- bert, 1666. Lefevre, Jean, astronomer, — ft. at Lisieux, about 1650 — goes to Paris, 1682 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, assists Lahire in verifying configuration of the coasts of the Mediter- ranean, 1682 — in measurement of meridian, 1683 — tf., 1706. Connaissance des temps, 1684- 1701. Lefevre, (Lefebvre,) Jean, Seigneur de St Remy, &c., herald, chronicler, — ft. at Abbeville, about 1394 — at battle of Agincourt, 1415 — king-at-arms of the Golden Fleece (of Bur- gundy), 1429 — accompanies Jacques de Lalain as juge d'armes and historiographer, 1449-53 — mediates between Count of Charolais and his father, the Duke of Burgundy, 1456 — inter- venes on behalf of the Vaudois, 1460 — tf. at Bruges, 10 Jun. 1468. Ifemoiresde son temps, commenced, 1463. Lefevre, Nicolas, chemist, — called to Eng- land by Charles II., 1664 — tf-, 1674. Chimie theorique et pratique, 1660 — Translation of Sir T. Browne's Religio Medici, 1688. Lefevre, Robert, painter, — ft. at Bayeux, 1756 — visits Paris, 1774 — pupil of Regnault, 1784— tf., 3 Oct. 1831. Lefevre, Tannegui, (Tanaquillus Faber,) philologist, — ft. at Caen, 16 15 — tf. at Saumur, 12 Sep. 1672. Edition of Longinus, 1663— Epistolarum partes IF., 1659-65. Lefevre. [Caumartin, Dacier, Fevre, Or- messon, Saint-Marc] Lefort, Francois, general, admiral, — ft. at Geneva, 1656 — enters the French army, 1670 ■ — enters service of Russia, 1676 — Major, by Czar Peter, 1683 — quells insurrection of the Strelitzes, 1688— Chief Minister, 1689— Grand Admiral and Generalissimo, 1694 — Governor of Novogorod, 1697 — tf. at Moscow, 12 Mar. 1699. Lefranc, — ft. in Normandy, about 1720 — massacred at Paris, Sep. 1792. Le Voile leve pour les curieux, 1791. Lefranc, Martin. [Franc] Lefranc [Pompignan.] Lefrancais. [Lalande.] Lefrancy van Berkhey, [Eerkhey.] Lefrere, Jean, historian, — ft. at Laval, about 1500 — tf. at Paris, a Bayeux, b 13 Jul. 1583. Edits Fictionnaire latin-francais de Robert Estienne, 1572 — Bourgoin's translation of Jose- phus, 1573 — La vraye et entiere histoire des troubles et guerres civiles advenues de nostre temps pour lefaict de la religion, §c, 1573. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Legacies, in England, — duty imposed on, by Act 36 Geo. III. c. 52, 26 Apr. 1796— -law amended by Act 8 and 9 Tic. c. 76, 4 Aug. 1845 — again amended, and duty extended to real property, by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 51, 4 Aug. 1853. Legal Tender Act, TJ. S., making Treasury Notes legal tender, proposed by Thaddeus Ste"- vens, early in 1862 — passed, 25 Feb. 1862 — LEGALLOIS— LEGRAND. 839 declared to be constitutional by Supreme Court, 28 Apr. 1 87 1. Legallois, Julien Jean Cesar, physician, — h. near Dol-les-Bretagne, about 1775 — M.D. Paris, 1801 — 5j. there, Feb. 18 14. Experiences sur le principe de la vie, notamment sur celui des mouvements du cceur, 18 12. Legate, (Leggatt,) Bartholomew, — burnt as an Arian in Smithfield, 18 Mar. 16 12. Legatine Constitutions, in England,— en- acted by Council of London, held by Cardinal Otho, 1237 — similar, framed at Council of London, held by Cardinal Othobon, 1268. Legaygnard, Pierre, — ft., probably in Poitou, about 1522. Promptuaire d'unisons, I585- Legendre, Adrien Marie, mathematician, — o. at Toulouse, 8 at Paris, bc i752, ac 1751 b — admitted to Academy, 1783 — assists in connect- ing Observatories of Greenwich and Paris by chain of triangles, 1787 — Councillor for life to the Univ., 1808 — Tf. near Paris, 10 Jan. 1833. Exercices du calcid integral, 1807 — Theorie des nombres, 1798 — Elements de geome- tric, 1794 — Traite des fonctions elliptiques et des integrates Eideriennes, 1825-6. a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv. -Lex. Legendre, Gilbert Charles, Marquis de St Aubin-sur-Loire, — ft. at Paris, 1688 — }r. there, 1746. Traite de V opinion, 1733 — An- tiquites de la nation et de la monarchic fran- ^aise, 1 74 1. Legendre, Louis, historian,— b. at Eouen, 1655 — U. canon of Paris, 1733. Nouvelle his- toire de France jusqiC d la mort de Louis XIII., 17 1 8 — Mceurs et coutumes des Francais, 17 12 — Vie du Cardinal Amboise, 1728. Leger, Jean, pastor of the Vaudois, — h. at Ville Seche, 2 Feb. 1625^ 16 15 b — pastor of St John's, Geneva, 1643-^escapes to France, after massacre of the Vaudois, 1655 — assists at conferences of Pignerol, Aug. 1 656 — pastor of "Walloon Church, Leyden, 1663 — tf. there, about 1670? Histoire generate des eglises evangeliques des vallees de Fiemont, ou vau- doises, 1669. ' a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Leggatt. [Legate.] Legge, George and William. [Dartmouth, Lord, and Earls of.] Legge, Henry Bilson, statesman, — fc., 29 May 1708 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1746 — Lord of the Treasury, 1747 — Envoy Extraord. to Court of Berlin, 1748 — Treasurer of the Navy, 1749 — marries Mary Stawel, 3 Sep. 1750 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mar. 1754 — re- fuses to carry out treaty for Hessian subsidy, Jul. 1755 — dismissed, middle of Nov. 1755 — reinstated, Nov. 1756 — again dismissed, Apr. 1757 — again appointed, 29 Jun. 1757 — obtains dignity of Baroness Stawel for his wife, 20 May 1760 — dismissed, 21 Mar. 176 1 — ft., 21 Aug. 1764. Leghorn, (Livorno,) in Tuscany, (Herculis Tortus libronis, Fortus Lambronius, Libumus,) — sold by the French to Genoa, 1407 — sold by Genoa to Florence, 27 Jun. 142 1 a — unsuccess- fully besieged by Maximilian L, 1496 b — im- proved by Cosmo de Medici and made a free port, 1548 — merchants encouraged to settle at, by indulto of Ferdinand I., 10 Jun. 1593 — seized by Napoleon I., 27 Jun. 1796 — ravaged by yellow fever, 1804° — annexed to French em- pire and its trade destroyed, 1808 — recovers freedom, 1814— taken by Austrians, 12-13 May 1849. * Art de Verifier les Dates. b Roscoe. c Encvc. Mod. ' Legion,' — Memorial presented to House of Commons, voted scandalous and seditious, May 1701. Legion of Honour, Order of the, in France, — instituted by law of 29 Floreal, an 10, 19 May 1802— privileges of, altered by ordinance of Louis XvTIL, 19 Jul. 18 14 — restored by Napoleon I., Mar. 18 15 — pensions reduced by Louis XVIII., Dec. 18 16 — the measure repealed by Legislative Body, 1820 — constitution re- modelled by decree of Napoleon III., 22 Jan. 1852 — palace of, burnt by Communists, 24 May 1871. Legipont, Olivier, bibliographer, — fc. inLim- burg, 1698 — enters Benedictine Order, at Cologne, 1720 — rj. at Treves, 16 Jun. 1758. Edits Ziegelbauer' $ Historia rei litter, ordinis S. Benedicti, ^34 — Conspectus operum trithe- mianorum simul edcndorum, 1746 — Fisserta- tiones philologico-bibliographicce de ordinanda et ornanda bibliotheca, 1726. Legislative Assembly, of France, — opens, 1 Oct. 1791 — merges in National Convention, 20 Sep. 1792. Legnani, Stephano, (il Legnanino,) painter, — ft. at Milan, 1660 — tf., 17 15. Legnano, near Como, — the Emperor Frede- rick I. defeated by Milanese, and independence of Lombardy secured, 29 May 1 176 — taken pos- session of by the French, 1799. Legonidec, Jean Francois Maurice Agathe, antiquary, — ft. in Brittany, 1775 — 1j. at Paris, 1838. Grammaire Celto-bretonne, 1807 — Fic- tionnaire Celto-breton, 1821. Legote, Paulo, painter, — b., about 1600 a — ft. at Cadiz, about i662, b 1670^ a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Legouve, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, poet, — h. at Paris, 1764 — member of Institute, 1798 — tf. at Montmartre, 1812. (Euvres, 1826. Legrain, (Legrin,) Jean Baptiste, historian, — h. at Paris, 1565 — tf. at Montgeron, 1642. Decade contenant la vie et les gestes du roi Henri le Grand, 16 14 — Decade contenant V histoire de Louis XIII., depuis fan 1610 jusqu'en 1617, 1619. Legrand, Claude Just Alexandre, general, — fc. atPlessier-sur-Saint-Just, 23 Feb. 1762 — enters the army, 1777 — General of Brigade, 1793 — takes part in campaign of Holland, 1794 — distinguishes himself at passage of the Rhine, and takes Diisseldorf, Aug. 1795 — dis- tinguishes himself at battles of Wurzburg and Liptingen, 1796 — General of Division, 1799 — • contributes to victory of Hohenlinden, 1800 — Commander of Piedmont, 1801 — Inspector- general of Infantry, 1802 — distinguishes him- self in campaign of Austria, 1805 — Grand Coi-don of Legion of Honour, Count, 1805 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Prussia, 840 LEGRAND— LEICESTER. 1806— of Austria, 1809 — of Russia, 18 12 — forces passage of the Beresina, saves Napoleon, and is wounded, 28 Nov. 18 12 — Senator, 181 3 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jan. 18 15. Leg-rand, Jacques Guillaume, architect, — fj. at Paris, 9 May 1743 — tf. at St Denis, 9 Nov. i8o7, a 10 Nov. i8o6. b Parallele de V architecture ancienne et moderne, 1799 — Galerie antique, 1806 — Fssai sur I histoire generate de V architecture, 1809. a Eiog. Univ. b Engl. Cye. Legrand, Joachim, historian, — b. at St Lo, 6 Feb. 1653 — goes to Paris, 1676 — accompanies abbe d'Estrees to Portugal, 1692-7, and 1702 — tf. at Paris, 30 Apr. 1733. Histoire da divorce de Henri VIII., 1688 — Histoire de rile cte Ceylan {translation from Portuguese), 1701. Legrand, Marc Antoine, dramatist, actor, — ^ h . at Paris, 1673 — tf . there, 1728. Th e'u tre de legrand, 1731. Legrand d'Aussy, Pierre Jean Baptiste, antiquary, — fj. at Amiens, 1737 — keeper of MSS. of Royal Library, 1795 — tf. member of Institute, at Paris, 5 Dec. 1800. Fabliaux ou Contes des 12 e et 13 e siecles, 1779 — Fables et romans anciens, 1781 — Histoire de la vieprivee des Francais, 1782. Legras, Louise de Marillac, M me , — fj. at Paris, 1591 — widow (of Antoine Legras), 1625 — with St Yincent de Paul, founds the Sisters of Charity, 1634 — tf. at Paris, 1662. Legros, Nicolas, theologian, — h. at Rheims, 1675 — tf. at Rynwick, 1751. Sainte Bible traduite sur les textes originaux avec les diffe- rences de la Vttlgate, 1739. Legros, Pierre, sculptor, — fj. at Chartres, 1628 — received at tbe Academy, 15 Sep. 1663 — tf. at Paris, 10 May 17 14. Legros, Pierre, sculptor, — h. at Paris, 1656, a 12 Apr. 1666 b — obtains grand prize, studies at Rome, 1676 — tf. at Rome, 17 19. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Leguat, Francois, traveller, — b. at Bresse, about 1638 — tf.' in London, Sep. 1735. Voyages et Avcntures de F. leguat, 1708. Lehbrija, Antonio de, historian, poet, latin scholar, Qc., — fj., 1442 — superintends Com- plutensian Polyglott, 1502-17 — tf., n Jul. 1522. Foemata, 149 1. Lehniann, Johann Georg, chartographcr, — fj. in Saxony, n May 1765 — Prof, at Military Academy of Dresden, 1798 — serves on staff of Saxon army in Prussian campaign, 1806 — at siege of Dantzic, 1807 — Kntof St Henry, 1809 — tf. at Dresden, 8 Sep. 1811. Pas Aufneh- men mit dem Messtische im Sinne der P.'schen Lehrart, 1825. Lehmann, Johann Gottlob, mineralogist, — member of Royal Society of Berlin, 1754— settles at St Petersburg, 1761 — tf. there, 22 Jan. 1767. Fnticurf einer Hineralogie, 1759-60 — Cachitiologie, 1761-6. Lehwald, Hans von, general,— b. in Prussia, 1685 — enters the army, 1700 — Major-general, 1740 — distinguishes himself at battle of Czas- lau, 1742 — Lieutenant-general: commander of Ulatz, 1744 — distinguishes himself at battle of Kesseldorff, 1745 — Field-marshal, 175 1 — com- mands against Russians in Konigsberg, 1755 — commands against Swedes in Pomerania, 1756 — drives Gen. Apraxin out of Prussia, 1757 — tf. at Konigsberg, 16 Nov. 1768. Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Bahox von - , philosopher, — fi. at Leipsic, 21 Jun., a 3 Jul., b 6 Jul. c 1646 — enters the Univ., 1661 — M.A., 1664— LL.D. Altdorf, i66 5 , d 1666 ^— Councillor of State, assessor to Chamber of Justice, Frankfort, 1669 — visits Paris, 1672 — visits London, 1673 d — Librarian to Duke of Brunswick-Liineburg, 1676 — visits London again, 1676 — takes part in project for reunion of Catholics and Protestants, 1692 — Pres. Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1702 — Aulic Councillor, Baron of the Empire, by Emperor Charles YL, 171 1 d — visits England, i7i4 d — tf. at Hanover, 14 Nov. i7i4, b i7i6. ad Pe Principio Individuationis, 1664. — Tractatus de arte combinatoria, 1666 — Regies du Calcul Pif- ferentiel, 1684 — Scriptores rerum Brunsvicen- sium, 1707 — Codex Jtiris Gentium diplomaticus, 1693 — Theodicee, 17 10 — JS r oicveat 2 7 Feb. 1871. Opere di Lorenzo de' Medici, 1825. Leopold, Duke of Austria, — b., 1157 — marries Helena, Princess of Hungary, May 1 174 — succeeds his brother Henry II., 1177 — present at reconciliation of Emperor Frederick I. and Pope Alexander III. at Venice, Jul. 1177 — goes to Palestine, 1182 — accompanies Frederick on crusade, 11 89 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Acre, 11 90 — arrests Richard I. of England, 20 Dec. 1192 — gives him up to Emperor Henry VI., 28 Dec. — receives part of the ransom for Richard, 1194— tf., 21 Dec. 1 194. Leopold, the Glorious, Duke of Austria and of Styria, — succeeds his brother Fre- derick, 1 198 — carries on war with Emeric, king of Hungary, 11 99 — makes peace, 1200 — marries Theodora Comnena, 1203 — takes the cross and goes to Palestine, 1208 — returns, 1209 — joins crusade against Albigenses, 1211 — fights against Saracens in Spain, 1213 — ac- companies Andrew II. of Hungary to Pales- tine, 1 2 17 — takes part in siege of Damietta, 121 8 — revolt of his son, 1226 — ft. at San Ger- mano, 26 Jul. 1230. Leopold II., (III.,) the Valiant, Duke of Austria, — b., Apr. 1351 — marries Virido, daughter of Bernabo Visconte, Oct. 1364 — with his brother Albert III. shares tbe Duchy on the death of his father, Rudolph IV., 1365 — unsuccessfully attempts to relieve Trieste, besieged by Venetians, Nov. 1369 — persecutes Jews, 1370 — takes part with Teutonic Knights in expedition against the Lithuanians, Nov. 1370— created Knight, 1371 — carries on war with Euguerrand de Couci, 1375-6 — and with Venetians, 1376 — by partition, becomes sole Duke of Carinthia, 1380 — quarrels with the Swiss, 1383 — Swiss alliance formed against him, 1384 — destroys Richensee, 1385 — killed at battle of Sempach, 9 Jul. 1386. Leopold, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau. [An- halt-Dessau, Duchy of.] Leopold, Carl Gustaf af, statesman, — b. at Stockholm, 2 Apr. 1756 — studies at Upsala, 1773 — Librarian to University, 1785 — admit- ted to Swedish Academy, 1786 — Librarian of Drottiungholm, 1787 — Private Secretary to the king, 1788 — Knt of the Polar Star, 1798 — Councillor of the Chancery, 1799 — member of Academy of Belles Lettres, 1 802 — of Sciences, 1804 — ennobled, 1809 — Commander of the Polar Star, 18 15 — Secretary of State, 1818 — &., 3 May, a Nov. b 1829. Works, 18 14. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Leosthenes, — [B C] — General of the League, in Lamian War, aut. 323 — defeats Antipater, and besieges Lamia, falls in the siege, aut. 323. Leostratos, — [BC] — (1.) Arcbon at Athens, (01. 27, 2,) 671. (2.) Archon, (01. 74, 1,) 484. (3.) Archon, (01. 119, 2,) 303. Leotychides, King of Sparta,— [BC] — succeeds on deposition of Demaratos, 491 — gains victory of Mycale, 479 — commands ex- LEOVIGILD-LERINS. 849 pedition against Aleuadse, (01. 77, 3,) 470 — exiled to Tegea, 469. Leovigild. [Visigoths.] Leowitz, Cyprian, (Leovitius,) astronomer, — visited by Tycho Brabe, 1569— tf. in Suabia, 15 ^' r -,',,;, Lepanto, in Greece y — [Naupactus] — held by Venetians, before 1300 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Turks, 1475/ 1477 b — taken by Bajazet II., i499, b 1500 a — confirmed to Turks by treaty, 1503 — Don John of Austria defeats Turks at, 7 Oct. 157 1 — recaptured by Vene- tians, 1678 — restored to Turks by Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 — taken by Greek insurgents, 9 May 1829. a Encyc. Mod. b Conv.-vLex. Lepelletier, Louis,— b. at Mans, 1663— tf. in Brittany, 1733. Bictionnaire de la langue bretonne, 1752. Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis Michel, — b. at Paris, 29 May 1760 — deputy to States- General, 1 7 8 9 — to Legislative Assembly, 1 7 9 1 — to Convention, 1792 — assassinated at Paris, 20 Jan. 1793. Lepere, Jean Baptiste, architect, — b. at Paris, about 1762 — accompanies expedition of Egypt, 1798 — tf. at Paris, 16 Jul. 1844. Church of Si Vincent de Paul, commenced, 1824 — com- pleted, 1844. Lepers, — edict respecting, by Rotharis, king of the Lombards, 643 a — hospitals for, estab- lished in Italy, before 700 — in Germany and France, before 800 — their marriages annulled in France, by Pepin, 757 — and by Charles the Great, 789 — persecuted in France, and burnt,, by Philip the Tall, i32i b — edict for relief of, in France, 161 2 — their hospitals reunited with Order of St Lazarus, by edict of Louis XIV., Apr. 1664.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. c Univ. Pittoresque. Lepers, Isle of, New Hebrides, — discovered and named by Bougainville, 1768. Lepicie, Bernard, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1698 — member of Academy of Painting, 1737 — tf. at Paris, 17 Jan. 1755. Catalogue du tableaux du rot, 1752. Lepidus, M. iEmilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul of Rome with C. Claudius Canina, (4G9, A. u. c.) 285. (2.) Consul with M. Publicius Malleolus, (522,) 232. (3.) Ambassador to. Egypt, 201 — sole ambassador to Philip III. of Macedonia, about siege of Abydos, 200 — Ponti- fex, 199 — iEdile, 192 — Praetor in Sicily, 191 — Consul with C. Flaminius Nepos, (567,) 187 — Ligurian war, Flaminian way : Pontifex Maximus, 180 — Censor with M. Fulvius Nobilior, (575,) 179 — Consul with Q. Mucius Scaevola, (579,) 175— tf., 152. (4.) Consul with C. Popillius Lsenas, (596,) 158. (5.) Consul with L. Aurelius Orestes, (628,) 126. (6.) Praetor in Sicily, 81 — Consul with Q. Lutatius Catulus, (676,) 78— declared a public enemy, defeated by Pompey and Catulus, 77 — tf., 77. (7.) The Triumvir, interrex to hold comitia, 52 — Prsetor, joins Caesar, 49 — Pro- consul in Hither Spain, 48 — magister equitum to Caesar, 47 — Consul with Caesar, (708,) 46 — again mag. eq., 45 and 44 — joins Antony, after 15 Mar. 44 — Pontifex Maximus, 44— goes to Gaul and Spain, and conciliates Sext. Pompey, before Nov. 44— joined by Antony after Mutine war, 28 May 43 — proclaimed a public enemy, 30 Jun. 43 — Triumvir with Antony and Octavian, Oct. 43 — Consul with L. Munatius Plancus, (712,) 42 — Africa assigned to him, 40-36— triumvirate renewed, 37 — attempts to seize Sicily, Jul. 36 — deposed and deprived by Octavian, 36 — tf., 13. (8.) Consid with L. Arruntius, (759,) 6— serves in Dalmatian war, 9. (9.) Consul with T. Statilius Taurus, (764,) 11 — province of Asia assigned to him, 21. Lepidus Porcina, M. iEinilius, — [B c] — orator, — Consul with C. Hostilius Mancinus, (617, a. u. c.) 137 — Proconsul in Hither Spain, 136 — defeated by Vaccaei, 136 — Augur, 125, Lepidus, Q. iEmilius, — [BC]— Consul with M. Lollius, (733, a. u. c.) 21. Leporius, theologian, — fl., about 425-430. Lepsius, Karl Peter, antiquary, — b. at Naumburg, 1775 — studies at Leipsic and Jena, J 793-6 — tf., 23 Apr. 1853. Ueber das Alter- thum tend die Stifter des Boms zu Naumburg, 1822. — Geschichte des Moritzldosters zu Naum- burg, 1835. Leptines, — [B C] — Admiral of Syracusan fleet at siege of Motya,. 397 — commands against Himilco and Mago, 396 — Admiral, restores peace between Lucanians and Thurians, 390 — falls in battle near Cronium, 383. Lequien, Michel, Bominican, — b. at Bou- logne, 1 66 1— tf. at Paris, 1733. Befense du texte hebreu et de la version Vidgate, 1690 — S. Joannis Bamasceni opera, 17 12 — Oriens christianus, 1740. Lerambert, Louis, painter, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 1 6 14— admitted to Academy, 1663 — tf. at Paris, 1678. Bust of Card. Mazarin, 1663. Lerida, (Ilerda,) in Spain, — [BC] — Scipio defeats Hanno near, (537, a. u. c.) 216— Caesar defeats Afranius and Petreius, (705,) 49 — [AD] — conquered by Moors, under Mousa, (94, a. h.) 713 — besieged and taken from Abdallah of Cordova, by king of Aragon, (512,) 11 18 — taken by Raymond Berenger, Count of Barcelona, (544,) 1149 — Marshal de la Mothe- Houdaneourt defeats Marquis de Leganez near, Oct. 1642 — besieged by Count d'Harcourt, viceroy of Catalonia,. 9 May 1646 — arrival of Leganez to relieve, 27 Sep. — siege raised, 20 Nov.— -invested by Conde, 12 May 1647 — siege raised, 1 7 Jun. — taken by Duke of Orleans and Marshal Berwick, 11 Nov. 1707 — invested by Suchet, 1 May 18 10 — capitulates, 14 May. Councils of held, 6 Aug. 546 — on discipline and reformation of the clergy, 29 Mar. 1229 — against heretics, Jun. 1237 — for reconciliation of James, king of Aragon, to the Church, 19 Oct. 1246. Lerins, Isles of, in the Mediterranean, — monastery established in, by St Honoratus, about 409 a — surprised and ravaged, and the monks massacred, by Saracens, 730 a — at- tacked by Genoese pirates, 10 May 1400 — taken and pillaged by Spanish fleet, 1544 — taken by Doria, 1566 — occupied by Spaniards, 1635-7 — taken by English and Austnans, 31 Dec. 1746 54 85 o LERMA-LESLIE. — retaken by Chevalier de Belle Isle, 25 May 1747. * Du Fresnoy. Lerma, Francesco de Rexas de Sandoval, Duke of, statesman, — first minister to Philip III. of Spain, 1598 — equips a fleet against England, 1599 — sends a fleet to assistance of Irish, which is dispersed by a storm, 1602 — concludes peace with England, 1604 — negoti- ates truce with the Dutch, 1608 — procures decree for proscription of the Moors, 1 1 Sep. 1609 — created Cardinal, bj Paul Y., 161 8 — dismissed, 20 Oct. 1618 — ft.., 1625. Lermontov, Mikhail Ivanovich, poet, novel- ist, — h. in Russia, 181 1 — banished to the Cau- casus, 1837 — ft. there, 1841. Works, 1840 — Geroy nashego vremeni, 1840. Lernout, Jan, {Janus Lernutius,) poet, — 6. at Bruges, 1545 — ennobled by Emperor Rudolph II., 158 1 — taken prisoner by the English, 1587-92 — ft. at Bruges, 29 Sep. 1619. Carmina, 1579. Leroi, (Leroy,) Julien a [Jean b ) David, — b. at Paris, 1724,* 1728 b — studies at Rome, visits Greece, 1754 — member of Institute, 17 95 — ft. at Paris, 28 Jan. 1803. Ruines des plus beaux monumens de la Grece, 1758. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Leros, — [B Cj — colonized from Miletus, about 750. Leroux, Philibert Joseph, lexicographer, — if. at Amsterdam, about 1790. Dictionnaire comique, satirique, critique, burlesque, libre, et proverbial* 17 18. Leroux, "Pierre, philosopher, political econo- mist, — b. at Paris, 1798— joint founder, with La Chevardiere and Dubois, of Le Globe, 1824 — becomes advocate of Saint-Simonism, 1831 — becomes a printer at Boussac, and organizes Socialist Association, 1 846 — Mayor of the commune of Boussac, 25 Feb. 1848 — member of Constituent Assembly, 4 Jun. 1848— of Le- gislative Assembly, 1 849 — leaves France, after 2 Dec. 1 85 1 — returns to Paris, after amnesty of 15 Aug 1869 — ft. at Paris, Apr. 1871. Ency- clopedia Xouvelle, (with Reynaud,) 1838 — De VEgalite, 1838 — JJe VHumanite, 1839 — trans- lation of Wert her, 1843 — Revue sociale, 1845- 7 — D'une religion nationals, 1846 — De la Eloutocratie, 1848 — Du Christianisme, 1848— Malthus et les economistes, 1 849.. Leroux. [Deshautesrayes.] Leroy, Jacques, — b. at Brussels, 29 Oct. 1633 — ft. at Lierre, Brabant, 7 Oct. 17 19. Kotitia marchionatus S. Rom. imperii, 1678 — Topographia historica gallo-brabantina, 1692 — Castella et prcetoria nobilium Brabantice, 1696. Leroy, Louis, {Regius,)^-h. at Coutances, about 1500 — ft. at Paris, 2 Jul. 1577. Guill. Budcei vita, 1540 — Oratio ad Eenricum II, 1559 — De la vicissitude et variete des choses, 1576. Leroy, Pierre. Satire Ilenippe'e, 1593. Leroy de Saint-Arnaud. [ Saint- Arnaud.] Lery, Jean de, traveller,^ — b. in Burgundy, 1534 — pastor at Rio Janeiro, about 1558 — ft. in France, 161 1. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, 1578 — Histoire memora- ble de la villede Sancerre, 1574. Le Sage, Alain Reve, novelist, dramatist, — fc. at Sarzeau, 8 May 1668 — goes to Paris, 1692 — marries, 1694 — ft. at Boulogne, 17 Nov. 1747. Kouvelles Aventures de V admirable don Quichotte, 1704 — Crispin rival de son Maitre, 1707 — Le Diable boiteux, 1707 — Histoire de Gil Bias de Santillane, 17 15 — Theatre de la Eoire, 1721-37. Lesbonax, of Mytilene, sophist, philosopher, — [B C]— fl. about 30. Lesbos, island, — [B C] — occupied, 997 » — [1053 b ] — has naval supremacy, about 671- 602 c — Melanchros, tyrant, overthrown by Pittacos, 611 c — revolts, except Methymne, 428 — recovered by Athens, sum.427 — receives Athe- nian colony, 427 c — prepares revolt, spring 412 — [ADj — taken by Venetians, n 85 — belongs to Latin Emperors of Constantinople, 1204 — taken by John Yataces, 1224 — recaptured by Greeks, 1261 — conquered by Mahomet IL, 1642. a Callim. b Eratosth. c Clinton. Leschenault de la Tour, Louis Theodor, naturalist, — ft. at Cbalons-sur-Saone, 13 Nov. 1773 — travels in the East, 1800-14 — visits England, 1814 — India, 1814-21 — South Ame- rica, 1822 — ft., 14 Mar. 1826. Lesches, cyclic poet, — [BC]— fl. about (01. 18,) 657.3 a Eoseb. Lescot, Pierre, architect, — b. at Paris, 15 10 or 151 8 — ft., 1570 or 1578. Old Louvre, about 1540- Lescun, Thomas de Foix, Seigneur de, Marshal or France, — Governor of Lombardy, Marshal, 152 1 — distinguishes himself in cam- paigns of 1522 and 1525 — falls at Milan, 3 Mar, 1525. Lescure, Louis Marie, Marquis of, general, — b. at Poitou, 1766 — emigrates, 1791 — or- ganizes Yendean insurrection, 1792 — distin- guishes himself at bridge of Tbouars, at Fon- tenay, &c, May — wounded at combat of la Tremblaye, Oct. — ft. near Fougeres, 3 Nov. J 793- Lesdiguieres, Francois de Bonne, Duke of, Marshal of France, — b. in Dauphiny, 1543 — enters the army, 1562 — commands army of the Protestants, 1575 — Marshal of France, 1608 — abjures Calvinism, 1622 — ft. at Valencia, 28 Sep. 1626. Lesko. [Poland.] Lesley, Alexander. [Leven, Earl of.] Lesley, John, Bp of Ross, — b. in Scotland, 1527 — canon of Aberdeen and of Murray, 1547 — assists at conference of Edinburgh, 1560 — charged to escort Mary Stuart from France, 1561 — Abbot of Lindores, 1567 — Bp of Ross soon after ; member of Commission of York 1568 — takes a leading part in intrigues in favour of Queen Mary, and is committed to the Tower : liberated, goes to France, 1573 — vicar- general of Abp of Rouen, 1579— Bp °f Con- stance, 1593 — ft. near Brussels, 31 May, 1596. De origine moribus et rebus gestis Scotorum, 1578. Lesley, Norman, master of Rothes, — takes part in assassination of Cardinal Beaton, 28 May 1546. Leslie, Charles, theologian, §c, — h. in Ire- LESLIE -LETRONNE. 851 land, about 1650 — studies in London, 167 1 — takes holy orders, 1680— Chancellor of Cloyne, a Connor, bc 1687 — accompanies the Pretender to Italy, 17 15 — If. in Ireland, 1722. Short and easy method with the Deists, 1694. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Rees' Cyc. Leslie, Charles Robert, painter,— b. in Lon- don, Oct. 1794 — taken by his father to America, 1799 — studies at Royal Academy, about 1813 — A.R.A., 1821— E.A., 1826— Prof. Painting, 1847-51 — tr., 5 May 1859. Anne Page and Master Slender, 1819 — Sir Roger de Cover leg going to Church, 1820 — Uncle Toby and the Widow, 1 83 1 — Sancho Panza and the Duchess, 1849— Life of Constable, 1845 — Handbook for young Painters, 1855. Leslie, David. [Newark, Lord.] Leslie, John, Bp of Clogher, — b. in Scot- land, about 1570 — Privy Councillor of Charles I. in Scotland, 1633— in Ireland, 1633 — Bp of Raphoe, 1633 — besieged in Raphoe by Crom- well, 1 641 — Bp of Clogher, 1661— tf., 1671. Leslie, Sir John, — b. at Largo, Fifeshire, 16 Apr. 1766 — studies at St Andrews, 1779— at Edinburgh, 1784 — goes to London, 1790 — travels on the continent, 1794, 1796, and 1799 — invents differential thermometer, 1800 — re- ceives Rumford Medal of Royal Society, 1 804 — Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh, 1805 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, 18 19— Knt, 1832— tf. at Coates, Fifeshire, 3 Nov. 1832. Translation of Buffons Natural History of Birds, 1793 — Inquiry into the nature and properties of heat, 1804— Elements of Geometry, 1809 — Philosophy of Arithmetic, 1817. Lesoeur. [Sceur, Le.] Lesseps, Jean Baptiste Barthelemi, Baron de, — b. at Cette, 27 Jan. 1766 — accompanies Laperouse to Kamschatka, 1785 — returns to France, Oct. 1788 — Consul at St Petersburg, 1793-1812 — Intendantof Moscow, 1812 — Con- sul-general at Lisbon, Sep. 1814 — Charge d' Affaires, 18 16 — tf. at Lisbon, 6 Apr. 1834. Voyage de La Perouse, 1831. Lesser, Augustin Creuze de. [Creuze.] Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, poet, miscella- neous writer, — b. at Kamentz, Upper Lusatia, 22 Jan. 1729 — studies at Leipsic, 1746 — gradu- ates M.A. at Wittenberg, and returns to Ber- lin, 1753 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1760 — secretary to Prussian general at Breslau, 1760 — returns to Berlin, 1765 — keeper of "Wolfenbiittel Library, 1770 — visits Italy, 1772— loses his wife, 1776 — tf. at Brunswick, 15 Feb. 1781. (With Moses Men- delssohn) Pope als Metaphysiker, 1754 — Miss Sarah Samson, 1755 — (with Mendelssohn and Nicolay) Bibliothek der schbnen Wissenschaften, 1757 — Litteratur-Brief, 1759 — Emilia Galotti, 1772 — Laocoon, 1766 — Minna von Barnhelm, 1767 — Nathan, 1779 — Wolfenbiittelsche Frag- mente eines Ungenannten, 1774-8 — Die Erzie- hung des Menschengeschlechts, 1780. Lessius, Leonard, Jesuit, — b. in Belgium, 1554 — enters the Order, 1572 — Prof. Philoso- phy, Douai, 1574-81 — Prof. Theology, Louvain, i5%5 — If. there, 15 Jan. 1623. Dejustitia et jure actionum humanarum, 1621. Lestocq, (L'Estocq,) Johann Herman, — b. in Hanover, 1697,* 1692 b — goes to St Peters- burg, 17 1 3— surgeon to Czar Peter, attends him on his travels, 17 16 — surgeon to Princess Elizabeth, 1725— Count, by king of Poland, 1732 — promotes elevation of Elizabeth to the throne, 1741 — imprisoned, 1748 — exiled, 1750 — recalled by Peter III., 1762 — tf., 1767. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. L'Estrange, Sir Roger, political and miscel- laneous writer, — b. in Norfolk, 161 6 — follows Charles I. to Scotland, 1639 — arrested, 1644 — ■ escapes, 1648 — returns to England, 1653 — Censor of the Press, 1660-88 — tf. in London, 1704. Memento, 1662 — Public Intelligencer, 1665 — translation of JEsop 's Fables, 1692 — of Josephus, 1702. Lesueur, Eustache, painter, — b. at Paris, 16 16 — tf. there, 30 Apr. 1655. Lesueur, {Le Sueur,) Jean Francois, musical composer, — b. near Abbeville, 15 Feb. 1760 — organist of Dijon cathedral, 1779 — g° es *° Paris, 1784 —chapel-master of cathedral of Paris, 1786-8 — chapel-master to Napoleon, 1804 — member of Institute, 18 15 — tf. at Chail- lot, 6 Oct. 1837. Paul et Virginie, 1794 — Telemaque, 1796 — les Bardes, 1804. Lesueur, Nicolas, (Sudorim,) — b. at Paris, about 1540— assassinated near Paris, 2 May 1594. Translation of Pindar, 1575. Letellier, Michel, Chancellor of France, — b., 19 Apr. 1603 — lntendant of Piedmont, 1640 — Secretary of State for War, 1641-66 — Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals, 1677 — promotes revocation of Edict of Nantes, 1685 —If., Oct. 1685. Letellier, Michel, Jesuit, — b. in Normandy, 16 Dec. 1643 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1661 — procures destruction of Port Royal, 1709 — confessor to Louis XIV., 1709— tf. at la Fleche, 2 Sep. 1719. Letellier. [Estrees, Louvois.] Lethiers, Guillaume Guillon, painter, — b. at Guadaloupe, 1760 — goes to France, 1774 — obtains grand prize, 1786 — Director of Acad- emy of France at Rome, 1807 — member of In- stitute, 1 8 16 — lj. at Paris, 22 Apr. 1832. Junius Brutus, 1801. Leti, Gregorio, historian, $c, — b. at Milan, 1630 — abjures Romanism at Geneva, 1661 — comes to England, 1680 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1701. Roma piangente, 1666 — II Nepotismo di Roma, 1667 — Teatro Britannico overo Istoria della grande Britannia, 1682 — Historia Gene- vrina, 1686. Leto, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 29 Apr. 1 86 1. Leto, Giulio Pomponio. [Pomponius.] Letort, Louis Michel, Count, general— h. at St Germain en Laye, 29 Aug. 1773— dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Montebello, 1800 — at Jena, 1806 — in Spain, 1808 — atWagram, 1809 — in Russian campaign, 18 12 — General of Brigade, Jan. 1813 — wounded atWachau, Oct. — distinguishes himself in campaign of 18 14 — General of Division, Count of the Empire, 18 14 — tf. at Charleroi, 18 15. Letronne, Jean Antoine, archaeologist, — b. 54* 852 LETTERS-LEVASSEUR. at Paris, Jan. 1787 — travels in South France, Italy, and Switzerland, 18 10-12 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 18 16 — Inspector- general of the Univ., 1819 — Prof. History, Coll. of France, 1831— Prof. Archaeology, 1838 — Keeper-general of Archives of the kingdom, 1840— -tr. at Paris, 14 Dec. 1848. Recherches pour servir a Vhistoire de VEgypte pendant la domination des Grecs et Romains, 1823 — Recueil dcs inscriptions grecques et latines de VEgypte, 1842-8 — Diplomes et Chartres de Vepoque Merovingienne sur papyrus et sur velin, 1844 — Observations critiques et archeologiques sur I'objet des representations zodiacales qui nous restent de Vantiquite, 1824. Letters, — [BC] — first written by Atossa, before 500. a a Ilellanicus. Letters of Marque, — among European nations, abolished by Treaty of Paris, 1856. Lettres de Cachet. [Cachet.] Lettsom, John Coakley, physician, — ft. in West Indies, 1744 — sent to England, 1753 — F.E.S. London, 177 1 — tf. in London, 1 Nov. 18 15. Natural History of the Tea Tree, 1772 — Naturalist's and Traveller s Companion,!']'] 2 — Life of Fothergill, 1783. Lettsom, William Nanson, — fc., 1796 — tr. at Paddington, 3 Sep. 1865. Translation of the Nbelungenlied, 1850 — edits Walker's Shakespeare Versification, 1854 — and his Critical Examination of Text of Shakespeare, i860. Leuca, Leucae, in Asia Minor, — [B C]— built by Tachos, 352 — Aristonicus defeats and kills P. Crassus at, 131. Leucadia, Leucas, {Santa Maura,) island, — [B C] — colonized from Corinth, between 665- 625 r — the town plundered by Eomans, 197 — [AD] — held by Counts of Tochis, 1229- 1479 — conquered by Turks, 1479 — taken by Vene- tians, 1684 — lost by Venice, 1797. [Ionian Isles.] Leuchtenherg, in Bavaria, — falls to Bavaria on extinction of male line of landgraves, 1646 — given with title of Duke, to Eugene Beau- harnois, by king of Bavaria, 1817. Leuchtenherg, Prince Charles August Eu- gene Napoleon, Duke or, — h. at Milan, 9 Dec. 1810 — goes to Brazil, 1829— marries Maria II., Queen of Portugal, at Lisbon, 25 Jan. 1835 — tf. at Lisbon, 28 Mar. 1835. Leuchtenherg, Maximilian Eugene Joseph Napoleon, Duke of, — b. at Munich, 2 Oct. 1 817 — marries Grand Duchess Maria of Bussia, 2 (14) Jul. 1839 — tf. at St Petersburg, 20 Oct. (r Nov.) 1852. Leuckfeld, Johann Georg, antiquary, — ft. in Thuvingia, 1668 — pastor at Groningen, 1702 — a"-, 24 Apr. 1726. Antiquitates Rocldenses, Blankcnburgenses, §c, 1705-21. Leucon, (Leukon,) comic poet, — [BC] — gains third prize with the Fresbeis, against Wasps of Aristophanes, (01. 89, 3,) 422 — gains third prize with Frateres, against the Fax, (01. 89, 4,) 421. Leucothea, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 19 Apr. 1855. Leuctra, (Leuktra,) — [B C] — victory of Epaminondas over Spartans under Cleombrotos, (01. 102, 2) Jul. 371. Leunclavius, Johannes, (Johann Loewenk- lau,) classical scholar, — ft. in Westphalia, 1533 — tf. at Vienna, 1593. Editions of Manuel Fafaologus, 1578 — Xenophon, 1569 — Fion Cassius, 1592 — Musulmanicce histories, 1595. Leupold, Jacob, mechanician, — ft. near Zwick- au, 1674 — tf. 1727. Theatrum Machinarum, Leusden, Johan, philologist, — b. at Utrecht, 1624 — Prof. Hebrew there, 1649-99 — tf., 1699. Fhilologus Hebreeus, 1656 — Fhilologus Hebreeo- Mixtus, 1663 — Fhilologus Hebreeo-Greecus, 1670 — Clavis FLebraica et philologica Vet. Test., 1683 — Compendium Grcecum Nov. Test. 1674 — Compendium Biblicum, 1674. Leuthen, (Zissa,) in Silesia, — Frederick II. defeats Imperialists, 5 Dec. 1757. Leuw, (Leeuw,) Willem van, engraver, — h. at Antwerp, 1600. Leuwenhoek, (Leeuwenhoek,) Anton van, — naturalist, microscopist, — ft. at Delft, 1632 — F.E.S. London, 1680 — correspondent of Acad- emy of Sciences, Paris, 1697 ■ — shows his microscope to Peter the Great at Delft, 1692 — tf. there, 26 Aug. 1723. Arcana natures detecta, 1695-99 — Continuatio, 1697 — Onder- vindingen et Beschouwingen der onsigtbare geschapene Waarheden, 1634 — Anatomia, §c, 1687 — Epistola physiological, §c, 1719. Levaillant, Francois, traveller, naturalist, — ft. in Guiana, 1753 — tf. at Sezanne, 1824. Voyage dans Vinterieur de V Afrique par le Cap de Bonne Esperance, 1790 — Second Voyage, 1795 — FEistoire naturelle d'oiseaux d Afrique, 17 97-1 812 — Histoire naturelle des perroquets, 1 801-5 — Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis, 1803-6. Leval, Jean Francois, general, — ft. at Paris, 17 Apr. 1 76 1 — enters the army, 1779 — General of Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself under Generals Hoche and Jourdain, 1794-6 — as General of Division commands at siege of Philipsburg, 1799 — takes part in campaigns of Moreau on the Ehine, 1 800 — distinguishes him- self at Jena, 1 806 — serves in Peninsular cam- paigns, 1808-12 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1808 — Governor of Saragossa, 1809 — defeats Balesteros at La Guadiana, 1812 — dis- tinguishes himself in campaign of Cbampagne, 18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 1814 — tf., 1834. Levant Company, (Turkey Company,) chartered by Queen Elizabeth, 1581 — confirmed by James L, 1605 — new cbarterby Charles II., 1660 — further regulated bv Acts 26 Geo. II. c. 18, 1753, and 37 Geo. III. c. 84, 19 Jun. 1797. Levasseur, Jean Charles, engraver, — ft. at Abbeville, 1734 — member of Academy of Painting, 1777 — tf. at Paris, i8i6, a 1804^ a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Levasseur, (de la Sarthe,) Rene, — fc. at Mans, 1747 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — ■ secretary, 29 Jun. 1793 — pronounces eloge of Marat, 18 Dec. 1793 — arrested on accusation of Jacobin revolt, 18 Apr. 1795— amnestied, LEVASSOR— LEWIS. 853 Oct. 1795 — member of Univ. of Louvain, 18 19 — tS. at Mans, 18 Sep. 1834. Memoires, 1829. Levassor, Michel, historian, — quits Con- gregation of the Oratory, 1675 — retires to Eng- land, 1697 — tf. there, 17 18. Histoire generate de V Europe sous le regne de Louis XIII., 1700-11. Levavasseur. [Masseville.] Levellers, political party in England, — acquire power, about 1647 — make terms with Cromwell, Nov. 1647 — demand the king's death, Nov. 1648 — Lilburne and others im- prisoned, 27 Mar. 1649 — excite a mutiny at Oxford, which is suppressed by Fairfax, Sep. 1649. Leven, Alexander Lesley, Lord Balgonie, and Earl of, general, — as Field-marshal of Sweden defends Stralsund against Wallenstein, 1628 — receives grant of Barony of Balgonie, 1635. — returns to Scotland and takes part in preparations against Charles L, 1639 — takes possession of Edinburgh Castle, 23 Mar. 1639 — forms his camp on Dunse Law, May 1639 — again takes command of army, Apr. 1640 — seizes Newcastle, Durham, and other towns in England, close of Aug. 1640 — receives Charles I. at Newcastle, and is created Lord Balgonie, Aug. 1 641 — Earl of Leven, n Oct. 1641 — commands Scots auxiliaries in England, 1642 — takes part in battle of Marston Moor, Jul. 1644 — besieges Newark, 1645 — receives Charles I. there, 5 May 1646 — cannonades the Hamilton Engagers from Edinburgh Castle, 1648 a — entertains Cromwell there, Oct. 1648 a — serves as volunteer at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650 — joins in measures for restoration of Charles II., and is imprisoned in the Tower, Sep. 1651 — released on intercession of Queen Christina, and returns to Scotland, 1654 — U. at Balgonie, 4 Apr. 1 66 1. a Carlyle. Leveque, Pierre, — mathematician, — b. at Nantes, 3 Sep. 1746 — Prof. Hydrography, 1772 — Naval Examiner, 1786 — deputy to Legislative body, 1797 — member of Institute, 1 801 — Is., 16 Oct. 1 814. Examen maritime, (translation,) 1782. Leveque, Prosper, Benedictine, — b. at Be- sancon, 17 13 — tS. at Luxeuil, 178 1. Me moire pour servir d Vhistoire du cardinal de Gran- velle, 1753. Leverian Museum,— formed by Sir Ashton Lever, disposed of, by lottery, 178*5. Levesque, Pierre Charles, historian, — b. at Paris, 26 Mar. 1737 — called to Eussia by Catherine II., 1773 — returns and is appointed Prof, at College Eoyal, 1780 — member of In- stitute, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 12 May 1812. His- toire de Russie, 1782-3 — la France sous les cinq premiers Valois, 1787 — Histoire critique de la republique Romaine, 1787. Levi— [B CJ— b., 1756,* i88 9 ?b_birth of Kohath, 1841 b — "0., 1619,* 1752 ? b a Ussier. b Clinton. Levi, David, Hebraist, — b., 1740 — has a controversy with Priestley, 1787 — &., 1799. Rites and Ceremonies of the Jews, 1783 — Lin- gua Sacra, 1789 — Pentateuch in Hebrew and English, 1789. Leviathan. [Great Eastern, steamship.'] Levis, Francois Gaston, Marquis and Duke de, Marshal of France, — b. in Languedoc, 23 Aug. 1720— enters the army, 1735 — serves at capture and defence of Prague, 1741 — atDettingen, 1743 — serves in Provence, 1746 — under Montcalm in Canada, 1756 — suc- ceeds him as Commander-in-chief, 1758 — Lieutenant-general on his return to France, Feb. 1761 — takes title of Marquis, 1762 — commands under Conde at Johanuisberg, 1762 — governor of Artois, 1765 — Marshal of France, 13 Jun. 1783 — Duke, 1784 — ft. at Arras, 1787. Levis, Pierre Marc Gaston, Duke de, — b., 1755 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — emi- grates, 1792 — wounded at Quiberon, comes to England, 1795 — created a Peer by Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — admitted to French Academy, 1 8 14 — is., 1830. Levita. [Elias Levita.] Levizac, Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz de, — quits France, about 1790 — Is. in London, 18 13. Grammaire philosophique et litteraire, 1797 — Dictionnaire francais et anglais, 1808. Levret, Andre, surgeon, — b. at Paris, 1703 — tf. there, 1780. Art des accouchements de'montre par des principles de physique et de me'canique, 1753 — Traite des accouchements la- bor ieux, 1770. Levrier, Antoine Joseph, — b. at Meulan, 1756 — ft. at Morflaur, near Belley, 30 Apr. 1823. Chronologie historique des Comtes de Genevois jusqit a V etablissement de la reforma- tion en 1535, 1787. Lewenhaupt, Adam Ludwig, Count of, general, — b. near Copenhagen, 1659 — Governor of Eiga, 1706 — defeats Bussians at Liesna, 1708 — distinguishes himself at Pultawa, 1709 — signs capitulation of the Borysthenes, 1709— imprisoned in Eussia, 1709-19^— if. there, 17 19. Memoires, 1757. Lewenhaupt, Carl Emilius, Count of, — b., 28 Mar. 1692 — at siege of Frederikshall, 17 18 — Lieutenant-general, 1732 — Marshal of the Diet, 1734 and 1740 — commands army of Fin- land, 1742 — beheaded at Stockholm, 15 Aug. I 743- Lewes, in Sussex,— i^o Mints established at, by Athelstan, between 928-40 a — coinage ceases, probably about 11 60 — Simon de Mont- fort defeats and captures Henry III. and Earl Eichard, 13 May 1264. Mise of, truce con- cluded and the king released, 14 May 1264. Gluniac Monastery, founded by William Lord Warren, 1078. a Rurling. Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, Bart., — statesman, historian, §c, — b. in Eadnorshire, Oct. 1806 — enters Oxford Univ., 1824 — B,A., 1828 — called to the bar at Middle Temple, 1 83 1 — member of Commission on Irish Church, 1 83 1 — Joint-commissioner with Austin in Malta, 1837 — Poor Law Commissioner, 1839 — marries Lady Theresa Lister, 1844 — M.P. Herefordshire, and Secretary to Board of Con- trol, 1847 — IJnder-secretary of State, Home Department, 1848 — Secretary of Treasury, 1850 — loses his seat, 1852 — M.P. Eadnorshire, Feb. 1 855— Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mar. 1 855 »54 LEWIS— LIBEL. to Feb. 1858 — Secretary of State for Home Department, Jun. 1859 — Secretary of State for War, 1 86 1 — tf. in Herefordshire, 13 Apr. 1863. With Tufnell, translation of Miller's History and Antiquities of the Boric Race, 1830 — Origin and Formation of Romance Languages, 1835 — On Local Disturbances in Lreland and the Irish Church Question, 1836 — Influence of Authority in matters of Opinion, 1849 — Trea- tise on the Method of Observation and Reason- ing in Politics, 1852 — editor of Edinburgh Revieiv, 1854-5 — Inquiry into the Credibility of Early Reman History, 1855 — Astronomy of the Ancients, 1861 — Dialogue on Best Form of Government, 1863. Lewis, John, divine and antiquary, — fo. at Bristol, 29 Aug. 1675 — B.A. Oxford, 1697 — M.A. Cambridge, 17 12 — tf. at Margate, 16 Jan. 1746. Apology for Church of England, 1714(F) — History of Wickliffe, 1720 — Wick- liffe's Translation of New Testament, 1731 — Life of Caxton, 1737 — History of Anabaptism, 1738 — Life of Bp Becock, 1744. Lewis, Lady Theresa,— b., 1803— marries Sir G. C. Lewis, 1844 — left a widow, 1863 — if. at Oxford, 9 Nov. 1865. Clarendon and his Contemporaries, 1852 — Journals and Corre- spondence of Miss Berry, 1865. Lewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, drama- tist, $c, — fi. in London, 9 Jul. 1775 — tf. at sea, 14 May 1818. The Monk, 1794 — Castle Spectre, 1798 — Alphonso, King of Castile, 1801 — Timour the Tartar, 1812. Lewis-Merryweather, traveller, — b. in Vir- ginia, 18 Aug. 1774 — serves in the Militia, 1796 — private secretary to Jefferson, 1801 — with Clarke, leads expedition to explore sources of the Missouri, &c, 1803-6 — kills himself, 1809. Lexington, Massachusetts, JJ. S., — engage- ment between British and Americans at, 19 Apr. 1775. Lexington, Tennessee, JJ. S., — taken by Confederates after four days' fighting, 20 Sep. 1 86 1 — Gen. Sullivan defeats Confederates under Gen. Forrest, 1 Jan. 1863. Leybourn, William, mathematician, — tf., about 1690 ? Panarithmologia, 1693 — Cursus Mathematicus, 1690. Leyden, in the Netherlands, [Lugdunum Batavurum,) — unsuccessfully besieged by Span- iards, 31 Oct. 1573 to 3 Oct. 1574— ravaged by pestilence, 1655 — taken by the French, 1793 — partly destroyed by explosion of gun- powder, 12 Jan. 1807. University of, founded by Prince of Orange, 1575. Town-hall, built, 1574. Leyden, Johan van, chief of the Anabaptists of Munster, — b., about 1500 (?) — goes to Munster, 1533 — defends the town against Prince- Bishop of Munster, from close of 1534 — enptured, imprisoned, Jun. 1535 — tortured and executed, Jan. 1536. Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, — b. in Scot- land, 8 Sep. 1775 — studies at Edinburgh, 1790 ■ — goes to Madras, Assistant-surgeon in East India Company's service, 1803 — Commissioner of Court of Requests in Calcutta, 1809— Assay- master at Mint of Calcutta, 18 10 — ft. in Java, 28 Aug. 181 1. Poetical Remains, 18 19 — con- tributes to Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, 1802. Leyden, Lucas van, {Lucas Dammesz,) painter, engraver, — b. at Leyden, 1494— h". there, 1533. Adoration of the Magi, 1513 — Ecce Homo, 15 10 — Return of the Prodigal Son, 1510. Leyden Phial, in Electricity, — devised by Von Eleist or Cunseus, 1745. Leys, Hendrik, Baron, painter, — b. at Ant- werp, 18 Feb. 1 8 15 — studies under Brakeleer, 1830 — first exhibits, at Salon of Antwerp, 1833 — Knt of Leopold, 1840 — admitted to Eoyal Academy of Belgium, 1845 — commander of Order of Leopold, and Officer of Legion of Honour, 1867 — ft. at Antwerp, 26 Aug. 1869. Leyva, (Live,) Antonio, Duke de, general, — b. in Navarre, about 1480 — at battle of Ravenna, 15 12 — repulses Admiral Bonnivet before Milan, and retakes Valencia, 1523 — distinguishes himself at battle of Kebec, 1524 — defends Pavia against Francis I. of France, 1525 — contributes to victory of Pavia, 1525 — drives Francesco Sforza from Marignano, 1527 — takes Casal from the Medici, 1527 — repulses and takes prisoner Count St Pol, and drives the French from the Milanese, 1529 — Generalissimo of league against France, 1532 — follows Charles V. in expedition to Africa, 1535— tf., i53 6 - Lheritier de Brntelle, Charles Louis, bo- tanist, — b. at Paris, 1746 — assassinated there, 16 Apr. 1800. Stirpes nova, 1784 — Cornus, specimen botanicum sisteus, 1788. L'Hopital. [Hopital.] L'Hote, Nestor, draughtsman, — b. at Cologne, 1804 — accompanies Champollion to Egypt, 1828 — sent to Egypt again, 1838 — if., 1842. Lhuillier, — leads attack on the Tuileries, 20 Jun. and 10 Aug. 1792 — President of the Commune, Aug. 1792 — takes part in massacres of Sep. 1792 — summons Convention to dissolve itself, 31 May 1793— is condemned to imprison- ment by Revolutionary Tribunal, and kills him- self in prison, Apr. 1794. Lhuyd, Edward. [Lhwyd.] Liancourt. [Rochefoucauld.] Libanius, rhetorician, sophist, — b. at Antioch, close of 314 s — expelled from Con- stantinople, goes to Nicomedeia, 346 — recalled, about 350 — at Constantinople, 352 a — goes to Antioch, 353 a — living, 391 a — tf., after 395. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Libanon. [Lebanon.] Libavius, Andreas, physician, — Prof. His- tory and Poetry, Jena, 1588 — tf. at Coburg, 161 6. Epistolarum chymic. lib. III., 1595 — Alchymia, 1606. Libel, in English Laiv, — general verdict on trial for, permitted by Act 32 Geo. III. c. 60, 1792 — blasphemous and seditious, publication of, restrained by Act 60 Geo. III., and 1 Geo. IV. c. 8, 30 Dec. 1819 — further provisions against, by Acts 11 LIBERATION— LIBRI-CARRUCCI. Geo. IV., and 1 Wm IV. c. 73, 23 Jul. 1830; 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 76, 13 Aug. 1836 — law amended by Acts 6 and 7 Vic. e. 96, 24 Aug. 1843, and 8 and 9 Vic. c. 75, 31 Jul. 1845. Liberation, War of, in Germany, (18 13,) — secret negotiations between Gen. Diebitsch and Gen. Yorck, 25-30 Dec. 18 12 — convention of Potscherau signed, 30 Dec. — offensive and defensive alliance between King of Prussia and Emperor of Eussia, concluded, at Kaliscb, 28, a b 27 c Feb. 1 81 3 — ratified, 1 Mar. — Berlin entered by Cossacks, 4 Mar. a — accession of Sweden to the League, by Treaty of Verebro, 13 Mar. a — Prussian Landwehr called out, 14 Mar. — declaration of war on Napoleon I. by Prussia, 16 Mar. — Hamburg occupied by Russians, i8, a 24 b Mar. — Prussian Landsturm called out, 19 Mar. — order of Iron Cross instituted by king of Prussia, 19 Mar. — proclamation of Emperor and King to German people, published at Kalisch, 25 Mar. — occupation of Dresden by allies, 26 Mar. — secret convention between Austria and Russia, 29 Mar. — insurrection against French at Ltineburg, 2 Apiv — Witt- genstein defeats French near Mockern, 4, a 5 c Apr. — Halle occupied by allies, 7 Apr. — Saxony refuses to join league against France, 9 Apr. — arrival of Napoleon at Mentz, 17 Apr. — at Erfurt, 25 Apr. — combat of Weissenfels, 1 May — battle of Liitzen, 2 May — entry of Napoleon into Dresden, 8 May — passage of Elbe by French, 1 1 May — battles of Bautzen, 19-21 May — combat of Reichenbach, 22 May —of Haynau, 26 May — recapture of Ham- burg by Vandamme, 30,* 31° May — occupa- tion of Breslau by Gen. Lauriston, 1 Jun. — armistice of Pleswitz, (Poischwitz,) signed, 4 Jun.— armistice violated by French attack on Liitzow, i4, a 17 c Jun. — treaty between Austria and Russia and Prussia, concluded at Reichenbach, 27 Jun. — plan of campaign agreed on, by allies, at Trachenberg, 1 1 Jul. — fruitless Congress of Prague, 1 2 Jul. — armistice ends, ro, b 16 c Aug. — Austria de- clares war on France, 12 Aug. — hostilities resumed, 17 Aug. — advance of Napoleon into Silesia, 20 Aug. — battle ©f Grossbeeren, 23 Aug. — of the Katzbach, 26 Aug. — Napoleon enters Dresden, 26 Aug. — battle of Dresden, 26-27 Aug. — battles of Culm, capture of Van- damme and French corps by Kleist, 29-30 Aug. — combats of Wittenberg and Dennewitz, 5-6 Sep. — Treaties of Toplitz, 9 Sep. — passage of the Elbe by Bliicher, 4-5 Oct. — Napoleon quits Dresden, 7 Oct. — Bavaria joins allies, 8 Oct. — cavalry action between Pahlen and Murat, at Wachau, 14 Oct. — battles of Leipsic, 16-19 Oct. — entrance of allied sovereigns into Leipsic, 19 Oct. — Napoleon defeats Wrede at Hanau, and passes the Rhine, 2o, b 30 ac Oct. — combat of Hochheim, approach of allied armies to the Rhine, 4 Nov. — overthrow of kingdom of Westphalia, Nov. — capitulation of St Cyr to allies, at Dresden, 1 r Nov. — capitulation of Stettin, 21 Nov. — of Dantzic, 29 Nov. — of Torgau, 26 Dec. — Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14. a Alison. b Menzel. c Conv.-Lex. Liberatus, ecclesiastical historian, — fl., 533- 35. Breviarum, after Jan. 5S5>* a Clinton. Liberi, Pietro, painter, — fj. at Padua, 1605 — tf. at Venice, 18 Oct. 1687. Liberia, Republic of, in Africa, — founded by American Colonization Society, 1822 — constitu- tion granted, 1839 — independence declared, 24 Aug. 1847 — recognized by United States, 1861. Liberius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Julius, 22 May 352 — refuses to condemn Athanasius, and is banished by Emperor Constans, 355 — ■ Felix II. elected, 355 — submits at Sirmium and returns to Rome, 358 — Felix retires: re- jects Council of Rimini, 359 — tf., 24 Sep. 366. Libertines, (libertini,) sect of, originates, Libnah,— [B e] — taken by Joshua, 145 1 a — revolts from Jehoram, summer 889 a — besieged by Sennacherib, 7 1 3-7 11, a and Assyrian army destroyed. a Us-sher. Libo, C. Poetilius, Visolus,— [B C]— (1.) Con- ^withM.Fabius Ambustus, (394, a. it. c.) 360. (2.) Tribunus plebis, proposes first law against bribery at Rome, 358 — Consul with M. Valerius Corvus > (408,) 346 — with L. Papirius Cursor, (421,) 333 a — with L. Papirius Mugillanus, (428>) 326 — dictator, cheeks Samnites, 313. a Zumpt. Libo, L. Julius, — [B C] — Consul with M. Atilius Regulus, (487, a. it. c.) 267. Libo, L. Scribonius, — [BC] — (1.) historian, Tribunus plebis, accuses Ser. Sulpicius Galba, about Lusitania, 149. (2.) Tribunus plebis, 56— joins Pompey, 49-48 — with Sext. Pompey in Spain, 44 — conducts- Julia to Antony, 40— negotiates peace between Sext. Pompey and triumvirs, 39 — deserts Pompey, 35 — Consul with Antony, 34. (3.)— [AD]— Consul with T. Statilius Sisenna Taurus, (796, a. u. c.) 16. Libo, M. Annius, — Consul with L. Nonias Asprenas Torquatus, (881, a. tj. c.) 128. Libo, M. Livius Drusus, — [B C] — Consul with L. Calpurnius Piso, (739, a. it. c.) 15. Libo, M. Poetilius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Sulpicius Longus, (440, a. it. c.) 314. Libraries, Free, in England, — Town Coun- cils authorized to establish, by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 65, 14 Aug. 1850 — further provisions, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 70, 30 Jul. 1855. Library, Circulating, — first in London, established by Samuel Fancourt, about 1740-5. Library, Public, — [B C] — at Athens, formed by Peisistratos, about 550-530 ? — taken to Persia by Xerxes, (?) 480 — Apellicon's, carried to Rome by Sulla, 84. At Samos, by Poly- crates, about 530-525. At Alexandria, by Ptolemy Soter, 300-285. [Alexandrian Li- brary.] At Pergamus, by Eumenes, 180-160 — given by Antony to Cleopatra, about 40. At Borne, by Asinius Pollio, (by Caesar ?) about 45 — Octavian, by Augustus, 33— [AD] — Ulpian, by Trajan, 107-115 — added by Diocletian to his Baths, 290-300. [For modern, see separate names of places or Libraries.'] Libri, Girolamo Dai, painter, — b. at Verona, i472, a 1474 b — If. there, 2 Jul. i555, a 1556. 13 Deposition from the Cross, church of Malesine, 1490 — Altarpiece, San Giorgio, Verona, 1526 — Madonna and Saints, Vittoria Nuova, Verona, J 53°* a "Vasari. b Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Libri- Carrucci, Guglielmo, Count, mathe- 8 5 6" LIBURNIO— LIECHTENSTEIN. matician, — ft. at Florence, 2 Jan. 1803 — Prof. Mathematical Physics, Univ. of Pisa, 1823 — visits Paris, 1824 — escapes to France, 1830 — naturalized in France, 2 Jan. 1833 — member of Institute of France, 1833 — judicial report on his inspection of public libraries, 4 Feb. 1848 —escapes to England, May 1848 — convicted of stealing books, 22 Jim. 1850 — returns to Tus- cany, 1868 — tf. at Fiesole, 28 Sep. 1869. Histoire des Sciences Mathematiques en Italic, 1838-41 — Memoires de Mathematiques et de Physique, 1827-9. Liburnio, Niccolo, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Venice, 1474 — tf. there, 22 Sep. 1557. Le Volgari eleganzie, 152 1 — Be copia et rarietate opus, 1522 — le Trefontane soprala grammatica e V eloquenza di Dante, 1.526. Liceti, Fortunio, physician, — ft. in Genoa, 1577 — Prof. Logic, Pisa, about 1600 — Prof. Philosophy, Padua, 1609 — tf. there, 17 May 1657. De monstrorum causis, natura et differ- entiis, 16 16 — De spontaneo viventium ortu, 16 1 8 — De lucernis antiquorum reconditis, 1621. Lichfield, in Staffordshire^ — seat of a bishop- ric, 669 — raised to archbishopric, 785 — arch- bishopric suppressed, 799 — see transferred to Chester, 1078 — to Coventry, 1102 — again seat of bishopric, jointly with Coventry, 11 29 — parliamentary borough, 1305 — Richard II. spends Christmas at, 1397 — constituted a city by charter of Edward VI., 1549 — made a county by itself, by Queen Mary, 1553 — gar- risoned for Charles I., early in 1643 — taken for the Parliament by Lord Broke and Sir John Gell, 2-5 Mar. 1643 — threatened again by Royalists, Mar.— besieged by Prince Rupert, early in Apr. — capitulates, 21 Apr. — Charles I. spends night at, 15 Jun. 1645 — again visited by Charles, 10 Aug. and 2 Oct. 1645 — sur- renders to Gen. Louthian, 10 Jul. 1646 — gives title of Earl to Thomas William Anson, Vis- count Anson, 15 Sep. 1831 — double name of see discontinued by Order in Council, 24 Jan. 1837. Cathedral, rebuilding of, commenced by Bp Clinton, 1148 — damaged in the civil war, 1643 and 165 1 — restored by Bp Hacket, 1662 — again restored, 1861. Lichtenau, Wilhelmina Enke - Rietz, Countess of, — ft. at Potsdam, 1754 — becomes mistress of Prince Frederick William of Prussia, about 1770 — created Countess of Lichtenau, 1795 — tf. at Berlin, 9 Jun. 1820. Memoires, 1808. Lichtenberg, Principality of, in Prussia, — constituted by Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 5 Mar. 1 8 19 — given up by him to Prussia, 15 Aug. 1834. Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, — ft. near Darmstadt, 1 Jul. 1742— studies at Gottingen, 1763 — Prof. Mathematics, 1770 — visits Eng- land, 1774— Prof. Experimental Physics, Got- tingen, 1777 — tf. there, 24 Feb. 1799. Drklti- rvng der Hogarthischen Kupferstiche, 1794, 1807. Lichtwer, Magnus Gottfried, fabulist,— -ft. at Wurzen, 17 19 — M.A., Leipsic, 1743 — if. at Halberstadt, Jul. 1783. Pabcln, 1748. Licinian Laws, — [B C] — at Rome, agitation commences, 375 — Decemviri appointed, 366 — Plebeian consuls, 365. Licinio, Gio. Antonio. [Pordenone.] Licinius, Flavius Valerius, — ft., 315 — ap- pointed Ceesar, 1 Mar. 317 — Consul with Con- stantine the Great, (1072, A. u. c.) 319 — put to death by Constantine, 323. Licinius, Publius Flavius Galerius Vale- rius Licinianus, Roman Emperor, — made Augustus by Galerius, (3 Id. Nov.) n Nov. 307 — arranges boundary of empires with Maxi- min, 311 — marries Constantia, early in 313— defeats Maximin near Heraclea, (prid. Ral. May) 30 Apr. 313 — Avar with Constantine be- gins, 314 a — defeated by Constantine at Ha- drianople, 3 Jul. 323 — again defeated at Chal- cedon, 18 Sep. 323 — put to death by Constan- tine, 324. a Clinton. Licinius. [See Calvus, Crassus, and Lu- cullus.] Licinus, — [BC] — Governor of Gaul, by Au- gustus, 15. Licinus, Clodius, annalist, — [B C] — {{., after 100. Licinus, L. Forcius, — [BC] — Con sul with P. Claudius Pulcher, (570, a. u. c.) 184. Licinus, M. Fabius, — [BC]— Consul with M. Otacilius Crassus, (508, a. it. c.) 246. Liebau, Treaty of — annulling feudal sub- jection of Duchy of Prussia to Sweden, con- cluded, 10 Nov. 1656. Liebe, Christian Sigismund, numismatist, —ft. in Misnia, 1687 — tf., 1736. Roma Baby- lon ex nummis, 17 14 — Gotha nummaria, 1730. Lieberkuhn, Johann Nathaniel, anatomist, — ft. at Berlin, 171 1 — M.D.; Leyden, 1739 — F.R.S., London, 1740 — settles at Berlin, 1740 — tf. at Berlin, 7 Dec. 1756. Works, 1782. Liebknecht, Johann Georg, antiquary, mathematician, — ft. in Hesse, 1680 — Prof. Mathematics, Giessen, 1710-29 — if. there, 17 Sep. 1729. Liechtenstein, Principality of, — constituted by union of lordships of Waduz and Schellen- berg, 17 19. Liechtenstein, Aloys Gonzago Joseph, Prince von, general,— ft., 1 Apr. 1780 — dis- tinguishes himself at Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — in campaigns of France, 18 14- 15 — tf. at Prague, 4 Nov. 1833. Liechtenstein, Johann Joseph, Prince von, general, — ft. at Vienna, 26 Jun. 1760 — distin- guishes himself under Coburg in the Nether- lands, 1793 — Major-general, Jun. 1794 — F'ield- marshal-lieutenant, 1796 — passes to army of Italy, 1799 — taken prisoner by French at IJlm, 1805 — takes part in Treaty of Presburg, Dec. — - Commander of Tipper and Lower Austria, 1806 — wounded at Toun, 19 Apr. 1809 — distin- guishes himself at Aspern and Essling, May — at Wagram, 6 Jul. — obtains armistice of Na- poleon, 11 Jul. — co-director of National Bank of Germany, 18 16 — tf. at Vienna, Apr. 1836. Liechtenstein, Joseph Weneeslaus, Prince von, field-marshal, — ft. at Vienna, 10 Aug. 1696 — enters the army, 17 14 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 1733-4 — ambassador to FVance, 1738-41 — as Field-marshal obtains victory of Placentia, 20 Jun. 1746 — conducts LIEGE— LIGNE. 857 election of King of the Romans, 1764— ft., Di- rector-general of Artillery, at Vienna, 9 Feb. 1772. Liege, Liittich, in Belgium, — seat of a bishopric, about 712 or 720— devastated by Northmen, 882 a — the Emperor Henry IV. takes refuge at, 1106 — meeting of Pope Innocent II., St Bernard, and King Lothaire, at, 22-29 Mar. 1131 — burnt, 1143 — the Crusade preached at, by St Bernard, 1 147 — again burnt, 1 1 85 — seized and pillaged by Henry, Duke of Brabant, 121 3— placed under interdict by Cardi- nal Otho, 1229— contests between city and the bishops, 1 255, 1 302, 1316,1 346, 1 393, and 1403, — revolts against the Bp, Louis, de Bourbon, 1465— taken by Charles the Bold and given up to military execution, 14, a 30 b Oct. 1468 — again revolts, 1482 and 1484 — besieged and taken by Bp Ernest of Bavaria, 1649— revolt suppressed by French, 1684— bombarded by Marshal de Boufners, 4-9 Jun. 1691 — occupied by the French, 1701 — captured by Marl- borough, 23 Oct. 1702 — occupied by French and evacuated, 1705 — the bishop expelled, and reestablished by Austrians, 1789 — annexed to France, Jul. 1794 — forms part of kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 15 — of Belgium, 1831. University of, founded, 1816 — reorganized, 1835. Cathedral, completed, 1557. Academy of Fine Arts, established, 18 19. Councils of , held before Lothaire, king of Germany, for re- establishment of Otto, Bp of Halberstadt, 29 Mar. 1,1 3 1 — for deposition of Thierry, Bp of Munster, and Bruno, Bp of Osnabriick, as ac- complices in murder of St Engelbert, Feb. 1226. a Encyc. Mod. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Liegnitz, in Silesia, — seat of a principality, from 1 1 64 — Batou Khan defeats Duke Henry of Silesia and the Christian allies near, 9 Apr. 1 241 — the Saxons under Arnheim defeat Col- loredo, 1634 — occupied by Prussians, 1740 — Frederick II. defeats Laudon at, 16 Aug. 1760 — gives title of Princess to Countess Augusta von Harrach, 1824 — the castle partly burnt, 1835. Academy, founded by Emperor Joseph I., 1708 — reorganized, 18 10. Lierre, Joseph van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, about 1530 — fo. at Zwindrecht, about 1583. Liesborn, Meister von, painter, — paints the Crucifixion, Abbey of Liesborn, about 1465. The picture sold and cut to pieces, 1807 — por- tions of it acquired for National Gallery, 1854. Liesna, {Lcsno,) — Peter the Great defeats Gen. Levenhaupt at, 28 Sep. 1708. Lieutaud, Joseph, physician— _ -ft. at Aix, 1704 — received at Academy of Sciences, 1752 — physician to royal family, 1755 — first phy- sician to the king, 1774 — tf. at Versailles, 6 Dec. 1780. Synopsis universce praxeos me- dicce, 1765-70 — Ristoria anatomico-medica, 1767. Lieutenant, military grade, — introduced in France, 1444 — powers of, defined by or- dinance of 1558 — general, grade introduced between 1630-40 — de Hoi, office of, superseded, 1 79 1— reintroduced, 1814 — suppressed, 1828. Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, in France, — temporary dignity conferred on Duke of Guise, 1558 and 1560 — on Prince of Conde, 1563 — on Duke of Anjou, 1567 — on Duke of Mayenne, 1589 — on Duke of Orleans, 1643 — on Count of Artois, 14 Apr. 1814 — on Louis Philippe, Jul. 1830. Lieven, Johann Heinrich, Count von, ge- neral, statesman, — h. in Livonia, 1670 — enters service of Charles XII., and serves at battle of Narva, 1700 — distinguishes himself at Pul- tawa, 1709— senator, 1719—13., i7i9, a 1733. b a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lievens, {Livens, Lywyns,) Jan, painter, engraver, — ft. at Leyden, 1607 — goes to Eng- land, 1630-41. Lifeboat, — patented by Lukin, 1785 — by Greathead, 1789 — Wilson's, 1807— prize for new, offered by Duke of Northumberland, 1 850 — awarded to Beeching, 1851— Peake's, designed, before 1857. Lnstitution,JS r ational,mcov\)Oi-3Ltcd, 1824. Life-Guards. [Guards.] Ligarius, Q.,— [BC] — legatus to C. Con- sidius Longus, in Africa, 50— serves under Varus, 49 — taken prisoner after defeat at Thapsus, and banished, 46 — defended by Cicero, and pardoned by Caesar, late in 46 — joins con- spirators, 44 — put to death by triumvirs, 43. Lightfoot, John, theologian, — b. at Stoke, Stalfordshire, Mar. 1602 — enters Cambridge University, 161 7 — assists at Assembly of Di- vines, 1643 — Master of Catherine Hall, Cam- bridge, 1643 — rector of Great Munden, Hert- fordshire, 1644 — D.D., 1652 — Vice-chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1655— ft. Canon of Ely, 6 Dec. 1675. Frubhim, 1627 — FLorce FCebraiccz et Talmudiae, 1648. Lightfoot, John, botanist, — ft. in Gloucester- shire, Dec. 1735 — M.A. Oxford, 1766 — fc. at Ux bridge, Feb. 1788. Flora Scotica, 1775. Lighthouses — [Pharos] — erected at mouth of the Gironde, {Tour de Corduan,) 1584-1611 — [Bell Rock, Eddystone, &c] -— on coast of England, vested in Trinity House, and other provisions respecting, by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 79, 13 Aug. 1836 — further regulated by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 27, ss. 77, 78, 11 May 1847, and 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, part VI., ss. 389- 416, 10 Aug. 1854 — provisions respecting colo- nial, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 91, 14 Aug. Lightning, — identified with electricity by Franklin, and conductor suggested by him, i749, a 1752 b — first used in England, 1762 — Harris's, for ships, invented, 1821. a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. Lignamine, Giovanni Filippo, printer, — ■ settles at Eome, about 1469— U., probably 1482 ? Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de, field- marshal, — b. at Brussels, i2, a 29 b May 1735 — enters the army, 1752 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — Lieutenant- general, 177 1 — distinguishes himself in cam- paign of 1778 — ambassador to Catherine II., 1782 — General of Artillery, 1788 — assists at siege of Oczakov, 1788 — at taking of Bel- grade, 1789 — Field-marshal, 1808 — if. at Vi- enna, 13 Dec. 1814. Works, 1807 — Fosthum- ous Works, 1 8 17. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. i b Conv.-Lex. 8« LIGNIVILLE— LILY. Ligniville, Philippe Emmanuel, Count de, general, — ft. at Houecourt, 1611 — distinguishes himself at battle .of Nordlingen, 1634 — in campaign of 1641 — wounded at battle of Be- thel, 1650 — serves under Turenne in the Netherlands, 1656-8 — enters service of Ba- varia, 1559 — envoy to Diet of Ratisbon, 1663 — governor to Prince Charles, 1664 — Field- marshal Lieutenant, serves against Turks, 1664 — ft. at Vienna, 26 Oct. Ligniville, Rene Charles Elisabeth, Count, general, — ft., 1757 — enters the army, 177 1 — assists at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — Marechalde Camp, 1792 — charged with defence of Mont- medi, 1792 — General of Division, imprisoned, 1793 — returns to France, 1800 — Baron of the Empire, 1 809 — ft. in Lorraine, Commander of Legion of Honour, 15 Sep. 18 13. Ligny, in France, — taken by Imperialists, 1544 — Napoleon repulses Blucher, 16 Jun. 1815. Ligonier, John, Earl, field-marshal, — ft., 1678 ? 1687? — volunteer at storming of Liege, 1702 — serves at Blenheim, 1703 — at attack on Vigo, 1719 — Knt Banneret, at Det- tingen,i743— Commander-in-chief in Flanders, distinguishes himself at Raucoux, 1746 — dis- tinguishes himself at Laffeldt, and is taken prisoner, 1747 — M.P. Bath, 1748 — Lieutenant- general of the Ordnance, 1748 — Governor of Plymouth, 1752 — Visct Ligonier, of Ennis- killen, 21 Dec. 1757 — Commander-in-chief, 1757 — Baron Ligonier of Ripley, 1763 — Earl, 10 Sep. 1766 — tf., 1770. Ligorio, Pirro, architect, antiquary, — ft. at Naples, about 1530 a — succeeds Michael An- gelo as architect of the Vatican and of St Peter's, 1564 — enters service of Duke of Fer- rara, 1568 — a", at Ferrara, 1583^ i58o. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Ligozzi, Jacopo, painter, — ft. at Verona, 1543 — tf. at Florence, 1627. Liguori, Alfonso Maria de, founder of Order of Liguorians, — ft. at Naples, 26 Sep. 1696 — ordained priest, 1725 — Bp of Santa Agatha, 1762 — resigns, 1775 — fc. at Nocera de' Pagani, 1 Aug. 1787 — beatified by Pius VII., 1816 — canonized, 1839 — title of Doctor of the Church conferred on him by Pius IX., Apr. 1871. Theologia moralis, 1755. Liguorians, {Eedemptorists,) Order of, — founded by Liguori, 1732 — approved by Bene- dict XIV., 1759. Ligurian Republic, — established at Genoa, Jun. 1797 — united with French Empire, 4 Jun. 1805 — unsuccessful attempt to reestablish, 3-12 Apr. 1849. Ligurians, — [BC] — at war with Rome, 238 — surprise Q. Marcius Philippus, 186 — many of them transferred to Samnium, 180— defeat and kill Petillius, 176 — defeated by Popillius, *73- Ligus, P. iElius, — [B C] — Consul of Rome •with C. Popillius Laenas, (first plebeian with plebeian,) (582, a. u. c.) 172. Lilac, — brought to Europe by Busbecq, ;about 1550-60. Lilburn, Robert, — as Colonel in Parliament- ary army defeats Sir Richard Tempest in Lan- cashire, Jun. 1648 — receives thanks of par- liament and £1000, Jul. 1648— routs Earl of Derby at Wigan, Aug. 1 651— deputy Major- general, Aug. 1655. Lilburne, John, — ft. at Durham, 161 8 — condemned to pillory, fined, and imprisoned by Court of Star Chamber, for circulating writings of Prynne and Bastwick, 1636 — released, Nov. 1640 — serves in Parliamentary army at Edge- hill, Oct. 1642 — taken prisoner at Brentford, Nov. 1642 — Major, 1643— at battle of Marston Moor, 1644 — Lieutenant-colonel, about 1645 — imprisoned, Aug. 1645— visited in the Tower by Cromwell, 1647— banished for life by Act of Parliament, 1652 — returns, is tried and ac- quitted, 1653 — sent to Jersey by Cromwell, 1653 — ts. at Eltham, Kent, 29 Aug. 1657. England's New Chains discovered, 1649. L'lle-Adam. [Villiers.] Lilieblad, Gustav, orientalist, — ft., 165 1 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Upsala, 1681 — tf., censor of books, librarian of the Court, 17 10. Epistola de Karaitis Lithuanice, 1691. Lilienthal, Michael, philologist, — ft. in Prussia, 1686— tr., 1750. Editor of the Er- leutcrte ^ Erussien, 1 7 24- 8 — De Machiavelismo litter ario, 17 13. Liliestroem, Johann, diplomatist, — ft. in Sweden, about 1580 — concludes truce with Poland, 1635—I3., 1657. Translation of Euclid, 1617. Lilio, Luigi, {Aloysius Lilias,) mathema- tician, — assists in reformation of the calendar, 1575— "0-, i57 6 - Lille, {Lisle,) in France, {Eyssel,) (Isla, Cas- trum Illense, Lilla, Insula,)— castle mentioned, 863 — enlarged and fortified by Baldwin IV., Count of Flanders, 1030,'^ 1007 a — taken by Emperor Henry III., 1054,^ 1047 c — S oon retaken and restored by Baldwin V. : taken by Philip Augustus, 121 3— revolts and is retaken by Philip, 12 13/* 1214 b— taken after eleven weeks' siege by Philip the Fair, Sep. 1297— recovered by Count John of Namur, 1302 retaken by Philip the Fair, 1303— unsuccess- fully attacked by Robert, Count of Flanders 1 3 14 — restored to Flanders by Charles V. on marriage of Count Louis de Male with Mar- garet of Flanders, 1369 — burnt, 1382 — passes to House of Austria, 1476— subject to Spain, 1496 — taken by Louis XIV., 27 Aug. 1667 fortified by Vauban, 1667-72 — taken by allies, 23 Oct. 1708 — capitulation of the citadel, 7' Dec. — ceded to France by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 1 3— enlarged, 1786 — bombarded by Aus- trians, 25 Sep. to 6 Oct. 1792. Toivn Hall, built by John Sans Peur as palace of Dukes of Burgundy, 141 o, 1430. a a Encyc. Mod. b Engl. Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Lillo, George, dramatist,— $. in London 1693— U., 1739. Sylvia, 1731— George Earn- well, 1731 — Fatal Curiosity, 1737 — Arden of Feversham, 1762. Lilly. [Lyly.] Lily. [Lyly.] Lily, {Lilly,) William, schoolmaster,—^, in Hampshire, about 1466— enters Oxford Univ., LILY— LINACRE. *59 i486 — first master of St Paul's School, 15 10 — ts. in London, Feb. 1523. Brevissima In- stitution [Lily's Grammar^) 15 13. Lily, {Lilly,) William, astrologer, — 1». in Leicestershire, 1 May 1602 — goes to London, 1620 — begins study of astrology, 1632 — con- sulted by the parliament, 1648 — tf. atHersham, 9 Jun. 1 68 1. Merlinus Anglicus, Junior, 1644 — Starry Messenger, 1645. Lilybaeum, in Sicily, — [BC] — unsuccessfully besieged by Pyrrhus, 276 — besieged by 0. Atilius Eegulus and L. Manlius Vulso, 250 — surrenders, (6 Id. Mar.) 11 Mar. 241. Lima, capital of Fern, — founded by Pizarro, 1535 — suffers from earthquakes, 1582, 1586, 1609, 1630, 1655, 1678, 1687, 1690, 1697, 1699, 1716, 1725, 1732, 1734, 1745, 1746, 1764, 1828— entered by San Martin, 12 Jul. 1821 — earthquakes at, 1822 and 1828 — cap- tured by revolutionists, 6 Nov. 1865. Uni- versity of, founded, 157 1. Liman, LudwigTheodor,ar^?Yec£, traveller, — fe. at Berlin, 18 Nov. 1788 — studies at Paris, 181 1 — in Italy, 18 14- 19 — Prof, at Academy of Architecture, Berlin, 18 19 — accompanies expe- dition to Egypt, 1820 — ft. at Alexandria, 11 Dec. 1820. Limborch, Philip van, theologian, — b. at Amsterdam, 19 Jun. 1633 — studies at Utrecht, 1652-4 — piistor at Gouda, 1657 — at Amster- dam, 1668— Prof. Theology, Coll. of Remon- strants, 1669 — ft. at Amsterdam, 30 Apr. 17 12. Prcestantiitm ac Eruditorum Virorum Epistolcc, 1660 — Theologia Christiana, 1686 — Mistoria Inquisitionis, 1692. Limburg, County and Duchy of, in the Netherlands, — territory falls to Luchvig the German, by partition with Charles the Bald, 870 — forms a County, from about 1060 — Henry II. takes title of Duke, before 1170 — sold by Count Adolph to John Duke of Brabant, about 1283 — secured to him by defeat and death of his rival the Count of Luxemburg, at Woeringen, 5 Jun. 1288 "—passes to House of Burgundy, 1427 a — forms one of the United Provinces, 1648 — occupied by the French, 1675-9 — again, 1700 — recovered by Austrians, 1702 — subject to France, 1795 — confirmed to France by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — forms part of kingdom of the Netherlands, 18 14 — divided between Holland and Belgium, by treaty of 15 Nov. 183 1 — the Dutch portion incorporated with Germanic Confederation, by Act of the Diet, 5 Sep. 1839. 13 a Encyc. Mod. b Encyc. des Gens du Monde. Limburg, {city,) in Belgium., — seized by the Dutch, 8 ^ep. 1632 — lost by them, 1636 — out- works of, destroyed by the French, 1675 — cap- tured by Marlborough, 1702. Limburg, {on the Lahn,) in Nassau, — French detachment defeated by Prussians at, Nov. 1792 — Austrians driven out by French, Jun. 1796 — Jourdan defeated by Archduke Charles, 16 Jun. 1796 — taken by Austrians, 16 Sep. 1796. Chronicle, written by Johaun Gensbein, 1336-1402. Lime Light. [Drummond.] Limerick, in Ireland, — attacked by Danes, 812 — taken by them, about 850 — made tribut- ary to kings of Munster, about 1000 — con- quered by Henry II., 11 74— visited by King John, the castle built and a mint established, 1210 — suburbs burnt by Edward Bruce, 13 14 — rendezvous for his Irish allies, winter 13 16 — seized by Catholics and made head-quarters of their Council, 1641— surrenders to Gen. Ireton, 165 1— see of, united with Ardfert and Aghadoe, 1667 — declares for James II., 1688 — unsuccessfully besieged by "William III., 8 -30 Aug. 1690 — Sarsfield surprises English artillery near, Aug. 1690 — besieged by Gen. Ginkell, 25 Aug. 1691 — surrenders on con- clusion of treaty, 3 Oct. 1691 — castle de- molished, 1697 — insurrection at, May 1798 — special commission for trial of Fenians at, 1 1 -19 Jun. 1867. Cathedral, founded, n 80 — rebuilt, 1490. Treaty of, concluded with Irish by Gen. Ginkell, 3 Oct. 1 691— discussed in parliament, Nov. to Dec. 1 691— explained by Act of Irish parliament, 1695. Limited Liability, of Joint-Stock Companies, in England, — provided for, by Act 18 and 19 Vict. c. 133, 14 Aug. 1855 — amended by Act 19 and 20 Vict. c. 47, 14 Jul. 1856. [Joint- Stock Companies.] Limnae,in Greece, — [B C] — colony of Miletus, about 750. Limnaeus, Johann, historian, publicist, — ft. at Jena, 9 Jan. 1592 — ij., 13 May 1665. Be jure publico imperii Romano-Germanici, 1629. Limoges, in France, {Augustoritum, Le- movices, Limodia,) — seat of a bishopric, before 310" — taken by Visigoths, about 419 — by Franks, under Olovis, 507 — revolts, 579 — sub- mits to Pepin, 766 — burnt by Northmen, 836 — head of a County, 837 — takenfromthe English by Bertram! du Guesclin, 1370— captured by the Black Prince, and the inhabitants massacred, Oct. 1370. Councils of, held, 848, 1029, 18 Nov. 1 03 1, and Lent 1182. [Limousin.] Enamels of, celebrated before 1400. a Zedler. Limours, in France — lordship of, reunited to the crown, 1538 — given to Duchess of Etampes, by Francis I., 1545 — chateau built, about 1550 — erected into a County, 1606. Treaty of, between Duke of Amville and Le Tellier, com- missioners for Louis XIV., and Gaston of Orleans, signed, 28 Oct. 1652. Limousin, province of France, — taken from Visigoths by Clovis, 507 — taken from Dukes of Aquitaine by Pepin the Short, 766 — as part of Duchy of Guienne passes to Henry II. of England, 1 152 — passes by marriage to Dukes of Brittany, 1275 — ceded to England by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — passes to Counts of Albret, 1470 — united to crown by Henry IV., 1607. Lin, Hans van, painter, — fl. in Holland, about 1650. Linacre, {Lynacer,) Thomas, physician, — b. at Canterbury, about 1460 — Fellow of All Souls' Coll., Oxford, 1484— founds Coll. of Phy- sicians, 15 1 8 — Pres. of the Coll., 1518-24 — prebendary of York, 15 18 — tf., 20 Oct. 1524. Translation of Galen's Be Sanitate tuenda, 15 1 7 — Methodus Medendi, 15 19 — Be Tempera- S6o LINCOLN— LINDSAY. mentis, 152 1 — Be emendata struct ura Latini sermonis lib. VI, 1524. Lincoln, (Lindum Colonia,) — recovered from the Danes by Edmund, 957 — seat of a bishop- ric, transferred from Dorchester, 1078,* 1073 b — castle built by William I., about 1086 —the foss- dyke constructed, about 1100-30 — the castle surrendered to Stephen, summer 11 38 — Ealph de Gernon besieged by Stephen, 1141 — Stephen defeated and captured near, by Kalph and Robert of Gloucester, 2 Feb. 1141 — Henry II. crowned at, 1155° (?) — earthquake at, 11 85 — captured by King John, 22 Sep. 1216 — David of Scotland does homage to King John at, 22 Nov. 1 200 a — besieged by the dauphin Louis and the barons, spring 12 17 — the barons de- feated by Earl of Pembroke near, and the city plundered, (Fair of Lincoln,) 20 May 1217 — parliaments held at, 1301, 1305, 1314-15, 1326 — incorporated, 131 3 — made a staple for wool, 1352 — visited by Richard II., 1386— by Henry VI., 1446 — by Henry VII., 1485 — Catholic rising at, 1533 — visited by Charles L, Jul. 1642 — plot to deliver city to Royalists dis- covered, Jul. 1643 — occupied by Royalists, 1643 — stormed by Earl of Manchester, 5 May 1644 — visited by William III., Nov. 1695 d — made a county of itself, 1716. Cathedral, com- menced, about 1073 — completed, 1092 — partly burnt, 1 1 24 — occupied as fortress by Stephen, 1 141 — rent ' a sumtna deorsum ' by earthquake, 15 Apr. 1 1 85 — enlarged by St Hugh, 11 86- 1200 — additions, 1235- 1347 — western towers completed, 1450 — converted into barracks by Cromwell's troops, 1644 — restoration com- menced, about 1862. Great Tom of, cast, 1610 — broken up and recast, 1834-5. a Annals of England. b King. c Speed. d Macaulay. Lincoln, Abraham, President of United States— b. in Kentucky, 1809 — member of legislature of Illinois, 1834 — Advocate at Springfield, 1837 — member of Congress, 1847 — unsuccessful candidate for Vice-Presidency, 1856 — elected President, Nov. i860 — [Con- federate States 1 — reelected, 1864 — assassin- ated by Wilkes Booth, at Washington, 14 Apr. 1865. Lincoln, Benjamin, general, — ft. at Hing- ham, Massachusetts, IT. S., 1733 — distinguishes himself at second battle near Stillwater, U. S., 7 Oct. 1777 — wounded while reconnoitring, 8 Oct. — takes command of southern army, Dec. 1778 — marches toward Augusta, Apr. 1779 — unsuccessfully attempts to relieve Charleston, Juu. — takes part in attack of Savannah, 4 Oct. — conducts defence of Charleston against the British, Mar. 1780 — capitulates to Sir H. Clin- ton, 12 May 1780 — a", at Hingham, Massa- chusetts, 1 8 10. Lincoln, Henry, Earl of. [Lancaster, Earl and Duke of, and Newcastle, Duke of.] Lincoln. John de la Pole, Earl of,— created Earl, 1467 — named heir to the throne on death of Edward Prince of Wales, and appointed Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1484 — in support of Lambert Simnel, enters England with Lord Lovel, 1487— defeated and killed at Stoke, 16 Jun. 1487. Lincoln College, Oxford, — founded by Bp Fleming, 1427. Lincoln's Inn, London, — becomes Inn of Court, soon after 13 10. Lincolnshire, — insurrection of Lancastrians in, suppressed by Edward IV., 1470 — insurrec- tion occasioned by suppression of monasteries, Sep. 1536 — suppressed, Oct. 1536. Lindanns, Willem Damasus, theologian,— fc. at Dort, 1525 — D.D. Louvain, 1552," 1556 b — Prof. Holy Scripture, Dillingen, 1552-5 — Bp of Ruremonde, 1562 — of Ghent, 1588 — tf., 4 Nov. 1588. Be optimo genere interpretancli Scripturas, 1558 — Fanoplia evangelica, 1563. a Biog. Univ. b Rees' Cyc. Lindblom, Axel, Abp of Upsala — ft. in Sweden, 27 Jul. 1746 — enters Univ. of Upsala, 1763 — Bp of Linkoeping, 1786 — D.D., 1793 — Abp of Upsala, 1 Mar. 1805 — receives Berna- dotte's profession of Lutheranism at Elsinore, 1 8 10 — crowns Bernadotte, (Charles John,) 181 8 — tf. at Upsala, 15 Feb. 1819. Linde, Samuel Bogumil, lexicographer, — fc. at Thorn, Poland, 177 1 — studies at Leipsic, 1789 — Prof. Polish Language and Literature, 1792 — Rector of Lyceum, Librarian of Univ., Warsaw, 1803 — tf. there, 8 Aug. 1847. Slow- nik Jezyka Folskiego, 1807-14. Linden, Jan Antonid van der, physician, — ft. at Enckhuysen, 13 Jan. 1609 — Prof. Medi- cine, &c, Franeker, 1639 — Librarian, 1648 — Prof. Medicine, Leyden, 1651 — ti. there, 5 Mar. 1664. L)e script is medicis, 1637 — Medi- cina physiologica, $•. at Frank- fort, 1625 — tf. at Amsterdam, 1687. Linghiera, in Sardinia,— the Genoese, under Antonio Grimaldi, defeated by allied fleets of Venetians and Catalans, 29 Aug. 1353. Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Rheims, 1736 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1780-2 — retires to Brussels, 1787 — executed at Paris, 1794. Annales politiques, civiles, et militaires du 18 e siecle, 1777-92 — Memoir es sur la Bastille, 1783. Link, Heinrich Friedrich, naturalist, — b. at Hildesheim, 2 Feb. 1769 — studies at Gottingen, 1786— M.D., 1789— Prof. Natural History, Chemistry, and Botany, Rostock, 1792 — Prof. Chemistry and Botany, Breslau, 181 1 — Prof. Botany, Director of Botanic Garden, Berlin, 18 15-5 1 — tf. there, 1 Jan. 1851. Element a philosophice botanica, 1824 — Anatomisch- botanischen Abbildungen, 1839-42 — Anatomie der Pflanzen, 1843-7 — Jahresberichte iiber die Arbeiten fur physiologische Botanih, 1842-6 — Hortus regius botanicus Berolinensis, 1827-33 — Die Urwelt tend das Alterthum erldutert durch die JSfaturkunde, 1820-2. Linley, Thomas, musical composer, — acci- dentally drowned at Grimsthorpe, Aug. 1788. Linley, Thomas, a (John, h ) musical composer, — b. at AVells, about 1725 — li. in London, 1795. a Engl. Cyc. b Kees' Cyc. Linlithgow, in Scotland, — founded by David I., 1124-53 — Edward I. spends Christmas at, 1300 — Earl of Angus defeats Earl of Lennox near, 1526 — assassination of Regent Murray at, Jan. 1570 — burning of Solemn League and Covenant at, 1662 — royal palace of, burnt by troops of Gen. Hawley, 1746. Linnaean Society, of London, — founded by Smith, 1788 — incorporated, 1802. Linnaeus, (Von Linne,) Carl, botanist, — b. at Rashult in Sweden, May 1707 — studies at Lund Univ., 1727 — at Upsala, 1728 — travels in Lapland, May to Oct. 1732 — M.D., Harderwyk, Jun. 1735 — in service of George Cliffort at Hartecamp, 1735-8 — visits England, 1736 — Prof. Botany, Stockholm, 1738 — Physician to the King, Pres. of Academy of Sciences, 1739 — Prof. Medicine, Upsala, 1740 — Prof. Botany, 1741-78 — Archiater, 1746 — Knt of the Polar Star, 1753 — ennobled, 1757 — tf. at Upsala, 10 Jan. 1778. Sy sterna Natures, 1735 — Funda- menta Botanica, 1736 — Bibliotheca Botanica, 1736 — Flora laponica, 1737 — Classes Planta- rum, 1738 — Critica Botanica, 1737 — Philoso- phia Botanica, 1751 — Fauna Succica, 1746 — Hortus Cliffortianus, 1737. Linnaeus, Carl von, botanist, — b. at Fahlun, Sweden, 20 Jan. 1741 — demonstrator at Botan- ical Garden of Upsala, 1759— Prof. Botany, 1763 — visits London and Paris, 1781 — tf. at Upsala, 1 Nov. 1783. Plantarum rariarum horti Upsaliensis decades duce, 1762-3 — Supple- mentum plantarum systematis vcgetabilium, 178 1 — Lissertationes botanicce, 1790. Linocier, Geoffroi, naturalist, — b. at Tour- non, about 1550 — tf-, about 1620? Histoire des plantes, 1584. 86i LINSCHOOTEN— LISIEUX. Linschooten, Adrian van, painter,— ft. at Delft, 1590 — if. at the Hague, 1679? Linschoten, Jan Hugo van, traveller, — ft. at Haarlem, 1563 — goes to India, 1583-9 — tf. at Enckhuysen, 1633. Itinerary . . . to Portu- guese East Indies, 1596. Lint, Peter van, painter, — ft., 1609. Linwood, Miss,— ft. at Birmingham, 1755 — opens her exhibition in London, 1798 — ti., 2 Mar. 1845. Linz, (Zintz,) in Austria, — purchased by- Leopold II. margrave of Austria, 1036 a— as part of County of Kyrnberg passes to Leopold VI. of Austria, 1 140 b — unsuccessfully attacked by peasants under Fahdinger, 1626 — conquered by Bavarians, 1741 — partly burnt, 1800 — re- pulse of Austrians by troops of Wiirtemberg and Saxony, 17 May 1809 — fortifications strengthened, 1850. Cathedral built, 1670. a Encye. Brit. b Conv.-Lex. Liofa, — assassinates King Edmund, at Puck- lechurch, Gloucestershire, 26 May 946. Lion, Belgian, Order of the,— founded by William L, 20 Sep. 18 15. Lion of Zahringen, Order of the, in Baden, — founded by Grand Duke Charles, 181 2. Lion and the Sun, Order of the, in Persia, — founded as Order of the Sun, by Feth Ali Shah, 1808. Lionel. TClarence, Duke of.] Lionne, Hugues de, statesman, — ft. at Gre- noble, 161 1 — secretary to the Regent, 1646 — ambassador to Rome, 1655 — to Spain, 1658 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1661 — concludes Treaty of Breda, 1667 — of Aix-la-Chapelle 1668 — ti. at Paris, 167 1. Memoir es au roi intercepted en 1667, 1668. Liotard, Jean Etienne, painter, — fj. at Ge- neva, 1702 — at Constantinople, 1738-42 — ti. at Geneva, about 1776. Lipari, (Zipara,) in the Mediterranean, (JEolia? Insulce, Hephestiades, Ziparenses,) — [B C] — founded by Cnidians and Rhodians under Pentathlus, 627, a [630^] 579 c — by Cnidians, (01. 50, 1,) 580-79 d — ravaged by Agathocles, between 300-289 e — taken by Carthaginians, 264 — by Romans, 25 1 — [A D]— taken by Robert, king of Naples, 1339 f — by Khair Eddin Bar- barossa, 1544 — explored by Spallanzani, 1788. a Euseb. b Hieron. c Diod. d Miiller. e Grote. f Art de Verifier les Dates. Lipenius, Martin, bibliographer, — ft. in Brandenburg, 1630 — ti. at Lubeck, 1692. Bibliotheca realis theologica, 1685 — Juridica, 1679 — Philosophica, i6Sz—Medica, 1679. Lippe, in Germany, — head of a princi- pality, about 1 1 29— on death of Count Simon VI. divided for his sons into three parts, Lippe-Detmold, Brake, and Buckeburg, (Schau- enburg,) 16 13 — on extinction of line of Brake, seized by Count Adolphus of Lippe-Detmold, t-joy — b u t half the territory assigned to Schauenburg-Lippe by Aulic Council, 1734 and 1737 — convention between the two Houses concluded, 1748. Lippershey, Hans, spectacle-maker of Mid- delburg, — constructs a telescope, before 2 Oct. 1608. Lippi, Filippino, painter, — ft. at Florence, 1460? — Ij. there, 13 Apr. 1505. Vision of St Bernard, Florence, 1480 — Adoration of the Kings, i486 — Frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel y 1482-90 — Frescoes in the Strozzi Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, 1487 -1502 — Altarpiece of San Donato, Florence, 1496. Lippi, Fra Filippo, painter, — ft. at Florence, about 141 2 — enters Carmelite monastery, 1420 —quits it, 1432 — chaplain to convent of San Giovannitio, Florence, 1442 — rj. at Spoleto, 1469. Coronation of the Virgin, Florence, 1441 — Beath of St Bernard, 1451-63 — Frescoes of St Stephen and St John the Baptist, Prato, 1456-66. Lippi, Lorenzo, painter, poet, — ft. at Florence, 1606 — tr., 1664. Malmantile racquistato, 1676. Lipsius, Justus, philologist, §c, — ft. near Louvain, 18 Oct. 1547 — Prof. History, Jena, 1572-4 — Prof. History, Leyden, 1579-91 — ■ Prof. Ancient History, Louvain, 1593 — if. there, 24 Mar. 1606. Opera, 1637. Lirelli, Salvador, geographer, §c, — ft. in North Italy, 16 Jun. 1 751— Director of Ob- servatory, Turin, 1 79 1 — fj. there, 11 Feb. 1811. Liron, Jean, Benedictine, — ft. at Chartres, 11 Nov. 1665 — enters Congregation of St Maur, 1685 — rj. at Mans, 9 Feb. 1749. Apo- logie pour les Armoricains et les eglises des Gaules, 1708 — Singularites historiques et lit- ter aires, 1734-40. Lisbon, (Olisipo, Felicitas Julia,) capital of Portugal, — taken from Romans by northern barbarians, 409 — captured by the Moors, 716 — pillaged by Northmen, 843 — destroyed by Ordofio III. of Leon, 953 — taken by Alfonso I. assisted by crusaders, 25 Oct. 1147 or 1148 — earthquake, 1344 — besieged by Henry II. of Castile, 1373 — unsuccessfully besieged by John I. of Castile, 1384 — seat of archbishopric, 1390 — seat of government, 1422 — made principal port of the kingdom by Emanuel the Great, between 1495- 1520 — earthquake at, 153 1 — provincial town under Spanish rule, 1580- 1640 — the Spanish Armada sails from, 1588 — captured by Duke of Braganza, 1640— seat of a patriarchate, 17 16 — the great earthquake, 1 Nov. 1755 — auto da fe at, burning of Malag- rida, 21 Sep. 1761 — occupied by Junot, 29 Nov. 1807 — by Anglo-Portuguese army, Sep. 1808 — [Torres Vedras.] University, founded by Dionysius, 1279 — transferred to Coimbra, 1308. Moyal Academy of Sciences, founded, 1778. Aqueduct, completed, 1738. Lisburn, in Ireland, — castle built by Sir Fulk Conway, 1610 — town, by Lord Conway, 1627 — burnt by Irish rebels, 1641 — unsuccess- fully attacked by O'Neil, Nov. 1641 — taken by Sir Charles Coote, 1650 — the church erected into a cathedral, 1662 — gives title of Viscount to the Vaughans, 1695— linen manufacture in- troduced by Huguenot refugees, 1699— castle and town burnt, 1707. Liscow, Christian Ludwig, satirist, — ft. at Wittenberg, 1701 — tf. at Eilenburg, 30 Oct. 1760. Sammlung satirischer tend ernsthafter Schriften, 1739. Lisieux, in France, (Zexovium,) — destroyed LISLE— LITTA. S63 by Saxons, about 407 — seat of a bisboprie, before 528 — pillaged by Normans, 877 — burnt by Bretons, 11 30 — taken by Pbilip Augustus, 1203 — by tbe English, 141 7 — retaken by Charles VII., 1448 — seized by tbe League, 157 1 — reduced by Henry IV., 1590. Lisle. [Lille, Delisle.] Lisle, Viscount. [Suffolk, Charles Bran- don, Duke of ; Northumberland, John Dud- ley, Duke of ; and Leicester, Robert and Philip Sydney, Earls of.] Lisle, Lady Alicia, — widow of John Vis- count Lisle, 1664 — charged with harbouring rebels after battle of Sedgemoor, tried by Jef- freys, and beheaded at Winchester, 2 Sep. 1685 — her attainder reversed, and her estates restored to her son, 1689. Lisle, Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount, — created, 26 Apr. 1533 — made governor of Calais, 1533— accused of design of betraying Calais, and imprisoned in the Tower, but ac- quitted and ordered to be released, 1542 — U. in the Tower, 3 Mar. 1542. Lisle, Sir George, — distinguishes himself as Royalist officer at battle of Newbury, serves atNaseby, 1645 — takes part in defence of Col- chester, Jun. to Aug. 1648 — shot by sentence of court-martial, 29 Aug. 1648. Lisle, John, Viscount, — one of the judges of Charles I., 1649 — member of Council of State, 1653 — one of Cromwell's peers, 1658 — takes refuge in Switzerland, 1660, and is as- sassinated by Royalists, at Lausanne, Aug. 1664. Lisniore, in Ireland, — castle, built by Earl John, U95, a n85 b — surprised by the Irish, 1 1 89 — attacked by rebels, 1641 and 1643 — burnt, 1645 — visited by James II., 1689 — be- comes property of Duke of Devonshire, 1753 — court held by Lord- Lieutenant, 1785 — gives title of Baron to Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1785 — and of Viscount to his son, 1806. See of, founded, 633 b — united with Waterford, 1363. Dean of Lisniore' s Book, Gaelic MS. compiled, 1512-29 — published, 1862. a Macculloch. b Eees' Cyc. Lisola, Francois Paul de, publicist, diplo- matist, — b. at Salins, 161 3— ambassador from the Emperor to England, 1643 — to Poland, 1660 — to Spain, negotiates marriage of Leo- pold with Infante, 1666 — signs treaty with Portugal, and takes part in Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1668 — tf., early in 1675. Bouclier d'Etat et de Justice, 1667 — Politique du Temps, 1671. Lissa. [Leuthen.] Lissa, (Issa,) island in the Adriatic, — occu- pied by the English, 18 10- 15 — the Franco - Venetian fleet defeated by Sir AV. Hoste, off, 13 Mar. 181 1 — Admiral Tegethoff defeats Italian fleet under Admiral Persano, off, 20 Jul. 1866. List, Friedrich, political economist, — b., about 1790 — pi-ojects the Zollverein, 18 18 — kills himself, 1 846. Lista yAragon, Don Alberto, mathematician, poet, §c.,— b. at Seville, 15 Oct. 1775 — Prof. Poetry and Rhetoric at the Univ., 1808 — quits Spain, 1 81 3 — returns, 1817 — visits England, 1 833— Prof. Mathematics, Madrid, 1 837 — Prof, at Seville, 1840— If. there, 5 Oct. 1848. Poesias, 1822 — Lecciones de Literatura dramatica Espa- nola, 1839 — Ensayos literarios y criticos, 1844. Lister, Martin, naturalist, — b. in Bucking- hamshire, 1638 — B.A., Cambridge, 1658 — Fellow of St John's Coll. 1660 — settles at Lon- don, 1684 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 171 1. Historia sive synopsis conchy liorttm, 1685-93 — Historia- rum animalium Anglice tres tractatus, 1678. Liston, John, actor, — b., about 17 77 — appears at the Haymarket Theatre, London, 1805 — at DruryLane, 1823 — at Olympic Theatre, 1831 — U., 22 Mar. 1846. Liston, Robert, surgeon, — b. near Linlith- gow, 1794 — M.R.C.S., London, settles at Edinburgh, 1818 — Prof. Clinical Surgery, Univ. Coll., London, 1835 — surgeon to North London Hospital, 1843 — Examiner, R.C.S., 1846 — tf., 7 Dec. 1848. Elements of Surgery , 1 8 3 1 — Practical Surgery, 1837. Listowel Castle, in Ireland, — held for Lord Kerry, and taken by Sir Charles Wilmot, who puts the garrison to the sword, 1600. Literary Fund, Royal, — instituted, 1790 — incorporated, 181 8. Lithgow, William, traveller, — b. in Lanark- shire, 1583 — sets out on his travels, 1609 — imprisoned by Inquisition at Malaga, 1620 — returns to England; "a., 1640. Adventures^ 1614. Lithium, metal, — discovered by Arfwedson, 1817. Lithography, art of, invented by Senefelder, about 1798. Lithotomy, ' high operation' of, practised by Colot, at Paris, 1475 — account of method, published by Pierre Franco, 1556 — lateral operation, practised by Frere Jacques, at Paris, 1697. Lithotrity, instrument for performing, con- structed by Gruithuisen, 1812. Lithuania, Lithuanians, — mentioned in Chronicle of Qnedlinburg, 1009 — partly sub- jugated by the Knights Sword-bearers, for Albert, Bp of Riga, about 1200 — and by the Knights of St John, for Conrad Duke of Ma- zovia, about 1220 — united under Ryngold, who assumes title of Grand Duke, about 1235 — Gedimin, Grand Duke, 1300," 1 315 b — founds "NVilna and makes it the capital, 1320 — ■ killed in war with Teutonic Knights, 1328 b — on his death his dominions partitioned among his sons : Olgierd carries on war with Poland, 1350-66 — takes and pillages Moscow, 1368, 1370, 1373 — his son Jagellon succeeds, i386, a 1 38 1 b — nominally converted to Christianity, 1386 — revolt of Vitold, 1390 — alliance with Poland, 140 1 — united with Poland under Casi- mir, 1444 — invaded by Turks, 1475 — incor- poration of Livonia with, 156 1 — union of, with Poland, decreed by Diet of Lublin, 1569 — ceded to Russia, 1774-93-95 — inhabitants of, transported to the Ural and the Caucasus, by order of Gen. Mouravieff, 1863, a E.ncyc. Mod. b Engl. Cyc Litta, Pompeo, historian, — b. at Milan, 17 81 — tf. there, 17 Aug. 1852. Famiglie celebre Italiane, 1819-52. LITTLE— LIVERPOOL. Little, William, ( William of Newbury, Gu- lielmus Neubrigensis,) historian, — b. at Brid- lington, 1 1 36 — living, 1220? Littleton, Adam, — fj. in Shropshire, 1627 ■ — tf. at Chelsea, 1 Jul. 1694. Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and English Dictionary, 1679. Littleton, or Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, jurist, — distinguished as advocate, 1445 — Serjeant at Law, 2 Jul. 1453 — obtains grant of ge- neral pardon, 1454 — king's serjeant, 13 May 1455 — obtains second grant of general pardon, 1461 — Judge of the Common Pleas, 17 Apr. 1466 — K.B., 1475 — rj. at Frankley, 23 Aug. 148 1. Treatise on Tenures, probably 148 1 — in English, 1539. Littrow, Joseph Johann von, mathema- tician, astronomer, — ft. in Bohemia, 13 Mar. 17 8 1 — Prof. Astronomy, Cracow, 1807 — Prof. Astronomy, Xasan, 1 8 10 — member of Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 18 10 — Director of Observatory, Vienna, 18 19 — ennobled, 1837 — ft., 30 Nov. 1840. Die Wuncler des Himmels, 1 834 — Theoretische und praktische Astronomie, 1822-6 — Dioptrik, 1830 — Gnomonik, 1831. Liturgies, (Leitourgim,) personal public serv- ices, at Athens, — [B C] — mentioned as early as the time of the Peisistratidae : companies first formed for performance of the choregia, (01. 92, 1,) 412 — all exemptions from performance of, abolished, at instance of Leptines, (01. 106, 1,) 356 — the law repealed by advice of De- mosthenes, 355 — the choregia performed by the State for two of the tribes, (01. 127, 2,) 271. [Trierarchia.] Liturgy,— in England, compilation of, com- missioned by Edward VI., 1548 — exclusive use of, ordered by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1549 — revision of, 155 1 — use of revised, enacted by 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 1, 1552 — former service restored by Act 1 Mar. c. 2, 1553 — second, of Edward VI., revised, and confirmed by Act 1 Eliz. c. 2, 29 Apr. 1559 — alterations of, agreed on at Hampton Court Conference, Jan. 1604 — altered by Charles I., 1633 — objections to, discussed at Savoy Conference, 1661 — amended by Convocation, 20 Dec. 1 66 1 — alterations confirmed by Act 14 Car. II. c. 4, 19 May 1662. In Ireland, assimilated to English, by Council of Cashel, 1 1 72 — reformed, introduced, Easter Day (6 Apr.) 1550. In Scotland, attempt to use, oc- casions a tumult at Edinburgh, 23 Jul. 1637 — withdrawn by royal declaration, 9 Sep. 1638. Liutprand, (luitprand,) King of the Lom- bards, — accompanies his father Ansprand to Court of Bavaria, 702 — returns from exile, 712 — succeeds his father, 712 — takes Ravenna and occupies towns of the Pentapolis, 728 — defeated and driven away by the Exarch aided by Ve- netians, 729 — allied with the Exarch, seizes Duchy of Spoleto, and threatens Rome, 729 a — submits to Pope Gregory II. , 729 — founds Citta Nuova, about 734 — makes war on Gregory 111., 739 — has interview with Pope Zacharias at Terni, and makes peace, 742 a — renews the war, and attempts conquest of Exarchate of Ravenna, but again concludes peace with the pope, at Pavia, 29 Jun. 743 a — becomes a monk, and fj., Jan. 744, b 743- a a Milmau. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Liutprand, {Luitprand,) Bp of Cremona, diplomatist, historian, — fj. at Pavia? about 920? — deacon at Pavia, ambassador from Berengarius to Constantinople, 946 — Bp of Cremona, 961— ambassador from Otto I. to Pope John XXII., 962 — takes part in Council of Rome, 963 — ambassador from Otto I. to Phocas, 965 — tf. at Cremona, about 970 ? Liuva. [Visigoths.] Liveries, — for maintenance of suits, giving of, prohibited by Act 1 Rich. II. c. 7, 1377 — regulated by Acts 16 Rich. II. c. 4, 1392-3, and 20 Rich. II. c. 2, 1396-7 — assumption of, prohibited by Acts 1 Hen. IV. c. 7, 1399; 2 Hen. IV. c. 21, 1400-1 ; 7 Hen. IV. c. 14, 1405-6 ; 13 Hen. IV. c. 3, 141 1 ; 8 Edw. IV. c. 2, 1468 — most of these statutes repealed by Act 3 Car. I. c. 4, 1627. Liverpool, in Lancashire, — receives a charter from King John, 28 Aug. 1207 — by charter of Henry III. made free borough for ever, 1229 — • ravaged by the plague, 1540— by sweating sick- ness, 1 $5 1 —mentioned as a decayed town, 1555 — mentioned by Camden as populous, 15 86 — con- sents to pay sbip-money, 1634 — taken by Parlia- mentary forces under Col. Ashton, 1643 — siege of, by Prince Rupert, formed, about 2 Jun. 1 644 — taken by him, 26 Jun.— retaken by Sir J. Meldrum, 1 Nov. — the castle dismantled, 1659 — William III. embarks at, for Ireland, 1 1 Jun. 1690 — made a separate parish by Act 10 and 11 ¥m. III. c. 36, 1699 — first dock con- structed, 1700 — the castle razed, 1721 — visited by Prince Albert, who lays foundation-stone of the Sailors' Home, Jul. 1 846 — visited by the Queen, 9 Oct. 1851 — visited by Duke of Cam- bridge, 10 Oct. 1855 — Reform demonstration at, 6 Apr. 1866 — meeting of British Associa- tion at, Sep. 1870 — visited by Emperor and Empress of Brazil, 26 Jul. 1871. Exchange built, 1748-54 — burnt, 18 Jan. 1795 — rebuilt, 1803-9. Custom House, commenced, Aug. 1828 — completed, 1836. Royal Institution, founded, 1814 — incorporated, 1822. Collegiate Institution, founded, 1840. Sailors' Home, founded, 1846 — burnt, 29 Apr. i860. St George's Hall, completed, 1 854. Free Library and Museum, founded by Brown, 1 857 — opened, 8 Oct. i860. School of Arts, established, 1825. School of Science, founded by Brown, opened, 10 Oct. 1 86 1. Liverpool and Manchester Rail- way, opened, 15 Sep. 1830. Philosophical and Literary Society, established, 1 812. Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, 1st Lord Hawkesbury, and 1st Earl of, statesman,— b. in Oxfordshire, 10 May 1727 — Under-secretary of State, 1 76 1 — Secretary of the Treasury, 1763— Lord of the Admiralty, 1766 — Lord of the Treasury, 1767 — Vice-treasurer of Ireland, Privy Councillor, 1772 — Master of the Mint, 1776 — Secretary of State for "War, 1778-82 — Pres. Board of Trade, 1784 — created Baron Ilawkesbury, 1786— succeeds to the baronetcy, 1789 — Earl of Liverpool, 1 Jun. 1796 — rj. in London, 17 Dec. 1808. LIVERPOOL— LLWYD. 865 Liverpool, Eobert Bankes Jenkinson, 2nd Earl op, Prime Minister of England, — b. in London, 7 Jim. 1770— goes to Paris, 1789 — M.P. Rye, 1790— envoy to Coblentz, 1791 — becomes Lord Hawkesbury, 1796 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1801 — negotiates Treaty of Amiens, 1801 — Secretary of State for Home Department, 1805— and again, 1807— succeeds to tbe Earldom, 1 808 — First Lord of the Treasury, 18 12— falls ill, 17 Feb. 1827 — resigns, Apr. 1827 — ft., 4 Dec. 1828. Livia Brasilia, — [BCJ— b., 28 Sep. 56-4— married to Tib. Claudius Nero, 41 ? — divorced and married to Augustus, 38 — [AD]— -Julia Augusta, 14 — excluded from public affairs by Tiberius, before 26 — ft., 29. Livingstone, Edward, statesman, — b. in New York State, 1764 — called to tbe bar, 1785 — member of Congress, 1794 — retires, 1801 — settles at New Orleans, 1804 — serves under Gen. Jackson against tbe English, 18 14 — mem- ber of legislature of Louisiana ; prepares Code of Criminal Law for the State, 1823 — senator of United States, 1829 — Secretary of State, 1831 — ambassador to France, 1833 — Foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, about 1834 — ft. at New York, 23 May 1836. Livingstone, Robert, statesman, — b. at New York, 1746 — member of Committee for prepar- ing Declaration of Independence, 1776— Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, Aug. 1781- 3 — minister plenipotentiary to France, 1801 — ft. at Clermont, Feb. 18 13. Livins, T. Patavinus, historian, — [B C] — b., 59 -[AD]ft., 17. Livonia, province of Russia, — visited by Bremen traders, 1158 — Christianity introduced by Meinhard, 1170^ n86 b — overrun by Cnut IV. of Denmark, 1195 — Eiga built, about 1200 — Order of Christ, (Knights Sword- bearers,) instituted by Bp Albert, 1201 or 1202,* ii98 d — becomes subject to Teutonic Knights, 1237 — invaded by Ivan IV., 1558 and 1559 c — given up to Poland by Gotthard Kettler, last Provincial Master, b}" Treaty of "Wilna, 29 Nov. 1561 c — again invaded by Ivan, 1563-4 — by Swedes, 1564 — ceded to Sweden by Treaty of Oliva and united with Esthonia, 1660 — seized by Peter the Great, 1706 c — annexed to Russian Empire by Treaty of Nystadt, 1721 — ancient privileges of nobles and towns restored, 1797. a Some authorites. ° Others. e Encyc. Mod. d Mosheim. Livoy, Timothee de,— b. at Pithiviers, about 1715 — ft. at Paris, 1777. Dictionnaire des synonymes fran gais, 1767. Lizars, John, anatomist, — ft. at Ambleside, 21 May i860. Anatomical Plates of the Human Body, 1822-6 — Supplement, 1856 — Practical Surgery, 1838. Llandaff, Cathedral, • — repaired, 1751 — restored and reopened, 17 Sep 1861. Llanos de Valdes, Sebastiano, painter, — b at Granada, about 1602 — assists in founding Academy of Painting, Seville, 1660 — ft., after 1670. Llewelyn ap Griffith, Prince of "Wales, — succeeds David, spring 1246 — revolts, Nov. 1256 — ravages the marches, Nov. to Dec. 1262 — joined by De Montfort, 1263 — they defeat Mortimer, 1264 — makes peace with Henry III., 1268 (?) — summoned to attend parliament of Edward I. at "Westminster, 1274 — refuses to appear : his affianced bride, Eleanor de Mont- fort, on her voyage from France to Wales, is captured by the English, 1275— again sum- moned, offers a ransom for Eleanor, which is refused, his lands declared to be forfeited, 1276 — on invasion of Wales by Edward I., retires to Snowdon, but submits, is taken to Westminster and compelled to surrender his territories, 1277 — allowed to return, marries Eleanor, 13 Oct. 1278 — reconciled with his brother David, renews the war, Mar. 1282 — surprised by Mortimer and killed, 11 Dec. 1282. Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, King oe North Wales, — succeeds David, n 94 — promises submission to King John, Jul. 121 1 — ravages the marches, 12 12 — summoned by Henry III. to Worcester, Dec. 1220 — Henry III. marches against, but makes peace with him, Aug. 1228 — allies himself with Earl Marshal, 1233 — with him burns Shrewsbury, Jan. 1234 — makes peace, 28 May 1234 — ft., 11 Apr. 1240. Llorente, Juan Antonio, historian, — b. near Calahorra, 30 Mar. 1756 — ordained priest, 1779 — Secretary-general of Inquisition, 1789 — Director-general of National Estates, 1808 — settles at Paris, 18 14 — ft. in Spain, 5 Feb. 1823. Noticia Mografica, 181 8 — Kistoria critica de la Inquisicion de Bspana, 181 7-1 8 — Noticias historicas de las tres provincias Vas- congadas, 1806-8. Lloyd, David, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Wales, 1625 — ft., 1691. Statesmen and Favourites of England, 1665 — Life of General Monk, 1660 — History of Plots and Conspiracies, 1664. Lloyd, Henry, general, — b. in Wales, 1729 — serves in Austrian army, 1757 — Major-general in Russian army, commands against Turks, 1774 — ft. in Holland, 19 Jun. 1783. Memoir on the invasion and the defence of Great Britain, 1798 — Introduction to the history of the war in Germany, (1756,) §c, 1781. Lloyd, Nicholas, — b. in Flintshire, 1634 — M.A. Oxford, 1658 — ft. at Newington, Surrey, 1680. Bictionarium historicum, §c, 1670. Lloyd, Eobert, dramatist, — enters Cam- bridge Univ., 1751— M.A., 1761 — ft. in London, Dec. 1764. New School of Women, 1763 — ■ Beath of Adam, 1763 — Capricious Lovers, 1764 — Poems, 1774. Lloyd, William, Bp oe Worcester, — b. in Berkshire, 1627 — enters Oxford Univ., 1639 — Bp of St Asaph, 1680 — one of the Seven Bishops imprisoned in the Tower, 1688 — Lord-almoner, about 1689 — Bp of Lichfield and Coventry, 1692 — Bp of Worcester, 1699 —ft. at Hartlebury Castle, 30 Aug. 17 17. Lloyd's List, {Shipping Intelligence?) — first published, 17 16 — daily, since 1800. Lloyd's, Austrian, — founded at Trieste, 1833- Llwyd, (Lhuyd,) Edward, antiquary, — b.in 55 866 LLWYD-- LOCKE. Wales, i66o, a about 1670 b — enters Oxford Univ., 1687 — keeper of Ashmolean Museum, 1690 — M.A., 1701 — if. at Oxford, 1709. Archceologia Britannica, 1707 — Lithophylacii Britannici Lconographia, 1699. a Biog. Univ. b Chalmers. Llwyd, (Lhuyd, Lhoyd,) Humphrey, anti- quary, — M.A. Oxford, 155 1 — rj., about 1570. Commentarioli Britannicce descriptions frag- mentum, 1572. Loan Societies, in England, — establishment and regulation of, provided for by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 23, 21 Aug. 1835 — repealed, and new provisions made, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 110, 10 Aug. 1840 — continued by many later Acts. Loano, in Italy, —Gem Scherer defeats Austrians at, 23 Nov. 1795. Loans, — [B C] — to foreign legations, for- bidden by a Lex Gabinia, 58. Lobau, island in the Danube, — taken by Napoleon I., 19 May 1809 — occupied by French army, after battle of Aspern, 22 May — concentration of forces in, beginning of Jul. — passage of the Danube by Napoleon, from 4 Jul. 1809. Lobau, George Mouton, Count de, Mar- shal or France, — ft. at Pfalzburg, 21 Feb. 1770 — aide-de-camp to Joubert at battle of Novi, 16 Jul. 1799 — distinguishes himself at siege of Genoa, 1799 — General of Brigade, and aide-de-camp to Napoleon L, 1805 — wounded at Priedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — General of Division, 1807 — serves in Spain, 1808 — contributes to victories of Echmuhl and Essling, 1809 — Count of Lobau, 1809 — aide-major of Im- perial Guard, 18 12 — takes part in expe- dition of Eussia, 1 8 1 2 — in campaign of Saxony, 18 13 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — Peer, by Napoleon, 1 8 15 — distinguishes himself at Waterloo, taken prisoner by Eng- lish, 18 Jun. 1 8 15 — returns to France, 181 8 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — called to Chamber of Peers, created Marshal and commander of National Guard of Paris, 1830 — Tj. at Paris, 29 Nov. 1838. Lobeck, Christian August, philologist, $c, — h. at Naumburg, 5 Jun. 17 81 — studies at Jena, 1797 — Prof. Ancient Literature, &c, Konigsberg, 18 14 — rj. there, 17 Feb. 1859. Paralipomena grammaticce Grcecce, 1837 — Pathologice sermonis Grceci prolegomena, 1843 — Pathologice lingua Grcecce elementa, 1853 — Aglaophamus, 1829. Lobeira, Vasco de, author of ' Amadis de Gaula,' — Knt, by Jobn I. of Portugal at battle of Aljubarotta, 1386 — ft. at Elvas, 1403. Lobel, Matthew, botanist, — b. at Lille, i538, ac 1558 b — settles in England, before 1570 — accompanies English embassy to Den- mark, 1592 c — tr. at Higbgate near London, 2 Mar. 16 16. Stirpium adversaria nova, 1570 — Plantarum seu stirpium historia, 1576 — lcones stirpium, 158 1. a Biog. U n iv. b Engl. Cyc. c Bees' Cyc. Lobineau, Gui Alexis, Benedictine, — 6. at Rennes, 1666 — rj. near St Malo, 3 Jun. 1727. Histoire de Bretagne, 17 17 — Histoire des saints de la Bretagne, 1724 — (with Felibien,) Histoire de Paris, 1725. Lobo, Geronimo, Jesuit, missionary, — b. at Lisbon, 1593 — enters tbe Order, 1609 — sent to India, 1621 — to Abyssinia, 1624 — expelled, 1634— returns to India, 1640 — appointed pro- vincial at Goa ; returns to Lisbon, 1656— tr. there, 1678. History of Ethiopia, 1659. Lobositz, — Frederick II. defeats Austrians under Gen. Browne, 1 Oct. 1756. Local Government, of Towns, — provided for by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 98, 2 Aug. 1858— amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 61, 1 Aug. 1861; and 26 Vic. c. 17, 11 May 1863. [Public Health.] Loches, in Touraine, — taken by Pepin and Carloman, 742 — acquired by Fulk I. of Anjou, about 900-10 — collegiate church founded by Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 963 — seized by Earl John, 1 1 93 — recovered by Pachard Cceur de Lion, 1 1 94 — forms part of dowry of his queen, Berengaria, 1 199 — besieged by Philip Augustus, 1203 — capitulates to him, 1204 — given to Dreux de Mello, Constable of France, 1204 — redeemed by St Louis, 1251 — visited by St Louis, 1254 — visited by Philip the Fair, 1300 and 1307 — by John II., 1356 — falls into hands of the English, 1356 — made a royal residence by Charles VII., 1422-61 — made a state prison by Louis XL, 146 1 — Henry II. and Catherine de' Medici hold their court at, 1559 — visited by the Dauphin, Henry (III.), Oct. 1569 — by Mary de' Medici on her escape fromBlois, Feb. 1 61 9. Edict of, in favour of Huguenots, passed, i5 6 7. Lochleven Castle, in Scotland, — Queen Mary imprisoned in, Jul. 1567 — she escapes, 2 May 1568. Lock, letter, (combination padlock,) described, 1682 — Barron's patented, 1774 — Bramah's, 1784 — Roivntree's, 1790 — Chubb' s detector, 18 1 8 — Aubin's, 1830 — Parson's changeable, 1833 — Hobbs's obtains prize at Great Exhi- bition, 2 Sep. 1 85 1. Lock, Matthew, musical composer, — b. at Exeter, about 1635 — rj. in London, 1677. Music in Macbeth, 1672. Locke, John, philosopher, — b. at Wrington, near Bristol, 29 Aug. 1632 — enters Christ- church, Oxford, 1 65 1 — M.A., 1658 — accepts invitation to reside with Lord Ashley, 1666— accompanies Earl of Northumberland to France, 1668 — employed to draw up constitution for Carolina, about 1669 — secretary of present- ations, 1672 — B.M., visits France, 1675 — fol- lows Shaftesbury to Holland, 1682 — returns to England, 1688 — Commissioner of Appeals, 1688 — Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, 1695 — ov at Oates, in Essex, 28 Oct. 1704. Adversariorum Methodus, 1686 — Letters mi Toleration, (written, 1667,) 1689 — Essay con- cerning Human Understanding, 1690 — Thoughts on Education, 1693 — On the Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695 — Treatise on Civil Govern- ment, 1690 — Of the Conduct of the Understand- ing, 1706. Locke, Joseph, civil engineer, — b. near Shef- field, 1805 — apprenticed to George Stephenson, LOCKHART— LOGWOOD. 867 1 823— assists him in construction of Manchester and Liverpool railway, 1826-30 — chief engineer of Grand Junction line, 1833-7 — member of Legion of Honour, 1845 — M.P. Honiton, 1847 ^-jCT., 18 Sep. i860. Lockhart, John Gibson, editor of the Quar- terly Review, --b. at Cambusnethan, Lanark- shire, 1794 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1807-10 — enters Baliol Coll., Oxford, 18 10 — called to Scotch bar, 1816 — B.C.L., 1817 — first meets Sir W. Scott, 1 8 18 — marries the eldest daugh- ter of Scott, 1820 — settles in London, 1826 — literary executor of Scott, 1832 — D.C.L., 1834 — auditor of Duchy of Cornwall, 1843 — visits Rome, 1853-4 — tr. at Abbotsford, 25 Nov. 1854. Contributor to Blackwood's Magazine, from 1 8 17 — Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, 18 1 9— Valerius, 1821 — Adam Blair, 1822 — Spanish Ballads, 1824 — Life of Burns, 1825 — Life of Scott, 1837-9 — edits Quarterly Review, 1826-53. Locomotive, [Steam Engine,] — use of, on public roads, regulated by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 70, 6 Aug. 1 86 1, and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 83, 5 Jul. 1865. Locre de Roissy, Jean Guillaume, jurist,— b. at Leipsic, 20 Mar. 1758 — advocate to par- liament of Paris, 1785 — Secretary-general to Council of State, 1800-15 — Baron, 181 3 — *&. at Mantes, 8 Dec. 1840. Esprit du Code Napoleon, 1806 — Esprit du Code de Commerce, 1811-13 — Esprit du Code de procedure civile, 1 816 — Legis- lation civile, commerciale, et criminelle de la France, 1826-32. Locri, in Ltaly, — [B C] — founded, probably 711-709 a — by Locrians, (01. 24, 2,) 683, bc (01. 26, 4,) 673^ (01. 5, 4,) 757 *— legislation of Zaleucus, (01. 30, 1,) 660 d — defended by Hieron against Anaxilaos, 47 7 b — joins Pyrrhus, 280 — taken by Romans, 277 — retaken by Pyrrhus, 276 — taken by Hannibal, 215. a Clinton. b Muller. c Hieron. d Euseb. e Strabo. Lodge, Edmund, antiquary, $c„ — b. in Lon- don, 13 Jun. 1756 — F.S.A., 1787 — Lancaster Herald, 1793 — Norroy King of Arms, 1822 — Clarenceux, 1838 — Ij. in London, 16 Jan. 1839. Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain, 1821-34 — Lllustrations of British History, 179 1 — Life of Sir Julius Ccesar, 1810. Lodge, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1556? — enters Oxford Univ., 1573 — student at Lincoln's Inn, 1584 — b\, 1625 ? Works of Josephus, 1602 — Seneca's Works, 1 6 14 — The Wounds of Civil War, lively set forth in the true Tragedies of Marius and Sylla, 1594 — (with Greene) A Looking-glass for Lon- don and England, 1594 — Rosalynde ; Euphues Golden Legacie, $c, 1590. Lodge, William, engraver, — ft. at Leeds, 1649 — tf. there, 1689. Lodging Houses, — registry and regulation of, provided for by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, s. 66, 1848, and 14 and 15 Vic, c. 28, 1851— establishment of, encouraged by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 34, 24 Jul. 1 85 1 — further provisions respecting, by 16 and 17 Vic. c. 41, 4 Aug. 1853. Lodi, in Ltaly, Vecchio, (Laus Pompeia,) — [B C] — founded by Cn. Pompeius Strabo, before 87 — [AD] — suzerainty of, given to Heribert, Abp of Milan, by Conrad the Salic, 1019 — de- stroyed by Milanese, nu, a 1116 b — seeks aid of Frederick Barbarossa, 1 153 — new town founded, 1 158 — obtains right to elect consuls, 1 162— be- sieged by forces of Lombard League, and com- pelled to join it, 1 167 b — joins Lombard League against Frederick II., 1226 — joins Henry, king of the Romans, against the Emperor, Dec. i234 c — visited by Frederick II., Dec. 1237 to Jan. 1238° — deprived of its Bishopric by Gregory IX., and excommunicated, 1239 — Frederick holds parliament at, 7 Nov. 1239° — aids him at siege of Faenza, 1240° — confer- ence of Emperor Sigismund with Pope John XXIII. at, Nov. 1413 d — Treaty of, between Sforza, Duke of Milan, and the Venetians, con- cluded, 5 Apr. 1454 e — taken by Imperialists, spring 1522 — by Bayard, 1523 — Napoleon defeats Austrians at, 10 May 1796. a Engl. Cyc. " b Encyc. Mod. c Kington. d Milman. e Conv.-Lex. Lodi, Calisto {Piazza) da, painter, — H., i5 2 4-5 6 - Loefling, Peter, botanist, — b. in Sweden, 31 Jan. 1729 — tf. in New Andalusia, 22 Feb. 1756. Gemmae arborum, 1749 — Lter hispanicum, 1758. Loewe, Ludwig, actor, — b. at Rinteln, Jan. 1795 — goes to Vienna, 18 10 — first appearance at the Burgtheater, 9 Feb. 181 1 — at Prague, 1811-21 — settles at Vienna, 1826 — celebrates fiftieth anniversary of his first appearance, 9 Feb. 1 86 1 — celebrates fortieth anniversary of his settlement at Vienna, 1 866 — Knt of Order of Francis Joseph and Ernestine Order, 1866 — Ij. at Vienna, Mar. 1871. Loewenhoeck. [Leuwenhoeck.] Loewenklau. [Leunclavius.] Lofft, Capel, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1751— called to the bar, 1775 — be- friends Robert Bloomfield, 1800 — and H. Kirke White, about 1802 — tj., 1824. Log and Line, nautical, — in use as early as 1570 — mentioned by Bourne, 1577. Logan, John, theologian, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Scotland, 1748 — enters Univ. of Edin- burgh, 1762 — minister at Leifch, 1773 — goes to London, 1785 — tf. there, 28 Dec. 1788. Edits Poems of Michael Bruce, 1770 — Poems, 17 81 — View of Ancient History, 1788 — Sermons, 1790-1. Logarithms, — invented by Napier, 16 14 — another system, by Briggs, 1624 — extended by Vlacq, 1628. Loggan, David, engraver, §e., — b. at Dant- zic, 1635 — 3j. in London, 1693 or 1700. Ox- onia illustrata, 1675 — Habitus Academicorum Oxonice a Doctoread Servientem, 1672. Logographic Printing, — patented by John- son and Walter, (of the Times,) about 1780— method abandoned, after a few years. Logographic Reporting, — introduced in French National Assembly, Oct. 1790 — dis- used, from 10 Aug. 1792. Logwood, — use of, as a dye, prohibited by Act 23 Eliz. c. 9, s. 2, 158 1 — prohibition re- 55 * 868 LOIR— LOMBARDS. pealed by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 11, s. 26, 1661. Loir, Nicolas Pierre, painter, etcher,— b. at Paris, 1624 — studies at Rome, 1647 — admitted to French Academy of Painting, 1663 — tf. Rector of Academy, 1679. Loire, The, river of France, — forms southern boundary of Frankish kingdom till 507 — great inundation of, 1608 — its embankments give way, 1846 — and again, Jun. 1856. Loisel, Antoine, jurist, — ft. at Beauvais, 1536— rj. at Paris, 1617. Ilemoires des pays de Beauvais et Beauvaisis, 16 17 — Institutes coutumieres, §c, 1607 — Opuscules, 1652. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Augustin Louis Armand, orientalist, — fc. at Paris, 14 Aug. 1805 — member of Asiatic Society of Paris, 1827 — assistant in Royal Library, 1832— Jr., 10 Jan. 1840. Manava Dharma Sastra, contest- ant les institutions civiles et religieuses des In- diens, 1832-3 — Essai sur les fables indiennes, 1838 — Amarakocha, 1839. Loison, Jean Baptiste Maurice, general, — ft. in Lorraine, about 1770 — enters the army, 1792 — General of Brigade, 1794 — takes part in conflict of 13 Vendemiaire (26 Oct.) 1795 — serves in campaign of Switzerland, 1799 — General of Division, Sep. 1799 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1 799-1 800 — in campaign of Austria, 1805 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, Governor of St Cloud, 1805 — Governor-general of Minister and Osnabriick, 1806 — Count, serves in the Peninsula, 1808 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 1812 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — at "Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — tr. near Liege, 1816. Loja. [Loxa.] Lolhard, Walter, reformer, — burnt at Co- logne, 1322. Loli, Lorenzo, engraver, — fj. at Bologna, 1612 — tf., 1691. Lollards, society of, — formed at Antwerp, for ministering to the sick, 1300 — toleration secured for them by Gregory XL, 1374 and 1377 — exempted from authority of bishops and constituted a religious order by Sixtus IV., 1472 — obtain further privileges from Julius II., 1506. In England, their preachers ordered to be arrested by 5 Ric. II. st. 2, c. 5, 1381 — present remonstrance to the parliament against wealth and power of the clergy, 1394 — binning of, enjoined by Act 2 Hen. IV. c. 15, [de hcere- tico comburendo,) 1401 — party of, seized as traitors near London by Henry V., 7-8 Jan. 1414a — tried and condemned, 1 o Jan. — executed, 12 Jan. a — statutes against them, repealed by Act 1 Edw. VI. C. 12, 1547. a Milman. Lollianus, sophist, — fl., about 132.* a Clinton. Lollianus, — Consul of Rome with Arbetio, (1103, a.u.c.) 355. Lollius, M.,— [BC]- Consul with. Q. ^mi- lius Lepidus, (733, a. it. c.) 21 — legatus in Gaul, 16 — defeated there, (Clades Lolliani,) 16 — accompanies C. Caesar as tutor to the East, 2 ■ — denounced by C. Csesar, rj., 1. Lollius Urbicus, — propraetor in Britain, constructs Wall of Antoninus, 139. Lolme. [Delolme.] Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo, painter, littdra- teur, — b. at Milan, 1538 — If., about 1600. Trattado delV Arte delle Pittura, Scultura, ed Architettura, 1584-5 — Idea del Tempio della Pittura, 1590. Lombard League, — formed to resist Imperial oppression, Apr. 11 67 — defeats Frederick I. at Legnano, May 11 67— concludes a truce with him for six years, n 77 — Peace of Constance, 1 1 83 — renewed against Frederick II., 1226 — placed under the ban, Jul. 1226 — award between the Empire and the League, made by Pope Honorius, 5 Jan. 1227 — called to aid of Gregory IX., 1229 — again renewed, Oct. 1231 — peace concluded at Padua, 13 May 1232 — again renewed, Nov. 1235 — battle of Cor- tenuova, 1237 — siege of Brescia, 1238 — fourth campaign against Frederick, Sep. to Dec. 1239. Lombard Merchants, — settle in London, about 1250 — accused of extortion and their estates seized by Edward III., 1337. Lombard, Peter the, {Master of the Sen- tences,) theologian, — Bp of Paris, 1159 — ft., about 1 1 60. Lombardi, Alfonso, sculptor, — ft. at Ferrara, 1487 — tf. at Bologna, 1536. Lombardi. [Citadella.] Lombardo, Pietro, architect, sculptor, — 0. , about 1480. Lombardo, Tullio, architect, sculptor, — rj., 1559. Bas-reliefs, del Santo, Padua, 1525. Lombards, (Zongobardi, langebarthen,) Lom- bard Kingdom, in Italy, — mentioned by Tacitus, as a tribe of Suevi, about 100 — defeat Vandals in Germany, about 379 — elect Agilmond their first king, 389 — occupy Rugiland, 487 — under Audoes, occupy part of Pannonia, 527,* summer or autumn 526 b — his son Alboin succeeds, 543 — pass into Italy, Apr. 568 — Cleph (Cleoph) elected, Aug. 573 — assassinated, Jan. 575, a 574 b — in- terregnum : invade Gaul, and are defeated by patrician Mommolus, 576 — pillage Monte Cas- sino, 582 — Authakis, son of Cleph, elected, 584 — defeated by Childebert of Austrasia, 584 — repulses him, 585 — wins victory over Greeks, 587 — defeats combined forces of Childebert and the Greeks, 589 — again attacked by Franks and Greeks,590 — rj. atl J avia,5 Sep.590 — Agilulph, Duke of Turin, marries Theodelinda, widow of Autharis, Nov. 590 — and is proclaimed King, May 591 — becomes a Catholic, about 602 — as* sociates his son Adalwald with him, Jul. 604 — protects St Columbanus, about 612 — tf.,615 — Adalwald succeeds, 615 — regency of Theo- delinda : she dies, 625 — deposed and succeeded by Akiwald, his brother-in-law, 625 — poisons Adalwald, 626 — Rotharis, Duke of Brescia, marries Gundeberga, widow of Arrwald, and is proclaimed King, 636 — extends his dominions W conquests over the Greeks, 641 — compiles and publishes Code of Laws, 22 Nov. 643 — Rodoaldus (son) succeeds, 652 — Aribert, 653 — Pertharitus and Godebert, (sons,) 661 — the kingdom divided between them: Godebert is assassinated by Grimoaldus, Duke XOMBAEDUS— LONDON. of Benevento, and Pertharitus takes refuge ■with Avars, 662 — G-rimoaldtjs, 662 — defeats Pertharitus and the Franks, 665 — seizes and pillages Forlimpopoli, 666 — ft., 671 — Pertha- kitus reestablished, 671 — associates his sou Cunibert with him, 677 — receives Wilfrid, Abp of York, 678 — Cunibert, 686 — deprived by Alachis, Duke of Trenta and Brescia, 690 — defeats and kills him: Liutpert, (son,) 700 — under regency of. Ansprand : deposed and suc- ceeded by Eagimbert, 701 — Aribert, (son,) end of 701 — attacked by Ansprand and Liut- pert, defeats them, 702 — defeated by Ansprand aud drowned, 7 1 2 — Ansprand succeeds, 7 1 2 — &., Jun. 712— Liutprand, (son,) 712— Hilde- brand (nephew) associated 'with his uncle, 736 — succeeds, 744 — deposed, about Aug. 744 — Eatchis, Duke of Friuli, elected, 744 — at instance of Pope Zacharias, confirms peace with Eomans, 744— besieges Perugia, 749 — raises the siege and becomes a monk, 749 — Astolphus, (brother,) Mar. 749 — Deside- rius (Didier), Duke of Istria, 756 — overthrow of the kingdom by Charles the Great, 774. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Clinton. Lombardus, Lambert, painter, — ft. at Liege, 1482, a 1506 b — tf. there, 1565,* 1560. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Lombardy, — [Lombards] — forms part of the dominions of Charles the Great, 774 — [Italy, Kingdom of] — independence of great towns gradually established, between 1100- 1200 — ravaged by Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 — [Lombard League, and names of principal towns] — French invasion of, 1493 — conquered by Charles VIII., 1495— Louis XII. carries on war in, 1498-1513 — passes to Spanish branch (Charles V.) of House of Austria, by Treaty of Madrid, 1526— ceded to German branch of same House, by treaty between Em- peror Joseph I. and Louis XIV., 13 Mar. 1707 — confirmed to Austria by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 1 3 — and by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — invaded by Napoleon L, 1796 — given up to France by Austria, by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — constituted a republic, dependent on France, 1797 — converted into a kingdom under Napoleon, May 1805 — Venetia annexed to, forms Kingdom of Italy, close of 1805 — recovered by Austria, 18 14 — confirmed to Austria by Treaty of Vienna, and forms Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom, 18 15 — in- surrections in, Mar. 1848 — reconquered by Eadetzky, 1849 — invaded and conquered by Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel of Sar- dinia, 1 859 — cession of principal part to France, to be given up to Sardinia, by Treaty of Zurich, 1859 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, 1861. Lombres, (Delumbres,) Antcine de, diplo- matist, — ambassador to Elector of Treves, 1635 — to Prince-bishop of Liege, 1646-50 — to Elector of Brandenburg, 1651 — to Poland, 1656-64— mediator at Congress of Oliva, 1660 — tf., after 1665. Lomenie, Henri Auguste de, Count de Brienne, statesman, — b. at Paris, 1594 — Secretary of State to Louis XIII., 1638-43 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, about 1644 — lj. at Paris, 1666. Memoires contenant les evenements des regnes de Louis XIII. et Louis XIV., 1661. Lomenie de Brienne, Etienne Charles, cardinal, — ft. at Paris, 1727 — doctor of the Sorbonne, 1752 — Bp of Condom, 1760 — Abp of Toulouse, 1763 — admitted to French Academy, 1770 — Controller-general of Finances, May 1787 — First Minister, Aug. — Abp of Sens, Cardinal, 1788 — arrested, 1793 — arrested again : tr., Feb. 1794. Lomi, Aurelio, painter, — ft. at Pisa, about 1556 — is. there, 1622. St Jerome, Pisa, 1595. Lommius, ( Van Latum,) Jodocus (Josse), phy- sician, — living at Brussels, 1562. Opera, 1745. Lomond, Loch, — its shores ravaged by the Manx-men, 1263 — its waters rise on day of earthquake of Lisbon, 1 Nov. 1755. Lomonosov, Michael Vasilievich, poet, — ft. in Eussia, 17 n — studies at Marburg, 1736-9 — Associate of Academy of St Petersburg, 1741 — Prof. Chemistry, 1746 — Eector of the Uni- versity and Gymnasium, 1760 — Counsellor of State, 1764 — lj. at St Petersburg, 16 Apr. 1765. Works, 1794. Londersel, Assuerus, painter, engraver, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1550. Londersel, Jan, engraver, — ft. at Bruges, about 1580. London, (Londinium, Augusta,) capital of British Empire, — probably founded by Aulus Plantius, about 47 a — famed as place of trade and destroyed by Britons under Boadicea, 61 — Suetonius defeats Britons near, 61 — Bp of, at- tends Council of Aries, 314 — pillaged by Scots, 367— see founded, 604— burnt, 798 — taken by Danes, 839 and 851 — winter-quarters of Danes, 872 — repaired by Alfred, 886 — burnt, 893 — the citizens defeat Danes at Bemfleet, 894 — great fire, St Paul's burnt, 962 — burnt, 982 — fleet assembled at, to resist Danes, 992 — un- successfully attacked by Anlaf and Sweyn, 8 Sep. 994 — repeatedly attacked by Danes, 1009 — witanagemote held at, 1012 — submits to Sweyn, 1013 — unsuccessfully besieged by Danes, 10 16 — buys a truce, and is made winter- quarters of the Danes, 1016 — great council at, 1047 and io49 b — witanagemote assembles at, 21 Sep. 1051 — again, Mid-Lent 1055 — submits to William the Conqueror, Oct. 1066 — receives charter from him ; burnt, 24 Mar. 1077 — again, St Paul's burnt, 1087— devastated by a hurri- cane, 109 1 — receives charter from Henry I., 1 100 — citizens unsuccessfully claim release of Stephen, Apr. 1141— described by Fitzstephen, 1 1 74 — massacre of Jews at, Sep. n 89 — chief magistrate is called lord-mayor, 1191 — tumult excited by William Fitzosborne, who is executed, Apr. 1 1 96 — entered by the Barons, 24 Mar. 1 2 15 — intrusted by King John to Eobert Fitzwalter, as pledge of safety for the barons, Jun. 12 15 — Prince Louis receives homage of Barons at, 2 Jun. 12 16 — Prince Louis besieged in, by Earl of Pembroke, Aug. 12 17 — tumult between citizens and Abbot of Westminster, 1 Aug. 1222 — accepts Provisions of Oxford, 22 Jul. 1258 — armed assembly of Barons at, 1 May 1260 — the Tower seized by Henry III., and the walls strengthened; the Barons encanp 870 LONDON. near, 1 261— citizens take part in victory of Lewes, 1264 — deprived of charters, 1265° — seized by Earl of Clare, and placed under in- terdictby Papal legate, 1267 — the charters re- stored, 16 Jul. 1270 — disorders in, provisions for redress of, by Act 13 Edw. I. c. 5, 1285 — council held at, for regulating government of Scotland, Sep. 1305 — new charter granted by Edward TIL, 1327 — ravaged by plague, sum- mer 1349 and 1 36 1 — entered by "Wat Tyler, 13 Jun. 1 38 1 — refuses a loan to Bi chard II. and is deprived of charters, 1392 — the charters soon restored : supplied with water from Tyburn brook, 140 1 —tournament held, be- tween Marshal and gentlemen of Hainault and Earl of Somerset, 1409 — receives Edward IV., 11 Apr. 147 1 — the sweating sickness rages, Sep. to Oct. 1485 — reappears. 1506, 15 17 — riot against foreign merchants and artisans, 1 May 15 1 7 — sweating sickness again, 1528 — ravaged by plague, summer 1548 — sweating sickness, 155 1 — "Wyatt's insurrection, Feb. 1554 — erection of new buildings in, prohibited by proclamation, 7 Jul. 1580, and by Act 35 Eliz. c. 6, 1593 — newly-built houses ordered to be pulled down, by proclamation, 1602 — enter- tains Elector Palatine and Princess Elizabeth, Oct. 1612 — the plague, 1625 — citizens fined for alleged neglect of duty, 1632 — again, by Star Chamber, and their plantation in Ulster seized, 8 Mar. 1633 — tumult of apprentices, 28 Dec. 1641— threatened by Charles I., Nov^ 1642 — plot of Waller to betray the city, discovered, May 1 643 — entrenchments thrown up by citizens, Jul. 1643 — occupied by the army, end of Nov. 1648 — rising of Anabaptists suppressed, 9 Apr. 1657 — riots in, Dec. 1659 — occupied by Gen. Monk, 3 Feb. 1660 — submits to Charles II., 18 Jun. 1660 — the plague, 1665 — the great fire, 2 to 6 Sep. 1666 — rebuilding of, provided for and regulated by Act 17 Car. II. c. 8, 1666 — declared to have forfeited its charters, by James II., 12 Jun. 1683 — bodies of monks settle in, 1686 — riots, Bomish chapels destroy- ed, 7 Oct. 1688 — the charters restored, 8 Oct. — fresh riots, 12 Oct. and 12 Dec. — devastated by Great Storm, 26 Nov. 1704 — provision for building 50 new churches in, by parliament, 17 1 1 — rendezvous of disaffected persons, fre- quent tumults, 17 16 — city gates ordered to be shut at night, trainbands kept on duty, during rebellion of 1745 — shock of earthquake, 8 Mar. 1750 — riots occasioned by arrest of Wilkes, May to Jun. 1768 — No Popery riots, 1780 — [Gordon, Lord George] — raises force of Loyal Volunteers, spring 1794 — riot on arrest of Sir Francis Burdett, Mar. 18 10 — great fog, 31 Dec. 181 3 to 7 Jan. 18 14 — visited by allied sovereigns, Jun. 18 14 — corn-law riots, Feb. to Mar. 18 15 — day-patrols established in, Oct. 1822 — state visit of the Queen to Guildhall, 9 Nov. 1837 — construction and use of buildings in, regulated by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 84, 9 Aug. 1844 — Chartist meeting on Kennington Common, 13 Apr. 1848 — reception of Kossuth, 30 Oct. 1 85 1 — state reception of Napoleon III. and his Empress by the Cor- poration, 19 Apr. 1855 — local management of, provided for, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 120, 14 Aug. 1855 — visit of the Sultan, Abdul Aziz, 12-23 Jul- 1867. Conferences of on affairs of Greece, 1826 — on affairs of Holland and Belgium, 1830 — on Tur- ko-Egyptian difficulties, 1840— on Danish af- fairs, 1 85 1— another, attended by representatives of Great Britain, France, Bussia, Austria, Prus- sia, Denmark, Sweden, and German Confeder- ation, opens, 25 Apr. — closes without result, 25 Jun. 1864 — on Black Sea question, meets, 14 Jan. 1 87 1. [Black Sea.] Councils of respecting marriages, held by Augustine, 605 ; 8 Sep. 948 ; against simony, Sep. 1 103 ; respecting homage and investiture of bishops, 1 Aug. 11 07 ; on discipline, 24 May 1 1 08; against marriage of priests, 8 or 9 Sep. 1 1 25 ; for reformation of manners, 11 27 ; against married priests, 1 Aug. 11 29; on necessities of Church and State, Jan. 1136 ; on discipline, 13 Dec. 11 38; against maltreatment of clergy, Midlent ii42, d 1143S on appeals to Rome and on discipline, Midlent 1151 ; to revive the customs in charter of St Edward and the privileges of the clergy, Lent 11 54; for appeal to the pope against the sentences of Abp Becket, 1 166 ; on discipline, 18 May 1 175 ; dispute between Abps of York and Canterbury for precedence, Abp of York thrown down and trampled on, Abp of Canterbury fined by legate Hugh, 14 Mar. 1176; against the king's going on the crusade, 18 Mar. 11 85 ; of all England, decreeing four articles of last Council of the Lateran, 1200; permitting clergy to read divine service in a low voice until the pope confirm absolution of Xing John, 25 Aug. 1213; rejecting Papal bull reserving two pre- bends in each cathedral, 13 Jan. 1226 ; for ex- communication of maltreaters of Boman clerks in England, 1232 ; held by legate Otho, for reform of state of the Church in England, 19, 21, and 22 Nov. 1237 ; held by the same, for removal, on satisfaction made, of interdict laid on Oxford University, 17 May 1238 ; granting a subsidy to the king and refusing one to the pope, Feb. 1224; against the pope's demand of a third of the revenues of English clergy, 1 Dec. 1246; against exactions of the pope and the king, 13 Jan. 1255, and 22 Aug. 1257 '■> on state of the churches of England, 16 May 1 26 1 ; to repair disorders of civil war, and to carry out canons of Council of 1237, 16 Apr. 1268 ; for release of Amaury de Montfort, the pipe's chaplain, 1 Mar. 1282 ; on doctrine, 30 Apr. 1286; for expulsion of Jews, 1291 ; respecting the king's demand of a subsidy, 14 Jan. 1297 ; respecting a peace with Scotland, 15 Sep. to 5 Oct. 1305; on discipline, Dec. 1321, Feb. 1329, 10 Oct. 1342 ; against several abuses, 19 Mar. 1343 ; granting a tenth of revenues of the clergy to the king for one year, 16-24 May 1356; against the Lollards, May 1382, 28 Apr. 1391 ; against doctrine of Wickliffe, 19 Feb. 1397, and 26 Jan. to 8 Mar. 1 40 1 ; to renounce obedience to Gregory XII. and support Council of Pisa, 23 Jul. 1408; to condemn Sir John Oldcastle, Jun. 141 3. Treaties of between Emperor elect and kings of England and Spain, signed, 29 Oct. 15 16 — between England, France, and Bussia, regulating LONDON BRIDGE— LONGITUDE. 871 government of kingdom of Greece, signed, 6 Jul. 1S29 ; between England, France, Spain, and Portugal, for pacification of the Peninsula, expulsion of Don Carlos and Don Miguel, &c, signed, 22 Apr. 1834; between England, France, Austria, Russia, Prussia, -and Turkey, for settlement of dispute between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali, 15 Jul. 1840; between Denmark and the five Great Powers, respecting Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, signed, 8 May 1852 ; between the Great Powers, for de- neutralization of Black Sea, 13 Mar. 1871. [Quadruple Alliance.] Conventions at, between the GreatPowers and Turkey for closing the Dardanelles against ships of war, 13 Jul. 1 841 ; between England and France for suppression of Slave Trade, 29 May 1845. a Guest. b Anglo- Sax. Chron. c Speed. d Matthew Paris. e Roger de Hoveden. London Bridge, — of ivood, partly demolished by Danes, under Olaf, 1008 — passed by Cnut, 1016 — destined by storm, 16 Nov. 1091 — rebuilt by William II., 1097 — burnt, n 36 — restored, 1163 — of stone, built by Peter of Colechurch, 11 76- 1209 — fire on, 10 Jul. 121 2 — houses built on, as early as 1280 — partly destroyed by floating ice, 1282 — passed by Wat Tyler, 13 Jun. 1381 — partly falls, 14 Jan. 1437 — passed by Jack Cade, 1 Jul. 1450 — houses on, partly burnt, 13 Feb. 1633— again, 8 Sep. 1725 — houses removed, bridge widened and repaired, 1757-66 — new, built by Rennie, com- menced, 15 Mar. 1824 — opened by "William IV., 1 Aug. 1831 — remains of old, removed, 1832-3. London Docks, — opened, 30 Jan. 1805. London Gazette, — commenced at Oxford, 7 Nov. 1665. London Institution, — founded, 1806 — building erected, 18 15- 19. London Library, — established, 1841. London University, — incorporated by royal charter, 23 Nov. 1836 — charter renewed, 5 Dec. 1837 — supplementary charter granted, 7 Jul. 1849 — new charter, 9 Apr. 1858 — building opened by Queen Victoria, 11 May 1870. Londonderry, County of Ireland, — forfeited lands in, granted, to Corporation of London, by James I., 1609 — the governing body [Irish Society] incorporated by royal charter, 1619. Londonderry, Deny, city in Ireland, — takes its rise from monastery of St Columba, founded, 546 — seat of bishopric, 1158 — taken by Eng- lish under de Courcy, 1198 — garrisoned by English during rebellion of Tyrone, 1566 — partly destroyed by explosion of powder magazine, and garrison withdrawn, 1568 — fort rebuilt, and reoccupied by English, 1600 — surprised and burnt by Sir Cahir O'Dogherty, 1608 — rebuilt by London Companies and takes its present name, between 1613-30 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Royalists, under Sir Robert Stewart, 1649 — gates "closed against troops of James II., Dec. 1688 — siege of, by James II., formed, 18 Apr. 1689 — defended by Walker; siege raised by Col. Kirk, 30 Jul. 1689 — visited by Prince Arthur, riots, 28 Apr. 1869 — pro- claimed under Peace Preservation Acts, 1 May 1869. Cathedral, completed, 1633. Foyle College, built, 18 14. Londonderry, Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquis of, — fc. at Dublin, 18 May 1778 — enters the army, 1793 — accompanies Earl of Moira to Holland, 1794 — takes part under Sir R. Abercromby in expedition to Egypt, 1801 — M.P. Londonderry, 1801-14 — Colonel, aide- de-camp to the king, 1803— marries Catherine, daughter of Earl of Darnley, 1804 — distin- guishes himself under Sir J. M001 >pain, 1808 — Adjutant-general to Sir Arthur Welles- ley, 1809-13 — death of his wife, 1812 — am- bassador to Berlin, 1 813 — K.B., receives thanks of House of Commons for services in the Penin- sula, 1 81 3 — Baron Stewart, 1 Jul. 18 14 — ambassador to Austria, 18 14— plenipotentiary to Congress of Vienna, 1815 — marries Frances Anne Vane Tempest, and assumes surname of Vane, 18 19 — succeeds his brother in the Mar- quisate, 1822— Earl Vane and Viscount Sea- ham, 8 Jul. 1823— General, 1837— Colonel °f Life Guards, 1843 — K.G., 1852 — ft. in London, 1 Mar. 1854. Londonderry, Robert Stewart, Marquis of. [Castlereagh, Viscount.] Long Island. [Bahamas.] Long Island, New York, (Manhattan, Nas- sau Island,) discovered by Hudson, 1609 — Gen. Howe defeats Americans, 27 Aug. 1776. Long Parliament, of England, — meets, 3 Nov. 1640 — dissolved by Cromwell, 20 Apr. 1653 — declared to be fully dissolved by Act 12 Car. II. c. 1, 1660. Long, Boger, astronomer, §c., — b. in Nor- folk, about 1680 — enters Cambridge "Univ., 1697— M.A.,,1704— D.D., 1728— F.R.S., Vice- chancellor of the Univ., 1729 — Master of Pem- broke Hall, 1733 — Lowndes's Prof. Astronomy, 1749 — rector of Bradwell, Essex, 1751 — tf., 16 Dec. 1770. Treatise on Astronomy, 1742-64. Longchamp, William de, Bp of Ely, — consecrated, 11 89 — guardian of the realm during absence of Richard L, 1190 — besieges Lincoln Castle, 11 91 — imprisons Geoffrey, Abp of York, 19 Sep. 1191— expelled by Earl John, 10 Oct. — retires to Normandy: discovers Richard's prison, 1193 — If., 1198. Longespee, William. [Salisbury, Earl of.] Longeville, near Metz, — the French de- feated by the Prussians, and driven into Metz, 15 Aug. 1870. Longhi, Giuseppe, painter, engraver, — b. at Monza, 1766 — Prof. Engraving, Milan, 1798 — If. at Florence, 2 Jan. 1831. Longhi, Luca, painter — ft. at Ravenna, 1507 — fr., 12 Aug. 1580. Longinus, — Consul of Rome with Decius, (1239, a. u. c.) 486— Consul with Faustus, (1243,) 490. Longinus, (brother of Zeno,) — taken prisoner by Illus, 475 — released, returns to Constanti- nople, 485 — aided by Isaurians, excites a sedi- tion, 491 — rebels in Isauria, 492 — [Isaurian War] — captured by Count Priscus at Antioch, and put to death atNicsea, 498. Longinus Cassius. [Cassius.] Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, philosopher, fi., about 213 — secretary to Zenobia, about 267 — killed, 273.? De Finibus, 265. Longitude, Determination of, — method of, LONGITUDES— LOPEZ. by lunar observation, proposed by "Werner of Niirnberg, 15 14 — recommended by Peter Apian of Ingolstadt, 1524 — by Oronce'Fine of Bri- ancon, about 1530 — by Gemma Frisius of Ant- werp, 1530 — by Pedro Nunez, 1560 — by Kepler, 1630 — by Morin of Paris, 1635. Re- ward for, offered by Philip III. of Spain, 1598 — by States of Holland, about 1600. In Eng- land, reward for discovery of, at sea, proposed by Act 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 15, 1714 — commis- sioners for discovery of, appointed by Act 14 Geo. II. c. 39, 1 741 — amended by several Acts : reward granted to Harrison, for his chronome- ter, 1765 — Acts repealed and new provisions made by 14 Geo. III. c. 66, 1774 — amended by several Acts : proposal of reward renewed by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 75, 7 Jun. 18 15 — new provisions by Act 58 Geo. III. c. 20, 8 May 1 8 1 8 — former Acts repealed and new provisions made by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 66, 15 Jul. 1828. Longitudes, Eureau des, — established at Paris, 23 Jun. 1795. Longjumeau, Peace of, (la Paix boiteuseet mal assise,) between Catholics and Huguenots, concluded, 23 Mar. 1568 — violated by Catherine de' Medici, Sep. 1568. Longland. [Langlande, William.] Longobardi. [Lombards.] Longolius, Paul Daniel, philologist, antiqua- ry, — ft. near Dresden, 1704 — tf., 24 Feb. 1779. Longomontanus, Christian Severin, as- tronomer, — ft. in Jutland, 1562 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Copenhagen, 1605 — tr. there, 8 Oct. 1647. Cyclometria vera, 1612 — Fentas pro- blematum philosophies, 1623 — Astronomia Danica, 1622. Longuerue, Louis Dufour de, orientalist, — ft. at Charleville, 1652 — tf. at Paris, 1733. Annates Arsacidarum, 1732 — Description Mstorique et geographique de la France, 17 19. Longueval, Jacques, historian, — ft. near Peronne, 18 Mar. 1680 — "&. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1735. Histoire de VEglise Gallicane, 1730-49. Longueville, Louis d'Orleans, Duke de, — at battles of Agnadello, 1509 — and Marignano, 15 1 3 — taken prisoner by English at battle of the Spurs, 15 13 — negotiates peace and the marriage of Louis XII. to Princess Mary, 15 14 — succeeds to the title, 15 15 — tf. sovereign of Neufchatel, 15 16. Longueville, Henry II., Duke de, — ft., 27 Apr. 1595 — marries Louise de Bourbon- Sois- sons, 1617 — governor of Normandy, 1619 — joins in plot against Richelieu, 1626 — widower, 1637 — commands against Spaniards, 1637 — takes command of army of Germany, 1639 — marries sister of Conde, 1642 — closes cam- paign in Piedmont, 1642 — member of Council of liegency for Louis XIV., 1643— one of the plenipotentiaries to congress of Munster, 1645 — favours the Frondeurs, 1649 — imprisoned, 18 Jan. 1650 — tr. at Eouen, 1663. Longueville, Anne Genevieve de Bourbon- Conde, Duchess de, — ft. atVincennes, 29 Aug. 1 6 19 — betrothed to Prince de Joinville, 1638 — marries (after his death) Henry II., Duke de Longueville, 2 Jun. 1642 — takes leading part in the Fronde, 1649 — escapes from Paris, 16 Jan. 1650 — returns to the Court, Mar. 165 1 — widow, 1663 — tf., 15 Apr. 1679. Longus, C Sulpicius, — [BC]- Consul with P. ^lius Psetus, (417, a. u. c.) 337— with Q. Aulius Cerretanus, (431,) 323— with M. Pceti- lius Libo, (440,) 314. Longus, L. Manlius Vulso. [Vulso.] Longus, M' Tullius, — [BC]- Consul with Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, (254, a. u. c.) 500. Longus, Tib. Sempronius, — [BC]— Consul with P. Corn. Scipio Africanus, (560, a. u. c.) 194. Longus, T. Sempronius, — [BC] — Consul with P. Corn. Scipio, (536, a. u. c.) 218 — sent to Sicily against Carthaginians : joins Scipio and is defeated by Hannibal at the Trebia, 218 — defeats Hanno near Grumentum, 215 — decemvir sacris faciundis, 210. Longwy, in France, [Longus Vicus,) — taken by Marshal de la Ferte, 1647 — by Marquis de Genlis, 1670 — rebuilt by Louis XIV. and for- tified by Vauban, 1682 — taken by Prussians, 22 Aug. 1792— evacuated after battle of Valmy, Sep. 1792 — bombarded by Prussians, end of Jun. 1815 — captured by them, 11 Sep. 1815 — invested by Germans, about 16 Jan. 1871 — bombardment commenced, 20 Jan. — surrenders, 25 Jan. Lonicer, Adam, physician, naturalist, — 6. at Marburg, 10 Oct. 1528 — M.D., 1554— phy- sician to Senate of Frankfort, 1554-86 — &., 19 May 1586. Naturalis histories opus novum, Lons-le-Saulnier, in France, (Zedo Salin- arius,) — taken by the French, 1395 — retaken by Emperor Maximilian I., 1500— unsuccess- fully besieged by French, 1572 — stormed by French, 1637 — occupied by Prussians, 5 Feb. 1871. Lonsdale, John Lowther, Earl of,— ft., 1655 — Knt, on death of his grandfather, Sir John Lowther, 30 Nov. 1675 — M.P. West- moreland, 1675 — First Lord of the Treasury, 1690 — one of the Council of Nine, 1690 — Lord of the Admiralty, close of Feb. 1692 — resists Triennial Bill, 1693 — created Earl of Lonsdale, 28 May 1696 — Lord Privy Seal, 1699 — retires, 1699 — opposes Resumption Bill, 1700 — one of the Lords Justices, Jul. 1700 — tf., 10 Jul. 1700. • * Lonsdale, William Lowther, Earl op, — ft., 29 Dec. 1757 — becomes Baron and Viscount Lowther on death of James, Earl of Lonsdale, May 1802 — created Earl of Lonsdale, 7 Apr. 1807 — tf. at Twickenham, 9 Mar. 1844. Loo-Choo Islands, in Chinese Sea, — con- quered by Chinese, about 1372 — German mis- sion established in, 1 85 1 . Loom. [Power-loom.] Loon, Theodor van, painter, — ft. at Brussels, about 1550 ? — at Louvain, 1595 — lj. at Brus- sels, 1630. Loos, Philippe, — ft. in Alsace, 1754 — fr. at Paris, 1 819. Encyclopaedic fur die jtiinstler, 1794-8. Lope de Vega. [Vega.] Lopez. [Ayala, Castaneda, Gomara.] Lopez, Don Carlos Antonio, President op LOPEZ— LORIA. 873 Paraguay, — succeeds Francia, 1840 — abol- ishes slavery for all born after 1848 — quarrels ■with United States, 1855 — submits to arbitra- tion, 1 859 — quarrels with British Government, 1859 — o\, 10 Sep. 1862. Lopez, {Lopes,) Eernao, historian,— ft., about 1380— keeper of Archives to John I. of Por- tugal, 1418 — tf., about 1449. Lopez, Don Francisco Solano, President of Paraguay, — b. in Asuncion, 1827 — sent to ratify Treaties of Commerce with France, Eng- land, and Sardinia, 1853— elected to succeed his father, Sep. 1862 — concludes convention with British government, 14 Oct. — proclaimed Pres. for ten years, 23 Oct. 1862 — engages in war with Brazil, 1865 — [Paraguay]— defeated by Gen. Camara and killed at Aquidaban, 1 Mar. 1870. Lopez, (Zoppez,) Roger, physician, — serves in Spanish Armada, 1588 — captured by Eng- lish, and made physician to Queen Elizabeth : corresponds as a spy with Spanish government, May 1590 — receives jewel and gems for his services, Nov. 159 1 — offers to poison the Queen, Sep. 1593 — convicted, 28 Feb. 1594 — hanged at Tyburn, 7 Jun. 1594. Lopez de Lerena, Don Pedro, statesman, — fc. in New Castile, 6 May 1734 — Intendant of army of Minorca, 178 1 — of Andalusia and as- sistant of Seville, 1783 — Secretary of State for Finances, Jan. 1785-8 — Minister of War, 1785 to Jul. 1787— tf., 2 Jan. 1792. Lord High Admiral, &c. [Admiral, Advo- cate, Chancellor, Chamberlain, Constable, Steward, and Treasurer.] Lord Keeper. [Chancellor, Lord.] Lord-Lieutenants of Counties, — royal com- missions appointing, declared by parliament il- legal and void, 15 Apr, 1642 — right of the crown to appoint, declared by Act 14 Car. II. c. 3, 1662 — appointment of, in Ireland, author- ized and regulated by Act 1 and 2 ¥m IV. c. 17, 23 Aug. 1831. Lord of Misrule, in England, — appointment of, discontinued since 1640. Lords, House of Lords, in England,— recog- nized as part of the legislature, as early as 1322 a — hold conferences with Commons, and obtain Petition of Right, 1628 — assemble at York on summons of Charles I., 24 Sep. 1640 — declared incapable of being prorogued or dissolved under 50 days from first meeting without their consent, by Act 16 Car. I. c. 1, 15 Feb. 1 641 — not to be adjourned except at their own order, by Act 16 Car. I. c. 38, 10 May 1 64 1 — refuse to confer with Commons respecting sparing the life of Strafford, 1 1 May 1 64 1 — bishops disabled from sitting in, by Act 16 Car. I. c. 27, Jan. 1642 — majority of, join the king, 1642 — assent to attainder of Abp Laud, 17 Dec. 1644 — assent to Self-denying Ordinance, Apr. 1645 — refuse to concur in trial of the king, and adjourned, 2 Jan. 1649 — voted useless and dangerous by the Com- mons, 6 Feb. 1649 — Cromwell authorized to create new, 26 May 1657 — new, created, 1657 — meet, but not recognized by Commons, 20 Jan. 1658 — dissolved, 4 Feb. 1658 — rein- stated in Convention Parliament, 25 Apr. 1660 — join in invitation to Charles II., 1 May — bishops restored to, 1660 — alter a money-bill and quarrel with Commons, Apr. 1671 — quar- rel with Commons respecting hearing of ap- peals, Nov. 1675 — trial of, for treason, regulat- ed by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 3, 1696 — quarrel with Commons respecting impeachment of Somers, 1701 — resolve that annexing any clause to a money-bill is contrary to constitu- tion and usage of parliament, Dec. 1702 — in a conference with Commons, assert right to examine public accounts, 16 Feb. 1703 — intro- duction of Scottish representative peers under Act of Union, 1706— creation of twelve new, 17 1 1 — bill for limitation of number of, intro- duced and abandoned, Mar. 17 19 — creation of many new, Jul. 1776— introduction of Irish representative peers, under Act of Union, 1801 — first Catholic peers admitted to, under Relief Act, 28 Apr. 1829 — reform of, discussed, 1835 — creation of life peerages discussed in Com- mittee of Privileges, Feb. 1856 — declare that peerages for life do not give right to vote in parliament, 25 Feb. 1856. a Hallam. Lords of Articles, — committee of Scottish parliament abolished, 1641. Lord's Day. [Sunday.] Lords Justices, in England, — frequently ap- pointed by William III. to govern during his absence, from 1694 — provisional appointment of, by Acts 4 and 5 Ann. c. 8, 1705, and 6 Anne, c. 41, 1707 — in office from death of Queen Ann. till arrival of George I., 1 Aug. to 18 Sep. 17 14 — appointed by George I., 17 19, 1720, 1723, 1725, and 1727 — by George II. frequent- ly after death of Queen Caroline, between 1737-60 — by George IV., Sep. 1821. Lords Justices of Court of Appeal in Chan- cery, — appointed by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 83, 7 Au g- 1^51. Loredano, Leonardo, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Agostino Barbarigo, 3 Oct. 1501 — q\, 22 Jun. 1521. Loredano, Pietro, Doge op Venice, — suc- ceeds Geronimo Priuli, 26 Nov. 1567 — }y., 3 May 1570. Lorenzetti, {Lorenzo,) Ambvogio, painter, — paints at Siena, 1324. Erescoes in Falace of Siena, 1337-9. Lorenzetti, {Lorenzo,) Pietro, painter, — paints at Siena, 1305. Altarpiece, Siena, 1329 — Nativity, 1342. Lorenzi, Giovanni Battista, {Battista del Cavaliere,) sculptor, — h. at Florence, 1528 — ij. at Pisa, 7 Jan. 1594. Lorenzo de' Medici. [Medici.] Loreto, — visited by Frederick II., Mar. 1232 — the Santa Casa transferred to, 1295 — for- tified by Sixtus V., 1587 — taken by the French, and the Holy House pillaged, 10 Feb. 1797— the Image restored to, 9 Dec. 1802. Loria, Roger de, admiral, — h. atLoria, in Sicily, about 1250 — takes refuge with Pedro III. of Aragon, 1266 — Commander-in-chief of naval forces for conquest of Sicily, 1282 — cap- tures Angevin squadron, 28 Sep. 1282 — burns fleet of Charles of Anjou, at Catona and Reg- 874 L' ORIENT— LORRAINE. gio, 1282 — captures another squadron off Malta, 8 Jun. 1283 — Grand Admiral of Sicily, 1284 — defeats Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles, Prince of Salerno, near Naples, 5 May, 11 23 Jun. b 1284 — conquers great part of Calabria and the Basilicata, 1284-5 — seizes Tarentum, 15 Jul. 1285 — defeats French fleet and captures Admiral de Lodeve, end of Aug. 1285— again defeats French squadron and cap- tures Enguerrand de Bailleul, off Roses, 16 Sep., b 1 Oct c — ravages coasts of Languedoc, 1286 — totally defeats French fleet before Naples, 24 Jun. 1287 — seizes Agosta, Jul. 1287 — defeated by Robert, Count of Artois, in Ca- labria, Jun. 1289 — with John of Procida ac- companies the Infante Don Frederick to Vel- letri, 1295 — assists as plenipotentiary at Con- gress of Agnani, 23 Jun. 1295 — refuses to re- cognize terms of the settlement, and proclaims Don Frederick King of Sicily, 1295 — revolts against Frederick, and rejoins James of Aragon, ; 1297 — takes command of Aragonese fleet and besieges Syracuse, 1297 — his nephew captured and beheaded by Frederick : defeats Sicilian fleet off Cape Orlando, 4 Jul. 1299^ 1300 b — again defeats Sicilian fleet, 1300^ i3oi b — at the peace, retires to Aragon, 1302 — tf. at Valen- cia, 17 Jan. 1305. a Sismondi. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Univ. d Milman. L'Orient, in France, — made depot of French East India Company, 1666 — town commenced, 1720 — fortified, 1744 — unsuccessfully attacked by English, 2 Oct. 1746 — naval station, 1770 ■ — free port, 1784. Loritus, Eenricus. [Glareanus.] Lorraine, Kingdom and Duchy of, (Zotha- ringia, Lothringen,) — forms part of kingdom of Austrasia, 511 — erected into a kingdom by Emperor Lothaire I. for his second son, Lo- thaire, 22 Sep. 855 — on death of Lothaire, seized by Charles the Bald, 869 — who is com- pelled by Louis the German to divide it with him, 870 — the partition confirmed by Louis the Stammerer, 878 — given up to Louis of Saxony by Louis and Carloman, 879 — falls to Em- peror Charles the Fat, 882 — and on his de- position, to Arnulf, 887 — given by bim to Zwentibold, 895 — Louis, king of Germany, proclaimed King of, 900 — on his death sub- mits to Charles the Simple, king of France, who reestablishes the Duke Rainier, 911 — his son Gislebert succeeds as Duke, 916 — the kingdom disputed between Charles and Henry, king of Germany, 918 — ceded to Charles by treaty signed at Bonn, 4 Nov. 921 ■ — Gislebert confirmed in the Duchy by Henry the Fowler, 925 — Henry, son of Gislebert, recognized as Duke, 940 — Conrad the Red, 944 — mediates successfully between king of France and Hugh the Great, 950 — accompanies Emperor Otto to Italy, 950 — joins in con- spiracy against Otto, and is deprived of Duchy, 953 — the Duchy given by Otto to Bruno, Abp of Cologne, 953— division of, into two Duchies, by Bruno, who assumes title of Archduke, 959. Lorraine, Upper, (Mosellana,) Duchy of, — Frederick L, Count of Bar, established in, by Bruno, 959 — invasion of Lothaire, king of France, 978 — his son Dietrich succeeds, 984 — held prisoner by Theodoric, Bp of Metz, 1011-17 — Frederick. II., (son,) 1026 — tf., 1027 — Gonthelon I., Duke of Lower Lor- raine, named guardian to daughters of Freder- ick, unites the two Duchies, 1033 — Gonthe- lon II. , (second son,) made Duke by Emperor Henry III., 1043 — Albert of Alsace, obtains Duchy, 1046 — Gerard of Alsace, (brother,) fc., 1038 — created Duke at Diet of Worms, 1048 — made prisoner by bis rival Godfrey of Lower Lorraine, 1048-9— carries on war with God- frey; is poisoned, 6 Mar. 1070 — Dietrich II., the Valiant, (son,) succeeds, 1070 — takes part with Emperor in defeat of Saxons, 1075 — joins in conspiracy against Pope Gregory VII., and is excommunicated, 1076 — absolved, 1077 — Simon, (Sigismund,) (son,) succeeds, 11 15 — founds abbey of Stutzelbronn, 11 35 — accom- panies his brother, Emperor Lothaire, to Italy, 1 1 37 — Matthew I., (son,) 11 39 — fol- lows Frederick Barbarossa in his expeditions : acquires Nancy, 1155 — Simon II., (son,) 1176 — re tires to abbey of Stutzelbronn, 1205 — Ferri I., (brother,) 1205 — Ferri II., (son,) on resig- nation of his father, 1 206 — supports Frederick II. in competition for Imperial crown, 121 2 — Theobald I., (son,) 12 13 — fights for Otto IV. at Bouviues, 12 14 — ravages Alsace, 121 8 — be- sieged by Frederick II. at castle of Amance, submits to him, and is kept prisoner, 1 Jun. 1 21 8 — liberated, 12 19 — Matthew II., (brother,) 1220 — promotes election of William, Count of Holland, to Imperial throne, 1248 — Ferri III., (son,) n., about 1239 — succeeds, 1 251 — Theobald II., (son,) distinguishes him- self at battles of Spire, 1298— and Courtrai, 1302 — succeeds his father, 1304 — at war with Bp of Metz, takes prisoners the Counts of Bar and Salm, 1309 — accompanies Emperor Henry VII. to Italy, 1310 — Ferri IV., (son,) marries Isabella of Austria, 1308 — succeeds, 13 12 — de- clares for Emperor Frederick III., 13 14 — taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Muhl- dorf, 1322 — joins confederation of king of Bo- hemia, Abp of Treves, and Count of Bar against Metz, 1.325 — killed, fighting for Philip of Valois at Cassel, 1328 — Ralph, (son,) 1328 — allied with Alfonso XL of Castile, contributes to defeat of Moors at Salado, Oct. 1340 — takes part with Philip of Valois in war of Brittany, 1 341 — killed at Crecy, 1346 — John L, (son,) 1346 — assumes the government, 1354 — distin- guishes himself at Poitiers, andis taken prisoner to England, 1356 — again captured at battle of Aurai, 1364 — serves with Teutonic Knights in Lithuania, 1365 — distinguishes himself at Rosebecque, 1382 — tf. at Paris, 1390 or 1391 — Charles I., (son,) b., about 1365 — suc- ceeds, 1 39 1 or later — with Duke of Bourbon besieges Tunis unsuccessfully, but wins a victory over Moors, 1391 ? — marries Margaret of Bavaria, 1393 — aids Teutonic Knights and captures Duke of Lithuania, 1399 — defeats Louis, Duke of Orleans, and his allies, 1407 — accompanies king of France to siege of Bourges, 141 2 — created Constable of France, by the queen, Isabella, 141 8 — deprived by LORRAINE. 875 Charles VII., 1424— tf., 25 Jan. 1431 — Rene of Anjou, (son-in-law,) 1431 — John II., (son,) Duke of Calabria, b., 1424 — Lieutenant- general of Lorraine, 1442 — succeeds, 1453 — aids Florentines against Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1455 — Governor of Genoa, by Charles VII., 1458— fails in attempt to recover Naples, 1459- 64 — takes part with League of the Public Good, 1464 — makes war on John II. of Aragon, 1468 — conquers Catalonia, and tf. at Barcelona, 13 Dec. 1470 — Nicholas, (son,) b., 1448 — named Lieutenant in the Duchy, 1468 — succeeds, 1470 — allies himself with Charles the Bold against Louis XI., 1472 — tf. at Nancy, 24 Jul. 1473 — Rene II., (grandson by mother's side of Rene I.,) 1473 — Anthony I., the Good, (son,) b., 4 Jun. 1489 — sent to Court of France, 1501 — succeeds, 1508 — takes part in victory of Agnadello, 1509 — marries Renee de Bourbon, 15 15 — distinguishes him- self at Marignano, 1515 — subdues revolted peasants of Alsace, 1525 — Lorraine declared free and independent sovereignty by Diet of Niirnberg, 26 Aug. 1542 — tf., 14 Jun. 1544 — FuanCis L, (son,) Marquis of Pont-d-Mousson, b., 15 Feb. 1517 — succeeds, 1544 — tf. at Remiremont, 1 2 Jun. 1545 — Charles II., (son,) b., 18 Feb. 1543 — succeeds, under Regency of his mother Christine, and Prince Nicholas, his uncle, 1545 — taken by Henry II, to court of France, and Christine deprived of Regency, 1552 — marries Claude, daughter of Henry II. , Feb. 1559— returns to Lorraine, autumn 1559 — makes treaty with Charles IX. respecting Bar, 157 1 — founds University of Pont-a- Mousson, 1572 or 1580 — treaty of peace with Henry IV., 1594 — tf. at Nancy, 14 May 1608 — Henry II. , the Good, (son,) b., 20 Nov. 1563 — marries Catherine de Bourbon, 1599 — succeeds, 1608 — loses his wife, Feb. 1604 — marries Margaret de Gonzaga, 1606 — tf., 31 Jul. 1624 — Francis II., (brother,) Count of Vaudemont, b., 27 Feb. 1572 — succeeds, 1624 — abdicates, 26 Nov. 1624 — Charles III., (son,) 1624 — Nicholas Francis, (brother,) on resignation of Charles III., 19 Jan. 1634 — marries his cousin Claude, and Avith her is seized and imprisoned by order of Richelieu, 1634 — escapes and goes to Florence, Apr. 1634 — loses his wife, 1648 — tf., Jan.- 1670— the Duchy seized by Louis XIV., 1670 — Charles IV. (son) succeeds on death of Charles III., 1675 — Leopold, (son,) b., 11 Sep. 1679 — succeeds, 1690 — reestablished in his states by Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — marries Elizabeth Charlotte of Orleans, 1698 — protects the ' Old Pretender,' 1713-15 — tf., 27 Mar. 1729— Francis Stephen (son) succeeds, 1729 — treaty of Emperor and Louis XV. for cession of Lorraine and Bar in exchange for Tuscany, signed, 3 Oct. 1735 — ratified by Francis, 13 Dec. 1736— Stanislaus Leczinski, titular king of Poland, recognized Duke, 1737 — the Duchy, on his death, united to France, Feb. 1766 — a small part of German Lorraine ceded to Prussia by Treaty of Vienna, 1 8 15— fifth part, with Metz, ceded to Germany by Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 187 1. Lorraine, Lower, [Lothier,) Duchy of, — con- stituted on partition of the kingdom, by Bruno, Abp of Cologne, and given to Godfrey I., 959 — Godfrey II. (son) succeeds, 964 — on his death given as fief of the Empire to Charles, brother of Lothaire, king of France, 976 — Otto, (son,) 1001 ? — at his death given by Emperor Henry II. to Godfrey III., 1005 — leads expedition against Thierry, Count of Holland, 1018— is wounded and captured, 29 Jul. 1018 — attends Emperor Henry II. to con- ference with Robert of France at Ivoi, 1023 — Gonthelon L, the Great, (brother,) Marquis of Antwerp, 1008 — invested with Duchy, 1023 or 1024 — acquires Upper Lorraine, 1033 — Godfrey IV., (son,) 1043 or 1044 — deprived, and the Duchy given to Frederick of Lux- emburg, 1048 — tf-, 1065 — Godfrey IV. re- stored, 1065 — Godfrey V., (son,) the Hunch- back, marries Matilda, heiress of Tuscany, 1063 — succeeds his father, 1069 — conquers South Holland, 1071 — contributes to defeat of Saxons at Langensalza, 1075 — assassinated, 26 Feb. 1076 — Conrad, (son of Emperor Henry IV.,) b., 1074-6— Godfrey VI., of Bouillon, 1089 — Henry I., Count of Limburg, succeeds, 1101 — Godfrey VIL, Count of Louvain, in- vested with Duchy on rebellion of Henry L, 1 1 06 — supports Conrad of Suabia against Em- peror Lothaire and is deprived, 1128 — Wal- eran, Count of Limburg, 11 28 — Godfrey holds part of the Duchy; tf., 1139 — Godfrey re- stored, 1 139 — first hereditary Duke — tf-, 15 Jan. 1 140 — Godfrey II. (VIII.) (son) succeeds, 1 140— Godfrey III., (IX.,) (son,) b., n 26— succeeds, 1 143 — marries Margaret of Limburg, 1 155 — Henry I. (II.) (son) succeeds, H90 — Henry, II., (III.,) (son,) 1235 — one of the seven electors charged by Innocent IV. to elect successor to Frederick II., 1245 — Henry III., (IV.,) (son,) Feb. 1248— John I., the Vic- torious, (son,) b., 1251 — succeeds, to the preju- dice of his elder brother Henry, 1261 — assumes government, Jun. 1267 — acquires Duchy of Limburg, 1282 — opposed by Renaud, Count of Guelderland, who transfers his claim to Henry of Luxemburg : accompanies king of France on expedition to Spain, 1285 — defeats Henry of Luxemburg at Voringen, 5 Jun. 1288 — John IT., the Pacific, (son,) marries Margaret of England, 2 Jan. 1294 — succeeds, May 1294 — establishes sovereign council of Brabant, 27 Sep. 13 12 — John III., (son,) b., 1299 — suc- ceeds, 1 312 — marries Mary of Evreux, 13 14 — Philip of Valois and his allies declare war on him, but make peace, 1332 — allies himself with Edward III. of England, 1337 — reconciled with Philip of Valois, 1347 — obtains from Em- peror Charles IV. the Golden Bull of Brabant, 1349 — tf., 5 Dec. 1355 — Jane, (daughter,) and Wenceslaus, Puke of Luxemburg, (married, 1347,) succeed, 1355 — conquest of Duchy by Count of Flanders, 1356 — recovered, and peace made, 1357 — revolt of Louvain, 1379 — forms siege of Louvain, Dec. 1382 — peace made by mediation of Bp of Liege, early in 1383— Jane alone, on death of Wenceslaus, Dec. 1383 — cedes her estates to Margaret her niece, Count- ess of Flanders, 7 May 1404— tf., 1 Dec. 1406 876 LORRAINE— LOTTERY. — Anthony, marries Jane, daughter of Wal- eran III. of Luxemburg, 1402 — recognized Duke on death of Countess Margaret, his mother, Mar. 1405 — takes title of Duke, Dec. 1406 — becomes Duke of Luxemburg, 141 1 — killed at Aginoourt, 1415 — John IV., (son,) ft., 1402 — succeeds, 1415 — marries his cousin Jacqueline, Countess of Holland, 141 8 — founds University of Louvain, 1425 — tf., 17 Apr. 1427 — Philip, (brother,) 1427 — on his death, 4 Aug. 1430 or 15 Oct. 1429, Duchy passes to House of Burgundy. [Brabant.] Lorraine. [Harcourt, Mayenne, and Mer- cceur.] Lorraine, Cardinal de. [Guise.] Lorraine, Charles Alexandre de, Field - Marshal, — ft. at Luneville, 12 Dec. 17 12 — Field-marshal, distinguishes himself in Hungary, 1738 — defeated by Frederick II. at Czaslau, 1742 — commands against French in Bohemia, 1742 — commands on the Rhine, 1744 — marries Archduchess Mary Anne and is appointed go- vernor of Netherlands, 1744 — drives Prussians out of Bohemia, Nov. 1744 — defeated by Fred- erick II. at Friedberg and Sorr, 1745 — defeats General Keith, 1757 — defeated by Frederick II. atLissa, 5 Dec. 1757 — Grand Master of Teuto- nic Order, 1761 — If. near Brussels, 4 Jul. 1780. Lorraine, Claude. [Claude.] Lorraine, Robert le, sculptor, — ft. at Paris, 1666 — received at the Academy of Sculpture, 1701 — tf., 1743. Galatea, 1701. Lorris, Guillaume de, poet, — author of Ro- man de la Rose, — tf., i26o, a i24o. b a Sismondi. b Kaynouard. Losinga, Herbert, — consecrated Bp of Thet- ford, 1 09 1 — removes see to Norwich, Apr. 1094 — founds Benedictine Abbey at Norwich ; — if., 22 Jul. 1 1 19. Lot, — [B C] — accompanies Terah to Haran, autumn 1922 a — accompanies Abraham from Haran, May 192 1 a — settled in Sodom, end of i92i a — taken prisoner by confederate kings, and released by Abraham, spring 1 9 1 2 a — leaves Sodom, spring 1897^ a Ussher. Lothaire I., Emperor of the Romans, — ft., about 795 — associated with his father, Louis the Debonnaire, in Imperial dignity, 31 Jul. 817 — King of Italy, or of the Lombards, 820 — crowned Emperor by Pascal I., 5 Apr. 823 — asserts at Rome Imperial supremacy, Oct., Nov. 824 a — conspires against his father and is deprived of his share in Empire, 830-1 — with his brothers makes war on his father, defeats and captures him at Rotfeld, 29 Jim. 833 — deposes him at Diet of Compiegne, 1 Oct. 833— is pardoned, 834 — succeeds his father, 20 Jun. 840 — defeated by his brothers at Fon- tenai, 25 Jun. 841 — concludes with them Treaty of Verdun, Aug. 843 — associates his son Louis in the Empire, 849 — retires to Abbey of Prum, in Ardennes, Sep. 855— tf. there, 28 or 29 Sep. 855. a Milman. Lothaire II., Emperor of the Romans, — ft., 1075 — becomes Duke of Saxony, 1106 — marries Richensa, (Richilda,) daughter of Henry Duke of Saxony on the Weser, ui3, a noo b — rebels against Emperor Henry V., 1 1 12-14— joins again in revolt, Oct. 11 14 — takes part in defeat of Henry at Welfesholz, 1 3 Feb. 1 1 15 b — rebels again, 1123 — makes peace with Henry. 11 24 — elected to succeed Henry V., at Diet of Mentz, 30 Aug. 11 25 — crowned King of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, by Abp of Cologne, 13 Sep. 11 25 — opposed by Conrad, Duke of Suabia, and Frederick, Duke of Fran- conia : procures recognition of Innocent II. by Assembly at Wurzburg, Oct. n 30 — has inter- view with Innocent at Liege, Mar. 1131 — passes into Italy and defeats Conrad, about Sep. 1 1 32 — protects Pope Innocent II. at Liege, and reconducts him to Rome, Apr. 11 33 — crowned with his wife, by Innocent II., 4 Jun. 1 1 33 — holds Diet at Wurzburg, 1136 — passes again into Italy, subdues rebel towns, conquers Apulia, 11 36-7 — again restores the pope, Sep. 1 1 37 — tf. at Bretten, near Trent, 4 Dec. 1137. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lothaire, King of France, — ft., 941 — associated in the kingdom with his father, Louis d'Outremer, 952 — succeeds him, 954 — gives Duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine to Hugh the Great, 955 — marries Emma, daughter of Lothaire, king of Italy, 966 — associates with him his son Louis, 978 — invades Lorraine, 978 — cedes it as fief of France to Emperor Otto II., by Treaty of Rheims, 980 — again invades Lorraine, 984 — tf. at Rheims, 2 Mar. 986. Lothaire, King of Italy,— associate of his father, Hugh of Provence, in kingdom of Italy, May 931 — affianced to Adelaide, daughter of Rodolph II., king of Burgundy, 938 — on abdication of his father retains title and honours, 945 — authority exercised by Berenger ; marries Adelaide, (?) 947 — tf. 22 Nov. 950. Lothaire, King of Lorraine, — the kingdom erected for him by his father, Lothaire L, Emperor, 22 Sep. 855 — marries Theutberga, daughter of Theodebert, 856 — divorces her and marries AValdrada, 857 — Theutberga proves her innocence and returns to him, 858 — in- duces Abps of Cologne and Treves to pro- nounce her guilty, in Assembly at Aix-la- Chapelle, 9 Jan. 860 — their decision con- firmed by Council of Aix-la-Chapelle, Feb. 860 — and by a third Council, 29 Apr. 862 — marries Waldrada, 862— the divorce again confirmed by Papal legates at Council of Metz, Jun. 863 — the sentence quashed and legates deposed by Nicholas I : is induced to receive back Theutberga, Aug. 865 — recalls "VValdrada, 865 — both are excommunicated, 865 — Lorraine ravaged by Hubert, brother of Theutberga : aids his brother Louis in Italy against the Saracens, 868 — visits Adrian II. at Monte Cassino, and is reconciled to the church, 869 — tf. at Piacenza, 8 Aug. 869. Lotharingia, Lothringen. [Lorraine.] Lotich, Peter, (Secundus,) poet, — ft. in Ger- many, 1528 — Prof. Medicine, Heidelberg, 1557 — tf. there, 1560. Roemata, 155 1. Lottery, Lotteries, — in Germany, established at Osnabrvick, 1521. At Florence, sanctioned by the state, 1530. In France, by Francis L, May 1529,* 1539 b — suppressed, and Royal Lottery instituted by Council of State, 30 LOTTO— LOUIS. 877 Jim. 1776 — suppressed by Convention, 16 Nov. 1794 — reestablished by Directory, 30 Sep. 1797 — abolished, 1 Jan. 1839^ i836. b In England, first drawn 1569 — again, for the colonies, 16 12 — permitted by Charles I. , 1 630 — suppressed by Act 10 and 11 Wni III. c. 17, 1699 — again, by 9 Ann. c. 6, 17 10 — annually licensed by Act of Parliament, 1709-1823 — government loans raised by, 1746 and 1747 — licence im- posed on lottery-offices, by Act 19 Geo. ILL c. 21, 1778 — state, abolished by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 60, 1823 — penalty for advertising, imposed by Act 6 and 7 ¥m IV. c. 66, 13 Aug. 1836. In United States, state, sanctioned, 1776. In Hesse Darmstadt, abolished, 1832.° Genoese, {Lotto di Genoa,) instituted by Benedetto Gentile, 1620 d — prohibited at Rome by Bene- dict XIII., 1724-30 — introduced at Rome by Clement XII., 1730-40 — into Germany, 1763 d — generally forbidden, about i790-i8oo. d a Univers. Pittoresque. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Conv.-Lex. d Beckmann. Lotto, Lorenzo, painter, — ft. at Venice, about 1480 a — painted, i5i3 b -54, i505 a -54— o\ at Loreto, about 1558," i56o. c a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. Loudon Hill. [Drumclog.] Loudon, Jane Webb, botanist, $c, — ft. near Birmingham, 1800— comes to London, 1826 — marries J. C. Loudon, 1831 — ft., 1858. The Mummy, 1826 — Ladies' Flower Garden, 1843 — Ladies' Country Companion, 1845 — British Wild Flowers, 1 844-5 — Entertaining Natural- ist, 1850. Loudon, John Claudius, botanist, landscape gardener, — ft. at Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, 8 Apr. 1783 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1797 — goes to London, 1803 — visits northern Europe, 181 3- 15 — visits France and Italy, 18 19 — France and Germany, 1828 — ft., i4Dec. 1843. Encyclopaedia of Gardening, i%zi—of Agri- culture, 1825 — of Plants, 1829 — of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, 1832 — Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 1838 — edits Gar- dener's Magazine, 1826-43 — Magazine of Na- tural History, 1828-36. Loughborough, Lord. [Rosslyn, Earl of.] Louis, Louis d'Or, gold coin, — struck in France, 1651 — new coinage, about 1785 — name resumed under Louis XVIIL, 18x4. Louis, St, Order of, in France, — founded by Louis XIV., 1693. Louis, Fort St, on the Senegal, — ceded to the English by Treaty of Versailles, 1763 — retaken by the French, 1799. Louis, St. [Guadaloupe.] Louis {Ludwig) L, i le JJe'bonnaire,' King of France, and Emperor op the Romans, — ft., 778 — named king of Aquitaine at his birth: crowned at Rome by Adrian I., Easter 781 — marries Hermengarda, 798 — associate of his father Charles the Great in the empire, Aug. 813 — succeeds him, 28 Jan. 814 — crowned with Hermengarda by Pope Stephen IV. at Rheims, autumn 816 — holds Diet at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 816 — another, Jun. 817 — associates his son Lothaire in the empire, Jun. 817 — and divides his estates between his three sons : re- volt of Bernard, king of Italy, 818— defeats and pnts him to death, Apr. 818— loses his wife, 3 Oct. 818 — marries Judith of Bavaria, 82i, a Feb. 819 b — does public penance at Diet of Attigny, Aug. 822 — receives homage of Harald, king of Denmark, 826 — assigns part of his dominions to his son Charles, at Diet of Worms, Aug. 829 — his other sons revolt, 830 — deposed by them at Compiegne, 830 — rees- tablished by Diet of Mmeguen, Oct. 830 — re- volt of Pepin, 832 — deprives him of Aquitaine, and gives it to Charles, 833 — fresh revolt of his three sons, seized with Judith and his son Charles, 24 Jun. 833 — deposed at Diet of Com- piegne, 1 Oct. 833 — imprisoned by Lothaire at Aix-la-Chapelle, winter 833-4 — reestablished by Diet of St Denis, 1 Mar. 834 — his queen and son restored to him : all proceedings against him declared null by Diet of Thion- ville, Feb. 835 — assigns best part of France to Charles, Dec. 837 — invasion of France by Hasting, 838 — divides his estates between Lothaire and Charles, giving Bavaria to Louis, May 839 — revolt of Louis : defeats him, after Easter 840 — tf. near Mentz, 20 Jun. 840. a Biog. Univ. b Milman. Louis II., Emperor op the Romans, — ft., about 822 — crowned king of Lombards, 25 Jun. 844 — associated with his father Lothaire in the empire, 849 — crowned at Rome by Leo IV., 2 Dec. 850 — succeeds his father, 855 — marries Ingelberga, 856 — obtains from his brother Lothaire cession of territory between Mount Jura and the Alps, 858 — fails in endeavour to procure reestablishment of Abps of Cologne and Treves, 864 — occupies Rome, Mar. 864 a — marches against Saracens in Calabria, 866 — besieges Capua, 866 — forms siege of Bari, 868 — takes it, 3 Feb. 871 — treacherously seized by Adelgisus, Duke of Benevento, 28 Aug. 871 — released, 17 Sep. — opposes partition of Lor- raine between Charles the Bald and Louis the German, 869- — crowned king of Lorraine at Rome by Adrian II., Whitsuntide 872 — ij. near Brescia, 2 Aug. 875. a Milman. Louis III., the Blind, Emperor of the Romans, — ft., about 880 — recognized as king of Provence three years after death of his father, Boson, 890 —marches into Italy, and is defeated by Berenger, 899 — again passes into Italy, takes Pavia, defeats Berenger, and is proclaimed king of Italy, close of 899 or qoo — defeats Berenger again, 901 — crowned Em- peror at Rome by Benedict IV., 12 Feb. 901 — drives Berenger out of Italy, 901 — returns to Provence, after 12 Feb. 902 — Lombardy re- covered by Berenger : passes into Italy, 905 — surprised by Berenger at Verona, blinded, and sent back to Provence, Jul. 905 — Ij. at Vienne, 929. Louis IV., King of Germany, — ft., 893 — succeeds his father, Arnulph, 899 — formally recognized king at Forcheim, 900 — proclaimed king of Lorraine in opposition to Zwentibold, 900 — assumes title of Emperor, 908 — tf. at Ratisbon, 9ii, a 21 Jan. 91 2. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. Louis V., Duke of Bavaria, and Emperor 8 7 8 LOUIS. of the Romans, — 6., 1287,* i284, b i282 c — succeeds his father, Louis the Severe, 1294 — elected at Frankfort by five electors, to succeed Henry YIL, 20 Oct. 13 14 — defeats and takes prisoner his rival Frederick of Austria, at Muhldorf, 28 Sep. 1322 — his election quash- ed by Pope John XXIL, who orders him to abdicate, 9 Oct. 1323 — excommunicated, 21 Mar. 1324 — marries Margaret of Holland, 1324 — declared contumacious, deprived, and cited to appear before tbe pope, by bull of 11 Jul. 1324 — the citation declared null by Diet of Ratisbon : concludes treaty with Frederick, Apr. 1325 d — holds Diet of Spire, Feb. 1326 — declares the pope a heretic, 1327 d — crowned at Milan, 31 May 1327 — excommunicated by the pope, 23 Oct. 1327 — marches on Rome, and is crowned there by Bps of Venice and Aleria, 17 Jan. 1328— deposes John XXIL, 18 Apr. — gets Peter de Corbiere elected pope, 12 May — and is crowned by him, 22 May — quits Eome,4 Aug. — sends embassy to Benedict XII.. 1 335 — meets Edward III. of England at Diet of Coblentz, 3 Sep. 1338 d — and appoints him Im- perial Ticar : publishes a code of laws for Up- per Bavaria, 1341 — sends embassy to Clement VI. , 1343 — deposed by Clement, 13 Apr. 1346 — Charles of Luxemburg elected, Jul. 1346 — accidentally killed, u, c 21 d Oct. 1347. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Nout. Biog. Gen. d Milman. Louis I., King of France. [Louis le De- bonnaire.~] Louis II., le Begne, King of Feance, — fi., r Nov. 846 — crowned king of Aquitaine at Soissons, 867 — succeeds his father, Charles the Bald, 6 Oct. 877 — crowned by Hincmar, at Compiegne, 8 Dec. 877 — again by Pope John VIII. at Council of Troves, 7 Sep. 878— marches against Bernard, Marquis of Septi- inania, and rj. at Compiegne, 10 Apr. 879. Louis III., King of Feance, — fj. about 963 a — declared sole heir to the throne by his father, Louis II., 879 — succeeds, jointly with his brother Carloman, Apr. 879 — they defeat the Northmen on the Loire, 30 Nov. 879 — form alliance with Louis of Saxony, 880 — divides the monarchy with Carloman, Mas*. 880 — marches against Boson, king of Provence, and forms siege of Vienne, 8 So — defeats North- men at Saucourt, early in 881 — again defeats them, 882 — lj. at St Denis, io, a 3, or 5 b Aug. 882. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Louis IV., (D : Uutremer,) King of Feance, — fc., 921 — taken to England, about 923 — re- called to France, succeeds Baoul, 936 — crowned at Laon, 19 Jun. 936— again at Rheims, 936 — assumes the government, 937 — Hugh the Great forms a league against, 938 — marries Gerberga, 939 — invades Lorraine and Alsace, and is driven away by Otto 1. , 939 — defeated by Hugh the Great before Laon, 941— retires to Burgundy : peace restored by mediation of Pope Stephen VIII. and AYilliam I. Duke of Normandy, 942 — at a conference ' with the Danish king, Aigrold, his attendants are mas- sacred, 943— captured by Northmen at Rouen, and given up to Hugh the Great, 944 — liber- ated, 946 — forms league with Otto and Arnold Count of Flanders against Hugh and Richard Duke of Normandy, 946 — invades Normandy, and is defeated near Rouen ; makes peace with Hugh, 950 — reduces rebels in Auvergne, 951 — if. at Rheims, 10 Sep. 954. Louis V., le Faineant, King of Feance, — rj. about 967 — associated in the government with his father, Lothaire, 8 Jun. 978 — succeeds him, 2 Mar. 986 — rj., 21 May 987. Louis VI., le Gros, King of Feance, — 5., about 1077 — created Count of Vexin by his father, Philip I., 1092 — associated in the government, about 1099 — succeeds, 1108 — crowned at Orleans, by Daimbert, Abp of Sens, 3 Aug. 1 1 08 — rebellion excited by his step- mother, Bertrada, in favour of her son, Philip of Mantes : summons Henry I. of England to demolish castle of Gisors, 11 09 — defeats him at Neaufle; carries on war in Normandy, 1 1 1 1 — Peace of Gisors, 1 1 14 — marries Ade- laide of Savoy, n 15 — renews war with Eng- land, 1 1 16 — defeated by Henry I. at Brenne- ville, 20 Aug. 1 1 19 — peace concluded, by mediation of Calixtus 1L, Nov. n 19 — the war renewed, 1 1 2 1 — marches against Emperor Henry V., who retires, n 24 — avenges death of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, and gives the County to Cliton, n 27 — has his son crowned, 14 Apr. 11 29 — holds Council of Etampes, and supports Innocent II. against Anacletus, 1130 — loses his son, 13 Oct. 1131 — has his second son, Louis, crowned, 25 Oct. — captures and destroys St Brison-sur-Loire, 11 35 — tf., 1 Aug. 1 1 37. Louis VII., le Jeune, King of Feance, — fi., about 1 1 20 — crowned by Innocent II. at Rheims, 25 Oct. n 31 — marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Bordeaux, Jul. 1137 — succeeds his father, Louis le Gros, 1 Aug. 11 37 — crowned Duke of Aquitaine, at Poitiers, 8 Aug. n 37 — crowned King of France, at Bourges, Christ- mas 1 1 37 — unsuccessfully attempts to seize County of Toulouse, 1 141 — quarrels with Inno- cent II. about appointment of Abp of Bourges, 1 142 — interdict laid on France: invades Champagne, sacks Vitry and burns the church, 1 142 — makes terms with Celestine II., 1143 — makes peace with Count of Champagne, 1 144 — holds plenary court at Bourges, Christmas 1 1 45 — receives the cross from St Bernard at Vezelai, Easter, 31 Mar. 1146 — appoints Abbe Suger and Raoul Count of Vermandois regents, Feb. 1147 — sets out for the Holy Land, 11 Jun. 1147 — [Crusades] — on his re- turn is captured at sea by Greeks, and rescued by fleet of Roger, king of Sicily, 1 149— arrives in France, close of 1149 — receives homage of Prince Henry of England for Duchy of Nor- mandv, 1150 — divorces Eleanor, 18 Mar. 1152 — marries Constance of Castile, 1154 — makes pilgrimage of St James, and visits king of Castile at Toledo, 1 155-6 — receives at Paris Henry II. of England, 1158 — loses his queen, 1 1 60— marries Alice of Champagne, 13 Nov. 1160 — with Henry II. receives Pope Alexander III., 1 1 62 — gives protection to Abp Becket,n64 LOUIS. 879 — receives Prince Henry of England, and with him invades Normandy, 1 1 7 3 — concludes peace with Henry II., 1176 or ii77, a 1178 b — visits tomb of St Thomas of Canterbury, 21 Aug. 1 179 — has his son crowned, All Saints 1179 — fc. at Paris, 1 8 Sep. 11 80. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. Louis VIII., le Lion, King of France, — fo., 5 Sep. 1 187 — marries Blanche of Castile, 23 May 1200 — repulses King John of England, at Eoche aux Moines, Jul. 12 14 — leads crusade against Count of Toulouse, i2i5 a — accepts barons' offer of crown of England, 26 Apr. 1 2 16 — lands in England, 21 May — takes Ro- chester, May — receives homage of barons at London, 2 Jun. — besieges Dover, takes "Win- chester, and is repulsed at Windsor, Jun. — raises siege of Dover, Nov. — takes Hertford Castle, 6 Dec. — Berkhampstead Castle, 20 Dec. — threatened with excommunication by legate, concludes a truce, and goes to France, early in 1 217 — returns to England, raises siege of castle of Mountsorrel, 12 17 — excommunicated by legate, 18 Apr. 12 17 — defeated at Lincoln, by Earl of Pembroke, 20 May— fleet sent to relieve Louis is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, near Dover, 24 Aug. — besieged in London, by Pembroke, makes treaty with him, 11 Sep., and leaves England ; continues war against Albi- genses, unsuccessfully besieges Toulouse, Aug. 1 2 19 — succeeds his father, Philip Augustus, 14 Jul. 1223 — crowned with his queen, at Rheinis, 6 or 8 Aug. — refuses to give up English pro- vinces in France to Henry III., 1223 — seizes Poitou, 1224 — makes truce with Henry, Jan. 1225 — leads crusade against Count of Toulouse, 1226 — forms siege of Avignon, 10 Jun. 1226 — takes it, 12 Sep. — overruns Languedoc, autumn : If. at Montpensier, in Auvergne, 8 Nov. 1226. a Milman. Louis IX., St Louis, King of France,— fc. at Poissi, 25 Apr. I2i5 a — succeeds his father, Louis VIII. , 8 Nov. 1226, under regency of Queen Blanche : crowned at Rheims, 29 Nov. — acquires County of Toulouse, by treaty with Raymond VII., 12 Apr. 1229— concludes truce for three years with Henry III., 5 Jul. 1231 — reduces Count of Brittany, 1231 — forms a league with Emperor Frederick II., 1232 b — marries Margaret of Provence at Sens, May 1234 — declared of age, 25 Apr. 1236 — invited to meet Frederick II. at Vaucouleurs, 1237 b — receives from Venetians the Crown of Thorns, and carries it to Paris, 1238 — refuses Imperial crown, offered for his brother Robert by Gregory IX., 1239— holds plenary court at Saumur, 24 Jun. 1241 — and there gives Poitou, Auvergne, and territories of Albigenses to his brother Alfonso : obtains release of French prelates from Frederick II., 1241 — defeats Henry III. at Taillebourg, 21 Jul. 1242 — again at Saintes, 22 Jul. — concludes truce for five years with Henry, 7 Apr. 1243 — refuses to receive Inno- cent II., 1244 — falls ill at Pontoise, Dec. 1244 — takes the cross : offered as surety for Fre- derick II. at Council of Lyons, Jun. 1245 — takes the cross at parliament of Paris, Oct. 1245 c — meets Innocent at Cluny, Dec. 1245 b — and again, 1246 b — sets out for Palestine. Jun. 1248 — has interview with Innocent IV. at Lyons, respecting deposition of Frederick II. : embarks at Aigues-Mortes, 25 Aug. — spends winter in Cyprus, 1248-9 — [Crusades] — cap- tured by Sultan of Egypt, 5 Apr. 1250— re- leased, 5 May — appeals'to Henry III. of Eng- land for aid, 1250 — lands in Provence, 11 Jul. 1254 — arrives at Paris, 7 Sep. — receives Henry III. at Paris, Dec. 1254 — concludes treaty with him at Abbeville, 28 Mar. 1259 — arbi- trates between Henry III. and the barons, [Provisions of Oxford,] at Amiens, 23 Jan. 1264 — again takes the cross at parliament of Paris, 1267 — publishes his Pragmatic Sanc- tion, Mar. 1268° — and his Ltablissements> about 1270 — embarks at Aigues-Mortes, 1 Jul. 1270 — forms siege of Tunis, 17 Jul. — takes the citadel, 25 Jul. — ft. there, 25 Aug. 1270— his remains carried to France, interred at St Denis, 22 May 1271 — canonized by Boniface VIII., 1 1 Aug. 1297. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Kington. c Milman. Louis X., (Hutin,) King of France and of Navarre — b., 4 Oct. 1289 — succeeds his mother, Jane, as king of Navarre, 1304 — mar- ries Margaret of Burgundy, 1305 — crowned king of Navarre at Pampeluna, 1307 — confines his wife inChateau-Gaillard, 1 314 — succeeds his father, Philip the Fair, 29 Nov. 13 14 — recalls Jews to France, 28 Jul. 13 15 — marries de- mentia, daughter of king of Hungary, 1 Aug. — crowned with her at Rheims, 3 Aug. — puts his first wife to death, Aug. 13 15 — leads expe- dition against Count of Flanders, and unsuc- cessfully besieges Courtrai, Aug. to Sep. 1315 — tt., 5 or 8 Jun. 13 16. Louis XI. , King of France, — b. at Bourges, 3 Jul. 1423 — marries Margaret of Scotland, 24 Jun. 1436 — heads revolt of the Praguerie, against his father, Charles VII., 1439 — ca P~ tured and pardoned, and made governor of Dauphiny, Jul., a Sep. b 1440 — takes part in war in Gascony and Languedoc, 1442 — compels Talbot to raise siege of Dieppe, Aug. 1443 — death of his queen, 16 Aug. 1444 — at request of Emperor Frederick III. marches against the Swiss, 1444 — defeats them at Bottelen, near Basel, 26 Aug. 1444 — raises siege of Zurich : settles in Dauphiny, 1446 — marries Charlotte of Savoy, Mar. 145 1 — refuses to re- turn to the court and takes refuge in Brabant, 1456 — succeeds his father, 22 Jul. 1461 — ■ crowned at Rheims, i8, a 15 b Aug. — deprives all officers of the kingdom, Sep. 146 1 — sup- presses Pragmatic Sanction, at request of Pope Pius II., 27 Nov. 146 1 — but leaves decree unregistered : supports John II. of Aragon in his claim of Navarre, 1462 — has fruitless in- terview with Henry IV. of Castile on the Bidassoa, Apr. 1463 — [League of the Public Good] — drives Duke of Brittany out of Nor- mandy, 1467 — assembles States-General at Tours, Apr. 1468— makes peace with Duke of Brittany at Ancenis, 10 Sep. 1468 — instigates revolt of Liege, Sep. — - meets Charles the Bold at reronr.e, and is imprisoned, 3 Oct. — is compelled to cede Champagne and La Brie 88o LOUIS. to his brother, 14 Oct. — and to accompany Charles to siege of Liege, Oct. — arrests and imprisons Cardinal Balue and the Bp of Ver- dun, May 1469— institutes Order of St Michael, 1 Aug. 1469 — -joins army at siege of Perpignan, Mar. 1473 — Treaty of Perpignan, ioNov. 1473 — forms League with Swiss against Charles the Bold, 26 Oct. 1474 — prohibits reading of works of the Nominalists, 1 Mar. 1475 — re- covers part of Picardy from Charles, 1475 — concludes truce of nine years with Edward IV. of England, 29 Aug. 1475 — has interview with him at bridge of Pequigni, same day : makes treaty with Charles, at Soleure, end of 1475 — puts to death Constable Saint-Pol, 19 Dec. 1475 — takes possession of Burgundy, Jan. 1477 — reduces Picardy and Artois and Hainault, 1477 — P u * s Nemours to death, 4 Aug. 1477 — commences proceedings against memory of Charles the Bold, 11 May 1478 — makes truce with Archduke Maximilian, Jun. 1478 — the war renewed, Apr. 1479 — another truce, and conferences between Louis and Maximilian at Arras and Lille, 1480 — attacked with apoplexy at Plessis-les-Tours, 148 1 — makes pilgrimage to St Claude, 1482— sends for Francis de Paule, hermit of Calabria, Apr. 1482 — rj. at les Tours, 30 Aug. 1483. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Louis XII., Father of the People, King or France, — h. at Blois, 27 Jun. 1462 — succeeds his father as Duke of Orleans, Jan. 1465 — marries Jane, second daughter of Louis XL, 1476 — unsuccessfully claims Regency on death of Louis XL, 1483 — made Governor and Lieu- tenant-general of Paris, 9 Oct. 1483 — with Count of Dunois takes arms against the Regent, Anne of Beaujeu, 1485 — submits to Charles VIII., Oct. 1485 — retires to Brittany: be- sieged in Nantes, by the king, Jun. to Jul. 1487 — defeated and captured by la Tremoille, at St Aubin, 28 Jul. 1488 — liberated, 149 1 — follows Charles VIII. to Italy, 1495 — defeats Neapolitans at Rapello, Jun. 1495 — takes Novara, and is blockaded there by Lodovico Sforza, 1495 — delivered by treaty between Charles and Duke of Milan, 18 Oct. 1495 — succeeds Charles VIII. , 7 Apr. 1498 — crowned at Rheims, 27 May — obtains bull of divorce of his wife, from Alexander VI., 1498 — marries Anne of Brittany, 8 Jan. 1499 — conquest of the Milanese by his generals, 1499 — enters Milan, 6 Oct. 1499 — returns to France, Dec. — re- conquest of the Milanese by La Tremoille, Apr. 1500 — imprisons Lodovico Sforza at Loches, 1500-10 — in alliance with Ferdinand the Catholic conquers Naples, 1501 — quarrels with him, 1502 — makes a treaty with the pope, 1502 — treaty with Archduke Philip for mar- riage of Claude, daughter of Louis, to Charles of Luxemburg, 5 Apr. 1503 — battle of Semin- ara, 21 Apr. — battle of Cerignola, 28 Apr. — falls ill : the marriage treaty confirmed, by Emperor Maximilian, the pope, Charles, and Louis, 1504 — on remonstrance of States- General at Tours, revokes the engagement, and betroths Claude to Francis, Count of Angou- leme, May 1506 — suppresses revolt of Genoa, 1507— joins League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — defeats Venetians at Agnadello, 14 May 1509 — enters Milan, and concludes treaty with the pope at Biagrossa, 1509 — returns to France, Aug. 1509 — sends an army against Julius II., 15 1 1 — L Tri vulzio and Gaston de Foix] — ex- communicated by Julius II., 21 Jul. 15 12 — concludes treaty with Venice, at Orthez, 1513 — reconquers and again loses the Milanese, 151 3 — loses his queen, Jan. 15 14 — concludes peace with Henry VIII., 14 Sep. 15 14 — marries Princess Mary of England, 9 Oct. — fr. at Paris, 1 Jan. 15 15. Louis XIII., the Just, King of France, — fc. at Fontainebleau, 27 Sep. 1601 — succeeds his father, Henry IV., under regency of his mother, Mary de'Medici, 14 May 1 610— declared of age, 2 Oct. 16 14 — marries Anne of Austria at Bordeaux, 25 Oct. 16 15 — treats with Prince of Conde at Loudun, Feb. 1616 — publishes edict of pacification, 2 May — sanctions assassination of Marshal d'Ancre, Apr. 1617 — imprisons the queen-mother, summer 16 17 — has interview with her, near Tours, 6 Sep. 16 19 — marches into Normandy and defeats party of Duke of Longueville, Jul. 1620 — defeats troops of the queen at Pont-de-Ce, 7 Aug.— reconciled with her, at Brisac, 13 Aug.— unites Beam to the crown, and orders restitution of church property by Huguenots, by edict of Oct. 1620— marches into Poitou, which submits to him, Apr. to May 162 1 — takes Clerac, 4 Aug. — invests Montauban, 17 Aug. — raises the siege, 17 Nov. — resumes war with Huguenots, Mar. 1622 — drives Soubise from Isle of Rie, in Poitou, 16 Apr. — at siege of Royau, May — besieges Montpellier, 2 Sep. — concludes treaty of peace, confirming edict of Nantes, 19 Oct. — concludes treaty with Venice and Savoy for recovery of the Valteline, Jan. 1623 — Richelieu acquires his favour, 1623-4 — [Huguenots] — takes part in siege of Rochelle, Oct. 1627 — enters the town, 1 Nov. 1628 — marches to support of Charles, Duke of Nevers, against Duke of Savoy, Jan. 1629 — forces the Pas de Suze, 6 Mar. — makes peace with Duke of Savoy, 11 Mar. — raises siege of Casal, Mar. — takes Alais, in the Cevennes, 16 Jun. — concludes peace, at Alais, 27 Jun. — publishes edict of pacification, at Nismes, 14 Jul. — subjugates Savoy, spring 1630 — concludes treaty with Duke of Lorraine, at Vic, 6 Jan. 1632 — renews the war with him, Jun. — concludes treaty of Liverdun, 26 Jun. — declares war on Spam and the Empire, early in 1635 — forms alliance with Holland, 8 Feb. 1635— battle of Avein, 20 May — League with Savoy and Parma, 1 1 Jul. — loses his minister, Richelieu, 4 Dec. 1642 — ft. at St Germain, 14 May 1643. Louis XIV., the Great, King of France, — fj. at St Germain, 5, a 16 b Sep. 1638 — succeeds his father, Louis XIII. , under Regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, 14 May 1643 — [Mazarin] — Treaty of Westphalia, 1 648 — the Fronde, 1649 — holds a lit de Justice and is declared of age, 7 Sep. 1651 — Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — marries Maria Theresa of Austria, at St Jean-de-Luz, 9 Jun. 1660 — on LOUIS. 881 death of Mazarin, resolves to assume the govern- ment, Mar. 1 66 1 — appoints Colbert Controller- general, Sep. 1661 — buys Dunkirk from Charles II., 27 Nov. 1662 — takes Marsal in Lorraine, 4 Sep. 1663 — makes peace with Pope Alex- ander VII., Feb. 1664 — sends colonies to Cay- enne and Canada, 1664 — Treaty of Breda, Jan. 1667 — conquers Flanders, 1667 — conquers Francke-Comte, Feb. 1668 — Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, 2 May 1668 — visits the Netherlands, May 167 1 — declares war on the Dutch, 6 Apr. 1672 — invades the Netherlands, May — takes Orsoi, 3 Jun. — unsuccessful negotiations at Utrecht, Jul. 1672 — publishes edict for ex- tension of the regale, 10 Feb. 1673 — takes Maestricht, 1 Jul. 1673 — declares war on Spain, 19 Oct. 1673 — confiscates Principality of Orange, and gives it to Count of Auvergne, 1673 — orders devastation of the Palatinate, 1674 — takes Besancon, 15 May 1674 — takes Dole, 6 Jun. — Salins, 22 Jun. — Dinant, 29 May 1675 — joins camp before Conde, 21 Apr. 1676 — takes Valenciennes, 17 Mar. 1677 — Ghent, 9 Mar. 1678 — Peace of Nimeguen, 10 Aug. 1 67 8-— orders dragonnade against Cal- vinists, 1680— enters Strasburg, 23 Oct. 168 1 — loses his queen, 30 Jul. 1683 — death of Col- bert, 6 Sep. 1683 — orders bombardment of Genoa, May 1684 — receives submission of doge of Genoa, at Paris, 15 May 1685 — revokes Edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685 — receives Siamese embassy, Aug. 1686 — sends Lavardin to Rome to maintaiu franchises of ambassadors, abolished by Innocent XI., 1687 — seizes County of Avignon, 7 Oct. 1688 — declares war on Hol- land, 3 Dec. 1688 — receives James II. of England, Jan. 1689 — orders second devast- ation of the Palatinate, Feb. — declares war on English, 25 Jun. — battle of Fleurus, 1690 — takes Mons, 9 Apr. 169 1 — death of Louvois, Jul. 1691 — takes Namur, 5 Jun. 1692 — creates seven marshals, 27 Mar. 1693 — institutes Order of St Louis, 10 May 1693 — death of Marshal Luxembourg, Jan. 1695 — Peace of Ryswick, 1697 — forms camp at Compiegne, 1698 — accepts crown of Spain for his grandson, Philip, Duke of Anjou, 6 Oct. 1700— [Spanish Succession, War of the]— creates ten mar- shals, 14 Jan. 1703 — sends troops against the Camisards, 1703 — expels the Port Royalists, 1709 — demolishes Port Royal, 17 10 — Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — obtains from Pope Clement XI. the bull TJnigenitus, 17 13 — receives Per- sian Embassy, 19 Feb. 17 15 — tf. at Versailles, I Sep. 1715. a Henault. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Louis XV., the Well-Beloved, King of France, — ft. at Versailles, 15 Feb. 1710 — becomes heir-presumptive to the throne, 17 n — succeeds his great-grandfather, Louis XIV., 1 Sep. 17 15— Regency of Philip, Duke of Or- leans : his marriage with Infanta of Spain arranged, 1721 — she arrives at Paris, Jan. 1722 — crowned at Rheims, 25 Oct. 1722 — declared of age at a lit de Justice, 22 Feb. 1723 — sends back the Infanta to Spain, Apr. 1725 — marries Maria Charlotte Leczinska, 15 Aug., a 4 Sep. b — concludes Treaty of Vienna, 18 Nov. 1738— on death of Emperor Charles VI., de- clares for Elector of Bavaria, 1740— sends army to support him, Aug. 1741 — takes command in Flanders, May 1744 — enters Menin, 7 Jun. 1744 — falls ill at Metz, 4 Aug. — and receives surname of Bien-Aime : receives capitulation of Fribourg, 1 Nov. — witnesses battle of Fon- tenoy, May 1745 — enters Ostend, 3 Sep. — his triumphant entry into Paris, 7 Sep. — enters Antwerp, 4 Jun. 1746 — battle of Lawfeldt, 2 Jul. 1747 — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 18 Oct. 1748— engages in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — his life attempted by Damiens, 5 Jan. 1757 — suppresses Order of Jesuits in France, Nov. 1764 — tf. at Versailles, 10 May 1774. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Henault. Louis XVI., King op France, — b. at Ver- sailles, 23 Aug. 1754 — becomes heir-presumpt- ive on death- of his father, the Dauphin, Dec. 1765 — marries Archduchess Marie Antoinette, 16 May 1770 — succeeds his grandfather, Louis XV., 10 May 1774 — recalls the parliaments, 12 Nov. — suppresses the corvees, 12 Mar. 1776 — appoints Necker controller-general, Jul. 1777 — concludes treaty of alliance with United States of America, 6 Feb. 1778 — Peace of Versailles, Sep. 1783 — convokes first Assembly of Notables, Feb. 1787— [French Revolution] — is compelled to reside at Paris, Oct. 1789 — ■ escapes with his family from Paris, but is arrested at Varennes, 21 Jun. 179 1 — the Tuileries stormed, and the royal family sent to the Temple, 10 Aug. 1792— examined before the Convention, 11 Dec. 1792 — his defence by Deseze, 12 Dec. — sentenced to death without delay, 20 Jan. 1793— executed, 21 Jan. 1793. Louis XVII., Titular King or France, — b. at Versailles, 27 Mar. 1785 — is named Duke of Normandy : on death of his brother succeeds to title of Dauphin, 4 Jun. 1789— imprisoned in the Temple with his father, Louis XVI., 1792 — recognized King of France by England and Russia on death of his father, Jan. 1793 — tf. in the Temple, 8 Jun. 1795. Louis XVIII., King of France, — b. at Versailles, 17 Nov. 1755 — receives title of Count of Provence : marries Marie Josephine of Savoy, 14 May 177 1— opposes Necker in first assembly of Notables, 1787 — escapes from France and goes to Coblentz, Jun. 1791 — takes part in Prussian invasion of France, Sep. 1792 — on death of his brother, Louis XVI., is re- cognized as Regent of the kingdom, by England and Russia, Jan. 1793 — assumes title of king, 8 Jun. 1795 — rejects proposal of Napoleon to renounce his claims, Feb. 1803 — settles in England, 1807 — recalled to the throne, lands at Calais, 24 Apr. 18 14 — promises a liberal constitution, 2 May — enters Paris, 4 May — • publishes a charter, 4 Jun. — on return of Na- poleon from Elba, retires to Ghent, 20 Mar. 1 8 15 — returns to Paris, 8 Jul. — proscribes the Bonapartists, 24 Jul. — dissolves the Chamber, $ Sep. 1 8 16 — ministry of Count Decazes, 18 18 — ministry of Villele, 1820— sends an army into Spain, under Duke of Angouleme, 1823—13. at Paris, 16 Sep. 1824. Louis, Dauphin or France,— b. at Fon- tainebleau, 1 Nov. 1661 — marries Maria 56 S$2 LOUIS. Christina of Bavaria, 1681 — distinguishes him- self in campaign of Flanders, 1694 — ft., 14 Apr. 17 1 1. Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Dauphin of France, — ft. at Versailles, 6 Aug. 1682 — pupil of Fenelon, who writes his Telemachus for him, 1689 — marries Adelaide of Savoy, 1697 — Generalissimo of army of Flanders, 1708 — Dauphin, on death of his father, Louis, 17 11 — tr., 18 Feb. 17 12. Louis, Dauphin of France, — ft. at Ver- sailles, 4 Sep. 1729 — present at Fontenoy, 1745 — marries Maria Theresa of Spain, 25 Jan. 1745 — loses his wife, 22 Jul. 1746 — marries Maria Josephe of Saxony, 9 Feb. 1747 — Sj. at Fontainehleau, 20 Dec. 1765. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, and King of the French, — h. at Paris, 6 Oct. 1773 — Duke of Chartres, 1785 — declares for the Revolution, 1789 — Colonel of dragoons, 1791 — Lieutenant-general, 11 Sep. 1792 — fights at Valmy, 20 Sep. 1792 — at Jemappes, 6 Nov. 1792 — at bombardment of Venloo and Maestricht, Feb. 1793 — distinguishes himself at Neerwinden, 18 Mar. — summoned before Committee of Public Safety, escapes to Nether- lands, Apr. — takes refuge in Switzerland, 1793 — his father, Egalite, executed, 6 Nov. 1793 — embarks for America, 24 Sep. 1796 — visits "Washington at Mount Vernon, 1797 — arrives in England, Jan. 1800 — visits Palermo, Jun. 1808 — marries Princess Marie Amelie, daughter of Ferdinand of Naples, 25 Nov. 1809 — visits Spain, May to Oct. 1810 — returns to Paris, May 18 14 — withdraws to England, Mar. 1815 — again returns to Paris, Jul. 1815 — opposes severe measures of Louis XVIIL, 18 15 — as a prince of the blood royal, forbidden to appear in Chamber of Peers, and again settles in England, Oct. 18 15 — is permitted to return to France, Feb. 18 17 — named Lieutenant- general of the kingdom, by Charles X., 1 Aug. 1830 — on deposition of Charles X., accepts crown of France, 9 Aug. 1830 — [French Revolution] — visited by Queen Victoria, at Chateau d'Eu, 1843 — visits the Queen at Windsor, and is created K.G., 1844 — abdicates in favour of his grandson, 23 Feb. 1848 — [French Revolution, 1848] — escapes in disguise from Paris, and lands in England, 3 Mar. 1848— if. at Clare- mont, 26 Aug. 1850. Louis, King of Spain, — h., 25 Aug. 1707 — marries Elizabeth of Orleans, 21 Jan. 1722 — proclaimed on retirement of his father, Philip V., 17 Jan. 1724— tf., 31 Aug. 1724. Louis I., the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, — ft., 5 Mar. 1326 — succeeds his father Charobert, 1342 —subjugates Transyl- vania, 1342 — sends troops to aid his uncle Casimir, king of Poland, against John of Bohemia, 1344 — drives Tatars from Transyl- vania, 1344 — subdues the Croatians, 1345 — attempts relief of Zara, besieged by Venetians, 1 345 — marches into Naples to avenge death of his brother Andrew, close of 1 347 — enters Aversa and puts to death Charles of Durazzo, 24 Jan. 1348 — compelled to retire by plague, end of Apr. — again makes himself master of Naples, 1350 — makes truce with Queen Joanna and retires, 1350 — attends jubilee at Rome, 1350 — renews war with Venice, 1356 — takes Zara, 17 Sep. 1357 — defeats and captures Strascimir, king of Bulgarians, 1362 — succeeds Casimir as king of Poland, 1370 — intrusts Regency of Poland to his mother, Elizabeth ; successfully opposes Jagellon, Duke of Lithu- ania, 1377 — "&. at Tyrnaw, 14 Sep. 1382. Louis II., King of Hungary and Bo- hemia, — h., 1 May 1506 — crowned,»4 Jun. 1507 — succeedshisfather,LadislausVL, (VII.,) Mar. 15 1 6 — his ministers mutilate ambassadors of Sultan "Solyman II., 1520 — marries Mary, sister of Charles V., 152 1 — defeated and killed by Solyman at Mohacz, 29 Aug. 1526. Louis of Aragon, King of Sicily, — 6., 4 Feb. 1338 — succeeds his father, Peter II., under Regency of Prince John, his uncle, 8 Aug. 1342 — crowned at Palermo, 15 Sep. — concludes treaty with Joanna, Queen of Naples, 4 Nov. 1347 — tf., 17 Oct. 1355. Louis of Tarentum, King of Naples, — h., 1320 — marries Joanna, Queen of Naples, 20 Aug. 1346 — the kingdom occupied by Louis I. of Hungary, Jan. 1348 and 1350 — flees to Provence, 1350 — 3j., 26 May 1362. Louis I., Duke of Anjou, and titular King of Naples, — h. at Vincennes, 23 Jul. 1339 — Chevalier, 1350 — commands at battle of Poitiers, 1356 — sent as hostage to England, on liberation of his father, King John, 1360 — escapes, 1363 — mediates in Brittany between widow of Charles of Blois and John de Mont- fort, 1363 — governor of Languedoc and G-uienne, fights against English, between 1369- 77 — seizes Regency of France, under Charles VI., Sep. 1380 — is deprived, 2 Oct. — adopted by Queen Joanna of Naples, 1380— gets him- self crowned King of Naples by Clement VII., at Avignon, 30 May 1382 — passes into Italy with an army, Jun. 1382 — lj. at Biseglia, near Bari, 20 Sep. 1384. Louis II., Duke of Anjou, and King of Naples, — fj. at Toulouse, 7 Oct. 1377 — ■ recognized as king of Naples by court of France, in opposition to Charles III., 9 Feb. 1385 — receives investiture from Clement VII. at Avignon, 21 May — opposed by Ladislaus, 1386 — crowned by Clement, at Avignon, 1 Nov. 1389 — enters Naples, 15 Aug. 1390 — besieged in Tarentum by Raymond de Ursini, 1399 — escapes to Naples and to Provence : marries Yolande of Aragon, Dec. 1400 — recalled by Neapolitans, 1409 — recognized as king by Council of Pisa, 27 Jul. 1409 — defeats Ladis- laus at Ponte-Corvo, 19 May 141 1 — but again takes refuge in France : ft. at Angers, 29 Apr. 1417. Louis III., Duke of Anjou, and King of Naples, — 6., 24 Sep. 1403 — marries Catherine of Burgundy, Apr. 14 10— she is sent back to her father, John Sans Peur, Nov. 141 3 — claims kingdom of Naples on death of his father, Louis II., 1417— besieges Naples, Aug. 1420 — de- feated by Alfonso of Aragon, 6 Sep. 1420 — makes secret treaty with Queen Joanna, 1421 — retires to Rome, 1422 — adopted by Joanna, LOUIS— LOUVAIN. 8S3 21 Jun. 1423 — enters Naples, Apr. 1424 — re- ceives grant of Duchy of Touraine from Charles VII., Oct. 1424 — loses Mans, captured by the English, 1425 — subdues Calabria, for Joanna, 1428 — marries Margaret of Savoy, 22 Jul. 143 1 — besieges Tarentum, 1434 — if. at Cosenza, 15 Nov. 1434. Louis of Parma, King op Etruria,-— ft., 5 Jul. 1773 — marries Maria Luisa of Spain, 25 Aug. 1795 — made king of Etruria, by Napoleon, 1801 — tf. at Florence, 27 May 1803. Louis I. of Severs, Count op Flanders, — ft., about 1304 — succeeds his father as Count of Nevers and Bethel, and his grandfather as Count of Flanders, 1322 — arrests the deputies of Bruges at Courtrai, n Jun. 1325 — prepares for a siege, seized and imprisoned, 22 Jun. — liberated and peace made, Dec. 1325 — with Philip of Valois defeats Flemings near Oassel, 23 Aug. 1328 — acquires lordship of Malines, 1333 — dispute respecting it with Duke of Bra- bant, settled by treaty of 31 Mar. 1336 — ex- pelled by his subjects, 1337 — returns, Apr. 1338 — again expelled by Jacob van Arteveldt, 17 Feb. 1339 — takes refuge at Paris : killed at Crecy, 26 Aug. 1346. Louis II., de Male, Count op Flanders, — ft., 25 Nov. 1330 — wounded at Crecy, 1346 — succeeds his father, 1346 — compelled by the Ghentese to marry Isabel of Eng- land, 14 Mar. 1347 — escapes to France, end of Mar. — marries Margaret of Brabant, 1 Jul. 1347 — returns to Flanders, 1348 — concludes peace with Edward III., Dec. 1348 — marries his daughter to Philip the Bold, and acquires Lille, Douai, Bethune, &c, 1369 — insurrection at Ghent, 1379 — puts to death 500 men of Bruges, Apr. 1380 — defeats the rebels near Dixmude, 27 Aug. 1380— again at Nivelle, 13 May 1 38 1 — defeated by Philip van Arteveldt at Beverholt, 1381 — battle of Rosbecque, 27 Nov. 1381 — tr., 9 Jan. 1384. Louis, King op Holland. [Bonaparte, Louis.] Louis, King of Navarre. [Louis X. of France.'] Louis. [Anhalt, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Flanders, Mantua, Orleans, Wurtemberg-.] Louis, St, Bp of Toulouse, — ft., Feb. 1275 ■ — hostage for his father, Charles the. Lame, king of Naples, to king of Aragon, 1287-94 — refuses crown of Naples and takes orders, 1296 — Bp of Toulouse, by Boniface VIII., 1296 — ft. at Brignolles, 19 Aug. 1298 — canonized by John XXIII., 1317. Louis, Antoine, surgeon, — ft. at Metz, 1723 —secretary to Academy of Surgery, Paris, 1764 — fo., 20 May, 1792. Reciteil sur V electricite medicate, 1763 — Positiones anatomicce et chirur- gicce de vidneribus capitis, 1749 — Dictionnaire de chirurgie, 1772. Louis, Louis Dominique, {Abbe Louis,) Baron, statesman, — ft. atToul, 13 Nov. 1755 — assists Talleyrand in celebration of the mass at Feast of Federation, 14 Jul. 1790 — emigrates, 1793 — returns to France, end of 1799 — Council- lor of State, 1 81 1 — Minister of Finance, Mar. 1 8 14 to 26 Sep. 1 8 15 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 28 Sep. 18 15 — member of Chamber of Deputies, Sep. 18 15 — again Minister of Finance, 30 Dec. 181 8 to 19 Nov. 18 19 — again member of Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — signs protest against ordinances of Charles X., Jul. 1830 — Minister of Finance, 13 Mar. 1831 to 11 Oct. 1832 — Peer of France, 11 Oct. 1832 — rj. at Brie-sur-Marne, 26 Aug. 1837. Louisa, Order of, — instituted in Prussia, 3 Aug. 1 8 14. Louisa of Lorraine, Queen op France, — ft. at Nomeni, 30 Apr. 1553^ 1554 b — marries Henry III., Feb. 1575 — left a widow, Jul. J 5^9 — tf. at Moulins, 29 Jan. 1601 — her re- mains transferred to St Denis, 18 17. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Louisa of Savoy, Duchess of AngoulIme, — ft. at Pont-d'Ain, 14 Sep. 1476 a — marries Charles of Orleans, Count of Angouleme, 1488, b 1490° — left a widow, 1494, 1496° — re- turns to the court, 1498 — Begent for her son, Francis I., Jul. 15 15 — possesses herself of funds destined for army of Italy, and gets Sem- blan^ai imprisoned, 1523 — offers her hand to Constable de Bourbon, and being rejected de- prives him of his estates, about 1522 — Begent again during captivity of Francis, 1525-6 — con- cludes with Margaret of Austria the Treaty of Cambray, 3 Aug. 1529 — rj. at Grez, 22, a 29, b i4 c Sep. 1532, 1531.C a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Notrv. Biog. Gen. Louisa, {of Mecklenburg Strelitz,) Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia, Queen op Prussia, — ft. at Hanover, 10 Mar. 1776 — marries Crown Prince of Prussia, 24 Dec. 1793 — becomes Queen, Nov. 1797 — accompanies the king in campaign against Napoleon I., 1806 — visits St Petersburg, Dec. 1808 to Dec. 1809 — tf. at Hohenzieritz, 19 Jul. 18 10. Louisa Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, — ft. at Berlin, 24 Jul. 1720 — marries Prince Boyal of Sweden, 17 Jul. 1744 — becomes Queen, Apr. 1 75 1 — left a widow, visits Berlin, 177 1-2 — tf. in retirement, 16 Jul. 1782. Louisbourg. [See Breton, Cape.] Louisiade Islands, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Bougainville, 1768. Louisiana, JST. America, — the region ex- plored by Europeans, 15 1 2 — partly colonized by- French, 1699 — granted to the Mississippi Com- pany, 17 17 — resumed by the Crown, 1720 — ceded to Spain, 1763 — recovered by Napoleon, 1800 — sold to United States, 1803 — forms a territory, 1804 — constituted a State of the Union, 1812 — invaded by British troops, 18 14 — [New Orleans] — secedes, 25 Jan. 1861 — reconquered by Federals, 1862-3. [New Orleans.] Loutherbourg, {Lutherburg ,) Philip James de, painter, — ft. at Strasburg, 30 Oct. 1740^ I 73° c — admitted to Academy, Paris, 1768 — comes to England, 1771 — B.A., 1782 — )j. in London, 11 Mar. 181 2, a about i8i4. h a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Louvain, in Belgi urn,— seized and fortified by Northmen, about 884 a — head of a County, about 1015 — walled, 1156, 1356 b — revolt of 56 * 834 LOUVEIRO— LOWTH. weavers against Duke of Brabant, 1379 — sup- pressed, 1382 — unsuccessfully attacked by Prince of Orange, 1582 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Frederick Henry of Nassau, 1635 — taken by Kleber, 1793. University of, founded by Duke John IV., 1423,* 1424/' 1426 c — ob- tains privilege of teaching theology, i43o, b 163 1 d — suppressed by the French, 1797 — re- established, 1817 — constitution modified, i83o b — relinquished by State, i834 e — restored by Catholic clergy, 1 835. e Town-Kail, built, 1448- 93. b a Motley. b Encyc. Mod. c Davies. d Macculloch. e Chambers' Encyc. Louveiro, Juan de, botanist, — ft. at Lisbon, about 17 15 — tf. there, 1796. Flora Cochin- Chinensis, 1790. Louvel, Pierre Louis, — ft. at Versailles, 1783 — assassinates Duke of Berri at Paris, 13 Feb. 1820 — executed, 7 Jun. 1820. Louverture. [Toussaint.] Lo'uvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, littera- teur, — ft. at Paris, 1760 — deputy to Convention, 1792 — proscribed, 1793 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795-7 — of Institute, 1796 — if., 25 Aug. 1797. Amours de Fa 11b las, 1791. Louvois, Francois Michel le Tellier, Mar- quis de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1641 — Minister of War, 1666-91 — Chancellor of the Orders of the King, 167 1 — projects and be- gins erection of the Motel des Invalides, 167 1 — orders devastation of the Palatinate, 1674 — procures revocation of Edict of Nantes, Oct. 1685 — with Vauban takes Philipsburg, Oct. 1688 — orders second devastation of the Pala- tinate, Feb. 1689 — tf. at Versailles, 16 Jul. 1691. Louvre, The, Paris, — royal residence on the site, as early as 560 or 650 — used as state pri- son by Philip Augustus, 1204 — included within walls of the city, 1367 — the present building commenced by Francis I., 1539 — its completion undertaken by Louis XIV., 1666 — but the works stopped: resumed by Napoleon I., 1802 —united with the Tuileries by Napoleon III., 1852-5— partly burnt, the Library destroyed, by Communists, 24 May 1871. JIusee des An- tiques, founded, 1797 — opened as Muse'e Napo- le'on, 1803 — Gale'rie d'Apollon, burnt and re- built, 1 66 1 — mentioned as a picture-gallery, 1787 — reopened after reconstruction, 5 Jun. 1851. Lovat, Simon Fraser, Lord,— ft. near In- verness, abo at i668, a 1676 b — goes to France, T700 — sent by Prince James Edward to excite insurrection in Scotland, 1702 — betrays the scheme to the government : imprisoned in the Bastille, 1703-8— takes part against the Pre- tender and captures Inverness, 17 15 — supports the Young Pretender, 1745 — beheaded in Lon- don, 9 Apr. 1747. a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. Love, Christopher, divine, — ft. at Cardiff, 16 18 — member ol Assembly of Divines, 1643 — one of the commissioners of the parliament at Treaty of Uxbridge, Jan. 1645— joins in plot against Cromwell, and is tried and beheaded, 22 Aug. 1 65 1. Loveira, Vasco. [Lobeira.] Lovel, Francis, Viscount, — fights for Rich- ard III. at Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — takes sanc- tuary and is attainted, Nov. 1485 — fails in attempt at insurrection against Henry VH. and escapes to Flanders, i486. Lovelace, John, Lord Lovelace, — succeeds his father, 1670 a — takes part in promoting the Revolution, Feb. 1688 b — sets out to join Prince of Orange, and is taken prisoner and sent to Gloucester Castle, Nov. 1688 b — liberated by the citizens, Dec. — enters Oxford in triumph, 11 Dec. — promotes disorderly assemblages in London, and is admonished by William III., Jan. 1689 b — ft., 1693. a Nicolas. h Macaulay. Lovelace, Richard, poet, — ft. in Kent, 1618 — wounded at siege of Dunkirk, 1646 — ft. at London. 1658. Lucasta, 1659. Lover, Samuel, poet, novelist, §c, — ft. at Dublin, 1797 — member of Royal Hibernian Academy of Art, 1828— rj., Jul. 1868. Legends and Stories of Ireland, 1832-4 — Lyrics of Ire- land, 1858 — Songs and Ballads, 1839 — Metri- cal Tales, $c, i860. Low Countries. [Netherlands.] Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, — ft. at Galway, 28 Jul. 1769 — enters the army, 1787 — serves in Corsica, 1793 — in campaign of Egypt, 1 800-1 — commander of Capri, 1804 — capitulates to the French, Oct. 1808 — governor of Cephalo- nia and Ithaca, Apr. 1810 — attached to army of Bliicher, Oct. 181 3 — serves in campaign of France, Jan. to Apr. 1814 — K.B., Major- general, 1 8 14— Governor of St Helena, charged with care of Napoleon I., Aug. 18 15 — Lieute- nant-general, 1 8 15 — C.B., embarks for St Helena, Jan. 18 16 — returns to England, Jul. 1 82 1 — rj. in London, 10 Jan. 1844. Lowendahl, Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar, Count von, Marshal oe France, — ft. at Hamburg, 1700 — distinguishes himself against Turks in Hungary, 17 15-18 — Marechal de Camp, 1728 — assists at defence of Cracow, 1733 — serves in Austrian army, 1734-5 — General of Artillery in service of Russia, 1736 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Choczim, 8 Aug. 1739 — Lieutenant-general in service of France, 1743 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of 1744-5 — Chevalier of the Orders of the King, 1746 — takes by storm Bergen-op-Zoom, 16 Sep. 1747 — Marshal of France, Sep. 1747 — besieges Maestricht, 1748 — fr. at Paris, 27 May 1755. Lowestoft, in Suffolk, — defeat of Dutch fleet under Admiral Opdam, by James, Duke of York, off, 3 Jun. 1665 — George II. lands at, 14 Jan. 1737. Lowositz. [Lohositz.] Lowry, Wilson, engraver, — ft. at White- haven, 1762 — settles in London, 1780 — F.R.S., 1 8 1 2 — ft . there, 1 8 24. Lowth, Robert, Br oe London, — ft. at Winchester, 27 Nov. 17 10 — enters New Coll. Oxford, 1728^ 1730 b — Fellow of New Coll., 1734 — M.A., 1737 — Prof. Poetry, 1741 — arch- deacon of Winchester, 1750 — rector of East LOWTH— LTJCANIANS. 885 Woodhay, 1753 — D.B. Oxford, 1754 — prebend- ary of Durham, 1755 — F.E.S., 1765 — Bp of St David's, 1766 — of Oxford, 1766 — of Lon- don, 1777 — tr. at Fulham, 3 Nov. 1787. Life of William of Wyheham, 1758 — Introduction to English Grammar, 1762 — De sacra poesi Hebrceorum, 1753 — Translation of Isaiah, 1778. a Rees' Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. Lowth, "William, theologian, — b. in London, 1661 — M.A. Oxford, 1683 — fj. at Buriton, 1732. Commentaries on the Prophets, 1714-23. Loxa, (Loja,) in Spain,— besieged by Fer- dinand the Catholic, (887, a. h.) i Jul. 1482 a — siege raised by Ali-Attar, 13 Jul. 1482 — again besieged and taken by Ferdinand, i486. a Preseott. Loyal Association, — formed in London, 1 Dec. 1792. Loyalty Loan,— subscribed, 1 Dec. 1796. Loyaute, Anne Philippe Dieudonne de, — ft. at Metz, 1750 — enters Artillery, 1764 — sent to America, Inspector -general of Artillery and Fortifications of Virginia, 1776 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1791 — imprisoned, Dec. 1791 — escapes to England, Sep. 1792 — serves in ex- pedition of Quiberon, 1795 — captured by Eus- sians at Moscow, sent to Siberia, 1812-24 — "&• in France, about 1830. Loyer, Pierre le,— fj. in Anjou, 1550 — fo. at Angers, 1634. Lrotopegnie, 1576 — Quatre livres de spectres, $c, 1586. Loyola, Ignatius, (Don Inigo Lopez de Re- Cttlde,) POUNDER AND 1st GENERAL OP ORDER op Jesuits, — b. in Guipuzcoa, 149 1 — enters household of Ferdinand V. of Castile, 1505 — ■ wounded at defence of Pampeluna, 15 21 — de- votes himself to the Church, at Mont-Serrat, 24 Mar., a 15 Aug. b 1522 — visits Borne, 1523 — ar- rives at Jerusalem, 4 Sep. 1523 — returns to Bar- celona, 1524 — goes to Univ. of Alcala, 1526 — imprisoned in Inquisition at Salamanca, 1527 — liberated, arrives at Paris, Feb. 1528 — M.A., 1534 — with Lainez and others, founds Order of Jesuits, 15 Aug. 1534 — meets members of the Order at Venice, 1536 — proclaimed General of the Order for three years, 22 Apr. 1541 — fj. at Eome, 31 Jul. 1556 — beatified, by Paul V., 1609, a 1607° — canonized by Gregory XV., 1622. Constitutiones Societatis Jesu, 1558 — ■ JSxercicios espirituales, 1548. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Lozier, Jean Baptiste Charles Bouvet de, maritime discoverer, — b. in Brittany, about 1 705 — commands expedition to Southern Ocean, 1738-9 — Governor of Isle of Bourbon, 1750 — tf. near Pontoise, about 1788. Lozier, Bouvet de. [Bouvet.] Lubbock, Sir John William, Bart., mathe- matician, astronomer, — b. in London, 26 Mar. 1803— M.A. Cambridge, 1825— F.E.S., 1829 — Treasurer and Vice-Pres , 1829 — succeeds to the baronetcy, 1840 — rj. in Kent, 20 Jun. 1865. Researches on Physical Astronomy, 1830 — Classification of different branches of human knowledge, 1838 — Theory of the Moon and Per- turbations of the Planets, 1833 — Treatise on the Tides, 1 83 1 -7. Liibeck, in Germany, — founded by Adolphus II., Count of Holstein, about 1144 — ceded to Henry the Lion, 115 8 — receives code of laws from him ; (Liibische Recht ;) seat of bishopric transferred from Oldenburg, 11 63— submits to Emperor Frederick I., 1181 — recovered by Henry the Lion, n 89— taken by Adolphus III., Count of Holstein, 1192 — taken by Wal- demar, brother of Cnut of Denmark, about 1202 — expels the Danes, and places itself under protection of Frederick II., 1226— free Im- perial city, by Frederick II., 1226 — forbidden to hold tournaments, 1230 — head of Hanseatic League, about 1260 — declines, after dissolution of the League in 1630 — bishopric of, given to Duke of Oldenburg, 1 802— occupied by Blucher, Oct. 1806 — stormed and plundered by French, 6_Nov. 1806— incorporated with French Em- pire, Dec. 1 8 10 — recovers its freedom, spring 1 8 1 3 — again occupied by French, summer 18 1 3— freed, 5 Dec. 18 13— disturbances at, 9 Nov. 1 848 — remains of old city discovered, autumn 1852 — abolishes passports, 19 Apr. 1863. Cathedral, commenced by Bp Gerold, 1 170— completed, 1341. Town-hall, destroyed, 1 817. Peace of, between the Emperor and the King of Denmark, 22 May 1629. Lubienietski, Stanislaus, theologian, — b. at Cracow, 23 Aug. 1623 — ft. at Hamburg, 18 May 1675. PListoria Reformatio nis Polonicce, 1685 — Theatrum Cometicum, 1668. Lubienietski, Theodore, engraver, — b. at Cracow, 1653 — tf. in Poland, about 1720. Lubienski, Felix, statesman, — b. in Poland, about 1756 — nuncio at the Diet of Four Years, 1787-91 — Minister of Justice in Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 1807 — Envoy to Galicia, 1809 — follows French army to Paris, 1813. Lubin, Edward Eilhard, philologist, — b. in Oldenburg, 1565 — Prof. Literature, Eostock, J 595 — Prof. Theology, 1605 — rj. there, 1 Jun. 1621. Clavis Grcecce linguce, 1622 — Anti- quarius, 1601. Lublin, in Poland, — the citadel besieged by Eoman of Eed Eussia, 1205 — burnt, by Mon- gols, 1240— Diet held at, by Sigismund Au- gustus, 1569— besieged by Eussians and Cos- sacks, 1655 — destroyed by Swedes, 1656 — con- federation formed for Augustus II. against Charles XII. , 1702 — contribution imposed on, by Charles XII. , who makes it his head- quarters, 1703 — conquered by Eussians, n Nov. 1 83 1. Treaty of for reunion of Duchy of Lithuania with Poland, 1569. Luc. [Beluc] Luc, Jean du, (Joannes Lucius,) — b. at Paris, about 1500 — Attorney-general to Cath- erine de Medicis, 1549. Placitorum summce apud Gallos, cur ice lib. XII., 1559. Lucanians, — [B C] — allies of Dionysius against Thurii, 396 — with the Bruttii defeat Alexander of Epirus at Pandosia, 332 — take part in second Samnite War, 326 — attack Thurii, soon after 290 — Rome declares war against them, 284 — submit to Eome, 272 — declare for Hannibal, 216 — join allies in Social War, 90 — admitted citizens of Eome, 88. 835 LTJCANUS— LUCIFER MATCHES. Lucanus, BC. Annaeus, poet, — h., 3 Nov. 2 of Univer- sities' Mission to S'. Central Africa, i860 — tf. in Africa, Jan. 1862. Mackenzie, George. Lives and Characters of most eminent Writers of the Scots Nation, 1708-22. Mackenzie, Sir George, jurist, §c, — ft. at Dundee, 1636 — defends Marquis of Argyle, 1661 — King's Advocate, 1677 — tf. in London, 2 May 1 69 1. Works, 17 16. Mackenzie, Henry, physician, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Edinburgh, Aug. 1745 — member of the Mirror Club, 1778 — tf. at Edinburgh, 14 Jan. 1 83 1. Man of Feeling, 177 1 — edits the Mirror, Jan. 1779 fco May I 7 8 ° — edits the Lounger, Feb. 1785 to Jan. 1787 — Works, 1808. Mackenzie River, in British America, — discovered and explored by Alexander Macken- zie, 1789. Mackinnon, William Alexander, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1789 — M.P. Lymington, 1831 — M.P. Bye, 1857 — tf. at Broadstairs, 30 Apr. 1 870. History of Civiliza- tion, 1846. Mackintosh, Sir James, jurist, historian, — ft. near Inverness, 24 Oct. 1765— studies at Aberdeen, 1780-4 — at Edinburgh, 1784-7 — M.D., 1787 — goes to London, 1787 — called to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, 1795 — lectures on the Law of Nature and Nations at Lincoln's Inn, 1799-1800 — undertakes defence of Peltier, Feb. 1803— Knt, Becorder of Bombay, 1804- 11 — M.P. Nairn, 181 3 — moves amendment of criminal laws, 18 18 — Prof. Law and General Politics, Haileybury Coll., 1818-24 — M.P. Knaresborough, 181 9 — chairman of parlia- mentary Committee on Criminal Law, 18 19 — Rector of Glasgow Univ., 1822 and 1823 — Commissioner for affairs of India, 1830— tf. in London, 30 May 1832. Vindicice Gallicce, 1791 — Introductory Discourse on the Study of the Lata of Nature and Nations, 1799 — History of England, 1830 — Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, 1836. Macklin, Charles, actor, dramatist, — ft. in Ireland, 1690 ? — appears on the stage in London, Feb. 1741 — tf. there, 11 Jul. 1797. Man of the World, 17 81 — Love a la mode, 1759. Macknight, James, theologian, — ft. in Scot- land, 17 2 1 — pastor of Maybole, Ayrshire, 1753-69 — pastor at Edinburgh, 1772 — tf. at Edinburgh, Jan. 1800. Harmony of the Four Gospels, 1756 — Translation of the Apostolic Epistles, 1795. Maclaine, Archibald, theologian, — ft. in Ireland, 1722 — pastor of English Church at the Hague, about 1746-96 — tf. at Bath, 25 Nov. 1804. Letters to Soame Jenyns, 1777 — translation of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical His- tory, 1765. Maclaurin, Colin, mathematician, — ft. in Scotland, Feb. 1698 — M.A. Glasgow, 17 13 — Prof. Mathematics, Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 1717 — F.B.S., 17 19 — assistant Prof. Mathe- matics, Edinburgh, 1725 — takes active part in fortifying Edinburgh against the Pretender, 1745 — tf. at York, Jun. 1746. Geometrica organica, 1720 — Treatise of Fluxions, 1742 — Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Dis- coveries, 1748. Maclean, L. E. [Landon, Letitia E.] Maclise, Daniel, painter, — ft. at Cork, 25 Jan. 181 1 ; (4 Feb. 1806?) — comes to London, 18 Jul. 1827 — student at Royal Academy, 1828 — begins to exhibit at the B.A., 1829 — visits Paris, 1830 — obtains the gold medal of the Academy, 1831 — A.R.A., 1835— B.A., 1840 — visits Italy, 1855 — travels in Germany, 1859 — declines Presidency of Boyal Academy, 1 866 57* 900 MACMILLANITES— MADDOX. — tf. in London, 25 Apr. 1870. Series of Character-Portraits, Fraser's Mag., 1830-38 — All Hallow Eve, Mokanna, 1833 — Vow of the Ladies and the Peacock, 1835 — Bohemian Gipsies, 1837 — Banquet Scene in Macbeth, 1S4.0— Play Scene in Hamlet, National Gallery, 1 842 — Shakespeare" s ' Seven Ages,' 1 848 — Strongbow and Eva, 1 854 — Story of the Nor- man Conquest, 1857 — Meeting of Wellington and Bliicher, Westminster Palace, completed, 1863 — Death of Nelson, Westminster Palace, 1 863-5 — Xing Cophetua and the Beggar Maid, 1869 — Paris of Desmond and Ormond, 1870. Macmillanites. [Cameronians.] MacMurrogh. [Dermot Mac Murrogh.] M'Naghten, Sir William Hay, .Bart., diplomatist, — fc., about 1794 — accompanies his father to India, 1809 — British envoy to Shah Soojah, 1839 — attends conference with Akhbar Khan, at Cabul, and is shot by him, 25 Dec. 1841. Macnish, Robert, ' the Modem Pythagorean' — h. at Glasgow, 1802 — tf., Jan. 1837. Anato- my of Drunkenness, 1827 — Philosophy of Sleep, 1830 — Book of Aphorisms, 1833 — Tales, Essays, and Sketches, 1839. Macon, in France, (Matisco,) — [B C]— oc- cupied by one of Caesar's legions, about 53 — [A D] — Septimus Severus defeats Albinus near, 197 — taken and burnt by Attila, 451 — by Saracens, 721 — besieged by Lothaire, 834 — head of a County, before 850— taken by Louis and Carloman, 880 — destroyed by Huns, 924 — burnt, 950 — ravaged by plague and famine, 10*28 — united to Crown of France, by St Louis, 1238 — receives charter from Philip of Yalois, 1346 — pillaged by Brabangons, 1361 — assured to Burgundy by Treaty of Arras, 1435 — ravaged by plague, famine, and the Grand Companies, 1448 — unsuccessfully besieged by troops of Louis XL, 1470 — assured to France by Treaty of Cambrai, 1529 — receives the Be formed faith, 1559 — surprised by royal troops, 1562 — re- covered by Huguenots, 1567 — retaken by Duke of Nevers: citadel demolished, 1595. Councils of, on discipline, 582 — on observance of Sab- baths, baptism, and tithes, 585 ; 624 — on dis- cipline, 1286. ,,< Macon, Fort, V, S., — arsenal at, destroyed by Confederates, Mar. 1862 — surrenders to Gen. Burnside, 25 Apr. 1862. Macpherson, James, miscellaneous writer, — fc. in Scotland, 1738 — studies at King's Coll., Aberdeen, 1752 — M.P. Camelford, 1780-90 — tf. there, 17 Feb. 1796. Poems of Ossian, 1760-3. [Ossian.] Macquer, Philippe, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 1720 — tf., 27 Jan. 1770. Abre'ge chronologique de Vhistoire ecclesiastique jusqu 1 en 1700, 1751 — takes part in Dictionnaire des arts et metiers, 1766. Macquer, Pierre Joseph, chemist, — fc. at Paris, 17 1 8 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1745 — is., 15 Feb. 1784. Elements de chimie theorique, 114.1 — Elements de chimie pratique^ 1 7 5 1 — Dictionnaire de chimie, 1 7 65. Macrianu3, and Macrianus Junior, — com- mand in Persian war for Valerian, 260 — assume the empire in expedition of Egypt, beginning 261 a — defeated and slain by Aureo- lus, 262. a Clinton. M'Crie, Thomas, theologian, biographer, — ft. at Dunse, Nov. 1772 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 1788— pastor at Edinburgh, 1795 — D D., 1813 — tf. at Edinburgh, 5 Aug. 1835. Life of John Knox, 1 81 1 — Life of Andrew Melville, 18 19 — History of Progress and Suppression of Reform- ation in Ltaly, 1827 — Progress and Suppres- sion of Reformation in Spain, 1829. Macrinus, — Archon at Athens, (869, a. u. c.) 116. Macrinus, M. Opelius Severus, Roman Em- peror, — h., 164 — proclaimed Emperor by the army on death of Caracalla, 1 1 Apr. 217 — defeat- ed by Artabanus, near Msibis, 217 — defeated by army of Elagabalus, and killed, 8 Jun. 218. Macrinus, M. Pompeius, — Consul with P. Juventius Celsus, (917, a. u. c.) 164. Macro, Nsevius Sertorius, — Praetorian pre- fect, by Tiberius, arrests Sejanus, 18 Oct. 31 a — secures accession of Caligula, 37 — put to death by Caligula, 38. a Clinton. Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodo- sius, grammarian, — fl., after 400 to about 450 ? Maczieiovicz. [See Kosciusko.] ■ Mad Parliament.' [Provisions of Ox- ford.] Madagascar, — mentioned by Marco Polo, 1280-90 — discovered by Lorenzo Almeida, 1506 — visited by Tristan d'Acunha, 1506 or 1507 — French settlement in, 1642 — most of the colonists remove to Isle of Bourbon, 1672 — unsuccessfully attacked by Count Beniousky, 1774 — settlements restored to France, 18 14 — King Badama admits English missionaries, 1818-25 — persecution and massacres of Chris- tians, under Queen Ranavolona, 1828 seq. — joint English and French attack on, 15 Jun. 1845 — visited by Ellis, 1853-6 — unsuccessfully attacked by French, 19 Oct. 1855 — Badama II. proclaims toleration, 1861 — Badama as- sassinated, his wife proclaimed Queen, and treaties with European Powers suspended, 12 May 1863 — ambassadors from, arrive in Eng- land, 25 Feb. 1864 — treaty with England pub- lished, 11 Sep. 1866 — destruction of idols in, Sep. 1869. Madalinski, Anthony, general, — h. in Po- land, 1739 — Colonel, 1780 — assists in pre- paring constitution of May 1791 — joins Kos- ciusko, Feb. 1794 — at battle of Baslawicz, 4 Apr. 1794 — Lieutenant-general, same day — captured by Prussians in Posen, 1794 — released, Jun. 1795 — Ij. in Poland, 19 Jul. 1804. Madan, Martin, theologian, — b., about 1726 — tf. at Epsom, May 1790. Thelyphthora, 1780. Madayn. [Ctesiphon.] Madden, Samuel, — b. in Ireland, about 1686 — Ty. there, Dec. 1765. Memoirs of the Twen- tieth Century, 1733. Madder, — cultivation of, introduced into the Yenaissin by Eh an Althen, 1772. Maddox, Isaac, Bp op Worcester, — B. in London, 1697— Dean of "Wells, 1733 — Bp of St Asaph, 1736 — Bp of Worcester, 1743 — tf. MADDOX— MAESTRICHT. 901 at Worcester, 1759. Vindication of Church of England, 1733. Maddox, Willes, painter, — fc. at Bath, 1813 — ft. at Constantinople, 26 Jun. 1853. Madeira, island, — accidentally discovered by Robert Machin, 1344? before 1377? — redis- covered by Gonzales Zarco, 1420— settlement of Portuguese in, 142 1 — occupied by British, 1801-14. Mader, Joachim Johann, bibliographer, — h. at Hanover, 1626 — "Jj., 1680. De biblio- thecis, $• J 3 6 4> i3 68 , * 37°, and 1377- Magnaeus, Arnas, {Ante Magnusson,) his- torian, — b. in Iceland, 1663 — studies at Copen- hagen, 1683 — Keeper of archives to king of Denmark, 17 10 — Prof. History, Academy of Copenhagen, 17 13 — tf. there, Jan. 1730. Magnan, Bernard Pierre, Maiishal of France, — ft. at Paris, 7 Dec. 1791 — enters the army, 1 809 — serves in Peninsular War, 1 8 10- 1 3 — distinguishes himself in campaign of France, 1814 — at Waterloo, 1 815— serves in Spain, 1823 — as Colonel takes part in expedition of Algiers, Dec. 1827 — envoy to Belgium, 1832 — commands camp of Beverloo, 1839 — returns to France, 1839 — accused of sharing attempt of Louis Napoleon at Boulogne, 1840 — Lieut.- gen., 20 Oct. 1845 — with a division of army of the Alps marches to relief of Paris, Jun. to 3 Jul. 1 848 — takes part in suppressing insurrec- tion of Lyons, 15 Jun. 1849 — Commander at Strasburg, Jun. 1849 to Jul. 1851 — Com- mander-in-chief of army of Paris, 14 Jul. 1851 — Marshal of France, 2 Dec. 1852 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 31 Dec. 1852 — tf. at Pans, 29 May 1865. Magnan, Dominique, antiquary, $c, — b. in Provence, 17 31 — tf. at Florence, Aug. 1796. La Ville de Rome, 1763 — Froblema de anno nativitatis Christi, 1772 — Miscellanea numis- matica, 1772-4 — Bruttia numismatica, 1775 — Iapygia, 1775. Magnen, Jean Crysostome, physician, — b. in Burgundy, between 1600-10 ? — goes to Paris, 1660. Femocritus reviviscens, 1646 — Fe Ta- baco exercitationes, 1648. Magnentius, Flav. Popilius, Boman Em- peroe, (350-353)— serves under Constantine, before 337 — proclaimed Augustus, (15 Kal. Feb.) 18 Jan. 350 — defeated by Constantius at Mursa, 28 Sep. 351 — and in Cottian Alps, and driven into Gaul, 352 — again defeated, kills himself, (3 Id. Aug.) 11 Aug. 353. Magnes, comic poet, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 80) 46o. a a Smith's Diet. Magnesia, carbonate of, — method of prepar- ing, made public by Lancisi, 17 17 — by Hoff- mann, 1722. Magnesia, {ad Sipylum,) Manissa,— [B C] — Antiochus the Great defeated by the Scipios, towards winter 1 90 — [A D] — destroyed by earthquake, 17 — unsuccessfully besieged by Catalans, 1305 — Amurath II. retires to, 1445. Magnesium, metal, — obtained by Davy, 1 808 — properties of, investigated by Bussy, 9 04 MAGNETIC CHART— MAGO. 1830 — volatility of, discovered, and new method of obtaining, introduced, by Deville and Caron, 1856. Light, use of, in photography, proposed by Bunsen and Roscoe, 1859— applied, J ^^4- Magnetic Chart, — constructed by Halley, 1698-9. Magnetic Needle— [Dipping Needle, Com- pass, Mariner's] — variation of, observed by Columbus, 14 Sep. 1492 — diurnal variation, investigated by Canton, 1750 — announced by Graham, 1772. Magnetism. [Electro-Magnetism.] Magnetism, Animal, — theory of, published by Mesmer, about 1776. Magni, Valeriano, Franciscan, — h. at Mi- lan, 1587 — "a. at Strasburg, a Saltzburg, b 1661. a Biog. Uniy. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Magniez de Woimont, Loui3 Francois, lexicographer, — tf., 1749. Novitius seu Diction- arium magnum latiuum-gallicum, 1721. Magnin, Charles, — h. at Paris, 4 Nov. 1793 — assistant in Imperial Library, 181 3— con- servator, 1832— admitted to Academy of In- scriptions, 1838 — tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1862. Racine, 1826 — Origines du Theatre Moderne, 1838 — Theatre de Hroswitha, 1845 — Cause- ries et Meditations historiques et litteraires, 1843. Magnol, Pierre, botanist, §c, — h. at Mont- pellier, 1638 — M.D., 1659 — Prof. Botany, 1694 — member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1708 — ft. at Montpellier, 17 15. Botanicum Mons- peliense, 1676 — Hortus regius Monspeliensis, 1697 — Prodromus histories generalis plantar um, 1689 — Novus car acter plantar um, 1720. Magnus, — 1. Consul of Rome with Apol- lonius, (1213, a. u. c.) 460. 2. Consul of Rome, (1271,) 518. Magnus I., the Good, King of Norway and or Denmark, — obtains crown of Norway, 1036 — succeeds Cnut III. in Denmark, 1042 — defeats the "Wends, 1043 — defeats Sweyn, 1045 and 1046 — divides Norway with Harold: tf. in Jutland, 1047. Magnus II., King of Norway, — succeeds his father, Harold III., 1066 — shares the king- dom with his brother Olaus, 1067 — tf., 28 Apr. 1069. Magnus III., Barelegged, King of Norway, — succeeds his father, Olaus III., 1087 — con- quers the Orkneys, Hebrides, and Isle of Man, and ravages Anglesey, 1098 — makes peace with Sweden, 11 00 — invades Ireland, 1103 — de- feated and killed at Moycoba, 24 Aug. 1103. Magnus IV. , the Blind, — succeeds his father, Sigurd I., 26 Mar. 11 30 — killed in battle, 13 Nov. 1 1 39. Magnus V., King of Norway,— tf., 1143. Magnus VI., King of Norway,— fj., 1157 — proclaimed King under Regency of his father, Count Erling, 1161 — succeeds Haco III., 1162 — crowned at Drontheim, 11 64 — defeated by his rival, Svewer, 17 Jun. 1179 — takes refuge in Denmark: again defeated and killed, 15 Jun. 1 1 84. Magnus VII., King of Norway, {Law-re- former,)— ft., 1238 — succeeds his father, Haco V., 1262 — carries on war with Scotland, 1262- 66 — by Treaty of Perth gives up the Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scotland, 1266 — reestab- lishes Waldemar, king of Sweden, 1268 — de- feated by Danes, 1278 — tf., 9 May 1280. Magnus VIII., King of Norway. [Mag- nus II., King of Sweden.] Magnus I., Ladelas, King of Sweden, — n., 1240 — succeeds on abdication of his brother, "Waldeniar I., i279, a i276 b — crowned, 1278'' — assumes title of King of the Swedes and Gotbs : imprisons Waldemar, 1276^ 1288 a — tf., 18 Dec. 1290. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Magnus II., Smek, King or Sweden and Norway, — fj., 13 16 — elected King of Norway, 1319 — succeeds Birger III., 1321 — Scania places itself under his rule, 1332 — assumes the government, 1337 — gives Norway to his son Haco, 1344 — deposed and the crown given to his son Erick, i348, a 1350 b — carries on war with Erick : divides the kingdom with him, 1354 — affiances his son Haco to Margaret of Denmark, and agrees to restore Scania, 1359 — seized and imprisoned, and the government entrusted to Haco, 1361 — escapes, 1362 — formally deposed, 1365 — tf., 1 Dec. 1374. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Noxw. Biog. Gen. Magnus, son of Christian LLL. of Denmark, — fj., 1540 — proclaimed King of Livonia, 1570 — tf., 1580. Magnus, Albertus. [Albertus Magnus.] Magnus, Heinrich Gustav, chemist, na- tural philosopher, — h. at Berlin, May 1802 —Ph.D., 1827— Prof. Extraord. Physics and Technology, Berlin Univ., 1834 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1840 — Prof. Physics and Technology, 1845 — foreign F.R.S., 1863 — is. at Berlin, 4 Apr. 1870. Magnus, Johan, Abp of TJpsala, — n. at Lindkueping, 19 Mar. 1488 — sent from Rome as Papal nuncio, to check Lutheranism in Sweden, 1523 — Abp of Upsala, by Gustavus Vasa, about 1524 — called to Italy by the pope, 1537 — tf. at Rome, 22 Mar. 1544. Gothorum Suevo- rumque historia, 1554. Magnus, Olaus, historian, — archdeacon, be- fore 1523 — sent by Paul III. to Council of Trent, 1546 — celebrates mass at Bologna, dur- ing the Council, 2 Jun. 1547 — tf. at Rome, 1568. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, 1555- Magnusen, Finn, archaeologist, — h. at Skalholt, Iceland, 27 Aug. 178 1 — studies at Copenhagen, 1797-1803 — visits Edinburgh, 1 81 2 — Prof. Northern Literature and Mytho- logy there, 1815 — Keeper of the archives, 1842 — tf. at Copenhagen, 24 Dec. 1847. Bidrag til nordisk Archaologie, 1820 — Ben aeldre Edcla, 1 82 1 -3 — Eddalaeren og dens Oprindelse, 1824-6 — with Rafn, Groulands historiske Mindesmaei -Jeer, 1838-42. Magnusson. [Magnaeus.] Mago, — [B C] — commands under Himilco against Syracuse, defeats Leptines, 396 — has chief command in Sicily, 395 — defeated by Dionysius in Abacsenum, 393 — makes treaty with Dionysius, 392 — defeated and killed, 383. Mago, — [B C] — accompanies his brother MAGRI— MAHOMET II. 9°5 Hannibal into Italy, 218 — sent to Carthage, and despatched with succours to Hasdrubal in Spain, 215 — joint-commander with Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, 208 — defeated by Silanus, 207, 208 a — defeated by Scipio, at Silpia, 2o6, b 207 a — attacks Genoa, 205 — defeated by Varus and Cornelius : ft. on his way to Carthage, 203. a Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. Magri, Carlo, — ft. at Gozo, near Malta, 1693. Hiero de' lexicon, §c, 1677. Magri, Domenico, (Macer,) theologian, — b. at Malta, 1604 — ft. at Viterbo, 1672. Notizia de vocaboli eccles., 1644. Maguire, Cornelius, Baron of Lnniskillen, — takes part with Sir Phelim O'Neil in project of Irish Rebellion, 1641. Magyars. [Hungary.] Mahalaleel, — ■ [B CJ — fj., summer 3609,* 3743 b — birth of Jared, summer 3544 a — ft., summer 27i4. a a Usslier. b Clinton. Maharajpoor, in Hindustan, — Sir Hugh Gough defeats Mahrattas, 29 Dec. 1843. Maharattas. [Mahrattas.] Mahdy-Kan, Mirza Mohammed, historian, ■ — b. in Persia, about 1700. History of Nadir Shah, about 1750. Mahe, in Hindustan, — French settlement, reduced by the British, 1779 — formally taken possession of, 1793 — restored to French, 1815. Mahe de la Bourdonnais, Bernard Fran- cois,— b. at St Malo, 1699 — goes to India, 1724 — Director-general of Isles of France and Bourbon, 1734 — takes Madras, 10 Sep. 1746 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1748-51 — fc., 1755- Mahmud, founder of the Ghaznevide dynasty, — fc. at Ghazni, in Persia, about (360, a. h.) 970 — distinguishes himself in expedition against Tatars, (384,) 994 — named Governor of Khora- san, 994— defeated by Tatars at Mshapur, 995 — defeats his brother Ismael and takes Ghazni, 998 — declares his independence, (389,) 999 — invades India, and defeats Jeipal of Lahore near Peshawur, (391,) 1001 — storms and plun- ders Batinda, 1002 — makes second expedition to India, (395,) 1004 — third, defeats rajah of Mooltan near Peshawur, and lays siege to Mooltan, (396,) 1005 — defeats Tatars under Elik Khan near Balkh, (397,) 1006— fourth expedition to India, defeats Anang Pal and his allies, near Peshawur, (399,) 1008 — sacks temple of Nagarcot, 1008 — celebrates a triumph, 1009 — conquers Ghor, (401,) 1010 — fifth expedition to India, takes Mooltan, and captures Abul Fatteh Lodi, 1010 — sixth, plunders temple of Tanesar and sacks the town, 101 1 — seventh and eighth, 1012-14 — conquers Transoxiana, (407,) 1016 — ninth expedition to India, passes the Jumna and takes Canouj, (408.) 1017 — plun- ders and burns Mattra, 10 17 — tenth expedition, annexes Lahore and its territory to Gbazni, (413-14,) 1022-3 — suppresses revolt in Trans- oxiana, (415,) 1024 — sets out on twelfth expe- dition to India, Sep. 1024 — occupies Gujerat, besieges and takes Somnat, and returns to Ghazni, spring (417) 1026 — suppresses re- volt of the Seljuk Turks, (418,) 1027— invades Irak, treacherously seizes the Prince, and mas- sacres inhabitants of Ispahan and Casbin, 1029 — ft. at Ghazni, (421,) 29 Apr. 1030. Mahmoud I., Sultan of the Ottomans, — fj., 1696 — succeeds his uncle, Achmet III., (14 Babia II., 1143, a. h.) 16 Oct. 1730— concludes peace with Shah Thamas, (Bedgeb 1144,) Jan. 1732 — the war renewed by Kouli Khan, 1732 — makes peace with him, (1149,) 1736 — war declared by Bussia, 1736 — by Em- peror Charles YL, 1737 — Peace of Belgrade, (29 Guimadhi II. 1152,) 22 Sep. 1739 — war with Persia renewed, (1156,) 1743 — makes peace, (1159,) Jan. 1746 — ft., (8 Babia I. 1168,) 13 Dec. 1754. Mahmoud II., Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., (14 Ramadan 1199, a. h.) 20 Jul. 1785 — succeeds his brother, Mustapha IV., 28 Jul. 1808 — adopts reforms of Sultan Selim : puts to death his brother Mustapha with his in- fant son, 1808 — Peace of Bucharest, 28 May 1 8 12 — revolt of Ali Pasha, 1820-2 — Greek Revolution, 182 1-7 — massacres the Janis- saries, 15 Jun. 1826 — abolishes corporation of Janissaries, by hatti sherif of 16 Jun. 1826 — declares war on Bussia, 1828 — Peace of Adrianopie, 14 Sep. 1829 — declares war on Mehemet Ali, 15 Apr. 1832— battle of Konieh, 21 Dec. 1832 — Peace of Konieh, 4 May 1833 — signs Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 8 Jul. 1833 — renews war with Mehemet Ali, 1839 — battle of ITisibis, 25 Jun. 1839— ft., 27 Jun., a 1 Jul. b 1839. a Comp. Brit. Almanac. b Conv.-Lex. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mahogany, — introduced in England by Dr Gibbons, 1724. Mahomet, founder of Islam. [Mohammed.] Mahomet I., Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., i374, a 1387 b — sandjak of Amasia, 1401 — proclaimed Sultan on death of his brother Masa, 141 3 — restores to Emperor Manuel ter- ritory on the Euxine, in the Propontis, and Thessaly, 141 3 — suppresses rebellion of his brother Mustapha, (820, a. h.) 141 8 — makes war on Wallackians, (824,) 142 1 — ft., spring 142 1 . a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. Mahomet II., the Great, Sultan of the Ottomans, — b.. about 1430 — proclaimed Sul- tan on retirement of his father, Amurath II., 1443 — deposed, 1444 — again proclaimed, 1445 — deprived, after four months : succeeds his father, (10 Moharram 855, a. h.) 12 Feb. 145 1 — lays siege to Constantinople, (22 Babia I. 857,) 2 Apr. 1453 — takes it by assault, (20 Guimadhi I. 857,) 29 May 1453 — gives free- dom of worship to Christians, 1453 — his troops conquer Thrace and Macedonia, 1453-4 — lays siege to Belgrade and is defeated by John Huniades, 22 Jul. 1456 — takes Athens and Corinth, and makes the Morea tributary, 1458 — successfully resisted by Scanderbeg, in Al- bania, 1461— conquers Trebisond, 1461— takes Lesbos, 1462 — invades Caramania, 1464 — de- feated by Scanderbeg, near Croia, 1465 — his fleet attacked by Venetians, 1469 — conquers Negropont, 147° — his general, Soliman, de- feated by Stephen, waiwode of Moldavia, 1475 — MAHOMET III.— MAHRATTAS. ravages Moldavia, 1476 — conquers the Crimea, and creates Mengeli Gieray Khan, 1476 — ravages Albania, 1477 — takes Croia after a year's siege, Jun. 1478 — besieges Scutari, 1478 — makes peace with Venetians, Jan. 1479 — siege of Bhodes, 1480 — conquest of Otranto, Aug. 1480 — tr. in Bithvnia, (5 G-uimadhi I. 886,) 2 Jul., a 3May b 148 1. a Turkish, authorities. b Christian. Mahomet IIL, Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., 1566 — succeeds his father, Amurath III., (6 Guimadhi 1. 1003, a. h.) 17 Jan. 1595 — puts to death nineteen of his brothers, 1595 — invades Hun°;arv, (Moharrani 1005,) Sep. 1596— takes Agria, (1 Rabia I. 1005,) Oct. 1596 — defeats Archduke Maximilian, 26 Oct. — revolt at Constantinople headed bv his brother Selim, (1006,) 29 Mar. 1598— puts Selim to death, 1598 — ts. at Constantinople, (27 Redgeb 1012,) 21 Dec. 1603. Mahomet IV., Sultan of the Ottomans, — h., 1642 — succeeds his father, Ibrahim, (28 Eedgeb 1059,) 28 Jul. 1649,* 17 Aug. 1648 b — order restored by vizier Mehemet Kiuperli, 1656-7 — whose son Achmet Kiuperli succeeds him, 1 66 1 — conquest of Candia completed, 1669 — declares war on Poland, (1083,) 1672 — takes Kaminieck, (8 Guimadhi I. 1083,) 22 Aug. 1672 — battle of Choczim, 1673 — makes peace, 1676 —invasion of Hungary, (1094,) 1683 — siege of Vienna, 1683 — puts the vizier Kara Mustapha to death, Dec. 1683 — league of the Emperor, king of Poland, and Venetians against, 1684 — battle of Mohacz, 1687 — de- posed, (13 Moharrani 1099,) 9 Nov. 1687 — tf., (Guimadhi I. 1104,) Jan. 1693. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Hist. Univ. Mahommed Khan, Dost, Sovereign of Af- ghanistan, — after deprivation of Mahmud Shah, 181 8., makes himself master of Cabul : war declared against, by British government, 1837 — [Afghanistan, Afghan War] — recovers the throne, 1843 — remains faithful to British government during Sepoy mutiny, 1857 — cap- tures Herat, May 1863— tf., May 1863. Mahon, Duke of. [Crillon-Mahon.] Mahon, Lord. [Stanhope, James and Charles, Earls.] Mahon, Port. [Minorca.] Mahoney, Francis, (Fa titer Front,) littera- teur, — ft. at Cork, about 1805 — o\ at Paris, 19 May 1866. Mahratta Country, (Maharastra,) — [Dec- can] — reign of Salivahana, 77 — Yadus at Deogni, after 1 100 — invaded by Mohammedans, under Ala u din, 1294 — Yadus tributary, over- run by Cafur, 1306 — conquered by Cafur, 13 12 — the kingdom subverted, 1317. [Mahrattas.] Mahrattas, The,— rise of, under the Adil Shahi kings of Bijapoor, 1490- 1550— become conspicuous under Malek Amber, about 1600— under Sevajee, obtain Purandar and other forts, 1646-7 — revolt against king of Bijapoor, 1648— make peace with him, 1662— plunder Surat, 1664 — ravage Mogul territory, Dec. 1670 — Samraji succeeds his father as Eajah, 1680 — is captured and put to death by Aurung- zebe, 1689 — Poonah the seat of government of the Peishwa, from 1689-— make a truce with viceroy of the Deccan, 1708-13 — assist Hosen Ali, 17 18 — authority of Saho Raja recognized by Mohammed Shah, 1720 — Baji Eao, Peishwa on death of his father, Balajee, Oct. 1720 — establish their power in Gujerat, about 1730 — repulsed near Agra by Sadat Khan, governor of Oude, 1736 — conquer Portuguese possessions in Salsette, Bassein, and parts of the Concan, 1737-9 — under Baji Rao, threaten Delhi, 1737 — obtain from the Emperor cession of country from the Nerbudda to the Chambal, 1738 — Balajee Rao appointed Peishwa, Aug. 1740 — aid the Emperor, and obtain confirma- tion of grant of Malwa, 1742 — obtain Cuttack, 1745 — on death of Saho Raja Balajee assumes the government, about Dec. 1749 — defeated by Salabat Jang and French allies under Bussy, Nov. 1 75 1 — assist vizier Safder Jang to defeat Rohillas, 1751 — allied with British, capture Angria, and destroy his state, 1756 — conclude treaty with Presidency of Bombay, excluding the Dutch from Mahratta territory, 1756— de- feated by Afghans under Ahmed Shah at Pani- put, 7 Jan. 1761 — evacuate Hindustan, 1761 — carry on war with Hyder Ali, 177 1 — joined by Nabob of Arcot, 177 1 — escort Shah Alum II. to Delhi, 25 Dec. 177 1 — make peace with Hyder Ali, Jul. 1772 — enter Delhi, 22 Dec. 1772 — ravage Rohilcund,i773 — cession of Sal- sette and Bassein to the English, by Ragoba, the deposed Peishwa, 6 Mar. 1775 — treaty can- celled by Supreme Government, May — English expedition in support of Ragoba fails, Ragoba delivered up to Mahrattas, and acquisitions (since 1756) relinquished, Jan. 1779 — war with the English, 1780— [Sindia] — allied with Hyder Ali, 1780 — allied with British against Tippoo Saib, Jun. 1790 — defeat the Mzani and acquire part of his territory, 1795 — battle of Indore, 14 Oct. 1801. 1803: war with British renewed, Aug. — capture of Ahmednaggur, by Gen. Wellesley, 12 Aug. — capture of Baroach by Lieut. -Col. YVoodington, 29 Aug. — Allighur stormed by Gen. Lake, 30 Aug. — defeated by Gen. Lake, near Delhi, 12 Sep. — capture of Manickpatam by Lieut.-Col. Harcourt, 14 Sep. — capture of Powanghur by Lieut.- Col. Woodington, 17 Sep. — defeated by Gen. YVellesley, at Assaye, 23 Sep. — capture of Cuttack, by Lieut.-Col. Har- court, 14 Oct. — capture of Burhanpoor, 15 Oct. — capture of Agra, 17 Oct.— of Asseer- ghur, 21 Oct. — battle of Laswaree, 1 Nov. — defeated at Argaum, 28 Nov. — Gawilghur taken, 15 Dec. — treaty of peace with their ally, Raja of Berar, who cedes Cuttack, 17 Dec. — treaty with Sindia, who cedes Baroach, Ahmednaggur, and forts in the Doab, 29 Dec. 1804: Sindia concludes Treaty of Burhan- poor, and agrees to receive British auxiliary force, 27 Feb. — the British declare war on Holkar, 16 Apr. — capture of Indore, by Col. Murray, 24 Aug. — Delhi unsuccessfully attacked by Holkar, Oct. — capture of Lassulgaum, 8 Oct. — of Chandore, 12 Oct. — of Dhoorb, 14 Oct. — of Galna, 25 Oct. — battle of Deig, 13 Nov. — capture of fort of Deig, 4 Dec. MAHUDEL— MAIMING. 907 1 805 : siege of Bhurtpoor, Jan. — battle of Bhurtpoor, 2 Apr. — alliance of Holkar with Sindia, 15 Apr. — ravage British territories, Sep. ■ — new treaty with Sindia, 23 Nov.— treaty with Holkar, 24 Dec. — their confederacy dissolved by treaty with the Peishwa Ba jee Bao, i 3 Jun. 1 817 — attack English forces, 23 Nov. 18 17 — battle of Mehudpoor, 21 Dec— peace con- cluded with Holkar, 6 Jan. 1 8 1 8— surrender of Bajee Bao to the English, 3 Jun. 181 8. Mahudel, Nicolas, antiquary, — h. at Lan- gres, 21 Nov. 1673 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 17 16 — tf. at Paris, 7 Mar. 1747. Dissertation historique sur les medailles an- tiques d'Espagne, 1725 — Catalogue historique d'un laraire curieux, 1746 — Medailles sur la regence, 17 16. Mai, Angelo, Cardinal, Librarian or the Vatican, — h. near Bergamo, 7 Mar. 1782,* 1781 b — enters Order of Jesuits, 1799 — studies at Borne, 1805 — settles at Milan, 1808— at- tached to Ambrosian Library, 1813 — chief keeper of Vatican Library, 18 19 — secretary of the Propaganda, 1833 — Cardinal, 1838 — Li- brarian of the Boman Church, 1853 — tf. at Al- bano, 8 Sep. 1854. Edition of Cicero De Re- picblica, i820, a 1822 bc — Scriptorum veterum nova collectio e Vaticanis codicibus edita, 1825- 38 — Classici Scriptores ex Codicibus Vaticanis editi, 1838 — Spicilegium Romanum, 1839-44 — Nova Patrum bibliotheca, 1853 — edition of the Codex Vaticanus, 1857. a Engl. Cyc. b Bing. Univ. c Coiw.-Lex. Mala, asteroid, — discovered by Tempel, 10 Apr. 1 861. Maiano, (Majano,) Benedetto di Nardo da, sculptor, architect, — fc. at Majano, 1442 a — commences the Strozzi Palace at Florence, 16 Aug. 1489 s — goes to Naples, about 1490 s — tf., 29 May 1497. a a Perkins. Maiano, Giuliano da, sculptor, architect, — ft. at Maiano, Tuscany, about 1377^ 1387 b — architect of Cathedral of Florence, 1444 — tf. at Naples, about 1447,* H57- b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Maiano, Giuliano da, sculptor, — ft. at Flor- ence, 1432 s — tf., i49 Master and Servant, — regulations respect- ing, by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562 ; 1 Ann. st. 2, c. 18, s. 4, 1702 ; 6 Ann. c. 31, 1707 ; 20 Geo. II. c. 19, 1747; 6 Geo. III. c. 25, 1765; 17 Geo. III. c. 56, 1777 ; 32 Geo. III. c. 56, 1792; 4 Ceo. IV. c. 34, 17 Jun. 1823; 5 Geo. IV. c. 96, 21 Jun. 1824; 10 Geo. IV. c. 52, 19 Jun. 1829 ; 6 and 7 Vic. c. 40, 1 Aug. 1843 ; 14 and 15 Vic. c. 11, 20 May 1 851— law amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, ss. 26 and 73, 6 Aug. 1861 ; 30 and 31 Vic. c. 141, 20 Aug. 1867. Masters in Chancery, — office abolished by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 80, 30 Jun. 1852. Masters General o*f the Military, — two officers appointed by Constantine, between 3 o6 -337- Masters and Workmen, — laws respecting arbitration of differences between, consolidated and amended by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 96, 21 Jun. 1824 — again amended by Act 1 Vic. c. 67, 15 Jul. 1837 — councils of conciliation established by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 105, 15 Aug. 1867. Master-singers, {Meister stinger,) in Ger- many, — incorporated by Charles IV., 1378 — chiefly celebrated, about 1500-50. Masuccio, architect, — b.. at Naples, 1230 — tf., 1305. Masuccio, Stefano, {il secondo,) architect, — h. at Naples, 1291 — tf-, 1388. Masudi, Abul-Hassan Ali Ben-Husein Ben- Ali, historian, §c, — ft. at Baghdad, about 890 ? — visits India and China, (303, a. h.) 916 — Palestine, (314,) 926 — tf. probably at Cairo, (345,) 956. Morvj-ad-dhehel we mdclin- al-jewahir, (332,) 943-4. Masulipatam, in Hindustan, — conquered and annexed to Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan, by Mohammed II. , (882, a. n.) 1477 a — taken by the French, 1753 b — by the English, 6 Apr. 1759— ceded to them by Emperor of Delhi, 1763. a Elphinstone. b Thornton. Matafiorida, Bernardo Mozo Resales, Mar- quis de, statesman, §c, — ft. at Seville, 1761 — deputy to the Cortes, 18 14 — Minister of Jus- tice, 1 819 — General of the armies of the king, forms Junta of Urgel, 1822 — tf. at Agen, 3 Jul. 1832. Matamoras, in Mexico,— Gen. Taylor defeats Mexicans near, 8 and 9 May 1846— occupied by Gen. Taylor, 18 May 1846— occupied by the French, 26 Sep. 1864 — by Juarists, 4 May 1865 — scene of conflict between Imperialists and Juarists, 1866. Matanzas, in Cuba, — made a free port, 1809. Mataro, in Spain,— bombarded by Admiral Matthews, 1742 — sacked by the French under Duhesme, 1808. Matchlocks, — invented, about 1476. Maternus., — Consul with Bradna, (938, a. u. c.) 185. Matham, Jacob, engraver, — h. at Haarlem, 157 1 — tf. there, 1631. Mather, Cotton, theologian, — ft. at Boston, U. S., 12 Feb. 1663 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1678 — co-pastor with his father at Boston, 1682 — F.E.S. London, 17 13 — tf., 13 Feb. 1728. Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft, 1689 — Wonders of Invisible World, 1693 — Magnolia Christi Americana, 1702— Cur iosa Americana, 17 12. Mather, Increase, theologian, — b. at Dor- chester, Massachusetts, 21 Jan. 1639,* 1644 b — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1656 — studies at Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1656-60 — pastor at Boston, U. S., 1661-1723 — Principal of Harvard Coll., 1684-1701 — deputy of the province to Eng- land, 1685 and 1688 — tf., 23 Aug. 1723. Remarkable Providences, 1684. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. 93* MATHEW— MATSYS. Mathew, Theobald, {Father Mathew,) phi- lanthropist, — b. at Thomastown, Tipperary, 10 Oct. 1790 — ordained priest, 1814 — com- mences his Temperance missions, about 1837 — tf. at Queenstown, 8 Dec. 1856. Mathews, Charles, actor, — b. in London, 28 Jun. 1776 — appears at Haymarket Theatre, May 1803 — visits America, 1822 and 1834 — If. at Plymouth, 28 Jun. 1835. Mathews, Mrs. [Vestris, Madame.] Mathias, Thomas James, satirist,—^., about 1757 — goes to Naples, about 1800 — tf. at Naples, 1835. Pursuits of Literature, 1794-5 — Political Dramatist, 1795 — Odes, 1798 — Works of Thomas Gray, 18 14. Mathieu de la Eedorte, Maurice David Joseph, Count, general, — b. in France, 20 Feb. 1768 — enters the army, 1783— serves in campaignsof the Rhine, 1792-6 — serves in Italy, 1798 — General of Division, 1799 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — signs, witb Jellachich, capitulation of Austrian army, 1805 ■ — serves in Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — wounded at battle of Tudela, Nov. 1808 — raises siege of Tarragona, 1812 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 18 19 — tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1833. Matignon, Charles Auguste de, Count de Gace, Marshal of France, — b., 28 May 1647 — serves in campaign of Holland, 1668 — at battle of Treves, 1672 — at sieges of Conde and Bouchain, 1676 — distinguishes himself at siege of Luxemburg, 1684 — Lieutenant-gen- eral, 1689,* 1693 b — takes part in battle of Fleurus, 1690 — in sieges of Mons and Namur, 169 1 — in battle of Steinkerk, 1692 — commands in campaigns of Germany, 1700 — assists at battle of Oudenarde, 11 Jul. 1708 — Chevalier of the Orders of the King, 1724 — If. at Paris, 6 Dec. 1729. a Biog. Univ. b Nout. Biog. Gen. Matignon, Jacques Goyon de, Marshal or France, — b. in Normandy, 26 Sep. 1525 — distinguishes himself at sieges of Montmedi, Ivoy, &c, 1552 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — Lieutenant-general of Lower Normandy, Apr. 1559 — contributes to taking of Blois, Tours, and Poitiers, 1562 — defeats English at Falaise, 1563 — takes part in reduction of Rouen, 1567 — distinguishes himself at Jarnac, Moncontour, &c, 1569 — pacifies Normandy, 1572 — Marshal, Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 14 Jul. 1579 — reduces Picardy, 1580 — Lieutenant- general in Guienne, 1585 — defeats king of Navarre at Nerac, 31 Dec. 1588 — assists at coronation of Henry IV., 1589 — ft. in Guienne, 27 Jun. 1597. Matilda, Queen of England, — marries her cousin, William, Duke of Normandy, 1054 ■ — becomes Queen, 1066 — crowned, 11 May 1068 — If., 2 Nov. 1083. Matilda, Queen of England, {Good Queen Maud,) — marries Henry I., n Nov. 11 00— ft. at AY estminster, 1 May n 18. Matilda, {Maud,) Queen of England, — marries Stephen of Blois, before 1 1 15 — becomes Queen, end of 11 35 — crowned, Mar. 11 36 — Regent during Stephen's absence, n 37 — me- diates between Stephen and David of Scotland, 1 1 38 — procures liberation of Stephen in ex- change for Robert of Gloucester, 1 Nov. 1141 — founds St Katherine's Hospital, 1148 — founds Feversbam Abbey, 1148 — rj. at Hen- ingham Castle, Essex, 3 May 1151. Matilda, {Maud,) Empress, — b., 1102 — betrothed to Emperor Henry V., 1109 — marries him, 1 1 14 — left a widow, 22 May 1 125— returns to England, 1 126 — acknowledged as heiress-pre- sumptive, 25 Dec. 1 1 26 — betrothed to Geoffrey of Anjou, 1 1 27 — married, spring n 27 — driven from Anjou by her husband, Jul. n 29 — comes to England with her father, Henry I., 1131 — fealty again sworn to her, Sep. 1131 — returns to Anjou, spring 11 32 — birth of her son, Henry II., Mar. 1 1 33 — acknowledged successor of Henry I. in Normandy, Dec. 11 35 — with her brother, Robert of Gloucester, invades England, 30 Sep. 1 1 39 — besieged in Arundel Castle by Stephen, retires to Gloucester and assumes royal state, n 39 — joined by Henry of Blois, received at Winchester, 3 Mar. 1141 — recog- nized as Lady of England by synod of "Win- chester, 7 Apr. — holds her court at London, midsummer — expelled by citizens, retires to Oxford, midsummer — quarrels with Henry of Blois, besieges him in Winchester Castle, and is besieged in the palace by William of Ypres, Jul. to Aug. — escapes, 14 Sep.— her adherents excommunicated by Council of Westminster, 7 Dec. — besieged at Oxford by Stephen, Sep. 1 142 — escapes to Wallingford, 20 Dec. 1142 — retires to Gloucester, and is acknowledged Queen in western counties, 1 143 — goes to Nor- mandy, Nov. 1 145 — rj. at Rouen, 1165,* 10 Sep. 1167^ a Annals of England. b Strickland. Matilda, {eldest daughter of Henry LL. of England,) — b. in London, 1 156 — marries Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, 1168 — ft., 28 Jun. 1189. Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, { l the Great Countess, -ti., about 1046 a — betrothed to Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lorraine, about 1052^ 1054 b — shares government of Tuscany with her mother, Beatrice, 1069 — left a widow, Feb. 1076 — succeeds her mother, Apr. 1076 — receives Pope Gregory VII. at Canossa, 1077 — makes secret donation of her states to Holy See, 1077 — her troops, sent to expel Antipope' Guibert from Ravenna, are defeated by Imperialists, near Mantua, 1080 — defeats them at Sorbara, Jid. 1084 b — occupies castle of St Angelo, Rome, 1086 — marries Welf, son of Duke of Bavaria, 1089 — loses Mantua and territories north of the Po, 1091 — her troops defeated by Emperor Henry IV. , 1092 — divorced, 1095 — suppresses revolt of Ferrara, 1101 — confirms her donation to Holy See, 17 Nov. n 02 — marches against Parma, 1 1 04 — receives Emperor Henry V. at Canossa, and is named his Vice-regent in Lombardy, 6-9 May 1 1 1 1 — falls ill while preparing to suppress revolt of Mantua, n 14 — rj. at Bondeno, near Reggio, 24 Jul. 1 1 15. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Matschin, {Maczin,) — Prince Galitzin de- feats Turks at, 3 Jul. 179 1. Matsys, {Met, Metensis,) Cornelisz, engraver, MATSYS— MATTUSCHKA. 939 —b. in the Netherlands, about 1500 — tf., after 1549. Matsys, Quintin, painter, — b. at Louvain, 1466, a 1450 b — settles at Antwerp, 1490 — member of Academy of Antwerp, 149 1-2 — visited by Albert Durer, 1520— ft. at Antwerp, 1529^ 8 Jul. 1530^ before 12 Oct. i53i. d Descent from the Cross, Antwerp, 1508 — Banker and his Wife, the Louvre, 15 18. a Yan Even. b Biog. Woordenboek. c Van Mander. d "Wornum. Mattathias, — [BC] — revolts against An- tiochus II. at Modin, and dies, 167. Mattei, Loretto, poet,— b. in Italy, 1622— admitted to Academy of Arcadians, 1692 — tf. at Kome, a Rieti, b 1705. a Tiraboschi. b Biog. Univ. Matteis, Paolo de, painter, — b. at Cilento, near Naples, 1662— tf. at Naples, 1728. Matterhorn, The, Alpine Peak,— scaled by "Whimper and others, 14 Jul. 1865. Matthaei, Christian Friedrich, philologist, — 6. in Thuringia, 1744 — Prof. Classical Lite- rature, Moscow, 1805 — tf. there, 26 Sep. 1811. Chrestomathia Grceca, 1773 — Notitia codicum manuscr. grcecorum bibl. mosq., 1776, §c. Mattheei, Friedrich, painter, — tf. at Meis- sen, 4 Mar. 1777 — if. at Vienna, Oct. 1845. Matthaeus, Anton, jurist, historian,— b. at Utrecht, 18 Dec. 1635— Prof. Law, Leyden, 1670 — o"., 28 Aug. 17 10. Commentarius ad librum primum Institutionum, 1672 — Be Nobi- litate, de Principalis, $c , 1686— Be rebus Ul- trajectiuis, 16^0—Manuductio ad Jus Canoni- eum, 1696. Matthaeus Camanota, rhetorician, theolo- gian, — fl., about 1452. Mattheson, Johann, musical composer, writer on music, — ft. at Hamburg, 1681 — tf., 1764. Critica musica, 1722-4. Matthew Paris, historian, — b., about 1195- 1200? — enters Benedictine Order at St Albans, 21 Jan. 1 2 17 a — attends marriage of Henry "III. at Westminster, 1236 a — again at West- minster, 1247 — sent to Norway, as visitor of Benedictine Order, by Pope Innocent IV., 1248 — tf. at St Albans, soon after May i259. a Chronica Major a, 1 259 — printed, 157 1 — Historia Anglorum, {Historia Minor,) (Chronicon,) first printed, 1866 — Flores Hisioriarum, original copy of, discovered by Madden in the Cheet- ham Library, and shown to be an abridgment of the Historia Major, 1865-6. a Madden. Matthew of Westminster. [Matthew Paris.] Matthews, Thomas, admiral, — Captain E.N., 1703 — sent to America, 17 10 — distinguishes himself under Sir G. Byng in the Mediter- ranean, 17 18 — Commissioner of the Navy, Chatham, 1742 — Vice-Admiral, Mar. 1742 — Commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, 25 Mar. 1742 — sinks five Spanish galleys at St Tropez, Jun. 1742 — bombards Mataro and Palamos, Aug. 1742 — blockades Toulon, 1743 — quarrels with Admiral Lestock, and fails in attack on French and Spanish squadron off Toulon, 14 Feb. 1744 — trial of, by court- martial, begins, Oct. 1 745 — dismissed the serv- ice, Jan. 1747— tf., 175 1 ? Matthews, General, — takes Bednore, Anan- pore, Onore, and Mangalore, Jan. 1783 — re- fuses to divide the captured treasure, and is superseded by Bombay government, 1783. Matthias, Emperor of the Romans, — b." 24 Feb. 1557— accepts sovereignty of the Netherlands, 1577 — resigns it, 1580 — com- mands against Turks in Hungary, 1592— be- comes heir-presumptive by death of his brother Ernest, 1795 — elected Xing of Hungary, 14 Oct. 1607 — crowned, 19 Nov. 1608' — King of Bohemia, 23 May 161 1 — marries Anne of Austria, 4 Dec. 161 1 — elected Emperor at Frankfort, 13 Jun. 16 12 — crowned, 24 Jun. — adopts his cousin Ferdinand, 16 16 — resigns crown of Bohemia to him, Jun. 1617 — resigns Hungary to bim, 26 Jun. 16 18 — death of his consort, Dec. 1618 — tf., 20 Mar. 1619. Matthias Corvinus, (Huniades,) King op Hungary, — b. in Transylvania, 1443 — im- prisoned at Prague on charge of murder, 1457 — elected to succeed Ladislaus the Posthumous, 24 Jan. 1458 — liberated by George Podie- brad, Jan. — marries his daughter, 1458 — over- runs and conquers Austria, 1462— concludes peace with Emperor Frederick III., 1462 — re- pulses Turks and takes from them Jaycsa in Bosnia, 16 Dec. 1463 — again defeats them at Jaycsa, Jan. 1464 — recovers crown of St Stephen from the Emperor, and is crowned, 29 Mar. 1464 — unsuccessfully besieges Zoynich, autumn, 1464 — suppresses revolt of Stephen, waiwode of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1467 — instigated by Pope and Emperor, makes war on George Podiebrad, 1468 — gets himself pro- claimed King of Bohemia, 1469 — drives out his rival Casirnir from Hungary, 147 1 — marches against Turks and takes Savacz, 1475 — is refused the hand of Cunegunda, daughter of Frederick III., and marries Beatrice of Naples, 1476— invades Austria, 147 7 — concludes peace with Emperor, 1 Dec. 1477 — his generals victorious over Turks, 1479-83 — takes Vienna, 1 Jun., a Jan. b 1485 — conquers Austrian states, 1485-7 — tf. at Vienna, 7 Apr. 1490. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Matthieu, Pierre, poet, historian, — b. in Franche-Comte, 10 Dec. 1563 — LL.D. Valen- cia, 1586 — deputy from Lyons to Paris, 1593 — a", at Toulouse, 12 Oct. 162 1. La Guisiade, 1589 — Quatrains de la vanite du monde, 1629 — Histoire de France, §c, (1598-1604,) 1606— Histoire de Louis XL., 16 10 — Histoire de Prance, (de Francjois I er a Louis XIII.,) 1613. Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, — b. near Magdeburg, 23 Jan. 1761 — reader to Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, 1794-18 12 — enters service of king of Wiirtemberg, 18 12 — Chevalier, 1825 — If. near Dessau, 22 Mar. 1831. Sammt- liche Werke, 1825-9. Mattioli, Pietro Andrea, physician, botanist, — b. at Siena, 1500 — tf. at Trent, 1577. Com- mentarii in sex libros Ped. Bioscorid., 1544. Mattra, Mathura, Muttra, in Hindustan, — plundered and burnt by Mahmud of Ghizni, 1019 — pillaged by Afghans, 1757 — occupied by Scindia, about 1795 — taken by English, 1803. Mattuschka, Henry Godfrey, Count or, 9 4o MAT URIN— MAURICE. botanist, — f). in Silesia, 1734 — tf., 1779. Flora Silesiana, 1776-9. Maturin, Robert Charles, dramatic and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Dublin, 1782 — enters Trin. Coll., 1798 — B.A., 1800 — tf., 30 Oct. 1824. Bertram, 18 16 — Fatal Revenge, 1807 — Melmoth, 1820 — Controversial Sermons, 1824. Maturines. [Trinitarians.] Maturino, {Matturino,) da Firenza, painter, — ft. at Rome, about 1528. Maty, Matthew, physician, librarian of British Museum— -b. near Utrecht, 17 18 — M.D. Leyden, 1740 — settles in England, 1740 — under-librarian of British Museum, 1756 — F.R.S., 1758— secretary R.S., 1765 — principal librarian of British Museum, 1772 — tf., 2 Aug. 1776. Journal Britannique, 1750-5 — Memoirs of Richard Mead, M.D., 1755. Maty, Paul Henry,— b., 1745— enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1763 — librarian in British Museum, 1777 — secretary to Royal Society, 1778 — resigns, 1784 — tf. in London, 1787. Review, Jan. 1782 to Sep. 1786. Maubeuge. [Mabuse.] Maubeuge, in France, — taken for Louis XIV., 1649 — ceded to France by Treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — fortified by Vauban, 1680 — threatened by Austrians, 11 Sep. 1792 — be- sieged by tbem, 29 Sep. i794, a 2 Oct. 1793 b — recoveredby French, 16 Oct. — citadel blockaded by Prussians, 20 Jun. 18 15 — capitulates to Prince Augustus, 1 1 Jul. a TJnivers Pittoresque. b Cony. -Lex. Maud. [Matilda.] Maud of Hainault, Duchess op Athens, — b., 30 Nov. 1293 — marries Guy II., Duke of Athens, 1304 — left a widow, 1308 — succeeds to principality of Achaia, 1311 — marries Louis of Burgundy, 13 13 — and is compelled to cede her principality to him : again a widow, 1 3 1 6 — secretly marries Hugh de la Palisse, but is forcibly married to John of Gravina : tf. in prison at Naples, probably about 1324. Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, — eruption of, spring 1866. Maunder, Samuel, litterateur, — tf. at Isling- ton, 30 Apr. 1849. Treasury of Knowledge, 1830 — Biographical Treasury, 1838 — Treasury of Literature and Science, 1840 — of History, 1844 — of Natural History, 1848. Maundrell, Henry, traveller. Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, at Faster 1697, 1698. Maupeou, Rene Charles de, Vice-chancel- lor of France, — b. at Paris, 1688 — councillor to the parliament of Paris, 17 10 — first Pres., 1743-57 — Keeper of the Seals and Vice-chan- cellor, 1763 — tf., 1775. Maupeou, Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de, Chancellor of France, — b. at Paris, 17 14 — Chancellor of France, 1768 — exiles parliament of Paris, Jan. 177 1 — exiled, 1774 — tf. near Andelis, 29 Jul. 1792. Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, mathematician, astronomer, — b. at St Malo, 17 Jul. 1698,^ i697 b — studies at Paris, 17 14-16 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1723 — F.R.S. London, 1727^ 1728° — assists in measurement of meridian in Lapland, 1736— enters service of Frederick the Great, 1740— taken prisoner by Austrians at Mollwitz, 1741 — admitted to French Academy, 27 Jun. 1743 — Pres. Academy of Berlin, 1745 — quarrels with Voltaire, 1751 — tf. at Basel, 27 Jul. 1759. (Euvres, 1756. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Maur, St, Congregation of, Order of reformed Benedictines, — formed in France, 1618 — ap- proved by Gregory XV., by brief of 17 May 1 62 1 — receives further privileges by bull of Urban VIII., 21 Jan. 1627. Maureillan, Casimir Poitevin, Viscount de, general, — b. at Montpellier, 14 Jul. 1772 — as Captain of Engineers, distinguishes him- self at Neerwinden, 1793 — at siege of Venloo, 1794 — Colonel, 1796— takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — taken prisoner by Ali Pacha, 1799 — liberated, 1802 — Commander of En- gineers, Mantua, 1802-3 — takes part in cam- paign of Austerlitz, 1805 — Governor of Dal- matia, 1 806 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 18 1 2 — capitulates at Thorn, 7 Apr. 181 3 — Lieutenant-general, by Louis XVI1L, 26 Apr. 1 8 14 — tf. at Metz, 23 May 1829. Maurepas, Jean Frederic Phelippeaux, Count de, statesman, — b. , 1701 — Secretary of State, 17 15 — honorary member of Academy, 1725 — exiled, Nov. 1749 — called to Versailles as chief minister, by Louis XVL, 1774 — pro- cures dismissal of Turgot, 1775 — and of Necker, 1781 — tf., 21 Nov. 1781. Maurer, Christoph, painter, engraver, — b. at Zurich, 1558— tf., 1 6 14. Maurice of Nassau, Prince oe Orange, — b. at Dillenburg, 1567 — elected Stadt- holder by States of Holland and Zealand, after assassination of his father, William 1. of Orange, 1584 — Captain-general of United Provinces, 1587 — takes Breda, 1590 — takes Zutphen, Deventer, Nimeguen, &c, 1591 — invests Gertruydenberg, 1593 — invests Groningen, 22 May 1594 — takes it, 24 Jul. — with English auxiliaries defeats Spaniards at Turnhout, Jan. 1597 — defeats Archduke Albert at Nieuport, 2 Jul. 1600 — defends Ostend against Spaniards, 160 1-4 — takes Grave, 19 Sep. 1602 — opposes the truce for twelve years, 1609 — succeeds his brother as Prince of Orange, 16 1 8 — procures arrest and execution of Barneveldt, 1619 — again commands against Spaniards, 1621 — compels Genoese to raise siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, 1622 — plot against him discovered, 1623 — loses Breda to Spinola, 1625 — fails in attempt on citadel of Ant- werp, 1625 — tf. at the Hague, 23 Apr. 1625. Maurice of Saxony. [Saxe, Marshal.] Maurice, Thomas, orientalist, historian, — b. at Hertford, about 1755 — enters Oxford Univ., 1774 — assistant librarian of British Museum, 1799 — tf. in London, 30 Mar. 1824. Indian Antiquities, 1791-7 — History of Hin- dostan, 7 95-9 — Modem History of Hindostan, 1802-4 — Memoirs, 1819-22. Maurice, St, Order of,— instituted by Ama- MATJRICIUS— MAXIMIANUS IT. 94i deus VII. , Duke of Savoy, 1440— united with Order of St Lazarus, by Duke Philibert, 1572. Mauricius, Flavius Tiberius, Emperor of the East, (582-602,) — b. in Cappadoeia, about 539 — distinguishes himself in Persian war, 578-581— declared Caesar, by Tiberius II., 5 Aug. 582 — crowned Emperor, 13 Aug. — suc- ceeds Tiberius, 14 Aug. — marries Constantina, daughter of Tiberius, 582— carries on war with Persians, 582-591 — reinstates Chosroes on the throne, 591 — war with Avars, 592-599 — corre- sponds with Gregory the Great respecting claim of supremacy by John, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, 595 — refuses to ransom prisoners taken by Avars, 599 — mutiny in army or* the Danube, Nov. 602 — killed with his sons and brother at Chalcedon, 27 Nov. 602. Mauritania, — [BC] — Bocchus and Bogit- des, kings of, — attacked by Pompey, 47 — aid Caesar, 46 — Bocchus usurps, 38 — made a Bo- man province by Octavius, 33 — the kingdom given to Juba by Augustus, 25 — [AD]— Juba II. aids Dolabella against Tacfarinas, 24 — disturbances in, 118 — visited by Hadrian, about 121. Mauritius, {Isle of France,) in Indian Ocean, — discovered by Portuguese, 1505— taken pos- session of by them, 1545 — surveyed and named Mauritius by Dutcb, 1598 — Dutch settlement on, 1644 — abandoned by them, 1708 — taken possession of by French, and named Isle of France, 1715 — rises in importance under ad- ministration of La Bourdonnaye, 1734-45 — taken by English, under Gen. John Abererom- bie, 3 Dec. 18 10 — ceded to them by Treaty of Paris, 1 8 14 — great hurricanes, 1 Mar. 181 8 and 23 Feb. 1824 — seat of a bishopric, Dec. 1854. Mauro, Fra, cosmographer, — one of the patricians appointed to regulate the course of the Brenta, 1441 — executes map of the world, J 457-9— &•> 20 0ct - H59 ?a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Maurolico, (Marullo,) Francisco, mathema- tician, — ft. at Messina, 1494 — tf. there, 1575. Edition of Aidolycus, 1558 — Euclidis Pheno- mena, 1588 — Opuscula, 1575. Maurus. [Eabanus Maurus.] Maury, Jean Siffrein, Cardinal, — ft. at Vaureas in the Venaissin, 26 Jun. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1764 — preacher to the Court, 1777 — admitted to French Academy, 1785— deputy to States-General, 1789 — settles at Borne, 1790 — Abp of Nicaea, 1792 — Cardinal, 1794 — escapes to Venice, 1798 — returns to Paris, 1806 — first almoner of Jerome Bonaparte, 1806 — member of Institute, 1807 — Abp of Paris, 1810 — deprived, goes to Borne, 18 14 — tf., n May 1 8 17. Essais sur V eloquence cle la chair e, 1810. Mausoleum, — [EC] — tomb of Mausolus of Caria, built by Artemisia, about 351 — [AD] — sculptures used by Knights of Bhodes in for- tifying Halicarnassus, before 1500 or 1522 — sculptures removed and placed in British Mu- seum, as the Budrum Marbles, 1846. Mausolus, King of Caria, — [BC]— revolts against Artaxerxes Mnemon, 362 — joins Athe- nians in Social War, 358— tf., 353. Mauve, purple dye, — discovered by Perkin, 1861. Mavortius, — Consul of Borne, (1280,a.u. c.) 527- Mavrocordato, Alexander, statesman, — ft. at Constantinople, 11 Feb. 1791 — secretary to his uncle, John Caradja, hospodar of Wallachia, 1 8 17 — -joins the Hetceria, about 18 18 — takes part in Greek Revolution, 1821 — as Pres. General Assembly of Epidaurus, promulgates provisional constitution, Dec. 1821 — Pres. Executive Council, 1 Jan. 1822 — meets Lord Byron at Missolonghi, Jul. 1822 — defends Sphacteria, 1822 — defends Missolonghi, Nov. 1822 to Jan. 1823 — unsuccessfully attempts to form a ministry, Jul. 1840 — Pres. Constitu- tional Assembly, Sep. 1843 to Mar. 1844 — Pres. Council, Mar. 1844 — soon retires: am- bassador to Paris, 1850 — Chief Minister, 26 May 1854 — retires, 1856 — tf. at iEgina, 18 Aug. 1865. Mawe, John, traveller, §c.,— ft., 1764 — tf. in London, 1829. Mineralogy of Derbyshire, 1802 — Travels in Brazil, 181 2 — Treatise on dia- monds and precious stones, 1813. Mawvoisine, {Malvoisine,) William de, — Chancellor of Scotland, Aug. 1199— Bp of Glasgow, 1200 — of St Andrews, 1202 — legate, assembles Council at Perth, 121 1 — assists at coronation of Alexander II., 12 14 — attends Fourth Lateran Council, 12 15 — tf., 9 Jul. 1238. Maxen, in Saxony, — Marshal Daun takes Gen. Fink and Prussian corps prisoners, 20 Nov. 1759. Maxentius, Joannes, theologian, — ft., about 525- Maxentius, M. Aurelius Valerius, Boman Emperor, (306-312,) — proclaimed at Borne, (6 Kal. Nov.,) 28 Oct. 306 — and joined by Maxi- miauus : puts Severus to death, 307 — Galerius defeated, 307 — Africa ravaged, Alexander slain, 311 — defeated by Constantine, and drowned in the Tiber, 28 Oct. 312. Maximianus I., M. Aurelius Valerius, {Her- culitcs,) Boman Emperor, (286-305,) — made Caesar by Diocletian, 285 — Augustus, 1 Apr. 286 — Consul with Diocletian, (1040, a. u. c.) 287 — campaign in Gaul, 287 — Consul with Pomponius Januarius, (1041,) 288 — war with Carausius, 289-290 — Consul with Diocletian, (1043,) 290 — again, (1046,) 293 — with Gale- rius, (1050,) 297 — war in Africa, 297 — Consul with Diocletian, (1052,) 299 — triumphs with Diocletian, 302 — Consul with Diocletian, (1058 and 1057,) 303 and 304 — abdicates with Dio- cletian, 1 May 305 — rein stated with Maxentius, Nov. 306 — defeats Galerius, 307— expelled by Maxentius, 308 — proclaimed Augustus at Marseilles and deposed, 308 — strangles himself, Feb. 310. Maximianus II., Galerius Valerius, Boman Emperor, (305-311,) — serves under Aurelian and Probus, 270-285 — made Caesar, 1 Mar. 292 — unsuccessful expedition against Persia, 297 — defeats Narses, 298 — Augustus, 1 May 305 — defeated by Maximianus and Maxentius, 307 — tf., May 311. 942 MAXIMILIAN I.— MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH. Maximilian I., Emperor of the Romans, — ft. at Gran, 22 Mar. 1459 — marries Mary of Burgundy at Ghent, 20 Aug. 1477 — defeats troops of Louis XI. at Guinegate, Aug. 1479 • — loses his wife, 27 Mar. 1482 — elected King of the Romans, 16 Feb. i486 — crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 9 Apr. 1486 — married by proxy to Anne of Brittany, 1489— but she is com- pelled to marry Charles VIII. of France, Dec. 149 1 — succeeds his father, Frederick III., (IV.,) Aug. 1493 — marries Blanche, daughter of Lodovico Sforza, 1494 — invests him with Duchy of Milan, 1494 — holds Diet at Worms, Apr. to May 1495 — establishes Imperial Chamber at Frankfort, 1495 — marries his son Philip to Joanna daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1496 — invades Burgundy but is abandoned by the Swiss mercenaries, 1498 — makes war on the Swiss, is defeated and makes peace, 1499 — originates Aulic Council, 1501 — sets out for Rome, Jan. 1508 — at Trent is refused a passage through Venetian territory, Feb. — puts the Doge and the republic under ban ; advances to Vicenza and is repulsed by Alviaho and Trivulzio, 1508 — joins in League of Cambray, Dec. 1508 — withdraws from it, and concludes League with the Pope, Spain, and England, against France, 15 13 — serves as volunteer in English army at battle of Guine- gate and at siege of Terouenne, Aug. 15 13 — invades the Milanese, 15 16— holds Diet of Augsburg, 1518 — rj. at Wels, 12 Jan. 1519. Maximilian II., Emperor of the Romans, — ft. at Vienna, 1 Aug. 1527 — marries Arch- duchess Maria, 18 Sep. 1548 — King of Bohemia, Sep. 1562 — elected King of the Romans, 24 Nov. 1562 — crowned at Frankfort, 30 Nov. — King of Hungary, Sep. 1563 — succeeds his father, Ferdinand I., 25 Jul. 1564 — grants toleration to Protestants, 1568 — marries his daughter Anne to Philip II. of Spain, and his daughter Elizabeth to Charles IX. of France, Nov. 1570 — ft. at Ratisbon, 12 Oct. *57 6 - Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, and Empekob of Mexico, — ft. at Vienna, 6 Jul. 1832 — enters Austrian navy, 1846 — Governor- general of Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, Feb. 1857 — marries Princess Charlotte of Belgium, 27 Jul. 1857 — Admiral and Commander-in- chief of Imperial Marine, 1859 — elected Em- peror of Mexico by Assembly of Notables, 10 Jul. 1863 — receives Mexican deputation at Miramar, and conditionally accepts crown, 3 Oct. 1863 — visits Queen Victoria, 13 Mar. 1864 — formally accepts crown of Mexico, 10 Apr. 1864 — arrives at Vera Cruz, 29 May — enters Mexico, and assumes the government, 12 Jun. — betrayed to Juarists by Gen. Lopez, 15 May 1867 — shot at Queretaro, 19 Jun. — his remains brought to Europe, and buried at Vienna, 18 Jan. 1868. Maximilian, Duke and first Elector of Bavaria, — b. at Landshut, 17 Apr. 1573 — marries Elizabeth of Lorraine, 5 Feb. 1595 — succeeds on abdication of his father, William II., 1596— charged with occupation of Donau- werth, placed under ban of the Empire, 1607-10 — head of Protestant League, 1609 — leads an army to succour Ferdinand, king of Bohemia, 1 61 9 — defeats army of Elector Palatine at Prague, and takes Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — suppresses revolt in Bohemia, Nov. — raised to dignity of Elector by Emperor Ferdinand, at Diet of Ratisbon, 25 Feb. 1623— his troops take part in Thirty Years' War, 1626-48— loses his wife, Jan. 1635 — marries Mary Anne of Austria, 15 Jul. 1635 — concludes truce with Swedes at Ulm, Mar. 1647 — expelled from his dominions by French and Swedes, recovers them after Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — if. at Ingolstadt, 27 Sep. 1651. Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prince von Wied, traveller-, naturalist, — ft. at Neu- wied, 23 Sep. 1782 — Major-general in Prussian army, about 18 15 — travels in Brazil, 18 15- 18 — If. at Neuwied, 3 Feb. 1867, Eeise nach Brasilien, 1820 — Abbildungen zur Naturge- schichte Brasiliens, 1823-31 — Beitrcige zur Natargeschichte Brasiliens, 1824-33 — Reise durch JS'ord-AmeriJca, 1838-43. Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Ba- varia, — ft., 11 Jul. 1662 — succeeds his father, Ferdinand Maria, May 1679 — marches to suc- cour of Vienna besieged by Turks, 1683 — dis- tinguishes himself in campaigns against Turks, 1683-8— storms Belgrade, 1688 — takes part in siege of Mentz, 1689 — marries Marie Antoinette of Austria, 15 Jul. 1689,* 1685 b — as Governor- general of Spanish Netherlands, commands with Prince of Orange at Steinkirk, 1692 — loses his wife, Dec. 1692 — at Neerwinden, 1693 — marries Teresa Sobieski, 2 Jan. 1695 — at siege of Namur, Jul. 1695 — supports Philip of France, in war of Spanish succession, 1700 — takes Ulm and Memmingen from Imperialists, Sep. 1702 — defeats Imperialists near Passau, 11 Mar. 1703 — takes Ratisbon, 8 Apr. — defeats Imperialists at Hochstet, near Donauwerth, 20 Sep. — takes Passau, 9 Jan. 1704 — driven from his states, retires to France, Aug.— put under ban of the Empire, 1706 — at Ramilies, 1706 — reestablished in Electorate, by Treaty of Baden, 1 7 14 — Is., 26 Feb. 1726. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conv. -Lex. Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Bavaria, — ft., 28 Mar. 1727 — succeeds his father, Charles Albert, 20 Jan. 1745 — marries Mary Anne of Saxony, 8 Jul. 1747 — founds Academy of Sciences, Munich, 1759 — ts. at Munich, 30 Dec. 1777. Maximilian Joseph, Elector and after- wards King of Bavaria, — ft., 27 May 1756 — serves in French army, 1777-82 — marries Maria Wilhelmina of Hesse Darmstadt, 30 Sep. 1785 — enters Austrian army, 1790 — suc- ceeds his brother Charles II. as Duke of Deux- Ponts, 1 Feb. 1795 — loses his wife, 30 Mar. 1796 — marries Frederika of Baden, 9 Mar. 1797 — succeeds his uncle Charles Theodore as Elector Palatine and of Bavaria, 16 Feb. 1799 — publishes edict of toleration, 26 Aug. 1801 — excludes French and Swiss emigrants from Bavaria, 1802 — refuses to join Austria in war against France, 1805 — retires to Wurzburg, Sep. 1805 — concludes treaty of alliance with MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH II.— MAXIMUS RULLIANUS. 943 Prance, 26 Dec. 1 805 — assumes title of King, 26 Dec. 1805 — proclaimed, 1 Jan. 1806 — marries his daughter Amelia to Eugene Beau- harnais, Jan. 1806 — founds Order of Maximi- lian Joseph, 29 Mar. 1806 — supports France in war with Austria, 1808 — in Russian expedi- tion, 1 8 12 — abandons Napoleon, 181 3 — visits Vienna, 18 14 — marries his daughter Charlotte to Emperor Francis, Oct. 18 16 — proclaims a -constitution, 26 May 1818 — Xf. at Munich, 13 Oct. 1825. Maximilian Joseph II., King of Bavaria, — fj., 28 'Nov. 181 1 — visits Italy and Greece, 183 1 — again, 1837-40 — marries Princess Maria Hedwig of Prussia, Oct. 1842 — succeeds, on abdication of his father, Ludwig I., 21 Mar. 1848— rj. at Munich, 10 Mar. 1864. Maximilian Joseph, Order of, in Bavaria, — founded by Maximilian Joseph I., 29 Mar. 1806. Maximiliana, asteroid, — discovered by Tem- pel, 10 Mar. 1861. Maximums I., C. Julius Verus, Roman Emperor, (235-238,) — enlists under Septimus Severus, before 210 — centurion under Cara- calla, about 215 — tribune, by Elagabalus, 219 — appointed to arrange invasion of Germany by Alexander Severus, 234 — proclaimed Em- peror on assassination of Alexander, Feb., a Mar. b 235 — Consul with Africanus, (989, a. it. c.) 236 — war with Germany, 236 to autumn 237 — assassinated at siege of Aquileia, May, a Apr. b 238. a Clinton. b Gibbon. Maximums II., Galerius Valerius, {Baza,) Roman Emperor, (305-314,) — adopted by Diocletian and made Csesar, 1 Mar. 305 — jilius Augustorum, 307 — Augustus, 308— be- comes master of Asia, 311 — invades Thrace, 313 — defeated; o\ at Tarsus, 314. Maximus, St, (Confessok, Monachus,) theologian, — ft., about 580 — secretary to Hera- clius, about 610 — embraces monastic life, about 612 — disputes with Pyrrhus on Monothelite question, 645 — visits Pome, about 649 — sum- moned to Constantinople by Emperor, 653 — rj. cf tortures, 662. Maximus, — (1.) Consul with Avitus, (897, a. it. c.) 144. (2.) Consul with Orfitus, (925,) 172. (3.) Corcs^ with Afer, (960,) 207. (4.) Consul with Paternus, (986,) 233. (5.) Consul with Gallus Augustus, (1006,) 253 — with Glabrio, (1009,) 256. (6.) Consul with Con- stantius, (1080,) 327. Maximus 2Emilianus, Q. Fabius, — [B C] — serves under his father, iEmilius Paullus, in Macedonian War, 168 — pnetor in Sicily, 149-8 — Consul with L. Hostilius Mancinus, (609, a. u. c.) 145 — conducts war against Viriathus, 145-144. Maximus, Alexandrinus, Cynic philosopher, theologian, — banished by Lucius, 374 — pre- sents his Be Fide to Gratian, about 378 — secretly ordained Patriarch of Constantinople, 379 — condemned at second Oecumenical Coun- cil, 380. Maximus Allobrogicus, Q,. Fabius,— [B C] — Consul with L. Opimius, (633, a. u. c.) 121 — defeats Allobroges and Arverni, 121 — censor, 108. Maximus, Claudius, Stoic philosopher, — fl„ about 150. Maximus, Ephesins, sophist, philosopher, — instructs Julian in philosophy, about 35 1 — invited to Constantinople, 361 — accompanies Julian on his Persian expedition, 362 — im- prisoned by Valens and Valentinian, 364-5 — beheaded as accomplice in conspiracy against Valens, 371. Maximus, Fl. Anicius, — sole Consid, (1276, a. u. c.) 523. Maximus Gurges, Q. Fabius, — [B c] — Consul with D. Junius Brutus, (462, a. u. c.) 292 — defeated by Samnites : triumphs with his father, 292 — Consid with C. Genusius Clepsina, (478,) 276— with Q. Mamilius Vitulus, (489,) 265. Maximus Hierosolymitanus, Bp, tJieologian, — fl., about 190. Maximus, L. Appius, — Consid (II.) with Trajan, (857, a. u. c.) 104. Maximus, L. Marius,— Consid (II.) with L. Eoscius iElianus, (976, a. u. c.) 223. Maximus, Magnus Clemens, Roman Em- peror, (383-388,) — accompanies Theodosius to Britain, 368 ? — proclaimed Emperor in Britain, 383 — defeats Gratian, Aug. 383 — • recognized as Augustus by Theodosius and Valentinian, 383 — enters Italy, is defeated by Theodosius, 387 — taken at Aquileia, beheaded, (5 Kal. Aug.,) 28 Jul. 388. Maximus, M. Clodius Pupienus, Roman Emperor, — Consul with Lupus, (985, a. u. c.) 232 — Consid with Urbanus, (987,) 234 — ap- pointed Emperor with Balbinus, 238 — slain at Rome, 238. Maximus, M. Junius, — Consid (II.) with Vettius Aquilinus, (1039, a. u. c.) 286. Maximus, M. (P.) Valerius, historical writer, — fl., about 30. Maximus, M. Valerius, — [B C] — (1.) Consul with Sp. Verginms, (298, a. it. c.) 456. (2.) Consid with P. Decius Mus, (442,) 312. Maximus, Paullus Fabius, — [B Cj — Consul with Q. ^Elius Tubero, (743, a. it. c.) ii. Maximus, Petronius, (Flavhis Anicius ?) Roman Emperor, (455,) — ft., between 388-395 — prtefectus Roma?, 420 — Consid with The- odosius, (1186, a. it. c.) 433 — prsefectus Italia?, 439-441, 445 — plots against Aetius, 454 — pro- claimed Emperor, 1 6 Mar. 455 — killed at taking of Rome by Vandals, May or Jun. 455. Maximus, Q. Fabius,— [BC]— (1.) preetor, 214 — Consid with Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, (541, a. u. c.) 213 — legatus to M. Livius Salinator, 207. (2.) Consid with C. Licinius Geta, (638,) 116. (3.) Consul with Julus An- tonius, (744,) 10. Maximus Rullianus, (Bullus,) Q. Fabius, — [BC] — curule aedile, 331 — mag. equit. to L. Papirius Cursor, defeats Samnites, and hardly escapes decapitation, degraded, 325 — Consul with L. Fulvius Curvus, (432, a. it. c.) 322 — defeats Samnites in Apulia, triumphs, 322 — interrex, 321 — dictator, defeated by Samnites at Lautulai, 315 — Consul with C. Marcius 944 MAXIMUS— MAYOR. Butilus, (444,) 310 — war •with Etruscans, passes Ciminian "Wood : Consul 'with P. Decius Mus, (446,) 308 — defeats Samnites and recovers Nuceria, defeats Umbrians, 308 — proconsul, 307 — defeats Samnites in Allifse : censor with P. Decius Mus, 304 — Consul with him, (457 and 459,) 297 and 295 — defeats Samnites and allies at Sentinnoe, 295 — triumphs, 4 Sep. — legatus to his son, 292. Maximus Servilianus, Q,. Fabius, — [B C] — Consul with L. Csecilius Metellus, (612, a. v. c.) 142— conducts war against Viriathus. Maximus Sp. Carvilius,— LBC]— (1.) Con- sul with L. Papirius Cursor, (461, a. u. c.) 293 • — again, (482,) 272. (2.) Consul with L. Pos- tumius Albinus, (520,) 234 — with Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, (526,) 228. Maximus Taurinensis, Bp, theologian, — fl., about 450-60. Maximus Tyrannus, Koman Emperor, — made Emperor by Gerontius, in Spain, early in 409 — deposed by Constantine, 411 — put to death at Bavenna, 422. Maximus Tyrius, ^Mosoi? he}-, theologian, — fi., about 150. Maximus Verrucosus, Ovicula, Cunctator, Q. Fabius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Pompo- nius Matho, (521, a. u. c.) 233 — censor, 230 — Consul with Sp. Carvilius Maximus, (526,) 228— legatus to Carthage about attack on Sa- guntum, 218 — dictator, commands against Hannibal, (537,) 217 — pontifex, 216 — Consul with Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, (539,) 215 — ravages Campania, besieges Capua, 215 — Con- sul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (540,) 214 — legatus to his son, 2 1 3 — Consul with Q. Ful- vius Flaccus, (545,) 209 — takes Tarentum : &., 203. Maxwell, Murray, naval captain, — Lieuten- ant B.N., 1796 — serves in "West Indies, 1803 — accompanies Lord Amherst to China, 1815- 17 — tf., 26 Jun. 1831. Maxwell, Eobert, Lord, — Knt, Stewart of Annandale, Jun. 15 14 — warden of "West Marches, 1517 — Provost of Edinburgh, 1524 — Extraordinary Lord of Session, Nov. 1533 — Lord of Eegency, 1536 — negotiates marriage of Mary of Lorraine, 1537 — escorts James V. to Castle of Caerlaverock, 1542 — procures Act for reading the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue, Mar. 1543 — rj., 9 Jul. 1546. Maxwell, William. [Nithisdale, Earl of.] May, Thomas, poet, historian, — b. in Sussex, about 1595 — B.A. Cambridge, 1612 — ft. in London, 13 Nov. 1650. History of Parlia- ment of England from 3 Nov. 1640, to the battle of Newbury in 1643, 1647 — Translation of Zucan's Pharsalia, 1627 — Supplementum Zucani, 1640. Mayans y Siscar, Gregorio, — b. at Oliva, Valencia, 1697 — b-, 178 1. Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1737 — Origencs de la lengua Espanola, 1737 — Cartas morales, mili- tares, §c, de varios autores Espanoles, 1773. Mayence. [Mentz.] Mayenne, in France, — capitulates to Earl of Salisbury, 1424— head of a Marquisate, by Francis L, 1544 — erected into a Duchy for Charles of Lorraine, by Charles IX., 1573. Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, Duke de, general, — b., 1554 — distinguishes himself at defence of Poitiers, Jul. to Sep. 1569 — at battle of Moncontour, 3 Oct. 1569 — enters Paris, 12 Feb. 1589 — Lieutenant-general of the State and Crown of France, Feb. 1589 — defeated by the king at Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 — at Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — makes peace with Henry IV., 1596 — assists at siege of Amiens, 1597 — tJ. at Soissons, 161 1. Mayer, Karl Friedrich Hartmann, poet, — b., 22 Mar. 1786— enters Tubingen Univ., 1803 — tf. at Tubingen, 25 Feb. 1870. Zieder, 1833 — Selbstbiographie, 1864. Mayer, Simone, musical composer, — b. in Bavaria, 1760 or 1763 — goes to Italy, 1783 — Chapel-master at Bergamo, 1802 — tf. in Italy, 2 Dec. 1845. Zl Fanatico per la Musica, 1799 — Misteri Fleusini, 1802— Zodoisca, 1796 — Medea, 18 12. Mayer, Tobias, astronomer, — b. at Marboch, Wiirtemberg, 17 Feb. 1723— assists in found- ing Cosmographical Society of Niirnberg, 1746 — Prof. Mathematics, Gottingen, 1750 — Director of Observatory, 1751 — rj. at Gottin- gen, 20 Feb. 1762. Theoria lunce, 1767 — Tabulce motuum solis et liirne, 1770. Mayerne-Turquet, Sir Theodore de, Baron d'Albone, physician, — b. at Geneva, 28 Sep. 1573 — M.D. Montpellier, 1597 — physician to Henry IV. of France, about 1600 — to James I. and Charles 1. of England, 161 1-49 — Knt, by James I., 1624 — ft. at Chelsea, 15 Mar. 1655. Works, 1 70 1. Maj'nard, Sir John, laivyer and statesman, — b. at Tavistock, 1602— enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 16 1 8 — enters Middle Temple, 1619* — B.A. Oxford, 1620 — M.P. Chippenham, 1625 — called to the bar, Nov. 1626 — M.P. Totnes, Apr. and Nov. 1640 — Serjeant-at- law, 1654 s — M.P. Plymouth, 1656 — Serjeant to the Commonwealth, May 1658 a — King's Serjeant, and Knt., Nov. 1660 — member of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — First Commissioner of Great Seal, 4 Mar. i6S9 a — b. at Gunnersbury near Ealing, 9 Oct. 1690. a Foss. Mayne, Jasper, dramatist,— b. in Devon- shire, 1604 — M.A. Oxford, 1631 — Chaplain to Charles II., 1660 — ft. at Oxford, 1672. City Match, 1639 — Amorous JFarre, 1648. Maynooth, in Zreland, — College of St Patrick, founded by Act of Irish Parliament, 35 Geo. III., 1795 — further regulated by Act 40 Geo. III., (Ireland,) 1800, and Act 48 Geo. III. c. 45, 1808 — incorporated, endowed, and better government of, provided for, by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 25, 30 Jun. 1845 — Acts relating to, re- pealed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 26 Jul. 1869. Mayo, Herbert, physician, — Prof. Anatomy and Physiology, London Univ., 1836 — ft. near Mainz on the Ehine, 15 Aug. 1852. Outlines of Human Physiology, 1827 — Philosophy of Ziving, 1837 — Zetters on the Truths contained in Popular Superstitions, 1849. Mayor, — in England, title conferred on MAYOR OF THE PALACE— MEAGHER. 945 Bailiff of London by Richard L, 1189 — title of Lord added by Edward III., 1354 — of Dublin, appointed, 1409 — styled Lord Mayor by Charles II., 1665. In France, first municipal officer, by law of 14 Dec. 1789. Mayor of the Palace, in France, — chief officer of the Frankish kings, 550-600— office becomes hereditary under Clovis II., 634-56 — merges in royalty on accession of Pepin the Short, 752. Mayr, Georg,— ft. in Bavaria, 1565— tf. at Rome, 1623. Institutiones lingua hebraicce, 1622 — Greek translation of the Imitation of Jesus Christ, 16 15. Mayr, Heinrich von, painter, — ft., 1805 — if. at Niirnberg, 5 Apr. 187 1. Genrebilder aus dem Orient, 1846. Mayr, Johann von, general, — ft. at Vienna, 1 May 17 16 — distinguishes himself at siege of Berg-op-Zoom, Jul. to Sep. 1747 — enters Prus- sian army, 1754 — distinguishes himself at Rosbach, 1757 — assists at taking of Bamberg, 1758 — Major-general, assists at defence of Dresden, 1758— tf. at Plauen, 3 Jan. 1759. Mazanderan, — submits to Masaud, 1034. Mazarin, Jules, {Giulio Mazzarino,) Car- dinal, statesman, — ft. at Rome, 14 Jul. 1602 — studies at Alcala and Salamanca, 1619-22 — enters Papal army, 1622 — contributes to Peace of Monc,on, 1626 — secretary to Cardinal Sac- chetti, 1628-30 — presented to Louis XIII. and Cardinal Richelieu, 1630 — takes part in nego- tiating Treaty of Cherasco, Apr. 163 1 — Vice- legate to Avignon, 1632 — nuncio extraord. to Paris, Nov. 1634 — recalled, Jan. 1636 — called to France, 1639— naturalized in France, Apr. 1639 — ambassador to Savoy, 14 Sep. 1640 — Cardinal, 16 Dec. 1641 — first minister to Louis XIIL, 4 Dec. 1642 — to Louis XIV., May 1643 — superintendent of education of the king, Mar. 1646— negotiates Treaty of West- phalia, 1648 — declared an enemy of the state, Jan. 1649 — procures arrest of Princes of Conde and Conti, and Duke of Longueville, Jan. 1650 — contributes to victory of Rethel, 15 Dec. 1650 — escapes to the Netherlands, Mar. 1651 ■ — recovers his authority, Jan. 1652 — again compelled to retire, Aug. 1652 — reinstated, Feb. 1653 — takes part in negotiating Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — tf. at Vincennes, 9 Mar. 166 1. Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin, $• anc ^ * s succeeded by his son Frederick Francis II., 7 Mar. 1842. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Duchy of, — made separate Duchy for Adolphus Frederick I., 1701 — q\, 12 May 1708 — Adolphus Fred- erick II., (son,) 1708 — tf., and is succeeded by his son, Charles Ludwig Frederick I., 1749 — Adolphus Frederick III., (son,) 1752 — Charles Ludwig Frederick II. , (brother,) 1794 — takes title of Grand Duke, 18 15 — George Frederick Charles Joseph, (son,) 6 Nov. 1 8 16 — Frederick William L, (son,) 6 Sep. i860. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Carl Friedrich. Au- gust, Duke of, general, — b. at Hanover, 30 Nov. 1785 — enters Prussian army, 1799 — Colonel, 1 812 — distinguishes himself at battle of Katzbach, Aug. 181 3 — wounded at combat near Makern, 16 Oct. — Lieutenant-general, Dec. 18 1 3 — member of Council of State, 18 17 — Pres., 1825 — tJ. at Berlin, 20 Sep. 1837. Meeonic Acid, — noticed by Seguin, 1804. Mecran, (Mekran,) — reduced by Masaud of Ghazni, 1031. Mede, Joseph, theologian, — b. in Essex, 1586 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1602 — M.A., 1610— tr. Fellow of Christ's Coll., 1 Oct. 1638. Clav is Apocalgptica, 1627. Medeshamstede, — [Peterborough] — Abbey founded by Oswy of Northumbria and Peada of Mercia, 655 — burnt by Northmen, 870 — restored by Edgar, 963. Media Atropatene, — [B C] — erected into independent kingdom by Atropates, after 323 — Artabazanes, king, about 220 — acquired by Tigranes of Armenia, before 83— Mithridates, king, 67 — Artavasdes, at war with Armenia, invaded by Antony, 36 — dispute with Phraates of Parthia, and peace and alliance with Antony, 34 — war with Parthia and Artaxias II. of Armenia, defeated and captured by the latter, 30 — fo., before 20 — (Vassal state of Parthia) — [AD] — acquired by Bardanes of Parthia, before 47 — invaded by Artaxerxes, about 227 — secured to Tiridates IV. of Armenia, when reinstated by Galerius, 297. Media Magna, Medes, — [B C] — M edian dynasty in Babylonia, 2458-2234,^ 2209-1985,° 2519-2295 d — expedition of Shalmaneser II. (IV. ?) of Assyria against, 835, b 873 d — revolt from Assyria, about 740^ 875 f — partly conquer- ed by Sargon, 710 b — commencement of great monarchy, probably about 650 b — invade As- syria, are defeated and their king (Phraortes ?) killed, 633 e — Cyaxares succeeds, attacks Nineveh, 632 — Scythian invasion, 632 ? — capture of Nineveh, 625, b 597,^ 6i8, h 606 d — invasion of Asia Minor, 615 — warAvith Alyattes, 615-610 — Astyages, 593 — revolt of Persians, overthrow of Median empire by Cyrus, 558, b 560.3 a Gutscnmid. b Rawlinson. c Palmer. d Lenormant. e Herod. f Ctesias. S Heeren. h Euseb. Mediation, Act of. [Switzerland.] Medical Education, Council of, — incorpor- ated and regulated by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 91, 7 Aug. 1862. Medical Schools, — [BC] — Dogmatici and Hippocratici, founded by Thessalus and Polybus, about 400 — Empirici,by Serapion and Philinus, after 300— Methodici, by Themison, after 100 — [AD] — Pneumatici, by Athenseus, about 50-100 — Eclectici and Episynthetici, by Aga- thinus or Archigenes, about 50-100. Medici, Alessandro de', Tyrant of Flor- ence, — b., about 151 2,^15 io b — created Duke of Citta, diPenna, 152 1 — expelled with his family from Florence, 1527 — restored and declared chief of the Republic by Clement VII. and Charles V., Oct. 15 30 — proclaimed Duke of Flor- ence, 1 May 1532 — poisons his cousin Ippolito, 1533 — marries Margaret of Austria, Feb. 1536 — assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, 6 Jan. 1537. a Roscoe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Medici, Averardo de', — Gonfalonier of Flor- ence, 1 3 14. Medici, Catherine de'. [Catherine de' Medici.] Medici, Cosmo de', — b. 1389— accompanies Pope John XXIII. to Council of Constance, 1414 — redeems him from captivity and receives him at Florence, 141 9 — arrested and imprisoned by Binaldo de'Albizzi, 1433 — escapes to Venice, 1433 — recalled to Florence, 1434 — Gonfalonier, 1439 — receives Greek refugees from Constanti- nople, 1453 — tf. at Florence, 1 Aug. 1464. Medici, Cosmo de', 1st Grand Duke of Tuscany, — b., n Jun. 15 19 — Duke of Flor- ence, 9 Jan. 1537 — defeats Filippo Strozzinear Prato, 2 Aug. — marries Leonora de Toledo, 1539 — meets Charles V. at Genoa and accom- panies him to Milan, May 1543 — recovers from him citadels of Florence and Leghorn, May 1543 — reestablishes universities of Pisa, 1542-3 — and of Florence, 1549 — recovers Siena, Apr. 1555 — institutes Order of St Stephen, 1560 — loses two sons and his wife, Nov. 1562 — re- signs administration to his son Francesco Maria, Jun. 1564 — declared Grand Duke by Pius V., 1 Sep. 1569. Medici, Cosmo, Ferdinand, Francesco, &c. [Tuscany, Grand Dukes of.] Medici, Giovanni de', — forces a passage through Milanese army and enters Scarptria, 35 1 - 60 9+3 MEDICI— MEDIUS. Medici, Giovanni de', — prior in the Signory three times between 1402-20— Gonfalonier of Justice, 142 1 — Ij., 1429. Medici, Giovanni de'. [Leo X.] Medici, Giovanni de', {II Gran Diavolo,) — h., 1498 — commands Florentine army against Duke of Urbino, 15 21 — against the French, 1524 — killed, near Mantua, 30 Nov. 1526. Medici, Giuliano de',— b., 1453 — assassin- ated in the conspiracy of the Pazzi, 26 Apr. 147 8. Medici, Giuliano II. de', — b., 1478 — on the return of his family to Florence, becomes head of republic, 31 Aug. 15 12 — admitted a Roman citizen, Sep. 1513 — marries Filiberta of Savoy, and is created Duke of Nemours by Francis I. of France, Feb. 15 15 — as General of the Church, commands Eoman cavalry, Aug. 1515 — tf. at Florence, 17 Mar. 1516. Medici, Giulio de', Caedixal, Abp of Florence, — sent to Rome with news of battle of Eavenna, Apr. 15 12 — Cardinal, 23 Sep. 15 1 3 — takes command of Papal army in war of Urbino, 15 17 — as legate of Leo X., succeeds Lorenzo II. as chief of Eepublic of Florence, 15 1 9 — legate to allied army before Milan, Nov. 15 2 1 — takes Milan, 19 Nov. 152 1. Medici, Ippolito de', Caedixal, — b. at Urbino, 151 1 — Cardinal, 1529 — settles at Eome, 15 3 1 — poisoned at Itri, by order of his cousin Alessandro, 1533. Medici, Lorenzo de', the 2Iagnificent, — b., 1 Jan. 1448 — visits principal states of Italy, 1465-6 — defeats conspiracy of Luca Pitti, 1466 — wins the prize at tournament of Flor- ence, 1468 — marries Clarice Orsini, 4 Jun. 1469 — visits Milan, Jul. 1469 — head of the republic of Florence on death of his father, Piero, Dec. 1469 — -joins League against Turks, Dec. 1470 — syndic of republic, Dec. 1470 — receives Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, at Florence, Mar. 147 1 — head of embassy to Sixtus IV., 147 1 — suppresses revolt of Tolterra, 1472 — visits Pisa, 1473 — receives Christian, king of Denmark, 147 1 — wounded by the Pazzi conspirators, in the Duomo, 26 Apr. 1478 — [Pazzi, Conspiracy of the] — excommunicated by Sixtus IV., 1 Jun. 1478— league formed against him by the pope, 1478 — sets out secretly for Naples, 5 Dec. 1479 — concludes treaty of alliance with Ferdinand, king of Naples, 6 Mar. 1480 — returns to Florence, Mar. 1480 — attempt of the Frescobaldi to assassinate him frustrated, 31 May 148 1 — supports Ferrara against Venetians, 1482 — supports king of Naples against the pope, 1485 — recovers Sar- zana from Genoese, 1487 — loses his wife, Aug. 1488 — recalls Savonarola to Florence, 1490 — falls ill and retires to Careggi, early in 1492— visited by Savonarola, Apr. 1492 — rj. at Careggi, 8 Apr. 1492. Medici, Lorenzo II. de', — £.,13 Sep. 1492 — succeeds his uncle, Giuliano II., 15 16 — receives grant of Duchy of Urbino from Leo X., 15 16— visits France, 15 18 — marries Madeleine de la Tour, at Amboise, 15 18 — loses his wife, 23 Apr. 1519 — tr., 28 Apr. 1519. Medici, Luigi de', Count, statesman, — b. at Naples, Apr. 1759 — as first minister, re- forms administration, 1805 — retires to Eng- land, 1806 — returns, 18 15 — negotiates con- cordat between Naples and the Pope, Feb. 1818 — Minister of Finance, 18 18 — retires to Eome, 1820 — restored to office, 1822 — ft. at Madrid, 24 Jan. 1830. Medici, Mary de'. [Mary de' Medici.] Medici, Piero de', — n., 1414 — marries Lucrezia Tornabuoni, 1444 — Gonfalonier, 1460 — escapes assassination by Luca Pitti, 1466 — . tf., 3 Dec. 1469^ i472. b a Roscoe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Medici, Piero II. de, — b., 1469,* 15 Feb. 147 1 b — visits Pope Innocent VIII., 1484 — marries Alfonsina Orsini, at Naples, Mar. 1487 — visits Milan, 1488 — succeeds his father, Lorenzo, as head of the republic of Florence, Apr. 1492 — forms alliance with Alfonso of Naples, 1492 — submits to Charles VIII. , and gives up to him Sarzana and other towns, 1494 — banished and proscribed, 8 Nov. 1494 — unsuc- cessfully attempts to return, 1496, 1497, 1498, and 1501 — drowned, at passage of the Gari- gliano, 27 Dec. 1503. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Roscoe. Medici, Salvestro de', — Gonfalonier of Flor- ence, 1379— instigates revolt and triumphs over the Albizzi, 1379 — banished to Modena, 1381. Medicus, Friedrich Casimir, physician, bo- tanist, — b.at Grumbach, 1736 — military physi- cian, Mannheim, 1764 — If., 15 Jul. 1808. Geschichte periodischer Krankheiten, 1764 — ■ Philosophische BotaniJc, 179 1 — Beitrage zur Pfianzen-anatomie und Pflanzen- physiologic, 1799-1801. Medina, (Medinet-el-Kabi,) in Arabia, — re- ceives Mohammed as Prince on his flight from Mecca, (1, a. h.) 622 — unsuccessfully attacked by ' the nations ' under Abu Sophian, (3,) 625 — declares for Abdallah, rival of Yezid I., and is besieged three months and taken by army of Yezid I., and inhabitants massacred, (6 r 3,) 682 — visited by Burton, 1855. Mosque, burnt, 1481,* 1508 b — rebuilt by Kayd Beg, 15 14. a Conv.-Lex. b Macculloch. Medina de Rio Seco, — Marshal Bessieres defeats Spaniards under Cuesta and Blake, 13 Jul. 1808. Medina Sidonia, in Spain, — occupied by Hixem ben Adra, (147, a. h.) 764 — besieged and taken by Abdelmalek ben Omar, (148,) 765 — taken from Moors by Alfonso X. of Castile, (652,) 1254. Medina Sidonia, Alfonso Perez, Duke op, — commands the Armada, 1588. Medina Sidonia, Don Henrique de Guzman, DrKE of, military commander, — succeeds his father as head of the Guzman House, 1468 — supports Isabella, 1477 — marches to Alhama to relieve his rival Ponce de Leon, Marquis of Cadiz, besieged by king of Granada, 1482 — marches to relieve Malaga, 1487 — rj., 28 Aug. 1492. Medina, Sir John, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1630^ 1659 b — comes to England, 1686 — ft. in Scotland, 17 n. a Xouv. Eiog. Gen. b Chalmers. Medius, — [B C] — commands a trireme on the Indus, 325? — defeats Pydnseans, 314 — takes MEDJIDIE— MEHEMET ALT. 949 Miletus and relieves Oreus, 313— lands army in Eoeotia, 312 — commands under Demetrius at Salamis, 306 — accompanies Antigonus to Egypt, 306. Medjidie, Order of the, — instituted by Sultan Abdul Medjid, (1268, a. h.) 1852. Medows, Sir William, general,— b., 31 Dec. 1738 — enters the army, 1756 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Germany, 1760 — and in American war, 1775-80 — wounded at attack on St Lucia, 1780— Major-general in India, Jun. 17 8 1 —Governor of Madras, 1790 to Aug. 1792 — serves under Lord Cornwallis against Tippoo Saib, 179 1-2 — at siege of Seringapatam, 1792 — Lieutenant-general, Oct. 1793— K.B., 1793 — Commander-in-chief in Ireland, Jun. 1801 — tf. at Bath, 14 Nov. 1813. Medullinus, L. Furius, — [B C] — Consiil with. M. Corn. Cossus, (341, a. u. c.) 413 — with Cn. Corn. Cossus, (345,) 409. Medullinus Fusus, Sp. Furius,— [BC] — Consul with A. Postumus Albus, (290, a. u. c.) 464. Medway, The, in Kent, — entered by the Dutch under De Buyter, Jul. 1667. Meeanee, in Hindustan, — Sir Charles Napier defeats the Ameers of Scinde at, 17 Feb. 1843. Meerbeeek, Adrian van, chronicler,— b. at Antwerp, 1563 — ft., about 1627. Universal Chronicle of \§th century, 1620. Meerman, Gerard, jurist,— b. at Leyden, 1722 — counsellor pensionary of Botterdam, 1748-67— envoy to England, 1757 — tf. at Aix- la-Chapelle, a at Botterdam, 11 15 Dec. 177 1. Novus thesaurus juris civilis et canonici, 1751-4 — Origines typographic, 1765. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Meerman, Jan, jurist, historian, — b. at the Hague, 1 Nov. 1753 — LL.D. J-eyden, 1774 — Director of Fine xirts, Minister of Public In- struction, under Louis Bonaparte, 1806-10 — Count of the Empire, Senator, 1811 — ft., 19 Aug. 1 8 15. Supplementum Novi Thesauri juris civilis et canonici, 1780 — History of William, Count of Holland, King of the Romans, 1783-97 — Narrative of the Siege and Conquest of Leyden by John, Duke of Bavaria, in 1420, 1806. Meerut, (Mirat,) in Hindustan, — taken by Mahmud of Ghizni, 1018 — taken by Timur, 1399 — by Nadir Shah, 1738 — occupied by British, 8 Nov. 1804 — Sepoy mutiny breaks out, 10 May 1857. Meerveldt, Maximilian, Count now, general, — b. in Westphalia, 1766 — enters Austrian army, 1782 — serves in campaigns against French, 1792-4 — contributes to victory of Neerwinden, 18 Mar. 1793 — assists at prelimin- aries of Leoben, 1797 — assists at Treaty of Campo-Formio, 17 Oct. 1797 — Field-marshal- lieutenant, about Dec. 1800 — ambassador to St Petersburg, 1806-8 — wounded at Leipsic, 16 Oct. 1 8 13 — ambassador to London, Jan. 18 14 — U. there, 5 Jul. Megabazus, (Megabyzus,) — [B C] — Persian noble, one of the conspirators with Darius against Smerdis, 521 — Commander-in-chief of Persian army in Europe, after return of Darius, 506 — reduces Perinthus and other Thracian towns, invades and conquers Pa3onia, 506 seqq. Megabyzus, — [BC] — commands under Xerxes, 480 — defeated by Kimon, at the Eury- medon, 466 — takes Athenian mercenaries at Prosopitis in Egypt, 457. Megaleas, — [ B c]— chief secretary to Anti- gonus Doson and Philip V., about 220 — enters into Apelles' schemes, 218 — imprisoned, and escapes, kills himself, 218. Megalensian (Megalesian) Games, — [BC] — celebrated at Borne, 203 — annually cele- brated, from 191 — sumptuary laws respecting, 161. Megalopolis, in Arcadia, — [BC] — founded, Jan. 370 ? — war with Lacedsemon, latter part 352 — Aristodemos tyrant, about 275 — on ab- dication of Lydiades joins Achaean League, 234— taken and destroyed by Cleomenes, 222 — restored by Philop cam en, 221. Megara Hyblasa, in Sicily, — [B C] — founded, (01. 13, 1,) 728,* (01. 17, 1,) 712,* (01. 17, 3,) 710° — conquered by Gelon, (01." 74, 1,) 484^ a Muller, Clinton. b Memnon. c Hieron. Seal. Megarid, Megara, — [B C] — at war with Corinth, (01. 15,) 720 a — Theagenes tyrant, about 630? (01. 40,) 620, a about 600 b — overthrown by Sparta : revolts from Athens, 466 a — gives up alliance with Sparta and forms one with Athens, about 461 a — battles in, be- tween Athenians and Corinthians, 457,° 458-7 a — revolts from Athens, defeats Athens at Nisasa, 446, a about Feb. 445 c — ravaged by Athenians, Sep. 431 d — aristocratic party banished, about 423 — democracy reestablished, 357 — town taken and walls destroyed by Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — [AD] — ravaged by Alaric, 396 — destroyed by Venetians, 1687. a Mailer. Heeren. c Clinton. Grote. Megasthenes, geographer, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 325-300. Megatherium, — skeleton of, discovered in Buenos Ayres, 1789. Megellus, L. Postumius, — [B C] — Consul with Tib. Minucius Augurinus, (449, a. u. c.) 305 — defeats Samnites, takes Bovianum : pro- praetor, 295 — Consul with M. Atilius Begulus, (460,) 294 — war with Etruscans : legatus to Sp. Carvilius, 293 — nominates himself when in- terred, 292 — Consul with C. Junius Brutus, (462,) 291 — takes Cominium, and defrauds treasury : condemned and fined. Megerditch, {the Painter,) Armenian-Doctor, — b., about 1390 — Bp of Amid, 1430 — escapes to Constantinople, 1443 — returns to Amid, 1447 — "&. there, 1470. Megerlin, David Friedrich, orientalist, — b. in Wiirtemberg, about 1705 — tf. at Frankfort, 1778. Die Turhische Bibel, 1772. Megiddo, — [B C] — fortified by Solomon, about 990 a — defeat of Josiah by Pharaoh , Necho near, spring 6io. a a Ussher. Megiser, Jerom, philologist, — b. at Stutt- gard, about 1555 — If. at Lintz, 1616. Die- tionarium quatuor linguarum, 1596 — Thesau- rus polygloitus, 1603. Mehdevi, Gheir Mehdi, — sect amongst Mussulmans, about 1580. Mehexnet Ali, Pasha of Egypt,— b. in 95° MEHUDPOOE— MELBOUENE. Eoumelia, 1769 — raises troops for the Sultan, 1799 — chosen viceroy by the Mamelukes, 1801 — Pasha of Cairo, 1806 — Pasha of Alexandria, 1807 — absolute master of Egypt, 1811 — massa- cres Mamelukes, 1811 — commands expedition against Wahabees, 181 1- 18 — assists Sultan in attempt to reduce the Morea, 1824-7 — go- vernor of Candia, 1830— conquers Syria, 1831-2 — [Ibrahim Pasha] — obtains cession of Syria, and. acknowledges himself vassal of the Porte, 1833 — deprived of Syria by Sultan aided by British fleet, 1840 — Pashalic of Egypt made hereditary in his family by Hatti Sheriff, 13 Feb. 1 841 — resigns government to his son Ibrahim, Sep. 1848 — tf. at Alexandria, 2 Aug. 1849. Mehudpoor, in Hindustan, — Holkar defeat- ed by Sir T. Hislop, 21 Dec. 18 17. Mehul, Etienne Henri, musical composer, — to. at Givet, 1763^ 1762 b — goes to Paris, 1779 — Prof. Music at the Institute, 1795 — member of Legion of Honour, 1802 — tf. there, 18 Oct. 1 8 1 7 . JEuphrosyne and Conradin, 1 7 90 — Stra- tonice, 1792 — Joseph, 1807. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Menus, Lorenzo, philologist, — tf. at Florence, 1791. Meibom, Marc, philologist, — to. in Schleswig, about 1630 — tf. at Utrecht, a Amsterdam,' 1 about 17 1 1. Dialogus cle proportionibus, 1655 — Antiques mzisicce anctores, 1652. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Meidias, ( Midias,) — [B C]— (1.) Kills Mania and her son, seizes her towns, 399. (2.) Assaults Demosthenes at the Dionysia, 354, a Feb. or Mar. 350 b — prosecuted by Demosthenes, before mids. 348. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Meil, Johann Wilhelm, engraver, — to. at Altenburg, 1733 — goes to Berlin, 1753 — tf. there, 2 Feb. 1805. Meilleraie, Charles de la Porte, Duke de la, Peer and Marshal of France, — to., 1602 — distinguishes himself at Pas de Suze, Mar. 1629 — at combat of Carignano, Aug. 1630 — assists at siege of La Mothe and is appointed Grand Master of Artillery, 1634 — Lieutenant- general of armies of the king, 1636 — takes part in siege of Landrecies, 1637 — takes Lillers and Hesdin, 1639 — Marshal of France, 30 Jun. !639 — defeats Spaniards under Marquis de Fuentes, 2 Aug. 1639 — subdues province of Eoussillon, 1642 — serves in the Netherlands, 1644 — takes Piombino and Portolongone, 1646 — Superintendent of Finance, Jul. 1648 — re- duces Bordeaux, 1650 — created Duke and Peer, 1663— tf. at Paris, 8 Feb. 1664. Meiner, Johann Werner, philologist, — to. in Franconia, 1723 — tf. at Langensalza, 1789. Bhilosophische und allgemeine Sprachlehre, 178 1 — Beitrdge zur Verbesserung der Bibelsetzung, i7 8 4-5- T , Meiners, Christoph, philosopher, historian, — to. in Hanover, 1747 — Prof. Philosophy, Gottingen, 1775 — tf., 1 May 1810. Versuch iiber die Religions-geschichte der dltesten Volker, fosonders der JEgypter, 1775 — Geschichte des JJr sprung s, Fortgangs,und Verf alls der Wissen- schaften in Griechenland unci Rom, 178 1-2. Meiningen. [Saxe-Meiningen.] Meissen, in Saxony, — founded by Duke Henry I., 922-933 — the Eeformation intro- duced, 1539 — taken by Imperialists, 1547 — ■ again, 1632 — taken, pillaged, and partly burnt by Swedes, 1637. Cathedral, rebuilding of, commenced by Bp Wittigo, 1266.93 — con- tinued by Wittigo II., 1312-42 — burnt, 1413 — restored, 1479 — a g am burnt, 1547. Meissner, August Gottlieb, litterateur, — to. at Bautzen, 3 Nov. 1753 — Prof. JSsthetics and Classical Literature, Prague, 1785 — Director of High School of Fulda, 1805 — tf. there, 20 Feb. 1807. Skizzen, 1778-96 — Bruchstvcke zur Biographie J. C. Naumann 's, 1803-8. Mekhitarists, (Armenian Monks,) — founded by Peter Mekhitar, at San Lazaro, Venice, 1717. Mela, M. Annaeus, — kills himself, 66. Mela, Fabius, jurist, — fi., about 140. Mela, Pomponius, geographer, — fi., about 45. Melanchthon, Philipp, [Rhilipp Schwarz- erdt,) Reformer, — to. at Bretten, Lower Pala- tinate, 16 Feb. 1497 — studies at Heidelberg, 1509 — at Tubingen, 15 12 — Prof. Greek, Wit- tenberg, 15 1 8 — accompanies Luther to Leipsic Disputation, 15 19 — prepares Confession of Augsburg, 1530 — holds disputation with Eck at Worms and Eatisbon, 1540-1 — tf. at Wit- tenberg, 19 Apr. 1560. Loci communes theo- logici, 1521 — Declamationes, 1559-86 — Vita Martini Lutheri, 1548. Melanderhielm, (JJaniel Melander,) astrono- mer, — to. in Sweden, 9 Nov. 1726 — Prof. As- tronomy, Dpsala, 176 1 — ennobled, 1778 — Knt of Polar Star, 1789 — tf., Jan. 18 10. Linea- menta theories lunaris, 1779. Melanippides, dithyrambic poet, — [B C] — ft., 52o, a about 440 b — to., about (01. 65) 520.° a Suidas. b Smith's Diet. c Muller. Melanippides, Junior, dithyrambic poet, — [B Cj— S., 4 3 o, a between (01. 81-91) 454- 4 i 4 . b a Suidas. b Muller. Melanthios, (Melanthos,) painter, — [3 C] — ft., about 330. Melanthius, tragic poet, — [BC] — fi., about 420-400. Melas, general, — Major-general in Austrian army, 1793 — Commander-in-chief of army of Italy, 1796 — defeated by Napoleon at Marengo, 16 Jun. 1800 — Pres. of Commission to try General Mack, 1806 — tf- at Prague, 1807. Melazzo, in Sicily, — Garibaldi defeats Nea- politans under Gen. Bosco at, 20 Jun. i860. Melbourne, capital of Victoria, — founded, 1837 — seat of bishopric, 1847 — capital of Vic- toria, 1 85 1 — inundations at, 14-24 Dec. 1863 — intercolonial exhibition opened, 25 Oct. 1866 — visited by Duke of Edinburgh, 1867. Uni- versity of, founded, 1855. Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount, Prime Minister of England, — to. at Mel- bourne House, Derbyshire, 15 Mar. 1779 — called to the bar, at Lincoln's Inn, 23 Nov. 1804 — M.P. Leominster, 1805 — marries Lady Caroline Ponsonby, 3 Jun. 1805 — Chief Secre- tary for Ireland, 1827-8 — loses his wife, 25 Jan. MELCOMBE— MELLONI. 95i 1828 — succeeds to peerage, 22 Jul. 1828 — Se- cretary of State for Home Department, 1830 —Prime Minister, 14 Jul. to 16 Nov. 1834— and again, 18 Apr. 1835 to Sep. 1841 — ft. at Melbourne House, 24 Nov. 1848. Melcombe, Lord. [Dodington, Bubb.] Meldola, Raphael ben Hezekiah, — b. at Leghorn, 1754 — High Eabbi, 1803 — High Priest of southern Jews in London, 1805 — tf. in London, 1 Jun. 1828. Hupat Hatanim, 1796. Meldorf, in Eolstein, — captured by John, king of Denmark, Feb. 1500— defeat of the king by the Ditmarshes, soon after. Meleager, — [B C]— serves against Getse, 335 — serves in Alexander's expedition, 334-324 — associated with Perdiccas in Eegency, and put to death, 323. Meleager, epigrammatist, — [B C] — fl., about 60. Melendez-Valdez, Juan Antonio, poet, — b. in Estremadura, 11 Mar. 1754 — ft. at Mont- pellier, May 1817. Obras, 1798. Melete, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- scbmidt, 9 Sep. 1857. Meletian Schism. [Meletius, Bp of Ly- copolis, and Meletius, Bp of Antioch.] Meletius, geographer, — b. at Janina, Epirus, 1 66 1 — Abp of Naupactus and Arta, Nov. 1692 — Abp of Janina, 17 14 — tt. there, 12 Dec. 17 14. Geography Ancient and Modern, 1728. Meletius, Bp of Lycopolis, in Egijpt, — ori- ginates Meletian schism, and is condemned by Peter, Bp of Alexandria, 302 a — deprived of active jurisdiction by Council of Nice, 325 b — his followers persecuted by Athanasius, between 325-330 c — the schism lasts till after 4oo. b a Clinton. b Neander. c Gibbon. Meletius, Bp of Antioch, — Bp of Sebaste, 257 ? — appointed Bp of Antioch, 360— expelled by Arians, winter of 360-1 a — restored by Julian, 362°— at Antioch, 363 s1 — again ex- pelled by Valens, Nov. or Dec. 371 a — restored by Gratian, 378*— ft., 381.* a Clinton. Meletius Syriacus, theologian,— b. in Candia, 1586 — goes to Constantinople, 1630 — assists at synods of 1638 and 1642 — Is. at Galata, 17 Apr. 1664. Meletos, tragic poet, — [B C] — participates in acts of the Thirty, 404 — accuses Andokides respecting profanation of mysteries, 400 — accuses Socrates, 399. Melfi, in Italy, — founded by John Zimisces, 970-975 — capital of Norman states in S. Italy, IOz j_o— visited by Emperor Frederick II., 1223, 1225, 1227, Jan. and Dec. 1230 — his Consti- tutions published at parliament of, May 1231 — assembly of prelates at, convoked by Vice- roy Andrew t of Cicala, Jun. 1241 — visited by Frederick II., Aug. 1242 and May 1249 — nearly destroyed by earthquake, 14 Aug. 1851. Cathedral, built, 1155 — destroyed, 1851. Coun- cils of, held by Nicholas II., who invests Robert Guiscard with Duchies of Apalia and Calabria, about May 1059 — held by Urban II. against simony, luxury, and marriage of priests, 10 Sep. 1089 — held by Pascal II. for excom- munication of Beneventum, Oct. n 00 — held by Martin IV. respecting addition by Greeks of Sicily of Filioque to the symbol, and on dis- cipline, 28 Mar. 1284. Melgund, Viscount. [Minto, Lord.] Meli, Giovanni, poet, — b. at Palermo, 1740 — tf. there, 20 Dec. 1815. Opere, 1814. Melinda, on east coast of Africa, — reached by Vasco de Gama, about 1499 — taken pos- session of by Portuguese, 1605 — taken by Arabs, about 1700. Melissos, philosopher, — [BC] — defends Sa- mos against Athens, (01. 85,) 440-439. Melissus, Paul, poet, — b. in Franconia, 20 Dec. 1539— poet laureate, at Vienna, 1564 — goes to Paris, 1567 — follows the Emperor to Diet of Spire, 1570 — visits Italy, 1578-9 — Count, Chevalier dore, by Ferdinand Amadis, at Padua, 1579 — assists at Diet of Augsburg, 1582 — visits Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — If. pala- tine librarian of Heidelberg, 3 Feb. 1602. Melissi Carmina, 1574. Melita. [Malta.] Melitene, in Asia Minor, (Malatia,) — Chosroes defeats Justinian, General of Tibe- rius, and burns the city, spring 576 — visited by Brandt, 1835. Melito, Bp of Sardis, — H., about 160-172 — addresses Apology for Christians to Marcus Aurelius, 170,* i75, b 177.° a Eusebius. b Tillernont. c Basnage and Lardner. Mellan, Claude, engraver, — b. at Abbeville, 23 May 1598— tf. at Paris, 9 Sep. or Oct. 1688. Melle, Jakob van, (Mellenius,) numismatist, — b. at Liibeck, 1659 — tf. there, 21 Jun. 1743. Historia Lubecensis, 1677-9 — Series regum Hungarice, 1699 — Notitia majorum, $c, 1707. Melling, Antoine Ignace, designer, — b. in Baden, 1763 — settles at Constantinople, about 1786 ? — designer to Louis XVIII. , 1814 — ft. at Paris, Jill. 1831. Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople, 1809-19 — Voyage pittoresque dans les Pyrenees francaises, 1825-30. Mellitus, 1st Bp of London, and 3rd Abp of Canterbury, — sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great, converts East Saxons, 604 — Bp of London, 604— sent by Abp Lauren- tius to Rome, 609 a — attends Council of Borne, Feb. 610 a — driven from his see, 616 — suc- ceeds Laurentius as Abp of Canterbury, 619 — tf., 624. a Hook. Mello, (Melo,) Francesco Manoel de, his- torian, — b. at Lisbon, 23 Nov. 161 1 — enters the army, 1628 — tf. at Lisbon, 13 Oct. i666, a 1665^ Sistoria de los movimientos, separation y guerra de Cataluna en tiempo de Felipe IV., 1645. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mello Freire Dos Reis, Pascoal Jose de, publicist, — b. in Portugal, 1736 — LL.D. Coimbra, 1755 — Prof. Portuguese Law, 1772 — prepares new Codes, 1783-98— tf. at Lisbon, 24 Sep. 1798. Historic^ juris Lusitani liber singidaris, 1800. Mellon, Harriet, actress,— &., about 1775 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, Jan. 1795 — marries Thomas Coutts, 18 14 — left a widow, 1822 — marries Duke of St Albans, Jun. 1827 — tf., 6 Aug. 1837. Melloni, Macedonio, natural philosopher, — ■ 95' MELMOTH— MEMMIXGEX, h. at Parma, 1801 — Prof. Physics there, 1824-31 — director of Conservatory of Arts, and Prof. Physics, Xaples, Mar. 1 839-48 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour. 1841 — tr. at Portici, 11 Aug. 1853. Melmoth, William, translator, — ti., 17 10 — Commissioner of Bankrupts, 1756 — tf. at Path, 15 Mar. 1799. Fitz- Osborne s Letters, about 1742 — translation of Flint/' s letters, 1747 — of Cicero's Letters to his Friends, 1753 — of Cicero's Treatises on Old Age and Friendship, !773-7- Melo, — excites revolt of Apulia against Greeks, 1010 — invites Xornians into Italy, 1016 — obtains three victories over Greeks, 1 01 6- 1 8 — defeated at Cannes, retires to Ger- many, 1019 — "Jj. at Bamberg, 1020. Melora, Lsle of, — Oberto Doria defeats Pisan fleet near, 6 Aug. 1284. Melos, (Milo,) island, — [B C] — surrenders to Athenians, beginning of w inter 416. [Venus of Kilo.'] Melozzo da Forli. [Forli.] Melpomene, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 24 Jun. 1852. Melrichstadt, in Germany, — Rudolph of Suabia defeats Emperor Henry IT. at, 1078. Melrose, in Scotland,— Ethelwald (Moll) of Xorthumbria defeats and kills Oswin near, 6 Aug. 761.* Abbey, refounded by David I., 1 136 — destroyed by Edward II., 1322 — rebuilt by Bruce, 1326 — Edward III. spends Christmas at, 1 341 — burnt by Richard II., 1385 — partly demolished by English, 1545 — visited by Queen Victoria, 22 Aug. 1867. a Lingard. Melun, in France, (Melodunum,) — taken by Clovis, 494 — byXorthmen, 845, 848, 861, 866, and 883 — by Charles the Bad, 1358 — by the Dauphin and Duguesclin, 1364 — conferences at, between Henry V. and Queen of France, Jul. 1419 — besieged and taken by Henry V., 1420 — retaken by French, under Charles VII., 1435 — taken by Leaguers, 1589 — capitulates to Henry' IV., 1590 — Louis XIV. and Card. Mazarin take refuge at, 1652 — Viscounty of, erected into a Duchy for Villars, 1709. Councils of respecting excommunication of Philip Au- gustus by Innocent III., 12 16 — on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 8 Xov. 1225 — on discipline, 21 Jan. 1 30 1. Melun, Adam, Viscor^T de, general, — defeats and captures Viscount de Thouars in Poitou, 1208 — contributes to victory of Bou- vines, 12 14 — accompanies Louis of France to Languedoc, 1215— goes to England, 1216— tf. there, 1220. Melun, Louis de, Marquis de Maitper- tuis, general, — b., 1634 — distinguishes himself at siege of Candia, 1669 — at siege of Valen- ciennes, 1677 — Brigadier of Cavalry, at battle of Cassel, 1677— at siege of Ypres, 1678 — as Lieutenant-general defends Havre de Grace against English, Jul. 1694 — tf., 1721. Melun, Simon de, Maeshal of France, — accompanies St Louis to Africa, 1270 — envoy to king of England, 1297 — falls at battle of Courtrai, 1302. Melville, Andrew, reformer, — ft. in Scot- land, 1 Aug. 1545— enters St Andrew's Univ., 1560 — goes to Cniv. of Paris, 1564 — removes to Poitiers, 1566 — Prof. Humanity, Geneva, 1569-74 — Principal of Glasgow Coll., 1574 — of St Mary's Coll., St Andrew's, 1580 — escapes to England, Mar. 1584 — returns, Xov. 1585 — Rector of Univ., 1590 — Moderator of General Assembly, 1587, 1589, and 1594 — assists at coronation of the Queen, at Holyrood, 17 May 1595 — called to London by James I., 1606 — imprisoned in the Tower, 1607-n — Prof, at Univ. of Sedan, 161 1 — tr. there, 1622. Melville, Henry Dundas, Viscorxx, states- man, — h. at Edinburgh, abouti74i— called to the bar, 1763 — Lord Advocate, 1 7 75 — Privy Council- lor, Treasurer of the Xavy, 1782 — Pres. Board of Control, 1791 — Secretary of State for Home Department, 1791 — for War, 1794-1801 — raised to the peerage, 1802 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1804 — his trial on impeachment by House oi Commons for misappropriation of public moneys, begins, 29 Apr. 1806 — acquitted, 12 Jun. 1806 — tf., 27 May 1 81 1. Melville, Robert Dundas, Viscount, — b., 1771 — M.P. Edinburgh, 1802 — Pres. Board of Control, Mar. 1807 — Chief Secretary of Ire- land, 1809 — again Pres. Board of Control, Jan. 1810 — succeeds his father in the peerage, May 1 81 1 — First Lord of the Admiralty, sum- mer 18 12 — member of Royal Commission on Scottish Universities, 1826-30 — retires, 1827 — again appointed, Jan. 1828 to Xov. 18 30 — mem- ber of Commission on Poor Law in Scotland, 1843-44 — member of Prison Board for Scot- land, 1847 — 3j. at Melville Castle, 10 Jun. 1851. Melville, (Melvil,) Sir James, historian, — n. in Scotland, about 1535- — Privy Councillor to Queen Mary, 156 1 — ft., 1 Xov. 1607. Me- moirs, 1683. Melville, Sir Robert,— envoy from Mary Queen of Scots to Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — joins coalition against Bothwell, 1567 — again envoy to Queen Elizabeth, but betrays cause of Mary, summer 1567 — joins Mary's party, 1568 — takes part with Grange in defence of Edin- burgh Castle, 1573 — Treasurer-depute, 1584. Melville Island, Arctic Sea, — discovered by Parry, 1819 — reached by M'Clure, Apr. 1852. Memel, in Frussia, — founded, 1253 — be- comes possession of Prussian Order, 1324 — fortified, 1404 — occupied by Russians, 1757 — Frederick William III. takes refuge at, 1806 — occupied by Russians, 27 Dec. 1812. Treaty of, between England and Prussia, 28 Jan. 1807. Memlinc, (Memling,Hemling,) ILa,ns,painter, — probably painted, 1470-95 — citizen of Bruges, in 1479. Marriage of St Catherine, Bruges, 1479 ? — portraits of Sir John Forme and his wife, 1470 ? Memmi, Simone. [Martini, Simone.] Memmingen, in Bavaria, — destroyed by the Hohenstaufens, 11 32 — rebuilt by Welf VI., 1 191 — free imperial city, by Rudolph of Haps- burg, 1286— joins Protestants at Diet of Spire, 1529 — occupied by Wallenstein, 1630 — trans- ferred to Elector of Bavaria, 1802. MEMMIUS— MEXDOZA. 953 Memmius, C., — [B C] — trib. pleb., in- killed by the mob of Saturninus, ioo. Memmius Gemellus, C.,— [B C]— trib. pleb., 66 — opposes triumph of Lucullus ; curule aedile, 60— praetor, 58— -De Rerum Naiura, dedicated to him, by Lucretius, about 57-6 ? — impeaches P. Yatinius, 47 — candidate for consulship, 54 — impeached for ambitus, withdraws to Mitylene. Memmius Regulus. [Regulus.] Memmo, Marcantonio, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Leonardo Donato, 27 Jul. 16 12— tf., Oct. 1615. Memnon, — [B C] — revolts with Artabazus against Darius Ocbus, 356 — pardoned, 346 — satrap of coast of Asia Minor, about 336 — de- feated by Alexander at the Granicus, 334— defends Halicarnassus, 334 — carries on mari- time war against Greece, and tf. at Mitylene, 333. Memnon, vocal,— visited by Empress Sabina, about 131-30. Memnon, statue,— brought to London from Egypt, by Belzoni, 1818. Memphis, (Misrah,) in Egypt, — besieged and taken by Amrou, (17, a. h.) Jun. 638. Memphis, l T . S., — surrenders to Federals, 8 Jun. 1862. Mena, Juan He, poet, — ft. at Cordova, 141 2 — tf. at Guadalajara, a Torrelazuna, b 1456. El Laber ■into, 1496. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Menage, Grilles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Angers, 15 Aug. 1613— tf. at Paris, 23 Jul. 1692. jjictionuaire etymologique, 1650 — Foemata, 1658 — Observations sur la Bang ue Francaise, 1672 — Menagiana, 1693-4. Menageot, Francois Guillaume, painter, — ft. in London, 1744 — obtains grand prize of Painting, Paris, 1766— received at Academy, j-y 80 — director of School of France, Pome, 1787 — member of Institute, 1809 — tf. at Paris, 4 Oct. 1 816. Menai Strait, — passed by Suetonius, 61 — by Agricola, 78. Suspension bridge, erected, 18x9-25. Britannia tubular bridge, 1848-50. Menalkidas,— [B C] — released by Philometor and Physcon at request of Popillius Laenas, 168 — strategus to Achaean League, bribed by Oropus against Athens, 150 — supports Spartan exiles at Pome against Diaeus, 149 — persuades Sparta to break truce with Achaeans, and kills himself, 147. Menander, — [BC] — commander of mer- cenaries under Alexander the Great, 334-331 — governor of Lydia, 331-323— commands under Antigonus against Eumenes, 320-319. Menander, comic poet, (Xeic,)— [BC] — ft,, (01. 109, 3,) 342 a — his life endangered at ex- pulsion of Demetrius Poliorketes, 307 — tf., (01. 122, 2,) 291.* Orge, 321. a Clinton. Menander, (Menada, Minander,) King of Sagala, (Sangala,)— [B C]— fl., 140. Menander, Amus, jurist, — fl., about 210. Menander Protector, rhetorician and Byzan- tine historian, — fl., about 580-90. Menapii, — [B C]— join Belgian confederation against Pome, 57 —join Yeneti in maritime confederation, 56 — unsuccessfully attacked by Caesar, 56 — driven across the Ehine by Germans, 5S — Sabinus and Cotta sent against, 54 — chastised by Caesar, 53 — checked by Labienus, 53- Menas, {Menodorus,) — [BC] — takes Sar- dinia, 40 — revolts from Sex. Pompey to Oc- tavius, 38 — deserts again to Pompey, 36 — returns to Octavius, 36 — killed at siege of Siscia, 35. Mencke, Friedrich Otto, — ft. at Leipsic, 1708 — tf. Prof. Laws there, 14 Mar. 1754. Edits the Acta Eruditorum, 1732-54 — Bib- liotheca virorum, militia ceque ac scriptis illus- trium, 1734. Mencke, Johann Burckhard, — ft. at Leipsic, i674_Prof. History there, 1669 — tf. at Leip- sic, 1 Apr. 1732. Edits the Acta Eruditorum, 1707-32. Mencke, Otto, philologist, — ft. in Westphalia, 1644 — tf. Prof. Moral Philosophy, Leipsic, 29 Jan. 1707. Projects the Acta Eruditorum, 1682. Mende, in France, — fortified by Adalbert, Ep of Gevaudan, 1151 — taken by Duke of Joyeuse, and the citadel built, 1595 — reduced by Henry IV., and the citadel demolished, 1597. Mendelssohn - Bartholdy, Felix, musical composer, — ft. at Hamburg, 3 Feb. 1809 — studies at Univ. of Berlin, 1827-9 — nrs ^ visits London and Edinburgh, 1829 — visits Italy and Switzerland, 1 830-1 — Paris, end of 1831 — director of concerts and theatre, Diisseldorf, 1833 — director of concerts, Leipsic, 1843 — conducts Philharmonic Concerts, London, 1844 — conducts performance of Elijah, London, 1847 — tf. at Leipsic, 4 Nov. 1847. Faulus, 1836 — Lobgesang, 1840 — Midsummer Night' s Dream, 1843 — Athalia, 1844 — Elijah, 1846 — Reformation Symphony, first performed 1867. Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, — ft. at Dessau, 10 Sep. 1729 — goes to Berlin, 1742,* 1745 b — tf. at Berlin, 4 Jan. 1786. Brief e iiber die Empfindiuigen, 1745 — Fhcedon, 1767 — Jerusalem, 1783 — ILorgenstunden, 1785. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, traveller, — ft. near Coimbra, about 1510 — goes to the Indies, 1537 — returns to Portugal, 1558. Feregrinacam, 1 6 14. Mendicant Friars. [See Dominicans, Fran- ciscans, Carmelites, and Augustines.] Mendicity Society, — established in London, 1818. Mendizabal, statesman, — ft. at Cadiz, about 1790 — first minister of Queen Isabella II. of Spain, 14 Sep. 1835 — fights a duel with Isturitz, at Madrid, 16 Apr. 1836 — dismissed from office, 16 May 1836 — reappointed as finance minister, 11 Sep. 1836 — dismissed again, 10 Aug. 1837 — tf. at Madrid, 3 Nov. 1853. Mendoza, in S. America, — destroyed by earthquake, 20 Mar. 1861. Mendoza, Bernardino de, diplomatist, §c, — promotes the League, 1576 — ambassador of Philip II. to Henry of Navarre, 1584 — ambas- sador to England, about 1585 — dismissed as accomplice in conspiracies against Queen Eliza- beth, 1586. Commentarios de lo sucedido en los Faizes Baxos desde el ano 1567 hasta elde 1577, 954 MENDOZA— MENTOR. 1592 — Theorica y jiractica de guerra, 1577. Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de, statesman, general, historian, §c, — ft. at Granada, about 1503 — ambassador to Rome, 1547-54 — tf. at Madrid, Apr. 1575. Guerra de Granada hecha por el rey de Fspana Felipe II, contra los Moriscos, 16 10 — Obras, 16 10. Mendoza, Inigo Lopez de, Marquis op Santillana, poet, — ft. in Asturias, 1398 — dignitary of state, as early as 141 4 — created Marquis, 1445 — -joins conspiracy against Alvarez de Luna, 1452 — tj., 1458. Centiloquio, 1496 — Coinedieta de Fonza, 1435. Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de, missionary, — ft. in Castile, about 1550 — sent to China by Philip II., 1580 — Bp of Lipari, 1593 — visits Mexico as vicar apostolic, 1607 — Bp of Popayan, 1608 — tf. there, 1617. Historia de las cosas de la China, 1586. Mendoza, Pietro Gonzalez de, Cardinal, — ft. in Castile, 3 May 1428 — Abp of Seville, be- fore 1473 — Cardinal, 1473 — favours Isabella, 1473 — fights at Toro, 1 Mar. 1476 a — accom- panies Isabella to suppress tumult at Segovia, 1476 — favours the Jews, 1479 a — Abp of Toledo, 1482 jl — sent to occupy Alhambra, Jan. 1492 a — o\ at Guadalaxara, 11 Jan. 1495^ a Prescott. Menecrates, Tib. Claudius Quinna, phy- sician, — inventor of Diachylon plaister, ft., about 40. Menedenios, philosopher, — [B C] — ft., about 35o, a ft., 3 i'6-5, b starves himself to death, about 277.3 a Smith's Diet. b Hieron. Euseb. Menelaos, — [BC] — subjugates Cyprus to Ptolemy Soter, 315 — besieged in Salamis by Demetrius Poliorketes, 306 — surrenders after battle of Salamis, 306. Menelaos, mathematician, astronomer, — makes observations at Rome, 98. Menendez, Francesco Antonio, painter, — ft. at Oviedo, 1682 — goes to study in Italy, 1699 — founds Academy of Painting, Madrid, 1744 — ft. at Madrid, 1745. Menendez, Michael Hyacinth, painter, — ft. at Oviedo, 1679 — first painter to Philip IV., 1712 — tf. at Madrid, 1743. Menes, King of Egypt. [Egypt.] Meneses Osorio, painter, — ft. at Seville, 1630 — Major-domo of Seville Academy of Painting, 1668 — If. there, 1705. Menestheus,— [B C]— ft., about 377— sent to relief of Samos, 358 — commander in Social War, with Chares and Iphicrates, 356 — im- peached for misconduct and acquitted, 355 — commander to protect Euxine traders, 335 — ft. before 325. Menestrier, Claude Francois, antiquary,^ — ft. at Lyons, 163 1 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1646,— settles at Paris, 1670 — tf. at Paris, 21 Jan. 1705. la Nouvelle me'thode raisonnee du Mason, 1754 — De la chevalerie ancienne et moderne, 1683 — Traite des tournois, 1669 or 1674 — Histoire du regne de Louis le Grand, par les medailles, 1693. Menestrier, Jean Baptiste le, numismatist, — ft. at Dijon, 1564 — tf. there, 1634. Medailles, monnaies, et monuments antiques d'imperatrices JRomaines, 1625. Menezes. [Ericeira.] Mengoli, Pietro, mathematician, — ft. at Bologna, 1625 — tf. there, 7 Jun. 1686. Via regia ad mathematicas, 1655 — Speculazioni di musica, 1670. Mengotti, Francesco, Count, engineer, — ft. in Venice, 15 Sep. 1749— LL.D. Padua, 177 1 — Count and Senator, 18 10 — V.P. Commission of Finance, Milan, 18 19— "ft. at Milan, 5 Mar. 1830. Saggio sulle acque correnti, 181 0-12. Mengs, Anton Eafael, painter, — ft. at Aussig, Bohemia, 12 Mar. 1728 — goes to Rome, 1 741— returns to Dresden, 1744 — painter to the king, 1749 — director of School of Painting in the Vatican, 1754 — first painter to Charles III. of Spain, 176 1 — settles at Rome, 1777 — loses his wife, 1778— 1». at Rome, 29 Jun. 1779. -Ascension, Dresden, 1766 — Apotheosis of Trajan, Madrid, 1775 — Opere, 1780. Menin, in Belgium, — taken by Marlborough, 25 Aug. 1706— invested by Louis XV., 18 May 1744 — capitulates, 4 Jun. Meninski, Francois Mesgnien, orientalist, — ft. in Lorraine, about 1623 — goes to Con- stantinople, 1652 — first interpreter to Emperor Leopold, 1661 — tf. at Vienna, 1698. Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, 1680-7 — Onomasticon, 1687. Menippos, Cynic philosopher, — [BC]-S., about 6o. a a Oeliler. Menno, Simon, founder of the Mennonites, — ft. in Friesland, 1496^ 1505 b — quits Romish Church, 1536 — tf. in Plolstein, 13 Jan. 156 1. Works, 1600 — Fundamentbuch von dem redden Christlichen Glauben, 1539. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Menon, — [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 76, 4,) 473- Menon, — [BC] — serves under Cyrus the Younger, 401 — put to death by slow torture, 401-400. Menon, — [BC]— general sent by Athens to support Miltokythes, about 362 — defeated with Antiphilos by Antipater at Crannon, 322 — de- feated by Polysperchon and slain, 321. Menou, Jacques Francois, Baron de, general, — ft. in Touraine, 1750 — Marechal de Camp, 5 Dec. 178 1 — deputy to States, General, 178 9 — defeated in La Vendee, 1793— suppresses insurrection of the faubourg St Antoine, (2 Prairial an III.,) 21 May 1795— distinguishes himself in expedition of Egypt, 1798— Com- mander-in-chief on death of Kleber, Jun. 1800 — defeated by Gen. Abercromby at Alex- andria, 21 May 1 801 — capitulates, 31 Aug. 1 801 — member of Tribunate, 17 May 1802 — governor of Piedmont, 1802 — tf. governor of Venice, 13 Aug. 18 10. Montana, in Italy, — Garibaldi defeated by French and Papal troops, 3 Nov. 1867. Mentone, — with Roquebrune, ceded to France, by Prince of Monaco, 2 Feb. 1861. Mentor, the Bhodian, — [B C] — aids Arta- bazus, before 360 — takes refuge with Nectana- bis, 360 — aids Tennes of Sidon, passes into service of Darius, 360 — commands in invasion MENTSCHIKOFF— MERCATOR. 955 of Egypt under Darius, 346— made satrap of W. coast of Asia Minor, 346— seizes Hermeias of Atarneus, about 343 — tf., probably about 336. MentschikofF, Alexander ' Banilovich, Prince, general,— b. at Moscow, i674, a 28 Nov. 1672," 6 Nov. 1670° — distinguishes him- self at siege of Schliisselburg, 1702— Chevalier of St Andrew, 1703 — Major-general, Prince, and governor of Ingria, 1704— defeats Swedes at Kalisch, i9, a 30 bc Oct. 1706 — Prince of Holy Roman Empire, 1706 — Prince of Russian Empire, 30 May 1707 — contributes to victory of Pultawa, 1709 — Field-marshal, by Peter the Great, and Knt of the Black Eagle, by Fred- erick I., 1709 — besieges Riga, 17 10 — occupies Courland, 17 11 — governor of St Petersburg, 171 1 — occupies Pomerania, 171 2 — takes Stettin, 12 Sep. 17 1 3 — exiled, 1727 — tf. in Siberia, 2 Nov. 1729. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mentz, Mainz, (Mayence,) in Germany,— (Moguntiacum,) — [B C] — site of fortress built by Drusus, 1 3 — [A D] — surprised by Alemanni under Rando, Jau. or Easter, 368 a — destroyed by Vandals, 406— by Huns, 451 — rebuilt by Dagobert, 612— fortified by Bp Sigbert, 712 — besieged by Burgundians, 720— seat of bishop- ric by Boniface, 745 b — proposed conference between Emperor Henry IV. and his son at, prohibited by Bp of Mentz, Dec. 1105 — head of Rhenish Confederation for protection of com- merce, 1255 — chief seat of Minnesingers, about 1300 — invention of printing at, — [Gutenberg] — conquered by Abp Adolphus II. and made subject to the see, 1462 — taken by Gustavus Adolphus, 23 Dec. 1631 — by Imperialists un- der Gallas, 1635 — restored to Elector, 1636 — taken by Duke d'Enghien and Turenne, 17 Sep. 1644 — evacuated by French, 1651 — again seized by them, 25 Oct. 1688 — recovered by Duke of Lorraine, 8 Sep. 1689 — held by Prince Eugene, 1734 — seized by French under Custine, 17 Oct. 1792 — besieged by Prussians, Mar. 1793 — surrenders, 23 Jul. 1793 — threatened by French, autumn 1794 — retaken by French and made capital of department of Mont Tonnere, 1797 — invested by allies, 3 Jan. 18 14 — surren- ders, 4 May 1 8 14 — annexed to Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt by Congress of Vienna, 1816 — head-quarters of king of Prussia, Aug. 1870. Cathedral, commenced by Abp Willigis, 978 — partly burnt, 11 90 — suffers from bombardment by Prussians, 1793 — and by allies, 18 14. Uni- versity, founded by Abp Diether, 1477 — sup- pressed by French, 1798. Councils of held by St Boniface, 752 or 753 — respecting dispute between Gotschalk and Rabanus, Jan. 829 — held by Rabanus, respecting usurpation of ecclesiastical property, Sep. or Oct. 847 — by Rabanus for condemnation of Gotscbalk, Oct. 848 — by Rabanus on discipline, May 852 — by Abp Charles, 857 and 860; Oct. 888 ; Whitsun- tide, 1023 — held by Pope Leo IX. against simony and marriage of priests, Nov. 1049 — by Pope Leo IX. and Emperor Henry III. against marriage of priests, 1051 — for election of Gebhard, Bp Eichstadt, Pope, (Victor II.) 10 55 — by legate, Peter of Damiano, against divorce of Bertha by Henry IV., Oct. 1069 ; Aug. 107 1 — for condemnation of Pope Gregory VII. by partisans of Emperor Henry IV., 1080 — held by Schismatics before Henry IV. and legates of Antipope Guibert, to confirm deposi- tion of Gregory VII. and excommunicate him, and to establish Truce of God, 1085; 1094 or io 95 ; 1131; Oct. 1 159— held by legate Conrad against marriage of priests and simony, to de- clare Engelbert Abp of Cologne a martyr, and excommunicate his murderer, 10 Dec. 1225-— against the Stedingers, before Aug. 1233; 2 Jul. 1239— -on discipline, 1259 — on discipline, re- formation of clergy, &c, 4 May 1261 — respect- ing affairs of the Templars, n- 13 May 1310 — for condemnation and burning of thirty-six Vaudois, 1387 — respecting decrees of Council of Basel, Mar. 1439 an( ^ I 44 I - a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Menu, Institutes of, — [B C] — compiled, after 900 ? a a Elphinstone. Menzel, Friedrich Wilhelm, — b., about 1725 — while private secretary to king of Sax- ony, gives up copies of secret correspondence relating to attack on Prussia, to Prussian am- bassador, 1755 — arrested and imprisoned, 1756 — tf., May 1796. Menzel, Karl Adolf, historian, — b. at Griin- berg in Silesia, 7 Dec. 1784 — Prof. Extraord. at Elizabethanum, Breslau, 1809 — Pro-rector and second Prof., 18 14 — member of Council of Education, 1824— tf. at Breslau, 19 Aug. 1855. Geschichte der Deutschen, 1815-23 — Neuere Geschichte der Deutschen, 1826-43. Mensini, Benedetto, poet, — fc. at Florence, 1646 — tf. at Rome, 1704. Rime di vari generi, 1 7 30-4 — Satires, 1 7 1 8 . Meon, Dominique Martin, antiquary, — b. in France, 1748 — assistant keeper of Royal Library, receives Cross of Legion of Honour, 1826— tf. at Paris, 5 May 1829. Edits Fa- bliaux et contes dcs poetes franc ais des ll e et 15 e sieclcs, 1808 — edits Soman de la Rose, 1815 — edits Roman du Renard, 1825. Mercantile Marine, of Great Britain, — regulated by Act V6 and 14 Vic. c. 93, 14 Aug. 1850 ; amended by 14 and 15 Vic. c. 96, 7 Aug. 1 85 1. Mercara. [Coorg\] Mercati, Giovanni Battista, engraver, — b. at Siena, about 1600. Mercati, (Mercado,) Michele, naturalist, — b. at San Miniato, 1541 — first physician to Clement VIII., 159/1 — tf. at Rome, 25 Jun. 1593. De gli obelischi di Roma, 1589 — Metal- lot heca, 17 17. Mercator, Gerard, (Gerard Kauffmann,) geo- grapher, — b. at Rupelmonde, Flanders, 15 12 — erjters service of Emperor Charles V., about 1542 — cosmographer to Duke of Juliers, 1559 — tf. at Doesburg, 2 Dec. 1594 — Chronologic/, 1568 — Tabula geographies, 1578- — Atlas, 1594. Mercator, Marius, theologian, — fl., about 429^ a Clinton. Mercator, Nicholas, {Nicholas Kanffmann,) mathematician, — b. in Holstein, 1640 — comes to England, 1660— F.R.S., 1666— tf. at Paris, 1687 a — in England, 1690 or 1694. 15 Cosmo- 95< MERCATOR'S PROJECTION— MERIAN. graphia, 1651 — Bationes mathematics sub- ducts, 1653 — Logarithmotechnia, 1668. a Biog. Univ. b Hutton. Mercator's Projection, — in Cosmography, invented by Gerard Mercator, 1556 — im- proved and explained by Wright, 1599. Mercenaries, — [B C] — first employed in Greece by Athenians, after 577. Mercer, John, Scottish sea-rover, — captures ships at Scarborough, and is taken prisoner by John Philpot, 1378. Mercer's Company, of London, — incor- porated by Richard II., 1393 — in France, in- corporated by Charles VII., 1407. Merchandise Marks, in Great Britain, — law respecting, amended by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1862. Merchant Adventurers. [Adventurers.] Merchant Shipping, — laws relating to, consolidated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 1854; amended by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 124, 20 Aug. 1867. Merchant Tailors' Company, of London, — incorporated by Edward IV., as Tailors and Linen Armourers, 1466 — receives new charter from Henry VII., under present title, 1503. School, founded, 156 1 — burnt, 1666 — rebuilt, 1675. Merchants, Foreign, in England, — receive permission to trade free from unreasonable im- posts, by Magna Charta, 12 15. Mercia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, in Britain, — founded by Crlda, 584 s — ft., 593 — Ceorl, kinsman of Wybba, reigns, 596 b — rj., 606 b — Penda, 627,* 626 b — Peada, his son, succeeds, 655 — killed, Easter 657, a 656 b — Wtjlfhere, (brother,) 657 — ravages "Wessex and Isle of Wight, 661 — Ethelred, 675 — ravages Kent, 676 — defeats Northumbrians near theTrent, 679 — his Queen Ostrith killed by Mercians, 697 — becomes a monk, 704 — fc., 4 May 7 16 b — Coen- red succeeds, before 13 Jun. 704 — retires to Rome, 709 — Ceolred, 709 — carries on war with Wessex, 715 — Ethelbald, 716 — ravages JSTor- thumbria, 737 — defeated by Cuthred of Wes- sex, at Burford, 752 — tf., 755, a 757 b — Beorn- red seizes the kingdom, and is driven out by Oifa II., 755, a 757 b — the kingdom ravaged by Welsh, 779— Egferth succeeds, Jul. 794 — Cynulf, 794, ravages Kent, takes Edbert Praen prisoner and mutilates him, 796 — Ceolwulf, 8 1 9 — deprived, and succeeded by Beornwulf, 821 — defeated by Egbert at Ellendune, 823 — killed by East Angles, 823 — Ludeca, 823 — Wiglaf, 825 — conquered by Egbert, 827 — held by Wiglaf, as tributary to Egbert, 828 — Beohrtwulf, 838 — defeated by Danes, 851 — Burgred, 852— invaded by Danes, 868 — conquered by them, and Ceolwulf made king, 874 — Burgred tf. at Kome soon after — - partition of, by Danes, 877 — ravaged by Ethel- walcl the Atheling, and Danes, 905 — overrun by Danes, 911 — submits to Edward the Elder, 922 — revolts, and with Northumbria elects Edgar king, 957 — ravaged by Cnut, 1 o 1 6 . a Annals of England. b Lappenberg. Mercier, Barthelemi, bibliographer, — ft. at Lyons, 1734 — librarian of St Genevieve, 1760- 72 — Xf. at Paris, 1799. Supplement a, Vhistoire de V imprimerie, far Prosper Marchand, 1772-5. Mercier, Louis Sebastien, litterateur, — h. at Paris, 6 Jun. 1740 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795 — of Institute, 1796 — rj. at Paris, 25 Apr. 18 14. Han 2440, 177 1 — Ta- bleau de Paris, 178 1 — Mon bonnet de nuit, 1783 — Neologie, 1801. Mercoeur, Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Dure de, military commander, — fc. at Nonieni, 9 Sep. 1558 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 1579 — governor of Brittany, 1582 — aims at inde- pendence, 1585 — defeats Royalists at Craon, 159 1, a 23 May 1592 b — signs truce with Henry IV., 1595 — enters service of Emperor, and com- mands against Turks, 1601 — ft. at Niirnberg, 19 Feb. 1602. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mercuriale, Girolamo, (Merczirialis,) phy- sician,— ft. at Forli, 1530— Prof, at Padua, 1569 — Prof, at Bologna, 1587— Prof, at Pisa, 1599 — ft. at Eorli, 1606. L)e arte gymnastiea, 1569 — Hippocratis opera, gr. et lat., 1588 — Medicina practica, 162"]. Mercury, planet, — transit of, first observed by Gassendi, 6 May 163 1 — diameter measured by Bradley, 1723. Mercy, Florimond Claude de, field-marshal, — b. in Lorraine, 1666— enters service of Em- peror Leopold, 1682 — serves in campaigns of Hungary, between 1688-97 — sentto Italy, 1701 — defeated by French in Alsace, 1709— made Field-marshal ; distinguishes himself at Peter- waradin, 1 7 1 6 — at Belgrade, 171 7 — Command- er-general of Sicily, 17 1 9 — wounded at battle of Alcantara, 17 19 — General-in-chief in Italy, falls at combat of Croisetta, 29 Jun. 1734. Mercy, Francois de, general,— charged with defence of Rheinfeld, evacuates it, 1634 — Major-general, serves at siege of Colmar, 1635 — assists at raising siege of Dole, 1636 — with Duke of Lorraine defeated by Bernkard of Weimar, 1637 — distinguishes himself in wars of Germany, from 1641 — Lieutenant-general, 1644 — takes Friburg, 1644 — defeats Turenne at Marienthal, 5 May 1645 — rj. at Northingen, 4 Aug. 1645. Mercy, Order of, — for redemption of captives from Moors, founded, 12 18. Merenda, Ser. Cornelius, — [B C] — Consul with M.'Curius Dentatus, (480, a. u. c.) 274. Mergin, in Hindustan, — surrenders to Brit- ish, Aug. 1824— ceded to them by Treaty of Yandaboo, 24 Feb. 1827. Merian, Johann Bernard, philosopher, — b. in Switzerland, 1723 — admitted to Academy of Berlin, 1750 — director of Class of Belles Let- tres, 1770 — U., 12 Feb. 1807. Translation of Hume's Essays, 1758 — Systeme dumonde, 1770. Merian, Maria Sibylla, — b. at Frankfort, 1647 — goes to Surinam, 1698-1701 — ij. at Amsterdam, 13 Jan. 17 17. Origin, §c. t of Caterpillars, 1679 — Lissertatio de Generatione et Metamorphosibus Lnsectorum Surinamensium, i7°5- Merian, Matthew, engraver, — ft. at Basel, 1593 — 1j. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, about 1650^ at Schwalbach, i65i. b a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. MEBIAN— MEBSEBUBG. 957 Merian, Matthew, painter, §c, — fj. at Basel, 162 1 — tf. at Frankfort, 1687. Meric, Jean de, military commander, — fj. at Metz, 1 7 17 — enters the army, 1728 — takes Ghent, Jul. 1745 — serves in N. America, 1746 — falls in Flanders, 10 Jul. 1747. Merida, in Spain, [Augusta Emerita,) — [BC] — Boman colony by Augustus, (729, a.u.c.) 25 — [A D] — taken by Bechila, king of the Suevi, between 441-448 —besieged and taken by the Moors under Musa, (1 Schoual 93, A. h.) 11 Jul. 712 a — entrance of Abdelrahman into, (139,) 756 b — revolts, is blockaded and reduced by Abdelrouf, General of Abdelrahman, (212-3,) 827-8 — again revolts and is reduced by Abdelrahman, (218-9,) 833-4— fortifications restored, (220,) 835 b — insurrection at, sup- pressed by Abdallah, (276,) 888 b — taken by Alfonso IX. and annexed to kingdom of Castile and Leon, (629,) b 1230. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conde. Merida, in S. America, — destroyed by earth- quake, 18 12. Meridian, Meridional Arc [Degree of the Meridian.] Merille, Edmond, jurist, — fj. at Troyes, 1579 — ft. Prof. Law, Bourges, 14 Jul. 1647. Commentarii in Institutionum quatuor libros, 1654. Merimee, Jean Francois Louis, painter, — fj. at Paris, 1775 — perpetual secretary of Academy of Fine Arts, Jan. 1807 — rj. at Paris, 26 Sep. 1836. De la peinture d I'huile, 1830. Merimee, Prosper, litterateur, — fj. at Paris, 28 Sep. 1803 — Inspector of Ancient Monu- ments, i83i, a i834 b — received at French Academy, 1844 — Senator, 1853 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 12 Apr. i860 — Grand Officer, 14 Aug. 1866 — tJ. at Cannes, 2 Oct. 1870. Theatre de Clara Gazul, 1825 — Guzla, 1827 — Jacquerie, 1828 — Mosa iq toe, 183 3 — Contes et Nouvelles, 1846 — Histoire de Bon Pedre L, 1843 — Monuments historiques, 1843 — Les faux Demetrius, 1854. a Vapereau. b Conv.-Lex. Merinides, Saracen Dynasty, in N.Africa, (Morocco,) — foimded by Abu Yaya Abubekr, about (642, a. h.) 1245 — Abu Yussef Yacub, brother, succeeds, (657,) 1259 — overthrows Empire of the Almohades : makes treaty with Caliph of Tunis, 1266 — Abu Yacub Yussef, son, (685,) 1286 — assassinated, 1307 — Abu Thabet Amer, grandson, (706,) 1307 — Abul Bebia, brother, (708,) 1308 — Abusaid Oth- man, cousin, (710,) 13 10 — Abul Hasan Ali, (731,) 1 33 1 — sends aid to Moors of Spain, about (733) 1333 — takes Tlemsen, 1 May 1337 ■ — conquers Tunis, 1347 — but soon loses them — Abu Heinan, son, (752,) 1351 — assassin- ated — Es Said, infant son, 1357 — Abu Salem, (760,) 1359 — Sheikbs revolt and depose him, 1 36 1 — anarchy — Abdel Aziz, (768,) 1367 — occupies Tlemsen, 1370-2 — Mohammed es Said, son, (774,) 1372 — Abul Abbas Ahmed, son of Abu Salem, 1374 — divides his kingdom with Abderrahman of Morocco, 1374 — recon- quers the whole, (784,) 1382 — deposed by Musa, (788,) 1384— El Montecer, 1384— El Wathek Mohammed, (788,) 1386 — Abul Abbas, restored, (789,) 1387 — Abul Fares, (796,) 1393 — dynasty overthrown by the Sherifs, 1550. Merino Sheep, — introduced in England by George III., 1791. Merit, Order of, — in Prussia, instituted by Frederick II., 1740. In Wiirtemberg, by Duke Charles Eugene, 1759- {Military,) in France, instituted by Louis XV., 1759. Li Saxony, by Frederick Augustus, 18 15. [Ferdinand, St, Order of.] Merivale, John Herman, miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Exeter, 1779 — called to the bar, 1805 — Commissioner of Bankruptcy, 1831—11., Apr. 1844. Poems, 1841 — translation of Minor Poems of Schiller, 1844 — edits Bland's Collec- tions from Greek Anthology, 1833. Merlin, AntoineChristophe, {de Thionville,) — rj. at Thionville, 1762 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — to Convention, 1792 — retires from Council of Five Hundred, 1798— Ij. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1833. Merlin de Douai, Philippe Antoine, states- man, — b. at Arleux, 30 Oct. 1754 — secretary of the king, 1782 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — to Convention, 1792 — member of Committee of Public Safety, 1792 — member of Directory, 1797 — government Commissioner at Court of Cassation, Counsellor and Minister of State, 1799-1814 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Councillor of State, 1806 — if., 26 Dec. 1838. Pepertoire universel et raisonne de juris- prudence, 1777 — Pecueil alphabetique des ques- tions de droit, 1804-10. Mermet, Julien Augustin Joseph, general, — fj. at Quesnoy, 9 May, a Jun. b 1772 — enters the army, 1788 — Marechal de Camp, 1795 — distinguishes himself at the passage of the Tagliamento, 1796 — Lieutenant-general, 1805 — serves in Spain, 1808 — distinguishes himself at attack of Villaboa, Jan. 1809 — a ^ s i e © e of Ciudad Kodrigo, 18 10— serves in Italy, 181 3 — distinguishes himself at affair of the Mincio, 8 Sep. 1 8 14 — Inspector-general of Cavalry, 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 27 Jun. — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 23 Aug. — if. at Paris, 28 Oct. 1837. Merobaudes, — Consul with Gratian, (1130, a. tj. c.) 377— with Saturninus, (1136,) 383. Merobaudes, Flavius, poet, — succeeds Asturius as Master-general of Cavalry and In- fantry in Spain, 443. Meroveus, Merovingian Kings. [Franks.] Merrick, James, poet, theologian, — b., 1720 — studies at Oxford, 1736-42 — Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1744 — if. at Beading, 5 Jan. 1769. Poems on Sacred Subjects, 1763 — Metrical Translation of the Psalms, 1765. Merrimac and Monitor, ironclad war- steamers, — combat of the, on James Biver, L T . S., 9 Mar. 1862 — Merrimac blown up by Confeder- ates, 11 May 1862 — Monitor sunk off Cape Hatteras, 31 Dec. 1862. Mersch. [Vander Mersch.] Merseburg, in Saxony, — head of a County, before 900 — fortified by Otto I., 922 — Henry the Fowler defeats Hungarians at, 934 — seat of 95? MERSENNE— MESSALINUS. a bishopric, by Otto I., 968 — line of Counts ex- tinct, 1007 — Budolph of Suabia defeated and killed by Henry IV., 1080— burnt, 1323, 1387, 1444, and 1479 — suffers in the Peasants' War, 1525 — receives the Eeformation, 1543 — resi- dence of Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, 1656-1738 — again burnt, 1662 — taken by French, 29 Apr. 181 3 — retaken by Gen. Thielmann, 18 Sep. 1813. Mersenne, Marin, mathematician, $c, — ft. at Oize, (Maine,) 1588 — ft. at Paris, 1648. Harmonie Universelle, 1636. Mersey Island, Essex, — occupied by Danes, 895- Merton, in Surrey, — Abbey founded by Gilbert Norman, 11 15 — parliament of, held, 1 136 — abbey surrendered to the king, 1538. Merton College, Oxford, — founded by "Walter de Merton, 7 Jan. 1264 — further en- dowed, 1270 — completed, 1274 — Sexcentenary of, celebrated, 1864. Merton, Walter de, Chancellor op Eng- land, — temporarily appointed, 1258-9 — reap- pointed, 5 Jul. 1 26 1 a — superseded, 12 Jul. 1263 — reinstated, Nov. 1272 — Bp of Rochester, 20 Jul. i274, a and resigns Great Seal: ft., 27 Oct. 1277. a [Merton College.] a Foss. Merula, Claudio, (da, Correggio,) musical composer, — ft., 1532 — organist of St Mark, Venice, 1557 — organist to Duke of Parma, 1584 — ft. at Parma, about 1605. Cantiones Sacrce, 1578. Merula, Giorgio, classical scholar, — ft. at Alessandria, about 1424 — settles at Milan, 1482 — ft. there, 1494. Editions of Martial, 1470-2 — of Rei rusticce scriptores, i^r]2 — of Plautus, 1472 — Antiquitatis vicecomitum lib. X, (between 1499 and 15 12.) Merula, L. Cornelius,— [B C] — Consul with Q. Minucius Thermus, (561, a. u. c.) 193. Merwan. [See Ommiades.] Merwaridy, Al, pioet, historian, — ft. near Andekan, about 1450 — enters service of Ismael Son, 151 1 — ft. near Ispahan, (922, a. h.) Aug. 1516. Mery, Jean, anatomist, — ft., 6 Jan. 1645 — surgeon to the Queen of Prance, 168 1 — surgeon-major to the Invalides, 1683 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1684 — charged with secret mission to England, 1692 — first surgeon of Hotel Dieu, 1700 — ft. at Paris, 3 Nov. 1722. Description deV Oreille, 1681 — Observations sur la maniere de tailler pour V extraction de la pier re, 1700 — Problemes de Physique, 17 n. Mery-sur-Seine, — Napoleon defeats Bliicher, 22 Feb. 1814. Mesa. [Mesha.] Mesa, Alonzo de, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1628— ft. there, 1668. Mesa, Christoval de, poet, — ft. in Estrema- dura, about 1550 — ft., about 1620. Navas de Tolosa, 1594 — Restauracion de Espana, 1607 — Patron de Espana, 161 1 — Eneida de Virgilio, 1 6 15 — Eglogas y Georgicas de Virgilio, 16 18. Mesambria, — [B C] — founded by colonists from Byzantium and Chalcedon, (01. 70, 4,) 497. a a Miiller. Meschinot, Jean, poet,— ft. at Nantes, about 1420 — ft., 12 Sep. 149 1. Lunettes des Princes } 1493- Mesha, (Mesa,) King of Moab,— [BC]— refuses to pay tribute to Israel, and carries on war with Jehoram, about 896 ? [Israel, and Jews, wars.] Mesmer, Friedrieh Anton, — ft. at Meers- burg, Baden, or Itzraang on lake of Constance, 1734 — M.D. Vienna, 1766— begins study of the Magnet, 1772 — goes to Paris, 1778 — quits France, 1784 — ft. at Meersburg, 5 Mar. 18 15. P>e Planetarum injiuxu, 1766 — Memoir e sur la decouverte du magnetisme animal, 1779 — Precis historique des faits relatifs au magnetisme ani- mal, 17 8 1. Mesmerism, — [Mesmer] — originates with Anton Mesmer, at Vienna and Paris, 1776-8 — investigated and declared an imposture by French Commission of Inquiry, 1784 — intro- duced into England by Eichard Chenevix, 1826. Mesmes, Henri de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 1532 — Prof. Law, Toulouse, 1548 — Counsellor to Court of Aids, Paris, 1552 — Counsellor of State, about 1560 — sent to treat with Pro- testants, Aug. 1570 — ft., 1 Aug. 1596. Mesmes, Jean Antoine de, Count d'Avatjx, — ft. at Paris, 1661 — Counsellor to the Par- liament, 1687 — Pres. a mortier, 1688 — admitted to French Academy, 17 10 — first Pres. of Par- liament of Paris, 1712 — tf., 23 Aug. 1723. Mesnager, Nicolas, diplomatist, — ft. at Eouen, i665, a May 1658 b — envoy to the Hague, 1707 — to London, 171 1 — assists at Conferences of Utrecht, Jan. 17 12 — ft. at Paris, 15 Jun. 17 14. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mesne Process, Arrest on. [Arrest.] Mesolonghi. [Missolonghi.] Mesomedes, lyric poet, — §., 145. Mesopotamia, — [B C] — conqueredby Thoth- mes III., about 1600 a — becomes part of As- syrian Empire, i55o, b 1405 c — fully subjugated by Assyria, 880 d — conquered by Cyrus, 538 — conquered by Alexander, 333 — forms part of kingdom of Syria, under Seleucus, 323 — conquered from Antiochus V. by Parthians, 160 d — [AD] — conquered by Trajan, and made a Eoman province, 115 — relinquished by Hadrian, 117 — invaded by Artabanus, 217 — entered by Alexander Severus, 232 — occupied by Odenathus, 264 — occupied by Cams, 283 — ceded by Narses to Galerius, 298 — ravaged by Sapor, 338 — invaded by Julian, Apr. 363 — given up by Jovian, 363 — ravaged by Sapor, 338 — [Msibis] — again invaded by Sapor, 359 — [Amida] — conquered by Chosroes, about 606-7 — reconquered by Heraclius, 625 — over- run by Karmathians, soon after 900 — ravaged by Mongols under Houlagou, 1258 — ravaged by Timur, 1394— subjugated by Turks, 1648. a Lenormant. b Clinton. c Ussher. d Rawlinson. Messala, — (1.) Consul with Sabinus, (967, A. u. c.) 214. (2.) Consul with Gratus, (1033,) 280. (3 A Consul with Areobinda, (1259,) 506. Messalina. [Messallina.] Messalinus, — Consul with Largus, (900, a. u. 6.) 147. Messalinus, M. Valerius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, (751, a. tj. c.) MESSALLA— METELLUS CELER. 959 3. [ADj— (2.) Consul with Domitian, (826,) 73- Messalla.CorvinusM.Valerius^ramman^, historian, orator, — [BC] — b., 59, a 70 b — joins senatorian party, 44 — commands under Cassius at Philippi, 42 — joins Antony, 42 — commands an army for Octavius, 36 — serves under hini at Actium, and made Consul with him, (723, a. u. c.) 31 — proconsul in Aquitania, 28-27 — prefect of the city, resigns in 6 days, 17 — 3j., about 3 to [AD] 3. a Euseb. Chron. b Scaliger. Messalla, M. Valerius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with L. Apustius Fullo, (528, a. u. c.) 226. (2.) Consul \?it\i.Q. Livius Salinator, (566,) 188. (3.) Consul with C. Fannius Strabo, (593,) 161. (4.) Consul with 1ST. Pupius Piso, (693,) 61. (5.) Consul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, (701,) 53. (6.) Consul with P. Sulpicius Quirinus, (742,) 12. [AD] — (7.) Consul with M. Aurelius Cotta, (773,) 20. (8.) Consul with. Nero, (811,) 58. Messalla, M.' Valerius Max. Corvinus, — [BC] — Consul with M.' Otacilius Crassus, (491, a. u. c.) 263 — commands in Sicilian campaign, relieves Messana: censor, 252. Messallina, Valeria, — marries Claudius, before 41 — put to death, aut. 48.* a Clinton. Messana. [Messina.] Messapia, — [B C] — Artas aids Demosthenes against Sicily, 413. ^Messenian Wars, — [BC] — First: begins, (01. 9, 2,) 743 a b c — Ithome taken, war con- cluded by Theopompus, king of Sparta, (01. 14, 1,) 724-3,* 725^ Second: begins, 679^ (01. 23, 4,) 685,b (01. 24, 4,) 668/ about (01. 30,) 660 a — Pantaleon, king of Pisa, joins Mes- senians, probably 674-2^ about 680 b — ends, 662, e 657, a 679. b Third: takes place, 49o. e Fourth : revolt of Messenian Helots, (01. 78, 4,) 465 a — battle and siege of Ithome, 464 a — Ithome surrenders, (01. 81, 2,) 455 s — Mes- senians expelled, receive Naupactus from Tol- mides, 455 — restored at Theban invasion, be- ginning 369 — included in general peace, 361. a Muller. b Pausan. c Euseb. d Hieron. e Clinton. f Corsini. Messenius, Johan, historian, — fc. in Sweden, 1584 — prisoner of state in Finland, 1616-35 — if. at Uleo, 7 Feb. 1637. Scandia illustrata, 1710-14. Messier, Charles, astronomer, — b. in Lor- raine, 26 Jun. 1730 — goes to Paris, 1751 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1770 — member of Institute, 1795 — tf. at Paris, 12 Apr. 1 817. Messina, in Sicily, [Messana, Zancle,) — [B C] — taken from Ionians by Anaxilaos and so named, 493 a — taken and destroyed by Car- thaginians, 396 — rebuilt by Dionysius, 396 — subject to Agathocles, about 312 — seized by the Mamertini, 282 — taken possession of by Carthaginians, under Hanno, 264 — by Romans, under App. Claudius, 264 — [AD] — taken by Saracens, about 830 — byManiaces,the Catapan, 1038 — stormed by Roger Guiscard, 1060 — • — Richard I. and crusaders land at, Sep. 1190 —assaulted and captured by him, 4 Oct. 1190 — conquered by Emperor Henry YL, 1194 — threatened by Markwald, 1202 — blockaded by Pisans, 1204 — embarkation of crusaders at, 1217 — Frederick II. holds a court at, 122 1 — sedition at, 1232 — cruelly suppressed by Fred- erick II., 1233 — another court held by him, Jan. 1234 — crusaders at, 1239 — new eastle built, 1240 — siege of, by Charles of Anjou, formed, 16 Jul. 1282 — raised by Pedro of Aragon and Roger de Loria, Sep. 1282 — entry of Pedro, 2 Oct. — unsuccessfully besieged by Robert, Duke of Calabria, 1300 — declares for Matteo Palice, 1353 — submits to Louis, king of Naples, Nov. 1356 — entry of Louis and his queen Joanna, 24 Dec. — recovered by Fred- erick, king of Sicily, soon after : submits to Louis XIV., 1673 — Duquesne defeats Ruyter near, 8 Jan. 1676 — seized by Spaniards, 17 18 — evacuated by them, summer 1720 — ravaged by plague, 1743 — earthquakes at, spring 1783 and May 1792 — devastated by inundation, 1823 — disturbances at, 1 and 2 Sep. 1847 — joins in insurrection of Sicily, 1848 — bombarded by Gen. Filangieri, 2-7 Sep. 1848 — taken, 7 Sep. — state of siege proclaimed, 28 Mar. 1849 — occupied by Garibaldians, 28 Jul. i860 — citadel blockaded by Sardinians, 7 Mar. 1863 — capitulates, 1 2 Mar. — Victor Emmanuel re- ceived at, 11 May 1862. a Muller. Metaphrastes, Symeon, (Magister,)Byzantine historian, — ambassador to Arabs from Leo VI.. 902 — to Arabs in Thessalonica, 904 — if., after 911. Metapontum, in Italy, — [B C] — founded by Achseans and Crissseans, (01. 1, 3,) 774.* a Euseb. Metastasio, (Fietro Buonaventura Trapassi,} poet, — b. at Rome, 3, a 6 b Jan. 1698— settles at Naples, 17 21 — poet-laureate, Vienna, 1729 — tf. there, 12 Apr. 1782. Fidone Abbandonata, 1724 — Olimpiade, Liberia, 1733 — Clemenza di Tito, 1734. a Sismondi. b Biog. Univ. Metaurus,The, — [B C] — Hasdrubal defeated and slain by Consuls Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator, 207. Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Lord,— ft. in Berkshire, 30 Jan. 1785 — cadet in E. India Company's service, 1800 — envoy to Court of Lahore, 1808 — private secretary to Governor- general, 1 8 19 — resident at Court of the Nizam, 1820 — succeeds his brother in Baronetcy, 1822 — member of Supreme Council, 1827 — Pres. Board of Revenue, Jul. 1828 — Deputy-governor of Fort William, Nov. 1830 — Pres. Agra, 1834 — Provisional Governor-general of India, 1835-6 — G.C.B., 1836 — Governor of Jamaica, 1838 — Governor-general of Canada, 1842 — created Baron Metcalfe, 1845 — returns to England, 1845 — fr., 12 Sep. 1846. Metellus Balearicus, Q,. Csecilius, — [BC] — Consul with T. Quincvius Flamininus, (631, a. u. c.) 123 — subjugates Balearic Islands: censor, 120. Metellus Calvus, L. Caacilius,— [B C]— Con- sul with Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, (612, a. u. 0.) 142. Metellus Celer, Q. Caecilius, — [B C]— le.^a- tus to Pompey in Asia, 66 — prsetor, 63— pre- 960 METELLUS CRETICUS— METIUS. vents execution of Rabirius ; proconsul in Cis- alpine Gaul, 62 — Consul with L. Afranius, (694, a. u. c.) 60 — imprisoned for opposing agrarian law of Flavius ; tf., 59. Metellus Creticus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — Consul with Q,. Hortensius, (685, A. u. c.) 69 — proconsul, subjugates Crete, 68-66 — tri- umphs, 62. Metellus Dalmaticus, L. Caecilius,— [BC] — Consul with L. Aurelius Cotta, (635, a. u. c.) 119 — subdues Dalmatians : censor, 115 — living, 100. Metellus Diadematus, L. Caecilius, — [BC] — Comulwitb. Q. Mucius Scaevola, (637, a. u. c.) 117. Metellus, L. Caecilius,— [B C]— Consul with C. Furius Pacilus, (503, a. tj. c.) 251 — defeats Hasdrubal at Panormus ; mag. equit. to A. Atilius Calatinus, 249 — Consul with M. Fabius Buteo, (507,) 247 — Pontif. Max., 243 — blinded on rescuing Palladium from temple of Vesta on fire, 241 — dictator to hold comitia, 224 — tf., before 221. Metellus, L. Caecilius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul with C. Servilius Tacca, (470, a. tj. c.) 284— praetor, in Gaul, defeated by Senones and slain at Arretium, 283. (2.) praetor, 71 — pro- praetor in Sicily, expels pirates, 70 — Consul with Q. Marius Rex, (686,) 68— tf., early in 68. Metellus Macedonicus, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] — serves under iEmilius Paullus in Macedonia, 168 — prsetor, 148 — defeats and takes Andriscus : defeats Critolaos, Achaean strategus, at Scarpheia, 146 — Cousul with Ap. Claudius Pulcher, (611, a. u. c.) 143 — conducts war against Viriathus in Hither Spain, 143-2 — Censor with Q. Pom- peius, (both plebeians, first instance,) 131 — tf., "5- Metellus, M. Caecilius, — [B C] — Consul with M. JEmilius Scaurus, (639, a. u. c.) 115 — proconsul in Sardinia, 114 — suppresses insur- rection: triumphs, 113. Metellus Nepos, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] — lega- tus to Pompey, 67-64 — trib. pleb., from 10 Dec. 63 — attacks Cicero : retires to Pompey, 62 — prsetor, 60 — Consul with P. Corn. Lentulus Spinther, (697, a. u. c.) 57 — proconsul in Hither Spain, 56— tf., 55. Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Junius Silanus, (645, a. tj. c.) 1 09 — defeats Jugurtha on the Merthul : pro- consul, conducts Jugurthinewar,io8 — triumphs, 107 — censor with Metellus Caprarius, 102 — entrapped by Marius, opposes Saturninus' agra- rian law, 100 — retires to Rhodes, 100 — recalled, 99- Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — serves under his father in Jugurthine war, 109-8 — promotes recall of his father, 99 — praetor, commands in Social War, 89-8-7 — goes to Africa, 87— joins Sulla, 83 — defeats Carbo, 82 • — Consul with Sulla, (674, a. u. c.) 80 — pro- consul in Spain, conducts war against Sertorius, 79-71 — tf., about 63. Metellus Pius Scipio, Q. Caecilius, — [B C] • — trib. pleb., 59 — defended by Cicero : made colleague in consulship by Pompey, 1 Aug. 52 — proconsul in Syria, 49 — commands under Pom- pey at Pharsalia, 48 — defeated by Caesar at Thapsus, Apr. 46 — kills himself in flight. ' Metellus, Q. Caecilius, — [BC] — Consul with L. Veturius Philo, (548, a. u. c.) 206. Meteorological Department of Board of Trade, in England, — instituted, about 1861. Meteorological Society, — London, estab- lished, about 1853 — Paris, 1853. Meteren, Emmanuel van, historian, — 6. at Antwerp, 1535 — tf. in England, 8 Apr. 1612. History of the Netherlands, 1597. Metherie, Jean Claude de la, naturalist, fyc.', — 6. in Maconnais, 1743 — Assistant Prof. Natural History, Coll. de France, 1801 — tf., 1 Jul. 1 817. Edits Journal de physique, 1785- 1817. Methodist Episcopal Church, United States, — founded at New York, 1766. Methodist New Connexion, — originates, 1797. Methodists, Calvinistic, — under Whitfield, separate from Wesleyans, about 1752. Welsh, societies of, originated by Howel Harris, about 1736. Methodists, Primitive, — sect of, founded by Hugh Bourne, 18 10. Methodists, Wesleyan, — [Wesley, John]— form a separate society, 1738. Conference, first held, 1744 — formally constituted by Wes- ley's Deed of Declaration, 1784. Methodius, the Confessor, Patriarch or Constantinople, — h., before 800 — envoy to the pope in behalf of deposed patriarch Nice- phorus, 815— imprisoned on his return by Em- peror Michael, 820 — appointed patriarch on deposition of John VII. by Theodora, 12 Feb. 842 — presides at Council of Constantinople and reestablishes image worship, 19 Feb. — tf-, 14 Jun. 846. Methodius, (Patarensis, Eubulius,) Bp op Tyre, — writes against Origen, before 308 — suffers martyrdom at Chalcis in Syria, 312. Methodius, Apostle op the Sclavonians, painter, — procures liberation of Cyrillus in Bulgaria, and converts Bogoris, about 853-862 — with Cyrillus preaches in Moravia, between 862-8 — Abp of Moravia, (Pannonia,) about 868- 70 — cited to Bome by John VIII. for using vulgar tongue in Church services, 879— satisfies the pope and is confirmed in his see, 879 — again cited to Bome, 881 — tf., about 900. Methone, — [B C] — Philip of Macedonia de- feats Argaaus at, before mids. 359. Methuen Treaty, — for regulation of com- merce between England and Portugal, conclud- ed, 6 May 1703 — annulled by supplementary treaty, 1835. Methuselah, — [BC] — £., sum. 3317^ 345i b — birth of Lamech, sum. 3i3o a — tf., aut. 2349.* a Ussher. b Clinton. Methymna, in Zesbos, — [B C] — Aristonicus, tyrant, put to death, 332. Metis, asteroid, — discovered by Graham, 25 Apr. 1848. Metius, (Metzu,) Adrian, mathematician, — ft. at Alkmaar, 157 1 — Prof. Mathematics, Frane- ker, 1598 — tf. there, 1635. Doctrina sphericce lib. V., 1598 — Univ. astronom. institutio, 1606. METIUS— METZ. 961 Metius, Jacob, — invents refracting tele- scope ? about 1608. Metochita, Georgius, theologian, — ft., about 1283. Metochita, Theodorus, theologian,— grand logothete, by Andronicus tbe Elder, 13 14 — exiled by Andronicus tbe Younger, 1328 — rj., 1332. Meton, mathematician, — [BC] — observes solstice of Atbens, invents and applies bis Cycle, about (01. 87, 1,) 432 — living, 415. Metonic Cycle, — [BC] — begins, 27 Jun. 43 2 - Metra, — invented by Mackworth, about 1858. Metric System, of weights and measures,-r- in France, adopted by law of (18 Germinal, an III.) 7 Apr. 1795 — declared exclusively legal, from 1 Jan. 1840. In England, proposed in parliament by Sir Jobn "Wrottesley, 25 Feb. 1824— recommended by Commission of 1838, in Eeport, 21 Dec. 1841 — again proposed by Sir J. Bowring, 1847 — recommended by Committee of House of Commons, 1853 — Commission of Inquiry appointed, 1853 — use of, permitted by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 117, 29 Jul. 1864. In Brazil, adopted, 1862 (to be compulsory from 1872). In United States, permitted by Act of Congress, Jun. 1866. In Austria, introduced, 1867. Metrodoros, Pythagorean philosopher, — [B C] — fl., about 460. Metrodoros, Epicurean philosopher, — [B C] — &., 330— rj., 277. Metrodoros, of Chios, philosopher, physician, — [B C] — £JL, about 330. Metrodoros, of Scepsis, philosopher, $c, — [BC]— Tj., 70. Metronome, — invented by Maelzel, about 1814. Metrophanes, theologian, — Bp of Smyrna, opposes Photius, and is deposed and imprisoned, after 858 — recovers bis see, before 869 — de- posed by Pbotius, 879 — excommunicated, 880. Metropolitan. [Board of Works, Cattle- market, Police.] Metropolitan Kailway, — opened, Jan. 1863. Metropolitans, Ecclesiastical, — establish- ment of, confirmed by Council of Nice, 325. Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von, statesman, — fj. at Cob- lentz, 15 May 1773 — studies at Strasburg, 1788 — visits Holland and England, 1794 — at- tends Congress of Bastadt, 1797— ambassador to Dresden, 1801 — to Berlin, 1803-4 — and to Paris, 1806 — signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 1807 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1809 — conducts Archduchess Maria Louisa to Paris, 1 8 10 — takes part in conferences of Dresden and Prague, 1 812-13 — negotiates Grand Alliance, signed at Toplitz, 9 Sep. 1813 —Prince of the Empire, 18 Oct. — signs Treaty of Paris, 30 May 18 14 — Pres. of Congress of Vienna, 18 14- 15 — signs second Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 1 8 15 — plenipotentiary to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 181 8 — Chancellor of State, 1 821 — attends Congress of Verona, Oct. to Dec. 1822 — resigns office, 13 Mar. 1848 — in Eng- land, 1848 to Nov. 1849— tf. at Vienna, 5 Jun. 1859. Metternich - Winneburg, Franz Georg Joseph Carl von, Prince, statesman,— b. at Coblentz, 9 Mar. 1746 — ambassador to the Netberlands, Jan. 1791-5 — Chevalier of the Golden Fleece, 1795— plenipotentiary to Con- gress of Eastadt, 1797 — Prince of the Empire, 1803 — rj. at Vienna, 11 Aug. 1818. Mettray, in France, — Reformatory of, estab- lished by Demetz, 1839. Mettrie, Julien Offray de la, physician, §c, — b. at St Malo, 25 Dec. 1709 — retires to Leyden, 1746 — goes to Berlin, 1748 — fr. there, 11 Nov. 1 75 1. (Euvres de medecine, 1755 — Histoire naturelle de V Ame, 1745 — If Homme Machine, 1 848 — Politique du Medecin, de Machiavel, 1746, condemned by parliament of Paris to be burnt by the hangman, 9 Jul. 1746 — Oitvrage de Penelope, 1748. Metz, in France, {Bivodurum, Mediomatrici, Metis,) — partly destroyed by troops of Vitellius, 70 — seized by Chrochus, 282 a — destroyed by Attila, 452 — capital of kingdom of Metz or Austrasia, 5 1 1 — included in kingdom of Lor- raine, 843 — pillaged by Hungarians, 953 — capital of Lower Lorraine, 959 a — free Imperial town, 985 b — declares itself independent, 1 153 a —-unsuccessfully besieged by Abp of Treves, King of Bohemia, and Duke of Lorraine, Nov. 1324 — pacification effected by mediation of the Emperor, 1 354 — contribution levied on, by Grand Companies, 1365 — threatened by Duke of Lorraine, 1372 — ravaged by plague, 1390 and 1400 — besieged by Bene of Lorraine and Charles VII. of France, Nov. 1444 to 29 Feb. 1445 — refuses to submit to Louis XL, May 1464 — unsuccessfully attacked by Duke of Lorraine, 9 Apr. 1473 — peace concluded by mediation of Emperor Maximilian, 20 May 1493 — ravaged by plague, 1496, 1508, 15 17, and 15 1 8 — its privileges ratified by Charles V., 15 Feb. 152 1 — conquered by Henry II. of France, Apr. 1552 — besieged by Charles V., 31 Oct. 1552 — defended by Duke of Guise, and siege raised, Jan. 1553 — parliament of, established by Louis XIII., 1633 a — annexed to France by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — head-quarters of Napoleon III., 28 Jul. to 14 Aug. 1870 — in- vested by Germans, Marshal Bazaine besieged in, from 23 Aug. — sortie repulsed, 26 Aug. — Marshal Bazaine defeated by Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, 31 Aug and 1 Sep. — sorties repulsed, 23, 24, and 27 Sep. — great sortie re- pulsed, 6-7 Oct. — capitulates, with army of Bazaine, to Prince Frederick Charles, 27 Oct. — occupied by Germans, 28 Oct. — ceded to Ger- many by Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 1871. Cathedral, commenced, 1014 — completed, 1546. Councils of, Oct. 590 ; 753 — to conclude peace between Charles the Bald, Lothaire, and Louis the German, 28 May 859 — respecting marriage of King Lothaire, Jun. 863— held by Hincmar, for coronation of Charles the Bald, as King of Lorraine, 9 Sep. 869— on discipline, 1 May 888. Treaties of between Charles IV., Duke of Lorraine, and Louis XL for cession of Duchies 61 962 METZ— MEXICO. of Lorraine and Bar, concluded, 6 Feb. 1662° — for cession of forte-ess of Marsal, 31 Aug. l663. c a Encyc. Mod. b Chambers' Encyc. c Univers Pittoresque. Metz, Claude Berbier du, general, — b. in Champagne, 1 Apr. 1638 — enters the army, 1654 — assists at sieges of Tournai, Douai, and Lille, 1667 — commander of artillery in Flan- ders, 1668 — governor of Lille, 1676 — distin- guishes himself at siege of Valenciennes, 1677 — wounded at battle of St Denis, 1679 — go- vernor of Gravelines, 1684 — Lieutenant-ge- neral, 1688 — falls at battle of Fleurus, 1 Jul. 1690. Metz, Conrad Martin, engraver, — b. at Bonn, 1755 — in England, about 1781-1801 — settles at Home, 1801 — tf. there, 1827. Metzger, Johann Daniel, physician, — b. at Strasburg, 1739 — ^ r0 ^ Anatomy, Konigsberg, 1777— tf. there, 1805. Metzu. [Metius.] Metzu, Gabriel, painter, — b. at Leyden, 1615 — living, 1664. a a Nagler. Meulen, Anthony Francis van der, painter, — b. at Brussels, 1634 — member of French Academy of Painting, 1673 — tf. at Paris, 1690. Meung, (Mehun,) Jean de, (Clopinel,) poet, — b. near Orleans, about 1250^ 1280 b — com- pletes the Roman de la Rose, and tf. at Paris, between 1310-22,* about i364. c [ a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. Meunier, Hugues Alexandre Joseph, ge- neral, — b. at Monti ouis, Pyrenees- Orientales, 23 Nov. 1758 — enters the army, 1768 — at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1 79 1 — General of Brigade, serves in Holland, 1793 ■ — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Director of Military School of St Cyr, 1 812-14 — Lieutenant-general, Aug. 1814 — tf. at Poitiers, Feb. 1832. Meursius, John, antiquary, §c, — b. near the Hague, 1579 — Prof. History, Leyden, 1610 — Prof. Greek, 161 1 — Prof. History, Academy of Sora, 1625 — tf. there, 20 Sep. 1639. Glossa- rium Grceco-barbarum, 1614 — Rerum Belgica- rum lib. primus, 161 2 — Opera historica, 1638. Meusel, Johann Georg, bibliographer^ — b. in Franconia, 1743 — studies at Gbttingen, 1764-6 — Prof. History, Erfurt, 1769 — Erlan- gen, 1780 — tf. there, 19 Sep. 1820. Biblio- theca historica, 178271804 — Gelehrte Teutsch- lancl, 1796 — Deutsches Kunstlerlexikon, 1778 ■ — Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Europ. Staaten- historie, 1775. Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie, natural philosopher, — b. at Tours, 19 Jun. 1754 — ad- mitted to Academy of Sciences, about 1784 — General of Division, 1792 — tf. near Cassel, 13 Jun. 1793. Mewa,r, (Oodeypoor,)mHindt(stan, — [Chitor] —kingdom of, founded by Senas, expelled from Guzerat, after 524 — Rajput dominion reestab- lished in, by Hamir Sing, 13 16 — wars of Ahmed and Kutb of Guzerat, against Mokal, about 1425 and 1450 — wars of Mahmud I. of Malwa against Kumbho Sing, 1443-58 — Sangu adds parts of Malwar, head of Rajput princes, after 1519 — war with Mozaffer II. of Guzerat, 1519-20 — defeated at Sikri, by Baber, 16 Mar. 1527 — Rattan Sing, ally of Bahadur, Shah of Guzerat, against Malwa, 153 1 — Bahadur at war with Vicrama jit, Nov. 1534 (1532) — submits to Shir Shah, 1544-5 — conquered by Akber, 1568 — submits to Je- hanghir, 16 13 — ravaged by Mahrattas and Pindarees, 1806-17— treaty with British, 181 8. Mewat, in Hindustan, — insurrection in, put down by Bulbun, (657, a. h.) 1259 — another put down by Bulbun, and forests cleared, (665,) 1266 — reduced by Baber, 1527 — Mirza As- kari governor, 1530. Mexia, (Messie,) Pietro, historian, — b. at Seville, about 1490 — tf., about 1552. Silva de varia lecbion, 1542 — Historia imp>erialy cesarea desde Julio Cesare hasta Maximiliano, 1546. Mexican Expedition, — intervention of France, England, and Spain in affairs of Mexico, agreed to by Convention of 31 Oct. 1 861 — first division of Spanish expedition arrives at Vera Cruz, 7 Dec. — fortress of San Juan de Ulloa taken possession of, 17 Dec. 1862 : British and French squadrons arrive, 6 Jan. — ultimatum of allies sent to Juarez, 14 Jan. — occupation of Tehuacan, Cordova, and Orizaba by allies, agreed to by Generals Prim and Doblado, 19 Feb. — conference of allies at Orizaba, the French refuse to treat with Juarez, English and Spaniards withdraw from expedi- tion, 9 Apr. — declaration of war by France, 1 6 Apr.— defeat of Mexicans, 18 Apr. — French enter Orizaba, 20 Apr. — repulse of French before Puebla, 5 May — Gen. Marquez defeats Mexicans and joins the French, 18 May — Vera Cruz revolts against Juarez and appoints Almonte President, 3 Jun. — French reinforce- ment arrives, 28 Aug. — arrival of Gen. Forey, 25 Sep. — he deprives Almonte and dissolves his government by decree of 2 Oct. — Mexicans driven from Palmar and St Andres, plateau of Anahuac occupied by French, 4 Dec. 1863: bombardment of Acapulco, Jan. — body of negro slaves furnished to Napoleon III. by Viceroy of Egypt for embarkation to, Jan. — investment of Puebla, 23 Mar. — occupa- tion of city of Mexico, 10 Jun. — empire pro- claimed by Council of Notabilities, 10 Jul. [Maximilian, Emperor op Mexico] — blockade of coasts of Gulf by French, Oct. — raised, by decree of Maximilian, 29 Jul. 1 864 — defeat of Mexicans by French near Dura n go and Matamoros occupied, close of Sep. 1864 — Mazatlan occupied, 13 Nov. 1864 — sur- render of Oajaca to Marshal Bazaine, 9 Feb. 1 865 — Papal envoy recalled by Pius IX., 2 Jun. 1865 — republic declared to be ended by national will, 2 Oct. 1865 — intention of Napoleon to withdraw, announced, 5 Apr. 1866 — defeat of Liberals by Imperialists, before Acapulco, 22 Jul. 1866 — evacuation of Mon- terey by French, 25 Jul. 1866 — unsuccessful mission of Empress Charlotte to Napoleon III., Aug. 1866 — mission of Gen. Castelnauto, Oct. 1866 — evacuation of country by French, complete, 16 Mar. 1867. Mexico,— settlement of Aztees in, 1160 — forms a kingdom 1352 — discovered by Fran- MEXICO— MICHAEL I. 9 6 3 cisco Hernandez Cordova, 15 17 — coast further explored by Grijalva, 15 18 — conquest of, by Hernan Cortez, 15 19-21 — [Montezuma] — forms part of New Spain, under government of viceroys, 1540 — insurrection headed by Hidalgo y Castilla, against Spanish govern- ment, 1 8 10 — Junta formed by Morelos, 1811 — National Assembly constituted, declaration of Independence, 1 3 Nov. 1 8 1 3 — insurrection suppressed by Viceroy Venegas, and Morelos shot, Nov. 1 8 15 — unsuccessful attempt of Don Xavier Mina to renew insurrection, 18 17 — proposal of Iturbide for independence of, issued, 24 Feb. 1821 — empire, under Iturbide, May 1822 — Inquisition abolished, 1822 — federal republic, Mar. 1823 — [Santa Anna] — revolt of Texas, 1835 — war with France, 1838— war with United States, 1845 — peace concluded, with loss of Texas, California, Utah, and New Mexico, Feb. 1848 — new constitu- tion under Santa Anna adopted, 7 Feb. 1853 — convention between England, France, and Spain for combined intervention, signed in London, 31 Oct. 1861 — [Mexican Expedition] — empire under Maximilian, 1 863 — restoration of republic under Juarez, 1867. Mexico, city, (Tenochtitlan,) founded by Aztecs, 1325 — besieged and taken by Cortez, 152 1 — the great canal, {Besague of Huehuetoca,) commenced, 1607 — bombarded by Americans under Gen. Scott, 14-15 Sep. 1847 — taken by him, 16 Sep. — evacuated by Mexican garrison, 30 May 1863 — occupied by French, 10 Jun. — entered by Maximilian, Jun. 1864 — siege of, by Juarists, formed, 12 Apr. 1867— taken, 20 Jun. — reentered by Juarez, 16 Jul. University of, founded, 155 1. Meyer, Conrad, painter, engraver, — ft. at Zurich, 1618 — tf. there, 1689. Meyer, Felix, painter, — b. at Winterthur, Switzerland, 1653 — tf. at Widen, near Husen, i7!3- Meyer, Jacob, {Baliolanus,) historian, — b. in Flanders, 149 1 — tf. there, 1552. Flandri- carum rerum decas, 15 31 — Chronicon Flandrice, 1538. Meyer, Johann Heinrich, painter, writer on art, — b. in Zurich, 16 Mar. 1759 — meets Goethe at Rome, 1786 — settles at Weimar, 1797 — Director of Academy of Fine Arts, 1807 ■ — tf. at Jena, 14 Oct. 1832. Edits Works of Winckelmann, 1808-20 — Geschichte der bilden- den Kvnste bei den Griechen, 1824 — Geschichte der bildenden Kilnste bei den Griechen und R6- mern, 1836. Meyer, Jonas Daniel, jurist, — b. at Arnheim, 1780 — secretary of Commission charged to prepare fundamental law of the Netherlands, 1815— tf. at Amsterdam, 6 Dec. 1834. Esprit, origine, et pr ogres des institutions judiciaires des principaux pays deV Europe, 181 8. Meyerbeer, Jacob, {Giacomo,) musical com- poser, — b. at Berlin, 5 Sep. 1794 — tf. at Paris, 1 May 1864 — buried at Berlin, 9 May. Fills dc Jephte, 1 8 14 — Crociato in Fgitto, 1824 — Robert le Eiable, 1831 — Huguenots, 1833 — Frophete, 1849 — Etoile du Nord, 1854 — J)i- norah, 1859 — Africaine, 1865. Meynier, Charles, painter, — b. at Paris, 24 Nov. 1759 — obtains grand prize of the Aca- demy, 1789 — studies at Rome, 1789-93 — mem- ber of Academy of Fine Arts, 18 15 — Prof, at Royal Schools, 1 818— member of Legion of Honour, 1822 — tf., 6 Sep. 1832. Meyr, Melchior, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Nordlingen, 28 Jun. 18 10 — goes to Ber- lin, 1840 — returns to Munich, 1852 — tf., 22 Apr. 187 1. Die poetischen Richtungen unserer Zeit, 1838 — Erzdhlungen aus dem Ries, 1856 and i860 — Gott und sein Reich, i860 — Novellen, 1863 — Emilie, 1863 — Gesprdche mit einem Grobian, 1866. Meyrick, Sir Samuel Rush, antiquary, — b. in London, 26 Aug. 1783 — F.S.A., 1810 — K.H., 1832 — tf. at Goodrich Court, 2 Apr. 1848. Costume of original Inhabitants of the British Islands, 18 14 — Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour, 1824 — takes part in Fos- broke's Encyclopedia of Antiquities, 1823-5 — Lewis Ewnn's Heraldic Visitation of Wales, 1846. Meyrick Collection, of Armour, §c„ — formed by Sir S. R. Meyrick, and exhibited at Good- rich Court, Herefordshire, before 1830 — lent for exhibition at S. Kensington Museum, Dec. 1868. Meyssens, Cornelisz, engraver, — b. at Ant- werp, 1646 — tf., 1672.* Effigies imperatorum domus Austriacm, 1662. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Meyssens, Jan, painter, engraver, — b. at Brussels, 1612 — tf-, about 1672. a a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mezerai, Francois Eudes de, historian, — b. near Argenteau, 16 10 — admitted to French Academy, about 1646 — tf., 10 Jul. 1683. FListoire de France, 1643-51 — Abre'ge chrono- logique de Vhistoire de France, 1668. Mezieres, {in the Ardennes,) in France, founded, 847 — besieged and taken by Count de Bethel, 940 — by Abp of Rheims, 977 — be- sieged by Count of Nassau, and successfully defended by Bayard, 152 1 — bombarded, and occupied by Prussians, 1815. Mezzofanti, Giuseppe Caspare, Cardinal, Librarian of the Vatican, linguist,— b. at Bologna, 17 Sep. 1774 — priest, Prof. Arabic, 1797 — Prof. Oriental Languages, keeper of Pub- lic library, 1803 — Assistant Librarian to the Univ., 1 8 1 2— restored to the Professorship, 1 814 — Chief Librarian, 1815— settles at Rome, 1831 — Librarian of the Vatican, 1833 — Cardinal, 13 Feb. 1838— tf. at Rome, 15 Mar. 1849. Mezzotinto, method of engraving, — invented and practised by Von Siegen, as early as 1642 — practised by Prince Rupert, 1658— by Sir Christopher Wren, 1662. Micah, Jewish prophet— [B C] — prophesies, 759-699. a a Ussher. Micali, Giuseppe, arclmologist,—b. at Leg- horn, about 1770 — ti. at Florence, 28 Mar. 1 844. E Italia avanti il dominio dei Romani, 1 8 IO — Storia degli antiehi Popoli Italiani, 1832 — Monumenti antiehi, 1 844. Michael I., Rhangabe, Emperor of the East, (81 1-8 13.) — master of the palace to Stau- racius, before 811 — deposes and succeeds him, 61 * 9 6 4 MICHAEL II.— MICHAELIS. 2 Oct. 8n — carries on war with Crum of Bul- garia, 812-13 — deposed by Leo the Armenian, 10 Jul. 813 — becomes a monk, and tf. about 845- Michael II., the Stammerer, Emperor of the East, (820-829,) — created patrician by Leo the Armenian, 8 1 3 — conspires against him and is sentenced to be burnt alive, Dec. 820 — made Emperor, 25 Dec. 820 — persecutes Catholics, 821 — besieged in Constantinople by Thomas, 821-3 — defeats him, spring 823 — puts him to death, Oct. 823 — loses Crete to the Saracens, 824 — loses Sicily, 827 — tf., 1 Oct. 829. Michael III., the Drunkard, Emperor or the East, (842-867,)—!)., 836 P-839? — suc- ceeds his father, Theophilus, under Regency of Theodora, 20 Jan. 842 — instigated by Bardas, imprisons Theodora, 857 — leaves government to Bardas : war with Arabs, 858-862 — gets Bardas assassinated, 21 .Apr. 866 — associates in the empire Basilius the Macedonian, 26 May 866 — assassinated by Basilius, 24 Sep. 867. Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, Emperor op the East, (1034-41,) — marries Zoe, assas- sinates and succeeds Bomanus III., 11 Apr. 1034 — Arabs defeated at Edessa, 1037 — war with Arabs in Sicily, 1039-40 — war with Bul- garians, 1040- 1 — abdicates, and tf. a monk, 10 Dec. 1 041. Michael V., (Calaphates,) Emperor of the East, — crowned Emperor by Zoe, 14 Dec. 1041 — banishes Zoe, but is deposed and banished, 21 Apr. 1042. Michael VI., (Stratioticus,) Emperor of the East,— succeeds Theodora, 22 Aug. 1056 — deposed by Isaac Comnenus, 31 Aug. 1057. Michael VII., (Ducas, Parapinaces,) Em- peror of the East, (1071-78,) — with his mother, Eudocia, and his brothers, Andronicus and Constantine XI., succeeds his father, Ducas, May 1067 — Romanus IV. Joint-em- peror, Jan. 1068 — declared sole Emperor by his uncle, the Caesar Ducas, Aug. 107 1 — war with Seljuks, 1072 — with Bulgarians, 1074 — abdicates in favour of Botoniates, 25 Mar. 1078 — made Abp of Ephesus. Michael VIII., (Palceologus,) Emperor of the East, (1260-82,) — h., 1234 — accused of treason, refuses the ordeal, 1251a — governor of Nicsea, 1255 — escapes to Iconium, 1256 — Begent for John Lascaris, by soldiers, 1258 — makes himself despot, Aug. 1259— proclaimed Emperor at Magnesia, 1 Jan., a 1 Dec. b 1259— crowned at Nicsea, 1 Jan. 1260 c — visits Thrace, and strengthens fortifications, 1260 — unsuc- cessfully attacks Constantinople, 1260 — Con- stantinople recovered from Latins by Alexius Strategopulus, 25 Jul. 1261 — reenters the city, 14, 15 a Aug. 1 26 1 — again crowned by patriarch Arsenius, 1261 — concludes treaty with Genoa, 1 26 1 — blinds and banishes his colleague, 25 Dec. 1 26 1 — excommunicated by patriarch Ar- senius, 1262 — makes peace with Villeharduin, 1263— with Michael, despot of Epirus, 1264 — concludes treaty with Venice against Genoa, 1265 a — receives absolution from patriarch Joseph, Dec. 1266 — carries on war with Charles of Sicily, and with John, despot of Thessaly, 1269 — signs Act of Union of Eastern and West- ern Churches, Apr. 1277 — excommunicated by Thessalian Synod, 1277 — persecutes Greeks, 1277 — instigates revolt of Sicily, 1280 — ex- communicated by Pope Martin IV., 18 Nov. 1281 — tf. in Thrace, n Dec. 1282. a Finlay. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Gibbon. Michael IX., Emperor of the East, — b., 1277 — crowned Emperor by his father, Andro- nicus II., 21 May 1294^ 1295 bc — commands army in Asia, 1301 — defeated by Catalans at Apros, 1307 — defeated by Khalil, 131 1 — tf., 12 Oct. 1320. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Gibbon. c Finlay. Michael. [Russia, Grand Dtjkes of.] Michael, King of Poland, — h., 1638 — elected to succeed John Casimir, 19 Jun. 1669 — assembles an army on the Vistula, 1672 — besieged by Turks in Lublin, concludes treaty with the Porte, gives up Podolia and the Ukraine and becomes tributary, 1672 — treaty annulled by Diet of "Warsaw, 1673 — tf., n Nov. 1673. Michael I., Cerularius, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — succeeds Alexius, 25 Mar. 1 043 — assumes title of Universal Patriarch; de- clares against doctrines and ceremonies of Western Church, 1053 — refuses to receive legates of Pope Leo IX., 1054 — excommu- nicated by them, 16 Jul. 1054 — excommu- nicates the legates, 1054 — deprived and ban- ished by Isaac Comnenus, 8 Nov. 1059. Michael Angelo. [Buonarroti.] Michael Apostolus, — settles in Italy, about 1440— tf., after 1457. Michael Romanoff, Czar of Russia, — fc., about 1598 — elected after interregnum of three years, Eeb. 16 13 — crowned, Apr. 161 3 — con- cludes peace with Sweden, 26 Jan. 1616 — con- cludes truce of 14 years with Poland, 161 8 — unsuccessfully besieges Smolensko, 1632 — capitulates to Uladislaus of Poland, 1634 — tf., Jul. 1645. Michael, St, Order of, in Trance, — instituted by Louis XI., 1469 — reorganized by Louis XIV., 1661. Michael, St, Order of the Wing of, in Portugal, — instituted by King Alfonso, 1172. Michaelis, Johann Benjamin, poet, — fc. at Zittau, 31 Dec. 1746 — studies at Leipsic, 1760 — tf. at Halberstadt, 30 Sep. 1772. Poetische TFerke, 1780. Michaelis, Johann David, orientalist, theo- logian, — ft. at Halle, 27 Eeb. 17 17 — studies at the Univ., 1733-40 — visits England, 1740 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Literature, 1745-91 — Secretary and Director of Royal Society of Sciences, 1751-70 — Librarian and Director of Philological Seminary, 1761 — Knt of the Polar Star, 1775 — Aulic-Councillor of Hanover, 1786 — F.R.S. London, 1789 — tf-, 22 Aug. 1 79 1. Mosaisches Pecht, 1770-5 — Moral, 1792-1823 — TJeber den Einfluss der Sprachen auf die Meinungen der ILenschen, 1762 — Compendium theologice dogmaticce, 1760. Michaelis, Johann Heinrich, orientalist, — h. at Klettenberg, 1668 — studies at Leipsic, 1686 — Prof. Greek, Frankfort, 1699 — Inspector MICHAELMAS— MICROSCOPE. 9 6 5 of Univ. Library, Halle, 1707 — Tj. at Halle, 18 Mar. 1738. Biblia Hebraica, 1720. Michaelmas, Feast of St Michael, — estab- lished in England, 48 7. a a Brady. Michael's, St, one of the Azores,— discovered by Cabral, 1444 — settled by Portuguese, 1445. Michailowski - Danilewski, Alexander Ivanovich, historian, — ft., 1790 — at Congress of Vienna, 1814-15 — of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 — serves against Turks, 1829 — Lieutenant- general, 1835 — member of Council of War, 1839 — rj. at St Petersburg, 1848. Narrative of Turkish War under the government of Em- peror Alexander, 1806-12, 1843 — Memorials of campaign of 1812-13, 1834. Michallon, Achille Etna, painter, — ft. at Paris, 1796 — obtains grand prize at the Acade- my, 1 8 17 — tr. at Paris, Sep. 1822. 'Michaud, Claude Ignace Franc_ois,BAnoN he, general, — ft. at Chaux-Neuve, (Doubs,) 175 1 — General of Division, 1793 — serves in Holland, 1794 — distinguishes himself at passage of the Adige and the Mincio, 1801 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Commander-in-chief in Holland, 1805 — governor of Hanse Towns, 1806-13 — assists at siege of Dantzic, 1807 — Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — ft., Sep. 1835. Michaud, Joseph Francois, historian, §c— ft. in Savoy, 19 Jim. 1767 — goes to Paris, 1 79 1 — exiled, 1797-9 — admitted to French Academy, 18 13 — reader to the king, 1814-27 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — visits the East, 1829 — tr. at Passy, 30 Sep. 1839. FListoire des Croisades, 181 1-22 — Corre- spondence de V Orient, 1833-36 — with Poujoulat, Ffouvelle Collection de memoires relatifs a I'his- toire de France, 1836-44 — Le printemps d'un proscrit, 1803. Michaud, Louis Gabriel, litterateur, — ft., 19 Jan. i773, a 1772 b — printer to the king, May 1 8 14 — rj. at Ternes near Paris, 8 Mar. 1858. Edits Biographic Universelle, 1810-28. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Michault, Jean Bernard, philologist, — fj. at Dijon, 1707 — rj. there, 1770. Melanges his- toriques et philologiques, 1754. Michault, Pierre, poet,— is., about 1467. Doctrinal da Temps present, 1466 ? Michaux, Andre, botanist, — fj. near Ver- sailles, 1746 — travels in North America, 1785- 96 — Is. in Madagascar, Nov. 1802. FListoire des chenes de f Amerique Septentrionale, 1801 — Flora Boreali- Americana, 1802. Michaux, Francois Andre, botanist,— h. at Versailles, 1770 — correspondent of Academy of Sciences, 1816. FListoire des Arbres forestiers de V Amerique Septentrionale, 18 10-13. Michel de la Roche-Maillet, Gabriel, — ft. at Angers, 1561 — Is., 1642 — Le Code Henri III., 1622 — Coutumes generates et particulieres de France et des Gaules, 1640. Micheli, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Ordelaf Faledro, 1 1 1 7 — conducts fleet to Palestine, and defeats fleet of the Sultan off Jaffa, 1 1 23 — with crusaders, besieges and takes Tyre, 11 24 — ravages Archipelago, n 25 — if. at Venice, 11 30. Micheli, Vitale I., Doge of Venice, — succeeds Vitale Faledro, 1096 — Is., 1102. Micheli, Vitale II., Doge of Venice, — succeeds Domenico Morosini, 1156 — makes peace with Pisa, 1156 — defeats and captures Llric, patriarch of Aquileia, 1163 — recovers Zara from Hungarians, 1171 — carries on war with Emperor Manuel, Sep. 1171 — recovers Trau and Bagusa, besieges Negropont, 1171-2 — takes Scio and winters there, 1 172-3 — wounded in tumult at Venice, Is., 27 May 117 3. Micheli, Pietro Antonio, botanist, — ft. at Florence, 11 Dec. 1679 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1737. Nova plantarum genera juxta methodum Tour- nefortii disposita, 1729 — Catalogus plantarum horti Ccesarei Florentini, 1748. Michelozzi, Michelozzo di, sculptor, archi- tect, — ft. at Florence, 1396 a — follows Cosmo de' Medici into exile, 1433 — returns to Florence, 1434 — is., 1478^ between i464-72. b a Perkins. b Nagler. Michiei, Giustina Renier, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Venice, 15 Oct. 1755 — tf. at Venice, 7 Apr. 1832. Translations of Othello and Macbeth, 1798 — of Coriolanus, 1800 — Feste Veneziane, 1817-27. Michigan, one of the United States, — settled by French, 1670 — conquered by British, 1763 — given up to Americans, 1796 — made a Terri- tory, 1805 — State of the Union, 1836 — great forest-fires in, Oct. 187 1. Michigan, Lake, — Aqueduct under, for supply of Chicago, completed, 1866. Michovius, Matthias, chronicler, — tf. canon of Cracow, 1523. Chronica ab ortu Folonorum usque ad annum 1504, 1521. Micipsa, King of Numidia, — [BC] — am- bassador from his father Masinissato Carthage. 150 — obtains third of his father's kingdom, by Scipio, 148— sole sovereign, soon after: aid's Eomans against Viriathus and Numantia, be- tween 148-133 — Is., 118. Mickiewicz, Adam, poet, — ft. at Novogrodek, Lithuania, 1798 — studies at Wilna, 1815 — banished, 1824 — Prof. Slavonic Literature and Languages, Coll. of France, 1840 — dismissed, 1844 — rj. at Constantinople, 27 Nov. 1855. Foems, 1822 — Konrad de Wallenrod, 1828. Mickle, William, ( William Julius,) trans- lator, — ft. in Scotland, 1734 — tJ. in Oxford- shire, 1789. Translation of The Fusiad, 1775. Micon, painter, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about 460. Micon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 94, 3,) 402. Micrometer, — invented by Gascoigne, 1640 — reinvented by Auzout and Picard, 1666 — Circular, suggested by Boscovich, 1740 — used by Lacaille, 1742 — revived by Olbers, 1798 — Double image, suggested by Koerner, about 1678 — brought into use by Bouguer, about 1748 — improved by Dollond, 1753 — Dioptric, invented by Bamsden, 1777 — Frismatic, by Maskelyne, 1776. Microscope, compound, — invented by Jansen, probably after 1590 a — Solar, invented by Lie- berkiihn, 1738 — Application of photography to the, 1852. a Humboldt. 9 66 MICROSCOPICAL CLUB— MILAN. Microscopical Club, Quekett, London, — established, 1865. Microscopical Society, of London, — in- stituted, 1839. Microscopical Society, Old-Change, '-Eon^ow, — established, 1864. Middelburg, in Holland, — fortified, n 32 — taken from Spaniards by Dutch, after siege of 22 months, 1574 — ceded to France, 1795. Town-hall, founded, 1468. Middlesex, Earl or. [Dorset, Charles Sackville, Earl of.] Middlesex Election. [Wilkes, John.] Middleton, Conyers, theologian, — h. in York- shire, 1683— enters Trim Coll. Cambridge, 1700— Fellow of Trim Coll., 1706 — M.A., 1707 — D.D., 17 17 — principal Librarian to the Univ., about 1722 — visits Bome, 1724 — "Wood- wardian Prof. Mineralogy, 17 3 1-4 — tf. at Hil- dersham, 28 Jul. 1750. Letter from Rome, 1729 — History of Life of 31. Tullius Cicero, 1741 — Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Towers supposed to have subsisted in the Christian Church, 1749. Middleton, Sir Hugh. [Myddelton.] Middleton, Thomas, dramatist, — Chronolo- ger to city of London, 1620. A Mad World, my Masters, 1608 — Roaring Girl, 161 1 — with Eowley, Fair Quarrel, 16 17 — with Eowley, Spanish Gipsy, 1653. Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw, Bp of Cal- cutta, — ft. in Derbyshire, 26 Jan. 1769 — B.A. Cambridge, 1792 — D.D., 1808— pre- bendary of Lincoln, 1809 — Archdeacon of Huntingdon, 18 12 — Bp of Calcutta, May 18 14 ■ — tf. there, 8 Jul. 1822. Doctrine of the Greek Article, 1808 Midianites, — [B C] — engaged in traffic with Egypt, Joseph bought as a slave, spring 1728 a — defeated by Israelites under Moses, 145 1 a — harass Israelites, 1252-45 — defeated by Gideon, 1245. a TJssher. Midnapore, in Hindustan, — territory of, ceded to E. India Company by Cossim Ali Khan, Nawab of Bengal, 1760. Miecislas. [Poland, Dukes of.] Miel, Jan, {Giovanni Lello Vite,) painter, — b. in Flanders, 1599 — received at Academy of St Luke, Eome, 1648 a — tf. at Turin, i664, a 1656, 13 1644. a Nagler. b Passeri. c Baldinucci and Lanzi. Mierevelt, (Mirevelt,) Michiel Jansz, paint- er, — ft. at Delft, 1568— tf. there, 1641. Mieris, Frans van, (the Elder,) painter, — b. at Leyden, a Delft, b 1635 — tf. at Leyden, 12 Mar. 168 1. a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. Mieris, Frans van, (the Younger,) histo- rian, ($■/?., — b. at Leyden, 24 Dec. 1689—0". there, 22 Oct. 1763,3 1762. b Historie der Nederlandschen Vorsten, 1732-5 — Groot Char- terboek der Graven van Holland, Qc., 1753-6. a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. Mieris, Willem van, painter, — b. at Leyden, 1662, H 1660 b — tf. there, 24 Jan. 1747. a Nagler. b Conv.-Lex. Migliara, Giovanni, .palter, — b. at Alessan- dria, 15 Oct. 1785— tf. at Milan, 18 Apr. 1837. Mignard, Nicolas, painter,— -ft. at Troyes, about 1608 — Prof, at Academy of Painting, Jun. 1664 — tf. at Paris, 20 Mar. 1668. Mignard, Pierre, -painter, — b. at Troyes, Nov. 1610 — resides at Eome, 1636-58 — en- nobled by Louis XIV., 1685 — first painter to the king, 1690 — director of Academy of Paint- ing, Mar. 1690 — tf- at Paris, 31 May 1695. Mignon, (Minjon,) Abraham, painter, — h. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, about 1640 — tf. at Wetzlar, 1679. Mignonette, — introduced in England, 1752. Miguel, Dom Maria Evarist, Eing of Por- tugal, — b. at Lisbon, 26 Oct. 1802 — taken with the Boyal Family to Brazil, 1808 — returns to Portugal, 1 8 19 — rebels against his father, John VI., 1822 — again, 1823 — drives his father from Lisbon, and is banished with his mother, Charlotte, 1824 — on death of his father assumes Eoyal title, 4 Jul. 1826 — appointed Regent by Don Pedro for his daughter, Dona Maria da Gloria, on condition of marrying her, 3 Jul. 1827 — arrives at Lisbon, Feb. 1828 — assembles the Cortes, gets himself declared Eing, 25 Jun. 1828 — refuses to marry Doha Maria: his fleet destroyed by Admiral Napier, in service of Don Pedro, Jul. 1833 — driven from Lisbon, Aug. — capitulates at Evora, 26 May 1834 — and quits Portugal : tf. at Brombach, in Baden, 14 Nov. 1866. Mikythos, — [B C] — Eegent for sons of Anaxilas, tyrant of Bhegium, 476 — defeated by Iapygians, 473 — founds Pyxus (Buxentum) colony, 47 1 — resigns his regency and goes to Tegea, 467. Milan, (Mediolammi,) Duchy of Milan, in Ltaly, — [BC] — capital of the Insubres, con- quered by Eomans under M. Marcellus and C. Corn. Scipio, 221— [AD] — taken by Aureolus, who is proclaimed Emperor, (1020, a. u. c.) 267 — besieged by Gallienus, and surrenders to Claudius, (1021,) Mar. 268— made seat of go- vernment and fortified by Maximian, 286-90 — conference of Diocletian and Maximian at, (1044,) winter of 290-1 — conference of Con- stantine and Licinius at, (1066,) 313 — Con- stantius holds his court at, (1107,) winter 354-5 — tumults occasioned by Abp Ambrose re- fusing a church for Arian worship of Empress Justina, Apr. 385 a — captured by Attila, 452 — occupied by Theodoric, Sep. 489 — instigated by its Bp, Datius, revolts against Justinian, and submits to Belisarius, 537 — besieged, taken, and partly destroyed by Goths and Burgundians, winter538-9 — taken by Lombards under Alboin, 3 Sep. 569 b — conquered by Charles the Great, 774 — incorporated in the Empire, 800 — offers crown of Lombardy to Eobert of France, and Eobert, Duke of Aquitaine, 1024 — rebels under Abp Heribert, 1036 — besieged by Emperor Conrad, 1037-8 — insurrection at, the nobles expelled by Lanzone, 1041 — coron- ation of Conrad, son of Henry IV., at, 1093 — carries on war with Lodi and Pavia, 11 07 -n — begins siege of Como, 11 18 — receives capitu- lation of Como, 1 128 — refuses to restore its privileges to l.odi, 1153 — territory of, invaded by Frederick Barbarossa, 1153 — recovers Cor- tona from him, 1155 — taken by Frederick Bar- MILAN— MILDMAY. 967 barossa, 8 Sep. 1158 c — its government by con- suls abolished and a podestat appointed, 1159 — drives away Imperial commissioners, 1159 — blockaded by Frederick, Sep. 1161 — submits, 1 Mar. 1 162 — demolished by him, 26 Mar. 1162 — rebuilt, J167 — citizens of, defeat Frederick at Como, 29 May 1176 — its independence re- newed and confirmed by Treaty of Constance, 1 183 — supports Otto IV. against Innocent III., 1 2 10 — laid under interdict, 12 15 — refuses to crown Frederick II., 1220 — renews Lombard League, 1226 — furnishes troops to Gregory IX., 1229 — unsuccessful negotiations for peace, 1236 — battle of Cortenuova, 1237- — forms alliance with Aragon, 1238 — unsuccessfully attacked by Frederick II., 1239 — joins in attack on Ferrara, 1240 — heretics burnt at, 1 241 — its troops under Montelongo defeated by Pa- vians, 1241 — receives DonFadrique, onhis flight from Imperial Court, 1245 — attacked by Fred- erick and Enzio, Nov. 1245 — aids Parma, 1247 — expulsion of Abp Leone Perego and nobles, go- vernment assumed by Martino della Torre, 1257 — joins league against Eccelino, Jun. 1259 — threatened by Eccelino, Sep. 1259 — lordship of, conferred on Marquis Oberto Pallavicino, 1259 — refuses to receive Ottone Visconti as Abp, and is placed under interdict by Clement IV., 1263 — Filippo della Torre succeeds on death of his brother Martino, Dec. 1263 — Napoleone della Torre proclaimed signior, Aug. 1265. — negotiates with Clement IV. for removal of interdict, 1268 — visited by Gregory X., Nov. 1268— defeat of the Torriani by Abp Ottone, 21 Jan. 1276— when he is received as Abp and temporal sovereign — Matteo Visconti (nephew) succeeds, Aug. 1295 — visit of Em- peror Henry VII., Dec. 1310 — his coronation at, 6 Jan. 131 1 — Galeazzo Visconti, (son,) Jun. 1322 — coronation of Emperor Louis of Bavaria at, 31 May 1327 — Azzone, (son,) Aug. 1328 — Luchino, (uncle,) May 1339 — Giovanni, (brother,) Jan. 1349 — laid under interdict by Clement VI., 1350-2— Matteo II., Bernabo, and Galeazzo II., (nephews,) Oct. 1354 — Matteo &., Sep. 1355 — Galeazzo II. "b., Aug. 1378 — Bernabo with Giovanni Galeazzo, (son of Galeazzo,) Aug. 1378 — Bernabo ft., 1385 — erected into a Duchy for Giovanni Galeazzo by Wenceslaus, 1 May 1395 — Giovanni Maria, (son,) Sep. 1402 — Filippo Maria, (brother,) May 141 2 — on his death, 1447, the succession disputed : ducal dignity abolished and repub- lic established, 1447 — Francesco Sforza ap- pointed commander of the army, 1447 — the city taken by him, Mar. 1450 — and he is pro- claimed Duke : Galeazzo Maria ( son) succeeds, Mar. 1466— Giovanni Galeazzo Maria, (son,) Dec. 1476 — Ludovico Maria, (uncle,) Oct. 1494— claimed by Louis XII. of France, 1498 — conquest of, by him, 1499 — investiture con- ferred on him by Maximilian I., 5 Apr. 1505 — again, 1508 — recovered by Maximilian Sforza, who enters the city, 15 Dec. 1512 — conquered by Francis I. of France, Sep. 1515 — cession of, by Maximilian, Oct. 15 15— recovered by Pope Leo X. and Charles V. for Francesco Maria Sforza, (son of Ludovico,) Nov. 1521 — rebccu- pied by Francis I., 1524— occupied by Impe- rialists, Feb. 1525 — league formed between the pope, king of France, and Venetians, to restore Duke, May 1526 — on death of Francisco, Charles V. seizes the Duchy as fief of Empire, Oct. 1535 — given by him to his son Philip, 11 Oct. 1540 — annexed to Crown of Spain, by ac- cession of Philip II., 1556 — taken possession of, by Emperor Joseph L, 1706 — confirmed to Charles VI. by Treaty of Baden, 17 n — con- quered by Charles Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, Dec. 1733 to Feb.. 1734 — partly ceded to him, partly restored to Emperor,by Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 1735— conquered by allied French and Spaniards, Dec. 1 745 — restored to Emperor by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — occupied by Napoleon I., May 1796 — ceded to France by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — capital of Cisalpine Republic, 1797 — taken by Suwarof, 1799 — recovered by Napoleon, 2 Jun. 1800 — ■ capital of kingdom of Italy, 1 805 — restored to Austria and made capital of Lombardo- Vene- tian kingdom, 1814— successful insurrection at, 1 8 Mar. 1 848 — Field-marshal Eadetzky defeats Sardinians near, 4 Aug. 1848 — capitulates to him, 6 Aug. 1848 — fortifications strengthened, 1850 — revolt suppressed, 6 Feb. 1853 — evacu- ated by Austrians and entered by Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia^ Jun. 1859 — • reception of Victor Emmanuel as king of Italy at, i860. Cathedral, commenced by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, 1385. Arco della Pace, built by Cagnola, 1807-37. Circo, built by the French, 1806. Teatro della Scala, built by Piermarini, 1778. Councils of, held by Catho- lics in favour of Nicaaan Creed, 346,° 344 d — ■ against Photinus, Bp of Sirmich, and Arianism, 347 , c 346 d — held by Arians before Emperor Constans, for condemnation of Athanasius, 355 — held by Abp Ambrose respecting Virgin In- dicia, about 380 — against Jovinian and Ithacus, about Apr. 390; 451; 679 — held by Abp Ar- nulph, against Olderic, appointed Bp of Asti by Henry II., 1009; 1103 — for reformation of manners, Feb. 11 17 — against heretics, 12 Sep. 1287. Edict of, in favour of Christians, pub- lished by Constantine, Mar. 313. Capitulation of, alliance of the Grisons with Philip IV. of Spain, signed, 1639. Decree, for enforcement of Continental System, issued by Napoleon, Dec. 1807. a Gibbon. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Mansi. Milazzo. [Melazzo.] Milbert, Jacques Gerard, traveller, natural- ist, — b. at Paris, 18 Nov. 1766 — Prof. Design, at the School of Mines, 1795 — visits North America, 18 15 — member of Legion of Honour, 1830 — ft. at Paris, 5 Jun. 1840. Voyage pit- tor esque d Vile de France, 18 12 — Itineraire pittoresque dufleuve Hudson, 1827-9. Mildmay, Sir Henry, — officer in army of the Parliament, 1648— in action against De Witt, 1652 — degraded as a regicide, his estates con- fiscated, and himself committed to the Tower for life, by Act 13 Car. II. c. 15, 166 1. Mildmay, Sir Walter, statesman, — M.P. Maldon, 1552 — M.P. Northamptonshire, 1557 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1566 — accom- 9<58 MILESIAN WAR— MILLENIUM. parries Cecil to treat with Mary, Queen of Scots, 1582 — founds Emmanuel Coll. 1584 — ts. in London, 3r May 1589 Milesian War. [Miletus.] Milestones, — [B C] — erected in Gaul, before 1 30 — erected along great Roman road by C. Gracchus, 123 — central one erected at Rome by Augustus, between 3T and [AD] 14. Miletus, — [B C] — mistress of tbe sea, about 750-732,* [753 b ] — establishes colony at Lamp- sacus, 654 * — establishes settlement in Egypt, about 630 c — Milesian war, with kings of Lydia, begins, 623 — ends, 612 — Thrasybulus tyrant, 612 — conquered, (01. 70, 3,) 498 d — taken and sacked by Persians, in Ionian War, 494 a — reTolts, spring 41 2 — taken by Alexander, 334 — Timarchus tyrant, overthrown by An- tiochus Theos, between 261-246. a Clinton. b Hieron. c Strabo, Herod. ? d Muller. Milevia, in Africa, — Councils of, for reunion of Donatists with Catholics, 402 — respecting Pelagius, 416. Milford Haven, in S. Wales, — Henry, Earl of Richmond, lands at, Aug. 1485 — fort held by Royalists, 1644 — town founded, 1784 — Royal dockyard, 1790 — Pembroke dock, 18 14. Milhaud, in France, — stronghold of Reform- ed faith, 1550 — assembly of Protestant deputies at, 1573 — another, which resolves on war with Louis XIII. , 1620 — submits to him, its forti- fications demolished, 1629. Milhaud, Jean Baptiste, Coustt, general, — — b. at Arpajon, {Cantal,) 18 Nov. 1766 — enters school of naval engineers, 1788 — deputy to Convention, ^92 — commander of Genoa, Jul. 1803— distinguishes himself in campaigns of 1805-6 — at Friedland, 14J1UI. 1807 — serves in Spain, 1808 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 10 — takes part in campaigns of 1 81 3- 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 18 14 — distinguishes himself at combat of Ligny, 18 15 — exiled, 1816-30 — ft. at Aurillac, 8 Jan. 1833. Military Frontier, Austrian Empire, — organized by Ferdinand L, 1556-64 — reconsti- tuted, 7 May 1850 — organization of, dissolved, and the province placed under civil government of Hungary, 22 Aug. 1869. Military Service, — [BC] — first paid at Athens by Pericles, about 464 ? — first paid at Rome, 405. Militia, — in England, (Fyrd,) annual as- sembly of, mentioned, n 81 — scale of arms re- vised by Statute of Winchester, 1285— to serve only in their own county by Act 1 Edw. III. st. 2, c. 5, 1326-7 — raising of, intrusted to Lord- lieutenants of counties, by Act 4 and Phil, and Mar. c. 3, 1558 — the Fyrd abolished and Train bonds formed, by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 25, 1604— control of, demanded of Charles I. by parlia- ment, 26 Jan. 1642 — again, 1 Mar. — ordinance for, issued by parliament, 26 Eeb. and 5 Mar. — direction to carry it out, denounced as illegal by the king, 5 May — command of, declared to be vested in the Crown, by Act 13 Car. II. c. 6, 166 1 — new regulations respecting, by Acts 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 3, 1662, and 15 Car. II. c. 4, 1663 — again raised and organized under Act 30 Geo. II. c. 25, 1757— laws respecting, repealed, and new regulations made, by Act 2 Geo. III. c. 20, 1 76 1 — laws consolidated by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 107, 1786— newly regu- lated by Act 42 Geo. III. c. 90, 1802— amended by various Acts — laws again con- solidated and amended by Act 15 and 16 Tic. c. 50, 30 Jun. 1852 — further regulated by 16 and 17 Tie. c. 133, 20 Aug. 1853 ; 17 Tic. c. 13, 12 May 1854; 18 and 19 Vic. c. 1, (pro- viding for service out of United Kingdom,) 23 Dec. 1854; 18 and 19 Tic. c. 57, Jul. 1855, and c. 100, 14 Aug. 1855 — laws amended by Acts 32 Yic. c. 13, 13 May 1869, and 33 and 34 Yic. c. 68, 9 Aug. 1870. Local, instituted by Act 48 Geo. III. c. Ill, 30 Jun. 1808— suspended by Act 06 Geo. III. c. 38, 21 May 18 16. Supplementary, raised, 1793. In Ire- land, laws consolidated by Act 49 Geo. III. c. 120, 19 Jun. r8o9 — interchange of, with British, permitted by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 118, 1 Jul. 181 1 — laws amended by Act 17 and 18 Yic. c. 107, 10 Aug. 1854 — again, by Act 32 and 33 Yic. c. 80, 9 Aug. 1869. In United States, organized, 1792. Milius, Pierre Bernard, admiral, — fc. at Bordeaux, Jan. 1773 — enters the navy, 1787 — distinguishes himself at battle of Groix, Jun. 1795 — captured by English, Aug. 1805 — com- mands expedition to West Indies, 1814 — Director of port of Brest, 18 15 — commander of Isle of Bourbon, 18 18-21 — commander at Cav- enne, Sep. 1822 — at battle of Navarino, 20 Oct. r827 — Rear-admiral, Nov. — if. at Bourbonne- les-Bains, n Aug. 1829. Milizia, Francesco, writer on Art, — fi. at Oria, Naples, 1725 — settles at Rome, 1761 — fr. there, Mar. 1798. Yite degli Architetti piu cele- bri, 1768 — Del Teatro, 1772 — Principj aV Archi- tcttura civile, 1785 — Letter e inedite, 1827. Milky Way. [Galaxy.] Mill, James, historian, economist, $•ressions of England, 1847 — Footprints of the Creator, 1849 — My Schools and Schoolmasters, 1854 — Testimony of the Rocks, 1857. Miller, Johann Martin, novelist, — ft. atUlm, Dec. 1750 — preacher at the Cathedral, 1783 — Prof. Theology at Gymnasium, 1797 — Dean, 1810 — tf. at Ulm, 21 Jun. 18 14. Carl von Burgheim, 1778 — Sieg wart, 1776 — ■ Gedich te, 1783. Miller, Joseph, actor,— ft., 1684— tf. m Lon- don, 1738. Jests. [See Motley, John.] Miller, Philip, gardener, botanist, — ft. in Scotland, 1691 — Superintendent of Garden of Apothecaries Company, Chelsea, 1722 — tf. at Chelsea, 18 Dec. 177 1. Catalogue of trees, shrubs, plants, $c, of gardens near London, 1730 — Catalogus plantar um officinaliwn quae in horto botan. Chelseiano aluntur, 1730 — Gar- deners' Dictionary, 1731. Miller, William Allen, chemist, — ft. at Ips- wich, 17 Dec. 1 8 17 — assistant to Prof. Daniell, 1840 — F.R.S., and Prof. Chemistry, King's Coll. London, 1845 — tf. at Liverpool, 30 Sep. 1870. Elements of Chemistry, 1855-7. Milles, Jeremiah, antiquary, — ft., 17 13 — F.R.S., 1742 — Dean of Exeter, 1762 — Pres. S.A., 1769 — tf., 13 Feb. 1784. Roivleys Foems, 1782. Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet,— is. at Abbeville, 24 Dec. 1782 — tf. at Paris, 26 Aug. 1 8 16. (Euvres, 18 14- 16, Millie, Jean Baptiste Joseph, — fj. at Beaune, about 1772 — enters Ministry of Finance, 1798 — IS. at Paris, Jul. 1826. Translation of the Lusiad, 1825. Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, — ft. at Paris, 19 Jul. 1759 — imprisoned, 1793-4 — keeper of Royal Cabinet of Medals, 1794 — tf. at Paris, 14 Aug. 1 8 1 8. Antiquites natioiudes, 1790-8 — Monuments antiques ine'dits, 1802-4 — Dictionnaire des beaux-arts, 1806 — Voyages dans les departemenls du Midi de la France, 1807-11 — Magasin encyclope'dique, 1792-1816. Millingen, James, archceologist, — ft. in Lon- don, 18 Jan. 1774/ 1 1775 b — goes to Italy, about 1 82 1 — Is. in London, a at Florence, b 1 Oct. 1845. Recueil de quelques Medailles Grecques inedites, 18 12 — Feintures Antiques inedites de Vases Grecs, 18 13 — Medallic His- tory of Napoleon, 18 19 — Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings, 1821 — Ancient Un- edited Monuments of Grecian Art, 1822-6. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Millot, Claude Francois Xavier, historian, —ft. at Ornans, (Franche Comte,) 1726 — Prof. History, Parma, 1768— admitted to French Academy, 1777— tutor to the Duke d'Enghien, 1778— tf. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1785. (Euvres, 1800 — Me'moires politiqucs et militaires pour servir a Thistoire de Louis XIV. et de Louis XV, 1777. Mills, Charles, historian,— is. at Greenwich, 1788 — called to the bar, 1809— Is., 9 Oct. 1825. History of Mohammedanism, 1819 — History of Crusades, 1820 — History of Chivalry, 1825. Milman, Henry Hart, Dean of St Paul's, poet, historian, — ft. in London, 10 Feb. 1791 — obtains Newdegate prize for his Apollo Belvidere, 1812 — B.A., Brasenose Coll. Ox- ford, 1813 — Fellow of his Coll., 1815 — M.A., 1 8 16 — ordained priest, 181 6 — Bamptoa Lecturer, 1827 — Prof. Poetry, Oxford, 1 821-31 — Rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, 1835 — Canon of Westminster, 1835 — D.D., 1849 — Dean of St Paul's, Nov. 1849 — Is. at Sunning- hill, 24 Sep. 1868. Fazio, 1815 — Samor, 181 8 — Fall of Jerusalem, 1820 — Martyr of Antioch, 182 1 — Bampton lectures, 1827 — History of the Jews, 1829 — History of Christianity, 1840 — edition of Horace, 1 849 — History of Latin Christianity, 1854-5. Milne, Colin, botanist, — ft. at Aberdeen, about 1 744 — fj. rector of North Chapel, Essex, 18 15. Botanical Dictionary, 1770 — with A. Gordon, Indigenous Botany, 1793 — Institutes of Botany, 1770-2. Milne, Joshua, statistician, — ft., about 1785 — tf. near London, 4 Jan. 1851. Treatise on Annuities, 1815. Milner, Isaac, theologian, — ft. near Leeds, 175 1 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1770— Fellow of Queen's Coll., 1775— Jacksonian Prof. Ex- perimental Philosophy, 1783 — D.D., Master of Queen's Coll., 1788 — Dean of Carlisle, 1791 — Yice Chancellor, 1792 and 1809 — Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, 1798 — tf. at Kensington, 1 Apr. 1820. Milner, John, theologian, antiquary, — ft. in London, 4 Oct. 1752 — ordained priest, 1777 — settles at Winchester, 1779 — F.S.A., 1790 — Yicar Apostolic in Midland District, 1803 — visits Rome, 18 14 — tf. at Wolverhampton, 19 Apr. 1826. History and Antiquities of Win- chester, 1798 — Ecclesiastical Architecture of England, 181 1 — End of Religious Controversy, 1818. Milner, Joseph, theologian, historian, — ft. near Leeds, 2 Jan. 1744 — enters Cambridge University, 1762 — B.A., 1766 — tf. head-master of Grammar School, Hull, 15 Nov. 1797. History of the Church of Christ, 1794-1812. ■ Milo, T. Annius Papinianus, — [B C] — trib. plcb., 57 — marries Sulla's daughter Fausta, 57 — candidate for consulship, kills Clodius, 20 Jan. 52 — tried, 4 Apr. 52 — exiled to Marseilles : killed by Q. Pedius, in Lucania, 48. Milon, of Crotona, — [B C] — victor at wrest- ling match, at Olympia, (1st?) (01. 62,) 532 * — at battle of Crathis, 511. a Muller. Miloradovich, Michael, Count, general, — ft. at St Petersburg, i77o*-enters the army, 970 MILTIADES— MINES. 1780 — serves under Suwaroff against French, 1799 — Chevalier of St Alexander, about 1 800 ? — Lieutenant-general, 1805 — at battle of Auster- litz, 2 Dec. 1805 — saves Bucharest from the Turks, 1808— commands at battle of Moscow, 26 Aug. 1 8 12 — takes possession of Warsaw, 18 1 3 — distinguishes himself in French cam- paigns of 1 8 14 — Governor of St Petersburg, i820, a 1818 b — shot, 26 Dec. 1825. a Biog. Univ. h Conv.-Lex. Miltiades, son of Kypselos, — [B C] — occu- pies Chersonese, as colonist and tyrant, 559. Miltiades, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 64, 1,) 524. Miltiades, son of Kimon, — [B C] — succeeds Stesagoras his brother in Chersonese, 515 — keeps the bridge at the Danube, during Da- rius's Scythian expedition, about 503 — with- draws to Athens, 493— defeats Datis and Ar- taphernes at Marathon, (01. 72, 3,) 490— attacks Paros unsuccessfully, 490 — imprisoned for deceiving the people : r/., soon after. Miltiades, rhetorician, theologian, — fl., 184. Milton, in Kent, — Hasting builds a fort at, 893 — burnt by Earl Godwine and Harold, about 1052. Milton, John, poet, — fj. in London, 9 Dec. 1608 — goes to St Paul's School, 1620 — enters Christ's Coll. Cambridge, 12 Feb. 1624-5 — B.A., Jan. 1628-9 — M.A., Jul. 1632 — visits Italy, spring 1638 to summer 1639 — marries Mary Powell, spring 1643 — Latin Secretary to Council of State, 15 Mar. 1 649-1659 — death of his wife, 1652 — becomes blind, about 1654 — marries again, 12 Nov. 1656 — loses his second wife, Feb. 1658 — marries a.third wife, 1660 — ij. in London, 8 Nov. 1674. Ode on the morning of Christ's Nativity, Christmas 1629 — Comus, presented at Ludlow, 1634 — published, 1637 — Lycidas, 1638 — Treatise of Reformation in England, 1641 — of Prelatical Episcopacy, 1641 — of Reason of Church Govern- ment urged against Prelacy, 1641 — Apology for Smectymnuus, 1642 — Tractate on Education, 1644 — Areopagitica, 1644 — Doctrine and Dis- cipline of Divorce, 1644 — Judgment of Bucer concerning Divorce, 1644 — L' Allegro and II Penseroso, 1645 — Tetrachordon, 1645 — Colaste- rion, 1645 — Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, 1648 — Observations on Articles of Peace, 1649 — Eikonoklastes, 1649 — Defensio Populi An- glicani, 1650 — Second Defence of People of England, 1654 — of Civil Power in Ecclesiast- ical Causes, 1659 — Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove hirelings out of the Church, 1659 — Paradise Lost, 1667 — History of England, 1670 — Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, 167 1 — Treatise of True Religion, 1673 — Latin Letters, 1674 — Christian Doc- trine, MS. of, discovered, 1823. Milton's Eikonoclastes and Defensio Populi Anglicani ordered to be seized and burnt by common hangman, by proclamation of Charles II., 13 Aug. 1660— some copies burnt, 27 Aug. Pro- positions from his writings burnt at Oxford, 1683. First complete edition of his Prose Works, by Toland, 1698. Milton Gallery, of pictures, — executed by Fuseli, 1790-9— exhibited in London, 1799. Milvian Bridge, at Rome, — [BC] — built by iEmilius Scaurus, 115 — [AD] — battle near, Maxentius defeated by Constantine, 312. Mimes, (Pantomimes,) — [AD] — perfected by Bathyllus, Pylades, and Hylas, before 1. Mimnermus, elegiac poet, — [B C] — fl., about 630-586.* a Clinton. Mina, Don Xavier, Guerilla Chief,— Jb, in Navarre, 1789 — goes to Mexico and attempts to revive insurrection against Spaniards, 1 817 — put to death by Viceroy, at Mexico, 1 1 Nov. 18 17. Mina, Francisco, Espoz-y-, general, — ft. in Navarre, 17 Jul. 1781,* 1782 b — enters the army, Feb. 1809 — Chief of the Guerilla forces, 181 1 — General, 181 2 — Commander-general of Aragon, 1812-14 — contributes to victories of Salamanca, 181 2 — and of Vittoria, 1 8 1 3 — Poli- tical Chief of Navarre, 181 3— blockades Pampe- luna, 1812-13 — escapes to France, Oct. 18 14 — Captain-general of Navarre, 21 Mar. 1820 — suppresses Royalist insurrection in Catalonia, 1822 — Captain-general of Catalonia, Jan. 1823 — capitulates to French at Barcelona, 1 Nov. 1823 — tr. at Barcelona, 24 Dec. 1836. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Minardi, Tommaso, painter, tvriter on Art, — ft. at Faenza, 1787 — Prof, at Academy of St Luke, Borne, 1821 — tr. at Rome, 1871. Pro- gresso delle Scienze, delle Letter eedelleArti, 1 834. Mincio, river in Italy, — Napoleon I. defeats Austrians on the, 30 May 1796 — battle between French and Austrians, 25-26 Dec. 1800 — Prince Eugene defeats Austrians, 8 Feb. 18 14 — passage of the, by Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, 8 Apr. 1848 — recrossed, 27 Jul. 1848 — passed by Italian army, 22 Jun. 1866 — re- crossed, after battle of Custozza, 24 Jun. Mind, Gottfried, (Raphael of cats,) painter, — fj. at Berne, 1768 — )j. there, 8 Nov. 1814. Mindanao. [Philippine Islands.] Mindarus, — [B C] — succeeds Astyochus as admiral, and is defeated by Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus at Kynossema, aut. 411 — killed by Alkibiades at Kyzikos, before mids. 410. Minden, in Prussia, — fortified, about 1250 — bishopric of, secularized, by Peace of Westpha- lia, 1648 — occupied by Swedes, 1636 to 7 Sep. 1650 — occupied by French, 1757 — by Hanove- rians, 1758 — retaken by Marshal Broglie, Jun. 1759 — the allies under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French under Marshal Contades at, 1 Aug. 1759 — principality of , given up to France by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807 — re- stored to Prussia, 18 14. Cathedral, built, 1050- 1100 — interior restored, 1832 — Choir, 1864-5. Mine Adventurers, Company of, — formed, about 1690 — incorporated by charter of Queen Anne, 1704 — fails, 1710-11. Minerve Castle, — in the Cevennes. [Albi- genses.] Mines, in England, — of copper or tin, iron or lead, not to be adjudged royal mines, by Act 1 Wm and Mar. c. 30, 1689 — preemption of ores given to the Crown by Act 5 Wm and Mar. c. 6, 1694 — setting fire to, made capital offence by Act 10 Geo. II. c. 32, 1737 — further regula- tions for protection of, by Acts 9 Geo. III. c. 29, 1769; 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 77, 9 Jul. 1800 — malicious injuries to, punishable by Act MINES— MIQUELETS. 97 ; 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 30, ss. 6 and 7, 21 Jun. 1827 — employment of women in, prohibited by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 99, 10 Aug. 1842 — better government and inspection of, provided for by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 151, 28 Aug. i860— con- ference of Miners at Merthyr Tydvil, Sep. 1 87 1. Mines, Military, — application of gunpowder to, attempted by Genoese at attack on Serezan- ella, 1478 — successfully, by Peter of Navarre, at siege of Castello del Novo, 1503. Mines, School of, — in London, instituted, 1 85 1 — incorporated with Department of Science and Art, 1853 — at Farts, instituted, 1783 — com- pletely organized, 18 16. Mingrelia, in the Caucasus, — declared in- dependent principality by Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji, 1774 — submits to Russia, 1804. Minie Rifle, — invented, 1 849 — adopted in English army, 1851. Minims, Order of,— instituted by St Francis de Paula, as Hermits of St Francis, about 1436 — confirmed by Sixtus IV., 1474. Convent of nuns of, established in Spain, 1495 — in France, 1621. Minnesingers, The, — flourish in Germany, about 1170-1250. Minnesota, V. S., — erected into a Territory by Act of Congress, Mar. 1849 — admitted to the Union, 1857 — massacre of whites by Sioux Indians in, Aug. 1862. Minorca, island, — [Balearic Islands] — on expulsion of Moors annexed to crown of Ara- gon, 1285 — taken possession of by English for Charles III. of Spain, 1708 — confirmed to them by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — attacked by French, 18 Apr. 1756 — unsuccessful attempt of Admiral Byng to relieve, 20 May —surrendered to French by Gen. Blakeney, 28 Jun. — restored to England by Treaty of Paris, 1763 — taken by Spaniards and French, 1782 — formally given up to Spain, 1783 — retaken by Gen. Stuart, 15 Nov. 1798 — given up to Spain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802. Minsk, in Poland, — occupied by Russians, 16 Nov. 18 12. Nuns of, refuse to renounce Rom- ish Communion and are removed to Witebsk, end of 1838 — persecuted by Bp of Siemaszko; removed to Polosk, end of 1840 — persecutions continued, and many die : removed to Miadzoly, spring 1843 — subject to torture of the baths : escape of abbess and surviving nuns, 1 Apr. 1 845 — the abbess received at convent of Posen, her depositions taken, 14 Aug. 1845. Mint, Eoyal, of England, — receives its con- stitution of superior officers from Edward II., 1325 — privileges granted to, by charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — Committee of Privy Council appointed to consider its constitution, 1798 — salary of Master and worker fixed by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 94, 1799— new building on Tower Hill completed, 18 10 — fire at, 31 Oct. 1 8 15 — new constitution established by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 67, 7 Jul. 18 17 — salary of Master reduced by Act 1 and 2 Wm I\ . c. 10, 30 Jul. 1 83 1 — laws relating to, amended by Act 7 Wm IV. c. 9, 21 Apr. 1837 — Commission of Inquiry on, appointed, 1848 — reforms authorized by Order in Council, 1851. Minto, Gilbert Elliot, Eael of, Governor- general op India, — ft. at Edinburgh, 23 Apr. 1751 — M.P. Morpeth, 1774 — marries, 1777 — Privy Councillor, Sep. 1793 — Viceroy of Corsica, Jun. 1794 to Oct. 1796 — Baron Minto, 26 Oct. 1797 — ambassador to Vienna, 1799 — Pres. Board of Control, 1806 — Governor- general of Bengal, 1807-12 — distinguishes him- self in expeditions against Isles of France and Bourbon, 1 8 1 o — and against Java, 1 8 1 1— Earl of Minto and Viscount Melgund, Feb. 1813 — returns to England, 18 14 — rj. at Stevenage, 2r Jun. 1 8 14. Minto, Gilbert Elliot Murray Kynnyn- mond, 2nd Earl of, — b., 1782 — marries, 1806 — M.P. Ashburton, 1809 — succeeds to the peerage, 18 14 — ambassador to Berlin, 1832-4 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1835-41 — Lord Privy Seal, 1846-52 — iy. in London, 31 Jul. 1859. Mintrop, Theodor, painter, — ft. at Heithau- sen, in Bavaria, 17 Apr. 18 14 — tf. at Diissel- dorf, 4 Jul. 1870. Minuccio, Minucci, historian, — b. at Ser- ravalle, 155 1 — tS. at Munich, 1604. Storia degli JJscocchi con i progressi di quella gente sino all anno 1602, 1676. Minucianus, rhetorician, — fl., about 170. Minucianus, rhetorician, — fl., about 265. Minutianus, Alexander, printer, — b. in Apulia, about 1450 — rj., about 1522. Edition of Horace, i486 — of Livy, 1495 — of Cicero, 1498. Minzocchi, Francesco, (Fl Vecchio di San Bernardo.) painter, — b.atForli,i5i3 — ft., 1574. Minzoni, Onofrio, poet, — b. at Ferrara, 1734 — If. there, 30 May 18 17. Souetti, 1794. Miollis, Alexandre Sextius, Count de, general, — rj. at Aix, 18 Sep. 1759 — enters the army, 1778 — serves under Rochambeau in American War, 1779-83 — wounded at siege of Yorktown, 178 1 — General of Brigade, 1795 — defends Mantua, Jan. 1797 — Governor of Mantua, 1 797-1 800 and 1805 — General of Di- vision, commands expedition to Tuscany, 1799 — Commander-in-chief in North Italy, 1805 — Governor of Rome, 1809-14 — 3*. at Aix, 8 Jun. 1828. Mionnet, Theodore Edme, numismatist, — b. at Paris, 2 Sep. 1770 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Assistant-keeper of Medals, 1829 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1842. Description des medailles antiques grecques et romaines, 1806-39 — Fe la rarete et du price des medailles romaines, 18 15. Miot, Andre Francois, diplomatist— b. at Versailles, 9 Feb. 1761 — Secretary to Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs, 1793 — plenipotentiary to Duke of Tuscany, 1795 — ambassador to Sardinia, Oct. 1796— Minister of Interior to Joseph Bonaparte, at Naples, 1806 — follows him to Madrid, 1808 — admitted to French Academy, 1832 — tr. at Paris, 6 Jan. 1841. Translation of Herodotus, 1822. Miquelets, {Fusiliers des montagnes,) — or- ganized in France by Louis XIV., 1689— dis- banded, 1697 — again levied, 1744— disbanded, 1763 — again organized, 1790— disbanded, 1795 — corps of, formed by Napoleon, 1808 — cease to serve, 181 2. 972 MIQUELON— MIEZAPOEE. Miquelon, islands, near Xeicfoundland, — ceded to France by Peace of Paris, 1763 — taken by English, 1778 — restored to France, 1783 — again taken by English, 1793 — given up to France at Peace of Aniiens, 1802. Mir Khusril, Indian poet, — writes Tarikh-i- 'Alai; tf. ("26, A. H.) 1326. Mirabeau, Boniface Biquetti, Viscount de, {Mirabeau- Tonneau,) — b. near Nemours, 1754 — serves in American "War, 1779-81 — Cheva- lier of St Louis, deputy to States-General, 1789 — joins emigrants, 1790 — tf. at Friburg, about Dec. 1792. Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Biquetti, Count de, statesman, — b. at Bignon near Nemours, 9 Mar. 1749 — banished by lettre cachet to Isle of Ehe, autumn 1768 s — marries, 22 Jun. 1772 — imprisoned in the chateau d'lf, 1774 — elopes with Sophie Mounier from Castle of Joux to Holland, 1775 — imprisoned at Yincennes, 1777-80 — visits London, 1784 — envoy to Ber- lin, 1786 — deputy of third estate, to States- General, 1789 — acknowledged leader of Na- tional Assembly, 23 Jun. 1789 — Pres., 31 Jan. 1 79 1 — treats with the Court: tf. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1791. (Euvres, 1825-7. 8 Carlyle. Mirabeau, Victor Biquetti, Marquis de, economist, — b. at Perthuis, 5 Oct. 17 15 — Knt of Malta, 1 Sep. 17 18 — enters the army, 1729 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1743 — Grand Commander of Yasa, 1772 — tf. at Argenteuil, 13 Jul. 1789. Ami des Homines, 1755 — Phi- losophic rurale, 1764 — les Economiques, 1769. Mirage, The, — mathematical theory of, given by Biot, 1809. Miramion, M me de Beauharnais de, phi- lanthropist, — b. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1629 — mar- ries M. de Miramion, 1645 — left a widow, after a few months : carried off by Bussy- Eabutin, Aug. 1648 — but escapes : founds Con- gregation of the Holy Family, 166 r, after- wards united with the Filles de Ste. Genevieve : tf. at Paris, 24 Mar. 1696. Miramon, Miguel, President oe Eepub- lic oe Mexico, — b. at Mexico, about 1833/ 1830 15 — enters Military School of Chapultepec, 1 846 b — unsuccessfully attempts a revolt against Pres. Comonfort, 1856 — named provisional Pres., 1 Jan. 1859 — reinstates Zuloaga, 24 Jan. — Pres. again, 2 Feb. : recognized by United States : civil war with Juarez continues : de- feats Juarez at Estancia de las Yacas, Nov. — besieges him in Yera Cruz, 6 Mar. i860 — de- feated by Juarez at Yalulpalam, 13 Aug. i860 — shuts himself up in Mexico ; resigns, and is reelected, 14 Aug. — defeated by army of Juarez, at San Miguelito, 22 Dec. — escapes to Spain, 1 86 1 — returns to Mexico, and is named Grand Marshal, by Maximilian, sum. 1864 — ambas- sador to Berlin, 1864 — returns to Mexico, 1866 — commands Imperial army at Queretaro, Jun. — captured and shot by order of Juarez, 19 Jun. 1867. a Yapereau. b Amer. Ann. Encyc. Miranda, Francisco, general, — b. at Ca- racas, about 1750— visits United States, 1783 — goes to Paris, 1789^ 1791 b — General of Divi- sion, serves under Dumouriez in Champagne, 1792 — serves in Belgium, 1793 — banished, 1797 — leads insurgents at Yenezuela, defeated, 1806 — organizes republic at Caracas,i8n — surrend- ers to Spaniards, 181 2 — tf • in prison of the In- quisition at Cadiz, 18 16. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Miranda, Sa de, poet, — b. at Coimbra, about 1495— *f-, 155%. Mirandola, in Italy, — besieged and taken by Pope Julius II., 21 Jan. 151 1 — erected into a Duchy by Emperor Ferdinand II., 1619 — the Duchy confiscated and sold to Duke of Modena, 1710. Mirandola, Francisco Pico della,— chosen podestat of Modena, 13 12 — expelled by Guelfs, 8 Jul. 1 3 12 — returns and recovers his dignity, 131 3 — sells Modena to Bonacossi, lord of Man- tua, 1317 — besieged, taken prisoner, and put to death with his sons at Mirandola by Bona- cossi, 1 32 1. Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della,i?o^, classic- al scholar, — rj. at Mirandola, 1463 — studies at Universities of Italy and France, 1477-84 — goes to Eome, 1484 — his theses censured by Pope Innocent VIII., 1487 — takes refuge at Florence, 1487 — visits Lorenzo de' Medici on his deathbed, Apr. 1492— tf. at Florence, 17 Nov. 1494. Opere, 1496. Miraulmont, Pierre de, historian, — b. at Amiens, about 1550 — Lieutenant-general, about 1580 — tf. at Paris, 8 Jun. 161 1. Me- moire sur Vorigine et institutions des cours sou- veraines et justices royales, 1584. Mirbel, Charles Francois Brisseau de, naturalist, — b. at Paris, 27' Mar. 1776— Prof. Botany, Paris, 1801 — correspondent of Acade- my of Sciences, 1807 — tf. at Paris, 12 Sep., a Dec. b 1854. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Mirepoix, Charles Pierre Gaston Francois de Levis, Duke de, Marshal of France, — ambassador to Austria, 1737 — Marechal de Camp, 1738 — Lieutenant-general, 1744 — am- bassador to London, Duke, 1749 — Marshal, 1751 — Governor of Languedoc, 1756 — tf. at Montpellier, 1757. Mires, Jules, financier, — b. at Bordeaux, 9 Dec. 1809 — manager to Gas Company of Aries, 1 848 — sole director of the Caisse des Chemins defer, 1853 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Sep. i860 — negotiates Turkish loan, Dec. i860 — arrested for frauds, 17 Feb. 1861 — tried, found guilty, and sentenced to five years' im- prisonment, 11 Jul. — the sentence confirmed by Imperial Court, 24 Aug. — quashed by Court of Cassation, 27 Dec. — after new trial before Court of Douai, the sentence annulled, 21 Apr. 1862 — fined and imprisoned for contempt of magistracy, Feb. 1870 — tf., 1871. Mirevelt. [Mierevelt.] Miriam,— [B C] — b., 1582^ about 1715 b— song at the Eed Sea, 11 May 1491 s — com- plains against Moses, Aug. 1490 a — tf., May 1452, a I585. b a Ussher. b Clinton. Mirkhond, (Hamam JEddin Mirkhaivend Mohammed,) historian, — b„ about (836-7, a. h.) 1433-4— tf., (903,) 1498. Mirzapore, in Hindustan, — district of, sub- ject to Mohammedans of Delhi, 1193 — con- quered by Baber, 1529 — falls to Soojah ud Dowlah, 1760 — town mentioned, 1760-70 — MISDEMEANOUR— MITHRIDATES VI. 973 part of, ceded to E. India Company, 1775 — re- mainder ceded, 1 801. Misdemeanour, — law respecting indictments for, amended by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 100, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 — abettors in, punishable as princi- pals, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 94, 6 Aug. 1861. Mississippi, river, — reached and crossed by Ferdinand de Soto, 154.1 — explored by La Salle, 1682 — source of the, in Lake Itasca, discovered by Schoolcraft, 1833. Mississippi, If. S., — French settlements in, 1698 — ceded to British, 1763 — erected into a Territory by United States, 1800 — western por- tion made a State of the Union, 18 17 — secedes, 1861 — ports of, blockaded by Federals, 19 Apr. 1861 — ravaged by Federals, 1863. [Confeder- ate States, Vicksburg.] Mississippi Scheme, < — projected by Law, 171 6 — incorporated, Aug. 1 717 — fails, Jul. 1 7 20. Missolonghi, in Greece, — devastated,* by Turks, 17 15 — joins in insurrection against Turks, 1770 — taken by Ali Pasha, 1804— joins party of insurrection, 7 Jun. 1821 — besieged by Turks, Nov. 1822 — siege raised, 6 Jan. 1823 — again unsuccessfully besieged, Aug. to Oct. 1823 — siege of, by Reshid Pasha, begins, 25 Apr. 1825 — bombardment begins, n May — retreat of Hydriotic fleet before Turks under Husein Bey, 10 Jul. — defeat of Turkish by Greek fleet under Miaulis, Aug. — blockaded by Turkish and Egyptian fleet, end of Nov. — bombarded by Ibrahim Pasha, 25-27 Jan. 1826 — defeat of Ibrahim Pasha by Greeks, 6 Apr. — taken by Ibrahim, 22 Apr. — restored to Greeks by capitulation, 18 May 1829 — attacked by insur- gents, 1836. Missouri, river, — explored by Lewis and Clarke, 1804-5. Missouri, V. S., — forms part of Louisiana, and is ceded to United States, 1803 — separated and made a Territory, 1804 — State of the Union, 1 82 1 — secedes, 1861. [Confederate States.] Missouri Compromise, — permitting slavery in State of Missouri, passed by Congress, 1821 — repealed by Kansas Nebraska Act, 1 854. Mitchell, Sir Andrew, diplomatist, — loses his wife and abandons study of the law, 17 19 — secretary to Marquis of Tweedale, 1741-5 — M.P. Banff, 1747 — British resident at Brussels, 1 75 1 — K.B., ambassador to Berlin, 1753 — ac- companies Frederick II. in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — visits England, 1765 — returns to Berlin, 1766 — ft. there, 28 Jan. 177 1. Mitchell, Sir Andrew, admiral, — fc. in Scot- land, about 1757 — enters the navy and goes to India, 1776 — Rear-admiral, 1795 — captures Dutch fleet in the Texel, 1799 — X.B., 1799 — Commander-in-chief off coast of America, 1802 — a", at Bermuda, 1806. Mitchell, Sir David, admiral, — Lieutenant R. N., 1678 — distinguishes himself at battle of Beachy Head, Jun. 1690 — contributes to victory of La Hogue, 1692 — Rear-admiral, Feb. 1693 — commands convoy of William III. to Ire- land, Mar. 1693 — Knt, 1694 — Vice-admiral, 1695 — commands convoy of Peter the Great from Holland to England, 1698 — Joint-com- missioner for executing office of Lord High Admiral, 2 Jun. 1699 to Apr. 1701 — ft. in Hertfordshire, 1 Jun. 17 10. Mitchell, John, general, — 6. in Stirlingshire, - 1785 — enters the army, 1805— serves in Wal- cheren Expedition, and at siege of Flushing, 1809 — in Peninsular War, 18 10- 12 — in cam- paigns of 1 81 3-15 — tf. at Edinburgh, 9 Jul. 1859. Life of Wallenstein, 1837 — Thoughts on Tactics, 1838 — Fall of Napoleon, 1845 — Biographies of Eminent Soldiers, 1865. Mitchell, Thomas, classical scholar, — 6. in London, 30 May 1783 — enters Pembroke Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1802 — B.A., 1806— Fellow of Sidney Sussex Coll., about 1808 — Is. near Woodstock, 6 May 1845. Translations from Aristophanes, 1820-2 and 1834-8. Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone, traveller, — ft. in Stirlingshire, 1792 — enters the army and serves in Portugal, 1808 — Deputy-surveyor- general of New South Wales, 1827 — conducts exploring expeditions into the interior, 183 1-2, 1835, and 1836— EJit, and D.C.L. Oxford, 1839 — conducts fourth exploring expedition, dis- covers the Victoria river, 1845-6 — visits Eng- land, 1853 — Colonel, 1854 — tf. near Sidney, 5 Oct. 1855. Outlines of System of Surveying for Geographical and Military purposes, 1827 — Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia, 1838 — Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia, 1848 — Origin, history, and description of the Boomer- ang Propeller, 1853. Mitelli, Agostino, painter, — b. in the Bo- lognese, i6o7, a 1609 b — ft. at Madrid, 1660. a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. Mitelli, Giuseppe Maria, engraver, — ft. at Bologna, 1634 — "is. there, 17 18. Mitford, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1782— B.A. Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1809— vicar of Benhall, soon after : Editor of Gentle- man's Magazine, 1834-50 — if. at Benhall, 27 Apr. 1859. Life of Gray, 18 14 — edits, with Memoirs, Spenser, Milton, Butler, Lryden, §c. f for Aldine editions of British Poets, 1830, seqq. — Correspondence of Walpole and Mason, 1851. Mitford, John Freeman. [Redesdale, LOKD.] Mitford, Mary Russell, poetess, novelist, — 6. at Alresford, Hampshire, 16 Dec. 1786 — receives pension from the Queen, May 1837 — tf. near Reading, 10 Jan. 1855. Our Village, 1824-32 — Dramatic Works, 1854 — Recollections of my Literary Life, 1852 — Letters, §c, 1870.. Mitford, William, historian, Prof. History, R. A., — b. in London, 10 Feb. 1744 — M.P., 1785 — &. in Hampshire, 8 Feb. 1827. History of Greece, 1 7 84- 1 8 1 8 . ■""Mithili, — overrun by Mohammedans, 1325. Mithridates II., (Ctistes,) Ring of Pontus, — [BC] — succeeds Ariobarzanes as satrap of Cappadocia, 337 a — attempt of Antigonus on his life, flies from court of Antigonus to Paphlagonia, 318-7 b — founds kingdom of Pontus, about 317 — aids Eumenes against Antigonus, close of 317/ 315 b — assassinated, 302-i, b a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Mithridates VI., Elpator, Dionysus, the Great, King op Pontus — [BC]— fc., about 131 — succeeds Mithridates Euergetes, his father, 974 MITHRIDATIC— MOCENIGO. 1 20— drives Nicomedes IV. out of Bithynia, 90 — begins his wars with Borne, 88 — [Mith- ridatic War] — prepares for his march round the Euxine, 64 — revolt of his son Pharnaces, kills himself, 63. Mithridatic, Pontic, and Bosporic Era, — [BCJ — commences, 297. . Mithridatic War, — [B C] — First : invasion of Pontus by Mcomedes IV. of Bithynia, 89 — defeat of Mcomedes by generals of Mithridates, 88 — Mithridates enters province of Asia as deliverer, 88 — orders massacre of Bomans, winter 88-87 — sends Archelaos into Greece, Sulla takes command against him, 87 — siege of Piraeus and blockade of Athens: Athens taken by Sulla, 1 Mar. 86— battles of Chseronea and Orchomenos, 86 — Fimbria defeats Mith- ridates at Pergamus, 85 — peace concluded, Mithridates gives up his conquests in Asia and surrenders his fleet, winter 85-84 — ratification of Treaty refused by Senate. Second : invasion of Pontus by Murena, 83 and 82— defeat of Murena, on the Halys, 82 — peace reestablished: Sulla's triumph, Jan. 81. Third : commenced by Mithridates, who invades Bithynia, 74 — defeat of Cotta at Chalcedon, 74— siege of Kyzikos, 74— siege raised by Lucullus, early in 73 — army of Mithridates defeated by Lucullus, 73-72— escape of Mithridates to Sinope, 72 — passage of the Halys, winter 72-7 1 — siege and capture of Amisus, 72-71 — Tigranes refuses to surrender person of Mithridates, 70 — passage of Euphrates by Lucullus, siege and capture of Tigranocerta, 69 — victory of Lucul- lus over Tigranes and Mithridates at Artaxata, 68 — siege of Nisibis, mutiny of Boman soldiers, 68 — Mithridates recovers Pontus, 67-66 — Poni- pey charged with direction of the war, by Lex Manilia,summer 66 — defeat of Mithridates in Galatia, surrender of Tigranes,66 — Pompey win- ters on the Cyrnus, 66-65. [Mithridates VI. J Mitrailleur, (Mitrailleuse,) — first used by the, French, at attack on Saarbriick, 2 Aug. 1870. Mitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, — ft. in E. Friesland, 7 Jan. 1794 — studies at Heidelberg, 1 81 1 — at Paris, 181 3 — at Gottingen, 18 14 — goes to Berlin, 18 18 — visits Berzelius at Stock- holm, about 1820-2 — Prof. Chemistry, TJniv. of Berlin, 1 821 — Foreign Member of Boyal Society, London, 1828 — receives Boyal Medal of Royal Society, London, 1829 — Foreign Associate of Institute of France, 1852 — £r. at Berlin, 28 Aug. 1863. Lehrbuch der Chemie, 1829-40. Mittarelli, Giovanni Benedetto, — ft. at Ven- ice, 1707 — Superior-general of Camaldule Or- der, 1764 — rj. at Borne, 14 Aug. 1777. Annates Camaldulenses ordinis 8. Benedicti, 1755-73. Mittau, capital of Courland, — founded by Teutonic Knights, 1271 — taken by Charles XII. of Sweden, 1701 — seized by Peter the Great, 14 Sep. 1705 — castle built, 1739 — asylum of Louis XVIII., 1796. Mnaidra Bone Cave, — discovered by Dr Leith Adams, 1863. Mnasippos, — [BC] — besieges Korkyra, 373 — slain, midsummer 373. Mnemonic Nomenclature, in Chemistry, — suggested by Dumas and Laurent, between 1820-7 — first published by Gmelin, 1827. Mnemosyne, asteroid, — discoveredby Luther, 22 Sep. 1859. Mnesicles, architect, — [BC] — builds Pro- pylaea to Acropolis at Athens, 437-433. Mnesidemus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 120, 3,) 298. Mnesithides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01.: 80,4,) 457- Moabite Stone, inscribed, — discovered near Dead Sea by Klein, Aug. 1868 — broken up by Bedouins, before end of 1869. Moabites, — [BC]— Balak procures Balaam to curse Israel, 145 1 a — harass Israelites under Eglon, 1 343 a — who is assassinated by Ehud, 1 3 25 a — war with Israel, about 1 085 - 1 080 a — tri- butary to David, about 1040 a — revolt from Ahaziah of Israel, under Mesha, 897 a — war with Jekoram of Israel, Jehoshaphat of Judah, and king of Edom, 896,^ 895/ 894?° — form con- federacy with Edomites, &c, attack Jehoshaphat and are defeated, 895^ 896 a — harass Israel under Jehoash, 849, 11 after 840 a — regain trans- jordane territory, after 740 a — auxiliaries to .Nebuchadnezzar against Jerusalem, 590 s — de- feated in war by Nebuchadnezzar, about 582 — [AD] — their country explored by Seetzen, 1806-7 — by Burckhardt, 18 12 — by Irby and Mangles, 1818 — by De Saulcy, 1851— attempt to identify them with Druses, by Bose, 1852. a Ussher. - b Bib. Cyc. c Clinton. Moawiyah I., 6th Caliph, (first of the Om- miades,) — ft., about 610 — embraces Islamism, 625 — governor of Syria, (20, a. h.) 641-57 — conquers Cyprus, (27,) 647 — takes Bhodes, (30,) 651 — defeats Imperial fleet under Con- stans II. off coast of Lycia, (35,) 6^^ — deprived by Ali, (36,) 656 — forms league with Amrou, governor of Egypt, and revolts against Ali ; — failure of proposed arbitration, (40,) 660-1 — unsuccessful attempt of Kharegites to as- sassinate him, (close of 40,) 661— makes war on Hasan, and deposes him, 661 — succeeds him, (41,) Jul. or Sep. 661 — puts to death Abderah- man, son of Khaled, 666 — sends his general Akbah to conquer Africa, (50,) 670 — sends Yesid and Sophian to besiege Constantinople, (52,) 672 — again, 679 — concludes truce for thirty years with Constans II., (58,) 678 — rj. at Damascus, (Bedgeb 60,) Apr. or May 680. Moawiyah II., 8th Caliph, — ft., 663 — succeeds his father, Yesid, (64, a. h.) Oct. or Nov. 683 — rj., after six weeks' reign, 683 or 684. Mobile, U. S., — founded by the French, 1702 — ceded to British by Peace of Paris, 1763 — taken by Spaniards, about 1783 — surrendered by them to United States, 181 3 — arsenal at, seized by insurgents, 4 Jan. 1861 — Admiral Farragut defeats Confederates near, Jul. 1864 — evacuated by Confederates, 12 Apr. 1865 — negro riots at, May 1867. Mocenigo, Andrea, historian, — ft. at Venice, about 1490. Belli memorabilis Cameracencis adversus Venetos historia, 1525. Mocenigo, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — ft., about 1408— succeeds Andrea Vandramino, 18 May 1478 — makes peace with Mahomet II., 26 Jan. 1479 — forms alliance with Dukes of Ferrara and Milan against Ferdinand of Naples, 1479— declares war on Duke 0I Ferrara, 2 May MOCENIGO— MODENA. 975 1482 — concludes peace, 7 Aug. 1484 — tr., 4 Nov. 1485. Mocenigo, Luigi I., Doge of Venice, — succeeds Pietro Loredano, n May 1570 — loses Cyprus to the Turks, 1570- 1 — battle of Le- panto, 1572 — makes peace with Sultan, Mar. 1573 — receives Henry III. of France at Venice, 19 Jul. 1574— tj., 4 Jun. 1576. Mocenigo, Pietro, Doge op Venice, — Com- mander-in-chief of the fleet against Turks, 1470— ravages Mitylene and the Cyclades, 1472 • — takes Smyrna, 1472 — compels Turks to raise siege of Scutari, Aug. 1474 — succeeds Niccolo Marcello, 16 Dec. 1474 — tf., 23 Feb. 1476. Mocenigo, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice,— succeeds Giovanni Cornavo, 28 Aug. 1722 — tr., 21 May 1732. Mocenigo, Tomaso, Doge of Venice,— am- bassador to Pope and Emperor at Cremona, 141 3 — succeeds Michele Steno, 7 Jan. 141 4 — tr„ 15 Apr. 1423. Mochnacki, Maurycy, historian, §c, — fc. in Poland, 1804 — studies at "Warsaw, 1823 — takes part in insurrection of 1830 — t(. at Auxerre, 20 Dec. 1834. Potostanie Narodu Polskiego, 1834 — Pisma Rozmaite, 1836. Mocquard, Jean Francois Constant, littera- teur, politician,— -ft. at Bordeaux, 11 Nov. 1791 — Advocate, 18 17 — quits the bar, 1826 — assists Louis Napoleon in attempt at Strasburg, 1836 — private secretary to Napoleon III., 10 Dec. 1848 — his confidential adviser, from Dec. 1851 — tr. at Paris, 10 Dec. 1864. Tireuse de Carte, 1859 — Massacres de Syrie, i860 — Prise de Pekin, 1861. Modena, (Mutiny,) City and Duchy of, — [B C] — falls under power of Eomans, as early as 218 — Eomans defeat the Boii at, 193 — Roman colony, 183 — besieged by Pompey, 78 — besieged by M. Antony, defended by De- cimus Brutus, and relieved by Octavius, Hirtius, and Pansa, 43 — [AD] — destroyed by Constan- tine, 312 — rebuilt by him : taken and pillaged by Goths, 404 — by Attila, 452 — taken by Lom- bards, about 570 — as part of States of Countess Matilda, taken possession of by Emperor Henry V., 1 1 15 — independent Eepublic, about 11 25 — supports Emperor Frederick II. against Mi- lanese, 1232 — attacked by Bolognese, under Cardinal Octavian, May 1248 — submits to him, and engages to make war on Frederick, Dec. 1248 — lordship of, accepted by Obizzo II., Marquis of Este, Dec. 1288 a — [Este, Mouse of] — chosen Lord of Eeggio, Jan. 1290 — tr., 13 Feb. 1293 — Azzo VIII. , of Este, (son,) succeeds : chosen perpetual Lord of Modena and of Eeggio, Mar. 1293 — marries Beatrice of Sicily, Apr. 1 305 — League of Parma, Verona, Mantua, and Bologna, against him, 1305 — re- volt of Modena and Eeggio, Jan. 1306 — tr., 31 Jan. 1308 — Fulk III., (grandson,) 1308 — succeeds at Ferrara, but is deprived by his great-uncles, 1 308 — Francesco and Aldo- brandino restored by Venetians, 1309 — the Venetians defeated by Papal troops, 28 Aug. 1 309 — interdict laid on Modena by Pope Cle- ment V., 1 31 3 — Einaldo, Obizzo III., and Niccolo I. chosen Lords of Ferrara, 15 Aug. 1 3 17 — excommunicated by John XX II., and interdict laid on Ferrara, 1320 — ally them- selves with Ghibellines, 1320 — reconciled with the pope, 1332 — invested with lordship of Ferrara as fief of St Peter, Jun. 1332 — be- siege Modena, 1335 — death of Einaldo, 31 Dec. 1335 — take possession of Modena, 13 May 1336 — Obizzo buys lordship of Parma, 1344— death of Niccolo, 1 May 1346 — Obizzo sells lordship of Parma to Luchino Visconti, Sep. 1346 — interdict raised by Clement VI., 27 May 1350 — tf. at Ferrara, 19 or 20 May 1352 — Aldobrandino III., (son of Obizzo III.,) 1352 — Vicar of the Empire, by Charles IV., 1354 15 — tr., 3 Sep., a Nov. b 1 361— Niccolo II., (brother,) 1361 — vicariate of the Empire confirmed to him by Charles IV., 19 Dec. 1361 — makes peace with the Visconti, Feb. 1369 — has conference with Urban V. at Viterbo, 1367 — tf., 26 Mar. 1388— Alberto, (brother,) 1388 — "tr., 30 Jul. 1393— Niccolo III., (son,) b., 1384 — succeeds, 1393 — marries Julia de' Carrara, 1397 — Captain-general of Army of the Church, by Boniface IX., 1403 — forms League with Duke of Milan against Ottoboni, May 1408 — proclaimed Lord of Parma, 27 Jul. 1409 — Lord of Eeggio, Jul. 1409— joins League of Florentines and Venetians against Duke of Milan, 9 Jan. 1426 — peace concluded, 26 Apr. 1433 — £• at Milan, 26 Dec. 1441 — Lionel, (son,) 1441 — marries Maria of Ara- gon, Apr. 1444 — her death, 9 Dec. 1449 — mediates a peace between Venetians and Al- fonso of Sicily, 2 Jul. 1450 — tf., 1 Oct. 1450 — Borso, (brother,) 1450 — titular Duke of Mo- dena and Eeggio, Count of Eovigo and Co- macchio, by Frederick III., 18 Apr. 1452 — receives Pius II. at Ferrara, 18 May 1459 — created Duke of Ferrara, by Paul II., 14 Apr. 1471— tf., 20 Aug. 147 1— Hercules I., 147 1 — Alfonso I., (son,) 1505 — Hercules II., (son,) b., 1508 — marries Eenee of France, 1528 — succeeds, 31 Oct. 1534 — Calvin visits his Court, 1535 — visits Eome, Oct. 1535 — visits Charles V. at Naples, 1535 — receives Paul III. at Modena, 3 Apr. 1543 — at Ferrara, 21 Apr. — joins the League of the Pope and the French against Spain, 13 Nov. 1556 — named General of Army of the Church, and Lieutenant- general of King of France in Italy, 1556 — compelled to make peace with Spain, 18 Mar. 1558 — tf., 3 Oct. 1559 — Alfonso II., (son,) &•» 1533 — marries Lucrezia de' Medici, 1558 — succeeds, 1559 — l° ses n ^ s wn ° e > Apr. 156 1 — marries Archduchess Barba, daughter of Fer- dinand II., 5 Dec. 1565— she dies, 19 Sep. 1572 — candidate for the crown of Poland, 1575 — marries Margaret de' Gonzaga, 25 Feb. 1579 — confines Tasso in an asylum, 1579-86 — tr., 27 Oct. 1597 — Cesare, (cousin,) b., Oct. 1562 — marries Virginia de' Medici, Feb. 1586 — suc- ceeds, 1597 — excommunicated by Clement VIII. , and declared incapable of succeeding to Duchy of Ferrara, 23 Dec. 1597 — cedes Fer- rara to Clement VIII., 13 Jan. 1598 — loses his wife, 15 Jan. 1615 — tr., 11 Dec. 1628 — Alfonso III., (son,) {1., Oct. 1591 — marries Isabella of Savoy, Feb. 1608— loses his wife, 97 6 MODENA— MOGUL EMPIRE. Aug. 1626 — succeeds, 1628 — cedes his Duchy to his son, 24 Jul. 1629 — retires to a convent in the Tyrol, Sep. — ft., 1644 — Francisco I., fc., 5 Sep. 1 6 10 — succeeds his father, 1629 — marries Maria Farnese, 1631 — joins Spaniards against Duke of Parma, 1636— visits Madrid, Aug. 1638 — abandons the Spanish party and attaches himself to France, 1647 — marries Tittoria Farnese, 12 Feb. 1648 — marries Lucrezia Bar- berini, 23 Apr. 1654 — as Generalissimo of French armies in Italy, forms siege of Pavia, 24 Jul. 1655 — visits Paris, 1656 — Valen- zia, 7 Sep. 1656 — unsuccessfully besieges Ales- sandria, 17 Jul. to 19 Aug. 1657 — takes Mortara, 15 Aug. 1658 — tf., 14 Oct. 1658— Alfonso IV., (son.) fj., Feb. 1634 — marries Laura Mar- tinozzi, 27 May 1655 — succeeds, 1658 — Ge- neralissimo of French armies in Italy, 1658 — makes separate peace with Spain, 1 1 Mar. 1659 — tf., 16 Jul. 1662 — Francisco II., (son,) fc., 6 Mar. 1660 — succeeds, 1662 — under regency of his mother till 1676 — marries Margaret Farnese, 14 Jul. 1692 — ft., 6 Sep. 1694 — Einaxdo, (uncle,) fc., 25 Apr. 1655 — Cardinal, 2 Sep. 1686 — succeeds, 1694 — marries Charlotte Felicita of Brunswick, 1695 — allies himself with Austria in the \Var of the Succession, 1 701 — driven from his States by the French, Jul. 1702 — reestablished, 1707 — purchases Duchy of Mirandola, 1 7 1 8 — again driven from his States by the French, 1734 — returns to Modena, May 1736 — tf. there, 26 Oct. 1737 — Francesco III., (son,) fi., 2 Jul. 1698 — marries Charlotte of Orleans, 21 Jun. 1720 — succeeds, 1737 — receives Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Maria Theresa, at Modena, 1739 — driven away by the war against Austria, 1 742 — Generalissimo of Spanish armies in Italy, 1743 — takes Castel Nuovo, 24 Apr. 1745 — takes Tortona, 3 Sep. — enters Pavia, 22 Sep. — reenters his States under Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — visits London, Apr. to May 1749 — returns to Modena, 28 Sep. 1752 — loses his wife, 19 Jan. 1761 — If., 23 Feb. 1780 — Hercules III., (son,) h., 22 Nov. 1727 — marries Maria Theresa of Massa-Carrara, 1741 — succeeds, 1780 — loses his wife, 26 Dec. 1790 — the city occupied by French, 6 Oct. 1796 — Duchy annexed by Napoleon I. to Cispadane Republic, 27 Dec. 1796— annexed to Cisalpine Republic by decree of Napoleon, 23 May 1797 — occupied by Austrians, 4 May 1799 ■ — taken by French, 12 Jim. — occupied by Austrians under Gen. Klenau, 25 Jun. — re- stored to Duke Hercules : again conquered by French, Jun. 1800 — Hercules o\, 14 Oct. 1803 — Maria Beatrice (daughter) marries Fer- dinand of Austria, 15 Oct. 177 1 — with him succeeds to her father's rights, 1803 — Duchy forms part of kingdom of Italy, 1804 — death of Ferdinand, 24 Dec. 1806 — Francisco IV., (son,) fc.,6 0ct. 1779 — marries Maria Beatrice of Sardinia, 20 Jun. 18 12 — restored to the Duchy, 7 Feb. 18 14 — visit of Pius VII. to the city, 27 Mar. — occupied by Murat, 4-12 Apr. 1 8 15 — insurrection at, the Duke driven away, 5 Feb. 1 83 1 — occupied by Austrians, and the insurrection suppressed, 10 Mar. — ft., 21 Jan. 1846 — Francisco V. (son) succeeds, 1846 — disturbances at, end of 1847 — insurrection at, the Duke withdraws, 23 Mar. 1848 — occu- pied by Sardinian troops, Mar. — evacuated by them, 10 Aug. — and the Duke reestablished": disturbances at, 1859 — dynasty deposed by National Assembly, 19 Aug. 1859 — Duchy annexed to Sardinia by peace of Zurich, 10 Nov. 1859. Cathedral, commenced by Countess Matilda, 1099— consecrated, 11 84 — renovated, 1822. University, founded by Francis II., 1662-94. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Modena, Barnaba de, painter, — fl., 1357.68. Modena, Mary of. [Mary of Modena.] Modena, {Mutina,) Tommaso da, painter, — a., 1352. Modestinus, Herennius, jurist, — fi., about 230. Modestus, — Consul with Arintheus, (1125, a. tj. c.) 372. Modestus, T. Manilius, — Consul with Ser. Calpurnius Probus, (981, A. u. c.) 228. Modon, in the Korea, (Met/tone,) — conquered bv Venetians, 11 24 — taken by Sultan Bajazet >y Venetians, 1 [I., 1498 — recc II., 1498 — recovered for Venice by Morosini, 1686 — again taken by Turks, 17 15 — given up to Venice by Peace of Passarowitz, 17 18 — un- successfully besieged by Russians, 1770 — be- sieged by Greeks, 1821 — defeat of Ibrahim Pacha near, 12 May 1825 — taken from Turks by the French, 1827. Moellendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich, Count von, field-marshal, — ft. in Prussia, about 1724 — page to Frederick II., 1740 — Adjutant, 1744 — serves at siege of Prague, and at battle of Rosbach, 1757 — at siege of Breslau, 1758 — distinguishes himself at battle of Liegnitz, 1760 — captured by Austrians at Torgau, 1760 — Major-general, 1761 — Knt of the Black Eagle, 1779 — Governor of Berlin, 1783 — employed in dismemberment of Poland, 1793 — Field-marshal, obtains victory over French at Kaiserslautern, 1794— assists in ne- gotiating Treaty of Basel, 1797 — wounded at battle of Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 — 3j. at Berlin, a Havelberg, b 28 Jan. 18 16. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Moerocles, orator, — [B C] — demanded by Alexander, Nov. 335 — defends Theocrines, after 336-5,333? Moeskirch, — Gen. Moreau defeats Austrians at, 5 May 1800. Mogador, in Morocco, — bombarded by French under Prince de Joinville, 15 Aug. 1844. Mogalli, Cosimo, engraver, — ft. at Florence, 1667 — U. there, about 1730. Mogallo, Niccolo, engraver, — ft., 1723 — goes to Rome, 1750. Plates of the Mcnumenti antichi inediti, spiegati et illustrati da Giov. Winckelmann, 1767. Mogul Empire, Moguls, — Jelal tj din of Kharism driven out of his dominions, (618, a.h.) 1 22 1 —besiege Multan and conquer Lind, (620-1,) 1223-4 — reach Lahore, (638,) 1240 — Manktj Khan invades Bengal and Punjab, about (642,) 1244 — invaded by Shir Khan, about (649,) 1250 — attack on Punjab repelled, about (653,) MOGUL EMPIRE— MOIVKE. 977 1255 — defeated in Punjab, (678,) 1279 — again, (691,) 1292 — Daud Khan, king in Transoxi- ana, (697,) 1297 — Kutlugh Khan invades India, defeated at Delhi by Ala u din, 1297 — invasions of India, 1303-5 — dominions of Abu- said divided amongst his sons, after 1335— rebellion of Mogul troops in Guzerat, 1345-6 — Moguls bought off from the Punjab by Mo- hammed, after (745) 1345. Mogul Empire, in Hindustan, — established by Baber, 1526 — his son, Humayun, succeeds, 1530. Family of Sub. : Shir Shah takes possession of, 1540 — his son, Selim Shah Sur, (Jelal Khan,) succeeds, May 1545— on his death his son murdered by Mohammed Shah Sue Adili, who usurps the throne, 1553 — Ibrahim Sur seizes Delhi, Agra, and other provinces, 1554 — Secander Sur revolts in the Punjab, defeats and drives out Ibrahim, who is also defeated by Hemu, 1554 — Mohammed Sur revolts in Ben- gal, defeated and killed by Hemu, 1554 — re- volt of Malwa, 1554 — Humayun restored, Jul. I 555 — Akber, his son, succeeds, 1556 — Jehangir, (son,) 1605— Shah Jehan, (son,) 1627 — Aurangzib, (son,) 1658 — Bahadur Shah {Moazzim) (son) succeeds, Feb. 1707 — defeats his brother Asim, Jun. 1707 — marches against Sikhs, 17 10 — succeeded by his son, Jehundar Shah, May or Jun. 17 12 — put to death and succeeded by Farokhsir, Feb. 17 1 3 — deposed and put to death by Hosen AH, Dec. 17 1 8 — nominal emperors set up by the Seiads, Feb. and Jun. 17 19— Mohammed Shah raised to the throne, Sep. 17 19 — invasion of Nadir Shah, 1738 — Ahmed Shah (son) suc- ceeds, Apr. 1748 — calls in Mahrattas to aid against Rohillas, 17.51 — cedes the Punjab to Ahmed Shah Durani, 1752 — defeated and de- posed by Ghazi u din, 1754 — Alamgir II. succeeds, 1754 — third invasion and capture of Delhi by Ahmed Shah Durani, 1756 — Ghazi u din (vizier) calls in the Mahrattas, 1757 — fourth invasion of Ahmed Shah, Sep. 1759 — Alamgir II. murdered by Ghazi u din, 1759 — battle of Panipat, 6 Jan. 1761 — the Empire broken up. [India, British.] Mohacz, in Hungary, — Solyman the Mag- nificent defeats Hungarians, (20 Silkide 932, a. h.) 28 Aug. 1526 s1 — the Turks defeated by Duke of Lorraine, 12 Aug. 1687. a Von Hammer. Mohammed, founder of Islam, — b. at Mecca, 570 or 571 — marries Khadijah, about 595 — announces himself as a prophet, 610 — opposed by the Koreishites, 61-3-622 — loses his wife, 621 — flies from Mecca, 16 Jul. 622 — received as king and priest at Yatreb (Medina) : de- feats Abu Sophian and the Koreishites at Beder, 623 — defeated by them at Ohud, 623 — conquers and expels the Jews, 623-7 — defeats the Koreishites before Medina, {the Nations or the Bitch,) 625 — Mecca submits to him, 629 — invades Palestine, 629 — battle of Muta, first engagement with foreign enemy, 629 — 5j. at Medina, 7 Jun. 632. Mohammed Shah, Emperor oe Delhi, — raised to the throne after deposition of Farokh- sir, '(Dhu'l kadah 1131, a. h.) Sep. 17 19— as- sumes the government, (Dhu'lhajj ah 1132,) Oct. 1720 — defeats and captures Abdullah Khan, (Moharram 1133,) Nov. 1720 — enters Delhi, (Saphar 1133,) Nov. or Dec. 1720— appoints Asof Jah vizier, 172 1 — resignation of Asof Jah, Oct. 1723 — sanctions cession of Malwa to Mahrattas, 1734 — reconciled with Asof Jah, 1736 — Delhi threatened by Baji Bao, (1149,) 1737 — invasion of Nadir Shah, 1738 — de- feated by him, (15 Dhu'l kadah 1151,) 13 Feb. 1739 — cedes the country west of the Indus to Nadir Sbab, 1739 — Ghazi u din succeeds his father, Asof Jah, as vizier, 1741 — marches against the Bohillas, (1156,) 1745 — his son Ahmed repulses Ahmed Khan Durani at Sir- hmd, (26 Babia I. 1161,) Mar. 1748— }j., (26 Babiall. 1161,) Apr. 1748. Mohammedan Empire, — [Mohammed,] — Persia conquered, to Indus, 632-51 — Transox- iana (Tartary) conquered, (87-93, a. h.) 706- 712 — Sind conquered, (92,) 710 — extended to Imaus and Jaxartes, 713 — rebellion of Khor- asan, (132,) 750 — Sind. lost, 750 — Transoxiana revolts, (190,) 806— Khorasan lost, (205,) 820 — Empire dissolved, (247,) 861 — Caliphs be- come puppets of Turkish guards. Mohedano, Rafaello and Pedro Rodriguez, (brothers,) — h., between 17 25-30 ? — fc., between 1 7 95 -1 800? Historia liter aria de JSspana, 1766-85. Mohilef, in Russia, —conquered by Russia, 1772 — seat of a government, 1778 — battle be- tween French and Bussians near, 23 Jul. 18 12. Cathedral built, 1780. Mohler, Johann Adam, theologian,— b. in "Wurtemberg, 6 May 1796 — Prof. Theology, Munich, 1835—^ ft. there, 12 Apr. 1838. Einheit in der Kirche, 1825 — Symbolik, 1832. Mohrungen, in Prussia, — defeat of Bussians by Prince of Ponte-Corvo at, 25 Jan. 1807. Mohun, Lord, — with Captain Hill waylays and kills William Mountfort, the actor, in London, winter 1692 — killed in duel with Duke of Hamilton, in Hyde Park, 15 Nov. 17 12. Moinmoor, in Ireland, — O'Connor, king of Ireland, defeats Turlogh O'Brien at, 1151. Moir, David Macbeth, {Delta,) poet, — ft. at Musselburgh, 5 Jan. 1798 — studies medicine at Edinburgh, 18 15 — commences practice at Mus- selburgh, 1817 — lj. there, 6 Jul. 1851. Life of Mansie Wauch, 1828 — Outlines of Ancient Hhtory of Medicine, 1831 — Poetical Works, 1852. Moira, Earl oe. [Hastings, Marquis of.] Moitte, Francois Auguste, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1748 — tf. there, about 1790. Moitte, Jean Guillaume, sculptor, — fc. at Paris, 1747 — obtains grand prize of sculpture, 1768 — received at Academy, 1783 — 1j. at Paris, 2 May 1 8 10. Moitte, Pierre Etienne, engraver, — fi. at Paris, 1 Jan. 1722 — received at Academy, 22 Jun. 177 1 — tf. at Paris, 4 Sep. 1780. Galerie Dresde, 752-3 *754- Moivre, Abraham de Galerie du Cointe de BruhL [De Moivre.] 62 978 MOLA— MOLINET. Mola, Giambattista, {Mola di Francia,) painter, — ft., i620, a i6i6, b i6i4, c 1622 d — tf. at Eome, 1 66 1. a Engl. Cye. b Biog. Univ. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Conv.-Lex. Mola, Pietro Francesco, {Mola di Roma,) painter, — ft. near Milan, 16 12 or 162 1 — tf. at Borne, 1666 or 1668. Molac, Sebastien de Rosmadec, Baron de, — distinguishes himself in war of the League, 1589-96 — concludes truce with the Duke de Mercosur, Jan. 1596 — governor of Dinan, 1598 — tf., 1629. Molai, Jacques de, Grand Master or the Templars, — enters the Order, about 1265 — succeeds "William de Beaujeu as Grand Master, 1298 — at capture of Jerusalem, 1299 — called to France, 1 305 — arrested with all the knights, 13 Oct. 1307 — burnt at Paris, 18 Mar. 13 14. Molanus, {Jan Ver-Meulen,) theologian, — ft. at Lille, 1533 — D.D. Louvain, 1570 — Prof. Theology, Louvain, about 1570 — tf. there, 18 Sep. 1585. De Ficturis et Imaginibus sacris, 1570 — Militia sacra ducum ac primipum Bra- bantice, 1592 — Medicorum Ecclesiastimm Fia- rium, 1595. Molbech, Christian, historian, philologist, — b. at Soroe, 8 Oct. 1783 — studies at Copen- hagen, .1803 — employed in Eoyal Library, 1804 ■ — travels in Germany, Prance, England, and Italy, 1819-20 — first secretary of Eoyal Li- brary, 1820 — Prof. Literary History at the Univ., 1823 — tf. at Copenhagen, Jun. 1857. Fdstorie om Fitmarserhrigen, 181 3 — Fansh Fialect Fexikon, 1833-41 — FanskOrdbog, 1833 ■ — Fansh Glossarium, 1853. Mold, {Monthaut,) in N. Wales, — castle stormed and razed by Owen Gwynedd, 1 144 — taken by Prince of Aberfraw, 1245 — by Sir Gruffyd Llwyd, 1322. Moldavia, {Bogdania,) — [Dacia]— occupied by Curaans, about 1050 — ravaged by Mongols, 1239 — occupied by settlers under Eogdan, about 1290 — war with Hungary, 1373-9 — alliance with Poland, between 1379-90 — tributary to Poland, 1395 — to Hungary, 1396 — independ- ent under Stephen IV., 1498 — conquered by Turks, and made tributary, 1536 — claim of Po- land to, abandoned, 1621 — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Peter the Great, 17 10 — deprived of privilege of electing hospodars, 17 10 — govern- ment intrusted by Turkey to Fanariots, 17 16 — occupied by Eussians, 1739 — evacuated by Peace of Belgrade, Sep. 1739 — again occupied by Eussians, 1769 — restored to Turkey by Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji, 1774 — occupied by Suwarof, 1789 — again evacuated by Treaty of Jassy, 1792 — annexation of, to Russia, secretly agreed to by Emperors Alexander and Napoleon at Erfurt, 1808 — again occupied by Eussians, 1 809 — evacuated, 1 8 1 2 - — eastern portion of, ceded to Eussia by Treaty of Bucharest, 18 12 — entered by Greeks under Ipsilanti, insurrection in, 1821 — occupied by Turkish troops, 1822 — Treaty of Akerman, 1826 — protectorate of, acquired by Eussia, and affairs regulated by Treaty of Adrianople, Sep. 1829 — evacuated by Eussia, 1834 — revolution- ary agitation in, Apr. 1848 — occupied by Eus- sians, 1853 — evacuated by Eussians and occu- pied by Austrian troops, autumn 1 854 — evacu- ated by Austrians, 1856. [Danubian Princi- palities.] Mole, Louis Mathieu, Count de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 24 Jan. 178 1 — auditor of Council of State, 1806 — Counsellor of State, 1809 — Minister of Justice, Count, 18 13 — Peer of France, 1 8 14 — Minister of Marine, 18 17 — Min- ister of Foreign Affairs, Aug. to Nov. 1830 and Sep. 1836 to Apr. 1837 — First Minister, 15 Apr. 1837 to 31 Mar. 1839 — admitted to French Academy, Feb. 1840 — member of Legislative Assembly, Sep. to Dec. 1848 — retires from public life, Dec. 1851 — tf. at Champalatrux, 23 Nov. 1855. Fssais de Morale et de Folitique, 1806. Molesworth, Robert, Viscount,— ft. at Dub- lin, Dec. 1656 — his estates confiscated, 1689 — Privy Councillor, 1689 — ambassador to Copen- hagen, 1692 — quarrels with king of Denmark and returns, 1695 — Commissioner of Trade and Plantations, 17 14 — raised to Irish peerage, 1716 — tf-, 22 May 1725. Account of Fen- marh, 1696. Molesworth, Sir William, statesman, — ft. at Camberwell, 23 May 18 10— succeeds to bar- onetcy, 1823 — M.P. East Cornwall, Dee. 1832 — M.P. Leeds, Jul. 1837-41 — M.P. South- wark, 1845 — first Commissioner of Public Works, Jan. 1853 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, Jul. 1855 — tf. in London, 22 Oct. 1855. Establishes London Review, 1835 — edits London and Westminster Review, 1836, &c. — edits Works of Hobbes, 1842-5. Moliere, {Jean Baptiste Foquelin^) dramatist, actor, — ft. at Paris, 15 Jan. 1622 — studies at the College de Clermont, 1636-41 — attends Louis XIII. to Spain, 1642 — presented to Louis XIV. at Paris, 1658 — establishes himself at the Palais Eoyal, 1660 — marries, 1662 — receives a pension, 1663 — tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1673. L ' Ftourdi, 1653 — Fepit Amoureux, 1654 — Precieuses Ridicules, 1659 — Ecole des Maris, 1661 — Ecole desFemmes, 1662 — Critique de VFcole des Femmes, 1663 — Misanthrope, 1666 — Medecin malgre lui, 1666 — Tartuffe, 1664? 1667 ? — Avare, 1668 — Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 1670 — Femmes Savantes, 1672 — Malade Lma- ginaire, 1673. Molin, Jacques, {Fumoidin,) physician, — ft. in Gevaudan, 29 Apr. 1666 — enters service of Louis XIV., 1706 — physician to Louis XV., 1728 — attends him at Metz, Aug. 1744 — tf. at Paris, 21 Mar. 1755. Molina, Alfonso de, missionary, — ft. in Spain, 1496 — tf. in Mexico, 1584. Vocabidario y lengua Castellana y Mexicana, 157 1. Molina, Gonzalva. [Argote de Molina.] Molina, Luis, Jesuit, Prof. Theology, Fvora, — ft. at Cuenc^, Castile, 1535 — enters the Order, 1553 — attacked by Dominicans as a Pelagian, appeals to Eome, 1588 — [Molinist Controversy] — tf. at Madrid, 12 Oct. 1601. Fe liberi arbitrii cum graticc donis * * Con- cordia, 1588 — Commentary on St Thomas Aquinas, 1593 — Fe Justitia et Jure, 1659. Moiinet, Jean, poet, — tf. canon of Valen- MOLINIST CONTROVERSY— MOMORO. 979 ciennes, 1507. Prose translation of the Ro- man de la Rose, 1503 — Faits et Dits, contenant plusieurs beaux traites, oraisons et chants royaax, 153 1. Molinist Controversy, between Dominicans and Jesuits on Grace and Free Will, — origin- ates, 1588— [Molina, Luis]— Congregations de Auxiliis appointed by Clement VIII. for dis- cussion, meet, Jan. 1598, Jan. to Jul. 1601, 20 Mar. 1602, 22 Jan. 1605 — reappointed by Paul V., meet, 14 Sep. 1605 to 1 Mar. 1606— con- tinuance of, prohibited by Paul V., Aug. 1607. Molino, Francesco, Doge of Venice,— suc- ceeds Francesco Erizzo, 20 Jan. 1646 — tf., 28 Feb. 1655. Molinos, Miguel, founder of the Quietists, — b. near Saragossa, 1627 — arrested by the In- quisition, 1685 — makes public abjuration, 3 Sep. 1687 — tf. in prison, 29 Dec. 1696. Spirit- mi Guide, 1675— condemned by Inquisition, 1685. Moliterno, Prince de, general— b. at Naples, 1774 — distinguishes himself in Piedmont against French, 1794 — in Naples, 1798 — General of the People, Naples, Jan. 1799 — takes part with insurgents against Murat, 1 800 — at Rome, 18 14 — tf., 1840. Molitor, Gabriel Jean Joseph, Marshal op France, — b. in Lorraine, 7 Mar. 1770 — enters the army, Aug. 1791 — serves under Hoche, 1794 — wounded at attack on Mentz, 1795 — distinguishes himself at siege of Kehl, and made General of Brigade, Jul. 1799— distinguishes himself under Massena in Switzerland, 1799 — contributes to victory of Moeskirch, 5 May 1 800 — of Feldkirch, 14 Jul. — General of Division, 6 Oct. 1800— serves in Italy, 1805— governor of Dalmatia, 1806— Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Knt of the Iron Crown, 1806 — governor of Stralsund, Jul. 1 807 to Dec. 1 808 — distinguishes himself at Essling, 2 1 May 1 809 — at Wagram, 6 Jul. — governor of Hanse Towns, 18 10 — distinguishes himself in cam- paign of 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, 27 Jun. 1 8 14 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 21 Jan. 1 8 15 — serves in Spain, 1823 — commander of St Louis, 5 Aug.— Marshal of France, 9 Oct. — Peer of France, 1830 — governor of the Invalides, 1847 — Grand Chancellor of Legion of Honour, Dec. 1848 — tf. at Paris, 28 Jul. 1849. Mbllendorf. [Moellendorf.] Moller, Daniel Wilhelm, philologist, — b. at Presburg, 1642 — Prof. Metaphysics and His- tory, Altdorf, 1674 — tf. at Altdorf, 25 Feb. 1712. Moller, Georg, architect, — b. in Hanover, 1780— studies in Italy, 1807-10 — architect to Grand Duke of Hesse, 18 10 — tf., 13 Mar. 1852. Denkmdler der Deutschen Bauhunst, 1815-45. Moller, Johann, philologist, — b. at Flens- burg, (Schleswig,) 1661 — tf. there, 1725. Cimbria litterata, 1744. Mollerus, Johan Hendrik, statesman, — b. at the Hague, about 1753 — registrar of Council of State, 1784-93 — Secretary to Provincial States of Holland, 1802 — Member of Council for Asiatic possessions, 1804 — of Council of State, 1806 — Minister of the Interior, soon after — Member of Legislative Body, 181 1 — Commissioner-general, 18 14 — Vice-Pres. Coun- cil of State, 18 16 — tf. at the Hague, about 1830. Mollien, Nicolas Francois, Count, Peer of France, statesman, — b. at Rouen, 28 Feb. 1758 — visits England, 1798 — director of the caisse d'amortissement, after 1 8 Brumaire, Nov. 1799— Councillor of State, 1804 — Minister of the Treasury, Jan. 1806 — Count of the Empire, 1809 — follows the Empress Maria Louisa to Blois, 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 18 19— tf. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1850. Mollwitz, in Silesia, — Frederick II. of Prus- sia defeats Austrians, 27 Apr. 1741. Molon, — [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 104, 3,) 362. Molon, — [BC] — satrap of Media, 223 — revolts against Antiochus, 221 — defeated by Antiochus, kills himself, 220. Molossi, — [B C] — Admetus, king of, protects Themistocles, 466 — rise of Molossian kingdom of Epirus, about 340. Moluccas, Spice Islands, in Indian Archi- pelago,— settlement of Portuguese in, 15 10 — claimed by Spaniards, about 1520 — taken by Dutch, 1607 — declared common to Dutch and English, 1619 — held by British, 1796-1802 — again, 18 10-14 — free ports established, 1854. Molybdenum, metal t — distinguished from graphite, 1778. Molyn, Pieter de, painter, engraver, — b. at Haarlem, about 1600. Molyn, Pieter, (Tempesta,) painter, — b. at Haarlem, about 1637,°- 1643 b — tf. at Milan, 1 7 04. c a Some authorities. b Others. ° Nagler. Molyneux, William, mathematician, — b. at Dublin, 17 Apr. 1656 — enters the Univ., 167 1 — studies at Middle Temple, 1675-8 — assists in founding Dublin Philosophical So- ciety, 1683 — sent to inspect fortresses of the Netherlands, 1685— F.R.S., 1685— member of Irish Parliament, 1692 — tf. at Dublin, n Oct. 1698. Dioptrica nova, 1692 — Sciothericum telescopicum, 1686. Molza, Francesco Maria, poet, — b . at Mo- dena, 1489 — settles at Rome, 1516 s — -tf. at Modena, 1544. Opera, 1538.* a E,oscoe. Molza, Tarquinia, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Modena, 1 Nov. 1542 — tf. there, 8 Aug. 16 17. Mombaz, (Mo?nbassa,) on the east coast of Africa. — visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498 — burnt by Francesco de Almeida, 1505 — taken and destroyed by Nunho da Cunha, 1528 — recovered from Portuguese by natives, 1631 — held by Imam of Muscat, 1720 — threatened by Imam, and placed under British protection, 1824-6. Mombrizio, (Mombritius,) Bonino, philolo- gist, — b*. at Milan, 1424 — tf., probably 1482 ? Edition of the Summulce of Paul of Venice, 1474 — of the Scriptores Historice Augustee, 1475 — Sanctuarium, about 1479. Momoro, Antoine Francois, printer, — b. at Besancon, 1756 — member of Administrative 62 * 980 MOMPER— MONCRIEFF BATTERY. Commission, Aug. 1792 — sent twice to observe operations of the generals, 1793 — guillotined, 24 Apr. 1794. Manuel des impositions typo- graphiques, 1789 — Traite elementaire de Vim- primer ie, 1793. Momper, Josse de, (Cervrugt,) painter, en- graver^ — ft. at Antwerp, about 1580 — member of Society of St Luke, Antwerp, 161 1 — tr.,1638. Mona. [Anglesey and Man, Isles of.~] Monachism, — originated by Paul the The- baean and St Anthony, in Egypt, about 305. [Monasteries.] Monaco, City and Principality of — possessed by the Grimaldi family, about 1000 ? — seized by Barons de Beuil, 1395 — recovered for Bai- nieri III. by Marshal Boucicaut, 1402— placed under Spanish protection, i45o, a about 1500 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Genoese and Pisans, 1506 — attacked by French, 1584 — again, 1596 — placed under protection of France, and the Duchy of Valentinois conferred on Prince Honorius by Treaty of Peronne, 17 Sep. 1641 — Spanish garrison expelled, 1642 — on extinction of male line of Grimaldi, passes to House of Goyen-Matignon, 17 31 — suzerainty given to king of Sardinia, 18 15 — taken pos- session of by Sardinians, 1848-9 — partly sold to Napoleon III. — [Mentone]— customs union with France established by decree of Napoleon III., 7 Dec. 1865. a Conv.-Lex. b Encyc. Mod. Monaldeschi, Benedetto, — seizes supreme power in Orvieto, 1351 — deposed, 1355. Monaldeschi, Lodovico Bonconte de, chro- nicler,— fc. at Orvieto, .1327 — tf. at Borne, 1442. Monasteries, Monastic System, Monks, — originated by Pachomius, in Egypt, 320-330 — introduced in Palestine, by Hilarion, about 328 — at Borne, by Athanasius, 340 — restric- tion of, attempted by Council of Gangra, 365 — Valens publishes edict against, 368 — intro- duced in Gaul, by St Martin of Tours, about 370 — sanctioned by Augustine, in Africa, 407 — subject to bishops, by Council of Chalcedon, 451 — multiplication of, prohibited by Council of Agde, 506 — reformation of, in the "West, by St Benedict, 530 — profession designated re- ligion by Council of Orleans, 549 — regulated, in Eastern Empire, by Constitution of Justinian, 5 Nov. 535 — restriction of, attempted by Em- peror Maurice, 593 — discipline of, improved oy Gregory the Great, 595-600 — rights and privileges of, asserted by Council of Borne, 601 — reformation of, attempted by Benedict of Aniane, 817 — institution of new orders pro- hibited by Council of the Lateran, 1215 — pro- scribed at Constantinople by Constantine Co- pronymus, 752 — holy orders made obligatory on monks, by Clement V., 1 3 1 1 — condemned by Luther, 1520 — reform of, discussed at Council of Vicenza, 1537 — decreed by Council of Trent, 1563 — suppressed in Protestant States of Ger- many, 1524-34 — reduced in kingdom of Naples by Ferdinand I., 1776 — reformation of, in Aus- tria, commenced by Joseph II. ,17 80 — suppressed in France by National Assembly, 13 Feb. 1790 — suppressed in Spain and Portugal during Peninsular War, 1808 — reappear in France, after 18 14 — suppressed in Spain by Mendiza- bal, 1835 — suppressed in kingdom of Sardinia, and property confiscated by decree of Victoi Emmanuel, 25 May 1 855 — law extended to an- nexed provinces, i860 — in Italy, partly sup- pressed, Feb. 1 861 — law respecting, revised, 1 866-7 — in Mexico, suppressed by Juarez, Jun. 1 861 — ordered to be suppressed in Naples, 13 Oct. 1 86 1 — bill for suppression withdrawn, 28 Apr. 1865 — suppressed in Spain, Oct. 1868. In England, introduced by Gregory the Great, 598 — corruption common, as early as 730 — disputes with married clergy, about 965- 975 — reformation of, undertaken by "Wolsey, as legate of Clement VII., 1525 — visitation of, by Cromwell, as Vicar-general, 1535— dissolu- tion of the lesser, by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 28, 153 6-^-[ Augmentations, Court of] — entire dissolution of, by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1539 — restoration of, provided for by Act 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — again sup- pressed, and possessions of, vested in the Crown, by Act 1 Eliz. c. 24, 1559. Monasticism. [Monachism and Monas- teries.] Monaxius, — Consul with Plinta, (1172, a. v. c.) 419. Monboddo, Lord. [Burnett, James.] Moncade, Francesco de, Count d'Ossuna, historian,— b. at Valencia, 29 Dec. 1586 — tf. in Cleves, 1635. Historia de la expedicion de Catalones y Aragoneses contra Turcos y Griegos, 1623. Moncade, Hugues de, — follows Charles VIII. to Italy, 1495 — Viceroy of Naples, end of 1527 — killed in combat, Jun. 1528. Moncalvo, II, {Guglielmo Caccia,) painter, — b. at Montabone, 1568 — tf., about 1625. Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot, Duke of CONEGLIANO, MARSHAL OF FRANCE, ft. at Besancon, 31 Jul. 1754 — reenters the army, 1774 — distinguishes himself in army of the Pyrenees, 1793 — General of Division, 1794 — defeats Spaniards at Villa-Nova, 17 Oct. 1794 — Inspector-general of gendarmerie, end of 1 80 1 — Marshal of the Empire, 1804 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Feb. 1805 — Duke of Conegliano, i8o8, a i8o4 b — Commander- general of Parisian National Guard, 181 3 — distinguishes himself in combats of 30 Mar. 1 8 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Peer of France, Apr. 1 8 14 — refuses presidency of Commission for trial of Marshal Ney, imprisoned at Ham, 1 8 15 — restored to his dignities, Jul. 18 16 — re- called to Chamber of Peers, 18 19 — commands expedition of Catalonia, 1823 — governor of the Invalides, Jan. 1834 — tf. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1842. a Nouv. Biog, Gen. b Biog. Univ. Moncon, in Aragon. Treaty of, between France ' and Spain, securing the Valteline to the Grisons, signed, 5 Mar. 1626. Moncontour, in France, — Admiral Coligni and the Huguenots defeated by Duke of Anjou at, 3 Oct. 1569. Monconys, Balthasar,. traveller, — n. at Lyons, 161 1 — tf. there, 1665. Voyages, 1665. Moncrieff, Sir Henry, theologian, — fj. in Perthshire, 1750 — minister of St Cuthbert's, Edinburgh, 1775 — tf. there, 14 Jun. 1827. Moncrieff Battery, — invented, 1858— ex- MONDINO— MONNIER. periments with, at Shoeburyness, Oct. 1868, Mondino, (Rimondino,) (Mundinus,) ana- tomist, — Ij. at Bologna, 1326. Anatome om- nium humani corporis interioricm membrorum, 1478. Mondovi, in Italy, — seat of a bishopric by- Urban VI., 1388 — Napoleon defeats Sardinians at, 21 Apr. 1796 — captured by Sardinians, May 1799 — retaken and sacked by Marshal Soult, I79 9' Monegario, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Galla, 756 — expelled for his tyranny, 764. _ Monemvasia, in the Morea, — erected into metropolitan see, between 582-602 — visited by St Wilibald, 723 — submits to William, Prince of Achaia, 1248 — ceded by him to Emperor Michael VIII., 1252 — refuses submission to Turks, 1260 — surrendered to Venetians, 1464 — taken by Sultan Solyman, 1540 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Venetians under Morosini, 1689 — taken possession of by Cornaro, 1690 — capitulates to Turks under Ali Cumurgi, 5 Sep. Monetary Convention, — between France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, concluded; 21 Sep. 1866 — between France and Austria, signed at Paris, 31 Jul. 1867. Mongault, Nicolas Hubert de, translator, — b. at Paris, 1674 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 1690 — received at French Academy, 17 1 8 — tf. at Paris, 1746. Translation of Herodian, 1700 — of Cicero' s Letters to Atticus, I7H- Monge, Gaspard, mathematician, — b. at Beaune, 10 May 1746 — assistant Prof. Hy- drodynamics at the Louvre, 1780 — received at Academy of Sciences, 1780 — Examiner of the Navy, if 83 — Minister of Marine, Aug. 1792 — assists in establishing Normal and Polytechnic Schools, 1 795 — employed in collecting works of art in Italy, 1796 — accompanies expedition of Egypt, 1798 — excluded from Institute, 18 15 — fc. at Paris, i8, a 28 b Jul. 181 8. Trait e ele- mentaire de statique, 1786 — Geometrie descript- ive, 1799 — Application de V analyse a la geo- metrie, 1807 (3rd ed.). a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mongez, Antoine,— 6. at Lyons, 1747 — ad- mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — Member of Institute, 1796 — fr. at Paris, 30 Jul. 1835. Histoire de la reine Marguerite de Valois, 1777 — Iconographie Romaine, 1787. Mongitore, Antonino, antiquary, %c, — b. at Palermo, 1663 — ft., 6 Jun. 1743. Bibliotheca Sicula, 1708-14 — Parlamenti generali di Sicilia daWanno 1446 sino all' 1748, $c, 1749. Mongols, Tatar tribe, — become formidable under Gengis Khan, about 1200. [See China, Golden Horde, Timour, Mogul Empire.] Monica, mother of St Augustine, — b., about 331 — o\ at Ostia, 4 May 387. Moniglia, Giovanni Andrea, physician, dra- matist, — b. at Florence, about 1640 — if., 1700. Opere dramatiche, 1689. Moniteur Universel, {Gazette Rationale,) French political Journal, — originated by Panck- oucke, 5 May 1789 — becomes daily paper, 24 Nov. 1789 — made official Journal of French Go- vernment by First Consul, 28 Dec. 1799 — ceases to be official, 1 Jan. 1869 — again official, by Government of National Defence, Sep. 1870. Monitor. [Merrimac] Monitorial System, of instruction, (Madras, or Lancasterian System,) — introduced by Bell at Madras, 1795 — adopted in England, by Lan- caster, about 1800. Monk, George. [Albemarle, Duke of.] Monks. [Monasteries and names of Orders.] Monmouth, Charles Mordaunt, Earl of, [Peterborough, Earl of.] Monmouth, Henry of. [Henry V. of Eng- land. ~\ Monmouth, Henry Carey, Earl of, — b., 1596— B.A. Oxford, 1613— K.B., 1616 — &., 13 Jun. 1661. Translations of Rentivoglio's Historical Relations of United Provinces, 1652 — and History of War in Flanders, 1654 — of Paruta's Politic Discourses, 1657 — and History of Venice, 1658 — of C apr lata' s History of Italy, 1663 — History of late wars of Christendom, 1641. Monmouth, James Fitzroy, Duke of, — h. at Rotterdam, 1649 — Duke, by Charles II., 1660 — plans attack on Sir John Coventry, 1670 — serves under Prince of Orange at battle of St Denis, 1678 — suppresses rebellion in Scotland, 1679— exiled to Holland, Sep. 1679 — takes part in Ryehouse Plot, 1683 — pardoned, 1683 — escapes to Holland, early in 1684 — in- vades England, n Jun. 1685 — attainted by Act 1 Jac. II. c. 2, 13 Jun. 1685 — assumes title of King at Taunton, 20 Jun. — defeated at Sedge- moor, 5 Jul. — captured in Cranbourne Chase, 8 Jul. — executed in London, 15 Jul. Monmouth Court House, XT. S., — Washing- ton defeats the British at, 28 Jun. 1778. Monnet, Antoine Grimoald, chemist, mineral- ogist, — b. in Auvergne, 1734 — Inspector- general of mines, 1774 — rj. at Paris, 23 May 1817. Nouveau systeme de miner alogie, 1779 — Memoire historique et politique sur les mines de la France, 1790. Monnet, Louis Claude, Baron, general, — b. near Niort, 1 Feb. 1766 — enters the army, 1793 — distinguishes himself in Vendean War. 1795 — serves on the Rhine, 1797- — distinguishes himself at battle of Bussolingo, 26 Mar. 1799 — and in defence of Mantua, 17 99- 1800 — Com- mander of AValcheren and Flushing, 1800 — General of Division, Aug. 1803 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Jun. 1 804 — capitulates to English at Flushing, 15 Aug. 1809 — Chevalier of St Louis, Aug. 1 8 14 — 5j. at Paris, 8 Jun. 1819. Monnier, Jean Charles, general,— -b. near Avignon, 22 Mar. 1758 — enters the army, Jul. 1789 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — General of Brigade, 1797 — serves in campaign of Naples, 1798 — Commander of Ancona, 1799 — suppresses insurrections, 1799 — capitulates to Austrians, 16 Nov. — General of Division, Mar. 1800 — contributes to victory of Marengo, 14 Jun. — takes Verona, Jan. i8or — Chevalier of St Louis, Jun. 18 14 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Peer of France, Aug. 1818 — U-, 29 Jan. 18 19. 9 S: MONNOIE-MONSON. Monnoie, Bernard de la, philologist, #c.,— fc. at Dijon, 1641— goes to Paris, 1707 — received at French. Academy, 17 13 — if., 1728. Noei borguignons de Gui Barozai, 1720 — Menagiana, Monnot, Pierre Etienne, sculptor, — b. at Besan^on, 1658 — tf. at Rome, 1730. Monu- ment of Innocent XI., 1690. Monnoyer, (Monoyer,) Jean Baptiste, painter, — h. at Lille, 1635 — member of French Academy of Painting, 1665 — goes to London, 1680 — Tj. there, 1699. Monomotapa. [Sofala.] Monophysite Controversy, respecting Nature of Christ, — originates in condemnation of Eutyches by Council of Chalcedon, 451 — settlement of, attempted by Zeno's Henoticon, 482 — occasions schism between Eastern and Western Churches, 484 — Monophysite party condemned by Council of Constantinople, under Mennas, and by decree of Justinian, 536 — again by Council of Constantinople, 553 — the sect revived under Jacob Baradaeus, about 570. Monopolies, in England, — declared contrary to law, and grants of such void, by Act 21 Jac. I. c. 3, 1624. Monopoly, Bible-printing, — in England, patent for printing Geneva Bible, for 7 years, granted to John Bodley, 8 Jan. 156 1 a — first ex- clusive patent, to John Jugge, 1575-6,* but right not exercised — exclusive patent acquired by Christopher Barker, 28 Sep. 1577,* and held by his family till 1709* — letters-patent concern- ing printing excepted from Act abolishing monopolies, 1624 — abolished by Long Parlia- ment, 1 640- 1— revived by Charles II., 1675 — patent granted to Beeves, Eyre, and Strahan, for 30 years, 8 Jul. 1799 — renewed to Strahan, Eyre, and Spottiswoode, for 30 years, 21 Jan. 1830 — Select Committees of House of Commons on, 1 83 1 and 1837 — patent renewed to Eyre and Spottiswoode by Queen Victoria, during her will and pleasure, from 21 Jan. i860, 19 Jan. i860. In Scotland, privilege granted to An- drew Anderson, for 40 years, 1671 s1 — several concurrent licenses : patent to John Basket and Agnes Campbell, for 41 years, 6 Jul. 17 16 — patent renewed, 2 Nov. 1785, for 41 years from 17 Jul. 1798 — importation from England re- strained by Scottish Courts, 1821 b — the patent expires, 17 Jul. 1839. In Ireland, patent granted to Grierson, 1766 — renewed, 18 ri. a Anderson. b Dr A. Thomson. Monopoly of Corn and Provisions, in Eng- land, — described and prohibited by Stat. 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 14, 1552. Monothelite Controversy, respecting Nature of Christ,— originates in formulary of Union proposed by Heraclius, 630 — [Ecthesis] — Monothelitism favoured by Council of Alexan- dria, under Patriarch Cyrus, 633 — by Council of Constantinople, 638 — condemned by Coun- cils of Rome, under Severinus, 640, and under John IV., 641 — by several African Councils, 646*-by Lateran Council, under St Martin, 649 — favoured by two Councils of Thessalonica, 649 or 650 — condemned by Councils of Borne, 650— of Gaul, 679 — of Borne, 680 — of Hatfield, iu England, 680 — of Constantinople, 680 and 681 — of Toledo, 684 — supported by Council of Constantinople, 712 — condemned by Council of Constantinople, 715. Monro, Alexander, {Primus,) anatomist, — ft. in London, 19 Sep. 1697 — studies under Boerhaave, at Leyden, 17 18 — Prof. Anatomy, to Company of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1719-59 — originates Medical School of Edinburgh, 1720 — tf., 10 Jul. 1767. Osteology, 1726 — edits Medical Essays and Observations, 1732. Monro, Alexander, (Secundics,) anatomist, — fi. at Edinburgh, 24 Mar. 1733 — M.D. Edin- burgh, 1755 — Joint Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Jul. 1756— F.R.C.P.E., 1759— full Prof. Anatomy, 1759 — Secretary Phil. Soc, I 759~ F.B.S.E., 1783— retires, 1808— tf., 2 Oct. 1 8 1 7 . Structure and Functions of Nervous System, 1783 — Structure and Physiology of Fishes, 1785 — Treatises on the Brain, the Eye, and the Ear, 1797. Monro, (Munro,) Sir Hector, — defeats Nabob of Oude at Buxar, 23 Oct. 1764 — reduces Pondicherry, Oct. 1778 — defeated by Hyder Ali, Sep. 1780 — besieges and takes Negapatam, Nov. 1781. Monroe, James, President of the United States, — b. in Virginia, 16 Mar. 175 i, a 28 Apr. 1758, b 2 Apr. 1759 c — enters the army, 1767 — wounded at Trenton, 1777 — member of Virginia Convention, 1788 — Senator of U.S., about 1791 — ambassador to France, 1794-6 — governor of Virginia, 1798-9 — ambassador to France, 1802 — to England, 1806 — Secretary of State, 181 1 — Pres., 1816-25 — lj. at New York, 4 Jul. 1831. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Monroe Doctrine, — against European inter- vention in America, established by President Monroe, 1823. Monrovia. [Liberia.] Mons, in Belgium, — founded, about 653 — . made capital of Hainault, by Charles the Great, 804 — besieged by Baldwin, Count of Flanders, 1 1 82 — enlarged and fortified by John d' Avesnes, 1290 — receives Jews expelled from France, 1 32 1 — taken by Duke of Burgundy, 1436 — revolts against Duke of Alva, 1569 — taken by Louis of Nassau, 23 May 1572 — retaken by Frederick of Toledo, 22 Sep. 1572 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Marshal Luxembourg, 1678 — besieged by Louis XIV., 14 Mar. 1691 — taken and almost destroyed, 9 Apr. — given up to Spain at Peace of Kyswick, 1697 — again occupied by French, 1701 — besieged by Prince Eugene and Marlborough, 25 Sep. 1709 — capitulates, 20 Oct. 1709 — restored to Dutch by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — and to Austria by Peace of Baden, 17 14— taken by French under Prince de Conti, 10 Jul. 1746 — given up to Austria, 1748 — taken by Dumouriez, 1792 — annexed to France, and made capital of depart- ment of JemapDes, 1794— given up by French, 1 814 — fortifications strengthened, 1 8 1 8. Church of St Wandru, commenced, 1460 — completed, 1589. Town-hall, 1440. Mons-en-Puelle, in Flanders, — Philip the Fair defeats Flemings at, 18 Aug. 1304. Monson, Sir William, admiral, — fo. in Lin- colnshire, 1569 — Vice-admiral, 1589 — distin- guishes himself in expedition against Cadiz, MONSTRELET— MONTALBANI. 983 and is knighted, 1596 — serves off coast of Spain, 1602 — Admiral of the narrow seas, 1604 — Vice-admiral under Kobert, Earl of Lindsey, 1635 — fc. in London, Feb. 1643. Tracts on Naval Affairs, 1703. Monstrelet, Enguerrand. de, chronicler, — fi. in Flanders, about 1390— ft., 1453. Chroniques, 1512. Mont di Pieta, — originated in Italy, about 1450 — approved by several Papal bulls, 1464- 1506. At Paris, opened, 1 Jan. 1778 — abolished, 1789 — reestablished by Directory, (3 Prairial an V.,) 22 May 1797— reorganized, 16 Jul. 1804. In England, established, 1708 — fails, 17 31. In Ireland, several established before 1840 — fail, 1853. Montacute, John, Lord, — defeats Lancas- trians at Hedgley Moor, 25 Apr., and at Hex- ham, 15 May 1464 — killed at battle of Barnet, 14 Apr. 1 47 1. Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, — convicted of treason and beheaded, early in 1539. Montacute, Thomas ^William de. [Salis- bury, Earls op.] Montagnana, Bartolomeo, physician, — Prof. Medicine, Padua, till 1460. Consilia Medica edita Paduce, 1436. Montagne, Jean Prangois Camille, botanist, — ft. at Vaudoy, 1784 — settles at Paris, 1832 — member of Institute, 1853 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1858 — tf. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1866. Montagne, Mathieu, painter, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, about 1600 — tf. at Paris, 1666. Montagne, Nicolas, painter, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1 631— Prof. Painting at the Aca- demy, 1 68 1. Montagu, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount, — Knt, by Edward VI. , 1547 — Master of the Horse to Philip of Spain, 8 Apr. 1554 — Vis- count, 27 Sep. 1554 — Joint-ambassador with Bp of Ely to the pope, early in 1555 — K.G-., 22 Oct. 1555 — Lieutenant-general of English forces at siege of St Quentin, 1557 — ambas- sador to Philip II. of Spain, 1560 — one of the Judges of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — fr. at Horsley, in Surrey, 19 Oct. 1592. Montagu, Basil, jurisconsult, — ft. in Lon- don, 24 Apr. 1770 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1 7 86 — called to the bar, 1 7 9 8 — Commissioner of Bankrupts, 1806-7 — tf. at Boulogne, 27 Nov. 1 85 1. Digest of Bankrupt laws, 1805 — edits Works of Francis Bacon, 1825-34 — Essays and Selections, 1837. Montagu, Charles. [Halifax, Earl of.] Montagu, Edward. [Sandwich, Earls of.] Montagu, Sir Edward, Judge of the Com- mon Pleas, — b. at Brigstock, Northampton- shire, about 1490 — reader at Middle Temple, 1524 and 1531 — Serjeant-at-Law, 1531 — Attorney-general, 1532 — Chief Justice of King's Bench, and Knt, 21 Jan. 1539— Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 6 Nov. 1545 — im- prisoned in the Tower, by Queen Mary, 1553 — pardoned, but deprived of his office, 1553 — % Q. at Boughton, near Kettering, 10 Feb. 1557. Montagu, Edward Wortley, — b. in York- shire, Oct., 17 13 — M.P. Huntingdonshire, 1747 — goes abroad, 1751 — M.P. Uossiney, 1754 — 1J. at Padua, May 1776. Memorial, 1752 — Pise and Pall of Ancient Republics, 1759. Montagu, Six George, admiral, — b., 12 Dec. 175° — enters the navy, 1764— post captain, 1773 — serves in American War, 1773-9— assists at defence of Gibraltar, 1779 — serves in "West Indies, 1793— takes part in attack on Barbadoes, Jun. 1793 — Bear-admiral, Apr. 1794 — Vice- admiral, 1 Jun. 1795 — Admiral, 1 Jan. 1801 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, 1803-8 — G,C.B., 2 Jan. 1815 — 3j. in Wiltshire, 24 Dec. 1829. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, — 6. at Thoresby, Nottinghamshire, about 1690 — mar- ries Edward Wortley Montagu, Aug. 17 12 — accompanies him to Constantinople, 1716-18 — - quits England, 1739-61 — ft. in England, 21 Aug. 1762. Letters, 1763. Montague, Edward and Henry. [Man- chester, Eakls of.} Montague, Elizabeth, miscellaneous writer, — b. at York, 2 Oct. 1720 — marries Edward Montague, 1742 — left a widow, 1775 — fr. in London, 25 Aug. 1800. Essay on Shakespeare, 1770. Montague, George, naturalist, — ft. in Devonshire, 18 15. Ornithological Dictionary, 1 802 — Testacea Britannica, 1 803 — Supplement, 1809. Montague House, London, — built by Balph Montague, about 1674 — burnt, 1686— rebuilt, soon after — bought for British Museum, 1754. Montaigne, — taken by Marlborough and Prince Eugene, 18 Apr. 17 10. Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur de, moralist, — b. at Montaigne in Perigord, 28 Feb. 1533 — studies at College of G-uienne, Bordeaux, 1539- 46 — Counsellor to parliament of Bordeaux, 1554 — marries, 1569— visits Germany, Switzer- land, and Italy, 1580-1 — Mayor of Bordeaux, about 158 1 -5 — driven from his chateau by War of the League, 1586 — at Paris, adopts Marie de Gournay as his daughter, 1588 — mediates between Henry of Navarre and Duke of Guise, 1588 — lj. at Montaigne, 13 Sep. 1592. Essais, 1580 — Journal du Voyage de Michel de Mon- taigne en Italic, par la Suisse et V Allemagne, en 1580-1, 1774. Montaigu, {Montaigut,) Gille Aycelin de, Abp of Rouen, — b. in Auvergne, about 1252 — Abp of Narbonne, 1290 — holds Council of Beziers, 1299 — assists at assembly at the Louvre against Boniface VIII., 1303 — one of the Commissioners for examining case of the Templars, 1307 — Keeper of the Seals, 1309 — ■ presides at Council of Beziers, 1310— Abp of Rouen, 131 1 — founds College at Paris, 13 14 — if. at Paris, 23 Jun. 13 18. Montaigu, Gille Aycelin de, cardinal,— h. 9 about 1305 — at battle of Poitiers, 1356 — fol- lows King John to England, 1357 — Cardinal, 1 36 1 — tf. at Avignon, 1378. Montaigu, (Mowitagu,) Richard de, Bp of Norwich, — b. in Buckinghamshire, 1578 — Bpof Chichester, 1628 — of Norwich, 1638— tf. there, 13 Apr. 1641. Apparatus ad origines ecclesiasticas, 1635 — Origines ecclesiasticce, 1636-40. Montalbani, Giovanni Battista, traveller, — b. at Bologna, 1596 — fc. in Candia, 1646, 9 8 4 MONTALBANI— MONTBOISSIER*BEATTFORT. De moribus Turcarum commentarii, 1625. Montalbani, Ovidio, botanist— h. at Bologna, about 1602 — Prof. Logic, Bologna, 1634 — keeper of Cabinet of Natural History, 1657 — tf. at Bologna, 22 Sep. 167 1. Epistolce vat-ice-, 1634 — Miner valia bonon. civium anademata, 1 641 — Bibliotheca botanica, 1657 — Vocabolista bolognese, 1660. Montaldi, Giuseppe, philologist, — b. in Italy, about 1730 — tf. at Siena, Mar. 18 16. Lexicon hebraicum et cJialdeo-biblicum, 1789. Montalembert, Charles Forbes de Tryon, Count de, theologian, historian, $• J 3 ^ ar « I 870. Vie de Sainte Elizabeth de Hongrie, 1835-6 — Du Van- dalisme et du Catholicisme dans V Art, 1839 — L'Avenir Politique de V Angleterre, 1 855 — Les Moines d' Occident, i860 — L'Eglise libre dans V Etat libre, 1863. Montalembert, Jean Charles, Baron de, general, — b. at Louisbourg, Ile-Royale, 6 Feb. 1757 — enters the army, 1775 — emigrates, 1792 — distinguishes himself in war of St Domingo, 1794-7 — Brigadier-general in English army, 1797 — tf. in West Indies, 20 Feb. 18 10. Montalembert, Marc Rene, Marquis de, military engineer, — b. at Angouleme, 16 Jul. 17 14 — enters the army, 1732 — received at Academy of Sciences, 1747 — constructs fort in Isle of Re, 1779 — General of Division, 1792 — tf. at Paris, 29 Mar. 1800. Correspondance pendant la Guerre de 1757, 1777 — La Fortifi- cation perpendiculaire, 1776-96. Montalembert, Marc Rene Anne Marie, Count de, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1777 — serves in English army, 1799-1814 — in East Indies, 1804-8 — in Spain and Portugal, 1808 — takes part in expedition ofWalcheren, 1809 — Lieutenant-colonel, 181 1 — sent to an- nounce to Louis XVIII. his restoration, 18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Officer of Legion of Honour, secretary of Embassy, London, 18 14 — plenipotentiary at Stuttgard, Jul. 18 16 — Peer of France, Mar. 181 9 — ambassador to Denmark, 1819 — to Sweden, 1826-30— tf. at Paris, 20 Jun. 1831. Montalivet, Jean Pierre Bachasson, Count de, statesman,' — b. in Lorraine, 5 Jul. 1766 — Counsellor to Parliament of Grenoble, 1785 — Counsellor of State, 1805 — Director of Roads and Bridges, 1806 — Count of the Empire, 1809 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1809 ? — Minister of the Interior, 1 Oct. 1809-14 — Peer of France, 18 15 — recalled to Chamber of Peers, 1 8 19— tf. at la Grange, 22 Jan. 1823. Montalvo. [Galvez.] Montanists. [Montanus.] Montano, {Monti,) Giambattista, {Mon- tanus,) physician, — b. at Verona, about 1490 — Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1536-47 — tf. at Ter- razo, 155 1. Montanus. [Arias Montanus.] Montanus, fo un der of sect of Montanists-, — fl., about 170-212 — his system of doctrines completed by Tertullian, 207-14. Montanus, Sp. Tarpeius,— [B C]^-Ccnsul with A. Aternius Varus, (300, a. u. c.) 454. Montargis, in France, — besieged by Earls of Suffolk and Warwick, 1427— taken by English, 143 1 — recovered by French, 1432— ^again taken by English and held till 1438— Charles VII. holds a parliament at, 1459 — reunited to Crown, 1498 — passes to House of Orleans, 1626. Montauban, in France, {Mons Albanus,) — founded by Count Alfonso of Toulouse, 1 144 — • seat of a bishopric, 13 17 — ceded to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 1 360 — embraces Reforma- tion, 1572 — fortified by Huguenots, 1572-80 — unsuccessfully besieged by Catholics, 1580 — and again unsuccessfully by Louis XIII. , 17 Aug. to 17 Nov. 1 62 1 — one of the places of safety given to Huguenots, 1622 — submits to the king, 1629 — fortifications demolished, 1629 — devastated by dragonnades, 1675 — massacre of patriots at, 10 May 1790. Montauban, Jean de, Admiral of France, — sent to reduce Brittany, 1453 — distinguishes himself at combat of Castillon, 17 Jul. — Grand Master of "Waters and Forests, Admiral of France, 146 1 — tf. at Tours, May 1466. Montauban, Philippe de, — Chancellor of Brittany, 1485 — envoy to England, 1490 — "&., 8 Jan. 15 1 8. Montault. [Navailles.] Montausier, Charlesde Sainte-Maure,DuEE de, Peer op France, — b. in Touraine, 16 10 — enters the army, 1630 — Marechal de Camp, 1638 — Lieutenant-general, 1646— governor of Normandy, 1662 — Duke, Peer, 1664 — governor of the Dauphin, 1668-80 — tf., 11 Aug. 1690. Montbeliard, Montbelliard, in France, — territory conquered by Franks, 534 — forms part of kingdom of Lorraine, 843 — part of kingdom of Burgundy, 888 — castle and town of, mentioned, 984— forms part of the Empire under Conrad the Salic, 1033 — head of a County, before 1034 — passes by marriage to Counts of Wiirtemberg, soon after 1400— town surprised by Marshal Luxembourg, 1647-.— taken and the ramparts demolished by Louis XIV., 1674 — occupied by French, 1793— ceded to France, 1796 — occupied by Germans, 1871. Mont-Blanc, — prize for discovery of path to summit, offered by Saussure, 1760 — summit of, reached by Bainiat, Jun. 1786 — by Pacard, 8 Aug. 1786 — by Saussure, 3 Aug. 1787. Montboissier-Beaufort, Pierre Charles Ca- nillac, Viscount de, general, — b., Sep. 1694 — enters the army, 1708 — serves in army of the Rhine, 17 10- 13 — at sieges of Fontarabie and St Sebastian, 17 19 — at siege of Philipsburg, 1734 — Brigadier, 1740 — distinguishes himself at sieges of Menin and. Ypres, 1744 — Marechal de Camp, May 1744 — takes part in battle of MONTBEISON— MONTELIMAET. 9^5 Fontenoy, and siege of Tournai, 1745 — at sieges of Mons, Charleroi, &c, and battle of Raucous, 1746— at battle of Lawfeld, 1747 — Lieutenant-general, 1748 — ft., about 1760. Montbrison, {Mons Brisonis,) in France, — fortified, 1428 — visited by Francis I., 25 Apr. 1536 — sacked by Baron des Adrets, 16 Jul. 1562 — taken by Nemours, 1590 — seized by Mandrin, 1754. Cathedral, built, 1223-1466. Montbrun, Charles Dupuy, Seigneur de, {the Brave,)— b- in Dauphiny, 1530 — distin- guishes himself at battles of Jarnac and Mon- contour, 1569 — reenters Dauphiny, 1570 — taken prisoner, 1575 — beheaded at Grenoble, 12 Aug. 1575. Montbrun, Louis Pierre, Count de, general, — b., 1 Mar. 1770 — enters the army, 1789 — distinguishes himself at battle of Altendorf, 1796— at Austerlitz, General of Brigade, Dec. 1805— in campaign of Silesia, 1806 — in Spain, 1808 — contributes to victory of Eckmiihl, 22 Apr. 1809 — distinguishes himself at Baab, 14 May — Count, General of Division, Commander of Legion of Honour, 1809 — distinguishes him- self at Busaco and Fuentes d'Onoro, 18 10 — takes part in expedition of Russia, and is killed at battle of Moscow, 1812. Montcalm de Saint- Veran, Louis Joseph, Marquis de, general, — b. near Nimes, 17 12 — enters the army, 1726 — Marechal de Camp, and Commander-in-chief of French armies in Canada, 1756— defeated by Gen. Wolfe and mortally wounded at siege of Quebec, 14 Sep. 1759 — tf., 16 Sep. Mont Cenis. [Cenis.] Montchal, Charles de, Abp of Toulouse, — b. at Annonay, 1589 — Abp, 1628 — Pres. General Assemblies of the Clergy, 1645— 1*. at Carcassone, 1651. Memoir es du cardinal de Richelieu, 17 18. Montdidier, in France, — occupied by Ger- mans, 17 Oct. 1870. Monte Casino, in Italy, — monastery founded by St Benedict, 529 — pillaged and the monks expelled by Zoto, Duke of Beneventum, 589 — restored and reoccupied, about 720 — visited by Charles the Great, 778 a — destroyed by Saracens, 884 a — restored, 904 — attacked by Normans, 1030 a — massacre of Normans at, 1040 a — rebuilt by Abbot Didier, 1066 a — be- sieged by Markwald, and defended by Papal garrison, 1 198 b — fortified and given up to Pope Gregory IX., 1229° — its treasures seized by Cardinal Pelagius, 1229° — revenues of, con- fiscated by Frederick II., 1229° — restored to its Abbot, Jul. 1230° — Paterine heretics sent to, for conversion, 1231 c — garrisoned by troops of Frederick II., 1239 c — occupied by Celestine monks, 1294 a — restored to Benedictines by Boniface VIII. : the abbacy converted into a bishopric, 1313 a — abbacy restored under Urban V., 1367 a — united with Congrega- tion of St Justina of Padua, by Julius II., 1504 a — exempted from order for suppres- sion of monasteries, by Victor Emmanuel, 1866. a Meyer, Conv,-Lex. b Milman. c Kington. Monte Rosa, Alpine Peak, — ascent of, by A. and H. Schlagintweit, 22 Aug. 1851 — highest point reached by the Smyths, 31 Jul. 1855. Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Lord, statesman, — b. at Limerick, 1790 — M.P. Limerick, 1820 — Under-secretary of State for Home Department, 1827 — Secretary of the Treasury, 1830 — M.P. Cambridge, 1832 — Secretary for the Colonies, and Privy Councillor, 1834 — Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, Apr. 1835 — resigns, Sep. 1839 — appointed Comptroller of the Exchequer, and raised to the peerage, 1839 — ft. near Limerick, 7 Feb. 1866. Montebello, in Italy, — Marshal Lannes defeats Austrians at, 9 Jun. 1800. Montebello, Duke of. [Lannes.] Montecristo, island in the Mediterranean, — King Enzio defeats Genoese fleet and captures the prelates, 3 May 1241. Montecuculi, Raymond, Count de, general, — b. at Modena, 1608 — enters Austrian army, 1627 — obtains victory over Swedes in Silesia, about 1638 — defeated and captured by Swedes- near Prague, 1639 — released, 1641 — defeats Swedes at Triebel, 1647 — General, assists king of Poland against Eagotski, Prince of Transyl- vania, 1657 — serves in Hungary against Turks, 1 66 1 — defeats Turks at St Gothard, 10 Aug. 1664 — opposedto Turenne on the Ehine, 1673-5 — to Conde, 1675 — tr. at Lintz, 16 Oct. 1681. Commentarii bellici, 17 18. Montefeltro, Guido da, Lord of Pisa and Urbino, — distinguishes himself as Ghibelline chief, 1272 — defeats Bolognese, 1273 — defeats Guelfs, 13 Jun. 1275 — seizes Bagna-Cavallo and defeats Bolognese, 1276 — defeats Floren- tines, 1277 — as head of Ghibellines of the Eomagna, defends Forli against Guelfs, 1282 — chosen Lord of Pisa, recovers forts and terri- tory from Florentines, 1290-3 — seizes Urbino, 1293 — enters Franciscan Order, 1296 — con- sulted by the pope at siege of Palestrina, Nov. 1296 — o"., Sep. 1298. Montefiascone, in Italy, — fortified by Gre- gory IX., about 1233 — seized by Frederick II., 1240. Monteforte, in Italy, — taken and fortified by Gregory IX., 1230— taken by Frederick II., 1241. Monteggia, Giovanni Battista, surgeon,— -b. near the Lago Maggiore, 1762 — goes to Milan, 1779 — physician of the prisons, 1791 — tf. at Milan, 17 Jan. 1815. Chiriirgiche istituzioni, 1802-3 — Fascicoli pathologici, 1780. Montelegier, Gaspard Gabriel Adolphe Bernon de, Count, general, — b., 1780 — enters the army, 1797 — distinguishes himself in Egypt, 1798— serves in Austrian campaign, 1809 — serves in Spain, 1810 — distinguishes himself at battle of' Leipsic, 18 Oct. — defeats Eussians at Colmar, 24 Dec. — wounded at Brienne, 18 14 — aide-de-camp to Duke of Berri, 1 8 15 — Lieutenant-general, 1 82 1 — fc. there, 2 Nov. 1825. Montelimart, in France, — acquired by Pope Clement VII., 1383 — recovered by the Dauphin, 1446 — on his accession united to 9 86 MONTELONGO— MONTEVIDEO. Crown of France, 146 1 — taken by Protestants, 1562— given up to Royalists, soon after; unsuc- cessfully besieged by Coligny, 1569 — seized by Lesdiguieres; 1585 — besieged and retaken by de Suze, 1587. Montelongo, Gregory of, — Legate of Gre- gory IX. in Lombardy, 1238 — directs pre- parations for defence at Milan, and gets citizens to take the cross, Apr. 1239 — holds Council at Bologna, Dec. 1239— attacks Ferrara, Feb. 1 240 — receives its submission and treacherously seizes Salinguerra, Jun. 1240 — defeated by Pavians, spring 1241 — commands against Enzio, summer 1242 — enters Yercelli, early in 1243 — faces Frederick II. near Magenta, Nov. 1245 — defends Parma, Jun. 1247 to Feb. 1248 — protects Novara, Oct. 1248. Montelupo, Baffaello Sinibaldi da, sculptor, — b. near Florence, about 1503 — architect of the Duomo,Orvieto,after 1536— tf. there, about 1570. Montem. [Eton.] Montemar, Count de, general, — recovers Oran from the Moors, 1 Jul. 1732 — takes castle of Mazarquivir, 2 Jul. — conducts Spanish army to Italy, 1733 — takes Bitonto from Im- perialists, 25 May 1734 — created Duke of Bitonto; takes Gaeta, 7 Aug. 1734 — sent to conquer Sicily, enters Messina, 30 Aug. — takes the citadel, 22 Feb. 1735. Monternayor, George de, poet—h. at Mon- temor, in Portugal, about 1520 — rj. at Lisbon, 26 Feb. 1562. Diana enamoradu, 1542 — Cancionero, 1554. Montemerlo, Giovanni Stefano, — b. at Tor- tona, 15 15 — tf., 1572. Dellefrasi toscane, 1566. Monten, Dietrich, painter, — h. at Diissel- dorf, 1799 — serves in Prussian army, 18 18-19 — tf., 13 Dec. 1843. Battle of Saarbriick, 1815 — Death of Gustavus Adolphus, 1836 — Camp at Augsburg, 1839. Montenegro, Montenegrins, (Czernagora,) — on dismemberment of Servia, becomes inde- pendent, 1389 — placed under protection of Russia, 17 10— conquered by Turks, 17 14 — resumes its independence, soon after : invaded by Turks, under Pasha of Scutari, 1796 — as- sist the Cattarese against the French, 1803— placed under protection of Austria, 18 14 — attacked by Turks, 1832 — rebel, under Prince Danieli, and capture fortress of Zabljak, Nov. 1852 — overrun by Omer Pasha, 1852 — evacu- ated by Turks, and treaty signed, 15 Feb. 1 85 3 — hostilities renewed, 1858 — convention for suspension of hostilities signed, 5 Jun. 1858. Rebellion of 1862: defeat Turks at Earnitza, near Scutari, 24 Mar. — at Niksich, 16 Apr. — take Niksich, 13 May — defeated by Abdi Pasha, near Yenekoi, 1 Jun. — defeated again at Uskok, 5 Jun. — defeat Dervish Pasha, near Slevlje, 10 Jul. — defeated near Zutta river, 14 Jul. — driven from Sagratz, 19 Jul. — from Zagaracs, 24 Jul. — defeat of Mirko, 25 Jul.— submission of Prince Nicholas to Sultan, 28 Jul. — defeated and Rieka captured, 25 Aug. — capture of Cettigne, and escape of Prince Nicholas and Mirko into Austria, 29 Aug. — sovereignty of the Porte acknowledged by treaty of 8 Sep. Montenotte, in Italy, — Napoleon defeats Austrians at, 11 Apr. 1796. Montereau, — [see John Sans Terre] — taken by Henry V. of England and the Burgundians, 24 Jun. 1420 — retaken by French, 24 Aug. 1437 — troops of Duke of Anjou driven out by Prince of Conde, 1567 — embraces party of the League, 1587 — taken by Duke of Epernon, 1589 — besieged and taken by Henry IV., 1590 — occupied by allies, 18 14 — allies defeated by Napoleon I. at, 18 Feb. 18 14. Montereau, Pierre de, architect, — tf. at Paris, 1266. Monterey, in Mexico, — founded, 1599 — seat of a bishopric, 1777 — attacked and captured by Americans under Gen. Taylor, 21-23 Sep. 1846 — occupied by French, 1863 — evacuated by them, 25 Jul. 1866. Montespan, Francoise Athenais de Roche- chouart de Montemart, Marquise de,— &., 1641 — marries Marquis de Montespan, 1663 — becomes mistress of Louis XI V., 1668 — leaves Versailles, 1691 — tf., 28 May 1707. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de, historical philosopher, — b. at Chateau de la Brede, near Bordeaux, 18 Jan. 1689 — Counsellor to parliament of Bor- deaux, 17 14 — President a mortier, 17 16 — member of Academy of Bordeaux, 17 16 — re- ceived at French Academy, Jan. 1728 — visits England, and is elected F.R.S. London, 1729- 31 — tf. at Paris, 10 Feb. 1755. Lettres Fer- sanes, 17 21 — Le Temple du Guide, J 7 25 — Con- siderations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur decadence, 1734 — Esprit des Lois, 1748. Montesquiou d'Artagnan, Pierre de, Mar- shal op France, — b., 1645 — serves in cam- paign against Bp of Munster, 1666— assists at sieges of Tournai, Lille, and Besancon, 1667- 8 — Brigadier, 1688 — at battle of Fleurus, 1690 — distinguishes himself in War of the Succes- sion, 1690-3 — Lieutenant-general, Jan. 1696 — takes part in campaign in Flanders, 1706-7 — commands at Malplaquet, 1707 — Marshal, 1707 — commander in Brittany, 17 16 — member of Council of Regency, 1720 — tf. near Paris, 12 Aug. 1725. Montesquiou-Fezenzac, Elisabeth Pierre de, Count, Peer op France, — b. at Paris, 30 Sep. 1764 — enters the army, 1779 — assists at coronation of Napoleon I., 1 804 — Pres. Com- mission of Finances, Sep. 1808 — Grand Cham- berlain, 1809 — Pres. Legislative Body, 1810- 11 -1 3 — Grand Cross of St Leopold, Apr. 18 10 — Senator, Apr. 181 3 — Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Oct. — tf. at Cour- tanvanx, 4 Aug. 1834. Monteverde, Claudio, musical composer, — n. at Cremona, about 1570 — Chapel-master at St Mark's, Venice, 1613 — tf. there, about 1650. Madrigali, 1587-1608 — Selva Morale e spiritu- al, 1603 — Messe, 1650. Montevideo, capital of Uruguay, — founded by colony from Buenos Ayres, 1726 — fortified by Spaniards, 1777 — taken by English, under Sir S. Auchmuty, 3 Feb. 1807 — evacuated, Jul. 1807 — [Uruguay] — recovered by Brazili- MONTEZ— MONTFERRAT. 9 8 7 ans, 1 82 1 — made capital of republic of 'Uru- guay, 1828— blockaded by English/' 1845-8 — taken possession of by Gen. Flores, 23 Feb. 1865 — revolution at, by Berro, Gen. Flores murdered, Berro shot, and order restored, 19 Feb. 1868. Montez, Lola, — ft. at Montrose, in Scotland, 1820 — appears as a dancer at Warsaw, 1839 — at Paris, 1840 — at Munich, 1846 — mistress to the King, naturalized in Bavaria, and created Countess of Landsfeld, 1 847 — fall of the Ultra- montane ministry through her influence, 1847 — her life in danger in the e'meute, Feb. 1848 — the Univ. of Munich closed by royal decree, 10 Mar. — insurrection, the Univ. reopened, and Lola banished, 11 Mar. — comes to Eng- land, 1848 — goes to California, 1852— visits Australia, 1855 — tf. at New York, 30 Jun. 1861. Montezuma II., (Xocojotzin,) King of Mex- ico, — ft., 1476— while high-priest, is elected to succeed his grandfather, 1502 — meets Cortez, and conducts him into Mexico, 15 19 — made prisoner: left in charge of Alvarado, 1520 — wounded at attack on the city by Mexicans, 27 Jun. — tf., 30 Jun. 1520. Montfaucon, Bernard de, Benedictine, anti- quary, — ft. in Languedoc, 17 Jan. 1655 — enters Benedictine Order at Toulouse, 1675— called to Paris, 1687 — visits Rome, 1698 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 17 19 — "Cf. at St Ger- main-des-Pres, 21 Dec. 1741. Athanasii Opera, 169 8 — Diarium Italicum, 1 7 02 — Gollec- tio nova Patrum et scriptor. grcec., 1706 — Palceographia Grmca, 1708 — edition of St Chrysostom, 1718-38 — Antiquite expliquee et representee en figures, 17 19 — Supplement, 1724 — Monuments de la monarcMe Francaise, 1729- 33- Montferrat, Marquisate and Duchy of, — erected for Aledran by Hugh, king of Italy, 938 — confirmed to him by Emperor Otto, 23 Mar. 967 — William I., his son, succeeds, 995 — Boniface I., (son,) 1060 — William II., (son,) about 1100 — Rainieri, (Binaldo,) (son,) not later than Jan. 1126 — William III., (son,) about 1140 — Conrad, (son,) 11 88 — Boniface II., (son,) 1 192— William IV., (son,) 1207— Boniface III., (son,) the Giant, 1225 — makes war on Thomas, Count of Savoy, and takes Turin, 1231 — loses it, 1234 — declares for Con- rad, son of Frederick II., 1250 — receives fresh investiture from Conrad, May 1253 — ft., 1254 — William V., the Great, (son,) 1254 — John I., the Just, (son,) ft., 1276 — succeeds, 1292 — marries Margaret of Savoy, 1296— seizes Ver- celli and Novara, 1 8 Mar. 1299 — procures ex- pulsion of the Visconti from Milan, 1302— fr., Jan. 1305 — Marquisate administered by Mar- quis of Saluces, 1305-6 — Theodore Pal^eo- logus, in right of his mother, Yolande of Mont- ferrat, succeeds, 1306 — recovers towns given up by Marquis of Saluces to Charles II. of Naples, 1 306 — receives investiture from Emperor Henry VII. at Asti, 26 Nov. 13 10 — acquires lordship of Casal, Mar. 1316 — ft., 21 Apr. 1338— John II. Palseologus, (son,) 1338 — Otto (son) succeeds, 1372 — makes peace with the Visconti, 15 Jun. 1377 — marries Yolande, widow of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 2 Aug. 1377 — "&•> Dec. 1378 — John III., (brother,) 1378 — killed in battle, 25 Aug. 1381 — Theo- dore II., (brother,) fc., 1364 — succeeds, 1381 — by treaty with Giovanni Galeazzi Visconti loses Asti, 1381 — carries on war with Count of Savoy, 1385 — marries Joanna of Bar, 1394 — renewed war with Count of Savoy, 1396 — loses his wife, Jan. 1402 — marries Margaret of Savoy, 1403 — the Genoese revolt against the French and submit to him, Sep. 1409— defeats Marshal Boucicaut, 1409 — Vicar Imperial in Lombardy by Emperor Sigismund, 20 Sep. 1414 — ft., 1418 — John James, (son,) marries Joanna of Savoy, 141 1 — succeeds, 1418 — joins League against Duke of Milan, 1425 — again, 143 1 — on conquest of his estates by Milanese, retires to Venice, 143 1 — reestablished, 1433 — ft. at Casal, 12 Mar. 1445 — John IV., (son,) 1445 — forms alliance with Charles, Duke of Orleans, against Sforza, 15 Dec. 1447 — con- cludes peace, 1454 — ts. at Casal, 19 Jan. 1464 —William VI., (brother,) 1464 — Boniface IV., (brother,) 1483 — William VII., (son,) 1493 — Boniface V., (son,) fc., 15 17 — succeeds, 15 18 — John George, Bp of Casal, 1530 — on his death, and extinction of male line, 30 Apr. 1533, the succession disputed : awarded to Dukes of Mantua by Emperor Charles V., 5 Jan. 1536 — erected into a Duchy by Emperor Maximilian II., 1574 — conquered by Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 1613 — recovered by Duke of Mantua, soon after : part of, acquired by Victor Amadeus of Savoy, by Treaty of Chierasco, 163 1 — the remainder adjudged to Savoy by Emperor Joseph I., 1708 — confirmed by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13. Montferrat, Boniface II., Marquis of, — Regent during absence of his father, Conrad, 1188-92 — succeeds him as Marquis, and in lordship of Tyre, 11 92— at war with men of Asti, 1 1 91 -1 206 — acquires town of Alessandria by grant of Henry VI., 4 Dec. 1193 — chosen chief of the crusade, 1201 — negotiates treaty with Venice for transports, and takes the cross at Soissons, 1201 — refuses to take part in siege of Dara, 1202 — [Crusades] — marries Margaret of Hungary at Constantinople, 1204 — invested with island of Crete, 1204 — Thessalonica erected into a kingdom for him, 1204 — sells Crete to Venetians, 1204 — takes Corinth, 1205 — revolt at Thessalonica suppressed by his wife, 1205 — marries his daughter to Emperor Henry, Feb. 1207 — tf., 1207. Montferrat, Conrad, Marquis of,— raises siege of Viterbo and captures Abp of Mentz, 1 178 — sets out for Holy Land, 11 86 — at Constantinople marries Theodora, daughter of Isaac Angelus, and suppresses rebellion of Theodore Branas, 11 86 — successfully defends Tyre against Saladin, 11 87 — -defeats Saracen fleet, 1 1 87 — refuses to receive Guy of Lusignan at Tyre, spring n 88 — succeeds his father, Wil- liam III., 1 1 88 — marries Sibylla, widow of Guy of Lusignan, 11 89 — directs siege of Acre, Nov. 1190 to Jul. 1 191 — elected King of Jeru- salem, Apr. 1 192 — assassinated at Tyre, 29 Apr. 1 192. MONTFERRAT— MONTFORT. Montferrat, William III., the Old, Mar- quis of, — succeeds Ms father, Rinaldo, about 1 140 — accompanies Emperor Conrad III. on crusade, 1 147 — attends Diet of Roncaglia, 1 154 — succours the Pavians against Milanese, 1157 — taken under Imperial protection and confirm- ed in his possessions, by diploma of 5 Oct. 11 64 — takes part in invasion of Milanese, 11 67 — goes to Palestine to aid his grandson, Baldwin V., king of Jerusalem, n 85 — taken prisoner at battle of Tiberias, 11 87 — liberated by his son Conrad, 11 88— tf., 11 88. Montferrat, William IV., Marquis of,— accompanies Emperor Henry VI. in expedition to Sicily, 1 19 1 — takes part in siege of Gaeta, 1 1 94 — in siege of Naples, Aug. 11 94 — suc- ceeds his father, Boniface II., 1207 — assists Pavia against Milanese, 12 15 — attends corona- tion of Peter of Courtenay at Pome, 9 Apr. 1217— obtains loan of Emperor Frederick II., Mar. 1224 — embarks atBrundusium to recover kingdom of Thessalonica for his brother Deme- trius, Mar. 1225 — ft., Sep. 1225. Montferrat, William V., the Great, and Long sword, Marquis of, — succeeds his father, Boniface III., 1254 — marries Isabella, daugh- ter of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1257 — assists Charles of Anjou in conquest of Turin, 1262— concludes alliance with him, 14 May 1264— loses his wife, Aug. 1271 — marries Beatrice of Castile and negotiates marriage of his daughter Margaret to Don Juan of Castile, 1271 — vicar in Italy to titular Emperor Alfonso, 127 1-3 — forms league with Genoese, Asti, and Pavia, against king of Sicily, 1273 — excommunicated by Gregory X., 1273? — elected Captain of Milan, 16 Aug. 1278 — invades the Lodigiano, Sep. 1278 — makes peace with the Torriani, Mar. 1 27 9 — violates the treaty and renews the war ; taken prisoner by Count of Savoy, 1281 — re- nounces his claim on Turin and is liberated, 128 1 — visits king of Castile and loses his wife in Spain, 1282 — deprived of his power at Milan by Abp Atto, Dec. 1282 — marries his daughter Yolande to Greek Emperor Andronicus, 1284 — elected Captain of Pavia for ten years, 1289 — ravages the Milanese, 1290 — attacks Asti, 1290 — seized at Alessandria and imprisoned in iron cage, 8 Sep. 1290 — tf. there, Feb. 1292. Montferrat, William VI., Marquis of,— in service of Philip Maria, Duke of Milan, 1445 — passes into service of Venice; his troops massacre Charles of Gonzaga and his attendants, 1446 — joins Francesco Sforza, and takes com- mand of his troops, 1448— engages to give him Alessandria, by treaty of 1 Nov. 1448 — im- prisoned by Sforza at Pavia, 1 May 1449 — cedes Alessandria, by treaty of 9 Mar. 1450 — liberated, May 1450 — enters service of Alfonso, king of Naples, and Venetians, 1450 — invades territory of Alessandria, 1452 — defeated by Sagramore of Parma, 1452 — succeeds his brother John IV., Jan. 1464 — concludes alliance with Duke of Milan against Amadeus, Count of Savoy, 25 Feb. 1467 — peace made by media- tion of Louis XL, about Dec. 1467 — named Captain-general of Milanese troops by Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1475 — ts. at Casal, 28 Feb. 1483. Montfort, Barony and County of, in France, — Amactry II. succeeds to barony, not later than 1003 — Simon L, (son,) between 1053-8 — Amaury III., (son,) 1087 — Richard, (brother), 1089 — Simon II., (brother,) 1092 — Amaury IV., (brother,) about 11 03 — takes part in con- spiracy against Louis the Fat, 11 08 — claims County of Evreux, and is deprived of it by Henry I. of England, 1 1 1 8 — unsuccessfully at- tacks chateau of Breteuil, 11 19 — joins in 'plot to reestablish Robert in Duchy of Normandy, Sep. 1 122 — defeated by Ranulph of Bayeux, 26 Mar. 1 1 24 — enters service of Louis the Fat, 1 1 24 — defends the Vexin against Henry I., Aug. 1 1 24 — takes part in capture of Mont- ferrand, 11 26 — accepts dignity of seneschal of France and refuses to resign it on demand of the king, 1 127 — obtains aid of Henry I. against Louis, but is defeated : tf., 1 1 37. Amaury V., (son,) 1 137 — Simon III., (brother,) 1140 — Simon IV., (son,) 1 181— erected into a County, probably about 1209 — Amaury VL (son) suc- ceeds, 25 Jun. 121 8 — continues crusade against Albigenses, but cedes all his conquests to Louis VIII. by conditional Treaty of Paris, Feb. 1223 — Constable of France, 1231 — surrenders the honour of Leicester to his younger brother Simon, 1231 — sent to Palestine, and taken prisoner by Saracens at Gaza, 1239- — returns to Europe and rj. at Otranto, 1241 — John, (son,) 1 241 — accompanies St Louis on the crusade, 1248 — rj. in Cyprus, Jan. 1249— by marriage of Yolande, his grand-daughter, to Arthur Count of Bretagne, the County united to Bretagne, May 1294. Montfort, Guy de, — banished from England with his brother, 1265 — with his brother Simon assassinates Henry, son of Richard Earl of Cornwall, at Viterbo, Mar. 1271 — ex- communicated by Gregory X., 127 1. Montfort, John de, — on death of his brother, John III., claims Duchy of Bretagne, in op- position to Charles of Blois, 1341 — besieged in Nantes and taken prisoner by John, Duke of Normandy, 1 341 — his wife, Joanna of Flanders,, defends Hennebon, and is relieved by Sir Walter Manny, 1342 — escapes from prison, 1345— "&•> 26 Sep. 1345. Montfort, John de. [Bretagne, Duchy of.~\ Montfort, Simon IV., Count de, — ft., about 1 150 — succeeds his father, Simon III., in barony of Montfort, 11 81 — marries Alice de Montmorency, before 1191 — leads body of French knights to Palestine, 11 98 — 'takes part in siege of Zara, 1202 — distinguishes himself in Holy Land, 1203-8— leader of crusade against Albigenses, 1208 — Count, probably about 1209— killed at siege of Toulouse, 25 Jun. 121 8. Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, — 6., soon after 1200— does homage to Henry III. for honour of Leicester, surrendered to him by his elder brother Amaury, 13 Aug. 1231 — privately marries Eleanor, Countess of Pem- broke, sister of Henry III., 7 Jan. 1238 — on threat of civil war by Richard, Earl of Corn- wall, and the barons, he is dismissed from the Council: sets out for Rome, early in Mar. 1238 — visits his brother-in-law, Frederick II., in MONTGOLFIEB— MONTI. Lombardy, 1238 — obtains from Gregory IX. ratification of his marriage, and returns to England, Oct. 1238 — restored to the Council, 1238 — created Earl of Leicester, 2 Feb. 1239 — assists as godfather and High Steward at baptism of Prince Edward, 21 Jun. — disgraced at Court, quits England with his wife, 9 Aug. — takes the cross; visits England to collect money for crusade, Apr. 1 240 — again in Eng- land, Jun. 1242= — accompanies Henry III. in French "War, 1242 — spends some time at Bordeaux, 1 242-3 — sent as governor (seneschal?) to G-ascony, Oct. 1248 — reduces the province to obedience, Oct. to Dec— in England,Christmas, 1248 — again reduces Gascony and sends Gaston de Beam prisoner to England, 1249 — the reve- nues of Ireland granted to him, 28 Nov. 1249 — comes to England for money to suppress new rebellion, 1250— suppresses it, 1 250-1— again in England, about Nov. 1251 — two commissions sent to Gascony to inquire into his proceedings, 1252 — in France, before winter 1252 — twice refuses offer of Begency of France, end of 1252^-offers his services to Henry III. and again reduces Gascony, 1253 — quarrels with William de Valence, 1257 — appears in arms with barons at Great Council, May 1258 — again at Oxford, 11 Jun.— [Provisions of Ox- ford] — head of the Council of State, Jun. — resigns his castles and expels aliens, Jul.— quarrels with Earl of Gloucester and quits England, 1259 — returns, early in 1260 — again quarrels with Gloucester, 1 May 1260 — takes command against Welsh, but makes truce with them, 1260 — on death of Gloucester is sole leader of the barons, Jul. 1262 — returns to England, Oct. 1262 — appeals to arms, May 1263— after successful campaign in tbe west, is received in London, autumn 1263 — appeals with the King to Louis IX., 1263— joins Llewellyn against Mortimer, and burns Badnor and other castles, 1263 — award of Louis rejected, Jan. 1264 — meets Henry III. at Brackley, Mar. — his son taken prisoner by Henry III. at Northampton, 13 Apr. 1264 — unsuccessfully besieges Bochester, after Easter — victory of Lewes, 13 May — dictates terms o-f Mise of Lewes, 14 May — forms a camp on Barham Down, 1264 — excommunicated by Urban VIII., 1264 — defeats the Marchers and takes many of their castles, 1264 — summons the parliament, Dec. 1264 — keeps Christmas at Kenilworth, 1264 — meeting of parliament, 28 Jan. 1265 — [Knights of the Shire] — appointed Justiciar of England ; quarrels with Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester, spring 1265 — surprised, defeated, and killed by Prince Edward at Evesham, 4 Aug 1265. Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne., joint inventor of the balloon, — ft. at Vidalon-les-Annonay, in France, 7 Jan. 1745 — with his brother, makes first experiment with balloon, at Annonay, 5 Jun. 1783 — tf. at Serrieres, 2 Aug. 1799. [Balloon.] Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, joint inventor of the balloon, — ft. at Vidalon-les-Annonay, in France, 1740 — tf. at Balarue, 26 Jun. 1810. Mimoires sur la machine aerostatique, 1784. Montgomery, in N. Wales, — castle built by Baldwin, Lieutenant of the Marches, 1092 — taken by Welsh, 1092 — recovered by Boger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel, 1093 — new castle built by Henry III., 122 1-3 — given to Prince Edward, 1254 — town burnt by followers of Llewellyn, 1 Apr. 1257 — peace concluded between Henry III. and Llewellyn, at assembly at, 29 Sep. 1267 — held by Boger Mortimer, 1354 — surrendered by Lord Herbert of Cher- bury to the parliament, and dismantled, be- tween 1642-50. Montgomery, Alexander, poet,— If., probably between 1607 -n. The Cherry and the Sloe, 1607 — [Works, 1822.] Montgomery, Gabriel, Count de, military commander, — ft., about 1530 — commandsauxili- aries sent by Francis I. to Scotland, 1545 — mortally wounds King Henry II. at tourna- ment, 30 Jun. 1559 — quits France, 1559 — succeeds his father, 1562 — takes part with Protestants, 1562 — defeats Boyalists in Lan- guedoc, 1569 — escapes to England, Aug. 1572 — attempts relief of Bochelle, 1573 — taken prisoner by Boyalists in Normandy, 27 May 1574 — executed at Paris, 25,* 27 h May 1574. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Montgomery, James, poet, — ft. at Irvine, Ayrshire, 4 Nov. 1771 — goes to London, 1790 — settles at Sheffield, about Dec. 1792 — im- prisoned, 1795 and 1796 — receives pension from the Queen, 1835— tf. at Sheffield, 30 Apr. 1854. Edits Sheffield Iris, Jul. 1794 to Sep. 1825 — Frison Amusements, 1797 — West Indies, 1809 — World before the Flood, 1812 — Greenland, 18 10 — Felican Island, 1827 — Original Hymns, 1853. Montgomery, Robert, poet, theologian, — ft. at_ Bath, 1807 — enters Oxford Univ., 1830— minister of Percy Street Chapel, London, 1836 — M.A., 1838— tf. at Brighton, 3 Dec, 1855. Omnipresence of the Deity, 1828 — Satan, 1829 — luther, 1843 — Sacred Meditations, 1847. Montgomery, Thomas Herbert, Earl of. [Pembroke, Earl oe.] Monthermer, Viscount. [Montague, Ralph.] Montholon, Charles Tristan de, Count, afterwards Marquis, general, — b. at Paris, 21 Jul. 1783 — enters the army, 1797— member of Legion of Honour, 1806 — wounded at Jena, 1 806 — distinguishes himself at Madrid, 2 May 1808 — in campaign of Wagram, 1809 — Count, 1809 — Chevalier of St Louis, Jul. 18 14 — Aide- de-camp to Napoleon, 5 Jun. 18 15— follows Napoleon to St Helena, 18 15 — returns to France, 1822 — takes part with Louis Napoleon in attempt at Boulogne, and is imprisoned at Ham, 1840 — tf., 21 Aug. 1853. Fecit s de la Captivite de Napoleon a Sainte HeUne, 1847. Montholon, Jean de, — tf. at Paris, 10 May 1528. Fromptuarium, 1520. Monti, Giuseppe, botanist,— -ft. at Bologna, 1682 — Prof. Natural History, Univ. of Bo- logna, 1720 — Prof. Materia Medica, 1736 — tf. at Bologna, 4 Mar. 1760. Flantarum varii Indices, 1724 — Exoticorum Simplicium Mcdica- mentorum Indices, 1724. 99° MONTI— MONTMORENCY. Monti, Pietro da, (Montius,) canonist, — ft. at Venice, about 1400 — LL.D. Padua, 1433 — Bent to England to receive dues of the Holy See, 1434-39 — Bp of Brescia, 1442 — ft. at Rome, 19 Jan, 1457. Eepertorium utriusque juris, 1465. Monti, Pietro da, (2fo?itius,) — ft. at Milan, about 1470^ 1460 b — distinguishes himself at battle of Ghiera d'Adda, 1509 — tr., about i530. b Exercitionum atque artis militaris collectanea, 1509. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Monti, Vincenzo, poet, — ft. at Fusignano, near Ferrara, 17 or 19 Feb. 1754— goes to Home, 1778 — Prof. Eloquence, Pavia, 1803 — fc. at Milan, 13 Oct. 1828. Opere, 1825-7. Montiel, in Spain, — Don Pedro the Cruel is defeated by Henry of Trastamare at, 14 Mar. 1368 — and is killed there by Henry, 23 Mar. Montigny, Francois de la Grange d'Ar- quien, Sieur de, Marshal of France, — ft., 1554— -distinguishes himself at battle of Contras, 1587 — commands at attack on Amiens, 1597 — Governor of Paris, 1601 — of Metz, 1603 — of the three bishoprics, 1609 — Marshal, 1615— tf., 9 Sep. 1617. Montigny, Francois Emmanuel Dehaies de, general, — ft. at Versailles, 7 Aug. 1743 — enters the army, 1768— enters the navy, 1776 — am- bassador to India, 178 1-8 — Governor of Chan- dernagore, 1788 — returns to Paris, 17 91 — Gen- eral of Brigade, 1800 — again sent to India, 1803 — returns to France, 18 10 — Lieutenant- general, 1 817— tf. at Paris, 17 Jun. 18 19. Montjoie, Felio Christophe Galart de, lit- terateur, — ft. at Aix, Provence, about 1756 — ft., 4 Apr. 1 8 16. E Ami du roi, des Francais, de I'ordre et surtout de la ve'rite, $E,(Seigneur 4e Damville,) — h. at Chantilly, 15 Jun. 1534 — distinguishes himself at defence of Metz, 1552 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557— marries Antoinette de la Marck, 1558 — captures Prince of Conde at Dreux, 1562 — governor of Langue- doc, 1563 — Marshal of France, 10 Feb. 1567 — fights at battle of St Denis, 1567 — joins the Protestants and becomes head of the Folitiques, 1573 — succeeds his brother Francis, 1579 — maintains himself independent in Languedoc, 1573-89 — proclaims Henry IV., 1589 — Con- stable of France, 8 Dec. 1593— accompanies Henry in his expeditions, 1593-8 — lj., 1 or 2 Apr. 1 6 14. Montmorency, Henry II., Duke de, — fc. at Chantilly, 30 Apr. 1595 — marries Maria Felice des Ursini, 1610 — Grand Admiral of France, 161 2 — succeeds his father in the Duchy, and as governor of Languedoc, 16 14 — Chevalier, 1620 — raises regiments for the king, and cap- tures Villeneuve de Berg, 1620 — wounded at siege of Montpellier, 3 Sep. 1622 — defeats Pro- testant fleet under Soubise, Sep. 1625 — takes Isle of Oleron, 20 Sep. — deprived of office of Admiral, Oct. 1625 — commands against Duke de Bohan in Languedoc, 1628-9— defeats and takes prisoner Prince Doria at Yeillane, 10 Jul. 1630 — with Marshal de la Force, captures Saluces, 20 Jul. 1630 — M arshal of France, 11 Dec. 1630 — joins Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and is defeated and taken prisoner by Marshal Schomberg, 1 Sep. 1632 — executed at Tou- louse, 30 Oct. 1632. Montmorency, John II. de, — b., 1402 — succeeds to the Barony, 1414 — Chamberlain of France, by Charles VII., 1425 — his estates confiscated by Henry VI. of England, and given to John of Luxemburg, 1429 — distin- guishes himself at attack on Paris, and is made Chevalier, Aug. 1429 — his estates restored, Apr. 1430 — accompanies the king in campaigns of 1437-49 — tj. t 6 Jul. 1477. Montmorency, Mathieu I. de, — succeeds his father in the Barony, about 11 25-6 — mar- ries daughter (Alice ?) of Henry I. of England, about n 26 — Constable of France, by Louis VII., about 1 1 30 — marries Adelaide, queen dowager of France, 1141 — loses his wife, 1154 — living, 1 160. Montmorency, Mathieu II. de, the Great, — succeeds his father in the Barony, 11 89 — directs siege of Chateau-Gaillard, 1203 — takes part in conquest of Normandy, 1204 — con- tributes to victory of Bouvines, 12 14 — takes part in crusade against Albigenses, 1215-18 — Constable of France, 121 8 — besieges and takes Niort, St Jean d'Angely, Rochelle, and recovers Poitou from the English, Jun. to Aug. 1224 — commands under Louis VIII. at siege of Avig- non, Mar. to Sep. 1226 — charged by Louis VIII. with care of his son, Nov. 1226 — assists the Begent Blanche in subduing the rebellious nobles, 1227-30—0"., 24 Nov. 1230. Montmorency, Mathieu IV. de, the Great, — succeeds his father, 1270 — accompanies Philip the Rash in expedition of Aragon, 1285 — Grand Chamberlain, by Philip the Fair, Oct. 1285 — takes part in conquest of Guienne, 1294-5 — with John de Harcourt takes com- mand of fleet, and attacks Dover, 1 Aug. 1295 — contributes to victory over Flemings at Fumes, 13 Aug. 1297 — contributes to victory of Mons-en-Puelle, 18 Aug. 1304 — living, 25 Sep. 1304. Montmort, Pierre Remond de, mathema- tician, — h. at Paris, 1678 — visits England a second time, 1700 — F.B.S. London, 17 15 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 17 16 — ij. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1719. Essai d' 'Analyse sur les jeux de hasard, 1708. Montorsoli, Fra Giovan Angelo, sadptor, — fc. at Montorsoli, near Florence, about 1500 — enters Order of the Nunziata, 1530 — employed by Clement VII. at Borne, 1530 — visits France, 1534 — tf. at Florence, 31 Aug. 1563. Montpellier, in France, {Mons Fessulanus, Mons Fuellarum,) lordship of, — founded, about 975-85 — becomes dependency of Aragon, 1204 — of kings of Majorca, 1276 — sold to king of France, by Don James III., 1349— con- firmed to him by treaty with king of Aragon, 1350 — ceded by Charles V. to Charles the Bad of Navarre, 1365 — again, 1371 — confirmed to him by award of Gregory XL, 1372 — seized by Duke of Anjou, Apr. 1378— revolts, 25 Oct. 1379 — restored to Prince Charles of Na- varre, 30 May 1381 — -resumed by Charles VI. and reunited to Crown of France, 28 Oct. 1382 — besieged by Damville, 1577 — one of the places of safety assigned to Huguenots, 1577 — besieged by Louis XIII., 2 Sep. 1622 — taken, 19 Oct. Edict of, by Louis XIII., confirms edict of Nantes, 19 Oct. 1622. Cathedral, built, 1364. Museum, founded, 1825. Falace of Justice, 1846. University of, founded, about 1180-90. Councils of, held, by Alexander IV., for excommunication of Octavian and Antipope Victor, 17 May 1162: Dec. 1195 — in favour of Simon de Montfort nnd on discipline, 8 Jan. 1 2 15 — respecting Raymond, Count of Tou- 99 2 MONTPENSIER— MOOLTAN. louse, 2 Jun. and 21 Aug. 1224: 6 Sep. 1258. Montpensier, Anne Marie Louise cV Orleans, Duchess of, {Mademoiselle,) — ft. at Paris, 19 May 1627 — secretly favours the Frondeurs, 1649-53 — returns to the Court, 1657 — pri- vately marries Lauzun, 1670 — if., 5 Mar. 1693. Me'moires, 1729. Moutpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis, Duke of, — ft. at Neuilly, 31 Jul. 1824 — enters the army, 1 842 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1844 — his marriage with Infanta Luisa Maria agreed to, 27 Aug. 1846 — protest of Don Henrique of Spain against it, 9 Sep. — announced to the Cortes, 14 Sep.^-protest of British Government against it, presented at Madrid, 21 Sep. — and at Paris, by Marquis of Normandy, 24 Sep. — the marriage celebrated at Madrid, 10 Oct. 1846 — with his Duchess has audience of Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace, 1 Jun. 1852 — Captain-general of armies of Spain, by Isabella II., 5 Aug. 1858 — ex- pelled from Spain, 1868. Moutpensier, Antoine Philippe d' Orleans, Duke of, — $., 1775 — fights at Valmy, Sep. 1792 — at Jemappes, Nov. — arrested at Nice and imprisoned, 1793 — joins his brothers in America, 1797 — settles m England, 1800 — if. at Twickenham, 18 May 1807. Memoires, 1824. Montpensier, Catherine Marie de Lorraine, Duchess of, — h., 1552 — marries Louis II., Duke of Montpensier, 1570 — takes part in conspiracies against Henry III., 1577-89 — if. at Paris, 6 May 1596. Montreal, inCanada, — founded, 1640 — taken from the French by Gen. Amherst, 1760 — sur- prised by Americans under Montgomery, 23 Nov. 1775 — retaken by English, spring 1776 — seat of government of Lower Canada transferred to Quebec, 1849 — great fire at, Jul. 1852. University, (M'Gill College,) founded, 18 14 — chartered, 1821 — reorganized, 1852. Roman Catholic Cathedral, completed, 1829 — burnt, 1856 — rebuilt, and consecrated, 18 Jun. 1867. Victoria Bridge, commenced, 1 854 — opened by Prince of "Wales, i860. Montreuil, in France, — receives a charter, 1 1 89 — ceded to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — recovered by Charles V., about 1370 — taken by Emperor Charles V., 1537 — again taken by Charles V., 1544. Montrocher, Gui de, theologian, — fl. in Dau- phiny, 1330. Manipulus Curatorum, 1330. Montrose, James Graham, 1st Marquis of, — fc. at Edinburgh, 16 13 — sent to Univ. of St Andrew's, 1627 — travels on the Continent, 1634-7 — embraces the popular cause, 1637 — assists in drawing up the Covenant, 1638 — captures Aberdeen, 29 Mar., 25 May, and 19 Jun. 1639 — corresponds secretly with Charles I., 1640 — imprisoned, Jun. 1641 to Jan. 1642 — accompanies the Queen to York, 1643 — created Marquis, Commander-in-chief of royal forces in Scotland, Apr. 1644 — defeats Lord Elcho at Tippermuir, iSep. — sacks Aberdeen, 13-16 Sep. — defeats Marquis of Argyle, at Inverlochy, 2 Eeb. 1645 — pillages Dundee, 3 Apr. — defeats Baillie at Alford, 2 Jul.— defeats Covenanters at Kilsyth, 15 Aug. — defeated by General Lesley, at Philiphaugh, 13 Sep. — capitulates, goes to Norway, 3 Sep. 1646 — lands in Orkney, Jan. 1650 — hung at Edinburgh, 21 May. Montserrat, one of the Leeward Islands,— discovered by Columbus, about 1493 — English settlement on, 1632 — taken by French, 1664,° i668, b 1667 c — restored by Peace of Breda, 21 Jul. 1667 c — by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 b — de- vastated by hurricane, 1766 — again, 1772 — taken by French, 1782 — restored to Great Britain by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. c Bayley. Montserrat, in Catalonia. Abbey of, founded, 800— pillaged by the French, under Suchet, the library burnt, and the monks hung, 14 Jul. 181 1 — stronghold of Carlists, 1827. Montucci, Antonio, Chinese scholar, — fc. at Siena, 22 May 1762 — at London, 1792 — goes to Berlin, 1806— if. at Siena, 1829. Montucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, — h. at Lyons, 5 Sep. 1725 — admitted to Academy of Berlin, 1755 — Secretary and Astronomer- royal to expedition for colonizing Cayenne, 1764 — first clerk of Crown Buildings, 1765-90 — if. at Versailles, 18 Dec. 1799. Histoircdes recherches sur la quadrature du cerclc, 1754 — Histoire des Mathematiques, 1758-1802. Montyon, (Monthyon,) Antoine Jean Bap- tiste Kobert Auget, Baron de, philan- thropist, — ft. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1733 — Chancel- lor to Count d'Artois, 1780 — emigrates with him, 1790 — returns to France, 18 15 — if. at Paris, 29 Dec. 1820. Montyon Endowment, — founded by Baron Auget de Montyon, distribution commences, 1825. Monument, The, London, — built by "Wren, 1671-7. Monvoisin, Raymond Auguste Quinsac, painter, — fi. at Bordeaux, 1793 — first exhibits at the Salon, 181 9 — obtains grand prize, 1822 — if. at Boulogne, 27 Mar. 1870. Monza, in Lombardy. Cathedral, founded by Queen Theodelinda, 595 — coronation of Charles the Great at, 774 — Iron Crown and regalia of Lombardy removed from, by Austrians, 1859 — replaced, 1866. Moodkee, in Hindustan, — Sir Hugh Gough defeats Sikhs at, 18 Dec. 1845. Moolraj, Khan Sing, Governor of Mool- tan, — orders murder of Vans Agnew and Lieut. Anderson at Mooltan, 20 Apr. 1848 — defeated by Lieut. Edwards at Kennyree, 1 8 Jun. 1848 — surrenders citadel of Mooltan and himself to Lord Gough, 22 Jan. 1849 — con- demned to death, Aug. 1849 — sentenced to transportation for life, Sep. 1849. Mooltan, (Multan,) in Hindustan, — [see Moolraj]— invaded by Mohalib, (44, a. h.) 664 — submits to Mahmud of Ghizni, (396,) 1005 — taken by Mahmud, (401,) 1010 — by Mahommed Ghori, 1176 — occupied by re- volter and recovered by Shahab u din, 1206 — besieged by Moguls, (620,) 1223 — blockaded and taken by Pir Mohammed for Timur, (800,) 1398 — revolts, subject to Afghans Sangas, about 1400 — Urghuns of Sind MOON— MORANT. 993 dispossess San gas, after 1500 — Urghuns ex- pelled by Camran, 1530— taken by Runjeet Singh, 18 1 8— invested by Lieut. Edwardes and the Nawab of Baliwulpore, Jul. 1848 — bom- bardment commenced, 1 2 Sep. — siege raised by G-en. Whish, 22 Sep. — siege resumed, 27 Dec. — taken by storm, 2 Jan. 1849 — citadel surrendered, 22 Jan. Moon, — evection discovered by Ptolemy, 130-150 — variations, annual equation, by Tycho Brahe, 15 82-1 601 — ash-grey light of, explained by Mastlin, 1596 — telescopic dis- coveries, by Galileo, 16 10 — acceleration of mean motion, by Halley, 1693 — explained by Laplace, 1787 — evolution of heat in light of, discovered by Melloni, summer 1848 — photo- graphic views of, by De La Rue and Secchi, 1857 — by Rutherford, 1871. Maps of, by Hevelius, 1647 — byRiccioli, 165 1 — byCassini, 1680 — by Mayer, 1749— by Lambert, 1775 — by Lohrmann, 1824— rby Beer and Madler, 1834-6. Moor, Karel van, painter, — ft. at Leyden, 1656— tf., 1737. Moorcroft, William, traveller^ — goes to India, 1808 — explores the Punjab, Thibet, Cashmeer, and Bokhara, 1819-25 — tf. at Ana- khodie, in Bokhara, 1825. Moore, Edward, poet, dramatist, — ft. at Abingdon, 1712 — tf., 1757. Fables for the Female Sex, 1744 — Gamester, 1753 — edits The World, 1752-7. Moore, John, physician, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Stirling, 1729 — accompanies Duke of Hamilton to the Continent, 1772-8 — settles in London, 1778 — tf. at Richmond, 1802. Works, 1820. Moore, Sir John, general, — ft. at Glasgow, 13 Nov. 1761— enters the army, 1776 — dis- tinguishes himself in Corsica, 1794 — serves in West Indies, and takes part in capture of St Lucia, 1796 — serves in Ireland, 1798 — wounded in expedition of Holland, 1799 — Major-general, takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1801 — K.B., 1801 — envoy to Sweden, May 1808 — to Portugal, Aug. — Commander-in-chief of Eng- lish forces there, 6 Oct. 1808 — killed at Coruiia, 16 Jan. 1809. Moore, Sir Jonas, mathematician, — ft. in Lancashire, Feb. 161 7 — tutor to Prince James, 1647 — Surveyor-general of Ordnance, after 1660 — tf. at Godalming, 27 Aug. 1679. System of Mathematics, 16.81. Moore, Thomas, poet, — ft. at Dublin, 28 May 1779 — enters Trin. Coll., 1794 — goes to London, 1799 — visits America, 1803 — fights a duel with Jeffreys, 1806 — marries, 1811 — accompanies Lord John Russell to Paris, visits Rome, 1 819 — receives pension from the Queen, 1835 — tf. at Sloperton, 25 Feb. 1852. Transla- tion of Anacreon, 1800 — Irish Melodies, 1807 — Lalla liooJeh, 1817 — Loves of the Angels, 1823 — Life of Sheridan, 1825 — The Epicurean, 1827 — Life of Lord Byron, 1830 — History of Ireland, 1827. Moors, The, of Africa, {Berbers,) — con- quered by Paulinus and Geta, 42— ravage pro- vince of Africa, 365 — carry on war with Romans in Africa, and are defeated in two battles by the eunuch Solomon, summer 534 — renew the war, besiege Leptis Magna, defeat and kill Solomon at Tebeste, 543 — under Stotzas defeat the Romans, 544 — under Gontharis continue the war, 545 — revolt, Dec. 562 or Jan. 563, and are subdued by Marcianus : defeat Saracens, under Hassan, (79, a. h.) 698— conquered by Saracens, under Musa, (89,) 709— take part with Arabs in conquest of Spain, (93,) 711 — called to assist Arabs in Spain, 1091 — found Kingdom of Granada, 1238 — crusade against, under Henry IV. of Castile, 1454 — expelled from Spain, by Ferdinand the Catholic, 1492 — prohibited from going to the New World, about 1493 — named Moriscoes in Spain, from about 1500 — establish themselves at Algiers and Tunis, 15 1 8 — persecuted in Spain by Philip II., 1568 — obtain aid from Moors of Barbary and revolt, 1570 — .completely driven away from Spain by Philip III., 1609. Moorshedabad, in Hindustan, (Mulcsoosabad,) — becomes capital of Bengal, 1704 — threatened by Mahrattas under Raguji, and protected by Balaji Rao, 1743 — occupied by Clive, 1757 — district of, ceded to E. India Company by Shah Allum, 1763. Palace, completed, 1840. Mopsuestia, in Cilicia. Council of, respect- ing Theodore of Mopsuestia, 17 Jun. 550. Moradabad, in Hindustan, — district occupied by Rohillas, soon after 1700— conquered by Nabob of Oude, 1774 — ceded to E. India Company, 1801. Morales, Ambrosio, historian, antiquary, — ft. at Cordova, 15 13 — enters Order of Jerony- mites, 1532 — tf. at Cordova, 159 1. Coronica general de Espaiia, 1574-86. Morales, Cristofero, musical composer, — fl. at Rome, 1540-64. Masses, 1544 — Lamenta- tiones Hieremia, 1564. Morales, Gaspard de, physician, naturalist. De las virtudes y propriedades maravillosas de las piedras preciosas, 1 605 . Morales, Luis, (El Livino,) paintjr, — ft. at Badajoz, 1509 — if. there, 1586. Moralities, — invented in France, by the Clones de la Bazoche, soon after 1400. Morand, Louis Charles Antoine Alexis, Count, general, — ft. at Pontarlier, 4 Jun. 177 1 — enters the army, 1791 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Egypt, 1798 — General of Brigade, wounded at Austerlitz, Dec. 1805 — General of Division, 24 Dec. — at battle of Auerstadt, 1806 — at Eylau, 7 Feb. 1807 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 17 Jul. — takes part in campaigns of Austria, 1809 — of Russia, 1 8 1 2 — of Saxony, 1 8 1 3 — defends Mentz, 1 81 3- 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Apr. 1 8 14 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon, Peer of France, Mar. 18 15 — commands division of Imperial Guard, takes part in battle of Waterloo, Jun. 18 15 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 18 19 — Peer of France, Oct. 1832 — tf. at Paris, 2 Sep. 1833. Morant, Philip, antiquary, — ft. in Jersey, 6 Oct. 1700— M.A. Oxford, 1724— F.S.A., 1768 — tf. in London, 25 Nov. 1770. History and Antiquities of Colchester, 1748 — contributes to 63 994- MORAND— MOREAU. Biographia Britannica, 1739-60 — History of Essex, 1760-8. Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, — fc. at Paris, 2 Apr. 1697 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1722 — F.R.S. London, about 1723 — fc. Surgeon-in-chief to the Hotel des lnvalides, at Paris, 21 Jul. 1773. Becueil d experiences et cf observations sur la pierre, 1743 — Opuscules de chirurgie, 1768-72. Morant Bay. [Jamaica.] Morat, (Murten,) in Switzerland., — Charles the Bold defeated by the Swiss, 22 Jun. 1476. Morata, Olympia Fulvia,— fc. at Ferrara, 1526 — marries Andreas Grundler and goes to Germany, 1548— If . at Heidelberg, 26 Oct. 1555- Opera, 1562. Moratin, Leandro Fernandez, dramatist,—- fc. at Madrid, 10 Mar. 1760— goes to Paris, 1786 — Royal Librarian under Joseph Bona- parte, 1812 — ft. at Paris, 21 Jun., a May b 1828. Obras, 1825. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJaiv. Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez, dramatist, — b. at Madrid, 20 Jul 1737 — rj. there, 11 May 1780. Obras postwnas, 1821. Moravia, (Mahren,) — evacuated by the Quadi and occupied by Rugii, 407— seat of Lombard kingdom, about 550 — mission of Cy- rillus and Methodius to, about 856 — independent under Swiatopolk, 870 — loses its independence, 907 — incorporated with Bohemia, 1029 — erect- ed into a Margraviate, 6 Dec. n 97 — ravaged by the Golden Horde, 1241 — passes with Bo- hemia to House of Austria, 1527— made dis- tinct province and Crown land, 1849 — demand for separate ministry and parliament rejected by Emperor, Oct. 1871. Moravian Town. [See American War, Second.'] Moravians, {United Brethren,) — protected by Count Zinzendorf, settle at Herrnhut, 1722 — regularly organized, about 1727 — missions originated, 1732 — establish themselves in Eng- land, about 1742. Moray. [Murray.] Morcar, (Morkere,) Earl of Northumbria, — elected on expulsion of Tostig, 1065 — with his brother Edwin repulses Tostig, 1066— de- feated by Tostig and Harold Harfager, at Ful- ford, 20 Sep. 1066 — submits to William the Conqueror, Oct. 1066 — accompanies him to Normandy, 1067 — excites a revolt, becomes an outlaw and joins Hereward, 107 1 — surrenders and is imprisoned in Normandy, 107 1. Morcelli,Stefano Antonio, archaeologist, — fj. at Chiari near Brescia, 17 Jan. 1737 — Prof. Rhetoric, Roman Coll., 177 1 — librarian to Cardinal Albani, 1773— tr. at Chiari, 1 Jan. 1 821. Be stilo inscriptionum Latinaricm lib. III., 17 8 1 — Kalendarium Ecclesice Constanti- nopolitance, $c, 1788 — Sancti Gregorii,^c.,lib. X., §c, 1 79 1 — Africa Christiana, 18 17-18. Mordaunt, Charles, [Peterborough, Earl of.] Mordecai, — [BC] — carried into captivity, 599 a — honoured by Artaxerxes, 5io a — insti- tutes the feast Purim, (Adar 14, 15,) 509^ a Ussier- More, Sir Anthony, [Attoni Moro,) painter, — b. at Utrecht, i5i2, a about 1525, b 1519° — presented to Charles V. at Madrid, 1552— painter to King Philip and Queen Mary of England, 1554 — settles at Madrid, 1559 — re- turns to the Netherlands, 1560 — ft. at Antwerp, i 5 68, a 1581,^ 1575 or i 5 88.d a Some authorities. b c Others. d Nagler. More, Hannah, miscellaneous writer, — 6. at Stapleton, near Bristol, 1745 — tf. at Clifton, 7 Sep. 1833. Search after Happiness, 1773 — ' Percy, 1778 — Fatal Falsehood, 1779 — Sacred Dramas, 1782 — Thoughts on the Manners of the Great, 1788 — Cozlebs in search of a Wife, 1 809 — Practical Piety, 181 1 — Christian Morals 1 81 2 — Essay on the Character and Writings of » St Paul, 1 8 15 — Memoirs and Correspondence, 1834. More, Henry, theologian, philosopher, — ft. at Grantham, 12 Oct. 16 14 — enters Christ's Coll., Cambridge, 1631 — B.A., 1635 — M.A., 1639 — declines Mastership of Christ's Coll., 1654 — F.R.S. , 1661 — prebendary of Gloucester, 1675 — resigns soon after: &. at Cambridge, 1 Sep. 1687. Psychozoia, 1640 — Opera philo- sophica, 1679. More, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft. inLondon, 1480 — becomes friend of Erasmus, 1497 — studies at Oxford, 1497 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1499 — M.P., 1501 — mar- ries, 1505 — under-sheriff of London, Sep. 15 10 — reader at Lincoln's Inn, 151 1 — loses his wife, about 151 1 — marries again, soon after: envoy to Bruges, 15 14 and 15 15 — Privy Councillor, probably 15 19 — Knt, about 1521 — Speaker of House of Commons, Apr. 1523 — Under-trea- surer of the Exchequer, before Aug. 1525 — Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 25 Dec. 1525 — accompanies Wolsey to France, 1527 — Lord Chancellor, 25 Oct. 1529 to 16 May 1532 — committed to the Tower, 17 Apr. 1534 — attainted for misprision of treason, Nov. 1534 — beheaded before the Tower, 6 Jul. 1535. Utopia, 15 16 — Opera, 1556 — English Works, 1557- Morea, The, — [Peloponnesus] — overrun by Sclavonian tribes, between 589-746 — on con- quest of Constantinople by the Latins, assigned to Venetians, 1205 — [Achaia, Principality of] — conquered by Villehardouin, before end of 1248 — partly ceded by him to Michael VIIL, 1252 — divided between brothers of Emperor John VI., 1427 — invaded by Amurath II., 1445 — conquered by Mahomet II. , 1460— con- quered by Venetians, 1684 — reconquered by Turks, 17 15 — confirmed to them by Treaty of Passarowitz, 17 18 — ravaged bypestilence, 1756 — insurrection breaks out, and is suppressed by the Torte, 1770 — again ravaged by pestilence, 1782 — joins in revolt of the Greeks, 1820-1 — [Greek Revolution] — forms part of kingdom of Greece, 1830. Moreau, Jacob Nicolas, historian, — b. at St Florentin, 20 Dec. 17 17 — lj. near St Germain, 29 Jun. 1803. L' Observateur Hollandais, §c, 1755-9 — Me'moires pour servir a Vhistoire de notre temps, 1757. Moreau, Jean Michel,, designer, engraver, — h. at Paris, 1741 — designer to the king, 1770 MOREAU— MOKHOF. 995 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1775 — Prof, at Central School, 1797 — tf., 30 Nov. 1814. Moreau, Jean Victor, general, — b. at Mor- laix, 11 Aug. 1763^ 1761 b — enters the army, 1792 — General of Division, 1794 — distinguishes himself in Flanders, 1794 — Commander-in- chief of army of the Rhine and Moselle, 1796 — defeats Austrians under Wurmser near Man- heim, defeats Archduke Charles at Rastadt, and effects retreat through Black Forest, Sep. 1796 — distinguishes himself in Italy, 1799 — in Ger- many, 1800 — obtains victory of Hohenlinden, 3 Dec. — banished, goes to America, 1804 — re- turns to Europe, J ul. 181 3 — wounded at battle of Dresden, 26 Aug. 1813— '■Is. at Laun, 1 or 2 Sep. 18 1 3. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Moreau-Saint-Mery, Mederic Louis Elie, — b. in Martinique, 13 Jan. 1750 — goes to Paris, 1769 — to New York, 1793 — Councillor of State, Commander of Legion of Honour, 1800 — envoy to Parma, 1801 — Administrator- general of Parma, 1802 — deprived, 1806 — tr. at Paris, 28 Jan. 18 19. Lois et con- stitutions des colonies francaises de V Amerique sous le vent, de 1550 d 1785, 1784-90 — de- scription de la partie espagnole de St Domingue, 1796 — Description de la partie franc aise de la coionie de St Domingue, 1797-8. Moreaux, Rene, general, — b. at Rocroy, 1758 — distinguishes himself at siege of Thion- ville, 1791 — General of Division, Jul. 1793 — General-in -chief of army of the Moselle, Sep. 1793 — takes Creutznach, Oct. — bombards Lux- emburg, 1795 — tf. there, 11 Feb. Morel, Charles, printer, — ft., 1602 — printer to the king, 1628 — If., 1640. Morel, Claude, printer, — b., 1574 — manager of his brother's business, 1600 — printer to the king, 1623 — tr., 1626. Morel, Frederic, {the Elder,) printer,— b. in Champagne, 1523 — printer to the king, 1571- — a., 1583. Morel, Frederic, (the Younger,) printer, philologist, — b. at Paris, 1558 — printer to the king, 1583— tf-, 1630. Morel, Gille, — printer to the king, 1639-46 — tr., about 1650. Morel, Guillaume, printer, — b. in Nor- mandy, 1505 — admitted to corporation of printers, 1549 — associated A\ith Turnebe, printer to the king, 1552 — succeeds him, 1555 — tr. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1564. Morell, Andreas, numismatist, — b. at Berne, 1646 — goes to Paris, 1680 — ti., 11 Apr. 1703. Thesaurus Morellianus, 1734 — Thesauri Morel- Hani numismata aurea, argenta, cerea, cujusque moduli XII. priorum imperatorum, 1752. Morell, Thomas, classical scholar, — b. at Eton, 1703 — enters King's Coll., Cambridge, 1722— M. A., 1730 — F.S.A., 1737 — D.D., 1743 — ti., 19 Feb. 1784. Thesaurus Grcccce Toeseos, 1762. Morella, in Spain, — taken by the French, 12 Dec. 1707 — taken by Cabrera, Feb. 1838 — un- successfully besieged by Orna, Aug. 1838. Morellet, Andre, litterateur f — b. at Lyons, 1727 — visits England, 1772 — admitted to French Academy, 1784— director of French Academy, 1792 — member of Institute, 1803 — of Legislative Body, 1807 — ti. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1 8 1 9. Melanges de litte'rature et de philosophic du X VIII. e siecle, 1 8 1 8. Morelli, Cosimo, architect, — b. at Imola, 1732 — tr., Feb. 1812. Morelli, Giacomo, bibliographer, — b. at Venice, 14 Apr. 1745 — Librarian of St Mark's, 1778-1819 — tf., 5 May 1819. Bibliotheca Manuscripta Grceca et Latina, 1802 — Disser- tazione storica intomo alia Tublica Libreria di S. Marco, 1774 — Epistolce septem varia erudi- tionis, 1 8 19 — Operette, 1820. Moreri, Louis, — b. in Provence, 25 Mar. 1643 — ti. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1680. Dictionnaire Mistorique et Critique, 167 1. Moret, Jose, historian, — b. in Pampeluna, 1615 — historiographer of Navarre, about 1 656 ? — o". at Pampeluna, about 1705. Annales del regno de Navarra, 1684- 1709. Moreto y Cabana, Bon Augustin, drama- tist, — retires to religious house at Toledo, 1657 — ti., 28 Oct. 1669. Obras, 1654-81. Moretto, II. [Bonvicino, Alessandro.] Morga, Antonio de, — sent to assist governor of the Philippines, 1598. Succesos de las islas Filippinas, 1609. Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, physician, — b. at Forli, 25 Feb. 1682 — M.D. Bologna, 1701 — Prof. Theoretic Medicine, Padua, 17 11 — Prof. Anatomy, 17 15 — F.R.S. London, 1724 — member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 173 1 — of Imperial Academy, St Petersburg, 1735 — of Academy of Berlin, 1754 — ti., 6 Dec. 1771. Adversaria anatomica, 1706-19 — Nova Institu- tionum Medicarum Idea, 17 12 — Epistolce ana- tomicce, 1762 — De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis, 1760 — Opuscula, 1763. Morgan, Fort, U. S., — bombarded by Ad- miral Farragut, surrenders to him and Gen. Canby, 23 Aug. 1864. Morgan, Sir Henry John, buccaneer, — b. in Wales, about 1637 — captures Porto Bello, 1668 — pillages and burns Panama, Jan. 167 1 — ti. in Jamaica, 1690. Morgan, Sidney, Lady Morgan, novelist, — b. at Dublin, 1783 — marries SirT. C. Morgan, 1 8 12 — visits France, 18 16- 18 — Italy, 1819-20 — tr., Apr. 1859. St Clair, 1804 — Wild Irish Girl, 1806 — France, iSiy-iS— Italy, 1821 — Woman and her Master, 1 840 — Letter to Card. Wiseman, 1851 — Diary, 1858. Morgarten, — defeat of Leopold of Austria by Swiss of the Forest Cantons, 15 Nov. 13 15. Morghen, Raphael Sanzio, engraver, — b. at Florence, 19 Jun. 1758,* at Portici near Naples, 1761 b — studies at Rome, 1778 — settles at Florence, 1793 — tr. there, 8 Apr. 1833. Guido's Aurora, 1787 — Madonna del Sacco, 1795 — Raffaele's Transfiguration, 1795-18 12 — Leonardo da Vinci 's Last Supper, 1800. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. v .Morhof, Baniel George, philologist,— -b. at Wismar, 1639 — Prof. Poetry, Rostock, 1660 — visits Holland and England, 1657-61 — LL.D. Franeker, 1661 — Public Doctor of Eloquence 63 * 99 ( MORIER— MORNING CHRONICLE. and Poetry, Kiel, 1665 — again visits England, 1670 — Prof. History, 1673 — librarian to the University, 1680 — tf- at Liibeck, 30 Jul., a Juu. b 1 69 1. Princeps medicus, 1665 — Polyhistor, 1688-1704. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Morier, James, traveller, novelist, — b., 1780 — British envoy to Court of Persia, 1810- 16 — ft. at Brighton, Mar. 1849. Travels through Persia, §c, 18 12 — Second Journey , 1818 — Adventures of BZajji Baba, 1824-8 — Zohrab, 1832. Morillo, Don Pablo, Count op Carthagena, Marquis of Fuente, general, — fj. in Spain, 1777 — enters the navy, about 1793 — at battle of Trafalgar, 1 805 — serves in War of Independ- ence, 1808-13 — distinguishes himself at battle of Santa-Eugracia, 9 Feb. 1811 — defeats French at Arroyo de Molinos, 1812 — wounded at Vittoria, 21 Jun. 18 13 — Marechal de Camp, 181 3— Lieutenant-general, commands expedition to Venezuela, Jan. 18 14 — takes Cartagena, Dec. 1 8 15 — Santa Fe de Bogota, Jun. 1816 — defeated by troops of Bolivar, at Sombrera, May 1817 — wounded at battle of Coro, 1818 — recalled, 1820 — commander of Madrid, 1820 — tf. at Rochefort, 27 Jul. 1838. Morin, Etienne, orientalist, — b. at Caen, 1625 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Amsterdam, 1686 — tf., 1700. Morin, Jean, orientalist, — fj. at Blois, 159 1 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 16 18 — visits Rome, 1639-40 — tf. at Paris, 1659. Biblia Sacra LXX., 1628 — Exercitationes in utrumque SamaritanorumPentateuchum, 163 1 — Exercitationes biblicce de hebraici grcecique tex- tus sinceritate, 1669. Morin, Louis, (de St Victor,) physician, botanist, — rj. at Mans, 1636 — M.D. Paris, 1662 — associate botanist to Academy of Sciences, 1699 — pensionary botanist, 1707 — ft. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1 7 15. Morin, Pierre, classical scholar, — b. at Paris, 153 1 — tf. at Rome, 1608. Editions of Sep- tuagint, 1587 — of latin Bible, 1588 — of the Decretals, 159L Moriscoes. [Moors.] Morison, Robert, botanist,— h. at Aberdeen, 1620 — physician to Charles II., Regius Prof. Botany, Oxford, 1660— M.D. Oxford, Prof. Botany, 1669 — tf. in* London, 10 Nov. 1683. Plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova, 1672 — Plantarum historia universalis Oxonien- sis, 1680. Morla, Don Thomas, general, — b. at Seville, 1750 — distinguishes himself in campaign of Roussillon, 1793 — member of military Junta charged with defence of Madrid, 1808 — an- nounces submission of the city to Napoleon L, 4 Dec. — tf., 1820. Morlacchi, Francesco, musical composer, — b. at Perugia, 14 Jun. 1784 — tf. at Innspriick, 24 Oct. 1841. Le Banaide, 18 10 — Raoul di Crequi, 1 8 1 1 — Barbiere di Siviglia, about 1 8 1 5 . Morlaix, in France, {lions Relaxatus,) — taken by English, 1374 — restored to Duke of Bretagne by Treaty of Guerande, 1381 — plundered by Earl of Surrey, 152 1 — fortress built by Francis L, 1525. Morland, George, painter, — b. in London, 1764 — ft. there, 29 Oct. 1804. Morland, Henry Robert, painter, — tf., Dec. 1797. Morland, Sir Samuel, Bart., mechanician, — b. near Reading, about 1625 — accompanies embassy to Sweden, 1653 — envoy to Piedmont, 1655— joins Charles II. at Breda, 1660— Bart., Master of Mechanics to the king, 1660 ? — invents Arithmetical Machine, about 1666 — makes his speaking-trumpet, about 1670 — tf. at Hammersmith, 30 Dec. 1695. Description and use of two Arithmetical Machines, 1673 — Description of the Tuba Stentorophonica, 167 1. Morley, George, Bp of Winchester, — b. in London, 1597 — enters Christ Church, Ox- ford, 1 6 15 — M.A., 1 62 1 — chaplain to Earl of Carnarvon, 1628-40 — chaplain to Charles I., 1640 — D.D., 1642 — quits England, 1649 — Dean of Christ Church, 1660 — Bp of Worces- ter, Oct. 1660 — takes part in Savoy Confer- ence, 1 66 1 — Bp of Winchester, 1662 — tf., 1684. Morley, Thomas, musical composer, — b., probably about 1550 — B.M. Oxford, 1588 — gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 1592 — tf. in London, about 1604? Triumphs of Oriana, 1 601 — Plaine and Easie Introduction to Prac- tical Musicke, 1597. Mormon, Book of, — first American edition, 1830 — first European, 1841 — Book of Doctrine and Covenants, 1835. Mormons, Mormonism, Latter Day Saints, — sect originated in America by Joseph Smith, 1823 — organized as a Church, 6 Apr. 1830 — expelled from Jackson County, Missouri, 1833 — apostles instituted, 1835 — expelled from Mis- souri, take refuge in Illinois, 1838 — found temple 1 841 -4 — Brigham Young succeeds as Prophet, 1 844 — driven from Illinois Sep. 1846 — cross Rocky Mountains to Great Salt Lake, 1847-8— [Polygamy, Utah]— re- lieved, as polygamists, from serving on Grand Jury, at Salt-Lake City, 18 Sep. 1871 — prose- cution of, by United States officers, Oct. 1871 — flight of Brigham Young, about 25 Oct. — first conviction and sentence of fine and im- prisonment, for polygamy, 28 Oct. Mornay, Philippe de, (Seigneur du Plessis- Mornay,) statesman, theologian, — b. in France, 1549 — travels in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, 1568-71 — visits England, 1572 — escapes mas- sacre of St Bartholomew, and comes to Eng- land, Aug. 1572— Administrator of Finance to king of Navarre, 1576 — ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, 1577-8 — Superintendent-general of Navarre, 1584 — Councillor of State by Henry IV., 1589 — arrests Cardinal de Bourbon, 1589 — at battle of Ivry, 1590 — negotiates peace with Mayenne, 1592 — condemned at conference of Fontainebleau, 1600 — remonstrates 'against persecution of Protestants by Louis XIII., and is deprived of his government of Saumur, 162 1 — tf. in Poitou, 1632. Traite de VEglise, 1578 — Traite de la Yerite de la Religion Chretienne, 158 1 — De V Eucharistie, 1598 — Mystere d'iniquite, 1607 — Memoir es, 1624-52. Morning Chronicle, English newspaper, — commenced, 28 Jun. 1769— discontinued, 1862. MORNING HERALD— MORRIS. 997 Morning Herald, English newspaper, — commenced, Nov. 1780 — last publication, 31 Dec. 1869. Morning Post, English newspaper, — com- menced, 1772. Morning Star, English newspaper, — com- menced, 17 Mar. 1856 — discontinued, 1869. Mornington, Garret Wellesley, Earl of, musical composer, — b. in Ireland, about 1720 — created Earl, 1760 — tf., 1781. Mornington, Lord. [Wellesley, Marquis OF.] Morny, Charles Augusts Louis Joseph, Duke be, statesman, — b. at Paris, 1811 — enters the army, 1832 — wounded at siege of Constantine, Nov. 1836 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1837 — quits the army, 1838 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1842 — minister of the Interior, after coup d'etat of 2 Dec. 1 851 — resigns office, Jan. 1852 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 2 Dec. 1852 — Pres. Corps Legislatif, 1854 — as ambassador extraord. attends coronation of the Czar, 1857 — marries Princess Troubetzkoi, 1857 — created Duke, by Napoleon III., Jul. 1862 — ft. at Paris, 10 Mar. 1865. Moro, Attoni. [More, Sir Anthony.] Moro, Cristofero, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Pasquale Malipieri, 12 May 1462 — tf., 9 Nov. 147 1. Moro, II. [Sforza, Lodovico] Morocco, — [Mauritania, Alinohades, Al- moravides, Moors]— capital founded, 1072 — dynasty of Scheriffs established by Mohammed bex Achmet, about 1515-20 — French consulate established, 1577 — expedition of Don Sebastian of Portugal, 1578 — Portuguese possessions in, fall to Philip II. of Spain, about 1580 — com- mercial treaty with Louis XIY. concluded, 1666 — another, 1699 — treaty with England, 17 2 1 — Sidi-Mohammed concludes treaties with England and Austria, 1783 — capture of Oran by Spaniards, Sep. 179 1 — treaty of alliance with United States, 1795 — slavery of Christians abolished, 18 14 — piracy prohibited, 18 17 — new treaty with England, 1824 — concludes peace with Austria, 1830 — insurrections in, 1815-22 — hostilities with France begin, 30 May 1844 ■ — entered by French, and Ouchda taken pos- session of, 16 Jun. — battle of Oned-Isly, 3 Jul. — bombardment of Tangier by Prince de Join- ville, 6 Aug. — victory of French at Isly, 14 Aug. — bombardment and capture of Mogador by Prince de Joinville, 15 Aug. — treaty of peace concluded, 6 Sep. — Mogador evacuated, 16 Sep. — Treaty of Tangier, 18 Mar. 1845 — famine in, 1850 — bombardment of Sallee, by French, 25 Nov. 1 85 1 — treaty of peace with France, 23 Mar. 1852 — Spain declares war against, 22 Oct. 1859 — hostilities begin, Dec. — defeat of Moors by Gen. Prim at Castillejos, Jan. i860 — capture of Tetuan, 4 Feb. — defeat of Moors at Gualdras, 23 Mar. — peace con- cluded, 26 Apr. Morogues, Pierre Marie Sebastien Bigot, Baron de, ivriter on agriculture, — b. at Orleans, 1776 — member of Royal Society of Agriculture, 1822 — Peer of France, 1835 — tf. at Orleans, 15 Jun. 1840. Essai sur les moyens d'ameliorer V agriculture en France, 1822. Morone, Giovanni, Bp of Mobena, Car- binal, — b. at Milan, 25 Jan. 1509 — Bp of Modena, 1529 — nuncio to Germany, 1542, a J 53 6b — Cardinal, 2 Jun. 1542 — Legate to Bologna, 1544-8— assists at Diet of Augsburg, r 553 c — Bp of Novara, 1553— imprisoned by Paul IV., 1557 to Dec. 1559— Pres. Council of Trent, Dec. 1563 — Legate to Genoa, 1575 — tf. at Rome, 1 Dec. 1580. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Bees' Cyc. Morone, Giovanni Francesco, painter, — b. at Verona, 1474— tf. there, 16 May 1529. Moroni, Giambattista, painter, — b. at Albino near Bergamo, about 15 10 — tf. at Ber- gamo, about 1578. Morosi, Giuseppe, mechanician, — b. in Tus- cany, 26 Jun. 1772 — visits France, 1799 — Prof. Mechanics, Milan, 1801 — charged with scientific mission to France, Germany, and Holland, 1807 — tf. at Cocombola, 27 Sep. 1840. Morosini, The, — Venice disturbed by their strife with the Caloprini, between 980-990. Morosini, Andrea, historian, — b- at Venice, 1558 — historian of the republic, 1598 — Senator, 1600 — tf., 29 Jun. 161 8. Istoria dalla re- publica di Venitia, 1623. Morosini, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Hero Polano, 1148 — sends expedition against corsairs in Istria, 1150 — concludes alliance with William, king of Sicily, 1 152 — tf., 1156. Morosini, Francesco, Doge of Venice, — b. at Venice, 16 18 — serves in the navy against Turks, 1638-48 — commander of the fleet, and governor of Candia, 1651 — defends Candia, 1667-9 — capitulates to Turks, 1669 — Captain- general, 1684 — gains possession of the Pelopon- nesus, and takes Athens, 1685-7 — elected Doge, 1688 — has a triumph, 1689 — tf. at Nauplia, 6 Jan. 1694. Morosini, Marino, Duke of Candia, and Doge of Venice, — succeeds Giacomo Tiepolo, 1249— tf., 1252. Morosini, Michele, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Andrea Contareno, 10 Jun. 1382— tf., 16 Oct. 1382. Morosini, Paolo, Patkician of Venice, — b. at Venice, 1406 — Commissioner for settling boundaries of Istria, 145 1 — terminates disputes between the Senate and Duke of Este, 1459 — envoy to kings of Poland, Bohemia, and Naples, and Pope Sixtus IV., 1464-71 — ambassador to Emperor Frederick III., 1471—tf., about 1483. Morosini, Tommaso, 1st Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, — elected, May 1204 — consecrated at Rome, by Innocent III., 1205 — obtains sanction of the pope for plurality of benefices, 1206 — makes concordat with Regent Henry, 17 Mar. 1206 — tf. at Thessalonica, 1211. Morpeth, Lord. [Carlisle, Earl of.] Morphia, Morphine, alkaloid of opium, — probably known to Ludwig, as magistery of opium, 1688— obtained by Sertiirner, 1805. Morris, George P., poet and journalist, — b. at Philadelphia, 16 Oct. 1802 — tf. at New 99 8 MORRIS— MORTON. York, 6 Jul. 1 8 64. "With "Woodworth, edits New York Mirror, 1823-42 — with Willis, Some Journal, 1846-64 — Songs and Ballads, 1840. Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, — fj. near New York, 31 Jan. 1752 — graduates at King's (Columbia) Coll., 1768— member of Provin- cial Congress, 1775 — of National, 1777 — dele- gate to Constitutional Convention, 1787 — envoy to France, Dec. 1788 — secret envoy to England, Jan. to Sep. 1791 — ambassador to France, Jan. 1792 to Oct. 1794 — Senator, 1800 to Mar. 1803— tf., 5 Nov. 18 16. Morrison, Robert, missionary to China, — ft. at Morpeth, 5 Jan. 1782 — goes to Canton, 1807 — D.D. Glasgow, 1817— visits England, 1824-6—^. at Canton, 1 Aug. 1834. Chinese Grammar, 1 8 15 — Chinese Dictionary, 1 82 1 — Chinese Translation of the Bible, 18 10-18. Morroni, Pietro da. [Celestine V.] Mortality, Bills of, — in London, commenced, 1592 — issued regularly, from 1603. Mortality, Tables of,— Northampton, by Price, 1780 — Carlisle,hj Milne,i787 — Govern- ment, by Finlaison, 1829 — Equitable Society, by Morgan, 1834 — Friendly Societies, 1835 — English Life, by Registrar-general, 1843. Mortara, in Jtaly, — the Sardinians, under Duke of Genoa, defeat Archduke Albert and Count Wratislaus, 21 Mar. 1849. Mortara Case, — abduction of the son of Momolo Mortara by Jesuits at Bologna, Jun. 1858 — unsuccessful application of Sir M. Montefiore to Card. Antonelliin his behalf, 28 Apr. 1859. Mortars, heavy ordnance, — made in England, about 1543. Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, Duke of Trevisa, Marshal and Peer or France, — ft. at Cateau-Cambresis, 13 Feb. 1768 — enters the army, 1 791— distinguishes himself in campaigns of 1792-6 — General of Division, Sep. 1799 — takes part in attack on Zurich, 25 Sep. 1799 — Commander of Artil- lery, 1803 — Marshal of the Empire, May 1804 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1805 — takes part in campaign of Austria, 1805 — of Prussia, 1806 — Duke of Trevisa, 1807 — dis- tinguishes himself at Friedland, Jun. 1 807— at siege of Saragossa, Feb. 1809 — assists at siege of Badajoz, 1 8 1 o— -directs siege of Cadiz, 18 10 — defeats Spaniards at la Gebora, Feb. 181 1— takes part in expedition of Russia, 181 2 — in campaign of Saxony, 1813 — Chevalier of St Louis, Peer of France, Jun. 18 14 — member of Council of War for trial of Marshal Ney, Nov. 1 8 15 — killed by infernal machine of Fieschi at Paris, 28 Jul. 1835. Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March,— succeeds his father Roger in the earldom, and becomes heir-presumptive to the crown, 1398 — retires to the W r elsh marches, 1 399— con- federacy of the Percys with Glyndwrdu to place him on the throne, 1403— the alliance dissolved bv battle of Shrewsbury, 23 Jul. 1403 — conspiracy of Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, Serope, Abp of Y'ork, Earl of Northumberland, and others, to place him on the throne, May 1405— the plot frustrated, Jun. 1405 — another conspiracy in his favour, by Earl of Cambridge, Lord Serope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey, Jul. 1415— tf. Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, 1424. Mortimer, Sir Edmund, — defeated and made prisoner by Owain Glyndwrdu at Mael- ienydd, 12 (22) Jun. 1402 — makes alliance with Owain and marries one of his daughters, Dec. 1402— joins with the Percys and Owain to restore Richard II. or raise the Earl of March to the throne, probably about Dec. 1402. Mortimer, John Hamilton, painter, — ft. at Eastbourne, 1741 — A.R.A., 1778 — tf. in Lon- don, 4 Feb. 1779. Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March, — ft., about 1287 — on death of his father becomes ward of Piers Gaveston, 1303 — Knt, accom- panies Edward I. to Scotland, 1306 — Lieu- tenant in Ireland, 13 17 — takes part with Lan- caster, Hereford, and other barons, against Edward II., 1320 — imprisoned, but escapes to France, 1323 — forms intrigue with Queen Isabella, 1325 — with her invades England, Sep. 1326 — deposes the king, and proclaims Edward III., Jan. 1327 — created Earl of March, 1327 — orders murder of Edward II., Sep. 1327 — recognizes Robert Bruce as King of Scotland, 1328 — gets Earl of Kent arrested and executed, Mar. 1329 — arrested at Notting- ham Castle, 19 Oct. 1330 — hung at Tyburn, 29 Nov. 1330 — his attainder reversed, and his title and estates restored to his grandson,' 1 354. Mortimer's Cross, near Hereford, — Edward, Duke of Y"ork, defeats Lancastrians under Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, 2 Feb. 146 1. Mortmain, in England, — gifts in, prohibited by Acts 9 Hen. III. c. 36, 1225 ; 7 Edw. I. c. 2, 15 Nov. 1279 ; 15 Rich. II. c. 5, 1392 — statutes of, suspended for 20 years by Act 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — royal licence to alien in, authorized by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 37, 1696 — restrained and regulated in England and Wales, by Act 9 Geo. II. c. 36, 1736 — amended by 45 Geo. III. c. 101, 10 Jul. 1805. Morton, James Douglas, 4th Earl of, Re- gent of Scotland, — marries a daughter of third Earl, before 1543 — obtains earldom on death of his father-in-law, 1553 — one of the Lords of the Congregation, 1557 — Commis- sioner for settlement of affairs, May 1559 — Privy Councillor, by Queen Mary, 1561 — Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, 7 Jan. 1563 — takes part in murder of Rizzio, and escapes to England, 1566 — pardoned, and retm-ns to Scot- land, 1566— refuses to join in plot against Darnley, 1567 — reappointed Chancellor by Regent Murray, and made Lord High Admiral, 1568 — one of the Commissioners to Conference at York respecting Queen Mary, 1568 — sells Earl of Northumberland to Queen Elizabeth, 1572 — made Regent of Scotland, 24. Nov. 1572 — resigns and retires toLochleven Castle, 1 2 Sep. 1577 — recovers his authority, soon after: in- trigues of Esmeand James Stuart against him, 1580 — tried and convicted of participation in murder of Darnley, 1 Jun. 1581— executed at Edinburgh, 3 Jun. 158 1. Morton, John, Cardinal, Abp oy Canter- bury, — b. in Dorsetshire, 141 o — Commissary of Oxford Univ,, 1446— prebendary of Salis- MORTON— MOSER. 999 bury and Lincoln, 1458 — present with Henry VI. at battle of Towton, escapes with Queen Margaret to Flanders, 146 1 — attainted of high treason, Nov. 146 1 — pardoned, Jul. 147 1 — his attainder reversed, Oct. 147 1 — prebendary of St Paul's, 1472 — Master of the Rolls, 16 Mar. 1472 — ambassador to Duke of Burgundy, end of 1473 — Archdeacon of Winchester, 1474 — attends the king in France, 1475 — prebendary of Wells, 1475 — Bp of Ely, Aug. 1478 — com- mitted to custody of Duke of Buckingham, by Richard III., Jun. 1483 — escapes and joins Earl of Richmond in Flanders, 1483 — Privy Councillor to Henry VII., 1485 — Lord Chan- cellor, 6 Mar. i486 — Abp of Canterbury, Jul. i486 — Cardinal, by Alexander VI., 1493 — tf. at Knoll, in Kent, 13 Sep. 1500. Morton, Samuel George, physician, ethnolo- gist, — b. at Philadelphia, U. S., 26 Jan. 1799 — M.D., member of Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, 1820 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1821-3 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1823 — settles at Philadelphia, 1824 — Prof. Anatomy, Penn- sylvania Coll., 1839-43 — tf. at Philadelphia, 17 May 1 85 1. Illustrated System of Human Anatomy, 1849— Crania Americana, 1839 — Crania Egyptiaca, 1844. Morton, Thomas, Bp o-f Durham, — b. at York, 20 Mar. 1564 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1582 — M.A., 1590 — D.D., 1606 — Chaplain to James I., 1606 — Dean of York, 1607 — Dean of Winchester, 1609 — Bp of Chester, 16 15 — Bp of Lichfield and Coventry, 161 8 — Bp of Durham, 1632 — committed to the Tower r Apr. 1645 — tf. in Northamptonshire, 22 Sep. 1659. Morton, Thomas, dramatist, — b. in Durham, 1764 — tf., 28 Mar. 1838. Way to get married, 1796 — Secrets worth knowing, 1798 — Town and Country, 1807 — Roland for an Oliver, 18 19 — School for grown Ch ildren , 1826. Morton, Thomas, laceman, — arrests Russian ambassador for debt, 1709 — and thus gives occasion to declaration of privileges of am- bassadors, by Act of Parliament. [Ambassa- dors.] Mortuary, (soul-shot, cor s -present), in Eng- land, — mentioned, 1009 — regulated and con- verted into a money payment, by Act 21 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1530. Morus, Alexandre, theologian, — b. at Castres, 1616 — Prof. Greek, Geneva, 1639— Prof. The- ology, 1642 — Prof. Theology, Middelburg, 1649 — Prof. History, Amsterdam, 1651 — tf. at Paris, 1670. Fides publico, contra calumnias J. Miltoni scurrce, 1654. Morveau. [Guy ton de Morveau.] Morville, Charles Jean Baptiste Fleurian, Count de, diplomatist, — b. at Paris, 30 Oct. 1686 — ambassador to Holland, 17 18— obtains accession of the States to Quadruple Alliance, 8 Mar. 17 18 — plenipotentiary to Congress of Cambrai, 172 1 — Minister of Marine, 1722 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, member of French Academy, 1723 — tf., 2 Feb. 1732. Morville, Hugh de,— takes part in murder of Becket, 1170. Morvilliers, Jean de, Chancellor of France, — b. at Blois, 1 Dec. i«;o6~-ambassa- dor to Venice, before 1552 — Bp of Orleans, 1552 — assists at Council of Trent, 1562—con- cludes treaty with Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — Chancellor, 1569-71 — tf. at Tours, 23 Oct. 1577. Moryson (Morison) Fynes, traveller, — b. in Lincolnshire, 1566— enters Cambridge Univ., 1580 — M.A., 1587— travels on the Continent, 1588-98 — tf., about 1614. Itinerary, contain- ing his ten years' travel through the dominions of Germany, §c, 1617. Mosaic floor, — [B C] — made by Sulla, about 90-80. Moschampar, Georgius, theologian, — fl., about 1285. Moscheles, Ignaz, musical composer, — b. at Prague, 30 May 1794 — studies under Al- brechtsberger at Vienna, 1808 — settles in Eng- land, 1820 — Prof. Music, Conservatory of Leipsic, 1846— tf., Mar. 1870. Moscherosch, Johann Michael, [Philander von Sittewald,) — b. at Willstadt-on-the- Rhine, 5 Mar. 1600 — Pres. Consistory of Hanau, 1656 — tf. at Worms, 4 Apr. 1669. Wiinder- liche und wahrhafte Gesichte Philanders von Sittewald, 1650. Moschopalus, Manuel, {Emanuel?) gram- marian, — elder, {{., about 1240-80 — younger, fl., about 1 260- 1 300. Moschus, — [B C] — bucolic poet, grammarian, — fl. at Syracuse, before 200. Moschus, Joannes, ecclesiastical biographer, — tf., 620.* a Bollandus. Moscow, (Moshwa,) former capital of Russia, — founded by Grand Duke Yury II., (George Dolgorouki,) about 1147-54 — sacked by Mon- gols, 1236 and 1293 — made the capital by Daniel, son of Alexander Newski, 1295 — de- vastated by Lithuanians, 1368, 1370, and 1372 — pillaged by Tatars, troops of Timur, 1382 and 1409 — burnt, 1536 — besieged and burnt by Tatars, 157 1 — besieged by Poles and Cossacks, 1609 — the Poles expelled, 161 2 — revolts of the Strelitzes at, 1682, 1689, 1692 — triumph of Peter the Great at, 1702 — seat of government removed to St Petersburg, 1703 — entered by the French under Napoleon I., 15 Sep. 181 2 — burnt by Russians, 16-18 Sep. — evacuated by French army, 19-24 Oct. — visited by Prince of Wales, 15 Nov. 1866. [Kremlin.] University, founded, 1755 — reorganized, 1804 — reopened, Sep. 18 15. Cathedrals, of the Assumption, founded, 1326 — of the Transfiguration, 1328 — rebuilt, 1527 — Pokrovskoi, 1554. Riding School, built, 1817. Moseilama, — envoy of tribe of Hanifa to Medina, embraces Islamism, 630 — announces himself as a prophet, 631 — repulses Khaled, defeated and killed, (12, a. h.) 633. Moser, Georg Michael, painter, — b at Schaffhausen, 1707 — settles in London, about 1726 — First Keeper of Royal Academy, London, 1768 — tf. in London, 24 Jan. 1783. Moser, Johann Jacob, publicist, — b. at Stuttgard, 18 Jan. 1701 — Extraord. Prof. Laws, Tubingen, 1720 — goes to Vienna, 1721 — Counsellor of Regency, Stuttgard, 1726 — Prof. Laws, Tubingen, 1727 — Prof Laws, Frankfort- on-the-Oder, 1736 — tf. at Stuttgard, 30 Sep. 1785. Deutsches Staatsrecht, 1737-54 — Neues MOSER— MOUNTER. DeutscJies Staatsrecht, 1761-75 — Beutsches Staatsarchiv, 175 1-7. Moser, Mary, painter, — ft. in London, 1744 — R.A., 1768 — tf>, 1819. Moses, — [B C] — Hebrew Legislator, — b., i57i, a 1705 h — flees from Egypt, 1531,* 1665 b —appointed deliverer of Israelites from Egypt, spring 149 1 a — the Exodus, (1 mo. 15,) 5 May 1491/ 1625,* 1320, c 1652 d — the law given at Mount Sinai, (3 mo. 3,) 22 Jun. 149 1 a — tf., (12 mo. 1,) Mar. i45i, a (11 mo.) i5&5. b a Ussher. b Clinton. c Bunsen. d Smith's Diet. Bib. Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, theologian, historian, — 6. at Lubeck, 9 Oct. 1694 — Prof. Theology, Helmstadt, 1723-47 — Prof. Theol- ogy, Gottingen, and Chancellor of the Univ., 1747 — tf. there, 9 Sep. 1755. Institutions Histories Ecclesiastics, 1726 — Be rebus Christi- anorumante Constantinum, 1753 — Institutiones Historic Christiana 2Lajores, 1739 — latin translation of Cudivorttis Intellectual System, 1738. Moskwa, battle of the. [Borodino.] Moskwa, Prince of the. [Ney, 2Iarshal.~\ Mosquito Coast, Central America, — reached by Columbus, 1502 — placed under British pro- tection, about 1660 — English settlement on, 1730— evacuated by English, 1788 — claimed by Nicaragua, and the king placed under British protection, 18 13— British protectorate abandoned by treaty with United States, Jul. 1850 — [Greytown] — protectorate ceded to Honduras, Nov. 1859 — given up to Nicaragua, by treaty of 26 Jan. i860. Mosstroopers, of Scottish Border, — suppres- sion of, attempted by Act 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 22, 1662 — declared liable to transportation for life and deprived of benefit of clergy, by 1 8 and 19 Car. II. c. 3, 1666 — enactments against, revived by 6 Geo. II. c. 37, 1734. Mostaert, Jan, painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 1499— tf. there, 1555. Mostazem Billah, last Caliph op Baghdad, — fc., about 1216— succeeds his father, Mostan- ser Billah, (640, a. h.) 1243 — refuses to assist Houlagou in exterminating the Assassins, (6o4,) — besieged in Baghdad by Houlagou, (Mo- harrem 606,) Jan. 1258 — gives himself up, (4 Sepher,) 10 Eeb. — put to death, (14 Sepher,) 20 Feb. 1258. Mosul, in Turkey, — rises into importance under Malek Shah, 1073 — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Saladin, 1178 and 11 85 — capital of independent state under Bedreddin, 1222-59 — recovered from Persia by Turks, about 1650 — unsuccessfully attacked by Nadir Shah, 1743. [Nineveh.] Motassem, Caliph of Baghdad, — succeeds his brother Manion, (218, a. h.) 833 — founds Samarah on the Tigris, (220,) 835— invades Greek Empire, defeats Theophilus and destrovs Amorium, (224,) 838 — tf. at Samarah, (is Eabia I. 227,) 5 Jan. 842. • Mothe-le-Vayer, Francois de la, miscella- neous writer* — h. at Paris, 1588 — received at French Acndemy, Feb. 1639 — tutor to Duke of Orleans, 1649 — tf., 1672. Biscours de la con- trarie'te d'hwneurs qui se trouve entre certaines nations, 1636 — Considerations sar V eloquence frangaise, 1638 — Be la Vertudes Pa'iens, 1642. Mothone, — [BC] — given by Sparta to ex- pelled Nauplians, 668. a a Muller. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, — ft. in Long Is- land, U. S., 20 Aug. 1785 — M.D. Columbia Coll., 1806 — studies in London and Edinburgh, between 1 806-9 — Prof. Surgery, Columbia Coll., 1809 — at Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons, 1 8 1 3 — resigns, 1826 — again Prof. Surgery, 1830 — visits Europe and the East, 1835 — President of the Faculty and Prof. Surgery and Relative Anatomy, Univ. Medical School, 1840 — Prof. Emeritus, i860 — tf. at New York, 26 Apr. 1865. Motte. [La Motte.] Motteville, Francoise Bertaud, Dame de, — ft., about 162 1 — in service of Anne of Austria, Regent of France, 1643 — tf., 29 Dec. 1689. 2Ie moires pour servir a Vhistoire cV Anne d'Antriche, 1723. Mottley, John, — ft. in London, 1692 — tf., 3 Oct. 1750. Joe Miller s Jests, 1739 — Life of Peter the Great, 1739 — Life of Empress Cathe- rine, 1744. Mottraye, Aubry de la, traveller, — h., about 1674 — travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1 696-1 7 27 — tf. at Paris, Mar. 1743. Voyages en Europe, Asie, et Afrique, §c, 1727. Moufet, {2Iuffctt,) Thomas, physician, na- turalist, — incorporated M.D. Cambridge, 1582 — tf. in Wiltshire, about 1602. Be Jure et Freest antia Chemicorum Medicamentorum, 1584 — Nosomantica ECippocratica, 1588 — Health's Improvement, 1655 — Insectorum Theutrum, 1634. Moulin, Gabriel du, historian, — ft. in Nor- mandy, about 1600 — tf-, about 1660. Ilistoire generate de Xormandie, 1631 — Les Conquetes et les Trophe'es des Normands Francais, 1658. Moulin, Jean Francois Auguste, general,— h. at Caen, 1752 — enters the army, 1791 — Ge- neral of Brigade, Aug. 1793 — General of Divi- sion, Nov. 1793 — Commander-in-chief of army of the Alps, Oct. 1794 — member of Directory, Jun. to Nov. 1799 — tf. at Antwerp, 1810. Moulin, Pierre du, theologian, — h. in France, 1568 — Prof. Philosophy, Leyden, 1592 — chap- lain to Princess Catherine of Bourbon, 1599 — called to London by James I., 1615— Pies. Synod of Alais, 1620 — Prof. Theology, Sedan, about 1627 — tf. there, 10 Mar. 1658. Nouv- eaute du papisme, opposee a Vantiquite du chris- tianisme, 1627 — le Capucin, §c, 1641. Mouiins, in France, — founded, before 1260 — castle built and made seat of dukes of Bour- bon, 1368 — marriage of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d'Albret celebrated at, 1548 — as- sembly of Notables held at, by Catherine de' Medici, Feb. 1566 — castle burnt, 1755. Cathe- dral, founded, 1468 — renovated, 1852-61. Moultan. fMooltan.] Mounier, Claude Edouard Philippe, Bahon, Peek of France, — b. at Grenoble, 2 Dec. 1784 — Master of Bequests, 1810 — Director- general of Demesnes, 181 8 — Peer of France, 1 8 19 — Director-general of departmental ad- MOTTXIER— MUCIANUS. ministration and of Police, 1820 — if. at Passy, 11 May 1843. ILanier, Jean Joseph, statesman, — ft. at .Grenoble, 1758 — Advocate, 1779 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres. Assembly, 5-6 Oct. — quits France, Jan. 1790 — Councillor of State, 1804 — if., 26 Jan. 1806. Eecherches sur les causes ejui out empe'che les Francais cle devenir libres, 1792 — de V Influence attribute mix phi lo- sophes, aux franc-macons, 1801. Mountain, The, — designation of Jacobin party in National Convention of France, Sep. 1792. [Jacobins.] Mounteagle, Lord. [Gunpowder Plot.] Mountfort, William, actor, dramatist, — 6., 1659— murdered in London, by Captain Hill and Lord Mohun, winter 1692. Mountjoy, Charles Blount, Lord, Earl of Devonshire, Loud-Lieutenant of Ireland, — h, 1563 — presented to Queen Elizabeth, about 1583— M. P., 1585 — Knt, 1586 — -joins the fleet in pursuit of Armada, 1588 — M.A. Oxford, 16 Jun. 1589 — Governor of Ports- mouth, 1594 — succeeds bis brother as Lord Mountjoy, 1594 — K.G., 1597 — takes part in expedition to the Azores, 1597 — Lieutenant under Essex of forces in Ireland, 1597 — ap- pointed Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Oct. 1599 — lands in Ireland, 24 Feb. 1600 — blockades D'Aguilar and Spanish forces in Kinsale, 1601 —defeats Irish and Spanish forces at Kinsale, 24 Dec. 1601 — receives submission of Tyrone, 1602 — reappointed by James I., 25 Apr. 1603 — Privy Councillor, May 1603 — Earl of Devonshire, 21 Jul. 1603 — Joint-commissioner to treat with Spain, 1604 — for arraignment of Gunpowder Plot conspirators, 1605 — marries Penelope, Lady Pick, 26 Dec. 1605 — if. in London, 3 Apr. 1606. Mountnorris, Lord, Yice-treasurer of Ireland, — sentenced, by Wentworth, to be cashiered, publicly disarmed, and shot, 1633 — the capital sentence remitted for imprisonment. MouradgeaD'Ohsson, Ignatius, diplomatist, orientalist, — b. at Constantinople, 1740 — Charge d' Affaires of Sweden at the Porte, 1782 — Minister, 1795 — if. near Paris, 27 Aug. 1807. Tableau general de V empire ottoman, 1787-90 — Tableau historique de V Orient, 1804. Mouravieff, Michael, general, engineer, — h, 1796 — founds Mathematical Society at Moscow, 1 81 1 — Pres. Corps of Surveyors, 1842 — Min- ister of Imperial Domains, Apr. 1847 — Lieu- tenant-general and member of Imperial Coun- cil, 1850 — General of Infantry, Sep. 1856 — severely represses disturbances caused by stu- dents at St Petersburg, Aug. 1861 — resigns, Dec. 1 86 1 — Governor-general of Lithuania, and Commander-in-chief at Wilna, May 1863 — suppresses insurrection of Poles, 1863-5 — re- called and created Count, Apr. 1865 — if. near Luga, 10 Sep. 1866. Mouravieff, Michael Nikititch, miscel- laneous writer, — b. at Smolensk, Oct. 1757 — preceptor to Grand Dukes Alexander and Con- stantine, 1785 — if. at St Petersburg, 11 Jul. 1807. Works, 1829,* i820. b a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Mouravieff, Nicholas, Prince, general, — b. at Moscow, 1794 — enters the army, 181 1 — envoy; to Khiva, 18 19— as Major-general dis- tinguishes himself at Kars, 1828 — at Kalila, 1829 — in Polish campaign, 1 830-1 — Lieuten- ant-general, 1 83 1 — takes part in capture of Warsaw, 6-8 Sept. 1831 — envoy extraord. to Mekemet AlLDec. 1832 — falls into disgrace with Emperor Nicholas, 1 8 38 — reenters the army, a> : tl becomes member of Council of War, 1848 — Governor of the Caucasus, 1854 — conducts war in Asiatic Turkey, 1855 — f a ^ s a ^ storming of Kai's, 29 Sep. — takes Kars, 28 Nov. — member of Imperial Council, 1856 — if., 4 jSIoy. 1866. Mouson, in France. Councils of, held, 13 Jan. 948, and 2 Jun. 995. Moustier, Eleonor Francois Elie, Marquis de, diplomatist, — b. at Pans, 1751 — enters the army, 1768 — ambassador to London, 1783 — to United States, 1787 — and to Prussia, 17 90-1 — escapes to England, 1792 — accompanies Louis XVIII. to France, Apr. 1814 — if. near Yersailles, 1 Feb. 1817. Mouton-Duvernet, Regis Barthelemi, gen- eral,— ti. at Puy, (Haute-Loire,) 3 Mar. 1769 — . enters the army, 1786— at battle of Areola, 15 ]S"ov. 1796 — serves in Poland and Prussia, 1806-7 — in Spain, 1808-9 — takes Ucles, 12 Jan. 1809 — Baron, 1809 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Aug. 18 12 — General of Division, Aug. 18 13 — serves in campaign of Saxony, 18 13 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14— shot, at Lyons, 27 Jul. 1816. Mowbray. [Norfolk, Duke of, North- umberland, Earl of.] Mowbray, Philip de, — defeated by Bruce, at Inverury, 22 May 1308 — surrenders Stirling Castle to the Scots, 23 Jun. 131 3. Mozambique, E. Africa, — visited by Yasco de Gama, 1498 — taken by Tristan da Cunka and Albuquerque and made capital of Portu- guese colony, 1506 — establishment of custom- houses and fiscal ports decreed by Portuguese government, 1854. Mozart, Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus, musical composer, — b. at Salzburg, 27 Jan. 1756 — presented to Emperor Francis I. at Yienna, 1762 — taken to Paris, 1763 — visits England, 1764-5 — visits Italy, 1769-70 — enters service of the Emperor at Yienna, 1775 settles at Yienna, 1779 marries Constance Weber, 17 81 — tf. there, 5 Dec. 179 1. Le Nozze di Figaro, 1786 — Bon Giovanni, 1787 — Die Zauberflote, 1791 — Requiem, 1792. Mu'ayyad Alhilli, Najm-aldin Ja'far ben, author of Sharui-alislam, (digest of Shiah jurisprudence,) — if., (676, a. h.) 1277. Mucianus, Licinius, orator, historian, — ■ Consul, (805, a. u. c.) 52 a — commands in Syria, 68 — aids Yespasian to gain the throne, 69 — Consul, (823,) 70 a — persuades Yespasian to banish philosophers, 72-4 — Consul (suff. b ) with Domitianus, (828,) 75. ab a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. Mucianus, M. Nonius Arrius, — Consul with L. Annius Fabianus, (954, a. u. c.) 201. Mucianus, P. Licinius Crassus Dives, orator, jurist, — [BCJ — Consul with L. Valerius MUDGE— MULLER. Flaccus, (623, a. u. c.) 131 — defeated and killed in war with Aristonicus. Mudge, John, physician, optician, — obtains Copley medal of Royal Society, 1777 — to., 1793. Mudge, Thomas, mechanician, — b. atExeter, 17 16 — receives grant from parliament for im- proved chronometers, 1793 — tf. in Surrey, 14 Kov. 1794. Mudge, William, superintendent of Trigono- metrical Survey of England and Wales, — b. at Plymouth, 1762 — superintendent of the Survey, about 1796— F.R.S., 1798— tf. in London, 17 Apr. 1821. Mudie, Robert, litterateur, — b. in Forfar- shire, 1777 — tf., May 1842. Muffet, Thomas. [Moufet.] Muggleton, Ludowick, joint founder of the Muggletonians, — b. in England, about 1609 — begins preaching, about 1650 — convicted of blasphemy, in London, Jan. 1676 — tf., 14 Mar. 1697. Works, 1756. Mugillanus, L. Papirius, — [B C] — (1.) Consul with L. Sempronius Atratinus, (310, a. u. c.) 444 — with C. Servilius Structus Ahala, (327,) 427. (2.) Consul with C. Poetilius Libo, (428,) 326. Mugillanus, M. Papirius, — [B C]—Cmsul with C. JNautius Rutilus, (343, a. u. c ) 411. Muhamad. [Mohammed, and Granada, Kingdom of] Muhlberg, in Germany, — Charles Y. defeats Protestant Princes at, 24 Apr. 1547. Miihldorf, in Germany, — Louis of Bavaria defeats and captures Frederick Duke of Austria, 28 Sep. 1322. Muir, Thomas, advocate, — convicted of sedition and transported for fourteen years. 30 Aug. 1793 — put in irons on the hulks at Wool- wich, Dec. 1793— tf. at Chantilly, 1798 — monument to him and his fellow political mar- tyrs at Edinburgh, commenced, 21 Aug. 1844. Mulberry, — cultivation of, or itself, intro- duced into France, by Oliver de Serres, about 1600 — in England, proclamation respecting planting of, by James I., 1608. Mule, Mule Jenny,— invented by Crompton, 1779. Mulgrave, Constantino John Phipps, Lord, Arctic navigator, — b-, 1734— Post-captain, E. N., 1765 — commands expedition to North Pole, 1773 — raised to the peerage, 1784 — tf. at Liege, 10 Oct. 1794. Voyage to the North Tole, 1774. Mulgrave, Earl. [Buckinghamshire, Duke of, and Normanby, Marquis of.] Mulhausen, in France, — free Imperial town, I2 o8 — given up to Frederick II., Mar. 1236 — seized by English adventurers, 1 365 — the nobles expelled, 1445 — becomes ally of Berne and Soleure, 1446— ally of Basel, 1506 — of Swiss Confederation, 15 15 — Turenne defeats allies at, 29 Dec. 1674— annexed to France, 1798. Mulinari, (Molinari,) Stefano, engraver, — — b. at Florence, about 1745? — tf., about 1800? Istoria practica dell' Incominciamento e Progressi delta Pittura, §c, 1775 — Saggio delle Cinque Scuole di Pittura Italiana, 1780. Mulinen, Nicolas, BAnon de, — b. at Berne, 1570 — member of Sovereign Council, 1596 — commands Bernese troops sent to Geneva, 1603 — Senator, returns to Berne, 1 6 1 3 — commands auxiliaries sent to the Grisons, 1620 — killed in battle of Tirario, 11 Sep. Miiller, Adam Heinrich, publicist,— b. at Berlin, 30 Jun. 1779 — studies at Gottingen, 1798-1800 — embraces Eomanism at Vienna, Apr. 1805 — Aulic Councillor, 1827 — tf. at Vienna, 17 Jan. 1829. Die Lehre von Ge- gensatze, 1804 — Von der Idee des Staates and ihren Verh altnissen zu den populiiren Staats- theorien, 1809— Die Elemente der Staatskunst, 1809. Miiller, Andreas, orientalist, — b. in Pomer- ania, about 1630 — provost of Church of Berlin, 1667 — tf. at Stettin, 26 Oct. 1694. Edition of Marco Polo's Travels, 167 1 — assists in prepar- ation of Walton's Polyglott, between 1647-57. Miiller, Christian Friedrich von, engraver, — b. at Stuttgard, 1783 — goes to Paris, 1802 — Prof. Engraving, Dresden, 18 14 — tf. at Pirna, near Dresden, 18 16. St John about to write his Revelation, 1808 — Adam and Eve under the Tree of Life, 1808 — Madonna di San Sisto, 1 8 1 6. Miiller, Friedrich, poet, painter, engraver, — b. at Kreuznach, 1750 — tf. at Pome, 23 Apr. 1 8 25. Gesammelte JVerke, 1 8 1 1 Miiller, Gerhard Friedrich, historian, — b. in AVestphalia, 1705 — goes to Russia, about 1725 — conducts scientific expedition to Siberia, 1733-43 — tf. at Moscow, 23 Oct. 1783. 7)e scriptis Tonguticis in Siberia repertis, 1747 — Histoire des voyages et deconvertes des Pusses, 1766. Miiller, Johann, historian, — b. at Schaff- hausen, 3 Jan. 1752 — goes to Berlin, 1780 — Librarian, Councillor of State to Elector of Mentz, 1786-92 — First Keeper of Imperial Library, Vienna, 1800 — Secretary of State to king of Westphalia, 1807 — Director of Public Instruction, 1808 — tf. at Cassel, 29 May 1809. Geschichte der Schweizerjscher Eidgenossen- schaft, about 1780 — Brief e to seinen ulfesten Freund in der Schweiz in den Jahren 1771 bis 1807, 1812. Miiller, Johann. [Regiomontanns.] Miiller, Johann Gotthard von, engraver, — b. at Bernhausen, near Stuttgard, 4 May # 1747 ■ — studies at Paris, 1770-6 — admitted to French Academy, 1776 — Prof. Engraving, Stuttgard, i8o2, a 1776 b— Knt of Order of Civil Merit, Wurtemberg, 1808 — Knt of Wiirtemberg Crown, 181 8 — tf. at Stuttgard, 14 Mar. 1830. Alexander, conqueror of himself, 1781 — Ma- donna delta Seggiola, 1 804 — Portrait of Louis XVI., 1785. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Miiller, Karl Ottfried, classical scholar, — b. at Brieg, Silesia, 28 Aug. 1797 — enters TJniv. of Breslau, i8i3, a i8i4 b — studies at Berlin, 1 8 15- 1 7 — Prof. Antiquities, Gottingen, 18 19 — visits France and England, 1822 — tf. at Athens, Jul. 1841^ 1 Aug. i84o. bc Die Dorier, 1824 — Prolegomena zu einer wissen- schaftlichen Mythologie, 1825 — Die Etrusker, 1828 — Randbuch der Archaologie der Kunst, 1830 — History of Greek Literature, 1840. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv. -Lex. c Biog. Univ. MULLER— MUNICH. Miiller, Otho Frideric, naturalist, — b. at Copenhagen, n Mar. 1730 — tutor to Count de Schulin, 1753-67— tf., 26 Dec. 1784. Fauna Tit sector um Friedrichsdaliana, 1764 — Flora Friedrichsdaliana, 1767— continues the Flora Banica, 1782 — Vermium terrestrium et flu- viat ilium, §c, historia, 1773-4 — FLydrachna in aquis Danice palustribus detecta et descriptor, 178 1 — Entomostraca, §c, 1785 — commences the Zoologia Danica, 1779-84. Miiller, Peter Erasmus, theologian, anti- quary,— b. at Copenhagen, 29 May 1776 — Prof. Theology, 1801— Bp of Seland, 1830— tf., 16 Sep. 1834. Sagabibliothek, 1816-20 — Kritisk Undersogelse af Banmarks ag Gorges Sagnhis- torie, 1823-30. Miiller, Wenzel, musical composer, — b. in Moravia, 26 Sep. 1767 — tf. at Prague, 2 Aug. 1835. Miiller, Wilhelm, poet, #c.,—b. at Dessau, 7 Oct. 1794 — studies at Berlin, 181 2 — tf. at Dessau, 1 Oct. 1827. Blumenlese aus den Minnesdnger, 18 16 — translation of Marlowe's Faustus, 1818 — Horn, Homer tend Bbmerinnen, 1820 — Lieder der Griechen, 182 1-4. Miiller, William John, painter, — b. at Bris- tol, 1 81 2 — visits Greece and Egypt, 1838-9 — accompanies Sir Charles Fellows to Lycia, 1843 — tf. at Bristol, 8 Sep. 1845. Athens, from the road to Marathon, 1840. Memnon, 1840 — Sketch of Egyptian Slavemarket, 1841 — Sphinx, 1 841. Mulready, William, painter,— b. in Ennis, Ireland, 1 Apr. 1786 — taken to London, 1791 — student at Eoyal Academy, ahout 1800 — marries, 1804 — A.R.A., 1815 — R.A., 1816 — his works exhibited at Society of Arts, 1848 — tf. at Bayswater, 7 Jul. 1863. Fight inter- rupted, 1 8 15 — Wolf and Lamb, 1820 — Last in, 1835 — First Love, 1839 — Lllustrations to Vicar of Wakefield, 1840 — Choosing the Wedding Gown, 1845 — Women Bathing and the Bathers, 1 849 — Toy seller, 1 8 6 1 . Multiplying gold or silver, {alchemy,) — de- clared felony, by Act 5 Hen. IV. c. 4, 1404 — repealed by Act 1 Wni and Mar. c. 30, 1689. Mummius Achaicus, L., — [BC] — praetor, 154 — defeats Lusitanians, &c. : Consul with Cn. Corn. Lentulus, (608, a. u. c.) 146 — takes and destroys Corinth : proconsul, returns and triumphs, 145 — censor with Corn. Scipio Africanus, jun. ? 142. Mun, Thomas. England's Treasure by foreign trade, 1664 — Discourse of Trade from England to the East Indies, 162 1 (?) Munari, Pellegrino, {Pellegrino da Modena, degli Aretusi,) painter, — visits Rome, 1509 — assistant of Raphael, between 1510-20 — opens a school at Modena, 1520 — tf. at Modena, 1523. Munch, Ernst Herman Joseph von, histo- rian,— b. at Rheinfelden, 25 Oct. 1798 — Prof. Historical Sciences, Freiburg, 1824 — librarian to the king at Stuttgard, 1831 — tf. at Rhein- felden, 9 Jun. 1 841. Edition of Ulrich von Hutten's Works, 182 1-5 — Franz von Sicking en' s Thaten, 1827-9 — Geschichte des Hauses Nas- sau-Oranien, 1831-3 — Paolo Sarpi und sein Kampf mit dem Curialismus, 1839. Munch, Peter Andreas, historian, philolo- gist, archaeologist, — b. at Christiania, 15 Dec. 1 8 10— Reader in History at the Univ., 1837 — Prof., 1 841 — visits England and Normandy, 1846 — Scotland, 1849 — goes to Rome, Dec. 1858 — returns to Norway, 1861 — again goes to Rome, spring 1863— tf. there, 25 May 1863. Bet Norske Folks Kistorie, 1852-62 — Gram- matik der Bunensprache, 1 848 — Grammatik der Altnordischen Sprache, 1847 and 1849 — Grammatik der Gothischen Sprache, 1848 — with Keyser, edition of Norges gamle Love, 1846-9. Munchausen, Gerlach Adolph, Bauon, — statesman, — b. in Hanover, 14 Oct. 1688 — First Minister to Elector of Hanover, 1768,* I 765 b — tf. at Hanover, 26 Nov. 1770. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. Munchausen, Jerom Carl Friedrich, Baron von, — b. in Hanover, 1720 — serves as cavalry officer in Russo-Turkish war, 1737-9 — &•> 1797. Travels and Campaigns, (compiled by Raspe,) 1785. Miinchengratz, in Bohemia, — Congress of, attended by Emperor of Russia, Emperor of Austria, and Crown Prince of Prussia, 10-17 Sep. 1833 — Prussians defeat Austrians at, 28 Jun. 1866. Munda, in Spain,— \BC] — Caesar defeats sons of Pompey at, (17 Mar. 709, a. u. c.) 45. Mundane Era of Alexandria. [Alexan- dria.] Munday, Anthony, dramatist, — b., 1553 — tf. in London, 10 Aug. 1633. Munden, Joseph Shepherd, actor, — b. in London, 1759 — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 2 Dec. 1790 — joins Drury Lane com- pany, 1 813 — retires, 31 May 1824 — tf. in London, 6 Feb. 1832. Mundo, {Mundus,) the Hun, — establishes himself on the Danube, attacked by Sabinianus, assisted by Petza, general of Theodoric, de- feats Sabinianus at Margus, 505 — made Ge- neral of Illyricum by Justinian, 529— defeats Huns and Bulgarians, 5 30 — takes part in quell- ing the Nike sedition at Constantinople, Jan. 532. Muneepore, Principality of, in India, — placed under British protection, 1826. Munich, (Munchen,) capital of Bavaria, — founded by Henry Duke of Saxony, 962 — fortified by Otto IV., 1157 — mint established at, by Henry the Lion, 1 158 — the Ludwigsburg built by Louis the Strong, 1254 — burnt, and rebuilt by Louis of Bavaria, 1327 — paper-mill established at, 1347 — taken by Gustavus Adol- phus, 1632 — taken by Austrians, 1704 — for- tifications demolished, 1791 — threatened by French under Moreau, 1796 — occupied by Moreau, 1800 — by Bernadotte, Oct. 1805 — entered by Napoleon I., 24 Oct. — visited by him, 31 Dec. — occupied by Austrians, under Jellachich, Apr. 1809— threatened by Tyrolese, 29 Jun. 1 809. University of, transferred from Landshut, 1826. Academy of Sciences, founded, by Elector Maximilian Joseph III., 1759 — re- constituted and endowed by King Maximilian I., 1807 — reorganized, 1827. Academy of Arts, originated, 1759 — reorganized, 1808 and ioo4 MUNICIPAL CHARTER— MURAD BEY. 1842. Cathedral, commenced by Duke Sig- nmnd, 1468 — completed, 1488. Greek Church, built, 1494. Jesuits' Church, 1583. Budioigs- Kirche, 1829-3S. Pfarr-Kirche, commenced, 1831. All Saints' Chapel, commenced, by Von Klenze, 1826— opened, 1 Nov. 1837. Ba- silica of St Boniface, built, 1835-45. Royal Palace, New, [Konigsbau and Festbau,) com- menced by Von Xlenze, 1826. [Glyptothek, Pinacothek, and Klenze, Von.] Municipal Charter, — first granted to Leon, in Castile, xo20. a a Prescott. Municipal Corporations, — in England, royal commission of inquiry into the state of, appointed, 1833 — reform and regulation of, provided for by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835. In Scotland, reformed and re- gulated by Acts 3 and 4 fin IV. cc. 76 and 77, 28 Aug. 1833 — monopolies of the guilds abolished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 17, 1846. In Ireland, reformed and regulated by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 108, 10 Aug. 1840. Munk, Solomon, orientalist, — ft. at Glogau, 14 May 1805 — goes to Paris to study under de Sacy and Chezy, 1828 — visits Oxford, 1835 — Assistant-keeper of Oriental MSS., Royal Li- brary, Paris, 1840 — visits Egypt, 1840 — loses his sight, and resigns keepership, 1852 — ad- mitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 2 Dec. 1 85 8 — Prof. Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac Languages, Coll. of France, 1865— U. at Paris, 6 Feb. 1867. Palestine, (in TInivers P Moresque,) 1845 — edition and translation of Maimonides' Moreh Nevochim, 1 836-40, a 1 856-6 i bc — Notice sur Aboul Walid Mervan, 1851 — Melanges de philosophic jaive el arabe, 1859. a Amer. Ann. Cyc. b Vapereau. c Conv.-Lex. Munkacs, (Mongatz,) in Hungary, — be- sieged by Austrians under General Caprara, 1685 — defended by Helena Zrimje Tekeli : surrenders, 14 Jan. 1688. Munnich, Burkhard Christoph, Count von, field-marshal, — ft. in Oldenburg, 1683 — taken prisoner at Denain, 17 12— enters service of Poland, as Colonel, 17 16 — Major-general, 17 1 7 — enters service of Russia, 1720 — Lieu- tenant-general ; directs construction of canal of Ladoga, 1723-32 — Count, General of In- fantry, 1728 — Field-marshal and Privy Coun- cillor, 1730 — takes Dantzic from the French, 1734 — commands against Turks, 1736-9 — takes Oczakoff, 1737 — takes Choczim, 1739 — First Minister, 1740 — banished, Jan. 1742 — returns to St Petersburg, about 1765 — lj. there, 16 Oct. 1767. Munoz, Juan Baptista, historian, — ft. near Valencia, 1745 — tf., 1799. BListoria del Nuevo-Mundo, 1793. Munoz, Sebastiano, painter,— ft. in Spain, 1654 — painter to the king, 1688 — tf. at Ma- drid, 1690. Munoz, Thomas, military engineer, — ft., about 1743 — tf. at Madrid, 23 Nov. 1823. Munro. [Monro.] Munro, Sir Thomas, Bart., general, — ft., 1760 — serves in war with Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib, 1780-4 — assists at siege of Bangalore, 1 79 1 — enters the civil service, 1792 — present at fall of fjSeringapatam, 1799— Lieutenant- colonel, 1804 — K.C.B., 1819 — governor of Madras, Jun. 1820 — distinguishes himself in Birmese War, 1824-6 — Bart., 30 Jun. 1825 — U. in India, 6 Jul. 1827. Munster, [Meiland, Miningerode,) capital of Westphalia, — seat of a bishopric, (Mimigar- devord,) by Charles the Great, 791 — for- tified, about 1 1 80 — bishopric made prin- cipality of Empire, before 1 200— adheres to Reformation, 1532— occupied by Matthias of Haarlem and John of Leyden, 1532 — retaken by Prince-bishop, 24 Jun. 1535 — bishopric merges in archbishopric of Cologne, 17 19 — fortifications dismantled, 1765 — assigned to Prussia, 1802 — taken by French, 1806 — given to Westphalia, 1807 — restored to Prussia, 18 15. University, dissolved, 181 8. Congress of, [Westphalia, Peace of] Munster, Ernst Friedrich Herbert, Count von, statesman, — ft. at Osnabriick, 1 Mar. 1766 — accompanies Duke of -Sussex on his travels in Italy, 1793 — ambassador extraord, to St Petersburg, 1801-4 — retiresHo England, 1806 — one of the Commissioners to administer property of George HI., 181 1 — hereditary Marshal of Hanover, 18 14 — assists at Congress of Vienna, 1 814-15 — ambassador from Hanover to Great Britain, 1817-31 — G.C.B., 1831 — tJ., 11 May 1839. Munster, George Fitzclarence, Earl of, — ft., 29 Jan. 1794 — enters the army, Feb. 1807 — serves in the Peninsula, 1808 — as Cap- tain, serves under Sir A. Wellesley, 1809 — wounded at battle of Toulouse, 18 14 — goes to India as aide-de-camp to Lord Hastings, Jan. 1 8 15 — distinguishes himself in Mahratta War, 1 8 17 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1819 — marries Miss Mary Wyndham, Oct. 18 19 — Vice-Pres. Asiatic Society, Mar. 1829— created Earl of Munster, Viscount Fitzclarence, and Baron Tewkesbury, by his father, William IV., 12 May 1830 — Major-general, Nov. 1841 — kills himself, 20 Mar. 1842. Munster, Sebastian, orientalist, — ft. in the Palatinate, 1489 — Prof. Hebrew, Basel, 1529 — tf. there, 1552. Biblia hebraica, 1534-5 — Aruch, dictionnariumhebraicum, 1548 — Gram- matica chaldaica, 1527 — Lictionnarium chal- daicum, 1527 — Organum uranicum, 1536 — Cosmographia universalis, 1544. Munter, Friedrich Christian Karl Hein- rich, antiquary, — ft. at Gotha, 14 Oct. 1761 — Prof. Theology, Copenhagen, 1788 — Kntofthe Danebrog, 18 16 — tf. at Seeland, 9 Apr. 1830. Pie Sinnbilder und Kunstvorstellungen der alten Christen, 1825. Munychia, — [BC] — garrisoned by Mace- donians, 322-307 — again, 299 and 287. Munzer, Thomas, — excites disturbances at Zwickau and Allstadt, 1523 — heads insurrection in Thuringia, 1524 — establishes himself at Miilhausen, spring 1524 — denounced by Luther, Aug. 1524 — defeated by Saxon and Hessian troops, at Frankenhausen, 15 May 1525 — executed, same day. Murad Bey, Chief of the Mamelukes, — ft. in Circassia, about 1750— in service of Ali Bey, MUEAD— MURCIA. 1005 1763 — deserts to Mohammed Bey, Apr. 1773 — leads back Egyptian army from Palestine to Cairo, 1775 — with Ibrahim Bey disputes government of Egypt with Ismael Bey, 1775 — - defeated by Turks under Hassan, 1786 — with. Ibrahim resumes the government, Aug. 179 1 — harasses French army on the Nile, Jul. 1798 — defeated and wounded at battle of the Pyramids, 21 Jul. — pursued to Upper Egypt by Desaix: defeated by Desaix at iSedyman, 7 Oct. — again defeated at Samanhout, 22 Jan. 1799 — near Natron lake, 11 Jul. 1799 — submits to Kleber at Gizeh, 29 Mar. 1800 — tf., 22 Apr. 1801. Murad. [Amurath.] Mural Quadrant, — used by Tycho Brahe, 1570-1600 — constructed by Abraham Sharp, and erected at Greenwich by Flamsteed, 1689 — another, by Graham, 1725 — redivided by Bird, 1753 — a third, by Bird, 1750. Mural Circle, constructed by Troughton, 1 8 1 2. Murat, Joachim, Marshal of France, and King of Naples, — ft. atCahors, 25 Mar. 1771 — enters Constitutional Guard of Louis XVI., 1789 — Lieutenant in regiment of Chasseurs, 30 May 1 79 1 — deprived as a Terrorist, 1794 — re- instated, 5 Oct. 1795 — as aide-de-camp to Gen. Bonaparte, distinguishes himself at siege of Mantua, 1796-7 — at Roveredo, 4 Sep. 1796 — wounded at combat of St George, 15 Sep. — conducts passage of the Tagliamento, 13 Mar, 1797 — distinguishes himself at battle and cap- ture of Alexandria, 2 Jul. 1798 — General of Division, 15 Jul. — at battle of the Pyramids, 23 Jul. — takes part in Syrian expedition, Feb. 1799 — distinguishes himself at siege of Acre, May— at battle of Aboukir, Jul. — dissolves Council of Five Hundred, at St Cloud, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. — marries Caroline Bona- parte, 20 Jan. 1800 — contributes to victory of Marengo, Jun. 1 800 — expels Neapolitans from Papal States, 1801 — concludes armistice of Foligno, 6 Feb. 1801 — member of Corps Legis- late, and governor of Paris, 1803 — Marshal of the Empire, 9 May 1804 — member of com- mission which condemns Duke d'Enghien, Mar. 1805 — Prince of the Empire, Grand Admiral and Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, 1-2 Feb. 1805 — distinguishes himself incampaign of Austerlitz, Nov. and Dec. 1805 — Grand Duke of Cleves and Berg, 15 Mar. 1806 — commands cavalry in Prussian campaign, 1806 — takes Anklam, 31 Oct. — takes possession of Warsaw, 28 Nov. — distinguishes himself atEylau, 8 Feb. 1807 — takes command of army for conquest of Spain, and enters Madrid, 23 Mar. 1808 — sup- presses revolt, 2 Apr. — invested with royal au- thority by Charles IV., 2 May — proclaimed King of Naples and the Two Sicilies, 1 Aug. — enters his kingdom, Sep. — takes Capri, 1808 — fails in attempt to conquer Sicily, 1809 — dis- tinguishes himself in campaign of Russia, 1 8 1 2 — abandons the army, 8 Jan. 1813 — distin- guishes himself at battle of Dresden, Aug. — at Leipsic, Oct. — takes leave of Napoleon, 23 Oct. — concludes treaty with England, 6 Jan., and with Austria, 11 Jan. 18 14 — joins Napoleon I. again, Mar. 1 8 1 5 — commences hostilities against Austria, 30 Mar. — evacuates Bologna, 15 Apr. — defeated by Gen. Neipperg and Gen. Bianchi, near Tolentino, 2-3 May — sails from Corsica to attempt recovery of his kingdom, 28 Sep. — lands at Pizzo, 8 Oct. — and is arrested : con- demned by court-martial and shot, 14 Oct. 1 8 15. Muratori, Lodovico Antonio, historical an- tiquary, — b. at Vignola, Modena, 21 Oct. 1672 — joint-keeper of Ambrosian Library, Milan, 1694 — librarian to Duke of Modena, 1700 — tf. at Modena, 23 Jan. 1750. Rerum Italicarum scriptores ab anno 500 ad 1500, 1723-51 — An- tiquitates Italici medii cevi, $•. at Whitehall, 10 Aug. 1782 — enters the armv, 64* NAPIER— NAPLES. Jan. 1794 — serves in Irish rebellion, 1798 — wounded and taken prisoner at Corufia, 16 Jan. 1809 — wounded at Busaco, 18 10 — takes part in battle of Fuentes de Onoro, 1811 — takes part in second siege of Badajoz, 18 12 — serves in expedition to the Chesapeake, 18 13 — at storming of Cambrai, 18 15 — governor of Cephalonia, 1824 — takes command of army in Bengal, 1841 — sent to Scinde, 1842 — routs Ameers at Meeanee, 17 Feb. 1843 — takes pos- session of Hyderabad, 20 Feb. — defeats Shere Mahomed, near Hyderabad, 24 Mar., and takes possession of Meerpoor — governor of Scinde, Jun. — convenes Beloochee chiefs at Hydera- bad, 24 May 1844 — returns to England, 1847 — tf. at Oaklands, near Portsmouth, 29 Aug. 1853. Napier, Sir Charles John, admiral, — ft., 6 Mar. 1786 — enters the navy, 1799 — distin- guishes himself at reduction of Martinique, 1809 — wounded at Busaco, 18 10 — serves in Sicily, 18 1 1 — in N. America, 18 12- 14 — C.B., 1 8 15 — marries, 18 15 — sent to Portugal, 1829 — commands Portuguese fleet, and defeats Dom Miguel, 2 Jul. 1833 — created by Don Pedro Yiscount Cape St Vincent, 1833 — distinguishes himself at storming of Sidon, Sep. 1840 — con- tributes to defeat of Ibrahim Pasha near Bey- rout, Oct. 1840 — takes Acre, Nov. — blockades Alexandria, Nov.— K.C.B., Dec— M.P. Mary- lebone, 1841-7 — Commander of Channel Fleet, 1847 — Vice-admiral, May 1853 — Commander of Baltic Fleet, 1854— M.P. Soutkwark, 1855 — tf., 9 Nov. i860. Napier, John, Loud of Meuchiston, — mathematician, — ft. at Merchiston, near Edin- burgh, 1550 — studies at St Andrew's, 1562-3 — ts. at Merchiston, Apr. 1617. Mirifici Logar- ithmorum Canonis Descriptio, 16 14. Napier, Macvey, litterateur, — ft. in Stir- lingshire, 1776 — writer to the signet, 1799 — becomes editor of Edinburgh Review, 1829 — editor of seventh edition of Encyclopedia Bri- tannica, 1830-42 — tf. at Edinburgh, 11 Feb. 1847. Napier, Sir "William Francis Patrick, gen- eral, historian, — ft. at Castletown, in Ireland, 1785 — enters the army, 14 Jun. 1800 — Cap- tain, 2 Jun. 1804— serves at siege of Copen- hagen, 1807 — in Peninsular campaigns, 1808- 14 — wounded at combat of Almeida, 18 10 — present at battle of Busaco, 18 10 — wounded at Cazal Nova, Mar. 18 11 — serves at Fuentes de Onoro, May 181 1 — at Salamanca, Jul. 18 12 — marries, 1812 — at passage of the Bidassoa, Oct. 1 81 3 — Lieutenant-colonel, 22 Nov. 18 13 — at battle of Orthes, 18 14— Colonel, 22 Jul. 1830 — Major-general, 23 Nov. 1841 — Lieutenant- governor of Guernsey, Apr. 1842 to Jan. 1848 — K.C.B., 1848 — Lieutenant-general, 11 Nov. 1851 — Colonel, 19 Sep. 1853 — *Ef., 12 Feb. i860. History of Teninsular War, 1828-40 — Conquest of Scinde, 1845 — History of Gen. Sir C. Napier's Administration of Scinde, 1851 — Life of Sir Charles Napier, 1857. Napier, William John, Lord, — ft. at Kin- sale, 1787 — enters the navy, 1803 — appointed superintendent in China, arrives at Macao, Jul. 1834 — orders attack on forts on the Bogue river, 7 Sep. — ft. at Macao, 11 Oct. 1834. Napione de Cocconato, Giovanni Francesco Galeani, Count, — ft. at Turin, 1 Nov. 1748 — counsellor of the king, attached to royal archives, 1796 — superintendent of royal ar- chives, 18 14— tf. at Turin, 12 Jun. 1830. Saggio sopra V arte storica, 1773 — Dell't .733-7 a — *>y Pepin, 750-5 — betrayed to Pepin by Goths, 759— governed by Viscounts, from about 850— pillaged by Northmen, 859— unsuccessfully besieged by Saracens, 1018— Viscounts become hereditary, 1 1 80 — threatened by Simon de Montfort, 1209 — Inquisition established at, 1234 — rendezvous of French forces under Philip the Rash : war with Aragon, 1285— visited by Pope Clement V., Apr. 1309 —ravaged by plague, 1348— unsuccessfully be- sieged by the Black Prince, 1355— visited by Charles VI., 1389 and 1390— by Emperor Sigismund, 1415— Viscounty sold by William III. to Gaston IV., Count of Foix, 26 Dec. 1447— exchanged with Louis XII. for Duchy of Nemours, 19 Nov. 1507 — annexed to Crown of France, 25 May 1508— submits to Henry IV"., 159 1. Cathedral, founded, 1272 — nave commenced, 1708. Treaty of, between Charles VIII. of France and Ferdinand, king of Cas- tile, concluded, 18 Jan. 1493. Councils of, on discipline, 1 Nov. 589 — respecting Felix d'Urgel, 27 Jun. 791 — on discipline, 27 Mar. 947 ; about 990; 17 Mar. and 8 Aug. 1043 — 25 Aug. 1054— 1 Oct. 1055— against simony, 20 Mar. 109 1 — held by Abbot of Citeaux and Raymond, Bp of Uzes, respecting restoration of his States to Count of Toulouse, on con- dition of his expelling heretics, which he re- fuses, Jan. 1 2 1 1 — respecting Jews, Lent 1227 — to regulate proceedings of Inquisitors, 1235^ about 1244 e — 15 to 24 Apr. 1394. Capitula- tion of, between Emperor Sigismund and kings of Castile, Navarre, and Aragon, con- cluded, 13 Dec. 14T5. a Engl. Cyc. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. d Labbe. e Vaissete. Narbonne-Lara, Louis de, Count, statesman, — b. at Colorno, Parma, Aug. 1755 — goes to France, 1760 — commands National Guards of Doubs, 1790 — accompanies princesses (Mes- dames de France) to Rome, 1791 — Marechal de Camp, 1791 — Minister of War, Dec. 17 91 to 10 Mar. 1792 — escapes to England, after 10 Aug. 1792 — restored to rank of Lieutenant- general, 1809 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon, 1809 — ambassador to Vienna, Jan. 1813 — rj. governor of Torgau, 17 Nov. 1813. Narborough, Sir John, naval commander* ioi6 NABCEIA— NASHVILLE. — enters the navy, 1664 — distinguishes himself in Dutch War, 1665-6 — conducts expedition of discovery to South Seas, explores Straits of Magellan, 1669-71 — distinguishes himself at battle of Solebay, 1672 — Bear-admiral and Knt, 1673 — commands expeditions against pirates of the Mediterranean, 1674-7 and 1677-9 — captures squadron of Algerine frigates, 1679 — Commissioner of the Navy, 1680 — tf., about Dec. 1688. Narceia, alkaline base in opium, — discovered by Pelletier, 1832. Narcissus, — secretary and adviser of Clau- dius, 41 — procures death of Appius Silanus, 42 — sent to suppress mutiny of legionaries in Gaul, 43 — turns against Messalina and procures her death, 48— his power declines, 58. Narcotine, — discovered by Derosne, 1803. Nardi, Jacopo, historian, — ft. at Florence, 1476 — ambassador to Venice, 1527 — tf., about 1540. Storia detta cittd di Firenze delV anno 1494 al 1531, 1582 — Vita di Antonio Giaco- mini, 1597. Flares, James, musical composer, — ft. at Stan well, Middlesex, 17 15 — organist and com- poser to George II., 1756 — Mus. D. Cambridge, 1756 — master of the children of the Chapel Boyal, 1757-80 — tf. in London, 10 Feb. 1783. Anthems, 1778 and 1788. Nares, Robert, litterateur, — ft. at York, 9 Jim. 1753 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 177 1 — M.A., 1778 — takes holy orders, about 1778 — F.S.A., 1795 — Assistant-librarian, British Museum, 1795 — Canon of Lichfield, 1799 — Archdeacon of Stafford, 1800 — F.B.S., 1804 — Vice-Pres., 1823 — tf. in London, 23 Mar. 1829. Elements of Orthoepy, 1784- — with Beloe estab- lishes the British Critic, 1793 — Glossary, 1822 — assists in revising General Biographical Dictionary, 1798. Narses, Sassanide King of Persia, — succeeds his father Varanes III., 294 or 297 a — resumes war with Bomans and defeats Gale- rius in Mesopotamia, 296, b 297,° 301 d — de- feated by him in Armenia, and his family captured, 297^ 298,° Apr. 302 d — makes peace and cedes to Bomans five provinces beyond the Tigris, 297^ 298,° 302 d — tf., 303^ 3oi. c a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Tillemont. c Clinton. d Longuerue. Narses, the Eunuch, general, — takes part in suppressing the Nike sedition, Jan. 532 — sent with reinforcements to Belisarius in Italy, 538 — recalled, 540 — commands in Gothic war in Italy, Apr. $^ 1 -5 — defeats Totilas in the Apen- nines, 552 — besieges and takes Bome, 552 — defeats Goths under Teias,Mar. 553 — blockades Cuma, occupies Florence, and takes Lucca, 553 ■ — exarch of Italy, 553 — routs Franks under Butilinus, 554 — blockades Goths in Canrpsse, winter 554-5 — takes Campsse, spring 555 — crushes revolt of Vidinus at Verona, 563 — deprived by Justin I., invites Alboin into Italv, 567 — tr. at Bome, probably between 568:73. Narses, general, — commands Boman army against Chosroes, 591 — recalled by Emperor Maurice, 592 — revolts against Phocas, 603 — put to death by Phocas, 605. Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislaus, historian, poet, — ft. in Poland, 20 Oct. 1733 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1748 — Bp of Smolensk, 1773 — Bp of Lukow, 1790 — tf. at Janow, 8 Jul. 1796. Works, 1803-5. Narva, in Russia, — built by Waldemar II., king of Denmark, 1213^ 1223 b — sold (with Esthonia) to Teutonic Knights, by Waldemar III., 1347 — taken by Ivan IV., 12 May 1558 — given up to Sweden* 6 Sep. 15 81— besieged by Bussians, 1590 and 1658 — besieged by Peter the Great, 1700— Charles XII. defeats Peter the Great before, 30 Nov. 1700 — blockaded by Peter, 1704 — taken by assault, 9 Aug. 1704. *• Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. Narvaez, Bon Ramon Maria, Duke of Valencia, statesman, general, — ft. at Loja, 4 Aug. 1800 — enters the army, 1815 — serves under Mina in Catalonia, 1820— Colonel, 1834 — defeats Carlists under Gomez, near Arcos, 25 Nov. 1836— Captain-general of Old Castile, Dec. 1836 — Commander-in-chief of army of reserve, 1837 — escapes to France, 1839 — re- turns to Spain, Jim. 1843 — named Lieutenant- general and Captain-general of province of Madrid by Provisional Government, 22 Jul. 1 843 — enters Madrid, declares state of siege, 24 Jul. — puts an end to Begency of' Espartero : Pres. Council of Ministers, 3 May 1844 to 10 Feb. 1846 — abrogates Constitution of 1837, Oct. 1844 — reappointed, 4 Oct. 1847 — resigns, Mar. 1848 — reappointed, 21 Oct. 1849 — resigns, 10 Jan. 1851 — reappointed, 12 Oct. 1856 — resigns, 10 Nov. 1857 — Pres. without portfolio, 17 Sep. 1864— resigns, 21 Jun. 1865 — tr., 23 Apr. 1868. Narvaez, Panfilo de, military commander, — ft. at Valladolid, about 1470 — serves in West Indies, 15 10-18— takes command of expedition against Cortez in Mexico, Mar. 1520— defeated and captured by Cortez, May 1520 — killed by Indians in Florida, 1528. Naseby, in Northamptonshire, — Charles I. defeated by Fairfax and Cromwell, 14 Jun. 1645. Nash, John, architect, — ft. in London, 1752 — tf. at East Cowes Castle, May 1835. Begent Street, London, 1 815-19 — Haymarket Theatre, 1820 — Buckingham Balace, 1826 — Favilion, Brighton, 1784. Nash, Richard, (Beau Nash,) — ft. at Swan- sea, 18 Oct. 1674 — expelled from Oxford Univ., about 1690 — Master of the Ceremonies, Bath, 1704 — tf. there, 3 Feb. 176 1. Nash, Thomas, dramatist, $c, — ft. at Lowestoft, 1558? 1564? — B.A. Cambridge, 1585 — tf., about 1600. Summer's Last Will and Testament, 1600 — Supplication of Fierce Fenniless to the Devil, 1592. Nash, Treadway Russel, divine and anti- quary, — ft., about 1724 — M.A. Oxford, 1746 — D.D., 1758 — tf. in Worcestershire, 26 Jan. 1811. Collections for History of Worcestershire, 17 81- 84 — edition of Eudibras, 1793. Nashville, in Tennessee. TT. S., — made State NASIR ED-DIN— NATURALIZATION. 1017 capital, 18 12 — evacuated by Confederates, oc- cupied by Federals, 23 Feb. 1862 — Gen. Thomas defeats Gen. Hood at, 16 Dec. 1864. University of, incorporated as Davidson Aca- demy, 1785 — again as Cumberland College, 1806— receives its present name, 1826. Nasir Ed-din, Mohammed ben Hussein al Thussi, astronomer, — h. in Khorasan, about i2o6,a (597, a. h.) i20i b — tf., 1276,* (672,) ^74. Engl. Cyc. b Biosr. Univ. Nasmith, David, philanthropist, — ft. at Glasgow, 21 Mar. 1799 — founds City Mission there, 1826 — visits United States, 1830-1 — founds London City Mission, 1835 — 3j. at Guildford, 17 Nov. 1839. Nasmyth, Major, — assists in defence of Silistria against Russians, May to Jun. 1854 — U. at Pau, 2 Jun. 1861. Nasmyth, Alexander, painter, — h. at Edin- burgh, 1758 — tf. there, 1840. Portrait of Robert Burns, 1787. Nasmyth, Patrick, {Peter,) painter, — 6. at Edinburgh, 1786 — goes to London, about 1806 ■ — rj. there, 17 Aug. 183L Nassau, County and Duchy of, in Ger- many — known as County of Laurenbuug, be- fore 1000 — takes name of Nassau, about 1160 — territory divided between Walram and Otto, sons of Count Henry II. , 1255. Walram line gives Emperor to the West, 1292 — [Adolphus of Nassau] — Otto line, male, extinct, 1423 — ■ acquires Principality of Orange, 1544 — \_see Orange, Principality of] — erected into a Duchy, 1806— joins the Zollverein, 1836 — insurrection in, suppressed by Federal troops, 1848 — annexed to Prussia, Sep. 1866 — form- ally taken possession of, 8 Oct. 1866. Nassau, in the Bahamas, — fortified, 1740 — declared a free port, 1787 — damaged by tor- nado, 30 Mar. 1850 — resorted to by blockade- runners during Secession War, 186 1-4. Natal, in S. Africa, — sighted and named by Yasco de Gama, Christmas Day 1498 — attempt to colonize, by Lieut. Farewell, 1825 — Dutch settlement in, 1838 — proclaimed a Republic, Dec. 1839 — taken possession of by British, Jul. 1 84CV Jun. 1 842 b — proclaimed a British colony, 12 May i843, c 21 Aug. 1845 b — erected into a separate government by letters patent, Nov. 1 845 d — obtains separate Legislative Council, 1 848 d — a separate colony, independ- ent of Governor of the Cape, 1856^ See of, established by letters patent, 23 Nov. 1853 — Dr Colenso appointed Bishop at same time : question respecting the status and jurisdiction of the Bishop referred to J udicial Committee of Privy Council by Order in Council, 10 Jun. 1864 — Judgment delivered, 20 Mar. 1865. a Macculloch. b Engl. Cyc. c Chambers' Encyc. d Martin. Nathan, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — reproves David, 1034 a — aids in securing Solomon's suc- cession, 10 15. a a XTssher. National Assembly. [Assembly, National.] National Convention. [Convention, Na- tional.] National Debt, of Great Britain,— begins to be contracted, about 1690-5 — plan for ex- tinction of, by Sinking Fund, proposed by Walpole, 17 16— attempt to reduce, authorized by South Sea Act, 1720 — Commissioners for reduction of, appointed by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 31, 1786 — Sinking Fund again proposed, by Pitt, 1786 — surplus revenue applied to reduc- tion of, after 18 16 — reduction of, regulated by Acts 48 Geo. III. c. 142, 2 Jul. 1808 ; 56 Geo. III. c. 60, 20 Jun. 18 16 ; 4 Geo. IV. c. 19, 26 Mar. 1823; 9 Geo. IV. c. 90, 28 Jul. 1828 ; 10 Geo. IV. c. 27, 1 Jun. 1829 — enactments consolidated and amended by 33 and 34 Vic. c. 71, 9 Aug. 1870. National Debt Annuities, — granting of, by Commissioners for reduction of National Debt, authorized by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 24, 22 May 1829. National Gallery, London, — establishment of, proposed in parliament by Lord Dover, 1823 — founded, by purchase of the Angerstein Collection, 1824 — increased by donation of Sir G. Beaumont's Pictures, 1826, and by donation of Rev. W. H. Carr, 1 831— building com- menced, by Wilkins, 1832 — opened, 9 Apr. 1838 — establishment reconstituted by Treasury Minute, 27 Mar. 1855 — powers of Trustees and Director enlarged by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 29, 23 Jun. 1856 — enlarged by Pennethorne, i860 — enlargement of, provided for by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 83, 6 Aug. 1866. [See Sheepshanks, Turner, Vernon, and Peel Collections.] National Gallery, of Ireland. [Dublin.] National Guard. [Guard.] National Portrait Gallery, London, — Trustees for, appointed, 2 Dec. 1856 — opened, 1857. National Portrait Exhibition, — held at South Kensington, 1866, 1867, and 1868. National School Society, of England,— established, n ISov. 181 1. Nations. (The Bitch.) [/Sfe? Mohammed] Nativity, The, — [B C]— assigned by Tille- mont, Mann, and Priestley, to 7 — by Kepler, Dodwell, Pagi, Lewin, to 6 — by Chrysostom, Petavius, Prideaux, Playfair, Hales, to 5 — by Sulpitius Severus, Ussher, 4 — by Irenseus, Tertullian, Clemens Alexandrinus, Eusebius, Syncellus, Baronius, Calvisius, Vossius, 3 — by Epiphanius, Jerome, Orosius, Bede, Julian, Sigonius, Scaliger, 2 — by Chron. Alex., Diony- sius, Luther, Labbeeus, 1 — [AD] — by Her wart, 1— by Paul of Middelburg, 2 — by Lydiat, 3. Natoire, Charles Joseph, painter, — fj. at Nismes, 1700 — admitted to Academy of Paint- ing, about 17 35 — director of Academy of France at Rome, Nov. 1751 — resigns, 1774 — tf.atCas- tel-Gandolfo, near Rome, 29 Aug. 1777. Naturalization, in Great Britain, — receiv- ing the Sacrament made condition of, by Act 7Jac. I. c. 2, 1 6 10 — not a qualification for being privy councillor, member of parliament, or grantee of Crown lands, by Acts 12 and 13 Wm III. c. 2, 1700, and 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 4, 17 14 — further regulations respecting, by Act 14 Geo. III. c. 84, 1774 — receiving the Sacra- ment dispensed with, by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 67, 22 Jun. 1825 — law respecting, amended, made obtainable by certificate of Secretary of State, ioi8 NATURE-PRINTING— NAVARRE. by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 66, 6 Aug. 1844 — ^- cts of colonial legislatures legalized by 10 and 11 Vic. c. 83, 22 Jul. 1847 — treaty between Great Britain and United States respecting, ratified, Jul. 1870 — law amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1870. In France, facili- tated by constitution of 3 Sep. 179 1 — by Con- stitutional Act of 24 Jun. 1793 — restricted, 22 Aug. 1795 — further regulated by ordinance of 4 Jun. 1 8 14 — and by decree of provisional government, 28 Mar. 1848 — the latter decree repealed, 1849. In United States, power of establishing uniform rule of, conferred on Congress by Federal Constitution, 1787 — facilitated, for free whites, by Act of Congress, 26 Mar. 1790 — power of, declared to be vested exclusively in Congress, 1817 — of Choctaws, effected by treaty of 27 Sep. 1830 — of Chero- kees, by treaty of 23 May 1836 — Indians and Chinese excluded from citizenship, by Act of Congress, passed, Jul. 1870. Nature-Printing, — invented by Alois Auer, 1853, and by Aitkin, about same time. Naucrates, — [B C] — rhetorician, orator, — competes for prize offered by Artemisia of Caria, 352. Naucratis, in Egypt, — [BO] — founded by Miletus, 630^ 753, b after 670.° a Strabo. b Hieron. c Herod. Naucydes, (Ffaukydes,) sculptor, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 90) 420. Naude, Gabriel, bibliographer, — h. at Paris, Feb. 1600 — librarian to Cardinal de Eagni, Rome, 1631 — physician to Louis XIIL, 1633 — librarian to Cardinal Mazarin, 1642 — ft. at Abbeville, Jul. 1653. Instruction d la France sur la verite de I'histoire des Freres de la Hose Croix, 1623 — Avis pour dresser une bibliotheque, 1627 — la Marfore, 1620 — Considerations politiques sur les coups d'etat, 1639. Naudet, Thomas Charles, painter, — b. at Paris, 1774 — ft., 18 10. NauendorfF, Baron de, general, — as Colonel, serves against Turks, 1789 — under Prince of Coburg, 1794 — defeats French at Selten and Alsens, 1795 — Commander of Order of Maria Theresa, 1795 — Fieldmarshal-lieutenant, Feb. 1797 — commands advance guard of Austrians in Switzerland, 1800. Naulochos, in Sicily, — [B C] — Agrippa defeats Sex. Pompey off, 36.* a Merivale. Naumann, Johann Andreas, naturalist, — ti. in Germany, 1747 — tf., 1826. Naumburg, in Prussia, — seat of bishopric transferred from Zeitz, 1028 — besieged by Hussites under Procopius, and the inhabitants saved from massacre by intercession of children, 28 Jul. 1432. Cathedral, completed, 1349. Naunton, Sir Robert, diplomatist, — b. in Suffolk, 1563 — accompanies embassy to Scot- land, 1589 — envoy to France, 1596 — public orator of Cambridge Univ., 1601 — M.P., 1614 — Secretary of State, Jan. 16 18 — tf., 1635. Fragmenta Regalia, 164.1. Naupactos, — [B C]— settled by Messenian exiles, 455 — Messenians return from, to their own country, 369. Nauplia. [Napoli di Komania.] Nausigenes, — [B c] — Archon at Athens, (01. 103, 1,) 368. Nausinicos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 100, 3,) 378. Nautical Almanac, — authority to publish, restricted to Commissioners of Longitude, by Act 5 Geo. III. c. 20, ss. 10 and 11, 1765 — further provisions respecting, by Acts 08 Geo. III. c. 20, 1818, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 66, ic Jul. 1828. Nauvoo, in Illinois, U. S., — founded by Mormons, 1839 — incorporated, Deo. 1840. Temple of, completed, Sep. 1846 — abandoned by Mormons, Sep. 1846 — temple burnt, Oct. 1848 — the walls blown down, 27 May 1850 — occupied by French communists, 1850. Navagero, Andrea, litterateur, — h. at Venice, 1483 — tf. at Blois, 1529. Opere, (1718.) Navailles, Philippe de Montault de Benac, Duke de, Marshal of France, — fc., 1619 — page to Cardinal Richelieu, 1633 — enters the army, 1638 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of Italy, 1641-8 — wounded at siege of Cremona, 1648 — serves in wars of the Fronde, 1649-53 — Lieutenant-general, sent to Flanders, Sep. 1650 — distinguishes himself at attack on lines of Arras, 1654 — succeeds his father, 1654 — am- bassador to Italy, 1658 — takes command of French forces in Italy, 1658 — conducts auxili- aries to Candia, 1669 — takes part in conquest of Franche-Comte, 1673 — recalled to Flanders, 1674 — commands at battle of Seneffe, 1674 — Marshal, 30 Jul. 1675 — tf. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1684. Naval Coast Volunteers, in Great Britain, — raising of, authorized and regulated by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 73, 15 Aug. 1853. Naval Gallery. [Greenwich Hospital.] Naval Reserve, Royal, — instituted under Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 40, 13 Aug. 1859— system extended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 129, 6 Aug. 1861. Naval Stores, — protection of, provided for by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 119, 20 Aug. 1867 — repealed, and new provisions made by 32 Vic. c. 12, 13 May 1869. Navarino, in Greece, — defeat of Turco- Egyptian fleet under Ibrahim Pasha by allied fleets of England, France, and Russia, under Sir E. Codrington, 20 Oct. 1827. Navarre, in Spain, — [BC] — inhabited by Vascones, who attach themselves to Sertorius, 77-73 — [AD] — ravaged by Rechiarius, 448 — conquered by Charles the Great, 778 — becomes independent kingdom under Garcia Ximenez, about 857 — Fortunus (son) succeeds, 880 — abdicates and becomes a monk, 905 — Sancho- Garcia I., (brother,) 905 — invades Gascony, 906 — defeats Saracens and raises siege of Pam- peluna, 907 — retires to a monastery and leaves command of army to his son, 919 — defeats troops of Abderahman, 921— tf., 926 — Garcia I., (son,) 926— Sancho II., Abarca, (son,) 970 — defeats Saracens, 979 — again, 990 — Garcia II., (son,) 994 — with king of Leon and Count of Castile defeats Moors, 998 — Sancho III. the Great, (son,) 1000 — unites Castile and Navarre, 1028 — by treaty with NAVARRE— NAVIGATION LAWS. 1019 king of Leon, erects Castile into a kingdom for his son Ferdinand, 1033 — Garcia III., (son,) 1035— defeats king of Aragon, 1042 — founds monastery of Nagera, 1052 — killed in battle, 1 Sep. 1054 — Sancho IV., (son,) 1054 — assas- sinated, 4 Jun. 1076 — Sancho V. Ramirez, of Aragon, seizes the kingdom, 1076 — Pedro L, (son,) 1094— Alfonso I., (brother,) 1104— Garcia IV. Ramirez, proclaimed, Sep. n 34 — besieged in Pampeluna by king of Castile, 1 140— defeats him, 24 Apr. 1140 — marries Urraca of Castile, 1144 — tr. at Lorca, 21 Nov. 1 1 50 — Sancho VI. the Wise, (son,) 1150 — marries Sancha of Castile, 1153 — attacked by Alfonso VIII. of Castile and Raymond Prince of Aragon, 1 156— defeats them, makes peace and joins with them against the Almohades, 1 157 — invades Aragon, 1172 — the war ter- minated by mediation of Henry II. of England, 1 179 — his daughter Berengaria married to Richard I. of England, 1191 — Xf., 27 Jun. 1 194 — Sancho VII. the Strong, (son,) ft., about 1 1 54 — succeeds, 11 94 — visits king of Morocco, 1 1 99 — falls ill there, and on his return is con- fined to his palace of Tudela, 1201 — meets kings of Castile and Aragon, and concludes peace with Aragon, 1209 — with the same kings defeats Moors, 16 Jul. 12 12 — adopts as his successor Theobald, Count of Champagne, 1224 — reciprocal adoption between him and James of Aragon, by treaty of 2 Feb. 1231 — tf-, 7 Apr. 1234— Theobald I. the Posthumous, (IV.,) Count op Champagne, proclaimed at Pampeluna, 7 May 1234 — takes part in deliber- ations with St Louis and Barons of France for restraint of ecclesiastical power, and is censured by Gregory IX., 1236 — takes command of crusaders, 1238 — lands at Acre, 1239 — returns to Europe, 1240 — If. at Pampeluna, 8 Jul. 1253 — Theobald II., (son,) 1253 — under Regency of his mother Margaret de Bourbon : by medi- ation of St Louis gets John Duke of Bretagne to renounce his claim on Navarre, 1 254 — marries Isabella of France, 1258 — takes the cross, 1267 — accompanies St Louis on the crusade, and takes part in siege of Tunis, 1270 — is. at Trapano, 5 Dec. 1270— Henry I. the Fat, (brother,) succeeds, 1270 — crowned at Pampe- luna, 24 May 127 1 — recognizes his daughter Joanna as successor, 1273 — rj., Jul. 1274 — Joanna I., (daughter,) 1274 — Joanna, with Philip the Fair of France, 1284 — Louis Hutin, (son of Joanna,) 1305 — becomes king of France, 13 14 — Philip the Tall, King op France, (brother,) 1316 — as administrator for his niece Joanna : recognized as king, 1 3 r 8 — Charles the Fair, King of France, (brother,) 1322 — Joanna II. and Philip or Evreux, 1328 — Charles II. the Bad, (son,) 1349 — Charles III- the Noble, (son,) 1387— John II., Prince of Aragon, 1425 — succeeds his brother Alfonso in Aragon, 1458 — Eleonora de Foix, (daughter,) Jan. 1479 — *••> I2 Feb. 1479 — Francis Phosbus, 1479 — crowned at Pampe- luna, 6 Nov. 1482 — tf., Jan. or Feb. 1483— Catherine, (sister,) 1483 — marries John d'Albret, 1484 — Treaty of Tarbes, 1497 — conquered by Ferdinand of Aragon, 15 12 — united to Castile, 15 15 — Henry II. (son) suc- ceeds in Lower Navarre, 15 16 — Antony of Bourbon and Jane d'Albret, 1555 — Jane d'Albret alone, 1562 — Henry III., (son,) 1572 — becomes king of France, 1589 — unites Na- varre to crown of France, Jul. 1607. Navarre, College of, University of Far is, — founded by Joanna I., Queen of Navarre, 1304. Navarre, Doctor, {Martin Azpilcueta,) canonist, — b. at Varosain, in Navarre, 13 Dec. i493, a 149 1 b — in France, about 1513-27 — Prof. Canon Law, Salamanca, about 1528-42 — at Coimbra, about 1542-58 — goes to Rome to de- fend Abp of Toledo against charge of heresy, about 1573 — ft. at Rome, 21 Jun. 1586. Opera, 1590. a Biog. Univ. b Niceron. Navarre, Pedro, Count op, military com- mander, — makes first experiment of a mine at siege of Seranessa, 1487 — takes Oran, Tripoli, and other towns, 1509 — unsuccessfully besieges Bologna, 15 n — taken prisoner at battle of Ravenna, 15 12 — enters service of Francis I., 15 14 — contributes to taking of Novara and of Pavia, 15 15 — distinguishes himself at battle of Marignano, 15 15 — at combat of La Bicoque, 1522 — attempts to relieve Genoa, and is taken prisoner by Imperialists, 1523 — liberated, 1526 — killed (?) at Naples, 1528. Navarrete, Domingo Fernandez, Domini- can missionary, — sent to the Philippines, 1647 — resides in China, 1659-72 — "0. Abp of St Do- mingo, i679, a i689. b Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos y religiosos de la monarquia de China, 1676. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Navarrete, Juan Fernandez, (Fl Mudo,) painter, — b. at Lograno, 1526 — painter to Philip II., 1568 a — if. in the Escurial, 1579, 11 1572.° a Nagler. e Fiorillo. c Velasco. Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de, — u. in Old Castile, 9 Nov. 1765 — admitted to Order of St John of Jerusalem, Aug. 1768 — enters the navy, 1780 — at the attack on Gibraltar, Sep. 1782 — serves in Ministry of Marine, 1797 — chief of hydrographic department, 1823— Peer, 1834 — ft. at Madrid, 8 Oct. 1844. Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los Fspanoles des de fines del Sigh X V., 1825-37 — Coleccion de documentos ineditos para la historia de Fspana, 1842-55 — Life of Cer- vantes, 1819. Navas de Tolosa, in Spain, — the Moors, under Mohammed el Nasir, defeated by kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, 16 Jul. I2i2, a (607, A. H.) I2IO. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. h Cardonne. Navigation Laws, — enacted in Catalonia, 1227 a — in Ai-agon, 1454.* In Great Britain, first, passed by parliament, 9 Oct. 1657 — re- enacted by 12 Car. II. c. 18, 1660 — repealed, and new provisions made by Act 3 Geo. IV. c. 41, 1822— Acts consolidated by 3 Geo. IV. c. 43, 1822 — latter repealed by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 105, 1825— new, 6 Geo. IV. c. 109, 1825— re- pealed, and further provisions by Act 3 and 4 AVm IV. c. 54, 28 Aug. 1833— Select Com- mittee on, appointed, Feb. 1847 — repeal of, and new regulations by Act 12 and 13 Vic. c. NAVIGATION— NEBULA. 29, 26 Jim. 1849 — further regulations by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853. a Prescott. Navigation, Steam, — laws relating to, con- solidated and amended by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 79, 7 Aug. 1 851. Navy, Eoman, — [3 C]— first founded, after 311 — advanced, in Punic War, 260. Navy, Royal, of Great Britain, — founded by Alfred the Great, 870-900 — organization of, as distinct service, effected by Henry VIII., 1512. Navy Office, — originated by Henry VIII., 1512. Naxos, in Sicily, — [B C]— founded by Chal- cidians and Naxians, 735, a 736-7^ (01. 5, 2,) 759- c a Clinton. b Euseb. Hieron. c Muller. Naxos, Naxia, — one of the Cyclades, (Dia, Strong yle,) — [B C] — conquered by Peisistratos, Lygdamis established, about 540 — enjoys mari- time supremacy, 511 — Lygdamis deposed by Sparta, about 5 10. Naxian War, — besieged by Megabates and Aristagoras, 4 months, 501 — conquered by Persians under Datis and Arta- phernes,490 — recovers its independence, 480 — reduced by Athenians, 47i, a 466 b — Chabrias defeats Spartan fleet off, 376 — [AD] — con- quered by Venetians, 1207 — [Archipelago, Grecian] — forms part of kingdom of Greece, 1830. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. Naylor, James, Quaker, — b. in Yorkshire, 1 616 — serves in Parliamentary army, 1643- 51 — joins Society of Friends, 1651 — im- prisoned at Exeter, 1656 — severely sentenced by the Parliament as a blasphemer, 17 Dec. 1656 — liberated by Long Parliament, 8 Sep. 1659 — tf., 1660, Nazareth, in Palestine, — lost by Christians, 1 183— given up to Frederick II. by Sultan Kameel, 1229 — given up to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1240 — destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1263 — captured by Prince Edward of England, May 127 1 — Gen. Junot attacked by Turks at, 1799 — visited by Napoleon L, 1799 — damaged by earthquake, 1837. Council of, to recognize Alexander as Pope, about Dec. 1160. Nazarius, rhetorician, — fl., 3 15-337. a ^ a ~ negyr. Const. Aug., 321. a Hieron. Neal, Daniel, theologian, historian, — ft. in London, 14 Dee. 1678 — studies at Utrecht and Ley den, about 1700 — pastor in London, 1706 — is. at Bath, Apr. 1743. History of the Puri- tans, 1732-38. Nealces, (Nealhes,) painter, — [B C] — fl., about 245. Neale, John Mason, theologian, historian, hymnologist, — b. in London, 24 Jan. 1818 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1836 — Fellow and Tutor of Downing Coll., 1839 — ordained priest, 1 842 — establishes a sisterhood at Bother- field, 1855 — removes it to E. Grinstead, 1856 — D.D. Trin. Coll. Hartford, U. S., 1861— tr. at E. Grinstead, 6 Aug. 1866. History of the Eastern Church, 1 850-1 — History of Pews, 1 841 — Agnes cle Tracy, 1843 — Triumphs of the Cross, 1 845-6 — Rhythm of Bernard of 'Morlaix, (translated,) 1859 — Commentary on the Psalms, i860 — Hymns of the Eastern Church, 1862 — Essays on Liturgiology and Church History, 1863 — Seatoni an Poems, 1864 — Hymns, (trans- lated or edited,) 1865. Neander, Christoph Friedrich, poet, — b. in Couiiand, 26 Dec. 1724 — pastor, 1750 — Super- intendent of Courland, 1784 — "ft. at Graenzhof, 21 Jul. 1802. Geistliche Zieder, 1766. Neander, Jdh&nn, physician, — b. at Bremen, 1596 — tf., after 1650. Tabacologia, 1622. Neander, Johann August Wilhelm, theolo- gian, historian, — b. at Gottingen, 10 Jan. 1789 — converted to Christian faith, 1806 — studies at Halle and Gottingen, 1806-10 — Prof. Ex- traord. Theology, Heidelberg, 18 12 — Prof. Theology, Berlin, 18 12 — Privy Councillor, 1840 — tr. there, 15 Jul. 1850. Julianus tend sein Zeitalter, 18 12 — I)er heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter, 1813 — Per heilige Chrysostomus und die Kirche in dessen Zeitalter, 1820 — Anti- Gnosticus, 1825 — Allyemeine Geschichte der Christlichen Religion und Kirche, 1825-45 — Geschichte der Pjianzung undLeitung der Christ- lichen Kirche durch die Apostel, 1832 — Leben Jesu Christi, 1837 — Princip der Reformation, 1840. Neander, Michael, philologist, — b. in Silesia, 1525 — Director of Coll. of Hefeld, 1550 — fo., 6 May 1595. Erotemata Grcecm Lingua?, 1553 — Linguae Hebrcea Erotemata, 1556. Neanthes, of Kyzihos, historian, — [B C] — fl., before 241. Neapolis. [Naples.] Nearchus, — [B Cj — governor of Lycia, by Alexander the Great, 334-329 — accompanies Alexander from Bactria, 329 — his voyage from mouth of Indus, Oct. 325 — to Susiana, Feb. 324 — governor of Lycia, &c, 323 — aids Anti- gonus against Eumenes, 317 — accompanies De- metrius in his first campaign, 314. Nebraska, V. S., — separated from Kansas and erected into a Territory, 30 May 1854. Nebrissensis, {Antonio de Lebrixa, Ael-An- tonius,) — b. at Lebrixa, Andalusia, Jan. 1444 — ■ 0"., 1522. Pntroductiones lot., 148 1 — Gram- matica sobrela lengua castellana, 1492 — Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispano-latin., 1492 — Juris civilis lexicon, 1506 — Lexicon art is me- dicamentaria?, 15 18 — Rerum a Ferdinando et Elizabetha gestarum decades PP., 1545 — Reglas de ortograjia en la lengua castellana, 1735. Nebros, Asclepiad of Cos, — [BC] — fl., (01. 47, 3,) 590. a a Miiller. Nebuchadnezzar, the Great, King of Baby- lon, — [BC] — betrothed to Amuhia, 625 a — regains Carchemish and reduces Judah, 607, h 605° — subjugates Syria, 607, b 605° — succeeds Nabopolazzar, 604 c — dreams of statue of four metals, 603 b — invests Tyre, 598 c — overthrows Judah, 588, b 587/ 1 586 c_ destroys Tyre, 572^ 585 c — overthrows Egypt, 570 ?— dreams of the great tree, 570 b — suffers from lycanthropy, 569-562 b — tf., 561.° a Abyd. Euseb. b Ussber. c Rawlinson. d Clinton. Nebulae, Nebula, — in Andromeda, discovered by Simon Marius, 16 14 — in Orion, discovered by Cyxatus, 16 18 — by Huyghens, 1656 — in- vestigated by Picard, 1676 — additional dis- coveries by Lacaille, 1755 — investigated by Le NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS-NEHEMIAH. Gentil, 1760-9 — additional discoveries by Messier, 17.71, 1783-4 — by Sir W. Herschel, 1786, 1789, and 1802 — by' Dunlop, 1828 — by Sir J. Herschel, 1833 and 1847 — resolution of, into star-clusters by Lord Ross, early in 1846. Nebular Hypothesis,— adopted by Sir W. Herschel, about 181 1 — supported by Herbert Spencer, 1858. Necho, (JVecos,) King of Egypt, — [BC] — succeeds Psammetichus, 617," 610 b — defeats and kills Josiah and subjugates Judah, 610 — seizes Carcheraish, 610? — defeated by Nebu- chadnezzar, 607 — orders circumnavigation of Africa, about 606 c — tf., 601, a about 595. b a Smith's Diet. b Smith's Diet. Bible. c Grote. Neckam, {Nequam,) Alexander, — b. at St Albans, 1157 — Prof, at Univ. of Paris, 1180 — returns to England, 1 186 — Abbot of Cirencester, 1213 — tf., 1217. Necker, Jacques, statesman, — b. at Geneva, 30 Sep. i732, a 1734 b — goes to Paris, 1750— Director of the Treasury, 1776 — Director-gen- eral of Finances, Jun. 1777 — publishes his Compte Rendu, 178 1 — refused admission to the Council, resigns and retires to Switzerland, May 178 1 — returns to Paris, 1787 — Director- general of Finances, 24 Aug. 1788 — proposes second assembly of the Notables, Nov. 1788 — quits France, 1 1 Jul. 1789 — returns in triumph, 27 Jul. — retires to Switzerland, 3 Sep. 1790 — tf. at Copet, 30 Mar., a Apr. b 1804. Administra- tion des Finances, 1784 — De I' 'administration de M. Necker, par lui-meme, 1791. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Necker, Noel Joseph, botanist, — b. in Flan- ders, 1729 — tf. at Manheim, 1793. Physio- logia muscorum, 1794 — Elementa botanica, 1790. Necker, Susanxie Curchod, Madame, — b., 1739 — courted by Gibbon, about 1757 — marries M. Necker, 1764 — t)., May 1796. Reflexions sur le divorce, 1795 — Melanges, 17 98-1 801. Nectanabis L, King of Egypt, — [BC] — succeeds Nepherites, about 374/384° — repulses invasion of Pharnabazus, 373/ 372,° 375 b — tf., about 364/ 366. b a Smith's Diet. b Zumpt. c Rawlinson. Nectanabis II., King ofEgypt,— [BC] — re- volts from Tachos and is made king, 361/ 364, b — defeats Persian invasion of Ochus, 359/ 35 1 b — aids Phoenicians against Persia, surren- ders to Ochus at Memphis, 35o, a 346. b c a Clinton. b Rawlinson. c Thirlwall. Nectarius, Patriarch of Constantinople, ■ — appointed during OEcumenical Council of Constantinople, 381 — abolishes confession, 390 — tf , 27 Sep. 397. Nee, Francois Denis, engraver,— b. at Paris, about 1732 — ft., 18 1 8. Needhani, John Turberville, naturalist, — b. in London, 10 Sep. 17 13 — Prof. Philosophy, English Coll. Lisbon, 1744-5 — F.E.S., 1746 — correspondent of French Academy of Sciences, 1768 — tf. at Brussels, 30 Dec. 1781. New microscopical discoveries, 1745 — On Micro- scopical, and Generation of Organized, Bodies, 1769. Needham, Marchamont, political writer, — b. -at Burford, Oxfordshire, Aug. 1620— B. A. Oxford, 1637 — tf., 1678. Mercurius Britan- nicus, 1643 — Mercurius Politicus, Jun. 1649 to Apr. 1660. Needle Ghin, Prussian, — invented by Dreyse, 1827 — Breechloader, 1836 — employed in Seven Weeks' War, 1866. Needle Manufacture, — commenced in Eng- land, about 1565 — but soon discontinued : re- vived, about 1650. Neefs, Pieter, the Elder, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1570 — tf-, 165.1. Neele, Henry, poet, — b. in London, 1798 — kills himself, 7 Feb. 1828. Odes and Poems, 1 817 — Dramatic Scenes, 1823. Neelle, in France, — Council of, {JSfigellense,) held by legate Octavian, who on Philip Augus- tus receiving back his divorced wife Ingeburga, removes interdict from the kingdom, 7 Sep. 1200. Neer. [Vander Neer.] Neerwinden, (Landen,) — William II L de- feated by Marshal Luxemburg, 19 Jul. 1693 — • Gen. Dumouriez defeated by Austrians, 18 Mar. 1793. Negapatam, in Hindustan, — taken from Por- tuguese by Dutch, 1660 — indecisive action be- tween French and English fleets off, 29 Apr. 1758 — besieged and taken by English, Jun. 178 1 — naval action between French and Eng- lish fleets off, 1782 — ceded to English by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. Negelein, Joachim, numismatist, — b. at Niirnberg, 167 5 —Prof. Eloquence, Poetry, and Greek Literature, 1722 — tf., 1749- (With Kornlein) Thesaurus numismatum modernor : hujus see c ul i, 1 7 01 -10. Negrais, island off coast of Ava, — taken pos- session of, and survey made by English, 1687 — again occupied by English, 1751 — granted to E. India Company by Birmese, 1757. Negri, Giulio, biographer, — b. at Ferrara, 1648 — tf. there, 1720. Istoria degli scrittori fiorentini, 1722. Negro, — first admitted member of Congress, U. S., 26 Feb. 1870. Negro Slaves,— imported from Africa to West Indies by the Portuguese, 1503 and 15 11 — [Slave Trade, Slavery.] Negro Suffrage, in United States, — estab- lished by loth constitutional amendment, passed, 26 Feb. 1869 — ratified, Mar. 1870. Negropont, (Fgripo,) island in Grecian Archipelago, — [Euboea] — attacked by Sicilian admiral Stefano, 1146 — by Venetians, 117 2 — assigned to Venetians, 1204 — captured by Turks under Mahomet II., Jul. 1470 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Doge Francesco Morosini, summer 1688 — joins in Greek insurrection, 1821. Nehavend, in Persia, — Yezdegerd defeated by Saracens, 637. Nehemiah, — [BC] — reaches Jerusalem, 454/ 445, b 444 c — plots against his life, 445 — returns to Susa, 442,* 433^ 432° — returns to Jerusalem, 442-i, a 428, b 424,° 410 d — ceases to rule, about 413,° 409. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chron. c Bib. Cyc. d Prideaux. NEIDHART VON NEUENTHAL— NEMOURS. Neidhart von Neuenthal, poet, — fl. in Ger- many, about 1210-40. Neipperg, Adam Adalbert, Count von, general, — b. at Salzburg, 1775 — ambassador to Stockholm, 18 12 — distinguishes himself at battle of Leipsic, 181 3 — negotiates treaty with Murat, at Naples, Jan. fi8 14 — General Field- marshal lieutenant, 18 14 — receives Empress Maria Louisa at Aix, (Savoy,) Jul. — commands in Italy, 1815 — rj. at Parma, 22 Dec. 1828/ 1 22 Feb. 1829, b 22 Apr. 1829.° a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Neipperg, {Neuperg,) Wilhelm Reinhard, Count t r oN, field-marshal, — b-, 1684 — enters the army, 1702 — Commander of Luxemburg, 1 7 30 — Field-marshal,sent to Italy, 1 7 35 — serves in Hungary against Turks, and distinguishes himself at combat of Kornea, 1738 — negotiates peace of Belgrade, 1739 — commands army of Silesia, and is defeated and wounded at battle of Mollwitz, 1741 — at battle of Dettingen, 1743 — member of Council of War, Vienna, 1753 — Pres., 1755 — a", at Vienna, 1774. Neisse, in Prussian Silesia, — walled by Bp Preczlaus, 1350 — attacked by Hussites, 1428 — occupied by Margrave of Jagerndorf, 1621 — by Saxons and Danes, 1632 — by Swedes, 1642 — fortifications strengthened, 1 643 — capitu- lates to Frederick II., 1741 — unsuccessfully besieged by Austrians, 1758 — capitulates to French, 16 Jun. 1807 — evacuated by them, 13 Nov. 1808. Church of St James, rebuilt, 1430. Neleidae, mythic, — [B C] — migrate from Pylos to Athens, about 1 104. Nelson, New Zealand, — British settlement at, 1843. Nelson, Horatio, Lord Nelson, — admiral, — b. at Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, 29 Sep. 1758 — enters the navy, spring 177 1 — Post- captain, 11 Jul. 1779 — sent to the North Sea, 1781 — to Quebec, 1782 — serves at the Leeward Islands, Mar. 1784 to Jun. 1787— marries Mrs Nisbet, 11 Mar. 1787 — serves under Lord Hood in the Mediterranean, 1793 to Oct. 1794 — envoy to Naples, meets Sir William and Lady Hamilton, 1793 — assists at reduction of Bastia, May 1794 — blockades Leghorn, Apr. to Oct. 1795— distinguishes himself in engage- ment with Spanish fleet near Cape St Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797 — Rear-admiral, Apr. 1797— takes part in bombardment of Cadiz, May to Jul. 1797 — loses his arm in attack on Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, receives pension of £1000, Jul. 1797 — K.B., 1797 — appointed to watch port of Tou- lon, May 1798— defeats French fleet at Abou- kir, and is wounded, 1 Aug. — created Baron Nelson of the Nile ; arrives at Naples, 22 Sep. 1798 — occupies Leghorn, Nov. — puts an end to truce concluded by^ Cardinal Ruffo, Jun. 1799 — returns to England, 6 Nov. 1800 — separates from his wife, close of 1800 — Vice- admiral, Jan. 1 801 — second in command of Baltic fleet, Mar. — defeats Danish fleet near Copenhagen, 2 Apr. — created Viscount, Apr. 1 — commands in the Channel, and bombards flotilla at Boulogne, Aug. — commands in the Mediterranean, Mar. 1803 — pursues French fleet to West Indies, May 1805 — returns to Europe, Jul. — defeats French and Spanish fleets, and tr. at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805. Nelson, Robert, theologian, — b. in London, 1656 — F.R.S., 1680 — accompanies Halley to Paris and Rome, 1680-2 — tf. at Kens- ington, Jan. 1 7 15. Festivals and Fasts of the Church of England, 1704- — Life of Bp Bull, Nelson Column, London, — erected, 1843. Lions, by Landseer, 1867. Nemausa, asteroid, — discovered by Laurent, 22 Jan. 1858. Nemeads, Era of, — [B C] — commences, (01. 53, 2,) 567. _ Nemean Games, mythic, — [B C] — institu- tion by the Seven Heroes on the return from Thebes : revived, (01. 53, 2,) 567 — (1st Nemead,) Philip of Macedonia presides, 208 — [AD] — still celebrated, 362. Nemesianus, M. Aurelius Olympus, poet, — fi., about 283. a a Clinton. Nemesius, Bp of Emesa, physiologist, phi- losopher, — writes his treatise Be Natura Mo- minis, probably between 409-429.* a Clinton. Nemours, in France, — taken by English and retaken by Charles VII., 1437 — captured by allies "under Platoff, 14 Feb. 18 14 — evacuated by them, 19 Feb. — reoccupied, 14 Mar. Duchy of, erected for Count of Evreux, 1404 — passes by marriage to Jacques d'Armagnac, 1462 — • given to G-aston de Foix, by Louis XII., 1507 — to Philip of Savoy, by Francis I., 1528 — purchased by Louis XIV., 1689, and given to House of Orleans. Nemours, Edict of, — revoking privileges of Huguenots, signed by Henry III., 7 Jul. 1585. Nemours, Henry of Savoy, Duke of, — b. at Paris, 1572 — commands army of Duke of Savoy, and seizes marquisate of Saluces, 1588 — joins the League, 1589 — governor of Dau- phiny, 159 1— makes his peace with Henry IV., and assists at States of Rouen, 1596 — distin- guishes himself at siege of Amiens, 1597 — marries Anne of Lorraine, 161 8 — if. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1632. Nemours, Henry II. of Savoy, Duke of, — b. at Paris, 1625 — named Abp of Rheims, 165 1 — but soon renounces the dignity : marries Mary of Orleans, 1657 — rj., 2 Jan. 1659. Nemours, Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke op, — Count de la Marche, 1462 — marries Louisa, cousin of Louis XL, and is invested with Duchy of Nemours, 1462— joins League of the Public Good, 1465 — pardoned and made governor of Paris, 1465 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1475 — sentenced to death, 10 Jul. 1477 — executed, 4 Aug. Nemours, Jacques of Savov, Duke of, — b. in Champagne, 153 1 — distinguishes himself at siege of Lens, 1552 — takes part in defence of Metz, 1552-3 — serves in Flanders and Italy, 1553-5 — distinguishes himself at battle of St Denis, 1567 — unsuccessfully resists passage of auxiliaries to Huguenots, 1569 — retires, 1569 — U. at Annecy, 25 Jun. 1585. Nemours, Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of, — b., 1472 — succeeds his father, and is imprisoned in the Bastille, Aug. 1477 — liberated by Charles NEMOURS— NERVII. 1023 VIII., 1483— accompanies him in conquest of Naples, 1495 — viceroy of Naples, 1501 — de- feated and killed at Cerignola, 28 Apr. 1503. Nemours, Mary or Orleans, Duchess op, — ft., 1625— marries Henry, Duke of Nemours, 1657 — left a widow, 1659 — recognized sovereign of Neufchatel, 1694— ij. at Paris, 1707. Me- moir es, 1709. Neo-Csesarea, — Councils of, on discipline, 314 or 315 — for deposition of Eustace, Bp of Sebaste, 358. Neo-Pla-tonists, School of,— begins to form itself, before 50. At Alexandria, originated by Philo, about 35-40 — more definitely constituted by Ammonius Saccas, about 190-240. Neoterius, — Consul with Valentinian II., (1143, a. u. c.) 390. Nepaul, in Hindustan, — conquered by Ghor- kas, about 1768 — concludes commercial treaty with England, 1 Mar. 1792 — forms alliance with England, by treaty of Dinapoor, Oct. 1 80 1— alliance dissolved, 1804 — war declared by Great Britain, 1 Nov. 18 14 — [Grhorka War] — embassy from, arrives in England, 25 May 1 850 — quits London, 20 Aug. Nepos. [Metellus, Q. Ceecilius.] Nepos, Cornelius, historian, biographer, §c, — [BC]— ft., about (01. 185, 2,) (714, a. u. c.) 40. Nepos, Flav. Julius, Roman Emperor of the West, (474-5,) — proclaimed Augustus, 473 — P uts down Glycerius, 24 Jun. 474 — ex- pelled by Orestes, 28 Aug. 475 — killed by his officers, (7 Id. May,) 480. Nepotianus, Flav. Popilius, Roman Em- peror, — Consul witin. Facundus, (1089, a. it. c.) 336 — kills Anicius, praetorian praefect, and makes himself Emperor, 3 Jun. 350 — put to death by Marcellinus, 1 Jul. 350. Neptune, planet, — seen as a star by Lalande, 10 May 1795 — memoirs of Leverrier presented to French Academy, 10 Nov. 1845, 1 Jun. and 3 1 Aug. 1 846 — elements calculated by Adams, Sep. 1845 — seen by Challis at Cambridge, 4 and 12 Aug. 1846 — by Galle at Berlin, 23 Sep. 1846 — first satellite discovered by Lassell of Liverpool, 7 Jul. to 3 Aug. 1847 — seen by Bond of Cambridge, U. S., 16 Sep. — by Otto Struve at Pulkowa, 11 Sep. to 20 Dec. — second satellite discovered by Lassell, 14 Aug. 1850. Nerac, in France, — Benedictine monastery built at, 1250 — supports the Huguenots, and expels Royalists, 4 Jun. 162 1 — surrenders to Mayenne, 8 Jun. 1621 — fortifications dis- mantled, 1622. Treaty of, modifying _ Edict of Bergerac, concluded between- Catherine de Medici and Henry, king of Navarre, 28 Feb. *579- Neratius, Priscus, jurist, — fl., about 100- 125. Nerbudda, river of Hindustan, — districts on the, ceded to British by Rajah of Bcrar, and annexed to Bengal Presidency, 18 18. [Saugor and Nerbudda Territory.] Neresheim, in Wurtemberg, — Moreau defeats Archduke Charles at, 11 Aug. 1796. Neri. [Bianchi and Neri.] Neri, Antonio, chemist, — fl. at Florence, about 1570- 1 600. Arte vetraria, 1592. Neri, St Filippo de, founder of Congregation of the Oratory, — ft. at Florence, 23 Jul. 15 15 — goes to Rome, 1533— founds brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, 1548— ordained priest, 155 1 — institutes Congregation of the Oratory, 1564 — Si. at Rome, 26 May 1595. Zettere, 1751 — canonized by Gregory XV., 1622. Neri, Pompeo, economist, — ft. at Florence, 1707 — Pres. of the Giunta di Censimento, Milan, 1749 — Councillor of Regency, Florence, 1758— tr. there, 1776. Osservazioni sopra il Frezzo Legale delle Monete, 1751. Nerio. [See Athens, Duchy of~\ Nero, — ft., about 6-7 — married to Julia, 20 — heir-apparent, 23 — starved in island of Pontia,29. Nero, Claud. Cees. Drusus Crermanicus, Roman Emperor, (L. F/omit. Ahenobarbus,) (54-68,) — ft., 15 Dec., a Oct. b 37 — adopted by Emperor Claudius, 50 — marries Octavia, 53 b — succeeds Claudius, 54 — poisons Britannicus, 55 — war in Armenia, 55-60 — puts his mother to death, 59 — enters Rome in triumph, 59 b — Burrhus dies, 62 — Seneca retires from office, 62 — repudiates Octavia and marries Poppaea, 62 — fire at Rome, 64 — conspiracy of Piso, 65 — Tiridates does homage for Armenia, 66 — pro- gress to Greece, latter part 66 — at Olympic games, 67 — enters Rome in triumph, autumn — revolt of Vardin and Galba, 68 — kills himself , 68. a Smith's Diet. b Merivale. Nero, C. Claudius, — [B C] — commands under Marcellus, 214 — praetor, 212 — assists at siege of Capua, sent into Spain, legatus with Mar- cellus, 209 — Consul with M. Livius, (547, a. u. c.) 207 — defeats Hannibal, defeats and kills Hasdrubal, at the Metaurus : censor with M. Livius, 204 — ambassador to Ptolemy* 201. Nero, Tib. Claudius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul with M. Servilius Geminus, (552, a. u. c.) 202. (2.) Quaestor, under Caesar in Alexandrian War, 48 — joins L. Antonius at Perusia, 41 — returns to Rome, 40 — gives up his wife to Augustus, 38 — rj., 34-3. (3.) Consul with P. Quinctilius Varus, (741,) 13 — Consul with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, (747,) 7. Neronia, — games instituted by Nero, (813, a. u. c.) 60. Nerva, M. Cocceius, Roman Emperor, (96-98,)— ft., 32 — Consul with Vespasian, (824, a. u. c.) 71 — Consul -mfln. Domitian, (843,) 90 — proclaimed Emperor after assassination of Domitian, Sep. 96 — conspiracy of Crassus, 97 — adopts Trajan, 97 — rj., 23, a 27 b Jan. 98. a Merivale. b Smith's Diet. Nerva, M. Cocceius, — [BC] — Consul with L. Gellius Publicola, (718, a. u. c.) 36. Nerva, P. Licinius, — [BC] — propraetor in Sicily, at outbreak of 2nd Servile War, 103. Nerva, P. Silius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul with M. Appuleius, (734, a. u. c.) 20. [AD]— (2.) Consul with App. Julius Silanus, (781,) 28. "S&rwii, Belgic tribe, — [B C] — join confederacy against Rome, 57 a — surprise Caesar's camp, 57. a a Merivale. 1024 NERVILIANUS— NETHERLANDS. Nervilianus, M. Suillius, — Consul with C. Antistius Vetus, (803, a. u. c.) 50. Nesbit, — the Scots under Patrick Hepburn defeated by George, Eari of Dunbar and March, 22 Jun. 1402. Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count von, diplo- matist, Chancellor- of Russian Empire, — b. at Lisbon, 14 Dec. 1780 — Russian Charge d' Affaires at the Hague, 1 805-6 — ambassador to Paris, 1807 — as secretary to Emperor Alex- ander, attends Conference of Erfurt, 1808 — follows Emperor Alexander to Paris and signs Peace of Paris, 1814 — plenipotentiary to Con- gress of Vienna, 18 14- 15 — Minister for Foreign Affairs, 18 16 — assists at Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1818 — and Verona, 1822 — advises intervention in Hungary, 1848 — retires from ministry, 1855 — if. at St Petersburg, 23 Mar. 1862. Nestor, [Letopis Nestorova,) chronicler, — ft. in Northern Russia, 1056 — becomes a monk at Kiev, 1075 or 1073 — ft. at Kiev ? about 11 15. Chronicle, published by Academy of St Peters- burg, 1767. Nestorians, Nestorianism, — [Nestorius] — establish themselves in Persia, 435-480 a — obtain supremacy in Persia, about 500 b — send missionaries to Arabia and India, 530 — and China, 636 ? — invited to union with Catholic Church by Innocent IV., 1246 — by Nicholas IV., 1278 — schism among, 155 1 — persecuted in India by Portuguese, between 1550- 1660 — propose reunion with Rome, 1610, 16 19, 1653, 1657 — massacre of, by Beder Khan Bey, in Kurdistan, 1843. a Neander. b Gibbon. Nestorius, Heresiarch, Patriarch op Constantinople, — Patriarch, 10 Apr. 428 s1 — deposed by Council of Ephesus, 22 Jun. 431 a — at Antioch, 431-5 — banished to Great Desert of Egypt, 435— ft., between 439-451^ a Gibbon. b Clinton. Netherlands, {Low Countries,) — [Batavi, Flanders, Franks, Friesland, Holland] — subjugation of, by Charles the Great, com- pleted, 785 a — divided between Louis the Ger- manic and Emperor Lothaire, 843 b — divided into independent Duchies, Counties, &c, be- tween 800-900 — become province of the Em- pire, 925 a — form part of Burgundy, 1384 — taken possession of by Philip the Good, 1437 a — pass to House of Austria by marriage of Mary of Burgundy with Maximilian, 1477 — Adolphus op Cleves, governor, 1477 — Engelbert of Nassau, 1485 to Jun. i486 — Albert of Saxony, 1489-94 — given by Maximilian I. to his son Philip the Fair, 1494 — William de Croi, governor, 1505 — Mar- garet of Austria, 1507 — invaded by French under Francis I., 152 1 — Mary of Austria, 1531 — persecution of Anabaptists, 1535 — insur- rection, 1539 — suppressed by Charles V., 1540 — united to Spain by Pragmatic Sanction of Charles V., but remaining attached to the Empire as the Circle of Burgundy, 1548 — given up by Charles V. to his son Philip, 25 Oct. I 555 — [Philip II. of Spain] — Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, named governor, 1555 — scene of war between France and Spain, 1557 — Margaret of Austria, governess, 1559 —persecution of Protestants and attempt to establish Inquisition, 1559 — reorganization of the Church by Philip and Pope Paul IV., 1561 — [Granvella, Card.] — decree of Council of Trent published, 1564— Inquisition estab- lished, 1565 — civil war begins, 1566 — [Nether- lands, Revolt of the] — great inundation in, Dec. 1570— Union of Utrecht, 1579— the southern (Belgian) provinces reduced by Prince of Parma, 1578-9 — foundation of Republic of Seven United Provinces, 1594 — Spanish Netherlands given by Philip II. to his daughter Isabella and Archduke Albert of Austria, Jan. 1596 — twelve years' truce with United Pro- vinces concluded by Philip III., 9 Apr. 1609 — on death of Isabella revert to Spanish branch of House of Austria, 1633 — conquered by Louis XIV., ^667 — Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1668 — again overrun by Louis XIV., 1672 — Peace of Ninieguen, 1678 — conquered by Marlborough, 1706 — assured to Austria by Treaty of Rastadt, 17 14 — invaded by Louis XV., 1744— conquered by French, 1745-6 — given up by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — revolt excited by measures of Emperor Joseph II., 1784 — Prussian intervention in, Sep. 1787 c — overrun by French under Dumouriez, 1793 — conquered by Pichegru, 1794-5 — Batavian Republic proclaimed, 16 May 1795 c — new con- stitution adopted, 1796 to Apr. 1798 — united with Holland, to form kingdom of the Nether- lands, under William I., Mar. 18 15 — revolt of Belgian provinces, which separate from Hol- land, 1830. [Belgium and Holland.] a Motley. b Davies. c Conv.-Lex. Netherlands, Revolt of the, — [Netherlands] — confederation of the Gueux formed, Nov. 1565 — the Compromise signed, early in 1566 a —the petition of Confederates presented to the Regent Margaret of Austria, 5 Apr. 1566 a — embassy of Montigny to Court of Madrid, May — royal letters sent in reply, Aug. — attack on images begins, 18 Ang. a — Accord, securing liberty of worship, signed, 25 Aug. a — attack on tbe Gueux at Antwerp by Philip of Lannoy, 12 Mar. 1567 a — bombardment and capture of Valenciennes, by Noircarmes, 23 Mar. — the provinces reduced ; resignation of Prince of Orange, Apr. — Duke of Alva, sent by Philip II. as generalissimo, arrives at Brussels, 22 Aug. 1567 — arrest of Counts Eg m out and Horn, 9 Sep. — Council of Troubles {Blood- Council) instituted, Sep.— departure of Regent Margaret, 30 Dec. 1567 — all inhabitants of the Netherlands condemned to death as heretics, by sentence of the Holy Office, 16 Feb. 1568 a — the decree confirmed by proclamation of Philip II., 26 Feb. a — operations of patriots directed by William Prince of Orange, from Apr. — execution of Counts Egmont and Horn, 5 Jun. 1568 — victorious campaign of Count Louis of Nassau in Friesland, 1568 — remonstrance of Emperor addressed to Philip II., Aug. 1568 — memorial of six Electors to the Emperor, in behalf of clemency, 22 Sep. — fruitless mission of Archduke Charles to Pbilip, Oct. 1568 to Mar. 1569 — contest respecting tenth and NETHERLANDS TRADING COMPANY— NEUMANN. 1025 twentieth penny, 157 1-2 — surprise of Mons by- Count Louis, 23 May 1572 — Congress of States at Dort, Jul. — capitulation of Mons to Spaniards, 19 Sep.— sack of Mecklin, Sep. — sack of Zutplien, by Don Frederick, Oct. — massacre at Naarden, Dec. — siege of Haar- lem, Dec. 1572 — surrender of the city, # 12 Jul. 1573 a — massacre of townsmen: siege of Alkmaar, Aug. to Oct. — defeat of Spanish fleet on Zuyder Zee, 11 Oct. — Louis de Requesens, appointed governor, arrives, 17 Nov. — supported by Queen Elizabeth, 1573 — siege of Leyden, 1573-4-5 — protection of, offered to Queen Elizabeth, who declines it, but promises her mediation with Spain, 1575 — surrender of Zierickzee, 21 Jun. 1576 — general revolt and mutiny of Spanish troops, Sep. — arrest of State Council, 5 Sep. a — Don John of Austria, governor, arrives, 3 Nov. — the Spanish Fury at Antwerp, 4 Nov. a — Pacification of Ghent, 8 Nov.— Union of Brussels formed, Jan. 1577 — Perpetual Edict signed, Feb. — departure of Spanish troops from, Apr. — conferences at Gertruydenberg, May — return of Prince of Orange, Sep. — new Union of Brussels signed, 10 Dec. — alliance with England, 10 Jan. 1578 — battle of Gemblours, 3 1 Jan. — Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, governor, Oct. 1578 — separa- tion of seven northern provinces by Union of Utrecht, 1579 — siege of Maestricht, Mar. to Jul. 1579 — siege of Groningen, 1580— publica- tion of the ban against Prince of Orange, Jun. 1580 — declaration of independence by United Provinces, 26 Jul. 15 81 — siege of Cambray, 15 8 1 — foreign troops recalled, summer 1582. a Motley. Netherlands Trading Company, — estab- lished by William L, 1824. Netley, in Hampshire. Victoria Hospital erected, 1855. Netscher, Kaspar, painter, — fc. at Heidel- berg, i6i9, a 1639 b — settles at the Hague, about 1661— ft. tnere, 15 Jan. 1684. a Engl. Cyc b Biog. Univ. and Conv.-Lex. Netter, Thomas. [Waldensis.] Neuburg, in Germany, — erected into a Duchy for John, son of Emperor Eobert, between 1400-10 — Duchy extinct on death of his son, Christopher, king of Denmark, 1448 — and reunited to Palatinate, 1503 — again erected into a Duchy by Elector Palatine, for Wolf- gang, Duke of Deux-Ponts, about 1558 — given to his son, Philip Louis, 1569 — he claims Duchies of Berg, Juliers, and Cleves, on death of Duke John William, 1609 — Wolf- gang William, (son,) ft., 1578 — succeeds his father and becomes a Catholic, 16 14 — renews claim to Berg, Juliers, and Cleves ; makes terms with his rival George William, Elector of Brandenburg, 1628 — again, 1651 — ft., 20 Mar. 1653 — Philip William, ft., 1615 — succeeds his father, 1653 — secures possession of Berg and Juliers by treaty with Elector of Branden- burg, 1666 — competitor for throne of Poland, Elector Palatine, 1685— tf., 1690 — [Palatinate] — seized by French, 1702 — abandoned by them on approach of Marlborough, Jul. 1704 — the Austrians under Gen. Eray defeated by Gen. Lecourbe near, Jun. 1800. Neuchatel, Neufchatel, (Neuenburg,) {Neo- comum, Neoburgum, Novum Castrum,) in Swit- zerland, — besieged by Conrad the Salic, 1032 — forms independent Principality, 1034 — title of Count assumed by Berthold, between 1196- 1233— given by Emperor Rudolph to John II. of Chalons, 1288 — forms alliance with Berne, 1406 — joins League of Swiss cantons against Austria, 1444 — placed under protection of Berne and Soleure during war with Charles the Bold, 1474 — passes by marriage to House of Longueville, 1504 — seized by the Swiss, 15 1 2 — restored by Swiss to Duchess of Longue- ville, 12 May 1529 — title of sovereign princess assumed by her, 1529-43 — declares for the Re- formation, 1530 — unsuccessfully claimed by Duke of Nemours, 1555 — and by Francis of Orleans, Count of St Pol, 1602 — claimed by Duchess of Nemours, 1672 — by Prince of Conti, 1694 — the succession disputed by many claim- ants, awarded by States to king of Prussia, Nov. 1707 — title of Prussia recognized by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — seized by Napoleon I., Nov. 1806, and given to Gen. Berthier, 1806 — restored to Prussia by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — made Swiss canton, 11 Sep. 1814 — revolt against Prussia suppressed, 1831 — renounces allegiance to Prussia, spring 1 848 — disturb- ances at, occasioned by attempt to restore Prus- sian sovereignty, 7 Sep. 1856 — propositions of England and France respecting its relation to Prussia accepted by Federal Council, 8 Jan. 1857 — settlement by Treaty between the Great Powers, signed at Paris, 26 May 1857 — con_ nection of Church and State dissolved (for 1 Jan. 1871) by decree of Grand Council, 17 Nov. 1869. Neufchatel, in Normandy, — built by Henry I. of England, about 1100 — taken, 1143 — taken and sacked, 1 167 — taken by Count of Flanders, 1 175 — by King John, 1201 — retaken by French, 1204 — conquered by English, 141 9 — besieged and retaken by French, 1449— taken and burnt by Duke of Burgundy, 1472 — taken by Duke of Parma, 1592 — fortifications razed, 1596. Neuhausel, in Hungary, — stormed by Grand Vizier Achmet Kiaprili, 16 Sep. 1663 — reco- vered by Duke Charles of Lorraine, 19 Aug. 1685 — fortifications demolished, 1724. Neuhoff, Theodor von, adventurer, — n. at Metz, 1686 a — elected king by Corsicans, Apr. 1736 — driven away by French, 1738 — if. in London, 11 Dec. 1756. a Conv.-Lex. Neuilly, in France, — chateau of, entered, pillaged, and burnt by insurgents, 25 Feb. 1848. Neukomm, Sigismund, musical composer, — b. at Salzburg, 10 Jul. 1778— pupil of Haydn at Vienna, 1797 — pianist to Prince Talleyrand, 1 812 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 15 — accompanies Duke of Luxemburg to Brazil, 1816 — reenters Hotel of Talleyrand, Oct. 1820 — visits Italy, 1826 — visits England, 1829, 1830, 1836, 1848, and 1851 — *&. at Paris, 3 Apr. 1858. Mount Sinai, 1831 — David, 1834 — Twenty Psalms, 1853. Neumann, Karl Friedrich, orientalist, his- 65 1026 NEUMANN— NEW ALBION. torian, — b. near Bamberg, 22 Dec. 1798 — goes to Heidelberg Univ., 18 16 — studies at Paris, 1828 ^visits London, 1829 — visits China, 1 830-1 — Prof. Oriental Languages and Litera- ture, Munich, 1831 — takes a leading part in political movements of 1847-8 — dismissed, 1852 — settles at Berlin, 1863 — tf. at Berlin, Mar. 1870. Pilgerfahrten Buddhistischer Priester aus China notch Lndien, 1833 — Asia- tische Studien, 1837 — Lehrsaal des Mittelreichs, 1836 — Vblker des siidlichen Russland, 1847 — Geschichte des Lnglisch-chinesisehen Kriegs, 1846 — Geschichte des Englisclien Reiehs in Asien, 1857 — Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, 1863-6. Neumann, Kaspar, chemist, — h. at Zullichau, 1683 — goes to Berlin, 1705 — Prof. Chemistry, Berlin, 1723 — F.K.S. London, 1725 — M.f). Halle, 1727 — member of Academy Naturae Curiosorum, 1728 — member of Institute of Bologna, 1734 — tf. at Berlin, Oct. 1737. Vollstandige Medicinische Chymie, 1749-55. Neumark, of Brandenburg, — purchased by Teutonic Knights from Sigismund, king of Hungary, 1402 — ravaged by Poles, 1422 — placed under protection of Frederick II., Margrave of Brandenburg, 1454 — sold to him, 1455- Neumarkt, — Archduke Charles defeats Ber- nadotte near, 22-23 Aug. 1796. Neuralgia, — observed and described (tic- douloureux) by Andre, 1756. Neustadt, in Prussian Silesia, — battles be- tween Austrians and Prussians at, 22 May and 7-12 Sep. 1745, and 15 Mar. 1760 — bom- barded and burnt by Austrians, 28 Feb. 1779. Neustadt, in Lower Austria, — the Duke of Austria besieged in, by Frederick II., 1237 — besieged by Tatars, summer 1241 — burnt down, 14 Sep. 1834. Neustria, — allotted as separate kingdom (Soisso)is) to Clotaire, on division of domin- ions of Clovis, 511 — his son Chilperic succeeds, 561 — Clotaire II., (son,) 584 — Dagobert I., (son,) 622— Clovis II., (son,) 638— Clotaire III., (son,) 656— Thierry III., (brother,) 670 — Clovis III., (son,) 691— Childebert III., (brother,) 695 — Dagobert III., (son,) 711 — Chilperic II., 715 — Thierry IV., (son of Dago- bert III.,) 720 — interregnum, 737-42 — Chil- deric III., (son of Chilperic II.,) 742 — Carlo- man and Pepin, 743 — Pepin the Short, 752 — Charlemagne, 768 — [See names of kings, Franks, and France.] Neutrality, — [Armed Neutrality] — regu- lated by resolutions of plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Eussia, Sardinia, and Turkey, at Paris, 16 Apr. 1856. Neva, river of Russia, — the Swedes defeated by Alexander, Prince of Novogorod, (Alexander Newski,) 1241 — fortifications erected along the, 1854. Nevada Territory, TT. S., — organized, 1861. Nevers, in France, {Noviodunum JEduorum, Nivernum,) — occupied by Attila, about 433 a — seat of a bishopric, about 515 a — erected into a County, about 880 b — taken and burnt by Hugh, Count of Paris, 952 — passes to Otto, Duke of Burgundy, 960 a — fortified by Peter of Cour- tenay, 11 94— burnt, 1305, 1308, 1395, 146 1, and 1490 — ravaged by pestilence, 1493 — erected into a Duchy by Francis L, Jan. 1539 — sold by Duke Charles of Gonzaga to Cardinal Maza- rin, 11 Jul. 1659 — united to Crown of France, 1665. Church of St Stephen, built, about 1083. College, founded, 1520. a Encyc. Mod. b Univers Pittoresque. Nevers, Francis of Cleves, 1st Duke or, — h., 15 16 — succeeds his father as Count d'Eu, 1521 — Duke of Nevers, 1539 — takes command of army sent into the Netherlands, 155 1— cap- tures fortresses on the Meuse, 1552 — takes part in defence of Metz, 1552 — holds Toul against Charles V., 1552— commands in Picardy, 1553 — distinguishes himself in Flanders, 1554 — at St Quentin, 1557 — at siege of Thionville, 1558 — warns Francis II. of conspiracy of Amboise, 1560 — tf. at Nevers, 13 Feb. 1562. Nevers, Louis de Gonzaga, Duke of, — fi. , 18 Sep. 1539 — taken to Court of France, 1549 — naturalized, 1550 — taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — Duke of Nevers by his mar- riage with the Duchess, Henrietta of Cleves, 1565 — governor of Piedmont, 1567-74 — be- sieges and takes Macon, Nov. 1567 — com- mander of Paris, autumn 1572 — at siege of Rochelle, 1573 — accompanies Duke of Anjou to Poland, 1573 — S oes to Borne to consult Sixtus Y., 1585— commands against Huguenots in Poitou, 1588 — head of deputation sent to Pope Clement VIII. to obtain absolution of Henry IV., Sep. 1593 — tf. at Nesle, 22 Oct. 1595- " r Nevers, Count op. [John Sans Peur.] Neville, Anne, — marries Prince Edward, son of Henry VI., Jul. or Aug. 1470 — left a widow, May 147 1 — marries Bichard, Duke of Glou- cester, 1472 — crowned Queen of England, 6 Jul. 1483 — tf., 16 Mar. 1485. Neville, Charles and Ralph. [Westmore- land, Eahls of.] Neville, George, Abp of York and Lord Chancellor, — fc., about 1435 — Bp of Exeter, Mar. 1456 [consecrated, about 1462] — Lord Chancellor, 25 Jul. 1460 — sworn in Chancellor to Edward IV., Mar. 146 1 — Abp of York, Jun. 1465 — deprived of the Seals, 8 Jun. 1467 — sup- ports projects of his brother Richard, Earl of "Warwick, and has custody of Edward IV. at Middleham, 1470 — admits Edward IV. to London, Apr. 147 1 — imprisoned a short time in the Tower, 147 1 — deprived of his possessions and imprisoned at Guisnes, near Calais, 1472 — released, returns to England, 19 Dec. 1475 — tf., 8 Jun. 1476. Neville, John. [Montagu, Lord.] Neville, Richard. [Warwick, Earl of.] Nevill's Cross, near Durham, — David II. of Scotland defeated and taken prisoner by the English, 12 Oct. 1346. Nevis, one of the Leeward Islands, — colon- ized by the English, 1628 — submits to au- thority of Cromwell, 1652 — occupied by the French, 1706-13 — again, 1782 — restored to the English by Treaty of Versailles, 1783. New Albion, —[California, Oregon] — first NEW AMSTERDAM— NEW SOUTH WALES. 1027 visited by Sir Francis Drake, Jun. 1579— ex- plored by Vancouver, 1792. New Amsterdam. [New York.] New Britain, island in the Pacific Ocean, — seen by Le Maire and Schouten, 1616 — dis- covered and visited by Dampier, 1700. New Brunswick, in British America, — forms part of French dominions, (Acadia,) from about 1640— ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13— settled by British colonists, 1764 — separated from Nova Scotia, made independent colony, and receives _ its pre- sent name, 1785 — great conflagration in, 1825 — becomes part of dominion of Canada, 1 Jul. 1867. New Caledonia, in Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Captain Cook, 1774 — taken pos- session of by French, 1854. New College, Oxford, — founded by William of Wykeham, 1386 — reorganized, by ordinances of 1857 — amended, 1865. New College, London, — founded, 1850. New England, — colonized by Puritans of England, 1607-30. [See names of separate States.'] New Forest, in Hampshire, — formed by William I., 1079 — survey of, taken, 1608 — devastated by hurricane, 26 Nov. 1703 — sur- veys of, taken, 1707, 1764, and 1783 — Com- mission of Inquiry respecting claims of forest- ers and borderers appointed, 1 854. New Georgia Archipelago, {Solomon's Islands,) in Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Mendana, 1567 — by Bougainville, 1768. New Granada, in S. America, — discovered by Alonso de Ojeda, 1499 — visited by Colum- bus, 1502 — Spanish settlement in, 15 10 — interior conquered by Ximenes de Quesada, 1536-7 — erected into a viceroyalty, 1718 — de- clares its independence, 1811 — civil war in, 181 1-2 1 — forms a republic with Venezuela, 1 8 19 — [Colombia] — again a separate republic, 1 83 1 — revolution in, 1854 — new division and new constitution (federal) established, 15 Jun. 1858 — takes name of Granadian Confederation: revolution in, i860 — terminated by Convention of 29 Sep. 1862: takes name of United States of Colombia. New Guinea, Papua, island, — discovered by Portuguese, about 1526 — visited by Saave- dra, 1528 and 1529 — by Ynigo Ortiz de Retz, 1545 — by Torres, 1606 — by Schouten, 1616 — by Tasman, 1643 — discovered to be an island, by Dampier, 1699 — seen by Cook, 1770 — ex- plored by MacCluer, 1792 — by Flinders, 1802 — Dutch settlement in, 1828 — abandoned, 1835— visited by Stanley, 1848. New Hampshire, U S., — English settlement in, 1623 — made a royal province, 1679 — attached to Massachusetts, 1689 — becomes separate province again, 1741 — declares royal government dissolved, 1775— establishes House of Representatives, 1776 — one of the States of the Union, 1784 — ratines the Constitution, 21 Jun. 1788. New Harmony, Indiana, U. S., — settlement of German Socialists under George Rapp, 18 14 — sold to Robert Owen, 1824 — broken up, 1826. New Haven. [Newhaven.] New Hebrides, — discovered by Pedro Fer- nandez de Quiros and Luis Vaez de Torres, 1605-7 — (Tena del JEspiritu Santo,) redis- covered by Captain Cook, 1774. New Holland. [Australia.] New Inn Hall, Oxford, — presented to New College, by William of Wykeham, 1392. New Ireland, island in Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Carteret, 1767. New Jersey, U. S., — settled by Dutch, about 1620 — English settlement in, 1634 — Swedish settlement, 1638 — given to James, Duke of York, by Charles II., 1664 — his patent sold to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, 1665 — recovered by Dutch, Jul. 1673 — restored to England, by Treaty of 1674 — purchased by Penn, Feb. 1682 — proprietary surrendered to Queen Anne, 1702 — separated from New York, 1736 — constitution published, 2 Jul. 1776 — one of the States of the Union, 1784 — ratifies federal constitution, 18 Dec. 1787 — new con- stitution adopted, 1844. New Jerusalem Church. [See Swedenborg.] New London, Connecticut, U. S., — founded by Winthrop, 1644 — burnt by Arnold, 6 Sep. 1781. New Mexico, — reached by Alvar Nunez, before 1537 — explored by Coronado, 1540 — taken possession of, for Spain, 1595 or 1599 — Spaniards driven out, r 680 — recovered by them, 1698 — conquered by Americans under Gen. Kearney, 1846-7 — ceded to United States by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 — consti- tuted a Territory of United States, and its government regulated by Act of Congress, 9 Sep. 1850 — augmented by territory acquired from Mexico, 4 Aug. 1 854. New Orleans, capital of Louisiana, XT. S., — founded by French, 17 18 — [Louisiana] — seat of government of Louisiana, 1723 — great tire at, 21 Mar. 1788 — new fortifications erected, 1792-7 — Gen. Jackson defeats Gen. Pakenham at, 8 Jan. 1815 — joins Confederates, Jan. 1861 — surrenders to Farragut, 28 Apr. 1862 — martial law proclaimed at, by Gen. Butler, 1 May — suffers from inundation, Jun. 1871. Cathedral, built, 1850. University, founded, 1849. Custom House, commenced, 1848. New Providence. [Bahamas.] New River, London, — [Myddelton, Sir Hugh] — formation of, authorized by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 18, 1605 — amended by 4 Jac. I. c. 12, 1606 — commenced, May 1609 — completed, and opened, Michaelmas 1613. New Ross, in Ireland, — fortified, 1269 — taken possession of by Cromwell, and fortifi- cations demolished, 1649— unsuccessfully at- tacked by rebels, 4 Jun. 1798. New South Shetland, islands, — discovered by Captain Smith, 18 19. New South Wales,— discovered by Captain Cook, 1770 — flag first hoisted by Captain Arthur Philip? 26 Jan. 1788 — English convict settlement in, 1788 — [Botany Bay] — explor- ation of interior commenced by Oxley, 1817 — [Australia] — administration of, provided for by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 63, 15 Jul. 1828— con- 65 * 1028 NEW STYLE— NEWCASTLE-UPOX-TYXE. tinued and amended by Act 3 and 4 Yic. c. 62, 7 Aug. 1840 — constitution proclaimed, 1848 — district of Port Philip made a separate colony, 1 850 — [Victoria] — constitution amended by Act 18 and 19 Yic. c. 54, 16 Jul. 1855 — separation of Queensland, 1859. New Style. [Calendar.] New York, State, {New Amsterdam?) — ter- ritory reached by Champlain, Jul. 1609 — ex- plored by Hudson, Sep. 1609 — Dutch settle- ment in, 1 6 14 — territory transferred by charter to Dutch YYest India Company, 1621 — portion of, claimed by English settlers, 1627 — conquered by English, under Sir Eobert Holmes, and given to James, Duke of Y'ork, 12 Mar. 1664 — its name changed to New York, 1664 — ceded to England by Treaty of Breda, 31 Jul. 1667 — recovered by Dutch, and named New Orange, 1673 — ceded by treaty to England, 9 Feb. 1674 — and its present name restored : declares its independence, 20 Apr. 1777 — one of the States of the Union, 1784 — slavery abolished, 1817. New York, capital of the State, — founded by Dutch, (as New Amsterdam,) 1623 — slave market established, 17 11 — taken by British, under Gen. Howe, 26 Aug. 1776 — evacuated by them, 25 Nov. 1783 — first Congress meets at, 1785 — ratifies constitution of the Union, 1788 — great fires at, 16 Dec. 1835 and 19 Jul. 1845 — riots at Astor House Theatre, and ex- pulsion of Macready, May 1849 — International Exhibition opened, 14 Jul. 1853 — disturbances respecting the police, Jun. to Jul. 1857 — riots excited by Conscription, 13 Jul. 1863 — Orange and Catholic riots, suppressed by military, 12 Jul. 1871. University of, chartered, 1831 — opened, 1832. Columbia College, established, 1754. Coltege of Physicians and Surgeons, founded, 1791 — chartered, 1807. Theological Seminary, (Episcopal,) established, 1819 — chartered, 1822 — (Presbyterian,) founded, 1836 — chartered, 1839. New Exchange, built, 1836. Cooper Institute, founded, about 1858. City Hall, commenced, 1803 — completed, 18 12. Hospital, chartered by George III., 177 1. Astor library, founded, 1848. Academy of Design, chartered, 1826. Croton Aqueduct, commenced, 1837 — completed, 1845. New Zealand,— discovered by Tasman, Dec. 1642 — circumnavigated by Captain Cook, 1769- 70 — visited thrice by Cook, 1772-4 — and again, 1777-8 — by Vancouver, 1791 — wkale-fishery begins to be carried on, 17 90- 1800 — mission- aries sent by Church Missionary Society, 18 14 — English Consul sent, 1833 — Company formed, 1838^ i84i b — first English settle- ments, 1839 — constituted a colony, Jan. 1840 — sovereignty transferred to the Crown, by Treaty of Waitangi, 1840 — created a bishop- ric, 1 841 — war with the natives occasioned by disputes respecting land, 1843-7 — Captain Fitzroy Lieutenant-governor, 1844 — Sir George Grey governor, 1846-54 — the Com- pany resign their claims to the government, 1852 — divided into provinces and new consti- tution established by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 72, 30 Jun. 1852 — gold discovered in, Oct. 1852 — bishopric of Christchurch founded, 1854 — war renewed, 1861 — Sir George Grey reap- pointed governor, Jun. 1861 — establishment of new provinces, sanctioned by Act 24 Vic. c. 30, 11 Jul. 1 86 1 — war again breaks out, Jan. 1863 — boundaries altered by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 23, 8 Jun. 1863 — submission of natives and virtual close of the war, 6 Aug. 1864 — peace proclaimed, 2 Sep. 1865 — renewed dis- turbances and massacre of settlers at Poverty Bay, 1868 — massacre of settlers at Mohaka, by Te Kooti, 11 Apr. 1869 — hostilities renewed, 31 Jul. 1869 — last British troops leave the colony, 22 Jan. 1870. [See Auckland, Wel- lington, and names of other settlements.'] a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. Newark, in Nottinghamshire, — castle built by Alexander, Bp of Lincoln, 11 26 — seized by Stephen, besieged by barons, 1216 — cap- tured by Earl of Pembroke, 1217 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1642 — besieged by Parliament- arians, 1643 — surrendered to Scots, 11 May 1646 — castle demolished, 1646. Newark, in New Jersey, — settled by emi- grants from Connecticut, 1666 — made port of entry, 1834 — incorporated as a city, 1836. Academy, established, 1792. Newark, David Leslie, 1st Lord, general, — serves under Gustavus Adolphus in Thirty Years' YYar, about 1630 — as Major-general, serves under Earl of Leven, in England, 1644 — as- sists at siege of York, 1644 — distinguishes himself at Marston Moor, 1644 — defeats Mont- rose near Selkirk, 13 Sep. 1645 — at siege of Newark, 1646— Commander-in-chief of Roy- alist army, 1650 — defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar, 3 Sep. 1650— and at* Worcester, 3 Sep. 1 65 1 — committed to the Tower, 1651 — liberated, 1660 — created Lord Newark, by Charles II., Aug. 1661 — o\, 1682. Newbern, in N Carolina, — captured by Gen. Burnside, 11 Mar. 1862. Newburn, in Northumberland, — English troops defeated by the Scots, 28 Aug. 1640. Newbury, in Berkshire, — Charles I. re- pulsed by Earl of Essex, 20 Sep. 1643 — in- decisive engagement between Charles I. and Earl of Manchester, 27 Oct. 1644. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, (Pons JElii, Monk- chester,) — mentioned as Roman station, about 445 — fortress built by Robert, son of William the Conqueror, 1080 — taken by William II., 1095 — seized by David I. of Scotland, 11 35 — again, 11 36 — conference at, between Xing John and William the Lion, about 1209 — King John marches through, 121 3 — ravaged by plague, 1234-6 — conference of Henry III. and Alexander, king of Scotland, 1236 — visited by Henry III., 1255 — coal trade important, as early as 1281 — Baliol does homage to Edward I. at, 26 Dec. 1292 — threatened by Scots, 1297 — by Wallace, 1299 — Avails partly rebuilt, 1299 — furnishes ships for siege of Calais, 1317 — unsuccessfully attacked by David Bruce, Jun. 1342 — Edward III. keeps Christmas at, 1353 — threatened by Scots, 1388 — Henry IV. at, Jul. to Aug. 1400, and Jun. 1405 — congress at, and truce concluded between Scots and Eng- NEWCASTLE— NEWGATE MAEKET. 1029 lish, 12 Dec. 1465 — another, 25 Apr. 1472 — Henry VII. resides at, summer 1487 — visit- ed by Princess Margaret, 24-26 Jul. 1503 — head-quarters of Earl of Surrey, 1513 — head- quarters of Duke of Somerset, 1547— ravaged hy pestilence, 1588-9 — visited by James L, 9- 13 Apr. 1603 — again, 23 Apr. to 4 May 16 17 — visited by Charles L, 3-5 Jun. 1633 — ravaged by pestilence, May to Dec. 1635 — ravaged by plague, 1636 — visited by Charles L, 5-17 May 1639 — taken possession of by Scots, 30 Aug. 1640 — evacuated, Aug. 1641 — again attacked by them, Feb. 1 644 — besieged by Earl of Leven, 13 Aug. ; taken, 20 Oct. 1644 — Charles I. takes refuge at, 6 May 1646 — Cromwell at, Sep. and Oct. 1648 — again, is Jul- I ^5° — Gen. Monk received at, 6 Jan. 1669 — bread-riots at, Jun. to Jul. 1740 — head-quarters of royal army in rebellion of 1745 — inundation, 17 Nov. 177 1 — great fire, 1854 — British Association meets at, 26 Aug. 1863 — visited by Emperor and Empress of Brazil, 4 Aug. 1871. College of Physical Science, opened, 9 Oct. 1871 — in- augurated, 24 Oct. High Level Bridge, opened by Queen Victoria, 28 Sep. 1849. Exchange Buildings, erected, 1858. Literary and Phi- losophical Lnstitution, founded, 1793 — building erected, 1825. Antiquarian Society, 18 13. Grammar School, established, 1525. Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham. Clinton, Duke of, — h., 30 Jan. 1785— suc- ceeds his father, 1795 — opposes Beforni Bill, 1831-2— tf., 1851. Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of, and Earl of Lincoln, — b. in London, n May 181 1 — M.P. South Not- tinghamshire, 1832 — Lord of. the Treasury, 1834 — Commissioner of Woods and Forests, 1 841 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, Jan. 1846 — succeeds his father, 1851 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1853 — Secretary of State for War, 1854 — resigns and visits the Crimea, 1855 — again Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1 859 — accompanies Prince of Wales to America, i860— resigns, Apr. 1864 — tf., 18 Oct. 1864. Newcastle, Margaret Lucas, Duchess of, — fc. in Essex, about 1625 — Maid of Honour to the Queen, 1643 — married to Marquis of New- castle at Paris, 1645 — accompanies him to Ant- werp, 1645 — tf. in London, Dec. 1673. World's Olio, 1655 — Comedies, 1662 and 1668 — Philo- sophical Letters, 1664 — Life of William, Puke of Newcastle, 1667. Newcastle, Thomas Holies Pelham, Duke of, Prime Minister of England, — ft., 1693 — created Duke by George I., 17 15 — Privy Councillor, 17 17 — K.G., Mar. 17 18 — signs the Quadruple Alliance, 17 18— one of the Lords Justices, May 1720 — Secretary of State, 1724 — resigns, n Feb. 1746 — reappointed, 14 Feb. — First Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 1754 — resigns, Nov. 1756— reappointed, Jul. 1757 — resigns, May 1762 — declines a pension at same time : tf., 17 Nov. 1768. Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, — rj., 1592 — K.B. by James I., 1610 — created Viscount Mansfield, 3 Nov. 1620 — Earl of Newcastle, 7 Mar. 1628 — governor to Prince of Wales, 1638-40 — governor of Newcastle and four- northern counties, 1642 — carries on the war with Lord Fairfax : escorts the queen from Burlington to York, Feb. 1643 — created Marquis, 27 Oct. 1643— defeats Fairfax, near Bradford, 30 Jun. 1643 — refuses to march with Charles I. on London, Aug. 1643 — defends York, Apr. to Jun. 1644— defeated at Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — withdraws to the con- tinent, 1644 — returns from Antwerp, 1660 — created Duke, by Charles II., 16 Mar. 1664 — tf., 25 Dec. 1676. Newcomb, Thomas, poet, — ft., 1675 — rector of Stopham in Sussex, 1734 — tf., about 1766. Last Judgment, 1723 — Odes and Epigrams, 1743 — Poems, Odes, Epistles, §c, 1756. Newcome, William, Abp of Armagh, — ft. in Bedfordshire, 10 Aug. 1729 — enters Pem- broke Coll. Oxford, 1745 — M.A., 1753 — D.D., 1765 — chaplain to Earl of Hertford, Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1765 — Bp of Dro- more, 1766 — Bp of Ossory, 1775 — Bp of Waterford, 1779 — Abp of Armagh, Jan. 1795 ■ — tf. at Dublin, 11 Jan. 1800. Harmony of the Gospels, 1778 — New Version of Twelve Minor Prophets, 1785 — New Version of Eze- Jciel, 1788 — Historical View of English Bibli- cal Translations, 1792 — Attempt towards re- vising our English translation of the Greek Scriptures, 1800. Newcomen, Thomas, — patents his improve- ments in the steam-engine, 1705. Newdigate Prize, Oxford University, — founded by will of Sir Boger Newdigate, ft., 1 7 19 — M.P. Oxford University, 1751-80 — tf., 25 Nov. 1806. Newfoundland, — probably discovered by Norwegians from Greenland, about 1000 — visited by Odalbrand and Thorwald Helgason, 1285 — rediscovered by John Cabot, 24 Jun. 1497 — explored by Jacques Cartier, 1534 — taken possession of for Queen Elizabeth, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 5 Aug. 1583 — colonies settled in by Sir George Calvert, 1621 — by Lord Falkland, 1633 — and by Sir D. Kirk, 1654 — attacked and partly conquered by the French, 1708— confirmed to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — Labrador and island of Anticosti annexed to, 1809 — receives con- stitution, 1832 — with the Bahamas erected into a bishopric, 1839— joins N. American Con- federation, 9 Jun. 1869. Cod fishery commenced by Portuguese and French, 150 1-2 — claimed by English, and the foreign ships engaged in it captured by Drake, 1585 — Company incor- porated by James I., 1610 — prohibited to American fishermen by Act 16 Geo. III. c. 31, 30 Mar. 1775 — opened to them by Treaty of Washington, 7 Jun. 1854 — carried into effect by Act 18 Vic. c. 3, 19 Feb. 1855. Newgate, prison, London, — mentioned, 12 18 — rebuilt by Whittington's executors, about 1430? — burnt, 1666 — rebuilt, soon after : taken down and rebuilt, 1779 — attacked and partly burnt by Gordon rioters, 1780. Newgate Market, London, — abolition of, authorized by Act of Parliament, 1861 — abol- 1030 NEWHAVEN— NEWTON. isked on completion of Meat Market, Smith- field, Dec. 1868. Newhaven, in Connecticut, TT. S., — English settlement, 1638 — refuses to he united with Connecticut hy Eoyal Charter, 1662 — is united with Connecticut, May 1665 — plundered hy British, 5 Jul. 1779 — constituted a city, 1784. [Yale College.] State Hospital, founded, 1832. Newmarket, — mentioned, 1227 — racing at, introduced, about 1590 ? — hecomes celebrated, about 1625-30. Newport, Isle of Wight, — negotiations be- tween the parliament and Charles I. opened at, 18 Sep. 1648 — cease, 27 Nov. Newport, in Monmouthshire, — Chartist rising at, Nov. 1839. Newport, George, comparative anatomist, physiologist, — ft. at Canterbury, 6 Jul. 1803 — Pres. Entomological Society, 1844-5 — receives Eoyal Medal of Eoyal So'ciety, 1851— rj. in London, 6 Apr. 1854. Newry, in Ireland, — castle built by John de Courcy, soon after 115 3 — destroyed by Edward Bruce j 13 15 — rebuilt, and again destroyed by Shane O'Neil, 1565 — rebuilt by Bagnal Marshal; suffers in the rebellion, 1641-2 — destroyed by troops of James II., 1689. Newspapers, — [B C] — Acta Senatus, by au- thority, Acta Diurna, published at Borne, 59 — [AD] — printed, introduced at Augshurg and Vienna, as early as 1524 — at Venice, 1570 — weekly, commenced in England, 1622 — estab- lished at Paris, 1631 — at Edinburgh, 1660 — publication of, without licence, declared illegal oy proclamation of Charles II., 12 May 1680 — established at Dublin, 1685 — at Moscow, 1703 — at Boston, II. S., 1704 — daily, commenced in London, 1709 — stamp duty imposed on, by Act 10 Ann., c. 19, 17 12— begin to report par- liamentary debates, close of 1770 — futile attempt of House of Commons to prevent, Jan. to Feb. 177 1 — English, prohibited in France, 1 Jan. 1785 — again, hy Napoleon, 25 Aug. 1802 — publication of, regulated by Acts 38 Geo. III. c. 78, 28 Jun. 1798 ; 44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804; 60 Geo. III. c. 9, 30 Dec. 1 819; 1 Wm IV. c. 73, 23 Jul. 1830— duty on, reduced, and laws respecting, amended, by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 76, 13 Aug. 1836 — laws respecting postage of, consolidated and amended by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 54, 13 Aug. 1836 — new regulations made by Acts 3 and 4 Vic. c. 96, 10 Aug. 1840, and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 63, 4 Aug. 1853 — duty repealed or made optional, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 27, 15 Jun. 1855— statutes relating to printing of, repealed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 24, 12 Jul. 1869. In France, weekly, commenced, 1 Apr. 1631 — daily, commenced, 1777 — large increase in number of, 1 7 89 — suppressed or made subj ect to censorship, by First Consul, 7 Jan. 1800 — regulated by law of 21 Oct. 1814 — prohibited without authorization of the king, 28 Feb. 1817 — freed from censorship, 28 May 1819 — censorship reestablished by ordinance of Louis XVIII. , 15 Aug. 1824 — new regulations^ 12 Mar. 1827 — repealed, 17 Apr. 1827 — duty im- posed on, and other restrictions, Aug. 1835 — increase in number, spring 1848 — restrictions imposed on, Jun. 1848 — names of writers ordered to be added to each article, 1851 — laws respecting, consolidated and made more stringent by De'cret Organique sur la Fresse, Feb. 1852 — suppression of many, by Commune of Paris, Apr. to May 1871. In Australia, commenced, 1803. In Turkey, first started, *795- Newton, Gilbert Stuart, painter, — fj. at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 1794 — visits Italy, 1 8 17 — comes to England, about 181 8 — student at Eoyal Academy, 1820 — A.E.A., 1828 — E.A., 1832 — rj. at Chelsea, 5 Aug. 1835. Captain Macheath, 1826 — Yorick and the Grisette, 1830. Newton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, natural philosopher, — h. at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, 25 Dec. 1642 — sent to Grantham School, 1654 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 5 Jun. 1660 — invents Binomial Theorem, 1663-4 — establishes Doctrine of Fluxions, before 1665 — B.A., 1665 — discovers composition of solar light, 1666 — M.A., 1667 — theory of gravitation conceived, before 1667 — constructs reflecting telescope, 1668-9 — Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, 1669- 1703 — F.E.S., n Jan. 1672 — announces principle of interferences, Mar. 1674 — cor- responds with Leibnitz, 1676-7 — co-delegate to defend privileges of Cambridge University, before High Commission Court, 1687 — member of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Warden of the Mint, 1695 — Pres. E.S., 30 Nov. 1695 — Master, 1699 — Foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1701 — Knt, 16 Apr. 1705 — tf. at Kensington, 20 Mar. 1727. Frincipia, presented to E.S., 28 Apr. 1686 — published, May 1687-17 13-26 — Optics, 1704 — Arithmetica Universalis, 1707 — Method of Fluxions and Analysis by Infinite Series, written, 1669 — published, 17 11 — Me- thodus Diff., 17 1 1 — Chronology, 1728 — Optical Lectures, 1728 — Observations on Daniel and the Apocalypse, 1733 — Letters on Disputed Texts, 1754 — Letters to Bentley, 10 Dec. 1692 to 11 Feb. 1693. Newton, John, theologian, — h. in London, 24 Jul. 1725 — seized by press gang, 1743 — marries, 1 Feb. 1750 — takes holy orders, 29 Apr. 1764 — curate of Olney, Bucks, 1764 — Eector of St Mary Woolnoth, London, 1779 — loses his wife, 15 Dec. 1790 — }j. in London, 31 Dec. 1807. Narrative of his own Life, 1764 — with Cowper, Olney Ftymns, 1779 — Review of Ecclesiastical History, 1770 — Omicron's Letters on Religion, 1762 — Messiah, 1786. Newton, Mrs, {Ann Mary Severn,) painter, — fj., 1832 — marries Charles Thomas Newton, 1 861 — tf. in London, 2 Jan. 1866. Newton, Thomas, Bp of Bristol, — J. at Lichfield, 1704 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1723 — ordained priest, 1730 — D.D., 1745 — Chaplain to Princess of Wales, 1751 — to the king, 1757 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1757 — Bp of Bristol, 1761 — Dean of St Paul's, 1768 — rj., 14 Feb. 1782. Dissertation on the Frophecies, 1755 — edition of Faradise Lost 1749. NET— NICE. 1031 Ney, Fran§ois, a Jean, b diplomatist, — fc. in Holland, about 1560 — General of Franciscan Order in Spain, 1607 — negotiates treaty be- tween Spaniards and Dutch, Apr. 1609 — fc. in Spain, about 1620. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ney, Michel, Prince of the Moskowa, Duke of Elchingen, Marshal of France, — ft. at Sarre-Louis, 10 Jan. 1769 — enters the army, 1787 — as Adjutant-general, contributes to victory of Neuwied, 1796 — distinguishes himself at Altenkirchen, Montabour, and Dierdorf, 1796 — takes Wiirzburg, 1796 — General of Brigade, Aug. 1796 — takes Man- heim by surprise, 12 Mar. 1799 — General of Division, Mar. 1799 — seizes artillery of the enemy at Iller, 5 Jun. 1800 — contributes to victory of Marengo, 14 Jun., and of Hohenlin- den, 3 Dec. 1800 — Minister-plenipotentiary to Helvetian Republic, 1803 — Marshal of the Empire, 1804 — takes Elchingen by storm, 4 Oct. 1805 — distinguishes himself at Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 — receives capitulation of Erfurt, 15 Oct., and of Magdeburg, 11 Nov.— destroys Prussian corps at Deppen, 5 Feb. 1807 — con- tributes to victory of Friedland, 14 Jun. 1807 — distingiush.es himself in Spain, 1808, and in Portugal, 18 10 — takes part in expedition of Russia, 1 81 2 — distinguishes himself at capture of Smolensko, 17 Aug., at Valentina, 19 Aug., and receives title of Prince at the Moskwa, 14 Sep. 18 12 — obtains victories of Lutzen and Bautzen, May 1 8 1 3 —defeated by Bernadotte at Dannewitz, 6 Sep. 18 13 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1 Jun. — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — joins Napoleon, 13 Mar. 18 15 — distinguishes himself at Waterloo, 18 Jun. 18 15 — proscribed as a traitor, 24 Jul., and arrested near Aurillac, 5 Aug. — condemned to death by Chamber of Peers, 6 Dec. — shot at Paris, 7 Dec. 18 15. Nezib, (JSlsibis,) in Turkey,— Ibrahim de- feats Turks under Hafiz Pacha, 25 Jun. 1839. Ngami, African lake, — indicated on maps, as early as 1508 — visited by Livingstone and others, summer 1 849 — again, 1 850 — by Anders- son, 1855. Niagara, Falls of, — visited and described by Father Hennepin, 1678-97 — by Kalm, i75°-5i- Nibelungenlied, German epic poem, — as- sumes its present form, as early as 12 10 — edited by Lachmann, 1826. Nicsea, iwBithynia, {Isnik,)~[T&G]~ rebuilt, by Antigonus, and named Antigoneia, 316 — its name changed to Nicsea, by Lysimachus, about 300 ? — [A D] — battle of, [see Issus] — plundered and burnt by Goths, 259 a — destroyed by earth- quake, close of 325 — again, 1 1 Oct. 368 — restored byValens,368 — unsuccessfully besieged by Sara- cens, under Moawiyah, 726 — taken by Bardas Sclerus, about 978 — retaken by Bardas Phocas, 979 — taken by Seljuks under Solyman, 107 8, b 1080 c — besieged and taken by Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon, 1097 — gives title of Duke to Louis, Count of Blois, 1204° — made capital of Greek empire by Theodore Lascaris, 1206 — John Ducas Vataces (son-in-law) suc- ceeds, 1222— Theodore Lascaris II., (son,) 1255 — John Lascaris, (son,) Aug. 1259— Michael Palseologus, Dec. 1259 — seat of em- pire transferred to Constantinople, 14 Aug. 1 261 — taken by Orchan, and made his capital, 1 33°> b " 1333 c d —pillaged by troops of Timur, 1402 — joins in conspiracy in favour of Mus- tapha, and is reduced by Amurath II., 1422— visited by Sir Charles Fellowes, 1838. Councils of, — First General, held before Emperor Con- stantine, to condemn Arius, to prepare the Symbol, {Nicene Creed,) and on discipline, 19 Jun. to 25 Aug. 325 — Seventh General, under Pope Adrian and Emperor Constantine, to con- demn Iconoclasts, and reestablish worship of images, 24 Sep. to 23 Oct. 787— others, 1232 and 1250. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Engl. Cyc. d Art de Verifier les Dates. e Finlay. Nicander, — [B C] — medical poet, — fl., about I ^5" I 35- a a Smith's Diet. Nicander, Henrik, astronomer, — b. in Swe- den, 1774 — studies atTJpsala, 1753 — member of Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1776— First Secretary, 1784 — rj. at Stockholm, 11 Feb 1815. Nicander, Karl August, poet, — b. in Sweden, 20 Mar. 1799 — if., 7. Feb. 1839. Nicanor, grammarian, — ft, about 127. Nicaragua, in Central America, — seen by Hernan Ponce, 15 16 — discovered and taken possession of by Gil Gonzales de Avila, 152 1 — conquered and settled by Pedro Arias de Avila, 1522 — revolts against Spain, and is incorpor- ated with Mexico, 1821 — joins confederation of Central America, 1824 — independent republic, 1839 — dispute with Great Britain about Mos- quito Coast begins, 1847-8 ■ — expedition of Walker the Filibuster against, routed, 28 Jun. 1855 — new constitution established, 19 Aug. 1858 — civil war between Conservatives and Liberals, 1855-7. Nicaraguan Canal, to unite Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, — projected by Gomara, as early as 155 1 — surveys for, by Galisted, made, 17 81 —by Baily, 1838— by Childs, 1851. Niccolini, Giovanni Battista, poet, — fj. near Pisa, 31 Dec. 1785 — Prof. History and Mytho- logy, Academy of Fine Arts, Florence, 1807 — his Folissene crowned by Academy della Crusca, 1 810 — fc. at Florence, 20 Sep. 1861. Nabucco, 1819 — Antonio Foscarini, 1827 — Giovanni da Frocida, 1830 — Arnaldo da Brescia, 1845 — Filippo Strozzi, 1847. Nice, in Bithynia. [Nicsea.] Nice, in France, (Nizza, ancient Kikaia,) — besieged by Ligurians, 154 — passes from the Franks to Genoese, 639 s — to Counts of Aries, 879 a — belongs to Alfonso II. of Aragon, 1176 — recovers independence, 12 15— forms alliance with Pisa and Genoa : passes to House of An- jou, 1246 — to Count of Savoy, 1388 — posses- sion of, demanded by Clement VII. and refused, 1533 — refuses to admit Paul III. during con- ferences between Charles V. and Francis I., 1538 — plundered by French and Turks, 1543 — taken by French under Catinat, 1691 — restored to Savoy by Treaty of Ryswick, 1698 — again taken by French under Duke of Berwick, 1706 1032 NICENE CREED— NICHOLAS V. ■ — retaken by Prince Eugene ; again taken by French, 1744 — seized by French and annexed to the Republic, 1792— ceded to France by king of Sardinia, 15 May 1796 b — occupied by Aus- trians under Gen. Melas, 11-27 May 1800 b — restored to Sardinia, 18 14 — annexed to France by Treaty of Paris, i860 — meeting of Napo- leon III. and Alexander II. at, 27-28 Oct. 1864 — disturbances at, 10 Feb. 1871. Treaty of , for ten years' truce between Charles V. and Francis I. concluded by mediation of Paul IIL, 18 Jun. 1538. a Encyc. Mod. b Alison. Nicene Creed, [Symbolum JSTiccenum,) — pre- pared and adopted by First General Council, held at Nicsea, 325 — approved by Council of Milan, 346 — and by Council of Sardica, 347 — confirmed by Council of Rimini, 360 — com- pleted by Council of Constantinople, 381. [Filioque.] Nicephorus I., Emperor of the East, (802-811,) — while grand treasurer under Irene, deposes and banishes her, and is proclaimed Emperor, 31 Oct. 802 — concludes treaty with Charles the Great, fixing boundary of Eastern and Western Empires, 803 — promises tribute to Haroun Al Raschid, 803 — concludes treaty with him, 806 — marches against Bulgarians, 807 and 811 — defeated and killed by Crumnes, their king, 25 Jul. 811. Nicephorus II. Phocas, Emperor of the East,(963-969,) — ft., about 912- — grand domes- tic to Constantine VII., 954 — distinguishes himself as generalissimo, under Romanus II., and defeats Saracens and Russians, 959-963 — proclaimed Emperor, 2 Jul. 963 — marries Theo- phano, Jul. 963 — his expedition to Sicily fails, 963 — drives Saracens out of Cilicia, 966 — takes Cyprus from them ; reconquers Syria, 966-8 — receives embassy from Emperor Otto I., 968 — unsuccessfully attacks Nisibis, 968 — ravages Mesopotamia, and threatens Baghdad, 968 — assassinated, n Dec. 969. Nicephorus III. Botoniates, Emperor of the East, (1078-81,) — proclaimed Emperor, 10 Oct. 1077 — opposed by Bryennius ; sup- ported by Turks, enters Constantinople, 25 Mar. 107 8 — defeats and takes prisoner his rival, 1078 — marries Empress Maria, widow of Michael, and is excommunicated by Gregory VII., 1078 a — deposed by Alexius Comnenus, 1 Apr. 108 1. a a Finlay. Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constanti- nople, — ft. at Constantinople, about 758 — attends second Council of Nicsea, 787 — succeeds Tarasius as Patriarch, 12 Apr. 806 — opposes suppression of image- worship, 814 — banished to monastery of St Theodore, in the Propontis, 815 — tf. there, 2 Jun. 828. Breviarium His- toricum, edited by Petavius, 1616. Nicephorus Blemonidas, Byzantine theo- logian, — fl., about 1255. Nicephorus Bryennius. [Bryennius.] Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus, ecclesi- astical historian, $• Nicocrates, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. HI, 4,) 333- Nicocreon, King of Salamis, Cyprus, — [B C] — submits to Alexander the Great at Tyre, 331 — joins Ptolemy against Antigonus, 323 — obtains chief command in Cyprus, 315. Nicodenms, — [B Cj— Archon at Athens, (01. 74, 2,) 483. Nicodenms, Gospel of, (Acta Pilati,) apo- cryphal, written, probably 320-376.* a Lipsius. Nicodorus, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 116, 3,) 314. Nicolai, Christoph Friedrieh, publisher, miscellaneous writer, — h. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 1733 — establishes himself in business there, 1759 — tf. at Berlin, 8 Jan. 181 1. With Mendelssohn, commences the Bibliothek der Schbnen Wissenschaften, 1757-8 — projects and edits the Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek, 1765-92 — Anekduten von Friedrieh II., 1788-92 — Leben unci Meinungen des Magisters Se- baldus Nothanker, 1773-6. Nicolai, Jean, theologian, — rj. near Stenay in France, 1594 — enters Dominican Order, 1612 — D.D. Paris, 1632 — prior, 1661 — tf. at Paris, 7 May 1673. Theses sur la grace, 1656 — Somme de Saint Thomas, 1663. Nicolai, Johann, archaeologist, — rj. in Ger- many, 1665 — Prof. Antiquities, Tubingen, 1702 — "0. there, 1708. Nicolas, Agostino, litterateur, — b. at Besan- con, 1622 — tf. there, 1695. IstoriadelV ultima rivoluzione del regno di Napoli, 1660 — Disserta- tion morale et juridique si la torture est un moyen sur de verifier les crimes secrets, 168 1. Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris, chronologist, — h. in Cornwall, 10 Mar. 1799 — Lieutenant E. N., 18 15— called to the bar, 1825— F.S.A., about 1825 — joint editor of Retrospective Review, 1826— Knt of the Guelphic Order, 1 831 — Chancellor of Ionian Order of St Michael and St George, 1832 — Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 1840 — tf. near Boulogne, 3 Aug. 1848. Chronology of His- tory, (Notitia Historica,) 1835 — Orders of Knighthood of British Empire, 184 1-2 — Despatches and Letters of Nelson, 1844-6 — History of Royal Navy, (unfinished,) 1847. Nicolaus Damascenus. [Bamascenus.] Nicolaus Myrepsus, physician, — ft, about 1240. Nicolaus Propositus, physician, — fl. at Salerno, about 1125. Nicolay, Ludwig Heinrich von, poet, — fi. at Strasburg, 29 Dec. 1737 — goes to St Petersburg as preceptor to Grand Duke Paul, 1769 — ennobled, 1782 — Director of Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1798 — Privy Councillor, 1801 — tf. in Finland, 18 Nov. 1820. Ver- mischte Gedichte und Prosaische Schriften, 1792-18 10 — Theatralische Werke, 181 1. Nicolay, Nicolas de, traveller, — b. in Dauphiny, 15 17— tf. at Soissons, a at Paris, b 25 Jun. 1583. Navigations et peregrinations, 1568. a Biog- Univ# b Nouy# Biogt Gea# Nicole, Francois, mathematician, — b. at Paris, 23 Dec. 1683 — Associate of Academy of Sciences, 17 18 — pensioner, 1724 — tf., 8 Jan. I758- Nicole, Pierre, theologian, moralist, — b. b. at Chartres, 19 Oct. 1625 — goes to study at Paris, 1 641 — enters Port Boyal, about 1650? — publishes Latin translation of Pascal's Lettres Provinciates, 1658 — is refused admission to holy orders, 1676 — escapes from Paris, 1677 — retires to Brussels, 1679— tf. at Paris, Nov. 1695. With Arnauld, Logique, 1668 — Per- petuite de la Foi de VEglise Catholique touchant V Eucharistie, 1669-76 — Les Imayinaires et les Visionnaires, j66j — Essais de Morale et In- structions Theologiques, 1671 et seq. Nicolino, Grimaldi, actor, singer, — performs in Italy, 1694 — comes to England, 1708 — returns to Italv, 17 15 — living at Borne, i7 2 3. Nicoll, Robert, poet, — b. in Perthshire, 7 Jan. 18 14 — editor of Leeds Times, 1836 — tf. near Edinburgh, 9 Dec. 1837. Poems, 1835. Nicolls, Sir Jasper, general, — serves on the Bio de la Plata, under Crawfurd, 1806 — dis- tinguishes himself at Coruna, 1809 — Quarter- master-general in India, 18 12 — takes part in Nepaulese and Pindaree Wars, 18 15-16 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Bhurtpore. 1825-6— K.C.B., 1826— Lieut. -gen., 1837— Commander-in-chief in India, 1839 — tf. at Beading, 4 May 1849. Nicolo, {Nicolas Isouard,) musical eomposer, — fj. in Malta, 1775 — settles at Paris, 1799 — tf. there, 23 Mar. 181 8. Nicolochos, — [BC] — ravages Tenedos and is blockaded in Abydos by Iphicrates and Dio- timos, 388-7 — defeated by Timotheos near Alyzia, 375. Nicolsburg. [Nikolsburg.] Nicolson, (Nicholson,) William, Abp of Cashel, bibliogr airier, — b. in Cumberland, 1655 — Bp of Carlisle, 17 14— of Londonderry, 17 18 — Abp of Cashel, Jan. 1727— tf. at Lon- derry, Feb. 1727. English Historical Library, 1696-9 — Irish Historical Library, 1724 — Leges March iarum, 1705. Nicomachos, Geeasenos, Pythagorean phi- losopher, — fl., about 30. Nicomachos, painter, — [BC] — fi., about 360. Nicomachos, scribe, — [BC] — garbles the laws of Solon, 405 — prosecuted. Nicomachos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 109, 4) 341. Nicomedes I., King of Bithynia, — [B c] — succeeds his father Zipoetes, 278 — invites NICOMEDES II.— NIEL. 1035 Gauls to aid against his brother Zyboetes, latter part 278,* 277 b — fo., about 250. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Nicomedes II., Epiphanes, King of Bithynia, — [BC] — at Rome, about 155-149 — deposes and kills his father, Prusias II., and succeeds him, 149 — aids Rome against Aris- tonicus, 131 — shares Paphlagonia with Pontus, makes his son Pylsenienes king of Paphlagonia, about 102 — marries Laodice and seizes Cap- padocia, about 96 — murdered by Socrates, about 91. Nicomedes III., Philopator, King of Bithynia, — [B Cj — succeeds his father, Nico- medes II., about 91 — dethroned by Mithridates and restored by Eome, 90 — defeated by Mithri- dates at the Ammius, 88 — flies to Italy : re- stored by Curio, 84 — tf., beginning of 74 — be- queaths his kingdom to Rome. Nicomedia, — [B C] — Astacus, refounded by Mcomedes I.of Bithynia, and so called, 264 — [AD] — plundered and burnt by Goths, 259 — residence of Diocletian, 285-305 — his per- secution of Christians begins at, Feb. 303 — visited by Julian, 350-351 — earthquakes at, 354, 24 Aug. 358, and Aug. 554 — taken by Seljuks, 1078— recovered by Alexius I., 1086 — school of Karaites established at, 1330 — taken by Orchan, beginning of 1338. Council of, held by Emperor Valens, 365 or 366. Nicon, — [B Cj — Archon at Athens, (01. 100, 2,) 379. Nicon, St, theologian, — evangelizes Crete after expulsion of Saracens, after 961 — "&., about 998. Nicon,— compiles Pandects of S. S. canons, &c, lest the Bible should perish, 1060. Nicon, Patriarch of Russian Church. [Nikon.] Nicophemos, — [ BC ] — Archon at Athens, (01. 104, 4,) 361. Nicophon, comic poet, — [B C] — exhibits Adonis, Feb. to Mar. 388. Nicopolis. [Emmaus.] Nicopolis, in Turkey,— founded by Trajan, about 102 — besieged by Sigismund, king of Hungary, 22 Sep. 1396 — Sigismund defeated by Bajazet I., 28 Sep. — defeat of French by Albanians at, 1799— besieged and taken by Russians, Oct. to Dec. 181 1 — Turkish flotilla seized by Russians near, 18 Feb. 1829. Nicopolis, in Armenia, — [B C] — founded by Pompey, about 65 — [AD] — restored by Jus- tinian, 527-565. Council of, respecting Eusta- thius of Sebaste, held, about 372. Nicopolis, in Fpirus, — [BC] — founded by Augustus, in memory of Actium, 30. Nicosia, (Lefkosia,) in Cyprus, — stormed by Turks, 1570. Councils of, on discipline, held by Abp Gerard, 23 Sep. 1298 — by Abp Helie, 17 Jan. 1340. Nicostratos, — [BC] — at Korkyra, 427 — with Nikias takes Kythera, 424 — with Nikias at Khalkidike, 423 — slain in Mantineia, by Agis, 418. Nicostratos, (Philacteros,) comic poet, — [B C]— fl., about 350. Nicot, Jean,— ti. at Nismes, 1530 — ambas- sador of Francis II. to Portugal, 1559 — in- troduces tobacco into France, about 1560 — tf. at Paris, 5 May 1600. Tresor de la Langue Francaise, 1606 — edition of Aimoin s History, 1566. Nicoteles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 97, 2,) 391. Nicotiana. [Tobacco.] Nicotine, Nicotylia, — discovered by Vau- quelin, 1809 — obtained by Posselt and Rei- mann, 1828. Nidda, river in Northumberland, — Council of the, (Niddanum,) for reconciliation of St Wilfrid with the prelates, and reestablishment in his see, 705. Nider (Js r yder, Nieder) Johann, Dominican — enters the Order at Colmar, 1400 — assists at Council of Constance, 14 14 — accompanies General of the Order to Franconia, 1428 — assists at Council of Basel, 143 1 — tf., about 1440. Formicarium, 15 17 — Frceceptorium, 1472 — Tractatus de Visionibus, 1517 (?). Niebuhr, Barthold Georg-, historian, philo- logist, — fc. at Copenhagen, 27 Aug. 1776 — studies at Gottingen, 1793-4 — at Kiel, Easter 1794 to spring 1796 — visits London and Edin- burgh, 1798-9 — marries Amalie Behrens, May 1 800 — goes to Berlin, 5 Oct. 1806 — secretary to Hardenberg, Apr. 1807 — Privy Councillor, Dec. 1809 — historiographer to the king, member of Academy of Sciences, 18 10 — lectures on Roman History at the Univ., 1810-1 1 — serves in war of liberation, 1813-14 — loses his wife, Jun. 1815 — marries Margaret Hensler, 1816 — ambassa- dor to Rome, summer 18 16 — negotiates Con- cordat, 1 82 1 — Knt of the Red Eagle, and of Order of Leopold, 1821 — quits Rome, autumn 1822 — adjunct Prof., Univ. of Bonn, 1823 — tf. at Bonn, 2 Jan. 1831. Ramische Geschichte, 1 81 1 — enlarged and altered, 1827-32 — edits Corpus Scriptorum historice Byzantince, 1828 — Kleine historische iindphilologische Schriftcn, 1828 — Frontonis Reliquice, 1816. Niebuhr, Carsten, traveller, — b. in Holstein, 17 Mar. '1733 — studies at Gottingen, 1757-8 — accompanies as mathematician expedition to Arabia, Jan. 1761 to 'Not. 1767 — tf. at Mel- dorf, 26 Apr. 18 15. Beschreibung von Arabien, 1772 — Feisebeschreibung von Arabien und andern umliegenden Ldndern, 1774-8. Niel, Adolphe, Marshal of France, — b. at Muret, 4 Oct. 1802 — enters the Fcole Poly- technique, 1821 — Captain, 1831— goes to Al- geria, 1832 — distinguishes himself at capture of Constantino, 1837 — Colonel, 1846 — takes part in expedition of Rome, May 1 849 — General of Brigade, Jul. 1849 — General of Division, 30 Apr. 1853 — takes part in expedition of the Baltic, captures Bomarsund, 16 Aug. 1854 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 28 Aug. 1854 — aide-de-camp to Napoleon III., 8 Jan. 1 855 — sent to investigate situation of army in the Crimea, Jan. 1855 — as Commander-in-chief of engineers, assumes direction of the siege of Sebastopol, Apr. 1855 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 18 Sep. 1855— K.C.B., 1855— Senator, 9 Jun. 1857 — takes part in Austro- Italian War, Apr. to Jun. 1859 — distinguishes 1036 NIELD— NIGER. himself at Solferino, 24 Jun. — Marshal of France, 25 Jun. 1859 — Minister of "War, Jan. 1867 — resigns, Jul. 1869 — tf. at Paris, 13 Aug. 1869. Siege de Sebastopol, 1858. Nield, James, philanthropist, — ft. at Knuts- f ord, in Cheshire, 1744 — originates Society for relief of prisoners for debt, 1772 — tf., 1814. Niello, method of engraving, — practised, he- fore 1200 — revived by Cellini, about 1550. Nienicewicz, Julian Ursin, poet, historian, §c, — ft. in Lithuania, 1757 — enters the army, 1777— visits England, 1787 — nuncio to Polish Diet, 1788-92 — assists in drawing up constitu- tion of 3 May 1791— aide-de-camp to Kosci- usko in campaign of 1794 — wounded and taken prisoner by Russians at battle of Macieiowice, 10 Oct. 1794— liberated, Nov. 1796 — goes to America, 1797 — Secretary of Senate of Grand Duchy of Poland, 1806 — Pres. Committee for preparing Constitution of Poland, 18 15 — dismissed from the Council, 1821 — takes part in insurrection of 29 Nov. 1830 — envoy to London, Jul. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 21 May 1841. Poetical Works, 1838-40 — Collection of Historical Memoirs on Ancient Poland, 1822-30 — Memoirs of his own Times, 1848. Niemen, river. [Napoleon I.] Niemeyer, August Hermann, theologian, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Halle, 11 Sep. 1754 — M.A., 1777 — Prof. Theology, Halle, 1780 — member of States of "Westphalia, 1808 — Rector of the Univ., 1808 — tf. at Halle, 5 Jul. 1828. CharaJcteristik der Bibel, 1775-82 — BTandbuch fur christliche Religions Lehrer, 1790 — Grundsdtze der Erziehung, 1796. Niepce, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of the inventors of photography, — ft. at Chalons- sur-Saone, 7 Mar. 1765 — serves in the army, 10 May 1792-4 — administrator of district of Nice, 1795-1801 — begins his heliographic re- searches, 1 8 13 — [Photography] — tf. near Chalons, 5 Jul. 1833. Niepce de Saint-Victor, photographer, — ft. at St Cyr, 26 Jul. 1805 — lieutenant in the Garde Municipale, Paris, Apr. 1 845 — announces discovery of photography on glass, 25 Oct. 1847 — his laboratory burnt, Feb. 1848 — Che- valier of Legion of Honour, Dec. 1849 — P re ~ sents memoirs on PLeliochrome to Academy of Sciences, 1 851-2 — memoir on heliographic en- graving, 23 May 1853 — Commandant of the Louvre, by Napoleon III., Feb. 1854 — tf. at Paris, Apr. 1870. Becherches Photographiques, 1855 — Trait e pratique de Gravure sur Acier et sur Verre, 1 856. Nieuhof, {Nieutchof) Johann, traveller, — ft. in Westphalia, 1630 — goes to Brazil, 1640 — enters service of Dutch E. India Company, 1649 — accompanies Dutch embassy to China, 1655-6 — sent to East Indies, 1659— governor of Dutch possessions in Ceylon, 1662-7 — lands in Madagascar, 8 Apr. 1672. Ambassade de la compaguie Ptollandaise, 1666 — Journey to Brazil by sea and land, 1682. Nieuport, in Flanders, — harbour built by Philip, Count of Flanders, 11 68 — taken by Philip Augustus, 1 1 97 — seized and destroyed by English, 1383 — unsuccessfully besieged by French, 1488 — taken by Duke of Parma, 1583 — Maurice of Nassau defeats Archduke Albert of Austria at, 2 Jul. 1600 — seized by French, 1 745 — restored to Dutch by Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748 — taken by French, 18 Jul. 1794 — restored by Treaty of Paris, 1814. Nieuport, Charles Francois Ferdinand le Prud'homme d'Hailly, Viscount de, mathe- matician, — ft. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1746 — admit- ted to Academy of Brussels, 1777— correspond- ent of Institute of France, 1795 — member of States-General, 18 15 — tf. at Brussels, 20 Aug. 1827. Melanges mathematiques, 1794-9 — Essai sur la theorie du raisonnement, 1805. Nieuwelandt, Willem van den, painter, dramatist, — ft. at Antwerp, 1584 — tf. at Am- sterdam, 1635. Nieuwentyt, Bernard, mathematician, §c, — ft. in Holland, 1654— tf., 30 May 17 18. Analysis Pnfinitorum, 1695 — Considerationes secundm circa calculi differentialis principia, 1696 — Bight Use of contemplating the [Forks of the Creator, 17 15. Nieuwland, Pieter, poet, natural philoso- pher, — ft. at Diemermeer, 5 Nov. 1764 — Prof. Mathematics, Physics, &c, Leyden, 1793 — tf. there, 14 Nov. 1794. Nifo, Agostino, (JSlphus,) philosopher, §c, — ft. in Italy, about 1473 — Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, Padua, 1492 — called to Rome, made Count Palatine by Leo X., and Prof, at Roman Academy, 15 13 — removes to Pisa, 15 19 —to Salerno, 1525— tf., i537, a i545- b -^ Intellect u et de Bccmonibus, 1503 — Be Immor- talitate Animce, 15 18. a Some Authorities. b Others. Nigel, Bp of Ely, — consecrated at Lam- beth, 1 Oct. 1 1 33 — builds a castle at Ely, 1 1 36 — summoned, as partisan of Maud, to council at Oxford, compelled to surrender his castles to Stephen, and deprived of his see, midsum. 11 39 — escapes from custody and pre- pares for defence in Devizes Castle, but sur- renders, 1 1 39 — defeated by Stephen at Ely, joins Maud at Gloucester, 11 39 — charges brought against him at Council of London, 1 143 — cited to Rome, Dec. 1143 — goes to Rome, 1 144 — returns, about Nov. 1144 — tf., 3 Jun., a 29 or 30 May b 1169. a Pict. Hist. England. b Foss. Niger, {Quorra,) river of Africa, — English expeditions sent to explore, 16 18 and 1620 — explored by Stibbs, of the African Company, 1723 — Ledyard sent by African Association, 1788 — explored by Mungo Park, 1796-7 — and again, 1805 — by Clapperton, 1826 — by Caillie, 1827 — by the Landers, 1830 — unsuccessful at- tempt by Laird to establish trading settlement on, 1832 — unsuccessful government expedition, 1 841 — explored by Barth, 1854 — by Laird, summer 1854. Niger, — Consul with Vipstanus Apronianus, (870, a. v. c.) 117 — (another?) Consul with Camerinus, (891,) 138. Niger, C. Pescennius, Roman Emperok, — serves under M. Aurelius, before 180 — pro- claimed Emperor after assassination of Julian, NIGBJANUS— NISIBIS. 1037 193 — defeated by Severus and put to death, 194. Nigrianus, (Nigrinianus,) — Consul with Serums, (1103, a. it. c.) 350. Nigrinus, C. Pontius, — Consul with Cn. Acerronius Proculus, (790, a. u. c.) 37. Nihilist Conspiracies, in Russia, discovered, and the leaders banished for life to E. Siberia, 1871. ' Nika ' Sedition. [Constantinople.] Nikias, — [B C]— associated in command with Pericles, before 429 — leads an expedition against Minoa and takes it, summer 427 — ravages Melos, 426 — defeats Corinthians, 425 — captures Kythera, 424 — at Khalkidike, against Brasidas, 423 — Peace of Nikias, 421 — joins Alkibiades to secure ostracism of Hyper- bolus, 415 ?— commands with Alkibiades and Lamachos in Sicilian expedition, 415 — surren- ders in Sicily, 12, 13 Sep. 413, and put to death. Nikias, painter, — [BC] — fl., about 340-310. Nikias,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 121, 1,) 296. Nikolaieff, in Russia, — founded, 1790 — harbour opened to foreign ships by decree of Alexander II. , 16 May 1862. Nikolsburg, in Moravia, — preliminaries of peace between Prussia and Austria, signed, 28 Jul. 1866 — ratified at Prague, 30 Aug. Nikon, Patriarch of Prussian Church, — h. near Nijnei Novogorod, May i6o5, a i6i3 b — metropolitan of Novogorod, 1 648 — patriarch, 1652 — retires to a monastery, 1658 — deposed and banished by Council of Moscow, 1667 — tf. at Yaroslav, 17 Aug. 1681. Collection of Russian Chronicles, 1767-92. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. Nile, The, — [BC] — unsuccessful attempt of Perdiccas to cross, 321 — battle of, Caesar defeats and kills Ptolemy, and restores Cleopatra, 47 — canal from Red Sea to, repaired by Petronius, about 23 a — [AD] — exploration of, above Syene, about 60 ? — navigation of, improved by Probus, 278 — connected with Red Sea by canal, re- opened by Amrou, 639 — explored by Bruce, 1770 — by Linant, 1827 — by expeditions sent by Pasha of Egypt, 1840, 1841, and 1842 — by d'Abbadk, 1845 — by Enoblecher, 1850— by Burton and Speke, 1857-8 — by Miani and Peglioux, i860 — by Speke and Grant, 1862-3 — by Baker, 1861 and 1863-4. [Albert Nyanza.] Battle of, [see Nelson, Lord.] a Merivale. Nilus, (JS T eilus,) St, theologian, — fl., about 420 — a"., about 450. Nimeguen, in Holland, (iSfoviomagum,) — castle rebuilt by Charles the Great, 775 a — captured by Normans, and castle burnt, 881 b — recovered by Louis, king of Lorraine : castle again burnt, by Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lor- raine, io46, b 1043 c — restored by Frederick Barbarossa, ii55 bc — united with County of Holland, 1248 s1 — pledged by William III. to Otto III., Count of Guelderland, 1270 — Louis of Nassau defeated by Sancho d'Avila, r574 (1 — joins Union of Utrecht, 1579— submits to Prince of Parma, 1585 — Martin Schenck fails in attempt to surprise, 1589 d — taken by Maurice of Nassau, 159 1 — taken by Turenne, 1672 — conferences for peace open at, Jul. 1675 — unsuccessfully attacked by Marshal Boufners, 1702 — captured by Pichegru, 8 Nov. i794 b — castle demolished by French, 1797. Councils of, 830 or 831 : and 16 Mar. 1018. Treaties of between France and Holland, signed, 10 Aug. 1678 — Spain accedes to it, 17 Sep. — be- tween France and the Emperor, signed, 5 Feb. 1679. a Reeri' Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. c Conv.-Lex. d Davies. Nimes. [Nismes.] Nimrod, — [BC]— fl., 2234^ a Ussher. Nimroud. [Nineveh.] Nineveh, {Ninus,) — [B C] — [Assyria] — mentioned in tablet of Karnak of reign of Thothmes III., about 1490^ i6oo, b 1460 ° — taken by Medes and Babylonians, 789 b — rebuilt by Sennacherib, about 695 -690 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Cyaxares, 634^ 625 b — taken and destroyed by Cyaxares, 606, bd 625 c — [AD] — Heraclius defeats Chosroes, near site of, i, e 12 d Dec. 627 — site of, surveyed by Bich, 1820 — site of, determined by Botta, 1843 — remains explored by Layard, 1845-7 an( i I ^49 _ 5°- a Layard. b Lenormant. c Bawlinson. d Clinton. e Gibbon. Ningpo, in China, — taken by Sir H. Pot- tinger, 13 Oct. 1841 — evacuated by English, 7 May 1 842 — opened for trade by Treaty of Nan- kin, 29 Aug. — occupied by allies, i860 — captured by rebels, 9 Dec. 1861 — by allies, 10 May 1862. Ninias, — ordained Bp of South Picts, by Pope Siricius, 394 — fr., 432. Nino de Guevara, Don Juan, painter, — b at Madrid, 1623^ 8 Feb. 1632 b — o\ at Malaga, 8 Dec. 1698. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Nagler. Niobe, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 13 Aug. 1 861. Niobium, metal, — discovered by Hatchett, 1 801 — investigated by Wollaston, 1809 — re- discovered by Pose, 1846. Niort, in France, — taken by Philip Augustus, 1202 — besieged by Louis VIII. , 1223 — de- clared a free port, 1285 — given up to English by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360— retaken by Du- guesclin, 1371? — nobility conferred on chief magistrates, by letters-patent of Louis XL, 146 1 — held by Huguenots, unsuccessfully be- sieged by Count Lude, 1569 — taken by St Gelais for Henry of Navarre, 1589. Nisaea, — [B C] — reconquered by Megarians, (01. 46,) 596 a — Megarians defeat Athenians at, 446. a a Miiller. Nishapoor, Nushapoor, in Persia, — Mah- mud of Ghazni defeated by Tatars at, (385 a.h.) 995 — royal residence, under the Seljuks, be- tween 1028-1194 — pillaged by Gengis Khan, 1220 — destroyed by Tatars, 1269 — by Nadir Shah, 1749. Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, — [Nezib] — [B C] — given up by Parthians to Armenians, 149 — stormed by Lucullus, 68 — [AD] — taken by Trajan, 116 — given up by Hadrian, 117 — re- conquered by Lucius Verus, 165 — taken by Sapor I., 258 — recovered by Odenathus, 261 — interview of Diocletian and Galerius at, and negotiations for peace with Narses, 297-8 — un- successfully besieged by Sapor II., 337 or 338 1038 NISMES— NOAILLES. — again, 346 — third time, 350 — given up to Persia by Jovian, 363 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ardaburius, 422 — Belisarius defeats Per- sians at, 541 — Marcian defeats them, 573. Nisnies, Nimes, {Ifemausus,) in France, — [BCj — taken by Romans, 121 — fortified by Augustus, about 26 — [AD]— taken by Vandals, 437 — conquered by Theodoric, 508 — recovered from Paulus by Wamba, 673 — taken by Moors, about 720 — by Charles Martel, 737 — taken by Louis VIII., 1226 — ceded to him by James of Aragon, 1258 — held by Albigenses, till 1270 — inundation at, 1399— occupied by English, 1417 — burnt, 1494 — visited by Francis I., 1533 — supports Reformation, 1559 — disturbances and massacre at, 1791 — massacres by Royalists at, 1 8 15 — disturbances at, Aug. 1830. Councils of, 389 — for confirmation of Council of Cler- mont, 1096. Pacification of, conceding free- dom of worship to Huguenots, and depriving them of their fortified towns, issued by Louis XIII., 14 Jul. 1629. Amphitheatre, built by Antoninus Pius ? 138- 161. Nissa, [Naissus,] in Turkey, — destroyed by Huns, 441 — taken by Sultan Amurath I., 1389 — by Imperialists, 1688 — recovered by Turks, 1689— taken by Austrian s, 1737. Nithard, historian, — tf., about 853. Nithisdale, William Maxwell, oth Earl of, — succeeds his father, 1685 — joins the Earl of Mar, 17 15 — taken prisoner at Preston, 13 Nov. — committed to the Tower, 9 Dec. — condemned to death, 19 Jan. 17 16 — escapes from the Tower in disguise, 23 Feb. 17 16 — Tj. at Rome, 1744. Nitric Acid, {Azotic Acid,) {Aquafortis,) — known, before 700— composition of, discovered by Cavendish, 1785. Anhydrous, obtained by Deville, 1849. Nitric Oxide, [Beutoxide of Azote,) — investi- gated by Priestley, about 1773. Nitrogen, {Azote,) — discovered and described by Rutherford and Priestley, 1772 — shown to be constituent of atmosphere by Lavoisier, 1775 — chloride of, discovered by Dulong, 18 12. Nitroglycerine, — discovered by Sombrero, 1847 — applied as explosive agent by Nobel, about 1864 — in England, importation of, pro- hibited and carriage regulated by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 113, 11 Aug. 1869. Nitrous Oxide, {Laughing Gas,) — obtained by Priestley, 1776 — investigated by Davy, 1800. Nitsch, Paul Friedrich Achat, litterateur, — ft. in Germany, 1754 — if. at Bibra, in Thu- ringia, 1794. Beschreibung des Zustands der Homer, 1794 — Mythologisches Worterbuch, 1793 — Entwurf der alien Geographic, 11th edition, 1837. Nitzsch, Gregor Wilhelm, philologist, — ft. at Wittenberg, 22 Nov. 1790 — Prof. Ancient Literature, Kiel, 1827 — Prof. Archaeology, Leip- sic, 1852 — tf. there, 22 Jul. 1861. Sagenpoesie der Griechen, 1852 — Anmerkungen zu Homer's Odyssee, 1826-40 — Beitrage zur Geschichte der epischen Poesie der Griechen, 1862. Nitzsch, Karl Ludwig, theologian, — ft. &,t Wittenberg, 6 Aug. 1751 — General Superin- tendent and Prof. Theology, Wittenberg, 1790 — Director of Theological Seminary, 18 17 — ft. at Wittenberg, 5 Dec. 183 1. Be discrimine Bevelationis imperatorice et didacticce, 1830 — — Be Pevelatione religionis externa, 1808 — TJeber das BTeil der Theologie, 1830. Nivernais. [See Nevers.] Nivernais, Louis Jules Barbou Mancini Mazarini, Duke of, statesman, — ft. at Paris, 16 Dec. 17 16— serves in the army, 1734-43 — admitted to French Academy, and to Academy of Inscriptions, 1743 — ambassador extraord. to Rome, 1748-52 — prevents condemnation of Montesquieu's Esprit de Lois by Congregation of the Index : ambassador to Rerlin, 1755 — to London, 1756 — negotiates at London peace of 1763 — succeeds his father in the Duchy, 1769 — member of the Council, 1787-9 — devoted to cause of Louis XVL, 1791 — arrested, 13 Sep. 1793 — liberated, (9 Thermidor,) 27 Jul. 1794 — ft. at Paris, 25 Feb. 1798. (Eavres, 1796. Nizam Al Muluk, — ft. in Khorasan, about 1017 — Grand Vizier to Alp Arslan, 1064 — assassinated, 1092. Nizami, {Nidhami,) poet, — ft. in Persia, about 1100 — Ij. there, (576, a. h.) 1180-1. Nizam's Dominions. [Hyderabad.] Nizza. [Nice.] Nizzoli, Mario, {Nizoliics,) philosopher, philologist, — ft. at Brescello, in Modena, 1498 — Prof, at Brescia, 1522 — at Parma, 1547 — ■ at Sabionetta, 1562 — ft. at Brescello, 1566. Thesaurus Ciceronianus, 1535 — Be veris prin- cipiis et vera ratione philosophandi, 1553. Noah, — [BC] — ft., summer 2948,=* 3082 b — birth of Shem, summer 2446 a — enters the ark, 7 Dec. 2349^ 2482 b — leaves the ark, 18 Dec. 2348 s — 0"., sum. 1998^ a Ussher. b Clinton. Noailles, Adrien Maurice, Duke of, Marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, 29 Sep. 1678 — enters the army, 1692 — marries Frances d'Aubigne, 1 Apr. 1698 — accompanies Duke of Anjou to Madrid, Dec. 1700 — Lieutenant- general in Roussillon, 1706 — defeats Spaniards near Figuieres, 1709 — drives English from Cette, 30 Jul. 17 10 — storms Girona, 23 Jan. 17 1 1 — created grandee of Spain by Philip V., Duke and Peer of France by Louis XIV., 17 11 — member of Council of Regency for Louis XV., 17 15 — Pres. Council of Finances, 17 18 — falls into disgrace, 1720 — banished to his estates, 1722 — reinstated, Nov. 1723 — drives Imperialists from Worms, 1733 — defeats them at Etlingen, 4 May 1734 — takes part in siege of Philipsburg, Jun. — Marshal of France, 14 Jun. — distinguishes himself in Italy, 1735 — and in Germany, 1741 — loses battle of Det- tingen, 1743 — atFontenoy, 1745— ambassador extraord. to Madrid, Apr. to Jun. 1746 — ts. at Paris, 24 Jun. 1766. Noailles, Anne Jules, Duke of, Marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1650 — Captain of Scotch Guards, 1661 — serves his first campaign, 1664 — takes part in conquest of Franche Comte, 1668 — marries Marie de Bournonville, 1671 — distinguishes himself in the Netherlands, 1672 — aide-de-camp to Louis XIV., 1672 — governor of Languedoc, May 1682 — Lieutenant-general, Jun. 1682 — re- called, and sent to support Catalans in revolt, NOAILLES-NODAL. 1C39 1689 — Marshal, 27 Mar. 1693 — takes Eoses, 1693 — passes the Teck and defeats Spaniards, 27 May 1694 — takes Palamos, 7 Jun. — takes Girona, 29 Jun. — takes citadel of Ostalric, 20 Jul. — takes Castel-Follit, 8 Sep. — retires, 1695 — rj. at Versailles, 2 Oct. 1708. Noailles, Antoine de, Admiral of France, diplomatist, — ft., 1504 — accompanies Viscount de Turenne to Madrid, 1530 — serves at battle of Cerisoles, 1544 — Admiral of France, 1547 — ambassador to England, Dec. 1553 — negotiates truce of Vaucelles with Emperor, Feb. 1556 — drives Huguenots from Bordeaux, 1556— rj. there, 11 Mar. 1562. Noailles, Emmanuel Marie Louis, Mar- quis or, diplomatist,— -ft. at Paris, 12 Dec. 1743 — ambassador to States-General, 1770 — ■ to London, 1776-8 — to Vienna, 1783 — de- mands his recall, Mar. 1792 — appears before National Assembly, and is imprisoned, 1792 — liberated, 1794 — rj. at Maintenon, Sep. 1822. Noailles, Francois de, diplomatist, — ft., 15 19 — Bp of Dax, 1555 — ambassador to Eng- land, 1556 — to Venice, 1558 — to Constanti- nople, 1572 — mediates a peace between Selim II. and Venetians, Mar. 1573 — rj. at Bayonne, 19 Sep. 1585. Noailles, Jean Paul Francois, Duke of, and Duke of Ayen, general, — ft. at Paris, 26 Oct. 1739 — Colonel, 1755 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1777 — member of Coun- cil of War, 1 78 1 — Lieutenant-general, Jan. 1784— emigrates, 1791 — at the Tuileries, 10 Aug. 1792 — again emigrates, 1793 — succeeds his father, Aug. 1793 — returns to France, 18 14 — retires to Switzerland, spring 18 15 — returns to France, 1823 — tr. at Fontenay en Brie, 29 Oct. 1824. Noailles, Louis, Duke of, Marshal of France, — ft., 21 Apr. 17 13 — Duke of Ayen, 1737 — at battle of Dettingen, 1743 — serves in Flanders, 1744-5 — Lieutenant-general, Dec. 1748 — Chevalier of Orders of the King, Jan. 1749 — succeeds his father as governor of St Germain en Laye, 1754 — succeeds his father, 1766— Marshal of France, 1775 — rj. at St Ger- main, 22 Aug. 1793. Noailles, Louis Antoine de, Cardinal, Abp of Paris, — ft., 27 May 1651 — doctor of the Sorbonne, 1676 — Bp of Cahors, 1679 — Bp of Chalons sur Marne, 1680 — assists at Assem- bly of Clergy, 168 1 and 1682 — Abp of Paris, 19 Aug. 1695 — Commander of orders of the king, 1697 — Cardinal, 21 Jun. 1700— opposes the Bull TJnigenitus, 17 13 — ft. at Paris, 4 May 1729. Noailles, Louis Joseph Alexis, Count de, statesman, — ft. at Paris, J un. 1 783 — loses most of his family by the guillotine, 1794 — arrested, 1809 — escapes to Switzerland, 181 1 — joins Louis XVIII. in England, 181 2 — sent on various missions by him, 1812-14 — accom- panies him to Paris, and is named joint-pleni- potentiary to Congress of Vienna, 1814 — excepted from amnesty by Napoleon I., Mar. 1815— joins Louis XVIII. at Ghent, Apr. 1815 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 15 — Minister of State, 19 Sep. 1815— rj. at Paris, 14 May 1835. Noailles, Louis Marie Antoine, Viscount de, — ft. at Paris, 17 Apr. 1756 — serves in American War, 1778-83 — deputy to States- General, May 1789— joins in suppression of privileges, 4 Aug. 1789— Pres. National As- sembly, 26 Feb. 1 7 91 — retires to England, 1792 — as General of Brigade serves in St Domingo, 1803 — killed in action with English frigate off Cuba, 9 Jan. 1 804. Nob, — [BC] — tabernacle placed at, after 1095 a — massacre of priests there by Saul's com- mand, 1062. b a Ussher. b Bib. Chvon. Nobilior, M. Fulvius,— [BC]- (1.) Curule aedile, 195 — praetor, 193 — proconsul in His- pania Ulterior, 193-1 — takes Toletum, 192 — Consul with Cn. Manlius Vulso, (565, a. u. c.) 189 — takes Ambracia and Cephallenia, subju- gates JEtolia : triumphs, 187 — censor with M. JEmilius Lepidus, 179. (2.) Consul with Cn. Corn. Dolabella, (595,) 159. Nobilior, Q,. Fulvius, — [BCj — triumvir epulo, 180 — Consul with T. Annius Luscus, (Kal. Jan.) 153 — unsuccessful in Celtiberian War ; censor, 136. Nobilior, Ser. Fulvius Paetinus, — [BC] — Consul with M. JEmilius Paullus, (499, a. u. c.) 255- Nobility, — in France, letters of, first granted by Philip the Bash, 1271 a — conferred on all citizens of Paris, by edict of Charles V., 137 1 — restricted to provost and echevins, by Henry III., 1577 — titles of, suppressed by National Assembly, 19 Jun. 1790 — new, created by Napoleon I., 1808— old, revived by Louis XVIIL, 1 8 14 — hereditary, suppressed by Chamber of Deputies, 10 Oct. 1831. In Papal States, restricted in number by Benedict XIV., 1740-58. [Peerage, Peers.] a Hailam. Noble, gold cow,— first coined by Edw. III., 1334- Noble, Mark, historian, biographer, — Rector of Barning in Kent, 1784 — rj. there, 26 May 1827. Memoirs of Cromwell, 1784 — Memoirs of the Medici, 1797 — Lives of English Regicides, 1798. Noble, Samuel, theologian, — ft. in London, 4 Mar. 1779 — joins New Jerusalem Church, 1801 — editor of Intellectual Repository, 1812- 40 — ordained minister, 1820 — rj. in London, 27 Aug. 1853. Plenary Inspiration of the Scriptures, about 1825 — Appeal in behalf of Doctrines of the New Church, 1826. Nocera, {Nuceria,) in Italy, — [BC] — taken from the Umbri by Bomans, 307 a — [AD] — seat of a bishopric, 402 a — defeat of Teias and the Goths by Narses near, 553 b — see united to Sassoferrato, 1027 a — destroyed by troops of Frederick II., 1250° — annexed to Papal ter- ritories by Innocent III., i3o8 a — Pope Urban VI. besieged in by Charles III. of Naples, and the town taken, 5 Jul. i385. d a Engl. Cyc. b Gibbon. c Kington. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Noctua, Q. Csedicius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Valerius Corvinus, (465, a. u. c.) 289. Nodal, Gonzalo, and Bartolomeo Garcia de, maritime discoverers, — command Spanish expe- dition to S. America, Sep. 161 8-19. Relacwn del Viage, 1621. 1040 NODLER— NON-RESISTANCE. Nodier, Charles, litterateur, — fo. atBesancon, 29 Apr. 1780 ? 1781 ? 1783 ? — goes to Paris, 1796 — returns to Besanc.on, 1798 — arrested, 1800 — settles at Paris, 18 14 — Librarian to the Arsenal, 1824 — admitted to French Academy, 1834 — ■&. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1844. Dictionnaire des Onomatopees franc discs, 1808 — Napoleone, 1800 — Jean Sbogar, 1818 — Therese Hubert, 1 819. Noehden, GeorgHeinrich, — fj. atGottingen. 1770 — comes to England, 1793 — Assistant- librarian, British Museum, 1822 — Pres. Asiatic Society, 1823 — tJ. in London, 13 Mar. 1826. German Grammar, 1800 — German and English Dictionary, 1812. Noel, Francois Joseph, diplomatist, littera- teur, — b. at St Germain-en- Laye, 1755 — envoy to England, Aug. 1792 — to the Hague, Jan. 1793 — plenipotentiary to Venice, May 1793 to Jan. 1795 — to the Hague, Oct. 1795 to Oct. 1797 — Inspector-general of public instruction, Jun. 1802 to Jan. 1841 — ft. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1 841. Nouveau Steele de Louis XIV., 1793 — Ephe'merides politiques, litteraires et religieuses, 1796-7 — Dictionnaire de laFable, 1801 — Lecons francaises de litterature et de morale, 1804 — with Chapsal, Grammaire Francaise, 1823 — with Carpentier, Dictionnaire des Origines, 1827. Nogaret, William of, Chancellor or France, — Prof. Civil Law, Montpellier, before 1303 — presents accusation of Pope Boniface Till, respecting the bull Ausculta, Dili, at par- liament of Paris, Mar. 1303 — again, Jun. — with Sciarra Colonna surprises and captures Boniface at Anagui, 7 Sep. — excepted from absolution of Benedict XL, 1304 — absolved by Clement V., 1307 — takes part in persecution of Jews, in prosecution of Templars, at Poitiers, 1307 — in prosecution of memory of Boniface, 13 10 — sentenced to serve for life in next crusade, by Consistory of Avignon, 13 10 — fj. at Paris, 1314- Nogari, Giuseppe, painter, — fc. at "Venice, 1699 — rj. there, 1763. Nogaro, in France, — Councils of, held, 1141; 1290 ; on discipline, 1303, and 1315. Nogarola, Luigi, — f>. at Verona, about 1505 ? — attends Council of Trent, about 1546 — Knt, 1554— tf. at Verona, 1559. Apostolicce Institutions, 1549 — Timotheus, sive de Nilo, 1552 — translation of Ocellus Lucanus ' De Universa Natural 1559. Noir, Le. [Lenoir.] Nola, in Italy, — [BC] — sends troops to assist Pahepolis and Neapolis, 327 — taken by Romans, 3 13 — unsuccessfully besieged by Han- nibal, 216-215 — taken by Confederates in Social War, 90 — taken by Sulla and burnt by tbe garrison, 82 — territory divided among his soldiers : [AD] — seat of a bishopric, about 250 - -sacked by Alaric, aio — destroyed by Genseric, 455- Nolan, Lewis Edward, captain— -fo., 18 17 — enters English army, 1839 — visits Russia, 1852— serves in Crimean War, 1853 — killed at Balaklava, 25 Oct. 18^4. Organization, Drill, and Manoeuvres of Cavalry Corps, 1853. Nolin, Jean Baptiste, engraver, — fc. at Paris, 1657 — tf. there, 1725. Nollekens, Joseph, sculptor, — fc. in London, 11 Aug. 1737 — studies at Rome, 1760-70 — A.R.A., 177 1 — R.A., 1772 — Ij. in London, 23 Apr. 1823. Nollet, Dominique, painter,— rj. at Bruges, 1640 — admitted to Society of Painters, Bruges, 1687 — rj. at Paris, 1736. Nollet, Jean Antoine, natural philosopher, — fc. in the Noyonnais, 19 Nov. 1700 — visits England, and is chosen F.R.S., 1734 — Prof. Experimental Philosophy, 1738 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1739 — Prof. Experi- mental Philosophy, Coll. Navarre, 1753 — ft. at Paris, 24 Apr. 1770. Legons de Physique Ex- perimentale, 1743 et seq. — Fecherches sur les causes particulieres des Phenomenes electriques, 1749 — Fssai sur V electricite des Corps, 1750 — L Art des Experiences, 1770. Nominalists, School of, — founded or revived by Roscelin, about 1090 — opposed by Thomas Aquinas, 1250-70 — by Duns Scotus, 1300 — their doctrine maintained by Occam, 1330-40 — persecuted by Pope John XXIII. , 1410-15 — denounced by Univ. of Paris, 1339 — P r0_ scribed by Louis XL of France, 1473 — his edict mitigated, 1474 — restored to authority in Univ. of Paris, 148 1. Nomsz, Jan, poet,— fo. at Amsterdam, 1738 — tf. there, 1803. Nonius, (Nomius,) — Consul with Valentinian, (1198, a. it. c.) 445. Nonconformists, in England, — congregation of, seized in London, 19 Jun. 1567 — subject to capital punishment by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593 — resign their livings on St Bartholomew's Day, 24 Aug. 1662. [Uniformity, Act of; Con- venticle Act ; Dissenters ; Indulgence, De- claration of; Toleration Act.] Nonianus, M. Servilius, historian, orator, — Consul with C. Sestius Gallus, (788, a. u. c.) 35- Nonius. [Vernier.] Nonius. [Nunez, Fernan.] Nonjurors, in England^ — Sancroft, Abp of Canterbury, and Bps of Bath and Wells, Chi- chester, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, Peterborough, and Worcester, refuse oaths to William and Mary, 5 Mar. 1689 — and are suspended : de- prived, 1 Feb. 1 69 1 — penalties of recusants imposed on, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 27, 1696 — estates of, taxed by Act 2 Geo. I. c. 13, 27 May 1723. Nonnus, of Panopolis, poet, — fl., about 410 ? a — before 550. b a Cave and Harles. b Smith's Diet. Nonnus, Theophanes, (Nonus,) physician, — fi., about 925. (911-959.) Non-Residence, of ecclesiastics, — prohibited by Councils of Nice, 325 — of Antioch, 332 — of Carthage, 401 — by Novelise of Justinian, about 535-540 — by Capitularies of Charles the Great, about 803 — by Council of Trent, 1545-63. In England, penalties for, regulated by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838. Non-Resistance,— preached by clergy and enforced in Homilies, 1569 a — by Canons of NOODT— NORFOLK!. 1041 Convocation, 1609^ Oath of, imposed on office-bearers in corporations by Act 13 Car. II. st. 2, c. 1, 1 66 1 — repealed by Act 5 Geo. I. c. 6, 17 18. a Hallam. Noodt, Gerard, jurist,— b. at Nimeguen, 1647 — Prof. Law, Leyden, 167 1 — at Franeker, 1679 — at Utrecht, 1684 — at Leyden, 1686 — tr. at Leyden, 1725. Opera, 17 16. Noot, Henri Charles Nicolas van der, — fj. at Brussels, 7 Jan. 1735 — promotes insurrec- tion against Austrians, 1789 — abandons Brus- sels, 2 Dec. 1790 — tf. near Brussels, 13 Jan. 1827. Nootka Sound, King George's Sound, Van- couver Island, — discovered by Captain Cook, Apr. 1778 — English settlementon, 1786 — seized by Spaniards, 1789 — the dispute terminated by convention, 27 Sep. 1790 — definitive treaty signed, 28 Oct. 1790. ' No Popery,' — riots at Edinburgh and Glas- gow, Jan. 1779 — in London, Jun. 1780 — [Gordon Riots] — cry raised at elections of May 1807. Norbanus, C.,— [BC]— trib. pleb., 95— ac- cuses Q,. Servilius Csepio of majestas : accused of majestas, 94 — praetor in Sicily, 90 or 89 — de- fends Bhegium against Samnites, 88 — Consul with Scipio Asiaticus, (671, a. u. c.) 83 — de- feated by Sulla at Mount Tifata, 83 — defeated by Metellus Pius in Cisalpine Gaul, 82 — kills himself at Rhodes, 81. Norberg, Matthias, orientalist, — fj. in Swe- den, 1747 — visits France, Italy, and Turkey, 1777-81 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Lund, 17 8 1 -1 820 — lj. at TTpsala, 11 Jan. 1826. Norbert, St, monastic founder, — b. in Duchy of Cleves, 1080 — accompanies Emperor Henry V. to Rome, n 10 — priest, 11 16 — founds Order of Premonstratensians, n 20 — Abp of Magde- burg, 1 1 26 — rj., 6 Jun. 1 1 34. Canonized by Gregory XIII. , 1582. Norbury, John Toler, Earl of, Chief Justice of Common Pleas in Ireland, — h. in Tipperary, 1745 — called to the bar, 1770 — Solicitor-general, 1789 — Attorney-general, 1798 — Chief Justice, and created Lord Nor- bury, 1800 — retires and is created Viscount Glandine and Earl of Norbury, 1827 — tf., 1831. Norby, Severin, admiral, — distinguishes himself in Danish navy, 15 11 -23 — fortifies himself in Isle of Gothland, 1524 — capitulates, Apr. 1525 — killed at siege of Florence, 1530. Nordberg, {Norberg,) George Andrew, his- torian, — b. at Stockholm, 1677 — almoner to Royal Guard, 1705 — chaplain to Charles XII., 1707 — captured by Russians at Pultawa, 1709 — exchanged, 17 15 — pastor at Stockholm, 17 17 — tf. at Stockholm, 14 Mar. 1744. History of Charles XII., 1740. Norden, Friedrich Ludwig, traveller, — 6. in Holstein, 1708 — Lieutenant in Danish navy, 1732 — visits Italy and Egypt, 1736 to May 1738 — serves as volunteer m English navy in Spain, 1740 — F.R.S., 1741 — tf. at Paris, 22 Sep. 1742. Voyage d Egypte et de Nubie, 1752-5- Norden, John, topographer, — b. in "Wilt- shire, about 1548 — M.A. Oxford, 1573 — fc-> about 1625. Surveyor's Dialogue, 1607 — Speculum 'Britannia, 1593-1620 — England, 1625. Nordlingen, in Bavaria, — free Imperial city till given to Bavaria, 1803 — Archduke Ferdi- nand of Austria defeats the Swedes at, 6 Sep. 1634 — Imperialists defeated by Turenne and Duke d'Enghien, 3 Aug. 1645— combats be- tween French and Austrians near, 1796 and 1800. . Nore, The, — mutiny of the fleet breaks out, 22 May 1797 — suppressed by mid. Jun. — the ringleader, Parker, executed at Sheerness, 30 Jun. Nores, Giasone de, — loses his property on conquest of Cyprus by Turks, and retires to Venice, 1570 — obtains settlement for his coun- trymen at Pola, 1577 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Padua, 1577 — rj. there, 1590. Trattato del Mondo, 157 1 — Dell' Oratore, 1579 — Delia Rettorica, 1584 — Poetica, 1588. Norfolk, county of, — [East Anglia] — in- cluded in the Danelagh, 883 — invaded by Sweyn, 1004 — overrun by troops of Louis the Dauphin, 12 16 — men of, take part with "Wat Tyler, 1381 — insurrection under Ket breaks out, Jul. 1549 — suppressed, about end of Aug. — one of the associated counties against Charles I., 1642. Norfolk, in Virginia, U.S., — founded, 1736 — burnt by British, 1776 — ravaged by yellow fever, 1855 — attacked by Confederates, navy- yard burnt and abandoned by Federals, 1 86 1 . Norfolk, Hugh Bigod, Earl of,— created {Earl of the East Angles) by'Henry I., 11 35 — revolts against Stephen and seizes Norwich Castle, 1 1 37 — compelled to surrender his cas- tles to Henry II., 1157 — recreated Earl of Norfolk, 1 1 67 — rj., 11 77. Norfolk, Roger Bigod, Earl of, Earl Marshal of England, — succeeds to dignity of Earl Marshal, 1225 — takes part in tourna- ment at Nottingham, 1237— head of English Embassy to Council of Lyons, 1245 — quarrels with Henry III., 1255— joint-ambassador to France, 1255— attends the armed parliament, 1258 — Tf., 1270. Norfolk, Roger Bigod, Earl of, Earl Marshal of England, — succeeds his uncle, 1270 — with Humphrey de Bohun, compels Ed- ward I. to confirm Magna Charta, 1297 — is compelled to surrender his office and lands to the king, 12 Apr. 1302 — tf., 1307 : title extinct. Norfolk, Ralph de Guader, Earl of, — created by William I. ; marries at Norwich the sister of Roger Fitz-Osbern, and with him con- spires against AVilliam, 1075 — the conspiracy suppressed, 1075. Norfolk, Thomas, of Brotherton, Earl of, — fj., 1 Jun. 1300 — created Earl by his brother Edward II., 13 13 — Marshal of England, 13 15 — tf., 1338. Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, and Earl of Nottingham, — Earl Marshal, by Richard II., 1386— Duke of Norfolk, 1396," Sep. 1397 b — joins in proceedings against Duke of Gloucester, 1397— quarrels with Duke of Hereford, 1398 — appears with him at Coventry 66 IC42 NORFOLK— NORIS. for trial by combat, and is banished for life, 16 Sep. — tt., 1413,° 1399. a a Burke. b Annals of England. c Pict. Hist. England. Norfolk, John Howard, Duke of,— Knt, accompanies Talbot to France, 1452 — taken prisoner at Castillon, 20 Jul. 1453 — Constable of Norwich Castle, 146 1 — commands fleet, ravages coast of Brittany and Poitou, 1462 — ambassador to Louis XL, 1468 — Treasurer of the Household to Edward IV., 1468 — attends Lady Margaret to Flanders, 1468 — Captain- general, 1470 — deputy-governor of Calais, 147 1 — summoned to parliament, 1472 — E.G., 22 Apr. 1472 — joint-commissioner to settle differ- ences with Duke of Burgundy, May 1473 — accompanies Edward IV. to France, Jul. 1475 — takes part in negotiating treaty of peace, Aug. — Captain-general against the Scots, 1479 — Duke of Norfolk, and Earl Marshal of Eng- land, by Richard III., 28 Jun. 1483 — Lord- admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, 25 Jul. 1483 — killed at battle of Bosworth Field, 22 Aug. 1485. Attainted by parliament, Nov. 1485. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of, and Earl of Surrey, — wounded at battle of Barnet, 147 1 a — attends the king at his inter- view with Louis XL, Aug. 1475 — Knt, by Edward IV., 1477 a — created Earl of Surrey, 28 Jun. 1483 — taken prisoner at Bosworth Field, and committed to the Tower, 22 Aug. 1485 — attainted, Nov. — restored to his title, 1488 — suppresses insurrection in the North, 1488 — sent against the Scots, 1495 and 1497 — challenged by James IV. of Scotland, 1497 — Lord Treasurer of England, 25 Jun. 150 1 — negotiates treaty with James IV., Jan. 1502 — Lord Hi»k Steward for trial of Lord Dudley, 1502 — the estates restored to him, 1506-7 — joint-commissioner to treat with Emperor Max- imilian, Dec. 1507 — Earl Marshal, 1510 — ambassador to Aragon and Castile, Nov. 15 11 — defeats Scots at Flodden, 9 Sep. 15 13 — Duke of Norfolk, 1 Feb. 15 14 — negotiates peace with Louis XII., Aug. 15 14 — conducts Princess Mary to Abbeville, Oct. 15 14- — suppresses riot of London apprentices, May 15 17 — Lord High Steward for trial of Buckingham, May 152 1 — resigns office of Lord Treasurer, Dec. 1522 — fc. at Framlingham, 21 May 1524. a Collins. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of, — fj., about 1474 — K.G., 15 10 — accompanies Marquis of Dorset into Spain, Jun. 15 12 — succeeds his brother, Lord Edward Howard, as Lord-Admiral, and invades France, 15 13 — distinguishes himself at battle of Flodden, 9 Sep. 15 1 3 — created Earl of Surrey, 1 Feb. 1514 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1521 — holds a parliament at Dublin, 4 Jun. 152 1 — returns to England, Jan. 1522 — commands expedition against France, 1522 — Lord Trea- surer, 4 Dec. 1522 — invades Scotland, Sep. 1523 — and takes Jedburgh : succeeds his father, May 1524 — one of the commissioners to nego- tiate peace with France, Aug. 1525 — attends the king to France, Oct. 1532 — present at the marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, Jan. 1533 — Earl Marshal, 28 May 1533 — presides at trial of Lord Dacre, Jul. 1534 — pronounces sentence of death on Anne Boleyn, 19 May 1536 — suppresses insurrection in the North, [Pilgrimage of Grace,] 1537 — pro- motes Bill of Six Articles, 1539 — ambassador to France, 1541 — Captain-general in the North, Sep. 1542 — invades Scotland, Oct. — takes part in expedition against France, 1544 — ar- rested with his son and committed to the Tower, 7, a 12 b Dec. 1546 — attainted by par- liament: sentenced to death, 27 Jan. 1547 — escapes by death of the king, 28 Jan. — liber- ated, 3 Aug. 1553 — his title and lands restored by Queen Mary : Lord High Steward on trial of Northumberland, Aug. 1553 — sent against insurgents under Sir T. "Wyat, beginning of 1554 — fc. at Kenninghall, Norfolk, 25 Aug. 1554. a Annals of England. b Collins. Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of, — ft., about 1536 — as Earl of Surrey, assists at coronation of Mary, 1553 — succeeds his father, 1554 — K.G., 1558 — sent against Scots, 1559 — at siege of Leith, 1560 — Chevalier of St Michael, by Charles IX., Jan. 1567 — joint- commissioner to confer with Regent Murray at York, 1568 — project of his marriage with Mary Queen of Scots discovered: arrested at "Oxbridge ; committed to the Tower, 1 1 Oct. 1569 — released, 4 Aug. 1570 — renews cor- respondence with Mary : again committed to the Tower, 4 Sep. 157 1 — convicted of treason, 16 Jan. 1572 — beheaded in London, 2 Jun. I572- Norfolk, Thomas Howard, Earl of,— ft., 7 Jul. 1592 — restored in blood by act of parlia- ment, as Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey, 1603 — Privy Councillor, 1607 — K.G., 13 May 161 1 — marries daughter of Earl of Shrews- bury, 161 2 — visits Italy, 161 3-14 — one of the commissioners of the Great Seal, May to Jul. 162 1 — Earl Marshal for life, 29 Aug. 162 1 — imprisoned in the Tower, by order of Charles I., spring 1626 — attends the king to Scotland, 1633 — ambassador to Emperor Ferdinand II., 1636 — attends Diet of Ratisbon, autumn 1636 — General of army sent against Scots, 1638 — High Steward on trial of Strafford, 1641 — created Earl of Norfolk, 6 Jun. 1 644 — tf. at Padua, 4 Oct. 1646. Norfolk Island, — discovered by Captain Cook, Oct. 1774— settlement in, 1788— aban- doned, 1 8 10 — made a penal settlement, 1825 — settlement broken up, 1 855 — given to Pitcairn islanders, 1856. Norgate, Edward, artist, — if., 23 Dec. 1650. Norham Castle, on the Tweed, — built by Ralph Flambard, about 1100-20— surrenders to David of Scotland, 11 38— restored by Bp Pudsey, 1154 — unsuccessfully besieged by King John, 1 2 15 — conferences between Edward I. and Scottish barons respecting succession to crown of Scotland, open 10 May 1 291— unsuc- cessfully besieged by James IV. and relieved by Surrey, 1498 — taken by James IV., Aug. Noris, Henrico, Cardinal, — h. at Verona, 29 Aug. 1631a — enters Jesuits' Coll. Rimini, 1646 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, Pisa, i674 b NORMAL SCHOOLS-NORRIS. ■043 — Sub-librarian of the Vatican, 1692 b — Car- dinal, 1695 — Librarian of the Vatican, 1700 b — tj. at Rome, 23 Feb. 1704^ Historia Pela- giana, 1673 — inserted in the Index by Spanish Inquisition, 1747 a — ordered to be withdrawn by Pope Benedict XIV., 31 Jul. 1748 c — with- drawn, 1757 "■—Opera, 1729-41. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Rees' Cyc. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Normal Schools, {JEcole Normale,) — estab- lished at Paris, 1795 — building completed, 1847 — at Stettin, 1735— at Berlin, by Frederick IT., 1748 — in Holland, 1816 — at Edinburgh, 1830 — in England, about 1838 — at Lexington, TJ. S., 1839. Normal Schools Association, American, — originated at New York, Aug. 1855. Norman, John Paxton, {Acting) Chief Justice of Bengal, — b., 21 Oct. 18 19 — B.A. Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1841 — called to the bar, 1852 — marries, 1854 — Judge of High Court of Bengal, May 1861 — Deputy Chief Justice, 1864 — again, 1871 — assassinated at Calcutta, 20 Sep. 1 87 1. Norman, Robert, — discovers dip of magnetic needle, and constructs dipping needle, about i57 6 - Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of, statesman, — b., 15 May 1797 — M.A. Cambridge, 18 18— M.P. Scarborougb, 181 8 — succeeds his father, Earl Mulgrave, Apr. 1 831 — Governor of Jamaica, 1832 — Lord Privy Seal, 1833 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1835 — created Marquis, 25 Jun. 1838 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1839 — for tbe Home Department, 1839-41 — ambassador to Paris, Aug. 1846 to Feb. 1852— G.C.B., 10 Dec. 1847 — K.G-., Apr. 1 85 1 — envoy to Florence, Dec. 1854 to Mar. 1858 — if. in London, 28 Jul. 1863. Normanby, John Sheffield, Marquis of. [Buckinghamshire, Duke of.] Normandy, — conquered by Clovis and incor- porated with kingdom of the Franks, 497-500 ■ — included in kingdom of Neustria, 511 — ravaged by Northmen under Rolf, 876 — ceded to Rolf, with title of Duke, by Charles the Sim- ple, 912 — William Longsword (son of Rolf) succeeds, 927 — [William I., Duke of Nor- mandy] — Richard I. (son) succeeds, 942 — conquest and partition of, unsuccessfully at- tempted by Louis IV. and Hugh, Duke of France, 943-946— Richard II., (son,) 996 — invaded by Ethelred II., 1003 — Richard III., (son,) 1026 or 1027- — Robert I. le Liable (brother) seizes the Duchy, 1027 — William II., (son,) 1035 — [William I., the Conqueror'] — Robert II,, Curthose, (son,) 1087 — pledged by him to William II. of England, 1096 — con- quered by Henry I., 1 106 — the chiefs do hom- age to his son William, 11 15 — rebellion in favour of William, son of Robert II., 11 23 — Maud, daughter of Henry II., acknowledged in, 1 1 35 — Stephen of Blois does homage to Louis VI. for, 1 1 37 — conquered by Geoffrey of Anjou, 1 144 — his son Henry succeeds, 1151 — [Henry II. of England] — Richard Coeur de Lion received as sovereign, 11 89 — attacked by Philip Augustus and Earl John, [John, King of England,] 1193 — recovered by Rich- ard, 1 1 94 — the war continues : John received as Duke, Apr. 1 199— claim of his nephew Arthur supported by Philip, 11 99 — invaded by Philip, 1203— conquered by him, 1204 — formally resigned by John, 1206 — reclaimed by Henry III., 1223— Edward I. gives up all claim to, 1279 — Duchy given by Philip of Valoistohis son John, 1331 — invaded by Ed- ward III., Jul. 1346— Duchy given by King John to his son Charles, 1351 — [Crecy, Calais] — again invaded by Edward III., 1355— attack- ed by Charles II. of Navarre, 1357 — form- ally reunited to Crown of France, 1361 — in- vaded by Henry V. as king of France, 1415 and 141 7 — insurrection in, against the English, suppressed by Earl of Arundel, 1434 — overrun by the Regent, Duke of York, and Talbot, 1436 —reconquered by Charles VII., 1449-50 — Duchy given by Louis XL to his brother Prince Charles, 1465 — resumed and finally united to the Crown, 1469. Customs (Coutoumier) of, reduced to writing, 1229 — reformed by com- mission under Henry III., 1 Jul. 1585. Normandy, A., chemist, — b. in France, about 1810 — tj. at Clapham, 10 May 1864. Chemic- al Atlas, 1857 — contributes to new edition of lire's Dictionary of Arts, i860 — Guide to the Alkalimetrical Chest, 1849 — Practical Introduc- tion to Rose's Treaties on Chemical Analysis, 1849. Normans, Northmen, — [Danes] — arrive in Italy, 1016 — conquer Apulia from Greeks, 1040— conquer Sicily, 1060-90. [Guiscard, Robert and Roger.] Norris, Henry, groom of the bedchamber to Henry VIII, — present at his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 1533 — suddenly sent to the Tower as alleged paramour of the Queen, 2 May 1536 — tried, 12 May — executed, 17 May. Norris, John, divine, philosopher, — b. in Wiltshire, 1657 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1676— Fellow of All Souls, 1680— M.A., 1684 — corresponds with Henry More, from 1684 — Rector of Bemerton, 1691 — tf. there, 17 11. Miscellanies, 1687 — Theory and Regulation of love, 1688 — Reasoi/- and Religion, 1689 — Theory of Ideal World, 17 01 -4 — Discourse concerning Natural Immortality of the Soul, 1708. Norris, John, military commander, — serves under Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands, 1585 — joint-commander with Drake of expedi- tion against Spain, spring 1589 — marches on Lisbon, May — commands English auxiliaries in Brittany, 1592 — Lord-general of the forces in Ireland, 1594 — falls into disfavour with Lord Deputy Russell, about 1595 — ft-, about 1598. Norris, Sir John, admiral, — serves at battle off Beaehy Head, 1690 — Captain R.N, 1690 — assists in defence of Newfoundland, 1696 — joint-commander with Earl of Peterborough in expedition to Spain, 1705 — as Rear-admiral, serves under Sir Cloudesley Shovel in the Mediterranean, 1707 — forces passage of the Var, 1707 — Vice-admiral, commands expedition to 66 * 1044 NORTH BRITON— NORTHAMPTON. the Baltic, 1708 — Admiral-in-chief in Mediter- ranean, 17 10 — cooperates with Russians, Danes, and Dutch against Swedish privateers, 17 15 — envoy extraord. to the Czar, 17 17 — joint-com- missioner for office of Lord High Admiral, 1717-30 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1743 — sent against French Fleet in the Channel, 1744 — tf., J 749- North Briton, newspaper, — originated hy John Wilkes, 1762 — prosecution of printers and publishers of No. 45, 30 Apr. 1763 — dam- ages for false imprisonment recovered hy a printer, 6 Jul. — ordered by House of Commons to be burnt by hangman, 15 Nov. North Cape, — passed by Sir Hugh Wil- loughby, 1553. North Carolina. [Carolina.] North Foreland, — Van Tromp defeated by Monk and Penn off, 2 and 3 Jun. 1651 — De Ruyter defeated by Prince Rupert and Duke of Albemarle, 25 Jul. 1666. North German Confederation, — formed be- tween Prussia and other German States, by Treaties of 18 and 21 Aug., 3 and 26 Sep., 8 and 21 Oct. 1866 — conference respecting constitu- tion of, opens at Berlin, 15 Dec. 1866 — Treaty between States of, signed at Berlin, 8 Feb. 1867 — first parliament of, opens at Berlin, 24 Feb. 1867 — constitution adopted by Prussian Chambers, 31 May 1867 — in force throughout Prussia, 1 Jul. 1867 — [Baden, Bavaria, Hesse- Darmstadt, ««^ Wiirtemberg] — converted into German Empire, proclaimed at Versailles, 18 Jan. 1 87 1. North-West Passage, — first attempts to dis- cover made by Cabot, 1497 — and by Cortereal, 1500 and 1501 — committee of House of Com- mons appointed to inquire respecting, Jan. 1745 — reward offered for discovery of, by Act 18 Geo. II. c. 17, 1745 — discovered by McClure, 26 Oct. 1850. North, Christopher. [Wilson, John.] North, Dudley, Lord, — h., 15 81 — succeeds to the title, 1600 — supports the Parliament against Charles I. : — tf., 1666. North, Sir Dudley,— b., 16 May 1641— M.P. Banbury, 1685 — If., 31 Dec. 1691. Dis- courses on Trade, 1691. North, Francis and Frederick. [Guildford, Baron and Earl of.] North, Roger, biographer, — h\, 3 Sep. 1651 — &•> J 733- Examen, 1740 — Lives of the lit. Eon. Francis North, the Hon. Sir Dudley North, §c., 1740-2 — Memoirs of Music, 1846. North, Sir Thomas,— b., about 1535— U., after 1579. Translations of Guevara's Diall of Drinces, 1557 — Doni's Morall Fhilosojihie, 1570 — Plutarch's Lives, 1579. Northallerton, in Yorkshire, — David I. of Scotland defeated by English {battle of the Standard) near, 22 Aug. 1 1 38. Northampton, in England, — burnt by Danes, Nov. 1 010 — taken possession of by Earl Mor- car, 1064 — interview of Henry I. Avith Robert, Duke of Normandy, 1106 — Henry I. holds his Court at, Easter 11 23 — parliament held at, the barons swear fealty to Maud, Sep. 1131 — Stephen holds his court at, 1 144 — mint men- tioned, 1 198 — unsuccessfully besieged by barons, 12 15 — captured by Henry III., 13 Apr. 1264 — parliaments held at, 1268, 1307, 131 7, and 1*380 — Henry VI. defeated and captured by Yorkists at, 10 Jul. 1460 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1563 — by Charles I., 1634 — ravaged by plague, 1637 — seized by Lord Brook and garrisoned for the Parliament by Essex, 1 642 — walls demolished by order of Charles II., 1662 — inundation at, 6 May 1663 — burnt, 1675 — again damaged by inundation, 1720, Coun- cils of, convoked by Stephen, 29 Mar. 11 36 — for condemnation of Becket, 12 Oct. n 64 — held by Cardinal Hugo, respecting jurisdiction of Abp of York over Scottish prelates, 25 Jan. 1 176 — held by Henry II. who restores forfeited estates to Earl of Leicester, and arranges re- moval of nuns of Fontevraud to Ambresbury, Jan. 1 177 — held by Cardinal Pandulph, who excommunicates King John, 121 1 or 121 2 — held by legate Otho, who excommunicates bishops and clerks adherents of Simon de Mout- fort, 1265 or 1266. Northampton, William Compton, 1st Earl of, — succeeds his father as Baron Compton, 1585 — summoned to parliament, 1593 — escorts the queen of James I. from Scotland to Eng- land, May to Jun. 1603 — K.B., 6 Jan. 1604 — attends James I. to Oxford, 1605 — created M.A. Oxford, 30 Aug. 1605 — President of Wales, 12 Nov. 16 18 — Earl of Northampton 2 Aug. 1619 — K.C.G., 11 Apr. 1629 — iy., 24 Jun. 1630. Northampton, Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of, — fc. at Compton, May 1601 — K.B., 3 Nov. 16 16 — attends Prince Charles to Spain, 1622 — succeeds his father, 1630 — accompanies Charles I. in expedition against Scotland, 1639 — takes the king's side, May 1641 — raises troops for the king, 1642 — takes part in battle of Edgehill, 1642 — killed in combat at Hon- ton Heath, 19 Mar. 1643. Northampton, James Compton, 3rd Earl of,— serves at battle of Edgehill, 1642 — LL.D. Oxford, 1 Nov. 1642 — wounded at Hopton Heath, 19 Mar. 1643 — succeeds his father, 1643 — at capture of Lichfield by Prince Rupert, Apr. 1643 — commands cavalry at first battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643 — repulses Sir W. Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 30 Jun. 1644 — raises siege of Banbury, 25 Oct. — relieves Don- nmgton Castle ; defeats Captain Lydcote near Althorpe, 18 Mar. 1645 — marries Lady Isa- bella Sackville, 5 Jul. 1647 — Privy Councillor, by Charles II., 7 Mar. 1672— Constable of the Tower, 25 Jun. 1675 — tf. at Castle Ashby, 15 Dec. 1681. Northampton, George Compton, 4th Earl of, — b., 1664 — succeeds his father, 1681 — M.A. Oxford, Feb. 1682— visited by William III. at Castle Ashby, 1695 — Privy Councillor, by Queen Anne, May 1702 — Constable of the Tower, 17 12- 17 — &., 15 Apr. 1727. Northampton, James Compton, 5tb Earl of, — M.P. Warwick, 17 10— Baron Compton, 17 1 1 — succeeds his father, 1727 — tf., 3 Oct. 1754- NORTHAMPTON— NORTHUMBERLAND. 1045 Northampton, George Compton, 6th Earl of,— M.P. Tamworth, 1722 — M.P. Northamp- ton, 1727 — Lord of the Treasury, 2 Feb. 1742 — succeeds his brother in the peerage, 1754 — 5j., 6 Dec. 1758. Northampton, Charles Compton, 7th Earl of, — succeeds to the peerage, Dec. 1758 — LL.D. Oxford, 3 Jul. 1759 — ambassador ex- traord. to Venice, May 1763 — tf., 18 Oct. 1763. Northampton, William Parr, Marquis of, — on marriage of his sister Catherine to Henry VIII. is created Earl of Essex, 1543— Marquis of Northampton, 1546 — Privy Councillor to Edward VI., 1547-53 — sen ^ against rebels in Norfolk, and is defeated, Jul. 1549 — sentenced to death as a traitor, 18 Aug. 1553 — restored in blood, not in honours, 1558 — again created Marquis of Northampton, 1559 — ft., 157 1. Northampton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, 2nd Marquis and 10th Earl of, — b., 2 Jan. 1790 — M.A. Cambridge, 18 10 — M.P. Northampton, 181 2 — marries, 24 Jul. 1 8 15 — succeeds to the earldom, 1828 — loses his wife in Italy, and returns to England, 1830— Pres. R.S., 1838-49— ft. at Castle Ashby, 17 Jan. 1851. Northbrook, Francis Thornhill Baring, 1st Lord, statesman,— b., 1796 — called to the bar, 1823 — M.P. Portsmouth, 1826-65 — Lord of the Treasury, 1830 — Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, 1839 to Sep. 1 841 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1849 — retires, 1852 — created Baron Northbrook, Dec. 1865 — fr. at Stratton Park, 6 Sep. 1866. Northcote, James, painter, — b. at Plymouth, 22 Oct. 1746 — studies under Sir Joshua Rey- nolds in London, 1771-6 — visits Italy, 1777-80 — R.A., 1787 — ft. in London, 13 Jul. 1831. Memoirs of Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1813 — One Hundred Fables, 1828 — with Hazlitt, Life of Titian, 1830. Northmen. [Danes, Normans.] Northumberland, — conquered by Romans under Agricola, 79 — Severus carries on war in, 208-210 — ravaged by Picts, after 418 — conquered by Angles, 547 — [Northumbria, Kingdom of\ — attacked by Danes, 844 — con- quered by them, 867 — ravaged by Halfdane, 875 — apportioned by Halfdane among his fol- lowers, 876 — included in the Danelagh, 878 — revolts against Edwy, and chooses Edgar for king, 957 — revolts against Tostig, 1065 — against William I., 1067 — invaded by Mal- colm Canmore, 1093 — by William the Lion, 1 17 1 — ravaged by Scots, 1296, 1297, 13 14, 1387, 1402, 1436, 1462, 1464, and 15 13. Northumberland, Earls of. [Cospatric, Edwin, Morcar, Siward, Waltheof.] Northumberland, Hobert de Mowbray, Earl of,— defeats and kills' Malcolm Canmore at Alnwick, Nov. 1093 — William II. makes war on him, 1095 — captured and imprisoned at Windsor, 1095— tf. a monk at St Alban's, 1106. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 1st Earl of, — b., 1342 — serves in French War, 1359 — succeeds his father as Lord of Alnwick, 1368 — again serves in France, 1368-9 and 137 1 — accompanies John of Gaunt on his march through France, 1373— Marshal of England, as early as 1376 — attends court at St Paul's for trial of Wickliffe, 19 Feb. 1377 — his house attacked by London mob, 20 Feb.— assists at coronation of Richard II. , and is created Earl of Northumberland, 16 Jul. 1377 — takes part in negotiating peace with Scotland, 1377 — recovers Berwick from Scots, Nov. 1378 — ■ K.G., 1384 — Admiral of England, 1386 — Governor of Calais, 1391 — attends Richard II. at his interview with Charles VI. of France, near Guisnes, Oct. 1396 — proclaimed a traitor and banished the realm, 1398 — joins Henry, Duke of Lancaster, Jul. 1399 — assists at his recognition as king, 30 Sep. — Constable of England, 30 Sep. — receives grant of Isle of Man, 1399 — ambassador to France, 1400 — de- feats Scots under Sir Patrick Hepburn, 1400 — with his son, Hotspur, defeats Scots at Homildon Hill and takes Douglas prisoner, 14 Sep. 1402 — quarrels with the king respect- ing ransom of the prisoners : conspires with Glendower in favour of Richard II., 1403 — attends Henry IV. at York, and is detained, n Aug. 1403 — released soon after, but de- prived of Isle of Man : joins in conspiracy of Mowbray and Scrope, May 1405 — escapes to Scotland, Jun. 1405 — takes refuge with Glen- dower, 1406 — again takes up arms, and is de- feated and killed at Bramham Moor, 19 Feb. 1408. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of, — b., 3 Feb. 1393 — sent to Univ. of St Andrew's, 1405 — on death of his grandfather, first Earl, his patrimony confiscated, 1408 — restored to his honours by Henry V., 141 3 — to his estates, 14 15 — serves in French wars, 1416-18 — governor of Berwick, Jun. 1421 — ambassador to France, 1423 — negotiates truce with James of Scotland and escorts him from Durham to Scotland, 1424 — confirmed in his earldom by charter, 1425 — takes part in nego- tiating truce at Edinburgh, Dec. 1430 — de- feated by Earl Douglas at Pepperden, 1436 — Constable of England, 1450 — fights on Lan- castrian side at battle of St Alban's and is killed, 23 May 1455. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of, — b., 142 1 — Knt, 1426 — governor of Ber- wick, 1442 — assists in negotiating truce with Scotland, 145 1 — succeeds his father, 145^ — attends parliament at Coventry, 28 Nov. 1459 — killed at battle of Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of, — on his father's death imprisoned in the Tower, Mar. 146 1 — released by Edward IV., 27 Oct. 1469 — restored to the earldom, 1470 — K.G., 18 Aug. 147 1 — present at interview of Edward IV. and Louis XL at Pecquigny, Aug. 1475 — takes part in capture of Berwick and Edinburgh, May to Jul. 1482 — Lord High Chamberlain, 1483— betrays Richard III. at Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — accompanies Henry VII. to York, 1485 — murdered by a mob, in Yorkshire, 28 Apr. 1489. Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, [046 NORTHUMBEKLAND. 5th Earl of, — b., 13 Jan. 1478 — K.B., 21 Nov. 1488 — succeeds his father, 1489— takes part in defeat of rebels under Lord Audley, at Blackheath, 22 Jun. 1497 — escorts Princess Margaret from Northamptonshire to Berwick, 1503 — accompanies Henry VIII. to France, 15 1 3— at battle of the Spurs, 18 Aug.— at capture of Terouenne, 22 Aug. — of Tournay, 22 Sep.— at Field of the Cloth of Gold, Jun. 1520 — attends the king to interview with Charles V. at Canterbury, May 1522 — ts., 19 May 1527. Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, 6th Earl of, — his projected marriage with Anne Boleyn prohibited by Henry VIII., 1527 — succeeds his father, 1527 — promotes prose- cution of Wolsey, 1529 — arrests him at Cawood Castle, 4 Nov. 1530 — K.C.G., 24 Apr. 153 1 — tf. at Hackney, 30 Jun. 1537 : title extinct. Northumberland, Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of,— retakes Scarborough Castle from rebels under Stafford, 1557 — created Baron Percy by Queen Mary, 30 Apr. 1557 — created Earl of Northumberland, 1 May — repulses the Scots, Nov. — assists in negotiating treaty of peace with Scotland, 1559 — K.G., 1563 — with Earl of Westmoreland heads rebellion in favour of Eomanism, middle of Nov. 1568 — retreats into Scotland, Dec. — betrayed to Regent Murray and sent to Lochleven Castle, Jan. 1570 — given up by Morton to Queen Elizabeth, Jul. 1572 — beheaded at York, 22 Aug. 1572. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 8th Earl of, — distinguishes himself against Scots, 1557 — against French in Scotland, 1559 — takes part in suppressing rebellion of his brother, Earl of Northumberland, 1568 — succeeds him, 1572 — committed to the Tower, on suspicion of sharing in Throckmorton's conspiracy, 1585 — found dead there, 21 Jun. 1585. Northumberland, Henry Percy, 9th Earl of, — h., Apr. 1564 — succeeds his father, 1585 — follows Leicester to the Netherlands, Dec. 1585 — joins the fleet against the Armada, 1588 — K.C.G., 1593 — at siege of Ostend, 1601 — challenges Sir Francis Vere, 1602 — Privy Councillor by James I., 1603 — M.A. Oxford, 30 Aug. 1605 — suspected of being privy to Gunpowder Plot, and commanded to keep his house, 7 Nov. 1605 — committed to the Tower, 27 Nov.— convicted by Star Chamber, fined and sentenced to imprisonment for life, 27 Jun. 1606 — liberated, 18 Jul. 1621 — tf. at Petworth, 5 Nov. 1632. Northumberland, Algernon Percy, 10th Eahl of, — b. in London, 1602 — K.B., 1616 — called to House of Peers as Lord Percy, 1625 — succeeds his father, 1632 — attends corona- tion of Charles I. in Scotland, 1633 — KG., 13 May 1635 — commands fleet against the Dutch, 1636— Lord High Admiral, 30 Mar. 1637 — member of the Council, 1639 — appointed General of army against Scots, before Feb. 1640— falls ill, Aug. — negotiates marriage of Princess Mary with Prince of Orange, 1641 — appoints Earl of Warwick Admiral of the Fleet, against the king's command, end of Mar. 1642 — deprived of his commission as Lord High Admiral, 1642 — joint-envoy from parliament to the king, 11 Nov. — again, Jan. and Mar. 1643 — one of the Parliamentary commissioners at Uxbridge, Jan. to Feb. 1645 — charged with care of the king's children, May 1645 — Duke of York placed under his care, Jun. 1 646 — made a Duke by vote of the Commons, 1 Dec. 1646 — joint-commissioner to treat with the king in Isle of Wight, Sep. to Nov. 1648— resigns custody of royal children, 1649 — has conference with Gen. Monk, spring 1660 — Privy Coun- cillor, by Charles II., 31 May— Lord High Constable at his coronation, 1661 — ft., 13 Oct. 1668. Northumberland, Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of, — b., 1644 — succeeds his father, 1668 — tf. at Turin, 21 May 1670 ? — title extinct. Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, — b., 1502 — attends Duke of Suffolk to France, and is knighted, 1523 — created Lord Lisle, 1543 — Lord High Admiral for life, 1543 — takes Leith, 1544 — defends Boulogne, and ravages French coast, 1545 — named an executor of Henry VIIL, Jan. 1547 — deprived of office of Lord High Admiral, Jan. 1547 — created Earl of Warwick, 17 Feb. 1547— joins Pro- tector Somerset in invasion of Scotland, Sep. 1547 — Lord Great Chamberlain, 1547 — dis- perses rebels under Ket in Norfolk, 10 Aug. 1549 — with Southampton intrigues against Somerset, autumn 1549 — acquires chief power in the Council, early in 1550 — created Duke of Northumberland, n Oct. 1551^-Lord High Steward and Earl Marshal, 1551 — obtains county palatine of Durham, 155 1 — marries his son to Lady Jane Grey, May 1553 — prevails on Edward VI. to appoint Lady Jane Grey his successor, Jun. 1553 — fails in attempt to seize Princess Mary, Jul. — sets out from London to oppose forces of Queen Mary, 14 Jul. — dis- misses his troops at Cambridge, and proclaims Mary, 20 Jul. — sent to the Tower with three of his sons, 25 Jul. — pleads guilty to charge of treason, 18 Aug. — beheaded, 22 Aug. Northumberland, John Neville, Earl of. [Montague, Marquis of.] Northumberland, Hugh Smithson, Earl and Duke of, — succeeds to the Baronetcy on death of his grandfather, 1729 — marries Lady Elizabeth Seymour, 18 Jul. 1740 — succeeds to the Earldom and assumes name of Percy on death of Algernon Seymour, Earl of North- umberland, Feb. 1750 — K.G., 1757 — Lord Chamberlain to the queen, and Privy Councillor, 1762 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 20 Apr. 1763 — Vice-admiral of all America, 1764 — created Duke, 18 Oct. 1766 — loses his wife, Dec. 1766 — Master of the Horse to the queen, Dec. 1778 — assailed by Gordon Eioters, Jun. 1780 — fc., 6 Jun. 1786. Northumberland, Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke and 4th Earl of, — b., 20 Apr. 1785 — M.A. Cambridge, 1805 — M.P. Buckingham, 1806 — called to House of Peers as Earl Percy, 1 8 1 2 — succeeds his father as Duke, 10 Jul. 1817 — K.G., 25 Jul. 1 8 19 — ambassador extraord. to coronation of Charles X. of France, 1825 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1829-30 — Chan- NORTHUMBERLAND— NOSTRADAMUS. 1047 cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1840 — tf. at Aln- wick Castle, 12 Feb. 1847. Northumberland, Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of, — b., 15 Dec. 1792 — serves in the navy, 1805-15 — created Baron Prudhoe, 18 16 — marries Lady Eleanor Grosvenor, 1842 — succeeds his brother in the Dukedom, 1847 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1852 — K.G., 1853— tf. at Alnwick Castle, 12 Feb. 1865. [Alnwick.] Northumbria, Kingdom of, — founded by Ida, 547 — divided at his death, 560 — [Berni- cia and Deira] — reunited under Ethelfrith of Bemicia, 593 — Edwin succeeds, 617 — Oswald, 634— Oswy, 642 — Egfrid, 670 — Aldfrid, 685 — OsRED, 705 — KeNRED, 716 — OsRIC, 7 l6, a 718 b — Ceolwulf, May 729 — receives the tonsure, 731 — escapes and recovers the throne, and is succeeded byEadbert, 737 — Ceolwulf tf., 760 — Oswulf, 757, a 758 b — murdered, 25 Jul. 758 — Ethelwald {Moll) succeeds, 759 — kills swine, 6 Aug. 761 — resigns the crown to Alchred, 765 — expelled and succeeded by Ethelred, 774 — Alfwold, 778 — Osred, 24 Sep. 789 — expelled, and Ethelred resumes the crown, 790 — Osred attempts to recover it, and is killed, 14 Sep. 792 — the kingdom ravaged by Danes, 794— Eardwulf succeeds, 795 — driven away, 806 — conquered by Egbert, 827. a A.S. Chron. b Lingard. Norton, Andrews, biblical critic, theologian, — b. in Massachusetts, U. S., 31 Dec. 1786 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1804 — librarian of Univ., Cambridge, 1 813-21 — Dexter lecturer on Biblical Criticism, 181 3 — Dexter Prof. Sacred Literature, 1819-30 — tf. at Newport, Rhode Island, 18 Sep. 1853. Genuineness of the Gospels, 1837-55. Norton, Sir Fletcher. [Grantley, Lord.] Norway, — its small principalities united under Harold Harfager, about 885 ? — Erick succeeds, 933 — driven away, takes refuge in England, about 937 — Haco I., 938 — Harold II., 963 — defeated and killed by Danes, 978 — the government shared by the Jarl Haco and Harold Blaatand, 995— Olaf (Olaus) I., Tryggvason, 995— on his death governed by Jarl Erick and Sweyn of Denmark, 1000 — Olaf II., 1016 — Cnut the Great, 1028 — Swevn, (son,) 1030 — expelled, 1035— Magnus I. the Good, 1036 — Harold III., Hardrada, 1047 — Olaf III. the Peaceful, and Magnus II., (sons,) succeed, Sep. 1066 — Olaf III. alone, Dec. 1066 — founds Bergen, about 1070 — tf., 22 Sep. 1093 — Magnus III., Barefoot, 1093 — Eysten L, Sigurd I., and Olaf IV., (sons,) 1103 — Olaf tf., n 16 — Eysten tf-, 1122 — Magnus IV. the Blind, (son of Sigurd,) and Harold IV. Gille, 1130 — they quarrel, Magnus defeats Harold, 1 1 34 — Harold defeats and imprisons Magnus, Jan. 1 1 35 — Harold is assassinated by his brother Sigurd, 14 Dec. n 36 — Sigurd II. and Inge I., (sons of Harold IV.,) 11 37 — Eysten II. associated with them, 1152 — Inge alone, 1157 — murdered, 3 Feb. 1161 — Haco II. recog- nized king, 1 15 1 — succeeds, 1 161 — driven away by Jarl Erling; defeated and put to death, 1162 — Magnus V., (son of Erling,) 1 162 — Sverrer shares the throne, from 1177 — defeats Erling and Magnus, 11 79 — again defeats Magnus, 15 Jun. 11 84— Sverrer alone, 1 1 84 — tf., 9 Mar. 1202 — Haco III., 1202 — tf., i Jan. 1204 — Gottorm, Jan. 1204 — tf., Aug. 1204 — Inge II., 1204— Haco IV., 1217 — Magnus IV., (son,) 1263— Erick II., (son,) 1280 — Haco V., (brother,) 1299 — regulates succession, 1302 — terminates war with Den- mark, 1309 — tf., 8 May 13 19 — Magnus V., (II. of Sweden,) 1319 — the country ravaged by Black Death, 1348-50 — Haco VI. (son,) associated, 1350— alone, 1374 — Olaf V., 1380 — at his death, 1387, the old royal race is extinct: joint kingdom with Denmark, 1387- 18 14 — loses its independence by Union of Calmar, 1397 — the Reformation introduced, 1536 — possession of, guaranteed to Sweden, by Convention with Russia, 18 12 — acknowledged as part of Sweden by Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 — the crown offered to Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark, and accepted, May 1814 — invaded by Swedes, ports blockaded by British, and Christian driven away, Jul. 18 14 — united with Sweden by Convention of 14 Aug. — ratified by Storthing at Christiania, 20 Oct. — constitution accepted by Charles XIII., king of Sweden, 4 Nov. [Sweden.] Norwich, capital of Norfolk, — occupied by Danes under Ingwar, 870 — taken and burnt by Danes, 1004 — besieged by Ralph, Earl of East Angles, 1074 — seat of bishopric trans- ferred from Thetford, 1094 — receives charter from Henry I., 11 22 — taken and plundered by barons, 1267 — fortified, 1297-1342 — worsted manufacture introduced by Flemings, 1336 — attacked by rioters under John the Dyer, 1381 — made a county by itself, 1403— attacked by rebels under Ket, 1549 — fresh immigration of Flemings, 1566 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1578 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642 — British Association meets at, 19 Aug. 1868. Cathedral, commenced by Bp Herbert Losinga, 1094 — completed by Bp Percy, 1361. Castle, founded, probably about 575 — seat of Anna, king of E. Anglia, about 642 — given with E. Anglia to Guthrum, about 880 — burnt by Danes, 1004 — rebuilt, probably by Cnut, about 1020 — held by Ralph, Earl of E. Angles, 1074 — seized by Roger Bigod, 1087— by Hugh Bigod, 1 1 36 — and again, 11 74 — reduced and garrisoned by Prince Louis, 12 16 — falls into neglect, after 1294 — given up by George III. to county of Norfolk, 1805. Norwood, Richard, mathematician, — mea- sures a degree of the meridian in England, 1635. Trigonometry, 16 31 — Seaman's Practice, 1637. Nossis, epigrammatic poetess, — [B C] — #., about 310. Nostradamus, (JVotre-dame,) Michel de, astrologer,— b. at St Remy, 14 Dec. 1503 — M.D. Montpellier, 1529 — presented to Henry II., at Paris, about 1555 — to Charles IX., 1565 — tf- at Salon, 2 Jul. 1566. Centuries, 1555- 1048 NOTABLES— NOVALIS. Notables, Assembly of. [See French Re- volution, 1789.] Notaries, Public, — in England, required to take Oath of Allegiance, by Act 7 and 8 Win III. c. 24, 1696 — and Oath of Abjuration, by Act 13 ¥m III. c. 6, 1701 — penalty for act- ing without annual certificate, imposed by Act 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 72, s. 7, 9 Jul. 1800. In United Kingdom, admission of, regulated by Acts 41 Geo. III. c. 79, 27 Jun. 1801 ; 3 and 4¥m IV. c. 70, 28 Aug. 1833, and 6 and 7 Vic. c. 90, 24 Aug. 1843. Notker, {Balbulus,) monk of St Gall, — ft. at Elgau, in Thurgovia, about 830 — ft., 16 Apr. 912. Notker, {labeo,) Abbot op St Gall, — translates portions of the Bible: tf., 29 Jun. 1022. Notre Dame, Church of. [Paris.] Nott, John, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at "Worcester, 24 Dec. 1751 — M.D., 1788 — settles at Clifton, 1793 — tf. there, 1826. Translations from Petrarch, 1777 and 1808 — from Hafiz, 1787 — Poems, 1780 — Edition and Translation of Catullus, 1794. Nott, Sir "William, general, — ft. at Carmar- then, 1782 — goes to India as cadet, 1800 — Major, 1826 — revisits England, about 1827 — returns to India, about 1832 — holds Candahar, 1842 — retakes Ghuznee, 6 Sep. 1842 — with Gen. Pollock, reenters Cabul, 15 Sep. — o". at Carmarthen, 1 Jan. 1845. Nottingham,- — taken by Danes, and be- sieged by Ethelred and Alfred, 868 — confirmed to Danes by treaty with Alfred, 877 — restored and repeopled by Edward the Elder, 922— fortified on south side of Trent, 924 — recap- tured by Edmund I., 942 — castle strengthened by William I., 1067 — taken and burnt by par- tisans of Maud, 1 140— again burnt, 1153 — castle seized by Earl John, 1191 — recovered by Bichard I., 1 194 — receives Henry III., 1264 • — Boger Mortimer seized at, 19 Oct. 1330 — parliament held at, 1337 — conference of Bichard II. with the judges at, 25 Aug. 1387 — Edward IV. assembles his troops and is pro- claimed at, 146 1 — head-quarters of Bichard ill. before battle of Bosworth, 1485 — Henry VII. holds council of war at, 1487 — Charles I. sets up his standard at, 22 Aug. 1642 — quits the town, about mid. Sep. 1642 — treacherously given up to B,oyalists, 18 Sep. 1643 — evacuated by them, 23 Sep. — again entered by Royalists, 16 Jan. 1644 — castle dismantled by order of Cromwell; new castle built, 1680 — Luddite riots at, 1811-12— [Luddites] — Reform riot, the castle burnt, 8 Oct. 1831 — British Associa- tion meets at, 22 Aug. 1866. School of Art, founded, 1863. Infirmary, founded, 17 81. Nottingham, Charles Howard, Earl of. [Howard of Effingham, Lord.] Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of, and Earl of Winch'elsea, statesman, — ft., about 1647 — First Commissioner of the Admiralty, Privy Councillor, 1679 — succeeds as Earl of Nottingham, 1682 — one of the Commissioners to treat with William, Prince of Orange, 1688 — Secretary of State, 1689-93 — attends the king to the Congress at the Hague, 1690 — quar- rels with Admiral Russell, 1692 — Secretary of State, 1702-4 — one of the Lords Justices for Administration of Affairs, 17 14 — Lord Pre- sident of the Council, Sep. 17 14 to Feb. 17 15 — succeeds to Earldom of Winchelsea, 1729 — If., 21 Jan. 1730. Nottingham, Heneage Finch, Earl of, Lord Finch of Daventry, Lord Chancellor of England, — ft., 23 Dec. 1621 — enters Oxford Univ., 1635 — member of the Inner Temple, 25 Nov. 1638 — called to the bar, 30 Jan. 1645 — member of Convention Par- liament, Apr. 1660 — Knt, Bart, and So- licitor-General, Jun. 1660 — M.P. Cambridge, 1661 — D.O.L. Oxford, 7 Nov. 1665 — At- torney-General, May 1670 — Lord Keeper, 9 Nov. 1673— Lord Chancellor, 19 Dec. 1675 — ■ presides at trial of Lord Stafford, 1680 — Earl of Nottingham, 12 May 168 1 — ft. in London, 18 Dec. 1682. Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, Earl of [Norfolk, Duke of.] Noue, Francois de la, {Bras de _Fl at Geneva, 12 Feb. 1837. Ostervald, Jean Frederic, theologian, — 6. at Xeufchatel, 25 Xov. 1663 — M.A. Saumur, 1679 — pastor of Befornied Church, Xeufcbatel, 1699 — if. there, 14 Apr. 1747. Trench edition of the Bible, with notes, 1724 — Traite des Sources des corruptions parmi les Chretiens, 1699. Osterwick, Maria van, painter,— fc. near Drift, 1630 — tf., 1693. Ostia, port of Rome, — [BC] — privileged with exemption from military service, 207 — plundered by Marius, 87 — [AD] — destroyed by Saracens, 849 — new town founded by Pope Gregory IV., 830 — pillaged by Saracens, spring 849 — see of, united to Velletri, 1150 — seized by the French, and held for them by Cardinal della Eovere, 1494 — recovered by Gonsalvo d'Aguilar, 1497 — explorations at, by Don Diego de Xoronha, 1783 — by Hamilton, 1 7 88 — by Fega, 1796. Ostracism, — [BC] — instituted by Cleis- thenes at Athens, about 508 — discontinued, after 415. Ostrogoths, — [Goths] — attacked by Huns, and are driven upon the Visigoths on the Danube, 375 — permitted by Marcian to settle in Pannonia, 453 — ravage Illyricum, 455 — un- der Theodoric, invade Italy, 489— [Odoacer] — kingdom of, in Italy, established, 493 — overthrown by Xarses, 554. [Italy.] Ostrolenka, — combat between Gen. Savary and Eussians under Essen, 16 Feb. 1807 — battle of, between Poles and Eussians, 26 May 1831. Oswald, St, King op Xorthumbria, — on death of his father, Ethelfrith, takes refuge in Ireland, 617 — returns, expels Osric and Ean- frith, and recovers the kingdom, 634 — killed by Penda at Maserfield, 5 Aug. 642. Oswego, in Canada, — taken from the French by the British, 1756 — confirmed to British, 1763 — given up to Americans, 14 Jul. 1766. Oswestry, in Shropshire, — destroyed by King John, 12 12 — by Llewellyn, 1233 — walled by order of Edward L, 1277. Oswulf. [See Northumbria.] Oswy, King of Xokthumbkia, — succeeds his brother Oswald in Bernicia, 642— kills Oswine of Deira, 20 Aug. 651 — defeats and kills Penda near Leeds, 655 — reunites Deira and Bernicia, 656 — tf., 15 Feb. 670. Otago, province of Xew Zealand, — British settlement in, 1848 — discovery of gold in, by Eead, Jun. 1861. Otaheite, {Tahiti,) one of the Society Islands, — discovered by Quiros, and named Sagittaria, 1606 — visited by Waliis, and named King George's Island, 19 Jun. 1767 — visited by Bougainville, and named Xouvelle Cythere, 2 Apr. 1768 — visited by Cook, several times, and its native name restored, between 10 Apr. 1769 and 1778 — English missions established, 1797 — Christianity embraced by King Pomaree II., 1 8 14— written laws made, 1825 — French Catholic missionaries arrive, 1835 — and are expelled, 1836— reestablished by force, 1838 — placed under French protection by treaty with Queen Pomare, 9 Sep. 1842 — on her disavowal of treaty, occupied by French, Xov. 1843 — the proceedings disavowed by French government, 26 Feb. 1844 — part of the island declared in state of siege by French governor Braat, Mar. 1844 — arrest and imprisonment of Pritchard, ex-consul of Great Britain, 5 Mar. — compensation for the outrage awarded by French government, summer 1844 — French protectorate reassumed, 7 Jun. 1845 — revolts suppressed by Dec. 1846 — protectorate accepted by Queen Pomare, 6 Feb. 1847. " Otbert, Bp of Liege, — attends Emperor Henry IV. in Italy, 109 1 — appointed to the see, 1 09 1 — acquires for the see the Chateau of Bouillon, 1096 — excommunicated by Urban II., about 1 1 00 — leads troops of the Emperor to siege of Limburg, 1 roi — receives the Emperor at liege, 1101 — the Pope endeavours to incite Pwobert, Count of Flanders, to make war on him, about 1102 — gives asylum to Henry IV., 1 1 05 — makes his peace with Henry V. at Aix- la-Chapelle, 1106 — relieved from excommuni- cation by Paschal, Xov. 1107 — tf., 31 Jan. 1119. Otford, battle of [See Offa.] Otfrid, {Otfried,) poet, — commences his metrical Life of Christ, about 850 a (earliest German posm in rhyme) — completes and dedi- cates it to Ludwig, king of Germany, about 865,* 868 b — tf., about 870^ a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Othman, Al-Ghazi, founder of Ottoman OTHMAN— OTTO I. Empire, — b. in Bithynia, (657, a. h.) 1259— succeeds his father, Orthogrul, in command of colony in Armenia, (680,) 1280 — conquers territory of Nicsea, 1299 — takes the town, 1304 — conquers Marmara, 1307 — to., (10 Ra- madan 726,) 10 Aug. 1326. Othman (Osman) II., Sultan of the Ottomans, — b., i6io, a i6o6, b 4 Nov. 1604° — succeeds his uncle Mustapha I., (1027, a. h.) 26 Feb. 161 8 — sends embassy to France, 16 18 — sends army Under Ali Pasha into Persia, 1619 — concludes peace with Persia, 1620 — in- vades Poland, (1030,) spring 1621 — repulsed at Choczim, makes peace, (Dhu'l hajjah 1030,) Oct. 1 62 1 — put to death by Janissaries, (18 Redgeb 1031,) 19 May 1622. a Cantemir. b Other authorities. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Othman, Ibn Affan, 3rd Caliph, — b., about 574— secretary to Mohammed, 630 — elected successor of Omar, (29 Dhu'l hajjah 23, a. h.) 6 Nov. 644 — recalls Amrou from Egypt, 644 — his generals conquer Hamadan, 645 — expel Yezdegerd from Persia, 646 — subdue Khoras- san, 647 — conquer Africa, 647 — plunder Cyprus and Pthodes, 648 — make Nubia tributary, 651 — assassinated by Mohammed, son of Abubekr, at Medina, (28 Dhu'l hajjah 35,) 28 Jun. 656. Othman, Ibn Yahia Alcaisi, scholar, — if. governor of Malaga, (735, a. h.) 1334. Othman III., Sultan op the Ottomans, — b., about 1696 — succeeds his brother Mahmoud I., (8 Rabia I. 1168, a. h.) 13 Dec. 1754— to., (25 or 26 Saphar 1171,) 28 or 29 Oct. 1757. Otho, King of Greece, — b. at Salzburg, 1 Jun. 1 8 15 — recognized as King of Greece by National Assembly, 8 Aug. 1832 — arrives at Nauplia, 25 Jan. 1833 — assumes the govern- ment, 1 Jun. 1835 — marries Amelia of Olden- burg, 22 Nov. 1836 — dismisses some of his foreign ministers, 14 Feb. 1837 — insurrection, Sep. 1 843 — swears to the constitution, 30 Mar. 1844 — appoints Admiral Kanaris First Minister, Jan. 1862 — appoints Kolokotronis, 8 Jun. 1862 — insurrections against his govern- ment, Oct. — abdicates, 24 Oct. 1862 — quits Greece, 27 Oct. — to. at Bamberg, 26 Jul. 1867. Otho, George, orientalist, — b. in Hesse- Cassel, 1634 — Prof. Greek and Eloquence, Marburg, 1679 — Librarian to the Univ., and Prof. Oriental Languages, soon after — to. at Marburg, 28 May 17 15. Synopsis institu- tiomtm Samaritanarum, #c., 17 01 — Palcestra linguarwn Orientalium, 1702. Otho, L. Roscius,— [BC] — trib. pleb., 67 — introduces law respecting equestrian seats at theatres. Otho, M. Salvius, Roman Emperor, (69,) — b., 28 Apr. 32 — governor of Lusitania, before 68 — proclaimed Emperor, Galba killed, 15 Jan. 69 — defeated by Vitellius, kills himself, 15 Apr. 69. Otranto, {Hydruntum,) in Italy, — naval battle between Venetians and Saracens off, 811 — by Robert Guiscard, about 1060— Fred- erick II. sails from, and returns to, 1227 — again sails from, 29 Jun. 1228 — given by the pope to Henry Frangipani, 1249 — taken by Roger de Loria, 1295 — stormed by Turks, 21 Aug. 1480 — retaken by Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, 10 Aug. 148 1— gives title of Duke to Fouche, 1809. Ott, Peter Carl, Baron von , field-marshal, — as Major-general in Austrian army, serves against Turks, 1789— against French, 1793 — serves under Wurmser in Italy, 1796 — Field- marshal-lieutenant, 1797 — at battle of Novi, 16 Jul. 1799 — takes Savigliano, Nov. 1799 — receives with Keith the capitulation of Massena, 4 Jun. 1800 — 13. at Pesth, 10 May 1809. Ottawa,— receives its present name, 1854— made capital of Canada, 1865 — first parliament opens at, 8 Jun. 1865. Otter, Jean, orientalist, — b. at Christian- stadt, 23 Oct. 1707 — studies at Lund, 1724 — visits the East, 1734-44 — interpreter of Ori- ental Languages at the King's Library, Paris, 1744 — Prof. Arabic, College of France, 1746 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 19 Mar. 1748 — to- at Paris, 26 Sep. 1748, 11 1749^ Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, 1748. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. ■ b Eees' Cyc. Otterbein, Philip William, founder of sect of ' United Brethren in Christ,' — b. at Dill en- burg, 4 Jun. 1 726 — pastor of Reformed Church, Herborn, 1749 — sent as missionary to America, 1752 — settles at Baltimore, 1774 — to- there, 17 Nov. 1813. Otterburn, {Chevy Chase,) — battle of, be- tween Earl Douglas and. Henry Percy, Douglas killed and Percy captured, 10 Aug. 1388. Ottley, William Young, writer on Art, — b., 177 1 — studies painting, &c, jn Italy, 1791- 180 1 — Keeper of prints in British Museum, 1833 — to-, 26 May 1836. Italian School of Design, 1808-23 — Enquiry into the Origin and early History of Engraving upon Copper and on Wood, 1 816. Ottmer, Karl Theodor, architect, — b. at Brunswick, 19 Jan. 1800 — studies at Berlin, 1822 — studies in Italy, 1827-9 — to. at Berlin, 22 Aug. 1843. Architektonische Mitt hei lung - en, 1830-8 — Palace at Brunswick, 1833-6. Otto I., the Great, King of Germany, Em- peror or the Romans, — b., 22 Nov. 912 — marries Eadgyth, daughter of Edward the Elder, 930 — elected King of Germany, at Aix- la-Chapelle, Jul. 936 — fines and banishes Duke Eberhart, 937 — makes war on Bohemia, 938 — loses his wife, 26 Jan. 947 — makes Bohemia tributary, 950 — marches into Lombardy to succour Adelaide, widow of King Lothaire, and conquers the country, 951 — proclaimed King of Italy, at Pavia, Oct. — marries Adelaide, Christ- mas — returns to Germany, Feb. 952 — restores Berenger to his kingdom, 952 — loses his son Ludolph, 957 — at request of Pope John XII. again passes into Italy, and deposes Berenger, 961 — again crowned King of Italy, at Milan, about Nov. 961 — with Adelaide, receives Impe- rial crown at Rome, 2 Feb. 962 — marches on Rome, Jul. 963 a — holds a council, deposes John XII. and procures election of Leo YIIL, 963 — takes Berenger prisoner, 964 a — besieges Rome, reenters it, 23 Jun. 964 — reestablishes Leo and carries Benedict V. to Germany, 964 — reenters Rome, Christmas 966 a — suppresses 1072 OTTO II.— OTTOMAN EMPIRE. revolt against John XIII., 967 — sends Luit- prand to Constantinople to negotiate marriage of his son Otto with Theophania, daughter of Eoraanus II., 968 — the Princess treacherously carried off by Greeks : he invades Calabria, 969 — makes peace with Zimisces, who sends the Princess to him, 972 — lj., after Jul. 973. a Milman. Otto II., Emperor op the Romans, — b., 955 — crowned King of Lorraine, 26 May 961 — elected King of Italy, about Dec. 962 — crowned Emperor by John XIII., at Rome, 22 Dec. 967 — marries Theophania, 972 — succeeds his father, after Aug. 973 — expels Adelaide, the queen- mother, and carries on war with Henry, Duke of Bavaria, and his allies, 974 — defeats them, and deprives Henry of his Duchy, 976 — on claim of Lorraine by Lothaire, king of France, cedes Lower Lorraine to Charles, brother of Lothaire, 977— refuses to cede whole of Lor- raine and carries on war with Lothaire, 977- 980 — concludes treaty with him, assuring Lor- raine to the Empire, 980 — passes into Italy, Sep. 980 — reconciled with Adelaide, at Pavia, permits her to return to his Court, 980 —arrives at Rome, Jan. 981 — treacherously massacres suspected nobles and magistrates at Rome, 981 — fails in attempt to conquer Calabria, summer 981 — holds Diet at Verona, 983 — tf. at Rome, 7 Dec. 983. Otto III., Emperor op the Romans, — b., 980 — named successor of his father, Otto II., at Diet of Verona, 983 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, Christmas 983 — carried off by Henry, Duke of Bavaria, but rescued and restored to his mother, 984 — crowned King of Lombardy, at Monza, 995 — makes Gregory V. Pope, May 996 — crowned Emperor at Rome by Gregory V., 21 May 996 — holds Diet at Rome and con- demns Crescentius, 25 May 996 — again crown- ed King of Lombardy, at Milan, autumn 996 — reconquers Brandenburg from the Slaves, 997 — celebrates Christmas with Gregory V. at Pavia, 997 — reinstates him, Feb. 998 — be- sieges, captures, and puts to death Crescentius, Apr. 998 — makes Sylvester II. Pope, Apr. 999 ■ — makes a pilgrimage to tomb of Adalbert, Bp of Prague, 1000 — founds archbishopric of Gnesen, 1000 — holds Diet at Aix-la-Chapelle, and opens tomb of Charles the Great, 1000 — passes into Italy and defeats Saracens, Jan. 1001 ■ — at Ravenna, Lent to Nov. 1001 — celebrates Christmas with Sylvester II. at Todi, 1001 — is poisoned by Stephania, and Is. at Paterno in Campania, 23 Jan. 1002. Otto IV., (of Brunswick,) Emperor of the Romans, — b., about 1175 — on death of his father, Henry the Lion, takes refuge in Eng- land, 1 1 95 —is made Count of Poitou by Rich- ard I.: elected King of the Romans, in opposi- tion to Philip of Suabia, at Cologne, 1198 — crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 4 Jul. 1198 — ap- peals to Innocent III., 11 98— proclaimed Em- peror by legate, at Cologne, 8 Jun. 1201 a — defeated by Philip, takes refuge in England, 1206 — on death of Philip, recognized his suc- cessor in Diet of Frankfort, 1208— crowned at Rome by Innocent III., 24 Oct., a 4 Oct., b 27 Sep. c 1209 — makes himself master of Tuscany, 1209 — invades Apulia and aims at conquest of Sicily, Nov. 12 10 — winters at Capua, 1210-11 — excommunicated by Innocent III., Holy Thursday 1211,* 18 Nov. i2io c — overruns all Apulia and part of Calabria, 12 n — his deposition planned by German prelates and princes, Oct. 121 1 — withdraws, Nov. 1 2 1 1 — un- successfully contends against general discontent in Germany, and at Diet of Niirnberg resigns the government, Ascension Day 121 2 — returns to Germany, and holds Diet at Frankfort, Mar. 12 12 — marries Beatrice, daughter of Emperor Philip, 7 Aug. 12 1 2 — forms alliance with King John and Count of Flanders against king of France, 1213 — attacked by Frederick II., 1213 — defeated by Philip Augustus at Bouvines, 27 May, a Jul. 1214 — retires to Cologne, 1214 — escapes to Saxony, 12 15 — deposed at Lateran Council, Nov. 12 15 — ravages Bremen and is repulsed by Frederick II., 1217 — tf. at Harz- berg, i5, d 19 e May 1218. a Milman. b Some authorities. c Others. d Kington. e Art de Verifier les Dates. Otto, Everhard, jurist, antiquary, — b. at Ham, in Westphalia, 1685 — Prof. Law, Utrecht, 1720-40— *r. Syndic of Bremen, 20 Jul. 1756. Be JEdilibus coloniarum et muni- cipior., 1732 — Thesaurus juris Romani, 1725- 29 — Ad Instituta Justiniani notce criticce et commentaria, 1760. (3rd ed.) Otto, Louis Guillaume, Count de Moslot, diplomatist, — b. in Baden, 1754 — Charge d' Affaires to United States, 1784-92 — im- prisoned in the Luxembourg, 1793-4 — Minister Plenipotentiary in England, 1800 — to Munich, 1802 — Councillor of State, Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, and Count, 1806 — Ambas- sador to Vienna, 1809-13 — Minister of State, 181 3 — Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1 8 1 5 — ft. at Paris, 9 Nov. 1817. Otto of Freisingen, chronicler, — b., about 1 1 08 a — enters Cistercian Order, n 26 *>■ — Abbot of Morimond, 1136^ ii3i b — Bp of Freisin- gen, 1 1 38 — follows Conrad III. to Palestine, 1 147 — ft. at Morimond, 21 or 22 Sep. ii58. b a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ottobuoni, Pietro. [Alexander VIII., Pope.] Ottocar I. and II. [Bohemia.] Ottocar of Steiermark, historian,— "is., soon after 131 8. Chronicle of Austria and Styria, written, between 1300-16. Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, — founded by Othman,i288-i326 — his son Orkhan succeeds, 1326 — Amuratb I., (son,) 1360— Bajazet I., (son,) 1389 — invasion and conquest by Tamer- lane, 1400-2 — Solyman I., (son,) 1402— Musa Chelebi, (brother,) 1410 — Mahomet I., (brother,) 1413— Amurath II., (son,) 1421 — Mahomet II., (son,) 145 1— Bajazet II., (son,) 148 1 — Selim I., (son,) 15 12 — Solyman II. the G-reat, (son,) 1520 — Selim II., (son,) 1566 — Amurath III., (son,) 1574 — Mahomet III., (son,) 1595 — Ahmed (Achmet) I., (son,) 1603 — Mustapha I., (brother,) 16 17— Othman II., (brother,) 1618 — Mustapha again, 1622 — Amurath IV., (nephew,) 1623— Ibrahim I., OTWAY— OUTLAWE. 1073 (brother,) 1640 — Mahoinet IV., (son,) 1649 — Solyman III., (brother,) 1687 — Ahmed II., (brother,) 1691 — Mustapha II., (son of Ma- homet IV.,) 1695 — Ahmed III., (brother,) 1703 — Mahmoudl., (nephew,) 1730— Othman III., (brother,) 1754— Mustapha III., (son of Ahmed III.,) 1757 — Abdul Hamid, (brother,) 1774— Selim III., (nephew,) 1789 — Mustapha IV., (son of Abdul Hamid,) 1807 — Mahmoud II., (brother,) 1808 — Abdul Medjid, (son,) 1840 — Abdul Aziz, (brother,) 1861. Otway, Thomas, dramatist, — b. at Trotten, Sussex, 3 Mar. 1651 — enters Oxford Univ., 1669 — goes to London, about 1672 — ft. in London, 14 Apr. 1685. Alcibiades, 1675 — Don Carlos, 1676 — Orphan, and Caius Marius, 168 o — Venice .Preserved, 1682. Oude, in Hindustan, — conquered by Kutb u din, about 1202 — unsuccessfully attacked by Baber, 1527 — conquered by Akber, 1528 — seized by Sooja ud Dowla, about 1760 — oc- cupied by British and placed under British protection, 1765 — [Sooja ud Dowia] — Treaty of Chunar, 17 81 — subsidy to E. India Com- pany commuted for grant of territory, 1801 — Nabob vizier assumes title of king and is recog- nized by British government, 18 19 — the king deposed and pensioned, kingdom annexed to British possessions by Lord Dalhousie, 7 Feb. 1856 — rebellion in, 1857 — suppressed by Dec. 1858 — population disarmed, 1859. Oudenarde, (Audenarde,) in Belgium, — surrenders to allied French and English, 9 Sep. 1658 — besieged by Prince of Orange, Aug. 1674 — relieved by Prince of Conde, 21 Aug. — taken by Marlborough, 1706 — Marl- borough and Prince Eugene defeat the French under Dukes of Burgundy and Vendome at, 1 1 Jul. 1708 — surrenders to French, 3 Jul. 1794. Oudenarde, Robert van, painter, engraver, • — b. at Ghent, 1663 — studies under Carlo Maratti at Rome, 1685 — returns to Ghent, 1722 — tf. there, 3 Jim. 1743. Oudendorp, Frans van, philologist, — b. at Leyden, 31 Jul. 1696 — Rector of School of Nimeguen, 1724 — of Haarlem, 1726 — Prof. Eloquence and History at the Univ., 1740 — tf. at Leyden, 14 Feb. 1761. Editions of Julius Obsequens, 1720 — of Lucan, 1728 — of Fronti- nus, 1731 — of Ccesar, 1737 — of Suetonius, 1751 — Be veterum inscriptionum usu, 1745. Oudin, Casimir, bibliographer, — b. at Me- zieres, 1638 — enters Order of Premontre, 1655 — Prof. Theology, Abbey of Moreau, 1669 — Grand Prior, 1670 — settles at Paris, 1683 — banished to Beauvais, 1692 — escapes to Ley- den, and is named Librarian to the Univ., 1692 — If. there, Sep. 17 17. Be scriptoribus Ec- clesicp antiquis, 1722. Oudinot, Charles Nicolas, Duke of Reggio, Marshal of France, — b. at Bar-sur-Ornain, 25 Apr. 1767 — enters the army, 1783 — marries, 1789 — repulses Austrians, 23 M ay 1 7 94 — General of Brigade, 2 Jun. 1794 — captures Treves, 6 Aug. 1794 — severely wounded and taken prisoner by Austrians, at Neckerau, 1 8, a 14 b Oct. 1795— exchanged, Jan. 1796— joins army of Moreau, 1796— distinguishes himself, and is severely wounded at Neuburg, 14 Sep. 1796 — enters Constance, 19 Mar. 1797 — General of Division, 12 Apr. 1799— contributes to victory of Zurich, 4 Jun. 1799— takes P art in siege of Genoa, 17 99 -1800— head of the staff under Brune, distinguishes himself at Pozzolo and the passage of the Mincio, Dec. 1800 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 6 Mar. 1805 — first to enter Vienna, Nov. 1805 — at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805— governor of Neuf- chatel, 1806 — enters Berlin, 25 Oct. 1806 — obtains victory of Ostrolenka, 16 Feb. 1807 created Count : contributes to victory of Fried- land, 14 Jun. 1807 — at Essling and Wag-ram, 1809— Marshal of France, 12 Jul.— Duke of Reggio, 15 Aug. 1809— military governor of Holland, 18 10- 12 — marries again, Jan. 1812 — serves in campaigns of 18 12, 181 3, 18 14 — accompanies Duke of Angouleme to Spain, and is made Governor of Madrid, 1823 — Grand Chancellor of Legion of Honour, 17 May 1839 — Governor of the Invalides, 21 Oct. 1842—11. at Paris, i3, a 27 b Sep. 1847. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Oudinot, Charles Nicolas Victor, Duke of Reggio, general, — b. at Bar-le-Duc, 3 Nov. 1791— Lieutenant, Aug. 1809— aide-de-camp to Massena, serves in Portugal, 1810-11 — serves in Russian campaign, 18 12 — in German cam- paign, 1 8 1 3 — in French campaign, 1 8 14 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1 Jun. 1820 — General of Brigade, 1824 — serves in Algeria, 1835 — Lieutenant-general, and Inspector-gen- eral of Cavalry, 3 1 Dec. 1 835 — member of Cham- ber of Deputies, 1842 and 1846 — commands army of observation of the Alps, Mar. 1 848 — member of Legislative Assembly, early in 1 849 — Commander-in-chief of expedition against Roman republic, 20 Apr. 1849— [Rome] — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 12 Jul. 1849 — imprisoned at Vincennes by Louis Na- poleon, 2 Dec. 1 85 1— fc. at Paris, 7 Jul. 1863. Precis historique et militaire de Vexpedition Francaise en Italie, 1849. Oudipur. [Oodeypoor.] Qughtred, William, mathematician, — b. at Eton, about 1573— enters King's Coll. Cam- bridge, 1592 — M.A., 1599 — rector of Aid- bury, Surrey, 16 10 — tutor to Lord William Howard, 1628 — tf., 30 Jun. 1660. Arithme- ticce in numero et speciebus institutio, $• I 5 I 3- Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of. [Vere.] Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of, Prime Minister of England, — b. in London, 5 Dec. 1661 — raises cavalry regiment for service of Prince of Orange, 1688 — M.P. Tregony, 1690 — Speaker of House of Commons, Feb. 1701 — again, Oct. 1702— Chief Secretary of State, 1704 to Feb. 1708 — introduced by Mrs Masham, has private audiences of the queen, 1 7 06 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Aug. 1 7 10 — stabbed at the Council table by Marquis de Guiscard, 18 Mar. 17 11 — Earl of Oxford, and Earl Mortimer, 24 May 171 1 — Lord High Trea- surer, 29 May 171 1 to Jul. 17 14 — K.G., Oct. 17 12— impeached, imprisoned in the Tower, 17 15 — tried and acquitted, 17 17 — tf., 21 May 1724. Oxus, (Araxes ?) river in Asia, — [BC] — passed by Alexander the Great. 329 — [AD] — the Sirikul source of , discovered by Wood, 1838. Oxygen, — discovered by Priestley, 1 Aug. 1774 — independently discovered by Scheele, 1774— so named by Lavoisier, 1789. Oxymuriatic Acid. [Chlorine.] Oysters, Oyster Fisheries, — stealing from the beds, made larceny by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 36, 21 Jun. 1827— limits of French 68 * 1076 OZANAM— PACHOMIUS. and English beds settled by convention, con- firmed by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 79, 22 Aug. 1843 — further regulations respecting, by Act 18 and 19 Tie. c. 101, 14 Aug. 1855 — culture of, pro- moted in France, by Coste, 1859 — establishment and maintenance of, facilitated by Act 29 and 30 Yic. c. 85, 6 Aug. 1866. Ozanam, Antoine Frederic, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Milan, 23 Apr. 18 13 — goes to Paris, 1 83 1 — takes part in establishing Society of St Vincent de Paul, 1833— LL.D., 1836— assistant Prof. Faculty of Letters, 1841 — titu- lar Prof. Foreign Literature, Sorbonne, 1844 — tf. at Marseilles, 8 Sep. 1853 — buried at Paris, 24 Sep. Dante et la Fhilosophie Ca- tholique, 1839 — Etudes Gernianiques pour servir a Vhistoire des Francs, 1847-9 — Poetes Fran- ciscains eu Italic au treizieme siecle, 1852. Ozanam, Jacques, mathematician, — ft. in France, 1 640 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1702 — tf. at Paris, 3 Apr. 17 17. Met h ode generale pour tracer les cadrans, 1685 — Traite des lignes clu premier genre, 1687 — Dictionnaire mathematique, 1691 — Recreations mathema- tiques et physiques, 1694. Ozell, John, miscellaneous writer, — quarrels with Pope, 1729 — 1r. in London, 15 Oct. 1743. Ozerov, Vladislas Alexandrovich, poet, — ft. in Russia, 29 Sep.O. S. (11 Oct.) 1770 — Major- general, quits the army, 1808 — tf., Nov. 18 16. Death of Oleg, 1798 — (Edipus at Athens, 1804 — Dmitri DonsJcoi, 1807 — Folyxena, 1809. Ozone, {Active Oxygen,) — observed and de- scribed by Schbnbein, 1840. P. Paaw, Fieter, anatomist, botanist, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1564 — sent to study at Ley den, 1580 — M.D. Rostock, 1587 — studies at Padua, 1588 — Prof. Anatomy, Ley den, 1589 — tf. there, 1 Aug. 1617. Florins Fublicus Acade- mics Fugduno-Fatavce, 1601 — Frimitice Anato- micce de humani corporis ossibus, 16 15 — 2\otce et Commentarii in Fpitomen Anatomicum Andrea Yesalii, 16 16. Pac, Count Lewis, general, — ft. at Stras- burg, 1780 — enters French army, 1808 — dis- tinguishes himself in Spain, and is admitted to Legion of Honour, 1808 — at Essliug and Wagram, 1809 — as General of Brigade serves in Russian expedition, 181 2 — distinguishes himself at Liitzen, Dresden, andLeipsic, 18 13 — General of Division, 18 13 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 18 14 — retires, 18 14 — Senator of Poland, 18 19 — takes part in insur- rection of 1830 — tf. at Smyrna, 31 Aug. 1835. Pacca, Bartolomeo, Cardinal, — ft. at Be- nevento, 25 Dec. 1756 — private secretary to Pius VI., 31 May 1785 — titular Abp of Da- mietta, Apostolic Nuncio to Cologne, 21 Jun. 1785 — Nuncio Extraord. to Louis XVI., 1791 — Nuncio to Lisbon, Jan.1794-1800 — Cardinal, 23 Feb. 1 801 — Pro-secretary of State, by Pius VII., 18 Jun. 1808 — arrested by French, 6 Sep. 1808 — follows Pius VII. to France, 6 Jul. 1809 — arrested at Grenoble and im- prisoned, 1809— liberated, 5 Feb. 1813— re- turns to Rome, 18 14— quits Rome on approach of Murat, Mar. 18 15 — returns to the Vatican with Pius VII., 7 Jun. 18 15— ambassador to Vienna, Mar. 18 16 — governor of Rome, 1817 — Bp of Porto and St Rafinus, 1821 — Bp of Ostia and Velletri, 1830 — tf. at Rome, 19 Apr. 1844. Mcmorie istoriche, 1830 — Relazione del Viaggio di Fape Fio VIF, 1836. Pacchiarotto, Jacopo, painter, — ft. at Siena, 1474 — heads revolt there, 1535 — tf. in France ? Pacchierotti, Gaspare, singer, — ft. in An- cona, 1744 — principal singer at San Carlo, Naples, 1772 — in England, 1778-85 — again, 1790 — settles at Padua, 1801 — tf. there, 28 Oct. 1 82 1. Pace, "Richard, diplomatist, — ft., about 1482 ? — accompanies Card. Bainbridge to Rome, close of 1509 a — Prebendary of Southwell, May 15 10 b — Archdeacon of Dorset, 20 May i5i4 b — executor of Card. Bainbridge, returns to Eng- land, Mar. 15 15 a — sent on secret mission to the Swiss, Oct. i5i5 a — reaches Imperial Court at Innspriick, 8 Nov. 15 15 a — prevents a treaty between French and Swiss, Dec. — com- missioned to treat for confederation with Leo X., the Emperor Maximilian, &c, Feb. 1516 a — detained by Swiss as pledge for their pay, Apr. 15 16 — imprisoned, May — named Secre- tary to the king, Jun. 15 16 — recalled from Switzerland, Jan. 151 8 a — Dean of St Paul's, Oct. 1519 — attends Diet of the Empire, 1519 — envoy to Rome, to negotiate election of Vfol- sey as Pope, 152 1 — Dean of Exeter, summer 1522 b — again envoy to Rome, 1523 — resigns deanery of Exeter, 8 Jul. 1527 b — tf. at Step- ney, 1532. De Fructu qui ex doctrina perci- pitur, 15 17 — Conclusiones de veniis Fontificwn, §c, 1518 — De utilitate studio-ram, 1518. a Brewer. b Le Xeve. Pacheco, Francisco, painter, poet, §c., — ft. at Seville, 157 1 — visits Madrid, and the Escurial, 161 1 — named one of the guardians of public morals by the Inquisition, 16 18 — visits Madrid, 1623— tf. at Seville, 1654. last Judgment, fSnished,i6i4 — Arte deFintura, 1649. Pacheco, Marquis of Villena. [Villena.] Paches, — [BC] — sent out against Mytilene, autumn 428 — takes Mytilene and Notium, kills himself at Athens, 427. Pachomius, (Fachiouius,) founder of monas- tic system, — ft., 292 a — serves in the army, 312 PACHYMERES— PJESUS. 1077 —converted, before 326— retires to Tabernae ; &., 348 ? 360 ? a Tillemont. Pachymeres, Georgius, Byzantine historian, — 6. at Nicsea, about 1242 — goes to Constan- tinople, about 1 26 1 — goes with Imperial com- missioner to Arsacius, 1267 — }j., between 1310-40. Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, — historian, anti- quary, — b. at Turin, 17 10 — enters Order of Theatins, 1728 — Librarian to Grand Duke of Parma, 176 1 — visits Paris, 1762 — ft. at Parma, 1 Feb. 1785. Monumenta Peloponnesiaca, 1761 — Be sacris Christianorum balneis, 1750 — Me- morie de' gran Maestri del Ordine Geroso- limitano, 1760. Pacific Ocean, — seen by Balboa from a peak in Darien, 25 Sep. 15 13 — traversed by Magalhaens, 152 1. Pacific Kailway, If. America, — surveys for, commenced, 1853 — construction of, com- menced, 1859 — completed, 10 May 1869. Pacification. [See Ghent, Huguenots, York.] Pacilus, C. Furius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with Q. Fabius Ambustus, (342, a. tj. c.) 412. (2.) Consul with L. Ceecilius Metellus, (503,) 251. Pacio, Giulio, jurist, — b. at Yicenza, 9 Apr. 1550 — Prof. Jurisprudence there, 1578 — Prof, at Heidelberg, 1585 — at Sedan, 1595 — Prof. Civil Law, Montpellier, about 1600 — at Va- lence, in Dauphiny, 1616 — ft. there, Jan. 1635. Synopsis Juris Civilis, 1588 — Analysis In- stitutionum, 1605 — Be Bominio Maris Adria- tici, 16 19. Pacioli, Lucas, {Lucas di BorgoJ) mathema- tician, — b. in Tuscany, about 1450 — living in 1509. Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, §c, 1494 — Bivina Proportione, 1509. Pacius a Berigo. [Paccio, Giulio.] Packing Press. [Hydraulic Press.] _ Pacthod, Michel Marie, general, — b. in Sa- voy, 16 Jan. 1764 — enters French army, Dec. 1792 — General of Brigade, 1795 — serves under Napoleon I. in campaigns of 1805-7 — i n Spain, 1808 — contributes to victory of Eaab, 14 Jim. 1809 — wounded at "Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — as- sists at taking of Liibeck, 181 3 — distinguishes himself at Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — Count of the Empire, and Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 1 3 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — natural- ized Frenchman, 14 Aug. 1816 — ly. at Paris, 24 Mar. 1830. Pacuvius, M., tragic poet, — [BC] — b., about 220 — living, about 130. Paderborn, in Prussia, — seat of a bishopric by Charles the Great, not later than 795 — taken and pillaged by Duke of Brunswick, 1622 — annexed to Prussia, 1802 — to king- dom of Westphalia, 1806 — restored to Prussia, 18 13. University of, founded, 16 14 — dis- solved, 1819. Cathedral, commenced, 1058-78 — completed, 1143. Councils of, held by Charles the Great, for conversion of Saxons, 777 — for establishment of several bishoprics, 780 — for regulation of civil and ecclesiastical affairs of Saxons, 782 and 785. Padilla, Juan Lopez de, — heads insurrec- tion in Castile, {Guerra de las Communidades,) 1520— defeated by Boyalists at Villalar, 23 Apr. 1521 — executed, 24 Apr. 1521. Padilla, Lorenzo, chronicler, — b. in Anda- lusia, about 1485 — fr. historiographer to Charles V., about 1540. Catalogo de los santos de Pspana, 1538 — Antiguedades de Pspana, 1669. Padilla, Donka Maria Pacheco de, — mar- ries Juan Lopez de Padilla ; supports the in- surrection, 1520- 1 — defends citadel of Toledo four months, and escapes into Portugal, 152 1. Padilla, Pedro de, poet, — b. at Linares, about 1550 — enters Carmelite Order at Madrid, 1585 — living, 1600. Tesoro de varias poesias, 1575 — Eglogas pastorales, 158 1 — Jardin Pspi- ritual, 1585. Padua, [Padova, Patavium,) in Italy, — [B C] — repulses Cleonymus of Sparta, 302 — [AD] — pillaged by Attila, 452 — rebuilt by Narses, about 550-560 — ravaged by Lombards, 601 — restored by Charles the Great, about 775-780 — -joins Lombard League, 1176 — its independ- ence recognized by Peace of Constance, n 83 — joins second Lombard League, 1226 — peace between the League and Frederick II. con- cluded at, 13 May 1232 — joins with Yicenza and Treviso to besiege Eccelino in Verona, 1236 — submits to Eccelino, Feb. 1237 — unsuc- cessfully attacked by James of Carrara, and Azzo of Este, 1238 — receives Frederick II., early in 1239 — expulsion of Eccelino, 1259 — taken by Venetians, and given to the Carrara family, 131 8 — confirmed to them by treaty, 1338 — taken by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconte, 1388 — recovered by Francisco II. of Carrara, Jun. 1390 — conquered by Venice, 1406 — sub- mits to Maximilian I., 1509 — again seized by Venetians, 17 Jul. 1509 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Maximilian, Sep. to Oct. 1509 — damaged by earthquake, 17 Aug. 1756 — oc- cupied by Frencb, 1797 — [Venice] — disturb- ances at, Feb. 1848. University of, founded by Frederick II., i222, a 1 260 b — confirmed by Pope Urban IV., 1263. Church of St Anthony, built, 1 259- 1424. Botanic Garden, established, 1543. Town Sail, [Palace of Justice,) built, 1172-1219. Cathedral, founded, 1123° — fin- ished, 1400 c — restored, 1524.° Council of, for reformation of manners, held, 1350. a Some authorities. b Others. c Encyc. Mod. Paelinck, Joseph, painter, — b. near Ghent, 20 Mar. 1 78 1 — court painter to king of the Netherlands, 18 15 — Knight of the Belgian Lion, 1820 — o". at Brussels, 1839. Psenius Postumus, — commands 2nd Legion in Britain, 61 — refuses to join Suetonius, kills himself, 61. Pasonia, — [B C] — partly conquered by Per- sians, 513 — by Philip of Macedonia, 359 — Andoleon king, 335. Paer, Ferdinando, musical composer, — b. at Parma, 12 Jul. 1774,* 1 Jun. i77i h — called to Vienna, 1795, a 1797 b — Chapel-master to Elector of Saxony, 1 801 — composer to Napoleon I., 1807 — Director of the Italian Opera, Paris, 1818-25 — fr. there, 3 May 1839. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Psesus, — [B C] — colony from Miletus, about 750- 1078 PJETICUS— PAINTING. Pasticus, C. Sulpicius, — [BC] — Consul with C. Licinius Calvus, (390, a. u. c.) 364 and (393) 361— with M. Valerius, (399,) 355 and (401) 353 — with T. Quinctius Cincinnati, (403) 351. Peetinus, M. Fulvius, — [B C] — Consul with T. Manlins Torquatus, (455, a. u. c.) 299. Psetinus, Q. Arrius, a (Articuleius, h ) — Con- sul with L. Venuleius, (876, a. u. c.) 123. a Clinton. b Zumpt. Paetus, C. iElius,— [B C]— Consul with M. Valerius Potitus, (468, a. u. c.) 286. Paetus, C. Caesennius, (Ccesonius,) — Consul with C. Petronius Turpilianus, (814, a. u. c.) 61 — sent to aid Corbulo against Vologeses, concludes disgraceful treaty, 64 — governor of Syria, deprives Antiochus of Commagene of his kingdom, 72. Paetus, P. Mlms, jurist — [B C]— (l.j Consul with C. Sulpicius Longus, (417, a. u. c.) 337. (2.) plebeian sedile, 204 — praetor, 203 — magis- ter equitum, 202 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Len- tulus, (553,) 201 — Censor with P. Corn. Scipio Africanus, 199 — if., 174. Paetus, Q. iElius,— [BC]— Consul with M. Junius Pennus, (both plebeian,) (587, a. u. c.) 167. Paetus, Sex. Artieuleius, — Consul with Trajan, (854, a. u. c.) ioi. Paetus Catus, Sex. JSlius, jurist, — [B C] — compiles Jus JElianum, curule aedile, 200 — Consul with T. Quinctius Flamininus, (556, a. u. c.) 198 — Censor with C. Corn. Cethegus, 193- Paetus Thrasea. [Thrasea.] Paez, Pedro, a (Francisco, b ) Jesuit missionary, — ft. in Spain, 1564 — enters the Order, 1582 — sent to Goa, 1587 — to Abyssinia, 1603 — a", there, 20 May i6i2, a 1622. c a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Pagan, Blaise Francois, Count de, military engineer, $• Lyrce, investigated by Pond, 1823 — determined by Struve, 1836. Of Pole Star, investigated by Peters, 1818-38. Parallax of the Sun, — [B C] — determination of, attempted by Aristarchus of Samos, about 280— [A B] — deduced from transit of Venus, 1761 and 1769. Parasara, astronomer, — [BC] — tt. , about I39l, a I i8i. b a Davis. b Jones. Parchment, (Pergamena,)—[B C] — in use in Egypt, as early as 1200 — [AD] — vegetable, invented by Gaine, 1854 — by Barlow, 1857. Pardon, in England, — prerogative of, limited to the Crown, by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 24, 1535-6 — under Great Seal, not pleadable to im- peachment by House of Commons, by Act 12 and 13 "Wm III. c. 2, 1 701— under sign manual, sufficient, by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 28, s. 13, 1827. Pardons, Commission of. [Paris, Commu- nal Insurrection.'] Pare, Ambroise, surgeon, — ft. at Laval, 1509^ 1517 b — accompanies army to Italy, 1536 — returns to Paris, 1539 — marries, 1541 — again serves in Italy, 1543 — adopts ligature of arteries instead of cauterization, about 1552 — surgeon to Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., 1552-90 — saved from massacre of St Bartholomew by the king, 1572 — tr. at Paris, 22 Dec. 1590. CEuvres, 156 1. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Paredes, Diego Garcia de, general, — ft. at Truxillo, 1466 — follows his father to war of Granada, 1485-92 — in service of Pope Alexan- der VI., 1492-99 — serves under Gonzalo de Cordova, 1499 — at taking of Cephalonia, Jun. 1 50 1 — distinguishes himself at storming of Buvo, Feb. 1503 — at Cerignola, Apr. 1503 — serves under Maximilian 1. in war against Venice, 1508 — deprived of his estates, 1516 — at battle of Pavia, 1525 — follows Charles V. to Bologna, 1528 — Chevalier, 1530— rj., 1530. Pareja, Juan de, painter, — 6. at Seville, ioS8 PARENT-DUCHATELET— PARIS. i6o6, a i6io b — in service of Velazquez, as early as 1628 — tf., 1670. b Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Parent-Duchatelet, Alexandre Jean Bap- tiste, physician, — b. at Paris, 29 Sep. 1790 — M.D. there, 1814 — tr., 6 Mar. 1836. Essai sur les cloaques, 1824 — Be la prostitution dans la ville de Paris, 1836. Parga, in Turkey, — places itself under protection of Venice, 1401 — falls under French dominion, 1797 — refuses submission to Ali Pasha, 1799 — admits Eussian garrison, 1806 — garrisoned by French, 1807 — repulses Ali Pasha, 1 8 14 — the citadel taken by English, 22 Mar. 1 8 14 — arrangement for delivery of, to the Porte, made by English, spring 18 17 — abandoned by its inhabitants and occupied by Turks, May 18 19. Parian Marbles. [Arundelian Marbles.] Parini, Giuseppe, poet, — fc. at Bosisio, in the Milanese, 22 Mar., a May b 1729 — tj., 3 Sep., a 15 Aug. b 1799. II Giorno, commenced, 1763. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Parion, — [BC] — founded by Parians, 708. Paris, {Lutetia Parisiorum,) — [B C] — Caesar holds assemblies of Gallic tribes at, 54 and 53 — burnt by Gauls, 52 — [AD] — seat of a bishop- ric, 245 — winter-quarters of Julian, 358 and 359-60 — takes the name Parisii, about 360 — threatened by Attila, 451 — taken from Romans by Childeric I., 465 — made capital of the Franks by Clovis, 508 — on his death made seat of a kingdom for his son Childebert, 511 — who is succeeded by his son Caribert, 561 — ceases to be residence of Frankish kings, 567 — Charles the Great establishes school at, 779 — pillaged by Northmen, 845 — again, and burnt, 28 Dec. 856 — third time, 28 May 861 — again attacked by them and defended by Count Eudes, 885 and 889 — threatened and the suburbs burnt by Emperor Otto II., Oct. ? 978 — again becomes royal residence and capital under Hugh Capet, 987 — walled by Philip Augustus, 1 1 90- 1 2 1 1 . — revolt occasioned by alteration in coinage, 1 306 — ravaged by plague, 1348 — fortifications strengthened, 1356 — dis- turbances at, 1358 — besieged by Edward III., spring 1360 — insurrection of the Maillotins, 1382 — occupied by John Sans Peur, Dec. 1408 — by Armagnacs, Aug. 141 3 — given up to Burgundians, 14 18 — places itself under English protection, 14 19 — Henry V. spends Christmas at, 1420 — unsuccessfully attacked by Joan of Arc, Sep. 1429 — coronation of Henry VI. at, Dec. 143 1 — retaken by French, 13 Apr. 1436 — triumphal entry of Charles VII., Nov. 1437 — plague and famine at, 1437-8 — fortifications strengthened by Francis I., 1544 — massacre of St Bartholomew, 24 Aug. 1572 — revolt of the Leaguers, 1588 — [Barricades, Journee des] — siege of, by Henry IV., formed, 31 Oct. 1589 — raised, jSov. — again besieged by him, 7 May 1590 — raised on approach of Duke of Parma, 30 Aug. — receives Henry IV., 22 Mar. 1594 — erected into archbishopric, 1622 — walls and towers demolished and first Boulevard construct- ed by Louis XIV., about 1670 — visited by Peter the Great, 17 18 — visited by Emperor Joseph II., 1785 — surrounded by a wall, 1787 — [French Revolution, 1 7 8 9] — taken and occupied by allies under Prince Schwarzenberg, 30 Mar. 1 8 14 — entered by allied sovereigns, 31 Mar. — Napoleon reenters, 20 Mar. 18 15 — invested by Wellington and Blucher, Jun. — surrenders to them, 7 Jul. — Louis XVIII. reenters, 8 Jul. — French Revolution, 1830 and 1848 — fortifi- cations erected by Louis Philippe, 1840-8 — declared in state of siege, 2 Dec. 1851 — [Napo- leon III.] — International Exhibition at, open- ed by the Emperor and Empress, 15 May 1855 — visited by Queen Victoria and Prince Con- sort, 18-27 Aug. 1855 — another Exhibition opened, 1 Apr. 1867 — closed, 3 Nov. — visited by Emperor of Russia, Xing of Prussia, and Sul- tan Abdul Aziz, Jun. 1867 — disturbances, barri- cades setup, 7 Feb. 1870 — renewed, 3 Mar. and 9 May — riots, suppressed by military, 1 1 Jun. 1870 — declared in a state of siege, 7 Aug. 1870 — invested by Germans, 19 Sep. 1870 — [Franco-German War]— entered by Germans, 1 Mar. 187 1— evacuated, 3 Mar. — Montmartre occupied and fortified by National Guards, early in Mar. — [Paris, Communal Insurrec- tion at] — entered by government troops under Marshal MacMahon, 22 May 1871 — burning of public buildings, &c, by Communists, 24 May — forts on north and east (right bank of Seine) evacuated by Germans, 20 Sep. 187 1. Cathedral of Notre Dame, reconstruction of, commenced, about 1163 — completed, 1213 — damaged bythe mob, 1793 — sacked by the mob, Feb. 1 83 1 — sacked by Communists, 8 Apr. 1 87 1 . University, — [Sorbonne] — recognized as a corporate body by Philip Augustus, 1 1 80- 1223. Parliament of, established by decree of Philip the Fair, 18 Mar. 1302 — regularly or- ganized, by ordinance of Philip of Valois, 1 1 Mar. 1344 — sent to the Bastille, by Bussy Le- clerc, 16 Jan. 1589 — suppressed, and new created by edicts of Louis XV., 15 Apr. 177 1 — old, restored by Louis XVI., Nov. 1774 — exiled to Troyes, 15 Aug. 1787 — re- called, 20 Sep. 1787 — abolished, n Sep. 1790. Hotel de Ville, founded, 15 Jul. 1533— dam- aged during the Fronde, 1649-50 — and in the Revolution, 1789-92 — enlarged and made seat of prefecture, 1801 — enlarged, 1837-41 — burnt down by Communists, 24 May 1871. Hotel des Invalides, founded by Louis XIV., 1670 — finished, about 1706. Hotel de Cluny, com- menced, about 1480 — finished, 1505 — occupied by abbess and nuns of Port Royal, 1625 — sec- tion of Marat holds sittings in, 1793. Arsenal, founded, about 1396 — destroyed by explosion, 1563 — rebuilt by Charles IX., 1560-74 — en- larged by Henry IV., 1590-1610. Church of La Madeleine, commenced by Constant d'lvry, 1764 — continued by Couture: works inter- rupted, 1789 — resumed and converted into Temple of Glory by Napoleon I., restored to original character by Louis XVIIL, 18 16 — works resumed, 18 16 — completed by Louis Philippe, 1830 — damaged in siege of Paris by the French, May 1871. Church of St Germain des Pres, founded by Childebert I., 550-60 — PAEIS. 1089 burnt by Northmen, 861 — rebuilt, 990-1163 — decorated with frescoes by Flandrin, before i860. Church of Si Sulpice, built, before 121 1 ■ — rebuilt, 1655-1723. Church of St Germain V Auxerrois, founded by Childebert, about 550- 60 — sacked by Northmen, 886 — rebuilt by King Eobert, 998— sacked by the mob, 13 Feb. 1 83 1— restored, 1838. Church of St Gene- vieve. [Pantheon.] Church of St Gervais, reconstructed, rebuilt and consecrated, 1420 — enlarged, 158 1 — western front commenced, 1 61 6. Church of St Vincent de Paul, com- menced, 1824 — consecrated, 27 Oct. 1844. Sainte Chapelle. [Palais de Justice.] Palais des Thermes, built by Constantius, about 300 — residence of Julian, 360. Hotel Dim, founded, about 660 — enlarged and endowed by St Louis, 1230-70 — enlarged by Henry IV., 1602 — named Hospice de VHumanite, 1789. Column of the Place Vendome, erected by Napoleon I.., 1808-10 — statue of Napoleon melted down, 1 8 14 — another erected, 1833 — pulled down by Communists, 16 May 187 1. PLalles Centrales, erected, 1851-66. Pont Notre Dame, built, 1499 — ornamented with statues, 1660 — houses on, pulled down, 1786 — reconstructed, 1855. Pont-Neuf, first stone laid by Henry III., 31 May 1578 — completed, 1604 — reconstructed, 1852. Pont des Arts, completed, 1804. Pont cVAasterlitz, built, 1 801 -7 — reconstructed, 1 854. Pont de la Concorde, built, 1787-90. Pom de Jena, built, 1806-13. [See also names of the Palaces, Institutions, Colleges, Cemeteries, Monu- ments, §c] Paris, Councils of, held by Julian, against formula of Eimini, 360; 551, 553 or 555 ; re- specting ecclesiastical property, 557 ; held by King Gontran for reconciliation of his brothers, 11 Sep. 573 ; by Chilperic for deposition and excommunication of Praetcxtatus, Ep of Eouen, spring 577 ; by Clotaire, on discipline, 18 Oct. 615 ; against Iconoclasts and second Council of Nicsea, Nov. 825 ; respecting the several duties of secular and ecclesiastical authorities, 6 Jun. 829 ; respecting affair of Ebbo, Bp of Eheims, 14 Feb. 846 ; against Nomenoe, alleged king of Bretagne, and for deposition of the chorepis- copi, about autumn 849; 853; 1024; for condemnation of Berenger, 17 Oct. 1050; for absolution of King rhilip and Bertrade, 2 Dec. 1 1 04; held by Eugenius IV., attended by St Bernard, respecting doctrine of Gilbert de la Porree, Bp of Poitiers, after Whitsuntide 1 147 ; held by Philip Augustus to promote crusade, Jan. 1 1 85; by legates of the pope, respecting marriage of Philip with Ingeburga, 1196 ; by legate Octavian to condemn Evrard de Nevers, burnt as a heretic at Nevers, 1201 ; by Car- dinal Eobert de Courcon, against doctrine of Amaury, condemning fourteen of his followers to be burnt, and against Aristotle's Metaphysics, condemning Latin translation to be burnt, and prohibiting use of it under pain of excommuni- cation, Oct. 1 2 10; by the same for reformation of the clergy, 1 2 1 3 ; by the same for regulation of the School of Paris, Aug. 12 15 — by Car- dinal Conrad, Bp of Porto, against Albigenses, 6 Jul. 1223; by legate Eomanus, who treats with King Louis respecting affairs of England and the Albigenses, 15 May 1225; by Louis VIII. and legate Eomanus, for excommunica- tion of Eaymond, Count of Toulouse, and con- firmation of his dominions to the king, 28 Jan. 1226 ; transferred from Meaux, for reconcilia- tion of Count Eaymond with the Church and the king, before 15 Apr. 1229; by Abp of Sens, on discipline, 1248; 1253; 1255; by Abp of Sens, respecting dispute between Uni- versity and Preaching Friars, Feb. ? 1256 ; by order of St Louis, for prayers against conquests of the Tatars, ordaining processions, restraint of luxury and amusements, 10 Apr. 1261 ; by Abp of Tyre, who obtains grant of hundredth of the revenues of clergy in France for five years, for wars in Palestine, 18 Nov. 1263; by Cardinal de Brion and St Louis against swearing and blasphemy, 26 Aug. 1264; against Mendicant Friars, Dec. 1281 ; by Philip the Fair, against bull (Auscidta, fili) of Boniface VIII., 10 Apr. 1302; by the same, at the Louvre, when William of Nogaret brings charges against Boni- face VIII. of heresy, simony, and other crimes, 12 Mar. 1303; by the same, the charges repeated by William of Plessis, and appeal made by Philip to General Council, 1 3 Jun. 1303 ; by Abp of Sens, for investigation of cause of the Templars, 11-26 Oct. 1310; May 1 3 14; respecting observance of sacrament, 3 Mar. 1324; by Abp of Sens, against secular jurisdiction over ecclesiastics, 9-14 Mar. 1347 ; first national, of France, held by Patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem, respecting method of terminating schism in the Church, recom- mending resignation of the two popes, 4 P'eb. 1395 ; second national, held by Charles VI., respecting the same, 22 May 1 398 ; . second session, when it was resolved to withdraw obedience to Pope Benedict, Jul. 1398; for conservation of ecclesiastical privileges during the schism, 21 Oct. 1404; to demand General Council for termination of schism, Jan. 1406 ; third national, for regulation of Gallican Church during neutrality, condemnation of adherents of Benedict XIII. , and of bearers of his bull of excommunication, 1 1 Aug. to 5 Nov. 1408 ; by Abp of Sens, respecting duties and manners of ecclesiastics, and against Feast of Fools, and other profanations, 1 Mar. to 23 Apr. 1429 ; by Abp of Sens, against Luther- anism and on discipline, &c, 3 Feb. to 9 Oct. 1528. Paris, Treaties of, between Eaymond VII., Count of Toulouse, St Louis, and the Pope, for cession of Provence, signed, 12 Apr. 1229 — between France and England, for restoration of Aquitaine to Edward L, 20 May 1303 — between Charles of Austria, sovereign of the Netherlands, and Francis I. of France, 24 Mar. 1515 — Family Compact, 1761 — con- clusion of peace between France, Spain, Portugal, and England, cession of Canada to England, signed, 10 Feb. 1763 — between France and United States, recognizing their independence, signed, 6 Feb. 1778 — between Great Britain and Holland, 20 Jun. 1784 — be- 69 1090 PARIS. tween French Republic and king of Sardinia, for cession of Savoy and Nice to France, 15 May 1796 — between France and Ferdinand IV., king of Naples, 10 Oct. 1796 — between France and Russia, ratified, 8 Oct. 1801 — between same, signed, 20 Jul. 1806, but not ratified — between France and Holland, for cession of Flushing to France, ratified, 10 Nov. 1807 — between France and Sweden, 6 Jan. 18 10 — of alliance between France and Austria, 14 Mar. 1 81 2 — between Napoleon I. and allies, Napoleon deposed and banished to Elba, ratified, 11 Apr. 1 8 14 — convention between Count d'Artois and allies for cessation of hostilities and evacuation of French territory, signed, 23 Apr. 18 14 — between France and allies, ratified, 30 May 1 8 14 — between France and Spain, con- firming previous treaties, signed, 20 Jul. 18 14 — convention between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, charging British govern- ment with safeguard of Napoleon, 2 Aug. 18 15 — Holy Alliance, 18 15 — between France on one part, and Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, on other part, defining boundaries of France, and providing for temporary gar- risoning of French fortresses, 20 Nov. 18 15 — between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, confirming Treaties of Chaumont and Vienna, 20 Nov. 18 15 — between Great Britain, France, Spain, Russia, and Prussia, to fulfil Articles of Congress of Vienna, 10 Jun. 18 17 — between France and Portugal for cession of Guiana to France, 28 Aug. 1817 — convention between France and allies, 25 Apr. 18 18 — convention between Great Britain and France, respecting debts to British subjects, 25 Apr. 1 8 1 8 — of peace between Russia on one part, and Great Britain, France, Austria, and Turkey on other part, signed, 1 Feb.— ratified, 30 Mar. 1856— of peace, between Great Britain and Persia, 3 Mar. 1857 — between Great Powers of Europe, respecting Neufchatel, 26 May 1857 — convention constituting Danubian Princi- palities, 1858. Congress of, to arrange terms of peace between Russia and the allies, meets, 25 Mar. — closes, 16 Apr. 1856. Declaration of, abolishing privateering, and respecting rights of neutral flag at sea, Apr. 1856. Conferences of, between Great Powers respecting Turco- Greek difficulty, Jan. 1868. Paris, German siege of, (1870-1,) — [Franco- German War] — Aug. : riots at, 5 — declared in state of siege by Empress Regent, 7 — meeting of Chambers, and resignation of Ollivier Min- i-try, 9 — Gen.Trochu appointed Governor, 10 — Count Palikao forms new Ministry, 10 — forced currency for bank notes decreed, 11 — disturb- ances at La Villette, 14 — Committee of Defence appointed, 19 — expulsion of useless mouths, by Gen. Trochu, 24 — expulsion of foreigners, 28. Sep. : battle of Sedan, 1 — Republic pro- claimed, 4 — Government of National Defence formed, flight of Empress Regent, 4 — army of Gen. Vinoy routed by Germans, near Villcjuif, 1 9-— investment of the city by Germans com- plete, 19 — sortie under Gen. Ducrot, 20 — in- terview of Jules Favre and Count Bismark at Ferrieres, 22 — unsuccessful sorties, 23 and 30. Oct. : Escape of Gambetta in a balloon to Amiens, 7 — first shots fired by Germans, 11-12 — Palace of St Cloud set on fire by the French, 13 — unsuccessful sorties, 13 and 21 — armistice proposed by British Government, 22 — Le Bourget attacked and occupied by French, 28 — * retaken by Germans, 30 — insurrection of Reds, and temporary arrest of members of the Go- vernment, 31. Nov. : unsuccessful negotiations for armistice, between Count Bismark and M. Thiers at Ver- sailles, 1-6 — vote of confidence in Government of National Defence, 3 — sorties recommenced, 28 — sortie in force under Gens. Trochu and. Ducrot, Brie and Champigny taken, 30. Dec. : recapture of positions at Champigny, by Germans, 2 — bombardment of forts (Mont Avron) commenced, 27-28 — occupation of Mont Avron by Germans, 29. 1 87 1, Jan. : Bombardment of southern forts commenced, 5 — sortie from Mont Valerien, under Gen. Trochu, repulsed, 19 — Gen. Trochu resigns his governorship of Paris, 22 — Gen. Vinoy appointed Commander-in-chief of army of Paris, 22 — disturbances suppressed, 22 — negotiations for capitulation begin, 23 — terms agreed on, and armistice for 21 days from 28th, 25 — forts occupied by Germans, 29 — Mont Valerien, 30. Feb. : Elections to National Assembly take place, 8 — meeting of Assembly at Bordeaux, 13 — M. Thiers chosen head of Executive, 16 — preliminaries of peace signed at Versailles, 26. Mar. : Treaty of Peace ratified by Assembly, 1 — entry of Germans into Paris, 1 — evacuation of the city, 3 — Mont Valerien and southern forts evacuated, 7 — Versailles evacuated, 12 — northern and eastern forts evacuated, 20 Sep. [Paris, Communal Insurrection^ Paris, Communal Insurrection, (Mar. to May 1 87 1,) — [Franco-German War] — Mar.: Seizure of guns and occupation of Montmartre by National Guards, about 6-7 — suppression of Red Republican Journals by Gen. Vinoy, 12 — unsuccessful attempt of Government to retake Montmartre, insurrection of the Reds, Gens. Lecomte and Clement Thomas taken and shot, 18 — barricades erected, proclamations issued by Central Committee, 1 8 — meeting of National Assembly at Versailles, 20 — reoccupation of Saint Denis by Germans, 20 — unarmed demon- stration of citizens against insurgents, 22 — Count Bismark threatens bombardment if insurrection not suppressed, 22 — fort of Vin- cennes occupied by insurgents, 22 — Admiral Saisset disperses his staff and retires to Ver- sailles, 25 — elections of the Commune, 26 — the Commune proclaimed, 28— seizure of the Post Office, 29. Apr. : Seizure of Bureau de Police, r — Na- tional Guards defeated at Courbevoie, &c, by Versailles troops under Gen. Vinoy, 2 — St Cloud occupied by Versailles troops, 2 — Na- tional Guards march on Versailles, and are routed by guns of Mont Valerien, and at Meu- don, 3— MacMahon appointed Commander-in- chief of army of Versailles, 3— insurgents again defeated, and Chatillon taken, 4— Assi, chair- PARIS— PARKER. 109 r man of Central Committee, imprisoned, 4 — the Journal des De'bats suppressed, 5 — Abp of Paris and several cures arrested, 5 — decree prohibiting men between 18 and 35 from leav- ing the city, 5 — Forts Vanves and Issy at- tacked by Versailles army, 5 — decree for arrest of all guilty of complicity with Versailles Go- vernment, 6 — repulse of National Guards at Nanterre, Courbevoie, &c, 6 — the Guillotine burnt, 7 — Bridge of Neuilly captured by Ver- sailles troops, 7 — fighting at Neuilly renewed, 8 — Notre Dame closed and pillaged, 8 — the Steele and Temps suppressed, 9 — Dombrowski appointed Communal commander, vice Bergeret, 10 — capture of Asnieres by insurgents, 10 — MacMahon assumes • command, 11 — delegates of Republican League sent to Versailles, 11 — Versailles troops repulsed at Meudon, Issy, and Neuilly, 11 — fighting continued, 12 — Gen. Fabrice removes his head-quarters from Rouen to Saint Denis, 1 3 — seven battalions of National Guards disbanded by Commune, 14 — Communal elections, 16 — insurgents sum- moned to surrender in 24 hours, 16 — arrest of Bianqui at Cahors, 17— Chateau Becon cap- tured, by Versailles troops, 17 — Asnieres taken, 19 — armistice of 12 hours at Neuilly, 23 — deputation of Freemasons to Versailles to pro- pose arrangement, 23 — second blockade of Paris commences, 26 — park and cemetery of Issy taken by Versailles army, 29 — Gen. Cluseret dismissed from Communal Ministry of War, Col. Rossel appointed, 30. May : Fort Issy attacked by Versailles troops, 1 — Committee of Public Safety appointed, 2 — Clamart railway station and Chateau of Issy taken by Versailles army, 2 — redoubt of Mou- lin- Saquet captured by them, but not held, 3 — interview of Prince Bismark and Jules Favre at Frankfort, 6 — Proclamation of M. Thiers to inhabitants of Paris, 8 — capture of Fort Issy, 9 — Vanves burnt and evacuated by insurgents, 9 — resignation of Rossel, 9 — Fort Vanves occupied by Versailles troops, 14 — Column of Place Vendome pulled down, 16— arrest of Rochefort at Meaux, 21 — the city entered by Versailles army, 22 — Montmartre taken, 23 — public buildings burnt by Reds, 24 — [Louvre, Palais Royal, Tuileries, &c.]— murder of Dominican monks, 25 — Fort Ivry blown up by Reds, 25 — Abp of Paris and other hostages shot, 27 — cemetery of Pere-la-Chaise, last position of insurgents, taken by Gen. Bruat, and Fort of Vincennes surrendered, 28 — disarmament and dissolution of National Guards of the Seine decreed by M. Thiers, 29. Trials of prisoners before Courts Martial at Versailles begin, 7 Aug. — Commission of Par- dons meets at Versailles, 16 Nov. Paris, John Ayrton, physician, — fj. at Cambridge, 7 Aug. 1785 — enters the Univ., 1803 — M.D. Cambridge, 1808 — commences practice in London, 1808 — settles at Penzance, soon after : returns to London, 18 17 — Pres. Coll. of Physicians, 1844 — rj. in London, 24 Dec. 1856. Pharmacologia, 18 19 — Life of Sir Humphrey Davy, 18 10 — Philosophy in sport made Science in earnest, 1853. Paris, Matthew. [Matthew Paris.] Parisot, Pierre, {Father Norbert,) — b. at Bar-le-Duc, 1697 — enters Franciscan Order, 17 16— goes to Rome, 1734— sent to India, 1736 — returns, 1740 — obtains brief of secular- ization from Clement XIII., 1759 — &• near Commercy, 7 Jul. 1769. Memoires historiques sur les missions des Indes orientates, 1744. Park, Mungo, traveller, — b. near Selkirk, 10 Sep. 177 1 — studies surgery at Edinburgh Univ., 1789 — goes to India, Feb. 1792-3 — visits Africa, May 1795-7 — settles at Peebles, Oct. 1 801 — conducts exploring expedition into interior of Africa, Jan. 1 805 — drowned in the Niger, close of 1805. Travels into the interior of Africa in 1795-7, 1799. Parker, Sir Hyde, Bart. — b., about 171 1 — Lieutenant R.N., 10 Jan. 1745 — serves in E. Indies, 1760-2 — Rear-admiral, 1778 — attacks Dutch squadron on Dogger Bank, 5 Aug. 1779 — succeeds his father as Bart., 1782 — embarks for India, Oct. 1782, and is no more heard of. Parker, Sir Hyde> the Younger, admiral, — b., 1739 — enters the navy, before 1757 — Post- captain, 1763 — distinguishes himself on Ameri- can station, and is knighted, 1770 — takes Sa- vannah, Dec. 1778 — takes part in expedition for relief of Gibraltar, 1782 — Rear-admiral, Feb. 1793 — present at surrender of Toulon and reduction of Corsica, 1794 — Admiral, 1799 — Commander-in-chief at battle of Copenhagen, 2 Apr. 1 80 1 — recalled, 5 May — 1j. in London, 16 Mar. 1807. Parker, Matthew, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. at Norwich, 1504 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge, 1520 — B.A., 1523 — ordained priest, 1527 — M.A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1527 — Chaplain to Queen Anne Boleyn, 1533 —Chaplain to Henry VIIL, 1537 — D.D., 1538 — Prebendary 01 Ely, 1541 — Master of Corpus Christi Coll., 1544 — Vice-chancellor of the Univ., 1545 — marries, 1547 — preaches to rebels under Kett in Norfolk, 1549 — Preben- dary and Dean of Lincoln, 1552 — deprived by Queen Mary, 1553 — consecrated Abp of Can- terbury, 17 Dec. 1559 — has the Bishops' BibU published at his expense, 1568 — his severe visitation of diocese of "Winchester, 1575 — ft., 17 May 1575. De Antiquitate Britanniw Ecclesia, 1572 — edits Matthew Paris, 157 1. Parker, Samuel, Bp op Oxford, — b. at Northampton, 1640 — enters Wadham Coll. Oxford, 1656— B.A., about 1659— F.R.S., 1665 — Chaplain to Abp Sheldon, 1667 — Arch- deacon of Canterbury, 1670— Prebendary of Canterbury, 1672 — Bp of Oxford, Jan. 1686 Pres. Magdalen Coll., by mandamus, 1686 — fc. there, 20 May, a Mar. b 1687. Tentamina physico-theologica, 1665 — Discourse of Ecclesi- astical Polity, 1669 — Reasons for abrogating the Test, 1688 — De rebus sui temporis, 1716. a Engl. Cyc. b E,ees J Cyc. Parker, Theodore, theologian, — b. at Lex- ington, U. S., 24 Aug. 1 810 — enters Harvard Coll., 1830 — marries, 1837 — Minister of Unita- rian Church at West Roxbury, 1837 — visits I Europe, 1843-4 — settles at Boston, 1846 — I joint editor with Emerson and Cabot of Mas- 69 * 109: PARKER— PARMA. sachusetts Quarterly Review, 1847 — opposes Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 — visits France and Inly, 1859 — rj. at Florence, 10 May i860. Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion, 1842 — Translation of De Wette's Introduction to Old Testament, 1843 — Sermons, 1852-3 — Speeches, Addresses, §c, 1855. Parker, Sir Thomas. [Macclesfield, Earl of.] Parker, Sir William, Bart., Admiral of the Fleet, — ft. in Staffordshire, 178 1 — enters the navy, 1793 — present at Howe's victory over the French, 1 Jun. 1794 — Post-captain, 1 801 — becomes friend of Xelson, about 1803 — captures the Marengo and Belle Poule, 1806 — marries, 1810 — C.B., 18 15 — blockades coast of Greece, 1827 — Commander-in-chief on Lis- bon station, May 1831 to Jul. 1834 — K.C.B., 16 Jul., and Lord of the Admiralty, 26 Jul. 1 834— Xaval Commander-in-chief in E. Indies, May 1 841 — directs operations of Chinese "War, 1 841-2 — Yice-admiral, Nov. 1841 — receives thanks of parliament, 1842 — G.C.B., 2 Dec. 1842 — Bart., 1844 — Commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 1845-52 — principal aide-de- camp to the Queen, 1S46 — Commander-in-chief at Plymouth, 1854 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1863 — tf. at Shenstone Lodge, Staffordshire, 13 Xov. 1866. Parker Society, — established in London, 1840. Parkes, Samuel, chemist, — 6. at Stour- bridge, 1750 — rj. in London, 1825. Chemical Essays, 18 15. Parkhurst, John, theologian, lexicographer, — b. at Catesby. Northamptonshire, Jun. 1728 — M.A. Cambridge. 1752 — tr. at Epsom, 21 Mar. 1797. Hebrew and English Lexicon, 1762 — Greek and English Lexicon to the New Tes- tament, 1769. *■'/-"" Parkinson, John, botanist, — rj. in London, 1567 — living, 1640. Parodist in Sole, Para- disus Terrestris, 1629 — Theatrum Botanicum, 1640. n Parkinson, Richard, theologian, poet, — fc. in Lancashire, 17 Sep. 1798 — B.A. Cambridge, 1820 — M.A. , 1824 — Theological Lecturer, Coll. of St Bees, 1826 — Hulsean Lecturer, Cam- bridge Univ., 1837 and 1838 — Tice-Pres. Chethani Societv, 1842 — Principal of the Coll., 1846— D.D., 1851— rj. at St Bees, 28 Jan. 1858. Old Church Clock, 1844— Poems, 1845. Parkinson, Thomas, 'mathematician, — ft. at Kirkham, Lancashire, 1745 — tf., 1830. System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics, 1789. Parliament, [Parlement,) — name applied to Assembly of States in France, about 1150. In England, summoned by Simon de Montfort, meets, 28 Jan. 1265 — its constitution recog- nized and established by Act 15 Edw. II., 1322 — deposes Edward II., 7 Jan. 1327 — ordered to be held annually by Stat. 4 Edw. III. c. 1-1, 1330 — deposes Richard II., 30 Sep. 1399 — dispute with Convocation respecting claim of clergy to be exempt from jurisdiction of king's courts, 15 15 — not summoned by Charles I., 1628-40 — [Long Parliament] — meets without summons, 1 660 — sitting of, not to be intermitted above three years, by Act 16 Car. II. c. 1, 1664 — again meets without summons, 1689 — freedom of debates secured by Act 1 Wni and Mar. sess. 2, c. 2, 1 6 8 9 — [ Convention Parliament] — Triennial Act, 1694 — resolves that publication of its debates is breach of privilege, 27 Dec. 1694 — authorized, in certain case on demise of the Crown, to meet without summons, by Act 6 Ann. c. 7, 1706 — first United, of Great Britain, meets, 23 Oct. 1707 — Septennial Act, 17 15 — again prohibits publication of debates, 26 Feb. 1 729 — first Imperial, of United Kingdom, meets, 22 Jan. 1 801. Of Ireland, earliest known, sum- moned, about 1295 — earliest statutes on record, 13 10 — representation of boroughs begins, 1341 —regular series of statutes, from 1429 — regu- lated by Poyning's Laws, 1495 — powers of, ex- tended by Act 3 and 4 Phil, and Mar. c. 4, 1556 — limited by Act 6 Geo. I. c. 0, 17 19, repealed by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 53, 1782— declared to have exclusive authority in Ireland, by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 28, 1783— abolished by Act of Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800. Of Scotland, representation of boroughs in, mentioned, 1326 — regulated by James I., 1427 — county representation established, 1587 — united with English, by Act of Union, 6 Ann. c, 11, 6 Mar. 1707. [Elections, Emanci- pation, Catholic, Jews, Lords, House of, Peers, Reform.] Parliamentary Oaths. [Oaths.] Parliaments of France, — [See Paris, and names of chief cities'] — abolished by Constituent Assembly, 11 Sep. 1790. Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of, — erected by Pope Paul III., for his son Pieeo LriGi Faknese, Duke of Castro, 12 Aug. 1545 — assassinated by conspirators, 10 Sep. 1547 — Ot- tavio Earnese (son) succeeds, 1547 — Ales- sandro, (son,) 1586— Raxuccio, (son,) b., 1569 — aims at crown of Portugal, 1580 — succeeds his father, 6 Sep. 1592 — gonfalonier of the Church, by Clement VIII., i6co— conspiracy formed against, 1611 — frustrated, 1612 — rj., Mar. 1622 — Odoakdo, (son,) fj., 1612— suc- ceeds, 1622 — joins French league against Spam, 1633 — his estates ravaged by Modenese, 1636 — makes peace with Spain, 1637 — attempt of Urban YIII. to deprive him of Duchy of Castro, 1639-44 — makes peace with the pope, 31 Mar. 1644 — ij., 12 Sep. 1646 — Raxuccio II., (son.) 6., 1630 — succeeds, 1646 — puts to death Bp of Castro, 1649 — cedes Castro to Innocent X., 1661 — tf., 11 Dec. 1694 — Francesco, (son,) ft., 1678 — succeeds, 1694 — Duchy declared a fief of the Empire, and succession limited to male line by Quadruple Alliance, 17 18 — fj., 26 Feb. 1727 — Ajntonio, (brother,) h., 1679 — succeeds, 1727 — rj., 20 Jan. 1731 — Duchy seized by Imperial troops as vacant fief, 17 31 — Don Carlos, Infante of Spain, succeeds, (under Quadruple Alliance, and treaty between ! Emperor Charles VI. and king of Spain, of 30 j Apr. 1725.) 17 31 — given up to Emperor by Peace of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1735 — renounced bv 1 Don Carlos on his conquest of kingdom of Naples, 5 Jan. 1737 — ceded by Queen of Hun- gary, by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, to Don PARMA— PARRY. 1093 Philip, Infante of Spain, 18 Oct. 1748 — taken possession of by him, Mar. 1749 — signs Family Compact, 1761 — rj., 18 Jul. 1765— Don Ferdinand, (son,) h., 175 1 — succeeds, 1765 — publishes Pragmatic Sanction, 1768 — expels Jesuits, Feb. 1768 — marries Archduchess Maria Amelia, 27 Jun. 1769 — ft., 9 Oct. 1802 — Don Louis, (son, ) fj., 1773 — marries Maria Louisa, Infanta, 1785 — deprived of the Duchy by Napoleon, (by Convention of Madrid, 21 Mar. 1 801,) and made King of Etruria, 1801 — tf., 27 May 1803— Charles Louis, (son,) fc., 1799 — king of Etruria, under Regency of his mother, 1803 — deprived by Napoleon, 10 Dec. 1807 — the Duchy given to Archduchess Maria Louisa of Austria, by Congress of Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — on her death falls to Charles Louis, 1847 — boundaries of, revised, 1847 — Austrian garrison expelled, flight of the Duke, Mar. to Apr. 1848 — he abdicates in favour of his son, Charles III., 14 Mar. 1849 — murdered, 26 Mar. 1854 — succeeded by his son, Robert I., 1854 — Duchy annexed to king- dom of Sardinia by decree of Victor Em- manuel, 18 Mar. i860. Parma, in Italy, — [B C] — made a Roman colony, 183— [AD] — conquered by Lombards, 570 — head of a Duchy, 572 — conquered by Greeks, 590 — by Charles the Great, 774 — be- comes independent, about 1150 (?) — carries on war with Piacenza, n 99 — placed under ban of the empire, by Frederick II., 25 Nov. 1220 — earthquake at, Dec. 1222 — visited by Frederick II., May to Jun. 1226 — meeting of prelates at, respecting crusade, Jun. 1226 — joins Frederick against Milan, Jan. 1232 — Availed by Frederick, 123.8 — conspiracy against him at, 1245 — defeat of Imperial troops and occupation of the city by Guelf exiles, 16 Jun. 1247 — besieged by Frederick, beginning of Jul. — unsuccessful at- tempt to storm, Dec. — defeat of Frederick by Parmesans, 18 Feb. 1248 — twice unsuccessfully attacked by him, 1248 — defeated by Cremona, 1250 — submits to Pope John XXII. , 27 Sep. 1326 — Papal garrison expelled, 1 Aug. 1328 — lordship of, sold to Obizzo, Marquis of Este, Nov. 1344 — sold by him to Lucchino Visconte, 10 Oct. 1346 — sovereignty usurped by Ottone de Terzi, 1403 — shared with Piero de Rossi, Mar. 1404 — expulsion of Rossi, same month : league formed by Duke of Milan for recovery of, 13 May 1408 — Terzi assassinated by order of Marquis of Este, 27 May 1409 — recovered by Milan : [Milan] — ceded to Francis I. of France, 1513 — recovered by the pope, 1521 — with Piacenza erected into a Duchy by Pope Paul III., Aug. 1545 — [Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of] — the French under Marquis de Coigni defeat Imperialists under Gen. Mercy near, 29 Jun. 1734 — evacuated by Austrians, taken possession of by French, Sep. 1745 — Suwarof defeats Macdonald near, Jun. 1799 — earthquake in the Duchy, 14 Feb. 1834 — Austrian garrison expelled, 19 Mar. 1848 — annexed to kingdom of Italy by Treaties of Villafranca and Zurich, 1859. University, founded, 1599. Academy of Sciences, 1601. pleted, 1 106. Baptistery, commenced, 1196 — completed, 1281. Parmenides, Eleatic philosopher, — [B C] — fj., about (01. 65) 520— fl., (01. 69, 2,) 503," [455> b 435*4 c ]~ visits Athens, about (01. 80, 1) 460. a Clinton. b Euseb. c Cyril. Parmenion,— [B c]— 6., about 400 a — com- mands against Illyrians, defeats them, 356— at siege of Halos, 346 — ambassador to Athens, 346— in Euboea r 342— sent with Attalus into Asia, 336— secures the army to Alexander: returns to Macedonia, 334— accompanies Alex- ander into Asia, 334 — left in charge of treasures in Media, 330 — put to death by Alex- ander, before end of 330. a smith's Diet. Parmigiano. [Mazzuoli.] Parnell, Henry Brooke. [Congleton, Lord.] Parnell, Thomas, poet,— ft. at Dublin, 1679 — M.A. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1700— Archdeacon of Clogher, 1705 — prebendary, 17 13 — vicar of Finglass, 17 16 — rj. at Chester, Jul. 17 17. Poems, 172 1 Parny, Evariste Desire Besforges, Vis- count de, poet, — b. in Isle of Bourbon, 6 Feb. 1755 — sent to France, 1764-75 — admitted to the Institute, 1803 — tf. at Paris, 5 Dec. 18 14. (Euvres, 1808. Parodi, Bomenico, painter, — 6. at Genoa, i688, a 1668 b — tf., Apr. 1740.* a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Parque-Castrillo, Duke del, general,— ft. at Valladolid, 1755 — Lieutenant-general, 1798, — serves against French, 1808-14 — P res - of the Cortes, 1820—0"., about 1830. Parr, Catherine. [Catherine.] Parr, Samuel, classical scholar, — h. at Har- row on the Hill, 15 Jan. 1747 — enters Em- manuel Coll. Cambridge, 1765 — ordained priest, 1777 — settles at Hatton in Warwickshire, 1786 — tf. at Hatton, 6 Mar. 1825. TForks, 1828. Parr, Thomas, reputed centenarian, — fj. at Wilmington, Shropshire, 1483 (?) — presented to Charles I., 1635 — to. in London, 1635. Parret, river in England, — defeat of North- men by Ealstan, Bp of Sherborne, and Osric, 845. Parrhasius, painter, — [B C]— fl., about 400- 344, a 347. b a Pausan. b Seneca. Parrocel, Charles, painter,— fj. at Paris, 6 May 1688 — admitted to the Academy, 1721 — Prof., 1746 — tf. at Paris, 24 May 1752^ 1753. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Parrocel, Ignace, painter, — ft. at Avignon, 1688 — 0. at Mons, 1722. Parrocel, Joseph, painter, — h. at Brignoles, 1648 — admitted to the Academy, Paris, 1676 — tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1704. Parrocel, Pierre, painter, — h. at Avignon, about 1664 — admitted to the Academy, 1730 — tf. at Paris, 1739. Parry, Sir William Edward, admiral, Arctic voyager, — ft. at Bath, 19 Dec. 1790 — enters the navy, Jun. 1803 — serves in N. America, 1813-17 — takes part in expedition of dis- covery to Arctic Seas, Apr. to Nov. 181 8 — commands expedition, May 18 19 to Nov. 1820 — F.R.S., 1820 — second expedition, May 1821 to Oct. 1823 — third, May 1824 to Oct. 1825 — Academy of Fine Arts, 17 52. Cathedral, com- 1 hydrographer to Admiralty, 1825-6 — fourth io 9 4 PARSDORF— PARTHIA. expedition, Apr. to Sep. 1827— Knt, 29 Apr. 1829— D.C.L. Oxford, 1829 — commissioner of Australian Agricultural Company at Port Stephens, Jul. 1829 to Nov. 1834 — Rear-ad- miral, 4 Jun. 1852 — Lieutenant-governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1853 — tf. at Ems, 7 Jul. 1 855. Journal of a Voyage for the discovery of a North- West Passage, 1821 — Journal of Second Voyage, 1824 — of Third Voyage, 1826 — Narrative of an attempt to reach the North Pole, 1827. Parsdorf, Armistice of, — concluded between French and Austrians, 15 Jul. 1800. Parsons, James, physician, — h. at Barn- staple, 1705 — M.D. Rheims, 1736 — settles in London, 1736 — F.R.S., 1740— fc. in London, 4 Apr. 1770. Remains of Japhet, 1767. Parsons, Robert, Jesuit,— b. in Somerset- shire, 1546 — enters Baliol Coll. Oxford, 1563 — B.A., 1568 — M.A., 1572 — quits Oxford, spring 1574 — enters Society of Jesus, at Rome, May I 515 — sent with Campion to England, by Gregory XIIL, Jul. 1580 — proclamation issued against him, returns to Rome, 1583 — rector of English seminary there, 1587 — sent to Spain, 1588 — prefect of English mission, 1592 — fails in attempt at the cardinalate, 1596 — tJ. at Rome, 18 Apr. 16 10. Christian Direct- ory, 1583-91 — Three Conversions of Paganism, 1603-4 — Memorial for Reformation, 1596. Parsons, William, comic actor, — b. at Maid- stone, 1736 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1763 — retires, 1794 — fc. at Lambeth, 3 Feb. 1795- Parsons, William. [Rosse, Earl or.] Parthenius, of Nicaa, elegiac poet, — [B C] —captured by Cinna, before 63(F) — [AD] — U., after 14. Parthenon, at Athens, — [BC] — commenced by Pheidias, (01. 84,) 443,* (01. 81, 2,) 454 b — opened, (01. 85, 3,) 438 — [AD] — converted into a church, about 420, or earlier c — drawings of, made by Jacques Carrey, 1674 — damaged in siege by Venetians, 1687 — drawings, by Stuart, 1755 — removal of sculptures by Earl of Elgin, between 1 801 -12 — [Elgin Marbles] — again damaged by the bombardment by Turks, 1827 — measurements, and discovery of curvature of horizontal lines, by Pennethorne, 1837 — by Hofer and Schubart, 1838 — measurements, by Penrose, Oct. 1846 to May 1847, pub- lished, 1 85 1 — plans, by Knowles, 1850 — in- vestigations of Michaelis, published, 1871. a Most authorities. b Michaelis. c Engl. Cyc. Parthenope. [Naples.] Parthenope, asteroid, — discovered by De Gasparis, at Naples, 11 May 1850. Parthenopeian Republic, — proclaimed at Naples by the French, 23 Jan. 1799 — dis- solved, 20 Jun. 1799. Parthia, (political history,) — [BC] — revolt of Arsaces against Antiochus II., 25 b 33) c 34>g 3? or 38, e h * 40 f — in Arabia and Damascus, 37 or 38-40 or 41 h — first visit to Jerusalem, 39, a 38, b 37, s 40, d 40-1/ 43 f — second visit, 44,* b c 42, d 44 or 45 ,h i 45 f— third, 48,* 52^ 49,° 50 or 5 1 h * — fourth, 53,* * 5 6,be 52> c 53 or 54 i_ at Ephesus, 54-57,* s h 54-5 to 57-8 • — at Corinth, winter 57-8 a h — fifth visit to Jerusalem, Pente- cost 58, afh 6o, b e 55, c 56, d 58 or 59 » — leaves Csesarea, autumn 60 a h — reaches Eome, spring 6i, af s h 63, be 6o, d 61 or 62 > — living there, spring 63, a 65J 3 e 62 d — lj., 66, a 67, b c k 68, 1 6$, d beginning 64^ a Lewin. b Ussher. c Petavius. d Basnage. e Eichhorn. f Wieseler. S Tillemont. h Smith's Diet. Bib. 1 De Wette. k Euseb. 1 Jerome. Paul, Father. [Sarpi, Paolo.] Paul, St Vincent de. [Vincent de Paul.] Paul Veronese. [Cagliari.] Paul. [Paulus.] Paul of Burgos, (Paul of St 3Iary,) theo- logian, — b. in Spain, about 1350 — baptized, 1390 — Bp of Carthagena, 1402 — Bp of Bur- gos, 1415 — tf. Chancellor of Castile, 27 Aug. 1435. Scrutinium Scripturarum, after 1430. Paul of Middelburg, mathematician, — b. at Middelburg, 1445— at court of Urbino, 1484 — Bp of Fossombrone, 1494 — presides at Coun- cil of the Lateran, 15 13 — if. at Eome, 15 Dec. 1534. Paul of Venice, philosopher, — at Eome 1427 — tf. at Venice, 10 Jun. 1429.* a Tiraboschi. _ Paul I., Pope,— envoy from Stephen II. to king of the Lombards, 752 — succeeds Stephen, 29 May 757 — liberates Sergius, Abp of Eavenna, 758 — tf., 28 Jun. 767. _ Paul II., Pope, (Pietro Barbo,) — b. at Venice, 26 Feb. 141 8 — Cardinal, 1440 — suc- ceeds Pius II., 31 Aug. 1464 — unsuccessfully attempts to procure abolition of Pragmatic Sanction, 1467 — effects a peace among princes of Italy, 1468— reduces period of the Jubilee, 1470— invests Borso d'Este with Duchy of Ferrara, 147 1 — )j. at Eome, 28 Jul. 147 1. Paul III., Pope, (Alessandro Farnese,) — ft. at Canino, 1466,* 29 Feb. 1468 b — Cardinal, 1493 — succeeds Clement VII., 13 Oct. 1534 — has conference with Charles V. at Eome, re- specting a General Council, Apr. 1536 — signs bull against Henry VIII., 30 Aug. 1535— but reserves publication : cites Henry to Eome and absolves his subjects from allegiance, 1535 — publishes the bull In Cozna Domini, 1536 — ex- communicates Henry VIII., 16 Dec. 1538 — ■ approves Order of Jesuits, by bull of 27 Sep. 1540 — convokes Council of Trent, by bull of 22 May 1542 — sends auxiliaries to Charles V., against Protestants of Germany, 1545 — erects Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, for his son Piero Luigi, 1545 — opposes the Interim, 1547 — tf. at Eome, 10 Nov. 1549. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Paul IV., Pope, (Gian-Pietro Caraffa,) — b. in kingdom of Naples, 28 Jun. 1476 — Abp of Brindisi, 15 18 — called to Eome by Adrian VI., 1520— joint founder of Order of Theatins, 1524 — Cardinal, by Paul III., 1536 — advises seizure of Naples, 1545 — succeeds Marcellus II., 23 May 1555 — forms league with Henry II. of France for conquest of Naples from Spain, 15 Dec. 1555 — invasion of Papal States by Duke of Alva, Sep. 1556 — supported by French under Duke of Guise, 1557 — makes peace with Spain, 14 Sep. 1557 — institutes festival of Chair of St Peter, 1558 — refuses to confirm election of Emperor Ferdinand, Apr. 1558 — refuses to acknowledge title of Queen Elizabeth to throne of England, 1559 — expels his nephews from Eome, 1559 — tf. at Eome, 18 Aug. 1559. Paul V., Pope, (Camillo Borghese,) — b. at Eome, 17 Sep. 1552 — vice-legate at Bologna, 1588 — legate in Spain by Clement VIII., and Cardinal, 1596 — succeeds Leo XI., 16 May 1605 — reassembles Congregation de Auxiliis, Sep. 1605 — [Molinist Controversy] — ad- dresses Monitorial Bull to republic of Venice, 17 Apr. 1606 — excommunicates the Doge, Senate, and government, and lays Venice under interdict, 1606 — prohibits Catholics of England from taking Oath of Allegiance to James L, 22 Sep. 1606 — concludes a com- promise with Venice, by mediation of Henry IV. of France, 21 Apr. 1607 — receives embassy from Congo, 1608 — revises and republishes bull In Ccena Domini, 8 Apr. 16 10 — inserts it in Eoman Eitual, 16 10 — canonizes St Charles Borromeo, 16 10 — approves Congregation of the Oratory, 161 1 — has dispute with Louis PAUL-PAUL'S. XIII, respecting Suarez, 1614 — renews con- stitution of Sixtus IV. on Immaculate Concep- tion of the Virgin, but refuses to make it article of faith, 1617 — ft. at Rome, 28 Jan. 1621. Paul, Emperor of Russia, — ft. at St Petersburg, 1 Oct. 1754 — becomes heir-apparent on death of his brother Ivan, 1763 — marries Mary of "Wiirtemberg, 18 Oct. 1776 — with her visits Germany, France, and Italy, 1780 — proclaimed Emperor on death of Catherine II., 17 Nov. 1796 — liberates Kosciusko and other Polish patriots, 1797 — elected Grand Master of Knights of Malta, 1799 — joins second coalition against France, 1799 — sen ds Suwarof into Italy, and Korsakof into Switzerland, 1799 — withdraws from coalition, 1800— seizes English vessels in Eussian ports, 1800 — con- cludes treaties of Neutrality with Sweden and Denmark, 16-18 Dec. 1800 — enters into friendly relations with Napoleon, 1801 — plans with him an expedition to India, Feb. 1 801 — assassinated by conspirators, 24 Mar. 1801. Paulet, Sir William. [Winchester, Mar- quis OF.] Paulicians, religious sect, — appear as fol- lowers of Constantine Sylvanus, in Armenia and Cappadocia, about 660 a — their founder put to death by order of Constantine Pogona- tns, 684 b — transplanted from Armenia to Thrace, by Constantine Copronymus, about 750-760 — tolerated by Nicephorus Logotheta, 802-811 c — reformed by Sergius, 801-835 — persecuted by Theodore, revolt under Carbeas, and fortify themselves in Tephrice, about 845 — with Saracens, defeat Michael III., near Sa- mosata, about 857 — under Chrysocheir, ally themselves with Saracens, and ravage Asia, pillage Nice and Nicomedia, about 867 b — refuse to make peace with Basilius the Mace- donian, about 870 — Chrysocheir defeated and killed, 871 — attacked by Basilius, and Tephrice destroyed, 871 — another colony transported to Mount Haemus, by John Zimisces, 970 — desert Alexius Comnenus in his war with Normans, io8i-5 a — persecuted by him, 1086 — deprived of Philip popolis, and settled in a new city, 1 1 15." a Gieseler. b Robertson. c Tinlay. Paulinus, — Consul with Julian, (1078, a. r. c.) 325. Paulinus of Fella, the Penitent, — ft., 376 — joins Attalus, and is made Conies Per. Privat., 414 — baptized, 422. Eucharisticon, 460. Paulinus of Tyre, Bp — restores Church at Tyre, after 313 — translated to Antioch, 323-4, 321, :i 322-3 b — tf., 324. a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Paulinus of Milan, theologian, — procures condemnation of Coelestius, in synod at Car- thage, 412 — resists reversal of sentence, 417-8. Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia, — ft. near Friuli, about 730 — Patriarch, by Charles the Great, 776 — holds Council against Adoptionism, at Friuli, 796 a — Tj. at Aquileia, 8o4. b a Robertson. b Gieseler. Paulinus, 1st Abp of York, — sent to Eng- land by Pope Gregory, 601 a — ordained Bp of Northumbrians, 21 Jul. 625 — Abp of York, by Edwin, 12 Apr. 627 b — baptizes King Ed- win, 12 Apr. 627 — retires to Kent, 633 — Bp of Bochester, by Eadbald, soon after Oct. 633 b — tf., 10 Oct. 644. a Robertson. b Le Neve. Paulinus, JFatiher, (Johann Thilipp Werdin,) orientalist, — ft. near Mannersdorf, Austria, 25 Api\ 1748 — enters Carmelite Order, about 1769 — missionary to Malabar coast, 1774 — returns to Borne, 1790 — ft. there, 7 Jan., a May b 1806. Sidharubam, 1790 — Sy sterna Brahmanicum, 1791 — India Orientalis Christiana, 1793 — De Antiquitate et affinitate lingua Zendica, Sanscridance et Germanicce, 1799. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Paulinus, Anicius, — Consul with L. Banius Acontius Optatus, (1087, a. u. c.) 334. Paulinus, Bertrand de Eabastens, Vis- count de, — ft., about 1520— leader of Albi- genses, 1572 — takes Lombers, 24 Dec. 1572 — Commander of Upper Languedoc, 1574 — takes Bonissezon, 19 Mar. 1575 — distinguishes him- self at combat near Montpellier, 25 Sep. 1577. Paulinus, C. Suetonius, — propraetor in Mauretania, 42 — commands in Britain, 59-62 — defeats Boadicea, 61 — Consul with L. Pontius Telesimus, (819, a. u. c.) 66 — defeated, with Otho's army, by Yitellius, at Bedriacum, 69. Paulinus, M. Aurelius, — Consul with Pro- bus, (1030, a. u. a.) 277. Paulinus, Pontius Meropius Anicius,— Bp of Nola,— ft. at Bordeaux, about 353 — bap- tized, 389 — presbyter, at Barcelona, 25 Dec. 393 — settles at Nola, 394 — Bp of Nola, after 402, and before 405^ 403^ 409 c — ft., 22 Jun. 431. b a Clinton. b Pagi. c Smitb's Diet. Paullinus, — Consul with Joannes Seytha, (1251, a. u. c.) 498. Paullus, L JEmilius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Livius Salinator, (535, a. tj. c.) 219 — triumph, about Illyria; Consul with C. Teren- tius Yarro, (538,) 216 — killed at Cannae, 216. Paullus, L. JEmilius,— [B c]— accuses Ca- tiline, 63— quaestor in Macedonia, 59 — aedile, restores basilica and builds new one, 55 — praetor, Jul. S5 — Consul with C. Claudius Marcellus, (704, a. u. c.) 50 — joins senatorial party, after Mar. 44 — tf. at Miletus, after 42. Paullus, L. JEmilius, Macedonicus, — [B C] — ft., about 230-29 — commissioner to settle colony at Croton, 194 — curule aedile, 192 — praetor in Hither Spain, 191 — Consul with Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, (572, a. tj. c.) 182 — Ligu- rian war, 182 — Consul with C. Licinius Cras- sus, (586,) 168 — victory of Pydna, 22 Jun. 168 — returns and triumphs, Nov. 167 — Censor with Q. Marcius Philippus, 164 — tf., 160. Paullus, M. JEmilius— [BC]—(1.) Consul with M. Livius Deuter, (452, a. u. c.) 302 — mag. equit. to Qj. Fabius Maximus, 30 r. (2.) Consul with Ser. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior, (499,) 255. Paul's, St, Cathedral, London, — founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent, 600-15 — burnt, 1087 — rebuilding commenced by Bp Maurice, 1087 — partly burnt, 11 37 — destroyed by lightning, 1561 — restored, 1561-6 — restored by Inigo Jones, between 1628-33 — destroyed by the PAUL'S CROSS— PAYIA. Great Fire, 1666 — first stone of present build- ing laid by Wren, 21 Jwi. 1675 — opened for divine service, 2 Dec. 1697 — completed, 17 10. Paul's Cross, London, — Fitz-Osbert ha- rangues the people at, n 96 — taken down by- order of parliament, 1643. Paul's School, St, London, — founded by Dean Colet, 15 12. Paulus, — (1.) Consul with Apronianus, (921, A. u. c.) 168. (2.) Consul of Rome, (1249,) 496. (3.) Consul with Muschianus, (1265,) 512. Paulus, of Alexandria, astrologer, — fl., about 378? Paulus, Patriarch of Constantinople, — elected on death of Alexander, 336,* 340 b — ban- ished into Pontus, 340 — restored on death of Eu- sebius, 342 — and expelled ; regains his church by interference of Julius I. of Rome, but is ban- ished privately, 343 — restored by Council of Sardica, 347— exiled to Cappadocia, and put to death, 351. a Smith's Diet. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Paulus, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, the- ologian, — ft. near Stuttgard, 1 Sep. 1761 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Jena, 1789 — Prof. Theology, 1793 — Prof. Theology, "Wurzburg, 1803 — Prof. Exegesis and Church History, Heidelberg, 1811 — retires, 1844 — ft., 10 Aug. 1 85 1. Commentar uber das Neue Testament, 1800-4 — Leben Jesu, 1828 — edits Sophronizon, 1819-29 — Exegetisches LLandbuch uber die drei ersien Evangelien, 1830-3. Paulus, Julius, jurist, — fl., about 200. Paulus iEgineta, medical writer, — fl., before 700. a a Abu-1-faraj. Paulus Diaconus, (Warnefridus,) — ft. at Friuli, about 740 — deacon at Aquileia, about 763 — retires to Beneventum, 774 — called to court of Charles the Great, 781 — takes part in carrying out his reforms, 781-7 — returns to Monte Cassino, 787 — tf. there, about 80 r. Paulus Silentiarius, poet, — fl., about 562. Paulus of Samosata, Heresiarch, — Bp of Antioch, 260 ? 262 a — Council of Antioch held respecting his doctrine, 2643 — condemned by Council of Antioch, 269-70 — deposed, not later than 270 — expelled from Antioch by Aurelian, 273. a Clinton. Paumgarten, Maximilian Sigismund Jo- seph, Baron von, general, — ft. in Styria, 26 Oct. 1767 — enters Austrian army, 1787 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Belgrade, 1789 — takes part in battles of Aspern and Wagram, 1809 — Major-general, 1813 — Field-marshal - lieutenant, 1824 — fr. at Vienna, 1 Jan. 1827. Paupers. [Poor Law.] Pausanias, King- of Sparta, — [B C] — suc- ceeds his father, Pleistoanax, 444 — invades Attica, 427 — sent to Attica to outwit Lysander, 403 — defeats Athenians : tried and acquitted : sent to aid Phokis against Thebes, 395 — tried and self-exiled : living, 385. Pausanias, — [B C] — defeats Persians at Plataese, 479 — commands combined forces of Hellas against Cyprus and Byzantium, 477 — takes Byzantium : engages in treasonable ne- gotiations with Xerxes, soon after : starved to death in temple of Athene, between 471-466^ about 468, 1 ' about 467.° a Smith's Diet. b Muller. c Grote. Pausanias, geographer, §c, — ft, 125-176.* a Clinton. Pausias,j9amte;', — [B C]— fl., about 360-330. Pausistratos, — [B C] — defeats Democrates and reduces Peraea, 197 — commands Rhodian fleet, 191 — defeated and killed by Polyneuidas, spring 190. Pauw, Adrian, — Grand Pensionary of Hol- land, 1 63 1 — plenipotentiary at Peace of Mini- ster, 1648 — envoy to England, 1649 — tf., 1653. Pauw, Cornelisz de, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1739 — &• a * Xanten, 1799. Ltecherches sur les America-ins, 1768-9 — Ltecherches sur les Egyp- tiens et les Chinois, 1774 — Ltecherches sur les Grecs, 1788. Pauw, Begnier, diplomatist, — ft. at Amster- dam, 1564 — envoy to England, 16 13 — to Den- mark, 1 62 1 — to France, 1622 — lj., 1636. Pavia, in Ltaly, (Ticinum, JPapia,) — taken and destroyed by Attila, 452 — inhabitants of, exempted from taxes by Odoacer, in order to rebuilding the town, about 477 — capital of Lombard kingdom, 572 — besieged by Charles the Great, Oct. 773 — surrenders to him, May 774 — destroyed by Berenger, 922 — coronation of Otto I. at, as King of Lombardy, 951 — cor- onation of Frederick I., 1154 — receives charter from Henry VI., 1191 — conquered by Stefano, son of Matteo Visconti, 13 15 — recovers inde- pendence, and is besieged by Galeazzo Visconti, 1356 — the Milanese defeated and siege raised by Jacopo Bussolari, 27 May 1356 — again be- sieged by the Milanese, 1358 — surrenders, 1359 — Francis I. of France defeated and taken prisoner by Imperialists, 24 Feb. 1525 — taken and devastated by French, 1527 and 1528 — passes with Milan to House of Austria, 1756 — insurrection at, May 1796 — stormed and pil- laged by Napoleon, May 1796 — taken by Na- poleon, Jun. 1800 — restored to Austria, 18 14 — insurrection at, 20 Mar. 1848 — given up to king of Sardinia, 1859. Church of San Michele, mentioned, 661. Cathedral, commenced, 1484. Certosa, (monastery,) founded, 1396 — sacked by French, 1796. University, founded by Charles the Great, 774 (?) — enlarged by Galeazzo Vis- conti, 1396. Councils of, 850 ; on discipline, &c, Feb. 855 ; 866 ; held by Aiispert, Abp of Milan, before Charles tbe Bald, to recognize him as Emperor, Feb. 876 ; to confirm election of Guy, king of Italy, and on discipline, 889 ; by Gregory V. to excommunicate Crescentius and. antipope John XVII., and to reestablish Arnoul in see of Rheims, 997 ; by Benedict VIII. for reformation of manners of the clergy, 1 Aug. 1022; by Leo IX. against ordinations by Simoniacs, "Whitsuntide 1049 ; by Emperor Henry IV. to confirm election of antipope Guibert, about mid. Mar. 1081 ; by Cardinal John of Crerna, to excommunicate Anselm, Abp of Milan, for crowning Conrad King of Italy, 1 1 28; by order of Frederick Barbarossa, in favour of antipope Victor IV., and to anathe- matize Alexander HI., opens, 5 Feb. 1160; held in pursuance of appointment at Council of PAVILLON— PECOCK. Constance, May 1423 ; transferred to Siena, 22 Jun. Pavilion, Nicholas, Port-Royalist, — b. at Paris, 17 Nov. 1597 — ordained priest, 1627 — Bp of Aleth, 1637 — consecrated at Paris, 21 Aug. 1639 — refuses to sign formulary condemn- ing Jansenism, 1661, 1662, and 1664 — signs Peace of Clement IX., 1668 — his Ritual con- demned by brief of Clement, 9 Apr. 1668 — has contest with Louis XIV. respecting the Regale, 1664 — supported by Innocent XL, 1676 — )j. at Aleth, 8 Dec. 1677. Pawnbrokers, — in Great Britain, — [Mont di Pieta] — recognized by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 21, 1603 — licence required for, by Act 25 Geo. III. c. 48, 1785— regulated by Act 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 99, 28 Jul. 1800 — oaths abolished and declaration substituted by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 62, s. 12, 9 Sep. 1835 — law amended by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 27, 23 Jun. 1856. In Ireland, regulated by Irish Act 28 Geo. III. c. 43, 1788. Paxton, Sir Joseph, landscape gardener, — ft. near Woburn in Bedfordshire, 1803 — enters service of Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, F. L. S., 1833 — designs Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, 1850 — But, 1851 — M.P. Coventry, 1854 — organizes Army Works Corps for Cri- mean "War, 1854-5 — &• & t Sydenham, 8 Jun. 1865. Payne, John Howard, actor, dramatist, — h. at New York, 1792 — appears at Park Theatre, New York, 1808 — at Drury Lane, London, 1 8 12 — tf. United States Consul at Tunis, 1852. Pazzi Conspiracy, The, — at Florence, formed by leading members of the Pazzi family, supported by Pope Sixtus IV. and Cardinal Eiario, against Lorenzo de' Medici, 1478 — Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano attacked by conspirators in church of the Separata, 26 Apr. 1478 — Giuliano assassinated, Lorenzo wounded : conspirators seized and hung, 26 and 27 Apr. — name and arms of the Pazzi ordered to be sup- Peabody, George, philanthropist, — fc. at Danvers, Mass. U. S. 8 Feb. 1795 — settles in England, 1837 — founds institute at Danvers, 1852 — his first gift for poor of London, 12 Mar. 1 862 — second, Feb. 1 866 — endows Museum and Professorship of Archaeology, Harvard Univ., Oct. 1866 — receives thanks of Congress for his gifts to the people, Mar. 1867 — fc. in London, 4 Nov. 1869 — interred in Westminster Abbey, 12 Nov. — his remains taken to America, Dec. — delivered to Governor of Maine, 29 Jan. 1870 — reinterred at Peabody, Mass., 8 Feb. 1870. Peace, Justices of the. [Justices.] Peace Society, — established in London, 1816. Peacham, Edmund, theologian, — convicted on charge of high treason, 7 Aug. 161 5 — &. in Taunton gaol, a few months later. Peacham, Henry, miscellaneous writer. Minerva Britannica, 161 2 — Compleat Gentle- man, 1622 — Gentleman' s Exercise, 1630. Peacock, Reginald. [Pecock.] Peacock, Thomas Love, novelist, §c, — h. at Weymouth, 1785 — obtains appointment in India House, 18 18 — Examiner of Indian Cor- respondence, 1836-56 — tf. at Lower Halliford, 23 Jan. 1866. Peada, King of Mercia. [Mercia.] Pearce, Zachary, Bp of Rochester,— b. in London, 1690 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 17 10 — Fellow of his Coll., 1716 — ordained priest, 17 17 — chaplain to the king, about 1720 — marries, 1721 — Dean of Winchester, 1739— Bp of Bangor, 1748 — Bp of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, 1756 — ft. at Little Ealing, 29 Jun. 1774. Commentary, with notes, on the Four Evangelists, §c., 177*] — longinus, with Latin version, 1724. Pearl Fishery, — of Ceylon, celebrated, as early as 60. Of Scotland, revived, Dec. 1863. Pearson, John, Bp of Chester, — b. at Snoring in Norfolk, about 16 13 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, about 1632 — Fellow of his Coll., 1635 — takes holy orders, 1639 — Pre- bendary of Sarum, 1640 — D. D., Preben- dary of Ely and Master of Jesus' Coll. Cambridge, 1660 — Lady Margaret's Prof. Divinity, 1661 — takes part in Savoy Confer- ence, 1662 — Master of Trin. Coll., Apr. 1662 — F.R.S., 1667— Bp of Chester, 1672— tf. at Chester, 16 Jul. 1686. Exposition of the Creed, 1659 — Vindicice Epistolarum S. Ignatii, 1672 — Opera posthuma, 1688. Peasant War, in Germany, — breaks out, 1524 — [Munzer] — suppressed, 1525. Pecchio, Giuseppe, miscellaneous writer,— h. at Milan, 1785 — emigrates, 1821 — visits England, 1823— tf. at Brighton, Jun. 1835. Picture of Greece in 1825, 1825 — Storia delta Economia publica in Italia, 1829. Pecheux, Marc Nicolas Louis, Baron, general, — b. near Vervins, 28 Jan. 1769 — enters the army, 1792 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 1805 — serves in Prussia and Poland, 1806-7 — distinguishes himself in Spain, 1808-13 — General of Division, serves in Germany, 1 8 1 3 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1814 — lj., 1 Dec. 1831. Peck, Francis, antiquary, — b. at Stamford, 4 May 1692 — M.A. Cambridge, 1727 — Pre- bendary of Lincoln, 1736 — ft., 9 Jul. 1743. Antiquarian Annals of Stamford, 1727 — Desiderata Curiosa, 1732-5 — Memoirs of Cromwell, 1740 — Memoirs of Milton, 1740 — his MS. Monasticon Anglicanum presented to British Museum, 1779. Peckham, John, Abp of Canterbury, mathematician, — b. in Sussex, about 1240 — Abp of Canterbury, Mar. 1278 — founds Wingham Coll. Kent; ft. at Mortlake, Dec. 1292. Perspectiva Communis, 1504 — Be Sum- ma Triniiate et Fide Catholica, 15 10. Pecock, Reginald, Bp of St Asaph, and afterwards Bp of Chichester, — Fellow of Oriel Coll. Oxford, 141 7 — ordained priest, 142 1 — Master of Whittington Coll. London, 143 1 — D.D. and Bp of St Asaph, 1444 — Bp of Chichester, 1450 — expelled by Council of Westminster, and cited before Abp of Canter- bury, 1457 — examined at Lambeth, condemned, abjures his opinions, Nov. 1457 — reads his abjuration at Paul's Cross, soon after: im- PECQUET— PEEL. 1103 prisoned at Thorney Abbey, Cambridgeshire, 1457. Repressor, printed, i860. Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, — fi. at Dieppe, 1622 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — ft. at Paris, 1674. (Euvres, 1654. Pecquigny, in France, — interview of Louis XI. and Edward IV. at, 29 Aug. 1475. Pedaritus,— [BC] — sent to Chios, to serve with Astyochus, 412 — defeated and slain in attacking Athenian camp, 411. Pedius,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 82, 4,) 449. Pedius, Q., — [BC] — legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 57 — serves under Caesar in Italy, 49-48 — serves in Spain against Pompey's party, 45 — proconsular triumph : Consul with Augustus, (711, a. u. c.) 43 — proposes the Lex Pedia : tf. end of 43. Pedlars, — required to take out a certificate by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 72, 9 Aug. 1870— re- pealed and new regulations made by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 96, 21 Aug. 1871. — [Hawkers and Pedlars.] Pedro, Kings of Aragon. [Aragon.] Pedro the Cruel, King or Castile, — h. at Burgos, 30 Aug. 1334 — affianced to Joan, (daughter of Edward III.,) who died 1348 — succeeds his father, Alfonso XL, Mar. 1350 — puts to death Eleanora de Guzman, 1351 — marries Blanche de Bourbon, 3 Jun. 1353 — deserts her, 6 Jun. — imprisons her, 1354 — puts to death Juan Nunez de Prado, Grand Master of Order of Calatrava, and gets his favourite Diego de Padilla elected, 1 354 — marries Joanna Fernandez de Castra, and abandons her, 1354 — carries on war with Pedro IV. of Aragon, 1356 — has his brother Frederick and cousin Don Juan murdered, 1358 — seizes and im- prisons Eleanora, queen dowager of Aragon, 1359 — puts to death two of his brothers at Seville, 1360 — puts to death his queen, Blanche, 1 36 1 — death of his mistress, Maria Padilla, 1 36 1 — makes peace with Aragon, 1362 — gives safe-conduct to Mohammed Barbarossa, king of Granada, and strangles him, 1362 — renews war with Aragon, 1363 — revolt excited by his cruelties, 1366 — driven from his States by Henry of Trastamare, aided by Bertrand du Guesclin, 1366 — reinstated by the Black Prince, who gains battle of Najara, 1367 — again de- feated by Henry and Du Guesclin at Montiel, 1368 — killed there by his brother Henry, 25 Mar. 1368. Pedro I. the Severe, King of Portugal, — b. at Coimbra, 19 Apr. 13*20 — marries Con- stance of Castile, 1339 — loses his wife and marries Inez de Castro, 1345 — Inez murdered by order of his father, 1355 — succeeds his father, Alfonso IV., 12 May 1357 — exhumes body of Inez and crowns her, 1361 — tf., 18 Jan. 1367. Pedro II., King of Portugal, — fc., 26 Apr. 1648 — Regent on deposition of his brother, Alfonso VI., Sep. 1667 — marries Maria of Savoy, his brother's divorced wife, 2 Apr. 1668— succeeds his brother, 12 Sep. 1683 — loses his wife, Dec. 1683 — declares Jesuits go- vernors of settlements in S. America, 1686 — marries Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Elector Palatine, 2 Jul. 1687— loses his queen, Aug. 1699 — concludes alliance with Philip V. of Spain and Louis XIV., against Austria, 170 1 — joins Imperial League against France and Spain, 6 May 1703— invades Spain, and cap- tures several towns, 1705— fc. at Alcantara, 9 Dec. 1706. Pedro III., King of Portugal, — fj., 5 Jul. 17 1 7 — marries his niece, Maria Francesca, 6 Jun. 1760 — with her succeeds Joseph, 24 Feb. 1777 — U., 25 May 1786. Pedro IV., King of Portugal, and I. Em- peror of Brazil, (Antonio Jose of Alcantara,) — b., 12 Oct. 1798— taken with royal family to Brazil, 1808 — marries Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria, 13 May 1817 — left Begent of Brazil, by his father, John VI., 182 1 — assumes title of Emperor, 12 Oct. 1822 — dissolves Assembly of Deputies, Nov. 1823 —publishes a Constitution, 11 Dec. 1823 — through mediation of England, recognized as independent sovereign of Brazil, by his father, 29 Aug. 1825 — king of Portugal on death of his father, 10 Mar. 1826 — loses his wife, 11 Dec. 1826 — renounces crown of Portugal in favour of his daughter, Maria da Gloria, 2 May 1826 — names Dom Miguel Begent in Portugal, 3 Jul. 1827 — concludes peace with Buenos Ayres, 1828— marries Amelia, daughter of Prince Eugene de Beauharnais, 1829 — driven from his capital, Dec. 1830 — abdicates throne of Brazil in favour of his son Pedro II., 7 Apr. 1 831 — embarks for Europe, 12 Apr. — at Paris, receives Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, from Louis Philippe, 1831 — assembles fleet at Belle Isle, Jan. 1832 — lands at Terceira, and declares Madeira in state of blockade, 6 Mar. — enters Lisbon, banishes Dom Miguel, and as- sumes Regency for his daughter, Jul. — ft. at Lisbon, 24 Sep. 1834. Pedro V., King of Portugal, — 6. at Lisbon, 16 Sep. 1837 — succeeds Dona Maria da Gloria, 15 Nov. 1853 — visits London and Brussels, May to Sep. 1854 — visits Paris, May 1855 — assumes the government, 16 Sep. 1855 — marries Princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, 18 May 1858 — loses his wife, 17 Jul. 1859 — "ft., 11 Nov. 1 861. Peebles, in Scotland, — monastery founded at, by Alexander III., 1260 — contributes largely to ransom of David II., 1357 — made a royal burgh by him, 1367 — burnt by Earl of Hertford, 1545. Peel, Sir Robert, Bart., — h. at Peel's Cross, near Lancaster, 25 Apr. 1750 — commences cotton trade, 1773 — M.P. Tamworth, 1790- 1820 — Bart., 29 Nov. 1800 — tr. at Drayton Park, Staffordshire, 3 May 1830. Peel, Sir Robert, Bart., Prime Minister of England, — it. near Bury, Lancashire, 5 Feb. 1788— B. A. Oxford, 1808— M.P. Cashel, 1809 — Under-secretary of State for the Co- lonies, 1811— Chief-secretary for Ireland, May 1 812- 18 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 18 18 — carries his Currency bill, 1819 — marries, 8 Jun. 1820 — introduces reform of criminal law, 1827 — Secretary of State for Home Department, Jan. io4 PEEL— PELAGIUS. 1822 to Apr. 1827, and Jan. 1828 to Xov. 1830 — introduces Catholic Emancipation bill, 1829 — succeeds his father, 3 May 1830 — M.P. Tamworth, 1832-50 — First Lord of the Trea- sury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, Dec. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — again, 30 Aug. 1841 to 29 Jan. 1846 — proposes his sliding-scale, 9 Feb. 1842 — proposes Income Tax for 3 years, 1842 — supports Repeal of Corn Laws, 1846 — speaks in the House, 28 Jun. 1850— tf. in London, 2 Jul. 1850. Peel, Sir William, Capt. R. X.,— h., 2 Xov. 1 824 — enters the navy, Apr. 1838 — Lieut., 1844 — Commander, Jun. 1846 — distinguishes himself in Crimean War, 1855-6 — appointed to command on China station, 1856 — C.B., 1856 — as leader of Naval Brigade takes part in Sepoy War, 1857-8 — wounded at capture of Lucknow, Mar. 1858— K.C.B., 1858 — tf. at Cawnpore, 27 Apr. 1858. Peel Collection, of pictures, — purchased for National Gallery, Mar. 1871. Peele, George, dramatist, — at Oxford Univ., 1564 — M.A., 1579 — tf. probably before 1598. JUramas, 1584-99. Peep 0' Day Boys, Presbyterian faction, — appear in Ireland, in opposition to the De- fenders, between 1780-90. Peerage, in Great Britain, — bill for limit- ation of, introduced, 25 Nov. 171 8 — abandoned, Mar. 17 19 — -for life, conferred on Sir James Parke, (Lord Wensleydale,) Jan. 1856 — question respecting, considered by Committee of Privileges, Feb. — the patent reported illegal, 25 Feb. Hereditary, established in France, by Louis XVIII. , 1 8 14 — abolished by Louis Philippe, 29 Dec. 1831. Peers, — [Lords, House of] — Council of, as- sembled by Charles I. at York, 24 Sep. 1640. Representative, for Scotland, election of, au- thorized by Act of Union, 6 Ann. c. 11, 6 Mar. 1707 — further regulated by 6 Ann. c. 78, 1707. For Ireland, election of, authorized bv Act of Union, 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 67, 2 Jul. 1800. Pegge, Samuel, antiquary, — it. at Chester- field, 5 Xov. 1704 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1722 — B.A., 1725 — Fellow of his Coll., 1726 — M.A., 1729 — ordained priest, 1730 — rector of Whittington near Chesterfield, 1751 — F.S.A., 1751 — LL.D. Oxford, 1791 — if., 14 Feb. 1796. life of Robert Grosseteste, 1793- Pegu, — conquered by Alompra, and made province of Birman Empire, 1757 — conquered by British, 1824 — restored, 1826 — again con- quered, 1852, and annexed to British India; restoration of, to Birman refused by Governor- general of India. 1 854. Peguilain,Aimeride, troubadour, — tf., about 1265. Peiho, river in China. [See Chinese War.] Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, oriental- ist, archaeologist,— b. in Provence, 1 Dec. 1580 — LL.D. Aix, 1604 — visits Paris, 1605 — visits England, 1606 — Abbot of Guistrcs, 1618 — tf. at Aix, 24 Jun. 1637. Peisander, {of Camrirus,) epic poet of Rhodes, — [BCJ— 8., about (01. 33) 648-5,* (01. 37) 632, b 64 / , c a Smith's Diet. b Muller. c Suiclas. Peisander, — [BC] — commissioner to inves- tigate mutilation of the Hennas, 415 — archon eponymus, (01. 91, 3,) 414 — agent in effecting revolution of the 400, end of 412 — takes refuge in Dekeleia, 411. Peisistratidse, — [BC] — expelled from Athens, (01. 67, 3,) 510. Peisistratos, — [BC] — fj., before 612 — first usurps government at Athens, 56o, a latter part 561 b — exiled, 560 b — recovers Athens, with aid of Phya, about 554, 555 b — exiled, 555 b — recovers Athens third time, about 537,* 544 b — tf., Jul. or Aug. 527.* a Clinton. b Yater. Pekin, Peking, capital of China, {Pih-Jcing,) — built or rebuilt byXublai Khan, about 1280 — visited by Marco Polo, about 1290 — seat of Mongol emperors, 1280-1367— again made seat of empire, about 1410-20 — conquered by Mant- chus, 1644 — threatened by insurgents, 1854 — surrenders to Anglo-French force, 12 Oct. i860 — Convention signed, 24 Oct. — Te F)eum performed in cathedral, 29 Oct. — evacuated by allies, 5 Xov. — [China] — ambassadors of France and England take up residence at, Mar. 1861. Pelage, (Alvar Francisco Paez,) theologian, Pelagius I., Bp of Eome, — ambassador from Agapetus to Justinian, 535 — procures edict against Origenists, 541 — returns to Rome, about 545— ambassador from citizens of Rome to Totila, 547 — and from Totila to Justinian, 547 — succeeds Yigilius after vacancy of three months, 16 Apr. ^^^ — condemns the Three Chapters, 555 — tf. at Rome, 1 Mar. 560. Pelagius II., Bp of Rome, — succeeds Bene- dict Bonosus, after vacancy of four months, 30 Xov. 578 — sends Gregory to Constantinople to seek aid against Lombards, 582 — receives monks of Monte Casino, driven away by Lombards, 582 — opposes assumption of title of Universal Patriarch by John IV. of Constantinople, 588 — tf. at Rome, 8 Feb. 590. Pelagius, theologian, — residing at Rome, about 400 — joined by Ccelestius, goes to Sicily and Africa, 409-410 — commotions respecting his opinions begin in Palestine, 412 — begins to teach at Rome, 413 a — accused at synod of Jerusalem by Orosius, Jul. 415 a — visits Pales- tine, 416 a — condemned with Ccelestius, by Councils of Carthage and Milevum, 416— anathematized by Innocentius, 27 Jun. 417 — banished from Italy by Emperor Honorius, Apr. 418 — again condemned by Council of Carthage, 1 May 418— condemned by Pope Zosimus, 418 — expelled from Jerusalem, 424. a -Clinton. Pelagius, cardinal, Bp of Albaxo, — legate of Innocent III. to Michael IX., Patriarch of Constantinople, between 1206-12— as legate of Honorius III. joins crusaders and attacks Damietta, 121 8 — by inducing crusaders to march on Cairo loses Damietta, 122 1 — with Gualo concludes treaty with Frederick II., 25 Jul. 122-7 — invades Apulia, takes Sessa and Gaeta, 1229 — rebuked for cruelty by the Pope, 1229— raises siege of Caiazzo and takes refuge PELAYO— PELOPONNESIAN WAR. at Monte Casino, Sep. 1229 — compelled by Frederick II. to quit it, Dec. 1229. Pelayo. [Asturias, Kingdom 0/.] Pelham, Sir Henry, Prime Minister of England, — ft., 1696 — at battle of Preston Pans, 1 7 15 — M.P., 1 7 1 8 — Lord of the Treasury, 1721 — M.P. Sussex, 1722-54 — Secretary of State for "War, 3 Apr. 1724— Paymaster-gen- eral of the forces, 1730— First Lord of the Treasury, 12 Aug. 1743 to Mar. 1754 — Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, Dec. 1743 to Mar. 1 754—5-, 6 Mar. 1754. Pelham, Thomas. [Chichester, Earl op.] Pelham, Thomas Holies. [Newcastle, Duke of.] Pelissier. [Malakhoff, Duke of.] Pell, John, mathematician, — ft. in Sussex, 1 Mar. 1610 — M.A. Cambridge, 1630 — Prof. Mathematics, Amsterdam, 1643 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Breda, 1646-52 — agent for Cromwell to Protestant Cantons of Switzerland, 1654 to Jun. 1658— ordained priest, 1661 — F.R.S., 1663 — D.D., about 1663 — fcr. in London, 12 Dec. 1685. Pellegrini, Antonio, painter, — n. at Venice, 1 6 8 5 ,a at Padua, 1674b— admitted to the Acade- my, Paris, 1733 — tj. at Venice, 1741. a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. Pellegrini, Camillo, antiquary, — fc. at Capua, 1598 — tf. at Naples, 9 Nov. 1663. Pellegrini, Pellegrino Tibaldo de'. [Ti- baldi.] Pellegrini - Tibaldi, Domenico, painter, architect, engraver, — fc. at Bologna, 1541 — ft. there, 1583. Pellegrino da Modena. [Munari.] Pellegrino da San Daniello, {Giovanni Martino da TJdine,) painter, — known as a painter, 1499 a — &•» a ^ ter *545" a The Virgin with Saints, Cividale, 1529. a Nagler. Pellerin, Joseph, antiquary, — b. near Ver- sailles, 27 Apr. 1684 — enters Navy-office, 1706 — Commissioner of the Navy, 1718-45 — tr. at Paris, 30 Aug. 1782. Recueil de Me'dailles de Mois, Feuples et Villes, 1762-78. Pelletier, Le. [Lepelletier.] Pellew, Edward. [Exmouth, Earl of.] Pellican, Conrad, (Kilrschner,) theologian, — b. in Alsace, 8 Jan. 1478 — enters Order of Friars Minors, 1493 — Superior of Convent of Basel, 15 1 9 — adopts opinions of Luther, about 15 1 9 — tf. at Zurich, 5 Apr. 1556. Commentarii Jiibliorum, §c, 1531-36. Pellico, Silvio, dramatist, — b. at Saluzza, in Piedmont, 1789 — settles at Milan, 18 10 — seized and imprisoned as a Carbonari, 13 Oct. 1820 — removed to Spielberg, Apr. 1822 — re- leased, Aug. 1830 — tf. near Turin, 1 Jan. 1854. Mie Prigioni, 1831 — Tre Novi Trage- die, 1832. Pellisson-Fontanier, Paul, historian, — fc. at Beziers, 1624 — settles at Paris, 1652 — ad- mitted to French Academy, 1653 — Councillor of State, 1660 — imprisoned in the Bastille, Sep. 1 66 1 — liberated, 1666— Historiographer to Louis XIV., to 1673 — abjures Protestantism, 1670 — ft. at Versailles, 7 Feb. 1693. Histoire de I'Acade'mie Francaise, 1653 — Histoire de Louis XIV., 17 49— Reflexions sur les diffe- rends en matiere de religion, 1686 et seq. Pelopidas, — [B C] — wounded at siege of Mantinea, 385— takes refuge at Athens, 382— Theban leader from recovery of Cadmea to Congress at Sparta, beginning of winter 379- 371 — commands in war with Sparta, 378-6 — defeats Spartans at Tegyra, 375— serves at Leuctra, 371 — serves in Peloponnesus, 369 — aids Thessalians against Alexander of Pherae, and is imprisoned, 368— released by Epanii- nondas, 367 — unsuccessful ambassador to Persia, 367— killed at Kynokephalee, Jun. 364. Peloponnesian War, — - [B C] — five years' truce begins, beginning of 450— invasion of Attica by Pleistoanax, about Feb. 445 — thirty years' truce, about Apr. 445— sea-fight between Corinth and Korkyra, 435 — preparations of Corinth, 434 — Korkyraean and Corinthian em- bassies to Athens, 433— sea-fight off Korkyra, spring 432 — revolt of Potidiea, summer— con- gress atLacedaemon, autumn— Thebans attempt Plataea, Apr. to May 431. First invasion of Attica, Jul. 431 — eclipse, 3 Aug. 431 — Athens forms league with Sitalces, 431. Second in- vasion of Attica, Jun. to Jul. 430 — plague at Athens, 430 — Potidsea surrenders, early in 429 — sea-fights in Corinthian Gulf, summer 429 — siege of Plataea, 429 — Pericles dies, autumn 429 — Spartan embassy to Persia, 429. Third invasion of Attica, Jun. 428 — Lesbos (except Methymne) revolts, 428 — Mytilene besieged, autumn 428. Fourth in- vasion of Attica, summer 427 — Lesbos re- covered, 427— expedition of Nicias, 427 — sur- render of Plataea, 427 — sedition at Korkyra, 427 — invasion hindered by earthquake, 426 — battle of Tanagra, summer 426 — lustration of Delos, winter 426. Fifth invasion of Attica, spring 425 — reduction of Sphacteria, 425 — Athenian embassy to Persia, 425 — Kythera occupied by Athenians, summer 424 — Brasidas marches through Thessaly into Thrace, sum- mer 424 — he takes Aniphipolis, winter 424 — battle of Delion, early winter 424 — truce for a year, (end of Munychion,) 423 — expedition of Cleon against Thrace, 422 — battle of Amphi- polis, 422 — Cleon and Brasidas die, (Meta- gitnion,) close of summer 422 — negotiations for peace, autumn 422 — truce for 50 years con- cluded, 10 Apr. 421 — treaty between Athens and Argos, 420 — interchange of embassies with Athens, 420 — Alkibiades General in Pelo- ponnesus, summer 419 — battle of Mantinea, Aug. 418 — Melos surrendered, beginning of winter 416 — Sicilian expedition, first campaign, midsummer 415 — second campaign, 414 — in- vasion of Attica, spring 413 — third Sicilian campaign, spring 413 — Lesbos, Chios, Ery- thrae, prepare for revolt, early spring 412 — Alkibiades goes to Persia for Lacedaemonians, spring 4 1 2 — first treaty between Lacedaemonians and Persians, spring 412 — Miletus revolts : second treaty between Lacedaemonians and Tis- saphernes,spring4i2 — Atheniansrecur to deposit of 1000 talents, 41 2 — third treaty of Lacedaemo- nians with Tissaphernes, Feb. 411 — Mindarus takes command, summer 41 1 — defeat of Minda- no6 PELOPS— PEMBROKE. rus at Kynossema, autumn^ i — Mindarus killed by Alkibiades at Kyzikos, before midsummer 410 — negotiations for peace, summer 410 — Thrasyllus sails to Samos, summer 409 — enters Lydia, summer 409 — winters at Lampsacus, 409-8 — Alkibiades takes Selymbria, 408 — and Byzantium, 408 — returns to Athens, 407 — Cyrus sent, spring 407 — Lysander sent, 407 — .Alkibiades conducts siege of Andros, 407 — Antiochus defeated, Alkibiades deposed, 407- 406 — Callicratidas succeeds Lysander, Sep. 406 — sea-fight off Arginusse, 406 — proposals of peace defeated by Cleopbon, 406 — con- demnation of the generals, 406 — battle of JEgospotami, autumn 405 — flight of Conon to Evagoras of Cyprus, 405 — Athens taken by Lysander, spring 404. Pelops, of Smyrna, physician, anatomist, — {{., about 150. Peltier, Jean Gabriel, journalist, — settles in London, after 10 Aug. 1792 — commences pub- lication of his Ambigu, 1800 — tried for libel on Napoleon L, defended by Sir James Mack- intosh, and found guilty, 21 Feb. 1803 — tf. at Paris, 31 Mar. 1825. Pelusium, Count of. [Monge, G.] Pelusium, in Egypt, — [B C] — Cambyses de- feats Psammenitus near, 525 — Gabiuius defeats Egyptians, 55 — taken by Mithridates, 47 — taken by Octavius, 30. Pelzel, Franz Martin, historian, — fc. at Reichenau, 11 Nov. 1735 — Prof. Bohemian Literature, Prague, 1792-1801 — ft., 24 Feb. 1 801. Geschichte der Bbhmen, 1774 — Bbhm- ische, Mahrische, unci Schlesische Gelehrte aus dem Or den der Jesuiten, 1786. Pemberton, Sir Francis, Lord Chief Justice of England, — b. at St Albans, 1625 — enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1640 — B.A., 1644 — enters the Inner Temple, 14 Oct. 1645 — called to the bar, 17 Nov. 1654 — king's serjeant and Knt, Aug. 1675 — voted guilty of breach of privilege by each House of Parlia- ment, possession of his person disputed between them, 1675 — Justice of King's Bench, 1 May 1679 — dismissed, 16 Feb. 1680 — Chief Justice and Privy Councillor, 11 Apr. 1681 — again dismissed, and made Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 22 Jan. 1683 — presides at trial of Lord "William Russell, Jul. — dismissed, 7 Sep. — re- moved from Privy Council, Oct. 1683 — defends the Seven Bishops, 1688 — imprisoned, 19 Jul. 1689 to Aug. or Oct. — defends Sir John Fen- wick, 1696 — tj. near Highgate, 10 Jun. 1697. Pemberton, Henry, physician, — b. in Lon- don, 1694— M.D. Leyden, 17 19 — F.R.S., 8 Dec. 1720 — Prof. Physic, Gresham Coll., 1728 — tf., 9 Apr. 177 1. Assists Newton in new edition of the Principia, 1126 — View of Sir Isaac Newton s Philosophy, 1728. Pembroke Castle, in South Wales, — men- tioned, 1092 — taken by Gilbert Strongbow, about 1 107 — occupied by Col. Poyer for Charles L, 1648 — besieged by Cromwell, 21 May 1648 — surrenders, Jul. Pembroke College, Oxford, — founded by James I., 1624. Pembroke Dockyard, South Wales, — trans- ferred from Milford, 18 14. Pembroke Hall, {College,) Cambridge, — founded by Mary de St Paul, Countess of Pembroke, 1347. Pembroke, Aylmer de Valence, Earl of, — takes part under Edward I. at siege of Car- laverock, 1300 — conducts expedition into Scot- land, and defeats Bruce at Methven, 22 Jul., a 19 Jun. b 1306 — defeated by Bruce at Loudon Hill, 10 May 1307 — with Gloucester besieged by Bruce in Ayr, May 1307 — appointed guardian and Lieutenant in Scotland, by Ed- ward II., 30 Aug. 1307, but soon resigns: takes part in siege of Scarborough Castle, May 1 3 1 2 — ravages Scotland, 13 15— murdered in France, 27 Jun. 1323 — title extinct. a Annals of England. b Lingard. Pembroke, Gilbert de Clare, {Gilbert Strong- bow,) Earl of,— conquers Cardigan, 11 07 — overruns "West Wales ; created, by Stephen, 1 1 38 — is., 1 149. Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of, — succeeds his father, 1570 — one of the peers on trial of Duke of Norfolk, Jan. 1572 — K.G., 1574 — President of the Council in Marches of Wales, 1586 — sits on trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 1586 — ft. at Wilton, 19 Jan. 1601. Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Earl of, — created by Henry VI., 1453 — charged with care of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, and her son Henry, (Henry VII.,) 1456— defeated by Ed- ward, Duke of York, at Mortimer's Cross, 2 Feb. 146 1 — goes into exile, attainted, 1462 — ■ takes refuge with Duke of Bretagne, 1472 — ■ created Duke of Bedford, by Henry VII., 27 Oct. 1485 — his attainder reversed, 1485 — Lieu- tenant of Ireland, i486— fr., 21 Dec. 1495. Pembroke, John Hastings, 2nd Earl of, — succeeds his father, 1 348 — sent to relieve Rochelle, 1372 — defeated at sea, and captured by Spaniards, 23 Jun. 1372 — ransomed, 1376 — tf. at Paris, 16 Apr. 1376. Pembroke, Mary Sidney, Countess of,— marries Henry, Earl of Pembroke, about 1576 — left a widow, 1601 — Is. in London, 25 Sep. 1621. Pembroke, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of, and 1st Earl of Montgomery, — marries daughter of Edward, Earl of Oxford, Jan. 1605 — created Lord Herbert and Earl of Mont- gomery, 4 Jun. 1606 — K.G., 18 May 1608 — succeeds his brother, 1630 — sent by parliament to remonstrate with Charles I. at Newmarket, 9 Mar. 1642 — Joint-commissioner to present propositions of parliament to Charles I. at Newcastle, 6, a 23 b Jul. 1646 — as Joint-com- missioner of parliament, receives the king from Scots at Newcastle, 30 Jan. 1647 — ft., 23 Jan. 1650. a Pict. Hist. England. b Guizot. Pembroke, Richard Marshall, Earl of, Earl Marshal, — succeeds his brother, 1 23 1 — offends Henry III. by neglect to pay dower of Eleanor, 1232 — joins in remonstrance against foreign officers and troops, 1233 — escapes to Wales and is declared a traitor, makes a league with Llewellyn, 1233 — routs royal army near Monmouth, 11 Nov. — defeats Poictevins at PEMBROKE— PENDULUM. 1 107 Monmouth, 25 Nov.— again, 26 Dec. — with Llewellyn ravages estates of Des Roches, and burns Shrewsbury, Jan. 1234 — passes into Ireland: treacherously wounded and made prisoner at conference with Maurice the Justiciary, 1 Apr. — ft., 16 Apr. 1234 — title becomes extinct, 1245. Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl or, (Strongbow, Richard of Strigul,) — succeeds his father, 1 149— undertakes restoration of Dermot Mac Murrogh, 1168 — lands in Ireland, 1170 — takes Waterford, and marries Eva, daughter of Dermot, takes Dublin, ravages Meath, and succeeds Dermot, 1170 — unsuccessfully be- sieged in Dublin by Roderic O'Connor, returns to England and submits to Henry II., 1171 — accompanies Henry to Ireland, Oct. 1171 — joins him in France, 1172— ft. at Dublin, May 1176,* H72, b H77. c a Dugdale. b Annals of England. c Collins and Lingard. Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of, and 5th Earl of Montgomery, — b., about 1656 — enters Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1672 — succeeds his brother, Aug. 1683 — takes part in suppressing Monmouth's rebellion, 1685 — ambassador extraord. to States -General, 1689 — Privy Councillor, Oct. 1689 — First Com- missioner of the Admiralty, 1689 — Lord Privy Seal, 11 Mar. 1691 — First Plenipotentiary at Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — K.G., 14 May 1700 — Pres. Council, 1700 — Lord High Admiral, 1 70 1 -2 — one of the Commissioners to treat of Union with Scotland, 1705 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1707 — Lord High Admiral, Nov. 1708 — one of the Lords Justices for George I., 17 14 — If., 22 Jan. 1733. Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of,— created Baron, 4 Nov. 146 1 — created, 27 May, b 8 Sep. a 1468 — captured by insurgents at Edge- cote, and executed, 26 Jul. 1469. a Burke. b Collins. Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, statesman, general, — b., 1507 — in service of Henry VIII., as early as 1534 — Captain of castle and town of Aberystwith, Jan. 1544 — Knt, 1544 — one of the executors of Henry VIII., 1547 — suppresses insurrections in the "West, 1549 — Master of the Horse, 1549 — re- lieves Exeter, Aug. 1549 — K.C.G., 1 Dec. 1549 • — Lord-president of the Council in Marches of Wales, 8 Apr. 1550 — loses his wife, Feb. 155 1 — Baron Herbert and Earl of Pembroke, 10 and 11 Oct. 1551 — acknowledges Lady Jane Grey Queen, 9 Jul. 1553— joins in proclamation of Mary, 19 Jul. — as Earl-general of the forces in the field, suppresses insurrection of Wyatt, 1554 — as Captain-general of forces beyond the seas, takes part in defence of Calais, 1557 — commands English auxiliaries at St Quentin, 10 Aug. 1557 — Privy Councillor to Queen Eliza- beth, 1558 — supports plot for restoration of Mary Queen of Scots, 1568— &. at Hampton Court, 17 Mar. 1570. Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of, — b. at Wilton, 1580 — succeeds his father, 1601 — K.G., 1603 — governor of Portsmouth, 1609 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 161 7 — Lord Chamberlain, 161 7 — fc\ in London, 10 Apr. 1630. Poems, 1660. Pembroke, William Marshall, Earl of, Earl Marshal,— marries Isabel, daughter of Strongbow, and obtains Earldom of Pembroke, 1 1 89— assists at coronation of Richard I., n 89 — member of the Council during absence of Richard I., 1 190— Earl Marshal, 1 199— con- firmed in the Earldom, by King John, 1199— one of the sureties of King John to the barons, 1 2 14 — attends the king at Runnymede, 12 15 —one of the guardians of Henry III., 12 16 — joint-regent with legate Gualo, 12 16— defeats barons at Lincoln, 20 May 12 17 — besieges Prince Louis in London, Sep. — concludes treaty with him, 1 1 Sep. — conducts him to the coast, Sep. — tj. at Caversham, near Reading, Mar. 12 19. Pembroke, William Marshall, Earl of, Earl Marshal, — succeeds his father, 12 19 — marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III. ; Lord Justice of Ireland, 1224-6— lj., 1231. Pembroke, William de Valence, Earl of, — arrives in England, 1247 — created by Henry III., 1247— killed in France, 1296. Pembroke, Earl of. [See Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of; Suffolk, William de la Pole, Marquis of.] Pembrokeshire, in South Wales, — deprived of palatine privileges by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536 — French troops land in, and are taken prisoners by the country-people, 22 Feb. 1797. Penaforte. [Raymond of Penaforte.] Penal Laws of England, (against Roman Catholics,) — mitigated by Act 18 Geo. III. c. 60, 1778 — consolidated and amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — repeal of various enactments by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 95 and 101, 6 Aug. 1861. Penal Servitude, — [Transportation] — per- mitted instead of transportation by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 67, 9 Jul. 1847, and 16 and 17 Vic. c. 99, 20 Aug. 1853 — finally substituted by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 3, 26 Jun. 1857— laws re- specting, amended by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 47, 25 Jul. 1864. Penalties, in English Law, — law respecting, amended by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 127, 5 JuL 1865. Penda, the Strenuous, King of Mercia, — succeeds Ceorl, 626 — fights indecisive battle with Cynegils of Wessex, at Cirencester, 628 — in alliance with Cadwallader defeats and kills Edwin of Northumbria, at Hatfield Chase, 14 Oct. 633 — defeats and kills Oswald of Northumbria at Maserfield, 5 Aug. 642 — ravages Northumbria and burns Bamborough ; drives Cenwalch from Wessex, 645 — makes war on Anna of E. Anglia, 654 — makes war on the Bretwalda, Oswy of Northumbria, and is defeated and killed at Winwidfield, near Leeds, 655. Pendleton, Dr, Roman Catholic priest, — shot at and nearly killed while preaching at Paul's Cross, 10 Jun. 1554. Pendulum, — applied to measurement of time by Ebn Junis, about 11 00 — isochronism 70* ioS PENINSULAR WAR— PENSIONS. of, discovered by Galileo, about 15 8 1 — adapted to the clock by Sanctorius, 161 2 — by Huy- ghens, 1656 — shortening of seconds' pendulum observed by Richer, in approaching the equator, 1 67 1 — length of, proposed as standard of measure by Huyghens, 1673 — employed to in- vestigate figure of the earth, by Sabme, 1821- 25 — theory of, perfected by Bessel, 1828. Con- vertible, invented by Kater, 181 8 — Invariable, by Kater, 18 19 — Gridiron, by Harrison, about 1725 — Mercurial, invented by Graham, 1726. Peninsular War, — expedition to assist Por- tugal against the French under Napoleon I. sent out by Great Britain under Sir Arthur Wellesley, 12 Jul. 1808 — [see Wellington, Duke of, Moore, Sir John, Soult, Marshal, Saragossa, Vimeira, Coruna, Talavera, Torres Vedras, Badajoz, Albuera, Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca, Vittoria, St Sebastian, Orthez, Toulouse] — terminates with expulsion of French from the Peninsula, Apr. 18 14. Peniscola, in Spain, — capitulates to Gen. Suchet, 5 Feb. 18 12 — invested by Spaniards, close of 1 81 3 — evacuated by French, 18 14. Penitence, Congregation of, of St Magda- len, — founded at Paris, about 1492 — approved by Pope Alexander, 1497. Penitence, Order of, of St Magdalen, — established at Marseilles, about 1272. Penitentiary, Millbank, — erection of, pro- vided for by Act 52 Geo. III. c. 44, 20 Apr. 1 812 — regulated by Acts 56 Geo. III. c. 63, 22 Jun. 1 8 16, and 59 Geo. III. c. 136, 1 2 Jul. 1819. Penitents, White, religious fanatics, — ap- pear in Italy, 1399. Penn, Sir William, admiral, — h. at Bristol, 1 62 1 — Admiral, 1653 — takes part in capture of Jamaica, 1 655 — M.P. Weymouth, imprisoned in the Tower, 1655 — Knt, Commissioner of the Navy, 1 660 — takes part in defeat of Dutch fleet, 1665 — ft. atWanstead, Essex, 16 Sep. 1670. Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, — 6. in London, 14 Oct. 1644 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1660 — converted to Quaker- ism while at Oxford: expelled, 1662 — visits France and Italy, 1662-64 — studies at Lin- coln's Inn, 1664-66 — joins the Quakers at Cork, 1666 — imprisoned, and soon released, 1667 — begins to preach, 1668 — imprisoned in the Tower about seven months, 1668-69 — tried for preaching and acquitted, 1670 — imprisoned in Newgate six months, Feb. 1 67 1 — marries, 1672 — accompanies George Fox and Robert Barclay to Germany and Holland, 1677 — re- ceives grant of Pennsylvania from Charles II. , and is named Governor, 4 Mar. 1681 — goes to Pennsylvania, Aug. 1682 — has interview with Indian tribes, 30 Nov. 1682 — returns to Eng- land, about midsummer 1684 — has great in- fluence with James II., 1685 — procures pro- clamation in favour of persons imprisoned for religious opinions, 1686 — arrested on charge of conspiracy and acquitted, 1690 — again charged, 1691 — deprived of government of Pennsylvania, 1692 — acquitted of charge of conspiracy, Nov. 1693 — his wife dies, 1694 — the government restored to him by William and. Mary, 1694 — marries again, 1696 — goes to Pennsylvania, 1699 — arrives in England again, Dec. 1701 — rj. at Ruscombe, Berkshire, 30 Jul. 17 1 8. Works, 1728. Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, $c, — fj. in Flintshire, 14 Jun. 1726 — F.S.A., 1754 — marries, 1759 — travels on the Continent, 1765 — F.R.S., 1767 — visits Scotland, 1769 and 1772 — LL.D. Oxford, 177 1 — marries again, 1777 — honorary member of Society of Anti- quaries, Edinburgh, 17 81 — member of Ameri- can Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1791 — member of Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1784 — rj., 16 Dec. 1798. British Zoology, 1761-77 — History (Synopsis) of Quad- rupeds, 17 71 — Tour in Scotland, 177 1 — Second Tour, 1775 — Arctic Zoology, 1784-87 — Jour- ney to Snowdon, 1778-81 — Account of London, 1790 — Literary Life, 1793. Pennethorne, Sir James, architect, — n. at Worcester, 1801 — Architect and Surveyor to Board of Works, 1 840 — retires, and is knighted, 1870 — rj. at Wimbledon, 1 Sep. 187 1. Penni,Gian Francesco, [II Fattore,) painter , assistant to Raphael, — ft. at Florence, 1488 — with Giulio Romano completes frescoes in the Hall of Constantine, in the Vatican, 1520-23 — tf. at Naples, 1528. Pennington, Sir John, admiral, — conducts expedition against Protestants of Rochelle, rendered fruitless by desertion of his men, 1625 — deprived of command of the fleet by parlia- ment, Mar. 1642. Pennsylvania, V. S.,— territory given by Charles II. to William Penn, 1681 — his 'Frame of Government ' confirmed by assembly of the people at Chester, Dec. 1682 — has separate legislature, 1699 — boundary with Maryland settled, 1763-7 — one of the Thirteen United States, 1774 — ratifies Federal constitution, 13 Dec. 1787 — constitution established, 1790 — re- modelled, 1838 — again, 1850 and 1 857 — invaded by Confederates under Gen. Lee, Jul. 1863. Pennus, M. Junius, — [BC] — Consul with Q. iElius Portus, (587, a. u. c.) 167. Penny, English silver coin, — mentioned in laws of Ina, about 695 — copper, first coined, 1797. Penny Post and Postage. [See Post.] Penruddock, Colonel John, — joins in Royal- ist plots against the Protector, 11 Mar. 1655 — executed, 1655 — his widow obtains a grant out of his personal estate, 23 Mar. 1657. Penry, John, (Ap-Senry,) (Martin Mar- Prelate,) Brownist, — h. in Wales, about 1559 — M.A. Cambridge, about 1583 — warrant issued for his arrest, 1590 — takes refuge in Scotland, 1590-3 — returns to London, spring 1593 — tried, 25 May — executed, 29 May 1593. Pensacola, in Florida, JJ. S., — in possession of Spaniards, 1699 — taken by French under Bienville, 17 19 — restored to Spaniards, 1723 — ■ occupied by British, 1763 — taken by Spaniards, 1781 — taken by Gen. Jackson, Nov. 1814 — again, May 1 8 1 8 — [Florida] — occupied by Federals, 12 Jan. 1861 — burnt by them, 3 Apr. 1863. Pensions, — in England, grant of, by the Crown, PENTAPOLIS— PEPTS. 1 109 restricted and regulated . by Act 1 Ann. c. 7, 1 7 02 — grant of public, to civil officers, authorized by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 65, 7 Jul. 1817 — laws respecting, consolidated and amended by Act 4 and 5 Win IV. c. 24, 25 Jul. 1834. In Ireland, restricted by Act 33 Geo. III. c. 34, (Irish Act,) 1793 — again, by Act 1 Geo. IV. c. 1, 1820. In Scotland, restricted by Act 50 Geo. III. c. Ill, 20 Jun. 1 8 10. lists of England, Scotland, and Ireland consolidated by Act 1 ¥m IV. c. 25, 22 Apr. 1 831 — resolutions of House of Commons respecting, agreed to, Eeb. 1834 — new regulations respecting, by Act 1 Vic. c. 2, ss. 5 and 6, 23 Dec. 1837— select committee on, appointed, Dec. 1837 — their report published, Jul. 1838 — law amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 68, 6 Aug. 1866. Pentapolis, — [B C] — designation of Cyrenaica under the Ptolemies, from about 300. Pentateuch, Samaritan, at Nablous, — pho- tographed for Prince of "Wales, 1862 — copy presented to Cambridge Univ., Massachusetts, Feb. 1864. Penthievre, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of, Grand Admiral of France, — b. at Eambouillet, 16 Nov. 1725 — succeeds his father, 1737 — distinguishes himself at Dettin- gen, 1743 — at Fontenoy, 1745 — assists at Assembly of Notables, 1787 — ft. at Vernon, 4 Mar. 1793. Pentland Hills, in Scotland, — defeat of Presbyterian insurgents on, 28 Nov. 1666. Pentz, {Pencz, Pens,) Georg, painter, en- graver, — h. at Niirnberg, about 1500 or 1510 — If. at Breslau, 1550. Penzance, in Cornwall, — burnt by Spaniards, Jul. 1595 — taken by Fairfax, 1646 — gives title of Baron to Sir J. Wilde, 1869. Pepagomenus, Demetrius, physician, — £L, about 1275 ? Pepe, Guglielmo, general, — b. in Calabria, 15 Feb. 1783 — sides with the French against Car- dinal Buffo and is condemned to death, 1799 — conspires against Ferdinand IV. of Naples and is sentenced to imprisonment for life, 1802 — released by Joseph Buonaparte, 1806 — Lieu- tenant-general, May 1 8 15 — assists in suppress- ing brigandage, 181 8 — as Captain -general of Constitutional forces enters Naples, 6 Jul. 1820 —receives oath of the king to the constitution, Jul. 1820 — defeated by Austrians and exiled, 7 Mar. 1 82 1— returns to Naples and is made Commander-in-chief of Constitutional army in Central Italy, 1848 — is ordered to return, re- fuses, and resigns, May — Commander-in-chief of land forces at Venice, defends it against Austrians, 1 848 to Aug. 1 849 — retires to Paris, 1849 — settles in Piedmont, Dec. 1851 — if. at Turin, 9 Aug. 1855 — his remains removed to Naples, Dec. 1863. Relation des e've'nements politiqueset militaires de Naples en 1820 et 1821, 1 822 — Me'moires historiques §c. sur la revolution de Naples, 1823 — Memoires, 1847 — Hist ire des revolutions et des guerres d'ltalie en 1847-8-9, 1850. Pepin, the Old or of lauden, — Mayor of the Palace in kingdom of Austrasia ; o"., 640. Pepin, natural son of Charles the Great, — conspires against his father, and is confined in a monastery, 791 — ft., 811. Pepin, (first named Carloman.) King of Italy, — b., 777- crowned by Pope Adrian I. at Eome, 15 Apr. 781 — sent with Count Berenger to oppose Avars in Italy, 788 — with his brother Louis attacks Grimoaldo, Duke of Beneventum, 793 — marches against Avars in Pannonia, 796 — has Adelard, abbot of Corbie, for his chief minister, about 797 — makes war on Duke of Beneventum, 801-2 — drives Sara- cens from Corsica, 806 — conquers several islands from Venetians, 810 — tf. at Milan, 8 Jul. 810. Pepin le Bref, King of France, — b., 714 — Mayor of the Palace of Neustria and Bur- gundy, 741 — of all France, on retirement of his brother Carloman, 747 — subdues the Sax- ons, 748 — defeats Bavarians and takes prisoner his brother Gripho, 749 — sends embassy to Pope Zachary and obtains permission to assume title of King, 751-2 — proclaimed King in par- liament of Soissons, Mar. 752 — crowned at Soissons by St Boniface, Mar. 752 — deposes Childeric : subdues Saxons, 752 — pursues Gripho into Aquitaine and seizes Septimania, 752 — again crowned by Pope Stephen II. at St Denis, 28 Jul. 754 — declared patrician of Pome, 754 — at request of the pope, marches into Italy, defeats Astolphus, king of the Lombards, and besieges Pavia, 755 — makes donation of Exarchate of Eavenna and the Pentapolis to Holy See, 755 — again passes into Italy, besieges Astolphus in Pavia and compels him to make peace, 756 — confirms his donation to Holy See, 756 — subdues Saxons, 757 — re- covers Narbonne from Saracens, 759 — carries on "war with Waifar, Duke of Aquitaine, 760- 68 — receives embassy from Constantine Co- pronymus, 767 — becomes master of Aquitaine, 768— U. at St Denis, 18 or 24 Sep. 768. Pepin le Gros, Pepin of Heristal, Sove- reign of France, — makes himself master of Austrasia, 680 — defeats and captures Thierry, king of Neustria and Burgundy, 687, and is thus sole ruler of France : repudiates Plectrude and marries Alpaide, 688 — conquers Eadbod, Duke of Frisians, 689 — sends Willibrord to preach in Frisia, 690 — again defeats Eadbod, 695 — passes the Ehine and ravages Germany, 712 — tf., 16 Dec. 714. Pepin. [See Aquitaine.] Pepin, Martin, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1578 — Ij. in Italy, 1641. Pepusch, Johann Christoph, musical com- poser, — b. at Berlin, 1667 — comes to England, about 1700 — assists in founding Academy of Ancient Music, 17 10— Mus.D. Oxford, 17 13— organist of Charter House, 1737 — F.E.S., about 1747 — tf. in London, 1752. Treatise on Harmony, 17 31 — edition of Corelli, 1732. Pepys, Sir Charles C. [Cottenham, Lord.] Pepys, Samuel, Secretary to the Admiralty, — b., 23 Feb. 1632 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1650— clerk of the Acts of the Navy, 1660 — secretary for Affairs of the Navy, 1673 — im- prisoned in the Tower on charge of aiding I Popish Plot, May 1679 — liberated, Feb. 1680 PEPTS— PERENNIS. — Pres. E.S., 1684— 1(. in London, 26 May 1703. Memoirs of Royal Navy, 1690 — Diary, 1825. Pepys, William Haseldine, natural philo- sopher, — ft. in London, 1775 — F.R.S., 1808 — tf. in London, 17 Aug. 1856. Pera, D. Junius, — [B Cj — Consul with Num. Fabius Pictor, (488, a. u. c.) 266. Pera, M. Junius, — [BC] — Consul with M. JEmilius Barbula, (524, a. tj. c.) 230 — war against Lignrians. Pera. [Galata.] Peraea Rhodiorum, in Carta, — [B C] — ceded to Rhodes, by Romans, about 1 90. Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister of England, — ft., 1 Nov. 1762 — M.P. North- ampton, 1796 — Solicitor-general, 1801 — At- torney-general, 1802-6 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Apr. 1807 — of the Duchy of Lan- caster, 1807 — First Lord of the Treasury, Oct. 1809 — shot, by Bellingham, in London, 1 1 May 1812. Percier, Charles, architect, — ft. at Paris, 22 Aug. 1764 — obtains grand prize and goes to Rome, 1786 — becomes friend of Fontaine, about 1787 — member of Institute, 181 1 — rj. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1838. With Fontaine, Arch of the Carrousel, 1 806 — Palais, maisons et autres edifices modernes, 1798 — Residences des Souve- rains, 1833. Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist, — ft. in Connecticut, U.S., 1795— graduates at Yale Coll., 1815 — M.D., settles at Charleston, 1820 — employed with Shepard to make survey of geology and mineralogy of Connecticut, 1835-42 — State-geologist of Wisconsin, 1854 — tf. in Wisconsin, 2 May 1856. Poems, 1820 — Clio, 1822-27 — Translation of Malte-Brun s Geo- graphy, 1843. Percival, Thomas, physician, — 6. at War- rington, 29 Sep. 1740 — studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1 76 1 -3 — M.D. Leyden, 1765 — settles at Manchester, 1767 — assists in founding Man- chester Philosophical Society, 17 81 — tf. at Man- chester, 30 Aug. 1804. Essays, Medical and Experimental, 1767-78 — Medical Ethics, 1803. Percussion, in Medicine, — adopted as means of diagnosis, by Auenbrugger, 1761. Percussion Caps, — for fire-arms, introduced by Forsyth, about 1805. Percy. [Northumberland, Earls of.] Percy, Henry, {Hotspur,) — defeats Scots and kills Douglas at Otterburn, 1388 — joins Henry of Lancaster, 1399 — defeats Douglas at Homildon Hill, 1402 — rebels against Henry IV., and is killed at battle of Shrewsbury, 21 Jul. 1403. Percy, Pierre Francois, Baron de, surgeon, — ft. in Franche-Comte, 28 Oct. 1754 — M.D. Besancon, 1775 — placed at the head of sanitary department in armies of the Moselle, &c, 1792 — Baron, 1809 — member of Chamber of Re- presentatives, 1 8 15 — rj. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1825. Manuel du chirurgeon d'arme'e, 1792 — Pyro- technic chirurgicale pratique, 1794 — Opuscules, 1826. Percy, Thomas, Bp of Dromore, — ft. at Bridgnorth, Shropshire, 1728— M. A. Oxford, Jul. 1753 — vicar of Easton Maudit, 1756 — chaplain to the king, 1769 — Dean of Carlisle, 1778 — Bp of Dromore, 1782 — ft. at Dromore, 30 Sep. 181 1. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 1765 — translation of Mallet's Northern Antiquities, 1770 — his Folio Manuscript {Bal- lads and Romances) edited for Early English Text Society, by Hales and Furnivall, 1868. Percy, Thomas,— joins in Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — shot at Holbeach, 8 Nov. 1605. Percy Society, — established in London, 1 840 — dissolved, 1852. Perdiccas, — [BC] — bodyguard to Philip of Macedonia, before 336 — accompanies Alexander in Asiatic expedition, 334-323 — Regent of Macedonia, 323 — destroys Meleager and his party : reduces Cappadocia, 322 — master of Egypt, spring 321 — assassinated in Egypt, about midsummer 321. Perdiccas II., King of Macedonia, — [B C] — supports Potidaea against Athens, 432 — makes peace with Athens, 431 — attacked by Sitalkes, late in 429 — instigates expedition of Brasidas, 424 — peace with Athens, close of 423 — joins league of Sparta and Argos against Athens, 418 — ft., end of 414 or beginning 413- 420. a a Par. Marb. Pere la Chaise, cemetery of Paris, — conse- crated, 1804 — first grave opened, May 1804 — batteries established in, 1804 — occupied by Russians, 30 Mar. 18 14 — last position of Com- munist insurgents, taken by Gen. Bruat, 28 May 187 1. Perenxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, his- torian, — ft., 1605 — tutor to Louis XIV., 1644 — member of French Academy, 1654 — Abp of Paris, 1662 — ft., 31 Dec. 1670. Vie de PLenri TV., 1 66 1. Peregrinus, — Consul with JEmih'anus, (997, A. U. C.) 244. Peregrinus Proteus, Cynic philosopher, — burns himself at Olympic Games, (01. 236, 1,) 165. Pereira, Jonathan, physician, — ft. in Lon- don, 22 May 1804 — commences practice, Mar. 1823 — F.R.C.S., 1825 — lecturer in Chemistry to Aldersgate Street Dispensary, 1826 — Prof. Materia Medica, Medical School, 1832 — M.D. Erlangen, Assistant-physician to London Hos- pital, 1840 — F.R.C.P., 1845 — Physician to London Hospital, 1851 — ft. in London, 20 Jan. 1853. Elements of Materia Medica and The- rapeutics, 1839-40 — Treatise on Eiet, 1843 — Lectures on Polarized Light, 1843. Pereira, Don Nunez Alvarez, statesman, gen- eral, — ft. near Certao, 24 Jan. 1360 — Cheva- lier, by the Queen, Leonora Zeller, 1373 — marries, 1377 — Constable of Portugal, 1385 — contributes to defeat of Castilians at Aljubarota, 15 Aug. 1385 — again defeats them, near Val- verde, Oct 1485 — retires to monastery at Lis- bon, 15 Aug. 1421,* 1423 b — ft. there, 1 Nov. '43 1 - a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Perekop, in the Crimea, — fortress ceded with the Crimea to Russia, 1783. Perennis, — procures death of Paternus, and becomes sole prsefect of praetorians, 183 — put PERETTI— PERIGNON. to :86 or 187,* b Clinton. *5- 1 death by soldiers, a Smith's Diet. Peretti, F. [Sixtus V.] Pereyra, Manuel, sculptor, — ft. in Portugal, 1614 — ft. at Madrid, 1667. Perez, Antonio, statesman, — ft. in Aragon, 1541 — succeeds his father as Secretary of State to Philip II., 1567 — procures assassination of Escovedo, Mar. 1578 — arrested with Princess Eboli, 28 Jul. 1581 — his trial begins, May 1582 — condemned to imprisonment and exile, Jan. 1585 — put to the torture, 22 Feb. 1590 — escapes to Aragon, Apr. 1590 — escapes to France, Nov. 1591 — reclaimed by Inquisition, and saved by insurrection of Aragonese, 24 May 159 1 — visits England, summer 1593-5 — tf. at Paris, 3 Nov. 161 1. Eelaciones, 1594 — Cartas y Aphorismo, 1603. Perez, Bartolomeo, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1634 — U. there, 1693. Perfumery, in England, — tax imposed on, and licence required for sale of, by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 49, 1786 — law amended by 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 69, 9 Jul. 1800. Pergamus, (Pergamum, Pergamo,) political history,— {BC] — Philetaerus, lieutenant of Ly- simachus, makes himself independent in, 283 a — EumenesI. gains iEolis, &c, after 263 a — At- talus I. assumes title of King, about 239 a — acquires all Asia within Taurus, 225 b — loses all but Pergamus, 221 b — recovers iEolis, 218 b — ravaged by Philip of Macedonia, 201 b — Eume- nes II. acquires Phrygia, Mysia, Lycaonia, Lydia, Ionia, part of Caria, Lysimachia, and Thracian Chersonese, 188 b — Attalus II. be- queaths the kingdom to Koine, 133 — Aristoni- cus defeated and killed, 130 — made a Eoman province by Curio, 1 30 b — Mithridates of Per- gamus leading man, about 64-48. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Pergamus, — [B C] — alliances : of Attalus I. with Antiochus III., 216 a — with JEtolian League, 211 a — with Rome, 203 a — of Eumenes II. with Rome, 197 — with Ariarathes of Cap- padocia, 188 b — of Attalus II. with Rome, 158 — with Ariarathes of Cappadocia, 157 b — with Niconiedes of Bithynia, 149. b Wars : Eumenes I. defeats Antiochus in Sardis, 263 a — Attalus I. defeats Galatians, 239 a — of Attalus I. with Achseans, about 221 b — with Macedonia, 211- -joo b — of Eumenes II. with Antiochus the Great, 189 b — with Prusias of Bithynia, 184 b — with Pharnaces of Pontus, 183-179 c — with Gauls, 167 c — of Attalus II. with Pharnaces, 156 b — with Prusias, 156-154 and 149 b — Aris- tonicus claims kingdom, 133— his war with Rome, 131 to beginning 129 — Aristonicus killed at Rome, 129. a Heeren. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Pergola, Angelo della, general, — leads forces to assistance of the Pisans and is defeated by Florentines, 1405 — in service of Duke of Milan, distinguishes himself at battle of .Arbe- do, 30 Jim. 1422 — surprises Imola, 1 Feb. 1424 — defeats and captures Carlo Malatesti at Tagonara, 27 Jul. 1424 — contributes to defeat of Florentines at Anghiari and la Fagginola, 1424 — succours Brescia besieged by Venetians, 1426— defeated at Macalo, 11 Oct. 1427 — tf. at Bergamo, about Dec. 1427. Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, musical coin- poser, — ft. at Jesi, 3 Jan. 17 10 — studies at the Conservatory, Naples, r 7 1 7-26 — Chapel-master at Loretto, 1734 — visits Rome, 1735 — lj. at Pozzuoli, near Naples, 16 Mar. 1736. Serva Padrona, 1731 — Olimpiade, about 1735 — Mass in D, 1735 — Stabat Mater, 1736 — Orfeo, 1736 — Salve, Regina, 1736 — Missa Solennis, dis- covered at Naples, spring 1871. Periander, Tyrant op Corinth, — [B C] — ft., about 665 — begins to reign, about 625^ (01. 38, 1) 628-7 b [ 6z 9> 62 7> c 630 d]_ m edi- ates in contest between Athens and Mytilene, 606— rj., (01. 48, 4,) 585,* [586-7.0] a Smith's Diet. b MuUer. c Hieron. d Euseb. e Clinton. Periander, Tyrant of Ambracia, [BC] about 612-585 a — banished, about (01. 50) 58o. b a Clinton and Smith's Diet. b Mullev. Pericles, — [B C] — begins to take part in public affairs at Athens, before 469 — impeaches Kimon, 461 — at battle of Tanagra, 457 — cam- paign in Sikyon and Acarnania, aut. 454 — proceedings in Crisseean gulf, 454 — restores Phocians to possession of Delphi, 447 — subdues Euboea, after Feb. 445 — begins to have the sole direction of affairs, 444 — reduces Samos after revolt, 440-439 — expedition to the Euxine, aids Sinope against Timesilaos, between 440- 431 — trial of Aspasia, 432-431 — ravages Mega- ris, 431 — his funeral oration over his son, Para- lus, wint. 431-430 — conducts fleet to coasts of Peloponnesus, 430 — fined on trial, 430 — lj., aut. 429. Pericles, (son of Pericles and Aspasia?) — [B Cj — legitimated by decree of the people, 430 — one of the generals at Arginusae, 406 — put to death by Athenians, 406. Perier, Casimir, statesman, — ft. at Grenoble, 21 Oct. 1777 — settles as a banker at Paris, 1802 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 18 16 — member of municipal commission at the revo- lution of Jul. 1830 — Pres. Council, 13 Mar. 1 83 1 — directs French occupation of Ancona, Feb. 1832 — U. at Paris, 16 May 1832. Perignon, Dominique Catherine, Marshal and Peer of Fkance, — ft. near Toulouse, 31 May 1754— deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1791 — General of Division, 23 Dec. 1793 — de- feats Spaniards at Escola, 20 Nov. 1794 — takes Figuieres, 10 Nov. 1794 — takes Roses, 3 Feb. 1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795 —ambassador to Madrid, 1796-8 — nego- tiates Treaty of St Ildefonso, Aug. 1796 — wounded and taken prisoner at Novi, 17 Aug. i>jgy — Senator, 29 Mar. 1801 — commissioner extraord. for settling boundaries of France and Spain, 11 Sep. 1802 — Marshal of the Empire, 18 May 1804 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 14 Jun. 1804 — Grand Cordon, 2 Feb. 1805 — governor of Parma and Piacenza, 1806 — Count, 1808 — Commander-in-chief in Na- ples, 1 808 — Grand Dignitary of Order of the Two Sicilies, 1808 — Chevalier of St Louis, 1 Jun. 1 8 14 — Peer of France, 4 Jun. 18 14 — Commander of St Louis, 3 May 1816 — Mar- PERIGUEUX— PERRIN. quis, 1817 — tf. at Paris, 25 Dec. 18 18. Perigueux, in France, — seized by Philip Augustus, about 1204 — restored to English by St Louis, 1259 — taken from Edward II. by Philip the Fair, 1294 — given up by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360— taken by Huguenots, 1575 — held by them till 15 81 — taken by Conde, 1651 — recovered by Royalists, 1653. Cathedral of St Front, built, probably between 1000-20. Perillus, — [BC] — said to have made his bronze bull for Phalaris, about (01. 00) 560. Perin, Island in Strait of Babelmandeb, — occupied by English, 1799 — abandoned, 1801 — reoccupied, 1857 — fortifications erected, since 1857. Perinthus, — [BC] — founded, 599a — be- sieged by Philip of Macedonia, before midsum- mer 340 to before midsummer 339. a Hieron. Perizonius, Jacob Voorbroek, philologist, — b. in Groningen, 1651 — Prof. History and Eloquence, Franeker, 1681 — Prof. History and Greek, Leyden, 1693 — ft. there, 17 15. Anim- adversiones FListoricce, 1685 — Opuscula, 1740. Perjury, in England, — punishment of, under certain circumstances, regulated by Act 11 Hen. VII. c. 25, 1495 — punishable by fine aud imprisonment by Act 5 Eliz. c. 9, 1562 — made perpetual by 29 Eliz. c. 5, 1587, and 21 Jac. I. c. 28, 1623 — by transportation or im- prisonment, by Act 2 Geo. II. c. 25, s. 2, 1729 — proceedings on indictment for, regulated by Act 23 Geo. II. c. 11, ss. 1 and 2, 1750 — amended by 14 and 15 Tic. c. 100, s. 19, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 — several enactments repealed by 26 and 27 Tic. c. 125, 28 Jul. 1863. Perna, Pietro, printer, — b. at Lucca, about 1520 — settles at Basel, about 1558 — U., 16 Aug. 1582. Pernambuco, {Recife,) in Brazil, — founded by Portuguese, soon after 1500 — seized and held by English, 1595 — taken by Dutch, 1630 — evacuated by them, 1654 — unsuccessfully attacked by insurgents, 2 Feb. 1849. Peron, Francois, naturalist, traveller, — fi. at Cerilly, in France, 22 Aug. 1775— embarks for Southern Ocean, 19 Oct. 1800 — returns to France, 7 Apr. 1804 — tf. at Cerilly, 14 Dec. 1 8 10. Voyage de decouvertes aux terres australes, 1807-16. Peronne, in France, — imprisonment of Charles the Simple at, 923 — interview of Louis XI. and Charles the Bold at, Oct. 1468 — un- successfully besieged by Imperialists under Count of Nassau, 1536 — organization of the League at, 1576 — conference of Cardinal of Lorraine and Cardinal Granvelle at, Apr. 1558 — stormed by Wellington, Jun. 18 15 — in- vested by Germans, 27 Dec. 1870 — capitulates 7 Jan. 1 87 1. Perotti, Niccolo, grammarian, — b. at Sasso- Ferrato, 1430 — Abp of Siponto, (Manfredonia,) 1458 — governor of Ombria, 1465 — of Perugia, 1474 — TJ. near Sassoferrato, 1480. Rudimcnta Grammatices, 1473 — Cornucopia, 1489. Perouse, Jean Francois Galaup de la, maritime discoverer, — b. at Albi, 1741 — enters the French navy, 19 Nov. 1756 — Post-captain, 1780— conducts" expedition against English set- tlements on Hudson's Bay, 1782 — commands expedition of discovery to South Seas, &c, 1 Aug. 1785 — at Botany Bay, Feb. 1788. Perpendicular English, {Continuous, Third Pointed,) style of Gothic architecture, — intro- duced, about 1330. PerpendicularFortification, — recommended by Montalembert, 1776. Perperna, M. — [BC] — praetor, 135 — sent against slaves of Sicily : Consul with C. Claudius Pulcher Lentulus, (624, a. u. c.) 130 — defeats and takes Aristonicus at Stratonicea : o\, 129. Perperna, M. — [B C]— b., 147 — Consul with C. Claudius Pulcher, (662, a. u. c.) 92 — Censor, 86 — tf., 49. Perperna Vento, M. — [B C]— joins Marius, flies to Sicily, 82 — takes part in attempt to overthrow aristocratical constitution and goes to Sardinia, 78 — joins Sertoriusin Spain, 77 — assassinates Sertorius, 7 2 — defeated by Pompey and put to death, 72. Perpetual Motion, — mechanical, proved to be impossible, by Newton, 1687. Perpetuus, P. Titius, — Consul with L. Ovinius Rusticus Cornelianus, (990, a. u. c.) 2 37- Perpignan, in France, — occupied by Philip III. of France, spring 1285 — conference of Emperor Sigismund and Ferdinand, king of Aragon, with Antipope Benedict, 1415 — par- liament established at, by John II. of Aragon, 147 1 — taken by Louis XL, 1474 — restored to Spain, 1493 — unsuccessfully besieged by Dauphin, Sep. 1542 — fortifications strength- ened by Charles V., 1536 — taken by Louis XIII., 1642 — unsuccessfully attempted by Marshal d'Ornano, 1597 — resists admission of Castilian troops, and is bombarded, 1640 — ceded with the Roussillon to France, 1659 — fortifications strengthened, 1823. University, founded by King Pedro, 1349. Council of held by Benedict XI II., 1408-9. Perrault, Charles, miscellaneous writer,— fi. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1628 — admitted to French Academy, 167 1 — ft. at Paris, 16 May 1703. Farallele des anciens et des modemes, 1688-96 — Floges des hommes illustres du 17 e siecle, 1696-1701 — Ilemoires, 1759. Perrault, Claude, architect, — b. at Paris, 161 3 — member of Academy of Sciences, about 1670 — fc. at Paris, 9 Oct. 1688. Facade of the Louvre, 1666-70 — Observatory, Faris, 1667-72 — translation of Vitruvius, 1673 — Ordon- nance des cinq espieces de colonnes, 1700. Perrers, Alice, — becomes mistress of Edward III., about 1368 — forbidden the court by par- liament, 1376 — sentenced to banishment and forfeiture of her possessions, Oct. 1377. Perrier, Francois, painter, engraver, — b. at St Jean de Lone, about 1590 — tf. at Paris, 1650 or 1656. Statuce antiques centum, 1638 — Icones et segmenta illustrium e marmore tabularum qtice Eoma adhuc extant, 1645. Perrin, Olivier Stanislas, painter, — b. at Rostrenen, 17 61 — Prof. Design, Coll. of Quim- per, 1794 — ft., 14 Dec. 1832. La Galerie Brctonne, 1835-9. PERRIN— PERSIA. 1113 Perrin, Pierre, — obtains letters-patent for establishing Academy of Music, (French Opera,) 28 Jun. 1669 — tf. at Paris, 1680. Perron. [Duperron.] Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, — 6. near Paris, 1708— director of School of Roads and Bridges, 1747 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1765 — of Architecture, 1767— r}. at Paris, 27 Feb. 1794. Perry, George, musical composer, — ft. at Norwich, 1793— composer and director at the Haymarket Theatre, about 1822 — leader to the Sacred Harmonic Society, 1832-48 — Xr., 4 Mar. 1862. Perry, James, journalist, — h. in Aberdeen- shire, 30 Oct. 1756 — enters Marischal Coll., 177 1 — comes to London, 1777 — projects and edits European Magazine, 1782 — editor of Gazetteer, 1 783 — editor and proprietor of Morn- ing Chronicle, about 1789 — marries, 1798 — imprisoned for contempt of House of Lords, 1807 — acquitted on trial for libel, 24 Feb. 1 8 10 — ij. at Brighton, 6 Dec. 1821. Perrysville, TJ. S., — battle between Fede- rals and Confederates, 8 Oct. 1862. Persseus, of Kit ion, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] — sent by Zeno to Antigonus Gonatas, (01. 130,) 260 — commands at Corinth, which is taken by Aratus, 243. Persepolis, (Pasargaclce ?) — [B C] — built by Cyrus, about 540 (?) — completed by Darius and Xerxes, about 500-470 — burnt by Alexander the Great, 331. t Perseus, King of Macedonia, — [BC] — commands against Illyrians, 200 — invades Epirus, 189 — succeeds his father, Philip Y., 179 — denounced by Eumenes of Pergamus to Rome, 172 — war declared against him by Rome, spring 171 — defeats Licinius near the Peneius, 171 — expedition against Dardaneans, alliance with Gentius, 170 — invaded by Q. Marcius, falls back on Pydna, 169 — defeated by iEmilius Paullus, at Pydna, 22 Jun. 168 — carried in triumph at Rome, 30 Nov. 167. Persia, {wars,) — [B C] — of Cyrus with Media, battle of Pasargadae, 561,* ,558, h 559 c — with Lydia, Sardis taken, end of 546,° 554 b — with Ionia, by Harpagus, 553, b about 557, a 545-539 ? — with Babylon, city taken, 539-8 — with Massagetae, Cyrus defeated and slain by Tomyris, ? 529 — of Cambyses with .Egypt, battle of Pelusium, siege of Memphis, 525 — with Cyrene, 525 — with Ammonium and Meroe, unsuccessfully, 524 — of Darius I., Thebes taken, 520 — with Samos, to restore Syloson, 517 — with Babylon, city taken, about 516 a — with Scythia, probably 508 b [506] [5 16-5 15a] — with Thrace, by Otanes, 508-506 [506-504] — with N. E. India, 508 — with Cyrene, Barca taken, 508 [513] — with Naxos, unsuccessfully besieged 4 months, Naxian War, beginning of spring 501 — with Ionia, Ionian War, battle of Lade, 499-494 — with Greece, first arma- ment dispersed at Mount Athos by a storm, 492 — [Persian Wars] — second armament, before mids. 490 — [Persian Wars] — of Xerxes, with Egypt, revolt, 486 to beg. of 484— with Greece, third armament, 480-479 — [Persian Wars]— with Athens, 479 — of Artaxerxes I. with Bactria, revolt under Hystaspis, 464 — with Egypt, revolt of Inaros, 460-455— with Mega- byzus, 447— of Darius II. with Egypt, Per- sians expelled, 414— with Media, revolt sub- dued, 408— with Cadusians, 406— with Egypt, Persians expelled, 405 b_ f Artaxerxes II. with Cyrus, battle of Cunaxa, 401— with Sparta, 400-387— with Cyprus, Cyprian War, 385-376,= 391-379 b — with Cadusians, unsuccessful, 384— with Egypt, unsuccessful, 374, a 375 b — f Ak _ taxerxes III., revolt of Artabazus, 356-353 with Egypt, unsuccessful, about 351 b — with Phoenicians revolted, Sidon destroyed, 35 6,» 346 b— with Cyprus, 354 s — wich Egypt, 350,* 346 b — of Darius III. with Alexander the Great, 334. a Heeren. b Eawlinson. c Clinton. d Grote. e Diod. Persia, (intrigues with Greece,) — [B C] — Xerxes bribes Pausanias, 477, 470, &c. — Arthumis sent to bribe Greece, about 475 — Artaxerxes I. attempts to bribe Sparta to make war on Athens, 458, 457 — Sparta sends envoys to Persia, who are seized and killed at Athens, 429 — Athenian embassy to Persia, 423 — 1st Treaty with Sparta, sum. 412 — 2nd, 412 — Al- kibiades attempts to gain Persia to side with Athens, 411— 3rd Treaty with Sparta, about Feb. 41 1 — Athenian embassy to Persia detained for three years, 408 — Cyrus, satrap of maritime Asia Minor, joins Sparta, 407 — Tithraustes bribes Thebes, &c, to make war on Sparta, 395 — Persia dictates the Peace of Antalkidas, 387 — various Greek embassies to Persia, Pelopidas gains Artaxerxes II. to his views, 368— Arta- xerxes III. sends embassy to Athens denouncing Chares, Athens makes peace with confederates, 355 — Artaxerxes III. aids Thebes with money against Phocians and Philip, 351. Persia, {political History, ) — [B C] — con- quered by Phraortes, (Media,) after 656 — Cyrus chosen chief of the Persians, 560 — acquisition of Median Empire by Cyrus, 559 — organized by Cyrus, about 550 — conquest of the Lydian monarchy, by Cyrus, end of 546 — Zoroastrian religion, &c, adopted by the Pasargadse, about 540- -all Asia Minor subdued by Harpagos, under Cyrus, 539 — conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, 538 — countries to the Oxus and Indus subdued by Cyrus, 529— Bactria and E. part of the Empire independent under Smerdis, 529 — conquest of Egypt, Libya, and Xyrene, by Cambyses, 525 — Bactria, &c., regained by Cambyses, by murder of Smerdis, 523 — mas- sacre of Magians, and subjugation of the Medes, 521 — civil and military organization of the Empire, by Darius I., about 520 — Thrace, Pgeonia, Macedonia, &c, subjugated by Darius I., 508-506 [506-504] — Upper India, to the Indus, subjugated by Darius I., 508 — Ionian islands subdued by Mardonius, 494 — Thrace and Macedonia completely subjugated by Mar- donius, 492, 491 — Thrace and Macedonia lost, 479 — all European possessions lost, 478 — weak- ness of the Empire shown in the peace with Athens, by Artaxerxes L, 469 — revolt of Egypt under Inaros, 460 [462] — Egypt reconquered, except the marshes held by Amyrtseus, 455 — i ii4 PERSIA. Egypt lost, 414 — rivalry of Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, 411 — great power of Satraps of Asia Minor, about 410, &c. — Egypt independ- ent under Pausiris, 408 — Bhodes lost, 408 — Egypt regained by Artaxerxes III., 350 — Bagoas the eunuch and Mentor rule the Em- pire, about 340 — Empire overthrown at battle of Arbela, under Darius III., by Alexander the Great, Oct. 331, and forms part of Macedonian Empire— Seleucus defeats Nicanor at the Ti- gris, and adds Persia to his government, (01. 117, 1 ? ) 312-1 — [Syria] — he makes his son Antio- chus king of his trans-Euphratic possessions, about 295 — revolt of Arsaces, and establish- ment of Parthian kingdom, about 250 — [Parthia] — [AD] — revolt of Ardshir, who founds dynasty of Sassanidse, defeat of Arta- banus in plain of Hormuz, 226. Persia, {alliances,) — [B C] — of Cambyses with Polycrates of Samos, 525 — of Xerxes with Carthage before invading Greece, about 482. Persia, {rulers,)— [B C]— Cyrus, (Khoresh, Khosru,) 559— Cambyses, Jan. 529 [5 Jan.] — Smerdis, {Tanyoxares,) Jun. 522 — Darius I. Hystaspis, (Darjavesh,) Jan. 521 [1 Jan.] — Xerxes I., {Ahasuerus,) Jan. 485 [23 Dec. 486] — Artabanus, Jul. 465 — Artaxerxes I. Xongimanus, (Artashasht,) 1 Feb. 464 [17 Dec. 465] — Xerxes II., Dec. 425 — Sogdianus, (Secundianus,) Apr. 425 — Darius II. Nothus, Dec. 424 [7 Dec] — Artaxerxes II. Mnemon, Dec. 405 [2 Dec] — Artaxerxes III. Ochus, 359 [21 Nov.] — Arses, {Narses, Oarses^) 338 [16 Nov.] — Darius III. Codomannus, Nov. 336 [15N0V.]. [AD] — Sassanidje: Ardishir, {Ardshir, Artaxerxes,) 226-240,* 242, 15 238°— Shapur {Sapor) I., 240-27 3, a 242-273^ 238-271 241-272 a — 4, a 271-2 or Hormuz {Rormisdas) I., 273- 272-3 Bahram {Baha- ram, Varanes, Vavaranes) I., 274-7,* 272 or 3- 276 or 9, c 273-6 d — Bahram II., 277-294, a 276 or 9-293 or 6, c 276-293 d — Bahram III., 294,* 293 or 6, c 293 d — Naksi, {Narses,) 294- 303,* 294 or 7-303^ 293-301 d — Hormuz II., 303-3 io, a ° 301-309 d — Shapur II., {Postu- mus,) 310-381,* 310-380,° 309-379 d — Ar- dishir IL, 381-5,* 380-4,° 379-383 d — Shapur III., 385-90,* 384-89,° 383-88 d — Bahram IV., 390-404,* (or before,) 389-99,° 388-99 d — Yezdejird {Jezdigerd, Vlattim) L, 404 or before 420-1,* 4oi-2i, b 399-420 cd — Bahram V., {Gour,) 420-1-440 — Yezdejird II., 440- 45 8,* d 457°— Hormuz III., 458,* 457 ° — Firoes, {Peroes,) 458 ?-484,* 457-488,° 458- 482 d — Palash, {Pallas,) 484-8,* 488-91,° 482 d — KovA.v>,{Cabades,) 488-98 and 501-2-31,* 491-98 and 501-31,° 486-97 and 501-31 d — Jamaspes, {Zames,) 498-501-2,*° 497-501 d — Khosru {Khosrew, Chosroes) I., {Nushirwan,) 531-79 — Hormuz IV., 579-90, 579-89° — Bahram VI., (Shubin,) 590-1 *— Khosru II. , {Purwiz,) 590-1-628, * d 589-628° — Shirweh, {Siroes,) 628 — Ardishir, {Adeser,)} 628,* d 6>2Q ° — TOORAN DOKHT, 629^ 63 I? — ShAH Shenandah, 629^ 631 ?- 629/ 1 -Kesra 631 ? — Arzem Dokht,? , {Cesra,)} — Ferokhzad, 631? — Yezdejird III., 632-51,* 652^ a Smith's Diet. b Engl. Cyc. * Art de Verifier les Dates. d Clinton. e D'Herbelot. Persia, {political and. miscellaneous,) — [AD] — Ardishir claims Asia and Egypt, and makes war on Bome, about 227 — war with Chosroes of Armenia, 227-240* — defeated by Alexander Severus, 231-2 b — Shapur I., war upon Bome, 242-4 b — Philip makes peace with him after Gordian's assassination, 244 b — Shapur con- quers Armenia and Mesopotamia, before 258 a — defeats Valerian, and takes him and his army, 260 b — conquers Syria, Cilicia, Cappa- docia, &c ; defeated by Odenathus, who founds kingdom of Palmyra, before 264 b — Bahram I. , war with Zenobia, after 267 b — war with Aurelian, 275 b — Bahram II., war against tribes on the Indus, after 277 * — against Cams, who invades Persia, 283 b — Narses expels Tiridates and acquires Armenia,, after 294 * — war with Galerius, restores Armenia, 297-8 b — peace with Bome, 298 b — abdicates in favour of Hormuz II. , his son, 303,* 301 b — Shapur II. oppresses Christians, 337 or after: 343-4* — war with Bome, 337-360— [Persian Wars, and Sapor IL] — Shapur III. arranges with Theodosius the Great independence of Armenia and Iberia, 384 * — Yezdejird I. makes peace of 100 years with Arcadius, 404-8 — persecutes Christians, 414 b — Bahram V. overcomes aristocracy, 420-1 * — persecutes Christians, 42o, b and brings on war with Theodosius, 420-2^421 * — makes peace for 100 years, 422 b — divides Armenia with Bome ; war with Huns, 430-440 — Persians, Huns, &c, invade Boman territories, 441 b — Yezdejird II. persecutes Christians in Armenia, about 450° — Firqze, aided by White Huns, gains throne, 458 * — Firoze killed in battle with White Huns, 484-8,* beginning of 482 b — civil war of Palash and Kobad, former killed, 488* — Kobad expelled by Jamaspes, 497, b 498 * — Kobad restored, 5oi, b 501-2 * — Anastasius refuses tribute, and Kobad makes war on him, 502-505— [Persian Wars] — Kobad fortifies the ' Iron Gates,' 507 or after — his war with Justin I., 521 * — treaty with Justin, 521 b — war with Justin I. renewed, 524 — war with Justinian, 529 — treaty with him, 529 — war with Justinian renewed, 530 — Chosroes, war with Justinian, 531 — treaty, 532-3 — war re- newed, 540 — pestilence, 543 b — truce for 5 years, Apr. 545 — another truce, 558 — peace for 50 years concluded, 562 — revolt of Pers- armenia to Empire, 569,* 571 b — Chosroes, war against Justin IL, 572-79 * — Hormuz IV., war against Constantinople, 579 — alliance with Turks, 588* — Turks attempt to seize Persia, exploits of Bahram, 589 — Bahram rebels, Hor- muz assassinated by Bindoes, Chosroes Purwiz flies to Constantinople to Emperor Mauricius, Sep. 490 — Bahram king : driven out by Mauricius to the Turks, Chosroes restored, 591 — Chosroes invades Empire to revenge death of Mauricius, 603— [Persian Wars, Chosroes II. , Heraclius] — Shirweh makes peace with Heraclius, Mar. 628 * — Ardishir murdered, end of Mar. 629 b — invasion of Khaled, 632 — battle PERSIA. »"5 of Cadesia, 636 — insurrection, 650 — Persia con- quered by Arabs, Yezdejird assassinated, 651. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Neander. Persia, {miscellaneous,) — [AD] — forms pro- vince of Mohammedan Empire, 651-868^ 872 b — [Abassides]— ruled by Taherites, 820-870 = — Soffarian dynasty founded by Yacub Ibn Leith (Lais,) 868 or 872 — Sofarides, 872-903,° 9oo, a 902 b — Ismael Samani conquers Persia, 902, and founds Samanide dynasty : Buyide (Buyade) or Deilemite dynasty founded by Imad al Daulah, 933-io56, b 936-1028,* (321- 448, a. h.) 932-1055 c — Ahmed becomes Emir- al-Omra, 945 b — conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni, (Irak,) 1028-30 — Togrul Beg 1 con- quers Persia, 1042^ 1028, a and founds Seljuk dynasty : Abu Ali last Deilemite prince, io56 b — Alp Arslan, 1063-73— Melek Shah, 1074 — at his death, 1092, the kingdom divided : Bargiaruk, 1092 b — Mohammed, 1 104 b — S an jar, 1 1 1 7 b — Khorasan and Samarcand subdued : Sanjar defeated by the Kur Khan of the Tatars, 1 140 b — defeated and expelled by Turks of Balkh, n57, b dies: Taksh Khan defeats and kills Togrul and introduces Kharismians, 11 94 — petty native princes rule in part of Pari, about 1200 — Moguls invade, before 1220, and subjugate : Jelal u din returns to Persia and is defeated, i228, b 1223-31° — Hulaioj (Houlagou) overthrows Abasside Kaliphate, and becomes Khan of Persia, (654,) 1256 d — Abaka, (663-4,) 1265 d — Nekodah, (680,) i282, d i28i, b becomes a Mussulman — Argun Khan, (682-3,) 1284^ persecutes Islam — Kai Khatu, (689,) 1290 d — Baidu Khan, (695,) i294, d 1295 b — Gazan Khan, 1295 — enforces Islam: conquers Syria and Palestine, 1299^ 1300 b — loses Syria and Palestine, 1303 — Mohammed Khodabandeh, (Algiritu Khan,) (703,) i304, d 1305 b — Abu- said, (717-8,) 1317 d — on his death, anarchy: Arpa Khan, 1336 b — Musa Khan, 1336 b — Mohammed Khan, 1336-8 b — Sakh Beg, 1338 b — Tehan Tymur ; Saliman Khan ; Muskirsan, I344 b — Emirs become independent: Hasein, I 374 b — Ahmed, 1384° — Timur, the Tatar, {Tamerlane,) invades Persia, i384, b 1387 d — subject to Tatar Emperors, i384-i502, b 1381- 1502 a — Shah Rokh makes Turcoman chiefs tributary, after 141 o — Kara Yussuf makes great part of Persia tributary, 1437 b — [Tur- comans of Black Sheep] — Uzem Hassan master of all Persia, (873,) 1468 b d — [Turco- mans of White Sheep] — Soofi (Sujft) Dy- nasty : Ismael Shah Sufi {Saffari) expels Turcomans of White Sheep, and is sole sove- reign of Persia, 1502^ (907,) i5oi d — Kuman, Mesopotamia, Baghdad, reduced, 1504-8 — Khorasan and Balkh reduced, Sheibani Khan Usbek killed, i5io b — war with Turks, battle of Khalderoon, Persians routed, (920,) 17 Aug. i5i4 b — Georgia conquered, 1519 — Shah Tamasp I. succeeds his father, (930,) 1523 — war with Usbeks, Obeid Khan Usbek defeated at Herat, 1530 — war with Turks, 1533-6, Armenia lost and regained — Kandahar gained,. 1535 b — war with Turks, who acquire for a short time Azebijar, Ispahan, &c, 1547 — Erivan taken, 1554 — English ambassador, An- thony Jenkinson, 1562 — incursions of Usbeks in Khorasan, about 1565 — Ismael II. suc- ceeds his father, (983,) 1575^ 1 51^-1 b — war with Turks, 1576-90 — Mohammed Khodabendah succeeds his brother, (985,) 1577 — invasion of Turks, 1578 — Turks defeated near Khalderoon, 1578— invasion of Usbeks in Khorasan, 1578 — Shah Hamzeh succeeds and is assassinated, 1585 — Ismael III. assassinated, 1585 — Abbas, the Great, suc- ceeds, 1585 — loss of Georgia, Erivan, and Tabriz, to Turks, 1590 — Balkh and Bahrein gained, 1597 — war with Turkey, 1601-18 — Tabriz recovered, 1603 — Erivan, 1604 — La- ristan and Kandahar gained, 1 606 — war with Turks, 1622-39 — commercial treaty with Eng- lish, Sir D. Cotton ambassador, 1626— Sam Mirza, (Shah Sofi I.,) (1038,) i6 2 8, d 1627 b — Tabriz taken by Murad, 1634 — Baghdad taken by Murad, i637, b 1638 d — Kandahar lost to Mongols; peace, 1639 — Abbas II., (son,) 1641, 13 (1052,) 1642 d — Kandahar an- nexed to Persia, 1648, b 1660 d — reforms in administration of justice, 1656— revolt and subjugation of Georgia, 1659 — Shah Soly- man, (Soft II.,) (son,) (1077,) 1666 —Usbek and Tatar ravages : French embassy, Gillon, 1673 — Shah Sultan Hussein, (1105,) 1694 — revolt of Goorghun in Georgia, 1704 — of Afghans in Kandahar, Meerweis independent, 1709 — attempts to regain Kandahar, 17 10-13 — Afghans in Herat independent, 17 19 — Meer Mahmoud invades Persia, 1720 — defeats Hus- sein at Goolnabad, his abdication, 1722 — Meer Mahmoud, (1134,) 1721^ 1722 b — opposed by Tamasp in Armenia, 1722 — takes from him Casbin, Shiraz, &c, 1722-23 — attempts of Turkey and Eussia on Persia, 1723 — Meer Ashraf, (cousin,) (1137,) 1725 — in- vasion of Turks repulsed, 1726 — Peace of Baghdad, Ashraf acknowledged by Turkey, 1727 — defeated, 1729 — again defeated and killed, Jan. 1730 — Tamasp II., (son of Hus- sein,) (1142,) 1730— war with Turkey, 1730 — influence of Kouli Khan predominant : Peace of Erivan, (Casbin,?) Jan. 1732 — deposed by Kouli Khan, Aug. 1732 — Abbas III., (son,) (1143,) 1732 — Nadir Kouli Regent : war, 1732- 5 — Persia recovers Armenia, Georgia, &c, 1736 — Abbas tf., (1148,) 1736, end of Sofi dynasty — Nadir Shah, 1736 — assassinated, 1747 — Ali Adil Shah, (nephew,) 1747-8 — dethroned and killed : Afghanistan independ- ent, 1748 — Shah Rokh, (grandson of Nadir,) 1748-51 — dethroned and killed : anarchy, 1751- 59 b — Kherim Khan Zund, Wakeel, 1759-79 b — rebellion and death of Mohammed Hussein, 1761 b — invades Khorasan, defeated at Meshed, 1768 b — wars with Turkomans and Arabs : in- vades Irak, takes Bassorah, 1775 — restored to Turkey, 1779 — Aga Mohammed independent in Mazanderan, 1779 b — Adu1 Futteh, 1779- 8o — Saduk Khan, 1780-1 — Ali Monrad, 1781- 84 — Georgia seeks protection of Russia, 1783 — JaafarKhan, 1784-88— Seid Monrad, 1788- 89 — Lutf Ali Khan, (of Zund family,) 1789-95 — Aga Mohammed defeats Lutf Ali Khan, iii6 PERSIAN GULF— PERSIAN!. 1791 — Lutf Ali taken and put to death, 1795 — Kadjar (Eajar) Dynasty ; Aga Mo- hammed Shah, 1795 — defeats Georgians and Russians, and pillages Teflis, 1 7 96 — assassinated, 1797 — his nephew, Futteh Ali Shah, suc- ceeds, 17 97— invades Khorasan, repulsed, 1799- 1800 — Khorasan, all but Herat, won, 1801 — war with Russia, 1804-13 — capture of Erivan, 1806— defeated by Afghans at Herat, 1 8 r 1 — Treaty of Gulistan, cession of Caspian provinces to Russia, 1 813 — war with Turkey, Peace of Erzeroum, 1821-23 — renewed war with Rus- sia, 1826-28 — loses Erivan by Treaty of Turk- manchay, 1828-29 — Mohammed Shah, (grand- son,) 1834 — joins Dost Mahommed in unsuc- cessful siege of Herat, Jun. to Sep. 1838 — Herat submits to him, 1843 — tf., 13 Oct. 1848, and is succeeded by his son, Shah Nask. ed din (b., 1820) — maintains neutrality in Cri- mean War, 1853-55 — concludes treaty with Russia, end of 1855 — [Persian War] — treaty with Turkey, for regulation of frontiers, con- cluded, 8 Jun. 1869 — the country desolated by famine, 1871. a Engl. Cyc. b Oxf. Tab. c Elphinstone. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Persian Gulf, — [B C]— navigated by fleet of Alexander the Great, under Nearchus, 326-325 — [AD] — reached by Trajan, 116 — survey of, executed by order of British Indian govern- ment, 1 82 1 -8. Persian Wars,— [B C]— Demokedes at Per- sian Court, 522, &c. — Hippias at Persian Court, about 509 ? — burning of Sardis, 499 — 1st ar- mament under Mardonius, sets out, spring 492 — dispersed by a storm at Athos, Jul., Aug. 492 — Darius sends heralds to Greece, 491 — 2nd armament under Datis and Artaphernes sets out, before mids. 490 — Cyclades subdued, Ere- tria taken : battle of Marathon, (6 Boedr. 01. 72, 3,) Sep. 490 — three years of preparation by Darius, 490-487 — Xerxes begins his prepara- tions for invading Greece, sum. 484 — sets out from Susa for Sardis, spring 481 — Congress of Greek States at the Isthmus, wint. 481-80 — Xerxes winters at Sardis and sends heralds to Greece, 481-80 — sets out from Sardis for Aby- dos, spring 480 — battle of Thermopylae and storms and naval engagements near Artemi- sion, (Olympia,) Jul. 480 — Thespioe and Pla- taea burnt, Delphi invaded, Athens burnt, Aug. —battle of Salamis, (20 Boedr. 01. 15, 1,) Sep. 480 — flight of Xerxes and the fleet, Oct. to Nov. — Mardonius winters in Thessaly, 480-479 — Greek fleet recovers some of the Cyclades, Olynthus taken and Potidsea besieged by Arta- bazus, 479 — embassy of Alexander of Mace- donia to Athens, spring 479 — Mardonius occu- pies Athens, Jun. 479 — embassy of Murychides to Athenians at Salamis, Jun. — Sparta forti- fies the Isthmus ; Leotychides invited by Sa- mos to attack the Persian fleet; battles of Platsea and Mycale, (3 or 4 Boedr. 01. 15, 2,) Sep. 479 — siege of Sestos, late in 479 — surrenders, spring 478. [AD] — (of Sapor (Shapur) II. with Rome) : preparations of Constantine and his death, 337 — invasion of Mesopotamia and siege of Nisibis, by Sapor, 337 or 338 — Constantius II. marches into Syria, 338 — second siege of Nisibis unsuccess- ful, 346 — battle of Singara, 348 — the son of Sapor captured, tortured, and executed, 348 — third siege of Nisibis, unsuccessful, 350 — fruit- less negotiations, 358 — Sapor invades Mesopo- tamia, sum. 359 — siege of Amida, taken, Oct. — capture of Singara and Bezabde by Sapor, 360 — overtures of Sapor to Julian, 362 — Julian marches to Antioch, sum. 362 — sets out for the war, 5 Mar. 363 — enters Assyria, Apr. — storms Anatha, takes Maogamalcha, passes the Tigris, defeats Sapor and burns his own fleet, before 16 Jun. — death of Julian, 26 Jun. — Jovian makes peace and cedes the five provinces and Nisibis to Sapor, Jul. — invasion of Armenia by Persians, 365 — Persians repulsed in Armenia byArnitheus,37o-Sapor prepares for war: Per- sian invasion of Empire repulsed by Trajan and Vadomarius, 371 — embassy to Sapor, by Val- entinian, unsuccessful, 375 — death of Sapor, 379. (Of Cabades (Kobad) with Anastasius) : in- vasion of Armenia by Cabades, 502 — siege of Amida, wint. 502-3 — Roman army under Ariobindus, Celer, &c, makes unsuccessful cam- paign, 503 — Celer ravages Persian territories and enters Arzanene, 504 — Amida besieged by Romans, 504 — taken, early in 505 — Celer con- cludes a peace for seven years, 505. (Of Chosroes II. with Eastern Empire) : era- to Chosroes by Phocas, 603 — Chosroes de- clares war, to revenge death of Mauricius, 603 — the war begins, 604 — Persians pass Euphrates and ravage Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, 607 — occupy Syria, &c, overrun Armenia, Cappa- docia, &c, and reach Ctesiphon, 609 — again invade Syria, May 611 — seize Csesarea in Cap- padocia, 612 — take Damascus, 614, and Jeru- salem, Jun. 614 — Chosroes refuses to negotiate with Heraclius, 614 — Saen threatens Chalcedon, 615 — embassy to Chosroes, 615 — occupation of Egypt by Persians, 616 — Chosroes again rejects overtures of Heraclius, 6 1 8 — capture of Ancyra by Persians, 620 — preparations of Heraclius, 620 — Chosroes forms three armies, sends one against Constantinople, 626 — alliance of Cha- zars with Heraclius, 626 — Avars unsuccessfully attack Constantinople, Jun. to Aug. 626 — de- fended by Sergius, Bonus, &c. : sixth campaign of Heraclius in Asia, 627 — rebellion of Siroes, 628 — Chosroes put to death, 28 Feb. — treaty of peace concluded, Apr. 628. Persian War, (1855-57,)— independence of Herat provided for by convention between Great Britain and Persia, 5 Jan. 1853 — de- parture of British minister from Teheran, Dec. 1855 — capture of Herat by Persians, 25 Oct. 1856 — declaration of war by Great Britain, 1 Nov. — capture of Bushire, 10 Dec. — Gen. Out- ram defeats Persians near Khooshab, 8 Feb. 1857 — treaty of peace signed at Paris, 4 Mar. — successful attack on Mohammerah, 26 Mar. — capture of Ahwaz, 29 Mar. — cessation of hos- tilities, 5 Apr.— treaty ratified at Baghdad, 2 May. Persiani, Fanny Tacchinardi, Madame, singer, — ft. at Rome, 4 Oct. 1818 — appears at Leghorn, 1832 — goes to Paris, 1837 — U., 1867. Persiani, Giuseppe, musical composer, — 0. PERSICUS-PERU. 1 1 17 in Italy, about 1805 — If., 26 Aug. 1869. Persicus, Paullus Fabius, — Consul witb L. Vitellius, (787, a. u. c.) 34. Persius Flaccus, Aulus, satiric poet, — &., 4 Dec. 34 — tf., 24 Nov. 62. Perso -Athenian War, — [B C] — (479-449,) — Persian wars, 492-479 — siege of Sestos by Xanthippus, late in 479 — capitulates, spring 478, a before wint. 479 b — Pausanias, general of the Greek confederates, with Aristides and Kimon, subdues Cyprus, captures Byzantium, 478 [477] — Pausanias recalled and Dorkis sent, 477 — Athens obtains the headship of the con- federacy, and Sparta leaves it, 477 — Aristides organizes the confederacy of Delos, 477 — war carried on against Thracian and Hellespontine towns, 47 6-466 — Kimon takes Eion from Boges, 476 — takes Doriscus, from Maskames : Kimon attacks Caria and Lycia ; Phaselis joins him ; battles of the Eurymedon, 466 — Thracian Chersonese reduced, 466 c — Persians defeated at sea by Athenians, 462 d — Athens sends part of the fleet at Cyprus to aid Inaros in Egypt ; siege of Memphis, 462 [460] — defeated by Megaby- zus at Prosopitis, 455 — Kimon leads an expe- dition against Cyprus, 450 — siege of Kition, his death, 449— Anaxicrates commander, bat- tles of Salamis, (Cyprus,) and peace, 449. a Clinton. ' b Grote. c Thirlwall. d Du Fresnoy. Perso-Spartan War,— [B c]— (400-387,)— Expedition of Cyrus, 401 — Ionian cities, prest by Tissaphernes, beg aid of Sparta, 400 — Thimbron commands in Asia, autumn 400 — engages the Cyrean Greeks, Jan. 399 — takes Pergamus, &c, beginning 399 — Derkyllidas supersedes Thimbron, summer 399 — campaign in Elis, autumn 399 — truce with Pharnabazus, late in 399 — winters in Bithynia, 399-398 — renews the truce, early in 398 — siege of Atarneus 8 months, 398 — winters at Ephesus, 398-397 — second Ionian embassy to Sparta, early in 397 — Derkyllidas invades Caria, Phaeax cooperates with fleet, 397 — armistice of Derkyl- lidas with Tissaphernes, about middle 397 — naval preparations in Phoenicia; Conon, admiral of Persian fleet, engages with Phaeax at Cau- nus ; Rhodes revolts ; alliance of Sparta with Egypt ; Agesilaos lands at Ephesus, spring 396 — makes truce with Tissaphernes, 396 — Spithridates joins Agesilaos, 396 — Agis win- ters at Ephesus, 396-395 — victory at Sardis, 395 — Tithraustes supersedes Tissaphernes, 395 — Peisander admiral under Agesilaos, 395 — Agesilaos penetrates Phrygia and Pampbylia, autumn 395 — Cotys of Paphlagonia joins Agesilaos, autumn 395 — mission of Timocrates to Greece, autumn 395 — Agesilaos winters at Daskylion, 395-394 — enterprise of Herippides, early 394 — Agesilaos leaves satrapy of Pharna- bazus, spring 394— leaves Asia, middle 394 — Pharnabazus and Conon, Persian admirals, gain battle of Knidus, Peisander slain, about 10 Aug. 394 — ravage Peloponnesian coasts, 393 — Conon rebuilds long walls of Athens, 393 — Tiribazus supersedes Tithraustes, 393 — Antalkidas sent to make peace with Persia, 393 — embassies from, to Greek states, Conon imprisoned, and Struthas supersedes Tiribazus, 392 — Thimbron commands in Asia, slain there, 392 — Diphridas commands in Asia, 391 — Tiribazus returns to his satrapy, 388 — Antalkidas commands, 388 — embassy to Persian Court ; returns to the coast, spring 387 — Peace of Antalkidas, autumn 387. Perth, in Scotland, — made a burgh as early as 1 1 06 — fortified by William the Lion, 12 10 — again by Edward I., 1298 — unsuccessfully attacked by Robert Bruce, 1 306 — taken by him, 1 3 1 1 — taken possession of by Edward III., 1 335 — besieged and taken by Regent Robert, 1339 — seat of government transferred to Edinburgh, 1437 — ranks as capital of the kingdom, till 1482 — devastated by plague, 15 12 and 1585-7 — scene of the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 — ■ visited by James I., May 1617 — by Charles I., Jun. 1633 — taken by Montrose, Sep. 1644 — capitulates to Cromwell, 2 Aug. 1651 — occupied by Dundee, Jul. 1689 — occupied by adherents of Pretender, 17 15 — recovered by Argyle, Nov. 17 15 — occupied by Prince Charles Edward, 1745. Parliament House, pulled down, 18 1 8. Military Prison,hmlt, 18 19 — Aca- demy, founded, 1760. Treaty of, between Edward III. and regents of Scotland, concluded, 18 Aug. 1335. Articles of, proposed and rejected, 16 1 7 — agreed to by General Assembly, 25 Aug. 161 8 — confirmed by Parliament, 4 Aug. 1621 — repealed, 1638. Perthes, Christoph Friedrich, bookseller, publisher, — rj. at Rudolstadt, 21 Apr. 1772 — assistant to bookseller Hoffmann at Hamburg, 1793 — begins business, 1796 — marries Caroline Claudius, 2 Aug. 1797 — takes part in restoring constitution on retirement of French, 181 3 — flies from Hamburg on their return, 181 3- 14 — loses his wife, 1821 — removes to Gotha, 1822 — marries Charlotte Becker, 1825 — a", near Gotha, 18 May 1843. Pertinax, P. Helvius, Roman Emperor, (193,) — b., 1 Aug. 126 — drives the Kelts out of Noricum and Rheetia, after 172 — Consul suff. with M. Didius Severus Julianus, (932, a.u.c.) 179 — governor of Syria, 180 — commands in Britain, 186 — quells mutiny of the soldiers there, 187 — prsefectus urbi and Consul with Commodus, (945,) 192— proclaimed Emperor on death of Commodus, 1 Jan. 193 — assass- inated, 28 Mar. 193. Peru, South America, — reached by Pizarro, 1526 — taken possession of, by Pizarro and Almagro, 1532 — [Lima] — unsuccessful revolt under Tupac Amaro, 1780 — entered by Chilian army under San Martin, 1820— independence of, declared, 28 Jul. 1821 — San Martin pro- claimed Protector: resigns, 19 Aug. 1822 — entered by Bolivar, who continues war with the Viceroy Canterac, Sep. 1822 — Bolivar Dictator, Feb. 1824— [Bolivia]— final defeat of Spaniards near Ayacucho by Sucre, Dec. 1824 — its independence acknowledged by Great Britain and United States ; new constitution adopted, Jan. 1827— disputes with Bolivia ter- minated by treaties, 25 Dec. 1 831— Spanish attack on Chincha Islands, 1864— treaty of peace with Spain concluded, 25 Jan. 1865 — rati- fied at Madrid, Apr. 1865 — insurrection breaks i ii s PERUGIA— PETER I. out, Feb. 1865 — the treaty with Spain rejected by Dictator Prado, Nov. 1 865 — concludes treaty of alliance with Chili, 5 Dec. 1865 — declares war on Spain: new constitution established, Jul. 1867— great earthquakes in, 13-16 Aug. 1868. Perugia, (Perusia, Perusinus,) in Italy, — [BC] — troops of, defeated by L. Fabius Maximus, becomes tributary to Rome, 294 — occupied by L. Antonius and Fulvia, 41 — [Perusian War]— [AD]— besieged by Totila, surrenders to him, 546 or 548 — recovered by Narses, 552 — taken by Lombards under Rotharis, about 580 — recovered by Exarch Romanus, 591— besieged by Rachis, who is in- duced by Pope Zachary to raise the siege, 749 — residence of Gregoiy IX., 1228-9— again, ! 234-5 — troops of, defeated by Ghibelline army at Spello, 1246 — residence of Innocent IV., 1 25 1— attacked by Tuscans, 1247 — Pope Martin TV. and cardinals burnt in effigy at, 1282 — devastated by plague, 1348 — submits to Braccio da Montone, 141 6 — on his death sub- mits to the pope, 1424 — recovered from the Baglioni by Julius II., 1506 — passes to Im- perialists, 1529 — conquered by Duke of Savoy, 1708 — occupied by French, 1797 — suffers from earthquakes, 1^32 and 1838 — besieged by Papal troops and retaken, 20 Jun. 1850 — taken by Italians, 14 Sep. i860. University, founded, 1296 or 1307. Fountain, erected by Giovanni Pisano, about 1285. Cathedral, built, between 1400-1500. Perugino, II, (Pietro Vannucci,) painter, — J), at Citta della Pieve, about 1446 — visits Florence, about 1471(F) — employed at Perugia, 1475 — at Rome, about 1480-90 — teacher of Raphael, 1495 — opens his Academy at Perugia, 1499 — &■ at Castello di Fontignano, 1524. Frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, Pome, 1480-90 — Dead Christ, Pitti Palace, Florence, 1495 — Frescoes in the Cambio, Perugia, 1500. Perusia. [Perugia.] Perusian War, — [BC] — Perusia occupied by the Consul L. Antonius, 41 — blockaded by Octavianus, close of 41 — famine: Antonius capitulates, the town burnt, beginning of 40. Peruzzi, Baldassare, (Baldassare da Siena,) painter, architect,— b. at Siena, a Volterra, b 7 Mar. 148 1— succeeds Raphael as architect of St Peter's, 1520 — loses everything at sack of Rome, 1527 — tf. at Rome, 6 Jan. 1537. Adoration of the Kings, (a drawing,) National Gallery, 1522. a Biog. Catalogue. b Engl. Cyc. Pesara, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Valieri, 8 May 1658 — &., 1 Oct. 1659. Pesarese, II. [Cantarini.] Pescara, Ferdinand Francesco d'Avalos, Marquis of, — b. at ^Naples, 1496 — marries Vittoria Colonna, about 1507 — first serves in Neapolitan army, and is taken prisoner at battle of Ravenna, 15 12 — contributes to defeat of Alviano near Yicenza, 8 Oct. 15 13 — takes Milan from Lautrec, 19 Nov. 1521 — pillages Como, 1521 — relieves Pavia, besieged by French, 1522 — distinguishes himself at combat of La Bicoque, 29 Apr. 1522 — takes Lodi, Pizzighitone, and Cremona, Apr. to May — pil- lages Genoa, 1522 — distinguishes himself at battle of Pavia, 1525 — tf. at Milan, 4 Nov. Peschiera, in Italy, — fortress built by Venetians, 1549 — occupied by Austrians, 1796 — surrendered to Napoleon I., 1796 — surren- ders to Sardinians, 30 May 1848 — recovered by Radetzky, 14 Aug. 1848 — evacuated by Austrians, occupied by Italians, 9 Oct. 1866. Peshawur, in Hindustan, — enlarged by Akber,i56o-i6oo — captured by Runjeet Singh, 1827 — annexed with the Panjab to British India, 1849. Pesne, (Pene,) Antoine, painter, — b. at Paris, 1683 — visits Italy, 1707 — received at Academy of Painting, Paris, 1720 — tf. at Ber- lin^ Aug. 1757. Pesne, {Pene, Paine,) Jean, engraver, — b. at Rouen, 1623— tf. at Paris, 1700. Pestal, Paul, colonel, — b., 1794 — takes part in conspiracy against Czar Nicholas L, Dec. 1825 — hung, 11 Jul. 1826. Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich,— b. at Zurich, 12 Jan. 1746 — commences teaching, 1775 — establishes school at Stanz, 1798 — settles at Yverdun, 1804 — tf. at Brugg in Aargau, 17 Feb. 1827. Bernhardt mid Gertrud, 178 1 — Buch der Mutter, 1803 — Meine lebensschichsale, 1826. Pesth, in Hungary, — [Buda] — men- tioned, 1 148 — ravaged by Mongols, 1241 — subject to Turks, 1526 — suffers from inun- dation, 1838 — connected with Buda by suspen- sion bridge, opened, Jan. 1849 — bombarded by Gen. Hentzi, May 1849 — coronation of Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary at, 8 Jun. 1867 — visited by Sultan Abdul Aziz, 1 Aug. 1867 — Israelite congress held at, 14 Dec. 1868. Petalism, — [B C] — established at Syracuse, about 454 a — discontinued, 452. a Muller. Petard, in artillery, — used by Huguenots at siege of Cahors, 1579. Petau, Denis, (Petavius,) chronologirt, — fi. at Orleans, 21 Aug. 1583 — Prof. Philosophy, Bourges, 1602 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1605 — Prof. Theology, College of Clermont, Paris, 1621— tf. there, 11 Dec. 1652. De Doctrina Temporum, 1627 — Eationarium Temporum, 1633-34 — Tabula Chronologicce, 1628 — Theo- logica JDogmatica, 1644-50. Peter. [For Kings of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal, see Pedro.] Peter I., (Alexeivich,) the Great, Czar and Emperor of Russia, — ft. at Moscow, 1 1 Jun. 1672 — named successor to the throne by his brother Theodore, 1682 — proclaimed joint sovereign with his brother Ivan, under regency of Princess Sophia, 25 Jun. 1682 — marries, 27 Jan. 1689 — on resignation of Ivan, assumes the government alone, 1689 — has Le Fort for his chief minister, 1689 — founds Russian navy, 1692 — unsuccessfully besieges Azof, 1695 — re- pudiates his wife, 1695 — renews the siege and takes Azof, 28 Jul. 1696 — sets out on European travels, Apr. 1697 — settles at Saardam, Aug. PETER II.— PETERBOROUGH. 1119 1697 — meets William III. of England, 1697 — arrives in England, Feb. 1698 — leaves Eng- land, 25 May — visits Vienna, Jun. — recalled by revolt of the Strelitzes, reaches Moscow, 4 Sep. — institutes Order of St Andrew, 1698 — loses his minister, Le Fort, 1698 — reforms the Calendar, 1699 — declares war on Charles XII., 1700 — besieges Narva, and is defeated by Charles, 30 Nov. 1700 — defeats Swedes near Dorpat, Sep. or Oct. 1701 — his army, under Scherematof, defeats Swedes at Pernor, 1702 — and takes Marienburg, 20 Aug. 1702 — founds mathematical and astronomical schools, 1702 — founds St Petersburg, 1703 — suspends the patriarchate, 1703 or 1701 — blockades Narva, 1704 — takes Dorpat, 13 Jul. 1704 — storms Narva, 9 Aug. — invades Courland, Feb. 1705 — takes Mittau, Sep. 1705 — proposes peace to Charles XII., 1706 — privately marries Cathe- rine, 1707 — defeats Gen. Leventhaupt atLesno, 28 Sep. 1708— defeats Charles at Pultawa, 27 May 1709— concludes alliance with Poland, Prussia, and Denmark against Sweden, 1709 — declares war on Turkey, 25 Jan. 17 n — de- clares Catherine Czarina, 6 Mar. — marches to the Pruth, and is hemmed in by Turks, Jul. — concludes peace, and gives up Azof and other towns, 23 Jul. 17 n — solemnizes his mar- riage with Catherine at Moscow, 1 Mar. 17 12 — conquers Finland, 17 13 -14 — visits Germany and Denmark, Jan. to Dec. 17 16 — at Paris, 7 May to 20 Jun. 17 17 — at Spa, 28 Jun. to 26 Jul. — at Amsterdam, 2 Aug. — at Berlin, 18 Sep.— reaches St Petersburg, 21 Oct. — dis- inherits the Czarewich, Alexis, 14 Feb. 17 18 — gets him condemned to death, 5 Jul. — death of Alexis, 7 Jul. — abolishes patriarchate, Jan. 1 72 1 — concludes Treaty of Neustadt, Aug. 17 2 1 — receives titles of the Great and Emperor, 17 2 1 — changes order of succession, by decree of 16 Feb. 1722 — conducts expedition to the Caspian, Jul. 1722 — founds Academy of Sciences, 1723 — if. at St Petersburg, 28 Jan. i7 2 5- Peter II., [Alexevoich^ Emperor or Russia, — fc., 23 Oct. 17 15 — succeeds Catherine L, 17 May 1727 — deprives Menschikof of the Re- gency, and exiles him to Siberia, Sep. 1727 — if., 31 Jan. 1730. Peter III., (Feodorovich,) Emperor op Rus- sia, — b., 21 Feb. 1728 — named heir to the throne, 26 Nov. 1742 — marries Princess Sophia Augusta of Anhalt Zerbst, 1 Sep. 1745 — suc- ceeds Elizabeth, 5 Jan. 1762 — makes peace with Frederick II., 1762 — conspiracy against, breaks out, 8 Jul. 1762 — Catherine II. pro- claimed : is compelled to sign renunciation of crown, 10 Jul. — put to death, 17 Jul. Peter of Blois, (Fetrus Blesensis,) theologian, — fc. at Blois, about n 30 — goes to Sicily, about 1 167, and assists in the government: resigns and returns to France, 11 70 — goes to Court of Henry II. of England, n 75 — enters service of Abp of Canterbury, 11 76 — envoy to Rome, 1 176 and 1 187 — secretary to Queen Eleanor, 1 19 1-5 — if. in England, about 1200. Peter of Bruys. [Bruys.] Peter of Clugny, {Feter the Venerable,) — Abbot of Clugny, n 23 — writes confutation of Peter of Bruys, 1126-7^ ii35, b ^14.6° — re- ceives Abelard, 1 140 — effects formal recon- ciliation of Abelard and St Bernard, about 1141 — if., 1 156. ' a Fuesslin and Gieseler. * « b Clemencet. c Baronius. Peter of Corbieres. [John XXII.] Peter of Courtenay, Count of Auxerre and Emperor of the East, — elected by barons of Constantinople to succeed Henry I., 1 2 16 — crowned at Rome, by Honorius III., 9 Apr. 12 1 7 — unsuccessfully besieges Durazzo, 12 1 7 — arrested by Theodore Angelus, and im- prisoned, 12 1 7 — f}. in prison, 121 8 or 1219. Peter of Savoy, — fj. at Suza, 1203 — visits England, and is created Earl of Richmond, by Henry III., 1241 — governor of Dover, sent to prepare for invasion of Poitou, attends parlia- ment of London, 1248 — returns to Savoy, 1255 — recalled by Henry III., 1257 — sent to Paris to assist in negotiations for peace, 1258 — suc- ceeds his brother Boniface as Count of Savoy, 1263 — besieges and takes Turin, 1263— chosen protector of Berne, 1266 — if. at Chillon, 9 Jun. 1268. Peter the Hermit, — ft. in Amiens, about 1050 — serves under Count of Boulogne in Flanders, 107 1 — goes to Jerusalem, 1093 — is received by Pope Urban II., and preaches the crusade, 1095 — sets out with first band, Mar. 1095 — at siege of Antioch, 1097 — reaches Jeru- salem, 1099 — }r. near Huy, Liege, 7 Jul. 1115. Peter des Roches, {de Eupibus,) Bp of "Winchester, — appointed to the see, 1205 — guardian of Henry III., and Joint-regent with Hubert de Burgh, 12 18 — dismissed by the king, Feb. 1227 — goes to Palestine : meets Frederick II. at Acre, Sep. 1228 — in Italy, assists in publishing absolution of Frederick, autumn 1229 — again becomes chief adviser to the king, 1233 — invited to aid Pope Gregory IX., 1233 — his estates ravaged by Llewelyn, Jan. 1234 — on complaint of the bishops of his violence, again dismissed with his adherents, 1234 — Is. at Farnham, 9 Jun. 1238. Peter de Vinea, [de Vineis,) Chief Minister to Emperor Frederick IE, — fj. at Capua, about 1 1 90 — becomes adviser of Frederick, as early as 1225 — ambassador to England, to negotiate marriage of Frederick with Princess Isabella, Nov. 1234 — joint-ambassador to Innocent IY. at Anagni, 1243 — serves at siege of Yiterbo, Oct. 1243 — captures Thomas Aquinas at Ac- quapendente, close of 1243 — ravages Acquapen- dente, 1245 — sent to Lyons, Jul. 1245 — joint- ambassador to St Louis, 1245 — falls into dis- grace, about 1 248 — arrested, blinded and given up to Pisans, 1249 — kills himself, 1249. Peter, Wenceslaus, painter, sculptor,— Is. at Carlsbad, 22 Nov. 1742 — ft. at Rome, 28 Dec. 1829. Peter. [Brittany, Hungary, Savoy, Tus- cany.] Peterborough, (ATedehamstede,) in North- amptonshire. Abbey, founded by Peada, king of Mercia, 655-7 — destroyed by Danes, 870— restored by Ethelwold, Bp of Winchester, 963 — dissolved, 1541. Cathedral, commenced by PETERBOROUGH-PETERWARADIN. Abbot John de Seez, 1117 — completed, 1528 — injured in civil war, 1643. See, founded by Henry VIII., 1541. Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, Earl of, — ft., about 1658 — succeeds his father, John, Lord Mordaunt, 1675 — assists in defence of Tangier against Moors, 1680 — promotes the Revolution, 1688 — accompanies William Prince of Orange to England, 1688 — First Lord Com- missioner of the Treasury, and Earl of Mon- mouth, Apr. 1689 — serves under "William III. in Flanders, 1692— succeeds his uncle as Earl of Peterborough, 1697 — Privy Councillor, Mar. 1705 — joint-commander with Sir Cloudesley Shovel of expedition to Spain, May 1705 — besieges Barcelona, 22 Aug. — storms fort of Montjuich, 6 Sep. — overruns Catalonia and Valencia, 1705 — returns to England, 17 10 — ambassador to Turin and other Italian Courts, 17 10- 1 1 — governor of Minorca, about 1712 — K.C.G., 4 Aug. 17 1 3 — ambassador extraord. to king of Sicily, Nov. 17 13 — General of Marine Forces in Great Britain, 1722 — ts. at Lisbon, 25 Oct. 1735. Peter House, {St Peter's College,) Cambridge, — founded by Hugh Balsham, Bp of Ely, 1257. ' Peterloo Riot,' — Reform meeting, in St Peter's Fields, Manchester, convoked by Hunt and others, dispersed by military, 16 Aug. 18 19. Peter-pence, {Rome-fee, Rome-penning, Rome- scot, Denarii S. Petri, Census S. Petri,) — in England, first paid by Ina, 720, or by Offa, 790 — paid by Ethelwolf, 855 — discontinued by Edward III., 1365 — prohibited, by Act 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21, 1534. Peter's, St, church at Rome, — founded by Constantine, consecrated by Pope Sylvester, 306. New, projected by Nicholas V., 1450 — first stone laid by Julius II., 18 Apr. 1506 — designed and directed by Bramante : continued by San Gallo and Raphael, 15 14 — Peruzzi, 1520 — Michael Angelo, 1541 — Vignola, 1563 — the dome completed by Fontana and Delia Porta, Jul. 1588 to Nov. 1590 — the nave lengthened and portico built by Maderno, 1605-12 — completed, 1614 — dedicated by Ur- ban VIIL, 1626. Colonnades, by Bernini, 1661-7. Peters, Bonaventura, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 16 14 — ft. there, 25 Jul. 1652. Peters, Hugh, Puritan, — ft. in Cornwall, r 599 — M.A. Cambridge, 1622 — goes to America, 1635 — succeeds Roger Williams as pastor at Salem, Dec. 1636 — returns to Eng- land, 1 641 — accompanies Parliamentary army to Ireland, 1649 — joint-commissioner for amendment of laws, 1651 — one of the ' fryers,' 1654 — accompanies Monk to London, 1660 — executed as a regicide, Oct. 1660. Peters, John, pain ter,— fc. at Antwerp, 1625 — tf. there, 1677. Petersburg, St, capital of Russia, — founded by Peter the Great, 16 May 1703 — partly burnt, 1736 and 1737 — suffers from inunda- tions, 1752, 1777, and 1824— 'great fire at, 10 Jun. 1862 — visited by Prince Alfred, 9 Aug. 1862 — by Prince of Wales, Nov. 1866. Cathedrals, of St Isaac, commenced by Ca- therine II., about 1770 — finished, 1859 — of St Peter and St Paul, built, 1712-32—0/ 'our Lady of Kasan, built, 1 800-8. Winter Palace, built, 1754 — destroyed by fire, 29 Dec. 1837 — re- built, 1838. Marble Palace, built, 1770-83. New Michael of Palace, built, 1819-25. Great and Little Hermitages, 1840-50. University, founded, 18 19 — closed, 6 Oct. 1861 — again closed by Imperial Decree, 3 Jan. 1862. Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter the Great, 1723. Academy of Fine Arts, founded, 1754. Lmperial Library, founded, 17 14 — augmented by Zaluski Library, 1795. Monu- ment of Peter the Great, erected, 1773-82. Treaties of, between Peter I. and king of Prussia, respecting war in Pomerania, signed, 30 Oct. 17 15 — between Empress Catherine and king of Prussia, 10 Aug. 1726 — defensive alliance between Regent Anne and Frederick II. of Prussia, 16 Dec. 1740 — alliance between Russia and king of Poland, 4 Feb. 1744 — defensive alliance between Great Britain and Russia, 22 May (2 Jun.) 1746 — between the same, for subsidies, 11 (23) Jun. 1747 — be- tween the same, 30 Sep. 1755 — between Russia and Sweden, to protect navigation of the Baltic, 9 Mar. 1759 — of peace between Czar Peter III. and Frederick II., 5 May 1762 — of alliance between Empress Catherine and Frederick II., 11 Apr. 1764 — of commerce between Great Britain and Russia, 20 Jun. 1766 — for partition of Poland, between Austria, Russia, and Prussia signed, 5 Aug. 177.2 — of alliance between Russia and Den- mark, 1 Aug. 1773 — between Russia and Sweden, for protection of commerce, 1 Aug. 1780 — of commerce, with France, n Jan. 1787 — defensive alliance between Russia and king of Hungary and Bohemia, 12 Jul. 1792 — between Russia and Great Britain, 18 Feb. 1795 — between Paul I. and Order of Malta, 15 Jan. 1797 — alliance between Russia and Two Sicilies, 29 Nov. 1798 — between Russia and Portugal, 28 Sep. 1799 — between Russia and Sweden, 16 Dec. 1800 — Russia and Denmark, 16 Dec. — and Russia and Prussia, 18 Dec. — of commerce with Sweden, 13 Mar. 1801 — for third coalition against France, between England and Russia, signed, 8 Apr. 1805 — of alliance between Sweden and Russia against France, signed, 24 Mar. 18 12 — of peace and . union between Great Britain and Russia, signed, 1 Aug. 1812. Petersburg, in Virginia, JJ. S., — incor- porated, 1748 — burnt and rebuilt, 1815 — Con- federate lines before, unsuccessfully attacked by Gen. Grant, 15 Jun. and 30 Jul. 1864 — abandoned by Confederates and occupied by Federals, 3 Apr. 1865. Peterswalden, in Silesia, — Convention of, between Great Britain and Russia, concluded, 8 Jul. 1813. Peterwaradin, in Austria, — crusaders as- sembled at, by Peter the Hermit, 1096 — forti- fications blown up by Imperialists, 1688 — taken by the Turks, and burnt, 1688 — Prince Eugene defeats Turks at, 5 Aug. 17 16 — remains to the Emperor by Peace of Passaro- PETHION DE VILLENEUVE— PETRIE. witz, 17 1 8— occupied by Hungarians, 1848-9 ■ — surrenders to Austrians, 6 Sep. 1849. Pethion de Villeneuve, Jerome, revolu- tionary leader , Mayor of Paris, — b. at Ckartres, 1753 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres. Assembly, 4 Dec. 1790 — sent to con- duct Louis XVI. back to Paris, Jun. 1791 — Mayor of Paris, 14 Nov. 1791 — deputy to Convention and Pres., Sep. 1792 — proscribed as a Girondist, 31 May 1793 — rj., Jun. 1794. Petion, (Alexandre Sabes,) President op Hayti,— fj. at Port-au-Prince, 2 Apr. 1770 — serves under Eigaud against Toussaint Louver- ture, 1799 — goes to France, 1800 — beads revolt against French, 13 Oct. 1802 — supports Des- salines, 1803-4 — defeated by Cbristopbe, 1 Jan. 1807 — Pres. Republic of Hayti, 27 Jan., a 10 Mar. b 1807 — defends Port-au-Prince against Cbristopbe, 1812 — ft. at Port-au-Prince, 29 Mar. 1 8 18. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Petis de la Croix, Francois, orientalist, — fj. at Paris, 1653 — sent by Colbert to tbe East, 1669 — returns, 1680 — goes to Morocco, 1682 — Prof. Arabic, College Royal, 1692 — Oriental Inter- preter to tbe king, 1695 — rj. at Paris, 4 Dec. 17 13. Les Mi lie et un Jours, (translation,) 17 10-12 — Histoire de Timur-bec, 1722. Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, — 6. at Paris, 13 Mar. 1674 — serves in tbe army, 1692-7 — settles at Paris, 1700 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1715^ 1705 b — one of tbe founders and director of Royal Academy of Surgery, 1731 — ft. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1750,* 1760. b Maladies des os, 1705 — Maladies chirurgicales, 1774. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Petit, Pierre, mathematician, — fc. at Mont- luQon, 1598 — takes part with Pascal in bis experiments on air, 1646-7 — rj. at Lagny-sur- Marne, 20 Aug. 1677. Petit-Thouars. [Dupetit-Thouars.] Petition of Right, — presented to Cbarles I. by botb Houses of Parliament, 28 May 1628 — made law by 3 Car. I. c. 1, 7 Jun. 1628. Petitot, Jean, painter in enamel, — fj. at Geneva, 1607 — in service of Cbarles I. of Eng- land, before 1649 — in service of Louis XIV., 1649 — marries at Paris, 1651 — imprisoned as a Protestant, 1685 — retires to Geneva, 1686 — tr. at Vevay, 1691. Petiver, James, naturalist, — contributes me- moirs to Royal Society, 1697-1717 — tf. in London, 20 Apr. 17 18. Musei Petiveriani Centuries decern, 1695-1703 — Gazophylacium Natures et Artis, 1702-n. Peto, Peter, ( William,) (Friar Peto,) Car- dinal, — fj., about 1477 a — preaches before Henry VIII. and condemns his divorce, 1533 — confessor to Queen Mary, 1553 ? — Cardinal and legate by Paul IV., 14 Jun. 1557— but is forbidden by tbe Queen to land in England : appointed Bp of Salisbury, but If. before con- secration, 1558. a Lingard. Petb'fi, Sandor, poet, — b. in Hungary, 1 Jan. 1823— supports the revolution, 1848-9 — aide-de-camp to Gen. Bern, 1849 — fights at battle of Scbassburg and disappears, 31 Jul. 1849. Poems, 1844-9. Petra, (Selah, Joktheel,) in Arabia, — [B C] — taken by Amaziah of Judab, 827 a — surprised by Athenseus, 312— seat of Arabian princes, (Aretas,) about 70 b — [AD] — acquired by Romans, 105 — favoured by Hadrian and named Hadriana, about 130 ?— seat of a bishopric, before 530 — discovered by Burckhardt, 1812 — visited by Irby and Mangles, 181 8. a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. Petra, in Colchis, — taken by Persians under Chosroes, 541 — besieged by Dagisteus and the Lazi, 549 a — by Bessas with the Lazi, close of 550 b — surrenders, beginning of 55o. b a Gibbon. b Clinton. Petrarca, Francesco, poet, — b. at Arezzo, 20 Jul. 1304 — studies law at Montpellier, 1 3 1 8-2 1 — at Bologna, 1 32 1-4 — loses his mother, 1324 — first sees Laura, at Avignon, 6 Apr. 1327 — accompanies Jacopo Colonna from Avignon to Lombes, 1330 — takes up his re- sidence with Cardinal Colonna at Avignon, autumn 1330 — travels in France and Germany, 1332-3 — canon of Lombes, by Benedict XII. , J 335 — -sets out for Italy, Dec. 1336 — settles at Vaucluse, autumn 1337 — commences his poem on Africa, 1339 — becomes acquainted with the monk Barlaam, 1340— crowned in the Capi- tol, Easter-day 1341 — visits Parma, 1341 — Archdeacon of Parma, 1341 — joint ambassador with Rienzi from Rome to Clement VI., 1342 — ambassador of Clement to Naples, Oct. to Dec. 1343 — supports Rienzi, 1347 — at Verona, hears of Laura's death, 6 Apr. 1348 — assists at Jubi- lee, Rome, 1350 — quits Vaucluse, May 1353 — sent by the Visconti of Milan to negotiate peace with Venice, 1 354 — visits Emperor Charles IV. at Mantua and accompanies him to Milan, Nov. 1 354 — envoy from the Visconti to Emperor at Prague, 1356— to John, king of France, 1360 — removes to Venice, 1362 — to Arqua, 1370 — U. there, 18 Jul. 1374. Petre, Edward, (Father Petre,) Jesuit, — adviser of James II., 1685 — made a Privy Councillor, 17 Jul. 1686 — dismissed, 27 Oct. 1688 — excepted from Indemnity Act, 20 May 1690. Petre, Sir William, statesman, — Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, 1523 — LL.D., 1532 — one of the commissioners for visitation of monasteries, 1535 — Knt, 1538 — Privy Councillor and Sec- retary of State, 1543 — member of Regency during absence of Henry VIII., 1544 — takes part in negotiations for peace witb France and Scotland, at Boulogne, 1550 — Privy Council- lor and Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, 1558— o\, 13 Jan. 1572. Petre, William, Lord, — accused by Titus Oates and sent to the Tower, 23 Oct. 1678 — ft. there, Jan. 1684. Petreius, M.,— [BC]— legatus to C. An- tonius against Catiline, 62 — to Pompey in Spain, 55 — defeated by Caesar and surrenders, 49 — flees from Pharsalia to Patrae, 48 — at Rus- pina and Thapsus, kills himself, ? 46. Petrie, George, painter, antiquary, — fc. at Dublin, 1789 — visits London, 181 3 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 18 16 — visits Isles of Arran, 1821— A.R.H.A., 1826— R.H.A., 1828— Li- 7i PETBOBBUSSIANS— PEYBONNET. brarian, 1830 — connected with Ordnance Sur- vey of Ireland, 1833-46 — receives a pension, 1 849 — visits Scotland, 1 856 — resigns Presidency of B.H.A., 1858— tf. at Dublin, 17 Jan. 1866. Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland, 1845. Petrobrussians. [Brueys, Peter of.] Petrocorius, (Petrocordius,) Paulinus, poet, — fl., about 473. Petrof, Vassili Petrovich, poet, — ft. at Moscow, 1736 — "Jj., 1799- Works, 1811. Petroleum, — in England, safe keeping of, provided for by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 66, 29 Jul. 1862 — amended, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 56, 13 Jul. 1868 — those Acts repealed and new provisions made by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 105, 2 1 Aug. 1 87 1 . In France, used by Communists for burning of Paris, May 187 1. . Petronius, C, (T.,) (Arbiter,)— kills him- self, 66. Petropaulovski, in Kamtschatka, — bom- barded by allied French and English fleet, 3 1 Aug. and 1 Sep. 1 854 — abandoned by Eussians, 1854 — occupied by French and English, 15 May 1855. Petrus, Bp of Alexandria, — appointed, aut. 300 — suffers in Diocletian persecution, 304, »fec. — martyred by command of Maximin Daza, (29 Athyr.) 25-6 Nov. 311-12. Petrus, Bp op Sebaste, — ft., before 349 — presbyter, soon after 370 — Bp of Sebaste, about 380 a — tf., after 391. a Tillemont. Petrus, — Consul of Borne, (1269, a. u.c.) 516. Petrus Fullo, {Grapheus,) Patkiarch op Antioch, — usurps see of Antioch, 469, 47i, a — banished to Egypt, but finds refuge at Con- stantinople -: restored to see by Basiliscus, 476, 475 a — deposed by synod of Antioch, 477, 478 a —restored by Zeno, (5978. Al. E.) 485-6 >>—:&., 488,c d (5983. Al. E.) 490-i.b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Theophanes. c Victor. d Bollandus. Petrus Mongus, Patriarch op Alexan- dria, — appointed on death of Timothy iElu- rus, 477, and deprived by Zeno: restored by Zeno, 482 — rj., 490. Petrus Patricius et Magister, Bijzantine historian, — ambassador from Justinian I. to Amalasuntha and Theodatus, 534 — imprisoned by Theodatus, 535-8 — magister offic, 538 — patricius, about 550 — ambassador to Chosroes I., 550 — negotiates with Pope Vigilius, 551-2 — ambassador to Chosroes, and ft., 562. Petrus Aponus. [Abano.] Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, surgeon, archa- ologist, — ft. in London, 28 Oct. 1791 — admitted to Medical Society, 1808 — founds Philosophical Society, 18 10 — Secretary to Boyal Humane Society, 1813-20 — Librarian to Duke of Sus- sex, about 1820— assists in founding Charing Cross Hospital, about 1820 — tf. at Kensington, 23 Nov. 1865. Superstitions connected with Medicine and Surgery, 1843 — Memoirs of Er Lettsom, 18 17 — History of Egyptian Mum- mies, 1834 — Medical Portrait Gallery, 1840 — Chronicles of the Tombs, 1847 — liibliotheca •Siinscxiana, 1827-39. Petty, Henry and William. [Lansdowne, Earls of.~\ Petty, Sir William, mechanician, economist, — ft. at Bomsey, in Hampshire, 16 May 1623 — visits France and the Netherlands, 1643-6 — M.D., Fellow of Brasenose Coll. Oxford,i649— Prof. Anatomy, Oxford, 1650 — Prof. Medicine, Gresham Coll., 1651 — physician to army in Ireland, 1652 — M.P., 1658 — impeached, 1659 — one of the founders of Boyal Society, 166c- — Knt, by Charles II., 1661 — U. at Westmin- ster, 16 Dec. 1687. Treatise on Taxes and Contributions, 1667 — Political Anatomy of Ire- land, 1692 — Political Arithmetic, 1676. Petty Bag Office, in Chancery, — regulated by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 94, 31 Aug. 1848, and 12 and 13 Vic. c. 109, 1 Aug. 1849. Peukestes, — [B C] — accompanies Alexander in his expedition, 334 — satrap of Persia, 333 ? — again, 323-321 — joins Eumenes against An- tigonus, 317 — deprived of satrapy, &c, 316. Peutinger, Conrad, antiquary, — b. at Augs- burg, 1465 — studies in Italy, 1482-6 — Secre- tary to town of Augsburg, 1493 — created patri- cian, 1538 — fr. there, 28 Dec. 1547. Sermones convivales, 1530. Peutingerian Table, Map of Roman World, — probably constructed about 226 — reduced copy published by Muretus, 1598 — published (original size) by Von Scheyb, 1753. Pevensey, in Sussex, — [Anderida] — the port entered by Earl Godwin and Harold, who cap- ture many ships, 1043 — William the Conqueror lands at, 28 Sep. 1066 — Odo, Bp of Bayeux, besieged in the Castle, by William Bufus, 1088 — unsuccessfully attacked by Simon de Montfort, 1265 — successfully defended by Lady Jane Pelham against adherents of Bichard II., 1399- Pevernage, Andre, musical composer, — ft. at Courtrai, about 1541 — 3j. at Antwerp, 1589. Pews, (Pues,) in England, — wooden seats in churches introduced, about io8o-noo a — the term used in Vision of Piers the Plowman,* about 1365 — erection of, mentioned as early as 1449 a — condemned by Bp Corbett, 1622 a — first (?) church pewed throughout, (Bishop's Castle, Shropshire,) about 1638 a — Select Com- mittee of Lords on, condemns system of appro- priation, 1857-8. a Neale. Peyrere, Isaac de la, — ft. at Bordeaux, 1594 — imprisoned for his Prceadamitce, at Brussels, 1656 — Librarian to Prince of Conde, 1659 — ty. near Paris, 13 Jan. 1676. Prceadamitce, 1654. Peyron, Jean Francois Pierre, painter, — ft. at Aix, 15 Nov. 1744 — obtains grand prize, 1773 — admitted to Academy, 1783 — Director of Gobelins manufacture, 1785 — if., 20 Jan. 1815. Peyronie, Francois G-igot de la, surgeon, — ft. at Montpellier, 15 Jan. 1678 — goes to Paris, 1714 — ennobled, 1721 — Free Associate of Academy of Sciences, 1732 — First Surgeon to the king, 1736 — accompanies him to Flanders, 1744 — if. at Versailles, 25 Aug. 1747. Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, Count de, statesman, — ft. at B®rdeaux, Oct. 1778 — mem- ber of Chamber of Deputies, 1820— Minister of Justice, 14 Dec. 1821 — Count, 17 Aug. 1822 — introduces bill to establish censorship, 1827 — dismissed from office, and made Peer of PEZBON— PHASELIS. 1I2 3 France, Jan. 1828 — Minister of Interior, 16 May 1830 — convicted of high treason and sentenced to imprisonment for life, end of Aug. 1830 — liberated, 17 Oct. 1836 — tf., 2 Jan. 1854. Pensees d'un prisonnier, 1834 — His- toire des Francs, 1846. Pezron, Paul, chronologist, — fj. at Hennebon, 1639 — enters Cistercian Order, 1661 — D.D., 1682 — Vicar-general of Beformed Houses of his Order in He de France, Champagne, and Picardy, 1690 — Abbot of la Charmoye, 1697 — resigns, 1703 — tf. at Chessy, 1706. Antiquite des Temps re'tablie et defendu, 1687 — Defense, 1 69 1 — Essai d'un Commentaire sur les Pro- phetes, 1693 — Histoire evangelique confirmee par la Judaique et la Romaine, 1696. Pfaff, Christian Heinrich, natural philoso- pher, chemist, — fj. at Stuttgard, 1772 — Prof. Chemistry, Kiel, 1801 — tf. there, 24 Apr. 1852. System der Materia 31edica,i^o%-z^. — Elektro- magnetismus, 1824 — PLandbuch der Analy- tischen Chemie, 1824-25. Pfaff, Christoph Matthaeus, theologian, — ft. at Stuttgard, 22 Dec. 1686 — as tutor accom- panies hereditary Prince of Wurtemberg to Italy, 1708 — Prof. Theology, Tubingen, 1717 — Chancellor of Univ., 1720 — Count-palatine, 1724 — member of Academy of Berlin, 1731 — Chancellor of Univ. of Giessen, 1756 — Dean "of Faculty of Theology, 1756 — tf. at Giessen, 19 Nov. 1760. Institutiones theologicce, dog- maticce, et morales, 17 19 — Lntroductio in his- toriam theologies litter ariam, 1720 — edition of Lactantius, 17 12. Pfaffenhofen, in Bavaria, — Gen. Batthyani defeats French and Bavarians at, 15 Apr. 1745 — Gen. Oudinot defeats Austrians, 19 Apr. 1809. Pfeiffer, August, orientalist, — fj. in Saxony, 1640 — D.D., 1 68 1 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages, Leipzic, 168 1 — Super- intendent at Liibeck, 1689 — tf. at Liibeck, n Jan. 1698. Critica Sacra, 1680 — Opera philo- logica, 1704. Pfeiifer, Ida, traveller, — fj. at Vienna, 15 Oct. 1797 — marries, 1820 — commences her travels, 1842 — tf. at Vienna, 1858. Frauenfahrt um die Welt, 1850 — Zweite Weltreise, 1856. Phaeax, orator, — [B C] — ambassador of Athens to Italy and Sicily, about Leontia and Syracuse, 422. Phaedon, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 76.1,) 476.* a Clinton. Phaedon, philosopher, — [BC]— taken pri- soner in war between Sparta and Elis, 401-400 ■ — sold at Athens, 400 — founds School of Philo- sophy at Elis, after 400. Phaedrus, fabulist, — {L, about 25. Phaeneas, JEtolian strategics, — [B C] — strate- gus, 198 — opposes Philip: serves under Fla- minius, 197 — strategus, 192 — opposes war: ambassador to submit to Borne, 191 — captured by Epeirots, 190 — ambassador to conclude peace, 189. Phaenippos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (0.1 72, 3,) 490. Phalaecos, — [BC] — commands in Pho^ian "War, 351-47 — commands Phocseans again, 346 —makes treaty with Philip of Macedonia, be- trays Phocaeans, 346— killed at siege of Ky- donia, about 338. Phalaris,— [B C] — Tyrant of Agrigentum, beginning of 57°-555, a (01. 53, 4,) 565,* [5 6 5-4-549> c ] ( 01 - 52,3,) 570 d — overthrown by Telemachus, (01. 57, 3,) 550-49 b — tf., 549. [Perillus.] a Clinton. b Muller. c Hieron. d Euseb. Suidas. Phalsbourg-, (Pfalzburg,) in Lorraine, — fortress built by Count Palatine, 1570 — given up by Duke of Lorraine to France, 17 18 — blockaded by allies, 18 14-15 — invested by Crown Prince of Prussia, 9 Aug. 1870 — bom- barded, 10 and 14 Aug. and 24 Nov. — entered by Germans, 12 Dec. 1870. Phanias (Phcenias) of Eresos, philosopher, historian, — $., about 320. Phanocles, elegiac poet, — [BC] — £{., about 335- Phanostratos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 99, 2,) 383. Pharasmanes, King of Iberia, — aids his brother Mithridates in seizing throne of Ar- menia, 35 — incites his son Bhadamistus against him, 53 — puts Bhadamistus to death, 55. Pharmaceutical Society, of London, — estab- lished, 1 Jun. 1 841 — chartered, 18 Feb. 1843 — regulated by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 56, 30 Jun. 1852. Pharmacopoeia, — Number g, published, 1542 — London, 161 8 — Edinburgh, 1699 — Dublin, 1807 — British, published under direction of General Medical Council, 1864 — official pub- lication of, 14 Jun. 1867. . Pharnabazus, Satrap at the Hellespont, — [B C] — begins intrigues with Sparta, against Athens, 412— aids Spartans against Athenians at Hellespont, battle of Abydos, siege of Kyzikos, 411 -410 — defeated by Alkibiades and Thrasyllus, at Abydos, 409 — peacowith Athens, 408 — detains ambassadors to Susa : opposes return of the Ten Thousand, 400 — in Perso- Spartan War, joins with Conon against Sparta, 397-3— invaded by Agesilaos, 396-5 — with Conon, plunders Peloponnesian coasts, spring 393 — commander in invasion of Egypt, 392-0— again, 374. Pharnaces II., King of Pontus, {Bosporos,) — [B C] — revolts against his father, Mithridates, 63, and becomes king — receives kingdom of Bosporos from Pompey, 63 — defeats Domitius Calvinus and Deiotarus and regains Pontus, 47 — defeated by Caesar at Zela, 47— defeated and slain by Asander, 47. Pharos, The, at Alexandria, — [BC]— built by Ptolemy Soter and his successor, completed, 283 — island devastated when Caesar besieged Alexandria, 47— [AD]— anchorites frequent, between 300-500. Pharsalia, battle of [Pharsalus.] Pharsalus, in Thessaly,— [B C]— Polydamas governor, 375 — put to death by Polyphron, 370 — Caesar defeats Pompey at, 48. Phaselis, in Pamphylia — [BC] — founded by Lakios with Bhodians and Cretans, 690^ (01. 16, 4,) 713^ [676.C] a Euseb. b Muller. c Hieron. 71 * I 1 24 PHASIS— PHILIP I. Phasis, — [BC]- colony of Miletus, about 750. Phayllus, — [B C] — serves under Onomarchus in Social (Phocian) War, 352— Lycophron of Pherse joins, before midsummer 352 — defeated, 352 — rj., 351. Pheidias, sculptor, — [BC] — h., about 490a — overseer of all public works at Athens, about (01. 84) 444— goes to Elis, 437— on his re- turn to Athens, prosecuted for impiety, (01. 87, 1,) 432 — rj., 432. Parthenon and Statue of Athene, finished and dedicated, (01. 85, 3,) middle Jul. 43 8. b Statue of Zeus, at Olym- pia, finished, 433. Athene robbed of its gold by Lachares, about 296. [AD] — Zeus removed to Constantinople by Theodosius L, 379-95 — and destroyed by fire, 475. a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. Pheidon, Tyrant of Argos,— [BC]— [895- 869,^] — attempts to conquer Corinth, about (01. 3) 768° — celebrates the games at Olympia, (01. 8,) Jul. 748 b — invents weights and mea- sures, between 770-730. a Par. Marti. b Pausanias. c Miiller. Phelippeaux, A. Ls Picard de, Vendean leader, — b. in Poitou, 1768 — enters military school of Paris, 1783 — emigrates, 1791 — serves under emigrant Princes in campaign of 1792 — serves in France, 1795-6— takes part with Sir Sydney Smith in defence of Acre, 1799 — tj. there, May 1799. Phenol, [Phenic Acid, Carbolic Acid, Phenic Alcohol,) — obtained from coal tar by Laurent, 1846-7 — process improved by Mansfield, 1847 —by Boboeuf, 1856 — by Calvert, 1859. Pherae, in Thessaly,-~[B C] — Jason, Tyrant of, 374-370 — Polyphron, 370-369 — Alexander, autumn 369 to before midsummer 359 — Tisi- phonus, before midsummer 359-357 a — Lyco- phron, 357— surrenders to Philip, and repub- lican government restored, summer 352. Pherecles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 119, 1,) 304. Pherecrates, comic poet, — [BC] — gains his first victory, (01. 85, 3,) 438. Agrioi, Feb. 420. Pherekydes, of Syros, philosopher, — [BC] — «., 600— £{., (01. 59,) 544. Pherekydes, of Athens, logographer, — [B C] -6., (01. 75,) 4 8o,a (01. 81,) 455 . b a Suidas. b Euseb. and Cnron. Pasch. Phidias. [Pheidias.] Phigalia, (Phigaleia,) in Arcadia, — [BC] — taken by Lacedaemonians, (01. 30, 2,) 659. Phigaleian Marbles. [Elgin Marbles.] Phila, — [B C] — married to Balacrus, 332 ? — to Craterus, 322 — to Demetrius, 319? — re- ceives remains of Craterus from Ariston, 315 — attempts reconciliation of Cassander with Demetrius, after 301 — besieged by Ptolemy in Salamis, 295 — kills herself on dethronement of Demetrius, 287. Philadelphia, in Asia Minor, {Alia Shehr,) — [B C] — founded or enlarged by Attalus Phila- delphus, 157-137 — becomes subject to Romans, 133 — [AD] — besieged by Turks, and the siege raised by Roger de Flor, 1304 a — besieged by 8, relieved by Ahxios Philanthropenos", ; 5~3 u ~ mentioned as independent, 1336 s — taken by Bajazet I., 1390^ i39i. c Council of, against Beryllus, Bp of Bosra, held, 242. a Finlay. b Smith's Diet. c Ersch and Gruber. Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, U. S., — founded by William Penn, 1682— first Con- gress meets at, 5 Sep. 1774 — Declaration of Independence adopted at, Apr. 1776 — taken by British under Howe, 26 Sep. 1777 — recovered by Americans, 18 Jun. 1778 — ravaged by yellow fever, 1793 — ceases to be capital of Pennsyl- vania, and seat of government transferred to Washington, 1800 — riots at, suppressed by mili- tary, 1844. University, founded, 1765 — in- corporated, 1 79 1. Library, commenced by Franklin, 17 31. Mint, founded, 1792 — Ame- rican Philosophical Society, founded, 1743. Academy of Fine Arts, established, 1807. Athenceum, established, 18 14. Girard College, founded by Stephen Girard, 1831. Philanthropic Society, — for reformation of young criminals, originated by Robert Young, 1788 — incorporated, 1806. [Reformatory.] Phile, (Philes,) Manuel, Byzantine poet, — b. at Ephesus, about 1275 — )j., probably about 1340. Philemon, comic poet, (New Comedy,) — [BC] — ft., about 360— begins to exhibit, before (01. 113) 330— *., (01. 129, 3,) 262.* a "Wesseling ad Diod. Philemon, Epistle of Paul to, written, about 63-4^ a Smith's Diet. Bib. Philetaerus. [Pergamus.] Philetas, of Cos, elegiac poet, — [BC] — fl., 336-290 a — tf., about 28o. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Philharmonic Society, of London, — estab- lished, 1 813. Philibert. [Savoy.] Philidor, (Francois Andre Lanican,) mu- sical composer, chess-player, — b. at Dreux, 7 Sep. 1726 — travels in Holland, Germany, and England, 1745-54 — fr. in London, 31 Aug. 1795. Analysis of the Game of Chess, 1749. Philinus, historian, — [B C] — £L, about 216. Philip of Suabia, Emperor of the Ro- mans, — created Marquis of Tuscany, 1195 — marries Irene, widow of Roger of Sicily, 1195 — succeeds his father, Frederick Barbarossa, as Duke of Suabia, n 96 — excommunicated by Celestine III., 1197 — on death of his brother Henry VI., gets himself appointed Regent, and guardian for Frederick II., 11 98 — elected King of the Romans, 6 Mar. 11 98 — absolved and crowned at Mentz, by Abp of Taranto, about Easter n 98 — carries on war with his rival, Otto IV. : gets himself again elected, and is crowned with his wife at Aix-la-Chapelle, 6 Jan. 1205 — obtains victory over Otto, 1206 — makes his peace with Innocent III., 1207 — assassinated at Bamberg, by Otto of TVittels- bach, 23 Jun. 1208 — his remains removed to Spire, 1 2 13. Philip I., King of France, — b., 1053 — crowned atRheims, 1059 — succeeds his father, Henry I., Aug. 1060 — regency of his mother, Anne of Russia : on her retirement, regency of Baldwin V., Count of Flanders, 1062 to 1 Sep. PHILIP. 1125 1067 — invades Flanders, and is defeated by Robert the Frisian at Montcassel, 20 Feb. 1 07 1 — marries Bertha, daughter of Robert, 1072 — marches against William the Conqueror, and raises siege of Dole, 1075 — the war ter- minated by William's death, 1087 — supports Robert, Duke of Normandy, against William Rufus, 1090 — shuts up Bertha at Montreuil and marries Bertrada, wife of Fulk of Anjou, Jun. 1092 — on death of Bertha, gets his mar- riage sanctioned by Council of Rheims, 16 Sep. 1094— excommunicated by Council of Autun, 16 Oct. — again by Urban II. at Coun- cil of Clermont, 1095 — dismisses Bertrada and is absolved, early in 1097 — associates his son Louis in the kingdom, 1098 or 1099 — recalls Bertrada, and is again excommunicated by Coun- cil of Poitiers, n 00 — absolved by Pascal II., 2 Dec. 1 104 — receives Pascal II. at Paris, 1 107 — ft. at Melun, 29 Jul. 1108. Philip II. Augustus, King op France, — ft., 21 Aug. 1 1 65 — crowned at Rheims, 1 Nov. 1179 — marries Isabella of Hainault, 28 Apr. 1 1 80 — crowned again, with her, at St Denis, 29 May — succeeds his father, Louis VII., 18 Sep., under regency of Philip, Count of Flan- ders : concludes treaty of alliance with Henry II., 1 1 80 — suppresses revolt of nobles, 1180- 82 — expels the Jews, Apr. 11 82 — makes war on Count of Flanders, and acquires County of Yermandois, 1183-85 — disperses the Braban- c,ons, 1 1 84 — quarrels with Henry II. of Eng- land about dower of Alice, his sister, betrothed to Richard, 1 187 — with Richard, carries on war against Henry, 11 87 — with Henry, projects crusade, Jan. 11 88 — holds assembly at Paris, and orders levy of the Saladin tenth, 27 Mar. 1x88 — loses his queen, 15 Mar. 11 90 — takes the cross at St Denis, 24 Jun. 1190 — meets Richard at Vezelai, 4 Jul. — passes winter in Sicily, 1 1 90- 1 — arrives before Acre, 13 Apr. 1 191 — [Crusades] — quarrels with Richard, Jul. — returns to France, about end of 1191 — marries Ingeburga, 14 Aug. 11 93 — excites re- volt against Richard in Aquitaiue and invades Normandy, 1193 — defeated by Richard near Freteval, and records of the kingdom captured, 5 Jul. 1 1 94 — has conference with Richard, 7 May 1 195 — concludes peace, 15 Jan. 1196 — marries Agnes of Meranie, Jun. 11 96 — nar- rowly escapes with his life at combat of Gisors, 28 Sep. 1196^ 20 Sep. ii98 b — another com- bat at Gisors, 28 Oct. 1197 b — concludes a truce with Richard for five years, 1 3 Jan. 1 1 99 — supports claim of Prince Arthur, 11 99 — gar- risons his territories and attacks Normandy, 1200 — acknowledges King John, 23 May 1200 — receives him at Paris, Jul. 1201 — makes war on him, 1202 — cites him to answer for death of Arthur, 30 Apr. 1203 — conquers Normandy, 1203-4 — reduces Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, 1204 — makes truce for two years with John, Sep. 1206 — prepares to invade England, 121 3 — invades Flanders, 121 3 — his fleet at Damme burnt by Earl of Salisbury, 12 13 — again in- vades Flanders, Jul. 12 14 — defeats Otto IV. and allies at Bouvines, 27 Jul. — accepts offer of English crown for his son Louis, 26 Apr. 1216 — [Louis, Prince] — ft. at Mantes, 14 Jul. 1223. a Art de verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. Philip III. the Bold, King of France, — ft., May 1245 — marries Isabella of Aragon, 28 May 1262 — on death of his father, St Louis, is proclaimed King, at Tunis, 25 Aug. 1270 — continues siege of Tunis : makes truce of ten years with king of Tunis, and embarks for France, 28 Nov. — loses his wife, Jan. 1271 — reaches Paris, 21 May — crowned at Rheims, 15 or 31 Aug. — succeeds to County of Tou- louse, 127 1 — suppresses revolt of Count of Foix, May 1272 — gives up the Venaissin to Gregory X., Apr. 1274 — marries Mary of Brabant, Aug. 1274 — obtains cession of Normandy from Edward I., 1279 — invades Catalonia, spring 1285 — storms Elna, 25 May — passes the Pyrenees and besieges Gerona, Jun. to Sep. 1285 — fr. at Perpignan, 5 Oct. 1285. Philip IV. the Fair, King op France, — ft. at Fontainebleau, 1268 — marries Joanna, Queen of Navarre, 16 Aug. 1284 — accompanies his father, Philip the Bold, into Catalonia, 1285 — proclaimed King, at Perpignan, 6 Oct. 1285 — leads back army to France, 1285 — crowned with his queen at Rheims, 6 Jan. 1286 — receives homage of Edward I. at Paris, Whit- suntide, 5 Jun, 1286 — despoils the Jews, 1290 — imprisons Italian merchants, 1291 — cites Edward I. to answer respecting hostilities be- tween Cinque Ports and Normans, Nov. 1293 — again, 5 May 1294 — declares Edward's fiefs in France forfeited, 1294— carries on war with English, Dec. 1294-7 — makes war on Guy, Count of Flanders, 1297 — makes truce for two years with England, close of 1297 — concludes peace, 19 Nov. 1298 — his quarrel with the pope begins, 1301 — [see Boniface VIII. and William of JSfogaret] — battle of Courtrai, 1302 — enters Flanders, but concludes treaty with Edward I., and cedes Guienne to him, 20 May 1303 — again invades Flanders, and defeats Flemings at Mons-en-Puelle, 18 Aug. 1304 — loses his Queen Joanna, 2 Apr. 1305 — promotes election of Clement V., 1305 — commences pro- ceedings against Knights Templars, 1307 — again invades Flanders, 1 3 1 3 — tf. at Fontaine- bleau, 29 Nov. 1 3 14. Philip V. the Tall, King of France, — ft., about 1294 — marries Joanna of Burgundy, Jan. 1307 — Knt and Count of Poitiers, 13 13 — de- clared Regent of Navarre on death of his brother Louis X., Jul. 13 16— on death of his nephew, John I., Nov. 13 16, is crowned King of France at Rheims, 6 Jan. 13 17 — convokes States-General, and gets Salic Law confirmed, Feb. 1 317 — persecutes Albigenses, Vaudois, and Fratricelli, 1319-22 — terminates war with Flanders, by treaty of 2 May 1320 — persecutes lepers and Jews, 1321— tf. at Longchamps, near Paris, 2 or 3 Jan. 1322. Philip VI. of Valois, King oe France, — ft., 1293— marries Jane of Burgundy, Jul. 1313— fails in expedition against Ghibellines in Lom- bardy, 1320— succeeds his father as Count of Valois, of Maine and Anjou, Dec. 1325 — Regent on death of Charles IV., Feb. 1328— 126 PHILIP. crowned King of France at Rheims, 29 May — defeats Flemings at Cassel, 23 or 24 Aug. — receives homage of Edward III. as Duke of Guienne, at Amiens, 6 Jun. 1329 — visits Bene- dict XII. at Avignon, 1336 — assists the Scots against Edward III., 1337 — invasion of France by Edward, 1339 — his fleet defeated at Sluys, 24 Jun. 1 340 — challenged to single combat by Edward, 22 Jul. — refuses to meet him, 30 Jul. — concludes a truce, 20 Sep. — adjudges Duchy of Brittany to Charles of Blois, 1341 — war with England renewed, 1341 — truce concluded by mediation of Papal legates, 19 Jan. 1343 — holds a tournament at Paris, and puts to death Olivier Clisson, Jan. 1 344 — puts to death other Breton nobles, Nov. 1344— war with England renewed, 1345,* i344 b — defeated by Edward at Crecy,26 Aug. 1346 — siege of Calais, 1346-7 — concludes a truce, Sep. 1347 — loses his queen, 12 Dec. 1349 — marries Blanche of Navarre, 29 Jan. 1350 — acquires Dauphinyfor the Crown, Mar. — acquires Lordship of Mont- pellier, from James, king of Majorca, Apr. — tf. at Nogent-le-Roi, near Chartres, 22 Aug. 1350. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. Philip I. of Castile. [Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy.] Philip II., King of Spain, — ft. at Valladolid, 21 May 1527 — receives title of Duke of Milan ; marries Maria of Portugal, 13 Nov. 1543 — loses his wife, 16 Jul. 1545 — joins his father, Charles V., at Brussels, 1548-50 — King of Naples, 1554 — lands in England, 19 Jul. 1554 — marries Mary, Queen of England, at "Win- chester, 25 Jul. — leaves England, Sep. 1555 — sovereign of the Netherlands on abdication of his father, Charles V., 25 Oct. 1555 — King of Spain, on like abdication, 5 Feb. 1556 — comes to England, 1557 — induces Mary to declare war on France, 7 Jun. — battle of St Quentin, 10 Aug. — present at storming of the town, 27 Aug. — battle of Gravelines, 1558 — Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559— marries Isabella of France, 22 Jun. 1559 — appoints his sister Mar- garet, Duchess of Parma, governess of the Netherlands, Aug. 1559 — arrives in Spain, Aug. — present at Auto da Fe, 1559 — transfers seat of government from Toledo to Madrid, 1560 — founds Escurial, 1563 — persecutes heretics in Naples, 1564 — persecutes Moors, 1565 — [see Netherlands, Revolt of the] — im- prisons his son Don Carlos, 18 Jan. 1568 — loses his son, 24 Jul. — loses his queen, 3 Oct. — has Antwerp Polyglott printed at his ex- pence, 1569 — battle of Lepanto, 157 1 — marries Archduchess Anna Maria, 12 Nov. 1570 — visits provinces of Spain, 1576 — on death of Henry of Portugal, acquires that kingdom, 1580 — sends the Armada against England, 1588 — intrigues in France against Henry of Navarre, 1585-93 — his ministers attempt assassination of Queen Elizabeth, 1593-4 — tf. at the Escurial, 13 Sep. 1598. Philip III., King of Spain, — fc. at Madrid, 14 Apr. 1578 — succeeds his father, Philip II., 13 Sep. 1598 — makes Duke of Lerma his first minister: marries Margaret of Austria, 18 Apr. 1599 — continues war in the Netherlands: sends embassy to James I. of England, 1603 — concludes truce for twelve years, and recognizes independence of United Provinces, 9 Apr. 1609 — expels Moors of Valencia, 9 Dec. 1609 — ex- pels all Moors of Spain, 10 Jan. 16 10 — loses his queen, 3 Oct. i6n — dismisses Lerma, Oct. 161 8 — ministry of Duke of TTzeda, 16 18 — rj. at Madrid, 31 Mar. 1621. Philip IV., King of Spain,— ft. at Valla- dolid, 8 Apr. 1605 — marries Isabella of France, 25 Nov. 16 15 — succeeds his father, Philip III., 31 Mar. 1 62 1 — ministry of Olivarez : renews war with the Dutch, 162 1 — fruitless negotia- tions with English Court for marriage of Prince Charles and the Infanta, 1623 — visit of Prince Charles to Madrid, Mar. 1623 — concludes mar- riage treaty, 20 Jul. — treaty broken off, Dec. — war with England, Mar. 1624 — siege of Breda, 1624-5 — war with France, begins, 1636 — revolt of Catalonia, 1640 — revolt and separation of Portugal, 1 Dec. 1640 — dismisses Olivarez, and appoints De Haro first minister, 1643 — revolt of Naples, 1647 — [Masaniello] — another, under Duke of Guise, Oct. to Nov. 1647 to Apr. 1648 — renounces the Netherlands by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — reduction of Catalonia by Don Juan, 1652 — Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 — has interview with Louis XIV. at Bidassoa, Jun. 1660 — marries his daughter Maria Teresa to Louis XIV., 9 Jun. 1660 — deprives Don Juan of command in the army, 1664 — battle of Villaviciosa, 1665 — &., 17 Sep. 1665. Philip V., King of Spain, — h. at Versailles, 19 Dec. 1683 — receives title of Duke of Anjou : called by testament of Charles II. to the throne, 2 Oct. 1700 — proclaimed at Fontainebleau, 16 Nov. — and at Madrid, 24 Nov. — enters Madrid, 14 Apr. 1 701 — league formed by the Emperor, England, and Holland to dethrone him, 7 Sep. — [Spanish Succession, War of the] — loss of Oran to Moors, 1708 — marries Mary Louisa of Savoy, 11 Sep. 17 11 — recognized as king by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — loses his queen, 14 Feb. 17 14 — yields himself to guidance of Princess des LTrsins, 17 14— marries Elizabeth Farnese, 24 Dec. 17 14 — appoints Alberoni first minister, 17 15 — his projects give rise to the Quadruple Alliance, 17 18 — dismisses Al- beroni, 5 Dec. 17 19 — accedes to Quadruple Alliance, 17 Feb. 1720 — abdicates in favour of his son, Don Louis, 10 Jan. 1724 — on his death resumes the crown, 6 Sep. 1724 — concludes treaty with Emperor, Sep. 1725 — unsuccessful siege of Gibraltar, 1727 — Treaty of Seville, 1729 — declares war on the Emperor, 1733 — establishes his son, Don Carlos, as King of Two Sicilies, 1735 — Treaty of the Prado, 1739 — England declares war against, 30 Oct. 1739 — declares war on England, 28 Nov. — attempts to establish Don Philip in Italy, 1742-6 — [Parma] — tf. at Madrid, 9 Jul. 1746. Philip, Count of Evreux. [Joanna II., Queen of Navarre.] Philip. [Palatinate, Orleans, Savoy, Tus- cany, Flanders.] Philip de Kouvre. [Burgundy, Duchy of.] Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy,— b., PHILIP— PHILIPPINES. 1127 15 Jan. 1342 — distinguishes himself and is captured by English at battle of Poitiers, 1 356 Duchy of Touraine erected for him, 1360 — — named Lieutenant-general in .Burgundy, 27 Jun. 1363 — Duke of Burgundy, 6 Sep. 1363 — marries Margaret of Flanders, 19 Jun. 1369 — succours Troyes threatened by the English, 1379 — contributes to victory of Rosebecque, Nov. 1382 — Count of Burgundy, Flanders, Artois, &c, on death of Louis de Male, Jan. 1384 — buys County of Charolais of John, Count of Armagnac, 1390 — Regent of France with Duke of Berri, 1392 — "ft., 28 Apr. 1404. Philip the Good, Dukr op Burgundy, — ft. at Dijon, 30 Jun. 1396 — marries Michelle de France, Jun. 1409 — succeeds his father, John Sans Peur, 10 Sep. 141 9 — forms alliance with Henry V. of England, 1419 — joins iu Treaty of Troyes, 1420 — founds university of Dole, 1421 — loses his wife, 8 Jul. 1422 — marries his sister Anne to Duke of Bedford, 13 Apr. 1423— holds conference with Dukes of Brittany and Bedford at Amiens, treaty of alliance concluded, 17 Apr. — marries Bonne d' Artois, 30 Nov. 1424 — she dies, 17 Sep. 1425 — marries Isabella of Portugal, 10 Jan. 1429 — takes part in siege of Orleans, 1429 — inherits Brabant, 1429 — appointed governor of Paris, 1429 — quarrels with Bedford, 1432 — Congress of Arras, 1435 — -withdraws from English alliance, 21 Sep. 1435 — besieges Calais, 19 Jul. to 2 Aug. 1436 — his territories ravaged by Talbot, 1437 — ransoms Charles, Duke of Orleans,taken prisoner at Agincourt, Nov. 1440 — inherits Duchy of Luxemburg, 145 1 — protects Louis, Dauphin of France, 1456— sends ambassadors to Con- gress of Mantua, 1459 — assists at coronation of Louis XL, 146 1 — makes war on Louis, gives up administration of his Duchy to his son Charles, Count of Charolais, Apr. 1465 — [Charles the Hold] — present at destruction of Dinant, Aug. 1465 — ft. at Bruges, 15 Jun. 1467. • Philip the Fair, Duke op Burgundy and King or Castile, — fi. at Bruges, 22 Jul. 1478 ■ — Count of Flanders on death of his mother, Mary of Burgundy, Mar. 1482 — Duke of Bur- gundy, 1493 — declared of age, 1495 — marries Infanta Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 21 Oct. 1496 — on death of Isabella, assumes title of King of Castile, Nov. 1504 — sets out with his wife for Spain, 8 Nov. 1505 — driven by storms on coast of England, 26 Jan. 1506 — makes commercial treaty with Henry VII. and is compelled to give up Earl of Suffolk, Jan. to Apr. — crowned with his wife at Burgos, May — tf. there, 25 Sep. 1506. Philip the Magnanimous, Landgrave of Hesse, — fi., 13 Nov. 1504 — succeeds his father, "William II., n Jul. 1509 — under regency of his mother, Anne of Mecklenburg, till 15 18 — visits Luther at Worms, 1520 — marries, 1523 — contributes to suppression of insurrection of peasants, 1525 — embraces the Reformation, 1526 — attempts to mediate between Luther and Zwingli at Marburg, 1529 — signs Confession of Augsburg, 1530— joins League of Smalkald, 153 1 — defeats Imperialists at Lauffen and re- stores Ulrich, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 1534 — marries a second wife, Mar. 1540— put under ban of the Empire, 20 Jul. 1546 — submits to Charles V., 1547 — death of his first wife, Apr. 1549 — liberated by Charles V., Aug. 1552 — tf-, 31 Mar. 1567. Philip of Alsace, Count op Flanders, — fi., about 1 143— associated in the government with his father, Thierry, 1157 — Count of Amiens and Vermandois, 1155 — succeeds his father, 1168 — concludes peace with Count of Holland, 27 Feb. 1168 — accompanies St Thomas of Canterbury to England, 1170 — makes a pilgrimage to Sant-Iago, 1172 — sup- ports revolt of Prince Henry of England against his father, 117 3 — sends troops to aid him in England, n 74 — takes part in siege of Rouen, Jul. to Aug. 1 1 74 — present at reconciliation of Henry II. and his son, 29 Sep. 1174 — takes the cross, early in 1175 — visits tomb of St Thomas of Canterbury, Jan. 117 7 — lands at Acre, about 1 Aug. 117 7 — visits Jerusalem, Easter 117 8 — returns home, Oct. 117 8 — ac- companies king of France to tomb of St Thomas, Sep. 1179 — assists at coronation of Philip Augustus, 1 Nov. n 79 — Regent of France for him, Sep. 11 80 — deprived, 1181 — war with Philip Augustus about Counties of Amiens and Vermandois, n 82 to Mar. n 86 — marries Theresa of Portugal at Bruges, Aug. 1 1 84— present at conference of kings of France and England, near Gisors, takes the cross, Jan. 1 1 88 — sets out for Palestine, 1190 — tf. at Acre, 1 Jun. 1 19 1 — his remains brought to Clair- vaux. Philip of Neri, St. [Neri.] Philippa of Hainault, Queen op England, — ft., about 1 312 — contracted to Prince Edward of England, 1326 — arrives at London, 23 Dec. 1327 — married to him (then Edward III.) at York, 24 Jan. 1328 — intercedes for burgesses of Calais, Aug. 1347 — tf. at Windsor, 15 Aug. 1369. Philippi, in Macedonia, — [B C] — taken and fortified by Philip of Macedonia, 356 a — Bru- tus and Cassius defeated by Octavius and An- tony, close of 42 b — made a colony by Augustus, after 42 — [AD] — visited by Paul, 53.° a Tkirrwall. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Philippic Era, (or of Alexander, or Edessa,) [BC] 12 Nov. 324. (Jun. 323.) Philippics. [Demosthenes.] Philippicus, {Philepicus,) (Bardanes,) Em- peror of the East, (71 1-7 13,) — serves under Justinian II., before 695 — exiled by Tiberius Absimarus, 698 ? — proclaimed by army and Chersonites, rules solely, Dec. 711 — assassin- ated, 4 Jun. 713. Philippides, comic poet, {New Comedy,) — [BC]— fl., (01. Ill,) 335-3°i, a (01. 114,) 323.^ a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Philippine Islands, Indian Archipelago,— discovered by Magellan, 152 1 — Spanish settle- ment in, under Lopez de Legaspi, 1565 — ex- plored by Semper, about 1860-3. [Manilla, and Japanese Martyrs.] Philippins, religious sect in Russia, — under I I2S PHLLIPPOPOLTS— PHILIPSBURG. Philip Pustoswiat emigrate, and settle in Prussia and Lithuania, 1700. Philippopolis, (Poneropolis,) in Thrace, — [BC] — founded by Philip of Macedonia, about 342 a — [AD] — besieged and taken by Goths, 250 b — Arian synod, [Sardica, Council of~\ — taken by Amurath I., 1360 — earthquake, 18 18 — great fire, 1846. a Thirlwall. h Clinton. Philippus, — [BC] — (1.) Archon at Athens, (01. 71, 2,) 495. (2.) Archon, (01. 122, 1,) 292. Philippus, — [BC] — rebels against Perdiccas II. of Macedonia, with Derdas, about 433 ? — serves with Athenians against Potidaea, 432— fr., before 429. Philippus, — [B C] — tetrarch of Gaulonitis, 4 to [AD] 34 — founds Cossareia Philippi, [B C] 3. Philippus, — Consul with Eassus, (1161, a. u. c.) 408. Philippus, of Thessalonica, epigrammatist, — ft, not before 100. Philippus, Flavius,— Consul with Flavius Sallia, (1101, a. tj. c.) 348. Philippus, L. Marcius, orator, — [B C] — trib. pleb., 104 — arms against Saturninus, 100 — Consul with Sex. Julius Caesar, (663, a. tj. c.) 91 — opposes Drusus : censor with M. Perperna, 86 — opposes attempt of Lepidus to alter con- stitution, 78. Philippus, L. Marcius, — [BC]— marries Atia, mother of Augustus, about 58 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Lentulus Marcellinus, (698, a. u. c.) 56. Philippus, M. Julius, Roman Emperor, (244-9,) — praetorian praefect on death of Misi- theus, 243 — procures death of Gordian III. and his own proclamation, Mar. 244 — war with Carpi, 245 — makes his son Augustus with him, 247 — rebellion of Jotapinus and Marinus, 248 — Secular Games, 248 — killed with his son at Verona, Sep. or Oct. 249. Philippus, Q,. Marcius, — [BC] — praetor in Sicily, 188 — Consul with Sp. Postumus Albi- nus, (568, a. tj. c.) 186— defeated by Apuani at Saltus Marcius : ambassador to Greece about Philip of Macedonia, 183 — decemvir senorum, 180 — ambassador to Perseus, 171 — Consul with Cn. Servilius Caepio, (585, a. u. c.) 169 — in- vades Macedonia : censor with L. JErnilius Paullus, 164. Philippus II.,— [B C] — King of Macedonia, (359-336,) — ft., 382 — taken to Thebes by Pelo- pidas, 368 — escapes to Macedonia, 360 — be- gins to reign, early in 359 — defeats Argaeus at Methonc, spring or before midsummer 359 — declares Amphipolis a free city, before mid- summer — makes peace with Athens, after mid- summer — defeats Paconians, defeats Illyrians, 359— takes Amphipolis, after midsummer 358 — seizes Pydna and Potidaea, 357-6 — takes Crenides, (Philippi,) after 356 — Khalkis and Euboca, 354 — Pagasae, 353 — takes and destroys Methone, 353 — defeats Onomarchus, 352 — delivers Pherae from Lycophron, 352 — attempts Thermopylae, hindered by Athenians, 352 — gives Epirus to Alexander, after 350 — attempts Khalkidian cities, 349 — Olynthian War, 348-7 — celebrates Olympic atDium, spring or sum- mer 347— defeats Kersobleptes in Thrace, 347 — makes peace with Athens, Jun. 346 — end of Phocian War, Jul. or Aug. 346 — Illyrian \Var, 344 — inAcarnania, 343 — makes war on Thrace, defeats Kersobleptes again, spring 342 — returns from Thrace, after ten months, Jul. 341- — in Thessaly, 341— sends succours to Cardia, against Diopeithes, spring 341 — besieges Selymbria, Perinthus, Byzantium, 340-339 — Athenian embassy to Philip, 340 — writes from siege of Selymbria to Athens, 340 — chosen general of Amphictyons, Feb. 338 — battle of Chseroneia, 338 — marries Cleopatra, 337 — slain, after mid- summer 336, Philippus V., — [B C] — King op Macedonia, (220-178,) — ft. ,237 — succeeds AntigonusDoson, 220 — advances to Corinth, presides at congress at Corinth, 220 — enters Epirus, spring 219 — defeats iEtolian League, and reduces Elis, autumn to winter 219 — takes Thermus, spring 218 — invades Sparta, 218 — peace, end of Social War, 217 — war with Illyrians, summer 217 — fleet sent out against lllyria and re- called, 216 — his messenger to Hannibal cap- tured by Romans, 216 — concludes alliance with Hannibal, late in 215 — naval expedition to Apollonia, 214-3 — first collision with Rome, 214 — invades Messenia, 214 — murders Aratus, 213 — captures Echinus in Thessaly, 210 — de- feats iEtolians, is defeated at Elis, 209, a 208 b — war with Attalus, and confederacy of iEtolians at Rome, saves Khalkis, 208— peace with iEtolians, and with Rome, 205 — league with Antiochus against Egypt, 205 — war in the iEgean, 202 a — defeated by Attalus and Rhodi- ans, defeats them at Lade, 201 — returns to Mace- donia, 200 — war declared against him by Rome, 200 — [Macedonian War, 1st] — aids Flami- ninus against Nabis,' 195 — aids Rome against Antiochus, 191 — confined to his ancient bound- aries of Macedonia, 185 — sends Demetrius to Rome, 183 — rj., near end of 179. a Thirlwall. b Clinton. Philippus of Side, ecclesiastical historian, — ft., about 380 — candidate for patriarchate of Constantinople, 425, 428, and 431. Philips, Ambrose, poet, — ft., about 1671 — rf. in England, 8 Jun. 1749. Distressed Mother, acted, Feb. 17 12 — Poems, 1748. Philips, John, poet, — ft. in Oxfordshire, 1676 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1694 — rj., 15 Feb. 1708. Splendid Shilling, 1703 — Cider, 1706. Philipsburg, {TJdenheim,) in Germany, — acquired by bishops of Spire, 1316 s1 — seized, and the fortifications destroyed, by Elector Pa- latine and his allies, 18 Jun. 161 8 a — the works restored, 1623 — besieged and taken by Duke d'Enghien, 9 Sep. 1644 — conquered by Prince Charles of Lorraine, 17 Sep. 1676 — confirmed to him by Peace of Nimeguen, 1679 — besieged and taken by Dauphin, 10-29 ^ c ^ J 688 — given up to Imperialists by Peace of Ryswiek, 1697 — invested by Marquis of Asfeld, 25 May 1734 — surrenders, 18 Jul. — given up to Lor- raine by Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 1735 — bom- barded by French, 30 Aug. 1799 — relieved by Archduke Charles, Sep. — taken by French PHILISCOS— PHILOMELO? 1129 and fortifications destroyed, 1800 — passes to Baden, 1803. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Philiscos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 83, 1,) 448. Philiscos, comic poet, (Mid. Com.,) — [BC] — — fl., about 400 or later. Philiscos, {Pleiad,) of Korhyra, tragic poet, — [BC] — portrait painted by Protogenes, 304 — at coronation of Ptolemy Pkiladelphus, 284 — fl., about 278. Philistines, — [B C] — their wars with Israel- ites, from about 1325 a — [Jews]— at war with Sidonians, about i209 b — with Eameses III., about same time : b Abimelech, king of Gerar, about i9oo, a 1898,° 2054 d — another, about 1804,° i96o d — Achish, (Abimelech,) king of Gath, 1060 a — tributary to Jehoshaphat, about 910 a — invade Judah, and plunder Jerusalem, temp. Jehoram, spring 888 a — subject to Hazael, 839 a — war with Ahaz and Hezekiah, about 74o, a and about 720 a — war with Assy- ria, 714 e — with Psammetichus, about 650 a — with Necho, about 610 a — with Alexander the Great, 332 — with Antiochus the Great, 198 b joins Syrians against Judaea, 166 b — war with Alexander Balas, 148 b — with Alexander Jan- liLeus, 97 b — their country annexed to Syria, by Pomp ey, 63. b a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. c Bib. Cyc. d Hales. e Bib. Chron. Philistos, historian, — [B C]— ft., about 435 a — active in behalf of Dionysius, at Syracuse, 406 b — exiled, before 367 — recalled by Diony- sius IL, about 367 — defeated and slain by Syra- cusans, summer 356. a Smith's Diet. "° Clinton. Phillimore, John George, jurist, historian, — ft., 1809 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1832 — M.P. Leominster, 1852 — fj. in Oxford- shire, 27 Apr. 1865. History of Laiv of Evi- dence, 1850 — Introduction to Study of Roman Law, 1848 — Principles and Maxims of Juris- prudence, 1856 — History of England during Reign of George III., 1863. Phillip, John, painter, — ft. at Aberdeen, 22 May 1 81 7 — student at Royal Academy, 1837 — returns to Aberdeen, 1840 — visits Spain, 1851-2 — A.E.A., 1857— R. A., 1859 — tf., 27 Feb. 1867. Tasso, 1840 — Presbyterian Cate- chising, 1847 — Marriage of Princess Royal, i860 — House of Commons, 1863 — La Gloria, 1864 — Early Career of Murillo, 1865 — Chat round the Brasero, 1866. Phillips, Richard^ chemist, mineralogist, — ft., 1778 — F.R.S., 1822 — curator and chemist of Museum of Practical Geology, 1839-51 — Pres. Chemical Society of London, 1849 and 1850— tl., Jul. 1851. Joint-editor of Philoso- phical Magazine, 1827-51. Phillips, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 18 15 — applies himself to Literature, 1841 — LL.D. Gottingen, 1852 — ly. at Brighton, 14 Oct. 1854. Essays from the Times, 1852 and 1854. Phillips, Thomas, painter, — ft. at Dudley, 18 Oct. 1770 — goes to London, 1790 — R.A., 1808 — Prof, at Royal Academy, 1824-32 — If. in London, 20 Apr. 1845. Lectures on- History and Principles of Painting, 1833. Phillips, William, geologist,— h. in London, 10 May 1773— F.R.S., 1827— fr at Tottenham, spring 1828. Elementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy, 18 16— Outline of the Geology of England and Wales, 1818. Phillpotts, Henry, Bp of Exeter,— ft. at Bridgewater, 6 May 1778 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, Nov. 1791— B.A., Jim. 1 795— Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1795— or- dained priest, 1804— marries, 1804— chaplain to Bp of Durham, 1806— prebendary of Dur- ham, 1809— D.D., 1 82 1 — Dean of Chester, 1828— Bp of Exeter, Oct. 1830— refuses to institute Mr Gorham, 1 849 — convokes a synod at Exeter, 1851 — ft. at Bisliopstowe, 18 Sep. 1869. Letters to Charles Butler on his Book of the Roman Catholic Church, 1825-6— Letters to Mr Canning on the Roman Catholic Claims, 1827— Letter to the Abp of Canterbury on the Gorham Case, Mar. 1850. PMlo, C Curtius — [BC]— Consul vritliM. Genucius Augurinus, (309, a. ij. c.) 445. Philo, L. Veturius,— [B C]— Consul with C. Lutatius Catulus, both abdicate, (534, a. tj. c.) 220 — dictator for holding comitia, 217 — cen- sor with P. Licinius Crassus Dives, 210 — ft., 210. Philo, Q. Pnblilius,— [BC]— Consul with Tib. JEmilius Mamercinus, (415, a. u. c.) 339 — defeats and triumphs over Latins : dictator, publishes Publilian Laws, 339 — first plebeian prsetor, 337 — niagister equitum to L. 7F.mil ins Mamercinus, 335 — censor with Sp. Postumus Albinus, 332 — Consul with L. Corn. Lentulus, (427,) 327 — proconsul, first, takes Pahepolis, 326 — Consul with L. Papirius Cursor, (434,) 320 — again, with same, (439,) 315. Philochoros,— [B C] — (author of Atthis,) hicroscopos at Athens, 306 — fl., about 306-260 — put to death by Antigonus Doson, about 260. Philocles,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (1.) (01. 80, 2,) 459- (2.) (01.97, 1,) 392. (3.) 01. 114, 3,) 322. Philocles, tragic poet, — [B C] — defeats So- phocles, 429 — mentioned, 422, 414, 411. Philocles, — [B C] —ravages Attica under Philip V., 200 — at Khalkis, relieves Corinth, takes Argos, 198 — ambassador to Prusias and to Rome : accompanies Demetrius to Rome, 184 — envoy to Rome to investigate charge against Demetrius, 1 8 1 — put to death by Philip, 179. Philocrates, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 73, 4,) 485. Philocrates, — [B C] — statesman and ambas- sador at Athens, in Philippic affairs, 347-344 — leading orator, 340 a — exiled, 344 till after 330. a Clinton. Philolaos, the Corinthian, (lawgiver at Thebes,)— [BC]— fl., 728. Philolaos, Pythagorean philosopher, — [BC] — fl., before 400. Philombrotos, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 46, 2,) 595- Philomelos, — [B C] — General of Phocians in Sacred War, 357— killed in battle, 353. PH 1L0N— PHCEBID AS. Philon, Academic philosopher, successor of Clitomachus,— [B C] — fi., 92— removes from Athens to Rome, 88. a a Clinton. Philon, mechanician, — [B C] — fl., about 153. a a Fabricius. Philon, Herennius Byblius, historian, grammarian,— %., 47, 27 a — ft., about 124, (01. 220,) io4. a a Suidas. Philon Jud&eus, philosopher, §c, — [B C] — b., about 20? — [AD] — heads embassy to Rome, on behalf of Jews of Alexandria, wint. 39-40. Philonides, comic poet or actor — [B C] — S., about 427-405, about 375 ? Philopoemen, General of Achaean League, — [B C] — b., 252 — resists Spartan attack on .Megalopolis, 222 — at battle of Sellasia, 221 — serves in Crete, between 220-210 — commander of Achaean cavalry, 210 — serves with Philip against Elis, 209 — strategus of Achaaan League, 208 — defeats Machanidas at Mantineia, 208 — drives Nabis out of Messene, 202— strategus again, 201 — defeats Nabis, 201 — returns from Crete to Peloponnesus, 194 — strategus again, 192 — defeats Nabis and ravages Laconia, com- poses troubles at Sparta, 191 — strategus again, 189-8-7 — takes Sparta, restores exiles, &c, 188 — strategus again, 183 — taken and put to death by Democrates, 183. Philoponus, Joannes Grammatieus, rheto- rician,— b., about 525 a — writes against Joannes of Constantinople, about 568 a — Physica, 617 — turns Mohammedan, ? 639 ? a Clinton. Philosophers, — [B C] — law respecting, at Athens, (01. 116,) 316 or (01. 118) 308 a — re- pealed in a year : [A D] — expelled from Rome by Vespasian, between 71-75 a — again, by Do- mi tian, 90. a a Clinton. Philosophy, — study and teaching of, re- strained by decree of Council of the Lateran, Philostorgius, ecclesiastical historian, — ft., 358, a 367 b — finishes his history, about 425. a Gothofr. b Voss. Philostratus, — b., 182 a — living, 244. Vitae Sophist., about 237. a Clinton. Philostratus Leninius, — b., about 191 — exempted from public duties by Caracalla, 215. Philotas, — [BC] — put to death for treason, 330. [See Parmenion.] Philotheus Coccinus, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, — Abp of Heracleia, before 1354 — reconciles Michael and John Palaiologus, 1355 — Patriarch, 1355 — deposed for Callistus, 1355 — reestablished, 1363 — "&., 1371^ 1376. b a Cave. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Philoxenos of Kythera, dithyrambic poet, — [BC]-fc., 435 a -fi-> (01. 95, 2,) 398-t(., (01. 100,) 38o. a a Smith's Diet. Philoxenos of Eretria, painter, — [B C] — fl., about 330-315. Philoxenus, Fl. Theodorus, — Consul with Probus, junior, (1278, a. u. c.) 525. Philus, P. Furius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul Tvith. C Flaminius, (531, a. tj. c.) 223 — war with Gauls: praetor, sent to Africa, 216 — censor with M. Atilius Regulus, 214— tf., 213. (2.) Consul with Sex. Atilius Serranus, (618, a. u. c.) 136 — has Spain for his province. Philyllios, comic poet, — [B C] — ft., about 400, 394- a a Clinton. Phintias, Tyrant or Agrigentum, — [BC] — establishes his power, about 289 — fc\, about 279. Phipps, Constantine. [Kormanby, Lord.] Phlegon, miscellaneous writer, — $., about 125. Phlius, — [B C] — ally of Sparta, through Peloponnesian war, 432-404 — Lacedaemonian party expelled and recalled, before 383 — be- sieged by Agesilaos, 380 — surrenders, and is revolutionized, 379 — war with Argos, Arcadia, Elis, and Thebes, 372-366 — separate peace with Thebes and Argos, 366. Phoceea, asteroid, — discovered by Chacornac, 6 Apr. 1853. Phoeas, Emperor of the East, (602-610,) — while Exarch of Centurions in army of the Danube, revolts against Emperor Maurice, Nov. 602 — proclaimed Emperor, 23 Nov., and crowned by Patriarch Cyriacus — enters Con- stantinople, 25 Nov. — puts to death Maurice, four of his sons, and his brother Petrus, 27 Nov. — assumes consulship, Dec. — sends em- bassy to Chosroes, Apr. 603 — congratulated by Pope Gregory I., 603 — carries on war with Persia, 604 — puts to death Constantina and her three daughters, Jun. 605 — kills Narses, 605 — concedes supremacy to Pope Boniface III., 607 — his son-in-law Priscus invites aid of Heraclius the younger against him, 608 — given up to Heraclius and put to death at Con- stantinople, 5 Oct. 610. Phocian (Sacred) War, — [B C] — begins, 357 — siege of Chios by Chares, death of Chabrias : Phocians, under Philomelos, seize Delphi : second campaign, operations in Samos, 356 — third campaign, peace concluded, about mids. 355 — Onomarchos commands Phocians, 353 — Phayllos, 352 — Phalaecos, 351-346 — Philip of Macedonia occupies Phocis, Jul. 346 — Phocian towns dismantled, Jul. or Aug. 346. Phocion, (Phokion,) — [B C] — b., 402 — com- mands under Chabrias at seafight off Naxos, 9 Sep. 376 — commands in Cyprus and reduces it, 35 1 — expedition into Euocea, (Anthesterion 01. 107, 3,) 350^ 354 b — battle of Tamyne, 35o, a 354 b — defeats conspiracy at Megara, 343 — defeats Philip's designs in Eubcea, 341 — de- fends Byzantium against Philip, 340 — advises the giving up of the orators to Alexander, 335 — defeats and kills Mikion, 323 — repels Mace- donian invasion, Jul. 322 — ambassador from Athens to Antipater, in Lamian war, Aug. to Sep. 322 — accused of treason and put to death, Apr. to May 317. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Phocis, (Pholds,) — [BC] — expedition of Sparta against, for Doric Tetrapolis, 458 a — Cleombrotos opposes Thebans in, 375— Pho- cians seize Delphi, latter part of 357 — [Pho- cian War] — Alexander governor, 217. a Muller. Phocylides, (Phokylides,) gnomic poet, — [BC] -b., (01. 55,) 5 6o a -fl., 537 , b (01. 60,) 540. c a Smith's Diet. b Suidas. c Euseb. Fhcebidas, — [BC]- seizes Cadmeia of PHOENICIA— PHRYNICHOS. 1131 Thebes, summer 382 — killed by Thebans in Thespise, late in 378. Phoenicia, {political history,) — [B C] — a federal republic under the headship of Tyre, Sidon, &c, possess maritime empire of the Mediterranean, 832-786 [825-780 a ] — flourish- ing period of their commerce, establishment of colonies, about 1100-400 — subjugated by Assyria, 721 — by Babylon, 585-572 — by Persia, about 538 — gained in part by Evagoras, of Cyprus, about 390 — revolt against Persia, sub- dued, 351 — subjugated by Alexander the Great, 332 — province of Syria, 323 — seized by Ptolemy, 320 — recovered by Antigonus, 314-3 — regained by Ptolemy, 312 — permanently acquired by Ptolemy, after Ipsus, 301 — gained by Antiochus, 203, 198 — made a Roman pro- vince, with Syria, by Pompey, 62— given by Antony to Cleopatra, 37 — finally subdued by Rome, at Actium, 31. a Euseb. Hieron. Phoenicia, {wars,) — [BC] — against Shal- maneser of Assyria, Tyre taken, 721 — against Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, Tyre taken, 585- 572 — against Egypt, in the service of Persia, 525 — against Greece, in the Persian service, 492, 490, 480-449, 397-387 — against Cyprus, in the service of Persia, 385-376 — against Artaxerxes III. of Persia, Sidon burnt, 351 — against Alexander the Great, Tyre taken, 332. [For other wars, see Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, Home, $cJ] Phoenixville, in Pennsylvania, IT. S., — Bone Cave discovered, 1870. Phormion, — [B C] — sent with reinforcements against Samos, 440 — commands against Poti- dsea, 432-0 — at Naupactus, 430-29 — Athenian admiral in sea-fights in Corinthian Gulf, sum- mer 429 — defeats Peloponnesian fleet, 429 — fr., before 428. Phormion,— [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 96, 1,) 396. Phormis, {Phormos,) comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 500 — serves under Gelon and Hieron, in Sicily, about 478. Phosphorus, — discovered by Brandt, 1669 — shown to be a constituent of bone by Gahn, 1769 — process of preparation from bone, de- vised by Scheele, 1775. Phosphuretted Hydrogen Gas, — obtained by Gengembre, 1783. Photius, Patriarch op Constantinople, Byzantine historian, $c, — appointed to suc- ceed Ignatius as Patriarch, by Bardas, 25 Dec. 857— his appointment confirmed by Coun- cil of Constantinople, 858 — writes to Pope Nicholas I. to confirm his election, 858 — arrival of legates at Constantinople, close of 860 — compels them to acknowledge him as Patriarch, May 861— excommunicated by Pope Nicholas I., 862 — excommunicates the Pope, 867— deposed and exiled by Basilius, 867— deposition confirmed by Council of Constan- tinople, 869-70 — restored to Patriarchate, 877 — recognized by Pope John VIII., 879 — convokes and presides at Council of Constan- tinople, 879 — deposed and banished to Arme- nia by Emperor Leo YL, 886 — ft. there, about Photographic Process, — attempted by Scheele, 1777 — by Wedgwood and Davy, 1802 — experiments of Niepce commence, 18 14 — permanent pictures produced by him, 1824 — experiments of Daguerre commence, 1 824 — [Daguerreotype]— experiments of Eox Talbot commence, 1834 — his method {Photogenic Prawiny) published, 31 Jan. 1839— [Calotype Process, Collodion Process, Carbon Printing] — transfer of photograph to enamel practised by Laf on de Camersac, 1 85 1 — • new method of printing discovered by Swan and Woodbury, 1866. [Carte de Visite.] Photometer, — attempted by Bouguer, 1748 — invented by Lambert, about 1760 — Leslie's, invented, 1797— Ritchie's, 1825 — polarizing, by Babinet, about 1855. Photosculpture, — invented by Willeme, 1864. Photozincography, — invented by James and Scott in England, and by Osborne iu Austra- lia, 1859. Phraates. [Parthia.] Phranza, ' {Phrantzes,) George, Byzantine historian, — fi. at Constantinople, 140 1 — Grand Chamberlain to Manuel II. Paheologus, 141 8 — accompanies embassy to wife of Murad II. , 1423 — taken prisoner by Turks at siege of Patras, 1429 — governor of the Morea, 1446 — • ambassador to Sultan, 1434 — to Trebizond, 1446 — Protovestiarius, 1448 — enslaved with his family at taking of Constantinople, May 1453 — liberated with his wife, Sep. 1453 — living at Corfu, 1477. Chronicon, written, about 1470-7. Phrasiclides, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01, 102, 2,) 371. Phrenology. [See Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe.] Phrygia, {mythic,)— [BC] — Midas I. king, before 11 83 — possesses naval empire of the Mediterranean, 904-879 a — Midas II., 7 38- 695* [736-696 b ] — overrun by Kimmerians, about 700 — Midas III., about 600-570° — Goedias, 570-560° — {historical) made province of Lydia at death of Midas V., about 560 c — subject to Persia, 546-331 — 'absorbed in Mace- donian Empire, share of Antigonus, 322 — falls to Lysimachus after battle of Ipsus, 301 — con- quered and annexed to Syria by Seleucus and Leonnatus, 281 — ravaged by Gauls, 279— given to Eumenes II. of Pergamus, by Rome, after defeat of Antiochus, 188 — given to Mithridates Y. of Pontus, 1 30 — taken from Mithridates the Great, before 112 — conquered by Mithridates, 88-84 — [AD] — famine in, 370 — ravaged by Ostrogoths, 399. a Euseb. b Hieron. c Rawlinson. Phryne, Athenian ' hetaira,' — [B C] — 0., about 350-330. Phrynichos, tragic poet, — [BC] — gains the prize, (01. 67), 511—8., (01. 74,) 483 *— last time victor, in tragedy, (01. 76,) spring. 476. a Euseb. Cyril. Phrynichos, comic poet, (Old Comedy,) — ■ [B c]— first exhibits, (01. 86, 87 ?) 435 a — ex- 1 hibits, (1st ?) (01. 87, 3,) spring 429— living, 1 132 PHRYNICHOS— PICCINI. 405. Monotropos, 3rd prize, (01. 91, 2,) \\\> Jlusce, 2nd prize, (01. 93, 3,) 405. b a Suidas. b Clinton. Phrynichos, — [B C] — Arckon at Athens, (01. HO, 4,) 337. , £ Phrynichos, — [B C] — joint commander 01 Athenian forces, defeats Peloponnesians at Miletus, 412 — intrigues against Alkibiades at Samos, 411 — joins in establishing the Four Hundred, assassinated, 411. Phrynon,— [B C] — victor at Olympia, (01. 36,) 636— contends with Pittacus of Mytilene about Sigeium, (01. 43, 2,) 607-6 *— killed in single combat by Pittacus, 606. a Miiller. Phylarchos, historian, — [BC] — fl., about 215. Physical Forces, Correlation of,— doctrine of, announced by Grove, 1842. Physicians, in Great Britain, — duty on licence to practise imposed by Act 00 Geo. III. c. 194, 1 8 15— amended and explained by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 133, 1825 — duty on licence abolished by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 36, 13 Aug. 1859. Physicians, Royal College of, London,— founded by Linacre and chartered by letters patent of Henry VIII., 15 18 — confirmed by Acts 14 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1528 ; 32 Hen. VIII. c. 40, 1540, and 1 Mar. s. 2, c. 9, 1553 — ex- clusive privileges of, cease under Act 21 and 22 Vie. c. 90, 2 Aug. 1858. College, burnt, 1666 — new, in Warwick Lane, built by "Wren, 1674-98— pulled down, Aug. 1866— another, in Trafalgar Square, opened, 25 Jim. 1825. Piacenza, (Flacentia,) in Italy, — [BC] — Roman colony, 219 — taken and destroyed by Ligurians and Gauls under Hamilcar, 200 — colony reestablished, by Lselius, 193 — mutiny of Caesar's soldiers at, 49 — [AD] — destroyed in Avar between Otho and Vitellius, 70 — joins second Lombard League, 1226 — aids Gregory IX., 1229 — begs for peace, Dec. 1237 — forms alliance with Aragon, Jun. 1238 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Frederick II., Oct. 1239 — sends envoys to Council of Rome, who are captured by fleet of Frederick, 1241 — ravaged by Lancia, 1242— aids Parma, 1247 — becomes subject to the Visconti, about 1350 — revolts, places itself under protection of Venice, 1447 — retaken and pillaged by Sforza, Dec. 1447 — with Parma, erected into a Duchy, 1545 — — [Parma and Piacenza] — Prince von Lich- tenstein defeats Marshal Maillebois before, 16 Jun. 1746 — occupied by French, 1797 — re- covered by Austrians, 1799 — taken by Murat, 17 May 1800 — garrisoned by Austrians, 18 15 — evacuated by them, 1 859. Town Hall, built, about 1280. Church of San Francisco Grande, built, 1278. Councils of, held by Urban II., to bear charges of Empress Praxede (Adelaide) against Henry IV., to receive embassy from Constantinople respecting war with the Infidels, to renew condemnation of Berenger, and to condemn clerks guilty of simony or inconti- nence, 1-7 Mar. 1095 : by Innocent II., after Whitsuntide n 32. Piali, military commander, — brought up by S^lyman the Great, from 1526— Capitan-pasha, sent to aid of Francis I. of France, 1555 — defeats Spanish and Italian fleets at Zerbi, I 559? a Mar. 1560 b — devastates Sicily, 1565 — unsuccessfully besieges Malta, 18 May to Oct. 1565 — reduces Chios, Apr. 1566 — conducts expedition aginst Cyprus, 1570 — disgraced, 157 1 — tf- at Constantinople, 157 1. a Biog. Univ. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Piano-forte, — invented by Cristofali, 17 14 — independently by Schroter, 17 21 — introduced in England, by Zumpe, 1766. Piast. [Poland.] Piarists, (Scolopini,) Order of, — founded at Rome by Casalanza, 1599 — approved by Paul V., 1617— by Gregory XV., 1621. Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista, painter, — b. at Venice, about 1682 — tf. there, 1754. Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, — b. at Ponte in the Valteline, 16 Jul. 1746 — enters Order of Theatins at Milan, 1764 — Prof. Mathematics, Malta, 1770 — Palermo, 1780 — Director of Observatory, 1787 — visits Paris, 1787 — Eng- land, 1788-9 — discovers Ceres, 1 Jan. 1801 — F.R.S. London, 1804 — Director of Observatory, Naples, 1 8 17 — ft. there, 22 Jul. 1826. Stel- lar um inerrantium Fositiones, 1803— Second Catalogue, 18 14. Pibrac, Gui de Faur, Seigneur de, diplo- matist, poet, — b. at Toulouse, 1529 — one of the ambassadors of France to Council of Trent, 1562 — Advocate - general to Paiiiament of Paris, 1565 — Councillor of State, 1570 — ac- companies Duke of Anjou to Poland as his Chancellor, 1573 — negotiates treaty between Court of France and the Protestants, 1576 — President a, mortier, 1577 — tf. at Paris, 27 May 1584. Oratio habita in Concilio Triden- tino, 1562 — Cinquante Quatrains, 1574. Picard, Jean, mathematician, astronomer, — h. at La Fleche, (Anjou,) 21 Jul. 1629^ 1620 b — observes with Gassendi eclipse of the sun, 2 5> a !5 b Aug. !^45 — Prof. Astronomy, College Royal, 1655 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1666 — measures arc of meridian, 1669-71 — visits Uranienborg, 167 1 — U. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1682,° 1683 or i684, d 12 Oct. i682. e Con- naissance cles Temps, 1679-83 — Mesure de la Terre, 1671. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Delambre. d Other authorities. e Nouv. Biog. Gen. Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, — b. at Paris, 29 Jul. 1769 — admitted to French Academy, 1807 — receives cross of Legion of Honour, 1807 — Director of Opera, 1 Nov. 1807 to 1 Jan. 1 81 6 — ft. at Paris, 31 Dec. 1828. CEuvres, 1821. Picards, (Adamites, Beghards,) sect of, — appears in Bohemia, 141 8 a — exterminated by Ziska, 142 1. a a Gieseler. Picart, Bernard, engraver, — b. at Paris, 1663 — ft. at Amsterdam, 1733. Ceremonies religieuses de toates les nations, 1723-43. Picart, Etienne, (le Romain,) engraver, — b. at Paris, 163 i—U. at Amsterdam, 1721. Piccini, (Ficcinni,) Nicolo, musical composer, — b. at Bari, 1728 — enters Conservatory of Naples, 1742 — goes to Rome, 1758 — to Paris, Dec. 1776 — his rivalry with Gluck begins, 1778 PICCINLNO— PIERCE. "33 — receives a pension, 1799 — tf. at Passy, 7 May 1800. Cecchina, 1760 — Olimpiade, 1761 — Roland, 1778 — Atys, 17%0—Didon, 1783. Piccinino, Niccolo, general, — ft. at Perugia, 1375 — serves under Braccio da Montone, 1417 — at siege of Aquileia, Jun. 1424 — in service of Florence, taken prisoner at Marradi, 1 Feb. 1425 — enters service of Duke of Milan, Dec. 1425 — defeats Count of Urbino on the Serchio, 2 Dec. 1430 — defeats Carmagnola at Soncino and Cremona, 143 1 — defeats Venetians in the Valteline, 1432 — and Venetians and Florentines near Imola, 28 Aug. 1434 — seizes Bologna, 21 May 1438 — defeated by Sforza, 9 Nov. 1439 — invades Tuscany, 1440 and 1441 — defeated at Anghiari by Florentines, 29 Jun. 1440 — defeats Sforza, 25 Jun. 1441 — Bologna revolts, 5 Jun. 1443 — defeated by Sforza, near Rimini, 8 Nov. 1443 — tf. at Milan, 15 Oct. 1444. Piccolomini, (Jacopo Ammanati,) Cardinal, — ft. near Lucca, 8 Mar. 1422 — goes to Rome, 1450 — secretary to Card. Capranica, 1450-60 — Bp of Pavia, 1460 — Cardinal, i48o, a 146 1 b — &., 10 Sep. 1479. Commentarii et Dpistolce, 1506. a Biog. Univ. b Nonv. Biog. Gen. Piccolomini, JSneas Sylvius. [Pius II., Pope.] Piccolomini, Alessandro, Archbishop of Patras, miscellaneous ivriter, — ft. at Siena, 15 Jun. 1508 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Padua, 1540 — Abp of Patras, 1574 — tf. at Siena, 12 Mar. 1578. La Eafaella, 1539 — Lnstituzione morale, 1560 — Delia sfera del mondo, 1540 — Instru- ment dellafilosqfia naturale, 155 1 — Alessandro, 1586 — Amor Costante, 1586. Piccolomini, Ottavio, general, — ft., 1599 — distinguishes himself at battle of Liitzen, 1632 — at Nordlingen, 1634 — sent to aid Spaniards in the Netherlands, 1635 — delivers Thionville from French, 1639 — unsuccessfully besieges Pont-a-Mousson, 1639 — enters service of king of Spain, 1643 — Knt of Golden Fleece, Gen- eral-in-chief of Spanish forces in the Nether- lands, Dec. 1643 — recalled and made field- marshal, by Emperor, 1648 — Chief Commis- sioner of Austria at Congress of Niirnberg, 1649 — 1(. Prince of the Empire, at Vienna, 10 Aug. 1656. Picentes, — [B C] — make treaty with Rome, 299 a — war with Rome, 269 — conquered, 268 — take part against Rome in Social War, 90 — receive Roman franchise, 89. a a Smith's Diet. Pichegru, Charles, general, — ft. at Arbois, 16 Feb. 1761 — enters the army, 1783 — General of Division, takes command of army of the Rhine, Oct. 1793 — commands army of the North, Feb. 1794 — passes the Meuse, 18 Oct. 1794 — enters Amsterdam, Jan. 1795 — again commands army of the Rhine, Mar. — suppresses insurrection at Paris, 1 Apr. — negotiates with Prince of Conde, 1795 — resigns, 1796 — Pres. Council of Five Hundred, Mar. 1797 — trans- ported to Cayenne, (19 Fructidor an V.,) 5 Sep. 1797 — escapes, Jun. 1798, and reaches Eng- land: allies himself with Cadoudal, 1803 — arrested at Paris, 17 Feb. 1804 — found strangled in prison, (16 Germinal an XII.,) 6 Apr. 1804. Pichincha, volcano in the Andes, — crater en- tered by Orton, 22 Oct. 1867. Pichler, Caroline, novelist, — ft. at Vienna, 7 Sep. 1769 — marries Andreas Pichler, 1796 — ft. at Vienna, 9 Jul. 1843. Gleichnisse, 1800— Agathocles, 1%0% — Nebenbuhler, 1%2.1—Zeit- bilder, 1840 — Denkwiirdigkeiten aus mcinem Leben, 1844. Picken, Andrew, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paisley, 1788— &., 23 Nov. 1833. Domi- nie's Legacy, 1830 — Traditionary Stories of Old Lam Hies, 1833. Pico della Mirandola. [Mirandola.] Picpus, Order of, — instituted in France by Abbe Condrin, and approved by Pius VII., 1814. Picric {Trinitrophenie) Acid,— observed by Hausmann, 1788 — investigated by Liebig, 1827, and by Dumas, 1834. Picton, Sir Thomas, general, — ft. in "Wales, 1758 — enters the army, 177 1 — goes to West Indies, 1794 — Colonel and governor of Trini- dad, 1797 — convicted of ordering torture of female slave, 1807 — serves at siege of Flushing, and is named governor of the town, 1809 — distinguishes himself at siege of Badajoz, 181 1, and Ciudad-Rodrigo, 1812 — at battle of Vit- toria, 1 81 3 — receives thanks of House of Com- mons, seventh time, Jun. 18 14 — wounded at Quatre-Bras, 16 Jun. 1815— killed at Water- loo, 18 Jun. 1 8 15. Pictor, C. Fabius, painter, — [BC] — paints the temple of Salus, dedicated by C. Junius Brutus, Bubulus, 302. Pictor, C. Fabius, — [BC]— Consul with Q. Ogalnius Gallus, (485, a. u. c.) 269. Pictor, Num. Fabius, — [BC] — Consitl with D. Junius Pera, (488, a. tr. c.) 266. Pictor, Q. Fabius, historian, — [B C]— serves in Gallic War, 225 — in 2nd Punic War, 218- 216 — sent to Delphi to consult oracle after Cannae, 216. Picts, in Scotland, — subdued by Claudius, 47 — wall built by Hadrian from Solway Frith to the Tyne, to prevent their incursions, 121 — with Scots, invade Britain, opposed by Lupi- cinus, 360 — renew invasion, 364 — routed by Theodosius, 368 — by Clemens Maximus, 382 — renew their inroads, 402 — Nmian preaches among, before or about 400— Saxons called to aid Britain against, 428 ? — Britons aided by Aetius against, 435 — aid against, sought by Britons of the Romans, about 446 — St Columba preaches to, 563-597 — subdued by Scots under Kenneth II., about 842. Piedmont, — passes to Counts of Maurienne, (House of Savoy,) 1042 — made a Principality, 1424 — increased byaddition of severalprovinces, 1703 — forms part of kingdom of Sardinia, 17 18 — occupied by French, 1797-1814 — forms part of kingdom of Italy, i860. Pie-poudre, Court o/jin England,— regulated by Act 17 Edw. IV. c. 2, 1477— still held at Bristol, 1866. Pierce, Edward, painter, — H. in London, about 1650 — most of his works perish in the Great Fire, 1666 — "&., i666. a a Nagler. Pierce, Franklin, President of the 1 134 PIERMARINI— PILLAR-SAINTS. United States, — b., 23 Nov. 1804 — graduates at Bowdoin Coll., 1824 — called to the bar, 1827 — member of State Legislature, (New Hamp- shire,) 1829 — member of Congres. 1833 — senator, 1837 — resigns, 1842 — as Brigadier- general, takes part in expedition of Mexico, 1847 — Pres. Convention for revision of State constitution, 1850 — Pres. IT. S., Mar. 1853-7 — visits Europe, 1857-60— rj., 8 Oct. 1869. Piermarini, Giuseppe, architect, — b. at Foligno, 18 Jul. 1734 — goes to Home, 1754— settles at Milan, as architect to Archduke, 1769 — tf. at Foligno, 18 Feb. 1808. Teatro Bella Scala, Milan, about i774- a a Fergusson. Piers and Harbours. [Harbours.] Pierson, Major, — defeats and captures French invading party at St Heliers, Jersey, and is killed, 6 Jan. 178 1. Pieters, Bonaventura, painter,— b. at Ant- werp, 1 6 14 — ft. there, 25 Jul. 1652. Pieters, Gherard, painter,— b. at Amster- dam, 1580. Pieters, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1648^ 1667 b — tf., 1727^ a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. Pietists, sect of, in Germany, — originated by Spener, about 1670-80 — name introduced at Leipsic, 1689. Pigafetta, Antonio, traveller, — b. _ at Vi- cenza, about 1490 — accompanies expedition of Magalhaens, 1519-22 — Kntof St John, 1524 — living, 1534. Primo Viaggio intomo al Globo, 1800. Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, — b. at Paris, 17 14 — received at Academy of Painting, 30 Jul. 1744 — Prof., 1752 — Chancellor, Jan. 1785 — tf. at Paris, 20, a 24 b Aug. 1785. Monument of Marshal Saxe, Strasburg, 1765- 76 — Mercury and Venus, 1745-8. Pighius, Albert, mathematician, diplomatist, theologian, — rj. at Kempen in the Netherlands, about 1490 — D.D. Cologne, 15 17 — takes part at Diet of Worms, 15 21 — in service of Adrian VI., 1523 — at Diet of Ratisbon, 1524 — canon of Utrecht, 1524 — tf. at Utrecht, 26 Dec. 1542. Astrologies Defensio, 15 18 — Hierarchic ecclesi- astics assertio, 1538 — De JEquinoctiorum Sol- stitiorumque inventione, 1520. Pighius, Stephen Wynants, antiquary, — b. at Kempen, 1520 — studies at Rome, about 1548-56 — librarian to Card. Granvella, 1557 — "0. canon of Xanten, 19 Oct. 1604. Annales magistratuum et provinciarum S.P.Q.R. ab urbe condita, §c, 1599-1615. Pignatelli, Antonio. [Innocent XII. ] Pignerol, {Pincrola,) in Italy, — becomes possession of House of Savoy, 1042 — taken by the Frencb, 1536 — recovered by Savoy, 1574 — taken by Marshal Crequi, 23 Mar. 1630 — restored to Savoy, 1696. [Piedmont.] Pignoni, Simone, painter, — b. at Florence, 1614 — tf. there, 16 Dec. 1698. Pignotti, Lorenzo, historian, fabulist, — b.at Figlini, in Tuscany, 1739 — M.D. Pisa, 1763 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, 17 74-1 801 — Rector of the University, 1809 — tf. at Pisa, 5 Aug. 1812. Fables, 1779 — Poems, 18 12- 13 — Storia del la Tuscana, 1813. Pigot, Lokd, governor of Madras, — enters upon the office, 11 Dec. 1775 — suspends two members of the Council, 22 Aug. 1776— sus- pends those who protest, 23 Aug. — arrested and imprisoned by suspended members, 24 Aug. — tf. in prison, 17 Apr. 1777 — the members convicted and fined, n Feb. 1780. Pigres, of Caria, [Patrachomyomachia ?) — ■ [B C]— fl ., about 480. Pike, weapon of war, — use of, abolished in England, between 1690-1705 — in France, by Royal ordinance, 1703. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, general, — b. in New Jersey, U. S., 5 Jan. 1779 — conducts expedition to sources of the Mississippi, Aug. 1805 to Jun. 1806 — explores Louisiana, 1806-7 —Colonel of Infantry, 1 810 — Brigadier-general, 18 13 — killed at attack on York, (Canada,) 27 Apr. 18 13. Narrative of Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi, $• after 120. a Clinton. Plymouth, in Devonshire, — attacked by French, 1339 and. 1350 — attacked and partly burnt by Bretons, 1403 — walled, about 1440 — ravaged by plague, 1579 and 158 1 — rendezvous of fleet under Lord Howard, 1588 — visited by Charles I., 1625 — again ravaged by plague, 1626 — sides with the Parliament, 1642 — un- successfully besieged by Prince Maurice, 15 Sep. to 25 Dec. 1643 — attacked by Charles I., and blockaded by Sir R. Grenville, 1644— in- PLYMOUTH— POGGIO BRACCIOLINI. IJ 43 decisive naval action with De Kuyter off, 16 Aug-. 1652 — visited by Charles II., 1670— de- prived of its charter by Charles II., 1683 — recovers it, 1697 — visited by Prince and Princess of Wales, 18 Jul. 1865. C it ade I, huilt, 1670-1. Dockyard, commenced, about 1700. Gun Wharf, built, 1718-25. Western College, established, 1752. Roman Catholic Cathedral, built, 1858. Breakwater, commenced, 12 Apr. 1 8 12. Plymouth, in N. Carolina, Tf. S., — taken by Confederates, 9 Dec. 1862. Plymouth, in Massachusetts, TF. S., — settled by Pilgrim Fathers, 22 Dec. 1620 — monument commenced, 1 Aug. 1859." Plymouth Brethren, in England, — congre- gations of, formed, about 1830-5. Pneumatic Dispatch Tube,— projected, 1861 — opened in London, Nov. 1865. Pneumatic Railway. [Railway.] Po, (Padus,) river in Italy, — [B C] — first passed by Romans, under C. Flaminius, 223 — [A D] — navigation of, declared free, by treaty between Austria, Parma, and Modena, Jul. 1850. Poaching, — penalties and prosecutions for, regulated by Act 2 frn IV. c. 32, 5 Oct. 183? — amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 90, 13 Aug. i860 — prevention of, further provided for by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 114, 7 Aug. 1862 — night, prevention and punishment of, pro- vided for by Acts 57 Geo. III. c. 90, 10 Jul. 1817; 9 Geo. IV. c. 69, 19 Jul. 1828, and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 29, 4 Jul. 1844. Poccetti, Bernardino Ha,YbitQMi,{Rernardino delle Grotesche,) painter, — ft. at Florence, 1548 — tf., 9 Nov. 1612. Pocock, Edward, orientalist,— -ft. at Oxford, Nov. 1604 — enters Magdalen Hall, 16 18 — re- moves to Corpus Christi Coll., 1620 — ordained priest, 1628 — chaplain to English factory at Aleppo, 1630-6 — Prof. Arabic, Oxford, 1636— at Constantinople, 1637-40 — meets Grotius at Paris, 1640 — marries, 1646 — Prof. Hebrew, Oxford, 1648 — D.D., 1660 — tf. at Oxford, 10 Sep. 1 69 1. Specimen historice Arabum, 1650 — Porta Mosis, 1655 — assists in English Poly- glott, 1657 — Latin translation of Abulfiragius, 1663 — Arabic translation of Grotius ' De Veri- tate Religionis Christians,' 1660. Pocock, Sir George, admiral, — b., 6 Mar. 1706 — enters the navy, and serves under his uncle, Sir G. Byng, in the Mediterranean, 1 7 1 8 — Captain, 1738. — commander on West Indies station, intercepts French convoy, 1748 — Rear- admiral, 4 Feb. 1755 — takes part in reduction of Chandernagore, 1756 — Vice-admiral, 31 Jan. 1758 — defeats French squadron off Nega- patam, 28 Apr. 1758— again, 4 Aug. — again, off Pondicherry, 8 Sep. 1759— K.B., J 7 6j — M - p - Plymouth, 1762 — takes command of expedition against the Havannah, Mar. 1762 — blockades the harbour, 6 Jun. — receives capitulation of the city, 14 Aug. — retires, 1766 — tf. in Lon- don, 3 Apr. 1792. Pocock, Isaac, painter, dramatist, — h. at Bristol, 1782 — tf., 23 Aug. 1835. Pococke, Richard, traveller, — fj. at South- ampton, 1704 — LL.D. Oxford, 1733 — visits the East, 1737-41 — Bp of Ossory, 1756 — tf. Bp of Meath, Sep. 1765. Observations on EyilPt, J 743 — Observations on Palestine, Syria, &•> 1745- Podiebrad, George, Regent; and King of Bohemia, — b., 23 Apr. 1420 — joins the Utraquist Orders at Tabor and offers crown of Bohemia to Casimir of Poland, 1438— defends Tabor against Emperor Albert II., 1438— chosen Joint-regent of Bohemia, by Hussites, during minority of Ladislaus the Posthumous, 1444 — seizes Prague and imprisons his colleague, 1449 — has interview with iEneas Sylvius, 1452 —confirmed in office by Ladislaus, 1453— on death of Ladislaus, retains chief power, 1457 — ■ triumphs over several rivals, and is elected King, 2 Mar. 1458 — crowned, 7 May — liberates Matthias Corvinus, 1458 — recognized King by Imperial diploma, 31 Jul. 1459 — demands con- firmation of his election by Pius II., who refuses it, 1462— delivers Emperor Frederick III. besieged in Vienna by Turks, Oct. 1462 —excommunicated as favourer of heretics by Pius II. and cited to Rome, 29 Mar. 1463 — declared deprived of the kingdom, by Paul II., 8 Dec. 1465 — again excommunicated, 23 Dec. 1466 — invasion of Moravia by Matthias Cor- vinus, at instigation of the Pope, 1468 — Matthias proclaimed King, 3 May 1469 — ap- points Ladislaus of Poland his successor, 19 Jul. 1469— carries on war with Matthias : tf. at Prague, 22 May 1471. Podolia, in Russia, — united with Poland, 1569 — invaded by Mahomet IV., 1672 — ceded to him by Michael Wiesnowieski, by Treaty of Bondchaz, 18 Oct. 1672 — the treaty annulled by Diet of Warsaw, and province recovered by Sobieski, 1673— annexed to Russia, 1793. Poe, Edgar Allpn, poet, novelist, — fi. at Baltimore, U. S., Jan. 181 1 — tf. there, 7 Oct. 1849. Works, 1850. Poelemhurg, Cornelisz, painter, — ft. at Utrecht, 1586 — studies under Elzheimer at Rome, 1600 — returns to Holland, 1621 — tf. at Utrecht, 1660. Poerio, Carlo, — b. at Naples, 10 Dec. 1803 — imprisoned for taking part in conspiracy of Avellino, 1828 — liberated, Mar. 1838 — again imprisoned, 1847 — released, organizes demon- stration of 27 Jan. 1848 — arrested, 19 Jul. 1 849 — on false accusation sentenced to fine and imprisonment in irons for 24 years ; with other prisoners embarked for America, 19 Jan. 1859 — but finds his way to London and thence to Turin : elected deputy to parliament of Italy, i860 — Vice-pres., Mar. 1861 — tf. at Florence, 28 Apr. 1867. Poet-Laureate, — dignity of, conferred on Petrarch, 1341 — in England, mentioned, about 1460-70 — office made patent by Charles I., 1630 — annual odes discontinued, after 18 10. Poggio Bracciolini, classical scholar, — it. in Tuscany, i38i a — apostolic secretary to Boni- face IX., and seven succeeding popes, 1412-52 — attends Council of Constance, 1414-15 — visits England, resides with Cardinal Beaufort, about 141 7 — marries Vaggia de Buondelmonti, 1435 — •Chancellor of Republic of Florence, 1452 1 144 POGONATUS -POLAND. — tf. at Florence, 30 Oct. 1459. Facetie, about 1470— Eistoria Florentine 17 15 — Be Varietate Fortunes, 1723. a Roscoe. Pogonatus. [Constantine Pogonatus.] Poictiers. [Poitiers.] Poilly, Francois de, engraver, — ft. at Abbe- ville, 1622 — studies at Borne, 1649-56 — en- graver to Louis XIV., 1664— tf. at Paris, 1693. Poilly, Jean Baptiste de, engraver ,— n. at Paris, 1669 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 26 Jul. 1714— tf. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1728. Poilly, Nicolas de, engraver, — rj. at Abbe- ville, 1626 — tf. at Paris, 1696. Poilly, Nicolas de, painter, engraver,— h. at Paris, 28 Jun. 1675 — tf. there, 12 Aug. 1747. Poirson, Auguste Simon Jean Chrysostome, historian, — f). at Paris, 20 Aug. 1795 — Prof. History, College of Henry IV., Oct. 1818— proviseur of College of St Louis, Dec. 1833 — of Coll. of Charlemagne, Mar. 1837 — Officer of Le- gion of Honour, 1 843 — Counsellor of the Univ., Dec. 1845 — member of Commission for organ- ization of professional instruction, Jan. 1850 — retires, 1853— tf-, Jul. 187 1. Histoire romaine, 1824-26 — Precis de V histoire ancienne, 1827 — Histoire de Henri IV., 1857. Pois, Charles le, physician, — rj. at Nancy, 1563 — tf. at Nancy, 1633. Selectiores observa- tions et consilia de pratervisis hactenus morbis, 1618. Pois, -Nicolas le, physician, — ft., 1527 — tf., 1587. Le cognoscendis et curandis prcecipue internis humani corporis morbis, 1580. Poischwitz, {Plessivitz,) in Silesia, — Armis- tice of, between Napoleon I. and allies, for six weeks, concluded, 4 Jun. 18 13. Poisoners. [See Boiling to Death.] Poisoning, — [B C] — first detected at Eome, 331 — Cornelian law against, 82. Poisons, — in England, — [Arsenic] — sale of, regulated by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 56, 30 Jun. 1852 — amended, and new regulations made, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 121, 31 Jul. 1868. In Ireland, sale of, regulated by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 26, 14 Jul. 1870. Poisson, Simeon Denis, mathematician, — b. in France, 21 Jun. 178 1 — enters Polytechnic Scbool, 1798 — Prof., 1802 — member of Bureau of Longitudes, 1808 — member of Academy of Sciences, 24 Mar. 181 2 — of Council of Public Instruction, 1820 — Peer of France, 1837 — tf. at Sceaux, 25 Apr. 1840. Traite de mecanique, 181 1 — Theorie nouvelle de faction capillaire, 1831. Poissy, Colloquy of. [Colloquy.] Poitiers, Poictiers, in France, {Augus- torition,) — pillaged by Vandals, 410 — taken by Visigoths, about 419 — Clovis defeats Alaric near, 507 — takes part in insurrection of Aquitaine, 585 — revolts against Dagobert, and. is besieged and sacked, 636 — Charles Martel defeats Abdelrahman near, 18 Oct. 732— passes to Henry Plantagenet (Henry II.) on his mar- riage with Eleanor of Guienne, 1152 — taken from English by Philip Augustus, 1204 — Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. at, 19 Sep. 1356 — ceded to England by Treaty of Bretigny, 1 360 — surrenders to Charles V. of France, 1372 — Charles VII. holds his court and parliament at, about 1422-36 — taken by Huguenots, 1562— retaken by Catholics, and pillaged, 1569 — unsuccessfully attempted by Coligny, 1569. University, founded by Charles VII., 143 1. Cathedral, commenced by Henry II., 1152 — completed, 1379. Coun- cils of, for excommunication of Chrodielda, daughter of King Charibert, held, 590 — on discipline, about 1000 to about 1023 — re- specting "William, Count of Poitou, and his wife, 1073 — respecting Eucharist, 13 Jan. 1074 — on discipline, 15 Jan. 1078 and 18 Nov. 1 100 — for publication of crusade, 25 Jun. 1106. Poitou, Province of France, — forms part of Aquitania Secunda, — [Aquitania] — governed by Counts, from 778 — Eainulf I. acquires Duchy of Aquitaine, 845 — finally united to the Crown, by Charles VII., 1422. Poland, — Piast chosen Duke of, 842 — his son, Ziemovit, succeeds, 861 — Lesko, (son,) 892 — ZlEMOMYSLAS, (son,) 913 — MlECISLAS, (Miecislaf) (son,) 964 — receives baptism, and marries Bohemian princess, about 965 — tf., 992 or 999 — Boleslas Chuobui, (son,) 992 ? — recovers Cracow from Bohemians — conquers part of Prussia — compelled by Emperor Henry II. to give up Bohemia, 1005 — ravages frontiers of Germany and invades Saxony, 1005 — de- feated by Henry II. in Silesia, spring 1006 — again at war with Bohemia, 10 15 — makes peace with Bohemia and Henry II., 1018 — discharged of homage to the Empire, by same treaty : restores Swiatopolk, Duke of Kief, 1018 — invasion of Jaroslav, 1022 — tf., 28 Oct. 1025 — Miecislas II., (son,) 1025 — divorced from Eichense, 1036 — tj., 15 Mar. 1037 — inter- regnum during minority of Casimir I., 1041 — Boleslas II. the Dauntless, (son,) 1058 — supports Bela, Duke of Hungary, against his brother Andrew, 1061 — assists Jaromir against his brother Wratislas II. of Bohemia, 1062 — reinstates Isiaslaf, Duke of Eussia, 1067 — again, 1077 — declares Poland independent and assumes title of King, 1077 — excommunicated by Bp of Cracow, 1079 — kills him, 7 May 1079 — excommunicated by Gregory VII., who lays interdict on his dominions and suppresses title of King, 1080 — takes flight, 1081 — tf., 1083 — Ladislas Hermann (brother) succeeds, 108 1 — gets interdict raised: carries on war with Prussians, 1092-7 — tf., 26 Jul. 1102 — Bo- leslas III., (son,) fc., 1086 — succeeds, 1102 — marries Adelaide, daughter of Emperor Henry IV., 1109 — does homage to Emperor Lothaire at Merseburg, 11 35 — takes prisoner Jaropolk, Duke of Kief, 11 36— who escapes, 1 1 37 — invades Eussia, 11 37 — defeated by Eus- sians, n 38— divides his states between four of his sons, 11 38 — tf., 11 38 — Ladislas II., (son,) b., 1 1 04 — succeeds to part of the kingdom with suzerainty over his brothers, n 38 — takes title of King : defeats his brothers Boleslas and Miecislas, 1142 — besieges them in Pos- nania, 1 146- -his troops massacred, be escapes into Germany, 1146 — Boleslas IV., (brother,) POLAND— POLARISCOPE. "45 1 146 — resists demands of Emperor Conrad III. and Pope Eugenius III. for restoration of Ladislas, and is excommunicated, and the kingdom placed under interdict, 1148 — averts by negotiation threatened invasion by Conrad,* 1 149 — invasion of Frederick I., 1157 — is de- feated and makes peace with him : invades Prussia, 11 63 — his army destroyed there, 1167 — ft., 30 Oct. 1 17 3 — Miecislas III., (brother,) 1 173 — deposed, 1 177 — Casimir II., (brother,) 1 177 — Lesko Y. the White (son) succeeds under regency of his mother Helena, 11 94 — she cedes the crown to Miecislas, 1201 — on whose death his son Ladislas is proclaimed, 1202 — war with him, 1202-6 — Lesko defeats Russians, 1207 — assassinated, 11 Nov. 1227 — Boleslas V. the Chaste, (son,) b., 1219 — succeeds, 1227 — regency of his uncle Conrad: invaded and partly conquered by Prussians, 1230— recovered by aid of Teutonic Knights : Boleslas assumes the government, 1238 — on in- vasion of Batou-Khan, takes refuge in Hungary, 1 240-1 — at war with his uncle Conrad, 1 24 1 -6 — ft., 10 Dec. 1279 — Lesko VI. the Black, 1279 — on Tatar invasion, escapes to Hungary, 1287 — defeated by Conrad, Duke of Mazovia, 1289 — tf., 1289— Interregnum and civil war, 1289- 95 — Puzemislas II. assumes title of King and is crowned, 26 Jun. 1295 — assassinated by Otto, Marquis of Brandenburg, 8 Feb. 1296 — Ladislas Loketek, 1296 — takes title of Duke : deposed, 1 300— "Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, 1300 — expelled and succeeded by Loketek, 1304 — carries on war with Henry, Duke of Glogau,i304-io — with Teutonic Knights, 1 304- 33 — takes title of King, and is crowned at Cracow, 1320 — holds a Diet, 1331 — defeats Teutonic Knights at Plowce, 1331 — a"., 10 Mar. 1333— Casimir III., 1333— dynasty of Piast extinct at his death, 1370 — Louis, King of Hungary,i37o — on hisdeatb, interregnum, 1382— Ladislas, cousin of Casimir III., ob- tains authority from Clement VII. to take possession of the crown, 4 Jul. 1382 — gets a second brief, 13 Sep. — but is successfully op- posed by Hedwig, and retires to Germany, 1385 — Hedwig and Jagellon, {Ladislas V.,) 1385 — union with Lithuania: death of Hed- wig. 1399 — Ladislas VI., (son,) 1434 — Casimir IV., (brother,) 1445 — union of Prus- sian provinces with Poland, 1454— Peace of Thorn, 1462 — John Albert, (son,) 1492 — Alexander, (brother,) 1501 — ft., 19 Aug. 1506— Sigismund I., (brother), 1506 — invasion of Mohdan, Prince of Moldavia, who is de- feated and becomes vassal of king of Poland, 15 10— Sigismund II., (son,) 1548 — acquisition of Livonia : on his death, interregnum, Jul. 1572 — succession disputed between Ernest, son of Emperor Maximilian, and Henry, Duke of Anjou, 1573 — Henry of Valois, 1574 — Stephen Bathori, Prince of Transylvania, 1575 — Sigismund III., 1587 — Ladislas VII., 1632 — John Casimir V., 1648 — Treaty of Velau, 1657— Peace of Oliva, 1660— Michael Coribut Wisnowiski, 1669 — John Sobieski, 1674- — on his deatb, succession disputed, 1696 ■ — election of Prince of Conti and Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony, 27 Jun. 1697— Conti retires, Nov.— Frederick Augustus I., 1697— Stanislas I., 1704 — Frederick Au- gustus restored, 1709 — interregnum on his death, 1733 — Stanislas proclaimed, but op- posed by Russia, withdraws : Frederick Au- gustus II., 1734 — interregnum, 1763 — Stan- islaus Augustus elected, 1764. [Bar, Con- federation of, and Dissidents.] First par- tition, between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, planned by Frederick II., 1772 — reforms pro- posed by Andrew Zamoyski rejected by Diet, 1780 — Diet declares itself permanent, 1788 — new constitution proclaimed, veto abolished, throne declared hereditary in Saxon line, 2 May 1792 — confederation of Targovitza formed at instigation of Russia, 1792 — invaded by Eussia and Prussia, 18 May 1792. Second partition between them, effected, Jan. 1793 — insurrection headed by Kosciusko, Mar. 1794. — storm of Praga by Suwarof, 4 Nov. 1794. Third partition, between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, 25 Nov. 1795 — hopes of restoration excited by Napoleon, 1806 — extinguished by Treaty of Tilsit, 1807— [Warsaw, Duchy of] — affairs of, rearranged, and kingdom of Poland erected, by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — insur- rection in, breaks out, 29 Nov. 1830— the army declares for it, and Grand Duke Con- stantine withdraws : the throne declared vacant by Diet, government organized under Adam Czartoryski, 25 Jan. 1831 — battle of Ofro- chow, 25 Feb.— battle of Ostrolenka, 26 May — surrender of Warsaw, 7 Sep. — amnesty with exceptions proclaimed, 1 Nov. — declared in- tegral part of Russian empire, Feb. 1832 — in- surrection at Cracow, 1846 — new constitution for, published, 31 Mar. 1861 — dissolution of Agricultural Society, 6 Apr. — insurrection at Czeladz, 4 Oct. — kingdom declared in state of siege, 14 Oct. — Grand Duke Constantine ap- pointed Viceroy, 28 May 1862 — conscription in, 15 Jan. 1863 — insurrection breaks out, 22 Jan. — Gen. Langiewicz defeats Russians at Piaskowa-Scala, 5 Mar. — is proclaimed Dic- tator, 10 Mar. — defeated and killed at Ta- goscie, 19 Mar. — joint remonstrance of Great Britain, France, and Austria, with Russia, Apr. — amnesty offered, 12 Apr., and rejected : Russia replies to remonstrance, 14 Apr. and 2 May — title of Polish National Government adopted by Central Committee, 13 May — joint recommendation of amnesty and national re- presentation, by Great Britain, France, and Austria, 17 Jun. — Janow burnt by Russians, 7 Jul. — reply of Russia to the Powers, 17 Jul. — repulse of Russians by Lelewel, 3 Sep. — defeat and death of Lelewel, 6 Sep. — defeat and cap- ture of Czachowski, 6 Nov. — expulsion of land- ed proprietors, 17 Dec. 1863 — conscription in, 5 Nov. 1865 — confiscation of ecclesiastical estates by Ukase of 26 Dec. 1865, promulgated, 10 Jan. 1 866 --Russian system of Administra- tion established, Jan. 1867. Polar Regions. [Arctic Expeditions.] Polar Star, Order of the,— instituted in Sweden, by King Frederick I., 1748. Polariscope, — Arago's, applied to examin- 1146 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT— POLEMON II. ation of stellar and cometary light, 3 Jul. 1 8 19 a — applied to II alley's comet, 1835. a Humboldt. Polarization of Light, — by double refrac- tion, observed by Huyghens, 1678 a — an- nounced, 1690 a — by reflection, observed by Mains, 1808 ;i — laws of interference discovered by Arago and Fresnel, i8i6. a Chromatic, discovered by Arago, 181 1. Rotatory, by Fresnel, 18 17. Magnetic Rotatory, discovered by Faraday, i845. b a Humboldt. b Lardner. Pole, Edmund de la, Earl of Suffolk, — Duke of Suffolk on death of his father, 1491 — on attainder of his brother, makes compromise with Henry VII., and accepts rank of Earl, 1497 — attends marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales, 1502 — retires to Court of Burgundy, 1502 —given up by Archduke Philip to Henry VII. and committed to the Tower, 1506 — beheaded, 30 Apr. 15 1 3. Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk, — restored to the Dukedom by Edward IV., 23 Mar. 1463 — tf. K.G-., 1491. Pole, John de la. [Lincoln, Earl of.] Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, Lord Chancellor of England, — serves in French wars under Duke of Lancaster, 1355 — under the Black Prince, 1359 — under John of Gaunt, 1369 — Admiral of the king's fleet in northern seas, 1376 — again serves under John of Gaunt, 1378 — ambassador to Borne and to Milan, 1379 — Lord Chancellor, 13 Mar. 1383 — created Earl of Suffolk, 6 Aug. 1385 — serves in Scottish war, 1385 — ambassador to France, Feb. to Mar. 1386 — deprived of his office, im- peached by Commons, and imprisoned, Oct. 1386 — appealed of treason by Gloucester, escapes to Calais, Feb. 1388 — is refused ad- mission by his brother, and goes to Paris : ft. there, 5 Sep. 1388. Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, — b., 1368 — obtains reversal of his father's attainder, 1398 — recovers Earldom and estates, 1400 — serves under Henry V. in France, leads storming party at Harfleur, and is killed there, 14 Sep. 1415. Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, Abp of Can- terbury, — ft. at Stourton Castle, in Stafford- shire, Mar. 1500 — studies at Padua, 1520-3 — returns to England, 1525 — B.A. Oxford, 1525 — agent of Henry VIII. to obtain sanction of Univ. of Paris for divorce of Queen Catherine, 1529 — condemns the divorce, and is expelled the king's presence, about 1530 — goes abroad, 1532 a — his opinion required on supremacy of the pope, 1535 a — writes his book de Unitate Ecclesice, 1535 — sends it to England, May 1536 a — summoned to return by Henry VIII., Jun. — deprived of preferments and attainted, 1536 — invited to Borne by Paul III. and created Cardinal, 20 Dec. 1536 a — commis- sioned as legate to France or Flanders, 1536 — Francis I. refuses to see him, 1537 — at Cam- bray is prohibited entering territories of Charles V., 1537— retires to Liege, May 1537 --recalled by the pope, Aug. 1537— publishes hiri bouk, Nov. or Dec. 1538 a — ambassador to Charles V. in Spain, Jan. 1539 — legate at Viterbo, 1539-42 — Pres. Council of Trent, 1545 — excepted, from amnesty published by Edward VI., 1547 — nominated candidate for Papal See, 1549 — appointed legate to England, 1553— receives permission to return to Eng- land, 11 Nov. 1554 — arrives in London, 24 Nov. 1554 — invites parliament to reconciliation with Holy See, 27 Nov. — absolves parliament and frees the realm from spiritual censures, 30 Nov. — recommends lenity ; appointed by the pope Abp of Canterbury, 11 Dec. 1555 — con- secrated, 22 Mar. 1556 — assumes functions of legate, 28 Mar. — Chancellor of Oxford and Cambridge, 1556 — holds visitation of Univer- sities, Feb. 1557 — his commission as legate cancelled, May 1557 — fc. at Lambeth, 17 Nov. 1558. a Froude. Pole, Richard de la, Duke of Suffolk, ( White Rose of England,) — serves in French army at defence of Terouenne, Aug. 15 13 — killed at battle of Pavia, 1525. Pole, Sir "William de la, — entertains Ed- ward III. at Hull, and is knighted, 1332 — envoy to Flanders, 1333 — Knt Banneret on field of Marconne, and second Baron of the Exchequer, Sep. 1339 — retires, Jun. 1340 — imprisoned, and his estates seized by the king, Nov. 1340— process annulled, Jul. 1344 — tf., 21 Apr. 1366. Pole, William de la, Earl, Marquis, and Duke of Suffolk, — b., 1396 — contributes to victory over French atVerneuil, 1424 — charged with conduct of siege of Orleans, Nov. 1428 — taken prisoner at Jergeaux, 12 Jun. 1429 — assists at coronation of Henry VI. at Paris, Dec. 143 1 — negotiates truce with France, May 1444 — created Marquis of Suffolk, 14 Sep. 1444 — negotiates marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou, 1445 — escorts her to England, Apr. — receives thanks of parliament, 1446 — succeeds to Earldom of Pembroke, 1446 — becomes unpopular, 1447-8 — Lord High Ad- miral, about 1447 — Duke of Suffolk, 2 Jun. 1448 — impeached by Commons, committed to the Tower, 28 Jan. 1450 — sentenced by parlia- ment to five years' banishment, 17 Mar. 1450 — ■ embarks at Ipswich, 3 May — beheaded at sea, by order of Duke of Exeter, May 1450. Polemius, — Consul with Ursus, (1091, a. u. c.) 338. Polemon, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 117, 1,) 312. _ • Polemon, Platonic philosopher, — [BC] — succeeds Xenocrates as head of Academy, (01. 116,) 315-4— *., (01. 126, 4,) 273. Polemon, Stoic philosopher, geographer, — [BC] — fl., about 199. Polemon I., King of Pontus and Bosporos, — [B C] — appointed by Antony governor in Cilicia, 39 — King of Pontus, cooperates w r ith Antony against Parthia, 36 — confirmed in the kingdom by Augustus, 30 — made King of Bosporos, about 16 — defeated by Aspurgians and put to death, after 2. Polemon II., King of Pontus and Bos- poros, — [BC] — appointed King by Caligula, 39^-exchanges Bosporos for part of Cilicia, 41 POLEMON— POLLAJUOLO. H7 ■ — marries Berenice, widow of Herod of Chalcis, 48 — made to abdicate by Nero, 62. Polemon, Antonius, sophist, rhetorician, — fl., about 133. Polemoscope, — invented by Hevelius, 1637. Poleni, Giovanni, Marquis, natural philo- sopher, mathematician, §c, — 6. at Venice, or Padua, 1683 — Prof. Astronomy, Padua, 1708 — Prof. Physics, 17 15 — Prof. Mathematics, 1 7 19 — member of Paris Academy of Sciences, 1739 — consulted by Benedict XIV., 1748 — Is. at Padua, 14 Nov. 1761. Miscellanea, 1709 — De Motu Aquce Mixto, 17 17 — Utriusque The- sauri Antiquitatum Romanarum Grcecarumque supplementa, 1737. Polevoy, Nikolay Alexievich, litterateur, — fc. at Irkutsk, 22 Jun. (0. s.) 1796 — present at burning of Moscow, 1 8 1 2 — tf. at St Petersburg, 22 Feb. (0. s.) 1846. Edits Moscow Telegraph, 1825-34 — Ocherki Russkoy Litter aturiei, 1839 ■ — Life of Feter the Great, 1843 — History of Russia, 1829-33 — Dramatic Works and Trans- lations, 1842-3. Polhelm, {Polhammer,) Christoph, engineer, — fc. at Wisby, 166 1 — studies at Upsala, 1686 — constructs mining machine, 1690 — visits Erance, 1695-97 — commences construction of Docks of Carlscrona, 17 12 — ennobledand named member of Chamber of Commerce, 17 16 — Pres. Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1744 — Knt, Commander of Polar Star, 1748— tf. at Stock- holm, 31 Aug. 175 1. Poli, Giuseppe Saverio, naturalist, — fc. at Molfetta, in Italy, 1746 — Prof. Military Geo- graphy, Naples, 1776 — tf. at Naples, 7 Apr. 1825. Testacea utriusque Sieilice, §c, 1792- 1826. Police, — in Scotland, establishment of general system authorized and provided for by Act 3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 46, 14 Aug. 1835 — amended by Acts 10 and 11 Vic. c. 39, 22 Jul. 1847, and 13 and 14 Vic. c. 33, 15 Jul. 1850 — further provisions respecting, by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 72, 25 Aug. 1857. In Ireland, laws relating to, consolidated by Act 6 Wm IV. c. 13, 20 May 1836— amended by 6 fm IV. c. 36, 28 Jul. 1836. Dublin, reconstituted and regulated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 29, 4 Jul. 1836. Police, Lieutenant of, at Paris, — office instituted, Mar. 1667. Police, Metropolitan,— instituted by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 44, 19 Jun. 1829 — expense of, provision for defraying, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 89, 28 Aug. 1833— improved, and dis- trict of, extended by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 47, 17 Aug. 1839 — employment of, in Her Majesty's Yards and military stations provided for by Act 23 and 24 Vic. o." 135, 28 Aug. i860. [See Constables.] Police, Ministry of, in France, — created, (1 1 Nivose an IV.,) 1 Jan. 1796. Polignac, Auguste Jules Armand Marie, Prince de, statesman, — h. at Versailles, 14 May 1 7 80 — takes part in conspiracy of Georges, and is condemned to death, 1 804 — the sentence commuted to imprisonment ; joins party of the Congregation, 18 14 — named Peer of France, 17 Apr. 1 8 15 — marries Miss Campbell, 18 16 — Eoman Prince, by the pope, 1820 — ambassador to London, 1823-29 — marries Marchioness de Choiseul, 1825 — First Minister of Charles X., 8 Aug. 1829 — Pres. Council, 17 Nov. 1829 — [French Revolution, 1830] — arrested at Granville, 15 Aug. 1830 — tried by Chamber of Peers and condemned, 21 Dec. — imprisoned at Ham, Dec. 1830 — liberated, 29 Nov. 1836 — quits France, 1836 — rj. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1847. Considerations Politiques, 1832. Polignac, Melchior de, Cardinal, — fc. at Puy enVelay, n Oct. 1661 — takes holy orders, 1689 — envoy to Rome, 1689 and 1692 — ambas- sador to Poland, 1695 — procures election of Prince de Contias King, 1696 — exiled by Louis XIV., 1698-1702 — admitted to French Aca- demy, 1704 — auditor of the rota, 1706 — pleni- potentiary to Conferences of Gertruydenberg, 1710 — to Congress of Utrecht, 1712-13 — Car- dinal, 17 1 3 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1715 — of Inscriptions, 1717 — banished, 1718 — ambassador to Rome, 1724-32 — Abp of Auch, 1726 — rj. at Paris, 20 Nov. 1741,* 3 Apr. 1742. b Anti- Lucretius, 1745. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouy. Biog. Gen. Polignac, Yolande Martine Gahrielle de Polastron, Duchess of,— ft., about 1749 — marries Count Jules de Polignac, 1767 — attached to Court of Marie Antoinette, about 1774 — quits France, 1789 — U. at Vienna, 9 Dec. 1795. Polish Succession, 1733. [See Poland, Stanislas I. and Frederick Augustus II.] Political Unions, in England, — affiliated, declared unlawful by royal proclamation, 21 Nov. 1 83 1. Politiques, Party of in France, — formed by moderate Catholics, 1568. Poliziano, Angelo, (Politianus,) classical scholar, — fj. at Monte-Pulciano, 14 Jul. 1454 — enters family of Lorenzo de Medici, 1468 — ac- companies Lorenzo to Pistoia, about 1479 — nas controversy with Merula, 1479 — accompanies embassy to Innocent VIII. , 1484 — attends Lorenzo on his deathbed, 1492 — rj. at Flor- ence, 24 Sep. 1494. Giostra de Giuliano de' Medici, shout 1468 — Orfeo, 1483 — Miscellanea, 1479 — Stanze, 1494. Polk, James Knox, President of the United States, — h. in N. Carolina, 2 Nov. 1795 — admitted to the bar in Tennessee, 1820 — member of legislature of Tennessee, 1823 — member of Congress, 1825 — Speaker of House of Representatives, 1836-9 — go- vernor of Tennessee, 1839-41 — Pres. XL S., 4 Mar. 1845 to 4 Mar. 1849 — rj. at Nashville, 15 Jun. 1 849. Poll Act, in Ireland, — passed by junto of the Pale, at Trim, 1465. Poll Tax, in England, — levied, 1377 — again, Nov. 1380 — collection of, excites rebellion under Wat Tyler, 1381 — again imposed by Acts 16 Car. I. c. 9, 1641 ; 3 Wm and Mar. c. 6, 1692 ; 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c. 14, 1694. Pollajuolo, Antonio, painter, sculptor, — fc. at Florence, 1432 ? 1426 ?— assists Lorenzo Ghiberti, 1452 — goes to Rome, 1484— fc. there. 148 POLLAJUOLO— POLYGLOT. 1498. Martyrdom of St Sebastian, National Gallery, 1475 — Monument to Sixtus IV., J 493- Pollajuolo, Piero, painter, sculptor, — ft. at Florence, 1433? 1428 ? — )j., 1498. Pollajuolo, Simone del, (Simon Masi,) {II Cronaca,) architect, — ft. at Florence, 1454 — tf., 1509. Palazzo Strozzi, commenced, 1489. Pollentia, in Italy, — Stilicho attacks Alaric at, Easter Day 403. Pollexfen, Sir Henry, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, — ft., about 1632 — enters Inner Temple, 1652 — called to the bar, 1658 — bencher, 1674 — takes part in defence of Seven Bishops, 1688 — member of Convention Par- liament, 1689 — Knt and Attorney-general, Feb. 1689— Chief Justice C. P., 4 May 1689 — tf. in London, 15 Jun. 1691. Reports, 1702. Pollio, C. Asinius, orator, poet, historian,^ — [BC] — ft., 76 — accuses C. Cato, 54 — joins Caesar, 50 — unsuccessful attack on Africa, 49 — at Pharsalia, 48 — tribunus plebis, 47 — serves with Caesar in Africa and Spain, 46-5 — com- mands in Further Spain, 44 — defeated by Sex.. Pompey: joins the Triumvirs, Aug. 43 — go- vernor of Transpadane Gaul, 40 — mediates be- tween Antony and Octavius, 40 — defeats Par- thini and takes Salonae, 39 — triumphs, 25 Oct. 39— &., [AD] 4. Pollio, C. Asinius, — Consul with C. Antis- tius Veter, (776, a. u. c.) 23. Pollio, L. FuMius, — Consul with Servilius Pudens, (919, a. u. c.) 166. Pollio, T. Vitrasius, — Consul (II.) with M. Flavius Asper, (929, a. u. c.) 176. Pollock, Sir Frederick, Chief Baron of THE COUET OF EXCHEQUER, — ft., 23 Sep. 1783 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1802— enters the Middle Temple, 1802 — B.A., 1806 —Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1807— called to the bar, 27 Nov. 1807 — M.P. Huntingdon, 1831- 44 — Attorney-general, 17 Dec. 1834 to Mar. 1835 — Knt, Dec. 1834 — again Attorney- general, 6 Sep. 1 841 — Chief Baron and Privy Councillor, Apr. 1844 — retires, 13 Jul. 1866 — Bart., Jul. 1866 — tJ. at Hatton, Middlesex, 23 Aug. 1870. Pollok, Robert, poet, — ft. in Scotland, 1799 — licensed to preach, 1827 — tf. near South- ampton, 15 Sep. 1827. Course of Time, 1827. Pollux, Julius, sophist, grammarian, — ft., about 183. Onomasticon, before 177. Polo, Marco, traveller, — ft. at Venice, 1254 s1 — sets out with his father and uncle for Tar- tary, spring or summer i27i a — arrives at court of Kublai Khan, about Jan. or May 1275 a — appointed commissioner (agent) of Privy Council, 1277 b — governor of Yang- chow, three years : leaves Court of Kublai Khan, early in 1292 a — reaches Venice, 1295 (1296 ?) — commands a galley in Venetian fleet under Dandolo, and is taken prisoner by Ge- noese at Curzola, 7 Sep. 1298 a — in prison, dictates his book to Rusticiano of Pisa, 1298- 9 — released, Jul. or Aug. 1299* — makes his will, 9 Jan. i324 a — tr. at Venice, soon after. II Milione cli Messer Marco Polo, written, 1298-9. il Yule. # 'Tauthier. Polozk, in Russia, — conquered by Russians, 1564 — taken by Stephen Bathori, 1579 — re " covered by Russia, 1772. Polwhele, Richard, topographical antiquary, $c, — ft. at Truro, 1760 — takes holy orders, 1782 — tf. at Truro, Mar. 1838. History of Comivall, 1805-13 — History of Devonshire, 1793-97 — translations of Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, and Tyrtaus, 1786. Polyaenus, the Macedonian, strategical writer, — ft., about 163. Polybius, historian, — [B C] — ft., about 204 ? a — ambassador with others to Ptolemy for Achaeans, 181 — commands cavalry of Achaean League, 169 — offers assistance to Rome: sent to Rome at suggestion of Callicrates, with others, 167 — accompanies Scipio on his mili- tary expeditions: returns to Greece, 151 — ac- companies Scipio at taking of Carthage, 146 — travels in Greece to explain constitution and laws of Roman province, 145 — fo., about 122 ? Pragmaticce, after 145. a Casaubon. Poly bus, of Cos, physician, — [BC] — ft., after 400. Polycarpus, Bp of Smyrna, one of the Fathers, — ft., or baptized, 80? — Bp of Smyrna, 104 or before — visits Rome, and opposes doc- trines of Marcion, 153 a — martyred at Smyrna, i66, a i47, b 163,° i67, d i68, e 169/ 175.? a Clinton and Tillemont. b Pearson. c Chron. Pasch. d Scaliger, Cave. e Euseb. f Ussner, &c. & Petit. Polychares, — [B c] — victor at Olympia, (01. 4,) 764 — cause of first Messenian War, 743. Polychrome Printing, — process patented by Congreve, 1820. Polycleitos, (the Elder,) sculptor, architect, §c.,- — [BC]— ft., about 452-412. Polycles, (the Elder,) sculptor, — [B C] — ft., about (01. 102) 370. (The Younger,) ft., about (01. 156) 155. Polycrates, Tyrant ofSamos, — [B C] — with his brothers Syloson and Pantagnotus, tyrant, 533-2 — naval expedition of Peloponnesians against, about (01. 63) 528-4 a — war of Lace- daemonians against, 525 — entrapped by Orcetes of Sardis, and put to deatb, 522. a Miiller. Polycrates, — [B C] — commands in battle of Raphia, 217 — made governor of Cyprus, 216- 196? Polygamy, in England, — declared felony by Act 1 Jac. I. c. 11, 1604. In United States, declared unlawful, by Act of Congress, 1 866 — again, by Mormon Disabilities Bill, Mar. 1870. Polyglot, (Bible,) — attempted by Origen, (Hexapla,) between 220-250 — projected by Aldus, 1 50 1 — Complutensian, undertaken at expense of Cardinal Ximenes, 1502 — printing finished, 15 17 — diploma of LeoX. allowing it, 22 Mar. 1520 — published, 1522. Antwerp, (Planting edited by Arias Montanus, printed by Christopher Plantin, 1569-72. Paris, edited by Le Jay, printed by Vitre, 1628-45. london, edited by Walton, published, 1654-57. nutter's, published at Niirnberg, 1599. Bag- ster's, published in London, 1831. POLYGNOTOS— POMPEIUS MAGNUS. 1 149 Polygnotos, painter, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 79, 2-88, 2) 463-426. Polyhymnia, asteroid, — discovered by Cha- cornac, 28 Oct. 1854. Polyidus, (Polyeidos,) painter, dithyrambic poet,—[B C]— fl., about (01. 95) 400. Polymnestos, (Polymnastos,) poet, musician, ~[BC]-fl, 675-644. Polype, zoophyte, — discovered and described by Leuwenhoeck, 1703 — reproduction of its parts discovered by Trembley, 1740. Polysperchon, — [BC] — serves under Alex- ander in Asiatic campaigns, 334-324— com- mands for Antipater in Macedonia and Greece, 321 — appointed Regent, 319 — proclaims cities of Greece free ; blockades Cassander in Athens, besieges Megalopolis, 318 — his fleet destroyed by Nicanor, loses Macedonia : invades Mace- donia with Olympias, spring_ 317 — besieged in Azorus, withdraws to JEtolia, 316— in Pelo- ponnesus with Alexander, 3 15-3 — brings forward Heracles as King of Macedonia, and assassinates him, 310 — cooperates with Cassander against Demetrius, 303. Polytechnic School, {Ecole Polytcchnique,) Paris, — founded as Central School by decree of National Convention, 11 Mar. 1794 — takes its present name, 1 Sep. 1795 — broken up, 3 Apr. 1 8 16 — reconstituted, Sep. 18 16 — reor- ganized, 1 Nov. 1852 — removed to Tours, Mar. 1 87 1 — returns to Paris, Jun. 1871. Polyxenidas, — [BC] — commands Cretan mercenaries of Antiochus III. in Hyrcania, 209 — commands the fleet, 192 — defeated off Corycus, by Roman and allied fleets, 191 — de- feats Pausistratus and Rhodian fleet, early in 190 — defeated by Roman fleet under JEniilius Paullus, later in 190. Pombal, Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Hel- lo, Marquis op, statesman, — b. in Portugal, 13 May 1699 — envoy extraord. to London, 1739-45 — ambassador to Vienna, 1745-50 — marries Countess Daun, at Vienna ; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1750 — directs rebuilding of Lisbon after earthquake of Nov. 1755 — First Minister, 1756 — Count d'Oeyras, 1759 — gets Jesuits expelled from Portugal, Sep. 1759 — Marquis of Pombal, 1770 — resigns and retires to his estates, Mar. 1777 — ft. at Pombal, 5 May 1782. Pomerania, — ■ occupied by Wends, before 600 — forms a Duchy as early as 1062— Chris- tianity introduced by Otto, Bp of Bamberg, 1 1 24-5 — bishopric founded at Julia, (Wollin,) 1 1 25 — Dukes Bogislas I. and Casimir acknow- ledge themselves vassals of the Empire, in camp of Frederick I. before Liibeck, n 81 — war with Denmark, 11 84-7 — throws off yoke of Den- mark, 1223 — given by Frederick II. to Mar- graves of Brandenburg, 1231 — on death of Bar- nima divided into Duchies of Wolgast and Stettin for his sons, 1295 — division of Duchy of Wolgast between Bogislas and his uncle, 1 366 — reunion of Wolgast under Bogislas IX. the Great, 1478 — made Principality of the Em- pire, 1528— the Reformation adopted, 1534 — entirely reunited under Bogislas XII., (XIV.,) 1620 — placed under protection of Gustavus Adolphus, by Treaty of Stettin, 21 Jul. 1630— on extinction of line of dukes at death of Bo- gislas, 1637, claimed by Elector of Branden- burg : division of, between Brandenburg and Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 1648— further part ceded to Prussia by Treaty of Stockholm, 1720. Swedish, seized by Russia, 1808 — re- stored to Sweden by treaty of 17 Sep. 1809 — seized by Napoleon, Jan. 181 2— chief part of, ceded to Denmark in compensation for Nor- way, 15 Jan. 1 8 14 — ceded by Denmark to Prussia in exchange for Duchy of Lunenburg, by convention of 4 Jun. 18 15. Pomfret. [Pontefract.] Pomfret, John, poet, — b. at Luton, Bedford- shire, 1667 — M.A. Cambridge, 1698 — goes to London, about 1703 — tf. there, 1703. Poems, 1699. Pomona, asteroid, — discovered by Gold- schmidt, 26 Oct. 1854. Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marchioness op, — b. at Paris, 17 21 — marries M. d'Etioles, 1740 — mistress of Louis XV., and Marchioness, 1745 — expelled tbe Court, but returns, 1757 — ft. at Versailles, 14 Apr. 1764. Pompei, Girolamo, poet, litterateur, — b. at Verona, 18 Apr. 17 31 — tf. there, 4 Feb. 1788. Canzoni Pastorali, 1766 — JSfuove Canzoni, 1779 Vite degli uomini illustri di Plutarco, 1772. Pompeianus, — (1.) Consul with Avitus, (962, a. u. c.) 209. (2.) Consul with Peligni- anus, (994,) 231. (3.) Consul with Gordianus, (994,) 241. Pompeianus, Sex. Vetulenus Civica, — Con- sul with L. Ceionius Commodus Verus, (889, a. u. c.) 136. Pompeianus, Tib. Claudius, — Consul with M. Aurelius Severus, (926, a. u. c.) 173. Pompeii, — partly destroyed by earthquake, 63 — buried by eruption of Vesuvius, 79 — remains discovered, 1689 — excavations com- menced, 17 2 1 — school of archaeology for study of its monuments, instituted at Naples by royal decree, 16 Jun. 1866. Wall Inscriptions, first studied, 1832, and collection of, published by C. Wordsworth, 1837 and 1845 — collection by Garrucci, 1856 (2nd ed.) — another, by Zan- gemeister, 1871. Pompeiopolis. [Soli.] Pompeius, — Consul with Rufus Magnus Faustus Avienus, (1254, a. u. c.) 501. Pompeius Magnus, Cn., — [B c] — b., 30 Sep. 106 — serves under his father, Pompeius Strabo, 89-87 — marries Antistia, 85 — raises three legions to aid Sulla, 83 — defeats M. Brutus; legatus to Sulla, 82 — fights against Carboin Sicily, puts him to death, 82 — divorces Antistia and marries iEmilia, 82 — defeats Domitius Ahenobarbus and Hiarbas in Africa, 81 — surnamed Magnus, triumphs, Sep. 81 — promotes election of Lepi- dus, 79 — with Catulus, defeats Lepidus at Rome, 77 — takes and puts to death M. Brutus at Mutina, 77 — conducts war against Sertorius in Spain, 76-72 — returns to Italy, 71 — ends Servile War, triumphs, 31 Dec. 71 — Consul with M. Licinius Crassus, (684, a.'u. c.) 70 — appointed by Gabinian Law to command against pirates, 67 — in Cilicia, appointed by 1 150 POMPEIUS MAGNUS— PONGERVILLE. Manilian law to war with Mithridates, 66 — [Mithridatic War] — reduces Syria to a pro- vince, 64 — takes Jerusalem, 63 — divorces Mucia, 62 — returns to Italy, end of 62 — triumphs, 22, 23, a 29, 30 b Sep. 61 — with Caesar and Crassus forms first triumvirate, 60 — marries Julia, 59 — praefectus annonae, 57 — second arrangement with Caesar and Crassus, Apr. 56 — Consul with Crassus, (699,) 55 — opens first stone theatre in Borne, 55 — Julia dies, marries Cornelia, 53 — sole Consul, 25 Feh. 53 — acknowledged head of aristocratic party, 51 — proposition and counter-proposition to Caesar, illness at Neapolis, 50 — flies to Greece at Caesar's approach, 15 Mar. 49— defeated hy Caesar at Pharsalia, 9 Aug. 48 — assassinated by Achillas, 29 Sep. 48. a Merivale. b Clinton. Pompeius Magnus, Cn.,— [BC]— b., 80-75 — obtains ships for Alexandria, 49 — commands in the Adriatic, 48 — in Spain, 46 — at battle of Munda, 1 7 Mar. 45 — killed, near Lauron, soon after. Pompeius Magnus, Sextus, — [BC] — b., 75 — accompanies his father at his death, Sep. 48 — in Cyprus, Africa, 47 — at battle of Thapsus, 46 — fights against Caesarian lieutenants in Spain, 46-5— battle of Munda, 45 — defeats Asinius Pollio, 43 —gains possession of Sicily, 42 — defeats Salvidienus, 42 — aids Antony against Octavius, 41 — Congress at Misenum, reconciled with Triumvirs, 39 — war with Oc- tavius, 38-36 — defeated off jSTaulochus, bv Agrippa, 3 Sep. 36 — attempts war on Antony, taken and killed by Titius, 35. Pompeius, Q., — [BC] — Consul with Cn. Servilius Crepio, (613, a. u. c.) 141— war with Kumantines : censor with Q,. Metellus Mace- donicus, 131. Pompeius Rufus, Q.,— [B C]— (1.) Tribunus plebis, 100 — praetor, 91 — Consul with Sulla, (666, a. u. c.) 88— killed by the soldiers, 88. Pompeius, Sextus, — Consul with Sex. Ap- puleius, (767, a. u. c.) 14. Pompeius Strabo, Cn., — [B C] — quaestor in Sardinia, 103 — praetor, 94 — propraetor in Sicily, 93 — Consul with L. Porcius Cato, (665, a. u. c.) 89 — war with allies, takes Picentium : pro- poses Lex Pompeia : proconsul in S. Italy, 88 — procures murder of Qu. Pompeius, 88 — battle with Cinna and Sertorius, at Borne, 87 • — killed by lightning, 87. Pompignan, Jean Georges le Franc de, Anp of Vienxe, — b. at Montauban, 22 Feb. 1715— Bp of Puy, 1742 — attends Assembly of Clergy, 1755 — one of the Presidents of As- sembly of 1760 — Abp of Vienne, Feb. 1774 — deputy to States-General, joins the Tiers Parti, May to Jun. 1789 — Pres. National Assembly, 1789 — Minister of State, 5 Aug. 1789 — resigns his see : tf. at Paris, 30 Dec. 1790. Questions sur I'incredulite, 1753 — Devotion reconciliee avee V esprit, 1754. Pompignan, Jean Jacques le Franc, Mar- ^UM DE, poet, — b. at Montauban, 10 Aug. 1709— settles at Paris, about 1757 — admitted to French Academy, 1759— tr. at Pompignan, 1 Nov. 1784. Didon, l-j^—CEuvrcs, 1784. Pomponazzi, Pietro, (Pompouatius,) philo- sopher, — b. at Mantua, 16 Sep. 1462 — Prof. Philosophy, Padua, 1488 — removes to Ferrara, 1509 — to Bologna, 15 12 — 1». at Bologna, 1524 or 1526. De animce immortalitate, 1516 — De Fato, Libero Arbitrio, §c, 1567 — De Naturali- um Effectuum admirandorum Causis, 1556. Pomponius, Sextus, jurist, — fl., about 150. Pomponius Bononiensis, L., Fabulce Atel- lance, — [BC] — fl., about 91. Ponce de Leon, Juan, discoverer of Florida, — b. in Spain, about 1460 — accompanies Ovando to Hispaniola, 1502 — discovers Florida, 27 Mar. 15 1 2 — fails in attempt to conquer Florida, 1521 — tf. in Cuba, 1521. Ponce de Leon, Rodrigo, Marquis of Cadiz, military commander, — ft. in Spain, 1443 — obtains victory over Moors, about 1460 —captures fortress of Alhama, 1482 — defeated by Moors in the Axarquia, 1483 — saves life of Ferdinand at siege of Velez, Apr. 1487 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Malaga, May to Aug. 1487— present at surrender of Baza, 1488 — and of Granada, Jan. 1492 — tf. at Seville, 28 Aug. 1492. Ponce de Leon, Luis. [Leon.] Ponce, Nicolas, engraver,- — b. at Paris, 12 Mar. 1746— rj. there, 31 Mar. 1831. Melanges sur les Beaux- Arts, 1826. Ponce, Pierre de, first teacher of 'deaf mutes, — b. at Yalladolid, about 1520 — ft. in Spain, .1584. Ponce-Camus, Marie Nicolas, painter, — b. at Paris, 1776 — tf., 1839. Napoleon at the tomb of Frederick the Great, 1808. Pond, John, astronomer royal, — b., about 1767 — settles in London, 1807 — astrono- mer royal, 181 1-35 — finishes his Catalogue of Stars, 1833 — fc. at Blackheath, 7 Sep. 1836. Pondicherry, in Hindustan, — purchased by French, from king of Bejapoor, 1672 — French settlement at, 1674 — taken by Dutch, 5 Sep. 1693 — restored to French by Treaty of Rys- wick, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ad- miral Boscawen and Major Lawrence, 3-17 Oct. 1748 — treaty of peace between France and Great Britain, signed at, 26 Dec. 1754 — surrenders to Col. Coote, 16 Jan. 1761 — restored to France by Peace of Paris, 1763 — attacked by British, under Munro and Vernon, Aug. 1778 — surrenders, and fortifications de- molished, Oct. 1778 — restored to France by Treaty of Versailles, 1783 — again taken by British, 23 Aug. 1793 — restored by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — again captured by British, n Sep. 1803 — restored by Peace of Paris, 1 8 14. Pongerville, Jean Baptiste Antoine Aime Sanson de, translator, — b. at Abbeville, 3 May 1792 — admitted to French Academy, Apr. 1830 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1845 — Keeper of Library of Ste Genevieve, 1 846 — of Imperial Library, 1851 — Commander of Legion of Honour, Aug. 1861 — }y., 23 Jan. 1870. Translations of Lucretius, 1823 — of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1827 — of Milton's Paradise lost, 1838 — of Virgil's JEneid, 1846. PONIATOWSKI— PONTHIETT. "5i Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Marshal of the French Empire, — b. at Warsaw, a Vienna, b 7 May 1763,* b 1762 c — enters Aus- trian army, 1779,* I 77^ c — aide-de-camp to Joseph Unserves against Turks, 1787 — returns to Poland, 1789— commands against Russians, 1792 — serves under Kosciusko, 1794 — retires to Vienna, 1794 — returns to Warsaw, 1798 — military commander of Warsaw, 1806 — receives Murat there, 28 Nov. 1806 — commands Polish forces in service of France, 1807 — invades Galicia, 1809 — repulses Austrians at Raszyn, 19 Apr. 1809 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1809 — ambassador extraord. of king of Saxony to Paris, 1811 — dis- tinguishes himself at Smolensko, 18 Aug. 18 12 — at Borodino, 7 Sep. 18 12 — at Leipsic, 16 Oct. 1 813 — Marshal of French Empire, 16 Oct. 1 8 13— drowned in the Elster, i8, a 19 b Oct. 18 13. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Poniatowski, Stanislaus, Count, — b. in Lithuania, 1678,* 1677 b — accompanies Charles XII. of Sweden in expedition of Russia, 1700 — aids his escape to Bender, Jul. 1709 — marries Princess Constance Czartoryski, 1720 — Grand Treasurer of Lithuania, 1724 — palatine of Mazovia, 1731 — ambassador to France, 1740 — Castellan of Cracow, 1752— tr. in Poland, 3 Aug., b Sep. a 1762. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Poniatowski. [Stanislaus Augustus.] Pons, Antoine de, — b., 2 Feb. 15 10 — ac- companies Lautrec to Naples, 1528 — marries Anne de Parthenay, 1533 — present at interview of Francis I. and Henry VIII. , 1546 — envoy to Italy, 1546-60 — marries again, and re- nounces Calvinism, 1556— ft., 1586. Pons, Jacques de, — b., 141 3 — distinguishes himself in wars with English, 1426-49 — banished, 1449-61 — tf., 146 r, a 1472 or 147 3- b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, — b. at Peyres, (Hautes Alpes,) 25 Dec. 1761 — enters Observatory of Marseilles, 1789 — discovers 17 comets, between 1802-9 — Director of Observa- tory of Marlia, i8i5, a i8i9 b — of Observatory of Florence, 1825 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1831. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Pons, Renaud, Sire de, — b., about 1345 — enters service of Charles V. of France, and distinguishes himself in wars with English, 1370 — contributes to capture of Soubise, 141 3 — tf. at Pons, 1427. Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, — b. at Vienne, 1 Jun. 1 8 14 — member of French Academy, 1855 — tf., 7 Jul. 1867. Translation of 'Byron 's Manfred, 1837 — Lucrece, 1843 — Agnes de Meranie, 1846 — Charlotte Cor day, 1850 — 1? Honntur et V Argent, 1853 — La Bourse, 1856. Ponsonby, Sir Frederick Cavendish, gen- eral, — b., 6 Jul. 1783 — enters the army, 1800 — Major, 1807 — distinguishes himself at battles of Vimeira, 1808— Talavera, 1809 — Barrosa, 1 81 1 — Llerena, 11 Apr. 1812 — Salamanca, Jul. 1 8 12— in retreat from the Douro,Nov. 181 2 — at Vittoria, 18 13 — distinguishes himself and is seven times wounded at Waterloo, 18 15 — marries Lady Emily Bathurst, 1825— if. near Basingstoke, 12 Jan, 1837. Ponsonby, George, Lord Chancellor of Ireland,— b., 5 Mar. 1755— called to Irish bar, 1780— marries Lady Mary Butler, May 1781— M.P. Wicklow, 1800— Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1 806 — resigns, 1 807 — tf ., 8 Jul. 1 8 1 7 . Ponsonby, Sir William, general, — b., 1772 — killed at Waterloo, 18 Jim. 1815. Pont, Du. [Pontius.] Pont-a-Mousson, in France, — founded, be- fore 900— new town built, 1230 — burnt by Duke of Lorraine, 1240 — erected into a Mar- quisate and free Imperial town, 1 354 — receives title of city, 1444 — stormed by Duke of Bur- gundy, 1475— taken by Louis XIII. , 1632 — unsuccessfully besieged by Ottavio Piccolomini, 1639 — occupied by Germans, Aug. 1870. [Franco-German War.] University, founded, 1572 — removed to Nancy, 1768. Pontano, Giovanni, (Jovianus Pontanus,) statesman, Latinist, $• : 333 — visited by James L, Aug. 161 7 — ravaged by plague, 1 630-1 — declares for Charles I., 1642 — taken by Fairfax, 12 Feb. 1 643 — Cromwell defeats the Scots under Hamilton, 17 Aug. 1648 — Charles II. pro- claimed at, Jul. 1649— occupied by troops of the Pretender, 9 Nov. 17 15 — insurgents de- feated at, 12-13 Nov. 17 15 — entered by the Young Pretender, 27 Nov. 1745 — first cotton manufactory erected, 1777. Guild, celebration of, mentioned, 1329. Preston, Sir Richard Graham, Viscount, statesman, — $., 1648 — ambassador to Louis XIV., 1685 — Secretary of State under James II., 27 Oct. 1688— Lord Pres. Council, 1688— head of Jacobite conspiracy, 1690 — arrested, 31 Dec. 1690 — convicted of treason, Jan. 1691, but afterwards pardoned : r/., 1695. Preston, Thomas, dramatist, — b., 1537 — Fellow of King's Coll. Cambridge, ii Sep. *5S6 — M.A., 1561 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 6 Sep. 1566— Master of Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge, about 1584 — tf. at Cambridge, 1598. Cambises, licensed, 1569. Preston-Pans, in Scotland, — defeat of Sir John Cope by the Young Pretender, 21 Sep. 1745- Pretender, The Old. [James Francis Edward.] Pretender, The Young. [Charles Edward.] Prevesa, in Turkey,— Venetian fleet deserted by its Captain-general, Andrea Doria, and de- feated by Turks, 1538— taken by Venetians, under Morosini, 29 Sep. i684 a — recovered by Turks, 17 1 5 — again taken by Venetians, 17 17 — confirmed to them by Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 — falls into hands of the French, 1798 — taken from them by Ali Pasha, 1798. a Finlay. Prevost, Sir George, Bart., general, — 6., 1767 — Bart., about 1803 — repulses the French in St Domingo, 22 Feb. 1805 — Lieutenant-go- vernor of Nova Scotia, 1808 — takes part in expedition against Martinique, 1808 — burns Buffalo and Black Rock, Dec. 18 13 — retreats from Plattsburg, 11 Sep. 18 14— returns to England, 18 14 — if. in London, 5 Jan. 18 16. Prevost, Louis Augustin, linguist,— b. at Troyes, 6 Jun. 1796 — comes to England, about 1823 — Assistant-librarian in British Museum, 1843 — ft. in London, 25 Apr. 1858. Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, lit- terateur, — ft. in Artois, 1 Apr. 1697 — enters Benedictine Order, 1720 — goes to Holland, 1727 — to England, 1733 — returns to France, 1734 — "ft. in Chantilly Forest, 23 Nov. 1763. Me'moires d'un Homme de Qualite, 1728-32 — Histoire de M. Cleveland, 1732-9 — Histoire du Chevalier Desgrieux et de Manon lescot, 1733 — Pour et Contre, 1733-40 — Histoire Generate des Voyages, 1745-70. Prevost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 8 Aug. 1829 — enters the Ecole Normale, 1849 — joins staff of Journal des De'bats, end of 1856 — fined and imprisoned for his Anciens Partis, 1 860 — unsuccessful candidate at Paris elections for Legislative Body, 1863 — admitted to French Academy, 7 Apr. 1865 — ambassador to United States, summer 1870 — tf. at Washington, 19 Jul. 1870. Revue de V histoire universelle, 1854 — Du role de la famille dans V education, 1857 — Essais de politique et de la litterature, 1859, 1862, and 1863 — Anciens partis, i860 — Qucl- ques pages d' 'histoire contemporaine, 1862 — France nouvelle, 1868. Priapus, in Mysia, — [BC] — founded by Milesians, about 715. Price, David, orientalist, — enters service of E. India Company, 1780 — Major, Jun. 1804 — returns to England, 1807 — tf., 16 Dec. 1835. Chronological Retrospect, 181 1-2 1 — Essay to- wards History of Arabia, before birth of Ma- homed, 1824. Price, Hugh. [See Jesus College, Oxford.'] Price, Richard, political writer, — h. at Tyn- ton, in Wales, 23 Feb. 1723 — goes to London, 1741 — marries, 1757 — Pastor of Dissenting Congregation, Hackney, 1758 — F.R.S., about 1763 — D.D. Glasgow, 1769 — has controversy with Priestley, 1778— LL.D. Yale Coll., 1783 — loses his wife, 1786 — fr. in London, 19 Mar. 1 79 1. Questions and Difficulties in Morals, 1758 — Four Dissertations, 1766 — Treatise on Reversionary Payments, 1769 — Observations on Civil liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with America, 1776 — Importance of American Revolution, 1784. Price, Richard, philologist, antiquary. Edition of War ton's History of English Poetry, 1824 — of JBlachstone's Commentaries, 1830. Price, Thomas, — b. near Builth, in Wales, 2 Oct. 1787 — Vicar of Cwmdu, 1825 — presents Welsh barp to Queen Victoria, 1843 — tf. at Cwmdu, 7 Nov. 1848. Hanes Cymru, 1836-42 — Literary Remains, 1854-5. PRICE-PRINGLE. 1165 Price, Sir Uvedale, Bart., litterateur,— ft. at Foxley, Herefordshire, 1747— Bart., 1828 — tf. at Foxley, 11 Sep. 1829. Essay on the Picturesque, 1794 — Essay on the Modern pro- nunciation of the Greek and Latin Languages, 1827. Price, William, orientalist, — ft., 1780 — interpreter to embassy to Persia, 18 10 — tf. near "Worcester, Jun. 1830. Grammar of Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic, 1823 — Eng- lish Embassy to Persia, 1825 — Grammar of Hindustani, 1828. Price Current, weekly, — publication of, in England, commenced, 1634. Prichard, James Cowles, ethnologist,— ft. at Ross, Herefordshire, 11 Feb. i785, a 1786 b — commences practice at Bristol, 18 10— as Com- missioner of Lunacy, settles in London, 1845 — ft. in London, 22 Dec. 1848. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, 181 3 — Eastern Origin of Celtic Nations, 1831 — Na- tural History of Man, 1843 — Diseases of the Nervous System, 1822 — Treatise on Lnsanity, 1834. a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. Pride, Colonel, Parliamentarian officer, — appears at bar of the House respecting Army Petition, 1 Apr. 1 647 — fights at battle of Preston, Aug. 1648 — purges the House of Presbyterian members, 6 Dec. 1648 — serves in Scottish "War, 1650 — one of Cromwell's peers, 1657 — his body ordered to be disinterred and hung at Tyburn, 1660, but not disturbed. Prideaux, Humphrey, theologian, — ft. at Pad- stow, Cornwall, 3 May 1648 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1668 — M.A.,1676 — chaplain to Lord Chancellor, at Oxford, 1680 — Prebendary of Norwich, 1681— D.D., 1686— Dean of Nor- wich, 1702 — tf. at Norwich, 1 Nov. 1724. Marmora Oxoniensia, 1676 — Life of Mahomet, 1697 — Connection of the History of Old and New Testament, 17 15-18. Prideaux, John, Bp of Worcester, — ft. at Stowford, Devonshire, 17 Sep. 1578— enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1596— B. A., 1596 — M.A., 1603 — D.D. and Rector of Exeter Coll., 1612 — Regius Prof. Divinity, Canon of Christ- church, 1615 — Bp of Worcester, 1 64 1 — tf. at Worcester, 12 Jul. 1650. Priene, in Asia Minor, — [BC] — temple of Athene Polias at, dedicated by Alexander the Great, about 330 (?) — [AD] — visited by Chandler, 1764 — explorations on site of, by Dilettanti Society, and discovery of Inscrip- tions, &c, 1869 — discovery of coins of Oro- phernes II. of Cappadocia (b.c. 167) at, by Clark, spring 1870. Priessnitz, Vincenz, founder of Hydropathy, — ft. at Graefenberg, in Silesia, 4 Oct. 1799 — establishes his Cold- Water System there, about 1825 — tf. at Graefenberg, 28 Nov. 1851. Priestley, Joseph, natural philosopher, theo- logian, — ft. near Leeds, 13 Mar. 1733 (o. s.) — studies at Daventry Academy, 1752-5 — minis- ter of Dissenting Congregation, at Needham Market, 1755— removes to Nantwich, 1758 — to Warrington, 1761 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 1766 — F.R.S. London, 1767 — settles at Leeds, 1767 — adopts Unitarianism, about 1767 — in- vestigates properties of fixed air and receives Copley Medal, 1772 — Librarian to Earl of Shelburne, 1773-80 — discovers oxygen gas, 1774 — pastor of Dissenting Congregation at Birmingham, 1780 — his house attacked by rioters, 14 Jul. 1791 — goes to America, 7 Apr. 1794 — tf. there, 6 Feb. 1804. Scripture Doc- trine of Remission, 1 76 1 — History and Present State of Electricity, 1767 — Disquisitions on Matter and Spirit, 1777 — Letters to a philoso- phical unbeliever, 1 7 80 — Experiments and Ob- servations on Air, 1774-9 — History of Cor- ruptions of Christianity, 1782 — of early opin- ions concerning Jesus Christ, 1786 — General History of the Christian Church, 17 90- 1803 — Autobiography and Correspondence, 18 17. Priests. [See Marriage.] Primaticcio, Francesco, painter,— ft. at Bo- logna, i49o, a 1504 b — assists Giulio Romano, at Mantua, 1525-31 — employed by Francis I. at Fontainebleau, 15 31 — Abbot of St Martin of Troyes, 1544 — Superintendent of Royal Buildings, 1559 — tf. at Paris, 1570. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Catalogue. Primogeniture, — established in the Empire by Golden Bull, 1356 — abolished in France, by decree of Constituent Assembly, 1790 — and by Code Napoleon, 19 Apr. 1803. Primus, M. Antonius, — banished for forgery, before 68 — appointed to command in Pannonia, by Galba, 68 — declares for Vitellius, and then for Vespasian, 69 — defeats army of Vitellius at Bedriacum, Dec. 69 — takes and sacks Rome, Dec. 69 — tf., after 100. Prince, John, antiquary, — ft. at Axminster, 1643 — tf. at Berry Pomeroy, 1723. Worthies of Devonshire, 1701. Prince Edward's Island, {St John's,) Gulf of St Lawrence, — discovered by Cabot, 24 Jun. 1497 — taken by British, 1745 — restored to France, but retaken by British, 1758 — ceded to British and annexed to Nova Scotia, 1763 — made separate colony, 1768. Prince of Wales Island, {Pulo Penang,) in Eastern Archipelago, — taken possession of, by British, 7 Jul. 1786 — forms part of Eastern Straits Settlements, 1851. Princeton, New Jersey, V. S., — occupied by British, 1777 — Washington defeats Cornwallis near, 2 Jan. 1777— burnt, 1802 — again, 9 Mar. 1855. College, founded, 1746 — removed to, 1757. Princetown, on Dartmoor, Devonshire, — government prison built, 1806. 1 Principia.' [See Newton, Sir Isaac] , Pringle, Sir John, physician, — ft. in Scot- land, 10 Apr. 1707— studies at Edinburgh, 1727 — studies under Boerhaave at Leyden, 1728-30 — M.D. Leyden, 20 Jul. 1730 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Edinburgh, 1734— present at battle of Dettingen, 26 Jun. 1743— phy- sician-general to English forces in the Nether- lands, 1743 — attends army in Scotland, 1745 to Apr. 1746— F.R.S. , 1745 — receives Copley Medal, 1750— member of Council R.S., 1753 — physician extraord. to the queen, 1763 — • F.R.C.P. London, 1763— Bart., 1766— Pres. R.S., 1772-8— physician extraord. to the king, 1 66 PRINGLE -PRISONS. 1774 — foreign member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1778— if. in London, 18 Jan. 1782. Diseases of the army, 1752. Pringle, Thomas, poet, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Teviotdale, 5 Jan. 1789— goes to Cape of Good Hope, 1820 — returns to England, 1826 — secretai7 to Anti-Slavery Society, about 1826 — if. in London, 5 Dec. 1834. Scenes of Teviotdale, 18 16 — Ephemerides, 1828 — African Sketches, 1834 — Narrative of a residence in S. Africa, 1835. Prinsep, James, Orientalist, — b., 1800 — enters service of East India Company, about 1820 — secretary to Asiatic Society, 1832 — if. in India, 22 Apr. 1840. Edits Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1832. Printing, Block, — practised by Chinese, from about 950 — adopted in Europe, about 1420 — with moveable types, — [see Fust, Johann; Gut- tenberg, Johann; Koster, Lawrence, and Schtiffer, Peter] — art of, made generally known by dispersion of workmen at siege of Mentz, 1462— practised in Italy, 1465 — at Paris, 1469 — at Westminster, 1474 — at Barcelona, 1475 — at Venice, 1469 — in Turkey, about 1726. Printing Machine, steam, — patented by Nicholson, 1790. Kbnig's, invented, between 1804-14 — used for printing the Times, 28 Nov. 1 8 14. Applegath and Cowper's, invented, 1 8 1 8 — rotary, by Hoe, 1 847 — vertical, by Applegath, 1848. Printing Press, — improved by Blaew, 1600- 38. Stanhope, invented, 18 15. Printing. [Calico-Printing, Electrotype, Nature-Printing, Bank-Notes, Stereotype.] Printing for the Blind. [Blind.] Prior, Matthew, poet, diplomatist, — fc. at "Wimborne, Dorsetshire, or "Winburn, Middle- sex, 21 Jul. 1664 — enters St John's Coll. Cam- bridge, 1682 — Secretary of Embassy to the Hague, 1690 — to Congress of Ryswick, 1697 — to Paris, 1698 — Under-secretary of State, 1699 — M.P. Grinstead, 1701 — Commissioner of Board of Trade, 1701 — sent to Paris with pro- posals of peace, Jul. 17 n — ambassador to Paris, Aug. 17 13 to Aug. 17 14 — imprisoned for treason, 17 14-16 — if. at Wimpole, Cam- bridgeshire, 18 Sep. 1721. Works, 1733. Priscianus, grammarian, — fl. at Constanti- nople, about 525,? 468.? Priscianus, Theodoras, physician, — fl., be- fore 400. Priscillianus, Bp of Avila, heresiarch, — propagates bis doctrines in Spain, 379 — cited to Council of Saragossa, but refuses to appear and is condemned with his adherents, 4 Oct. 38 1, a 380 b — again condemned by synod of Burdigala, (Bordeaux,) appeals to Emperor Maximus, about 384 a — put to death by Maxi- mus at Treves, 385 c — his persecutors, Ithacius and Ursacius, deprived of their bishoprics, 389.° a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Mansi. <-• Clinton. Priscinus, (Crispinns* ?) M. Peducaeus, — Consul with Ser. Salvidienus Orfitus, (863, a. v. c.) no. a Zumpt. Priscinus, M. Peducseus Syloga, — Consul with T. Hourius Severus, (891, a. u. c.) 141. Priscus, rhetorician, historian, — joint-envoy from Theodosius IT. to Attila, 445^ 446^ 447,° 448 d — at Rome, about 450— visits Egypt, 452 —living, 471. a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. c Biog. Univ. d Labbe and Clinton. Priscus, general,— takes command of army of the East, spring 588 a — sent against Avars, 592 — crosses the Danube and makes peace with the Chagan, 593 a — defeats Slavonians, 593 b — superseded, 593 s — reinstated, 594 a — passes the Danube and has conference with the Cha- gan, spring 595 — marches to defence of Tomi, 598 — defeats Avars in five battles, 600 — mar- ries daughter of Phocas : invites Heraclius to oppose Phocas, 608. a Clinton. b Finlay. Priscus, D. Novius, — Consul with L. Ceio- nius Commodus, (831, a. u. c.) 78. Priscus, Helvidius, — tribunus plebis, 56 — banished by Nero, 66 — recalled by Galba, 68-*- buries Galba's corpse, 69 — praetor, 70 — ban- ished by Vespasian and put to death, about 75-76. Priscus, L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea, — Consul with. C. Domitius Dexter, (949, a. u. c.) 196. Priscus, M. Statius, — Consul with Plautius Quintillius, (912, a. tj. c.) 159 — serves in Par- thian War, 162-3 — takes Artaxata, 163.* a Ziimpt. Priscus, P. Servilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with App. Claudius Sabinus, (259, a. u. c.) 495. (2.) Consul with L. ^Ebutius Elva, (291,) 463. Priscus, Q. Nonius, — Consul with Ser. Scipio Orfitus, (902, a. u. c.) 149. Priscus, Q. Servilius, — [B C] — Consul with T. Quinctius Barbatus Capitolinus, (286, a. u. c.) 468. Priscus, Q. Sosius, — Consul with P. Ccelius Apollinaris, (922, a. u. c.) 169. Priscus, T. Numicius, — [BC] — Consul with A. Verginius Tricost. Ccelimontanus, (285, a. u. c.) 469. Prison Ministers, in England, — appointment of, regulated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 79, 28 Jul. 1863. Prisons, — in England, custody of, given to sheriffs, by Act 14 Edw. III. c. 10, 1340 — state of, investigated by John Howard, 1773-4 — improvement of, provided for by Acts 14 Geo. III. cc. 20 and 59, 1774, and 19 Geo. III. c. 74, 1778 — investigations by Elizabeth Fry, commence, 18 13 — investigations of Buxton, published, 1818 — laws relating to, consolidated and amended by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, 10 Jul. 1823 — uniform government and appointment of Inspectors provided for by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 38, 25 Aug. 1835 — laws again consoli- dated by Acts 28 and 29 Vic. c. 126, 5 Jul. 1865, and 29 and 30 Vic. c. 100, 10 Aug. 1866. In Scotland, parliamentary inquiry respecting, 1826 — placed under Inspectors, by Act 5 and 6 "Wm IV. c. 38,25 Aug. 1835 — administra- tion of, regulated by Acts 2 and 3 Vic. c. 42, 17 Aug. 1839 ; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 105, 20 Aug. i860; 28 and 29 Vic. c. 84, 5 Jul. 1865. In Ireland, regulated by Acts 7 Geo. IV. c. 74, PRITCHARD— PROCLUS. 1 167 1826 ; 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 51, 13 Aug. 1836. In France, Society for improvement of, formed, 10 Apr. 18 19 — reform effected by law of 18 May 1845. State, organized by decree of Napoleon L, 3 Mar. 18 10. In United States, reform of, commenced, 1787. Pritchard. [See Otaheite.] Priuli, Antonio, Doge of Venice, — elected, May 1618 — U., 12 Aug. 1623. Priuli, Girolamo, Doge of Venice, — elected, 1 Sep. 1559 — ft., 4 Nov. 1567. Priuli, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, — elected, 14 Jun. 1556— &., 17 Aug. 1559. Privas, in Languedoc, —embraces party of Prince of Conde, 1562 — unsuccessfully besieged by Duke of Montpensier, 1574 — synod of Re- formed Churches held at, 16 12 — invested by Marshal Schomberg, 14 May 1629 — taken and pillaged, 27 May — fortifications demolished, 1629. Privateers, — [Marque, letters of] — pro- hibited, by agreement of European Powers, by Treaty of Paris, 1856. Privilege of Sanctuary. [Sanctuary.] Privileges, Feudal, Abolition of. [French Revolution, 1789.] Privy Council, — in England, — to conspire against life of member of, declared felony by Act 3 Hen. VII. c. 14, 1487 — Register com- mences, 18 Aug. 1540— jurisdiction of, restrict- ed by Act 16 Car. I. c. 10, 1642— limited to thirty by Charles II., 1679 — regulations respecting, by Act of Settlement, 12 and 13 Wm III. c. 2, 1701, and by 6 Ann. c. 7, 1707 —unlawful as- sault on member of, declared felony by 9 Ann. c. 16, 17 10 — repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828— powers of High Court of Dele- gates transferred to, by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 92, 9 Aug. 1832 — jurisdiction extended, and Judicial Committee appointed, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 41, 14 Aug. 1833 — powers and duties of Registrar defined by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 85, 20 Aug. 1853 — powers of Board of Health transferred to, by (temporary) Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 97, 2 Aug. 1858— despatch of business by Judicial Committee further pro- vided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 91, 21 Aug. 1 87 1 . Of Scotland, merged in that of England, by Act 6 Ann. c. 6, 1706. Prize Money, Army, — laws relating to, con- solidated and amended by Act 2 Wm IV. c. 53, 23 Jun. 1832. Proaeresius, rhetorician, — b., about 276 a — teaches rhetoric at Athens, 340 — invited to Gaul by Constans, 342 — favoured by Julian, 362 — b\, 367, a 368. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Probate, Court of, in England, — instituted by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 77, 28 Aug. 1857. Probates, Duty on, — law respecting, amended by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 92, 6 Aug. 1861. Probianus, Anicius, — Consul with Leo, (1224, a. -u. c.) 471. Probianus, Petronius, — Consul with Anicius Julianus, (1075, a. u. c.) 322. Probinus, Anicius, — Consul with. Eusebius, (1242, a. u. c.) 489. Probinus, Sex. Anicius, — Consul with Sex. Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius, (1148, a. u. c. ) 395- Probouli,— [B C]— a Council of Ten, at Athens, 412-41 1. Probus,— (1.) Consul with Faustus Avienus, junior, (1255, a. u. c.) 502. (2.) Consul with Clementinus, (1266,) 513. (3.) Junior, Consul with Fl. Theodoras Philoxenus, (1278,) 525. Probus, Anicius, — Consul with Arcadius, (1159, a. u. c.) 406. Probus, M. Aurelius, Roman Emperor, — b„ (14 Kal. Sep.) 19 Aug. 230 — serves under Valerian, &c, from about 255 — proclaimed Emperor after fall of Florianus, Apr., by Senate, (3 Non. Aug.) 29 Aug. 276 — cam- paign in Gaul, after May 277 s — in Illyricum, 278 a — Isauria and the Blemmyes reduced, 279 a — puts down rebellions of Saturninus, 280 — and of Bonosus, 281 — killed, Sep. or Oct. 282. a Clinton. Probus, Sex. Petronius, — Consul with Gra- tian, (1124, a. u. c.) 371— Praetorian Prsefect of Illyricum, defends Sirmium against the Quadi, 374^ a Gibbon. Procaccini, Camillo, painter, — b. at Bo- logna, 1546 — settles at Milan, about 1590 — if. there, 1626. Procaccini, Carlo Antonio, — painted, about 1605. Procaccini, Ercole, the Elder, painter, — b. at Bologna, 1520 — living, 159 1. Procaccini, Ercole, the Younger, painter, — b. at Milan, 1596, 1590 s — tf. there, 1676. a Biog. Catalogue. Procaccini, Giulio Cesare, painter,— -fj. at Bologna, about 1548 — if. at Milan, 1626 — living, i6i8. a b Biog. Catalogue. Procession of the Holy Ghost. [Filioque.] Processions, Party, in Ireland, — restrained by Act 13 Vic. c. 2, 12 Mar. 1850. Processions, Eeligious, in Italy, — pro- hibited, Sep. 1865. Prochaska, Johann, Baron von, general, — b. at Vienna, 3 Jul. 1760 — enters the army, 177 9 — distinguishes himself in the Netherlands. 1794 — Knt of Order of Maria Theresa, 1796 — contributes to victory of Friedberg, 24 Aug. 1796 — Lieutenant-general, May 1809 — Knt of St Leopold, member of Council of War, 18 14 —Knt of St Anne, Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, Dec. 18 15— if. at Vienna, 1823. Procida, Giovanni de, — b. at Palermo, about 1225— present at death-bed of Emperor Frederick II., 1250 — takes part in attempt of Conradin, 1268 — endeavours to rouse Sicilians against French, 1279 — obtains aid of Michael Palasologus and sanction of Pope Nicholas III., 1280— returns to Sicily, 1281 — massacre of French (' Sicilian Vespers ') begins at Palermo, 30 Mar. 1282 — living, 1302. Proclamations, of the king, in England, — declared valid as Acts of Parliament, by Act 31 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1539 — trial of offenders against the Act, further regulated by 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 23, 1544 — Act repealed by 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547. Proclus, philosopher, — b. at Constantinople, 8 Feb.4i2, a 410 b — studies at Alexandria, 426- 6S PROCLUS— PROPHESYLTCS. 428 b — goes to Athens, about 432 c — at Athens, 429-437 b — tf. there, 17 Apr. 485,* about 487,° Apr. 47 5. b a Eng-l. Cyc. b Clinton. c Biog. Univ. Proclus, Neo-platonic philosopher, — ft. about Apr. 410/ 1 8 Feb. 412 b — studies at Alexandria under Leonas and Orion, 426-8 a — studies phi- losophy, under Olympiodorus, 426-8 — at Athens, under Plutarchus and Syrianus, 429 a — succeeds Syrianus, after 431 — visits the East, after 437 a — returns to Athens : if., 17 Apr. 485. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Proconnesos, — [B C] — founded by Mile- sians, about 715. Proconsul, — [B C] — first appointed at Rome, Q. Publilius Philo, 327 — first appointed, not having been consul before, P. Corn. Scipio, 211. Procopius. [Anthemius Procopius.] Procopius, historian, — ft. at Caesarea, about 500 — assessor to Belisarius in Armenia, 526, a 527 b — accompanies Belisarius in Persian War, 530 — in expedition against Vandals in Africa, 5 33-5 — in Gothic "War in Italy, 536-9 — Senator, 540 — Prefect of Constantinople, 562 ? — ft-, 565. Anecdota, mentioned, 559 — History of his own Times, terminates, 553. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Procopius, Emperor of the East, (365-66,) — accompanies Julian in Persian War, 363 — submits to Jovian and resigns his command, 363 — revolts at Constantinople, and is proclaimed Emperor, 28 Sep. 365 a — defeated and killed in Phrygia, by Yalens, 27 May 366.3- a Clinton. Procopius, Andrew, the Shaven, the Elder, — joins Hussites under Ziska, 141 9 — defeats Imperialists near Kremsier, 1423 — succeeds Ziska as leader of Taborites, 1424 — ravages Austria, 1425 — takes Teplitz, Bilin, and Leippa, 1426 — defeats Catholics at Aussig, 16 Jun. 1426, and takes the town: drives Austrians out of Moravia, and ravages Austria, 1427 — joined by Procopius, the Younger, invades Silesia, 1427 — occupies Miess, 21 Jul. 1427 — storms Tachau, 1427 — unsuccessfully treats with Emperor Sigismund, 1428 — overruns Misnia, 1429 — again, 1430 — ravages Fran- conia and Bavaria, 1430 — sends to Council of Basel proposal for disputation between Catho- lics and Hussites, 143 1 — crusade proclaimed against him, 143 1 — compels Germans to raise siege of Tauss, 14 Aug. 1431 — defeated and kill- ed, with his colleague, near Lipau, 30 May 1434. Procopius Gazaus, rhetorician, theologian, — fl., 52°- Procter, Adelaide Anne, poetess, — ft., 1835 — tf. in London, 2 Feb. 1864. legends and Lyrics, 1858 and 1861 — Chaplet of Verse, 1862. Proctors, in Ecclesiastical Courts, — required to take Oaths of Allegiance, &c, under penalty of a praemunire, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 24, 1696 — regulations respecting, by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 1813 — compensation to, on establishment of Probate and Divorce Courts, provided, and admission to practice in them, by Acts 20 and 21 Yic. cc. 77 and 85, 25 and 28 Aug. 1857. Proculus, — rebels against Probus, is de- feated and killed, 280. Proculus, Cn. Acerronius, — Consul with C. Pontius Kigrinus, (790, a. u. 0.) 37. Proculus, C. Plautius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with C. Fabius Ambustus, (396, a. u. c.) 358. (2.) Consul with. P. Corn. Scapula, (426,) 328. Proculus, L. Valerius, — Consul with Acyn- dinus, (1093, a. u. c.) 340. Prodicos, of Keos, sophist, — [BC] — fl., 435.4 a to after 400. a Cyril. Euseb. Profane Cursing and Swearing, — in Eng- land, — made punishable by Act 20 Jac. I. c. 21, 1623 — continued by several Acts : punishable by fine, by Act 19 Geo. II. c. 21, 1746— in the navy, punishment regulated by Act 22 Geo. II. c. 33, art. 2, 1749. Prokophiev, Ivan Prokophievich, sculptor, — fj. at St Petersburg, 25 Jan. 1758 — studies at Paris, 1779— ft. at St Petersburg, 10 Feb. 1828. Prome, in JBirmah, — occupied by British troops, summer 1825 — given up by Treaty of Yandaboo, Feb. 1826 — again captured by British, 9 Jul. 1852 — retaken by Birraese, but again captured, 9 Oct. 1852 — burnt, 1856. Promissory Notes, — [Exchange, Bills of] — negotiation of, facilitated by Act 26 and 27 Yic. c. 105, 28 Jul. 1863 — law respecting, amended by Act 31 and 32 Yic. c. 72, 31 Jul. 1868. • Promotion, in British army, — [Purchase] — newly regulated by Boyal Warrant, 31 Oct. 1871. Promotus, Fl. — Consul with Fl. Timasius, (1142, a. u. c.) 389. Prony, Gaspard Claire Francois Marie Riche, Baron de, engineer, — ft. near Lyons, 22 Jul. 1755 — enters School of Boads and Bridges, 1776 — goes to Paris, 1783 — Director of the Cadastre, 17 91 — Prof. Mechanics, Polytechnic School, 1794 — member of Institute, 1795 — Inspector-general, 1798 — Director of School of Boads and Bridges, 1798 — member of Bureau of Longitude, 1817 — Foreign F.R.S. London, 1818 — Baron, 1828 — Peer of France, 1835 — rj. near Paris, 31 Jul. 1839. -Archi- tecture hydraulique, 1790-6 — M ecani que philo- sophique, 1800 — Descriptions hydrographique et historique des marais Pontins, §c, 181 3. Propaganda Fide, Congregation de, — originated by Gregory XIII., 1572-84 — in- stituted at Borne, by bull of Gregory XY., 22 Jun. 1622. College of, established by Urban VIII., 1627. Propagation of the Faith, Society for the, — established at Lyons, 1829. Propagation of the Gospel, — in Keiv Eng- land, Society for, established by Act of Par- liament, 1649 — charter renewed by Charles II., 1 66 1. In Foreign Parts, Society for, founded, 1698 — incorporated by William III., 16 Jun. 1701. Propertius, Sex. Aurelius, elegiac poet, — [BC] — ft., between 57-46, about 51. a a Clinton. Property Tax,— [Income Tax] -[BC] — first ? at Athens, after siege of Mytilene, 428. Prophesyings, Puritan meetings, — com- menced at Northampton, about 1570 — pro- PROSCRIPTION— PROVIDENCE. 169 Mbited by Queen Elizabeth, 7 May 1577, and discontinued. Proscription, — [B C] — invented by Sulla, 8 1 — ordered by the second triumvirate, 43. Prosecutor, Public, — in France, (ministere public,) instituted by Philip the Fair, about 1302 — ministry reorganized, Apr. 18 10. In England, appointment of, recommended by Royal Commission, 1844 — by Select Commit- tee, 1856. Proserpine, asteroid, — discovered by Lu- ther, 5 May 1853. Prosper Aquitanus, theologian, historian, — b. in Aquitaine, 403 — addresses Augustine on the Pelagians, 428 — visits Eome a second time, 440 — living, 463. Protagoras, sophist, — [BC] — 6., about 470, a 48 o h — fl., (01. 84-86,) 444-435 a — visits Athens, before 445 c — second visit, 422 a — if., 404^41 i. b a Clinton. b Frei. c Smith's Diet. Protection of British Agriculture, Society for, — formed in London, 17 Feb. 1844. Protector, in English History. [Richard, Duke of York, Somerset, Duke of, and Cromwell.] Protein, radical compound, — discovered by Mulder, 1838. Protestant Association, — for protection of Queen Elizabeth, formed, about 1584 — legalized by Act 27 Eliz. c. 1, 1584. Protestant Association, The, — founded in England, 1779. [Gordon Riots.] Protestants, — as designation of the Reform- ers, comes into use after their Protest against Imperial Brief at Diet of Spire, 19 Apr. 1529. [Dissidents, Huguenots, Reformation, Thirty Years' War.] In Austria, placed on same footing as Catholics by Imperial Decree, 9 Apr. 1861. Protogenes, painter, — [B C] — £(., about (01. 112) 332 to (01. 120) 300. Protogenes, — Consul with Asterius, (1202, A. U. C.) 449. Proudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, — fc. in France,. 1 Feb. 1758 — studies at Besan- 503. (2.) Consul with C. Nautius Butilus, (279,) 475 — with C. Claud. Sabinus Begilleus, (294,) 460— killed in de- fending the Capitol. (3.) Consul with C. Mar- tius Butilus, (402,) 352. Publilian Laws, at Home, — [B C] — proposed by Pub. Volero, 471 — by Q, Pub. Philo, 339. Publilius Volero,— [B C] — resists enlistment in rank, 473 — tribunus plebis, 472 and 471 — proposes Publilian Laws, 47 1 , Pucherite, mineral, (vanadiate,) — discovered in Pucher mine, Schneeberg, by Frenzel, 1871. Puddling Machine, in iron manufacture, — invented by Danks, 1858. Pudens, L, Arrius,— Consul with M. Gavius Orfitus, (918, a. u. c.) 165. Pudens, Q. Servilius, — Consul with L. Fu- fidius Pollio, (919, a. u. c.) 166. Pudsey, Hugh,— elected Bp of Durham, 31 Jan. 1 153 — consecrated by Pope Anastasius at Borne, 20 Dec. 1153 — takes part in coronation of eldest son of Henry II., and is suspended by Alexander III., 1170 — if., 3 Mar. 1195. Puebla, in Mexico, — founded, 1533-4 — Gen. Zaragoza defeats French near, 5 May 1862 — invested by French, 19 Mar. 1863 — bombarded, 27-29 Mar. — entered by French, 31 Mar. — fighting continues : occupied by Gen. Forey, surrender of Gen. Ortega, 17 May — captured by Porfirio Diaz, for Juarez, 2 Apr. 1867. Cathedral, commenced, 1552 — completed, 1649. Puerto Rico. [Porto Rico.] Puffendorf, Samuel, publicist, diplomatist, — b. at Chemnitz, Saxony, 8 Jan. 1632 — studies at Jena, 1656 — Prof. Law of Nature and Nations, Heidelberg, 166 1 — Prof. Law of Nations, Lunden, 1670 — historiographer to king of Sweden, Counsellor of State, about 1676 — goes to Berlin, 1686 — ft. at Berlin, 26 Oct. 1694. De Jure Naturae et Gentium, 1672 — Severini de Mozambano De Statu Imperii Germanici, 1667 — De rebus gestis Caroli Gus- tavi, Suecice regis, 1695. Pugatschef, Jemeljan, Don Cossack, — b., 1726 — personates deceased Emperor Peter III., Aug. 1773 — captures Kasan; threatens Mos- cow, but is betrayed and executed, 2 1 Jan. 1775. Puget, Pierre, painter, sculptor, architect, — b. at Marseilles, 31 Oct. 1622— tf. at Mar- seilles, 2 Dec. 1694. Milo of Crotona, Ver- sailles, 1682 — Perseus and Andromeda, Ver- sailles, 1685. Pughe, William Owen, miscellaneous writer, — fj. in Wales, 7 Aug. 1759 — goes to London, 1776 — if. in Wales, 4 Jun. 1835. Welsh and English Dictionary, 1793-1803 — (with Owen Jones and Edward Williams) Myvyrian Ar- chaeology of Wales, 1 801 -7 — Cambrian Register, 1796-18 18 — Welsh translation of Paradise lost, 1 8 19. Pugin, Augustus, architectural draughtsman, — fj. in Normandy, 1769 — fj. in London, 19 Dec. 1832. Specimens of Gothic Architecture, 1 82 1 -3 — Specimens of Architectural Antiqui- ties of Normandy, 1825-8. Pugin, Augustus Northmore Welby, archi- tect, — fj. in London, 181 1 — settles at Bamsgate, 1833 — embraces Bomanism, 1834 — if. at Bams- gate, 14 Sep. 1852. Contrasts, 1841 — Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament, 1844 — True Princi- ples of Pointed or Christian Architecture, 1843. Puisaye, Joseph Genevieve, Count de, general, — 6. at Mortagne, 1754 — member of Constituent Assembly, 1789 — Marechal de Camp, 1791 — takes command against Jacobins and is proscribed, 1793 — organizes body of Chouans in Brittany, 1793 — comes to England, and originates expedition of Quiberon, 1794 — if. in England, 13 Sep. 1827. Memoires, 1805-6. Pulaski, Port, near Savannah, TT.' S., — taken by Federals, 11 Apr. 1862. Pulawski, Casimir, — b. in Poland, 4 Mar. 1748 — joins Confederation of Bar, 29 Feb. 1768 — defeated by Bussians on the Dniester, end of 1768 — retires to Carpathian Mountains, 1769- 70 — attempts unsuccessfully to seize Cracow, Aug. 1770 — unsuccessfully besieged by Bussians PITLAWSKI— PUNIC WARS. J i73 in monastery of Czenstochow, Jan. 177 1 — capitulates to them, 1772 — goes to America, end of 1775 — killed at siege of Savannah, U. S., 9 Oct. 1779. PulawsM, Joseph, — b. in Poland, 1705 — founds, with Krasinsld, Confederation of Bar, 29 Feb. 1768 — arrested in Moldavia, towards close of 1768 — tf. at Constantinople, 1769. Pulcher, App. Claudius. [Claudius.] Pulcheria, Roman Empress of the East, (414-453,)— ft., (14 Kal. Feb.) 399— Augusta, with Theodosius II., 4 Jul. 414 — succeeds him, 28-9 Jul. 450 — marries Marcian, Aug. 450 — tf., Jul. 453- a a Clinton. Pulei, Bernardo, poet, — 6. at Florence, about 1425 — curator of Academy of Pisa, 1487 — living, 1494. Translation of Virgil's Ec- logues, 1481— Passion of Christ, 1490. Pulci, Luca, poet, — tf., before 1490. Ci- riffo Calvaneo, (with additions by Giamballari,) 1535 — Driadeo d' Amove, 1479 — Fpistole, 148 1. Pulci, Luigi, poet, — b. at Florence, 3 Dec. 143 1 — tf. there, 1487. Morgante Maggiore, 1488. a a Sismondi. Pulgar, Hernan del, historian, — historio- grapher of Spain, 1482 — living, 1492.* Croniea de los reycs catolicos D. Fernando y Dona Isa- bella, 1565 — Claros Varones, 1500 (?) — Letters, 1543. a Ticknor. Pullus, L. Junius, — [B C]— Consul with P. Claud. Pulcher, (505, a. u. c.) 249. Pulo Penang. [Prince of Wales Island.] Pultawa, in Russia, — ceded by Poland to Russia, 1667 — Peter the Great defeats Charles XII. at, 8 Jul. 1709. Pulteney, Richard, botanist, — ft. at Lough- borough in Leicestershire, 17 Feb. 1730^- F.R.S., 1762— M.D. Edinburgh, 1764 — 3j. at Blandford, 13 Oct. 1801. General View of Writings of Linnceus, 1782 — Historical and Biographical Sketches of the progress of Botany in England, 1790. Pulteney, William, Earl oe Bath, states- man, — fc., 1682 — M.P., 1705 — Privy Council- lor and Secretary-at-War, 1714-17 — fights a duel with Lord Hervey, Jan. 17 31 — created Earl of Bath, 1742 — Prime Minister two days, Feb. 1746 — rj. in London, 8 Jul. 1764. Pultock, Robert. Life and Adventures of Beter Wilkins, 1750. Pultusk, in Bolancl, — Charles XII. defeats Poles at, 1 May 1703 — battle between Napo- leon I. and allies, 26 Dec. 1806. Pulvillus, C. Horatius, — [B C]— Consul with T. Menenius Lanatus, (277, a. u. c.) 477 — with Q,. Minucius Augurinus, (297,) 457. Pulvillus, M. Horatius, — [B C] — Consul svff. with P. Valerius Publicola, (245, a. u. c.) 509 — Consul with Valerius, (247,) 507. Punic Wars, — [BC] — First (264-241) : suc- cess of App. Claudius in Sicily against Car- thage and Hiero, 264 — Hiero makes peace with Rome, 263 — siege and capture of Agri- gentum, Jim. to Dec. 262 — first preparation of fleet by Rome, 260— naval victory of Duilius, 260 — siege of Egestse raised, 260 — Sardinia and Corsica ravaged and Hanno defeated, 259 — war in Sicily, Panormus taken, 258 — naval engagement of Regulus with Carthaginians off Tyndaris, 257— Regulus defeats Carthaginians in another sea-fight, 256— lands in Africa, ravages Carthaginian territory, 256— remains there, Manlius returning in winter to Rome, 256— Regulus defeated and taken, beginning 255— fresh expedition to Africa, Jun. 255 — naval victory, 255 — the fleet wrecked, begin- ning Jul. 255 — Rome prepares another fleet, 254 — set out, end of Apr. 254 — besiege Pa- normus, 3 months, Aug. 254 — fresh expedition, to Africa, take some towns, suffer shipwreck re- turning, sum. to wint. 253 — Senate give up sea-fights, 253 — expedition to Sicily, Himera taken, and lost ; expedition to Lipara, 252 — expedition to Sicily, 251 — Romans resume naval armaments, 250 — victory of Metellus at Panormus, 250 — expedition to Sicily, 250 — siege of Lilybceum, 250 — fleet under Claud. Pulcher defeated, L. Junius suffers ship- wreck, 249 — Romans again abandon the sea, 249 — Evyx taken, 249 — Senate ap- point A. Atilius Calatinus Dictator, 249 — siege of Lilybceum continues, Drepa- num besieged, 248 — Roman privateering or piracy, 247 — Hamilcar Barcas General of Carthaginians, 247 — seizes Hercte, [262^] and ravages coasts of Italy, 247 — attacks Romans in Panormus, 247-244 — Fundanius opposes Barcas in Sicily, 243 — Romans again prepare a fleet, beginning sum. 242 — expedi- tion under C. Lutatius, beginning 241 — naval victory of Romans at .ZEgates Insulse, 10 Mar. 241 b — surrender of Lilybceum, (6 Id. Mar.) 241 — Carthage obtains peace, 241 — triumph of Catulus, 6 Oct. Second (218-201) : fall of Saguntum, de- claration of war, 219 — preparations of Han- nibal, wint. 219-218 — his review at Carthago Nova, spring 218 — passage of the Pyrenees and the Rhone, sum. 2 1 8 — Tib. Sempronius sent with fleet to Sicily, to invade Africa, sum. — passage of the Alps by Hannibal, Sep. or Oct. — battles of Ticinus and Trebbia, Dec. b — Hannibal winters in Liguria, 218-7 — invasion of Etruria, battle of Trasimene, spring 217 — Q. Fabius appointed Dictator, 217 — Minucius surprised by Hannibal, rescued by Fabius, 217 — battle of Cannse, sum. 216 — Hannibal winters at Capua, 216-215— treaty between Hannibal and Philip of Macedonia, 215 — Marcellus defeats Carthaginians atNola, 215 — Hannibal winters in ApuUa,conquers Locri and Croton, 2 15-214 — attempt of Hannibal on Tarentum, 214— siege of Syracuse, by Marcellus, begins, 214 — war with Philip begins, 214 — Hannibal before Tarentum, 213 — capture of Tarentum and blockade of citadel, early in 212 — Syracuse taken, aut. 212 — siege of Capua, by Fulvius, raised by Hannibal, 212 — Hannibal marches toward Rome, 211 — surrender of Capua, 211 — treaty between JEtolians and Romans, 2 1 1 — Agrigentum taken by M. Valerius, 210 — Carthago Nova taken by Scipio, 210 or 209 — refusal of 12. Latin colonies to furnish con- tingents, beginning 209— battles in Apulia, 209 — Fabius- retakes Tarentum, 209 — Scipio de- feats. Hasdrubal in Spain, 209— the Consuls "74 PUNJAB— PUYSEGUE. surprised near Venusia, Marcellus kiHed, 208 — Hasdrubal winters in Gaul, 208-207 — passes the Alps, 207 — battle of Metaurus, Hasdrubal killed, 207— triumph of the Consuls, 207— Scipio defeats Carthaginians in Spain, early in 206 — Scipio concludes treaty with Syphax, 206 — Spain evacuated by Carthaginians, 206— preparations of Scipio and Mago, 205 — Scipio passes into Africa, besieges Utica, close of 204 — Scipio burns camp of Syphax and Has- drubal, 203 — defeat of Syphax and Hasdrubal, by Lselius and Masinissa, 24 Jun. 203 b — Mago defeated in Cisalpine Gaul, 203 — Han- nibal recalled to Carthage, 203 — embassy to Borne for peace, unsuccessful, close of 203 — battle of Zama, truce for three months, early in 202 — peace concluded, beginning 201 — triumph of Scipio, 201. Third (150-146) : Cato declares for destruc- tion of Carthage, 150— preparations of Eome, 150-149 — Carthaginian embassy to Eome, 149 — 300 hostages given to the Consuls at Lilybceum, 149 — surrender of arms and ships, 149— Hasdrubal reappointed general, siege of Carthage begun, 149 — expeditions of Piso along the coast, 148 — Scipio elected Consul, close of 148 — capture of Megara, blockade of the city, 147— attack renewed, spring 146 — Carthage taken and destroyed, about Jul. I46. b a Zonaras. b Clinton. Punjab. [Panjab.] Pupienus Maximus, M. Clodius, Eoman Emperor, — with Balbinus, Mar. 238 — slain, mid. Jun. 238.* a Clinton. Purbach, Georg, (Purbachias,) astronomer, — b. in Austria, 30 May 1423 — U. at Vienna, 8 Apr. 1461. Theories JSfovce Planetarum, 1472 — (with Eegiomontanus) translation of the Almagest, 1543. Purcell, Henry, musical composer, — ft. at Westminster, 1658— organist of Westminster Abbey, 1676 — organist of Chapel Eoyal, 1682 — lj. in London, 21 Nov. 1695. Dido and JEneas, cantata, composed, 1680 — first printed, 1 841 — Collection of Ayres, 1697 — Orpheus Britannicus, 1697. Purchas, Samuel,— b. in Essex, 1577 — ti. in London, about 1628. Ptcrchas his Pilgrim- age, 16 1 3 — Purchas his Pilgrimmes, 1625. Purchase System, in English Army, — sale of commissions prohibited by Act 5 and 6Edw. VL, 1552 — payment of Is. in the £1 on surrender of a commission ordered by Eoyal Warrant, 1683 — any payment interdicted by Eoyal Warrant, 1693 — purchase of a commission recognized as legal, 1702— restrictions imposed, 17 n — again, 1719-20 — Commission of Inquiry into over- regulation payments, 1725 — another, under Lord Ligonier, which fixes scale of prices, 1765— over-regulation prices made penal, and interference with sale of commissions pro- hibited, by Act 49 Geo. III. c. 126, 1809— purchase commended by Wellington, 1833 — and by Eoyal Commissions, 1840 and 1850 — other Commissions appointed, 1854, 1856, 1858, 1863, 1867, 1870 — abolished by Eoyal Warrant, 20 Jul. 1871. [Promotion.] Purgatory, Doctrine of — suggested by Augustine, 407 — controverted by Pelagius at synod of Diospolis, 415 — inculcated by Gregory the Great, 590-604 — propagated by Bene- dictines, 615 — generally received in ^England, 690 — all persons required by the pope to pray for souls in purgatory, about 1000 — discussed between Greeks and Latins at Council of Fer- rara, 1438 — adopted by Council of Florence, 1439 — rejected by Articles of Church of Eng- land, 1553— enforced by Council of Trent, sess. 25, 3 and 4 Dec. 1563. Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of, — introduced in Eoman Church by Pope Gelasius, 494. Puritans, — rise of, in England, 1547-50 — name comes into use, 1564,* 1569 b — persecuted by Elizabeth, 1567 and 1583 — severe enact- ments against, by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593 — present their Millenary Petition, 1603 — hold conference with prelates at Hampton Court, Jan. 1604 — numerous in parliament, 1604 — influence of, predominant in Long Parliament, 1640. [Nonconformists, Toleration.] a Fuller. b Strypc. Purpureo, L. Furius, — [B C] — military tri- bune under Marcellus, 210 — praetor in Cisal- pine Gaul, 200 — defeats Hamilcar and Gauls at Cremona, and triumphs : Consul with M. Claud. Marcellus, (558, a. u. c.) 196 — defeats Boii : ambassador to Transalpine Gaul, 183. Purveyance, right of, — in England, abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. Puschkin, Alexander Sergievich, poet, — ft. at St Petersburg, 26 May (o. s.) 1799 — enters service of government, 18 17 — exiled, 1820 — Imperial historiographer, 1825 — tf. at St Pe- tersburg, 10 Feb. 1837. Ruslan and Bind- mila, 1820 — PlenniJc Kavkaskoi, 1822 — Fountain of BaJchtchiserai, 1824 — Tzigani, 1827 — Oneghine, 1828 — Pitltava, 1829 — Boris Gudenov, 1831. Puseus, — Consul with Joannes, (1220, a. u. c.) 467. Puseyism. [Tractarian Movement.] Putschius, Elias, philologist,—^, at Ant- werp, 1580 — ft. at Stade, 9 Mar. 1606. Gram- maticce latince auctores antiqui, 1605. Putter, Johann Stephen, publicist, — ft. in Westphalia, 25 Jun. 1725 — Prof. Jurispru- dence;, Gottingen, 1746 — member of Academy of Berlin, 1787— Dean of Faculty of Law, 1797 — tf., 12 Aug. 1807. Institutiones juris publici Germanici, 1770 — Grundriss der Staats- ver Under ung en des Teutschen Reichs, 1753 — Historische Fntwiclcelung der heutigen Staats- verfassung des Teutschen Reichs, 1786-98. Puysegur, Armand Marie Jacques de Chas- tenet, Marquis de, general, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 1 Mar. 1751 — enters the army, 1768 — Co- lonel, 1 7 7 8 — assists at siege of Gibraltar, 178 2 — attends lectures of Mesmer, about 1783 — sup- ports the revolution, 1789 — quits the army, 1792 — arrested, 1797 — liberated, Nov. 1799 — tf. near Soissons, 1 Aug. 1825. Memoircs pour servir a I'histoire du magnetisme animal, 1784 — Du magnetisme animal, 1804-7 — Recherches physiologiques sur Vhomme dans I'e'tat de somnambulisme, 1813. PUYSEGUR— PYTHIAN GAMES. "75 Puysegur, Jacques de Chastenet, Vicomte de, general, — b. near Guise, 4 Sep. 1602 — enters Guards of Louis XIII., 1617 — distin- guishes himself in campaign against Spaniards, 1636 — retires, Apr. 1659 — tf., 1682. Me- moir es, 1690. Puysegur, Jacques Francois de Chastenet, Marquis de, Marshal op France, — fc. at Paris, 13 Aug. 1656 — Marechal-general des logis, 1690 — negotiates league with Electors of Bavaria and Cologne, 1700 — passes into Spain as Director-general of French forces, 1703 — Lieutenant-general, 1704 — serves at Malplaquet and Denain, 1707 — Marshal of France, 14 Jun. 1734— tf. at Paris, 15 Aug. 1743. Art de la Guerre, 1748. Pydna, in Macedonia, — [B C] — reduced and rehuilt by Archelaos, 410 — revolts, and is taken by Philip, 35 8 — Olympias besieged in, by Cassander, 316-5 — iErnilius Paullus defeats Perseus at, 168. Pye, Henry James, poet-laureate, — n. in London, 1745 — LL.D. Oxford, 1772 — M.P. Berkshire, 1784 — appointed laureate, 1790 — tf., 11 Aug. 1 8 13. Pym, John, statesman, — fi. in Somerset- shire, 1584 — enters Oxford Univ., 1599 — fakes part in impeachment of Buckingham, 1626 — and in attack on Manwaring, 1628 — prevented from emigrating by Charles I., 1637 — member of Long Parliament, Nov. 1640 — proposes im- peachment of Earl of Strafford, 11 Nov. 1640, and conducts the proceedings — one of the Five Members, 1642 — Lieutenant of the Ordnance, Nov. 1643 — tf. in London, 8 Dec. 1643. Pynaker, Adam van, painter,—^, at Pyn- aker, near Delft, 1621 — tf., 1678^ 1673. b a Engl. Cyc. Biog*. Univ., Nouv. Biog. Gen., andRees' Cyc. _„ Pyne, James B., painter, — b. at Bristol, 5 Dec. 1800 — goes to London, 1835 — member of Society of British Artists, 1839 — visits Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, 1846 — again visits Italy, 1852-54 — tf., 29 Jul. 1870. Pyne, "William Henry, painter, miscellaneous writer, — fj. in London, 1770 — member of Society of Painters in "Water Colours, 1805 — tf., 29 May 1843. Microcosm, 1803 — History of the Royal Residences, 1 8 1 9. Pynson, Kichard, printer, — naturalized in England, by Henry VII., 1493 — King's Printer, 1503 or 1508 — tf., about 1529 (?). Pyramids of Egypt, — [BC] — the Great, of Cheops, at Ghizeh, built, 2i5o, a 2i8o, b 3280,° 2o89, d 1082 e — [AD] — visited by Emperor Seve- rus, 202 — -second, of Cephren, visited and opened by Caliph Othman, 1 196-7 — visited by Belonius, 1553— chamber in Great Pyramid discovered by Davison, 1764 — second, opened by Belzoni, about 1820 — other chambers opened by Vyse, 1837 — measurement of Great, by Piazzi Smyth, 1863 — his second measurement, Jan. to Mar. 1865. a Sir J. flerschel. b Smyth. c Cra-wfurd. d Wilkinson. e Lepsius. Pyramids, Battle of the, — Napoleon defeats the Mamelukes, 21 Jul. 1798. Pyrenees, — [BC]— passed by Hannibal, 218 — military road across, constructed by Pompeius, 49— [AD] — passed by Charles the Great, 778 — battles of the, defeat of Soult by Wellington, 25-30 Jul. 1813— crossed by railway train, 21 Aug. 1862. Peace of the, between France and Spain, concluded, 7 Nov. 1659. Pyrgoteles, gem engraver, — [B C] — £(., after 35o. Pyromachos, {Phyromachos,) scidptor, — [B C]— fi., (01. 135,) 240. Pyrometer, — invented by Muschenbroek, about 1730 — Ellicott's, invented, 1736 — Graham's, 1754 — "Wedgwood's, 1782 — Banis- den's, 1785 — Guyton's, exhibited, 1803 — Daniell's, 1821 — Ericsson's, 1851. Pyrrhion,— [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 98, 1,) 388. Pyrrhon, Sceptic philosopher, — [B C] — ac- companies Alexander the Great on Asiatic ex- pedition, about 330. Pyrrhus, King oe Epirus, — [BC] — ft., about 318 — accession, about 312 — expelled by Cassander and present at Ipsus, 301 — hostage to Ptolemy, 301 — restored to Epirus by him, 297 — assassinates Neoptolemus and reigns alone, 295 — drives Antipater out of Macedonia, 294 — invades Thessaly, 291 — defeats Pantau- chus in JEtolia, 289 — loses Korkyra : invades Macedonia and is driven out, 288 — alliance with Lysimachus, and drives Demetrius out of Macedonia, 287 — expelled from throne of Ma- cedonia by Lysimachus, mid. 286 or end of 287 — receives embassy from Tarentum against Borne, 281 — passes into Italy, Apr. to May 280 — defeats Valerius Lsevinus : sends Cineas to Borne, 280 — defeats Decius Mus and Sulpicius, near Asculum, 279 — truce with Borne, goes to Sicily, end of sum. 278 a — returns to Italy, 275^ aut. 276 b - — defeated by Curius Den- tatus, 275 — returns to Epirus, end of 274 — in- vades Macedonia and is proclaimed King, 273 — invades Laconia, and is killed, in retreating from Argos, wint. 272. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Pythagoras, philosopher, — [B C] — 6., about 57o, a about 609 b — fl., about 540-510 — at Croton, (01. 60,) 540 «— tf., (01. 70, 1,) 500- 499. d a Aristoxenus and Jamblichus. b Eratosth. and Antilochus. c Muller. d Euseb. Ann. Pythagoras, sculptor, — [BC] — fl., about 480-430. a a Smith's Diet. Pythagorean League, — [BC] — over- thrown, 504. a a Muller. Pytharatos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 127, 2,) 271. Pytheas, orator,— [BC] — accuses Demos- thenes of taking bribes from Harpalus, 325 — joins Antipater in Lamian War, 322. Pytheas, of Massilia, navigator, — [BC]— 0., about 325 ? Pytheas, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 100, 1,) 380. Pythiads, Era of,— [B C]— commences, (01. 48, 3,) 586, a (01. 49, 3,) 5 8 2 . b a Boeckh and Clinton. b Euseb. Pythian Games, — [BC] — (wy£/Mc institution, celebrated by Delphi :) gymnastic contests in- H76 PYTHOCLES— QUAGLIO. troduced, (01. 47, 3,) 590 a — celebrated by Amphictyons, from (01. 47, 3) 590 a or (01. 48 3) 586 — flute-playing solo and as accompani- ment added, 590 01-586, and no more — chariot- race with four horses introduced, (Pyth. 2,) 578, (01. 49, 3,) 582 a — prize, a garland and palm- branch, from 582 — cithara playing, (Pyth. 8, 01. 55, 3,) 558— foot-race in arms, (Pyth. 23, 01. 70, 3,) 498 — chariot-race with two horses, (Pvth. 48, 01. 95, 3,) 398— with four colts, (Pyth. 53, 01. 100, 3,) 378— pancratium for boys, (Pyth. 61, 01. 108, 3,) 346— race with colts, (Pyth. 63, 01. 110, 3,) 338— chariot-race with two colts, (Pyth. 69, 01. 116, 3,) 314.; Celebrated by Philip of Macedonia with Thessalians and Boeotians, (01. 108, 3,) 346— celebrated at Athens, by Demetrius Poliorke- tes, (01. 122, 3.) 29o b — [AD]— celebrated pro- bably, till about 394. a Miiller. b Clinton. Pythocles, orator, — [BC] — put to death with Phocion at Athens, 317. "Pythocvitos^Jlute-plai/er, — [BC] — gainsprize at Pythian Games, (Pyth. 4-9,) 574-70-66-62- 58-54- Pythocritos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 71, 3,) 494. Pythocritos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 94, 1,) 404. Pythodemos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. Ill, 1,) 336. Pythodoros, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 87, 1,) 432. Pythodotos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 109, 2,) 343. Python, satiric dramatist, — [BC]— exhibits at the Dionysia, on banks of Hydaspes, 326. a a Clinton. Q. Quadrant, — use of, recommended by Ptole- my, 140-160. [Mural Quadrant, Sextant.] Quadrature of the Circle, — impossibility of, demonstrated by Lambert, 17 61 — Academy of Sciences, Paris, decline to examine papers pre- tending to the, 1775 — like announcement by Royal Society, London, soon after. Quadratus, Bp of Athens, — presents his Apology to Hadrian at Athens, 126. Quadratus, A. Julius, — Consul with Tib. Julius Candidus, (858, a. u. c.) 105. Quadratus, Asinius, historian, — ft., about 245. Quadratus, L. Statius, — Consul with L. Cuspius Rufinus, (895, a. u. c.) 142. Quadratus, M. Ummidius, — Consul with Yerus, (920, a. u. c.) 167. Quadratus, Ummidius, — governor of Syria, 5 1 -60 — suffers Rhadamistus to dethrone and kill Mithridates of Armenia, 52 — puts down dis- turbances in Judsea, 52. Quadrigarius, Q. Claudius, historian, — [BC]-— ft., about 100. Quadrilateral, The, Italian border fortresses, — evacuation of, by Austria, commenced, 9 Oct. 1866. Quadrio, Francesco Saverio, Jesuit. — fc. in the Valtelline, 1 Dec. 1695— ft. at Milan, 21 Kov. 1756. Storia e Pagione d'ogni Poesia, 1739-59- Quadriremes, — [B C] — introduced into Greece by Dionysius I. of Syracuse, about 400 — used at Athens, from 330. Quadruple Alliance, — for mutual defence, between States-General of Holland, King of Denmark, Grand Elector and Duke of Bruns- whk-Luneburg, signed at the Hague, 28 Oct. 1666. Quadruple Alliance, {England, France, Austria, United Provinces, 17 18) — Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — Peace of Rastadt, 1714 — barrier treaty of Antwerp, 17 15 — intrigues of Alberoni and Gortz in favour of the Pretender, 17 17 — conquest of Sardinia by Spain, 22 Aug. 1717 — alliance of England, France, and Austria, 22 Jul. 17 18 — Byng's victory off Cape Passaro, 31 Jul. 17 18 — alliance formed with United Pro- vinces, in Treaty of London, Quadruple Alliance, 2 Aug. 17 1 8 — conquest of Sicily by Spain, Jul. to Sep. 17 1 8 — conspiracy of Cellamer, Dec. 17 1 8— war declared by England and France against Spain, 16, 22 Dec. 17 18 — Port Pas- sages taken by Duke of Berwick, 13 Apr. 17 19 — Fontarabia taken, 5 Jun. 17 19 — Spanish in- vasion defeated at Glenshields, 10 Jun. 17 19 — Imperialists defeated at Yilla Franca, Sicily, 20 Jun. 17 19 — St Sebastian taken, 1 Aug. 17 19 — Yigo taken by Cobham, 1 Oct. 17 19 — Mes- sina recovered, 19 Oct. 17 19 — fall of Alberoni, 3 Dec. 17 19 — Spain accepts the conditions of the Alliance, 26 Jan. 1720 — kingdom of Sar- dinia given to Savoy, 8 Aug. 1720 — Congress at Cambray, Jan. 1724 to Jun. 1725 — Treaty of Yienna, between the Empire and Spain, 30 Apr. 1725- Quadruple Treaty, — in support of Queens Isabella and Maria, concluded between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal 22 Apr. 1834. Queestors, at Pome, — [B C]— the public ac- cusers, from before 510-366 — instituted by Valerius Publicola, (?) about 509-500 — number raised to 4, 421 — open to plebeians, 421 — first plebeian qua3stor, 409 — number raised to 8, 265 — to 20, by Sulla, about 80 — none elected, 49 — serarium not officially kept for 4 years after — number raised to 40, by Julius Csesar, about 45 — [AD] — obliged to give games on taking office from time of Claudius, 41. Quaglio, Domenico, painter, — fi. at Munich, QUAIN— QUEEN'S COUNTY. "77 i Jan. 1786 — ft. at Hohenschwangau, 9 Apr. 1837- Quain, Jones, anatomist,— Prof. Anatomy and Physiology, London Univ., about 1830 — retires, 1836 — tf., Jan. 1865. Elements of Ana- tomy, 1832 (2nd ed.). Quaini, Lodovico, (Luigi,) painter, — 6. at Bologna, 1643 — tf., 17 17. Quakers, Society of friends, — originated in England by George Fox, about 1647 — perse- cuted, 1656-85 — [Naylor, James, Barclay, Robert, and Penn, William] — relief of, pro- vided for, by Toleration Act, 1689 — [Affirm- ation] — bill for relief of, introduced in parlia- ment, 1796 — scbism among, under Elias Hicks, commences in America, 1827 — admitted to Im- perial parliament, 1833 — mixed marriages solemnized according to their usage, declared valid by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 18, 15 May i860. Qualification for Offices, in Great Britain, —abolished by Act 29 Vic. c. 22, 18 May 1866. Quarantine, — instituted at Venice, about 1485 — regulations respecting, in England, by Act 9 Ann. c. 2, 17 10 — established in France, 1720 — law respecting, consolidated by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 78, 27 Jun. 1825 — international congress on, meets at Paris, 23 Jul. 1851 — closes, 19 Jan. 1852. Quarin, Joseph, Count, physician, — 5. at Vienna, 19 Nov. 1733 — teaches Anatomy and Materia Medica, at the Univ., 1754-6 — Aulic Councillor, 1756 — First Physician to Emperor Joseph II., 1777 — Count, 1797 — tf. at Vienna, 19 Mar. 1 8 14. Commentatio de curandis febribus et inflammationibus, 178 1 — Animad- versiones practiced indiversos morbos, 1786. Quarles, Francis, poet, — ft. near Eomford, in Essex, 1592 — secretary to Abp Ussher, about 162 1 — chronologer to City of London, 1 64 1 — joins the king at Oxford, his pro- perty sequestrated, 1644 — tf. in London, 8 Sep. 1644. Loyal Convert, 1644 — Emblems, 1635 — Ench iridion of Mcdita t ions, 1654. Quarter Sessions, {Court of General Quarter Session of the Peace,) in England, — appointed to be held, by Act 12 Eic. II. c. 10, 1389— jurisdiction of, defined by Act 5 and 6 Vic. c. 38, 30 Jim. 1842 — further regulated by Acts 11 and 12 Vic. c. 78, 31 Aug. 1848; 12 and 13 Vic. c. 45, 28 Jul. 1849 ; and 21 and 22 Vic. c. 73, 2 Aug. 185^. Quarterly Review, in England, — established, 1809. Quartodecimani. [Easter.] Quatre Bras, in S. Brabant, — "Wellington repulses JSTey at, 16 Jun. 18 15. Quatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, — b. at Paris, 12 Jul. 1782 — Prof. Greek Liter- ature, Eouen, 1809— member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1815 — Prof. Semitic Languages, Coll. de France, 18 19 — Prof. Persian, at School of living Oriental Languages, 1827 — tf. at Paris, 18 Sep. 1857. Recherches sur la langue et la litterature de VEgypte, 1808 — Memoires geographiques et historiques sur VEgypte, 18 10 — translations of Malcrizis History of Mame- luke Sultans of Egypt, 1837-40 — and Raschid Eddin's History of Mongols of Persia, 1836. Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos- tome, archceologist,—f). at Paris, 21 Oct. 1758 — goes to Eome, 1776— again in Italy, 1782-5 — member of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — imprisoned, 1794 — member of Council of Five Hundred, May 1797 — is proscribed and escapes, after 19 Fructidor an V., 5 Sep. 1797 — mem- ber of Institute, 1804 — Censor Eoyal and Officer of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Intendant- general of Arts and Public Monuments, 18 15 — perpetual secretary of Academy of Fine Arts, 1816-39 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1 8 20- 1 — tf. at Paris, 28 Dec. 1849. Biction- naire d Architecture, 1786 — Be la Nature, du But et des Moyens de V Imitation dans les Beaux Arts, 1833 — Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages des plus celebres Architectes, $c, 1830 — Vie de Raphael, 1 824 — Vie de Michel- Ange Buonarotti, 1835- Quebec, in Canada, — founded by French, 1608 — taken by English, 1629 — given up, 1632 — declared capital of Canada by French, 1663 — unsuccessfully attacked by English, 1690 and 17 1 1 — Gen. Wolfe defeats Montcalm at, 13 Sep. 1759 — surrenders to English, 18 Sep. — unsuccessfully besieged by French, 1760 — ceded to Great Britain, 1763 — unsuccessfully attacked by Americans, Dec. 1775 — first par- liament of Lower Canada meets at, 1792 — great fires at, 28 May and 28 Jun. 1845, and 7 Jun. 1862 — Conference of Colonial Governors at, respecting Confederation of British N. America, Oct. 1864— great fires at, 22 Jun. 1865, 14 Oct. 1866, and 24 May 1870. Laval University, founded as Eoman Catholic Semin- ary, 1663 — erected into a University, 1854. Presbyterian College, founded, 1862. Queen of England, regnant, — all regal power declared to be vested in, as fully as in a king, by Act 1 Mar. sess. 3, c. 1, 1554. Consort, to compass or imagine death of, declared treason, by Act 25 Edw.-III. st. 5, c. 2, 1352. Queen Anne's Bounty,— for augmentation of maintenance of poor clergy, instituted by letters-patent, 3 Nov. 1703 — confirmed and corporation established by Act 2 and 3 Ann. c. 11, 1703. Queen Charlotte Islands, N. Pacific Ocean, — seen by Cook, about 1770 — explored by Dixon, and taken possession of for Great Britain, 1787 — form part of British Columbia, by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 99, 2 Aug. 1858. ' Queen Charlotte Islands, S. Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Mandana, 1595 — visited by Carteret, about 1767. Queen's Bench. [King's Bench.] Queen's College, Cambridge, — founded by Margaret of Anjou, 30 Mar. 1449— refounded by Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV., 1465. Queen's College, Oxford, — founded by Eobert Eglesfield, confessor to Queen Philippa, 1340. Queen's Colleges, in Ireland, — foundation and endowment of, authorized by Act 8 and 9 Vic. c. 66, 31 Jul. 1845. Queen's County, in Ireland, — constituted by Queen Mary, 1553-58. 1178 QUEEN'S THEATRE— QUIERCY-SUR-OISE. Queen's Theatre. [Opera House.] Queen's University, in Ireland, — founded by letters-patent of Queen Victoria, 15 Aug. 1850. Queensberry, James Douglas, 2nd Duke op, — b., 18 Dec. 1662 — travels, 1680-4 — marries Lady Mary Boyle, 1 Dec. 1685 — sup- ports the Revolution, 1688 — Privy Councillor, 1689 — serves under Mackay iu Scotland, 1690 — Lord of the Treasury, 1692 — succeeds his father, 1695 — Lord Privy Seal, in Scotland, 1695 — Lord High Commissioner, 1700 — K.G., Jun. 1701 — Secretary of State, by Queen Anne, 1702 — Lord Privy Seal again, 1705 — Com- missioner for Treaty of Union, 1706 — Lord High Commissioner, at last Scottish parliament, 1706 — created Baron Rippon, Marquis of Beverley, and Duke of Dover, in English peer- age, May 1708 — third Secretary of State, 9 Feb. 1709 — loses his wife, 2 Oct. 1709 — tf., 6 Jul. 17 1 1. Queensland, in Australia, — made separate colony, 10 Dec. 1859. Queenstown, in Ireland, {Cove of Cork,) — becomes important naval station in French war, 1792 — pier erected, 1805 — visited by Queen Victoria, and its name changed from Cove to Queenstown, Aug. 1849. Quekett, John Thomas, microscopist, — b. in Somersetshire, 18 15 — Assistant Curator of Hunterian Museum, 1843 — Principal Curator, Prof. Histology, R.C.S., 1856— F.R.S., i860 — tf. at Pangbourne, Berks, 20 Aug. 1861. Quellinus. [Quellyn.] Quellyn, Artus, sculptor, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1630 — tf. there, 17 15. Decorations of Hotel de Ville, Amsterdam, about 1655. Quellyn, Erasmus, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 19 Nov. 1607 — tf. there, 11 Nov. 1678. Quellyn, Hubert, engraver, — b. at Antwerp, about 1608. Quellyn, Jan Erasmus, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1629 — tf. there, 11 Mar. 1715. Quentin, St. [Saint-Quentin.] Querard, Joseph "Marie, bibliographer, — b- at Rennes, 25 Dec. 1797 — employed at Vienna, 1819-24 — member of Legion of Honour, 15 Aug. 1865 — tf. at Paris, 3 Dec. 1865. France Litteraire, 1827-42 — Litter ature francaise contemporaine, 1839-44 — Supercheries lit- teraires devoilees, 1845-56 — Lictionnaire des ouvrages polyonymes et anonym.es, 1846-7. Quercetanus. [Duchesne.] Quercia, Giacomo della, (Jacopo della Ponte,) sculptor, — b. at Siena, 1371 — competitor for Baptistry Gates of Florence, 1401 — tf. at Siena, 1438. Fonte Gaja, Ferrara, 1412-19. Queretaro, in Mexico, — conquered by Span- iards, 1531 — made a city, 1655 — taken by Gen. Marquez, 28 Aug. 1861 — contribution levied by Juarez, May 1863 — entered by Emperor Maxi- milian, 19 Feb. 1867 — betrayed to Juarists by Gen. Lopez, 15 May 1 867. Treaty of, peace be- tween United States and Mexico, ratified at, 29 May 1848. Querini, Girolamo, Cardinal, — b. at Ven- ice, 30 Mar. 1680 — enters Benedictine Order, 1696— travels, 1710-14— Abp of Corfu, 1721^ 1723 c — Bp of Brescia, 1727 — Cardinal, Libra- rian of tbe Vatican, 1727 a — ft. at Brescia, 1755, b i759, a 6 Jan. 1759.° Frimordia Corcyrce, 1725 — Specimen Brixiance Litter aturce, 1739 — edits works of St Fphrem, 1732-46 — Letters of Cardinal Fole, 1744 — Fpistolce Latince, 1742-9. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Querouaille, Louise. [Portsmouth, Duchess OF.] Quer-y-Martinez, Jose, botanist, — b. at Perpignan, 1695 — settles at Madrid, 1748 — tf. at Madrid, 19 Mar. 1764. Flora Espanola, 1762-84. Quesnay, Francois, surgeon, economist, — b. near Montfort-l'-Amaury, 4 Jun. 1694 — Sur- geon to the king, Prof. Royal and perpetual secretary, Academy of Surgery, 1737— follows Louis XV. in campaign of 1744 — M.D. Pont- a-Mousson, 1744 — tf. at Versailles, 16 Dec. 1774. Histoire de Vorigine et des progres de la chirurgie en France, 1744 — Tableau Econo- mique, 1758 — Fhysiocratie, 1768. Quesne. [Duquesne.] Quesnel, Pasquier, Jansenist, — b. at Paris, 14 Jul. 1634 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 1657 — ordained priest, 1659 — refuses to sign formulary, and retires into the Nether- lands, Feb. 1685 — arrested by order of Philip V. of Spain, and imprisoned at Mechlin, 30 May 1703 — escapes, 13 Sep. — tf. at Amster- dam, 2 Dec. 17 19. Deflexions morales, 1693-4 — condemned by Clement XL, 171 1 — again, by the bull Unigenitus, 8 Sep. 17 13 — CEuvres du Tape Saint Leon, 1675 — put in the Index, 1676. Quesnoy, in France, — fortified by Baldwin V., Count of Hainault, 1150 — taken by Louis XL 1447 — retaken by Archduke Maximilian, 1477 — taken by Henry II. of France, 1552 — retaken by Spaniards, 1568 — occupied by Turenne, 6 Sep. 1654 — captured by Prince Eugene, 4 Jul. 17 1 2 — retaken by Villars, 4 Oct. 17 12— sur- renders to Clerfayt, 9 Sep. 1793 — recovered by French, 16 Aug. 1794 — taken by allies, 18 15. Quesnoy, Francois du. [Duquesnoy.] Question. [Torture.] Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gomez de, satirist, — b. at Madrid, 26 Sep. 1580 — D.D. Alcala, 1595 — envoy from Duke of Ossuna in Sicily to Court of Spain, 1615 — Finance Min- ister at Naples, about 1616 — Knt of St Jago, 16 1 7 — imprisoned at Madrid, on charge of libel, 1620-3 — marries, 1634 — again imprisoned, 1639-42 — tf. at Villanueva de los Infantes, 8 Sep. 1645. Suenos, 1635 a — Farnasso Fspanol, 1670.* a Ticknor. Quiberon Bay, in France, — [See V Orient, Belle-Isle] — French emigrants, under Puisaye, sail from England, 10 Jun. 1795 — land in, 29 Jun. — and are defeated by Gen. Hoche, 20-2 1 Jul. Quick, John, comedian, — b. in London, 1748 — appears at Haymarket Theatre, 1769 — retires, 1798 — tf. at Islington, 4 Apr. 1831. Quicksilver. [Mercury. ] Quiercy-sur-Oise, in France. Council of, for condemnation of Gotschalk, held, Apr. or May 849. QUIETISM— QUO WAEBANTO. ■19 Quietism, Quietists,— originated by Miguel Molinos, about 1675 — in France, preached by Madame Guyon, 1687 — supported by Fenelon, and opposed by Bossuet, about 1694-5 — con- demned by bull of Innocent XII., 12 Mar. 1699. Quietus, — Consul with Voldumianus, (1025, a. u. c.) 272. Quietus, C Fulvius, one of the Thirty Ty- rants, — associated with his father, Macrianus, and brother, beginning 261 a — besieged in Emesa, taken and killed by Odenathus, 262. a Clinton. Quietus, Q. Lusius, — offers his services to Trajan, 101 — serves in Parthian war, 114 — governor of Judaea and Consul, by Trajan, 116 or 117 a — murdered, after 117. a Smith's Diet. Quillet, Claude, poet, — b. at Chinon, 1602 — tf. at Paris, Sep. 1661. Callipcedia, 1655. Quiloa, E. Africa, — visited by Cabral, 1498 — taken and burnt by Almeida, 1505. Quimper, Quimper-Corentin, in France, — capital of Armorican Comouailles, (Cormvall,) before 500 — walled, 1209 — again fortified, by Pierre de Dreux, who tf., 1250 — taken by Charles of Blois, 1344— by De Montfort, 1364 — besieged and taken by Marshal d'Aumont, 1595. Cathedral, commenced, 26 Jul. 1424. Quimperle, in France, — monastery founded at, 1029 — threatened by Louis of Spain, who is defeated by Walter de Mauny, 1342 — taken by Olivier de Clisson,i373 — taken and pillaged by troops of Henry IV., 1590 — walls de- molished, 1680. Quin, James, actor, — fj. in London, 24 Feb. 1693 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1715 — retires, 19 Mar. 1753— tf. at Bath, 21 Jan. 1766. Quinault, Philippe, poet, — fj. at Paris, 3 Jun. 1635 — admitted to French Academy, 1670— to Academy of Inscriptions, 1674 — tf. at Paris, 26 Nov. 1688. Theatre, 1715. Quincey, Thomas de. [De Quineey.] Quinctilianus, Sex. Nonius, — Consul with M. Furius Camillus, (762, a. u. c.) 8. Quincy, John, physician, — tf. in London, 1723. Pharmacopoeia, 1739 — Lexicon Fhysico- medicum, 1787. Quincy, Josiah, Jr., political orator, — fc. at Boston, 23 Feb. 1744 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1763 — called to the bar, 1765 — visits England, Sep. 1774-5 — tf. at sea, on his return, 26 Apr. 1775. Observations on Boston Fort Bill, 1774. Quincy, Josiah, miscellaneous writer, — fi. at Boston, 4 Feb. 1772 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1790 — member of Congress, 1805-13 — Pres. Harvard Univ., Jun. 1829 — resigns, Aug. 1845 — t)., 3 Jul. 1864. Memoir of Josiah Quincy, jr., 1825 — History of Harvard Uni- versity, 1840 — Life of John Quincy Adams, 1858. Quincy. [Quatremkre de Quincy.] Quinine, — [Bark, Peruvian] — obtained in separate form by Pelletier and Caventon, 1820. Quinoidine, Animal, — discovered by Bence Jones, 1866. Quinqueremes, — [BC]— used at Athens, 325 — used in first Punic War, 264-241. Quinsang, in China, — captured by Major Gordon, 1863. Quintana, Manuel Jose, poet, Qc.,— u. at Madrid, 11 Apr. 1772 — imprisoned by Fer- dinand VII., 1814-20— again deprived of his offices, 1823-28 — Senator and Peer, 1835 — crowned with laurel by Queen of Spain, 25 Mar. 1855 — tf. at Madrid, n Mar. 1857. Vidas de Espanoles celebres, 1807-34 — Odes, 1808. Quintianus, — Consul with Severus, (988, A. U. C.) 235. Quintianus, L. Ragonius, — Consul \ti\k M. Macriiis Bassus, (1042, a. u. c.) 289. Quintilianus, M. Fabius, rhetorician, — h., about 40 — attends lectures of Domitius Afer, before 59 — comes from Spain to Pome, 68— practises at the bar and teaches rhetoric at Eome, about 69-89 — tsr., about 118. Lnstitu- tiones Oratories, after 90. Quintilius Condianus, {Gordianus,) and Quintilius Maximus, Sex., (brothers,) Consuls, (904, a. u. c.) 151. Quintilius Varus, Sex., — [B C] — Consul with P. Curiatius Fistus, (301, a. v. c.) 453. Quintilius, M. Aurelius, Eoman Emperor, proclaimed by troops at Aquileia, spring 270 — kills himself, 270. Quintilius, Plautius, — (1.) Consul with Statins Priscus, (912, a. u. c.) 159. (2.) Con- sul with Commodus, (930,) 177. Quintus Smyrnseus, {Calaber,) epic poet, — H., about 400. Quirini. [Querini.] Quirinus, P.. Sulpicius, — [B C] — Consul vith. M. Valerius Messalla, 12 — appointed as Coun- sellor to Caesar, 1 — [AD] — governor of Syria, makes a census, not before 5 — tf., 21. Quiros, Pedro Fernandes de, maritime discoverer, — fj. in Spain, about 1550 — accom- panies Mendana on his second expedition, 1595 — voyage in the Pacific, Dec. 1605 to Oct. 1606 — discovers New Hebrides, Apr. 1606— tf. at Panama, 16 14. Quita, Domingos dos Reis, poet, — h. at Lisbon, 8 Jan. 1728 — tf. at Lisbon, 1770. Works, 1 78 1. Quito, in S. America, — rebuilt by Sebastian Benalcazar, 1534 — incorporated as a city by Charles V., 1541 — seat of a bishopric, 1545 — destroyed by earthquakes, 1775, 4 Feb. 1797, and 22 Mar. 1859. Quo Warranto, Writ of, in English law, — proceedings regulated by Acts 6 Edw. I. c. 1, 1278, and 18 Edw. I. st. 2, 1289 — law amended by Act 9 Ann. c. 20, 17 10 — again, by Acts 32 Geo. III. c. 58, 1792 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 78, 17 Jul, 1837 ; and 6 and 7 Vic. c. 89, 22 Aug. 1843. nSo RAAB— RADCLIFFE. R. Raab, in Hungary, (Rabona, Arabona,) — place of importance, before iooo — taken by- Turks, 1595 — retaken by Imperialists, Mar. 1598 — fortifications strengthened by Monte- cuculi: demolished, 1783 — defeat of Anstri- ans by French before, 14 Jun. 1809 — fortress built by Napoleon I., 1809 — fortifications again demolished, 1820 — occupied by Austrians, 29 Jun. 1 849 — Gen. Klapka expels Austrians from, 3 Aug. 1849 — reoccupied by Austrians, 15 Aug. Rabanus Maurus, (Rabanus Magnentius,) Abp of Mentz, — b. at Mentz, abont w6, a at Fulda, 785 b — priest, Dec. 814 — Abbot of Fulda, 822 — mediates between Louis le De- bonnaire and his sons, about 830 — Abp of Mentz, 847 — presides at Council of Mentz, 852 ■ — assists at Council of Frankfort, 853 — ft. at Winfeld, 4 Feb. 856. a Biog. Univ. b Bees' Cyc. Eabaut Saint Etienne, Jean Paul, states- man, — h. at Nismes, Apr. 1743 — deputy to States- General, May 1789 — Pres. National As- sembly, 15 Mar. 1790 — Deputy to Convention, 1792 — executed at Paris, 5 Dec. 1793. Vieux Cevenol, 1779 — Lettres a M. Bailly sur Vhis- toire primitive cle la Grece, 1787 — Considera- tions sur les inter ets du Tiers Stat, 178 8 — Precis historique de la Revolution Francaise, 1792. Rabbah, (Rabbath bene Amnion, Philadel- phia,) — [BC] — taken by David, 1034 a — de- vastated by Tiglath Pileser, 740 a — recovered by Ammonites, after 740 a — rebuilt by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 285-247 — taken by Antiochus the Great, 218 b — Cotylas governor, about 134 13 — held by Aretas, about 65 b — [AD] — found in ruins by Saracens, ii58. b a Ussher. b Smith's Diet. Bib. Itabelais, Francois, satirist, — ft. at Chinon, about 1483^ 1495 b — M.D. Montpellier, 22 May 1537 b — follows Cardinal Du Bellay to Rome, 1536 — cure of Meudon, 1545 — &• at Paris, about 1553,° 1559. d Pantagruel, abont 1546. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Some authorities. d Others. Rabener, Gottlieb Wilhelm, moralist, — h. at Wacb.au near Leipsic, 17 Sep. 17 14 — studies Law at Leipsic, 1734— -tf. at Dresden, 22 Mar. 177 1. Works, 1 75 1 -5. Rabirius, C.,— [B C]— joins Marius in be- sieging Saturninus in the Capitol, 100 — ac- cused oiperduellio and defended by Cicero, 63. Rabirius, C, epic poet,— [B0\ — fl., about 3i. a a Fischer. Rabutin, Roger. [Bussy, Count de.] Raby, Lord. [Strafford, Earl of.] Rachel-Felix, Elisabeth, tragedian, — 6. in Switzerland, 28 Feb. 1821,* 24 Mar. i82o b — enters the Conservatoire, Paris, 1833 — appears at Theatre Francais, Jun. 1838 — visits Lon- don, 1846 — visits America, 1855 — tf. near Toulon, 3 Jan. 1858. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv,-Lex. Rachis, Ratchis. [See Lombards.] Racine, Jean, poet, — b. at Ferte-Milon, (Aisne,) 21 Dec. 1639 — studies at Paris, 1658 — admitted to French Academy, 1673 — marries, 1 Jun. 1677 — historiographer of France, about 1678 — tf., 26, a 22 b Apr. 1699 — his remains removed from Port Royal to St Etienne du Mont, 17 1 1. La Thebdide, 1664 — Andromaque, 1667 — Britannicus, 1669 — Berenice, 1670 — Phe'dre, \6-]*i — Athalie, 1690. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Racine, Louis, — b. at Paris, 6 Nov. 1692 — ti. at Paris, 29 Jan. 1763. Fa Grace, 1720 — Fa Religion, 1742 — Prose translation of Mil- ton s Paradise Post, 1755. Rack, instrument of torture, — use of, in England, mentioned, 1467 — abolished, 1640. Racovians, — designation applied to Polish Unitarians, about 1600. Racow, in Poland, — Catechism of, published, 1609 — burnt in England by order of parliament, i 6 53- Raczynski, Athanasius, Count, diplomatist, writer on Art,—Jb. at Posen, 2 May 1788 — ambassador to Lisbon, 1840 — afterwards to Madrid : settles at Berlin, 1853 — **• there, 1856. FListoire de Vart moderne en Allemagne, 1836- 42 — Arts an Portugal, 1 846 — Fictionnaire his- torique et artistique de Portugal, 1847. Raczynski, Eduard, Count, archaeologist, litterateur, — b. at Posen, 1786 — joins Polish legion in service of Napoleon I., 1807 — assists at Diet of Warsaw, 1 812— travels in Turkey, 1 8 14, &c. — gives his palace and library to town of Posen, 1829 — kills himself at chateau of Zantomize, 20 Jan. 1845. Fziennih Podrozy do Turcyi, 1821 — Memoires de PasseJc, 1838 — Obraz Polahow i Polski, 1840 — Medailler de Pologne, 1841-5 — Codex Fiplomaticus Fithu- ani&, 1845. Radagaisus, Germanic chief, — invades Italy, occupies Feesulae, is blockaded there by Stilicho, captured and put to death, 405. Radbert, Paschasius, Abbot of Corbie, — enters abbey of Corbie, before 826 — employed by Louis le Debonnaire in negotiations, 831 — Abbot of Corbie, 844 — assists at Council of Paris, 846 — at Council of Quiercy sur Oise, 849 — resigns abbey, 851 — ft., 26 Apr. 865. Fe Sacramento corporis et sanguinis Fomini nostri, 83 1. a a Robertson. Radbod. [See Friesland.] Radcliffe, Ann, novelist, — b. in London, 9 Jul. 1764 — marries William Radcliffe, about 1787 — ti. in London, 7 Feb. 1823. Romance of the Forest, 1791 — Mysteries of Vdolpho^ RADCLIFFE— RAGHIB PACHA. 1794 — The Italian, 1797 — Journey through Holland, §c, 1795. Kadcliffe, John, physician, — b. at "Wake- field, 1650 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, 1665 — B.A., 1669 — M.A., 1672 — resigns fellowship of Lincoln Coll., 1677 — M.D., 1682 — settles in London, 1684 — physician to Princess Anne, 1686 — M.P. Buckingham, 1713 — tf. at Car- shalton, 1 Nov. 17 14. Radcliffe Library, Oxford University, — founded by will of Dr John Radcliffe, 17 14 — building commenced, 1737 — completed,- 1747. Radcot Bridge, in Oxfordshire, — defeat of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, by Duke of Gloucester, 20 Dec. 1387. Rademacker, Abraham, painter, engraver, — b. at Amsterdam, 1675 — settles at Haarlem, 1730 — tf. there, 22 Jan. 1735. RademaGker, Gerard, painter, — b. at Am- sterdam, 1673— tf. there, 17 11. Radetzky de Radetz, Count Joseph Wen- zel, field-marshal, — b. in Bohemia, 2 Nov. 1766 — enters Austrian army, 1784 — distin- guishes himself in Turkish campaign, 1788-9 — in Netherlands, 1792-5 — Major-general, 1805 — contributes to victory of Aspern, 21-22 May 1809 — commands cavalry at Wagram, 6 Jul. 1809 — Commander of Order of Maria Theresa, Apr. 18 10 — chief of the staff to Prince Schwarzenberg, 18 13 — contributes to victory of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813 — enters Paris with allies, 31 Mar. 18 14 — Commander of Olmutz, Nov. 1 82 1 — Commander-general of Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, Feb. 1831 — Field-marshal, 1836 — defeated and driven from Milan by in- surgents, 23 Mar. 1848 — defeats Italians at Marignano and pillages the town, Mar. — enters Verona, 2 Apr. — defeats Italians at Custozza, 25 Jul. — recovers Milan, 6 Aug. — invades Piedmont, and occupies Mortara, 21 Mar. 1849 — defeats Sardinians at Novara, 23 Mar. — occupies Novara, 25 Mar. — besieges and bom- bards Venice, and takes it, 23 Aug. — Governor- general of Austrian provinces in Italy, 1849 — resigns command, Feb. 1857 — tf. at Milan, 3 Jan. 1858. Radiation of Heat,— investigated by Mariotte, 1682 — by Lambert, 1760 — by Scheele, 1775 — byPictet and Prevost, about 1790 — byllerschel, 1800— by Leslie, 1804 — by Count Rumford, 1804 — by Melloni, 1831-50 — by Tyndall, l8 -59- Radical, — as designation of political party, comes into use in England, about 18 16-17. Radnor, in Wales, — castle burnt by King John, 2 Aug. 1 2 16 — rebuilt by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1232 — town and castle destroyed by De Montfort and Llewellyn, 1264 — burnt, and the castle destroyed by Owen Glendower, 140 1. Radnor, John Robarts, Earl of, — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1667 — created Earl, 1679 — *., 1685. Radnor, William Pleydell Bouverie, 3rd Earl of, Viscount Folkestone, — b. in London, 11 May 1779 — M.P. Downton, 1801 — marries Lady Catherine Pelham Clinton, 1800 — one of the committee for impeachment of Lord Melville, 1803— loses his wife, 1804— marries again, 18 14— succeeds his father, Jan. 1828 — U. at Coleshill House, Berkshire, 10 Apr. 1869. Radnorshire, in Wales,— made a county by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536. Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, statesman, — b. at Blankenburg, in the Harz, 6 Feb. 1797 — as artillery officer in Westphalian army, serves at_ battle of Leipsic, is wounded and taken prisoner, 181 3 — mathematical tutor to Prince Albert of Prussia, 1823— chief of the Staff of Artillery, 1830 — military plenipotentiary of Prussia, at German Diet, 1836-40— Colonel, 1840 — envoy to Vienna, 1840 — ambassador extraord. to Courts of Carlsruhe, Darmstadt, and Nassau, 1842 — retires from Prussian service, Apr. 1848 — deputy to National Assembly, Frankfort, 1848 — devises the Union, 1849— Minister of Foreign Affairs, 27 Sep. 1850 to Jan. 1 85 1 — tf., 25 Dec. 1853. Deutschland tend Friedrich Wilhelm IV., \%^%~Gesprixche aus der Gegenwart uber Staat und Kirche, 1846 — New Gespruche, 1851. Radstadt. [Rastadt] Raeburn, Sir Henry, painter, — b. near Edinburgh, 4 Mar. 1756 — marries, 1778 — studies in London, 1778— visits Italy, about J 7 8 5-7 — settles at Edinburgh, 1787 — Pres. Society of Artists, 1812 — R.A., 1815 — Knt, by George IV., 1822 — tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Jul. 1823. Portraits of Sir W. Scott, 1808 and 1822. Raffaelle. [Raphael Sanzio.] Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, statesman, naturalist, — b. in the West Indies, 5 Jul. 1781 — under-secretary to governor of Pulo-Penang, 1805 — visits Malacca, 1808 — Lieutenant- governor of Java, i8ii-i6 — visits England, 1 8 16 — Lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen, 18 18 — founds Anglo-Chinese College in Sumatra, 1823 — his natural history collections burnt at sea, Feb. 1824 — arrives in England, Aug. 1824 — founds Zoological Society, and becomes Pres., 1825 — tf. near London, 4 Jul. 1826. History of Java, 1 8 1 7 . Rafn, Karl Christian, archaeologist, — b. in Fiinen, 16 Jan. 1795 — TJnder-librarian, Royal Library, Copenhagen, 1821 — founds Society for Northern Antiquities, 1825 — tf-, 1858^ Oct. i864. b Nordische Heldengeschichte, (2nd ed.) 1829-30 — editions of the Krakumal, 1826 — ■ the Fomaldar Sogur Nordrlanda, 1829-30 — and Fiireyinga-Saga, 1832 — Antiquitates Americana, 1837 — with Maghusen, Groenlands historiske Mindesmarker, 1838-45. a Biog. Univ. b Vapereau. Ragged Schools, — opened in London, 1838 — in Aberdeen, 1841 — Union, established, 1844 — exempted from rating, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 40, 26 Jul. 1869. Raghib Pacha, Mohammed, Grand Vizier of Ottoman Empire, — b., about 1702 — . Secretary-general to Grand Vizier, 1736 — Grand Vizier, 1757 — founds public library at Constantinople, 1762 — tf-, 1768. RAGLAN— RAILWAY. Raglan, James Henry Fitzroy Somerset, Baron, field-marshal, — 6., 30 Sep. 1788 — eaters the army, 1804 — attends Sir A. Paget to Constantinople, 1807 — on the staff of Wel- lington, in Peninsular War, 1807 — wounded at Busaco, 18 10 — military secretary to Wellington, 18 12 — distinguishes himself at storming of Badajoz, 181 2 — returns to England, 18 14 — marries, Aug. 18 14 — loses right arm at Water- loo, 18 Jun. 1 8 15 — secretary of embassy at Paris, Mar. 1 8 16- 19 — M. P. Truro,' 181 8 — again military secretary to Wellington, 1819-52 — M.P. Truro, 1826 — Master-general of the Ordnance, Sep. 1852 — Baron Raglan, Oct. 1852 — General, commands expedition to the Crimea, Mar. 1 854 — [Crimean War] — with Marshal St Arnaud, defeats Russians at the Alma, 20 Sep. 1 854— Field-marshal, Nov. 1854 — fc. before Sebastopol, 28 Jun. 1855. Raglan Castle, in Wales, — besieged and taken by Fairfax, Aug. 1646. Ragnano, battle of. [See Roger, King of Sicily.] Ragnar Lodbrok, Scandinavian chief, — commences his piratical expeditions, about 765 — with his three sons invades England, 794 — pillages Lindisfarne, and is killed, 794. Ragoba,PEisHw a of the Mahrattas,— takes part in reduction of Gujerat, 1755 — marches to support Ghazi u din, 1757 — takes Delhi, 1758 — occupies the Punjab, May 1758 — distin- guishes himself at battle of Paniput, Jan. 1761 — Regent for Madhoo Rao, 1761 — gets himself appointed Peishwa, but is imprisoned ; liber- ated, again assumes the government, close of 1772 — instigates assassination of his nephew, Narain, Aug. 1773 — recognized as Peishwa, 1773 — deposed, 1774 — takes refuge at Bombay, and makes a treaty with British, Mar. 1775 — with British auxiliaries marches on Poonah, and is defeated, spring 1775 — abandoned by British, May — unsuccessfully seeks aid of Por- tuguese, 1777 — concludes second treaty with British, Nov. 1777 — his army surrounded and himself given up to Mahrattas, 16 Jan. 1779 — escapes, Jun. 1779. Ragotzki, Francis Leopold, Prince of Transylvania, — fj., 27 Mar. 1676 — taken prisoner by Austrians, and sent to Jesuits' Col- lege, Prague, 1688 — visits Italy, 1693 — marries Princess Charlotte of Hesse-Rheinfeld, 26 Sep. 1694 — imprisoned as a traitor at Neustadt, Apr. 1701 — escapes, Nov. 1701 — elected Prince of Transylvania, Aug. 1705 — convokes a Diet and is again proclaimed Prince, and Duke of Hun- gary, Sep. 1705 — supported by Louis XIV., holds Diet of Onod, and declares himself in- dependent of House of Austria, Mar. 1707 — declines offer of crown of Poland, Oct. 1707 — defeated by Imperialists at Trentschin, 1708 — the clergy forbidden to recognize him, by Clement XL, 1709 — passes into Russia, 17 10 — received by Louis XIV., 17 12 — goes to Constantinople, 17 17 — loses his wife, Feb. 1722— ft. in Roumania, 8 Apr. 1735. Ragotzki, George. [See Transylvania.] Ragusa, Raugia, (Rausiu/n, Rhacusa,) — fortified, and republican government organized, 656-700— attacked by Saracens, about 867 a — seat of archbishopric, 980 b — conquered by Venice, about 1258 — places itself under pro- tection of Hungary, and agrees to pay tribute, 1358 — concludes treaty with the Porte, 1365 a — supports Genoa in war with Venice, 1378-80 — threatened by Sultan Bajazet, about 1397 — tributary to Turks, about 1414 — protects George, Despot of Servia, 1440 — threatened by Mahomet II., about 147 1 — increases tribute, and is protected by the Porte : devastated by pestilence, 1548 and 1562 — partly destroyed by earthquake, 1667 — taken possession of by Na- poleon I., May 1806 — overrun by Montene- grins, who besiege the French, Jun. 1806 — relieved by Molitor, Jul. — its republican go- vernment abolished by Napoleon I., 31 Jan. 1808 — incorporated with Dalmatia, forms part of kingdom of Illyria, 31 Oct. 1809— with Dal- matia recovered by Austrians, 29 Jan. 18 14 — earthquake, 14 Apr. 1850. a Finlay. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Ragusa, Duke of. [Marmont.] Raibolini. [Francia.] Raiewski, Nicholas, general, — fj. at St Petersburg, 177 1 — as Major, serves in Turkish War, 1789 — Colonel in Persian War, 1795 — Major-general, 1801 — serves under Prince Bagration in Germany, 1805 — wounded at Friedland, 1807 — Knt of St Vladimir and St Anne, 1807 — takes part in invasion of Fin- land, 1809 — Lieutenant-general, 1809 — directs attacks on Silistria and Shumla, 1810 — defeated by Napoleon at Smolensko, 1812 — at Borodino, 18 1 2 — distinguishes himself at Bautzen and Reichenbach, 18 13 — wounded at Leipsie, Oct. 1 813 — contributes to success of allies in cam- paign of 1 8 14 — Knt of St George and Maria Theresa, 1814 — tf., about 1840. Raikes, Robert, — b. at Gloucester, 1735 — begins Sunday Schools there, 17 81 — £., 5 Apr. 1811. Railway, Railroad,— wooden tramways con- structed near Newcastle, about 1680 — upper surface of rail protected by iron, about 17 16 — iron rail introduced, about 1767 — improved, 1776 — first opened, in England and America, 1830. [Steam-Engine, Locomotive, Liverpool and Manchester Railway.] Broad gauge, intro- duced by Brunei, 1833. Mania, rise of, in Eng- land, 1845-6. Legislation, in England — [see Mails] — placed under supervision of Board of Trade, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 97, 10 Aug. 1840 — further regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Vic. c. 55, 30 Jul. 1842, and 7 and 8 Vic. c. 85, 9 Aug. 1844— usual provisions of Railway Acts con- solidated by Act 8 Vic. c. 20, 8 May 1 845— gauge regulated by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 57, 18 Aug. 1846 — powers of Board of Trade trans- ferred to Commissioners by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 105, 28 Aug. 1846 — repealed by 14 and 15 Vic. c. 64, 7 Aug. 1 85 1 — abandonment of, and dissolution of companies facilitated, by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 83, 14 Aug. 1850 — malicious injuries to, made felony by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 19, ss. 6, 7, 8, 3 Jul. 1851 — traffic on, further regulated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 31, 10 Jul. 1854 — further provisions respecting, RAIMBACH— RAMILIES. by Acts 21 and 22 Vic. c. 75, 2 Aug. 1858, and 22 and 23 Vic. c. 59, 13 Aug. 1859— usual clauses consolidated by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 92, 28 Jul. 1863 — obtaining of further powers by companies, facilitated by Act 27 and 28 Vic. cc. 120 and 121, 29 Jul. 1864 — Eoyal Commission on, appointed, Mar. 1865 — laws relating to securities, amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 108, 10 Aug. 1866 — laws again amended, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 119, 31 Jul. 1868. In Ireland, provisions of Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 85 extended to, by 30 and 31 Vic. c. 104, 15 Aug. 1867 — temporary advances for construction authorized by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 138, 20 Aug. 1867. Raimbach, Abraham, engraver, — 6. in London, 1776 — tf. there, 17 Jan. 1843. Memoirs and Recollections, 1843. Raimondi, Marcantonio, engraver, — ft. at Bologna, i482, a 1487 or 148 8, b 1475 c — visits Venice, 1509 — goes to Borne, i5io d . — loses all his property at sack of Borne, and goes to Bologna, 1527 — tf., before Aug. 1520,=* 1534^ !539> f !54 6 > g i5 l8 » h 1 55°> i a Fuga. b Ticozzi, &c. c Ottley. d Nagler. e Lemonnier. ,. f Malpe. S Longhi. h Zani. 1 Malaspina. Rain, battle of. [See Lech.] Eain, — theory of, by Hutton, published, 1784. Eainbow, — explanation of, attempted by Fleischer of Breslau, 157 1 — by Kepler, 1606 — by Antonio de Dominis, 161 1 (1590 ?) — theory of, announced by Descartes, 1637. Raineri, Cardinal. [Pascal II., Pope.] Rainolds, John, theologian, — ft. in Devon- shire, 1549 — enters Merton Coll. Oxford, 1562 — removes to Corpus Christi Coll., 1563 — M.A., 1572 — D.D., 1585 — first Divinity lecturer, 1586 — Dean of Lincoln, 1593 — Pres. Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, Dec. 1598 — takes part on Puritan side in Hampton Court Conference, 1603 — assists in authorized translation of Bible, 1604 — tf. at Oxford, 21 May 1607. Rainsborough, Captain, — is sent against Barbary pirates and, with Emperor of Morocco, destroys shipping and town of Sallee, 1636 — incites the army against Charles I., 1647 — restored to office of Vice-admiral, Jan. 1648 — assassinated by Eoyalists at Doncaster, 29 Oct. 1648^ a Guizot. Rainulf, 1st Count of Aversa, — fights under Melo against Greeks at Cannes, 1019 — succeeds his brother Drengot as chief of Nor- mans in Italy, 1019 — attacks Greeks in Apulia, 102 1 — founds Aversa, 102 1 — made Count by Sergius, Duke of Naples, 1029 — obtains investiture from Conrad II., 1038 — and from Henry III., 1047 — tf., 1059. Rajmahal, in Hindustan, — palace built by Sultan Soojah, 1630 — burnt, 1631 — taken possession of by British, 1763 — ceded to E. India Company by Shah Alum, 1765 — insur- rection in, suppressed, Jim. 1855. Rakowitz,— Stephen, vaivode of Moldavia, defeats Soliman, General of Mahomet II., at, H75- Raleigh, Sir Walter, statesman, $c, — ft. near Budleigh Salterton, in Devonshire, 1552 —enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, about 1568— serves with Huguenot auxiliaries in France, 1 $69 "7 5 — takes part in suppressing insurrec- tion in Ireland, 1580 — in favour with Queen Elizabeth, Apr. 1 5 82— obtains patent for colony in N. America, 1584— [Virginia]— M. P. De- vonshire, 1585 — Knt, by Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — Warden of the Stannaries, Jul. 1585 — Captain of Queen's Guard, 1587 — receives grant of forfeited estates of Babington, 17 Mar. 1587 — member of Council of War, 1587 — distinguishes himself against Armada, Jul. 1588 — serves in Portugal expedition, under Drake, 1589 — visits Spenser at Kilcolman Castle, 1589 — returns to Court, 1591 — inter- feres on behalf of John Udall, 159 1 — secretly marries Elizabeth Throgmorton, 1592 — im- prisoned in the Tower, 1592 — embarks at Plymouth for discovery of his El Dorado, 9 Feb. 1595 — returns, autumn 1595 — distin- guishes himself as admiral at taking of Cadiz, Jun.1596 — reappears at Court,May 1597 — takes Fayal, 1597 — meets James I. on his way to Lon- don, 1603 — committed to the Tower on charge of implication in Main Conspiracy, Jul. 1603 — tried at Winchester and condemned, 17 Nov. 1603 — released, 30 Jan. 1616 — sails for Guiana, 28 Mar. 1 6 17 — returns, 21 Jun. 161 8 — arrested, Jul. — beheaded, 29 Oct. 161 8. History of the World, 1 6 14. Ramah, in Palestine, — massacre of Chris- tians by Kharismians at, 1 244. Ramanieh, on the Nile, — captured by Gen. Hutchinson, 7 May 1801. Ramazzini, Bernardo, physician, — ft. near Modena, 5 Nov. 1633 — M.D. Parma, 1659 — Prof. Theory of Medicine, Modena, 1682 — First Prof. Medicine, Padua, 1708 — member of Boyal Society of Berlin, 1706 — tf. at Padua, 5 Nov. 1714. Opera, 17 16. Rambouillet, Catherine de Vivonne, Mar- quise de, — ft. at Borne, 1588 — marries Charles d'Augennes, 1600 — becomes Marquise, and opens her salon, [Hotel de Rambouillet,) 161 1 — tf. at Paris, 2 Dec. 1665. Rameau, Jean Philippe, musical composer, — ft. at Dijon, 25 Oct. 1683 — visits Milan, 17 01 — settles at Paris, 1721 — tf. at Paris, 12 Sep. 1764. Hippolyte and Aricia, 1733 — Castor and Pollux, 1737 — Trait e de lharmonie, 1721 — Nouveau systeme de musique theorique, 1726. Ramelli, Agostino, mechanician, — ft. in the Milanese, about 1531 — goes to France, 1556 — wounded and taken prisoner at siege of Bo- chelle, 1573 — tf. at Paris, 1590. Diverse ed Artificiose Machine, 1588. Ramenghi, Bartolomeo, (II Bagnacavallo,) painter, — ft. at Bagnacavallo, 1484 — tf. at Bo- logna, 1542. Rameses. [See Egypt.] Ramey, Claude, sculptor, — ft. at Dijon, 1754 — obtains grand prize, 1782 — studies at Rome, 1782-85 — admitted to Institute, 18 17 — tf. at Paris, 1838. Ramilies, in Belgium, — Marlborough de- feats the French and Bavarians at, 23 May 1706. nS 4 RAMIREZ— RANGOON. Ramirez, Ramiro. [See Aragon.] Ramler, Karl Wilhelm, poet, §c, — fc. at Kolberg, 15 Feb. 1725 — tf., n Apr. 1798. Translation of Odes of Horace, 1769 — Foetische Werke, 1 800-1. Rammohun Roy, Rajah,— fi. in Bengal, about 1774 — commences his plans for religious reform, 1803 — retires to Calcutta, 18 14 — am- bassador from king of Delhi to London, Apr. 1831 — tf. near Bristol, 27 Sep. 1833. Ramnuggur, in Hindustan, — Major-general Thackwell repulses Shere Singh at, 2 Nov. 1848. Rampon, Antoine Guillanme, general,— 6. in the Yivarais, 1759 — enters the army, 1775 — General of Brigade, 1793 — distinguishes himself at Montenotte, 10 Apr., and at Mille- simo, 15 Apr. 1796 — at Roveredo, 4 Sep. 1796 — takes part in expedition of Egypt, 1798 to Nov. 1 801 — General of Division, 1800 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1803 — Count of the Empire, 1809 — Peer of France, 4 Jim. 1 8 14 — tf. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1842. Ramsay, Allan, poet, — fc. in Lanarkshire, 15 Oct. 1686 — abandons wigniaking and becomes a bookseller, 17 18 — retires, 1755 — tf. at Edin- burgh, 7 Jan. 1758. Poems, 1721 and 1728 — Gentle Shepherd, 1725 — Fables, 1722 and 1730. Ramsay, Allan, painter, — fc. at Edinburgh, 1713,* 1709 b — founds Select Society there, 1754— principal painter to George III., 1767 — tf. at Dover, 1784. a Chambers. b Rees' Cyc. Ramsay, Andrew Michael, {Chevalier Famsay,) litterateur, — i). at Ayr, 9 Jan. 1686 — resides with Fenelon at Cambray and becomes a Romanist, 1709 — tutor to son of the Pretender at Rome, 1724-5 — D.C.L. Oxford, F.R.S. London, 1730 — if. Intend- ant to Prince of Turenne, at St Germain-en- laye, 6 May 1743. Voyages de Cyrus, 1727 — Histoire de la vie de Fenelon, 1723 — Fssai de Politique, 17 19. Ramsay, David, physician, historian, — ft. in Pennsylvania, 2 Apr. 1749 — graduates at Princeton Coll., 1765 — member of legislature of S. Carolina, 1776 — of Continental Congress, 1782 and 1785 — assassinated at Charleston, 8 May 18 15. History of the revolution of S. Carolina, 1785 — History of the American re- volution, 1790 — History of the United States, 1 8 17 — Universal History Americanized, 18 19. Ramsay, William, classical scholar, — £., 1806 — B.A. Cambridge, 1830 — Prof. Literce Humaniores, Glasgow, 1831 — M.A. Cambridge, 1836 — resigns his chair, May 1863 — goes to Rome, autumn 1863 — tf. near Mentone, 12 Feb. 1865. Manual of Roman Antiquities, 1 848 — Manual of Latin Prosody, 1 859 — edition of Mostellaria of Plautus, 1869. Ramsden, Jesse, optician, — fc. near Halifax, in Yorkshire, 1735 — goes to London, 1755 — marries Miss Dollond, about 1762? — invents his dividing-machine, before 1766 — perfects it and receives government premium, 1776 — F.R.S., 1786— member of Imperial Academy of St Petersburg, 1794 — receives Copley Medal, 1795 — tf. at Brighton, 5 Nov. 1800. Great Theodolite, completed, 1787. Ramsey, in Huntingdonshire. Benedictine Abbey, founded, 969. Ramsgate, in Kent, — visited by George IV. and made a royal port, 182 1. Harbour, con- structed, 1749-91. Ramus, {Pierre de laPamee,) philosopher, — b. in Picardy, 1502 or 15 15 — forbidden to teach Philosophy, 1544 — teaches Rhetoric at Coll. of Presles, 1545 — Prof. Philosophy and Eloquence, Coll. of France, Aug. 155 1 — ab- jures Romanism, 156 1 — expelled from Paris, takes refuge at Fontainebleau, 1562 — restored to his chair, 1563 — again driven from Paris, 1568-71 — killed at Paris, {Massacre of St Bar- tholomew's,) 16 Aug. 1572. Institutions dia- lectics, 1543 — Animadversiones in Bialecticam Aristotelis, 1543, suppressed by Royal Edict, 1 Mar. 1544 — Pro philosophica disciplina, 1551 — Arithmetica, 1555 — Bialectique, 1555 — Scholce Grammatics, 1559 — Scholce Physics, 1565 — Scholce Metaphysics, 1569 — Scholce Mathema- ticce, 1569. Ramusio, {Famnusio,) Giambattista, histo- rian, — fc. at Treviso, a Venice, b 1485 — tf. at Padua, 10 Jul. 1557. Faccolta delle navigazioni e viaggi, 1550-9. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Ranee, Armand Jean, le Bouthilier de, mon- astic reformer, — b. at Paris, 9 Jan. 1626 — re- tires to La Trappe, 1663 — goes to Rome, Nov. 1664 — returns to his monastery, Mar. 1666 — and applies himself to reform of discipline : resigns and appoints Zosimus his successor, Dec. 1695 — tf. at La Trappe, 27 Oct. 1700. Ranconet, Aimar de, jurist, <£c, — ft. at Pe- rigueux, a Bordeaux, b 1498 — imprisoned in Bastille, 1559 — tf. there, 1559. Author, wholly or in great part, of Bictionarium poeticum, (published under name of Charles Etienne,) 1553 — Be Verborum quce ad jus pertinent signi- ficatione, (of Brisson,) 1557 — Be Formulis, (of Brisson,) 1583 — and Tresor de la langue fran- goise, augmented byNicot, and published, 1606. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Menage. Rando, Alamannic Chieftain, — surprises Mogontiacum, 6 Jan. or Easter 368 — defeated by Yalentinian, 368. Randolph, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, — fi. in Kent, 1523 — B.A. Oxford, 1547 — Principal of Broadgate Hall, Nov. 1549 — deprived, retires to France, 1553 — returns and is in favour with Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — envoy to Scottish re- formers, Sep. 1559 — ambassador to Russia, 1560 — to Scotland, 1561 — accompanies Queen Mary to the North, 1562 — negotiates with her respecting marriage with Leicester, 1563 — en- courages Murray in rebellion and is banished to Berwick, 1566 — has interview with Queen Elizabeth, 10 May 1567 — again ambassador to Scotland, Jan. 1570, 1577, 1581, 1585-6 — tf. in London, 8 Jun. 1590. Randolph, Thomas, poet,—b. in Northamp- tonshire, 15 Jun. 1605 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1623 — ad eundem, Oxford, 1631 — tf. in Northamptonshire, 17 Mar. 1635. Poems, Translations, and Plays, 1638. Rangoon, in Pegu, — founded by Alompra, 1755 — taken possession of by British, 11 May 1824 — given up by Treaty of Yandaboo, Feb. RANTERS— RASK. 1185 1826 — British squadron arrives before, 29 Oct. 1 85 1 — batteries erected by Viceroy, destroyed by British, Jan. 1852 — stormed and captured by Gen. Goodwin, 14 Apr.— annexed to British ]ndia, 20 Dec. 1852 — partly burnt, Feb. 1853. Pagoda, new Htee set up on, by king of Ava, 27-8 Oct. 1871. Ranters. [Methodists, Primitive.] Rantzan, Josias, Count de, Marshal of France, — ft. in Holstein, 18 Oct. 1609 — serves in Imperial army at capture of Mantua, 1630— in Swedish army at siege of Brisach, 1633 — accompanies Oxenstiern to France, 1635 — Colonel in French army, 1635 — at siege of Dole, 1636 — serves at siege of Arras, 1640 — wounded and captured at Hannecourt, 1642 — contributes to victory of Rocroi, 19 May 1643 — captured by Imperialists at Tuttlingen, 23 Nov. 1643 — Lieutenant-general, 22 Apr. 1644 — completes conquest of Flanders, 1 644-5— Marshal of France, 30 Jun. 1645 — embraces Bomanism, 1645 — Governor of Dunkirk, 1646 — imprisoned in the Bastille, Feb. 1649— liber- ated, 22 Jan. 1650 — o\, 4 Sep. 1650. Ranzani, Camillo, naturalist, — ft. at Bo- logna, 22 Jun. 1775 — Prof. Natural History at the Univ., 1803 — visits Paris, 18 10- 12 — Bector of the Univ. Bologna, 1824 — begins Lectures on Geology, 1836 — tf. at Bologna, 23 Apr. 1 841. Elementi di Zoologia, 1819. Raoul-Rochette, Desire, archceologist,- — ft. at St Amand, (Cher,) 9 Mar. 1789 — Prof. His- tory at the Lyceum, Paris, 18 11 — Lecturer on Modern History at the Univ., 18 15 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 181 6 — Keeper of Medals, &c, in the Eoyal Library, 181 8 — per- petual secretary to Academy of Fine Arts, 1839 — &• a * Paris* 6 Jul. 1854. Histoire Critique de V etablissement des Colonies Grecques, 1 8 15— Histoire de la Revolution Helvetique de 1797 d 1803, 1823 — Antiquite's Grecques du Bosphore Cimmerien, 1822 — Monuments in edits d'Antiquite jigurees Grecques, Etrusques, et Romaines, 1828 — Peintures Antiques inedites, 1836 — Memoires de Numismatique et d 'An- tiquite, 1840 — Memoires d ' Archaologie corn- par ee Asiatique, Grecque, et Etrusque, 1848. Rape, — in England, reduced to a misde- meanour by Stat. Westm. I., 3 Edw. I. c. 13, 1 275 — made a capital offence by Stat. Westm. II., 13 Edw. I. c. 34, 1285— benefit of clergy taken away by 18 Eliz. c. 1, 1576 — laws re- specting, consolidated and amended by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, 27 Jun. 1828 — punishment of death for, abolished by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 56, 22 Jun. 1 841. In France, made capital crime by Ordinance of Blois, 1579 — confirmed by declaration of 26 Nov. 1640. Raphael Sanzio, {Raffaelle, Raffaello, Rafael,) painter, — ft. at Urbino, 6 Apr. 1483 — becomes pupil of Perngino, about 1495 — assists Pinturic- chio at Siena, 1502 or 1503 — visits Florence, Oct. 1504 — called to Rome by Julius II., sum. 1508 — architect of St Peter's, 1 Apr. 1514 — if. there, 6 Apr. 1520. Coronation of the Virgin, Vatican, about 1503 — Sposalizio, in the Brer a, Milan, 1504 — The Trinity, fresco at San Severo, Perugia, 1505 — Madonna enthroned,] Blenheim, 1505— La Belle Jardiniere, Paris, 1507 or 1508—^ Catherine, National Gallery, 1507 — Holy Family, Berlin, 1508— frescoes of the Vatican, Theology, 1509 — Philosophy, {School of Athens,) 151 1 — Heliodorus, 15 12- 14 — Cartoons, Hampton Court, painted, 15 15-16 — purchased by Charles I., about 1630— lent to S. Kensington Museum, 1865 — Isaiah, San Agostino, probably 1512 or 1^1^—Fornarina, Florence, 15 12— Vision of Ezekiel, Pitti Palace, J5 J 6 — Holy Family, the Louvre, 15 18 — Trans- figuration, Rome, 1519-20. Raphia f — [B C]— Ptolemy Philopator defeats Antiochus tbe Great at, 217. Raphoe, in Ireland, — See of, united with Derry, under Church Temporalities Act, 1834. Rapiu-Thoyras, Paul de, historian, — ft. at Castres, 25 Mar. 1661 — received Advocate, 1679 — goes to England, 1686 — to Holland, 1686 — accompanies Prince of Orange to Eng- land, 1688— serves at battle of the Boyne, and siege of Limerick, 1690 — governor to Duke of Portland, 1693 — marries at the Hague, 1699 —settles at "Wesel, 1707 — &. there, 16 May 1725. Histoire d Angleterre, 1724. Rapp, Johann, general, — ft. at Colmar, 26 Apr. 1772^ 1773 b — enters the army, May 1788 — aide-de-camp to Desaix in Germany, Egypt, and Italy, 1 795-1 801 — envoy from Na- poleon I. to Switzerland, 1802 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1 805 — General of Division, 24 Dec. 1805 — wounded in campaign of Poland, 1807 — Governor of Dantzic, 1807 — distinguishes himself at Esslingen, 1809 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 30 Jun. 1811 — wounded at the Moskowa, 1812 — again commander of Dantzic, 1 812-13 — capitulates to Duke of Wiirtemberg, 2 Jan. 18 14 — Chevalier of St Louis, Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, Jul. 1814 — joins Napoleon I., Mar. 1815 — Peer of France, 5 Mar. 18 19 — fo. at Paris, 8 Nov. 1821. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rappahannock, river, JJ. S., — battles on the, repulse of Federals by Confederates, 20- 23 Aug. 1862 — passed by Federal army, under Burnside, 12 Dec. 1862 — repassed, 15 Dec. — Gen. Hooker retreats across, 5 May 1863. Rarey, J. S., horse-tamer, — ft. in Ohio, U. S., 1828— U. at Cleveland, U. S., 4 Oct. 1866. Rasis, ' (Arrazi,) (Ahmed Ibn Mohammed Ibn-Musa,) historian, — ft. at Cordova, about 864-870 — tf., probably before (350, a. h.) 961. Rask, Rasmus Christian, philologist, — ft. in Funen, (Denmark,) 22 Nov. 1787,* 1784 b — studies at Copenhagen, 1807 — employed in Univ. Library, 1808 — visits Sweden, 1812-^ Iceland, 181 3 — travels in Russia, Persia, and India, 1817-22 — Prof. History of Literature, Copenhagen, 1822-7 — Prof. Oriental Lan- guages, Chief Librarian to Univ., 1829 — tr. at Copenhagen, 14 Nov. 1832. Introduction to the study of Icelandic and Ancient Northern Languages, 181 1 — Anglo-Saxon Grammar, 1 8 1 7 — Investigations concerning the Origin of Ancient Northern or Icelandic Language, 18 14 — On the Age and Authenticity of the Zenda- vesta, 1826. a Conv.-Lex. h Biog. TJniv. 75 u86 RASKOLNIKS— RAUPACH. Raskolniks, Schismatics of Russia, — oppose revised translation of Bible and Liturgies, 1654, and form various sects. Rasori, Giovanni, physician, — 6. at Parma, 20 Aug. 1767 — studies at Pavia, 179 1 — visits England, 1793-95 — Rector of Univ. of Pavia, 1796 — imprisoned at Mantua, 4 Dec. 18 14 — tf. at Milan, 13 Apr. 1837. Compendio della nuova dottrina niedica di Brown, trad. dall. inglese, 1795-1805 — Zoonomia, (translation,) 1803 — Storia della febre petecchiale di Genova, 1803 — Opuscoli, 1830 — Teoria della Jlogosi, 1837. Raspe, Rodolph Eric, antiquary, — b. at Hanover, 1737 — Prof. Archaeology, and Keeper of Museum, Cassel, 1767 — If. in Ireland, Dec. 1794. Descriptive Catalogue of ancient and modern Engraved Gems, 179 1 — edition of Leib- nitz's Philosophical Works, 1765. Rastadt, in Baden, — fortified, 1840-8 — in- surrection at, 1 1 May 1 849 — besieged by Prus- sians, Jun. — surrenders, 23 Jul. 1849. Treaty of, between France and the Empire, closing war of the Spanish Succession, concluded, 6 Mar. 17 14. Congress of, to negotiate peace between France and the Empire, meets, 9 Dec. 1797 — dissolved by Emperor, 7 Apr. 1799 — the French envoys assassinated, 19 Apr. 1799.* a Alison. Rastall, (Bastell,) John, printer, — printed, in London, 1517-1533— &. there, 1536. Pas- tyme of People, 1529 — Bobe of Purgatory, i53°- Rastall, William, — rj. in London, 1508 — studies at Oxford, 1525 — printer, as early as 1531 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 12 Sep. 1532 — Serjeant-at-law, Oct. 1555 — Justice of Queen's Bench, 27 Oct. 1558 — retires, after Michael- mas 1562 — tf. at Louvain, 27 Aug. 1565. Col- lection of Statutes in Force and Use, 1557. Rastopchin. [Rostopchin.] Ratcliffe. [Derwentwater and Sussex, Earls of.] Rate. [Church-rate, Poor-rate.] Rathier, Bp of Verona, afterwards Bp of Liege, — accompanies Bp Hilduin to Rome, 921 — follows Hugh, Count of Provence, and king of Italy to Italy, 928 — sent to Rome, negotiates Papal confirmation of election of Hilduin to see of Milan, about 930 — appointed Bp of Verona, on recommendation of Pope John XL, and ordained, 932,* 931 b — persecuted by Hugh : opens gates of Verona to Arnulph, Duke of Bavaria, 934 — seized, and imprisoned at Pavia and Como, by Hugh, about 934-9 — appointed Bp of Liege, by Abp Bruno of Cologne, 953— conspiracy formed against him, Christmas 955 — resigns the see, Mar. 956 — follows King Otto to Italy, and attempts to recover see of Verona, 958— reinstated ; assists at Council of Ravenna, 25 Apr. 967 — again driven away, 967 — rj. at Namur, 974. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rathlin, Massacre of, — the island taken and the Scots massacred by order of Essex, 22-25 Jul. 1575. Rathmines, near Dublin, — Col. Jones defeats Duke of Ormond at, 2 Aug. 1649. Ratibor, in Silesia, — head of a Principality, 1288 — passes to House of Austria, 1532 — assigned to Prussia, 1742. Ratisbon, Regensburg, in Bavaria, (Begi- num, Castra Begia, Augusta Tiberii,) — seat of a bishopric, 740 ? — free Imperial city, by Frederick I., 11 80— Frederick II. holds Diet at, Feb. 12 13 s1 — receives charter from him, 1230 a — visited by Frederick, Jun. 1235^ and Easter 1237 a — tumults at, against Papal au- thority, 1 248 a — league of Catholic princes formed at, Dec. 1524 — conference between Catholics and Protestants, the Interim signed, 1541 — threatened by Swedes, under Horn, 1632 — taken by Bernhard of "Weimar, 1633 — re- taken by Imperialists, 1634 — bombarded by Banner, 1641 — seatof German Diet, 1663-1806 — taken by Elector of Bavaria, 1703 — evacu- ated by him, 1704 — given to Prince Primate Carl von Dalberg, by Treaty of Luneville, 1801 — defeat of Austrians and capture of the town • by French, 23 Apr. 1809 — given to Bavaria, 1 810. Cathedral, built, 1274-1634 — restored byLudwig I., 1838 — completion of, commenced, 1859. -Abbey of St Emmeran, founded, 652. [See Walhalla.] Councils of, held, 768 — for condemnation of Felix of ITrgel, about Aug. 792 — on discipline, 20 Jan. 799, b 803 ; c 14 Jan. 932. Truce of, between France and Spain and the Empire, concluded, 15 Aug. 1684. a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Mansi. Ratti, Carlo Giuseppe, painter, — h. at Genoa, about 1735 — tf. there, 1795. Continu- ation of Soprani's Vite de' Pittori, Scultori, ed Ar-ehitetti, Genovesi, 1769. Ratti, Giovanni Agostino, painter, — fj. at Savona, 1699 — o\ at Genoa, 1775. Ratzeburg, in Mecklenburg, — mentioned, 1062 — seat of Counts of Ratzeburg, 1143-^ fortified, 1690 — fortifications demolished, 18 19 — the king of Prussia receives homage of Lauenburg nobility at, 26 Sep. 1865. Rau, Zarl Heinrich, political economist, — ft. at Erlangen, 23 Nov. 1792 — studies at the Univ., 1808-12 — Prof. Extraord. Erlangen, 1 8 1 8 — Prof. Political Economy, Heidelberg, 1822 — deputy to first Chamber of Baden, 1837-40 — member of Commission of the Zollverein, 1851 — correspondent of French Institute, 1856 — rj., Mar. 1870. Lehrbuch der polit. Oekonomie, 1826-37 — edits Archiv der polit. Oekonomie, 1834-9 — and with Hanssen, 1840-53. Rauch, Christian, sculptor, — fj. at Arolsen, in Waldeck, 2 Jan. 1777 — goes to Berlin, 1797 — studies at Rome, 1804-11 — tf. at Dresden. 3 Dec. 1857. Monument of Queen Luise, 181 1 — Frederick the Great, Berlin, 1830-51 — Maximilian of Bavaria, 1829. Raucoux, — Marshal Saxe defeats allies at, 11 Oct. 1746. Raupach, Ernst Benjamin Salomon, dra- matist, — h. near Liegnitz, 21 May 1784 — Prof. Philosophy, St Petersburg, 1 8 16 — Prof. German Literature, 181 8 — quits Russia, 1822 — Privy Councillor, Berlin, 1842 — tf. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 1852. Dramatische Werke komiseher Gattung, 1826-34 — Dramatische Werke ernster Gattung, 1830-44. RAUSHENIAS— RAWLEY. 1187 Raushenias, Afghan, Sect 0/,— founded by Bayazid Ansari, about 161 1 — suppressed, before 1614. Ravaillac, Franoois,— b. at Angouleme, about 1578 — assassinates Henry IV. at Paris, 14 May 1610 — executed, 27 May 1610. Ravenet, Simon Francois, engraver, — comes to England, about 1750 — ft., 1774- Ravenna, John of, classical scholar, — b. near Eavenna, about 1350 — opens School at Bel- luna, 1375 — living at Florence, 141 2 — o\, pro- bably about 1420 ? Ravenna, in Italy, — [B C] — made one of the chief naval stations by Augustus, after 31 — [A D] — Honorius fixes his residence at, 404 — threatened by Alaric, 410 — Odoacer takes refuge at, Sep. 489 — siege of, by Theodoric, commences, 490 — surrenders, 5 Mar. 493 — taken possession of by Belisarius, 540 — seat of Greek governors of Italy, 553 — [Narses, and Ravenna, Exarchate of]— plundered by order of Justinian II., 709 — captured by Luitprand, and the port (Classis) destroyed, 728 — recovered by Eutychius, 729 — taken by Astolphus, 752 — conquered by Pepin, 755 — given by him to the popes, 755 — given up to the pope by Frederick II., Jul. 1213 — visited by Frederick II., Easter 1226 — ■ Diet held at, by Frederick, 2 Nov. 123 1— Council held by him, 14 Jan. 1232 — assists him against Bolognese, 1238 — taken by Venetians and Bolognese, 1239 — takes part in siege of Ferrara, 1240 — taken by Frederick, Aug. 1240 — its monuments destroyed by him, 1241 — recovered by the pope, 1248 — ceded to the pope by Rudolph of Hapsburg, 29 May 1278 — cession confirmed by Electors of the Empire, 14 Feb. 1279 — treacherously acquired by Venetians, Feb. 1441 — assigned to the pope by Treaty of Cambray, 1508 — Gaston de Foix defeats Spaniards near, 11 Apr. 15 12 — occupied by French, same day : recovered by Venetians, 1527 — held by French, 1797-18 14. Councils of, held by Honorius, Feb. 419 — held by Pope John VIII. to settle dispute between Doge of Venice and Patriarch of Grado, 874 ? 22 Jul. to Sep. 877 ? — by John IX. to approve Acts of Council of Rome, 898 — by John XIII., at which Emperor Otto confirms to the Holy See donations of his predecessors, deposition of Herold, Abp of Salzburg, is approved, and see of Magdeburg founded, 20 Apr. 967 ; 968 ; 998 — held by Emperor Henry II. to reinstate his brother Arnulf in the see, 1014; 1016 — by Pope Honorius II. to depose patriarchs of Aquileia and Venice, (Grado,) 1128 ; 28 Apr. 1253 — convoked by Alexander IV. for aid against Tatars, Jul. 1261; 8 Jul. 1286 — held by Abp Raynald for examination of Templars, 17 Jun. 1 3 10 — on morals and discipline, 17-21 Jun. 1311 ; 10 Oct. 1314; 1317. Ravenna, Exarchate of, — Narses, as go- vernor of Italy for Justinian, resides at Ra- venna, 553— he is succeeded by Flavius Lon- ginus, who takes title of Exarch, 568— Sma- ragdus, 584 — makes a truce with Antharis, 586 — at instance of the pope, compels patriarch of Aquileia to condemn the Three Chapters, 588 — recovers Mantua, Modena, and other towns from Lombards, 590 — Romanus, 590— carries on war with Lombards : Callinicus, 597 — concludes peace with Lombards, 599 — violates it, 601 — Smaragdus reappointed, 602 — Joannes Lemigius, 611 — killed in a revolt excited by his tyranny, 616 — Eleutherus, 616 — rebels, aims at Imperial crown, and is killed by his soldiers, 619 — Isaac, 619 — pro- tects Adaloald, 625 — visits Rome, pillages church of St John de Lateran, 633 — Plato, 638 — Theodorus Calliopas, 648— Olympixjs, 649— attends Council of Rome, Oct. 649 — again at Rome, fails in attempts to seize and to murder the pope, 652 — is defeated by Saracens in Sicily and U. there, 652 — Theo- dorus Calliopas again, 652 — arrests the pope, by order of Constans, 15 Jun. 653 — sends him to Constantinople, 19 Jun. — Gre- gory, not later than 666 — declares Church of Ravenna independent, by diploma given at. Syracuse, 1 Mar. 666 — Theodorus II., not later than 678 — contributes to extinction of schism of Istria, 679 — Joannes Platynus, before Sep. 687 — Theophylactus, 702 — Joannes Rizocopus, 710 — killed in a revolt, 711 — Eutychius, 711 — Scholasticus, 713— Paulus, 727 — sent to Rome by Leo the Isaurian to assassinate Gregory II., but fails : killed in a tumult at Ravenna, 728 — Eutychius again, 728 — conquest of Exarchate by Lom- bards, under Astolphus, 752. Ravensberg, in Westphalia, — erected into a County, about 1071 — line of Counts extinct on death of Bernard, and the County given by Emperor Louis IV. to Gerard of Jnliers, 1 346 — assigned to Elector of Brandenburg, 1666. Ravenscroft, Thomas, musical composer, — b., 1592 — M.B. Cambridge, 1613? — U-, 1640. Melismata, 161 1 — Brief Discourses, 1614 — Whole Book of Psalms, 1621. Ravenspur, in Yorkshire, — Henry, Duke of Lancaster, lands at, 4 Jul. 1399 — Edward IV. lands at, 14 Mar. 147 1. Ravesteyn, Arnold van, painter,— b. at the Hague, 1615 — Dean of the Painters, 1 661 or 1662. Ravesteyn, Jan van, painter, — b. at the Hague, about 1580 — living, 1636. Ravesteyn, Nicholas van, painter, — b. at Bommel, 1661 — tf., 9 Jan. 1750. Ravius, (Rau,) Christian, orientalist, — b. at Berlin, 161 3 — comes to England, 1638 — sent by Abp Ussher to the East in search of MSS., 1639 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Gresham Coll., 1642— Prof, at Utrecht, 1644— Fellow of Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1648 — Prof, at Upsala, 1651 — removes to Kiel, 1657^ 1669 b — tt. at Frankfort, 21 Jun. 1677. a Rees' Cyc. b Nou - ?. Biog. Gen. Rawdon, Francis. [Hastings, Marquis of.] Rawdon, John. [Moira, Earl of.] Rawley, William, editor of Bacon's Works, — b. at Norwich, 1588— Fellow of Bene't ColL Cambridge, 1609 — rector of Landbeach, Cam- bridgeshire, 16 1 6 — chaplain to Lord Bacon, 1617— D.D., 1621 — chaplain to Charles II., i iSS RAWLINSON— RAYMOND OF POITIERS. 1660 — tf. at Landbeach, 18 Jim. 1667. Rawlinson, Richard, topographical anti- quary,— M.A. Oxford, 1713— F.S.A., 1727 — tr. at Islington, 6 Apr. 1755. English Topo- grapher, 1720. Rawlinson, Thomas, {Tom Folio of Ad- dison ?) — b., 1681 — tf. in London, 6 Aug. 1725 — sale of his collection, 4-20 Mar. 1734. Bay, ( Wray,) John, naturalist, — fo. at Black Notley, in Essex, 29 Nov. 1628— enters Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 28 Jun. 1644 — re- moves to Trin. Coll., 1646 — Fellow of Trin. Coll., 8 Sep. 1649 — Greek Lecturer, 1650 — Mathematical Tutor, 1652 — Humanity Reader, 1655 — takes holy orders, 23 Dec. 1660 — loses his Fellowship under Act of Uniformity, Sep. 1662 — travels with Willughby on the Con- tinent, 1663-6— F.R.S., 7 Nov. 1667 — loses his friend Willughby, 1672 — marries, Jun. 1673 — tf. at Black Notley, 17 Jan. 1705. Ca- talogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascen- tium, 1660 — Supplements, 1663 and 1685 — Methodus plantarum nova, 1682 — Gatalogus plantarum Anglice, 1670 — Collection of Pro- verbs, 1672 — Historia plantarum, 1686-1704 — Wisdom of God in the Creation, 1 690 — Synop- sis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum, 1690. Ray Society, London, — instituted, 1844. Raymond IV., {de Saint-Gilles,) Count of Toulouse, — 6., about 1041 — Count of Nismes and Narbonne, 1066 — marries his cousin, daughter of Count of Provence, 1066 — marries Matilda of Sicily, 1080— succeeds his brother, William IV., 1088 — marries Elvira of Castile, 1094 — takes the cross, and sends ambassadors to Council of Clermont, 1095 — sets out for Holy Land, Oct. 1096 — refuses prospective komage to Emperor Alexis, 1097 — conquers Laodicea and gives it up to Alexis, 1098— de- clines offer of crown of Jerusalem, 1099 — dis- tinguishes himself at Ascalon, 1099 — retires to Constantinople, n 00 — leads another army of crusaders, and is defeated by Turks in Cap- padocia, Aug. n 01 — embarks for Syria, and is imprisoned at Tarsus by Tancred, 11 02 — liberated, takes Tortosa, besieges Tripoli, 11 04 — tf. near Tripoli, 28 Feb. 1105. Raymond V., Count or Toulouse, — fc., 1 1 34 — jointly with his brother Alfonso II. succeeds his father, Alfonso-Jourdain, as Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, and Marquis of Provence, 1148 — marries Constance, sister of Louis VII., 1 154 — resists claim of Henry II. of England to bis County, besieged in Tou- louse, and relieved by Louis, 1159 — concludes peace, May n 60 — again attacked by Henry, 1 1 64 — declares for Antipope Pascal, 11 65 — his estates laid under interdict by Alexander III., 1 1 65 — repudiates Constance and marries Rich- ilda, 1 1 66 — the interdict raised, 11 68 — con- cludes Treaty of Limoges with Henry II., acknowledging his suzerainty as Duke of Aquitaine, Feb. 1173 — returns to obedience of Alexander III., 11 74 — sells bis rights in County of Aries to Alfonso of Aragon, 1 8 Feb. 1 176 — persecutes Albigenses, 1 177 — marches to assistance of Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, 1182 — supports Prince Henry of England in 1 1 83 — carries on war with Duke -92 — 'is., Dec. 1 194. his rebellion Richard, 11S Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse, — b., 27 Oct. 1 156 — loses his first wife, 1175 — suc- ceeds his father, Dec. n 94 — makes peace with Richard I. of England, and marries (for his fourth wife) Joanna, sister of Richard, 1 196 — allies himself with Richard against Philip Augustus, 11 98 — loses his wife Joanna, 1 199 — contracts alliance with Eleonora of Aragon, n 99 — is compelled by legates of Innocent III. to promise expulsion of heretics, 1205 — [Albigenses] — If., Aug. 1222. Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, — fj., Jul. 1197 — succeeds his father, 1222— [Albi- genses] — if. at Milhau, in the Rouergue, 27 Sep. 1249. Raymond-Berenger IV., Count of Pro- vence, — b-, 1 198 — succeeds his father, Al- fonso II., under guardianship of Don Pedro II. of Aragon, 1 209 — the government assumed by his mother, 121 3 — his title disputed by several claimants in his absence : arrives in Provence, and checks revolt, 12 17 — marries Beatrice of Savoy, 1220— put to ban of the Empire, by Frederick II., 1224° — the County confirmed to him by Frederick, 1227 a — takes Nice from Genoese, 1229 — besieges Marseilles, 1229 — deprived of Forcalquier, by Frederick II., 1230 — compelled by Raymond of Toulouse to raise siege of Marseilles, 1230 — founds Barcelonetta, 1230 — edict in his favour issued by Frederick, at Ravenna, 1232 — marries his daughter Margaret to St Louis, 1234 — and his daughter Eleanor to Henry III. of England, 1236 — Knt, by Fred- erick II., close of 1235 — serves at siege of Brescia, 1238 s — Aries submits to him, Aug. 1239 — rebels, drives Imperial vicar from Aries, and put to ban of the Empire, by Frederick II., Dec. 1239 — invited to Council, by Gregory IX., 1 240 a — attacks Toulouse, 1 240 — marries his daughter Sanchia to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1 244 — attends Council of Lyons, 1 245 a — tf. at Aix, 19 Aug. 1245. a Kington. Raymond-Berenger, Count of Barcelona and Prince of Aragon. [Aragon.] Raymond of Penaforte, Dominican, — b. in Catalonia, 11 75 — enters Dominican Order, r Apr. 1222 — compiles Decretals for Gregory IX., 1230-333 — General of his Order, 1238 — resigns, 1240 — tf. at Barcelona, 6 Jan. 1275 — canonized by Clement VIIL, 1601. a Robertson. Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, — Knt, by Henry I. of England, 1 136— on death of Bohemond II., accepts Principality of Antioch, 11 36 — marries Constance, daughter of Bohemond, at Antioch, 1 1 36 — besieged there by John Comnenus, n 37 — does homage to him and receives investiture, 11,37 — accom- panies Emperor to siege of Csesarea, 11 38 — obtains his aid against Turks, and refuses to surrender Antioch, 1 142 — attacked by Manuel Comnenus, 1144 — swears fealty to bim at Con- stantinople, 1 144 — receives Louis VII. of France and his Queen, n 48 — defeated and killed by Noureddin, Sultan of Aleppo, 27 Jun. 1 149. RAYMOND DE SEBONDE— RECAMIER. 1189 Raymond de Sebonde, (Sebon, Sabonde, Sabunde,) philosopher, — Prof. Medicine, Theo- logy and Philosophy, Toulouse, about 1430 — &., 1432? Theologia naturalis, 1487 — De natura hominis dialogi, 1501. Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, — ft. in New York State, 24 Jan. 1820 — graduates at Univ. of Vermont, 1840 — member of State Legislature, 1849 — Speaker of the Assembly, 1850 — founds and edits New York Times, 1851 — Lieutenant-governor of State of New York, 1854-7 — &•> i8Jun. 1869. Raymond, Michel Joachim Marie, general, — ft. at Serignac, 20 Sep. 1755 — goes to India, 1775 — joins French army as Sub-lieutenant, 1777 — enters service of Hyder Aly, about 1785 — of Nizam Aly, 1786 — General, 1791 — fails in his project of detaching Nizam Aly from British alliance, 1791 — fails in negotiations with Tippoo Saib, 1794 — defeated by Mahrat- tas, 1795 — suppresses revolt of Aly Behader against his father, about 1796 — ft. at Hydera- bad, 6 Mar. 1798. Raymond, Sir Robert, Lord Raymond, Lord Chief Justice of England, — ft., 1673 — admitted to Gray's Inn, 1 Nov. 1682 — called to the bar, 12 Nov. 1697 — M.P., 17 10 — Knt, 13 May 17 10 — Solicitor-general, May 17 10 to 14 Oct. 17 14 — Attorney-general, May 1720 — Justice of King's Bench, 31 Jan. 1724 — Com- missioner of Great Seal, 7 Jan. to 4 Jun. 1725 — Chief Justice, 2 Mar. 1725 — created Lord Raymond, 15 Jan. 1731 — ts. in London, 19 Mar. 1733. Reports, 1743. Raymnnd Lully. [Lully.] Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Francois, his- torian, philosopher, — ft. at St Geniez, (L'Avey- ron,) ir Mar., a 12 Apr. b 1713, 11 b 171; -goes to Paris, 1747 — quits France, 17 8 1-8 — ad- dresses defence of property to Constituent As- sembly, 1 79 1 — if. at Chaillot, 6 Mar. 1796. Histoire philosophique des Etablissements du commerce des Europeans dans les deux Indes, 1770. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyo. Raynouard, Francois Juste Marie, littera- teur, — ft. at Brignolles, 18 Sep. 1761 — mem- ber of Legislative Assembly, 1791 — imprisoned, 1793 — liberated, 1794 — member of Legislative Body, 1806 and 18 n — of Institute, 1807 — of Academy of Inscriptions, 1816 — perpetual secretary of French Academy, 1817-27 — U. at Passy, 27 Oct. 1836. Monuments historiques relatifs a la condamnation des chevaliers du Temple, 181 3 — Choix de poisies originates des troubadours, 1 816-21 — Nouveau choix de poesies des troubadours, 1835-6 — Lexique Ro- man, 1838-44. Razi; [Rhazes.] Razzi, Giovanni Antonio, (B Sodoma,) painter, — ft. at Vercelli, in Piedmont, about 1479 — &• a * Siena, 14 Feb. 1549,* i554. b c Deposition from the Cross, Siena, 15 13 — -fres- coes, (History of St Benedict,) Monte Oliveto, 1502 — St Catherine, Siena, 1526. a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. c Engl Cyc. Re, Isle of, — captured by Huguenots under Soubise, early in 1625 — retaken by Count de la Rochefoucault, 15 Sep. — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Duke of Buckingham, Jul. to Oct. 1627. Reade, John Edmund, poet, — tr. at Bud- leigh Salterton, Devon, 17 Sep. 1870. Cain, the Wanderer, 1830 — Poetical Works, 1865. Reading, in Berkshire, — held by Danes, 871 — evacuated by them, 872 — town and nunnery burnt by Danes, 1006 — Henry II. receives Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, at, 1 1 85 — Edward III. holds tournament at, 1346 — Richard II. holds his Court at, 1384 — Great Council held, 1389 — parliament held at, by Henry VI., 1453 — Superior Courts sit at, 1625 — garrisoned for parliament, 1642 — surrendered by Henry Martyn to Charles I., who makes it his head-quarters, autumn 1642 — besieged by Essex, 17 Apr. 1643 — taken, 27 Apr. — occu- pied by James II., 1688. Benedictine Abbey, founded by Henry L, 1121. Council of, to renew Constitutions of Councils of the Lateran (1215) and of London (1268) held, 30 Jul. 1279. Reading Rooms, in England, — licence for, required by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 79, 12 Jul. 1799 — repealed by 32 and 33- Vic. c. 24, 12 Jul. 1869. Real Presence. [Transubstantiation.] Realists and Nominalists, Controversies of [Nominalists.] Reaping Machine, — mentioned by Pliny the Elder, about 50-70 — Patrick Bell's, invented, 1826 — Hussey's, 1833 — McCormick's, 1834. Reason, Goddess of, — worship of, decreed by French National Convention, (20 Brumaire an II.,) 10 Nov. 1793. Reason and Understanding, — distinction of, investigated and established by Kant, 178 1. Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, naturalist, natural philosopher, — ft. at Rochelle, 28 Feb. 1683 — goes to Paris, 1703 — received at Academy of Sciences, 1708 — invents his ther- mometer, 1 73 1 — ft. at Bermondiere, (Maine,) 18 Oct. 1757. Trait e sur Vart de convertir U fer en acier et d'adoucir le fer fondu, 1722 — Memoires pour servir a V histoire des insectes, 1734-42. ' Rebecca' Riots, — crusade against toll-gates in Wales, begin, Feb. 1843 — Royal Proclama- tion respectmg, published, 3 Oct. — Royal Commission appointed, 10 Oct. — rioters tried by Special Commission at Cardiff, 27-30 Oct. Rebellion, Great. [See Commonwealth, Charles I. of England, Cromwell, Oliver, Rebolledo, Bernardino, Count of, UtUra- teur, — ft. at Leon, 1597 — serves in the army against Genoese, 1622 — at the taking of Nice, 1626 — serves in Low Countries, 1632 — suc- cours Ferdinand II. , 1636 — Count of the Em- pire, 1636 — ambassador from Philip IV. to Denmark, 1649-61 — tf. at Madrid, 1676. Works, 1660. Recamier, Jeanne Franchise Julie Adelaide Bernard, Dame, — ft. at Lyon, 4 Dec. 1777 — marries Jacques Rose Recamier, 24 Apr. 1793 — meets Madame de Stael, about 1798 — ex- pelled from Paris by Napoleon L, Sep. 181 1— 190 EEC AEED -EEDESDALE. meets Chateaubriand, 18 17 — left a widow, 1830 — tj. at Paris, 11 May 1849. Eecared, Visigoth, 1st Catholic King op Spain, — associated on the throne with his father Leovigild, 572— succeeds him, 586 — assembles the bishops and announces his con- version to Catholic faith, 586— holds Council of Toledo, 589 — If. at Toledo, 601. [See Filioque.] Eecared II. and Eechesuintlms. [Visi- goths.] Eeceipt, for money, — stamp duty imposed on, by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 49, 1783— forgery of, made capital felony by Act 45 Geo. III. c. 89, 10 Jul. 1805 — uniform duty of one penny imposed by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 59, 4 Aug. 1853- Eechiarius, King of the Suevi, in Spain, — succeeds his father, Eechila, Aug. 448, a 447 b — marries daughter of Theodores, king of the Visigoths, 449, a 448 b — plunders Vasconia, Feb. 449, a 448 b — ravages territory of Caesar Augusta, Jul. 449,* 448 b — marches into Tar- raconensis, 456 — defeated by Theodoric near Asturia, 5 Oct. 456 — captured and put to death, before Dec. Idatius. Clinton. Eechila, King of the Suevi, in Spain, — succeeds his father Hermeric, 438 — occupies Emerita, 439 — gains possession of Hispalis and reduces Bsetica, 441— ft., Aug. 448,* 447^ a Idatius. b Clinton. Eeciprocity Treaty, — between Great Britain and United States, regulating British American coast fisheries, navigation of the St Lawrence and the Lakes, &c, concluded, 7 Jun. 1854 — carried into effect by Act 18 Vic. c. 3, 19 Feb. 1 855 — terminates by notice from United States, 17 Mar. 1866. Eecollets, Order of, (Reformed Franciscans}) — instituted in Italy, about 1532 — approved by Clement VII., 1532 — introduced in France, 1584. Eeconstruction, U.S., — of rebel States, [Con- federate States,] provided for, by Act of Con- gress, 2 Mar. 1867 — supplementary bill passed, 23 Mar. 1867 — second supplementary bill, 19 Jul. 1867 — Acts amended by Act of Congress, 11 Mar. 1868 — Committee on, appointed by House of Representatives, 9 Dec. 1868. [See names of separate States,'] Eecord, The, English newspaper, — estab- lished by James Evans, 1828. Eecorde, Eobert, mathematician, — b. at Tenby, about 1500 ? — enters Oxford Univ., 1525 — FeDow of All Souls', 1531 — M.D. Cambridge, 1545 — living in London, 1547 — tf. prisoner in the King's Bench, 1558. Urinal of Physicke, 1548 — Grounde of Artes, 1549 — Castle of Knowledge, 155 1 — Whetstone of Witte, 1557. Eecorder, in cities and boroughs, — office of, regulated by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835. Eeeords, Public,— of England, commence, before 1200 — treasury of, in Tower of London, before 1305 — state of, investigated by Com- mittee of House of Commons, 1800. Com- mission on, appointed and six times renewed, between 1 800-1 831 — its proceedings investi- gated by Committee of House of Commons, 1835 — Reportpublished,Committee suspended, 1837. Office, for safe keeping of, instituted and regu- lated by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 94, 10 Aug. 1838 — admission of literary inquirers to, regulated by Master of the Eolls, 5 Jul. 1858. Of Scot- land, many lost, 1 280-1 300 — deposited in Ge- neral Register House, 1787. Of Ireland, Com- mission on, appointed, 1810 — dissolved, 1830 —another appointed, 1847. Eecruiting, for the army, in England, — Royal Commission on, appointed, 1 1 May 1 866 — Report published, 21 Nov. Eecusants, Eecusancy, in England, — liable to ecclesiastical censure and a fine by Act 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1559 — penalty increased by Act 23 Eliz. c. 1, 1581 — declared liable to banishment or death by Act 35 Eliz. c. 1, 1593. [See Toleration Act.] Popish, similar provisions against, by Act 35 Eliz. c. 2, 1593 — excepted from Toleration Act, 1689 — relieved by Act 31 Geo. III. c. 32, 1791 — penal Acts against, repealed by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1844. Eed Bank, on the Delaware, U. S., — un- successfully attacked by Hessian troops under Count Donop, 22 Oct. 1777. Eed Eiver, iV. America, — Scottish settle- ment on, under Lord Selkirk, 181 2 — passes to Hudson's Bay Company, 1835 — transfer of, to Dominion of Canada, fixed for 1 Dec. 1869 — insurrection, refusal to receive the governor, 2 1 Oct. 1869 — Louis Riel takes possession of Fort Garry, 24 Nov. — proclamation of McDougall as Lieut. -governor, 1 Dec. — meeting of delegates held, 25 Jan. to 10 Feb. 1870 — unsuccessful attempt of Major Boulton to surprise Fort Garry, about 16 Feb. — Boulton, Scott, and their followers captured by Riel, Boulton con- demned to be shot, 17 Feb., but is spared: Scott tried and shot, 4 Mar. — expedition under Colonel "Wolseley reaches Fort Garry, 23 Aug. — the insurgents submit without resistance : district receives name of Manitoba, 1870. Eed Sea, Arabian Gulf, (Rubrum Mare,) — [B C] — passage of Israelites through, — [Ex- odus] — becomes principal channel of commerce between Europe and India, under the Ptole- mies, 300-200 — [AD] — course of commerce diverted from, by discovery of passage by Cape of Good Hope, 1493 — survey of, commenced by Moresby, of Indian Navy, 1830 — completed by Elwin, 1834. [Suez Canal.] Eedan. [Sebastopol.] Eedemptorists, (ligum-ists,) Order of, — founded in Naples by Liguori, 1732 — con- firmed by Benedict XIV, 1749 — revived in Austria, 1820. Eedesdale, John Freeman Mitford, Baron, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, — h., 18 Aug. 1748 — M.P. Beeralston, 1789 — Solicitor- general, Feb. 1793 — Knt, 15 Feb. 1793 — Attorney-general, 1799 — Speaker of House of Commons, 11 Feb. 1801 — Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Feb. 1802 — created Baron Eedesdale, 15 Feb. 1802 — marries Lady Frances Percival, REDI— REFORM BILL. 1191 1803 — resigns, Mar. 1806 — tf. at Batsford Park, in Gloucestershire, 16 Jali. 1830. Redi, Francisco, naturalist,— b. at Arezzo, 18 Feb. 1626— tf. at Pisa, 1 Mar. 1698. Os- servazione intorno alle vipere, 1664 — Esperienze intorno alia Generazione degli Lnsetti, 1668 — Sonetti, 1702 — Letter e, 1727. Reding, Aloys, general, — b. in Switzerland, 1755 — quits Spanish army, 1788 — commands against French, Feb. 1798 — defeats French at Morgarten, 2 May 1798 — landamman, 21 Nov. 1 80 1 — assembles Diet at Schwyz, 27 Sep. 1802 — arrested by General Ney, 7 Nov. 1802 — ,landamman of Schwyz, 1803 — conducts nego- tiations with allies, 1813 — fo. at Schwyz, Feb. 1818. Redoute, Pierre Joseph, {Raphael des Jleurs,) painter, — fc. at St Hubert, 10 Jul. 1759 — flower-painter to Empress Josephine, 1 805 — Prof. Vegetable Iconography, Jardin du Roi, 1822 — tf. at Paris, 19 Jun. 1840. Redschid Pasha, Grand Vizier of Otto- man Empire, — b. at Constantinople, 1799 — besieges Missolonghi, 1825 — commands against Russians, 1827 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1828 — taken prisoner by Ibrahim Pasha at Konieh, Dec. 1832 — negotiates Treaty of Kutayieh, 1833 — ambassador to London and Paris, 1838-9 — negotiates commercial treaty with England, 1837 — Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, 1839-41 — again, 1845 — again ambassa- dor to Paris, 1841 — Grand Vizier, 28 Sep. 1846 — resigns, autumn 1852 — again Grand Vizier, autumn 1853 — Pres. Council, Oct. 1857 — tS. at Constantinople, 7 Jan. 1858. Redwald, King of East Anglia, — suc- ceeds, 593, a 599 b — converted, 604 — chosen Bretwalda, about 617 — defeats and kills Ethel- frith of Northumbria, 617. a Lappenberg. b Annals of England. Reed, Andrew, divine, philanthropist, — ft. in London, 1787 — studies at Hackney College, 1807-n — pastor in London, 1811 — establishes London Orphan Asylum, 1813 — founds Infant Orphan Asylum, Wanstead, about 1828— with Matheson, visits America, 1834 — founds another Orphan Asylum, 1 844 — founds Asylum for Idiots, 1847 — founds Hospital for Incurables, 1854 — if. at Hackney, 25 Feb. 1862. No Fic- tion, 1 8 19. Reed, Isaac, critic, miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1742 — U., 1807. Biographia Dramatica, 1782 — Repository, 1777-83 — Works of Shakespeare, 1785. Rees, Abraham, Editor of the Cyclopcedia, — b. in Wales, 1743 — mathematical tutor at Hoxton Academy, 1762-84 — pastor of Presby- terian Congregation, Southwark, 1768 — theo- logical and philosophical tutor, Hackney Col- lege, 1786-95 — F.R.S., about 1786 — U. in London, 9 Jun. 1825. Edits Chambers's Cyclopcedia, 1786 — Cyclopcedia, 1803-19. Reeve, Clara, novelist, — b. at Ipswich, 1738 ■ — tf. there, Dec. 1808. Translation of Bar- clay's Argenis, 1772 — Old English Baron, 1777 —appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 1819— ft., Jan. 1838. Reeve, lovell Augustus, naturalist, — b. t about 1808— tf., 18 Nov. 1865. Conchologia Iconica, 1843 et se^—Lnitiamenta Concholo- gica, 1846-60. Reeves, John, — b., 20 Nov. 1752— M.A. Oxford, 1778— called to the bar, 1780— Chief Justice of Newfoundland, 1791 and 1792 — founds Loyal Association, 1792 — prosecuted for libel by order of House of Commons, 1796 — acquitted, 20 May— one of the king's printers, 1799— employed in Alien Office, 1803-14— fc. at Westminster, 7 Aug. 1829. History of English Law, 1783-4 — History of Law of Shipping and Navigation, 1792 — his edition of the Bible, 1802— Proposal of a Bible Society on a new plan, 1805. Reform, Parliamentary, in Great Britain, — motion of John Wilkes for, negatived with- out division, 20 Mar. 1776— Pitt's motions, negatived, 7 May 1782, 7 May 1783, and 18 Apr. 1785— Society of Friends of the People formed to promote, spring 1792 — their petition presented by Grey, spring 1793— Grey's motion for, opposed by Pitt, and negatived, 6 May 2 793— ; Brand's motion negatived, 21 May 18 10 — petition of distressed mechanics for, prepared, 15 Nov. 1816— Spa Fields' Riot, 2 Dec. 1816 — petition of Corporation of London presented to Prince Regent, 9 Dec. 18 16 — public meet- ings held in large towns, 1 816- 17 — six hundred petitions presented to House of Commons, 18 17 — Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 4 Mar., and again, Jun. 18 17 — Burdett's motions negatived, 20 May and 3 Jun. 18 17 — Lord John Russell's motion negatived, 29 Apr. 1822 — resolutions in favour of, moved by Marquis of Blandford and rejected, 3 Jun. 1829 — again moved, by Lord John Russell and O'Connell, 28 May 1830 — dissolution of Wellington ministry, 16 Nov. — formation of ministry by Earl Grey, 22 Nov. [See Reform Bill.] Reform Banquet. [French Revolution, 1848.] Reform Bill, in Great Britain,— introduced by Lord John Russell, 1 Mar. 1 83 1 — second read- ing carried, 22 Mar. — amendment of Gascoigne in opposition introduced, 18 Apr. — carried, 20 Apr. — parliament dissolved by proclamation, 23 Apr. — new parliament meets, 14 Jun. — opened by William IV., 21 Jun. — Bill reintroduced by Russell, 24 Jun. — second reading carried, 6 Jul. — committed, 13 Jul. — report brought up, 13 Sep. — read third time, 19 Sep. — passed, 21 Sep. — taken up to House of Lords, 22 Sep. — thrown out on second reading, 7 Oct. — riots at Derby and Nottingham suppressed by military, 8 Oct. — parliament prorogued, 20 Oct., and reassembled, 6 Dec. — Bill introduced third time, 12 Dec. — read second time, 17 Dec. — com- mitted, 20 Jan. 1832 — reported, 14 Mar. — read third time, 22 Mar. — first reading in House of Lords, 26 Mar. — second, 14 Apr. — hostile amendment by Lord Lyndhurst carried, 7 May — resignation of ministry, 9 May — attempt of Wellington to form a ministry fails, and Earl Reeve, John, comedian, — b. in London, 1799 I Grey returns to office, 17 May — bill read third 1192 REFORM CLUB— REGISTER. time in the Lords, 4 Jim. — receives royal as- sent, 7 Jun. [Representation of the People.] Reform Club, — established in London, 20 May 1835. Reform League, — established in London, early in 1867— [Hyde Park]— dissolved, Mar. 1869. Reformation, of \§th century, — in France, commenced by Lefevre and Farel, before 15 12. In Switzerland, by Zwingli, 15 16. In Ger- many, by Luther, 15 17 — condemned by bull of Leo X., 15 Jun. 1520. In England, opposed by Henry VIII., 1521. In Denmark, introduced by Frederick I., 1527. In Scotland, by Pat- rick Hamilton, 1527. In Sweden, established by Gustavus Vasa, 1529. At Geneva, estab- lished by Farel, 1535— opposed in^ Branden- burg by Elector Joachim I., 1532 — introduced by Joachim II., 1539 — preached in the Nether- lands, before 1535 — attempted in Italy and in Spain, before 1540. Reformation, Jubilee of the,— celebrated at Geneva, Aug. 1835. Reformatory Schools, — [Philanthropic So- ciety] — established at Redhill, Surrey, 1 849 — extended use and efficiency of, provided for, by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 86, 10 Aug. 1854— fur- ther regulated by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 109, 29 Jul. 1856 — extension of, promoted by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 55, 25 Aug. 1857 — law re- lating to, consolidated and amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 117, 10 Aug. 1866. In Scotland, extended use of, provided for, by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 74, 7 Aug. 1854 — amended by 18 and 19 Vic. c. 87, 14 Aug. 1855 — further'pro- visions by 19 and 20 Vic. c. 28, 23 Jun. 1856. In Ireland, promoted and regulated by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 103, 2 Aug. 1858 — law relating to, amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 59, Jul. 1868. Refraction, Astronomical, — noticed by Ptolemy, about 150 — by Alhazen, about 1030 — investigated by "Walther, about 16 15 — by Tycho Brahe, 1580-1600 — by Dominique Cas- sini, 1662-72 — fully explained by Newton, 1704. Refraction of Light,— observed by Ptolemy, 130-150 — law of, discovered by Willebrord Snell, 1621 — double, discovered by Bartholin, 1669 — explained by Huyghens, 1690. Refreshment Houses, — in England, licence duty imposed on, by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 27, 14 Jun. i860. In Ireland, duty imposed by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 107, 28 Aug. i860. Refuge, Harbours of. [Harbours.] Regale, in French history, — right of the king to revenue of sees during vacancy, and of presenting to benefices : recognized by Inno- cent III., 1 2 10 — arrangements respecting, be- tween Louis XIII. and the clergy made, 16 15, 1624, and 1636— claimed by Louis XIV., 1673 — discussed in Assembly held at Paris, Jan. 1682 — regulated by declaration of Louis XIV., 24 Jan. 1682. Regalia, of England, — inventory of, made, 1649 — destroyed, new made for coronation of Charles II., 1660. Regalianus, (RegilManus,) one of the Thirty Tyrants, — proclaimed in Moesia, and put to death, 263. Regency, The, — in Great Britain, vested in the Prince of "Wales, during incapacity of George III., by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 1, 5 Feb. 1 8 1 1 . In France, vested in Philip, Duke of Orleans, on accession of Louis XV., 1 Sep. Regensburg. [Ratisbon.] Regent's Canal, london, — commenced, Oct. 18 1 2 — completed, Aug. 1820. Regent's Park, london, — formation of, com- menced, 1 81 2 — Broad "Walk opened, 1838 — breaking of ice in, and loss of many lives, 15 Jan. 1867. Reggio, in Calabria. [Rhegium.] Reggio, in lombardy, {Rhegium lepidi,) — Dominican monastery founded at, 1233 a — aids Frederick II., 1236 a — again at siege of Brescia, 1238 a — conspiracy at, suppressed by Enzio, 1245 a — lordship of, vested in Obizzo II., Marquis of Este, 15 Jan. 1290 b — expels Azzo VIII., 27 Jan. 1306 b — acquired by the Gonza- gas, Lord of Mantua, n Jul. 1335 — taken by Nicholas II. of Este, May 1371 — sold to Ber- nabo Visconti, and taken possession of by him, May 1 37 1 — taken by Nicholas III., Marquis of Ferrara, Jul. 1409 — erected into a Duchy for Borso, 18 Jan. 1452 — taken by troops of Julius II., 1509 — recovered by Duke Alfonso I.; again taken for Julius II., 1512 — reen- tered by Alfonso, 29 Sep. 1523 — adjudged to him by Charles V., 1530 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Spaniards under Marquis Caracena, 1655 — seized by French, 1734 — forms part of Cisalpine Republic, 1796-1814. a Kington. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Reggio, Duke of. [Oudinot.] Regillus, Lake, battle of, — [B C] — the Ro- mans defeat the Latins, 497. Regiments, — organization of, in France, not later than 1562 — in England, mentioned, 1588. Regiomontanus, (Johann Muller,) astrono- mer, — b. at Konigsberg, (in Franconia, ?) 6 Jun. 1436 — studies at Leipsic, 1448 — at Vienna, about 1452-3 — Prof. Astronomy at the Univ., 146 1 — visits Italy, 146 1-2-4 — settles at Nurn- berg, 147 1 — called to Rome, and made Bp of Ratisbon, 1474 — tr. at Rome, 6 Jul. 1475. De Triangulis planis et sphcericis, 1533, a 1541 b — with Purbach, translation of the Almagest, 1496 — Tabulce directionum profectionumque, i475, a 1485 b — Kalendarium Novum, before 1475. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Regis, Pierre Sylvain, philosopher,— b. in the Agenois, 1632 — lectures on Cartesian philo- sophy at Toulouse, 1665 — at the Sorbonne, 1680 — interdicted by Abp Harlay, 1680 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1699 — tf. at Paris, 11 Jan. 1707. Systeme de Philosophic, 1690 — Usage de la liaison et de la Foi, 1704 — Discursus Philosophicus, 1705. Register, — of Deeds and Wills, in W^st Riding of Yorkshire, established by Act 2 and 3 Ann. c. 4, 1703 — amended by Act 5 Ann. c. 18, 1706 — in East Riding, established by Act 6 Ann. c. 35, 1707 — in Middlesex, by Act 7 REGISTER— REICHENBERG. ii93 Ann. c. 20, 1709 — in North Riding of York- shire, by Act 8 Geo. II. c. 6, 1735. Of Judg- ments of Courts of Law and Equity, required in order to affect land, by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 110, 16 Aug. 1838. Of Merchant Shipping, estab- lished by Navigation Act, 12 Car. II. c. 18, 1660 — new regulations respecting, by Acts 7 and 8 Win III. c. 22, s. 17, 1696, and 26 Geo. III. c. 60, 1786 — systematized by Act 27 Geo. III. c. 19, 1787 — law amended and consoli- dated by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 1854.. Parish, keeping of, enjoined by Henry viii., 1538. Register, Lord Clerk, Scottish 1 Officer of State, — appointment of, made for life, 1777. Registration of Births, Deaths, and Mar- riages, — in England, ordained by Act 6 and 7 Wm III. c. 6, 1694— further regulated by Acts 9 Wm III. c. 32, 1697, and 52 Geo. III. c. 146, 28 Jul. 18 12 — facilitated and regulated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 86, 17 Aug. 1836 — amended by Acts 1 Vic. c. 22, 30 Jun. 1837, and 19 and 20 Vic. c. 119, 29 Jul. 1855. In Scotland, provided for by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 80, 7 Aug. 1854— further regulated by Acts 18 and 19 "Vic. c. 29, 15 Jun. 1855, and 23 and 24 Vic. c. 85, 6 Aug. i860. Registration of Births and Deaths, in Ire- land, — provided for by Act 26 Vic. c. 11, 20 Apr. 1 863 — law amended by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 112, 31 Jul. 1868. Of Marriages, provided for by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 90, 28 Jul. 1863. Registration of Burials, in England, — fur- ther provided for by Act 27 and 28 Vic. c. 97, 29 Jul. 1864. Registration of Places of Religious Wor- ship, in England, — required and regulated by Acts 1 Wm and Mar. c. 18, 1689; 31 Geo. lll.c. 32, 1791 ; 52 Geo. III. c. 155, 29 Dec. 1812 ; 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 115, 16 Aug. 1832 ; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846, and 15 and 16 Vic. c. 36, 30 Jun. 1852 — law respect- ing, amended by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 81, 30 Jul. 1855. Registration of Voters,— in England and Wales, required by Reform Act, 2 Wm IV. c. 45, 7 Jun. 1832 — law amended by Act 6 Vic. c. 18, 31 May 1843. % n Scotland, law amended by Act 19 and 20 Vic. c. 58, 21 Jul. 1856. Regium Donum, — annual grant to Presby- terian clergy in Ireland, originated by Charles II., 1672— discontinued, before 1685 — renewed by William III., 19 Jun. 1690 — payable out of Civil List, by letters-patent of Queen Mary, 1 69 1— renewed by William III., 1699 — by Queen Anne, 23 Dec. 1702 — augmented, 1708, 1784, and 1792 — newly regulated, 1803 — dis- continued, and Acts relating to, repealed, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 42, 26 Jul. 1869. Annual grant to Dissenting ministers in England, com- menced, 1723. Regius TJrbanus, poet, reformer, — Pastor at Lunenberg, 1532— tf. at Zelle, 23 May 1541. Regnard, Jean Francois, poet, — ft. at Paris, Feb. 1655 — visits Italy, about 1676 — Scan- dinavia, 1 68 1 -3— to. in France, 4 Sep. 1709. CEuvres, 17 11. Regnault, Alexandre Georges Henri, painter, -ft., 1847— obtains Grand Prize of Academy, (Paris,) 1 866— visits Tangier, 1870 — serves as National Guard in German siege of Paris, and is killed in a sortie, 19 Jan. 1871. Portrait of Gen. Prim, 1869— Execution at the Alhambra, 1870 — Salome, 1870 — Judith, 1870. Regnault, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. at Paris, 19 Oct. 1754— obtains grand prize, 1776 — admitted to Academy, 25 Oct. 1783 — rj. at Paris, 12 Nov. 1829. Regnault, Noel, mathematician, §c, — ft. at Arras, 5 Sep. 1683— tf. at Paris, 14 May 1762. Entretiens Physiques, 1729 — Origine Ancienne de la Physique Nouvelle, 1734 — Entretiens Ma- the'matiques, 1744. Regnier. [Hainault and Lorraine.] Regnier, Claude Ambroise, Duke of Massa, statesman, — ft. at Blamont, (Meurthe,) 6 Apr. 1736 — deputy to States-General, 1789 — member of Council of Ancients, Sep. 1795 — Pres., Feb. 1796— reelected to Council, 1799 — Grand Judge and Minister of Justice, 14 Sep. 1 802 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Pres. Legislative Body, 19 Nov. 181 3 — tf. at Paris, 24 Jun. 18 14. Regnier, Edme, mechanician, — ft. in Bur- gundy, 15 Jun. 175 1— tf. at Paris, 10 Jun. 1825. Me'moire explicatif du Dynamometre et autres machines, 1798 — Description et usage d'un nouveau meridien a, canon, 1798. Regnier, Mathurin, poet, — ft. at Chartres, 21 Dec. 1573 — tf. at Rouen, 22 Oct. 1613. QZuvres, 1608. Regulus, — Consul with M. Civica Barbaras, (910, a. u. c.) 157. Regulus, C. Atilius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with Cn. Corn. Blasio, (497, a. u. c.) 257 — Consul with L. Manlius Vulso, (504,) 250. (2.) Consul with L. JEmilius Papus, (529,) 225 — killed in battle by the Gauls. Regulus, C. Memmius, — Consul with L. Virginius Rufus, (816, a. v. c.) 63. Regulus, M. Atilius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with M. Valerius Corvus,( 419, a. u. c.)335. (2.) Consul with L. Postumius Megellus, (460,) 294. (3.) Consul with L. Julius Libo, takes Brundusium, triumphs over Sallentini, (487,) 267 — Consul with L. Manlius Vulso Longus, (498,) 256 — defeats Carthaginians at sea, ravages territory of Carthage ; defeats Car- thaginians under Hasdrubal, &c. ; defeated and taken by Xanthippus, 255 — sent with ambas- sadors to ask peace at Rome, 250 — put to death at Carthage, 250. (4.) Consul with P. Va- lerius Flaccus, (527,) 227 — Consul suff. with Cn. Servilius Geminus, (537,) 217 — censor,2i4. Reicha, Anton Joseph, musical composer t writer on music, — ft. at Prague, 27 Feb. 1770 — goes to Paris, 1794 — Prof, at the Conservatory, 1 817 — admitted to Academy of Music, 1835— tf. at Paris, 28 May 1836. Cours de composi- tion musicale,\%\% — Traite demelodie, 18 14 — ■ Trait e de haute composition musicale, 1824-6. Reichenbach, Georg von, mechanician, — ft. at Durlach, in Baden, 24 Aug. 1772 — visits England, 1791-3 — tf. at Munich, 21 May 1826. Reichenberg, in Bohemia, — in possession of Wallenstein, 1622 — passes to the Counts u 9 4 REICHSTADT— RELIEF SYNOD. Gallas, 16.34 — Austrian camp near, stormed by Prussians under Prince von Bevern, 21 Apr. 1 757 —head-quarters of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, 24-26 Jun. 1866. Reichstadt, Duke of. [Bonaparte, Na- poleon Francois.] Reid, Thomas, philosopher, — fj. at Strachan, in Scotland, 26 Apr. 17 10 — enters Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, 1722 — M.A., 1726 — Librarian to his Coll., about 1726 — visits England, 1736 — parish minister of New Machar, 1737 — marries, 1740 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, King's Coll. Aberdeen, 1752— Prof. Moral Philosophy, Univ. of Glasgow, 1764 — D.D. Aberdeen, about 1764 — retires, 178 1 — loses his wife, 1792 — tf. at Glasgow, 7 Oct. 1796. Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764. — Essays on the Intellectual Powers, 1785 — Essays on the Active Powers, 1788. Reid, Sir William, natural philosopher, — ft. in Scotland, 1791 — enters the army, 1809 — serves in the Peninsular War, 1809-14 — pre- sent at Waterloo, 18 15— at attack on Algiers, 1816 — Governor of Bermudas, 1838 — F.R. S., 1839 — Governor of Windward Islands, 1846 — chairman of Executive Committee of Great Ex- hibition, 185 1— K.C.B., Governor of Malta, Dec. 1851 — Major-general, May 1856— ft. in Lon- don, 31 Oct. 1858. law nf Storms, 1838 — Pro- gress of Development of law of Storms, 1849. Reign of Terror. [French Revolution, 1789.] Reimarus, Hermann Sa,wael,phiMogist, $c, — ft. at Hamburg, 22 Dec. 1694 — Prof. Hebrew at the Gymnasium, 1727 — marries daughter of J. A. Fabricius, 1728 — tf. at Hamburg, 1 Mar. 1768,* 1765^ De vita et scriptis J. Alb. Fabricii commentarius, 1737 — Die vomehmsten Wahrheiten der naturlichen Religion, 1754 — Betrachtungen iiber die Kunsttriebe der Thiere, 1762 — Vernunftlehre, 1756 — Wolfenbuttelsche Fragmente, 1777-78. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Conv.-Lex. Reimmann, Jacob Friedrich, bibliographer, — ft. at Groningen, 22 Jan. 1668 — tf. at Hilde- sheim, 1 Feb. 1743. Eistoria litter, exotericce et acroamaticce particula, 17 10 — Bibliotheca historice litter arice critica, 1739 — Versuch einer Einleitung in die Historia literaria, 1703-13. Reims. [Rheims.] Reineccins, Christian, philologist, theolo- gian, — ft. in Saxony, 22 Jan. 1668 — tf. at Weissenfels, 18 Oct. 1752. Bibliaquadralingua Novi Testamenti, 17 13 — Biblia hebraica, 1725 ■ — Biblia sacra quadralingua Vet. Test., 1748 ■ — Concordantia Bibliorum Germanico-Hebraico- Grceco, 17 18. Reineccius, (ReinecJc,) Reinier, historian, — ft. at Paderborn, 15 May 1541 — Prof. History, Frankfort-on-the Oder, 1578 — Prof. Literature and History, Helmstadt, 1583 — tf. there, 26 Apr. 1595. Methodus legendi cognoscendique historiam, 1583 — Historia Julia, 1574 — His- toria Orientalis, 1595. 'Reineke de Vos,' {Reynard the Fox,) — Eng- lish version printed by Caxton, 148 1 — Dutch, at Delft, 1484 — Low German, at Liibeck, 1498 — translated into High German, 1545 — into Latin, by Schopper, 1567. Reinesius, Thomas, philologist, antiquary^ — fj. at Gotha, 13 Dec. 1587 — tf. at Leipsic, 17 Jan. 1667. De Diis Syris, 1623 — Variarum lectionum lib. Ill, 1640 — Syntagma inscrip- tionum antiquarum, 1682. Reinhold, Erasmus, mathematician, astro- nomer,— ft. at Saalfeld, 21 Oct. 15 n— Prof. Astronomy, Wittenberg, 1552 — tf. in Thuringia, 19 Feb. 1553. Frutenicce Tabulce Ccelestium motuum, 155 1 — Commentarius Theories nova planetarum G. Purbachii, 1542. Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, philosopher, — ft. at Vienna, 26 Oct. 1758 — Prof. Philosophy, Kiel, 1794 — tf. at Kiel, 10 Aug. 1820,* i823. b Versuch einer neuen Theorie des Vorstellungs- vermbgens, 1789 — Tleber das Fundament des philos. TVissens, 1791 — Grundlegung einer Synonymih filr den Allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch in den philos. TVissenschaften, 1812. a Biog. Univ. b Conv.-Lex. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Reiske, Ernestina Christina, — ft. at Kem- berg, in Saxony, 2 Apr. 1735 — marries J. J. Beiske, 1764 — widow, 1774 — tf. at Kemberg, 27 Jul. 1798. Hellas, 1778 — Zar Moral, 1782 — Fur deutsche Schonen, 1786. Reiske, Johann Jacob, philologist, oriental- ist, — ft. at Zorbig, in Saxony, 25 Dec. 17 16 — studies at Leipsic, 1733 — goes to Leyden, 1738 — M.D., returns to Leipsic, 1746 — Prof. Phi- losophy there, 1747 — Extraord. Prof. Arabic, 1748 — Hector of St Nicholas Coll., 1758 — marries Ernestina Miiller, 23 Jul. 1764 — tf. at Leipsic, 14 Aug. 1774. Observationes Medicce ex Arabum monimentis, 1746 — Frobender Ara- bischen Dichtkunst in verliebten und traurigen Gedichten, aus dem Motanabbi, §c, 1765 — Abulfedce Annales Moslemici, 1754 — transla- tions of Demosthenes and AEschines, 1761 — edition of Plutarch, 1774-9 — Annates regnorum orientalium ante Muhamedem, 1 847 — Autobio- graphic, 1783. Reland, Adrian, orientalist, — ft. at Ryp, in Holland, 17 Jul. 1676 — studies at Utrecht, 1690-6 — Prof. Philosophy and Oriental Lan- guages, Harderwyk, 1699 — Prof. Oriental Languages and Ecclesiastical History, Utrecht, 1701 — tf. there, 5 Feb. 17 18. Palcsstina ex monumentis veteribus Ulustrata, 17 14 — Anti- quitates sacrce veterum Hebrceorum, 1708 — De religione Mohammedica, 1705. Relics, — in Church History, traffic in, pro- hibited by Theodosius, 386 — veneration of, condemned by Vigilantius, about 400-410 — spurious, manufactured, before 600 — possession of, declared necessary to consecration of churches, by second Council of Nicaea, 787 — supply of, from Palestine, about 11 00 — plunder of, at capture of Milan by Frederick II., 1162 — at taking of Constantinople, 1203 — sale of, and veneration of new, without approval of Pope, prohibited by Innocent III., at Council of the Lateran, 1215 — brought into hall of Council at Basel, 16 May 1439 — veneration of, enjoined by Council of Trent, sess. 25, Dec. 1563. In Great Britain, importation of, prohibited, and Justices of Peace authorized to search for and destroy, by Act 3 Jac. I. c. 5, s. 15, 1606. Relief Synod, — of Presbyterian Dissenters, in Scotland, established, 1759. RELIGIOUS WARS— RENNELL. '95 Religious Wars, in France. [Huguenots.] In Provence. [Albigenses.] Rembrandt, HermanszoonvanRyn, painter, etcher, — ft. near Leyden, 15 Jun. 1606 or 1608 — settles at Amsterdam, about 1630 — marries, 22 Jun. 1634 — loses his wife, 1642 — declared insolvent, 1656 — tr. at Amsterdam, Oct. 1669. Presentation in the Temple, the Hague, 1630 — Lesson in Anatomy, the Hague, 1632 — Descent from the Cross, 1640 — Night Watch, Amster- dam, 1642 — Five Syndics, Amsterdam, 1661 — Adoration of the Shepherds, National Gallery, 1646 — Woman taken in Adultery, National Gallery, 1644 — Christ blessing little children, National Gallery, about 1650 — Nativity, Na- tional Gallery, 164.6 — * Hundred Guilder' Print, about 1648 ? Remembrancers, {Clerks of the Remem- brance,) — offices mentioned, 1363 — Lord Treasurer's, abolished, and duties transferred to Queen's, by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 99, 28 Aug. 1833. Remi, St, {Eemigius,) Bp of Rheims, — u. near Laon, about 438 — Bp of Rheims, about 460 — baptizes Clovis, Christmas 496 — tf., Jan. 533 ? Remi, St, {Eemigius,) Bp of Lyons,— b., about 800 — Bp of Lyons, 852 — his controversy with Hincmar begins, 854 — presides at Councils of Valence, 855 — of Langres and Savonnieres, 859— of Touzy, 860 — of Soissons, 866 — of Verberie, 869 — of Rheims, 871 — and of Cha- lons-sur-Saone, 873 and 875 — ft. at Lyons, 28 Oct. 875. Remonstrance, Grand, — against measures of Charles I., adopted by House of Commons, 22 Nov. 1 641 — presented to the king, 1 Dec. [Five Members.] Remonstrants, {Butch Arminians,) — pre- sent petition (Remonstrance) to States-General, 1 6 10 — expelled and condemned by Synod of Dort, 16 1 9 — persecuted, 1619-20 — find refuge in Holstein ; begin to return, 1631. Remusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist,— b. at Paris, 5 Sep. 1788— M.D., 1814,* 1813*— Prof. Chinese Language, College de France, 18 14 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1 8 14 — editor of Journal des Savants, 1818 — Keeper of Oriental MSS., Royal Library, 1824 — fc. at Paris, 3, a 4, b 5 c Jun. 1832. Essai sur la langue et la litterature Chinoises, 1811 — Pecherches sur les langues Tartares, 1820 — Grammaire Chinoise, 1822 — Melanges Asia- tiques, 1825, 1829. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. ° Biog. Univ. Renaissance, in Art, period of classical revival, — commences in Italy, about 1400-20 — style of the, introduced in France, 1500-20 — in England, 1560-70. Renau d'Elicagaray, Bernard, naval com- mander, — b. in Beam, 1652 — constructs bomb- ships for siege of Algiers, 1680 — conducts siege of Philipsburg, 1688 — accompanies Louis XIV. to siege of Mons, 1691 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1699 — besieges Gibraltar, 1704 — O". at Pougues, 30 Sep. 17 19. Theorie de la manoeuvre des vaisseaux, 1689. Renaudot, Eusebe, orientalist, — b. at Paris, ao Jul. 1646 — member of French Academy, 1689 — of Academy of Inscriptions, 1691 — visits Rome, 1700—0". at Paris, 1 Sep. 1720. Defense de la ' Perpetuite de lafoi,' 1708 — Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Ja- cobitarum, 17 13 — Liturgiarum orientalium col- lectio, 17 16. Renaudot, Theophraste, physician, journal- ist,~it. in London, 1584— M.D. Montpellier, 1606 — settles at Paris, 161 2— tr. at Paris, 25 Oct. 1653. Establishes Pa Gazette, 163 1. Renchen, in Baden, — Montecuculi repulses Turenne near, 1675— Moreau defeats Aus- trians at, 28 Jun. 1796. Rendsburg, in Holstein, — mentioned, be- tween 1 150-1200 — surprised by Waldemar II. of Denmark, 1226 — taken by Imperialists, 1627 — by Swedes, 1643 — fortified, about 1670 — Assembly of States held at, 3 Apr. 1 848— taken by Prussians, 1 848 — occupied by Prussians and Austrians, 8 Feb. 1851 — given up to Danes, 20 Feb. 1852 — fortifications dismantled, Sep. 1852 — evacuated by Danes, occupied by Saxons under Gen. Hake, 31 Dec. 1863 — occupied by Prussians, 21 Jul. 1864. [Schleswig-Holstein Wars.] Rene, the Good, Duke of Anjou, Count op Provence, Duke of Lorraine, and King op Sicily, — b. at Angers, 1409 — marries Isabella, heiress of Lorraine, 1420 — defeated and im- prisoned by Duke of Burgundy, 2 Jul. 143 1 — conditionally liberated, Feb. 1432 — succeeds his brother Louis III., 1434 — declared legitimate Duke of Lorraine, by Emperor Sigismund, at Basel, 24 Apr. 1434 — named successor to crown of Naples, by Joanna II., 1434 — again im- prisoned at Dijon, 1 Mar. 1435 — liberated, 1 1 Feb. 1437 — carries on war with Alfonso of Aragon, 1439-42 — loses his kingdom and retires to Provence, 1442 — takes part in nego- tiations at Tours for peace between France and England, 1444 — marries his daughter to Henry VI. of England, 1445 — [Margaret of Anjou] — resigns Lorraine to his son, 1453 — refuses offer of crown of Aragon, 1467 — loses his eldest son, 27 Jul. 147 1 — on seizure of Anjou by Louis XL, retires to Aix, 1473 — )j. there, 10 Jul. 1480. OSuvres, 1845-6. Rene II., Duke of Upper Lorraine, — b., 1 45 1 — succeeds Duke Nicholas by cession of rights of his mother, Yolande of Anjou, 1473 — seized with Yolande, and carried off to Join- ville, by Charles the Bold, 1473 — liberated by intervention of Louis XL, 1473 — allies himself with Louis XL and Emperor Frederick III. against Charles, 1474 — the Duchy conquered by Charles, 1475 — leads the Swiss at Morat, 1476 — recovers his Duchy, 1476 — defeats Charles at Nancy, 5 Jan. 1477 — acquires Duchy of Bar, 1480 — with Venetians, defeats Ferrarese at Adria, 1482 — regains Duchy of Bar, 1484 — marries for his second wife, Philip- pine of Guelderland, 1 Dec. 1485 — ft. near Bar-le-Duc, 10 Dec. 1508. Reni, Guido. [Guido Reni.] Rennell, James, geographer, — b.near Chud- leigh, Devonshire, 3 Nov. 1742 — enters the navy, 1757 — at siege of Pondicherry, 1761 — leaves the navy, 1766 — Surveyor-general of Bengal, about 1770? — returns to England, 1 196 RENNES— RESENIUS. 1782— F.R.S., 1788— tr. in London, 29 Mar. 1830. Atlas of Bengal, 1781 — Map of Hin- dustan, 1788 — Geographical System of Herodo- tus examined and explained, 1800 — Comparative Geography of Western Asia, 1831 — Illustra- tions chiefly geographical of the History of the Expedition of the Younger Cyrus, $e. t 18 16 — Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, $c, 1832. Rennes, in Bretagne, — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Charles the Bald, 843 — by Duke Pasquiten, 874 — taken by Conan IV. and the English, 1 155 — attempted by English, 1342 — by Duke of Lancaster, 1356 — threatened by La Tremouille, 1487 — besieged by Charles VIIL, 149 1 — visited by Henry IV., 1598 — partly burnt, 22-29 ^ ec * I 7 2 °« University, built, 1849-55. Rennie, George, civil engineer, — fj. in Surrey, 3 Jan. 1 791— enters Edinburgh Univ., 1807 — in partnership with his brother, (Sir) John Rennie, 1821 — F.R.S., 1822 — tr. in Lon- don, 30 Mar. 1866. London Bridge, completed, 1831. Rennie, John, civil engineer, — b. in Scotland, 7 Jim. 1761 — settles in London, 1783 — marries, 1786 — rj. there, 16 Oct. 1821. Waterloo Bridge, 1811-17 — Southward Bridge, 1815-19 — London Docks, 1805. Renouard, George Cecil, Orientalist, $c.,— fj. at Stamford, 1780 — B.A. Cambridge, 1802 — ordained priest, and chosen Fellow of Sidney Sussex Coll., 1804 — chaplain to British Em- bassy at Constantinople, 1804-6 — to Factory at Smyrna, 1811-14 — Prof. Arabic, Cambridge, 1 8 14 — rector of Swanscombe, Kent, 1818 — ir. there, 15 Feb. 1867. Rent, in Great Britain, — distress for all kinds of, authorized and regulated by Act 4 Geo. II. c. 28, s. 5, 17 31 — arrears of, not re- coverable after six years, by Act 3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 27, s. 42, 24 Jul. 1833 — goods of lodgers protected against distresses for rent due to supe- rior landlord, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 79, 16 Aug. 1 87 1. Repeal of the Union, of Great Britain and Ireland, — resolutions in favour of, passed by meeting at Dublin, 1 Sep. 18 10 — associations to promote, formed, 1829 — O'Connell's motion in favour of, rejected by House of Commons, 23 Apr. 1834 — National Association for, established, 1840 — monster meetings held, 1843 — on Tara hill, 15 Aug. 1843 — at Clontarf, prohibited, 7 Oct. [O'Connell.] Conciliation Hall, Dublin, opened, 23 Oct. 1843. Repeating Circle, — suggested by Tobias Mayer, 1752—constructed, 1787— Borda's, 1777. Repetundse Pecuniae. [Extortions.] Repnin, Nicholas Vasilivich, Prince, field- marshal, diplomatist, — h., 22 Mar. 1734 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — ambassador to "Warsaw, Sep. 1764 — takes part in Turkish War, 1770 — signs Peace of Kutchuk Kainardji, Jul. 1774— ambassa- dor to Constantinople, 1775 — signs Treaty of Teschen, 13 May 1779 — defeats Turks near Ismail, i8, a 20 b Sep. 1789 — blockades Ismail, 1790 — defeats Grand Vizier Yusuf before Matschin, 10 Jul. 1791 — signs prelimin- aries of peace at Galatz, 1 1 Aug. — signs Peace of Jassy, 9 Jan. 1792 — Governor of Livonia, about 1792 — of Lithuania, 1795— Field-marshal, 20 Nov. 1796— sent on secret mission to Berlin, 1798 — ft. at Riga, a Moscow, 24 May 1801. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Representation, popular, — first instance in Aragon, 11 33 s — in Castile, at Burgos, n69, b n6o. c a Prescott. b Ferr. c Cron. Gen. Representation of the People, — in England and Wales, — [Reform, Parliamentary] — amended by Reform Act 2 Wm IV. c. 45, 7 Jun. 1832 — again amended by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 102, 15 Aug. 1867. In Scotland, amended by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 65, 17 Jul. 1832 — again, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 48, 13 Jul. 1868. In Ireland, amended by Act 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1832— again, by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 49, 13 Jul. 1868. Repton, Humphrey, landscape-gardener, — b. at Bury St Edmunds, 2 May 1752 — tf. in Essex, 24 Mar. 18 18. Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening, 1795 — Fragments, on the theory, §c., of Landscape Gardening, 18 16. Repulsion, — as natural force, conjectured by Newton, 1675 — by Hooke, 1682 — hypothesis of, propounded by Boscovich, 1745 — as cosmic force, affirmed by Winslow, 1853 — by Faye, 1858-60. Requesens, Luis de Zuniga y, Governor of the Netherlands, — Spanish ambassador to Rome, 1564 — commands expedition against Moors, 1570 — Lieutenant-general, distinguishes himself at Lepanto, 157 1 — Governor of the Netherlands, Nov. 1573 — unsuccessfully be- sieges Leyden, 1573-4 — &• at Brussels, 5 Mar. 1576. Requests, Court of, Court of Equity in Eng- land, — abolished by Act 16 and 17 Car. I. c. 10, 1641 — all Acts for erecting, declared public Acts by 27 Geo. II. c. 16, s. 2, 1754. Requests, (Conscience,) Court of, — estab- lished in London, 15 1 7 — confirmed by Acts 1 Jac. I. c. 14, 1603, and 3 Jac. I. c. 15, 1605 — abolished with others of same kind by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 95, 26 Aug. 1846. Resby, John, — burnt as a Wickliffite, in Scotland, 1408. Resende, Andre de, antiquary, — fj. at Evora, 30 Nov. 1498 — Ij., 9 Dec. 1573. JDe Anti- quittitibus Lusitanice, 1593 — Vida de Infante D. Duarte, 1789. Resende, Garcia de, poet, historian, — fj. at Evora, about 1470 — accompanies Tristan da Cunha to Rome, 15 14 — living, 1554. Lyvro das Obras, fe., 1545 — Cancioneiro geral, 1516. Resenius, Johan Paul, theologian, — fj. at Resen, in Denmark, 156 1 — has controversy re- specting his translation of Bible with Stubceus, Prof. Hebrew, Copenhagen, 1609 — and with OlafCoccius, 1614 — o\, 1638. Danish transla- tion of New Testament, 1605 — Old Testament, 1607. Resenius, Peter, — n. at Copenhagen, 1625 — studies at Leyden, 1647-50 — LL.D. Padua, 1653 — marries at Copenhagen, 1655 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1657 — second Prof. Law, RESERVE FORCE— REUSS. t 9 7 1662 — ennobled, 1680 — Councillor of State, 1684 — ft., 1 Jun. 1688. Edda Islandorum, 1665 — Inscriptiones BZavnienses, 1668 — Jus aulicum vetus regum Norvagorum, 1673. Reserve Force, in Great Britain, — [Naval Volunteers, Royal] — establishment of, au- thorized by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 42, 13 Aug. 1859 — again, by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 110, 20 Aug. 1867. Restoration, The, in English history, — return of Charles II., 29 May 1660 — annual celebra- tion of, appointed by Act 12 Car. II. c. 14, ,660 — abolished by Act 22 Vic. c. 2, 25 Mar. 1859. In French history, First, accession of Louis XVIII., 9 May 18 14. Second, return of Louis after Waterloo, 8 Jul. 1815— government of the, terminated by Revolution of Jul. 1830. Resumption Bill, in English history, — for resumption of Irish grants of "William III. and vesting them in trustees, introduced in Commons, tacked to Land-tax bill, Lords' amendments rejected, passed, (11 and 12 Wm III. c. 2,) Apr. 1700. Rethel, in France, (Reiteste, Reistetum, Registetum,) — given by Adalberon, Abp of Rheims, to Abbey of St Remi, about 970 — head of a County, as early as 974 — captured by Spaniards, 1650 — retaken by Marshal Du Plessis-Praslin, 14 Dec. 1650 — the Marshal defeats Spaniards under Don Estevan de Ga- mara and Turenne, 15 Dec. — again seized by Spaniards, 1 654, and retaken by Turenne : erected into a Duchy, 15 Dec. 1663. Retreat of the Ten Thousand. [Xenophon.] Retz, Albert de Gondi, Duke de, Makshal of France, — b. at Florence, 4 Nov. 1522 — appears at Court of Henry II., 1547 — takes part in battle of Renty, 1554 — in service of Charles IX. of France, 156 1 — marries, 4 Sep. 1565 — at battle of St Denis, 10 Nov. 1567 — at battle of Moncontour, 3 Oct. 1569 — as proxy for the king, marries Archduchess Elizabeth of Austria and conducts her to Paris, 1570 — am- bassador to Queen Elizabeth, Dec. 1572 — distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, Apr. 1573 — Marshal, 6 Jul. 1573 — assists at coron- ation of Henry III., Feb. 1575 — Governor of Nantes, 1578 — Duke, and Peer of France, Nov. 158 1 — ft., at Paris, 12 Apr. 1602. Retz, Gilles de Laval, Seigneur de, {Mar- shal de Retz,) — b., about 1396 — succeeds his father, 141 6 — in service of Duke of Brittany, between 1416-25 — marries Catherine de Thou- ars, 1420 — in service of Charles VII. of France, captures chateau of Lude, 1427 — takes from the English the chateaux of Rennefort and Malicorne, in Maine, about 1428 — aids Joan of Arc in revictualling Orleans, 1429 — dis- tinguishes himself at capture of Gergeau, 1429 — attends Charles VII. at his coronation at Rheims, and is made Count, 1429 — Marshal of France, 1429 ? — distinguishes himself at taking of Melun, 1430 — contributes to raising siege of Lagny, 143 1 — inherits estates of his grand- father, Jean de Craon, 1432 — commands against English in Maine, 1433— sells P ar ^ °^ n ^ s do- mains to Duke of Brittany, 1434 — Lieuten- ant-general of Brittany, about 1435 ? — im- prisoned at Nantes, 1440— put to the torture ; makes confession of his crimes; condemned to death with two of his agents, and executed, 25 Oct. 1440. Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Car- dinal de, — u. at Montmirail, Oct. 16 14 — canon of Notre Dame, Paris, 31 Dec. 1627 — coadjutor^ to Abp of Paris, 1643 — titular Abp of Corinth, 31 Jan. 1644 — joins popular party, 1649 — Cardinal, Sep. 165 1 — reconciled with the Court, Feb. 1652 — imprisoned at Vincennes, 19 Dec. 1652 — escapes to Spain, autumn 1654 — resigns archbishopric, 1661— tf. at Paris, 24 Aug. 1679. Memoires, 17 17. Retz, Pierre de Gondi, Cardinal de,— 0. at Lyons, 1533 — Bp of Paris, 1570— Cardinal, by Sixtus V., 21 Feb. 1588— tf., 17 Feb. 1616. Retzius, Andreas Johan, naturalist, — b. at Christianstadt, 3 Oct. 1742 — studies at Univ. of Lund, 1758 and 1764— M.D., 1766— De- monstrator of Botany, Lund, 177 1 — Prof. Na- tural History, 1777 — Prof. Chemistry, 1796 — Knt of Polar Star, 18 14— ft. at Stockholm, 6 Oct. 1821. Flora Scandinavia prodromus, 177 9. Retzsch, Moritz, painter, engraver, — b. at Dresden, 2 Dec. 1779 — studies at Academy of Arts, from 1798 — admitted to Academy, 18 16 — Prof. Painting, 1824 — lj. at Dresden, 11 Jun. 1857. Illustrations to Faust, 18 12 — to Schiller's Works, 1822 — to Shakespeare, 1 828-45. Reu, — [BC]— fj., aut. 2217^ 2351 b — birth of Serug, sum. 2185 a — ft., sum. 1978.* a Ussher. b Clinton. Reuchlin, Johann, {Capnio,) Hebrew and classical scholar, — b. at Pforzheim, 28 Dec. 1455 — studies at Paris, 1473 — teaches Greek and Latin at Basel, 1475 — commences practice as Advocate at Tubingen, 148 1 — visits Italy, 1482 — settles at Stuttgard, 1484 — visits Italy with Duke Eberhard of Wiirtemberg, 1487 — again goes to Rome, 1498 — consulted by Maximilian I. as to burning Jewish books, 1509 — sum- moned before Inquisition, at Mentz, appears before Grand Inquisitor, Hochstraten, and appeals to the Pope, 9 Oct. 15 13 — declared innocent by Bp of Spire, 24 Apr. 15 14 — again acquitted by Commission of prelates, at Augs- burg, 2 Jul. 15 1 6 — the proceedings stopped by Leo X., 15 16 — defended by Ulrich von Hutten, 1516-17 — appointed Prof. Hebrew and Greek, Wittenberg, but names Melanchthon instead, 15 1 8 — Prof. Hebrew and Greek, Ingolstadt, 1520 — Tubingen, 1522 — tf. at Stuttgard, 30 Jun. 1522. Speculum Oculare, (Augenspiegel,) 15 1 1 — (censured and ordered to be burnt, by Universities of Cologne, Paris, &c. : condemned by Papal decree, 23 Jun. 1520) — lexicon Hebraicum, 15 12 — De Verbo Mirifico, 1494 — Be Arte Cabalistica, 1494 — Rudimenta He- braica, 1506 — Bialogus an Judaorum Thalmud sit supprimendum, 15 18. Reuss, Frincipality of, in Germany, — divided between elder and younger lines, by treaty of 27 Aug. 16 16 — title of Prince of the Empire given to elder, 1778 — to younger, 1806 — both join Germanic Confederation, 18 15 — join North German Confederation, 1866. Reuss, Jeremias David, philologist, — b. in 1198 REUVENS— RHAZES. Library, 1782 — Prof. History of Literature, 1 7 85-1 827— Chief Librarian, 18 14 — tf., 1837. Eepertorium commentation, a societatib. litterar. editarum, 1801-20 — V Angleterre savante, 1770 d 1790, 1791. Reuvens, Jan Everard, jurist, — b. at Haar- lem, 1763 — Counsellor to Court of Justice of Holland, 1795 — 'Agent-general of Justice,' 1799 — Pres. High Court of Justice, 1801 — Coun- cillor of State, Extraord., 1806 — Counsellor to Court of Cassation, Paris, 181 1 — Pres. Court of Appeal, the Hague, 18 14 — assists in pre- paring Criminal Code, 18 14- 16 — murdered at Brussels, 18 16. Reveilliere-Lepaux. [Lareveilliere.] Revel, in Russia, — founded by Waldemar II. of Denmark, about 121 8 — sold to Teutonic Knights, 1346 — burnt, 1433 — receives Lu- theranism, 1524 — taken by Swedes, 1561 — bombarded by Danish and Lubeck fleets, 1569 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prussians, 1570 and 1577 — cathedral and part of town burnt by lightning, 1684 — taken by Peter the Great, 10 Oct. 17 10 — naval harbour commenced, 1718. Revels. [Master of the Revels.] Revett, Nicholas, architect, — ft. in Suffolk, 1 72 1 — travels with Stuart in Greece, 1750 — with Chandler, in Asia Minor, 1766 — tf. in London, 1804. Revolution, French. [French Revolu- tion.] Revolution, ' Glorious,' in English History, — accession of William, Prince of Orange, 1688. [William III.] Revolutionary Tribunal. [French Revolu- tion, 1789.] Revolver, — patented by Colt, 1835 — ex- hibited in England, 1851. Rewbell, Jean Baptiste, a (Francois, h ) statesman, — b. at Colmar, 8 Oct. 1746,* 1747 b — deputy to States-General, 1789 — Pres., 5 May 1791 — deputy to Convention, 1792— Pres., 1794 — member of Council of Five Hundred, Sep. 1795 — member of Directory, i Nov. 1795 — retires, 16 May 1799 — passes to Council of Ancients, 1799 — retires, Nov. 1799 — tf. at Colmar, i8io, a 23 Nov. 1807^ a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rey, Jean, physician, chemist, — h. at Bugue, (Perigord,) about 1590 — tf., 1645. Essais sur la recherche cle la cause pour laquelle fe'tain et le plomb augmentait de poids quand on les calcine, 1630. Rey, Jean Baptiste, musical composer, — ft. at Lanzerte, 1734 — attached to Royal Academy of Music, Paris, 1776 — chamber musician to the king, 1779 — Prof, at the Conservatory, leader of orchestra to Napoleon I., 1804 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 18 10. Reyneau, Charles Rene, mathematician, — h. at Brissac, 1656 — Prof. Mathematics, An- gers, 1683 — removes to Paris, 1705— tf. at Paris, 24 Feb. 1728 — Free Associate of Academy of Sciences, 17 16. K Analyse de- montree, 1708 — Science du calcul des gran- deurs en general, 1714-35. Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, general, — b. at Lausanne, 14 Jan. 177 1 — serves in Belgium, 1793-4 — General of Brigade, 13 Jan. 1795 — Chief of the Staff under Moreau, 1796 — General of Division, 2 Nov. 1796 — distinguishes himself in expedition of Egypt, 1798 — takes El Arish, and assists at siege of Acre, 1799 — con- tributes to victory of Heliopolis, 1 800 — arrested and sent to France by Menou, Apr. 1800 — serves in army of Italy, 1805 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, about 1 806 — Minister of War to king of Naples, Aug. 1808 — takes part in battle of Wagram, 1809 — Count of the Empire, 30 Dec. 1809 — distinguishes himself in Spain, 18 10 — takes part in Russian cam- paign, 18 1 2 — taken prisoner at Leipsic, 18 13 — tf. at Paris, 17 Feb. 1814. De VEgypte, §c, 1802. Reynolds, John. [Rainolds] Reynolds, John, — under name of Captain Pouch heads the Levellers in Midland Counties, May 1607 — captured and executed, 1607. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, — n. at Plympton near Plymouth, 16 Jul. 1723 — pupil of Hudson, autumn 1740 — returns to Plymouth, 1742 — visits Italy with Keppel, 1749-52 — becomes deaf, 1751 — settles in Lon- ■ don, 1753 — with Johnson, founds Literary Club, 1764 — member of Dilettanti Club, May 1766 — Pres. Royal Academy, Dec. 1768— Knt, 21 Apr. 1769 — visits Paris, Aug. to Sep. 177 1 — D.C.L. Oxford, Jul. 1773 — mayor of Plympton, Sep. 1773 — member of Imperial Academy of Florence, about 1776 — travels in Holland and Germany, 17 81 — principal painter to the king, 1 Sep. 1784 — becomes partially blind, 1789— tf. in London, 23 Feb. 1792. Portrait of Commodore Keppel, 1753 — -first por- trait of Johnson, 1756 — Kitty Fisher, 1758 — first of Garrick, 1759 — Venus, 1759 — Lord Ligonier, 1760 — Portrait of Sterne, 176 1 ■ — Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy, 1762 — Mrs Abingdon, 1764 — Count JJgolino, 1770-3 — Portrait of Goldsmith, 1770 — of Garrick, 1776 — Marlborough Family, 1777 — Nativity, 1779 — (burnt at Belvoir, Oct. 1816) — The Ladies Waldegrave, 1781 — Mrs Siddons as Tragic Muse, 1784 — Mrs Robinson, (Pe?-dita,) 1782 — Colonel Tarleton, 1782 — Infant Hercules strangling the Serpent, 1786 — Portrait of She- ridan, 1789 — Discourses on Painting, 1778. Rezonville, near Metz, — Gen. Steinmetz de- feats Marshal Bazaine at, 18 Aug. 1870. Rezzonico, Cakdinal. [Clement XIII., Pope.] Rezzonico, Antonio Giuseppe, Count della Torre, litterateur, — b. at Como, 1709 — tf. at Parma, 1785. Disquisitiones plinian <&T, engraver, — rj. at Ulm, 16 Feb. 1698 — Director of Academy of Painting, Augsburg, 1757 — ft. there, 10 Apr. 1767. Ridley, Nicholas, Bp of London,— n. in Northumberland, 1500 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, about 15 18 — B.A., 1522 — Fellow of his Coll., 1524 — M.A., 1525 — studies at Paris and Louvain, 1528-9 — senior proctor of Cambridge Univ., 1533 — B.D., 1534— chap- lain to Abp Cranmer, 1537 — vicar of Heme, in Kent, 1538 — condemns Act of Six Articles, 1639 — D.D., 1540 — Master of Pembroke Hall, 1540 — chaplain to the king, 1540 — unsuccess- ful attempts to prosecute him for heresy, 1541 — prebendary of Westminster, 1545 — Bp of Rochester, 14 Aug. 1547 — Bp of London, Apr. RIDOLFI— RIGHT. 1205 1550 — visits Princess Mary at Hunsdon, 1552 — preaches in favour of Lady Jane Grey, at Paul's Cross, 16 Jul. 1553 — imprisoned by Queen Mary, Jul. 1553 — takes part in convo- cation at Oxford, Apr. 1554 — sentenced to death as a heretic at Oxford, 1 Oct. 1555 — burnt there, with Ep Latimer, 16 Oct. 1555. Ridolfi, Carlo, painter, writer on Art, — fc. at Vicenza, i594, a i6o2, b 1600 or 1602 c — Ij. at Venice, 1658^ d i66o. be Le Maraviglie delV Arte ovvero, Le Vite degli Illustri Fittori Veneti e dello Stato, 1648. a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. d Zanetti. e Boschini. Ridolfi, Claudio, painter, — fc. at Verona, i57o, a 1560 b — ft. at Corinaldo, 1644. a Biog. Univ. b Biog. Catalogue. Riego-y-Nunez, Rafael del, Spanish patriot, — fc. at Oviedo, 24 Oct. 1785 — serves in patriot army against the French, 1808 — imprisoned in France, 1808-14 — heads insurrection and pro- claims constitution, 1 Jan. 1820 — Pres. Cortes, Feb. 1823— taken prisoner, Sep. 1823 — exe- cuted at Madrid, 7 Nov. 1823. Rienzi, Cola di, Tribune op Eome, — fc. at Rome, 1 31 3 — joint ambassador with Petrarch from Rome to Clement VI. at Avignon, 1 342 — apostolic notary, 1344 — receives titles of Tribune and Liberator of Rome, 20 May 1347 —defeats insurgent barons, 20 Nov. 1347 — abandoned by the people, shuts himself up in San Angelo, 15 Dec. 1347 — escapes, Jan. 1348 — has interviews with Emperor Charles IV. at Prague, summer 1350 — returns secretly to Rome, 1350 — delivered up by Emperor to the pope at Avignon, Jul. 1 35 1 —liberated and made Governor of Rome by Innocent VI., Jul. 1353 — retires to Perugia, Jun. 1354 — reenters Rome, 1 Aug. 1354 — besieged at the Capitol and killed, 8 Oct. 1354. Ries, Ferdinand, musical composer, — fc. at Bonn, 1785^ i784 b — in London, 1813-24 — tf. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 13 Jan. 1838. Adoration of the Kings, 1837. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Rieti, in Italy, (Heate,) — [BC] — plain of, drained by M. Curius Dentatus, 240 — [AD] — attacks Frederick II., 1227 — visited by Gregory IX., 12 3 1 — interviews of Frederick II. with the pope at, 1234 — damaged by earthquake, 1785 — repulses insurgents of the Romagna, 1 83 1. Cathedral, built, 1456. Rietschel, Ernst Friedrich August, sculp- tor, — fc. in Saxony, 15 Dec. 1804 — enters Academy of Art, Dresden, 1820 — studies under Rauuh at Berlin, 1826 — goes to Italy, 1827 — returns, 1828 — Prof, at Dresden Academy, 1832 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1855 — Associate of Institute of France, 1858 — tf. at Dresden, 21 Feb. 1861. Monument to Frede- rick Augustus of Saxony, 1831 — Virgin and Bead Christ, 1 845 — Design for Monument to Luther, Worms, i860. Rieux, Jean de, Marshal of France, — fc., about 1342 — accompanies the Black Prince to the succour of Don Pedro, 1367 — distinguishes himself at battle of Rosebecque, 1382 — cooper- ates in favour of Constable de Clisson, 1387-92 — Marshal, 19 Dec. 1397 — repulses English invaders, 1404— tr. at Roche fort, 7 Sep. 141 7. Rieux, Jean de, — fc., 27 Jun. 1447 — serves in war of the Public Good, 1464— Marshal of Brittany, 1470 — Lieutenant-general of armies of the king, 1472 — negotiates marriage of Anne of Brittany with Charles VIII., 149 1 — follows Charles VIII. to Naples, 1495 — "if., 9 Feb. 1518. Rieux, Pierre de, (Marshal de Rochefort,) — fc. at Ancenis, 9 Sep. 1389— Marshal of France, 141 7 — defends St Denis, 1435 — serves against English, from 141 8 — at sieges of Rouen and Tours, 1419-20 — forces English to raise siege of Harfleur, 1437 — taken prisoner, about Apr. 1438 — rj., 1438. Riez, in Frovence. Council of, held, 29 Nov. 439- Rifle, fire-arm, — in use in France, before 1692 — introduced in British army, about 1780 — revolving, invented by Gale, 1866 — [Enfield, Minie, Whitworth] — Martini-Henry, experi- ments by British government, 1 Jan. 1870 to Mar. 1 87 1 — report of Committee on, Mar. 1871 — adopted, 187 1. Rifle Volunteers. [Volunteers.] Rifled Ordnance, — proposed by Blair, 1774 — Cavalli's, invented, 1846 — experiments with his and Wahrendorff's at Shoeburyness, 1 850 — Lancaster's tried, 1851 — used at Sebastopol, 1853-4. [Armstrong Gun.] Riga, in Russia,— founded by Albert, Bp of Livonia, about 1200 — walled, 1206 — erected into Archbishopric, 1255 — joins Hanseatic League : taken by Teutonic Knights, 1330 — accepts Lutheran Reformation, 1522,* 1532 or 1537 b — given up to Poland, 1561 — Archbishopric abolished, 1566 — attacked by Russians, 1572 — submits to Stephen Bathori, 158 1 — besieged and taken by Gustavus Adol- phus, 15 Sep. 1621 — fortifications commenced, 1650 — unsuccessfully besieged by Russians, 1658 — burnt, 1677 and 1689 — besieged by Frederick Augustus of Poland, 1700 — occupied by Charles XII., 18 Jul. 1701 — besieged by Peter the Great, 1705 — the fortifications com- pleted, 1708 — again besieged by Peter the Great, 1709 — capitulates, 4 Jul. 17 10 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by the French, 1812 — the walls partly removed, 1852. Cathedral, founded, 121 1. Council of, sends complaint of oppres- sion to the pope, 1429. a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Rigaud, Hyacinthe, painter,— -fc. at Perpig- nan, 25 Jul. 1659 — goes to Paris, 1681 — ad- mitted to Academy, 1700 — Prof.', 17 10 — Che- valier of St Michael, 1727— Rector of Academy, 1733 — o". at Paris, 19 Dec. 1743. Rigaud, Stephen Peter, astronomer, — fc. at Richmond, Surrey, 1774 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 14 Apr. 1791 — M.A., 21 Nov. 1799 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 1810 — tr. in London, 16 Mar. 1839. Edits Bradley's Works and Correspondence, 1831. Righini, Vincenzo, musical composer, — fc. at Bologna, r/6o, a about 1758 b — Chapel-master to Elector of Mentz, 1788— to king of Prussia, 1793 — Jj. at Bologna, 19 Aug. 18 12. Biog. Univ. Engl. Cyc. Right, Petition of. [Petition of Right.] I2o6 RIGHTS— RITCHIE. Rights, Bill of. [Bill of Rights.] Rights, Declaration of. [Declaration.] Riley, John, painter, — b. in London, 1646 — painter to Charles II., 1680 — painter to "William and Mary, 1688 — tf. in London, 1691. Rimini, in Italy, {Ariminum,) — [B C] — Roman colony, 268 — occupied by Caesar, 49 — [AD] — forms' part of Exarchate of Ravenna, 553-1 S 2 — government of, given to Malatesta family, by Otto III., about 1200— visited by Frederick II., Jan. 1226— sold to Venetians, 1503 — lost to the pope, 1509 — destroyed by earthquake, 1671. Council of, confirms Mcene Creed, condemns Arius, Ursacius, Valens, and others, and afterwards accepts new Arian for- mulary proposed by Emperor Constantius, Jul. to Oct. 359. Rinaldi, Odorico, historian, — fj. at Trevisa, 1595 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, 16 1 8— tr. at Rome, 22 Jan. 1 671. Continuation of Annales Ecclesiastici of Baronius, 1646-77 — abridgment of the whole, 1669. Rincon, Antonio del, painter, — fj. at Guada- laxara, about 1446 — ft. at Seville, 1500. Rinderpest. _ [Cattle Plague.] Rintambor, in Hindustan, — taken by Al- tamsh, about 1230 — conquered by Bulbun, about 1250— taken by Ala u din, 1299-1300 — by Baber, 1528— acquired by Raja of Haranti, about 1550. Rintoul, Robert Stephen, journalist, — b. in Scotland, 1787 — editor of Dundee Advertiser, before 181 3 — becomes acquainted with Joseph Hume, 1 818 — establishes and edits the Spec- tator, 1828-58— tr., 22 Apr. 1858. Rinuccini, Ottavio, poet, — b. at Florence, about 1565 — follows Mary de' Medici to France, 1600 — tf. at Florence, 1621. Poesies, 1622. Riobamba, in Peru, — destroyed by earth- quake, 4 Feb. 1797. Rio Janeiro, capital of Brazil, — founded by Portuguese, 1567 — seat of government of Vice- roys, 1763 — capital of Brazilian empire, 1822. Rioja, Francisco de, poet, — h. at Seville, 1600 — tf. at Seville, 1659. Riolan, Jean, physician, — rj. at Amiens, J 539— M.D., 1574— Dean of the Faculty of Paris, 1586 and 1587— rj. at Paris, 18 Oct. 1606. Opera, 1610. Riolan, Jean, anatomist, — b. at Paris, 1577 or 1580 — Prof. Rqyal of Anatomy and Botany, 161 3 — as First Physician to Mary of Medicis, accompanies her in her exile, 1631-42 — re- turns to Paris, 1642— rj. at Paris, 19 Feb. 1657. Anatome Corporis Humani, 16 10 — Anthropo- graphia, 1649 — Enchiridion Anatomicum et Tathologicum, 1648 — Opuscula Anatomica, 1649-50-52-53. Rioms, Albert, Count de, naval officer,— fi. in Dauphiny, about 1738— distinguishes himself in American "War, 1779 — Commander of Toulon, 1789 — serves under Conde, 1792 — tr. in France, 1 806. Riot, Rioters, in England, — suppression of, provided for by Acts 17 Ric. II. c. 8, 1393- 4; 13 Hen. IV. c. 7, 1411, and 2 Hen. V. st. 1, c. 8, 1414 — refusal to disperse on proclama- tion made treason by Act 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 5, 1549 — repealed by 1 Mar. Sess. 1, c. 1, 1553 — made felony by 1 Mar. Sess. 2, c. 12, 1553, an d 1 Eliz. c. 16, 1558 — dispersal of, by proclamation, provided for, by Riot Act, 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 5, 20 Jul. 17 15 — law amended by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. cc. 27 and 30, 21 Jun. 1827 — capital punishment for, abolished by Act 4 and 5 Vic. c. 56, 22 Jun. 1841 — new provisions, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 97, 6 Aug. 1861. Ripon, in Yorkshire, — monastery founded at, by Abbot of Melrose, 661 — given to "Wil- frid, Abp of York, about 664 — destroyed by Danes, 867 — made a royal borough by Alfred, 886 — destroyed by Edred, 948^ 950 b — by "William I., 1069 — burnt by Robert Bruce, 1323 — Henry IV. holds his Court at, 1405— visited by James I., 16 17 — conferences be- tween English and Scottish Commissioners commence at, 1 Oct. 1640 — transferred to London, 26 Oct. — visited by Charles I., 1633 and 1644 — occupied by Parliamentarians, 1643 — seat of a bishopric, 1836. Cathedral, com- menced, 1 33 1 — finished, probably 1494. Hos- pital, founded by Abp Thuvstan, 1144. Public Rooms, built, 1834. a Turner. b Eapin. Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, 1st Eakl of, Prime Minister of England, — b. in London, 30 Oct., a 1 Nov. b 1782 — M.A. Cam- bridge, 1802— M.P. Carlow, 1806 — M.P. Ripon, 1 807 — Fnder-secretary for Colonies, spring to Sep. 1809 — marries, 1 Sep. 1814 — Vice-Pres. Board of Trade, 18 12 — accompanies Lord Castlereagh on the Continent, 1813 — Pres., 1818 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1823 — created Viscount Goderich, 28 Apr. 1827 — Secretary of State for Colonies, 1827 — First Lord of the Treasury, Oct. 1827 — resigns, 1828 — again Secretary for Colonies, 1830 — Lord Privy Seal, Mar. 1833 — created Earl of Ripon, 13 Apr. 1833 — retires, early in 1834 — Pres. Board of Trade, Sep. 1841 — retires, 1846 — tf., 28 Jan. 1859. a Gent. Mag. b Burke. Ripperda, John William, Baron, after- wards Dure of, statesman, diplomatist, — b. in Groningen, 1690^ 1680 b — envoy to Madrid, 17 15 to Mar. 17 18 — enters service of Philip V., and abjures Protestantism, 17 18 — negotiates secret treaty with Emperor Charles VI., 25 Apr. 1725 — Duke, Grandee of Spain, and ambassador extraord. to Emperor, 1725 — First Minister, De&. 1725 — dismissed, 14 May 1726 — arrested and imprisoned at Segovia, 25 May 1727 — escapes to England, Sep. 1728— goes to the Hague and again professes Pro- testantism, 1730 — enters service of Emperor of Morocco, 1731 — defeated by Spaniards at siege of Ceuta, 1734 — Jj. at Tetuan, 2 Nov. 1737. a Nouv; Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. Riquet, Pierre Paul de, engineer, — fj. at Beziers, 1604 — projects Canal of Langnedoc, 1662 — o". at Toulouse, 1 Oct. 1680. Riquetti. [Mirabeau.] Ritchie, Joseph, traveller, — sent with Cap- tain Lyon to explore interior of Africa, 18 19 — tf. at Mourzouk. Ritchie, Leitch, novelist, miscellaneous wr iter t EITSON— RIZZIO. 1207 — ft. at Greenock, about 1801 — Ij. at Greenwich, 16 Jan. 1865. Romance of History, France, 183 1 — Ireland, 1837-8 — Windsor Castle, 1840 — Weary foot Common, 1855 — Winter Evenings, 1858. Ritson, Joseph, critic, antiquary, — ft. at Stockton on Tees, 2 Oct. 1752 — 0. at Hoxton, 3 Sep. 1803. Observations on Wartorf s His- tory of English Poetry, 1782 — Ancient Songs from time of Henry III. to the Revolution, 1790 — Scottish Songs, 1794 — Robin Hood Bal- lads, 1795 — Bibliographia Poetica, 1802. Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, — ft. in Pennsylvania, 8 Apr. 1732 — observes transit of Venus, 1769 — member of American Acad, of Sciences at Boston, 1782 — Treasurer of Penn- sylvania, 1777-89 — Pres. American Philoso- phical Society, 1791 — Director of U. S. Mint, 1792 — F.R.&. London, 1795— tf. at Phila- delphia, 26 Jun. 1796. Bitter, Heinrich, philosopher, — ft. atZerbst, 1 79 1 — studies at Halle, Gottingen, and Berlin, 1811-15 — Prof. Extraord., Berlin Univ., 1824 — removes to Kiel, 1833 — to Gottingen, 1837 — Tj. at Gottingen, Feb. 1869. Geschichte der Philosophic, 1829-53 — Versuch zur Verstdn- digung iiber die neueste Deutsche Philosophic, sett Kant, 1853 — Die Christliche Philosophic, 1858-9 — Die Halbkantianer und der Panthe- ismus, 1827 — JJeber die Erkenntniss Gottes in der Welt, 1836 — System der logik und der Metaphysilc, 1856 — Encyclopaedic der philos. Wissenschaften, 1862-4 — Philos. Paradoxa, 1867. Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, natural philoso- pher, — ft. in Silesia, 16 Dec. 1776 — member of Academy, Munich, 1805 — rj. there, 23 Jan. 1 8 10. Beitrdge zur n'dhern Kenntniss des Gal- vanismus, 1 801-2 — Physisch-chemische Ab- handlungen, 1 806 — Fragmente aus dem Nachlass eines jungen Physikers, 18 10. Bitter, Earl, geographer, — ft. at Quedlin- burg, 7 Aug. 1779 — leaves Univ. of Halle, 1798 — Prof. Extraord. Geography, Univ. of Berlin, 1820 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1822 — foreign member Royal Society of Lon- don, Feb. 1848 — ft. at Berlin, 28 Sep. 1859. Europa, 1807 — Pie Erdkunde im Verhdltnisse zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, 1817-18 — enlarged, 1 8 2 1 -46 — Pie Stupas, 1838 — Per Jordan, 1850 — Einleitung zur all- gemeinen vergleiohenden Geographic, 1852. Ritualism, in England, — Royal Commission on, appointed, Jun. 1 867 — first report published, 29 Aug. 1867 — second, Apr. 1868 — third, (Revision of the lectionary,) 26 Jan. 1870. Rivarol, Antoine, Count de, litterateur, — ft. at Bagno'ls, in Languedoc, 26 Jun. 1753 — goes to Paris, 1777 — emigrates, 1791 — tr. at Berlin, 13 Apr. 1801. Piscours sur I 'univer- sality de la langue Franchise, 1784 — P'Enferde Dante, 1784. Rive, Jean Joseph, bibliographer, — ft. in Provence, 1730 — librarian to the Duke de la Valliere at Paris, 1767 — *f. at Marseilles, 20 Oct. 1792. La Chasse aux bibliographes et antiquaires mal advises, 1788-9 — Eclair cisse- ments sur les cartes a jouer, 1780. Rivers, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl,— marries heiress of Lord Scales and takes that title, 1467— succeeds his father as Earl Rivers, 1469— follows Edward IV. to Holland, 1470— governor of Calais, 147 1 ?— has charge of his nephew Edward (V.), 1482— seized by Glou- cester at Stony Stratford, 30 Apr. 1483 — be- headed at Pontefract, about 26 Jun. 1483. Rivers, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl,— marries Jacqueline, Duchess of Bedford ; cre- ated Baron Rivers, 9 May 1448 — seized by Yorkists and sent prisoner to Calais, 1459 — released, soon after: marries his daughter Elizabeth to Edward IV., about 1464— created Earl Rivers, 24 May 1466— taken prisoner at battle of Edgecote, 26 Jul. 1469 — beheaded at Northampton, 1469. Rivet de la Grange, Antoine, Benedictine, — fj. in Poitou, 30 Oct. 1683 — if. at the mon- astery of St Vincent du Mans, 7 Feb. 1749. Histoire litter aire de la France, (torn. I. to IX.,) 1733-49- Riviere, Charles Francois de Riffardeau, Marquis and Duke de* general, diploma- tist, — ft. at La Ferte-sur-Cher, 17 Dec. 1763,* 1765b — serves in French Guards, 1780 — emigrates, 1790 — sentenced to death, 10 Jun. 1804 — Marechal de Camp, 28 Feb. 18 14 — Commander of St Louis, Sep. 18 14 — Lieu- tenant-general, Mar. 1 8 15 — Peer of France, 17 Aug. 1 8 15 — serves in Corsica, 18 15— am- bassador to the Porte, Jun. 1816-20 — hereditary Duke, 30 May 1825 — governor of Duke of Bordeaux, 1826 — rj. at Paris, 20 Apr. 1828. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Riviere, Lazare, physician, — ft. at Mont- pellier, 1589— M.D., 1611— Prof, at the Univ., 1622-55 — tf. at Montpellier, 1655. Praxis medica, 1640 — Observationes medicce et cura- tiones insignes, 1646 and 1659 — Institutiones medicce, 1655. Riviere, Mercier de la, economist,— -ft., about 1720 — Counsellor to parliament of Paris, 1747 — Intendant of Martinique, 1758 — rj. at Paris, about 1794. Ordre naturel et essentiel des societes politiques, 1767 — Palladium de la con- stitution politique, 1790. Rivinus, August Quirinus, botanist, — ft. at Leipsic, 9 Dec. 1652 — M.D. Helmstadt, 1676 — Prof. Physiology and Botany, Leipsic, 1691 — Dean of the Faculty, 1709 — rj. at Leipsic, 30 . Dec. 1723. Introductio ad rem herbariam, 1690 — Dissertationes niedicce, 17 10. Rivoli, in Italy, — given to Bp of Turin by Emperor Frederick L, 1 159 — submits to Counts of Savoy, 1247 — castle sacked by French, 1690 — Napoleon I. defeats Alvinzi and Wurmser at, 14-15 Jan. 1797. Rivoli, Duke of. [Massena.] Rizi, Francisco, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1608 — painter to the Cathedral of Toledo, 1653 — principal painter to Philip IV., 1656 — rj. at Escorial, 2 Aug. 1685. Rizi, Juan, painter, — ft. at Madrid, 1595 — rj. at Monte Cassino, 1675. Rizzio, (Riccio,) David, — enters service of Mary Queen of Scots, 1564 — murdered by Darnley, 9 Mar. 1566. I208 ROADS— ROBERT I. Roads. [Highways.] Roanoke Island, iV. America, — British settlement on, under Raleigh, 1585 — captured hy Gen. Burnside, 8 Feb. 1862. Robber Synod. [Ephesus, Councils of.~\ Robbery, — in England, law respecting, amended and consolidated by Act 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, 21 Jun. 1827 — again amended by Act 7 ¥m IV. and 1 Vic. c. 87, 17 Jul. 1837 — new provisions by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, 6 Aug. i86r. In Ireland, law respecting, assimi- lated to that of England, by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 55, 15 Jul. 1828. Robbia, Andrea della, sculptor, — b. at Flor- ence, 1437 — tr., 1528. Robbia, Girolamo, sculptor, — in service of Francis I. of France, 1527 — r/. at Paris, 3 Aug. 1566. Robbia, Luca della, sculptor,— f>. at Flor- ence, about i4oo, a 1388 b ? — ft., about i48i, a 14.63. b a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Robert, Emperor of the Romans. [Ru- pert.] Robert L, Duke, and afterwards King of France, — defeats Northmen on the Loire, 921 — elected King in opposition to Charles III., 30 Jun. 922 — defeated and killed by him, near Soissons, 15 Jun. 923. Robert II., King of France, — b. at Or- leans, about 970 — crowned at Orleans and as- sociated with his father, Hugh Capet, 1 Jan. 888 — again crowned at Rheims, 991 — marries Bertha, 995 — succeeds his father, Oct. 996 — his marriage annulled by Pope Gregory V., 998 — refuses to submit, is excommunicated, and the kingdom laid under interdict, 998 — separ- ates from Bertha, 998 — marries Constance of Toulouse, 998 — claims Duchy of Burgundy, and carries on war with his rival, Otto Wil- liam, 1002-15 — acquires the Duchy and gives it to his son Henry, 1015 — associates his son Hugh with him, 1017 — goes to Rome, 1019 — persecutes and burns Manichseans, 1022 — has interview with Emperor Henry II., and renews alliance with him, in Luxemburg, 1023 — de- clines crown of Italy for his son, 1024 — loses his son, 17 Sep. 1025 — has his son Henry crowned, 1026 — rebellion of his sons Henry and Robert, 1030 — tr. at Melun, 20 Jul. 1031. Robert I., King of Scotland. [Bruce, Robert.] Robert II., Stuart, King of Scotland, — b., 2 Mar. 1 3 16 — named successor to the crown, 1 3 1 8 — succeeds his father as Hiph Steward of Scotland, 1326 — distinguishes himself at Hali- don Hill, 1333 — assumes joint Regency with Earl of Murray, 1334 — sole Regent, 1338 to 4 May 1 341 — takes Perth, 1338-9 — has a com- mand at Neville's Cross, and is again appointed Regent, with Earl of March, 1346-57 — receives grant of Earldom of Strathearn, 1359 — forms confederacy to resist proposed succession of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, to crown of Scotland, 1363 — but renews oath of fealty to David II., 14 May 1363 — imprisoned, 1363 — liberated, 1 369 — declared King, after death of David, Feb. 1 37 1 — crowned at Scone, 26 Mar. 1371, and gets his son John, Earl of Carrick, recognized as successor : at war with Richard II., 1377 — concludes a truce, Nov. 1380 — the war renewed, 1384 — obtains French auxiliaries, May 1385 — Earl of Fife appointed governor of the kingdom, 1389 — rj. at Dundonald Castle, 13 May, a 19 Apr. b 1390. a Tytler. a Pinkerton and Nicolas. Robert III., (John, Earl of Carrick,) King of Scotland, — ft., probably before 1340 — marries, 1357 — recognized successor to his father, 1371 — succeeds him, 13 May, a 19 Apr. b 1390 — crowned at Scone, 14 Aug. 1390 — his wife crowned Queen, 15 Aug. a — renews war with England, 1399 — imprisons his son David, Duke of Rothsay, 1402 — who dies soon after : battle of Homildon Hill, 1402 — his son James captured by English, 30 May 1405 — ft. at Rothsay, Bute, 4 Apr. 1406. a Tytler. b Pinkerton and Nicolas. Robert of Anjou, the Wise, Duke of Ca- labria, and afterwards King of Naples, — b., about 1275 — Duke of Calabria, 1295 — marries Violante of Aragon, Mar. 1297 — succeeds his father, Charles II., May 1309 — crowned by Clement V. at Avignon, 3 or 5 Aug. 1309 — enters Naples, 5 Jun. 13 10— obtains vicariate of Ferrara and the Romagna, and is recognized head of the Guelfs, 131 1 — sends his brother John, Prince of the Morea, to occupy the Vati- can and part of Rome, 1312 — named sovereign of Florence for five years, 131 3 — declared a rebel, deprived of his states, and banished the Empire, by Emperor Henry VII., 131 3 — in- vades Sicily, Jul. 1 3 14 — unsuccessfully be- sieges Trapani, 13 14 — concludes truce, 17 Dec. 1314 — quits Sicily, Feb. 1315 — procures election of Pope John XXII. , 1316 — Lord of Genoa for ten years, 27 Jul. 131 8 — defends it against Ghibellines, 1318-19 — Lord of Brescia, Jan. 1 319 — goes to Avignon, 1319 — his gen- eral, Raymond of Cordova, defeated in Lom- bardy, 1321 — returns to Naples, 1324 — his son Charles fails in expedition to Sicily, 1325^ — and Count Novello, 1326 — Vicar of the Empire in Italy, 1326— marries his granddaughter Joanna to Andrew of Hungary, 1333 — conquers Lipari, 1339 — sen d s another expedition to Sicily, Jun. 1 341 — tr. at Naples, 14 or 19 Jan. 1343. Robert of Courtenay, Emperor of the East, — accepts the crown on death of his father, Peter, and sets out from France, close of 1220 — crowned at Constantinople, 25 Mar. 1221 — his army defeated by John Vataces at Pimarino, 1224 — ICf., 1228. Robert Guiscard. [Guiscard.] Robert. [See Artois, Burgundy, Flanders.] Robert I., the Magnificent, and the Devil, Duke of Normandy, — (poisons ?) and succeeds his brother Richard III., 1027 or 1028 — takes Evreux from his uncle, Abp of Rouen, and expels him, 1 02 8 — reduces Bpof Bayeux and his allies, 1028 or 1029 — restores Baldwin IV., Count of Flanders, 1030 — protects and main- tains on the throne Henry I. of France, 103 1 — receives grant of Chaumont, Pontoise, and the Vexin, 1031 — reduces Alan, Count of Bre- tagne, about 1032 — embarks for England, to restore his cousins Alfred and Edward, but is driven by a storm on Jersey, 1034 — goes on ROBERT II.— ROBINS. :209 pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 1035 — poisoned at Nicaea on his return, 2 Jul. 1035. Robert II., Courthose, Duke op Normandy, — ft., probably about 1056 — rebels against his father, William the Conqueror, 1073— again rebels, and is besieged at Gerberoi by William, 1078 — again, 1084 — succeeds his father in the Duchy, Sep. 1087 — unsuccessful rebellion in his favour against his brother William II. of England, 1088 — quarrels with his brother Henry, and imprisons him, 1089— carries on war with William II., and is reconciled with him, 1090 — concludes treaty with him, 1091 — accompanies William in expedition against Mal- colm of Scotland, 1091 — war with William re- newed, 1094 — makes peace, 1096 — sets out for crusade, Sep. 1096 — contributes to victory of Dorylseum, 1 Jul. 1097 — and to that of An- tioch, 28 Jun. 1098 — distinguishes himself at siege of Jerusalem, Jul. 1099 — defeats Afdhal, vizier of Mostali, at Ascalon, 1099 — refuses crown of Jerusalem, 1099 — on his return, marries Sibylla in Italy,io99 — meets St Anselm at Lyons, Jul. n 00 — invades England, 19 Jul. ir 01 — retires, after Michaelmas: again in England, 11 02 — protects Robert Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, 1104 — war with Henry I. re- newed, 1 1 04 — has fruitless interview with Henry at Northampton, Lent 1106 — defeated and taken prisoner by Henry at Tinchebray, 27 Sep. 1 106 — sent to Cardiff Castle, and tf. there, Feb. n 34. Robert of Jumieges, {Rotbeard the French- man,) — Bp of London, 1044 — Abp of Canter- bury, 1051 — on return of Earl Godwin to Lon- don, fights his way out of the city and escapes to the continent, 1052. Robert, (Grosseteste,) Bp op Lincoln. [Gros- seteste.} Robert, Hubert, painter, — ft. at Paris, 22 May 1733 — studies at Rome, 1753-66 — admit- ted to Academy, Paris, 26 Jul. 1766 — impri- soned, 1793 — liberated, 1794 — Keeper of Mu- seum of the Louvre, 1800 — tf. at Paris, 15 Apr. 1808. Robert, Louis Leopold, painter, — ft. in Neuf- chatel, 13 May 1794 — studies engraving at Paris, 1 8 10 — kills himself at Venice, 20 Mar. 1835. Neapolitan Lmprovisatore, 1822 — Ma- donna delV Arco, 1827 — Reapers, 1830 — Vene- tian Fishermen, 1835. Roberts, David, painter, — ft. at Edinburgh, 24 Oct. 1796 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 1826 — visits Spain, 1832-3 — A.R.A., 1839 — R.A., 1840 — tf. in London, 25 Nov. 1864. Spanish Sketches, 1835 — Holy Land, §c, 1842- 8 — Ruins of Karnak, 1845 — Jerusalem, 1845 — Destruction of Jerusalem, 1849 — Rome, 1855. Roberts, Richard, mechanician, civil engineer, — b. in Denbighshire, 22 Apr. 1789 — invents self-acting spinning mule, 1825 — invents Jac- quard punching machine, 1847 — tf. in London, 11 Mar. 1864. Robertson, Frederick William, theologian, — b. in London, 3 Feb. 1816 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 1833 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, 4 May 1837 — takes holy orders, 12 Jul. 1840 — marries at Geneva, 1841— minister of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, 1847— if. there, 14 Aug. 1853. Sermons, 1855, 1857, and 1863— Lec- tures and Addresses, 1858 — Letters, 1865. Robertson, Joseph, antiquary, journalist, — ft. at Aberdeen, 181 1— Curator of Historical Department of Register House, 1853— LL.D. Edinburgh, 1864— if. at Edinburgh, 13 Dec. 1866. Statuta Ecclesice Scotiana, 1864. Robertson, Thomas William, dramatist, — b., 9 Jan. 1829 — if. in London, Feb. 187 1. Society, 1%6^—Ours, 1866 — Caste, 1867— School, 1869— M.P., 1870. Robertson, William, hebraist, — if., 1686. Thesaurus linguae sanctce, 1680 — Lndex alpha- beticus hebraico-biblicus, 1683. Robertson, William, historian, — b. in Edin- burgh, or Borthwick, 1721— minister of Glads- muir, 1743 — chaplain to the king, 1761 — Principal of Univ. of Edinburgh, 1762 — his- toriographer to the king for Scotland, 1764 — tf. near Edinburgh, Jun. 1793. History of Scotland, 1759 — History of Charles V., 1769 — History of America, 1777. Robertson, William, historian, antiquary, — b. at Fordyce, in Banffshire, 1740 — Deputy Keeper of Records of Scotland, 1777— F.R.S.E., 28 Jan. 1799 — ri. at Edinburgh, 4 Mar. 1803. History of Greece, 1768 — Lndex of Charters, 1798 — Proceedings relative to Peerage of Scot- land, 1794. Roberval, Grilles Personne de, mathemati- cian, — b. at Roberval near Beauvais, 8 Aug. 1602 — goes to Paris, 1627 — Prof. Philosophy, Coll. of Gervais, 1631 — Prof. Mathematics, Coll. Royal, 1632 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1665 — tf. at Paris, 27 Oct. 1675. Robervallian Lines, in geometry, — invented by Roberval, not later than 1646. Robespierre, Francois Maximilian Joseph Isidore, revolutionary leader^ — ft. at Arras, 1759 deputy to States- General, May 1789— member of Jacobin Club, 1789 — public accuser, Mar. 1791— member of Convention, Sep. 1792 — accused by Girondins, 25 Sep. — by Louvet, 29 Oct. — acquitted, 5 Nov. — with Couthon antl St Just at head of Committee of Public Safety, Nov. 1793 — attempt to assassinate him, frus- trated, 23 May 1794 — presides at Feast of the Supreme Being, 8 Jun. — fails in the Conven- tion, 26 Jul. — accused, arrested, and rescued, 27 Jul. — attempts to kill himself, 28 Jul. — guillotined at Paris, (9 Therm, an II.,) 28 Jul. 1794. Robin, Jean, botanist, — ft. at Paris, about 1550 — Keeper of the Jardin des Plantes, about 1597 — tf. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1629. Catalogue stirpium tarn indigenarum quam exoticarum qua Lutetice coluntur, 1601 — Jardin du Roi Henri LV., 1608. Robins, Benjamin, mathematician,— -ft. at Bath, 1707 — goes to London, 1725 — F.R.S. and receives gold medal, 1747 — engineer to East India Company, 1749— goes to Madras, 1750 — tf. there, 29 Jul. 1751. New Principles of Gunnery, 1742 — Anson's Voyage round the World, 1748. Robins, (Robyns,) John, astronomer, — ft. in ROBINSON— ROCHAMBEAU. Staffordshire, about 1500 ? — enters Oxford Univ., 15 1 6— Fellow of All Souls' Coll., 1520 — B.D. Oxford, 1531 — Canon of Oxford, 1532 — of Windsor, 1534 — if. chaplain to Queen Mary, 25 Aug. 1558. Robinson, Anastasia, actress, — b. in Lon- don, about 1695 — appears on the stage, 17 14 — privately married to Earl of Peterborough, 1724 — acknowledged as Countess on his death, 1735— *l; 175°- . . T . l7 . , Robinson, Edward, philologist, biblical scholar, — b. in Connecticut, U. S., 10 Apr. 1794 — graduates at Hamilton Coll., 18 16 — visits Europe, and studies at Halle and Berlin, 1826-30 — marries his second wife, 1828 — Prof. Extraord. Biblical Literature, Andover, 1830-3— D.D. Dartmouth Coll., 1 831— Prof. Biblical Literature, Union Theol. Seminary, New York, 1837— visits Palestine, 1837 — Berlin, 1838-40— D.D. Halle, 1842— LL.D. Yale Coll., 1844 — again visits Europe, 1851 — and Palestine, 1852 — if. at New York, 25 Jan. 1863. Greek and English lexicon of New Testament, 1836 — Biblical Researches in Pales- tine, 1 841 — originates Bibliotheca Sacra, 1843 — Translations of Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon, 1836 — and Buttmann's Greek Grammar, 1832 — Physical Geography of Palestine, 1865. Robinson, Fred. J. [Ripon, Earl of.] Robinson, Henry Crabb, — b. at Bury St Edmunds, 1775 — studies at Univ. of Jena, and becomes friend of Goethe, 1800-5 — present at Corunna, 1809 — called to the bar at Middle Temple, 1 8 1 3 — takes part in founding Uni- versity College, London, 1826 — retires from the bar, 1828 — F.S.A., 1829 — if. in London, 5 Feb. 1867. Diary and Correspondence, 1869. Robinson, John, Puritan divine, — b. pro- bably in Lincolnshire, 1575 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1592 — secedes from Church of England and leaves Norwich, 1604 — pastor at Scrooby, Notts, 1604 — escapes to Amsterdam, 1608 — removes to Leyden, 1609 — conducts service at embarkation of Pilgrim Fathers, 21 Jul. 1620 — if. at Leyden, 1 Mar. 1625. Works, 1851. Robinson, Mary, actress, (Perdita,) — b. at Bristol, 1758 — marries, 1773 — attracts atten- tion of George, Prince of Wales, 1780 — ir. at Englefield Green, 1800. Robinson, Robert, theologian,— b. at Swaff- ham, Norfolk, Oct. 1735 — begins to preach, about 1755— marries at Cambridge, about 1759 — minister of Baptist congregation there, 1761 — if., 8 Jun. 1790. Translation of Saurin's Sermons, 1775 — Plea for Divinity of Christ, 1776 — History and Mystery of Good Friday, 1777 — Sixteen Discourses, 1786 — History of Baptism, 1790 — Ecclesiastical Researches, 1792. Robison, John, natural philosopher, — b. at Boghall,in Stirlingshire, 1739 — M.A. Glasgow, 1756 — accompanies expedition to Quebec, 1759 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Glasgow, 1766 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Edinburgh, Sep. 1774 — LL.D. New Jersey, 1798 — LL.D. Glasgow, 1799 — foreign member of Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 1800 — if. at Edinburgh, 30 Jan. 1805. System of Mechanical Philosophy, 1822. Robortello, Francisco, philologist,— b. at Udine, 9 Sep. 15 16 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Lucca, 1538 — at Pisa, 1543 — Prof. Rhetoric, Venice, 1549 — Prof. Greek and Latin Litera- ture, Padua, 1552 — Prof. Greek and Latin Literature, Bologna, 1557 — returns to Padua, 1560 — ft. at Padua, 18 Mar. 1567. De His- torica Facultate, 1548 — De Vita et Victn populi Romani, 1559 — De Artificio dicendi, 1567. Rob-Roy, {Robert Macgregor Campbell,) Highland Chieftain, — b., between 1657-60 — takes part in insurrection of 17 15 — deprived of his estates by Duke of Montrose, begins his career as freebooter, 17 16 — living, 1733. Robson, F., comedian, — b. at Margate, 1821 — appears in London, 1844-49 — engaged at Olympic Theatre, 1853 — if. in London, 12 Aug. 1864. Robson, George Fennel, painter, — b. at Durham, 1790 — goes to London, 1805 — mem- ber of Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1 8 14 — if. at Stockton-on-Tees, 8 Sep. 1833. Robusti. [Tintoretto.] Roby, John, topographical antiquary, — shipwrecked on the Orion, 17 Jun. 1850. Tra- ditions of Lancashire, 1829-31. Rocaberti, John Thomas de, Grand In- quisitor, — rj. in Catalonia, 4 Mar. 1627 — Provincial of Aragon, 1666 — General of Do- minican Order, 1670 — Abp of Valencia, 1676 — Inquisitor-general in Spain, 1695 — if. at Madrid, 13 Jun. 1699. De Romani Pontificis Auctoritate, 169 1-4 — sale of, in France, pro- hibited by Parliament of Paris, 20 Dec. 1695 — Bibliotheca Pontificia Maxima, 1695-9. Rocca, Angelo, antiquary, philologist, — b. in Ancona, 1545 — employed in the Vatican, 1579 — Director of Printing-press in the Va- tican, 1585 — if. at Rome, 8 Apr. 1620. Opera, 1719. Rocca-Secca, battle of [See Ladislaus, King of Naples.] Roch, St, — b. at Montpellier, Jun. 1295 — if. in prison, 16 Aug. 1327 — Fathers of Coun- cil of Constance place themselves under pro- tection of, 1414. I Rochambeau, Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur, Viscount de, general, — b. near Vendome, 1750 — serves with his father in America, 17 80-1 — Marechal de Camp, 1791 — Lieutenant-general, 9 Jul. 1792 — Governor of "Windward Isles, 1792 — capitulates to Eng- lish, 22 Mar. 1794 — Governor of St Domingo, 1796 — imprisoned at Ham, Sep. 1796 — serves in Italy, 1800 — takes part in expedition of St Domingo, 1802 — capitulates to the English and made prisoner of war, 30 Nov. 1803 — re- leased, 181 1 — distinguishes himself at Baut- zen, 1813— killed at battle of Leipsic, 18 Oct. 1813. Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Count de, Marshal of France, — ROCHE-AYMON— ROCHFORD. ft. at Vendome, i Jul. 1725 — enters the army, 1742 — aide-de-camp to Duke of Orleans, 1746 — wounded at battle of Lawfeld, 5 Jul. 1747 — distinguishes himself at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — takes part in expedition against Mi- norca, and is made Chevalier of St Louis, 1756 — distinguishes himself at battle of Crevelt, 23 Jun. 1758 — at Minden, 1 Aug. 1759 — at Corbach, 10 Jul. 1760 — wounded at Kloster- camp, 1760 — Marechal de Camp, Feb. 1761 — Grand Cross of St Louis, about 1770 — Lieutenant-general, 1 Mar. 1780 — serves in American War, 17 80-1 — Governor of Picardy, 1782 — member of Second Assembly of No- tables, 1788 — Marshal, 28 Dec. 1791— com- mands army of the North, Mar. to Jun. 1792 - — imprisoned, 1793 — presented to Napoleon, 1803 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804 — tf. at Thore, 10 May 1807. Me'moires, 1809. Roche-Aymon, Charles Antoine de la, Cardinal, Abp op Rheims, — 6. at Mainsac, (Limoges,) 1692 — Abp of Toulouse, 1740 — of Narbonne, 1752 — Grand Almoner of France, 1760 — Abp of Rheims, 1762 — Cardinal, 177 1 — attends Louis XV. when dying, 1774 — ft. Dean of French bishops, 27 Oct. 1777. Rochefort-sur-Mer, in France, — made naval station by Louis XIV., 1666. Marine Hos- pital, founded, 1787. Rochefoucauld, Francois de la, Cardinal, — ft. at Paris, 8 Dec. 1558 — Bp of Clermont, 1584 — Cardinal, by Paul V., 1607 — assists at States-General, 16 14 — Grand Almoner of France, 16 18 — Abbot of St Genevieve, 16 19 — Pres. Council of State, 1622 — fc. at St Ge- nevieve, 14 Feb. 1645. Rochefoucauld, Francois VI., Duke de la, Prince de Marsillac, — ft., 15 Dec. 161 3 — distinguishes himself at siege of Bordeaux, 1650 — wounded at combat of St Antoine, Jul. 1652 — tf., 17 Mar. 1680. Memoires de la re- gence a" Anne d'Autriche, 1662 — Reflexions, 1665. Rochefoueauld-Liancourt, Francois Alex- andre Frederic, Duke de la, philanthropist, — ft., 11 Jan. 1747 — deputy to States -General, May 1789 — Pres. National Assembly, 18 Jul. 1789 — Governor of Rouen, 1792 — proscribed, goes to England, after 10 Aug. 1792 — goes to America, 1794 — called to Chamber of Peers, 1 8 14— excluded, Jul. 1823 — ft. at Paris, 27 Mar. 1827. Voyage dans les Etats-unis d'Ame'rique, 1800 — Des prisons de Fhiladel- phie, 1796. Rochejaquelein, Henri de la, — h. near Cha- tillon, i773, a 3 Aug. 1772 b — Officer of Con- stitutional Guard, 1 791— joins Vendean in- surgents, Mar. 1793 — Generalissimo, 19 Oct. i 793 — falls at Nouaille, near Chollet, 4 Mar. 1794. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rochejaquelein, Louis Duvergier, Makqtjis de la, — fc. in Poitou, 30 Oct. 1777— protects retreat of Louis XVIII. to Ghent, Mar. 18 15 — General-in-Chief of Vendeans, May 18 15 — falls at combat of Mathis, 4 Jun. 18 15. Rochelle, La, in France, — comes into pos- session of Henry II. of England, 1152 — King John lands near, Jun. 1206 — taken by Louis VIII., 1224— ceded to England by Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 — recovered by Du Guesclin, Aug. 1372— stronghold of Huguenots, 1557 — invested by Catholics under Duke of Anjou, Mar. 1573 — successfully defended by La Noue, concludes treaty with Duke of Anjou, 24 Jun. 1573 — again besieged by Duke of Angouleme, 10 Aug. 1627 — unsuccessful attempts of Eng- lish to relieve, May and Oct. 1628 — submits to Louis XIII. , 28 Oct.— entry of the king, 1 Nov. — fortifications destroyed, 1628 — new fortifications constructed by Vauban, about 1681. Roches, Des. [Peter des Roches.] Rochester, in Kent, {Durobrivcz,) — seat of a bishopric, 604 — destroyed by Ethelred of Mercia, 676 — by Danes, 839 — besieged by Danes, and relieved by Alfred, 885 — again pil- laged by Danes, and citizens massacred, 999 — castle held by Bp Odo and Eustace of Boulogne, and taken by William II., 1088 — visited by Henry I. and burnt, May 11 30 — again burnt, 3 Jun. 1 1 37 and 3 Apr. 1177 — held by barons, 1 2 15 — besieged by King John, beginning of Oct. — taken, 30 Nov. 12 15 — taken by Prince Louis, May 12 16 — fortifications strengthened by Henry III., 1225 — Henry III. holds tour- nament at, 8 Dec. 1251 — fortifications again strengthened, 1264 — besieged by Simon de Montfort, Apr. 1264 — visited by Henry VIII. and Charles V., 1522 — by Queen Elizabeth, 18-23 Sep. 1573 — Charles II. publicly re- ceived at, 28 May 1660 — ravaged by plague, 1665 — threatened by Dutch, 1667 — fortifica- tions erected, 1802. Cathedral, founded by Gundulf, 1077 — consecrated, 11 30 — restoration commenced, 1871. Bridge, wooden, men- tioned, 1 2 15 — stone, built, 1380-92. Rochester, John Wilmot, Eael of,— h. in Oxfordshire, 10 Apr. 1647 or 1648 — suc- ceeds to the title, 1659 — presented at Court of Charles II., 1665 — serves in the navy, 1665 and 1666 — tf., 26 Jul. 1680. Works, 1771. Rochester, Lawrence Hyde, Earl op, statesman, — M.A. Oxford, 1660 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 1661 — ambassador to Poland, 1661-— plenipotentiary at Congress of Nimeguen, 1676 — First Lord of the Treasury, 1679 — Baron of "Wotton Basset, and Viscount Hyde, 1681 — succeeds to Earldom, 1682 — Lord-president of the Council, 1684 — Lord-treasurer, 1685 — member of Ecclesiastical Commission, 1685 — deprived of his offices, receives a pension, 1686 — takes part in the Revolution, 1688 — Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1700 — refuses to go to Ireland and is dismissed, 1702 — President of the Council, 17 10 — ft., 2 May 17 n. Rochester, Robert Carr, Earl of. [Somer- set, Earl op.] Rochford, George Boleyn, Viscount, — takes part in tournay at Greenwich, 1536 — tried, pronounced guilty of adultery and incest, 15 May 1536 — executed, 17 May — his widow ROCHFORD— ROGER I. executed with Queen Catherine, (Howard,) 12 Feb. 1542. Rochford, Thomas Boleyn, Viscount. [Wiltshire, Eael of.] Hock, Daniel, archaeologist, — h. at Liverpool, 1799 — chaplain to Earl of Shrewsbury, at Alton Towers, 1827 — nominated one of the R.C. Chapter of Southwark, 1852 — settles in London, 1855 — leading promoter of Loan Col- lection at S. Kensington, 1862 — tf. at Kensing- ton, Nov. 187 1. Church of our Fathers, 1849- 53 — Sierurgia, (2nd ed,,) 1851 — Textile Fa- brics, 1870. Rockets, for war, — invented by Congreve, 1804 — used at attack on Boulogne, Oct. 1806 — at siege of Copenhagen, 1807. Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of, Prime Minister of England, — h., 13 May 1730 — Earl of Malton, 1750 — succeeds to the Marquisate, Dec. 1750 — K.G., Feb. 1760 — assists at coronation of George III., 22 Sep. 1761 — First Lord of the Trea- sury, 10 Jul. 1765 to 12 Jul. 1766, and 22 Mar. to 1 Jul. 1782 — tf. at Wimbledon, Sur- rey, 1 Jul. 1782. Rocky Mountains, N. America, — explora- tion of, commenced by Lewis and Clark, 1804. Rocoux. [Raucoux.] Rocroy, in France, — besieged by Spaniards, 1643 — Spaniards defeated by Prince of Conde, 19 May 1643 — surrenders to Germans, 5 Jan. 1871. Roderic. [O'Connor, Roderic] Roderic, last Visigoth King of Spain, — dethrones and succeeds Witiza, about 710 — defeated and killed by Saracens under Tarik, at Xeres, Jul. 711. Roderic the Great, {Rhodri llawr,) — be- comes Prince of North Wales, 844 — attacked by Ethelwulf and Mercians, 853 — killed, about 876. Roderigo. [Cid, The.'] Rodman Gun, — experiments at Shoebury- ness with, 20 Jul. and 2 Oct. 1867. Rodney, George Brydges, Lord, admiral, — fc. at Walton-upon-Thames, 19 Feb. 1718 — goes to sea, 1730 — Governor of Newfoundland, 1748-52 — M.P. Saltash, 1752 — marries sister of Earl of Northampton, 1753 — Pear-admiral, 19 May 1759 — destroys stores at Havre, pre- pared for invasion of England, 1759 — Com- mander-in-chief at Barbadoes, 1761 — Bart., 1763 — M.P. Northampton, 1768 — Commander- in-chief, Jamaica, 177 1-4 — Admiral, May 1778 — Commander-in-chief at Barbadoes, 1779 — defeats Spanish fleet near Cape St Vincent, 16 Jan. 1780 — defeats French fleet near Mar- tinique, 17 Apr. 1780 — receives pension of £2000, 1780— M.P. Westminster, K.B., 1780 — takes island of St Eustatia, 3 Feb. 1781 — takes Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, spring 1781 — Vice-admiral of England, autumn 17 81 — Commander of the West Indies, 17 81 — defeats French fleet under Count de Grasse near Martinique, 12 Apr. 1782 — raised to the Peerage and receives additional pension of £2000, 1782— tf. in London, 23 May 1792. Rodriguez, Ventura, architect, — fc. at Cien- pozuelos, 14 Jill. 17 17 — honorary member of Academy of St Luke at Rome, 1747 — Chief Director of Academy of St Fernando at Madrid, 1752 — tf. there, 1785. Rodriguez de Arevalo. [Sanchez de Are- valo.] Roe, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, — fc. at Low Leyton, in Essex, about 1580 — enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1593 — Knt, 1604 — explores the Amazons, 1609 — envoy to Shah Jehan, 16 15- 18— M.P. Cirencester, 1620 — ambassador to Constantinople, 162 1 — negotiates peace be- tween Poland and Sweden, 1629 — M.P. Ox- ford Univ., 1640 — ambassador to Diet of Ratisbon, 1641 — Chancellor of Order of the Garter and Privy Councillor, 1641 — tf., Nov. 1644. Negotiations ivith the Forte, 1740. Roederer, Pierre Louis, Count, statesman, miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Metz, 15 Feb. 1754 — Counsellor to parliament of Metz, 1779,* 1780 b — deputy to National Assembly, Oct. 1789 — member of Jacobin Club, 1789 — con- sulted by Louis XVI., 10 Aug. 1792 — Prof. Political Economy, Ecole Centrale, about 1795 — member of Institute, Jun. 1796 — Councillor of State, 24 Dec. 1799 — Senator, 14 Sep. 1802 — Commander of Legion of Hon- our, 1804 — Minister of Finance to king of Naples, 1806 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Count of the Empire, 1809 — ad- ministrator of Duchy of Berg, Sep. 1810 — enters Chamber of Peers, Mar. 18 15 — excluded from Institute, Apr. 1816 — recalled to Cham- ber of Peers and to Institute, 1831 — tf. at Paris, a at Bois-Poussel, b 17 Dec. 1835. Jour- nal d'economie publique, 1796-1800 — De la philosophie moderne, 1799 — Opuscules meles de litterature et philosophie, 1800-4 — Louis XLJ. y 1820 — Francis L. f 1825 — Chronique de Cin- quante Jours, 1832. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Roelas, Juan de las, painter, — fj. at Seville, about 1558 or 1560 — prebendary of Olivarez, 1603 — tf. at Olivarez, 23 Apr. 1625. Defeat of Moors by St Jago, Seville, 1609. Roemer, Olaus, astronomer, — ft. at Copen- hagen, a Arhusen, b 25 Sep. 1644 — accompanies Picard to Paris, 1672 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1673 — discovers velocity of light, 1675 — Prof. Astronomy, Copenhagen, 1681 — invents Transit Instrument, about i69q — Counsellor of State, 1707 — tf. at Copenhagen, 19 Sep. i7io, a 1702. b Basis Astronomies, 1735. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Roesel von Rosenhof, August Johann, painter, engraver, naturalist, — fc. at Augusten- burg, 1705 — settles at Niirnberg, 1725 — tf. there, 27 Mar. 1759. JnseJctenbelustigungen, 1746-55 — Sistoria Ranarum nostratium, 1758. Rogation Days, in Church History, — ob- served by Mamercus, Bp of Vienne, 469 — ob- servance of, prescribed by first Council of Or- leans, 511 — ordered by Council of Cloveshoo, 747 — established at Borne by Leo III., 801. Roger I., {Guiscard,) Count of Sicily, — b. in Normandy, 103 1 — joins his brother Robert in Italy, about 1058 — takes part in conquest of Calabria, 1059-60— passes into Sicily, 1061 — ROGER II.— ROHAN. 1213 besieges Palermo, Aug. 1071 — takes it, early in 1072 — takes title of Count, 1072 — conquers Syracuse, 1088 — conquers Girgenti, 1089 — Enna, 1091 — assumes title of Grand Count, about 1096 — obtains for himself and bis suc- cessors appointment of legates apostolical in Sicily, 1098 — tf., Jul. noi. Roger II., Count and afterwards King of Sicily, — b., 1097 — proclaimed Count on death of his father, Roger L, under regency of his mother, Adelaide, 1 10 1— under joint regency of Adelaide and Robert of Burgundy, 1 103-13 — marries Alberia, daughter of Peter of Leon, 1 1 20 — invades Apulia, 11 21 — recognized Duke of Apulia and Calabria at Salerno, 11 27 — car- ries on war with Pope Honorius II., and is excommunicated, 1127 — takes Tarentum, Otranto, and Brindisium, 11 28 — encamps on the Brendano, 11 28 — receives investiture from the pope at Benevento, 22 Aug. 11 28 — makes Robert, Prince of Capua, his vassal, 11 29 — supports Antipope Anacletus, 11 30 — obtains from him title of King of Sicily, 27 Sep. 1130 — crowned at Palermo, Christmas 11 30 — con- quers Bari, n 32 — defeated by Prince of Capua near Nocera, 24 Jul. 11 32 — assumes title of King of Italy, as early as 11 33 — enters Capua, 1 1 34 — loses his wife, 1 1 35 — on report of his death, Prince of Capua with Pisans seizes Na- ples, Apr. 1 1 35 — Roger pillages and burns Aversa, Jun.— ravages territory of Naples : de- feats Pisans at Fratta, before Christmas 1 1 35 — returns to Sicily, 1 1 36 — driven out of Italy by Emperor Lothaire, n 37 — recovers part of his states, but is defeated by Rainulf, Duke of Apulia, at Ragnano, 30 Oct. 11 37 — unsuccess- fully treats with Innocent II., 11 39 — takes the pope prisoner, 10 Jul. 1139 — concludes peace with him, 25 Jul. — and is confirmed in his kingdom : besieges Bari, Aug. — makes treaty with Pope Lucius II., 1144 — carries on war with Manuel, Emperor of the East, 1 146 — estab- lishes silk- weavers in Sicily, 11 46 — sends fleet against corsairs of Tripoli, 1147 — receives Louis VII. of France at Potenza, 1149 — tf. at Palermo, 26 Feb. 1154. Roger, Bp of Salisbury, — Chancellor, by Henry L, 1 10 1— appointed Bp of Salisbury, 13 Apr. 1 102 — consecrated, 11 Aug. 1107 — Chief Justiciary and Regent of England, n 07 — ar- rested by Stephen, Jun. 11 39 — tf., 4 Dec. 11 39. Roger of Wendover, chronicler, — tf. at St Alban's Abbey, 6 May 1237. Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, — b. at Philadelphia, 1809— State Geologist for Penn- sylvania, 1835 — Prof. Natural History and Geology, Glasgow, 1857 — tf. there, 30 May 1866. Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1858. Rogers, John, divine, — while chaplain to English factory at Antwerp, assists Tyndale and Coverdale in translating Bible, about 1530-7 — returns to England, and is made prebendary of St Paul's, 1547 — cited before Privy Council for his sermon at Paul's Cross, 1 Aug. 1553 — ordered to remain prisoner in his own house, r8 Aug. 1553 — removed to Newgate, about Feb. 1554 — tried and condemned, Jan. 1555 — burnt at Smithneld, 4 Feb. 1555. [706 1679— Fellow of Corpus Christi College, — D.D. Oxford, by diploma, 1721 — tr., 1 May 1729. Visible and Invisible Church of Christy 17 1 9 — Necessity of Divine Revelation, 1727. Rogers, Samuel, poet, — b. in London, 30 Jul. 1763—^. in London, 1 8 Dec. 1 855. Ode to Superstition and other Poems, 1786— Pleasures of Memory, 1792— Columbus, 1 8 1 2 — Jacqueline, 1 8 14— Human Life, 18 19— Italy, 1822— Table Talk, 1856. Rogers, Woods, maritime explorer, — takes command of expedition to South Seas, 1708 — reaches Juan Fernandez, Feb. 1709 — returns to England, Oct. 1711 — tf., 1732. Roget, Peter Mark, physician, $c , — b. in London, 18 Jan. 1779 — M.D. Edinburgh, Jun. 1798 — Physician to Infirmary, Manchester, about 1805 — settles in London, 1808 — F.R.S. London, 18 15 — Secretary, 1827 — member of Senate of London Univ., 1826— Pres. Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1829-30 — Examiner in Physiology, London Univ., 1839 — tf. at Malvern, 12 Sep. 1869. Animal and Vegetable Physiology, 1834 — Physiology and Phrenology, 1 838 — Thesaurus of English Words andPhrases, 1852. Rogniat, Joseph, Viscount de, general, — b. at Vienne, (Isere,) 13 Nov. 1776 — enters the army, about 1790 — directs siege of Sara- gossa, 1808-9 — General of Brigade, assists at siege of Tortosa, 18 10 — directs siege of Tarra- gona, 181 1 — General of Division, 9 Jul. 1811 — Chevalier of St Louis, 18 14 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Aug. 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 8 May 1840. Considerations sur I'art de la guerre, 1816. Rogue Money, in Scotland, — imposed by Act 11 Geo. II. c. 28, 1737-8 — power to levy, abolished by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 82, 31 Jul. 1868. Rohan, Armand Gaston de, Cardinal, — b. at Paris, 26 Jun. 1674 — Doctor of the Sor- bonne, 1699 — admitted to French Academy, 30 Jan. 1704— Bishop of Strasburg, 10 Apr. 1704 — Cardinal, 18 May 17 12 — Grand Al- moner, 7 Jun. 17 13 — member of Council of Regency, 1722 — tf. at Paris, 19 Jul. 1749. Rohan, Henri, Duke of, leader of the Huguenots, — b. in Brittany, 25 Aug. 1579 — presented at Court of Henry II., 1595 — dis- tinguishes himself at siege of Amiens, 1597 — Duke and Peer of France, Apr. 1603 — marries Marguerite de Bethune, 7 Feb. 1605 — takes Juliers, 1 Sep. 16 10 — takes part in Conference at Saumur, and is recognized as head of the Calvinists, May 161 1 — contributes to the taking of Soissons, 16 16 — forces the king to raise siege of Montauban, 1620 — concludes peace with the king at Alais, 27 Jun. 1629 — retires to Venice, 1629 — suppresses revolt of the Valteline, 163 1 — ambassador extraordinary to Swiss Cantons, 1632-3 — conquers the Valteline, 1635 — wounded at battle of Rhinfeld, 28 Feb. 1638 — tf. in Berne, 13 Apr. 1638. Me'moires sur les choses advenues en France, §c, 1644 — Parfait capitaine, 1636 — Me'moires et lettres sur la guerre de la Valteline, 1758. 1214 ROHAN— ROMAN CATHOLICS. Rohan, Louis Rene Edouard, Prince de, Cardinal, Abp of Strasburg, — ft. at Paris, 25 Sep. 1734 — coadjutor to his uncle in see of Strasburg, 1760— admitted to French Academy, 11 Jun. 1761 — ambassador to Vienna, Jan. 1772 — returns to Paris, Aug. 1774 — Grand Almoner, 1777 — Cardinal, 1778 — Bp of Stras- burg, 1779 — arrested as accomplice in affair of the Diamond Necklace, 15 Aug. 1785 — acquitted, but deprived and exiled, Aug. 1786 ■ — deputy to States-General, 1789 — resigns his see, 1 801 — rj. at Ettenheim, 16 Feb. 1803. Rohault, Jacques, natural philosopher, — ft. at Amiens, 1620 — tf., 1675. Traite de physique, 167 1 — Entretiens sur la philosophie, 1671. Rohilcund, the Rohillas, in Hindustan, — subjugated by Rohillas, 1720-49 — ravaged by Mahrattas, and defended by English and Nabob of Oude, 1773 — treaty for conquest of, and annexation to Oude, between Warren Hastings and the Nabob, concluded, Sep. 1773 — defeat of, by English, 23 Apr. 1774 — given up to Oude, 1774— ceded to English, 14 Nov. 1801. Rohtas, on the ECydaspes, — founded by Shir Shah, (947, a. h.) 1540. Roland, Mme., (Mdnon Jeanne Phlipon,) — ft. at Paris, 17 Mar. 1754 — marries M. Roland, 1780 — accompanies him to Paris, 1791 — accused as a spy, and acquitted, Jan. 1793 — imprisoned in the Abbaye, 31 May 1793 — guillotined at Paris, 8 Nov. 1793. Memoir es, J 795- Roland, Philippe Laurent, sculptor, — "ft. near Lille, 13 Aug. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1764 — studies at Rome, 1774-9 — Associate of the Academy, 1779 — member of Institute, 1796 — employed in the Luxembourg and the Tuileries, 1 7 99- 1 804 — tf. at Paris, 11 Jul. 18 16. Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, — ft. near Lyons, 18 Feb. 1734 a— marries Jeanne Phlipon, 4 Feb. 1780 — visits England, 1784 — Switzerland, 1787 — deputy to Constituent Assembly, arrives with his wife at Paris, 20 Feb. 1791 — returns to Lyons, Sep. — goes again to Paris, Feb. 1792— Minister of the Interior, Mar. 1792— addresses letter to Louis XVI., 12 Jun. 1792— dismissed, 13 Jun. — recalled, after 10 Aug.— resigns, 22 Jan. 1793 — flies from Paris, Jun. — found dead at Baudouin, 15 Nov. 1793. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rolf, leader of Northmen, — banished from Norway by Harold Harfagr, retires to the Hebrides, about 875 ?— sails up the Seine and gains possession of Rouen, Jul. 885 — unsuc- cessfully besieges Paris, 885 — by treaty with Charles the Simple, acquires Neustna and Bretagne, 912 — embraces Christianity and is baptized by Abp of Rouen, 912 — tf., 917 ? 920 ? 932? Rolle, Henry, Chief Justice of Eng- land, — ft. in Devonshire, about 1589 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1606— Middle Temple, 1 Feb. 1609— called to the bar, 1616 — M.P., 1624— Serjeant-at-law, May 1640 — Judge of the King's Bench, 28 Oct. 1645— Chief Justice, 14 Nov. 1648 — member of Council of State, 1649 — one of the Commissioners of the Exche- quer, 1654 — retires, 7 Jun. 1655 — tf., 30 Jul. 1656. Abridgement of Cases, $c, 1668 — Re- ports, 1675-6. Rolli, Paolo Antonio, poet, translator, — ft. in Umbria, 1687 — settles in London, about 1725 ? — returns to Rome, 1747 — rj. at Rome, 1767. Translation of Milton's Paradise Lost, 1729 — of VirgiVs Bucolics, 1742 — of Newton' s Chronology, 1757 — Rime, 17 17. Rollin, Charles, historian,— -ft. at Paris, 30 Jan.-i66i — Prof. Rhetoric, Coll. of Plessis, 1687— Prof. Eloquence, Royal Coll., 1688— Rector of Univ., 1694, 1695, and 1720 — tf. at Paris, 14 Sep. 1741. Traite des Etudes, 1726-31 — Eistoire ancienne, 1730-8 — Sistoire Ro- maine, 1738. Rolls. [Master of the Rolls.] Romagna, The, — separates from States of the Church and is annexed to Sardinia, 1859 — becomes part of kingdom of Italy, i860. {Treaties of Villafranca and Zurich.] Romagna, Duke of. [Borgia, Cesare.] Romagnosi, Grian Domenico, jurist, §c, — ft. near Piacenza, 13 Dec. 1761 — LL.D. Parma, 1786 — Prof. Law, Dec. 1802 — member of Commission for compiling Code for kingdom of Italy, 1806 — Prof. Civil Law, Pavia, 1807 — lecturer on Legislative Science, Milan, 1809-17 — tf. at Milan, 8 Jun. 1835. Genesi del diritto penale, 17 91 — Introduzione alio Studio del Biritto Publico, 1805 — Assunto primo della Scienza del Eiritto Naturale, 1820 — Saggio filosofico-politico suir Istruzione Publica Legale, 1807 — Bella Condotta delle Acque, 1822-4 — ^ n ~ stituzioni diflosojia civile, 1839. Romaine, William, theologian, — ft. at Hartle- pool, 25 Sep. 17 14 — enters Oxford Univ., 1730 or 1731 — M.A., 1737 — ordained priest, 1738 — has controversy with Warburton, 1739 — settles in London, 1748 — Prof. Astronomy, Gresham Coll., 1755 — tf. in London, 26 Jul. 1795. Works, 1796 — edits Calasio's Hebrew Concord- ance and Lexicon, 1747-9. Roman Catholics, — in England, absolved from allegiance to Henry VIII., by bull of Paul III., 31 Aug. 1535— published, 17 Dec. 1538 — again, by bull of Pius V., 25 Apr. 1570 — prohibited saying mass by Act 23 Eliz. c. 1, 15 8 1 — prohibited going beyond seas to be edu- cated, by Acts 27 Eliz. c. 2, 1585 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 4, 1603, and 3 Car. I. c. 2, 1627 — required to take out licence for travelling, by Act 35 Eliz. c. 2, s. 12, 1593 — Gunpowder Plot, 1605 — disabled from presenting to benefices, by Acts 3 Jac. I. c. 0, s. 18, 1605 ; 1 Vm and Mar. sess. 1, c. 26, 1688; 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 14, 17 13, and 11 Geo. II. c. 17, s. 5, 1738 — dis- abled from sitting in parliament by Act 30 Car. II. st. 2, c. 1, 1677 — all, not housekeepers, ordered to leave London, by proclamation of Charles II., Oct. 1678 — excepted from benefit of Toleration Act, 1689 — disabled from voting at elections, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 27, 1696 — from inheriting or holding lands, by Act 11 and 12 Wm III. c. 4, 1700 — required to register names and estates, by Act 1 Geo. I. c. 55, 17 14, and deeds and wills, by 3 Geo. I. ROMANA— ROMANS. 1215 c. 18, 17 1 6 — partial relief of, provided for by Act 18 Geo. III. c. 60, 1778— publish Declar- ation and Protestation against penal laws, 1789 — relieved by Acts 31 Geo. III. c. 32, 1791, and 43 Geo. III. c. 30, 7 Apr. 1803— Ca- tholic Emancipation Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 7, 13 Apr. 1829 — made subject to same laws in respect to schools, places of worship, and charities as Protestant Dissenters, by Act 2 and 3 ¥m IV. c. 115, 15 Aug. 1832 — various penal enactments against, repealed by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1844 — law relating to Charities of, amended by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 134, 28 Aug. i860. [Praemunire, Pro- visors, Recusants, #c] . In Ireland, Oath of Supremacy enforced by Irish Stat. 28 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1536 — compulsory establishment of Protestant Church, by 2 Eliz. c. 2, 1560— [Irish Church] — petition for free exercise of their religion refused by James I., and the deputies im- prisoned, Aug. 1603 — priests ordered to leave, under penalty of death, by proclama- tion of James I., 4 Jul. 1605 — commission of graces issued, 1605 — again complain and pe- tition, commission of inquiry appointed, 161 3 — priests ordered to leave, by proclamation, 21 Jan. 1623 — rebellion, 1641 — [Irish Rebellion] — resolution passed by both houses of parlia- ment against toleration of Catholic religion, 1 Dec. 1641 — form Federative Assembly with Su- preme Council at Kilkenny, May 1642 — secret treaty with Charles I. negotiated by Glamorgan, Aug. 1645 — disavowed by Charles, Jan. 1646 — peace published at Dublin and Kilkenny, condemned by synod of Waterford, Aug. 1646 — Cromwell's campaign, 1649-50 — [Ireland, Settlement, $c.~\ — severe persecution, 1652-53 — nuns ordered to marry or leave Ireland, 1653 — penal laws against, ordered to be strictly enforced, 1660 — declaration of Charles II. for settlement of Ireland, 28 Nov. 1660 — excluded from municipal offices by (Irish) Corporation Act, 17 and 18 Car. II. c. 2, 1667, confirmed by 33 Geo. III. c. 21, s-. 9, 1793 — excepted from Toleration Act, 1689 — war against William III., 1689-90— Articles of Limerick, 1691 — excluded from (Irish) parliament, by Act 3 Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1692, confirmed by (Irish) Stat. 21 and 22 Geo. III. c. 48, s. 3, 1782, and 33 Geo. III. c. 21, s. 9, 1793 — forbidden to keep schools., or to send children abroad for education, by Stat. 7 Wm III. c. 4, 1695— forbidden to possess arms, by Stat. 7 Wm III. c. 5, 1695 — intermarriages with Protestants forbidden, dis- abled from being guardians to any child, and from holding land, by Stat. 9 Wm III. c. 3, 1697, and Test Act, 2 Ann. c. 6, 1703 — regular priests, bishops, &c, banished, priests ordered to be registered, by 9 Wm III. c. 1, 1697, and 2 Ann. c. 3, 1703 — priests forbidden to cele- brate marriage between Protestants, or between Catholic and Protestant, by Acts 6 Ann. c. 16, 1708, 8 Ann. c. 3, 1710, and 23 Geo. II. c. 10, 1750 — excluded from military offices by (Irish) Stat. 9 Ann. c. 6, s. 18, 17 10— deprived of elective franchise, by Act 1 Geo. II. c. 9, 1727 — partially relieved from disabilities, &c, by Acts 18 Geo. III. c. 60, 1778, 31 Geo. III. c. 32, 1.791, and 43 Geo. III. c. 30, 7 Apr. 1803 — exercise of elective franchise facilitated by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 77, 15 Jun. 1811. In Russia, arrangements with Papal See re- specting, abolished, placed under control of Russian government, 8 Dec. 1 866. In Prussia, ecclesiastical and educational affairs of, placed under common administration with Protestant affairs, 1871. Romana, Pedro Caro y Snreda, Marquis db la, general, — b. in Majorca, 1761 — serves at siege of Gibraltar, 1782 — enters the army, 1792 — Lieutenant-general, 1795 — Commander in Catalonia, 1800 — commands Spanish auxiliaries in service of France, 1807 — cooperates with English in Denmark, 1808— Commander-in- chief in north Spain, 1809-10 — ft. at Cartaxo, 23 Jan. 1811. Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco, painter, — b. at Viterbo, 1617,* b about i6io c — ft. there, 1662. a Eng-l. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Biog. Catalogue. Romanino, Girolamo Romani, II, painter, — h. at Brescia, about 1480 — ft., about 1560. Bead Christ tvith Mourners, Venice, 15 10. Romanists. [Roman Catholics.] Romano, Eccelino da, — b.,i 194 — at the head of the Ghibellines, gains possession of Verona, and is named podestat, 1226 — with his brother Alberic, receives charter from Frederick II., 1232 — at Augsburg, invites Frederick to enter Italy, 1236 — meets him at Trent, 12 Aug. 1236 — besieged in Verona by Guelfs, relieved by Frederick, 1236 — with him, storms Vicenza, 1 Nov. — takes Padua, Feb. 1237 — takes part in siege of Mantua, 1237 — at siege of Monte- chiari, Oct. 1237 — marries Selvaggia, daughter of Frederick, May 1238 — advises attack on Brescia, Aug. 1238— enters Padua with Fred- erick, early in 1239 — excommunicated and de- clared deprived of his lands by the pope, 1239 — receives Frederick at Verona, 1245 — frus- trates plot against his own life, 1247 — serves at siege of Parma, 1247 — crusade against him threatened, 1248 — marries again, 15 Sep. 1249 • — takes castle of Este, 1250 — crusade against him published by Pope Alexander IV., 1256 — loses Padua, 19 Jun. 1256 — reduces Brescia, 1258 — wounded and taken prisoner at combat of Cassano, 16 Sep. 1259 — ft. at Soncino, 26 Sep. Romano, Giulio, {Giulio Pippi,) painter, — --6. at Rome, 1492,* 1498 b — studies under and assists Raphael; enters service of Duke of Mantua, 1524— ft. at Mantua, 1 Nov. 1546. With Penni, completes frescoes in the Sala di Gostantino in the Vatican, 1520-3. a Vasari. b MS. Authority. Romanoff Dynasty, in Russia,— founded by Michael Romanoff, 161 3. [Michael III., Czar.] Romans, Emperors of the, and Kings op Germany,— [Rome, Emperors of] — the Em- pire restored by Charles the Great, 800 — Louis (Ludwig) le Be'bonnaire, (son,) 814 — Lothaire L, (son,) 840— Louis II., (son,) 855— Charles II., the Bald, 875— Charles the Fat, 876— on ROMANTIC SCHOOL— ROME. his death, disintegration of his dominions, 888. Empire revived as Holy Roman Empire, by- Otto the Great, 962 — Otto II., (son,) 973 — Otto III., (son,) 983— Henry II., (Duke of Bavaria,) 1002 — Conrad IL, the Salic, 1024 —Henry III., (son,) 1039 — Henry IV., (son,) 1056 — Henry V., (son,) 11 06— Lothaire II., (Duke of Saxony,) 1125. House of Hohenstauffen : Conrad III., 1138 — Frederick I. Barbarossa, 1152 — Henry VI., (son,) 1 191 — Philip, (brother,) 1198 — Otto IV., (Count of Poitou,) 1198 — FredericklL, 1212 — Conrad IV, (son,) 1250 — William, (Count of Holland,) 1250 — interregnum, 1256 — Richard, (Earl of Cornwall,) and Alfonso X., {of Castile,) titular emperors, 1257. Mouse of Hapsburg : Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273 — Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — Albert I., (son of Rudolph,) 1298 — Henry VII., {of Lux- emburg,) 1308 — on his death, Aug. 1313, inter- regnum, till Oct. 1 3 14 — when a double election took place, of Frederick III. (Duke of Aus- tria) and Louis V. (Duke of Bavaria) : Louis alone, on death of Frederick, 1330 — Charles IV. of Luxemburg, 1347 — Wenceslaus, 1378 — Rupert, 1400 — Sigismund, 141 o — Albert II., 1438 — Frederick IV., 1440 — Maximilian I., (son,) 1493 — Charles V., (of /Spain,) 1519 — Ferdinand I., (brother,) 1558 — Maximilian II., (son,) 1564 — Rudolph II., (son,) 1576 — Matthias, (brother,) 1612 — Ferdinand II., 161 9 — Ferdinand III., (son,) 1637 — Leopold I., (son,) 1658 — Joseph I., (son,) 1705— Charles VI., (son,) 17 11 — Charles VII., 1742— Francis L, 1745— Joseph II., (son,) 1765 — Leopold II., (brother,) 1790 — Francis II., (son,) 1792— extinction of the Empire on his renunciation, 6 Aug. 1806. [Austria.] Romantic School, in Art and Literature, — takes its rise in Germany, about 1 800-10 — similar movement in France, 1830-40. Romanus I., (Lecapenus,) Emperor of the East, (919-944,) — Grand Admiral, 911 — Caesar, Sep. 919 — Augustus, with Constantine VII., 17 or 24 Dec. 919 — exercises supreme power : associates his son Christopher with him, 20 May 920 — compelled to hold conference with Symeon, King of Bulgarians, before Constan- tinople, and to conclude treaty recognizing in- dependence of Bulgarian Church, 924 — defeats Bulgarians, 927— associates his sons Stephen and Constantine, 928 — his fleet defeats Rus- sians on the Black Sea, 941 — seized by order of Stephen and imprisoned, 20 Dec. 944 — ft., 15 Jul. 948. Romanus II., Emperor of the East, (959-963,) — ft., 939 — associated with his father, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 948 — poisons and succeeds him, 9 or 15 Nov. 959 — poisoned by his wife Theophano, 15 Mar. 963. Romanus III., (Ar gyrus,) Emperor of the East, (1028-34,) — ft., about 973 — repudi- ates his wife and marries Zoe, Nov. 1028 — succeeds Constantine VIII., 12 Nov. 1028 — defeated by Saracens, 13 Apr. 1030 — assassin- ated by Zoe, 11 Apr. 1034. Romanus IV., (Diogenes,) Emperor of the East, (1067-71,) — serves with distinction under Constantine Ducas, after 1059 — attempts to dethrone sons of Constantine X., and is seized and sentenced to death by Eudocia, 1067 — marries Eudocia, and shares the throne with her, 1 Jan. 1068 — in three campaigns drives Turks beyond the Euphrates, 1068-70 — invades Armenia, 107 1 — besieges and re- duces Malazkerd, 107 1 — defeated and taken prisoner by Alp Arslan, 26 Aug. 107 1 — liberated soon after : seized on his way to Con- stantinople and blinded: rj., Oct. 1071. Romanus, Pope, — succeeds Stephen VI., before 20 Aug. 897 — rj., before end of Nov. 897,* 8 Feb. 898^ a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Romanzoff, Peter Alexandrovich, general, — ft. in Russia, about 1730^ 1725 b — takes Colberg, 176 1 — Joint-commander with Galitzin, against Turks, 1768— defeats Turks and Tar- tars at Kartal, 17 Jul. 1770 — defeats Turks near the Kagoul, 12 Aug. 1770 — takes Giurgewo, 177 1 — passes the Danube, 29 Jun. 1773 — again, 2 Jul. 1774 — dictates Treaty of Kainardji, 21 Jul. — retires, 1789— tf., 17 Dec. 1796. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Romanzoff, Nicolas, Count, Chancellor of Russia, — ft., 1753 — Minister at Frankfort- on-the-Main, about 1779,* 1785 b — Minister of Commerce, 1802 — for Foreign Affairs, 1807 — Chancellor, i8o7, b i8io a — accompanies Em- peror Alexander to conference with Napoleon I. at Erfurt, 1808 — concludes peace with Sweden, 1809 — negotiates Treaty of Fredericksham, 1 8 10, and peace with Spain, 18 12 — retires, 1814 — tf. at St Petersburg, Jan. 1826. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. Univ. Romberg, Andreas, musical composer, — ft. near Osnabriick, 1767 — goes to Paris, 1784 and 1800— tr. Chapel-master to Duke of Saxe- Gotha, 19 Nov. 1821. Romberg, Bernhard, musician, — ft. near Osnabriick, 1770 — Prof, at the Conservatory, Paris, 1 801 — settles at Berlin, 1805 — fr. at Hamburg, 13 Apr. 1841. Rom'bouts, Theodore, painter, — ft. at Ant- werp, 1 Jul. 1597 — goes to Italy, 1617— ad- mitted to Guild of St Luke, Antwerp, Feb. 1625 — marries, 1625 — tf. at Antwerp, 1637 or 1640. Rome, Era of Foundation of, — [BC]— (Palilia,) 21 Apr. (01. 6, 3,) 753, a (01. 7, 1,) 752. b a Varro. h Cato. Rome, (wars,) — [BC_J — war with Aurunci, Pometia taken, (252, a. u. c.) 502 — Latin War, for restoration of the Tarquinii, terminated by battle of Lake Regillus, (258,) 496 — with iEqui and Volsci, begins, (265,) 489 ?— with Veii, begins, 479 ? — truce with Veii of 40 years, (280,) 474 — Sabines defeated by Horatius Barbatus, (305,) 449— Fidenee taken, (320,) 434 — JEqui and Volsci subjugated by Dictator A. Postumius Tubertus, (323,.) 431 — war de- clared against Veii, (first jussu populi,) (327,) 427 — revolt of Fidense, suppressed, (328,) 426 — truce for 20 years with Veii, (329,) 425 — war with Volsci, (331,) 423 — JSqui defeated by Dictator A. Servilius Priscus, (336,) 418 — ROME. 1217 Bolae taken from iEqui, but again lost, (339,) 415 — Ferentinum taken from Volsci and re- stored to Hernici, (341,) 413 — war with Volsci, siege of Antium and Ecetra, capture of Anxur, [Terracina,] (348,) 406— fall of Veii, 396 — war with Voisinii, (362,) 392 — the city taken and burnt by Gauls, (364,) 390 — revolt of Volsci, JEqui, and Etrusci, suppressed by Camillus, (365,) 389- — Satricum taken from Volsci, (368,) 386 — war with Prseneste, Prae- neste taken, (372-4,) 382-380 — war with Latins about Tusculum, (378,) 376 — with Hernici, (392,) 362— with Gauls allied with Tiburtini, (394,) 360 — Hernici subdued by Plautius, Sulpicius triumphs over Gauls, (396,) 358— war with Etrusci, Tarquinienses, and Falisci, successful, (398,) 356 — truce with Tarquini- enses and Falisci, of 40 years, (403,) 351 — Gallic War, 350-349 — war with Antium and Volsci, Satricum taken and destroyed, (408,) 346 — with Aurunci and Volsci, Sora taken, (409,) 345— Samnite War, first, (411-13,) 343-34.1 — Latin War, (414-16,) 34°-338— war with Sidicini and Caleni, Cales taken, (418-7,) 336-335 — Samnite War, second, (427- 49,) 327-304 — siege and capture of Palsepolis, by Q. Publilius, (427-8,) 327-326 — war with Etrusci, attack on Sutrium, defeat of Etrusci by Q,. iEmilius, (443,) 311 — Fabius ravages territory of Etrusci, (444,) 310 — Etrusci defeated, Perusia taken, peace, (445,) 309 — war in Umbria, successful, (446,) 308 — war with iEqui and Hernici, (450,) 304 — Marsi subdued by Valerius, (453,) 301 — Nequinum taken from Umbrians, war with Etrusci and Gauls, (455,) 299 — Samnite War, third, (456- 464,) 298-290 — war with Etrusci, (456-7,) 298- 297 — with Falisci, (462,) 292 — subjugation of Sabines by M'Curius, (464,) 290 — war with Etrusci and Voisinii, (468,) 286 — with Etrusci and Lucani, 285 — siege of Arretium by Se- nones, Caecilius, defeated, Dolabella defeats Senones, (471,) 283 — war with Boii, subdued by Q. iEmilius, (472,) 282 — rebellion of allied Samnites, Lucani, and Bruttii, suppressed by Fabricius, 282 — war with Tarentum and Pyrrhus of Epirus, (473-9,) 281-275 — with Samnites, Bruttii, and Tarentines, surrender of Tarentum, 281-272 — revolt of Picentes, sup- pressed, (485-6,) 269-268 — subjugation of Sarsinates andSallentini, submission of all Italy to Borne, (488,) 266— Punic War, first, (490- 513,) 264-41 — rebellion of Falisci suppressed, (513,) 241 — Gallic wars renewed, war with Ligures, (516,) 238 — war in Corsica and Sar- dinia, (518,) 236 — Sardinians subdued by Man- lius, gate of Janus closed, (519,) 235 — war with Corsi, Sardi, and Ligures, (520,) 234 — Illyrian War, suppression of piracy, (525-6,) 229-228 — Gallic War, the prsetor defeated at Fsesulse, Gauls defeated by Consuls, C. Atilius killed, (529,) 225 — war with Insubrians, Viridomarus defeated and killed, Mediolanum taken, (530-2,) 224-222 — campaign against Demetrius of Pharos, reduction of Korkyra, (535,) 219 — Punic War, second, (536-53,) 218-201 — Mace- donian War, first, (543-9,) 211-205 — second, (554-7,) 200-197 — wars with Insubres and Boii, 200-199, 197-195 — insurrection in Hither Spain, suppressed by Cato, (559,) 195— Syrian War, (562-5,) 192-189— Boii subjugated by P. Cornelius, (563,) 191— ^tolians subjugated, Ambracia taken by M. Fulvius, (565,) 189— expedition of Manlius into Gallo-Grsecia, 189 —war with Ligures, (567-74,) 187-180— war in Istria, (576-7,) 178-177— rebellion in Sar- dinia, suppressed by Tib. Gracchus, (578,) 176— Ligurian War, Petillius slain, 176 — Ligures Statielli subdued by Popillius, (581,) 173 — Macedonian War, third, (582-6,) 172-168 — Illyrian War ended by Anicius, 168 — Alpine Gauls and Ligurians subdued, triumph of Mar- cellus andGallus, (588,) 166— Ligures Veleates subdued, triumph of Fulvius, (595,) 159— war in Dalmatia, by C. Marcius, (598-9,) 156-155 — Ligures Oxybii and Deceates subdued by Q. Opimius, (600,) 154— Celtiberian War begins, (601,) 153— Punic War, third, (605-7,) 149- 147 — war with Viriathus, in Lusitania, begins, 149 — with Andriscus, in Macedonia, Andriscus defeated, 149 — war with Achaean League, fall of Corinth, (607-8,) 147-146 — App. Claudius subdues the Salassi, (611,) 143 — siege of Numantia, (613-21,) 141-1 33— campaigns of Brutus against Gallaeci and of Lepidus against Vacceei, (618,) 136 — Servile War, in Sicily, first, (619-21,) 135-133/ (620-22,) 134-132 b — war with Aristonicus in Pergamus, (622-5,) 132-129— revolt in Sardinia sup- pressed, (628,) 126 — revolt and destruction of Fregellse, (629,) 125 — war against Baleares, (631,) 123 — successful campaign of C. Sextius against Salluvii, (632,) 122 — subjugation of Allobroges and Arverni, by Q. Fabius Max- imus, (633,) 121 — war in Dalmatia, by Metel- lus, (635,) 119 — unsuccessful campaign of Cato against Scordisci, (640,) 114 — Cn. Carbo defeated by Cimbri, (641,) 113 — subjugation of Scordisci, by Drusus, (642,) 112 — Jugurthine War, (643-8,) in- 106 — war with Cimbri, by Silanus, with Scordisci, and Triballi, by Minucius, (645,) 109 — war with Cimbri, (649- 53,) 105-101 — Servile War, in Sicily, second, (651-55,) 103-99, b (652-55,) 102-99 a — war with Celtiberians, (657-61,) 97-93 — Marsic {Social) War, (664-66,) 90-88 — war with Samnites and Hirpini, by Sulla, (665,) 89 — Bovianum taken — Mithridatic War, first, (666-9,) 88-84— civil war, of Marius and Sulla, (666-72,) 88-82 — Mithridatic War, second, (671-3,) 83-81 — rebellion of Sertorius in Spain, (674,) 80 — civil war between Lepidus and Catulus, (676-7,) 78-77 — war against pirates of Cilicia, by P. Servilius, (677-79,) 77-75 a — subjugation of Isaurians by Servilius, 75 — Servile War, in Italy, [Spartacus,] (681- 83,) 73-71 — subjugation of Crete, by Q. Metel- lus, (685-87,) 69-67 — successful war of Pompey against pirates, spring and summer (687) 67 — conquest of Syria, Jerusalem taken by Pompey, (690-91,) 64-63— Catilinarian War, (691-92,) 63-62 — Gallic War, begins, (696,) 58— [Caesar, C. J.] — invasion of Britain, (699-700,) 55-54 — Parthian War, (700-3,) 54-51— civil war be- tween Caesar and Pompey, (705-6,) 49-48 — war with Pharnaces, of Pontus, (707,) 47 — war in 77 ui8 ROME. Africa, victory of Caesar at Thapsus, (708,) 46 — war in Spain, defeat of Pompeians at Munda, (709,) 45— Mutine War, (711,) 43— civil war between second triumvirate and Brutus and Cassius, battles of Philippi, (712,) 42— siege of Perusia, (713-14,) 41-40 — Partbians under Labienus and Pacorus defeated by Ventidius, (715-14,) 39-38 — war against Sex. Pompeius, unsuccessful, (716,) 38— Jerusalem taken by Sosius, Dec. 38 a — war of Octavius against Sex. Pompeius, Agrippa successful, fall of Lepidus, (718,) 36 — Partbian War, defeat of Antony, 36 — war against Illyrians and Pannonians, by Octavius, (719,) 35 — invasion of Armenia by Antony, (720-21,) 34-33 — civil war between Octavius and Antony, battle of Actium, (722- 2 3 ,) 3 2 - 3 1 — C antabrian War, by Augustus, (728- 29,) 26-25— war in Germany, by Drusus, (743- 45,) 1 1 -9 — subjugation of Dalmatians by Tiberius, 9. [AD]— War in Germany, (754,) i, a (756,) 3 b — campaigns of Tiberius in Germany, (757- 59,) 4-6 — campaign of Tiberius and Germani- cus against Dalmatians and Pannonians, (760,) 7— Illpian War, (760-62,) 7-9— war in Ger- many/ Varus and bis legions destroyed, (762,) 9 — campaign of Tiberius and Germanicns on the Rhine, (764,) n — war of Germanicus against Arminius, spring (768-69) 15-16 — against Tacfarinas, in Africa, (770-77,) 17-24 — Drusus conquers Maroboduus, (772,) 19 — war with the Frisii, (781,) 28 — with the Cattiand Chauci, (794,) 41 — revolt of Mauri suppressed by Suetonius Paullinus, 41 — expedition of A. Plautius into Britain, (796,) 43 — reduction of southern part of Britain by A. Plautius and Yespasian, (800,) 47 — campaign of Ostorius Scapula in Britain, 50 — defeat and capture of Caractacus, (803,) 50 — war in Armenia, by Cor- bulo, successful, (811,) 58 — revolt of Boadicea, suppressed by Suetonius, (814,) 61 — Jewish War, fall of Jerusalem, (819-23,) 66-70— cam- paigns of Agricola in Britain, (831-37,) 78-84 — war with Catti, by Domitian, (836,) 83,* (837,) 84 b— Dacian War, of Domitian, (839,) 86 — Sarmatian War, (846-47,) 93-94 — Dacian Wars, first, (854-56,) 101-103 — second, (857- 59.) 104-106 — conquest of Arabia Petreea, by , Palma, (858-59,) 105-6 — Eastern expedition of Trajan, conquest of Armenia and the Par- tbians, (867-69,) 114-116 — Jewish rebel- lion, under Barchochebas, spring 132 a — war ends, Aug, 135 a — war with Brigantes in Bri- tain, victory of Lollius Urbicus, i39, a 144 b — wars with Caledonians in Britain, with Catti in Germany, (915,) 162— Parthian War, by Yerus, (915-18,) 162-65 — war with Marco- manni and Quadi, (919-33,) 166-180 — war in Britain, concluded by Ulpius Marcellus, (934- 36,) 1 81-183 — war 0I Severus against JEmili- anus, siege and capture of Byzantium, (946- 49,) 193-196 — war of Severus against Osrhoeni, Adiabeni, and Arabians, 195 — against Albinus, in Gaul, successful, (949-50,) 196-97 — Parthian War of Severus, (950-54,) 197-200 — war of Se- verus in Britain, (961-63,) 208-210— of Cara- calla against Alamanni, (967,) 214— of Caracalla against Partbians, (969,) 216 — Persian War of Alexander Severus, about 231-33 — German War, Alexander killed, (987-88,) 234-35— German War of Maximin, (989-90,) 236-37— wars of Maximin against the Gordians, and against Pupienus and Balbinus, spring (991) 238— Persian War, of Gordian III., (994-97,) 241-244 — war of Philip against Decius, Philip slain, (1002,) 249 — campaign of Decius against Goths in Mcesia, (1004,) 251 — of Aurelian against Goths, (1010,) 257 — of Valerian against Sapor, Valerian captured, (1013,) 260 — Gothic War of Claudius, (1022-23,) 269-270— war of Aurelian against Marcomanni, in Italy, 270-271 — against Goths in Thrace, (1025,) 272 — against Zenobia, destruction of Palmyra, 272-3 — against Tetricus in Gaul, (1027,) 274 — war of Probus against Germans in Gaul, (1030,) 277 — against Sarmatians in Illyricum, 278— reduction of Isauria and the Blemmyes, 279 — campaign of Cams against Sarmatians in Illy- ricum, close of (1035) 282 — naval war of Maximian against Carausius, (1042-43,) 289- 290 — war of Maximian against Quinquegen- tiani in Africa, (1050,) 297 — of Diocletian against Misitheus, siege of Alexandria, 297 — of Galerius against Persia, Narses defeated, 297-8 — of Constantius against Alamanni, (1053,) 300 — expedition of Constantius against Caledonians, (1059,) 306 — successful campaign of Constantine against Maxentius, (1065,) 312 — of Licinius against Maximin, (1066,) 313 — war between Constantine and Licinius, division of empire, (1067,) 314 — campaign of Crispus against Franks in Gaul, (1073,) 320 — of Con- stantine against Sarmatians, (1075,) 322 — against Licinius, who is defeated, (1076,) 323 — Persian War, begins, 338 — [Sapor II.] — war between Constantine II. and Constans, (1093,) 340 — war of Constans against the Franci in Gaul, (1094-95,) 341-2 — campaigns of Constantius against Magnentius, 351-3 — against Alamanni in Rheetia, 355 — campaigns of Julian against barbarians in Gaul, (1109-13,) 356-60 — campaign of Constantius against Sar- matians, 358— of Lupicinus against Picts and Scots, 360 — of Julian against Persians, 363 — revolt of Procopius, 365-66 — campaign of Jovinus against Alamanni in Gaul, 366 — Gothic War, by Valens, 367-69— revolt in Britain, Severus, Jovinus, and Theodosius successively sent, peace restored, province of Valentia formed, 367-69 — campaigns of Valen- tinian against Alamanni, in Germany, 368-71 — campaign of Theodosius against Alamanni, 370 — revolt of Firmus in Africa, Theodosius sent against him, 372-74 — invasion of Illyri- cum by the Quadi, summer 374 — campaign of Yalentinian against Quadi, 375 — campaigns of Valens and Richorner against Goths in Thrace, under Fritigern, autumn 377-8 a — of Gratian against Alamanni, Priacius killed, 378 — Gotbic War, victory of Theodosius, 379 — peace concluded, 382 — Persian War concluded, 384 — war of Theodosius against Maximus, 387-88 — against Eugenius and Arbogastes, 394 — Greece ravaged by Alaric, Stilicho sent against him, 395 — again, 396 — successful expe- dition under Mascezel, sent by Stilicho against ROME. 1219 Gildo, in Africa, winter to spring 398 — revolt of Gainas the Goth, suppressed by Fravitta, 400 — invasion of Italy by Alaric, 400 — Isaurians ravage Eastern Empire, 404-7 — war of Stiliebo against Eadagaisus, successful, 405 — sieges of Rome by Alaric, 408-409-410 — invasion of Gaul by Gerontius, siege of Arelate, 41 1 — in- vasion of Gaul by Ataulphus, 412 — rebellion of Heraclianus in Africa, his invasion of Italy repulsed, 413 — campaigns of "Wallia against barbarians in Spain, 417-18 — unsuccessful ex- pedition of Castinus against Yandals of Bsetica, 422 — expedition of Ardaburius and Aspar against Joannes, 424-425 — war against Boni- facius in Africa, 427 — successful campaigns of Aetius against Franks on the Rhine, 428, and against Goths, 430 — war of Bonifacius against Vandals in Africa, siege of Hippo, 430-431 — subjugation of Franks by Aetius, war of Aetius and Bonifacius, 432 — wars of Aetius against Goths and Burgundians in Gaul, 435- 439— invasion of Sicily by Genseric, siege of Panormus, 440 — expedition of Anatolias and Aspar against king of Persia, 441 — invasion of Illyricum and Thrace by Huns, 441-442 — un- successful campaign of Vitus against Suevi, in Spain, 446 — Attila's invasion of Eastern Em- pire, 447 — of Gaul, battle on the Catalaunian plains, (Chalons,) 451 — invasion of Italy by Attila, siege of Aquileia, embassy of Pope Leo, 452 — sack of Rome by Genseric, 455 — invasion of Tarraconensis by Suevi, defeat and capture of Rechiarius by Theoderic, 456 — victory of Ricimer over Vandal fleet, 456 — war with Vandals in Italy, 458 — Italy and Sicily ravaged by Genseric, 462-463-464 — successful war of JEgidius against Goths, in Gaul, 463 — Marcel - linus drives Vandals out of Sicily, Ricimer defeats Alani in Venetia, 464 — expedition sent by Leo against Vandals, fails, 468 — war be- ween Anthemius and Ricimer, Rome stormed by Ricimer, 472 — invasion of Eastern and "Western Empires by Goths under Theodemir and "Widemir, 473 — Orestes takes Ravenna, expels Nepos, and proclaims Romulus Em- peror, 475 — Orestes defeated and put to death by Odoacer, Aug. 476. a Clinton. b Zumpt. Eome, {leagues and treaties?) — [B C] — Treaty with Carthage, (245, a. u. c.) 509 — Latin League formed, (261,) 493 — alliance with Sam- nites, (400,) 354 — with Carthaginians, (406,) 348 — with Samnites, (413,) 341— with Alex- ander of Epirus, (422,) 332 — with Lucani and Apuli, against Samnites, (427,) 327 — with Car- thage renewed, 306 ? — with Samnites renewed at close of second war, (450,) 304 — with Marsi, Peligni, and Frentani, 304 — with Tarentines, prescribing limits to fleets, 304 — with Picentes, (455,) 299 — with Samnites, renewed at close of third war, (464,) 290 — with Carthage, re- newed, (476,) 278 — with Ptolemy Philadel- phus, (481,) 273 — with Hasdrubal, fixing Ebro as boundary of Carthaginian Empire in Spain, (526,) 228— with JEtolians against Philip of Macedonia, (543,) 211 — with Attalus of Per- gamus, against Philip, (546,) 209— with Sy- phax and Masinissa, (548,) 206 — with Achoean League, (557,) 197 — with Spaniards, general pacification, by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, (575,) 179 — of peace, with Numantines, by Mancinus, (617,) 137 — but rejected by Senate : of peace, with Mithridates, by Sulla, (670,) 84 —[AD]— of Valens, with Goths, (1122,) 369 —of Theodosius, with Goths, (1135,) Oct. 382 — of peace, with Persians, by Theodosius, (1137,) 384— with Wallia, by Honorius, (1169,) 416 — of Bonifacius, with Vandals, (1181-2,) 428-9 — of peace, with Franks, by Aetius, (1185,) 432 — with Genseric, by Valentinian, (1188,) 435 — with Persians, by Anatolius, (1194,) 441 — between Genseric and Valentinian, division of African provinces, (1195,) 442 — between Attila and Theodosius, (1200,) 447 — between Theoderic and Majorian, (1212,) 459 — between Genseric and Majorian, (1213,) 460 — between Theoderic (son of Triarius) and Leo, (annual tribute to Goths,) (1226.) 473 — between Nepos and Euric, (Visigoth,) (1227,) 474— of peace between Zeno and Genseric, (1228,) 475. Rome, {city,) — [B C] — founded, 753 or 752 — Capitoline Temple dedicated, (247, a. u. c.) 507 — pestilence, (291,) 463 — the Capitol sur- prised by exiles and slaves, recovered by P. Valerius Publicola, (294,) 460 — Aventine as- signed to the plebs, (298,) 456 — famine, re- lieved by Sp. Maelius, (314,) 440 — pestilence, first Lectisternium, (355,) 399 a — taken and burnt by Gauls, recovered by Camillus, (364,) 390, a 387 b — rebuilt, 390-389 — pestilence, pro- pitiation by theatrical performances, (390,) 364* — threatened by Gauls, (394,) 360 — Via Appia and Aqua Appia constructed, by App. Claudius, (442,) 312 a — Temple of Concord built, (449,) 305 a — Temple of Bellona, (456,) 298 a — Temple of Venus, (459,) 295 a — Temple of Jupiter Stator, (460,) 294 — census taken, (479,) 275 — Columna Bostrala erected in Forum, (494,) 260 — Via Flaminia commenced, (534,) 220 — Flaminian Circus constructed, 220 — Temple of Venus Erycina on the Capitol consecrated, (539,) 215 — great fire, 213 c — walls repaired, (542,) 212 — great fire, 211 c — threatened by Hannibal, (543,) 211 — first triumphal arches built, by C. Stertinius, (559,) 195^ 196 <= — Emporium on the Tiber established, (561,) 193 a — fire, 192° — Temple of Cybele conse- crated, (563,) 191 — Temple of Hercules and the Muses, built, (567,) 187 — first Basilica, (Por- tia,) built, (570,) 184, (199 ? c )— Basilica Fulvia, Temples of Juno Regina and Diana, built, (575,) 179 — streets paved with flint, (580,) x-74 — Greek works of art brought from Corinth by Mummius, (608,) 146 — Aqua Marcia built, (610,) 144 — disturbances about Agrarian Laws, (621,) 133— [Gracchus] —Basilica Opimia, built by Opimius, (633,) 121— revolt of Sa- turninus, seizure of the Capitol, (654,) 100— Sulla master of the city, (666,) 88— taken by Marius and Cinna, 87 — Capitoline Temple burnt, (671,) 83— rebuilt, 81-69— battle near, between M. Lepidus and Q. Lutatius Cstalns, (677,) 77— expulsion of foreigners, (689,) 65 — conspiracy of Catiline to seize, (691,) 63 — settlement of Jews in, begins, about 63 — riots of Clodius and Milo, (697,) 57— riot and con- flagration, (702,) 52 e — great fire, about 50,= 77 * ROME. (703,) 51 e — evacuated by Senate and entered by Caesar, (705,) 49 — Forum of Julius Caesar and Temple of Venus Genitrix dedicated, (708,) 46, a 45 c — occupation of, by murderers of Caesar, (710,) 44 — proscription, under second triumvirate, (711,) 43— night police instituted, (718,) 36 «— fire in the Circus Maximus, (723,) 31 — Imperial Palace, by Augustus, 31-26 — Forum of Augustus and Temple of Mars Ultor, (734,) 20 -(dedicated, (752,) 2)— [AD]— fire on the Palatine, (756,) 3 — fire on the Coelian Hill, (780,) 27— fire on the Aventine, (789,) 36— earthquake, (800,) 47 e — Palace of Nero (Do- mus Transitoria) begun, (815,) 62 — great fire, 19-24 Jul. (817,) 64 — persecution of Chris- tians, by Nero, 64 — pestilence, (818,) 65 — Nero's Golden Souse, begun, 65 — insurrection against Galba, the Capitol stormed by Vitellius and Temple burnt, (822,) 69— stormed and taken by army of Vespasian, Dec. 69 b — restoration of Capitol commenced, 70 — Temple of Peace, {Forum Pads,) by Vespasian, (824-28,) 71-75* — great fire, (3 days,) Capitoline Temple de- stroyed, (833,) 80 — pestilence, 80 — Capitol re- stored, 82 — philosophers expelled from, by Domitian, (843,) 90 d — sedition of the Prae- torians, (850,) 97 d — Trajan's Forum built, (866,) 113 — Temple of Venus and Eome, by Hadrian, (883,) 130 — pestilence, (920,) 167 — pestilence, (940,) 187 — fire, Capitol struck by lightning, 188 — famine, (942,) 189 — great fire, Forum Pacts destroyed, (944,) i9r — Secu- lar Games, to celebrate thousandth anniversary of the city, (1000,) 247 — approached by Ala- manni, (1012,) 259 — new walls begun by Aurelian, (1024,) 271 a — Temple of the Sun, built by Aurelian, (1026,) 273 — walls completed by Probus, (1029,) 276 — Baths of Diocletian, 303-305 — battle near Milvian Bridge, defeat of Maxentius by Constantine, who enters the city, 28 Oct. (1065,) 312 — erection of churches begun, about 315 — ceases to be capital of the Empire, (1083,) 330 — [Constantinople] — visited by Constantius II., (1110,) 357 — triumph of Theodosius, (1142,) 389 a — visited by Honorius, his triumph, (1157,) 404,* 403 c — saved from Badagaisus by Stilicho, (1158,) 405 — threatened by Alaric, (1161,) 408 — again, and port of Ostia seized, (1162,) 409 — besieged by Alaric, 409 a — taken, 410 a — entered by Honorius in triumph, 417 — by Vandals, under Genseric, and pillaged, Jun. 455 — taken by Bicimer, n Jul. 472 — visited by Theodoric, 500 — entered by Belisarius, 9 Dec. 536 — unsuccessfully besieged by Vitiges, Mar. 537 to Mar. 538— march of Totila towards, 543 — besieged by Totila, 545 — be- trayed to him, 17 Dec. 546 — fortifications partly destroyed, Dec. 546 — recovered, and fortifications restored, by Belisarius, early in 547 — repulse of Totila in three battles at, 547 ■ — again betrayed to him by Isaurians, 549 — taken by Narses, after Jul. 552 — degraded to second rank under Exarchs of Ravenna, 553 — threatenedby Lombards,568 — besieged by them, 573 and 578 — inundation of the Tiber, 589 — ravaged by pestilence, 590 — again besieged by Lombards, and saved by Gregory the Great, 593 —visited and pillaged by Constans, 663 — pil- grimages to, become common, about 670-700 — Anglo-Saxon School founded by Ina, 727 — threatened by Luitprand, saved by Pope Gregory II., 728 and 729 — again threatened by Luitprand, 741 — threatened byAstolphus, 752 — besieged by him, Jan. 755 — visited by Charles the Great, Easter 774 — again, 781 and 787 — inundation, 791 — his coronation at, as Emperor, 800 — threatened by Saracens, 846 and 847 — damaged by earthquake and fire, 847 — fortifications strengthened by Leo IV., 848 to Jun. 852 — threatened by Saracens, 849 — ■ visited by Ethelwulf and his son Alfred, (the Great,) 855-6 — entered by Emperor Louis II., 864 — surprised by Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, 867 — threatened and the environs ravaged by Saracens, 876 — at invitation of Pope Formo- sus, attacked and occupied by Arnulf, king of Germany, 894 — threatened by Magyars, 899 and 906 — besieged by Hugh of Provence, 933 and 936 — by Otto the Great, Jun. 964 — again entered by him, 967 — visited by Cnut, Con- rad II., and Budolph, king of Burgundy, 1027 — besieged by Emperor Henry IV., 1081, 1082, and 1083 — capture of Leonine city, 2 Jun. 1083 — siege raised by Bobert Guiscard, May 1084 — sacked and burnt by him, 1084 — revolt under Arnold of Brescia, 1 144 — attacks Fre- derick Barbarossa, 1155 — attacked and occu- pied by him, 1167 — receives Frederick II., Apr. 1212 — his coronation at, 22 Nov. 1220 — earthquake at, 1231 — carries on war with Viterbo, 1231 — submits to Gregory IX., 1235 — aids Frederick at siege of Brescia, 1238 — ■ threatenedby him, 1241, Jul. 1242, and 1243 — makes alliance with Viterbo, 1243 — seat of Papacy transferred to Avignon, 1309 — corona- tion of Petrarch, 8 Apr. 1341 — inundation, 1345 — revolution under Rienzi, May 1347 — earthquake, 1349 — inundation, 1350 — again residence of the popes, 1367 — revolts against Eugenius IV., 1434 — destruction of ancient monuments prohibited by bull of Pius II., 1462 — siege and sack of, by Constable de Bourbon, May 1527 — visited by Charles V., 1536 — insurrection at, Gen. Duphot killed, 27 * Dec. 1 7 97 — occupied and pillage of, commenced, by French under Berthier, 15 Feb. 1798 — Re- public proclaimed, 15 Feb. — revolt sup- pressed, end of Feb. — receives French garrison, close of Mar. — abandoned by French, and occupied by Neapolitans, Nov. — again occupied by French, 12 Dec. — again in- vaded by Neapolitans, Oct. 1799 — occupied by French, Feb. 1808 — declared free Imperial city of French Empire, by Napoleon I., 1809 — in- surrection at, 15 Nov. 1848 — flight of Pius IX. from, 24 Nov. — provisional government appointed, 11 Dec. — meeting of Constituent Assembly, 5 Feb. 1849 — the pope deprived of temporal power and a Republic proclaimed, 8 Feb. — French intervention resolved on, by National Assembly, 16 Apr. — unsuccessfully attacked by French, 30 Apr. — siege of, by Gen. Oudinot, commences, 3 Jun. — entered by French troops, 21 Jun. — surrenders, 30 Jun. — authority of pope reestablished, 15 Jul. — ROME. convention for evacuation of, by French, be- tween emperor of France and king of Italy, signed, 15 Sep. 1864 — evacuated by French, 3-17 Dec. 1866 — occupation of, by Italian troops, proposed by Victor Emmanuel, refused by Napoleon III., 17 Oct. 1867 — again oc- cupied by French, 30 Oct. 1867 — evacuated by French, by 12 Aug. 1870 — entered by Italian troops, 20 Sep. — plebiscite, for annexation to kingdom of Italy, 2 Oct. — declared to be part of kingdom of Italy, by royal decree, 9 Oct. — inundation of the Tiber, 28 Dec. 1870 — capital transferred to, 1 Jul. 1871 — first ses- sion of Italian parliament at, opened by Victor Emmanuel, 27 Nov. 187 1. Castle of St An- gelo, the tower built by Hadrian, about 120-30 — fortifications commenced by Pope Boniface IX., 1390-94, and continued by other popes. Academy of St Luke, (painting,) founded by Gregory XIII., about 1580. German Archcso- logical Institute, founded by Bunsen, "VVelcker, and others, 1829 — raised to a permanent in- stitution of state by Emperor William I., 2 Mar. 1 87 1. British Archceological Society, founded, spring 1865 — takes the name ' British and American,' end of 187 1. [Catacombs, St Peter's, Vatican, <£c.] a Reunion t. b Rawlinson. c Dyer. d Clinton. e Merivale. Rome, [Councils of,) — respecting celebration of Easter, 196 ; held by Pope Victor to excom- municate Asiatic Qnartodecimani, about 197 ; by Pope Cornelius, to confirm canons of Council of Carthage, and to condemn Novatian, Oct. 25 1 ; by Stephen, against decision of two Councils in favour of baptism by heretics, 256 ; by Sixtus, against Noetus, about 258; by Dionysius, to receive vindication of Dionysius of Alexandria, about 260 ; by Melchiades, against Donatists, 2 Oct. to Dec. 313 ; by Julius, for vindication of Athanasius and others against Arians, about Jun. 342 ; by Julius, against Photinus, and in favour of Athanasius, Jan. 349^ 348 b ; by Liberius, in favour of Athanasius, 352 ; by Antipope Felix, against Ursacius and Valens and Emperor Constantius, 358 ; to receive deputies of Council of Lamp- sacus, 364; by' Liberius, confession of Mace- donians, 366 ; respecting charge brought against Pope Damasus, 367 ; by Damasus, against Ursacius and Valens, 369, a 367 c ; against Auxentius of Milan, and respecting nature of the Holy Spirit, 37 2, a end of 371 d ; against Apollinarius and Timotheus, and against Lucius of Alexandria, 374 ; against same Lucius, 375; against Apollinarists and Marcel - lianists, about end of 377 ; against accusers of Damasus, and to condemn Arius, Sabellius, Apollinarius, and others, 378 ; against heretics and partisans of Ursicinus, 379 ; to address synodical letters to Paulinus of Antioch, 382, a Sep. or Oct. 383 b ; by Siricius on discipline, 6 Jan. 386; against Jovinian, 390 ; by Anastasius, on discipline, 400 ; against Nestorius and Pelagius, 11 Aug. 430; 431 ; 31 Jul. 433 ; by St Leo, against Manichseans, 444 ; in favour of Celidonius, and against Hilary of Aries, 445 ; respecting bishops of Sicily, 29 Sep. 447 ; against the Bobber Synod, Oct. 449 ; in favour of Council of Chalcedon, Dec. P 451 ; respecting ravages of the Huns, 458 ; Nov. 462 ; by Hilarius, on discipline, 17 Nov. 465 ; by Felix III., against legates Vitalis and Misenus, Peter Mongus, Bp of Alexandria, and Acacius, Bp of Constantinople, 28 Jul. 484; against Acacius, 5 Oct. 485 ; 3 Mar. 489 ; by Gelasius, to absolve legate Misenus, 495 ; to prepare list of canonical books, 496 ; by Sym- machus, to regulate elections of popes, 1 Mar. 499; respecting dispute between Symmachus and Laurentius, Whitsuntide 501 ; convoked by Theodoric, to restore order in Eome, Sep. 501 ; in favour of Symmachus, Nov. 502 ; to defend preceding Council, 503 ; to anathema- tize usurpers of Church property as heretics, 504 ; to authorize Boniface II. to name suc- cessor, after 12 Nov. 530; to quash decree of preceding Council, 531 ; respecting Stephen of Larissa, 7 Dec. 531 ; against opponents of pro- position JJnus e Trinitate passus est came, 534 ; by Gregory the Great, against Patriarch of Grado, Dec. 590 ; in favour of the four General Councils, Feb. 591 ; on discipline, 5 Jul. 595 ; Nov. 600 ; in favour of monks, 5 Apr. 601 ; by Boniface III., respecting election of popes, 606; in favour of monks, 27 Feb. 610; by Severinus, against Ecthesis of Heraclius, 640 ; by John IV., against Monothelism, Jan. 641 ; 648 ; by St Martin, against Paul of Thessa- lonica, 1 Nov. 650; by Vitalianus, 19 Dec. 667 ; for restoration of Wilfrid to see of York, Oct. 679,1 678 c ; by Agatho, preliminary to General Council of Constantinople, 27 Mar. 680 ; by Gregory II., on discipline, 5 Apr. 721 ; Gregory III., against the priest George, 731 favour of image-worship, 1 Nov. 732 ; Zacharias, on discipline, 22 Mar. 743 ; Adalbert and Clement, 25 Oct. 745 ; by Stephen III., against Antipope Constantine, and in favour of image-worship, 12 Apr. 769 ; by Adrian IV., conferring on Charles the Great right of electing the pope and of giving in- vestiture to all bishops, (?) 774; by Leo III. against Felix of Urgel, 799 ; held in presence of Charles the Great, respecting charges against Leo III., Dec. 800; by Stephen IV., respecting election of popes, 816 ; by Pascal, who purges himself, on oath, of accusation against him, 823 ; by Eugenius II., on discipline, 15 Nov. 826 ; by Leo IV., against bishops receiving money for conferring orders, not later than 848 ; on discipline, 8 Dec. 853 ; by Nicholas I. , respecting affair of Ignatius and Photius, 860 ; respecting same, 861 ; against John of Bavenna, 1 Nov. 861 ; against Theo- paschists, 862 ; in favour of Ignatius, Jan. 863 ; against Council of Soissons, before Jun. 863 ; against Council of Metz, and John of Bavenna, 863 ; against Legate Bo- doaldo, 23 Dec. 864 to Jan. 865 ; by Adrian II., against Photius, before Aug. 868; against Cardinal Anastasius, 4 Oct. 868 ; by John VIII., to absolve Emperor Louis from obligation of an oath, 872 ; respecting election of Charles the Bald, Emperor, Dec. 875 ; for citation of Formosus, Bp of Porto, Apr. 876 ; Jul. 877 ; to excommunicate Lambert, Duke of by in by 222 ROME— ROMILLY. Spoleto, 878 ; respecting election of Emperor, I May 879; to recognize Photius, Aug. 879; to depose Anspert, Abp of Milan, 15 Oct. 879 ; by Stephen TI. , against deceased Pope Fornio- sus, whose body is disinterred, brought to the Council, divested of sacred habits, and muti- lated ; and to depose priests ordained by. him, 896 or 897 ; by Theodore, to reinstate such priests, 898 ; by John IX., before Emperor Lambert, to reestablish memory of Formosus, aud restore bishops deposed by Stephen VI. , 898 ; by Agapetus, 949 ; by Emperor Otto, to depose John XII. and appoint Leo Till. , 6-22 Nov. 963 ; by John XII., to depose Leo VIII., 26 Feb. 964; by Leo VIII. and Otto, to depose Benedict V. and to declare consent of emperor necessary to election of pope and of king of Italy, and to investiture of bishops, 964 ; by John XIII., before Otto, Jan. 967 ; by John, before Otto I. and Otto II., Dec. 967 to Jan. 968 ; 968 ; 26 May 969 ; 23 Apr. 971 ; by Benedict TIL, to excommunicate Boniface Francon, 975 ; by John XV., 989 ; by Gre- gory Y., before Emperor Otto III., to excom- municate usurpers of Church property, 996 ; on discipline, 24 Apr. 998; by Sylvester II., 6 Jan. 1 00 1 ; 3 Dec. 1002 ; by John XVIII., 1007 ; by John XIX., before Emperor Conrad, 6 Apr. '1027 ; by Benedict IX., respecting church of Grado, Dec. 1044 ; by Clement II., before Emperor Henry III., against simony, Jan. 1047 ; by Leo IX., respecting simony, II Apr. 1049 ; against Berenger, 2 May 1050 ; after "Whitsuntide 1051; after Whitsuntide 1053; by Stephen IX., 18 Apr. 1057; by Nicholas "II. , respecting election of popes, on discipline and the Eucharist, 13 Apr. 1059; against simony, attended by Aldred, Abp of York, 1 06 1 ; by Alexander II., on discipline, 9 May 1063, a c 1068 b ; respecting degrees of con- sanguinity in relation to marriage, 1065 ; 1070 ; by Gregory VII., against simony and concu- binage, and to excommunicate Bobert Guis- card, Lent 1074; against investitures and in- continence of priests, 24-28 Feb. 1075 ; for excommunication of Henry IV., king of Ger- many, and absolution of his subjects from oath of fealty, Lent 1076 ; to appoint legates for Germany, and to excommunicate Normans, Lent 1078 ; to receive Berenger' s confession of faith, to excommunicate Nicephorus Botoniates, and on discipline, Nov. 1078; to receive re- newed confession of Berenger and respecting state of Germany, Feb. 1079 ; to depose and excommunicate Henry IV., and declare Ru- dolph king of Germany, to prohibit lay inves- titures, and to excommunicate several bishops and the Normans, closes, 7 Mar. 1080; to renew excommunication of Henry and his ad- herents, and to confirm deposition of Abps of Aries and Narbonne, 4 May 108 1; against Henry IV., 20 Nov. 1083 ; against Henry and Antipope Guibert, 1084; by Guibert, to annul Gregory's excommunication of Henry, Jan. 1085 ; by Urban II., to confirm statutes of his predecessors, 1089 ; by partisans of Guibert, Aug. 1098; by Urban II., on discipline and investitures, 25 Apr. 1099 ; by Pascal II., to confirm excommunication of Henry IV., Mar. 1 1 02; against Bruno, Abp of Treves, for re- ceiving investiture of Henry IV., Lent 11 04; against Count of Meulent, 26 Mar. 11 05 ; May 1 1 05 ; respecting investitures, 7 Mar. 11 10; by Lucius II., respecting dispute between churches of Tours and Dol, May 1144; by In- nocent III., to canonize Cunegunda, 1200; to depose and excommunicate Emperor Otto, Nov. 1210; by Gregory IX., to renew excommuni- cation of Frederick II., 18 Nov. 1227, and Lent 1228 ; by Boniface VIII., against Philip the Fair, 30 Oct. 1302; summoned by Alex- ander V., held by John XXIII. , condemns writings of Wickliffe, opens, Dec. 141 2, closes, Jun. 141 3. [See also Lateran and Vatican.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Mansi. c Pagi. d Tillemcmt. Rome, Emperors of,— [B C]— Augustus, 31 — [AD] — Tiberius, 14 — Caligula, 37— Clau- dius, 41 — Nero, 54 — Galba, 68— Otho, 69 — Vitellius, 69— Vespasianus, 69— Titus, 79 — Domitianus, 81— Nerva, 96 — Trajanus, 98 — Hadrianus, 117— Antoninus Pius, 138— Mar- cus Aurelius Antoninus, 161 — Commodus, 180 — Pertinax, 193 — Didius Julianus, 193 — Septimius Severus, 193 — Caracalla and Geta, 2 1 1— Caracalla alone, 212 — Macrinus, 217 — Elagabalus, 218 — Alexander Severus, 222 — Maximinus, 235 — Tbe Gordiani, 238 — Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus, 238 — Gor- dianus, 238 — Philippus, 244 — Decius, 249 — Gallus, 251 — Valerianus, 254 — Gallienus, 260 — Claudius II., 268 — Aurelianus, 270 — Tacitus, 275 — Florianus, 276 — Probus, 276 — Carus, 282 — Carinus and Numerianus, 283 — Diocletianus, 284 — with Maximianus, 286 — Constantius ivith Galerius, 305 — Galerius with Constantinus, Severus, and Maxentius, 306 — on death of Severus, the same with Licinius, 307 — with Maximinus, 308 — his death, 310 — Galerius tf., 311 — ^Maxentius fc\, 312 — Maximinus tr., 313 — Licinius 5j., and Constantinus sole Emperor, 323 — Constantinus JL, Constantius II., and Constans, 337 — Con- stantinus rj. , 340 — Constans tr., 350 — Julianus, 361 — Jovianus, 363 — Valentinianus I., 364 — final separation of Eastern and "Western Em- pires made by Valentinianus, 364 — Gra- tianus and Valentinianus II., 375— Valen- tinianus alone, 383 — Eugenius proclaimed by Arbogastes, May 392 — Honorius declared Augustus, by Theodosius, Jan. 393 — appointed Emperor of the West, Sep. 394 — usurpation of Joannes, 423 — Valentinianus III., Oct. 425 — Petronius Maximus, 455 — Avitus, 455— Majorianus, 457 — [ see Ricimer] — Severus, 461— Anthemius, 467 — Olybrius, 472— Gly- cerius, 473 — Julius Nepos, 474 — Romulus Augustulus, 475 — overthrown by barbarians, 476. [Odoacer, Italy, Eastern Empire.] Rome, Popes of. [Popes.] Rome-scot. [Peter-pence.] Romilly, Sir Samuel, Jurist, — 6. in Lon- don, 1 Mar. 1757 — enters Gray's Inn, May 1778 — called to the bar, 1783 — Chancellor of Durham, about 1805 — Solicitor- General, Knt, 1806 — M.P. Queenborougk, 1806 — applies ROMNEY— ROSCIUS. 223 himself to reform of Criminal Law, 1807 — M.P. Westminster, 181 8 — loses his wife, 30 Oct. 181 8— kills himself, 2 Nov. 1818. Romney, George, painter, — ft. at Dalton, Lancashire, 15 Dec. 1734 — marries, 1756 — leaves his family and goes to London, 1762 — visits Italy, 1773-5 — returns to his family at Kendal, 1799 — tf. at Kendal, 15 Nov. 1802. Romorantin, in France, — taken by the Black Prince, 3 Sep. 1356 — Edict of, charging bishops with prosecution of heresy, and for- bidding it to parliaments, issued by Francis II., May 1560. Romulus, — Consul with M. Maecius Mem- mius Placidus, (1096, a. u. c.) 343. Roncaglia, in Lombardy, — Diets of, held by Emperor Henry III., 5 May 1055; by Frederick I., 1154 and Nov. 1158. Roncesvalles, — surprise of Charles the Great by Gascons, 778 — defeat of Spaniards by French, Jun. and Oct. 1794— passage forced by Soult, 25 Jul. 18 13. Ronda, in Spain, — becomes stronghold of Moors, under Abu Melic, about 1331 — taken by Ferdinand of Castile, 1485. Rondil, Jacques, Provencal poet, — ft., 31 Jan. 1612— tf., probably Dec. 1684. Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, — ft. in the Ven- domois, 11 Sep. 1524 — attached to household of Duke of Orleans, 1536 — accompanies James V. of Scotland to his Court, 1538 — visits Eng- lish Court, 1541 — tf. near Tours, 27 Dec. 1585. (Euvres, 1567. Rooke, Sir George, admiral, — ft. near Can- terburj-j 1650 — Post-captain in the navy, 1680 — Vice-admiral, 1692 — distinguishes himself in battle off Cape la Hogue, 19 May 1692 — destroys the French fleet, 20 May — Knt, 1692 — M.P. Portsmouth, 1697 — Vice-admiral and Lieutenant of the Admiralty, 1702 — takes 'Plate Fleet' at Vigo, 1702 — takes part in attack on Gibraltar, 21 Jul. 1704 — engages French fleet off Malaga, 13 Aug. 1704 — dis- missed from service, Feb. 1705 — &. near Can- terbury, 24 Jan. 1709. Rooke, Laurence, astronomer, — ft. at Dept- ford, Kent, 1623 — enters King's Coll. Cam- bridge, 1639 — Gresham Prof. Astronomy, 1652 —Prof. Geometry, 1657— F.E.S., 1660— rj„ Jun. 1662. Roos, Johann Heinrich, painter, — ft. in the Palatinate, 1631 — tf. at Frankfort, 1685. Roos, Johann Melchior, painter, — ft. at Frankfort, 1659 — tf- there, 17 31. Roos, Joseph, painter, — ft. at Vienna, 1728 — tf., about 1790. «* Roos, Philipp Peter, {Rosa di Tivoli,) painter, — ft. at Frankfort, 1655 — tf. at Eome, 1705- Roose, {Nicholas de Liemacker,) painter, — ft. at Ghent, 1575 — tf. there, 1646. Rope-making Machinery, — patented by Chapman, Jul. 1799 — improved By Huddart, Aug. 1799. Roque, Gilles Andre de la, heraldist,—h. near Caen, 1597 — tf. at Paris, 1686. Kistoire generate des maisons nobles de Normandie, 1654 — Ristoire genealogique de la maison d'JEar- coicrt, 1662 — Traite de Vorigine des noms, des surnoms, et de leur diver site, 1681 — Le blason des amies de la maison royale de Bourbon et de ses alliances, 1626. Roquebrune. [Mentone.] Roqueplan, {Pocoplan,) Joseph Etienne Camille, painter,— ft. at Mallemort, 18 Feb. 1802 — first exhibits at Salon, 1819,* 1822 b — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Jan. 1832 — Officer, Jul. 1852— tf. at Paris, Oct., a 29 Sep. c 1855. Equinoctial Flood, 1827 — Crossing the stream, 1833 — Antiquary, 1834 a Vapereau. b Biog. des Contempor. c CoiiY.-Lex. Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor, journalist, $c.j — ft. at Mallemort, 1804 — joint-editor of the Figaro, about 1827 — joins in protest of the journalists against ordinances of Charles X., Jul. 1830 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1832 — Director of Theatre des Varietes, about 1840— Joint- director of the Opera, 1847— sole, 1850 — resigns, Nov. 1854 — Director of Opera Comique,~NoY. 1857-60 — Officer of Legion of Honour, Aug. 1867 — Director of the Chatelet, May 1869 — tf. at Paris, 26 Apr. 1870. Rosa. [Martinez de la Rosa.] Rosa, Salvator, poet, musician, painter, — ft. at Arenella near Naples, 20 Jun., a 21 Jul. b 1615 — goes to Eome, 1635 — settles there, 1638 — tf. there, 15 Mar. 1673. Satires, 17 19. a Engl. Cyc. b Wornum. Rosalba Carriera, painter, — ft. at Venice, 1675 or 1672 — visits Paris and is admitted to Academy of Painting, 1720 — visits Germany, 1735 — tf. at Venice, 15 Apr. 1757. Rosamond. [See Alboin.] Rosary, The, — institution of, mentioned, 1 100. Festival of, to commemorate victory of Lepanto, instituted by Gregory XIII., 1573 — after victory of Peterwardein, appointed by Clement XL to be celebrated annually, 17 16. ~ Rosas, {Rhode,) in Spain, — taken by Philip III. of France, 1285 a — retaken for Pedro III. of Aragon by Eoger de Loria, 1285 a — besieged by Count du Plessis-Praslin, 6 Apr. 1645 a — capitulates, 26 May a — captured and evacuated by Count de Noailles, 1693 b — taken by French, 19 Nov. 1794° — defeat of French by Spaniards at, n Jul. 1808 c — capture and destruction of French squadron by the English under Lord Collingwood, 30 Oct. 1809° — besieged by St Cyr, 5 Nov. 1809° — relief attempted by Lord Cochrane, 30 Nov. c — surrenders, 4 Dec. 1809 c — given up by French, 18 14. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Crowe. c Alison. Rosbach, in Prussia, — Frederick the Great defeats French and Imperialists, 5 Nov. 1757 — battle-field visited and memorial column thrown down by Napoleon I., 1806. Roscelin, philosopher, — condemned for his speculations on the Trinity by Council of Sois- sons, 1092 — passes into England, about 1093 — living, 1 121. [See Nominalism.] Roscius, Lucius, — [BC] — sent ambassador to Fidenae and murdered there, 438. Roscius, Quintus, comic actor, — [B C] — made an eques by Sulla, 81 — defended by Cicero, 68— tf., 62. 1224 ROSCIUS— ROSKILD. Roscius, Sextus,— [B C]— accused of murder of his father and successfully defended by Ci- cero, 30. Roscoe, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — 6., about 1800— called to the bar, 1826— tf., 25 Mar. 1836. Lives of British Lawyers, 1 830— Life of William Roscoe, 1833— Law of Evi- dence in Criminal Cases, 1836. Roscoe, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Liverpool, Jun. 1791 — tf. in London, 24 Sep. 1 87 1. Translations of Memoirs of B en- voi itto Cellini, i%iT > —Sismondi's Literature of South of Europe, 1823, and Lanzi's History of Painting in Ltaly, 1828. Memoirs of Scipiode Bicci, 1829 — Life and Writings of Cervantes, 1 839 — edits Novelist's Library, 1 83 1 -2. Roscoe, William, historian,— b. near Liver- pool, 8 Mar. 1753 — begins practice as a law- yer, 1774— M. P. Liverpool, 1806 — retires, 1807— tf. there, 30 Jun. 1831. Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, 1796 — Life and Pontificate of Leo X, 1805. Roscoe, William Caldwell, poet,—b. at Liverpool, 1823 — B.A. London, 1843 — called to the bar, 1850— marries, 1855— tf. at Rich- mond, 30 Jul. 1859. Poems and Essays, i860. Roscommon, in Ireland. Abbey, founded by O'Connor, about 1257. Castle, built by de Ufford, 1268. Roscommon, Wentworth Billon, 4th Earl of, poet, — fj. in Ireland, about 1633 — quits England, 1642-60 — tf., 17 Jan. 1684. Rose, George, statesman, — fc. at Brechin, n Jun. 1744— Keeper of Public Records, before 1767 — appointed to complete Journals of House of Lords, 1767 — Joint-secretary to Treasury, 1784 — accused of malversation, 1792 — Pres. Board of Trade, and Treasurer of the Navy, 1 807 — "0. in Hampshire, 1 3 Jan. 18 1 8. Observ- ations on Historical Work of C. J. Fox, 1809. Rose, Heinrich, chemist, — fc. at Berlin, 6 Aug. 1795 — studies under Berzelius at Stock- holm, 1 8 19-2 1 — Prof. Extraord. Chemistry, Berlin, 1823 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1832 — Ordinary Prof., 1835 — tf. at Berlin, .28 Jan. 1864. Handbuch der analytischen Chimie, 1829-31. Rose, Hugh James, theologian, projector of Rose's Biographical Dictionary, — b. in Surrey, 1 7 95 — B.A. Cambridge, 1 8 1 7 — takes holy orders, Dec. 181 8 — Prof. Divinity, Durham Univ., 1833 — chaplain to Abp of Canterbury, 1834 — Principal of King's Coll. London, 1836 — editor of Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, 1836 — tj. at Florence, 22 Dec. 1838. Rosebecque, in Flanders, — Charles VI. of France defeats Flemings under Philip van Artevelde, 27 Nov. 1382. Roselli, {Rosselli,) Cosimo, painter, — fc. at Florence, 1439— employed in the Vatican by Sixtus IV., about 1480 — living, Nov. 1506. Tfreseo in Convent of San Ambrogio, Florence, 1456. Rosellini, Ippolito, Egyptologist, — ft. at Pisa, 13 Aug. 1800 — D.D., 1821 — studies Oriental languages under Mezzofanti at Bolog- na, 1 82 1 -4— Prof. Oriental Languages, Pisa, 1824 — begins study of Egyptian hieroglyphics, 1825 — visits Egypt with Champollion, 1828-9 — tf. Librarian to Univ. of Pisa, 4 Jun. 1843. I Monnmenti del Egitto e della Nubia, 1832-44. Rosen, Friedrich August, Orientalist, — fj. at Hanover, 2 Sep. 1805 — studies at Leipsic, 1822 — at Berlin, 1824 — begins study of San- scrit, 1824 — Prof. Oriental Languages, London Univ., 1829 — tf. in London, 12 Sep. 1837. Radices Sanscritce, 1827 — Rig Vedae Specimen, 1830 — Rig Veda Sanhita Liber primus, San- scrite et Latine, 1838. Rosenmiiller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, Orient- alist, — ft. at Hessberg, 10 Dec. 1768 — rrof. Arabic, Leipsic, 1795 — Prof. Oriental Lan- guages, 1813 — tf. at Leipsic, 17 Sep. 1835. Scholia in Vetus Testamentum, 17 88- 1835 — Handbuch der Mblischen Alterthumslmnde, 1823-31 — Lnstitutiones linguae Arab icce, 181 8. Rosenmiiller, Johann Christian, anatomist, — ft. at Hessberg, 177 1 — M.D. Leipsic, 1797 — Extraord. Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, 1800 — Ordinary, 1804 — tf. at Leipsic, 29 Feb. 1820. Atlas anatomico-chirurgicale, 1805-12 — Hand- buch der Anatomie, 1808 — Beitrag zur phy- siJcalische Geschichte der Erde, 1 799-1 805. Rosenmiiller, Johann Georg, theologian, — fj. in Hildburghausen, 18 Dec. 1736 — Prof. Theology, Erlangen, and D.D., 1775 — at Leipsic, 1785 — tf. there, 14 Mar. 18 15. His- toria interpretations Librorum sacrorum, 1795- 1814 — Scholia in Nov. Testamentum, 1777- 1807. Roses, Wars of the, in England, — between Houses of York and Lancaster, commence with battle of St Alhan's, 23 May 1455 — terminate with battle of Bosworth, 22 Aug. r.485. \_See Henry VI., Edward IV., Richard III., Henry VII., Warwick, Earl of, Northampton, Wakefield, Towton, Hexham, Barnet, and Tewkesbury.] Rosetta, (Raschid,) in Egypt, — mentioned by Edrisi, 1153 — taken by the French, 1798 — by British and Turks, 19 Apr. 1801 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by British, Mar. to Apr. 1807. Stone, with trilingual inscription, [b.c. 196] discovered by French, 1798 — brought to England, 1802. Rosicrucians, Secret Society, — attract at- tention in Germany, 1600-30. Rosin, (Roszfeld,) Jean, (Rosinus,) antiquary, — h. at Eisenach, 155 1 — preacher at Naum- burg, 1592 — tf. at Naumburg, 7 Oct. 1626. Antiquitatum Romanarum corpus, 1583. Rosini, Carlo Maria, archaeologist, — ft. at Naples, 1 Apr. 1748 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 1769 — Grand Almoner and Counsellor of State, 1806 — Pres. Royal Society, 18 15 — tf. at Naples, 18 Feb. 1836. Dissertatio isagogica ad Her - culanensium voluminum explanationem, 1797 — Herculanensium voluminum quae supersunt, 1793-1823. Roskild, Roeschild, in Lsle of Zealand, — founded, about 970 or 980 — seat of a bishop- ric, 1012 — rebuilt of stone, 1084 — fortified, 1 150 — obtains rank of a city, about 1268 or 1278 — burnt, 1282, 1443, and 1525 — ceases to be royal residence, 1443 — made seat of pro- vincial assembly for Danish Islands, by decree BOSLIN— EOSSI. 1225 of 28 May 183 1. Cathedral, built by Cnut the Holy, 1047-84. Treaty of, between Charles Gustavus of Sweden, and Frederick III. of Denmark, concluded, 28 Feb. 1658. Roslin, in Scotland, — the English defeated by the Scots in three engagements, 24 Feb. 1303. Chapel, built by William St Clair, Earl of Orkney, 1446. Castle, burnt by Earl of Hertford, 1544. Rosmini, Carlo de, historian, biographer, — ft. at Eoveredo, 28 Oct. 1758 — settles at Milan, 1802 — tf. at Milan, 9 Jun. 1827. Vita di Ovidio Nasone, 1789 — Vita edisciplina di Gua- rino Veronese, 1 805-6 — Vita di Francesco Filelfo da Tolentino, 1808 — Istoria di Milano, 1820. Rosmini Servati, Antonio, philosopher, — b. at Eoveredo, n Apr. 1787 — founds Institute of Charity, and Sisters of Providence, 1828 — envoy from Piedmont to Papal Court, 1848 — accompanies Pius IX. to Gaeta, 1848 — ft. at Stresa, 30 Jun. 1855. Cinque Piaghe dell' ecclesia, 1848 — SulV Origine delle Idee, 1830 — Principi della scienze morale, 1832 — Storia Comparativa de' Systemi intomo al principio delle scienze morale, 1837 — Filosofia della Po- litica, 1858 — Teodicea, 1857. Rosny, M. de. [Sully, Duke de.] Rosolic Acid, — discovered by Eunge, 1834. Ross, New Ross, in Ireland, — see of, united with Cork, 1586. Ross, The Man of. [Kyrle, John.] Ross, Alexander, poet, — %. in Aberdeenshire, 1699 — M.A. Marischal Coll., 17 18— marries, 1726 — schoolmaster of Lochlee, in Angus, 1732 — tf., 20 May 1784. Helenore, 1768. Ross, Sir James Clark, maritime discoverer, — fi. in London, 15 Apr. 1800 — enters the navy, 1812 — accompanies his uncle, Sir John Eoss, on his first voyage to the North Seas, 1818 — F.L.S., 1823 — accompanies Capt. Parry on his three voyages, between Jan. 18 19 to Oct. 1825— and again, 1827 — Commander, Nov. 1827 — F.E.S., 1828— serves under Sir John Eoss on his second voyage, 1829-33 — Post- captain, 1834 — employed in magnetic survey of Great Britain and Ireland, 1836-8 — com- mands expedition to Antarctic Ocean, Apr. 1839 to Sep. 1843, an< * discovers Victoria Land : Knt, D.C.L. Oxford, 1844 — commands expedition to Baffin's Bay in search of Sir J. Franklin, 1848 — tf. at Aylesbury, 3 Apr. 1862. Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions during the years 1839-43, 1847. Ross, {Rouse,) John, antiquary of Warwick, — tf. in Warwickshire, 149 1. Ross, Sir John, admiral, — h. in Scotland, 24 Jun. 1777 — enters the navy, 1786 — Com- mander, Feb. 18 12 — commands expedition in search of North-West passage, Apr. to Nov. 1818, and May 1829 to Sep. 1833— Knt, C.B., Dec. 1834 — consul at Stockholm, 1839-45 — goes in search of Sir John Franklin, 1850 — Bear-admiral, 8 Jul. 1851 — tf. in London, 30 Aug. 1856. Voyage of Discovery . . . for the purpose of exploring Baffin' s Bay, 18 19 — Nar- rative of a Second Voyage in search of a North- West Passage, 1835. Ross, Robert, major-general, — 6., 1774— contributes to victory of Maida, 1 806 — distin- guishes himself in the Peninsula, 1808-14 — takes Washington, 24 Aug. 18 14 — killed in attack on Baltimore, 12 Sep. 18 14. Ross, Sir William Charles, painter, — h., 1794 — E.A. and Knt, 1839 — **•> 2 ° ^ an - i860. Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd Eakl of, {lord Oxmantown,) astronomer, — ft. at York, 1800 — B.A. Oxford, 1822 — M.P. King's County, 1821-34 — F.E.S., 1824 — marries, 1836— succeeds to the peerage, 1841 — Pres. British Association, 1843 — one °f * ne repre- sentative peers of Ireland, 1845 — erects his great telescope, 1842-5 — Pres. E. S., 1849-54 — member of Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 1853 — member of Legion of Honour, 1 855 — Chancellor of Univ. of Dublin, 1865— tf. atMonkstown, 31 Oct. 1867. Rossel, Louis Nathaniel, colonel, — n. at Saint-Brieuc, in Brittany, 9 Sep. 1844 — takes part in Communal insurrection, at Paris, Mar. 1 87 1 — appointed Minister of War to the Com- mune, 30 Apr. — captured by police at Paris, 7 Jun. — tried before Court Martial, Versailles, Nov. 1 87 1 — shot at Satory, 28 Nov. 1871. Rosselli, Cosimo. [Roselli. ] Rosselli, Matteo, painter, — fi. at Florence, 10 Aug. 1578 — tf. there, 1650. Rossetti, Grabriele, poet, §c, — ft. in the Abruzzi, 18 Feb. (iMar.) 1783 — Keeper of the Museum of Naples, 18 14 — compelled to leave Italy, 1 82 1 — comes to England, 1824 — Prof, Italian Literature, King's Coll. London, 1831 — becomes blind, and resigns his chair, 1845 — tf- in London, 26 Apr. 1854. Commento analitico alia Divina Commedia, 1826-7 — Sullo spirito antipapale, 1830 — Ifistero del Amor platonico svelato, 1840 — Salterio, 1840 — Veggente in solitudine, 1843 — Arpa evangelica, 1852. Rossi, Countess. [Sontag, Henrietta.] Rossi, Antonio, painter, — 6. in Padua, about 1390? Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo, Orientalist,— b. at Castelnuovo-Canarese, 1742 — Prof, at Univ. of Parma, 1769 — tf. there, 1831. Varice lee- tiones Vet. Testamenti, 1784 — De hebraicce typographies origine ac primitiis, 1776. Rossi, Girolamo, {Rubeus, de Rubeis,) his- torian, — fi. at Eavenna, 1539 — envoy to Clem- ent VIIL, 1604 — tf. at Eavenna, 22 Apr. 1607. Historiarum Ravennatum lib. X., 1572. Rossi, John Charles Felix, sculptor,— b. at Nottingham, 1762 — studies at Eome, 1785-88 — A.E.A., 1800 — E.A., 1802— tf., 21 Feb. 1839. Rossi, Pellegrino, Count, statesman, — o. at Carrara, 13 Jul. 1787 — Advocate at Bologna, 1809 — settles at Geneva, 18 14 — Prof. Law, 18 19 — member of the Council, 1820 — Prof. Poli- tical Economy, Paris, 1833 — Peer of France, 1839 — ambassador to Eome, 1845 — promotes election of Pius IX., 1846 — First Minister to the pope, 16 Sep. 1848 — assassinated at Eome, 15 Nov. 1848. Rossi, Rosso He, {II Rosso,) {Giovambattista di Jacopo,) {Maltre Roux,) painter, — 6. at Flo- ROSSINI— ROTTECK. rence, about 1496 — enters service of Francis I. of France, 1530 — poisons himself at Fontaine- bleau, 1 54 1. Rossini, Gioacchino, musical composer— h. at Pesaro, near Bologna, 29 Feb. 1792— enters Lyceum of Bologna, 1807— Musical Director of San Carlo, Naples, 1815-23 — marries Mdlle Colbran, 1821 — visits Paris, 1823 — Director of Italian Opera, London, 1824 — Director of Italian Opera, Paris, 1825-30— returns to Italy, 1836— settles at Paris, 1855— tf. tliere, 13 Nov. 1868. Inganno Infelice, 1812 — Tan- credi, 1 8 1 ^—Barbiere di Siviglia, 1 8 1 6 — Otello, 1 816 — Cenerentola, 1817 — Gazza Ladra, 18 17 — Moise, 1 8 1 8 — Semir -amide, 1823— Guillaume Tell, iSzg—Stabat Mater, ifyz—Messe Soloi- nelle, written, 1863 — produced at Paris, 1869. Eosslyn, Alexander Wedderburne, 1st Earl of, statesman, — b. in Scotland, 13 Feb. 1 733 — goes to London, and enters Middle Tem- ple, 1753 — called to English bar, 1757— So- licitor-general, Jan. 177 1— Attorney-general, Jun. 1773— M.P. Oakhampton, 1774 — Privy- Councillor and Chief Justice of Common Pleas, Jun. 1 7 80 — created Lord Loughborough, 1 7 80 — First Commissioner of Great Seal, Apr. 1783 — Lord Chancellor, 27 Jan. 1793 — retires, and is created Earl of Eosslyn, Apr. 1801 — tf. in Berkshire, 3 Jan. 1805. Eosslyn, James St Clair Erskine, 2nd Earl of, — b.,1762 — succeeds his father, SirH. Ers- kine, as Bart., 1863 — enters the army, 1778 — M.P., 1782 — marries, 1790 — as Lieutenant- colonel, serves at Toulon, 1793 — Colonel and aide-de-camp to George III., 1795 — Brigadier- general, serves in Portugal, Nov. 1796 to Dec. 1797 — Major-general, 1 Jan. 1798 — present at reduction of Minorca, 1798 — Lieutenant-ge- neral, 1805 — succeeds his uncle in the peerage, 3 Jan. 1805 — at siege of Copenhagen, 1807 — in Walcheren expedition, 1809 — General, Jun. 18 14— K.G.C.B., 27 May 1820— Keeper of the Privy Seal, Jun. 1829 — Lord President of the Council, Dec. 1834 — tf. at Dysart House, Fifeshire, 18 Jan. 1837. Eost, Johann Christoph, poet, — b. at Leipsic, 7 Apr. 17 17 — secretary and librarian to Count Briihl, at Dresden, 1744 — tf. there, 1765. Schufererzdhlungen, 1742 — Her Teufelan Herm G(ottsched,) 1754 — Vermischte Gedichte, 1769. Eostock, in Germany, — conquered and burnt by Waldemar I. of Denmark, 1161 — rebuilt by Pribislas, Prince of the Obotrites, about 1170 — one of the Hanse Towns, 1218- 1630— seat of Lords of Rostock, under Danish supremacy, 1237-1301 — passes to Mecklenburg, 1323. Uni- versity of, founded, 141 9 — transferred to Grcii'swald, 1737-43 — to Biitzow, 1760 — re- stored, 1789. Eostopchin, (Pastopchin,) Count Feodor Vasilevich, general, — ft. in Russia, 12 (23) Mar. 1765 a — Governor of Moscow, 29 May 18 1 2 to 30 Aug. 1814 s — accompanies Emperor Alexander to Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — goes to Paris, 1817 — tf. at Moscow, 18 (30) Jan., a 12 Feb. b 1826. La verite sur Vincendie de Moscou, 1823 — (Euvres, 1853. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Eosweyde, Heribert, hagiographer, — ft. at Utrecht, 22 Jan. 1569 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1589 — tf. at Antwerp, 15 Oct. 1629. Fasti Sanctorum quorum Vitce in Belgio MSS. asser- vantur, 1607 — Vitce- Patrum, 1615-18 — Vin- dicia Kempenses, 161 7. Eoswitha. [Hroswitha.] Eota, Bernardino, poet, — b. at Naples, 1509 — tf. there, 26 Dec. 1575. Piscatorie, 1560 — Sonetti, 1560. Eotary Furnace, — patented by "Walker, 1853 — applied to puddling, 1865. Eotgans, Lucas, poet, — b. at Amsterdam, Oct. 1645 — serves in the army, 1672-74— tf. near Amsterdam, 3 Nov. 17 10. Poems, 17 15 — Wilhem de F/erde, 1691. Eotharis. [See Lombards.] Eothe, Eichard, theologian, — b. at Posen, 28 Jan. 1799 — goes to Heidelberg Univ., 18 17 — to Berlin, 18 19— chaplain to Prussian em- bassy, at Rome, 1823-8 — Prof, at "Wittenberg, 1828 — Prof, and Director, at Theological Seminary, Heidelberg, 1837 — removes to Bonn, 1849 — returns to Heidelberg, 1854 — tf. there, 20 Aug. 1867. Theologische Ethik, 1845-8 — Zur Bogmatik, 1863. Eotheram, (Scott,) Thomas, Abp of York, — b. at Rotheram, in Yorkshire, 24 Aug. 1423 a — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1444 — Keeper of the Privy Seal, and Bp of Roches- ter, 1468 — ambassador to France, 1469 — Bp of Lincoln, 8 Mar. 1472 — appointed Lord Chancellor, between 1 Feb. and 28 May 1474 a — Abp of York, 3 Sep. 1480 — dismissed by Gloucester, May 1483 — seized and imprisoned, Jun. 1483 — but liberated before 24 Jan. 1488 — tf. at Cawood, 29 May 1500. a Foss. Eothesay, in Bute, — made royal burgh, by Robert III., 1400. Castle, built by Magnus, king of Norway, about 1098 — seized by Haco, king of Norway, 1263 — by Edward Baliol, 1334 — by Earl of Lennox and the English, 1544 — burnt by Duke of Argyle, 1685. Eothesay, David Stewart, Duke of, and Earl of Carrick, — b., about 1377 — created Duke by his father, Robert III., 28 Apr. 1398 a — Regent of Scotland, 27 Jan. 1398-9 — marries Elizabeth Douglas, 1398 — protects Edinburgh against Henry IV., 1400 — imprisoned in Falk- land Castle, and starved to death, 140 1 — Al- bany and Douglas examined respecting his death, in great council at Holyrood, and de- clared innocent, 16 May I402. a a Tytler. Eothschild, Meyer Anselm, banker, — b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1743 — tf. there, Sep. 1812. Eothschild, Nathan Meyer, — goes to Eng- land, 1800 — denizen by letters-patent, 1804 — Baron of Austrian Empire, 1822 — tf. at Frank- fort, 22 Jul. 1836 — buried in London, 8 Aug. Eotrou, Jean de, dramatist, — b. at Dreux, 12 Aug. 1609 — tf. there, 27 Jul. 1650. Works, between 1631-50. Eotteck, Karl Wenceslaus Eodecker von, historian, — b. at Freiburg, (Baden,) 18 Jul. 1775 — LL.D., 1797 — Prof. History at the Univ., 1798 — Prof. Politics and Law of Nations, 181 8 — member of first Chamber of ROTTENHAMER— EOTJSSILLON. 1227 . r 31 May 1 868 — occupied by Germans, under Gen. Manteuffel, 5 Dec. 1870 — head-quarters of Gen. Fabrice, removed to Saint Denis, 13 Apr. 1 87 1 — evacuated by Germans, 22 Jul. 1871. Cathedral, rebuilt by Ingelramnus, 1212- 80. Church of St Ouen, completed, 1339.° Councils of, held, 689 ; against simony, about 1049 ; on discipline, 1055 ; 1073; on discipline, 1074; to confirm decrees of Council oi Cler- mont, Feb. 1096 ; before Henry I. of England, respecting affairs of England and Normandy, 7 Oct. or 5 Nov. n 18 ; against incontinence of priests, Nov. 11 19; on discipline, Oct. 11 28, and 11 Feb. 1190; to publish abridgment of canons of the Lateran, 27 Mar. 1223 ; on dis- cipline, 1231, 18 Jun. 1299, and 15 Dec. 1445. a Univers Pittoresque. b Crowe. c Fergusson. ' Rouge et Noir,' (Trente-un, Trente et Quarante,) game of chance, — introduced in France, about 1789 — prohibited, 1838. Rougier de la Bergerie, Jean Baptiste, writer on Agriculture, — fc. in Limousin, 1757 — member of municipality of Paris, 1789 — correspondent of Institute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, 13 Sep. 1836. Histoire de V agriculture fran- caise, 1 8 15 — Cours complet d' 'agriculture fran- gaise, 1819-22 — Histoire de V Agriculture an- cienne des Momains, 1 834. Roulette, game of chance, — prohibited in France, 1838. Roullet, Jean Louis, engraver, — ft. at Aries, 1645 — studies in Italy, 1673-83 — Associate of Academy, at Paris, 1698 — tr. at Paris, 1699. Roumania, — [Danubian Principalities] — principality constituted by union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1861 — Prince Charles of Ho- henzollern elected Hospodar, 15 Apr. 1866 — recognized by the Porte, Jul. 1866 — massacre of Jews in, close of May 1870. Roundheads, — appellation of Puritans in England, comes into use, 1641. Roundway Down, near Devizes, — Prince Eupert defeats Sir W. "Waller at, 13 Jul. 1643. Rouse, John. [Ross.] Rousseau, Jacques, painter, — fi. at Paris, 1630 — member of the Academy, 1662 — o". in London, 16 Dec. 1693. Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, — b. at Paris, 6 Apr. 1670 — admitted to Academy of Inscrip- tions, 1701 — banished from France, Apr. 17 12 — visits England, 17 21 — fr. at Brussels, 17 Mar. 1 741. (Euvres, 1743. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Geneva, 28 Jun. 17 12 — goes to Paris, 1 741 — secretary to embassy at Venice, 1742 — meets Madame d'Epinay, 1748 — goes to live with her, 1756 — quits Paris, 1762 — in England, 1766 — returns to Paris, 1770 — U. near Chantilly, 1 Jul. 1778 — his remains removed to the Pantheon, Oct. 1794. Lettre sur la musique Frangaise, 1753 — Nouvelle Heloise, 1760 — Fmile, 1762 — Contrat Social, 1762 — ■ Dictionnaire de Musique, 1767 — Confessions, 1782. Rousselet, Gille, engraver,— fc. at Paris, i6i4, a i6io b — fc. there, Jul. 1686. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Roussillon, in France, {Comitatus Huscino- the States, 1819 — his lectures prohibited, Oct. 1832 — U. at Freiburg, 26 Nov. 1840. Allge- Weltgeschich te, 1813-27 — Ideen iiber Landstdnde, 18 19 — Lehrbuch des Vernunft- rechts, 1829 — Kleinere Schriften, 1829-35. Rottenhamer, (Hothenamer,) Johann, paint- er, — h. at Munich, 1566^ 1564 bc —U. at Augs- burg, i6o4, a 1623.° a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Conv.-Lex. Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, — has rank of a city, 1272 — attacked by Archduke Maxi- milian, defended by Franz von Brederode, 1480 — burnt, 1563 — taken and pillaged by Spaniards, 1573 — riots, suppressed by military, Nov. 1868. Roubillac, Louis Francois, sculptor, — n. at Lyons, about 1695 — goes to England, 1720 a ? about 1725^ before 1745° — tl. in London, 11 Jan. 1762. Monument of John, Duke of Argyle, Westminster Abbey, about 1745? — Statue of Handel, Westminster, 1 760-1 — of Shakespeare, British Museum, 1758 — of Sir Isaac Newton, Cambridge, 1755. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Roucher, Jean Antoine, poet, — 1). at Mont- pellier, 1745— guillotined at Paris, 7 Aug. 1794. Les Mois, 1779. Rouelle, Guillaume Francois, chemist, — fc. near Caen, 1703 — if. at Passy, 3 Aug. 1770. Rouen, in Normandy, (Hotomagus,) — seat of bishopric, about 306 a — Charles the Great receives ambassadors of Emperor Michael at, 812 a — pillaged and destroyed by Northmen, 841 or 842 — capital of Duchy of Normandy, 912 — repulses Emperor Otto, 946 b — besieged by Louis VII., Prince Henry of England, and Philip of Alsace, 22 Jul. 1174 — relieved by Henry II., 14 Aug. 1174 — unsuccessfully attacked by Philip Augustus, 11 93— besieged and taken by him, 1 Jun. 1204 — his fleet and army assemble at, for invasion of England, i2i3 b — obtains grant or confirmation of liberties from Philip the Hardy, 1278 — refuses aid to John II., 1356 — suburbs of, burnt by English, 1356 — insurrection against . tax- gatherers, 1382 — insurrection under Alain Blanchard, suppressed by the Dauphin, 141 7 — besieged by Henry V., Jul. 141 8 — surrenders, 19 Jan. 1419 — Henry V. holds his Court at, 1419 — Joan of Arc burnt at, 1431 — castle surprised by French, but immediately recovered, 1432— recovered by Charles VII., 10 Nov. 1449 b — castle given up to Duke of Bourbon for Duke of Berry, 1465 — entry of Charles, Duke of Normandy, Nov. 1465 — taken by Louis XL, Jan. 1466— declares for the Hu- guenots, Apr. 1562 — stormed by Anthony of Navarre, 26 Oct. 1562 — massacre of Protest- ants at, 1572 — castle surprised by Royalists, but retaken, 1590 — invested by Marshal de Biron, n Nov. 159 1 — relief of, attempted by Duke of Parma, who is defeated by Henry IV., Feb. 1592 — siege raised by Duke of Parma, 20 Apr. — surrenders to Henry IV., 1593 — As- sembly of Notables at, 4 Nov. 1596 b — again, Dec. i6i7 b — occupied by Louis XIII. , 1620 — taken from Duke of Longueville, 1650 — visited by Napoleon III. and Empress Eugenie, ;:S ROUSSILLON-ROYAL ACADEMY OF AETS. nensis or Boscilioncnsis,) — subject to Visigoths, 462 — to Saracens, 720— conquered by Pepin the Short, 760 — forms a County, about 810 — hereditary County, about 915 — bequeathed to king- of Avagon, by Gerard, last Count, 4 Jul. 1 172 — sovereignty of king of France renounced by Louis IX., 1258 — pledged to Louis XL by John II. of Aragon, 1462— seized by Louis XL, 147 1 — restored to Spain by Treaty of Narbonne, 1493 — taken possession of by France, 1641-2 — ceded to France by Treaty of the Py- renees, 1659 — invaded by Spaniards, 1793 — recovered by French, 1794. Roussillon, Edict of, in French History, — against Huguenots, published by Charles IX., 4 Aug. 1564. Routh, Martin Joseph, theologian, — b. near Beccles, Suffolk, 15 Sep. 1755— enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 31 May 1770— Fellow of Magda- len Coll., Jul. 1776— M. A., Oct. 1776— Libra- rian to his Coll., 178 1 — Pres. Magdalen Coll., 11 Apr. 1791 — marries, 1820 — ft. at Oxford, 22 Dec. 1854. Reliquice Sacra, 1814-15 — edits Burnet's History of his own Times, 1823 — edits Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Opuscula, 1832-40. Roux, Maitre. [Rosso.] Rovere, Fr. della. [Sixtus IV., Pope.] Rovere, Giuliano della. [Julius II., Pope.] Roveredo, in Italy, — Napoleon I. defeats Austrians at, 3 and 4 Sep. 1796. Rovezzano, Benedetto da, sculptor, — ft. near Florence, about 1490 — comes to England, 1524 — ft. at Florence, 1550. His monument of Gualberto destroyed, 1530. Begins Tomb for Wolsey, about 1524. Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie Rene Savary, Duke of, general, — h. in Champagne, 26 Apr. 1774 — enters the army, about 1789 — serves in army of the Rhine, 1794-5 — aide-de-camp to Desaix, 1796 — to Napoleon, 1800 — General of Division, 1 Feb. 1805 — sent on secret missions to Emperor of Russia, 1805-6 — takes Hameln, 20 Nov. 1806 — defeats Russians at Ostrolenka, 16 Feb. 1807 — Grand Cordon of Legion of Honour, 1807 — distinguishes himself at Fried- land, 1807— Duke of Rovigo, Feb. 1808 — serves in Spain, 1808 — rejoins Napoleon at Erfurt, Oct. 1808 — accompanies Napoleon in campaign of Wagram, 1 809 — Minister of Police, Jun. 18 10 — Peer of France, 18 15 — Governor of Algeria, Dec. 1831 to Mar. 1833 — tf. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1833. Rowe, Elizabeth, miscellaneous writer, — b. at llchester, 11 Sep. 1674 — marries Thomas Rowe, 17 10 — left a widow, 17 15 — tf. at Frome, 20 Feb. 1737. Friendship in Death, 1728 — Letters, 1729-33 — Devout Exercises, 1737. Rowe, Nicholas, poet, — b. in Bedfordshire, 1673 — enters the Middle Temple, 1689 — poet laureate, 17 14 — ft., 6 Dec. 17 18. Ambitious Stepmother, 1698 — Tamerlane, 1703 — Fair Penitent, 1703 — Lady Jane Grey, 1715— edi- tion of Shakespeare, 1709 — translation of Lu- can's PharaaUa, 1728. Rowlands, Henry, antiquary, — tf., 1722. Mona A a a (//'n reatituta, 1723. Rowlandson, Thomas, artist, — b. in London, 1 756— -studies at Royal Academy, about 1774 — n., 1827. Rowley, William, dramatist. A new Wonder, a woman never vext, 1532 — Match at Midnight, 1633 — Birth of Merlin, 1662. Rowley, Sir William, admiral, — Com- mander R. N., 17 16 — Vice-admiral, Jun. 1744 — bombards several towns on Genoese coast, 1745 — Admiral, Jul. 1747— Rear-admiral of Great Britain, 12 Jul. 1749 — Commissioner for office of Lord High Admiral, 1751 — K.B., 1753 — Admiral of the Fleet, 1762 — ft., 1 Jan. 1768. Roxana, — [B C] — married to Alexander, 327 — murders Stateira and Drypetis, 323 — accom- panies Perdiccas into Egypt, 321 — removed to Macedonia, by Antipater, 320 — flees to JEacides of Epirus, 318 — taken by Cassander at Pydna, and put into custody, 316 — put to death, 311. Roxburgh, William, physician, botanist, — b. in Ayrshire, 29 Jun. 1759 — Superintendent of Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 1793-1814 — if. at Edinburgh, 10 Apr. 18 15. Flora Indica, 1832 — Coromandel Flants, 1795-8. Roxburgh Castle, in Scotland, — royal resid- ence, by David I.., 11 32 — surrendered to Henry II. of England on release of William the Lion, Dec. 1 174 — given up by Richard I., 1189 — residence of Alexander III., Sep. 1255 — visited by Henry III. of England, 1255 — surrendered to Edward I., 6 Jun. 1291 — Court of King's Bench sits in, 1292 — captured by Bruce and Douglas, Mar. 1313' — demolished by Bruce, soon after: rebuilt by Edward III., 1334 — who spends Christmas at, 1335 — taken by Scots under Sir A. Ramsay, 1342 — retaken by Eng- lish, 1 346 — siege of, commenced by James II. of Scotland, and taken by Queen Mary, 1460 — again destroyed, 1460 — partly restored by Duke of Somerset, 1547 — given up to Scots, and de- molished, 1550. Roxburghe, John, Duke of, ' bibliophile^ — b. at Bristol, 1746 — ft. in London, 19 Mar. 1804. Roxburghe Club, — founded in London, 1 8 1 2. Roy. [Rammohun Roy.] Roy, Antoine, Count, statesman, — b. at Savigny, 1764 — Advocate, 1785 — Minister of Finance, 7-27 Dec. 1818 — again, 19 Nov. 1819 to 13 Dec. 1 82 1 — Peer of France, Dec. 1821 — again Minister, 4 Jan. 1828 — retires, 9 Aug. 1829 — tf. at Paris, 4 Apr. 1847. Roy, Pierre Charles, dramatist, — b. at Paris, 1683 — ft. there, 23 Oct. 1764. (Euvres diver ses, 1727. Roy, William, major-general, — b. in Scot- land, 4 May 1726 — employed, on military survey and map of Scotland, 1746 — F.R.S., 1767 — measures ' Hounslow Base' for Ord- nance Survey of Great Britain, 1784 — and receives Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1785 — completes triangulation, Sep. 1788 — rj. in London, 1 Jul. 1790. Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, 1793. Royal Academy of Arts, London, — founded, 10 Sep. 1768 — class of Associates created, 1769 — first exhibition in Somerset House, 178 1 — ■ occupies part of National Gallery, 1836 — class of Retired Academicians formed, 1862 — re- moved to Burlington House, 1 869. Commission on, appointed, 2 Feb. 1863. ROYAL DOMAIN— RUDBECK. 1229 Royal Domain, of France, — alienations of, revoked by Philip the Tall, 1318 — declared in- alienable by Charles IX., 1566 — distinction between domains of the Crown and of the State introduced by Constituent Assembly, 1790. Royal George, — sinks at Spithead, 29 Aug. 1782 — wreck surveyed with diving-bell, 23 May 1817 — removed by Pasley, 1839-41. Royal Institution, London, — founded, 1 800. Royal Marriage Act. [Marriage.] Royal Society, of London, — founded, 28 Nov. 1660 — incorporated by charter of Charles II., 22 Apr. 1663 — has apartments in Somerset House, 1782— method of admission revised, 1848. Copley Medal, instituted by Sir God- frey Copley, 1709. Rumford Medal, by Count Rumford, 1796. Royal Medals, by George IV., 1 8 25. Philosophical Transactions, publica- tion of, commences, 6 Mar. 1665. Royal Society, of Edinburgh, — founded, 23 Jun. 1783 — incorporated by royal charter, 1783 Royal Society of Literature, — established, 1823 — chartered, 13 Sep. 1826. Royen, Adrian van, botanist, — b., 1705 — Director of Botanic Garden, Leyden, 1738 — ft., 1779. Dissertatio botanico-medica inauguralis de anatome et ceconomia plantarum, 1728. Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, philosopher, — b. near Vitry-le-Francois, 1763 — Advocate to Parliament of Paris, 1789 — deputy to Council of Five Hundred, May to Jul. 1797 — Dean of Faculty of Letters, Prof. History of Modern Philosophy, 181 1 — Director of royal printing-press, Councillor of State, Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 14 to Mar. 1815 — Councillor of State, Pres. Commission of Public Instruction, 1815 — member of Cham- ber of Deputies, 18 15— Vice-Pres., Jan. 18 16 — admitted to French. Academy, 1827 — Pres. Chamber of Deputies, 1828 — ft. at Chateau- Vieux, 4 Sep. 1845. Roziere, Louis Francois Carlet, Marquis de la, general, — ft. in Ardennes, 1733 — enters the army, 1745 — at battle of Rosbach, 1757 — wounded at Sondershausen, 1758 — takes part An retreat of Minden, 1759 — distinguishes him- self at capture of Cassel, 1760— Chevalier of St Louis, 176 1 — leads assault on Cascade of Cassel, 1 76 1 — in England, 1763 — Commander at St Malo, 1770 — prepares plan of descent on England, 1778 — Marechal de Camp, 17 81 — serves under emigrant princes, 1792 — enters service of Portugal, 1797 — ft. at Lisbon, 7 Apr. 1808. Rualt, Jean, {Rualdus,) classical scholar, — b. at Coutances, about i58o, a 1570 b — Prof. Belles Lettres, Coll. Royal, 1629 — ft. at Paris, 1636. Edition of Plutarch, 1624. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, painter, — b. at Siegen, in Westphalia, 29 Jun. 1577 — visits Italy, 1600 — ambassador from Duke of Mantua to Philip III. of Spain, 1605 — returns to Ant- werp, 1608 — court painter to Albert and Isa- bella, 1609 — marries, Oct. 1609 — visits Court of France, 1620 — loses his wife, 1626 — ambas- sador from Isabella to Philip III., 1628 — ambassador to England, 1629— Knt, by Charles I., 1630 — marries again, 1630 — envoy to Hol- land, 1633 — ft. at Antwerp, 30 May 1640. Elevation of the Cross, Antwerp, 16 10 — Decora- tions of the Luxembourg Palace, 1620-5 — Descent from the Cross, Antwerp, about 1610-15 —Peace and War, National Gallery, before 1630 — Horrors of War, Florence, 1637. Rubidium, metal, — discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, i860. Rubini, Giambattista, singer, — ft. at Romano, near Bergamo, 1795— engaged at Naples, 1 8 15 — visits Paris, 1825 — Paris and London, annually, 1 831 -41— Director of Im- perial Music, St Petersburg, 1844-52— ft. at Bergamo, 3 Mar. 1854. Rubruquis, ( Willem de Ruysbroch,) traveller, — b. in Brabant, about 1230 ? — envoy from St Louis to Manchu, Khan of Tartary, 1253 — returns to Syria, 1256 — living, 1293. Rucellai, Bernardo, {Oriccellarius,) diplo- matist, $c, — ft, at Florence, 1449 — marries Nannina, sister of Lorenzo de' Medici, 1466 — Gonfalonier of Justice, 1480 — ambassador to Genoa, 1484 — to Naples, 1494 — to Charles VIII. of France, twice, between 1495-8 — ft. at Florence, 7 Oct. 15 14. De Bello Italico, 1724. Rucellai, Giovanni, litterateur, — ft. at Flo- rence, 1475 — ambassador to Venice, 1505 — recalled from exile with the Medici, 15 15 — receives visit of Leo X., Dec. 15 15 — Nuncio to France, soon after: Governor of St Angelo, 1523 — ft. at Rome, 1525. Rosmunda, written, 1515, published, 1525—LeApi, 1539. Ruchat, Abraham, theologian, historian, — b. in Berne, about 1780 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Lausanne, 1721 — Prof. Theology, 1733 — ft. at Lausanne, 1750. Les Delices de la Suisse, 17 14 — DZistoire de la Reformation de la Suisse, 1727. Ruckert, Friedrich, poet, — b. at Schwein- furt, 16 May 1788 — visits Rome, 18 18 — Prof. Oriental Literature, Erlangen, 1826 — called to same office, Berlin, 1841 — retires to Neuses, 1849 — ft. there, 31 Jan. 1866. Gedichte, 18 14 — Kranz der Zeit, 1 8 1 7 — Oestliche Rosen, 1822 — translations of Hariri's Makamen, 1826, and of Nal and Damajanti, 1828 — Morgen- landische Sag en, 1837 — Rostem und Suhrab, 1838 — Weisheit der Prahmanen, 1836-9 — Hamasa, 1846. Ruckert, Leopold Immanuel, theologian, — b. near Herrnhut, 1797 — enters Leipsic Univ., 1 8 14 — ordained deacon, 18 19 — Subrector of Gymnasium, Zittau, 1825 — D.D. Copenhagen, i%>$6 — Conrector, Zittau, 1840 — Prof. The- ology, Jena, 1842 — ft., Apr. 187 1. Christliche Philosophic, 1825 — Commentare zur Rbmer- brief, 1 8 3 1 — Galaterbrief 1833 — Ep heser- brief, 1834 — Korintherbriefen, 1836-7 — The- ologie, 1851. Rudbeck, Olaus, anatomist, botanist, — b. in Sweden, 1630 — discovers lymphatic vessels, about 1649 — founds Botanic Garden at Upsala, x6^^ — Prof. Botany and Anatomy, 1658 — loses his MSS. at the fire of Upsala, Apr. 1702 — ft. there, 7 Sep. 1702. Atlantica, 1675-98. Rudbeck, Olaus, — b. at Upsala, 15 Mar. 1660 — M.D. Utrecht, 1690 — Prof. Botany and 23° RUDDIMAN— RUFUS. Anatomy, 1693 — sent to visit Lapland, 1695 — loses his MSS. at fire of Upsala, Apr. 1702 — founds Society of Sciences there, 1720 — tf. at Upsala, 1740. Nova Samoland, 1701 — with his father, Campi Elysii, lib. I., 1702 — lib. II., 1 701 — Reliquice Rudbeckiante, 1789. Ruddiman, Thomas, grammarian, — ft. in Scotland, Oct. 1674 — M.A. Aberdeen, 1694 — tf. at Edinburgh, 19 Jan. 1757. Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, 17 14 — edition of Buchanan, 17 15 — of Livy, 1751 — Grammaticce Latince Institutions, 1725. Ruding, Rogers, numismatist, — ft. at Lei- cester, 9 Aug. 1 75 1 — M.A. Oxford, 1775 — Vicar of Maiden, in Surrey, 1793 — F.S.A., about 1793 — tf. at Maiden, 16 Feb. 1820. Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain and its dependencies, 18 17. Rudolph I. of Hapsburg, Emperor of the Romans, — b., 1 May 121 8— follows Frederick II. into Italy, 1237 — serves at siege of Faenza, 1240 — succeeds his father, Albert the "Wise, 1240— visits Frederick at Capua, 1242 — goes to Verona, 1245 — marries Gertrude of Hohen- berg, 1245 — fights for Frederick, 1248— chosen Protector of Cantons of T7ri, Unterwald, and Schwytz, 1256 — General of Canton of Zurich, 1264 — defeats Confederates under Count von Tockenburg, 1265 — elected King of the Romans, 1 Oct. 1273 — crowned at Aix-la- Chapelle, 28 Oct. 1273 — comfirms Imperial donations to Holy See and obtains confirma- tion of his election by Gregory X., 1274 — meets Gregory at Lausanne, and takes the Cross, 18 Oct. 1275 — conquers Duchy of Austria, gives up the Roniagna to the pope, 127 8 — defeats and kills Ottocar, king of Bohemia, 26 Aug. 1278 — seizes Moravia and invades Bohemia, 1278 — loses his wife, 1281 — invests his son Albert with Duchy of Austria, 27 Dec. 1282 — marries Elizabeth of Burgundy, 1284 — fails in attempt to get him elected King of the Romans, 1290 — tf. at Germersheim, 15 Jul., a 30 Sep. b 1 29 1. a Pfeffel. b Zurlauben. Rudolph II., Emperor of the Romans, — h. at Vienna, 18 Jul. 1552 — brought up at Court of Madrid, 1564T70 — King of Hungary, 1572 — King of Bohemia, 1575 — elected King of the Romans, at Ratisbon, 27 Oct. 1575 — crowned there, 1 Nov. — succeeds his father, Maximilian II., 12 Oct. 1576 — war with Turks renewed, 1579 — persecutes Protestants; con- cludes peace with Achmet I., 9 Nov. 1606 — resigns crown of Hungary to his brother Matthias, 27 Jun. 1608 — resigns Bohemia to him, 16 1 1 — tJ. at Prague, 20 Jan. 1612. Rudolph. [See Burgundy, Italy, Palatin- ate, Saxony.] Rudolph of Rhcinfcldcn, Duke of Suabia, — named successor of Otto III., by Empress Agnes, 1057 — marries her daughter Maud, 1057— losi s hia wife, 1058 or 1060 — supports Gregory VII. against Henry IV., 1076 — I King of Germany, and crowned at M< ntz, 15 and 26 Mar. 1077 — his election con- firmed by the pope : defeats Henry at Melrich- stadt, 7 Aug. 1078— at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. 10S0 — defeated by him and mortally wounded by Godfrey of Bouillon at Vfolksheim, 15 Oct. 1080 — tf. at Merseburg, Oct. 1080. Rudolphine Tables, astronomical, — com- piled by Kepler, from observations of Tycho Brahe, by direction of Rudolph II., 1601-27. Rue, Gervais de la, antiquary, — fc. at Caen, 7 Sep. 1 75 1 — while Prof, at College of Arts, refuses to recognize civil constitution of the clergy, and comes to England, 1792 — F.S.A. London, between 1792-97 — returns to France, 1797 — Prof. History, Caen, 1808 — tf. near Caen, 24 Sep. 1835. Recherches sur les outrages des bardes de la Bretagne armorienne du moyen age, 18 15 — Essais historiques sur les bardes, les jongleurs et les trouveres normands et anglo- normands, 1834. Ruel, Treaty of. [Fronde.] Ruffec, in Poitou, — Council of, held, 21 Jan. i3 2 7- Ruffi, Antoine de, historian, — fi. at Mar- seilles, 1607 — Councillor of State, 1654 — tr. at Marseilles, 3 Apr. 1689. JSistoire de la ville de Marseille, 1642 — Histoire des Comtes de Provence, 1655. Ruffb, Dionisio Fabrizio, Cardinal, gen- eral, — b. in Calabria, 16 Sep. 1744 — Cardinal, 21 Feb. 1794 — follows Ferdinand I. to Sicily, 1798 — excites insurrection against French in Calabria, Feb. or Mar. 1799 — receives capitu- lation of French at Naples, Jun. 1799 — goes to France, 1809 — attends marriage of Napoleon I., 1 8 10 — rejoins Pius VII. at Rome, 18 14 — assists at election of Leo XII., 1823 — fr. at Naples, 13 Dec. 1827. Rufinus, — (1.) Consul with Ap. Claud. La- teranus, (950, a. u. c.) 197. (2.) Consul with Eusebius, (1100,) 347. (3.) Magister ofiici- orum, 390 — Consul with Arcadius, (1145.) 392 — deposes and banishes Tatianus, and becomes praetorian praefect, 392 — assassinated, 27 Nov. 395- Rufinus, A. Junius, — Consul with C. Brut- tius Praesens, (906, a. v. c.) 153. Rufinus, L. Cuspius, — Consul with L. Sta- tius Quadratus, (895, a. u. c.) 142. Rufinus, M. Antonius,— Consul with Ser. Octavius Laenas Pontianus, (884, a. u. c.) 131. Rufinus, P. Cornelius, — [B C]— Consul with Dentatus, (463, a. u. c.) 294 — with C. Junius Brutus, (477,) 277. Rufinus, T. Vinius, — Consul with Galba, (822, a. u. c.) 69. Rufinus, Triarius, — Consul with M' Acilius Faustinus, (963, a. u. c.) 210. Rufinus, Vettius, — Consul with Acilius Severus, (1076, a. u. c.) 323. Rufinus Tyrannius, (Toranus,) theologian, — fc., about 345 — baptized, 371-2 — accompanies Jerome to the East, 371 — at Alexandria, 372 — in Palestine, 377-397 — quarrels with Jerome, 393 — reconciled, 397 — returns to Italy, autumn 397 — at Rome, translates one of Origen's works, 398 — returns to Aquileia, 399 — cited to Rome by Pope Anastasius, about 402 — Xf. in Sicily, soou after 410. Translation of Euse- bius, 408 ? Rufus, — (1.) Consul with Mamertinus, (935, a. tj. c.) 182. (2.) Consul with Constan- RUFUS— RUNCIMAN. 1231 tinus, (1210,) 457. (3.) Consul -with Anas- tasius, (1245,) 492. Rufus, C. Ceecilius, — Consul with L. Pom- ponius Flaceus, (770, a. u. c.) 17. Rufus, C. Julius, — Consul with L. Fonteius Capito, (820, a. u. c.) 67. Rufus, C. Musonius, Stoic philosopher, — ft., about 14 — banished by Nero, 66. Rufus, Julianus, — Consul with Orfitus, (931, a. l\ c.) 178. Rufus, L. Minucius, — Consulwitih. Domitian, (841, a. u. c.) 88. Rufus, L. Passienus, — [BC] — Consul with C. Calvisius, (750, a. u. c.) 4. Rufus, L. Virginius, — Consul with C. Mem- mius Regulus, (816, a. u. c.) 63 — again Consul, defeats Yindex in Germany, (811,) 68 — accused of conspiracy against Vitellius, 69 — Consul III., with Nerva, (850,) 97— ft., 97. Rufus, M. Cselius,— [B Cj— ft., 28 May 82 — accompanies Pompeius Rufus to Africa, 61 — accuses C. Antonius, 59 — accuses Sempro- nius Atratinus, 57 and 56 — accused of vis and defended by Cicero, 56 — trib. pleb., 52 — cor- responds with Cicero, 51 — curule aedile, 50 — joins Caesar, and accompanies him into Spain, 49 — praetor, 48 — expelled for his revolutionary laws and killed. Rufus, M. Minucius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul with P. Corn. Scipio Asina, (533, a. tj. c.) 221. (2.) Consul with Sp. Postumias Albinus, (644, a. u. c.) 1 to — proconsul in Thrace, war against Scordisci and Triballi, 109. Rufus, Q. Minucius, — [BC] — Consul with C. Corn. Cethegus, (557, a. tj. c.) 197. Rufus, Q. Petilius, — Consul II, with Do- mitian, (836, a. u. c.) 83. Rufus, Ser. Sulpicius,— [BC] — Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (703, a. tj. c.) 51. Rufus, T. Annius Luscus, — [B C]— Consul with Cn. Octavius, (626, a. tj. c.) 128. Rufus Ephesius, physician, — fl., about 105- 110. Rufus Mamercinus, P. Pinarius, — [B C] — Consul with C. Julius lulus, (265, a. tj. c.) 489. Rugby, in Warwickshire. Grammar School, founded by Lawrence Sheriff, 1567. Riigen, island in the Baltic, — attacked by "Waldemar I. of Denmark, n 64 — subdued and made tributary to him, 11 68 — on death of last native prince, united with Pomerania, 1325,* 1478 b — passes to Sweden at Peace of West- phalia, 1648 — ceded to Sweden by Frederick III., by Treaty of Copenhagen, 6 Jun. 1660 — conquered by Christian V. of Denmark, about 1677 — restored to Sweden by Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye, 1679 — conquered by Danes and Prussians, 17 Nov. 17 15 — restored by Peace of Stockholm, 1721 — ceded to Prussia by Sweden, 1815. a Conv.-Lex. b Rees' Cyc. Rugendas, GeorgPhilipp,^'??^;-, engraver, — b. at Augsburg, 27 Nov. 1666 — visits Italy, 1692-5 — present at siege of Augsburg, 1703 — Director of Academy, 17 10 — ft. at Augsburg, 10 Aug. 1742. Ruhnken, David, philologist, — ft. at Stolpe, in Pomerania, 2 Jan. 1723— studies at Witten- berg, 1 741— at Leyden, 1743— visits Paris, 1 7 55— assistant Prof. Greek with Hemsterhuys, Leyden, 1757— Prof. Eloquence and History, 1 76 1— Librarian to Univ., 1774— ft. at Leyden, 14 May 1798^ 1797^ Opuscula oratoria, philologica, §c, 1797. a Engl. Cyc. *> Conv.-Lex. Ruinart, Thierry, martyrologist, — ft. at Rheims, 10 Jun. 1657— enters Benedictine Order, 1674— ft. at Abbey of Hautvilliers, 17 Sep. 1709. Acta Primorum Martyrum, 1689 —edits Works of Gregory of Tours, 1699. Ruisch, Frederic, anatomist, — b. at the Hague, 23 Mar. 1638— M.D. Leyden, 1664— Prof. Anatomy, Amsterdam, 1665— member of French Academy of Sciences, 1727 — ft. at Am- sterdam, 22 Feb. 1731. Thesaurus Anatomi- cus, 1701-15 — Opera, 1721. Ruisch, Rachel, painter, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1664 — painter to Elector Palatine, 1708 — ft. at Amsterdam, 1750. Ruiz, Juan, ' Archpriest of Sita,' satirist, — ft, 1330-43. Rullianus, Q. Fabius,— [B c]— Consul with C. Marcius Rutilus, (444, a. tj. c.) 310. Rullus, P. Servilius, — [BC] — trib. pleb., 10 Dec. 64, and 63 — introduces agrarian law, opposed by Cicero. Rumford, Benjamin Thomson, Count, natural philosopher, — ft. at Woburn, Massachu- setts, 28 Mar. 1752 — marries, 1772 — carries to England news of evacuation of Boston, 1776 — F.R.S., 1778— Under-secretary of State, 1780- 82 — enters service of king of Bavaria, 1783 — Knt, 1784 — created Count Rumford, 1790 — suppresses beggary in Bavaria, 1790 — assists in founding Royal Institution, 1799 — settles at Paris, 1802 — marries Mme Lavoisier, 1804 — ft. near Paris, 21 Aug. 1814. Essays, 1798- 1802 — Medal. [See Royal Society.] Rumoffski, Stephen de, mathematician, astronomer, §c.,— ft. in Russia, 29 Oct. 1734 — studies at St Petersburg, 1748 — studies at Berlin, 1755 — titular Prof. Mathematics, St Petersburg, 1757 — observes in Siberia transit of Venus, 1761 — Imperial astronomer, 1765 — ft., 25 Sep. 1815. Rumohr, Karl Friedrich Ludwig Felix von, writer on Art, — ft. near Dresden, 6 Jan. 1785 — visits Italy, 1804-5, 1815, 1828, 1837 — ft. at Dresden, 25 Jul. 1843. Italicnische Forschung- en, 1827-31 — Kovcllen, 1832-5 — Zur Ges- chichte unci Theorie der Formschneidekunst, 1837. Rumoridus, — Consul -with Theodosius, (1156, a. tj. c.) 403. Rump, The, — designation applied to remains of parliament of England, after Pride's Targe, 6 Dec. 1648 — dissolved by Cromwell, 20 Apr. 1653- Rumpf, George Everhard, (HzmpMus,) botanist, — b. in Germany, 1626 — goes to East Indies, about 1654 — ft. at Amboyna, 1693. Herbarium Amboincnse, 1741-55. Runciman, Alexander, painter, — b. at Edinburgh, 1736— visits Italy, 1766 — Director of Academy of Arts, Edinburgh, 177 1 — visits I2 3 2 RUNES— RUSSIA. London, 1772— r;. at Edinburgh, 21 Oct.. 1785. Runes, Runic Writing,— mentioned by Ye- nantius Fortunatus, about 580-90— disused in Sweden, 1001 (?) — condemned by Council of Toledo, 1 1 15— prohibited by Alfonso of Cas- tillo, 1 1 36. Runjeet Singh, Maharajah op the Pun- jab, (King of Lahore,) — ft., 2 Nov. 1780,* 1782 b — assumes the government, 1797 — takes possession of Lahore, 1799— conquers the Pun- jab and proclaims himself Rajah, 1 8 1 2 — acquires Attock, 18 13— storms Multan, 18 17— annexes Cashmere, 18 19, and assumes title of Mahara- jah: conquers Peshawur from Afghans, 1822 — his army defeated by Afghans, 1836— tf., 27 Jun. 1839. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. and Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJniv. Runnymede. [See Magna Charta.] Rupee, Indian silver coin, — first issued by Shir Khan, 1540. Rupert, Count Palatine and Emperor of the Romans, — ft., 1352 — marries Eliza- beth of Niirnberg, 1374 — succeeds his father as Elector Palatine, 1398 — elected Emperor on deposition of "Wenceslaus, 24 Aug. 1400 — crowned at Cologne, 6 Jan. 1401 — appoints his son Louis Vicar of the Empire and marches into Italy, 1401 — defeated by general of Ga- leazzo Yisconti, near lake of Garda, 17 Oct. 1401 — returns to Germany, about May 1402— league formed against him, 1404 — declares himself Protector of Gregory XII., 1409 — new league against him, 141 o — ft. at Oppenheim, 18 May 141 o. Rupert, Prince, (Prince Robert of Bavaria,) — ft., 16 19 — surrenders his sword to Hatz- feld, 1637 — enters service of Charles I., Sep. 1642 — loses "Worcester to Essex, and takes part in battle of Edge Hill, Oct. 1642 — surprises Parliamentarians at Chalgrove, Jun. 1643 — takes Bristol, 25 Jul. 1643 — fights at New- bury, Sep. — E.G., Duke of Cumberland, Jan. 1644 — relieves Lathom House, May 1644 — defeated by Cromwell at Marston Moor, 2 Jul. 1644 — distinguishes himself at Naseby, 14 Jun. 1645 — surrenders Bristol to Fairfax, n Sep. 1645 — dismissed by Charles I., Sep. — Com- mander of royal fleet, 1648 — his squadron de- stroyed by Blake, at Malaga, Jan. 1651 — Privy Councillor, by Charles II., 1660 — commands under Duke of York against Dutch, 1665 — as Joint-commander of fleet with Duke of Albe- marle, engages Dutch fleet in the Downs, 1-4 Jun. 1666 — defeats them off North Foreland, 25 Jul. — promoter and first Governor of Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 — again takes command of fleet, 1673 — rj. in London, 29 Nov. 1682. Rupilius, P., — [BC]- Consul with P. Po- pillius Lamas, (622, a. u. c.) 132 — Servile war in Sicily: proconsul, pacifies Sicily, 131. Rupprecht, Friedrich Carl, painter, en- graver, architect, — ft. in Bavaria, 1779 — tj. at Bamberg, 25 Oct. 1831. Ruremond, (Rocrmond,) in Belgium, — walled by Count Otto III. of Guelderland, 1290 — seat of a bishopric, 1562 — taken by William I., Prince of Orange, 1572 — by Prince Frederick Hairy, 1632 — by Spaniards, 1637 — burnt, 1665— surrenders to Marlborough, 7 Oct. 1702 — taken by Prince Charles "William of Bruns- wick, 27 Jun. 1758 — by French, 1792 — re- taken by Duke Frederick of Bruns wick- els, 6 Mar. 1793 — Gen. Jourdan defeats Austrians under Clerfait at, 2 Oct. 1794. Ruric. [See Russia.] Rush, Benjamin, physician, — ft. near Phila- delphia, U. S., 24 Dec. 1745 — graduates at Princeton Coll., 1760 — studies at Edinburgh, 1767-9 — M.D., 1769 — Prof. Chemistry, Phila- delphia, 1769 — marries, 1776 — member of the Congress, 1776 — Prof. Theory and Practice of Physic, 1789 — Prof. Institutes of Medicine and Clinical Practice, 1791 — Treasurer of TJ. S. Mint, 1799-1813 — &., 19 Apr. 1813. Medical Inquiries and Observations, 17 89-1 804 — Essays, 1798 — Diseases of the Mind, 1812. Rushworth, John, — ft. in Northumberland, about 1607 — assistant clerk to House of Com- mons, 1640 — secretary to Fairfax, 1645 — M.A. Oxford, 1649— M. P. Berwick, Jan. 1658 — secretary to Lord Keeper Bridgeman, 1677 — imprisoned for debt, 1684— rj. in King's Bench prison, 12 May 1690. Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, 1 659-1701. Russell, Alexander, physician, ^-c.,— physi- cian to English factory at Aleppo, 1740-54 — physician to St Thomas's Hospital, London, 1758 — rj. in London, 25 Nov. 1768. Natural History of Aleppo, 1754. Russell, Edward. [Orford, Earl of.] Russell, Lady Rachel, — ft., 1636 — marries Lord "William Russell, 1669 — attends him at his trial, Jul. 1683 — rj. at Southampton House, 29 Sep. 1723. Letters, 1773. Russell, Michael, Bp of Glasgow and Galloway, — ft. at Edinburgh, 178 1 — M.A. Glasgow, 1806 — appointed to St James's Chapel, Leith, 1808— LL.D. Glasgow, 1820— Bp of Glasgow and Galloway, 1837 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1837 — if. at Edinburgh, 2 Apr. 1848. Connection of Sacred and Profane History, 1827-37. Russell, Patrick, physician, — ft. in Scot- land, 1726 — physician to English factory at Aleppo, 1754— rj. in England, 2 Jul. 1805. Treatise on the Plague, 1791 — Notice on the Serpents of India, 1796. Russell, William, historian, — ft. in Scotland, 1 741 — goes to London, May 1767 — marries, 1787 — LL.D. St Andrew's, 1792 — ij., 25 Dec. 1793. History of Modem Europe, 1779-84. Russell, Lord William, statesman, — ft., Sep. 1639— M. P. Tavistock, 1660 — marries Rachel Wriothesly, 1669 — Privy Councillor, 1679 — ■ presents Duke of York as a recusant, Jun. 1680 — promotes Exclusion Bill, 1680 — tried for bigh treason, at the Old Bailey, 13 Jul., and beheaded in Line. Inn Fields, 21 Jul. 1683. Russell Institution, literary and scientific, — established in London, 1808. Russia, (Muscovy,) Russian Empire, — first dynasty of princes founded by Ruric, at Novo- gorod, 862 — he suppresses revolt, 865— If., 879 — succeeded by his son Igor under regency of Oleg, who conquers Kief, 883 — attacks Con- stantinople and compels Leo VI. to make peace, 904 — again imposes articles of peace on Greek Emperor, 912 — ft., 913 — revolts of RUSSIAN AMEEICA— RUTHIN CASTLE. 33 dependent tribes ; Igor invades the Empire, 941 — again threatens it, 944 — killed by the Drevlians, 945 — his son Sviatoslaf succeeds, 945 — Jaropolk I., (son,) 973 — Vladimir I., (son,) 980 — introduction of Christianity, 988 — Sviatopolk I., (nephew,) 1015 — Jaroslaf I., 1019 — Isiaslaf L, (son,) 1055 — Vsevolod I., (brother,) 1078 — Michael Sviatopolk II., (nephew,) 1093 — Vladimir II., (son of Vsevo- lod,) 1 1 13 — Mstislaf, (son,) 1 1 25 — Jaropolk II., (brother,) n 32 — Viatcheslaf, (brother,) 1 140 — deposed and succeeded by Vsevolod II., 1 140 — Igor II., (brother,) 1147 — defeated and succeeded by Isiaslaf II., 1147 — Juri, {George}) 1149 — Isiaslaf restored, 1150 — Ros- tislaf, (brother,) n 54 — defeated and deposed by Isiaslaf III., 1154 — Juki again, 1154 — rj., 1157. Second Dynasty : Grand Princes of Yolo- dimir, — Andrew I., (son of Juri,) 1157 — on his assassination, 1170, period of anarchy: Michael, (son of Juri,) 1175 — Vsevolod III., (brother,) 1177 — Juri II., (son,) 1212 — Jaros- laf II., (brother,) 1237 — tributary to the Golden Horde, 1239 — Sviatoslaf, (brother,) 1247 — Alexander I., Newskt, (brother,) 1251 — Jaroslaf III., (brother,) 1264 — Vassili, (brother,) 1272 — rebellion of his nephew De- metrius suppressed by aid of Tatars: tf., 1276 — Demetrius I., {Dmitri,) (nephew,) 1276 — carries on war with his brother Andrew : rj., 1294 — Andrew III., (brother,) 1294 — Michael II., (son of Jaroslaf,) 1304 — opposed by George, Prince of Moscow : put to death by Uzbeks, 1320 — Juri III., 1320 — deprived and succeeded by Demetrius II., 1323 — kills Juri and is deposed, 1324 — put to death, 1326 — Alexander II., (brother,) 1324 — expelled and succeeded by Ivan I., 1328 — Simeon, (son,) 1 341— Ivan II., (brother,) 1353— "»., 1359 — Demetrius III. Donsej, opposed by Deme- trius IV., 1360 — becomes sole ruler, 1380 — carries on war with Tatars : r/., 1389 — [Krem- lin]— Vassili II., (son,) 1389— Vassili III., (son,) 1425 — Ivan III., (sou,) 1462 — final ex- pulsion of Tatars, 148 1 — Vassili IV., (son,) 1505 — Ivan IV., (son,) Jirst Czar, 1538 — Feodor I., (son,) 1584 — Boris Godunof, usurper, 1598 — Demetrius, pretender, 1605 — Vassili Shuiski, 1606 — interregnum and anarchy on his deposition, 16 10. Third Dynasty : House of Romanoff, — Michael III. Romanoff, Feb. 161 3 — Alexis, (son,) 1645 — Feodor II., (son,) 1676 — Ivan V. and Peter I., (sons,) 1682 — Peter alone, first Emperor, 1689 — Catherine I., 1725 — Peter II., 1727 — Anne, 1730— Ivan VI., 1740 — Eliza- beth, 1741 — Peter III., 1762 — Catherine II., 1762— Paul I., 1796 — Alexander L, 1801 — Nicholas, 1825— Alexander II., 1855 — mil- lennial Jubilee of foundation of Empire, cele- brated at Novogorod, Sep. 1862. Russian America, — ceded to United States by treaty of 13 Mar. 1867, ratified by Senate of U. S., 9 Apr. — formal transfer of, made at New Archangel, 8 Oct. Russian Church, — completely separated from Church of Rome, about 1480-90— remains subject to Patriarch of Constantinople : Pa- triarchate of Moscow erected by Jeremias, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1588 — subordina- tion to Constantinople disclaimed by Nikon, 1652-7 — the Patriarchate left vacant on death of Adrian, 1700— abolished by Peter I., 1721, and the Holy Synod established. Russian Laws, — code compiled by order of Ivan III., 1497— revised and completed {Su- debnik) by order of Ivan IV., 1550— new code compiled {Ulogenie) by order of Alexis, 1649 — additional collections of laws and ordinances {ukases) published by order of Nicholas, 1827-30 and 1832-3 — the Svod Zakonow {cor- pus juris) extracted and published, 1826-33 — Criminal and Military Codes, 1845 — Com- mercial Code, 1 85 1 — reforms in administration effected by decrees of 29 Sep. (u Oct.) 1862 and 20 Nov. (2 Dec.) 1864. Russo-American Company, — formed under letters-patent, by George Shelikoff, 1799. Rustchuk, in Turkey, — battles between Turks and Russians near, 1773, 1774, and 1790 — besieged, twice stormed, capitulates to Rus- sians, 27 Sep. 18 10— Ahmed Aga defeats Rus- sians near, 4 Jul. 18 n — evacuated by them, 26 Jul. 181 1 — dismantled in pursuance of Peace of Adrianople, 1829 — again fortified, 1853. Rusticus, — (1.) Consul v^ith. Hadrian, (872, a. u. c.) 119 — (2.) Consul with Fl. i\nicius Olybrius, (1217,) 464- (3.) CohmJ with Vitali- anus, (1273,) 520. Rusticus, Q. Junius, — Consul with C. Vettius Aquilinus, (915, a. u. c.) 162. Ruth, — [BC] — married to Boaz, 1307^ a Bib. Cliron. and Ussher. Ruthenium, metal, — discovered in platinum ores by Clauss, 1845. Rutherford, Daniel, physician, — h. at Edinburgh, Nov. 1749 — discovers azote, 1772 —Prof. Botany, 1786— rj., 5 Nov. 1819. De aere mephitico, 1772. Rutherford, Samuel, theologian, — rj. in Scotland, about 1600 — M.A. Edinburgh, 1621 — marries, 1625 — minister of Anwoth, 1627 — deprived by High Commission Court of Gal- loway, 1630— returns to Anwoth, Feb. 1638 — delegate to General Assembly, Nov. 1638 — Prof. Divinity, New Coll. St Andrews, Oct. 1639 — commissioner to Westminster Assembly, 1643 — Principal of New Coll. St Andrews, Jan. ^49 — Rector of Univ., 1649 — deprived of his offices, 1660 — r/., 20 Mar. 1661. Due Right of Presbytery, \d\\—Lex Rex, 1644, ordered to be burnt by Committee of Estates at Edinburgh, 1660 — Divine Right of Church Government, 1646 — Free Disputation against pretended Liberty of Conscience, 1649. Rutherforth, Thomas, theologian, §c, — fc, in Cambridgeshire, 13 Oct. 17 12— enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, about 1725— M. A., 1733 — F.R.S., 1742 — Regius Prof. Divinity, Cambridge, and D.D., 1745— &., 5 Oct. 177*1. System of Natural Philosophy, 1748 — Institutes of Natural Law, 1754-6. Ruthin Castle, in Wales,— given by Edward I. to Reginald de Grey, 1281— captured, and the town burnt, by Owen Glendower, 1400 — 1234 RUTHVEN— SAAD-ED-DIN. garrisoned for Charles I., 1642— taken for Parliament by Gen. Mytton, Apr. 1646— dis- mantled by order of Parliament, soon after. Kuthven, Patrick, Earl of Forth and Brextford, general, — b., probably between 1570-80 — serves as Colonel under Gustavus Adolpbus at siege of Eiga, 1621—as^ Major- general, distinguishes himself at Leipsic, 163 1 — Governor of Ulm, 163 1— Governor of Edin- burgh Castle, for Charles I., Jun. 1639— Lieu- tenant-general, and created Lord Ettrick : de- fends the Castle against Lesley, Jun. 1640— surrenders it, Sep. — serves in Royal army at Edgehill, 1642— General-in-chief, defeats Par- liamentary forces at Brentford, Nov.— with Charles I. at Oxford, and takes part in sieges of Bristol and Gloucester, and first battle of New- bury, 1643— defeated by Waller, 1644 — created Earl of Brentford, defeats Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 29 Jun. — wounded at Newbury, 27 Oct. — excepted from pardon by Articles of Westminster, Jul. 1646 — rj. near Dundee, 1651. Ruthven, Eaid of, — seizure of James YI. of Scotland by Alexander Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie, and other nobles, who compel him to dismiss Arran and Lenox, Aug. 1582. / Rutilius Numatianus, Claudius, poet, — praefectus urbi, about 413-4. Rutilius Rufus, P.,— [B C]— trib. mil. in Nuniantine War, 134-133 — praetor, 1 1 1 — Consul with Cn. Manlius Maximus, (649, a. u. c.) 105 — legatus to Mucins Scaevola, in Asia, 95 — accused of malversation and banished, 92 — living at Smyrna, about 80. Rutilius, Sp. Nautius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with Sex. Furius Fusus, (266, a. tj.c.)488— (2.) Consul with M. Popillius Laenas, (438,) 316. Rutilus, A. Verginius Tricost, — [B C] — Consul with Sp. Servilius Structus, (278, a. u. c.) 476. Rutilus, C. Marcius, — [BC] — Consul with Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, (397, a. u. c.) 357 — takes Privernum : first Plebeian Dictator, defeats Etruscans, 356 — Consul with P. Vale- rius Publicola, (402,) 352 — first-Plebeian Censor, 351 — Consulwith. T. Manlhis Torquatus, (410,) 344 — Consul with Q. Servilius Ahala, (412,) 342. Rutilus, C. Nautius — [B C]— (1.) Consul with P. Valerius Publicola, (279, a. u. c.) 475 — with L. Minucius Augurinus, (296,) 458. (2.) Consul with M. Papirius Mugillanus, (343,) 411. (3.) Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, (467,) 287. Rutilus, T. Verginius Tricost., — [BC] — Consul with K. Fabius Vibulanus, (275, a.u. c.) 479- Rutland, Charles, 4th Duke of, — h., 15 Mar. 1754 — marries Mary, daughter of Duke of Beaufort, 1775 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1784 — tr., 24 Oct. 1787. Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, — b. at Rouen, 17 May 1443 — captured and killed by Lord Clifford, at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460 — his re- mains interred at Fotheringhay, Jul. 1466. Rutland, Edward, Earl of. [York, Duke of.] Ruysdael, (Buysdaal,) Jacob, painter, — b. at Haarlem, about 1625, 1630, or 1635 — ft. at Amsterdam, 16 Nov. 1681. Ruyter, Michael Adrianszoon van, admiral, — 6. at Flushing, 24 Mar. 1607 — Captain in the navy, 1635 — Rear-admiral, 1645 — sinks Algerine squadron off Sallee, 1647 — engages English fleet off Plymouth, 1652 — defeated by Blake, 1653 — defeats Swedish fleet, 1659 — defeated by English, Jul. 1665 — destroys shipping at Sheerness, Jun. 1667 — commands against English, 1671 — defeated by French in Mediterranean, 1675 — fr. at Syracuse, 29 Apr. 1676. Rycaut. [Ricaut.] Ryder, Dudley. [Harrowby, Eael of.] Rye, in Sussex, — the Danes land at, 893 — fortification of, authorized by charter of Richard I., 1194 — plundered and burnt by French, 1377 — receives Huguenot refugees, 1572 — construction of new harbour commenced, 1750 — abandoned, 1778. Ryehouse Plot, — for insurrection in favour of Duke of Monmouth and to assassinate Charles II., discovered, middle of Jun. 1683 — Lord William Russell and others executed, Jul. 1683. Ryland, William Wynne, engraver, — b. in London, 1729 or 1732 — executed for forgery at Tyburn, 29 Aug. 1783. Rymer, Thomas, editor of the ' Fcedera,' — b. at Northallerton, 1638 or 1639,* about 1650 b — enters Gray's Inn, 1666 — historiographer royal, 23 Dec. 1692 — tf. in London, 14 Dec. 1713. Fcedera, $c, 1703-35. a Engl Cyc. b Biog. Univ.' Rysbrack, John Michael, sculptor, — b. at Antwerp, 24 Jun. 1693 — studies under Van der Voorst, 1706-12 — comes to London, 1720 — tf., 8 Jan. 1770. Monument to Sir I. Newton, Westminster Abbey, 17 31 — Monument to Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, Blenheim, 1733 — Equestrian Statue of William III., Bristol, 1733 — Statue of Locke, Oxford, 1757. Rysbrack, {Bysbraeck, Bysbrechts,) Peter, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1657 — -Director of Academy, 1713 — fr. at Antwerp, 17 16. Ryswick, in Holland,— Treaty of, between France, England, Spain, and Holland, signed, 20 Sep. 1697 — accession of Emperor to, 30 Oct. Sa de Miranda. [Miranda.] Saad-Ed-Din, {Khqja Saad-Ed-Din Mo- hammed Effendi,) historian, — b., 1536 — tutor to Murad, son of Selim II., 1573 — military judge and historiographer, Dec. 1574 — attends Mohammed in Hungarian campaign, 1596 — SAAD 1BN ABU WAKKAS— SABLE. ™35 Mar. 1598 — b\ at Constantinople, (1008, 2 Oct. 1.599. mufti, A. H.) Saad Ibn Abu Wakkas, military commander, — recognizes Mohammed as prophet, about 610 — goes to Medina, (1, a. h.) 622 — takes part in expedition against Koreishites, (2,) 623 — de- feats Persians near the Euphrates, (15,) 636 — at Jalula, 637 — takes Nahr-Schyr, 637 — founds Kufah, (17,) 638— takes Madain, (18,) 639 — one of the six commissioners for electing successor to Caliph Omar, (24,) 644 — tf., {55,) 6 75- Saadi, (Sadi,) (Sheikh Moslih Ed-din Saadi Alshirazi,) poet, — b. at Shiraz, about ii75, a 1190^ 1184° — ft., (690, a. h.) 11 Dec. 1291^ (691,) I296. d a D'Herbelot. b Sacy. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Biog. Univ. Saarbriick, in Frussia, — head of a County held by House of Nassau- Saarbriick, 1381- 1793 — annexed to France, 1801 — assigned to Prussia, 18 15 — attacked by French, 31 Jul. 1870 — battle of, between French and Germans, 2 Aug. — reoccupied by Germans, 6 Aug. Saardam. [See Peter the Great.] Saarlouis, in Prussia, — fortress built by Vauban, 1680 — assured to France by Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — unsuccessfully besieged by allies, 1705 — ceded to allies by Treaty of Paris, and assigned to Prussia, 20 Nov. 1815. Saavedra. [Cervantes.] Saavedra y Faxardo, Diego, Count de, diplomatist, §c, — b. in Algezares, 1584 — goes to Rome as secretary to Cardinal Gaspare de Borgia, 1606 — employed in diplomatic negotia- tions in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, 1606- 36 — at Diet of Batisbon, 1636 — Joint-plenipo- tentiary of Philip IV. at Congress of Munster, 1643 — tf. at Madrid, 24 Aug. 1648. Idea de tin principe politico-christiano, 1640 — Inicio de artes y ciencias, 1655 — Eepublica Liter aria, 1670. Saba, (Sabas,) theologian, — b., 439 — visits Jerusalem, 457 — with Euthymius, 473 — founds Magna Laura, 483-4 — presbyter, 491-2 — sent with others to Anastasius, 5 1 2 — visits Elias and publishes the recognition of Council of Chalce- don, 518 — visits Constantinople about remission of taxes in Palestine, 529-30 — b\, Dec. 532.* a Clinton. Sabatier, Antoine, (Subatier de Castres,) — b. at Castres, 1742 — ft. at Paris, 15 Jun. 18 17. Les trots Siecles de la Litter -attire Francais, 1779 — Correspondance litter aire, 1782 — Siecles Faiens, 1784. Sabatier, (Sabbathier,) Pierre, Benedictine, — b. at Poitiers, 1682 — enters the Order, 1700 — tJ. at Rheims, 24 Mar. 1742. Bibliorum Sa- crorum latince versiones antiques, 1743. Sabatini, Francisco, architect, — b. at Paler- mo, 1722 — settles at Madrid, 1759 — &• there, 19 Dec. 1798. Sabbagee, in Gambia, — the Mandingoes re- pulse British troops sent to arrest a slave-dealer, 16 Jul. 1855 — taken and razed by British and French troops, 17 Jul. Sabbatarians, (Seventh Fay Baptists?) — congregation of, formed in London, 1676. Sabbatini, Andrea, (Andrea da Salerno,) painter, — b. at Salerno, about 1480 — goes to Borne to study under Raphael, about 1509-10,* i505» b 15 1 2 c — tf. at Naples, about 1545. a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sabbatini, (Sabadini,) Lorenzo, (Lorenzino da Bologna or Lorenzino di Tiziano,) painter, — b. at Bologna, about 1530— assists Vasari at Florence, 1566 — superintendent of decorations of the Vatican, 1575 — tr. at Rome, 1577. Sabellians. [Sabellius.] Sabellicus, {Marcus Antonius Cocceius,) his- torian,— -b. near Rome, 1436— Prof. Eloquence, Udine, about 1475 — at Venice, 1484— ft. at Venice, 18 Apr. 1508^ i5o6. b Ftistoria Rerum Venetarum, 1487. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sabellius, heresiarch, — fi., about 252-3. Sabina, Poppeea, — becomes Nero's mistress, 58 — contrives death of Agrippina, 59 — married to Nero, 62, and contrives Octavia's death : killed, 65. Sabines, — [B C] — receive jus suffragii from Rome, 268. Sabinianus, — unsuccessfully revolts in Africa, 240. Sabinianus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Gre- gory the Great, i, a 13 b Sep. 604— tf., 22 Feb. 6o6. b a Fleuri. b Pagi. Sabinianus, M. Rufinus, — Consul with C. Julius Severus, (908, a. u. c.) 155. Sabinillus, — Consul with Gallienus, (1019, a. u. c.) 266. Sabinus, {George Schiller,) poet, — b. in Brandenburg, 23 Apr. 1508 — studies under Melanchthon at "Wittenberg, 1523-33 — visits Italy, 1533 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Frankfort-on- the-Oder, 1538 — Rector of Konigsberg Univ., 1544 — enters service of Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg, 1555 — ft. at Frankfort, 2 Dec. 1560. Sabini Carmina, 1563. Sabinus, — Consul with Messalla, (967, a.u.c.) 214 — with Anulius, (969,) 2i6. a a Zumpt. Sabinus, Aulus, poet, — fl., about 15. Sabinus, C, Atius, — Consul (II.) with Corn. Anallinus, (969, a. u. c.) 2i6. a a Clinton. Sabinus, C. Calvisius,— [BC]— (1.) Legatus to Caesar, 48 — Governor of Africa, 45 — Consul with L. Marcius Censorinus, (715, a. u. c.) 39 — commands fleet of Octavianus, 38 — [AD] — (2.) Consul with Cn. Corn. Lentulus, (779,) 26. Sabinus, C. Poppseus, — Consul with Q,. Sulpicius Camerinus, (762, a. v. c.) 9 — Go- vernor of Mcesia, n -35 — it., 35. Sabinus, Flavius,— (I.) serves under Plau- tius in Britain, 45 — Governor of Moesia, 7 years, between 45-54 — prsefectus urbi, by Nero, 57-68 — again, by Otho, 69 — takes refuge in the Capitol, which " is burnt, and himself killed, Dec. 69. (2.) T., Consul with Domitian, (835, A. TJ. C.) 82. Sabinus, \ Massurius, jurist, — fl., about Sabinus, M. Caelius, jurist, — Consul, 69. a a Smith's Diet. Sabinus, Oppius, (Ap. Junius, 3 -) — Corcs?^ with Domitian, (837, A. u. c.) 84. a Zumpt. Sable, in France, — besieged and taken by Henry IV., 1589 — occupied by Germans, 25 Jan. 1 87 1. Treaty of, between Charles VIII. 1236 'SACADAS— SADLER. of France and Francis II., Duke of Bretagne, signed, 21 Aug. 1488. Sacadas, musician, — [BC] — gains prize at Pythia, 586, 582, 57 8,a (01. 47, 3; 48, 3 ; 49, 3.) 590, 586, 5 8 2 , b (01. 47, 3 ; 49, 3 ; 50, 3,) 590, 582, 578.C a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. c Miiller. Saccas. [Ammonius Saccas.] Sacchetti, Franco, poet, novelist, — ft. at Florence, about 1335— member of Council of Eight, 1383 — tf., probably between 1400-10. Xovelle, 1724 — Battaglia delle Vecchi e delle Tanciulle, 15 19. Sacchetti, Giambattista, architect, — called to Madrid, 1736 — tf. there, 3 Dec. 1764. Palace at Madrid, begun, about 1755. Sacchi, Andrea, painter, — ft. at Eome, 1598 — tf., 1 66 1. Miracle of St Gregory, St Peter's, 1624. . Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gaspare, musical composer, — u. at Naples, i735, a at Puzzuoli, 23 Jul. i734, b 1727 c — called to Rome, 1762 — tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1786 — visits England, 1772 — Paris, 1781. a Xouy. Biog. Gen. b Fetis. c Bees' Cyc. Sacheverell, Henry, theologian, — 6. in 'Wiltshire, about 1672 — M.A. Oxford, 1696 — preacher at St Saviour's, Southwark, 1705 — D.D., 1708— impeached by Commons for two sermons, 15 Dec. 1709 — tried, 27 Feh. to 23 Mar. 1 7 1 o — suspended from preaching, 1 7 1 o- 1 3 — rector of St Andrew's, Holborn, 17 13 — tf., 5 Jun. 1724. Sachs, Hans. [Hans Sachs.] Sachtleven. [Zachtleven.] Sackville, Charles and Thomas. [Dorset, Paris 0/.] Sackville, George, Viscount,— h., 26 Jan. 1 7 1 6 — serves at Dettingen, 1743 — at Fontenoy , 1 745 — Secretary for Ireland, 175 1 — Lieutenant- general, 1758 — commands under Prince Fer- dinand of Brunswick at Minden, and disobeys orders, 1 Aug. 1759 — deprived of his military employments, 1759 — tried by Court Martial and cashiered, 26 Jan., a Feb., b 3 Apr. c 1760 — M.P. Hythe, 1761— M.P. East Grinstead, 1768 — restored to Privy Council, 1766 — assumes name of Germaine, 1770 — fights a duel with Governor Johnstone, 177 1 — Secretary of State for the Colonies, Oct. 1775 — resigns and is created Yi?count, Feb. 1782 — 0., 26 Apr., a 26 Aug. c 1785. a Georgian Era. b Mahon. c Engl. Cyc. Sacrament. [Test Act and Transsubstanti- ation.] Sacrament, Holy, Festival of the, — origin- ated at Liege, 1246 — observance of, ordained by Urban IV., 1264 — and by Council of Yienne, 1311. Saciamento, in California, — settlement on pite of, 1839 — fort built, 1841 — town com- menced, Jan. 1849 — burnt, 3 Nov. 1852 — becomes State capital, 25 Feb. 1854 — again burnt, Jul. 1854. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Feast of the, — ap- proved by Clement XII., 1732 and 1736 — and by Clement XIII., 1765. Sacred War. [Cirrhaean War and Phocian War.J Sacrifices, — [B C] — human, prohibited by Roman Senate, (657, a. u. c.) 97 — [AD] — pagan, prohibited by Theodosius, 381. Sacrilege, in England, — benefit of clergy allowed to persons convicted of, by 25 Edw. III. st. 3, c. 4, 1350-2 — refused bv Acts 23 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1531 ; 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547, and 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 10, 1552 — de- clared capital felony by Act 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 10, 21 Jun. 1827 — punishment of death for, abolished by Act 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 81, 10 Sep. 1835 — penalties further regulated by Acts 6 Wm IV. c. 4, 18 Mar. 1836, and 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 90, s. 5, 17 Jul. 1837 — l as * two Acts repealed by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 95, 6 Aug. 1 86 1 — new provisions by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 96, s. 50, 6 Aug. 1 86 1. Sacrobosco, Johannes de, mathematician, — studies at Paris, 1221 — tf. there, 1256. Pe Sphxera Mundi, 1472. Sacrovir, Julius, — heads revolt of JEdui, 21. Sacy, Antoine Isaac Sylvestre, Barox de, Orientalist, — fc. at Paris, 21 Sep. 1758 — As- sociate of Academy of Inscriptions, 1785 — Prof. Arabic, 1795 — member of Institute, 1796 — Prof. Persian, Coll. de France, 1806— mem- ber of Legislative Body, 1808-14 — °f Chamber of Deputies, 1814 — Peer of France, 1832 — Keeper of Oriental MSS. in Royal Library, and perpetual Secretary to Academy of In- scriptions, 1832 — tf. at Paris, 21 Feb. 1838. Memoir es sur diverses antiquites de la Perse et sur les me'dailles des rots de la dynastie des Sas- sanides, 1793 — Principes degrammaire generate, 1799 — Chrestomathie Arabe,i%o6 — Grammaire Arabe, 18 10. Sacy, Louis de, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 1654 — received at French Academy, 1701 — tf. at Paris, 26 Oct. 1727. Lettres de Pline le Jeune, 1699-1701 — TraiU de VAmitie, 1703 — Traite de la Gloire, 17 15. Sacy, Louis Isaac, {Le Maistre,) Port- Royalist, — h. at Paris, 161 3 — Director of Port- Royal, 1650 — is prosecuted and leaves Port- Royal, 1661 — discovered and sent to the Bas- tille, 13 May 1666 — liberated, 31 Oct. 1668 — ■ again driven from Port-Royal, 1679 — tf., 4 Jan. 1684. Translation of Keio Testament, 1667 — of Bible, 1672 et seq. — of Pmitatio Christ i, 1662. Sadeel, {Chaudieu,) Antoine la Eoche de, theologian, — ft. in the Maqonnais, 1534 — tf., Feb. 1591. (Euvres, 1592. Sadeler, Gilles, engraver, — ft. at Antwerp, 1570 — fo. at Prague, 1629. Sadeler, Hans, engraver,— ft. at Brussels, about 1550 — tf. at Venice, 16 10. Sadeler, Raphael, engraver, — ft. at Brussels, about 1555 — tf. at Venice, 1616. Sadi. [Saadi.] Sadler, Michael Thomas, politician, phil- anthropist, — ft. at Snelstone, in Derbyshire, Jan. 1780 — M.P. Newark, 1829 — tf. near Bel- fast, 29 Jul. 1835. Ireland, 1829 — Law of Popidation, 1830. Sadler, (Sadlier,) Sir Ralph, diplomatist, — ft. at Hackney, Middlesex, 1507 — employed by Henry VIII. in the dissolution of the monas- teries, 1535-7— ambassador to Scotland, 1537, SADLEES' COMPANY— SAINTE-BEUVE. 1237 1540, and 1541 — returns to England, Dec.1543 —Knight-banneret at battle of Pinkie, 10 Sep. 1547 — Privy Councillor, 1547 — Privy Coun- cillor to Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — ambassador to Scotland, 1558 — one of the commissioners at Conference of York, 1568 — envoy to James VI. of Scotland, about 1586 — fr. at Standon, Hertfordshire, 30 Mar. 1587. Letters and Negotiations of Sir B. Sadler, 1720. Sadiers' Company, of London, — formed, be- fore 1 1 90 — incorporated,. 1272. Sadoleto, Jacopo, Cardinal, — ft. at Mo- dena, 14 Jul. 1477 — secretary to Leo X., 15 13- 21 — Bp of Carpentras, 1517 — secretary to Cle- ment VII., 1523 — quits Borne, May 1527 — recalled to Eome by Paul III., 1536 — Car- dinal, 22 Dec. 1536 — follows the pope to Nice, 1538 — legate to Francis I., 1542 — resigns his see, 1544 — lj. at Rome, 18 Oct. 1547. Opera, 1607. Sadowa, (or Koniggrdtz,) in Bohemia, — Austrians under Benedek routed by Prussians under King William I. at, 3 Jul. 1866. Ssecular Games, — [B C] — instituted at Eome, under the title Tarentine or Taurian : name changed to Saccular, by Augustus, 17 — [AD] — last celebration, 248. Saecularis, Corn., — Consul with Donatus, (1013, a. u. c.) 260. Ssemund hum Froda, Sigfusson, Icelandic poet and historian, — "&., 1135. Safety Lamp, — invented by Davy, 18 16 — perfected, 1859. Sagarelli, Gerard, founder of Apostolic Brethren, — preaches in Parma, about 1266- 86 — banished, 1286 — condemned and burnt by Inquisition, 1300.- Sage, Alain Rene Le. [Le Sage.] Sage, Balthasar George, chemist, — ft. at Paris, 1740 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1770 — Director of School of Mines, 1783 — blind, 1805 — tf. member of Institute, 1824. Elements de inine'ralogie docimastique, ITJ2 — Expose sommaire des principales decouvertes faites dans Vespace de 50 annees, 1813. Sagredo, Giovanni, historian, — fj. at Venice, about 1616 — ambassador to England, 1650 — to France, 1656 — to Emperor, 1665 — elected Doge, but renounces the dignity, 1676 — Pro- veditor-general of Levant Seas, 1691. Me- morie Istoriche de Monarchi Ottomani, 1677. Sagredo, Niccola, Doge op Venice, — suc- ceeds Domenico Contareno, 6 Feb. 1675 — Jr., 15 Aug. 1676. _ Saguntum, in Spain, — [B C] — besieged and taken by Hannibal, 219. [Punic War, seco)td.~\ Sahagun, Bernardino de, historian, — mis- sionary to Mexico, 1529 — tf. there, 1590. Historia Universal de JVueva Espana, 1829. Ssiha,ra,,AfricanBesert, — explored by Browne, 1793 — by Hornemann, about 1801 — by Lyon, 1 819 — by Clapperton and Oudney, 1822-4 — by Laing, 1825 — by Caillie, 1827. [Africa.] Saigon, in Cochin China, — five forts at, captured by France and Spain, 24 Feb. 1861. Saint-Aignan. Francois de Beauvillier, Count and Duke of, general, — 6., 30 Oct. 1610 — wounded at siege of Dole, 1636 — dis- tinguishes himself at retaking of Corbie, 1636 — at siege of Landrecies, 1637 — imprisoned in the Bastille, 1639-40 — Lieutenant-general, serves in War of the Fronde, 1649-50 — wounded at siege of Chateau-Porcien, 1653 — Duke, Dec. 1663 — ft., 16 Jun. 1687. Saint-Aignan, Faul de Beauvillier, Duke of, — ft. at St Aignan, 24 Oct. 1648 — envoy to England, Dec. 167 1 — Brigadier of armies of the King, 1677 — Duke de Beauvillier, 1679 — Pres. Council of Finance, Nov. 1685 — Cheva- lier of Orders of the King, Dec. 1688 — Go- vernor of Duke of Burgundy, 1689 — Minister of State, 1 69 1 — defends Fenelon, 1697 — Grandee of Spain, 1701 — Counsellor to the Dauphin, (Louis XV.,) 17 11 — r/., 31 Aug. 1714. Saint-Aignan, Paul Hippolyte de Beauvil- lier, Duke of, — fc. at Paris, 1684 — enters the army, 1706 — taken prisoner at Oudenarde, 1708 — wounded at Malplaquet, 1709 — ambas- sador to Spain, 17 16-19 — member of Council of Eegency, 17 19 — admitted to French Academy, 1727 — ambassador extraord. to Eome, 17 3 1 — honorary member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1732 — envoy to Naples, 1741 — rj., 22 Jan. 1776. Saint-Andre, Jacques D'Albon, Marechal de, 1547 — commands army of Champagne, 1552 — takes Marienburg, 1554 — ruins Cateau Cambresis, 1555 — retreat of Quesnoi, taken prisoner at St Quentin, 1557 — negotiates Peace of Cateau Cambresis, 1559 — joins party of Duke of Guise, 156 1 — killed at battle of Dreux, 1562. Saint-Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de, Marshal of France, — ft. at Paris, 20 Aug. 1801 — enters the army, 19 Dec. 1816 — be- comes an actor, about 1821 — reenters the army, 22 Feb. 1831 — takes part in suppressing insurrection in La Vendee, and has charge of Duchess of Berri, at Blaye, 1832 — sent to Al- geria, 1836 — distinguishes himself at siege of Constantine, 1837 — member of Legion of Honour, 1837 — distinguishes himself in African campaigns, 1837-51 — Commander of Constantina, 1850 — conquers the Kabyles, 1 85 1 — General of Division, 10 Jul. 1851 — Minister of War, 26 Oct. 1851 — takes part in Coup d'Etat, 2 Dec. 1851 — Senator, 1852 — Marshal, 2 Dec. 1852— Commander-in-chief of French army in the Crimean War, 1854 — distinguishes himself at the Alma, Sep. 1854 — fr. at sea, 29 Sep. 1854. St Bees' College, Cumberland,-— established by Bp Law, 1816. Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, poet, his- torian, critic, — fc. at Boulogne, 23 Dec. 1804 — goes to Paris, 1822 — Keeper of Mazarine Library, 1840 — received at French Academy, 27 Feb. 1845 — Prof. Latin Poetry, Coll. de France, 1852 — Senator, 28 Apr. 1865— tf. at Paris, 13 Oct. 1869. Tableau historique et critique de la Boe'sie Francaise, 1828 — Vie, Boesies et Bense'es de J. Belorme, 1829 — Con- solations, 1830 — Bense'es d'Aoid, 1837 — Vo- lupte, 1834 — FCistoire du Bort-Royal, 1840-60 — Chateaubriand, i860 — Causeries du Fundi, 1851-62 — Nouveaux Lundis, 1863-7. 1238 ST CHRISTOPHER'S— SAINT-JUST. St Christopher's. [Christopher's, St.] Saint-Cloud, in France,— burnt by English, 1 358 — again by Armagnacs, 141 1. Palace, built, 1572 — bought by Louis XIV. for Duke of Orleans, 1658— by Louis XVI. for Marie An- toinette, 1782— head-quarters of Schwarzen- berg and Blucher, 18 14 and 18 15 — shelled and burnt by the French, 13 Oct. 1870. Sainte-Croix, Guillaunie Emmanuel Joseph Guilheni de Clermont-Lodeve, Baron de, — b., 5 Jan. 1746 — serves in the army, 1761-70 — admitted to .Academy of Inscriptions, 1777 — member of Institute, 1803 — "&. at Paris, 11 Mar. 1809. Examen critique des historiens d' Alexandre le Grand, 1775 — Memoire pour servir d Vhistoire de la religion secrete des anciens peuples, §c, 1784. Saint-Cyr, School of, — founded by Louis XIV., 1686 — converted into military hospital, 1793 — military school of Fontainebieau trans- ferred to, by Napoleon I., 1806. Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion, Marquis de, Marshal and Peer of France, — b. at Toul, i3, a 16 b Apr. 1764 — studies painting at Eome, 1782-3 — enters the arnry, 1 Sep. 1792 — General of Division, 3 Jun. 1794 — Commander-in-chief of army of Rome, 1798 — Councillor of State, Jun. 1 800 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1805 — defeats and cap- tures Prince de Rohan and his corps, at Castel- Franco, 23, a 24 b Nov. 1805 — Governor of "Warsaw, 1807 — serves in Spain, 1807 — defeats Castro, and takes Barcelona, Dec. 1808 — de- feats Spaniards at Molino del Rey, 21 Dec. 1808 — again, at Vals, 25 Feb. 1809 — fails at siege of Gerona and is dismissed, 1809 — rein- stated, 181 1 — defeats Wittgenstein at Polotsk, 18 Aug. 1 812 — Marshal, Aug. 1812 — distin- guishes himself at Dresden, 181 3 — capitulates and is taken prisoner by allies, 1 1 Nov. 1 8 1 3 — liberated and made Peer of France by Louis XVIII., 1 8 14— Minister of War, 8 Jul. 18 15 — Grand Cross of St Louis, 18 17— again Min- ister of War, 12 Sep. 18 17 — retires, 19 Nov. i8i8, a 1819b— ft. at Hieres, io, a i7, b i 2 c Mar. 1830. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. Saint-Cyran, Jean Duvergier de Hau- ranne, Abbe de, theologian, — b. at Bayonne, 158 1 — Abbe of St Cyran, 1620 — imprisoned at Vincennes, 1638-42 — tf. at Paris, 11 Oct. 1643. Pet r us Aurelius, 1631. Saint-Denis, in France, — chapel of, built, 240? 250 ?— converted into Oratory, by Chilperic, one of his sons interred there, 580 a — church erected by Dagobert L, about 630, 11 613,2 636 d — burial-place of French kings from Dagobert I., 6 3 8— church improved by Abbe Suger, 1 130- 44— enlarged by St Louis and his successors, 1250-80 — taken by Orleanists, 1411 — by the English, 141 2 and 1435— battle of, death of Constable Montmorenci, 10 Nov. 1567 — abbey suppressed, 1792 — monuments demolished by decree of National Convention, 3 1 Jul., e 3 Aug./ 6 Aug. d 1793— tombs plundered by order of the mmritipality of Paris, Oct. 1793— restorations begun by Napoleon I., 1806— completed by Louis Philippe, 1 846— the town occupied by Germans, 19 Sep. 1870 to Mar. 187 1 — reoccupied, 20 Mar. 1 87 1 — evacuated, 18 Jun. [Franco-Ger- man War.] Chronicles of, (Grandes Chro- niques de France,) published, 1476. a Le Bas. b Bouillet. c Conv.-Lex. d Encyc. d. Gens du Monde. e Engl. Cyc. f Alison. Saint -Etienne, in France, — Socialist dis- turbances at, 25-26 Mar. 1871. St George, Chevalier de. [Stuart, James F. E.] Saint-Germain, Count de, adventurer, — accompanies Marshal Belle-Isle to France, about i74o, a i77o b — tf. at S chles wig, 1784, c I795. d a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. c Some authorities. d Others. Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Count de, general, statesman, — b. near Loas-le-Saulnier, 15 Apr. 1707 — Lieutenant-general, 1748 — serves in Hungary against the Turks, 1758 — takes part in battle of Rosbach, 1757 — distin- guishes himself at Crevelt, 1758— at Mindeh, 1759 — Commander-in-chief of Danish army, 1762 — returns to France, 1768 — receives Cross of St Louis, and is appointed Minister of War, Oct. 1775 — resigns, Sep. 1777 — if. at Paris, 15 Jan. 1778. Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in France, — Cha- teau built by Louis le Gros, about n 10-20 — sacked by English, 1346, 1419, and 1438 — Cha- teau rebuilt by Francis I., 1547 — declines on re- moval of Court to Versailles, 1672 — residence of James II. of England, 1689 — occupied by Germans, 19 Sep. 1870. Treaty of, between Louis XIII. and Duke of Lorraine, concluded, 29 Mar. 1 641. Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de, {Augustin Fran- cois Cesar Prouvensal de,) botanist, — b. at Or- leans, 4 Oct. 1799 — travels in S. America, 1816-22 — in provinces of Bio Janeiro and Minas Geraes, 1830 — in Diamond Districts, 1833 — titular member of Paris Academy of Sciences, 8 Mar. 1830 — tf. at Orleans, 30 Sep. 1853. Flora Brasilice Meridionalis, 1825-32. Saint-Hilaire. [GeofFroy Saint-Hilaire.] St John, Henry. [Bolingbroke, Viscount.] St John, Oliver, Chief Justice op Com- mon Pleas, — b., about 1598 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 16 Aug. 16 15 — enters Lin- coln's Inn, 22 Apr. 1619 — called to the bar, 22 Jun. 1626 — marries, about 1629 — prosecuted in Star Chamber, 1630 — defends Hampden in the Ship Money trial, Nov. 1637 — marries Eliza- beth Cromwell, 21 Jan. 1638 — M.P. Totnes, Apr. and Nov. 1640 — Solicitor-general, 29 Jan. 1 641 — his appointment revoked by Charles I., 30 Oct. 1643 — named a Commissioner of Great Seal by parliament, 10 Nov. 1643 — takes part in Treaty of Uxbridge, Jan. 1645 — Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 22 Nov. 1648 — Joint-ambas- sador to Netherlands, Mar. 1651 — Commis- sioner for Affairs of Scotland, Oct. 165 1 — member of Council of State, Nov. — retires, 1660 — tf., 31 Dec. 1673. St John's College, — Cambridge, founded by Margaret, Countess of Bichmond, 15 11. Oxford, founded by Sir Thomas White, 1555. Saint- Just, Antoine, revolutionist, — b. in the Nivernais, 1768 — deputy to Convention, SAINT-LAMBERT— ST VINCENT. 1239 1792 — member of triumvirate, (with Robes- pierre and Couthon,) about May 1793 — Com- missioner to the army, 1793 — Pres. Convention, end of 1793 — Commissioner to the army, May 1794 — executed at Paris, (9 Thermidor,) 28 Jul. 1794. Saint-Lambert, Jean Francois, Marquis op, poet, §c, — b. at Nancy, 26 Dec. 17 16 — in service of Stanislaus, king of Poland, 1748 — received at French Academy, 23 Jun. 1770 — tf. at Paris, 9 Feb. 1803. Saisons, 1769 — (Euvres philosophiques, 1798-1801. St Lawrence, river, — discovered by Aubert, 1508. Saint-Leger, Abbe de. [Mercier, B.] Saint-Luc, Francois d'Espinay de, mili- tary commander, — b., 1554 — Governor of Brouage and Saintonge, 1579 — defends Brou- age against Huguenots, 1585 — taken prisoner at battle of Coutras, 1587 — Lieutenant-general in Bretagne, 1592-6 — negotiates surrender of Paris, 1594 — Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 1595 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1596 — killed at siege of Amiens, 8 Sep. 1597. Sainte-Marthe, Scevole and Louis de, — 6. at Loudun, 20 Dec. 1571 — Councillors of State, and historiographers of France, 1620 — tf. at Paris, Scevole, 7 Sep. 1650 — Louis, 29 Apr. 1656. Histoire genealogique de la maison de France, 1627-8 — Histoire genealogique de la maison de Beauvais, 1626 — Gallia Christiana, 1656. Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, (' le philo- sophe inconnu,) — b. at Amboise, 18 Jan. 1743 — visits Italy, 1775 and 1787 — expelled from Paris, 1794 — tf. near Paris, 1803. Des erreurs et de la verite, 1775. St Mary Hall, Oxford, — given witb St Mary's Church to Oriel Coll., by Edward II., 1325 — made separate place of education, 1333- . . , Saint-Omer, in France, — mentioned as a town, 626 — takes its present name from St Audomarus, about 695 — sacked by Normans, 845, 861, 881— fortified by Fulk, Abbot of St Bertin, and Baldwin II., Count of Flanders, 880-910 — attacked by Normans, 6 May 891 — Robert the Frisian defeats Arnulf III. of Flan- ders and Philip of France near, 1071 a — burnt, 1081 and 1099 — revolts, 1128 — has a mint as early as 1145 — burnt, 1 151— forms part of dower of Isabella of Hainault, 1180 — seized by Baldwin of Flanders, 1192 and 1198 — unsuccessfully besieged by Robert of Artois and the English, 1340 — again attacked by him, 1406 — unsuccessfully besieged by Louis XL, 1477 b — surprised by Imperialists, 1486,° 1487 e — revolts and is reentered by Bur- gundians, n Feb. 14896 — seat of a bishopric, 1560 d — Huguenot disturbances at, 1577 — Henry IV. attempts to seize, 1594 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Chatillon, 1638^ e 1635,° 1629 ad — Prince of Orange defeated by Duke of Orleans at, 1677 — taken by Duke of Orleans, 22 Feb., d 20 Apr. f 1677 — ceded to France by Treaty of Nimeguen, 1678 — rendezvous of flotilla for invasion of England, 1805. Abbey, built, 1320-1520 — destroyed, 1792. College for English Catholics, founded by Philip II. of Spain, about i596. d a Meyer, Conv. -Lex. b Langlois Diet. c Univers Pittoresque. d Zedler, Univ. Lex. e Encyc. Mod. f Art de Verifier les Dates. Sainte-Palaye, Jean Baptiste de la Curne de, antiquary, — h. at Auxerre, 6 Jun. 1697 — member of Academy of Inscriptions, 1724— of French Academy, 1758— tf. at Paris, 1 Mar. 17 81. Memoir es sur V ancienne Chevalerie, 1759-81 — Histoire des Troubadours, 1774. Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, publicist, miscellaneous writer, — b., 1658 — goes to Paris, 1686 — If. at Paris, 29 Apr. 1743. Frojet de Paix Ferpetuelle, 17 13-17 — Ouvrages de Politique et de Morale, 1738-41. Saint-Pierre, Jacques Bernardin Henri de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Havre, 19 Jan. 1737 — visits Isle of France, 1767 — returns to Paris, Jim. 177 1 — marries, 1792 — member of Institute, 1795 — tf. at Eragny-sur-Oise, 21 Jan. 18 14. Ftudes de la Nature, 1784 — Paul et Virginie, 1788 — Chaumiere Indienne, 1790 — Harmonies de la Nature, 18 15. Saint-Quentin, in France, [Augusta Veru- manduorum,) — besieged by Spaniards, under Duke of Savoy, defended by Coligny, 1557 — defeat of French by Spaniards near, 10 Aug. 1557 — unsuccessfully attacked by Germans, 9 Oct. 1870 — occupied by Germans, 21 Oct. — evacuated, 23 Oct. — reoccupied by French, 9 Dec. — Gen. von Goeben defeats Gen. Faidherbe at, 19-20 Jan. 1871. Canal of, completed by Napoleon, 18 10. Saint-Remy, in the Vosges, — Gen. Dupre defeated by Germans at, 6 Oct. 1870. Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count of, philosopher, — b. at Paris, 17 Oct. 1760 — serves in American "War, 1779-82 — quits the army, 1789 — attempts suicide, 1823 — tf. at Paris, 19 May 1825. Introduction aux travaux scienti- fiques du 19 e siecle, 1807 — De la reorganisation de la socie'te europe'enne, 18 14 — V Industrie, 1 8 17- 1 8 — B>u systeme industriel, 1821-22 — Nouveau christianisme, 1825. Saint- Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of, Peee of France,— b. at Paris, 16 Jan. 1675 — serves under Marshal Luxembourg, 1692 — marries, 1695— sent to Spain to negotiate mar- riage of Louis (XV.) with the Infanta, 172 1 — tf. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1755. Memoir es, 1788-89. [complete, 1829-30.] St Thomas, one of the Virgin Islands, — settled by Danes, 1672 — devastated by earth- quake and inundation, 19 Feb. 1842 — by hur- ricane, 29 Oct. 1867 — again by earthquake and inundation, 18 Nov. 1867 and 17 Sep. 1869. St Thomas's Hospital, london,— founded by Corporation of London, 1553— rebuilt, 1706— first stone of new building, at Lambeth, laid by Queen Victoria, 12 May 1868— opened by the Queen, 21 Jun. 1871. St Vincent, Cape, — Admiral Tourville defeats Sir G. Rooke near, 17 Jun. 1693— Rodney de- feats de Langara, 16 Jan. 1780— Admiral Jervis defeats Spanish fleet, 14 Feb. 1797— Admiral Napier captures Miguelite squadron, 2 Jul. 1833. 1240 ST VINCENT— SALANGORE. St Vincent, island of West Indies, — dis- covered by Columbus, 22 Jan. 1498 — ravaged by Frencb, 1655 a — placed under government of Lord Willoughby with Barbadoes and otber islands, 1673 — French, settlement attempted, 17 19 a — British attempt, 1723 — taken from the French by the British, 1762 — ceded to British by Peace of Paris, 1763 — revolt of natives, 1772— peace with them, 1773— captured by French, 19 Jun. 1779 — devastated by hurricane, 1780 — restored to Great Britain by Treaty of Versailles, 1783 — revolt of natives, 1794— sup- pressed, 1796 —devastated by eruption of Mount Souffriere, 30 Apr. 181 2. a a Bayley. St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of, Admi- ral of the Fleet, — ft. at Meaford, Stafford- shire, 9 Jan. 1735 — enters the navy, 1745 — serves in expedition to Quebec, 1759 — Post- captain, 13 Oct. 1760 — serves in expedition to Newfoundland, 1762 — distinguishes himself under Keppel against the French, 1778 — captures the Fe'gase, 20 Apr. 1782 — K.B., 28 May 1782 — accompanies Lord Howe to relief of Gibraltar, Oct. 1782— M.P., 1782 — marries, 5 Jun. 1783 — Rear-admiral, 24 Sep. 1787— takes Martinique, 16 Mar. 1794 — Admiral, 1 Jun. 1795 — Commander of Mediterranean fleet, 1795 — obtains victory over Spanish fleet off Cape St Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797 — receives thanks of both houses of par- liament, and is raised to the peerage, Mar. 1797 — suppresses mutiny in fleet off Cadiz, Jul. 1797 — Commander of Channel fleet, Apr. 1800 — First Lord of the Admiralty, Feb. 1 801-4 — Viscount, 21 Apr. 1801 — Commander of Chan- nel fleet, 1806-7 — F.R.S., 1 815 — loses his wife, Feb. 18 16 — Admiral of the Fleet, 19 Jul. 1821 — tf. in Essex, 15 Mar. 1823. Saintes, in France, (Mediolanum, Santones,) — pillaged by Normans, 845 and 854 — St Louis defeats English at, 22 Jul. 1242 — sur- prised and destroyed by Duke of Alencon, 1330 — discovery of Roman thermce at, 1 85 1 . Abbey, founded, 1043. Councils of, held, 562 ; Jan. 1081 ; 4 Nov. 1089 ; 2 Mar. 1097 ; 1282. Saintine, Xavier Boniface, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, 10 Jul. 1798 — receives Cross of Le- gion of Honour, and Montyon Prize of the Academy, 1837 — tf., Jan. 1865. Eoemes, 1823 — Picciola, 1836. Saisset, Emile Edmond, philosopher, — h. at Montpellier, 16 Sep. 18 14 — deputy Prof. His- tory of Philosophy, Normal School, 1842 — maitre de conferences, 1846 — deputy Prof. History of Philosophy, Sorbonne, 1849 — lec- turer on Greek and Latin Philosophy, Coll. de France, 1853-7 — E r °f- History of Philosophy, Sorbonne, 1862 — tf. at Paris, 27 Dec. 1863. JEnesideme, 1840 — Translation of Spinoza, 1 843 — Essai sur la Philosophic et la Religion au XIX. e Siecle, 1845 — Melanges d' Histoire, de Morale et de Critique, 1 859 — Essai de Ehilo- sophie Iieligieuse, i860 — L'Ame et la Vie, 1864. Saladin, (Salah Eddin,) (Malek El Nasser Salah Eddin Abu-Modhaffer Yusef) Sultan of Egypt and Syria,— 6., about (532, a. h.) 1 1 37— follows his uncle Shiracouh to Egypt, 1 163 — again, 1 166 — defends Alexandria against Franks, 11 66 — succeeds Shiracouh as Grand Vizier, 1 1 68 — proclaimed Sultan of Egypt on death of Noureddin, (569,) 117 3— occupies Damascus, 11 74 — twice defeats army of Malek el Saleh, besieges him in Aleppo, obtains cession of southern Syria, and assumes title of Sultan, 1 1 74 — defeated by Renaud de Chatillon, near Ramla, (24 Guimadha I. 573,) 18 Nov. 1 177 — captures Edessa, Nisibis, &c, (578,) 1 1 82 — repulsed before Mosul, n 82 — takes Amida and Aleppo, (579,) 11 83— concludes truce with Franks for four years, (581,) 11 85 — defeats crusaders at Tiberias, (26 Rabia II. 583,) 5 Jul. 1 1 87 — captures Guy of Lusignan, and Renaud de Chatillon: puts Ch&tillon to death: besieges and takes Jerusalem, (13-27 Redgeb 583,) 2 Oct. 11 87 — unsuccessfully besieges Tyre, 1 Nov. to Dec. — attempts relief of Acre, 1 189-91 — concludes truce for three years with Richard Coeur de Lion, (22 Schaban 588,) 2 Sep. 1 192— tf. at Damascus, (27, a 29 b Sepher 589,) 4 Mar. 1193. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Abulfeda. Saladine, tax, — imposed in England and France for the crusade, 11 88. Salado, (Tarifa,) in Spain, — Alfonso IV. of Portugal defeats Moors at, 30 Oct. 1344. sum. 231 1, * 2445 b a — U., sura. 1878.* b Clinton. — combat between at, 11 Aug. 1798 — —evacuated by them, Salah— [BC]— fc. birth of Eber, sum. : a TJssher. Salahieh, in Egypt, French and Mamelukes fortified by French, 1798 May 1 80 1. Salamanca, (Salmantica,) in Spain, — [B C] — taken by Hannibal, 222 — [AD] — conquered by Ordofio II., 862 — recovered from the Moors, 1095— taken possession of by Spaniards under Duke del Parque, 25 Oct. 1809 — occupied by Wellington, 17 Jun. 1812 — siege and capture of its forts by Wellington, 17-27 Jun. — Wel- lington defeats Marmont near, 22 Jul. 18 12. Cathedral, new, commenced, 15 13— completed, 1734. University, founded by Alfonso IX. of Leon, 1200 — extended and incorporated with Palencia, by Alfonso X., 1239. Councils of, held by Roderic, Abp of Compostella, respect- ing charges against Templars, 21 Oct. 13 10; on discipline, 24 May 1335 ; before John I. of Castile, respecting rival claims of Urban VI. and Clement VII., 23 Nov. 1380 to 19 May 1 38 1 ; in favour of Benedict XIII., 1410. Salamis, island, — [B C] — taken by Athenians under Solon, (01. 44,) 604 a — reconquered by Megarians, (01. 46,) 596 a — Themistocles de- feats fleet of Xerxes, 480— surrenders to Mace- donians, 318 — recovered by Athens, 232. a Miiller. Salamis, in Cyprus, — [B C] — victory of Athenians over Persian fleet at, 449 — (rulers:) Euelthon, about 529-8 a — Cheisis, ? : Gorgus, 449 — restored, 498-480 a — Onesilus, 499-8 a — Evagoras I., 410-374-3 a — Nicocles, 374-3 a — Prytagoras, about 351-332 a — Nicocreon, about 331-315. a a Smith's Diet. Salangore, on Strait of Malacca, — British attack on pirates of, 3-4 Jul. 1871. SALANKEMEN— SALISBUBY. 1241 Salankemen, — Prince Louis of Baden de- feats Turks under Grand Vizier Kiuperli, 19 Aug. 1 69 1. Salassi, Alpine tribe, — [BC] — campaign of Octavius against, 35 — conquered and captured by Terentius Varro, 25. Salban, — Heraclius defeats Persians under Sabaraza, and winters at, 624-5. Saldanha Bay, S. Africa, — Commodore Johnstone captures five Dutch India ships in, 21 Jul. 1781 — Admiral Elphinstone captures Dutch squadron in, 18 Aug. 1796. Sale, Antoine de la, novelist, — b. at Tours, or in Burgundy, 1 398— tf., about 1462. L'Hys- toire et plaisante chronique du petit Jehan de Saintre, 15 17 — la Salade, 152 1. Sale, George, Orientalist, — b., 1680 — tf. in London, 14 Nov. 1736. Translation of the Koran, 1734. Sale, Sir Bobert Henry, general, — b., 1782 — enters the army, 1795 — serves at storming of Seringapatam, 1799 — at storming of Tra- vancore lines, 1 809 — at capture of the Mauri- tius, 1 8 16— at capture of Bangoon, 1824 — takes part in invasion of Afghanistan, 1838 — wounded at storming of Ghuznee, Jul. 1839 — subdues Kohistan, 1840 — forces Khoord Cabul and Jugdollock passes, 1841 — besieged in Jella- labad by Afghans, 12 Nov. — defeats Akhbar Khan and raises the siege, 7 Apr. 1842 — re- ceives thanks of parliament, 1842 — mortally wounded at action of Moodkee, 18 Dec. 1845 — tf., 28 Feb. 1846. Salerno, (Salernum,) in Italy, — [B C] — Boman colony, 194 — [A D] — expels dukes of Be- nevento and becomes independent principality, 840 — taken by Saracens, 905 — seat of arch- bishopric, 974 — taken by Bobert Guiscard, 1076 — assembly of barons at, elect Boger King of Naples and Sicily, 11 30 — sacked and burnt by Emperor Henry VI., 1193 — visited by Frederick II., 121 3, 1221, 1226 — one of the seats of new Court of Justice, by Frederick II., 1234 — again visited by Frederick, 1246 — harbour commenced by John of Procida, 1260 — visited by Victor Emmanuel, 7 May 1862. Cathedral, rebuilt by Bobert Guiscard, 1084. Medical School, {Salemitana Schola,) attains high repute under Constantinus Afer, 1060-80 — obtains privileges from Frederick II., about 1225 — converted into Lyceum, 18 17. Sales, St Francois de, Bishop of Geneva, — b. near Annecy, in Savoy, 21 Aug. 1567 — studies at Paris, 1578-84 — at Padua, 1584-91 missionary with his brother to Geneva, 1594-6 — visits Court of France, 1602 — consecrated Bishop of Geneva, 8 Dec. 1602 — founds Order of the Visitation, 16 10 — accompanies the Car- dinal of Savoy to Paris, 1619— tf. at Lyons, 28 Dec. 1622 — canonized by Alexander VII., 1665. (Euvres, 1641. Salesbury, {Salisbury,) William, — living, 1567. Englyshe and Welshe Dictionaries 547 — Introduction teaching how to pronounce the letters in the Brytishe Tongue, 1550. Salic Law, of the Franks, — excluding females from inheritance, republished by Charles the Great, 798 — applied to succes- sion to throne of France, 13 16— contested by Edward III., 1328— confirmed by Parliament of Paris, 1593. In Spain, established by pro- clamation of Philip V., 1 2 May 17 13— abolished by decree of Ferdinand VII., 8 Dec. 1813. Saliceti, Guglielmo, (de Saliceto, Tlacen- tinus,) physician,— b. at Placentia, about 1200 — tf. at Verona, 1280. liber in scientia me- dicinali, 1475 — Cyrurgia, 1476. Salieri, Antonio, musical composer,—]}, at Legnano, 29 Aug. 1750— Chapel-master of the Imperial Chamber, Vienna, about 1775 — Foreign Associate of French Institute, 1806 — if. at Vienna, 7 May 1825. Salimbene, Fra, chronicler, — b. at Parma, 1222 — enters Franciscan Order, 1238 — visits France, 1247-8. Chronicle, first printed, 1857. Salinas, Franciscus, writer on music, — b. at Burgos, 1613 — tf., 1690.* Be Musica, 1677. a Thuanus. Salinator, — Consul with Hadrian, (871, A. TJ. C.) Il8. Salinator, C. Livius, — [B C] — prsetor, com- mands fleet against Antiochus, 191 — Consul with M. Valerius Messalla, (566, a. u. c.) 188. Salinator, M. Livius, — [BC] — Consul with L. JEmilius Paullus, (535, a. u. c.) 219 — war with Illyrians, accused by the soldiers and leaves Borne : brought back to the city and Senate, 210 — Consul with C. Claudius Nero, (547,) 207 — defeats and kills Hasdrubal, triumphs : Dictator to hold Comitia, 207 — Proconsul in Etruria, 206-5 — Censor with C. Claudius Nero, (550,) 204 — imposes tax on salt. Salinguerra II. Torelli, Loed of Ferrara, — b., about 1 1 60 — elected podestat on death of his father, Torello, 11 95 — expels Azzo d'Este, 1 1 95 — driven away by Azzo, seeks aid of Em- peror Henry VI., 1196 — aided by Eccelino ' the Monk,' reenters Ferrara, and is elected podestat, 11 99 — Lord of Verona, 1200 — of Modena, 1205 — again driven way, by Azzoiino, but aided by Bolognese returns, 1208 — has in- terview with Emperor Otto IV., and is created Prince of the Empire, 12 10 — excommunicated by Innocent III., 121 1 — obtains from him inves- titure of fiefs held by Countess Matilda, 12 15 — attacked by Azzo VII., Aug. 1221 — with Ec- celino, expels Azzo from Verona, 1227 — expels Eccelino from Verona, 1230 — resigns Ferrara to Emperor, 1236 — besieged in Ferrara by al- lied Venetians, Milanese, Mantuans, &c, Feb. 1240 — taken prisoner at conference with Azzo, 3 Jun., and sent to Venice : tf. at Venice, 25 Jul. 1244. Salinguerra I. and III. [Ferrara.] Salisbury, {New Sarum,) capital of Wilt- shire, — seat of bishopric transferred from Old Sarum to, 1 217 — Boy alist insurrection under Sir Joseph Wagstaff at, 11 Mar. 1655. Cathedral, commenced, 1220 — completed, 1258. Black- more Museum, opened, 5 Sep. 1867. Hamilton Hall, opened, 2 Oct. 1871. Council of, held before Henry I., n 16. Salisbury, John de Montacute, Earl of,- — joins in proceedings against Gloucester, 1397 —excepted from pardon by Henry IV., Nov. 1242 SALISBURY— SALONA. 1399 — joins in plot for restoration of Bicbard II., Jan. 1400 — beheaded without trial at Ox- ford, 7 Jan. Salisbury, Margaret Plantagenet, Count- ess of, — created, 14 Oct. 1513 s — accused of favouring Pilgrimage of Grace, and of cor- responding with ber son Cardinal Pole, at- tainted, and sent to tbe Tower, May 1539 — bebeaded, 27 May 1541. a Burke. Salisbury, Richard Neville, Eael of, — fj., 1400 — created Earl of, on bis marriage with Alice Montacute, May 1442 — takes part "with York in first battle of St Alban's, 1455 — de- feats Lancastrians under Lord Audley at Blore- heath, 23 Sep. 1459 — joins York at Ludlow, Oct. 1459 — escapes to Calais, 1459 — returns with Yorkist leaders, and enters London, 2 Jul. 1460 — captured by Queen Margaret at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460 — beheaded at Ponte- fract, 1 Jan. 146 1. Salisbury, Richard Neville, Eael of. [Warwick, Eael of.] Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Eael of, states- man, — b., about i55o, a 1 Jun. 1563 b — M.P. Westminster, 1585-6 — Knt, Jun. 159 1 — Privy Councillor, Aug. 1591 — one of the principal Secretaries of State, 1596 — fails in negotiations at Boulogne, for peace between France and Spain, May 1600 — Knt, 1601 c — sole Secretary of State, 1603 — Baron of Essingden, 13 May 1603 — his enmity to Baleigh begins, 1603 — Viscount Cranbourne, 20 Aug. 1604 — Earl of Salisbury, 4 May 1605 — Chancellor of Univ. of Cambridge, 1605 — Knt of the Garter, May 1606 — Lord High Treasurer, 4 May 1608 — if. at Marlborough, 24 May 16 12. a Engl. Cyc. b Collins. c Burke. Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, Eael of, — created, 1409 — serves under Bedford in France, 1422 — defeats French and Scots at Crevant, Jul. 1423 — besieges Orleans, and is wounded, 27 Oct. 1428 — if., 3 Nov. Salisbury, William Longespee, Eael of, — burns French fleet prepared for invasion of England, at Damme, 121 3 — captured by French at Bouvines, 12 14 — if., 7 Mar. 1226. Salisbury, William Montacute, Eael of, — K.B., 1323 — joint-ambassador to tbe pope, 1330 — arrests Roger Mortimer at Nottingham, 1330— summoned to parliament, 1331-6 — Con- stable of the Tower, 1334 — Admiral of the king's fleet, westward, 1336 — created Earl, 16 Mar. 1337 — obtains possession of Isle of Man, 1343— distinguishes himself in Scottish and French wars, 1337-9 — if., i346, a i343- b a Annals of England. b Burke. Salivahana, Era of, — commences, 78. Sallee. [See Morocco.] Sallia, Flavius, — Consul \riih Fl. Philippus, (1101, a.tj. c.) 348. Sallustius, adviser of Julian, — recalled by Constantius, close of 357 — Consul with Julian, (1116, a. u. c.) 363. Sallustius, (Secundus,) — Consul with Leon- tius, (1097, a. u. c.) 344— Prsefect of the East, by Julian, 362— declines the crown on Julian's death, 363— again, on Jovian's death, 364— dis- missed by Yalens, 365. Sallustius, (Salustius,) Cynic philosopher, — S., before 500. Sallustius Crispus, C, historian, — [BC] — 6., 86 — tribunus plebis, 52 — ejected from Senate, 50 — praetor, 47 — accompanies Csesar to Africa, Governor of Numidia, 46 — if., 34. Sallustius Crispus, C, — [BC]— adopted by the historian, before 34 — favourite of Augustus, 16— [AD]— if., 20. Salmasius, {Claude de Saumaise,) philologist, §c, — fc. atSemur, 15 Apr. 1588 — sent to Paris, 1604 — renounces Bomanism at Heidelberg, be- fore 1 610 — marries Anne Mercier, 1623 — settles at Leyden, 1632 — visits Queen Chris- tina of Sweden, 1650 — if. at Spa, 6 Sep. 1653,* i658. b Historice August ce Script ores sex, 1620 — Pliniance exercitationes in Caii Julii Solini Polyhistora, 1629 — Defensio regia pro Carolo I., 1649. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Salmon, — exportation of, from United King- dom, at certain times prohibited by Act 26 Yic. c. 10, 20 Apr. 1863. Salmon, Francois, — fj. at Paris, 1676 — if. at Chaillot, 1736. Traite de V etude des ccnciles et de leurs collections, 1724. Salmon, Manuel Gonzalvo, statesman, — b. at Cadiz, 18 Oct. 1778 — First Secretary of State, 17 Mar. 1809 — Secretary of the king, 17 Jul. 1809 — Minister Plenipotentiary to Court of Saxony, 14 Sep. 18 19 — Minister of Interior, 19 Aug. 1826 — First Secretary of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs, 15 Oct. 1830 — if., 18 Jan. 1832. Salmon, Nathaniel, antiquary, — enters Bene't Coll. Cambridge, Jun. 1690 — LL.B., 1695 — if., 2 Apr. 1742. Survey of Roman Stations in Britain, 1721 — Survey of Roman Stations in the Midland Counties in England, 1726 — History of Hertfordshire, 1728 — An- tiquities of Surrey, 1736. Salmon, Thomas, writer on music, — if., about 17 10. Essay to the advancement of music, 1672. Salmon, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — if. in London, Apr. 1743 (?). Modern History, 1739 — Universal Traveller, 1754. Salmon Fisheries, — regulated by Acts 13 Edw. I. st. 1, c. 47, 1285 ; 13 Bic. II. st. 1, c. 19, 1389-90; 17 Bic. II, c. 9, 1393-4; 4 Ann. c. 21, 1705 ; 1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 18, 17 14; 58 Geo. III. c. 43, 28 May 1818; 6 and 7 Yic. c. 33, 28 Jul. 1843 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 52, 14 Aug. 1848. In England, law respecting, amended by Acts 24 and 25 Vic. c. 109, 6 Aug. 1 861, and 28 and 29 Vic. c. 121, 5 Jul. 1865. In Scotland, newly regulated by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 97, 7 Aug. 1862, amended by Acts 26 and 27 Vic. c. 50, 13 Jul. 1863, 27 and 28 Vic. c. 118, 29 Jul. 1864, and 31 and 32 Vic. c. 123, 31 Jul. 1868. In Ireland, law amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 114, 28 Jul. 1863. Salnave, Pees. [See Domingo, St.] Salona, in Ealmatia, — Diocletian retires to his palace at, 305 — taken by Odoacer, about 481 — head-quarters of Narses, 552 — pillaged and burnt by Avars, 641 — visited by Em- SALONICA— SALZBURG. 1243 peror Francis, 18 18. Council of, for corona- tion of Demetrius, King of Dalmatia, Oct. 1076. Salonica. [Thessalonica.] Saloninus, P. Licinius Corn. Valerianus, — Caesar, 253 — put to death by Postumus, 259- Salsette, island in Indian Ocean, — taken from Portuguese byMahrattas, 1739,* I 75° b — taken by British, 1774 — confirmed to them by Treaty of Salbye, 1782. a Thornton. b Rees' Cyc. Salt,— [BC] — taxed in Rome, by M. Livius Salinator, 204 — [AD] — rock, discovered in Cheshire, 1670 — duty imposed on by Act 5 and 6 ¥m and Mar. c. 7, 1694 — regulated by many subsequent Acts : abolished, by Act 3 Geo. IV. c. 82, 26 Jul. 1822. [Gabelle, Wie- lickska. ] Salt, Henry, traveller, — ft. at Lichfield, about 1785 — embarks for India, 3 Jun. 1802 — visits Abyssinia, 1805 — returns to England, Sep. 1806 — sent to negotiate alliance with Abyssinia, Jan. 1809 — returns, Jan. 181 1 — consul-general at Cairo, 18 15 — correspondent of French Academy of Inscriptions, Dec. 1815 — 1j. in Egypt, 30 Aug. 1827. Voyage to Abyssinia, 18 14 — Correspondence, 1854. Salt Lake City, capital of Utah, — settled by Mormons, 1847. Temple, commenced, 1853. Salter, Henry Hyde, physician,— -b., 2 Nov. 1823 — B.A. London, 1846 — M.D. London, 1851 — assistant-editor of JEncyc. Anatomy and Physiology, 1852 — assistant-physician, Charing Cross Hospital, 1855— F.R.C.P. and F.R.S., 1856 — full physician and lecturer in Medicine, 1866 — Tr. in London, 30 Aug. 1871. Asthma, i860. Salters' Company, of London, — incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, 1558. Saltpetre, — freely to be made in Great.Bri- tain, by Act 17 Car. I. c. 21,1641 — ordinance for making, passed by Lords and Commons, 3 Apr. 1644- -similar ordinance, 9 Feb. 1652 — dig- ging for, regulated by Act of Lord Protector and Parliament, 1656. Saluces, (Saluzzo,) in Italy, — erected into a Marquisate, before 11 30 — taken, pillaged, and burnt by Manfred of Saluzzo, 13 Apr. 1341 — restored to Thomas II. by Emperor Charles IV., 1355 — besieged by Prin^of Achaia and Duke of Savoy, 14 13 — besieged and taken by Miolaus, Marshal of Savoy, Feb. i486 — seat of a bisboprtc, by Julius II., between 1503-13 — seized by Henry II. of France, 1548 — seized by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, 1588 — ceded to Duke of Savoy by Henry IV. of France, by Treaty of Lyons, 1601. Cathedral, built, 1480. Abbey of Staffarda, founded by Marquis Thomas I., 11 35 — destroyed, 1341. Saluces, {Saluzzo,) Louis II., 11th Mar- quis of, — b., 1438— at war with Duke of Savoy, 1485 — seeks aid of France, Jan. i486 — loses his estates to Savoy, Feb. i486 — by aid of Duke of Milan, recovers them, 1490 — receives Louis XII., 1503 — named General of French armies in Italy, and Viceroy of Naples, 1503 — defeated at the Garigliano, 1503 — lj. at Genoa, 27 Jan. 1504. Art de Chevalerie scion Vegece, 1488. Saluces, Michel Antoine, Marquis of, — fi., about 1484 — Governor of Asti, by Louis XII., 1507 — serves in Italian campaigns, I 5°9" I 3— ^serves under Francis I. in conquest of the Milanese, 15 15 — distinguishes himself at Marignano, 15 15— attends Francis I. at in- terview with Leo X. at Bologna, 15 15 — at battle of Pavia, 1525— Admiral of Guienne, and Lieutenant-general of Francis I. in Italy, 1525 — takes command against Constable de Bourbon, 1526 — Commander of French army in Naples, 1528 — mortally wounded before Aversa, 1529. Salvador. [San Salvador.] Salvador, Francesco Daniel, musical com- poser, — appointed Director of the Conservatoire, Paris, by the Commune, May 1871 — captured by Versailles troops and shot, end of May. Salvage. [Wreck and Salvage.] Salvandy, Narcisse Achille, Count de, political and miscellaneous writer, — b. at Con- dom, (Gers,) 11 Jun. 1795 — enters the army, 1 8 12 — member of Legion of Honour, Apr. 1 8 14 — maitre des requetes, 18 19 — Councillor of State, 12 Nov. 1828— member of Chamber of Deputies, 1832 — member of French Academy, 19 Feb. 1835 — Minister of Public Instruction, 15 Apr. 1837 to Mar. 1839 — ambassador to Spain, Sep. 1 841-2 — again Minister of Public Instruction, 1 Feb. 1845 — ft. in Normandy, 15 Dec. 1856. Don Alonzo, 1824 — Histoire de Pologne, 1827-9 — contributes to the Journal des D 'e 'bats, 1824-48. Salvatierra, in Spain, — besieged by Moham- med al Nasir, Oct. 121 1 — surrenders, end of May 1212. Salvator Rosa. [Rosa.] Salvi, Giambattista, {II Sassoferrato,) paint- er, — b. at Sassoferrato, 11 Jul. 1605 — tf. at Rome, 8 Aug. 1685. Salvianus, theologian, — fl., before 490. Salviati, Francesco Rossi del, '{Cecchino del Salviati,) painter, — b. at Florence, 1510 — at Venice, 1540 — settles at Rome, 1548 — visits France, 1554 — tf. at Rome, 11 Nov. 1563. Salviati, G. del. [Porta, Giuseppe.] Salviati, Giovanni, Cakdinal, — f>. at Flor- ence, 1490 — Cardinal, by Leo X., 15 17 — envoy to Charles V. at Madrid, 1526 — negotiates Treaty of the Holy League, 1527 — negotiates peace between Charles V. and Holy See, 1529 — Bp of Porto, 1546 — tf. at Ravenna, 28 Oct. x 553- Salviati, Lionardo, philologist, — ft. at Flor- ence, 1540 — takes part in founding Academia della Crusca, 1582 — tf. at Florence, Sep, 1589. Orazioni, 1575 — Avvertimenti della lingua sopraH Decamerone, 1584-6. Salza. [Herman von Salza.] Salzburg, in Austria, {Juvavia, Juvavium,) — seat of archbishopric, 798 — treaty between Charles the Great and Mcephorus, Emperor of the East, fixing boundaries of their empires, concluded at, 803 — archbishop of, constituted legate of all German churches, about 1088 — expulsion of Jews, 1498 — Protestants perse- 1244 SAMANA BAY— SAN FRANCISCO. cuted, emigrate to Prussia, 173 1-2 — arch- bishopric secularized, 1802 — interview of Em- peror of Austria and King of Prussia at, to ratify Convention of Gastein, 19 Aug. 1865 — meeting of Emperors of France and Austria, 18-23 Aug. 1867 — diplomatic circular respect- ing the interview issued by Count Bismarck, 7 "Sep. 1867 — meeting of Emperors of Ger- many and Austria at, Sep. 1871. University, founded, 1620 — reduced to a Lyceum, 1800. University Church, consecrated, 1707. Cathe- dral, built, 1614-68. St Margaret's Church, built, 1485. Councils of, to regulate distribu- tion of titles, held, 26 Jan. 807 ; against Anti- pope Calixtus, and in favour of Alexander III., 1 Feb. 1 1 7 8 ; respecting constitutions of Council of Lyons, 1274; on discipline, 1281 ; for granting tenth of Church revenues for aid of Holy Land, 1287 ; respecting means of aid- ing Holy Land, 1291 ; to regulate payment of tenth demanded by the pope, and to explain statutes of preceding Councils, 13 10; to degrade a priest for denial of the real presence, and to give him up to secular power to be burnt, 1340 ; Jul. 1380; to reestablish discipline, 18 Nov. 141 8; for reformation of monasteries, 145 1 ; on discipline, and to publish constitution of Martin V. respecting ecclesiastical privileges and sanctuaries, 19 Oct. 1490. Samana Bay, St Domingo, — bought by United States, 1867. Samanis, House of, in Turkistan, — subsists, (279-395, a. h.) 892-1004' — rise to notice under Caliph Mamun, (202,) 817 — retain Transoxiana, from 817 — cross the Oxus, take Omar Leith, and seize his territory, (287,) 900 — lose portion of their territory by the Buyades, (Deilemites,) (321,) 932 — Noh, seventh king, attacked by Bogra Khan, king of Hoeike Tatars, 993-7 — overthrown by Elik Khan, Hoeike Tatar, about 995 — Mansub II. subject to Faik, 999. a Elphinstone. Samarcand, in Bokhara, (Maracanda,) — conquered by Arabs under Catiba, (87-93, a. h.) 706-712 — [Samanis] — conquered by Sultan Mahmud, (407,) 1016 — taken by Gengis Khan, 1220 — by Timur, 135.9 — capital of his empire, 1369 — his triumph celebrated at, Jul. 1404 to Jan. 1405 — visited by Clavijo, i404^declines, after 1468 — conquered by Baber,i497, and lost : occupied by Uzbeks, 1499 — regained by Baber, 151 1 — and regained by Uzbeks, 1512 — reunited to Bokhara, between 1550-1600 — visited by Khanikoff, about 1839-42 — by Vambery, 1863 — Bokharese defeated by Russians near, 13 May 1868 — occupied by Russians, 14 May. Samaria, (Sebaste,) — [B C] — built by Omri, King of Israel, about 925^ 926 b — besieged by Benhadad II. of Syria, 901 and 892 — besieged and taken by Shalmaneser, 724-721^ 723-721 b — repeopled by Esarhaddon, 677 ? c — taken by Alexander the Great, about 332 — taken and razed by John Hyrcanus, 109 c — rebuilt by Gabinius, about 55 — given to Herod by Augus- tus, adorned and fortified by Herod, 40-25 — [A D]— seat of bishopric, before 325 — desolated, Before 400 — taken by Mussulmans, 637. a Ussher. b Clinton. c Smith's Diet. Bible. Samaritans, — [B C] — first planted in Pales- tine from Babylon, &c, by Esarhaddon, 67 7, a about 695 b — oppose the rebuilding of the Temple, autumn 535, autumn 522, spring 519 a — Manasses deserts to Sanballat, 333^428° — Sanballat acknowledges Alexander the Great during siege of Tyre ; obtains permission to build temple on Mt Gerizim, 332 — temple built, 422 c — temple destroyed by John Hyr- canus, 109 — rebuilt by Herod, 25 — [AD] — revolt, 529. a Ussher. b Clinton. c Newton. Samnite Wars, — [B C] — outbreak of first, Roman invasion of Samnium, (414, a. u. c.) 34o, a 343 b — battles of Mount Gaurus and Suessula, 34o, a 343 b — peace made, 338. Second, begins, (431,) 323— [Caudine Forks, C Pontius, Lautulae] — ends, 303. Third, begins, (455,) 298 — battle of Sentinum, 295 — [Decius Mus, Gellius Egnatius] — ends with submission of Samnites, 290. a EaAvlinson and Zumpt. b Smith's Diet. Samnites, — [BC] — [Samnite Wars] —join the allies in Social War, 90 — defeated by Sulla, before Rome, 82. Samos, — [B C] — tyranny of Polycrates, Syloson, and Pantagnostus, 533-2 — obtains maritime supremacy, 529 a — Lacedsemonians make war on, 525 — iEaces restored to tyranny by Persians, 494 — independent, joins Athenian confederacy, 479 — Samian "War, latter half 440 — city besieged by Timotheus, surrenders, begin. 439 — colonized by Athenians, latter part 352 — Athenians expelled by Perdiccas, 323 — restored to Athenians by Polysperchon, 319 — taken by Rhodians, 200 — forms part of province of Asia, 84 — made a free State by Octavius, about 30 ? — [AD] — deprived of its autonomy by Ves- pasian, about 72 — ravaged by Mahomet II., 1453. a Euseb. Samson, Joseph Isidore, actor, dramatist, — ft. at Saint-Denis, 2 Jul. 1793 — enters Con- servatoire, at Paris, 181 2 — settles at Paris, 18 19 — joins the Comedie Francaise, 1827 — Prof. at the Conservatoire, 1836 — retires, 16 Apr. 1863— to., Mar. 1871. Samuel, Jewish Prophet and Judge, — = [B C] — ft., n7o a — presented atShiloh, n65 a — called to the prophetic office, 1 142 a — becomes judge, ni6, b ii3i a — defeats Philistines at Mizpeh, 1096 b — anoints Saul as King, 1095 b — instals him at Gilgal, 1095 b — destroys Agag, king of Amalekites, 1079 a — anoints David as future king, 1063 b — "ft., 1057^ a Bib. Chron. b Ussher. San, Tablet of. [Canopus, Decree of.] San-Carlos, Joseph Michael de Carvagal, Duke of, statesman, §c, — ft. at Lima, 177 1 — goes to Spain, 1787 — Governor of the heir- presumptive, 1796 — Viceroy of Navarre, 1807 — Grand Master of King's House, Privy Coun- cillor, 1 808 — follows Ferdinand to France, May 1808 — signs treaty with Napoleon, 8 Dec. 18 13 — First Minister and Secretary of State, 4 May 18 14 — ambassador to Vienna, Oct. 1815-17 — to London, 1817-20 — tf. at Paris, 1828. San Francisco, in California, — one of the Spanish mission settlements, 1776 — the mis- SAN MARINO— SANDERSON, 1245 sion secularized, 1834 — site laid out as a town, 1839 — taken possession of by United States, 1 846— receives its present name, 30 Jan. 1 847 — ceded to United States, 1 848 — devastated by- earthquake, 21 Oct. 1868 — again, 17 Feb. and 2 Apr. 1870. San Marino. [Marino.] San Miniato. [See Florence.] San Roque, — hues of, constructed by Span- iards, 1729. San Salvador, {Guanahani,) one of the Ba- hama Islands, — discovered by Columbus, 12 Oct. 1492. San Salvador, (Cuscatlan,) in Central Ame- rica, — conquered by Pedro de Alvarado, 1524 — incorporated with Mexico, 1821 — one of the United States of Central America, 1823 — be- comes independent republic, 1856 — at war with Guatemala, 1863-4. San Salvador, capital of the Republic, — founded by Jorge de Alvarado, 1528 —destroyed by earthquake, 16 Apr. 1854. San Severino, Lorenzo and Jacopo di, painters, — fl. at Urbino, 1416-70 (?). Sanazzaro, Giacomo, poet, — fj. at Naples, 28 Jul. 1458 — follows Frederick, king of Naples, to France, 1501-5 — rj. at Naples, Dec. 1530. Arcadia, 1504 — De Bartu Virginis, about 1524. Sancerre, Louis de, Constable of France, — ft., about 1342 — serves in war against the English, 1359 — Marshal, by Charles V., 1369 — distinguishes himself in campaigns of Poi- tou, 1372-75 — assists at coronation of Charles VI., 1380 — contributes to victory of Rosebecque, 1382 — Constable, 28 Jul. 1397 — defeats the Captal de Buch, at the Dordogne, 1398 — r/., 6 Feb. 1402. Sanchez {Rodriguez) de Arevalo, [Roderi- cus Sanctius,) Bp of Zamora, — fj. in Old Cas- tile, 1404 — ambassador to Frederick III., about 1440 — envoy to Calixtus III., 1455 — Governor of St Angelo, by Paul II., 1464 — ft. at Rome, Oct. 1470. Speculum vitce humance, 1468 — Liber de origine ac differentia principatus im- perialis et regalis, 152 1. Sanchez, Francisco, {El Brocense,) philolo- gist, — fj. at Las Brocas in Spain, 1523— Prof. Rhetoric, Salamanca, 1554-93 — rj. there, 17 Jan. 1 601. Minerva, 1587. Sanchi Tope, near Bhilsah, in Hindustan, — [B C] — probably built, about 500 a — colonnade, 250 s — [AD] — gateways, 19-37* — opened by Sir Herbert Maddock, 18 19 — explored by Ma- jor-gen. Cunningham, Jan. to Feb. 1851 — cast of gateway taken by Lieut. Cole, 1869 — ex- hibited at International Exhibition, London, 1 87 1. a Cunningham. Sancho. [Castile and Navarre.] Sancho I., Kino of Portugal, — ft. at Coimbra, 11 Nov. 1154 — defeats Ali-Yakoub before Santarem, 11 84 — succeeds his father, Alfonso I., Dec. 1185 — takes Silves from the Moors, 8 Sep. 1189 — loses it, 1191 — recovers it, 1 1 97 — takes title of King of Algarves, 1197 — takes Elvas, 1203 — "0. at Coimbra, 27 Mar. 1211 or 1212. Sancho II. Capello, King of Portugal, — ft. at Coimbra, 8 Sep. 1208 — succeeds his father, Alfonso II., Mar. 1223— expels Moors from Alemtejo, and takes several towns in Al- garves from them, between 1223-40— his sub- jects complain to Innocent IV. of his immoral- ities and neglect of government, 1245 — excom- municated, Jul. 1245 — takes refuge at Toledo, 1245 — with Castilian army reenters Portugal, 1247— returns to Toledo, and rj. there, 1248. Sanchuniathon, historian— [B C] — trans- lated or invented by Philon Byblius, before [AD] 100. Bancroft, William, Abp of Canterbury, — fj. at Fresingfield, Suffolk, 13 Jan. 1616— enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1634— M.A., 1641— Fellow of his College, 1642— deprived, 1649 — chaplain to Cosin, Bp of Dur- ham, 1660 — D.D. and Master of Emmanuel Coll., 1662 — Dean of York, 1663 — Dean of St Paul's, 1664 — Archdeacon of Canterbury, 1668 —Abp of Canterbury, 1677— attends Charles II. on his deathbed, Feb. 1685— crowns James II., Apr. 1685 — refuses to act on Ecclesiastical Commission of James II., 1686 — one of the Seven Bishops, 1688 — refuses oaths to "William and Mary, and is deprived, Feb. 1691 — fr. at Fresingfield, 24 Nov. 1693. Sanctius. [Sanchez de Arevalo.] Sanctorius, {Santorio,) physician, — fj. at Capo d'Istria, 1561 — Prof. Theory of Medicine, Padua, 161 1 — rj. at Venice, 1636. Methodus vitandorum errorum omnium qui in arte medica contingunt, 1602 — Ars de statica medicina, 1614. Sanctuary, Privilege of, in England, — taken from felons committing fresh felony by bull of Innocent VIII., 1487 — limited by Pope Alex- ander VI., 1503 — further limited by Acts 26 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 1534, 27 Hen. VIII. c. 19, 1536, and 32 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1540 — abol- ished by Act 21 Jac. I. c. 28, 1624— for debtors, abolished by Act 8 and 9¥m III. c. 27, 1697. Sandby, Paul, painter, engraver, — ft. at Not- tingham, 1725 — goes to London, 1746 — mem- ber of Royal Academy, 1768 — rj. in London, 9 Nov. 1809. Sandby, Thomas, architect, §c, — ft. at Not- tingham, 17 2 1 — deputy-ranger of "Windsor Great Park, 1746 — first Prof. Architecture at Royal Academv, 1768 — tr. at Windsor, 25 Jun. 1798. Sandeman, Robert, leader of the Sandema- nians, — ft. at Perth, 17 1 8, a 1723 b — goes to Lon- don, 1760 — goes to America, 1764 — ft. there, 1772. a Some authorities. h Others. Sanders, Nicholas, — ft. at Charlewood, Sur- rey, about 1527— enters New Coll. Oxford, 1548 — Prof. Canon Law, Oxford, 1557 — de- prived, 1558 — goes to Rome, 1560 — accom- panies Cardinal Hosius to Council of Trent, 1562 — Nuncio to Ireland, by Gregory XIII. , 1579 — tf. there, 158 1 (?). Be Visibili Monar- chia Ecclesice, 157 1 — Be Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglican i, 1585. Sanderson, Robert, Bp of Lincoln— ft. at Rotheram, 19 Sep. 1587 — enters Lincoln Coll. Oxford, 1600 — Fellow of his Coll., 1606 — M.A., 1608 — takes holy orders, 161 1 — mar- H 6 SANDERSON— SANITARY ACTS. ries, about 1619 — prebendary of Lincoln, 1629 —chaplain to the king, 163 1 — D.D., 1636— Regius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, 1642 — refuses to join Assembly of Divines, 1643 — as chap- lain, attends Charles I., 1647-8 — ejected, 1648 — Bp of Liacoln, Oct. 1660— takes part in Savoy Conference, 1661—0"., 29 Jan. 1663. Logicce Artis Compendium, 16 15 — Episcopacy as established by law in England not prejudicial to Regal Poiver, 1661 — Nine cases of conscience resolved, 1678 — Physic® Sciential Compendium, l6 7 r - . ^ Sanderson, Robert, antiquary,— ft. in Dur- ham, 1660— enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1683— assistant to Rymer, 1707— tf. in Lon- don, 25 Dec. 1741. Completes Rymer's Fos- dera, 1717-35- Sandhurst, Royal Military College, — founded at Great Maiiow by Royal Warrant, 1799— reconstituted, 1808 — transferred to Sandhurst, 18 1 2— newly regulated, 1862. Sandoval, Fray Prudencio de, historian, — ft. at Valladolid or Monterey, about 1560 — Bp of Pampeluna, 161 2 — tf. there, 17 Mar. 162 1. FListoria de la vida y hechos del Emperador Carlos V., 1604 — Eistoria de los Reyes de Cas- tilla y de Leon, 1634. Sandracottus, {Sandracoptus, Chandra- gupta,) — [BCJ — King of Magada, between 312-280,* 350,* 3I55 c 392-376^ 381-347.* a Greek Hist. b Wilford. c Wilson. . d Crawfurd. e Tumour. Sandrart, Joachim von, painter, engraver, biographer, — ft. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1606 — visits Italy, 1627-35 — tf. at Niirnberg, 1683,* 1688. b Teutsche Academie der Bau- Bildhauer-und Maler-Kunst, 1675-9 — Fcono- logia deorum, §c, 1680 — Romce antiques et novae theatrum, 1684. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. and Conv.-Lex. Sandwich, in Kent, — mentioned, 665 — Athelstan defeats Danes near, 851 — pillaged by Danes, 993 or 994, and 1007 — rendezvous of the great fleet, 1009 — Cnut lands at, 1014, 1 01 6, and 1029 — Earl Godwine assembles an army at, 1052 — mentioned as one of the Cinque Ports, 1086 — Richard I. lands at, Mar. 1194 — Edward III. assembles army at, 1372 — taken and pillaged by French, 1438 — again taken and burnt, 1457 — settlement of Flemings at, about 1560 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1573. Sandwich, Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of, geyieral, admiral, statesman, — ft., 27 Jul. 1625 — raises a regiment for the Parliament, Aug. 1643 — commands fleet in the Downs, 1657 — in North Sea, 1659 — created Baron Montagu, Viscount Hinchinbroke, and Earl of Sandwich, by Charles II., 12 Jul. 1660— sent to take Possession of Tangier, 1661 — commands under )uke of York against the Dutch, 1664-5 — contributes to victory over Dutch fleet, 3 Jun. 1665 — killed, in naval combat with Dutch, in Southwold Bay, 28 May 1672. Sandwich, John Montagu, 4th Earl of, {Jemmy Twitcher,) — ft., Nov. 17 18 — succeeds to the title, 20 Oct. 1729 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1735 — negotiates Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1748 — dismissed, 1751 — again First Lord, Apr. 1763 to Dec. 1767 — again, 177 1 — wounded in the Gordon Riots, 1780 — tf., 30 Apr. 1792. Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Gaetan,? 1542 — discovered by Cook, 1778 — [Hawaii] — visited by Vancouver, 1778, 1792, and 1794 — idols and temples de- stroyed by natives, 1819-20 — American mis- sions in, commenced, 1820 — visit of the king, Kamehameha II., and his queen to London, 1824 — constitutional government established, 1840 — visit of Queen Emma to London, 1866 — great earthquake in, 19 Feb. 1871. Sandys, Edwin, Abp of York, — ft. in Lancashire, 15 19 — enters St John's Coll. Cam- bridge, about 1532 — B.A., 1539 — M.A., 1541 — Master of Catherine Hall, 1547 — D.D., 1549 — prebendary of Peterborough, 1549 — of Car- lisle, 1552 — Vice-chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 1553 — preaches a sermon in support of Queen Jane, and is deprived of the Vice-chan- cellorship, Jul. 1553 — refuses to proclaim Queen Mary, and is imprisoned, 1553 — liber- ated, escapes to the continent, May 1554 — returns to England, 1558 — assists in new translation of Bible, 1565 — Bp of Wor- cester, 21 Dec. 1559 — Bp of London, 1570 — conspiracy of Sir R. Stapleton and others to ruin his character, May 1582 — Abp of York, 1576 — tf. at Southwell, 10 Jul. 1588. Sermons, 1616. Sandy3, Sir Edwin, — ft., about 156 1 — B.A. Cambridge, 1579 — prebendary of York, 15 81 — resigns, 1602 — Knt, by James I., May 1603 — tf., Oct. 1629. Europce Speculum, 1605. Sandys, George, poet, traveller, — ft. at York, 1577 — enters Oxford Univ., 1589 — goes to the East, 1 6 10 — tf. at Bexley, Kent, Mar. 1644. Relation of a Journey begun in 1610, 16 15 — Ovid's Metamorphoses englished, 1632 — Para- phrase on Psalms of David, 1636 — Christ's Passion, {Christus Patiens of Grotius,) 1640. Sandys, Samuel, Lord, — ft., about 1697 — moves accusation against Sir R. Walpole, 13 Feb. 1 741— Chancellor of the Exchequer, 16 Feb. 1742 — created Lord Sandys, 1743 — First Commissioner of Board of Trade, 1761 — tf., Mar. 1770. Sangallo, Antonio da, architect, — ft. at Mu- gello, about 1482 — architect of St Peter's at Rome, 1536 — tf. at Terni, 1546. Sangallo, Antonio Giamberti de, architect, — tf., 1534- Sangallo, Bastiano da, (Aristotele,) painter, — ft. at Florence, 1491 — tf., 31 May 1551. Copy of Michael Angelo's Cartoon of Pisa, 1506. Sangallo, Giuliano Giamberti a de, architect, — ft. at Florence, 1443 — tf. there, 15 17. a Engl. Cyc. San Giorgio, Eusebio Hi, painter, — ft., about 1478 — tf., about 1550. St Francis receiving the stigmata, Assist, 1507. Sanhedrim, Jewish, — [B C] — first men- tioned, 69. Sanitary Acts, in Great Britain. [See Health, Public, Sewage.] SANITARY CONFERENCE— SAPOR I. 1247 Sanitary Conference, — held at Paris, 1851 and 1856— at Constantinople, Feb. 1866. Sanmicheli, Michel, architect, — ft. at Ve- rona, 1484 — goes to Rome, about 1500 — if. at Verona, 1559. Fortifications of Verona, 1525. Sannyrion, comic poet, — [B C] — exhibits Danae, about 407. Io, 374? Sansavino, {Tatti,) Jacopo, sculptor, archi- tect, — ft. at Florence, 1479, a *477 b — q.u.its Rome and retires to "Venice, about 1527 — if. at Venice, 27 Nov. i578, a i57o. bc a Engl. Cyc. b Perkins. c Biog. Univ. Sanscrit, — studied, and account of given by Hwen Thsang, about 635-40 — existence and affinities of, known to Filippo Sassetti, 1583- 88 — his letters published, 1855. Sansculottes, — designation applied to in- digent patriots of French Revolution, 17 90-1. Sansevero, Raymond di Sangro, mechanical inventor, — ft. at Naples, 17 10 — if., 177 1. Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, — ft. at Abbe- ville, Dec. 1600 — goes to Paris, 1627 — geo- grapher to the king, Counsellor of State, about 1641 ? — if. at Paris, 7 or 16 Jul. 1667. Atlas, 1693. Santa Cruz, in Morocco, — fort built by Em- manuel, king of Portugal, 1503 — lost by Por- tuguese, 1536 — taken by Sidi Mohammed, 1773- Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, — fleet of Spanish treasure-ships at, destroyed by Blake, 20 Apr. 1657 — unsuccessfully attacked by Nelson, 24 Jul. 1797 — harbour enlarged, 1865. Santa Cruz. [Virgin Islands. ] Santa Fe, in New Mexico, — founded by Spaniards, 158 1 — taken by Gen. Kearny, Sep. 1846. Santa Fe de Bogota. [Bogota.] Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands. [Leucadia.] Santa Vittoria, in lombardy, — defeat of Austrians by Duke of Vendome at, 26 Jul. 1702. Santacroce, Girolamo da, painter, — H., about 1520-48. Santafede, Fabrizio, painter, — ft. at Naples, about 1560 — if., 1634. Santander, in Spain, — captured by Gen. Merle, Jun. 1808 — sacked by French, Nov. 1808 — stormed by Spaniards, Jun. 1809 — re- taken by French, 10 Jun. 1809 — evacuated by them, Aug. 18 12 — British depot established at, Jun. 1 8 13 — taken by revolutionary forces, Sep. 1868. Santander, Carlo Antonio Laserna de, bibliographer, — ft. in Biscay, 1 Feb. 1752 — goes to Brussels, 1772 — Keeper of the City Library, 1795 — if. there, Nov. 18 13. Cata- logue des livres de la bibliotheque de dom Simon Santander, 1792 — Dictionnaire bibliographique du 15 e siecle, §c, 1805-7. Santarem, in Tortugal, — taken by Moors, 1 146 — besieged and stormed by Juzef Abu Jacob, (580, a. h.) 1 183— defeat of Moors at, 1 1 84 — defeat of Don Miguel at, 16 Mav 1834. Santerre, Antonio Joseph, — ft. at Paris, 1752 — takes part in siege of the Bastille, 1789 —Commander of National Guard of Paris, May 1792 — conducts royal family to the Temple, after 10 Aug. 1792— escorts Louis XVI. to Convention, 10 and 26 Dec. 1792— attends execution of the king, 21 Jan. 1793— if. at Paris, 6 Feb. 1809. Santerre, Jean Baptiste, painter, — ft. near Pontoise, 1651,* 1 Jan. 1658 b — admitted to Academy of Painting, 18 Oct. i704 b — if. at Paris, 21 Nov. 17 17. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Santeul, Jean de, (Santolhts,) poet, — ft. at Paris, 12 May 1630— if., 3 Aug. 1697. Symni sacri, 1698. Santi, (Sanzio,) Giovanni, painter, (father of Raphael,) — known as a painter, 1468 ? — if., 1 Aug. 1494. Madonna and Child enthroned, Urbino, 1489. Santi, {Sanzio,) Raffaello. [Raphael.] Santiago, capital of Chili, — founded by Pedro de Valdivia, 1541 — destroyed by earth- quake and inundation, 1730 — Church de la Compania burnt, 2000 lives lost, 8 Dec. 1863. University, founded, 1842. National Institute, 1843. Santiago de Compostella, in Spain,— -be- comes place of pilgrimage, about 850 — fortified, 96 1 — pillaged by Moors under Almansor, 997 — sea ^ °f archbishopric, 1096? 1123? Cathedral, commenced, 1082— completed, n 28 — cloisters built, 1533. University, founded, i532, a i57o. b Councils of, held, 29 Nov. 971 ; on discipline, 15 Jan. 1056; 17 Nov. 11 14. a Conv.-Lex. b Zedler. Santorini, Giovanni Domenico, anatomist, — ft. at Venice, about 168 1 — if. there, 7 May 1736. Opuscula medica de structura et motu fibr.66 SEBONDE— SEEMANN. Sep, — restoration of fortifications prohibited by Treaty of Paris, Mar. 1856. Sebonde. [Raymond de Sebonde.] Secession. [Confederate States.] Seckendorf, Friedrich Heinrich, Count von, field-marshal, ~-b. at Konigsberg, Jul. 167$ — distinguishes himself at battle of Blen- heim, 1704 — enters sendee of Augustus, king of Poland, 1709— ambassador to the Hague, 17 1 2 — suppresses insurrection in Poland, 17 13 — reenters Imperial army, 17 16 — compels Span- iards to raise siege of Milazzo, 17 19 — seizes Lipari, 17 19 — ambassador to Prussia, 1726 — defeats French at Clausen, 20 Oct. 1735 — com- mands against Turks, 1737— imprisoned, 1737- 40 — Field-marshal and Privy Councillor to Charles VII., 1742— contributes to conclusion of Treaty of Fuessen, 1745 — 3j. at Meuselwitz, 23 Nov. 1763. Seckendorf, Veit {Guy) Ludwig von, statesman, historian, — fj. near Erlangen, 20 Dec. 1626 — studies at Strasburg, 1643-6 — Privy Councillor and Chancellor to Duke of Gotha, 1664 — to Duke of Zeitz, end of 1664-81 — Privy Councillor to Frederick III. of Bran- denburg, and Chancellor of Univ. of Halle, 1691 — tf. at Halle, 18 Dec. 1692. Deutscher Fiirstenstaat, 1665 — Commentarius historicus et apologeticus de Luther anismo, 1688. Seeker, Thomas, Abp or Canterbury, — fj. at Sibthorpe in Nottinghamshire, 1693 — M.D. Ley den, 172 1 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1 Apr. 1721 — B.A., 1722 — ordained priest, Mar. 1723 — rector of Houghton-le- Spring, 1724 — marries, Oct. 1725 — chaplain to the king, Jul. 1732 — Bp of Bristol, 19 Jan. 1735— Bp of Ox- ford, May 1737 — Dean of St Paul's, Dec. 1750 — consecrated Abp of Canterbury, 21 Apr. 1758 — ft., 3 Aug. 1768. Works, 1770. Second Empire, French, — established under Napoleon III., 2 Dec. 1852 — Senatus-consul- tum modifying the constitution, adopted, 6 Sep. 1869 — overthrown, 4 Sep. 1870. [Sedan, Franco-German War.] Secretaries of the King and of the Grand Chancery, in France, — empowered by King John to form themselves into a College, Mar. 1350 — Louis XL declares himself and his suc- cessors their chiefs, Jul. 1465 — number of, forming Grand College, fixed at 300, 1727 — suppressed by Constituent Assembly, 1789. Secretary of State,— in England, a second, appointed by Henry VIII. , 1540 — title in use, 1 60 1 — third, for Scotland, by Queen Anne, 1707 — this office abolished, 1746 — for American colonies, appointed, 1768 — abolished by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 82, 1782 — for War, 1794 — business of colonies transferred to him, 1801 — separate, for War, appointed, 1 854 — for India, ap- pointed, 1858 — for War, abolished, and duties transferred to one of the Secretaries of State, by Act 26 Vic. c. 12, 4 May 1863. In France, seven in number under Philip of Valois, 1 343 — twelve appointed by King John, 1351 — eighteen by Begent Charles, 27 Jun. 1 359— re duced to twelve by Charles VI., by 3 of 13 Jul. 1381 and 12 Feb. 1387— to ten, 7 Jan. 1400 — to eight, May 141 3 — to five, 141 8 — to four by Henry II., 14 Sep. 1547 — begin to sign for the king, 1560— title sup- pressed, 1789 — reintroduced, 18 14. Secularism, — as designation of system of doctrines, comes into use, about 1846. Secundums, Nicolaus, — interpreter at Council of Florence, 1438. Secundus, Johannes, Latin poet, — 6. at the, Hague, 10 Nov. 151 1 — follows Charles V. to Tunis, 1534 — rj. at Tournai, 8 Oct. 1536. Foemata, 1541. Secundus, Pomponius, tragic poet, — im- prisoned by Tiberius, 31 — released by Caligula, 37 — Consul suff., (794, a. u. c.) 41 — defeats Chatti and triumphs, 50. Sedaine, Michel Jean, dramatist, — fc. at Paris, 4 Jul. 17 19 — admitted to the Academy, 1785 — tf. at Paris, 17 May 1797. Liable d quatre, 1756 — Fhilosophe sans le savoir, 1765 — Gageure imprevue, 1768. Sedan, in France, — fort erected at, by Ev- rard de la Marck, 1446— fortified, 1459 — P rm * cipality of, passes to family of La Tour d'Au- vergne, 1591 — ceded to Louis XIII. by Duke of Bouillon, 1642 — cloth manufacture estab- lished at, about 1665 — Marshal M c Mahon defeated by Crown Prince of Prussia at, 1 Sep. 1870 — capitulation of his army signed by Gen. Wimpffen, surrender of Napoleon III. to King of Prussia, as prisoner of war, 2 Sep. [Franco- German War.] Frotestant University of, founded by Duke of Bouillon, 1592 — suppressed by Louis XIV., 1681. Sedan Chairs, — patented in London, 1634 — tax levied on, by Act 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c, 22, 1694 — licensed and regulated by Acts 9 Ann. c. 23, 17 10; 10 Ann. c. 19, 171 1; 12 Geo. I. c. 12, 1725, and 7 Geo. III. c. 44, 1767. Sedgemoor, battle of, — Duke of Monmouth defeated by Royal troops, 5 Jul. 1685. Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, miscellaneous writer, — fj. at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, about 1799 — tf. at Boxbury, Massachusetts, 12 Aug. 1867. Ridwood, 1824 — Hope Leslie, 1827 — Letters from abroad, 1841. Sedition. [Riot Act.] Seditious Meetings, — prohibited by Boyal proclamation, 4 Nov. 1795 ; and by Acts 36 Geo. III. c. 8, 1795 ; 41 Geo. III. c. 19, 1801 ; 57 Geo. III. c. 19, 31 Mar. 1817, and 60 Geo. III. c. 6, 24 Dec. 1 8 19. [Six Acts.] Seditious Societies, in England, — Boyal message respecting, sent to parliament, May 1794 — suppressed by Act 39 Geo. III. c. 79, 1799. Sedley, Catherine, Countess of Dor- chester, — as mistress of James, Duke of York, refuses to leave Whitehall, 1685 — created Countess, 1686 — marries Earl of Portmore, after 1688— tr., 17 17. Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, — fj. in Kent, 1639 — enters Oxford Univ., 1655-6 — goes to London, about 1660 — M.P. Bomney, 1661 — tf., 20 Aug. 1701. Works, 17 19. Sedulius, Coelius, poet, — fl., about 450. Seeds, — adulteration of, repressed by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 112, 11 Aug. 1869. Seemann, Berthold, traveller, botanist, — fj. SEETZEN— SELEUCUS 35TICATOR. 1267 at Hanover, 28 Feb. 1825 — naturalist on H. M. S. Herald, 1846 — visits Madeira and "West Indies, 1846 — explores Andes of Peru, Mexico, 1848— Arctic Eegions, 1849 — Sand- wich Islands, &c, 1850— arrives in London, Jun. 1 85 1 — joint-commissioner of British, go- vernment to Fiji islands, i860 — visits Cen- tral America, 1805-6 — tf. in Nicaragua, 10 Oct. 1 87 1. Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1852 — Popular History of the Palms, 1856 — Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, 1852-7 — Viti, 1862— Flora Vitiensis, 1862 — establishes Bonplandia, 1853 — {Journal of Botany, from 1863.) Seetzen, Ulric Jaspar, traveller, — ft. in Fries- land, 1767 — studies at Gottingen, 1785-8— sets out for the East, Jun. 1802 — reaches Da- mascus, Apr. 1805 — tf. in Arabia, Dec. 18 11. Segneri, Paolo, Jesuit preacher, — ft. atNet- tuno, 1624 — enters the Order, 1637 — preaches in chief towns of Italy, 1665-92 — called to Rome by Innocent XII., 1692 — Ij. at Rome, 9 Dec. 1694. Opere, 17 12. Segni, Bernardo, historian, §c., — ft. at Florence, about 1500 — ambassador from Cosmo de' Medici to Emperor, 1541— Consul of Aca- demy Delia Crusca, 1542 — ft. at Florence, 13 Apr. i558, a 1559. b Storie fiorentine, (1527- 55,) 1723,* 1713° — Italian translation of Aristotle, 1549-51. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. c Rees' Cyc. Segoutee, Treaty of. [Ghorka.] Segovia, in Spain, — sacked and occupied by French, 1808-14. Alcazar, restored, 1452-8 — visited by Charles I. of England, 13 Sep. 1623. Cathedral, commenced, 1525. Segrave, John de,— Constable of the army in expedition to Scotland, 1296 — made Go- vernor of Scotland by Edward I., 1302 — de- feated by Comyn, near Roslin, 24 Feb. 1303 — taken prisoner at Bannockburn, 13 14 — on sus- picion of favouring Roger Mortimer, is sent to Gascony, 1323. Segur, Louis Philippe, Count de, diplo- matist, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 11 Dec. 1753 — enters the army, 1769 — serves in American War, 1782-3 — ambassador to Russia, Mar. 1785 to Oct. 1789 — accompanies Empress Catherine to the Crimea, 1787 — ambassador to Prussia, 179 1 — deputy to Legislative Body, 1 801 — member of Council of State, Dec. 1802 — admitted to French Academy, 1803 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1805 — Count of the Empire, 18 10 — Senator, 181 3 — Peer of France, 18 14 — tf. at Paris, 1832,* Jul. i83o, b 27 Aug. 1830. (Euvres, 1824 — Memoires, souvenirs et anecdotes, 1826. Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Segur, Philippe Henri, Marquis de, Mak- shal of France, statesman, — ft., 20 Jan. 1724 — enters the army, 1739 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Prague, 1741 — wounded at battle of Raucoux, 11 Oct. 1746 — of Lawfeld, 2 Jul. 1747 — distinguishes himself in Seven Years' War, 1757-63 — Lieutenant-general, May 1760 — wounded and made prisoner at Klostercamp, Oct. 1760 — Minister of War, 23 Dec. 1780 — Marshal, 13 Jun. 1783 — resigns office, 29 Aug. 1787— imprisoned, 1790— if. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1801. Segura, in Spain,— taken by Duke of Ber- wick, 1704. Seidlitz, — defeat of Russians by Poles at, 10 Apr. 1831. Seignelay, Marquis de. [Colbert, J. B.] Seissel, Claude de, historian, — ft. in Savoy, about 1450— ambassador of France at Diet of Treves, 15 12— and at Council of the Lateran, 1514— Abp of Turin, 1517— tf. there, 1520. Histoire singuliere du roi Louis XII., 1508 — La grande monarchic de Prance, 15 19. Sejanus, Lucius JElius, — joint-commander of Praetorians, sent with Drusus to Pannonia, 14 — sole commander, 14— poisons Drusus, 23 — persuades Tiberius to retire to Caprese, 27 — put to death by command of Tiberius, 31. Selden, John, jurist, antiquary, §c, — ft. near Worthing, Sussex, 16 Dec. 1584 — enters Hart Hall, Oxford, 1598 — member of Inner Temple, 1604 — summoned before High Com- mission Court for his treatise on tithes, 161 8 — M.P. Lancaster, 1623 — manages prosecution of Buckingham, 1625 — imprisoned by the king, Jan. 1629-34 — M.P. Oxford Univ., 1640 — takes part in Assembly of Divines, 1643 — Chief Keeper of Rolls and Records in the Tower, 1643 — one of the University visitors, 1647 — ft. in London, 30 Nov. 1654. Titles of Honour, 1 6 14 — History of Tithes, 16 18 — Mare clau- sum, 1635 — Be Jure naturali et Gentium juxta disciplinam Hebrceorum, 1640 — Table Talk, 1689. Selenium, elementary body, — discovered by Berzelius, 18 18. Seleucia, (Seleu/ceia,) — Councils of, held, 27 Sep. 359; 410; 485; 576. Seleucia, on the Tigris, — [B C] — founded by Seleucus Nicator, after 312 — [AD] — burnt by Trajan, 116 — taken by Verus, between 162- 166 — occupied by Severus, 198— deserted, be- fore 363. Seleucia Pieria, — [B c]— founded by Seleu- cus, Apr. 300 a — taken by Ptolemy Euergetes, 246 — retaken by Antiochus the Great, 2 1 9 — independent, about 109 — unsuccessfully attack- ed by Tigranes, 84-70^ a Smith's Diet. Seleucidse, Era of the,— [B C]— commences, 1 Oct. 312. Seleucus, Claudius, — Consul with Gratus Sabinianus, (974, a. u. c.) 221. Seleucus Callinicus, King of Syria, — [B C] — succeeds Antiochus II., his father, 246 — loses Syria to Ptolemy, between 246-243, and recovers it : truce with Ptolemy for 10 years, 239— killed by a fall, 226. Seleucus Nicator, King of Syria,— [b C] — ft., about 358 — accompanies Alexander's Asiatic expedition, 334-323— chiliarch of the hetairoi, 323 — goes with Perdiccas to Egypt, and is made satrap of Babylon, 321— ally of Antigonus against Eumenes, 320-316— takes Susa: takes refuge with Ptolemy, 316— with Ptolemy defeats Demetrius at Gaza, after mids. 312 — takes possession of Babylon, Oct. 312 — defeats Nicanor at the Tigris and adds Media, &c, to his government : assumes title of King, 80 * 268 SELETJCUS IV.— SENATE. raids. 306 — alliance with Ptolemy, Lysiniachus, and Cassander against Antigonus, 302 — at Ip- sus, 301 — marries daughter of Demetrius Polior- ketes, 300-299 — makes his son Antiochus King of trans-Euphratean provinces, 293 — alliance with Ptolemy and Lysimachus, 288 — captures Demetrius Poliorketes, 286 — defeats and kills Lysimachus at Corupedion, Jul. 281 — assassin- ated by Ptolemy Keraunos, Jan. 280. Seleucus IV., Philopator, King op Syria, — [BC] — commands in Chersonese, 196 — in JEolis, 190 — at battle of Magnesia, 190 — suc- ceeds Antiochus the Great, his father, 187 — alliance with Achseans, 185 — allii with Perseus, 178 — sends his son Demetrius as hos- tage to Rome; assassinated by Heliodorus, Seleucus VI., Epiphanes, Nicator, King of Syria,— [BC]— assumes sovereignty on death of his father, Antiochus Grypus, 96 — defeats and kills Antiochus Cyzicenus, 95 — defeated by Antiochus Eusebes and driven out of Syria ; burnt in Gymnasium at Mopsuestia, 94 ? Self-denying Ordinance, in English His- tory, — introduced in House of Commons, 9 Dec. 1644 — passed, 3 Apr. 1645. Selim I., Sultan op the Ottomans, — 6., about 1466 — revolts against his father, Bajazet II., and is defeated, (917, a. h.) 151 i — recalled by Janissaries, succeeds on abdication of his father, (918,) 1512 — puts his brothers to death, 15 1 2 — defeats Ismael, king of Persia, at Chal- deron, (920,) 15 14 — takes Tauris, 15 14— con- tinues war with Persians till 15 16 — defeats Khansou, sultan of Egypt, near Aleppo, 24 Aug. 15 1 6 — defeats Toumonhai, his successor, near Cairo, 15 17 — takes Cairo and massacres the Mamelukes, 15 17 — defeats and captures Toumonhai, (1 Rabia II. 923,) 13 Apr. 1517 — hangs him, and is master of Egypt : takes several towns from Persians, 1518 — tf., (9 Schoual 926,) 22 Sep. 1520. Selim II., Sultan of the Ottomans, — fj., about i522, a 1524 b — succeeds his father, Soly- man II., (974, a. h.) 1566 — concludes truce of 8 years with Emperor Maximilian, (Redgeb 975,) Jan. 1568 — confirms treaty of peace with Venice, about Jan. 1568 — seizes Yemen, 1569- 70 — sends Mustaphato conquer Cyprus, (978,) 157 1 — his fleet defeated at Lepanto, 7 Oct. 1571— tf., (28 Shaban 982,) 12 Dec., b 13 Dec., a Sep. c 1574. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. Selim III., Sultan of the Ottomans, — ft., i4, a 24 b Dec. 1 76 1 — succeeds his brother Ab- dul Hamid, 7 Apr. 1789 — war with Russia continued: [see Focksani, Ismailoff, Suwar- off] — concludes peace with Austria, and re- covers Belgrade and other conquered territories, (120o, a. h.) 4 Aug. 1791 — concludes Peace of Jassy, (1206,) 1792 — revolt of Passwan Og- lou, 1797-8 — declares war on France, 12 Sep. 1798 — concludes peace, (1217,) 9 Oct. 1801 — revolt of Czerny-George, 1805 — deposed by Janissaries, 29 May 1807 — put to death by Mustapha IV., 28 Jul. 180S. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Selinus,— [B C]— founded by Pammelos of Megara, (01. 38, 1,) 628 a [6 5 o, b 654 c]— Peithagoras dies, Euryleon succeeds, 519 a — destroyed by Carthaginians, early in 408. Seljuks, Seljukian Turks, Seljukids, — subject to Mahmud of Ghazni, about 102 1 — revolt suppressed by Mahmud, (418, a. h.) 1027 — wars with Masoud of Ghazni, 1030— dynasty of, established in Persia, under Togrul Beg, who defeats Masoud near Merv, (432,) 1039 — conquests divided into 4 kingdoms under Togrul Beg, 1040 — wars of Farokhzad against, 1052-8— Alp Arslan succeeds, 1063 — Malek Shah, his son, 1072 — on his death their empire is divided, 1092 — [Iconium, Sultans of, Aleppo, Damascus, Kharism,] — Sanjar takes Ghor and Ghazni, 1152 a — Sanjar defeated and beheaded by Euzes, (548,) 1153. a Elphinstone. Selkirk, in Scotland, — burnt by English, 15 1 3 — Montrose surprised by Lesley at, 1645. Selkirk, {Sealchraig,) Alexander, — ft. at Largo in Scotland, 1676 — cast on Juan Fer- nandez, Oct. 1704 — brought away, 12 Feb. 1709 — tf. Lieutenant B.N"., 1723. Monument to, erected on the island by Commodore Powell, 1868. Selva, Giannantonio, architect, — ft. at Venice, 13 Jun. 1753 — goes to Eome, 1778— tf., 1819. Teatro delta Fenice, 1790-1. Selynibria, in Thrace, — [B C] — founded, probably 662 to before 653 — taken by Aiki- biades, 408 — besieged by Philip, 340. Semaphore. [Telegraph.] Semele, asteroid, — discovered by Tietjen, 4 Jan. 1866. Semi-Arians, — party originated by Eusebius of Nicomedia, before 325. Seminara, in Calabria, — the French under D' Aubigny defeat Spaniards under Gonsalvo de Cordova, 1495 — D'Aubigny defeats Ugo de Cardona, 21 Apr. 1503. Seminole War, in Florida, — the Seminoies (tribe of American Indians) make treaty with United States, and engage to retire beyond Mississippi, 1832 — repudiate the treaty, and the war begins, 1835 — treaty for removal of Indians signed, 1842 — removal completed, 4 May 1 85 8 — termination of war proclaimed, 8 May. Semi-Pelagians. [Cassianus, Joannes.] Semler, Johann Salomo, theologian, — ft. at Saalfeld, 18 Dec. 1725— Prof. Theology, Halle, 1 75 1 -9 1 — Director of Theological Seminary, 1757-79 — tf-, 14 Mar. 1794. Abhandlung von der Untersuchung des Kanons, 1771 — Versuch einer biblischen Damonologie, 17 7 6 — Selecta Capita Historic?; ecclesiasticce, 1767-9. Sempach, in Switzerland, — Leopold, Duke of Austria, defeated by Swiss, 9 Jul. 1386. Senac, Jean Baptiste, physician, — ft. near Lombez, 1693 — First Physician to the king, 1752 — tf. at Paris, 20 Dec. 1770. Traite del la structure du cceur, 1748. Senate, at Rome, — [BC] — number increased I by Sulla, and the judicia restored to, 81— raised to 900 by Julius Caesar, about 45 — re- duced to 600 by Augustus, 2%—frst 2)lebeia?i\ senator, Spurius Mselius, 439 — first obtain seatsl SENATOR— SEPOY WAR. 1269 in orchestra at theatres and in podium of am- phitheatres, by Scipio Africanus Major, 194. Senator, — Consul with Isidorus, (1189, A. u. c.) 436. Senebier, Jean, naturalist, bibliographer, — it. at Geneva, 6 May 1742 — Librarian to the City, 1773 — if. there, 22 Jul. 1809. Essai sur fart d' observer et defaire des experiences, 1775 — Catalogue raisonne des manuscrits conserves dans la bibliotheque de Geneve, 1779 — Physi- ologic vegetale, 1800. Seneca, L. Annseus, Stoic philosopher, — banished to Corsica, 41 — recalled, 49 — tutor to Nero, 50 ? — adviser to Nero, 54 — pnt to death, 65. Seneca, M. Annseus, rhetorician — [BC]— fr., about 61 — [AD] — ft., about 36. Senecio, C. Sosius, — Consul with A. Corn. Palina, (852, a. u. c.) 99 — with L. Licinius Sura, (855 and 860,) 102 and 107. Senef, in Belgium, — Conde defeats "William Prince of Orange at, 11 Aug. 1674. Senefelder, Aloys, inventor of lithography, — ft. at Prague, 6 Nov. 177 1 — invents chemi- cal printing, 1798 — Inspector of Royal Litho- graphic Establishment, Munich, Oct. 1809 — 3j. there, 26 Feb., a Mar. b 1834. Art of Li- thography, 1 8 19. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Senegal, in Africa. [Seneganibia.] Senegambia, in W. Africa, — reached by Portuguese, between 1444-69 — their settle- ments neglected, after 1497 — French settle- ment in, 1637 — Senegal Company formed, 1664 — Senegal acquired by French*, about 1675 — Gambia, by British, 1686 — capture of Senegal by British, 1756— secured to them by treaty, 1763 — retaken by French, 1779 — again seized by British, 1803 — given up to France, 1 8 14. Senior, Nassau William, political economist, — b. at Compton in Berkshire, 1790 — B.A. Oxford, 18 1 1 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1 8 19 — Prof. Political Economy, Oxford, 1825-30 — Poor Law Commissioner, 1832 — Master in Chancery, 1836 — again Prof, at Oxford. 1847 — member of Poor Law Com- mission, 1858-61 — resigns, 1862 — o". at Ken- sington, 4 Jun. 1864. Political Economy, (En- cyc. Metrop.,) 1848 — Journal in Turkey and Greece, 1859 — Biographical Sketches, 1863 — Essays on Fiction, 1864 — Historical and Philo- sophical Essays, 1865 — Journals, §c, relating to Ireland, 1868. Senlac, battle of. [Hastings.] Senlis, in France, (Augustomagus,) — assem- bly at, proclaims Hugh Capet King, 987 — ■ marriage of Philip Augustus celebrated at, 1 180— taken by the Jacques, 1358 — by Burgun- dians, 1414 — unsuccessfully besieged by Charles VII., 141 8 — taken from English by Charles VII., 1429 — seized by the League, 1589 — soon recovered by Royalists. Councils of, to depose Carloman, son of King Charles, from his eccle- siastical office and condemn him to death, held, 873; to confirm excommunication of adversa- ries of Arnulf, Abp of Rheims, Jul. 988 ; to lay interdict on Royal demesne in province of Rheims, 14 Nov. 1235 ; against Templars, 1310; on discipline, 9 May 1315; against usurpers of Church property, 27 Mar. 13 18; for publication of several statutes, n Apr. 1326. Treaty of, between Maximilian, king of the Romans, and Charles VIII. of France, for cession to Charles of Counties of Burgundy, Charolais, and Artois, concluded, 23 May 1493. Sennaar, — the capital built, 1504 — con- quered by Ismael Pasha, 1822. Sens, in France, (Agendicum, Senones,) — Julian winters at, and is besieged, 356-7 a — besieged by Clotaire, 613 — head of a County, before 836— Counts expelled by King Robert, and County annexed to Crown of France, 1005 b — occupied by Germans, Nov. 1 87 o. Councils of, respecting reformation of manners, simony, and ordination of neophytes, about 601; 846; 1048; to hear appeal of Abelavd, who is confuted by Bernard, and censured, held, 2 Jan. 1 140 ; against the Poplicans, in the Nivernais, 1198 ; on discipline, 1239 ; to prohibit seizure of Church property by Theobald, Count of Cham- pagne, 15 Nov. 1252; respecting dispute be- tween Preaching Friars and Univ. of Paris, 31 Jul. 1256; on discipline, 26 Oct. 1269; 25 Sep. 1280; 22 May 1320; by Abp Tristan, to confirm constitutions of his predecessor, and respecting divine service, reform of the clergy, of the religious, &c, 23 Jun. 1485. a Clinton. b Moreri. Separation, Judicial, — of husband and wife, permitted and regulated by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 85, 28 Aug. 1857. Separatists, sect of, — originates at Dublin, about 1803 — allowed to make affirmation in- stead of oath by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 82, 28 Aug. 1833. Sepoy War, (Indian Mutiny?) (1857-8,) — ill- feeling of natives excited by the greased car- tridges of Enfield rifles, 1856 — mutinies of the Sepoys break out at Barrackpore, Berhampore, ana Lucknow, between 24 Jan. and 6 May 1 857 — mutiny at Meerut, 10 May — themutineers reach Delhi, 1 1 May — they proclaim the king of Delhi Emperor, 12 May — at Lahore, the Sepoys are disarmed by Brigadier Corbett, 1 3 May — death of Gen. Anson, Commander-in-chief, at Kur- naul, 27 May — Sir H. Bernard succeeds him : Brigadier Wilson defeats Sepoys near Delhi, 30 and 31 May — mutiny at Lucknow, 3° ^ a y —at Benares, 4 Jun. — at Allahabad, 5 Jim. — at Cawnpoor, 5 Jun.— Gen. Bernard, occupies cantonments near Delhi, 8 Jun. — regiments at Mooltan disarmed, 1 1 Jun.— death of Sir H. Lawrence, at Lucknow, 2 Jul. — march of Gen. Havelock from Allahabad for Cawnpoor, 7 Jul.— [Havelock, Sir Henry]— death of Sir H. Bernard, 5 Jul.— Gen. Reid succeeds him : defeat of Sepoys at Futtehpoor, 10 Jul. — at Sealcote, by Gen. Nicholson, 12 Jul. — resigna- tion of Gen. Reid, who is succeeded by Gen. Wilson, 22 Jul. — arrival of Sir Colin Camp- bell at Calcutta, as Commander-in-chief, 14 Aug.— [Clyde, Lord]— capture of Delhi, 14- 20 Sep. — capture of the king by Lieut. Hod- son, 21 Sep.— occupation of Alum Bagh by Havelock and Outram, 23 Sep. — relief of Luck- now, 25 Sep. —rescue of the garrison of Luck- SEPOYS— SEEIXGAPATAM. now, 22 Nov.— Gen. Wheeler defeated near Cawnpoor, 27 Xov. 1858: Occupation of Futtehghur by Camp- bell, 2 Jan. — capture of Awah in Bajpootana by- Gen. Roberts, 23 Jan. — relief of Saugor, by Sir Hugh Eose, 29 Jan. — siege of Lucknow, 8-19 Mar. — capture of Calpee by Eose, 23 May — war substantially closed, by Jun. — re- duction of Oude complete, beginning 1859. Sepoys, (Sipoys,) (native soldiers of India disciplined as Europeans,)— employed by chief of Sinde against Akbar, 159172 — employed in French service, 1746 — in British service, from 1748 — mutiny, 1857. [Sepoy War.] Seppings, Sir Robert, naval architect, — fi., about 1768— F.E.S., 10 Nov. 1814— tf. at Taunton, 25 Apr. 1840. Septennial Act, — enabling parliament of Great Britain to sit for seven years, 1 Geo. I. c. 38, passed, 7 May 17 16. Septimania, — district of seven cities in south of France (Toulouse, Bordeaux, Poitiers, Saintes, Angouleme, Perigueux, and Agen) ceded by patrician Constantius to Yisigoths, 419 — name so applied by Sidonius Apollrnaris, about 473 — subjugated by Saracens, 712-719 — ravaged by Charles Martel, 737 — partly conquered by Pepin le Bref, 760 — forms part of kingdom of Aquitaine, 778 — erected into a Duchy, 817 — forms a Marquisate, 844 — ravaged by Normans, 859 — March of Spain separated, 864 — passes to House of Toulouse, 918. Septimianus, M. Petronius, — Consul -with Commodus, (943, a. v. c.) 190. Septuagint, The, — [B C] — version executed, about 286-5,3- between 293-285. 15 * Hody, after Aristobulus. b Smith.. Sepulchre, St, Order of Hospitallers of, — instituted in Palestine, about 1 1 14 — introduced in England, about 11 30 — united with Order of Malta, by Innocent VIII. , 1484 — in France, protected by Louis XVIII., 18 14. Sepulveda, Juan Ginez de, historian, — b. near Cordova, about 1490 — studies at Bo- logna, 15 15 — Chaplain and Historiographer to Charles V., 1536 — tf. near Cordova, i574, a 157 3- b Opera, 1602. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sequestration of Benefices, in England, — imposed for non-residence, illegal trading, &c, by Act 1 and 2 Yic. c. 106, 14 Aug. 1838 — remedies of sequestrators extended by Act 12 and 13 Yic. c. 67, 28 Jul. 1849 — law amended by 34 and 35 Yic. c. 45, 13 Jul. 1871. Serampore, in Hindustan, — sold by Danes to English, 1845. Serapeion, Alexandria, — destroyed by Theo- philus at command of Theodosius, made a cathedral, 389-390. Seraphim, Order of, [Order of Jesus,) — in- stituted in Sweden by Magnus II., 1334 — abolished by Charles IX., between 1604-11 — revived by Frederick I., 11 Feb. 1748. Serassi, Piero Antonio, biographer, — fl. at Bergamo, 1721 — tf. at Eome, 19 Feb. 1791. Vita di T. Tasso, 1785. Serbelloni, Gabriel, general, — b. at Milan, 1508 — defends Strigonia against Turks, 1543 — enters service of Charles V., 1546 — contri- butes to victory of Alba over the Saxons, 1546 — takes Siena, 1555 — enters service of Pope Pius IY., 1560 — of Spain, 1565— contributes to victory of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 157 1 — viceroy of Sicily, 157 1 — captured by Turks at Tunis, 1574 — defeats the Dutch at Gembloux, 28 Jan. 1578 — assists at siege of Maestricht, 1578— tf., Jan. 1580. Serenus, Q. Sammonicus, orator, poet, — assassinated by Caracalla, 212. Serfdom, Serfs, — in England, exists as late as 1574. In France, on Eoyal demesnes, eman- cipated by Louis Hutin, 13 15 — again, by Louis XVI., 1779 — abolished by Constituent As- sembly, Jun. 1792. In Hungary, abolished, 1848. In Russia, introduced by Boris Godu- nof, 1593 — general emancipation proclaimed by Alexander II., 3 Mar. 1861 — takes effect, 3 Mar. 1863 — complete by 19 Feb. 1870. Sergell, Johann Tobias, sculptor, — it. at Stockholm, 8 Sep. 1740 — goes to Eome, 1767- 78— member of Academy of Fine Arts, Paris, 1778— court sculptor, a Prof . Sculpture, 15 Stock- holm, 1779 — accompanies Gustavus III. to Eome, 1784 — tf. at Stockholm, 26 Feb. 18 14. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TTnir. Sergianus, C. Trebius, — Consul with Serius Augurinus, (885, a. u. c.) 132. Sergius I., Pope, — succeeds Conon, 15 Dec. 687 — refuses to subscribe canons of Council in Trullo, sent by Justinian II., 692 — Zacharias sent to arrest him, and is successfully resisted, 694 — driven from Eome by John, exarch of Eavenna, 694 — tf., 8 Sep. 701. Sergius II., Pope, — succeeds Gregory IY., 27 Jan., a 10 Feb. b 844 — his ordination con- firmed by Emperor Lothaire ; tf., 27 Jan. 847. a Bianchini. b Pagi. Sergius III., Pope, — unsuccessful com- petitor for Holy See on death of Theodore II., 898 — retires into Tuscany, 898 — recalled, deposes and succeeds Christopher, 905 — tf., Aug. 911. Sergius IV., (Fetrus OsForci or Bucca2)orci,) Pope, — elected to succeed John XYIIL, be- tween 17 Jun. and 12 Aug. 1009 — tf., 13 Jul., a 17 May, b 29 May, c before 6 Jul. d 1012. & Papebrock and Fleuri. b Pagi. c Oldnin. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Sergius I., Patriarch of Constantinople, — succeeds Thomas I., 18 Apr. 610 — takes part in defence of Constantinople against Avars, Jul. 626 — consulted by Heraclius on the Monothelite dogma, approves it, 630 — urges publication of the Ecthesis, 638 — holds Council at Constantinople to confirm it, 638 — tf-, Dec. 638. Sergius II., Patriarch op Constanti- nople, — succeeds Sisinnius, 999 — tf., Jul. 1019. Sergius, Duke of Naples. [Naples.] Sergius, — Consul with Nigrianus, (1103, a. u. c.) 350. Seringapatam, in Hindustan, — made capital of Mysore, by Eaj Wadegar, 1610 — attacked by Mahrattas, 1697 — besieged by Bussy, 1755 SERJEANTS -AT- ARMS— SERVI A. — seat of government of Hyder Ali, 1765 — again attacked by Mahrattas, 1772 — Lord Cornwallis defeats Tippoo Sultan near, 15 May 1791 — the redoubts stormed by British and Mahratta allied forces, 6 Feb. 1792 — stormed by Major-general Eaird and Tippoo killed, 4 May 1799 — assigned to British by treaty with the Nizam, 22 Jun. 1799. Serjeants-at-arms, — in France, instituted by Philip Augustus, about 1191. In England, by Richard I., between 1 195-9 — number of, restricted to thirty, by Act 13 Ric. IT. c. 6, 1389-90. Serjeants-at-law, in England, — mentioned, 1259 — their exclusive right of audience in Court of Common Pleas suspended by Royal Warrant, 24 Apr. 1834 — legality of the War- rant investigated by Privy Council, 10 Jan. and 2 Feb. 1839 — exclusive right reasserted by the Court and restored, Jan. 1840 — abolished by Act 9 and 10 Vic. c. 54, 18 Aug. 1846. Serlio, Sebastiano, (Bastiano da Bologna,) architect, — b. at Bologna, 1475 — architect to Francis I. at Fontainebleau, 1541 — tf. there, 1552. Opere di Architettura, 1584. Serranus, A. Atilius,— [B C] —praetor, in Macedonia, 192 — again praetor, 173 — Consul with A. Hostilius Mancinus, (584, a. u. c.) 170. Serranus, C. Atilius, — [BC]— Consul with Q,. Servilius Caepio, (648, a. u. c.) 106 — joins in resistance to Saturninus, 100. Serranus, Sex. Atilius, — [B C] — Consul with. P. Furius Philus, (618, a. u. c.) 136. Serres, Jean de, {Serranus,) theologian, — b. in the Vivarais, about 1540 — Prof. Theology, Nimes, 1579 — assists at synod of Saumur, 1596 — Historiographer of France, 1597 — tf. at Geneva, 31 May 1598. Comment, de statu religionis et reipubl. in regno Gallia, 157 1-3 — translation of Plato, 1578 — Inventaire general de Vhistoire de France, 1597 — Apparatus ad Fidem Catholicam, 1597. Serres, Olive, (TTilmot,) — rj. at Warwick, 1772 — marries Mr Serres, 1792 — pretends to be daughter of Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland : investigation of the claim refused by parliament, Jun. 1822 — tf., 1834. Her claim revived by her daughter, Lavinia Ryves, 1866 — investigated and shown to be fraudulent by Court of Queen's Bench, 1866 — death of Mrs Ryves, Dec. 1871. Serres, Olivier de, writer on Agriculture, — b. in the Vivarais, about 1539 — tf. there, 2 Jul. 16 19. Le Theatre d' Agriculture, 1600. Sertorius, Q., — [BC] — at battle on the Rhone, 105 — acts as spy on the Teutones for Marius at Aquae Sextiae, 102 — trib. milit. in Spain, under T. Didius, 97 — quaestor in Trans- padane Gaul, 91 — takes part with Cinna, 88 — praetor, 83 — at battle at Colline gate, 82 — goes into Spain, 83 or 82 — makes a campaign in Africa, 81 ? — takes command of Lusitanians against Rome, 80 — defeats Cotta at sea, in Straits of Gibraltar, 80— joined by Perperna, 77 — defeats Pompey, before winter 75 — assassin- ated by Perperna, 72. Serug, — [BC]— rj., summer 2i85, a 2319 b — birth of Nahor, summer 2155 a — tf., summer *955- a a TJssher. b Clinton. Serurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, Count, Marshal and Peer of France, — b. at Laon, 8 Dec., a Sep. b 1742 — enters the army, 1755 — Colonel, 1792 — General of Division, Jun. 1795 —distinguishes himself in campaign of Italy, 1796 — Governor of Venice, 1797 — serves in Italian campaign of 1799 — taken prisoner by Suwaroff, 27 Apr. 1799 — Governor of the Invalides, 24 Apr. 1804-15— Marshal of the Empire, 19 May 1804— Grand Eagle of Legion of Honour, 1805— Count, 1808— tf. at Paris, 21 Dec. 1819. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Servandoni, Jean Jerome, painter, architect, — b. at Florence, 1695 — goes to Paris, 1724 — tf. there, 29 Jan. 1766. Facade of St Sulpice, Far is, begun about 1732. Servant of the Servants of God, (Servus Servorum Dei,) — title assumed by Pope Gre- gory the Great, about 595. Servants, in England, — diet and apparel of, regulated by Act 37 Edw. III. cc. 8-15, 1363 — repealed by 38 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 2, 1364, and other Acts : wages of, regulated by Act 12 Ric. II. c. 4, 1388— repealed by 4 Hen. V. c. 4, 141 6 — discharge or desertion without notice prohibited, and further regulations made, by Act 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1563 — penalties for obtaining situations by false pretences imposed by Act 32 Geo. III. c. 56, 1792 — better protection of, provided for by Act 14 Vic. c. 11, 20 May 1 85 1 — law relating to misappropriation by, amended by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 103, 28 Jul. 1863. Male, duty imposed on, by Act 17 Geo. III. c. 39, 1777— altered by Act 25 Geo. III. c. 43, 1785. Female, duty imposed on, by last- named Act: abolished by Act 32 Geo. III. c. 3, 1792.,. Serve tus, Michael, theologian, — b. at Vil- lanueva, in Aragon, 1509 — goes to study at Toulouse, 1528 — visits Germany and Switzer- land, 1530 — at Paris, 1537— arrested by Abp of Lyon, 1553 — escapes to Geneva, but is ar- rested again, at instigation of Calvin, Aug. 1553 — burnt at Geneva, 27 Oct. 1553. Be Trinitatis erroribus, 1531 — Christianismi restitutio, 1553. Servia, (Moesia Superior,)^ the Servi, — set- tlement of the Servi (Slavonic tribe) in, on in- vitation of Heraclius, about 636-8— carry on war with Bulgarians, between 850-1018 — become subject to Greek Emperor, before 900 — revolt against Greek governor, after 1000 — forms independent principality under Stephen Bogislav, 1043 — his son Michael takes title of King, and is recognized by Gregory VII., 1050-80 — new dynasty founded by Stephen Nemauja, 1 1 65 — offer alliance to Frederick Barbarossa, 11 89 — under Stephen Dushan, 1336-56, kingdom includes Macedonia, Al- bania, Thessaly, N. Greece, and Bulgaria : new dynasty, by Lazar, about 1374 — under Lazar, in alliance with Hungarians, defeated by Turks at Kossova, 1389 — overrun by Amurath II., about 1440 — restored by Turks at Peace of Szegedin, 1444 — conquered by Sultan Mah- moud, and annexed to Turkish Empire, 1459— [see Belgrade] — with the Patriarch joins Em- SERVIANUS— SEVEN "WEEKS' TV AR. peror Leopold, 1689 — partly conquered by Austrians under Prince Eugene, 17 17— ceded to Austria by Peace of Passarowits, 17 18 — re- covered by turkey, at Peace of Belgrade, 1739 — patriarchate taken under protection of Em- peror Joseph, 1788 — under Kara George, revolts against the Porte, about 1804 — inde- pendent, 1 807 — [Czerni-George] — recovered by the Turks and made a paskalik, 1813 — re- volts again, under Milosch Obrexovich, 18 15, who retains administration as Prince, and restores constitution established by Kara George : practically independent of the Porte, 1826— obtains Imperial Hatti Sherif by which religious liberty, hereditary succession in his family, institution of national militia, &c, are conferred, Nov. 1830 — conspiracy formed against Milosch, who abdicates and is succeeded by his son Milan, 13 May 1839 — Michael II. (brother) succeeds, 7 Jul. 1839 — deprived, Sep. 1842 — succeeded by Alexander, son of Kara George, 27 Jul. 1843 — declared semi-independ- ent State, and placed under protection of Great Powers, by Treaty of Paris, 30 Mar. 1856 — Milosch Obrexovich restored, Dec. 1858 — Michael III., (son,) h., 1825 — succeeds his father, 26 Sep. i860 — conferences on affairs of, close, 26 Aug. 1862 — protocol of conference signed by Turkish minister and representatives of Great Powers, 8 Sep. — the Prince assassin- ated at Belgrade, 10 Jun. 1868 — Milan Ob- rexovich elected to succeed, 2 Jul. 1868. Servianus, C. Julius Servilius TJrsus, — Consul (III.) with C. Vibius Juventius Varus, (887, a. it. c) 134. Service-Eook. [Common Prayer.] Servile War,— [B C]— in Sicily, 134-2 and 102-98 — Spartacus and the Gladiators at Borne, 73" 1 - Servites, Order of, — instituted at Florence, 1233 — reestablished, and take name of Servites- Eremites, 1593. Servitude, Penal. [Penal Servitude.] Servius Maurus Honoratus, grammarian, — 0., about 400. Sessa, in Italy, — [BC] — Roman colony, 314 — [AD] — taken for Gregory IX. by Cardinal Pelagius, 1229 a — gi Yen U P to Frederick II., Sep. 1229^ a Kington. Session, Court of, in Scotland, — constituted, 17 May 1532 — judges appointed by the Crown, from 1554 — churchmen excluded from, by Act of 1640, repealed, 1661— appeal to House of Lords given, 1706 — divided into two courts, 1 808 — reorganized, 18 10 — Admiralty and Coin- missionary Courts merged in, 1830. Sessions of the Peace. [Quarter Sessions.] Sestini, Domenico, numismatist, — b. at Florence, 10 Aug. 1750 — visits Turkey, 1778 — tf. at Florence, 8 Jun. 1832. Lettere odepo- riche, 1785 — Classes genera les Geographies Nu- mismaticce, 1797 — Lettere e dissertazioni nu- mismatiche, 17 89- 1805 and 1813-20. Sestius, (Sextius,) P., — [BC] — quaestor to C. Antonius in Catilinian affair, 63 — pro- quaestor in Macedonia, 62 — trib. pleb., 57 — defended by Cicero against charge of vis by Albinovanus, 56 — acquitted, 14 Mar. — praetor, 53 — joins Pompey, 49 — joins Caesar and is sent to Cappadocia, 48 — tf., after 43. Sesto, Cesare da, painter, — tf. at Milan, about 1524. _ Sestos, — [B C] — siege of, (last event in history of Herodotus,) aut. 479 — surrenders, spring 478. Seth, — [B C] — fj.,sum. 3874^ 4008 b — birth of Enoch, sum. 3769 a — tf., sum. 2962.* a Ussher. b Clinton. Settala, Luigi, (Septalius,) physician, — ft. at Milan, 1552 — rj. there, 1633. In Aristote- lis problemata commentaria, 1607 — Animad- versiones et cantiones mediae, 16 14. Settle, Elkanah, poet, — h. at Dunstable, 1648 — if. at the Charterhouse, 1723. Settlement, Act of. [Hanoverian Succes- sion.] Seuthes, King of Thrace,— [BC]— (1.) Accompanies his uncle Sitalces into Macedonia, 429 — succeeds Sitalces, 424 — engages the Ten Thousand Greeks, 400 — alliance with Athens, 393. (2.) Revolts against Zopyrion, 325 — war with Lysimachus, 323 — again, 313. Sevajee Bosla, founder of the Mahratta Empire, — fc., May 1627 a — surprises a hill fort, Torna,i646 — usurps his father's (Shahji's) jagir, and gets possession of other forts, 1647 — revolts against government of Bijapoor and takes pos- session of Northern Concan, 1648 — his father seized and kept as hostage for him, 1 649-5 3^ — plunders Mogul provinces, 1655 — pardoned by Aurungzebe, 1658 — assassinates Afzal Khan, and routs his army, 1659 — loses most of his conquests, Jan. 1661 — recovers them and makes peace with king of Bijapoor, 1662 — ravages Mogul provinces, (1073, a. h.) 1662 — surprises Shaista Khan at Poona, 1663 — plunders Surat, (15 Guimadhi II. 1074,) 5 Jan. 1664 b — after the death of Shahji, assumes title of Raja, 1664 — submits to Aurungzebe, 1665 — escapes from confinement at Delhi, Mar. 1666 — makes peace with Aurungzebe and is acknowledged Raja, 1667 — applies himself to reform of administration, 1668-9 — surprises Singhar, plunders Surat, and ravages Mogul territory, 1670 — first levies the chout, (1081,) Dec. 1670 — defeats Moguls under Mohabat Khan, (1082,) 1672 — conquers Southern Con- can, 1673-4 — crowned at Raighar, 6 Jun. 1674 b — passes the Nerbudda, 1675 — forms alliance with king of Golconda, close of 1676 — takes Jinji and Vellore and recovers his father's jagir in Mysore, 1677— £f., 5 Apr. i68o. b a Grant Duff. b Elphinstone. Sevenoaks, in Kent. [See Cade, Jack.] Seven-shilling pieces, in England, — gold, introduced, 2 Dec. 1797. Seven Sleepers, legend of, — appears in letter of Gregory of Tours, about 570. Seven "Weeks' "War, between Prussia and Austria, — 1866 : treaty of alliance between Prussia and Italy signed, 27 Mar. — mediation offered by Bavaria, Apr. — conference respect- ing Schleswig-Holstein and Austro-Italian difficulty proposed by England, France, and Russia, 28 May — Prussia declares the Gastein convention invalidated, 4 Jun. — scheme of SEVEN TEARS' WAR-SEVIGNE. conference abandoned, 5 Jun. — entrance of Prussian troops into Holstein, 8 — Holstein estates dispersed by Prussians, n — Aus- trians evacuate Holstein, 12 — diplomatic relations cease, 12 — treaty of alliance between Prussia and Italy, ratified, 12 — Austrian pro- posal for mobilization of Federal army adopted by Diet, 14 — Prussia secedes from German Confederation, 14 — entrance of Prussian troops into Saxony and Hanover, 15 — occupation of Leipsic, Giessen, and Cassel, by Prussians, 16 — occupation of city of Hanover by Prussians, 17 — declaration of war by Austria, 17 — by Prussia, 18 — occupation of Dresden by Prus- sians, 18 — declaration of war against Austria and Bavaria, by Victor Emmanuel, 20 — Venice and Trieste declared in state of siege, 22 — Italians pass tbe Mincio, 23 — Prussians under Prince Frederick Charles enter Bohemia, 24 — battle of Custozza, 24— armistice with Han- over agreed to, 24 — Prince Frederick Charles occupies Reichenberg, 24 — repulse of Italian volunteers by Austrians near bridge of Cassaro- bach, 25 — terms of capitulation rejected by king of Hanover, 26 — battles of Langensalza, Nachod, and Trautenau, 27 — battles of Miin- chengratz and Skalitz, 28 — surrender of Hanoverian army, 29 — capture of Gitschin, 29 — Austrians under Clam-Gallas retire upon Koniggratz, 30 — Prince Frederick Charles effects junction with Crown Prince, 30 — defeat of Saxons and Austrians at Gitschin, 1 Jul. — battle of Sadowa, (Kbniggriitz,) 3 — Garibaldi unsuccessfully attacks Austrians at Monte Suello, 3 — cession of Venetia to France an- nounced, 5 — proposals for armistice rejected by Prussia, 5— passage of the Elbe by Prussians, 5 — defeat of Bavarians at Dermbach, 5 — medi- ation of Napoleon III. accepted, 7 — Gen. Cialdini passes the Po, 8 — Prussians force pas- sage of the Saale near Kissingen, 1 1 — occupa- tion of Brunn, 13 — battle of Aschaffenberg, 14 — Frankfort evacuated by Federal troops, and seat of Diet removed to Augsburg, 14 — battle of Olmutz, 15 — occupation of Frankfort, 16 — Italian volunteers repulsed by Austrians near Condino, 16 — occupation of Darmstadt, 18 — capture of fort of Arngola in the Tyrol by Gari- baldi, 19 — battle of Lissa, 20— engagement near Presburg terminated by armistice, 22 — defeat of Austrians by Italians in Valsugana, 23 — suspension of hostilities between Austria and Italy agreed to, 25 — defeat of Bavarians at Dettingen, 26 — preliminary treaty of Nikols- burg, 26 — armistice for four weeks between Austria and Italy, n Aug. — secret treaties of alliance between Prussia and Wiirtemberg, signed, 1 3 Aug. — Prussia and Baden, 1 8 Aug. — and Prussia and Bavaria, 22 Aug. — Treaty of Prague, between Austria and Prussia, signed, 23 Aug.— Cross of Honour in commemoration of campaign instituted in Prussia, Sep. —Treaty of Vienna, between Austria and Italy, signed, 3 Oct. — Peace between Prussia and Saxony, signed, 21 Oct. — secret treaties with S. German States made public, 23 Mar. 1867. Seven Years' War, bctxoeen Austria and Prussia, — commences with invasion of Saxony by Frederick II. of Prussia, 24 Aug. i7<;6— ends with Peace of Hubertsburg, 15 Feb. 1763. [Frederick II., Daun, Marshal, Fer- dinand of Brunswick, Henry, Prince, (of Prussia,) Charles of Lorraine, Prince.] Severianus, Julius, rhetorician, — fl., about 125. Severino, Marco Aurelio, jrtiysician, — fc. in Calabria, 1580— if. Prof. Medicine and Anato- my, Univ. of Naples, 16 Jul. 1656. Zootomia democritea, 1645 — Be efficaci meclicina, 1646. Severinus, — (1.) Consul with Dagalaiphus, (1214, a. u. c.) 461. (2.) Consul with Tro- condus, (1235,) 482. Severinus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Honorius I., 28 or 29 May 640— rj., 1 Aug. 640. Severn, river, — coasts of, ravaged by fleet from Bretagne, 918. Severus, — (1.) Consul with Quintianus, (988, a. u. c.) 235. (2.) Rhetorician, Consul with Jordanes, (1223,) 470. Severus of Antioch, heresiarch, — in Con- stantinople, 512 — appointed Patriarch of An- tioch, 5 1 2 a — anathematized by Council of Con- stantinople, 518 — escapes to Alexandria, 518- 1 9 — £•> 53 8 "9 5 54 2 - b a Clinton. b Assemani. Severus, Acilius, — Consul with Vettius Ru- finus, (1076, a. u. c.) 323. Severus, C. Julius, — Consul with M. Ru- finus Sabinianus, (908, a. tj. c.) 155. Severus, Cassius, orator, satirist, — [BC] — b., about 50 — accuses Nonius Asprenas, 9 — [A D] — banished by Augustus, about 8 — pro- perty confiscated by Tiberius, 24 — if., 33. Severus, Cn- Claudius, — Consul with Sex. Erucius Clarus, (899, a. it. c.) 146. Severus, Flavius Valerius, Roman Em- peror, (306-7,) — made Ceesar by Galerius, 1 May 305 — made Augustus, Jul. 306 — surren- ders to Herculius, and is put to death, 307. Severus, L. Catilius, — Consul with T. Aure- lius Fulvius Bojonius, (873, a. tj. c.) 120. Severus, L. Septirnius, Roman Emperor, (193-211,) — b., 11 Apr. 146 — while commander in Pannonia and Illyria, proclaimed Emperor by his soldiers, 13 Apr. 193, and marches on Rome, 1-2 Jun. 193 — defeats Niger at Issus and captures him, 194 — campaign beyond Euphrates, 195 — takes Byzantium, 196— de- feats Clodius Albinus, who kills himself, at Lyons, 19 Feb. 197 — campaign beyond Eu- phrates, takes Babylon, Seleucia, and Ctesi- phon, 198 — returns to Rome, 202 — enters Britain, 208 — if. at Tork, 4 Feb. 211. Severus, Libius, Roman Emperor, (461-5,) — made Emperor by Ricimer, 19-20 Nov. 461 — if., 15 Aug. or later, 465. Severus, M. Aurelius, — Consul with Ti. Claudius Pompeianus, (926, a. tj. c.) 173. Severus, T. Hcenius, — Consul with M. Pedu- caeus Syloga Priscinus, (894, a. tj. c.) 141. Severus, Ti. Claudius, — Consul with C. Aufidius Victorinus, (953, a. u. c.) 200. Severus, Sulpicius, ecclesiastical historian, — h., about 363 — retires from the world, about 392 — if., after 410. Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar- quise de, — b. in Burgundy, 6 Feb. 1626 — at 1274 SEVILLE— SFOPZA. Paris, marries Marquis de Sevigne, i Aug. 1644— left a widow, 5 Feb. 1 651— reappears at Paris, 1654 — U. at Grignan, 18 Apr. 1696. Lettres, 1726. Seville, in Spain, {Hispalis, Colonia Julia Eomula,) — [B C] — captured by Julius Caesar, 9 Aug. 45 — [A D] — taken by Vandals under Gun- deric, between 409-420 — taken by Musa, 712 — threatened by Northmen, 844 — seat of king- dom of the Abadides, about 1030 — conquered by Almoravides under Yusuf ben Tashfyn, 1091 — by Almohades, 1147 — besieged by Fer- dinand III. of Castile, 20 Aug. 1247 — sur- renders, 23 Nor. 1248 — conference between Mohammed II., king of Granada, and Alfonso X. of Castile, and treaty concluded at, (Rama- dan 671, a. h.) Apr. 1273 — has monopoly of trade with New World, 1501-1726 — Magellan sails from, 15 19 — seat of government removed to Valladolid by Charles V., 1532 — ravaged by fever, Aug. to Nov. 1800 — seat of the Junta, 27 May 1808 — taken by French, 1 Feb. 1810 — evacuated by French, 27 Aug. 18 12 — seat of the Cortes under Ferdinand VII., 1823 — bombarded by Espartero, 21 Jul. 1843 — the siege raised, 27 Jul. Cathedral, commenced, 1480 — consecrated, 15 1 9. Giralda, built by Abu Yusuf Yacob, 1 1 96— enlarged, 1568. Alcazar, rebuilt, be- tween 900-1100. Exchange, erected by Philip II., 1585-98. University, founded, 1 502. Treaty of between Great Britain, France, and Spain, signed, 9 Nov. 1729 — Holland accedes to, 21 Nov. Councils of, on discipline, held, 5 Nov. 590 and 13 Nov. 619. Sevres, in France, — Porcelain manufactory transferred from Vincennes to, 1756 — made state establishment by Louis XV., 1759. Sewage, Dry Earth. System of, — invented by Moule, and introduced in Bengal, 1865 — in England, 1867. Sewage, Sewerage, Sewers, in England, — regulated by Act 9 Hen. III., about 1225, and several subsequent Acts : law respecting, consolidated in Bill of Sewers, 25 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 1531 — law amended by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 22, 28 Jun. 1833, and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 45, 21 Jun. 1 84 1 — regulated by Public Health Act, 11 and 12 Vic. c. 63, 31 Aug. 1848 — use- ful application of, facilitated by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 75, 29 Jun. 1865, amended by 29 and 30 Vic. c. 90, 7 Aug. 1866 — further provisions by Acts 30 and 31 Vic. c. 113, 20 Aug. 1867, and 31 and 32 Vic. c. 115, 31 Jul. 1868. Me- tropolitan, control and regulation of, vested in Commissioners by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 112, 4 Sep. 1 848 — transferred to Board of Works, by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 120, 14 Aug. 1855 Seward, Anna, litterateur, — fc. in shire, 1747 — lj. at Lichfield, Mar. 1809. Me- moirs of Br Barwin, 1804 — Poems, 18 10 — Letters, 181 1. Seward, William, biographical writer, — b. in London, Jan. 1747 — ft. at Richmond, 24 Apr. 1799. Anecdotes of Bistinguished Per- sons, 1795 — Biographiana, 1799. Sewell, William, historian, — rj. at Amster- dam, 1650— tf., about 1725. History of the Quakers, 1722. Derby - Sewing Machine, — patented by Elias Howe, 10 Sep. 1846. Sexagesimal Notation, — [B C] — intro- duced in Greece by Hipparchus, about 150 — [AD] — adopted and made more widely cur- rent by Ptolemy, 150. Sextant, — Hadley's, invented, not later than summer of 1730 — Godfrey's, about Oct. or Nov. 1730. Sextus of Chceroneia, Stoic philosopher, — ft., about 120 a — instructs Marcus Aurelius, about I33. a a Clinton. Sextus Empiricus, physician, sceptic, — fl., between 200-250. Seychelles, islands in Indian Ocean, — dis- covered by Vasco de Gama, about 1498 — partly explored by French, 1743 — French settlement in, about 1768,* 1756 b — captured by British, 1794 — occupied by them, 1810 — ceded to Brit- ish by Treaty of Paris, 18 15. a Engl. Cyc. b Chambers' Encyc. Seymour, Sir Edward, Bart., — fj., 1633 — Speaker of House of Commons, 1673 — Privy Councillor and Treasurer of the Navy, 1673 — opposes Exclusion Bill, 1679 — supports Prince of Orange, 1688 — member of Convention Par- liament, 1689— Privy Councillor and Com- missioner of the Treasury, Mar. 1692 — dis- missed, 1694 — again Privy Councillor, 1702 — tf. in Wiltshire, 17 Feb. 1708. Seymour, Edward. [Somerset, Duke of.] Seymour, Jane. [Jane Seymour.] Seymour, Thomas, Lord Seymour or Sud- let, — created Baron and Grand Admiral of England, Jan. 1547 — privately marries Queen Catherine (Parr), has custody of Princess Elizabeth and Lady Jane Grey, 1547 — aims at marrying Princess Elizabeth, 1548 — intrigues against the Protector : summoned before the Council, refuses to attend, 1548 — committed to the Tower, 19 Jan. 1549 — attainted ; beheaded, 20 Mar. 1549. Seymour, William. [See Stuart, Arabella.] Sforza Attendolo, Giacomuzzo, (Jacopo,) military adventurer, — h. near Faenza, 10 Jun. 1369 — serves under Alberico da Barbiano against the Breton Company, in Italy, and is named Sforza, 1377 — in service of Florence, 1401 — in service of Nicolas III. of Este, de- feats and assassinates Ottobuono de Terzi, 27 May 1409 — in service of Ladislaus, king of Naples, 141 2 — Grand Constable of Naples, 1414 — arrested by James of Bourbon, at Be- neventum, Aug. 1415 — released, Sep. 1416 — restores Papal authority at Eome, 141 7 — de- fends Louis of Anjou against Braccio, 1420 — reconciled with Joanna II. and made Con- stable of Naples, 1422 — expels Alfonso of Ara- gon from Naples, 1423 — drowned in crossing the Pescara, 4 Jan. 1424. Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan,— h., 25 Jul. 1401 — imprisoned with his father at Benevento, 1415 — distinguishes himself in combat of Toscanella, 141 7 — marries, 141 8 — ■ succeeds to command of his father's forces, Jan. 1424 — assumes name of Sforza, 1424 — enters service of Duke of Milan, and commands against Florentines and Venetians, 1425 — sent to sue- SFORZA— SHAFTESBURY. '275 cour Genoa, 1427 — falls under suspicion, and is banished to Mortara, 1428 — relieves Lucca, besieged by Florentines, 1430 — takes part in defeat of Venetian fleet, 23 May 143 1 — con- quers March of Ancona, 1433 — forms alliance ■with Cosmo de' Medici, 1434 — gonfalonier of the Church, byEugenius IV., 1434 — takes com- mand of Florentine army, 1434— reenters service of Duke of Milan, who promises him his daughter in marriage, 1438 — enters service of Venice, and twice defeats Piccinino, 1439 — marries Bianca Visconti, 1 Aug. 1441 — Captain -general of the Milanese, 1441 — loses March of Ancona, and is excommunicated, 1442-3 — defeats Pic- cinino, 8 Nov. 1443, and recovers the March : again loses it, 1443-7 — on death of Philip Maria, duke of Milan, claims to succeed him, 1447 — at head of Milanese troops, conquers Pavia, 1447 — takes Placentia, 16 Nov., and other towns : defeats Venetians at Caravaggio, 15 Sep. 1448 — concludes alliance with them, 19 Oct. 1448— blockades Milan, 1449 — enters Milan and is proclaimed Duke, 25 Mar. 1450 — acquires fresh territory by treaty with Duke of Ferrara, 1450 — Venice declares war on him, 19 Apr. 1452 — makes peace with Venice, 9 Apr. 1454 — makes peace with Alfonso of Naples, 1454 — obtains cession of Genoa from Louis XL, and is recognized sovereign, 1464 — ac- quires Duchy of Eari, 1465 — ft., 8 Mar. 1466. Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan, — lives at Trent, 1515-21 — league for his restoration formed by Leo X. and Charles V., 8 May 152 1 — received as Duke, end of Nov. 152 1 — put in possession of the Duchy after battle of La Bicoque, 1522— abandons Milan on approach of the French, 1524 — returns after battle of Pavia, 1525 — deprived by Charles V., 1525 — league formed by the pope, Francis I., and Venetians to reinstate him, 22 May 1526 — obtains investiture from Charles V. at Bo- logna, 23 Dec. 1529— marries Christina of Den- mark, 1534 — tr., 24 Oct. 1535. Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke op Milan, — b., 14 Jan. 1444 — succeeds his father, Mar. 1466 — marries Bona of Savoy, 6 Jul. 1468 — visits Florence and Genoa, 147 1 — assassinated at Milan, 26 Dec. 1476. Sforza, Giovanni Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan, — b., 1468 — succeeds his father, 1476 — chief power assumed by his uncle Ludovico, 1480 — marries Isabella of Aragon, 2 Feb. 1493 — ft. at Pavia, 22 Oct. 1494. Sforza, Ludovico Maria, II Moro, Duke of Milan, — b., 3 Aug. 1451 — seizes Tortona, and assumes share of regency for his nephew, 1479 — puts to death the Begent Simonetta, 30 Oct. 1480, and banishes Bona, 2 Nov.— joins league of Ferdinand I. of Naples and Florentines against Venice, 1482 — frustrates conspiracy against him, 1484 — marries Beatrice of Este, 18 Jan. 1491— invites Charles VIII. of France to Italy, 1493 — succeeds his nephew, 1494 — joins league against Charles VIIL, 31 Mar. 1495 — loses his wife, 2 Jan. 1497 — forms league against Louis XII., Mar. 1499 — his Duchy conquered by Louis, 1499— sets out for Ger- many, 2 Sep. 1499 — reconquers his dominions, Jan. to Feb. 1500 — besieges Novara, and is be- trayed to the French, 9 Apr. 1500 — ft. at chateau of Loches, i5io, a i5o8. b a Some authorities. b Others. Sforza, Maximilian, Duke or Milan, — b., 149 1 — sent to Court of Emperor Maximilian, 1500— declared Duke of Milan by pope and emperor, 15 12 — enters Milan, 15 Dec. 15 12 — defeats the French under Trivulzio at Novara, 6 Jun. 15 1 3 — recovers the citadel, 15 14 — his troops defeated by Francis I. at Marignano, 14 Sep. 15 15, and the Milanese again occupied by French : besieged in Milan, cedes the Duchy to Francis L, 5 Oct. — ft. at Paris, Jun. 1530. 'S Gravesande. [Gravesande.] Shadwell, Sir Lancelot, Vice-chancellor or England, — b., 3 May 1770 — B.A. Cam- bridge, 1800 — M.A., 1803 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 10 Feb. 1803 — marries, 1804 — M.P. Bipon, 1826 — Vice-chancellor, 1 Nov. 1827 — Commissioner of the Great Seal, 23 Apr. 1835 to 16 Jan. 1836 — LL.D. Cambridge, 1842 — again Commissioner of Great Seal, 19 Jun. to 15 Jul. 1 850 — ft. in Surrey, 10 Aug. 1 850. Shadwell, Thomas, dramatist, poet laureate, — b. in Norfolk, 1640 — poet laureate, 1688 — ft. at Chelsea, 1692. Works, 1720. Shafei, Mohammed Ben Idris al, Moham- medan Doctor, — h. at Gaza, (150, a. h.) 767 — taken to Mecca, 769 — visits Bagdad, (195,) 810 — goes to Egypt, (195,) about 811 — ft. there, (204,) 819. Shafeites, Shafites, Mohammedan sect, — [Shafei.] Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England, — • b. at "Wimborne-St-Giles's, Dorsetshire, 22 Jul. 1621 — enters Exeter Coll. Oxford, 1637 — enters Lincoln's Inn, 1638 — marries a daughter of Lord Coventry, 25 Feb. 1639— M.P. Tewkes- bury, Apr. 1640 — goes over to the parliament, Feb. 1644 — Commander-in-chief of parliament- ary forces in Dorsetshire, 25 Oct. 1644 — storms Abbotsbury, beginning Nov. — relieves Blake at Taunton, Dec. — loses his wife, 10 Jul. 1649 —marries Lady Frances Cecil, 25 Apr. 1650 — M.P. Wiltshire, (Barebone's parliament,) Jul. 1653 — member of Council of State, Dec. 1653 — death of his second wife, 1654 — retires from the Council and separates from Cromwell, Dec. 1654 — marries again, (daughter of Lord Spencer of Wormleighton,) 1656 — excluded from new parliament, 1656— joins in Remon- strance of excluded members, 1656 — takes his seat, Jan. 1658 — member of Council of State, May 1659 — arrested as Royalist, but acquitted, 21 Aug. 1659 — member of Convention parlia- ment, and one of the Commissioners sent to Charles II. at Breda, Apr. 1660 — Privy Coun- cillor, May 1660 — Commissioner on trial of the Regicides, Oct. 1660 — Baron Ashley, Apr. 1661 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Ilnder-trea- surer, May 166 1 — opposes Act of Uniformity, 1662 — supports dispensing bill, 1663 — Joint- grantee of province of Carolina, 1663 and Jun. 1665— his friendship with Locke begins, Jun. 1666 — Joint-commissioner of the Treasury, summer 1667 — member of the Cabal, 1670 — 2 7 6 SHAFTESBURY— SHANGHAE. Earl of Shaftesbury, 23 Apr. 1672 — Pres. Council of Trade and Plantations, 27 Sep. 1672 to Apr. 1676 — Lord Chancellor, 17 Nov. 1672 to 9 Nov. 1673 — refuses bribe offered by French ambassador, Dec. 1673 — dismissed from Privy Council, 19 May 1674 — imprisoned, 16 Feb. 1677 to 26 Feb. 1678 — Pres. Council, Apr. 1679 — procures passing of Habeas Corpus Act, 1679 — dismissed, beginning Oct. 1679 — pre- sents Duke of York as Popish recusant in Court of K.B., 26 Jun. 1680 — attends parliament at Oxford, Mar. 168 1 — imprisoned for high trea- son, 2 Jul. to 1 Dec. — indictment ignored, 24 Nov. — goes to Holland, 18 Nov. 1682— fc. at Amsterdam, 21 Jan. 1683. Shaftesbury, Anthony Cooper, 3rd Earl of, moralist, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Lon- don, 26 Feb. 1 67 1 — M.P. Poole, 1693 — goes to Holland, 1698-9 — succeeds to the peerage, 1699 — tf. at Naples, 15 Feb. 17 13. Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times, 17 13. Shah Alum II., (Aly-Goher,) Emperor op Delhi, — h., 1723 — invades Bengal, and is taken prisoner by allied Imperialists and English, 1759 — succeeds his father, Alumgir II., (8 Ra- bia II. 1173, a. h.) 30 Oct. 1759 — escapes from his captors and is crowned at Patna, 1760 — allies himself with Sooja ud Doulah, and is present at battle of Paniput, 7 Jan. 1761 — de- feated by English at Buxar, 23 Oct. 1764 — takes refuge in English camp, and is installed as Emperor at Allahabad, 1764 — enters Delhi, under Mahratta escort, 25 Dec. 177 1 — com- pelled by Mahrattas to cede Allahabad and Corah, 22 Dec. 1772 — his assassination at- tempted by Gholam-Cadyr, 10 Aug. 1788 — tf. at Delhi, 16 Nov. 1806. Shah Jehan, (Prince Khurkam,) Mogul Emperor op Delhi, — fc., 1592— distinguishes himself in war with Mewar, (1023, a. h.) 1613- 14 — declared heir-apparent, 1616 — sent to set- tle the Deckan, 1616 — succeeds in his expedi- tion, and returns to Mandu, (Shawal 1026,) Sep. 16 1 7 — visits Guzerat with Jehanghir, and is named viceroy, Sep. 16 17 to Sep. 161 8 — again sent to pacify the Deckan, defeats Malik Amber, (1030,) 1621 — rebels, early in 1623 — retreats on approach of Jehanghir, (1032,) Feb. 1623 — marches into Bengal, defeats Baj Mahal, and obtains possession of the province, (1033,) 1624 — is defeated and flies to the Deckan, 1624 — submits to Jehanghir, 1625 — succeeds him and is proclaimed at Agra, (7 Jamadhi al Akhir 1037,) 26 Jan. 1628 — marches into the Deckan against Khan Jehan, (Rabi ul Awal 1039,) Oct. 1629 — on his defeat and death carries on war with Nizam Shah, (1040,) 1630 — his gen- eral Asof Khan unsuccessfully besieges Bija- poor, 1 63 1 — returns to Delhi, (Ramzan 1041,) Mar. 1632 — again marches into the Deckan, (Jamadi ul Awal 1045,) Nov. 1635 — unsuc- cessfully besieges Bijapoor, 1636 — makes peace, 1636 — returns to Delhi, (1046,) 1637 — acquires Candahar, 1637 — loses it to the Persians, 1648 — renews war with Bijapoor, 1657 — falls ill, Oct. 1657— rcassumes the government, Nov. — adheres to the cause of his son Dara, 1658 —deposed by Aurungzebe, (17 Ramzan 1068,) Jun. 1658— if., (Redgeb 1076,) Dec. 1666. Shahab u din Ghori, founder of Mahometan Empire in India, — associated in the govern- ment with his brother Gheias u din, (552, a. h.) 1 157 — makes his first expedition to India, and takes Uch, (572,) 1 176— invades Guzerat, 1178 — overruns Sinde, (575,) 1178 — makes war on Khusra Malik, 11 79 — occupies Lahore and ex- pels the Ghaznevides from the Panjab, (582,) 1 1 86 — defeated by Pritwi Raja at Tirouri, (587,) 1 191 — defeats and puts him to death, (589,) 1193 — conquers Ajmir, 1193 — takes Canouj and Benares, (591,) 11 94 — takes Biana and begins siege of Gwalior, (592,) 1195 — at war with king of Kharism, 1 196-1202 — suc- ceeds his brother as king of Ghazni, (599,) 1202 — invades Kharism and is defeated, (600,) 1203 — subdues rebellions in India, between 1203-6 — sets out for Kharism, and ft. on the march, (2 Shaban 602,) 14 Mar. 1206. Shakers, Sect of, — originates in Lancashire, about 1747 — joined by Ann Lee, 1758 — estab- lish themselves in New York, 1774. Shakespear, Sir Kiehmond Campbell, colo- nel, — h., 1809 — enters Bengal artillery, 1829 — rescues 400 Russians from slavery in Khiva, 1840 — Knt, 1840 — rescues English captives from Afghans, Sep. 1 842 — distinguishes him- self in attack on Gwalior, Dec. 1843 — marries, 1 844 — takes part in Sikh War, 1848-9 — wound- ed at Goojerat, 21 Feb. 1849 — Colonel, 1852 — takes part in suppression of mutiny, 1857-8 — appointed Chief Commissioner in Mysore, 1 86 1 — lj., before entering on the office, at Indore, 29 Oct. 1861. Shakespeare, (Shakspeare, Shakspere,) Wil- liam, poet, — h. at Stratford-upon-Avon, 23 ? Apr., baptized, 26 Apr. 1564 — marries Anne Hathaway, about Nov. 1582 — birth of his daughter Susanna, May 1583 — goes to Lon- don, about 1586 — joint-proprietor of Black- friars' Theatre, 1589— purchases New Place, Stratford, 1597 — loses his father, John Shake- speare, 1 601 — retires to Stratford, probably about 1604 — loses his mother, Mary Shake- speare, 1608 — tf. at Stratford, 23 Apr. 16 16. Venus and Adonis, 1593 — Rape of Lucrece, 1594 — Tivelfth Night, 1601 — Samlet, 1602 — King Lear, 1607 — Tempest, 161 1 — first folio,, 1623 — second, 1632 — Thotozincographic Fac- simile of first folio, 1865. Shakespeare Gallery, — projected by Boy- dell, 1786 — disposed of by lottery, 1804 — re- produced by photography, 1864. Shakespeare Jubilee,— celebrated at Strat- ford, 6-8 Sep. 1769 — another, 1824. Ter- centenary Festival, Apr. 1864. Shanghae, Shanghai, in China, — captured by British, 19 Jun. 1842 — the port opened to foreign traffic, (in pursuance of treaty of 26 Aug. 1842,) 15 Nov. 1843 — captured by rebels, 7 Sep. 1853 — recovered by Imperialists, 1855 — Conference of representatives of Great Britain, France, United States, and Russia at, 30 Mar. 1858 — transferred to Tientsin— [Chinese War] — unsuccessfully attacked by rebels, Aug. i860 — Supreme Court for China and Japan opened at, 4 Sep. 1865. SHANNON— SHECHEM. 1277 Shannon, river in Ireland, — improvement of navigation of, entrusted to Commissioners by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 61, 17 Aug. 1839. Shapur. [Sapor.] Sharp, Abraham, mechanician, §c, — b. at Little Horton, in Yorkshire, about 1651 — assistant to Flamsteed in Eoyal Observatory, Aug. 1688 — tf. at Little Horton, 18 Jul. 1742. Geometry improved, 1 7 1 7 . Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, — b. at Durham, 1734 — founds association for aboli- tion of slavery, 22 May 1787 — tf. in London, Jul. 1813. Representation of the injustice, §c, of tolerating slavery in England, 1772 — Uses of the Definitive Article in Greek Testament, 1798. Sharp, James, Abp of St Andrew's, — b. at Banff Castle, May 161 8 — sent prisoner to England by Monk, Aug. 1651 — agent of the Resolutioners to Cromwell, 1656 — promotes the restoration of Charles II., 1660 — Prof. Divinity, St Mary's Coll., Chaplain to the king for Scotland, 1660 — Abp of St Andrew's, 1661 — shot at, at Edinburgh, 9 Jul. 1668 — killed, on Magus Muir, 3 May 1679. Sharp, John, Abp op York, — b. at Brad- ford, in Yorkshire, 16 Feb. 1644 — enters Christ's Coll. Cambridge, Apr. 1660 — B.A., 1663 — M.A., 1667 — ordained priest, 1667 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, 1669 — Archdeacon of Berkshire, 1672 — Prebendary of Norwich, 1676 — D.D. Cambridge, 1679 — Dean of Nor- wich, 168 1 — suspended by Ecclesiastical Com- mission, Jun. 1686 — reinstated, Jan. 1687 — Dean of Canterbury, Sep. 1689 — consecrated Abp of York, 5 Jul. 1691 — tf. at Bath, 2 Feb. 17 14. Sermons, 1729-35. Sharp, Richard, {Conversation Sharp,) — b., about 1759 — M.P. Castle Rising, 1806 — ft. at Dorchester, 30 Mar. 1835. Letters and Essays, 1834. Sharp, Samuel, surgeon, — elected F.B.S., 1749 — foreign member of Academy of Sur- gery, Paris, 1749 — tf., 24 Mar. 1778. Opera- tions of Surgery, 1739 — Critical Inquiry into Present State of Surgery, 1750 — Letters from Italy, 1766. Sharp,William, engraver, — b. in London, 29 Jan. 1749 — member of Imperial Academy, Vi- enna, and Royal Academy, Munich, 18 14 — tf. at Chiswick, 25 Jul. 1824. Sharpe, Charles Kirkpatrick, etcher, mis- cellaneous writer, — b. at Hoddam, Dumfries- shire, 17 8 1 — studies at Christ Church, Oxford, 1798-1802 — settles at Edinburgh, 18 13 — M.A., 28 Jan. 1806 — tf. at Edinburgh, 17 Mar. 1 85 1. Metrical Legends, 1807 — Edits Kirkton's Secret and True History of Church of Scotland, 18 17 — Law's Memorials, 181 8 — and Ballad Book, 1823 — Portraits by an Amateur, 1833 — Etchings and Literary Remains, 1869. Sharpe, Daniel, geologist, — b. in London, 1806— F.G.S., Jun. 1829— F.B.S., 6 Jun. 1850 — Pres. G.S., 1856 — tf. in London, 31 May 1856. Sharpe, Gregory, theologian, — b. in York- shire, 17 1 3 — tf. Master of the Temple and chaplain to the king, 8 Jan. 1771. Review of Controversy about Demoniacs, 1738 — Defence of Dr Clarke, 1744 — Two Dissertations on Languages and Letters, 1751— Argument in Defence of Christianity, 1755— Second Argu- ment, 1762. Shaving the beard,— [B c]— introduced at Borne by P. Ticinius Messa, who brings bar- bers from Sicily, (454, a. v. c.) 300. Shaw, George, naturalist, — b. at Bierton, Bucks, 10 Dec. 1 751— enters Magdalen Hall, Oxford,i76 5 — B.A.,1769— M.A.,1772— M.D., settles in London, 1787 — V.P.L.S., 1788— F.K.S., 1789 — Assistant-keeper of Natural History Department, British Museum, 1791— Keeper, 1807— tf., 22 Jul. 18 13. Naturalist's Miscellany, 1789-1813 — Catalogue of Leverian Museum, 1792-6 — Zoology, 1800-16. Shaw, Peter, physician,— F.R.S., 1755— &•> 15 Mar. 1763. New Practice of Physic, 1726 — Chymical Lectures, 1734 — Abridgment of Bacon's Philosophical Works, 1725. Shaw, Ralph, D.D., — preaches at Paul's Cross, and sets forth title of Gloucester to the throne, 22 Jun. 1483. Shaw, Stebbing, divine and antiquary, — b. in Staffordshire, 1762 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 1780 — rector of Hartshorn, Derbyshire, 1800 — tf. in London, 28 Oct. 1802. Edits Topographer, 1789-91— History of Staf- fordshire, 1798-1801. Shaw, Thomas, traveller, — b. at Kendal, about 1692 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 171 1 — M.A., 17 19— Chaplain to English factory at Algiers, 1722-34— Fellow of his College, 1727 —D.D. and F.R.S., 1734— Principal of Ed- mund Hall, 1740 — tf. Regius Prof. Greek, Oxford, 15 Aug. 175 1. Travels, 1738. Shaxton, Nicholas, Bp of Salisbury, — elected, Feb. 1535 — on passing of the Six Articles resigns his see, 1 Jul. 1539 — im- prisoned as a ' sacramentarian heretic,' 1539 — condemned to the stake, saves his life by re- cantation, 1546. Shea, Daniel, Orientalist, — b. at Dublin, 1772 — tf. Prof. Oriental Languages, Hailey- bury Coll., 10 May 1836. Translation of Mirkhond's History of Kings of Persia, 1843. Shebbeare, John, physician, political writer, — b. at Bideford, Devonshire, 1709 — M.D. Paris, 1752 (?) — general warrant for his arrest issued, 12 Jan. 1758 — set in the pillory, 5 Dec. 1758 — and imprisoned, 1758-61 — obtains a pension, about 1762 — tf., 1 Aug. 1788. Marriage Act, 1754 — Letters on the English Nation, 1755 — Letters to the People of Eng- land, 1756-8 — History of the Sumatrans, 1760. Shechem, (Sychar, Neapolis, Nabulus,) — [B C] — built, before 1740 a — seat of Abimelech's kingdom, 1236 a — taken and destroyed by Abimelech, 1233 a — capital of kingdom of Israel, 975 s1 — temple built on Mt Gerizim, 332 — taken by John Hyrcanus, 129 — [AD] — rebuilt by Vespasian, 70-80 — deprived of its rights as a city by Septimius Severus, 200 b — bishopric, before 314, and till 536 b — disturb- ances at, between Samaritans and Christians, after 474 b — Samaritan insurrection, May 529 b — surrendered to Tancred, 1098 — sacked by Saracens, n 13 — assembly of prelates and 2 7 8 SHEE— SHENANDOAH VALLEY. nobles at, 1 1 20 b — plundered by Saladin, 1 1 84 —devastated by his troops, 11 87 — taken by Christians, 1 242 — taken by Abu Ali, 1 244 h — rebellious against Mehemet Ali, 1834. a Ussher. b Robinson. Shee, Sir Martin Archer, President of the Royal Academy, — ft. at Dublin, 23 Dec. 1770 — goes to London, 1788 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 1789— A.R.A., 1798 — R.A., 1800 — Pres. R.A. and Knt, 1830 — ft. at Brighton, 19 Aug. 1850. Rhymes on Art, 1805 — Elements of Art, 1809 — Commemoration of Reynolds, 18 14 — Alasco, 1824. Sheepshanks, John,— ft. at Leeds, 1787 — gives his collection of pictures to the nation, 1856 — tf. in London, 5 Oct. 1863. Sheepshanks, Richard, astronomer, — ft. at Leeds, 30 Jul. 1794 — studies at Cambridge Univ., 1 8 12— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1817— called to the Bar, about 1822 — F.A.S., 1824 — F.R.S., 1830 — engaged in restoration of standard of measure, 1844-55 — tf. at Reading, 4 Aug. 1855. Sheepshanks Gallery. [See Sheepshanks, John.] Sheerness, in Kent, — fortress commenced at, about 1 66 1 — fortress and shipping destroyed by de Ruyter, 9 Jun. 1667 — mutiny of the Xore breaks out at, 1798. Dockyard, enlarged and improved, 1815-30. Sheffield, in Yorkshire, — famous for cutlery, before 1 300 — parliamentary borough, 1832. Castle, seized by Sir John Gell, 1642 — recovered by Duke of Newcastle, soon after : capitulates to Parliamentarians, 10 Aug. 1644 — demolished by order of parliament, 1646. Commission on Trade Outrages at, sits 3 Jun. to 5 Jul. 1867. Sheffield, John Baker Holroyd, Lord, Vis- count Peyensey, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft., i74i, a 1735 b — serves in the army, in Germany, 1760-3 — travels, 1763-6 — marries, 1767 — raises regiment of Light Dragoons, 1779 — M.P. Coventry, 1780— raised to Irish peer- age, 9 Jan. 178 1 — marries again, 1794 — third time, 1798 — raised to English peerage, 29 Jul. 1802 — Earl of Sheffield, Viscount Pevensey, in Irish peerage, 22 Jan. 18 16 — ft. in London, 30 May 1 82 1. Observations on Commerce of American States, 1783 — On Manufactures, §c., of Ireland, 1785 — On Project for abolishing Slave Trade, 1789 — The Orders in Council, §c, 1809 — Letter on the Com Laws, 18 15 — edits Miscellaneous Works of Gibbon, 1799. a Gent. Mag. b Burke. Sheffield, John. [Buckingham, Duke or.] Shehab-Eddin, Abdul-Rahman, historian, — ft. at Damascus, about (597, a. h.) 1200 — tf., (666-7,) 1267. Sheibany, Abul Abbas Ahmed Ben Yahia, Mohammedan scholar, — ft., (199, a. h.) May 815— tr. at Baghdad, (297.) 6 Apr. 910. Sheil, Richard Lalor, political orator, — ft. near Waterford, 17 Aug. 1791— B.A. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 18 11— called to Irish Bar, 18 14 — M.P. Milbourne Port, 1829— V.P. Board of Trade, and Privy Councillor, 1839— Master of the Mint, 1846-50— Minister at Court of Tus- cany, 1850 — tf. at Florence, 23 May 1851. Sketches of Irish Bar, 1854. Shelburne, William Petty, Earl op, and 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, Prime Minister of England, — ft., 2 May 1737 — aide-de-camp to George III., 1760 — M.P. Wycombe, 1761 — succeeds to the Earldom, 10 May 1761 — Pres. Board of Trade and Privy Councillor, Apr. 1763 — Secretary of State, 1766 to Oct. 1768, and 20 Mar. to 1 Jul. 1782 — wounded in duel with MrFullarton, 1780 — Prime Minister, Jul. 1782 to 21 Feb. 1783 — Marquis of Lans- downe, 1784 — tf. in London, 2 May 1805. Sheldon, Gilbert, Abp of Canterbury, — ft. at Staunton, Staffordshire, 19 Jul. 1598 — enters Oxford Univ., end of 1613 — M.A., 1620 — D.D., 1634— Warden of All Souls' Coll., Chaplain to Charles L, Mar. 1635 — attends at Treaty of Uxbridge, Feb. 1644 — ejected from the wardenship, and imprisoned, 30 Mar. 1647 — released, Oct. 1648 — restored to wardenship, Mar. 1659-60 — Bp of London, Oct. 1660 — Abp of Canterbury, 1663 — builds the Shel- donian Theatre, Oxford, 1664-9 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., Dec. 1667 to Jul. 1669 — tf. in London, 9 Nov. 1677. Shell, in Gunnery, — used by Sultan of Guzerat, 1480 — by Turks at siege of Rhodes, 1522 — in general use, about 1630-40 — in naval warfare, 168 1. Shelley, Mary, [Godwin,) novelist, — ft. in London, 1798 — marries Percy Bysshe Shelley, 18 16 — tf. in London, 1 Feb. 1851. Frankenstein, 18 16 — edits Letters and Prose Writings of P. B. Shelley, 1 840 — Shelley Me- morials, 1859. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, — ft. near Hors- ham, Sussex, 4 Aug. 1792 — studies at Eton, 1807-9 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, Oct. 1810 — expelled for his Necessity of Atheism, 25 Mar. 181 1 — marries Harriet Westbrook, at Edinburgh, Aug. or Sep. 181 1 — remarried in London, 24 Mar. 18 14 — separates from his wife, Jun. 18 14 — travels on the Continent with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Jul. to Sep. 1 8 14 — meets Byron in Switzerland, close of May 1 8 16 — his wife drowns herself, 10 Nov. (Dec?) 1 8 16 — marries Mary Godwin, 30 Dec. 1 8 16 — is refused care of his children, by Court of Chancery, 23 Aug. 18 17 — quits England for Italy, 11 Mar. 18 18 — with Byron at Venice, Aug. 1 8 1 8 — death of his sou, William, at Rome, 7 Jun. 1 819 — drowned at sea, off coast of Tus- cany, 8 Jul. 1822— his corpse found, 22 Jul. — burnt, 16 Aug. — his ashes buried soon after in Protestant cemetery at Rome. Queen Mob, 1 81 3 — Alastor, 18 16 — Revolt of 'Islam, (Laon and Cythna,) 18 17 — The Cenci, about Mar. 1820 — Prometheus Unbound, about Aug. 1820 — Epipsychidion, 1821 — Witch of Atlas, Adonais, Sellas, 1821 — Julian and Maddalo, 1824. Shem, — [B C] — ft., sum. 2446, a 2582 b — birth of Urphaxad, sum. 23463 — tf., sum. 1846.* a Ussoer. b Clinton. Shenandoah Valley, V. S., — laid waste by Gen. Sheridan, 1864 — Gen. Early defeated by Gen. Sheridan, 1 Mar. 1865. SHENE— SHIR KHAN. 1279 Shene. [Richmond.] Shenstone, William, poet, — b. at Hales- Owen, Shropshire, Nov. 17 14 — enters Pem- broke Coll. Oxford, 1732 — tf. at Hales-Owen, n Feb. 1763. Works, 1764. Sheppard, John George, classical scholar, — b. in Killarney Co., 181 8 — B.A. Oxford, 1839 — M.A., 1 841 — Head -master of Kidderminster Grammar School, Dec. 1851 — rj. at Kidder- minster, 1 Jan. 1869. With Evans, Notes ton Thucydides, 1857 — Fall of Rome and Rise of new Nationalities, 1%61—Aids to Classical Study, 1868. Sheppey, Isle of, in Kent, — ravagedby North- men, 832, 849, 851 — winter-quarters of North- men, 855. [Sheerness.] Sherard, {Sherwood,) William, botanist, — b., 1659 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, 1677 —Fellow of his Coll., 1683— LL.B., 1683— British consul at Smyrna, 1702-18 — LL.D. Oxford, about 17 19 — invites Dillenius to Eng- land, 17 2 1 — tf. at Eltham, 12 Aug. 1728. Frofessorship of Botany, Oxford, endowed by him, 1728. Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, — seat of a bishop- ric by Ina, 705 — see transferred to Old Sarum, about 1078. Castle, built by Bp Roger, 1100- 30 — stormed by Cromwell and Fairfax, 15 Aug. 1645. Grammar School, founded by Edward VI., 1550. Sherburne, Sir Edward, translator,— b. in London, 18 Sep. 1618 — Knt, Jan. 1682 — tf. in London, 4 Nov. 1702. Translation of Mani- lius, 1675. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, states- man, dramatist, — b. at Dublin, Sep. 1751 — marries Miss Linley, 1773 — M.P. Stafford, 1780 — Under-secretary of State, 1782 — Secre- tary of the Treasury, 1783 — takes part in im- peachment of Warren Hastings, 1787 — loses his wife, 1792 — Treasurer of the Navy and Privy Councillor, 5 Feb. to Oct. 1806— M.P. Westminster, 31 Oct. 1806 — loses his seat, May 1807 — tf. in London, 7 Jul. 1816. The Rivals, 1775 — School for Scandal, 1777 — Critic, 1779 — Stranger and Fizarro, 1798. Sheridan, Thomas, actor, lexicographer, — rj. at Quilca, in Ireland, 172 1 — M.A. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1738 — appears at Covent Garden, 1744 — retires from the stage, 1776 — tf., 14 Aug. 1788. Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language, 1778. Sherif-ed-deen, [Moolah Ali Sherif-ed- decn Yezdi,) historian, — completes the Zefer- Nameh, (828, a. h.) 1424. Sheriff, {Shire-Reve,) in England, — election of, by people of the shire, ordained by Act 28 Edw. I. c. 8, 1299 — repealed, and appointment by Chancellor, Treasurer, and Judges, ordered by 9 Edw. II. st. 2, 1321 — qualification for office defined by Acts 9 Edw. II. st. 2, 1321, 4 Edw. III. c. 9, 1330, 5 Edw. III. c. 4, 1331, and 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 21, 1662— to bold office for one year only by Act 14 Edw. III. st. 1, c. 7, 1340, and other Acts: office of, better regulated by Act 3 Geo. I. c. 15, 17 16. Sheriffmuir, {Dumblaine,) in Scotland, — in- decisive battle of, between Earl of Mar and Duke of Argyle, 13 Nov. 17 15. Sherlock, Thomas, Bp of London, — b. in London, 1678— enters Katherine Hall, Cam- bridge, about 1693 — B.A., 1697— M.A., 1701 —Master of the Temple, 1704-53 — D.D., 1714 — Vice-chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 17 14 — Dean of Chichester, 17 16 — Bp of Bangor, 1727 — Bp of Salisbury, 1734 — declines primacy, 1747 — Bpof London, 1748 — tf. there, 18 Jul. 1761. Use and Intent of Frophecy, 1725 — Trial of the Witnesses, 1729. Sherlock, William, theologian, — b. in Lon- don, about 1 641 — B.A. Cambridge, 1660 — M.A., 1665— D.D., 1680— Prebendary of St Paul's, 168 1 — Master of the Temple, 1684 or 1685 — Dean of St Paul's, 1691 — t}„ at Hamp- stead, 19 Jun. 1707. Treatise on Death, 1690 — Vindication of Doctrine of the Trinity, 1691. Sherwin, JohnKeyse, engraver, — b. in Sus- sex, about 175 1 — obtains gold medal of Society of Arts, 1778 — engraver to the king, 1785 — tf., 20 Sep. 1790. Sherwood, Mary Martha, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Stanford in Worcestershire, 6 May 1775 — marries Henry Sherwood and goes to India, 1803 — left a widow, 6 Dec. 1849 — tf. at Twickenham, 22 Sep. 1851. Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, — con- stituted, before 1155 — last survey of, 1609. Shetland {Zetland) Islands, {Rialtland,) Scotland, — form part of earldom of Orkney, about 1380 — pass to James III. of Scotland on his marriage with Margaret of Denmark, 1469. Shield, William, operatic composer, — b. in Durham, about 1749 — composer to Covent Garden Theatre, 1782-91 — visits Italy, 1791-2 — master of the king's band, 1817 — tf. in London, 25 Jan. 1829. Flitch of Bacon, 1778 — Rosina, 1783 — Foor Soldier, 1783 — Intro- duction to Harmony, 1800. Shiites, Mohammedan Sect, — adherents of Ali as lawful Caliph, 661. [Fatimites.] Shilling, in England, — first coined by Henry VII., 1503. Shiloh, {Seilun,) — [B C] — the tabernacle set up, 1444 a — ark removed and lost to Philis- tines, Ill7. a a Ussher. Shipmoney, Writ of, in England,— devised by Noy, issued by Charles L, 1634 — pronounced lawful by the Judges, 1636 — resisted by John Hampden, who is condemned, 12 Jun. 1636 — declared illegal by Long Parliament, Nov. 1640. Shipping. [Merchant Shipping.] Shir Khan, — with his brother Nizam enters service of Sultan Secander of Delhi, before 15 17 — appointed by Baber to a command in Behar, about 1528 — makes himself master of Behar and takes fort of Chunar, about 1530-2 — conquers Bengal, and assumes title of King, between 1532-7 — surprises and defeats Hu- mayun, (6 Saphar 946, a. h.) 26 Jun. 1539— again defeats him on the Ganges, opposite Canouj, (10 Moharram 947,) 16 May 1540— takes possession of the Panjab, 1541— con- quers Malwa, (949,) 1542— reduces fort of :So SHIRACOUH—SHREWSBURY. Raisin, (950,) 1543— invades Marwar, (951,) 1544 — killed at siege of Calinjer, (Rabi ul Awal 952,) 22 May 1545. Shiracouh. [Saladin.] Shiraz, in Persia, — founded, 697 — destroyed by earthquakes, 18 12, 1824, and Apr. 1853. * Shirley, Anthony, traveller, — h. in Sussex, 1565 — B.A. Oxford, 1581— Knt, by Queen Elizabeth, 1597— sets out for Persia, Mar. 1598— plenipotentiary from Shah Abbas to Courts of Europe, 1599— tf. in Spain, about 1630. Travels in Persia, 161 3. Shirley, James, poet, — ft. in London, about I594 _1j. there, 29 Oct. 1666. Wedding, 1629 — Gamester, 1637 — Poems, 1646 — Sisters, 1652. Shirley, Robert,— ft., about 1570— accom- panies his brother Anthony to Persia, 1598 — in service of Shah Abbas, 1599 — ambassador to England, 161 2— to Spain, 16 16— to England again, 1623 — tf. at Casbin, 13 Jul. 1628. Shirley, Walter Waddington, historical scholar,— ft., 24 Jul. 1828— B.A. Oxford, 1851 — M.A., 1854— marries, 1855— Prof. Ecclesi- astical History and Canon of Christ Church, 1864 — tf. at Oxford, 20 Nov. 1866. Fasciculi Zizaniorum Magistri Joannis Wyclif, 1858 — Letters illustrative of Reign of Henry III., 1863— Catalogue of WicMiffe's Writings, 186 5. Shishak, — [BC] — invades Judah, 972^ a Clinton. Shishkov, Alexander Semenovich, states- man, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Russia, 1754 — Pres. Russian Academy, 1816 — member of Council of the Empire, 1820 — Minister of Public Instruction, 1824 — tf., Apr. 1841. Marine Dictionary, 1795 — Opinion on the Old and New Style in the Russian Language, 1802 — Memoirs of the War of 1812, 183 1. Sholapore, in Hindustan, — mentioned as stronghold of Bahmani kings, 1478 — taken by Aurungzebe, 1685 — taken by British, 1818. Shore, Jane, — becomes mistress of Edward TV., about 1470? — does penance, after his death, in St Paul's, 1483 — living, 1509. Shore, Sir John. [Teignmouth, Lord.] Short, James, optician, — ft. at Edinburgh, 17 10 — studies at the Univ., 17 26 — mathematical tutor to Duke of Cumberland, 1736 — F.R.S., 1736 — accompanies Earl of Macclesfield to Orkney Islands, 1739 — optician in London, 1740 — o". there, Jun. 1768. Telescope, for king of Spain, 1752. Short, Thomas, physician, — marries at Shef- field, 1732 — tf. at Rotheram, 28 Nov. 1772. Natural History of Medicinal Waters, 1725 — Chronological History of the Air, Weather, §£., 1749 — Comparative History of Increase and Decrease of Mankind in England, 1767. Shorthand. [Stenography.] Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, admiral, — ft. in Norfolk, about 1650 — serves under Sir John Narborough in the Mediterranean, 1674 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Bantry Bay, 1689 — Knt, by William III., 1689 — conveys the king and his anny to Ireland, 1690 — Rear- admiral, 1690 — distinguishes himself at La Ilogue, 1692 — First Lord of Admiralty, 1693 — serves with Sir George Rooke in the Me- diterranean, 1704 — Rear-admiral of the fleet, Jan. 1705 — Commander-in-chief, 1705 — joint- commander of expedition to Spain with Earls of Peterborough and Monmouth, 1705 — con- tributes to capture of Barcelona, 1705 — takes part in siege of Toulon, Oct. 1707 — wrecked off the Scilly Isles, 22 Oct. 1707. Shrapnel Shell, — invented by Gen. Shrap- nel, about 1808. Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, (Pengwerne,) — Athelstan establishes mint at, about 925 — Ethelred spends Christmas at, 1006 — besieged and taken by Edmund, {Ironside,) about 10 16 — included in earldom of Shrewsbury erected for Roger de Montgomery by WilliamL, 1066 — siege of, by Owain Gwynedd, raised by William, 1067 — castle and town surrendered to Henry I., 1 102 — captured by Llewelyn, 1215 — in posses- sion of English again, 1221 — plundered and burnt by Earl of Pembroke, 1233 — burnt by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, Jan. 1234 — taken by Simon de Montfort, 1264 — restored to the Crown, 1265 — Henry III. assembles army at, 1267 — Edward I. removes courts to, 1277 — parliament held at, for trial of David, Prince of Wales, Sep. 1283 — another parliament held by Richard II., Jan. 1398 — Henry IV. assem- bles his army at, 1402 — he defeats the Percies, 23 Jul. 1403 — supports the Yorkists, in Wars of the Roses, 1455-85 — head-quarters of Charles I., 20 Sep. 1642 — Parliamentarians under Earl of Denbigh and Col. Mytton repulsed by Royal- ists near, Jul. 1643 — surprised by Parliamenta- rians, Feb. 1644 — James II. holds his Court at, Aug. 1687. Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th Earl and only Dukle of, — fj., 24 Jul. 1660 — becomes acquainted with Tillotson, 1679 — renounces Romanism, 168 1 — joins Prince of Orange, in Holland, 1688 — comes to England with him, Nov. — Privy Councillor and Principal Secretary of State, Feb. 1689 — resigns, spring 1690 — reappointed, 4 Mar. 1694 — K.G., Apr. 1694 — created Marquis of Alton and Duke of Shrews- bury, 30 Apr. 1694— one of the Lords Justices, 1695 and 1697 — resigns office, May 1699— Lord Chamberlain, 25 Oct. 1699 — resigns and goes to Italy, 1700 — returns, Dec. 1705 — again Lord Chamberlain and Privy Councillor, 15 Apr. 17 10 — ambassador extraord. to France, Dec. i7i2to Aug. 1713 — Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 17 13 — Lord High Treasurer, by Queen Anne, end of Jul. 17 14 — one of the Lords Jus- tices for George I., Aug. — Lord Chamberlain, 20 Oct. — resigns, 17 17 — tf. at Isleworth, 1 Feb. 17 18, and the dukedom is extinct. Shrewsbury, Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of, — fj., at Sheffield Castle, 1500 — summoned to parliament, Feb. 1533 — succeeds his father, 1541 — takes part in invasion of Scotland, 1542 and 1544 — King's Lieutenant of the North, 1544 — K. C. G., Apr. 1545 — conducts expedi- tion into Scotland for relief of Haddington, 1548 — Pres. Council in the North, 1553 — Privy Councillor, 1558 — fc., 2i, a 25 b Sep. 1560. a Collins. b Burke. Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 4th Earl of, SHREWSBURY— SICILY. — ft., 1468 — succeeds his father, Jim. 1473 — Privy Councillor, 1485 — fights at Stoke, Jun. 1487 — K.G., 1488 — -joint-commander of aux- iliary forces sent to Maximilian I., 1490 — Steward of the king's household, and Privy Councillor, 1509 — takes part in siege of Te- rouenne, 15 13 — present at Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520 — Lieutenant-general of the North, ravages the border, 1522 — signs articles against Wolsey, 1529 — takes part in suppressing re- bellion in the North, [Pilgrimage of Grace,] 1536 — tf. at Wingfield, Derbyshire, 26 Jul. I54-I- Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of, — succeeds his father, 1560 — K. G-., Apr. 156 1 — has custody of Mary Queen of Scots, 1568- 84 — Lord High Steward, for trial of Duke of Norfolk, 10 Jan. 1572 — Earl Marshal, Jun. 1572 — assists at execution of Mary Queen of Scots, 1587— tf., 18 Nov. 1590. Shrewsbury, Gilbert Talbot, 7th Eakl of, — joint-ambassador to France, 1573 — summon- ed to parliament, 1590 — succeeds his father, Nov. 1590 — K.G., 1592 — ambassador to France, 1597 — tf. in London, 8 May 16 16. Shrewsbury, Henry John Chetwynd, 18th Earl of, — b„ 8 Nov. 1803 — marries Lady Sarah Beresford, 1828 — M.P. Hertford, Dec. 1832 — his election declared void, 1833 — M.P. South Staffordshire, Aug. 1837 — succeeds his father as 3rd Earl Talbot, 13 Jan. 1849 — on death of Bertram, Earl of Shrewsbury, claims the title, Aug. 1856 — bis claim opposed, trial com- mences, 13 Jul. 1857 — closes, his claim estab- lished by House of Lords, 1 Jun. 1858 — takes. his seat, 10 Jun. — tf., 4 Jun. 1868. Shrewsbury, Hugh de Montgomery, Earl of,— takes part in defence of Anglesey against Magnus III. of Norway and is killed there, 1098. Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, — [Talbot.] Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 2nd Earl of, — h., about 141 3 — Knt, 1426 — serves in France, 1442 — Lord Treasurer of Ireland, 1446 — suc- ceeds his father, Jul. 1453 — Lord Treasurer of England, 1457 — killed at battle of Northamp- ton, 10 Jul. 1460. Shrewsbury, Robert Belesme, Earl of, — created, n 00 — supports Robert, Duke of Nor- mandy, against Henry I., is defeated and driven from England, n 02 — fails in attempt to regain his estates, 11 05 — captured in Nor- mandy and imprisoned by Henry I., n 12. Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, Earl of, — created by William L, 1066. Shuckburgh Evelyn, Sir George, mathema- tician, §c, — b., 1750 — F.R.S., 1774 — tf. in Warwickshire, Sep. 1804. Shuckford, Samuel, divine, — M.A. Cam- bridge, 1720 — tf., 14 Jul. 1754. History of the World, 1728. Shumla, in Turkey, — burnt by Emperor Nicephorus, 811 — besieged by Alexius, 1087 — capitulates to Turks, 1387 — fortified, 1689 — unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, under Rumjanzow, 1774 — under Kaminskoi, 18 10 — and under Wittgenstein, 1828. rius. [Clovis.] Siam, Siamese, in Asia, — Buddhism intro- duced, about 638 — the former capital, Ayulhia, founded, Apr. 1350 a — Portuguese intercourse with, begins, 151 1 ? 1547 ? — conquer Cambodia, 1532 — becomes subject to Pegu, 1556 a — visited by English, 1662, b 161 2 c — recovers independence in a few years : Constantine Phaulcon acquires influence in, and is made Minister of State, about 1684 — embassy to Louis XIV., 1684 — receives embassy from him, 1685 — another sent to him, 1686 — mas- sacre of English at Port of Morgin, 1687 — revolution, and expulsion of French, 1689 — ■ ravaged and the capital taken by Birmans, Mar. 1767 a — truce with Birmah concluded, 1793 — commercial treaty with England, 1826 — with America, 1833 — new treaty with Eng- land concluded, 1855 — embassy to England, received at Windsor, 18 Nov. 1857 — embassy to France, received at Fontainebleau, 28 Jun. 1 86 1. a Bowring. b Chambers' Encye. c Engl. Cyc. Sibbald, Sir Robert, naturalist, §c. f — M.D. Leyden, 1661 — F.R.C.P., 1681 — If., about 17 12. Scotia illustrata, 1684 — History of Fifeshire and Kinrossshire, 17 10 — Treatises concerning Scotland, 1739. Siberia, — seized and occupied by Mongols under Sheibani Khan, 1242 a — conquest of, by Cossacks under Yermak Timofeyew, 1580-4 — Tomsk founded by Russians, 1604 — conquest completed, about 1658-60 — boundary with China settled by treaty, 1689 — confirmed, by treaty of 1727 — eastern coast explored by Behring, 1728 and 1741 — revolt of Polish exiles in, summer 1866. a Gibbon. Sibthorp, Charles de Laet Waldo, politician, — b., about 1784 — marries, 181 2 — M.P. Lin- coln, 1826 — tf. in London, 14 Dec. 1855. Sibthorp, John, botanist, — b. at Oxford, 28 Oct. 1758— M.A. Oxford, 1780— Prof. Botany to Coll. of Physicians, 1784 — M.D., 1784 — visits Greece and Turkey, Mar. 1786 to Sep. 1787— F.L.S., 1788— F.R.S., 1789— Regius Prof. Botany, 1793 — second visit to Greece, Mar. 1794 to autumn 1795— tf. at Bath, 8 Feb. 1796. Flora Oxoniensis, 1794 — Flora Grceca, (edited by Smith and Lindley,) 1806-40. Sibylline Books, — [B C] — burnt at con- flagration of temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 82 — critical proceedings respecting the spurious, by Augustus, (742, a. it. c.) 12. Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron, teacher of deaf mutes,— -b. near Toulouse, 20 Sep. 1742 — succeeds the Abbe l'Epee, at Paris, 1789 — imprisoned, 26 Aug. 1792 — released, 4 Sep. 1792 — Prof. Grammar, Normal School, 1795 — member of Institute, 1796 — visits England, 1815 — tf. at Paris, 10 May 1822. Cours d'in- struction d'un sourd-muet de naissance, 1800 — Theorie des signes pour V instruction des sourds muets, 1808. Sicilian Vespers, — insurrection at Palermo, massacre of the French, 30 Mar. 1282, which puts an end to Anjevinerule. [Procida, John of, Charles of Anjou.] Sicily, {Trinacria,) — [BC] — first Greek 81 1282 SICILY— SICKINGEN. colony, (Naxos,) 753 a — unsuccessful invasion by Carthaginians, 480 s — ancient government reestablished in towns, 464^ — money system of, (01. 40, 50,) 620-580 — expedition of Athenians under Alkibiades, first campaign, mids. 415 — second campaign, spring 414 — Eurymedon takes supplies from Athens, Dec. 414 — third campaign, spring 41 3 — Demosthenes arrives in, sum. 413 — Athenians defeated through eclipse of the moon, 27 Aug. 413 — army flies, 4-5 Sep. — Nikias surrenders, 12-13 Sep.— Agrigentum besieged, Mar. or Apr. 406 — taken, Nov. or Dec. 406 — Carthaginian invasion and conquest, 409-405 — Dion lands in, Sep. 357 — expedition of Timoleon, 344 — Agathocles king, 306 — first appearance of Romans in, 264, beginning of first Punic War : made a Roman province, (the first,) 241 — revolt, siege and capture of Syra- cuse by Marcellus, 214-212 — [Servile War] — administration regulated by Leges Rupilice, 131 — occupied by Sex. Pompeius, 42 — [AD]— visited by Hadrian, 123 c — invaded by Genseric, 440 d — again ravaged by Vandals, 462, 463, 464 d — "Vandals driven out of, by Marcellinus, 464 d — conquered by Theodoric, 480 — occupied by Belisarius for Justinian, 535 d — revolt of Mecesius, (Mecentius,) 668 — suppressed by Constantine IV., 669 — revolt of Euphemius, about 826 e — Saracens, invited by him, com- mence conquest of, 827 f — storm Syracuse, 878 — Emirate of, made hereditary in house of Hassan the Kelbite, 948 f — expulsion of Greeks from their last stronghold, Tauromenium, 962 — expedition sent by Nieephorus Phocas to re- conquer, his army defeated, 964 — revolt against Emir, followed by anarchy, 1035 — in great part conquered by Maniaces, aided by North- men, 1038s — recovered by Saracens, 1040 s — investiture of, given to Robert Guiscard, by Pope Nicholas II., 1060 — Norman conquest of, commenced, 1061 — completed, by Roger Guis- card, 1090 — erected into a kingdom by Count Roger II., 11 30, who is crowned at Palermo, as Roger I., Christmas 11 30 — part of the Abruzzo acquired, 1140 — William I., the Bad, (son,) succeeds, 1154 — William II., the Good, (son,) 1 166 — Tancred, {grandson of King Roger,) elected in opposition to Henry, king of the Romans, 1189 — [Henry VI., Emperor] — William III., (son,) under regency of his mother, Sibylla, n 94 — deposed and succeeded by Henry I., (VI., Emperor,) Oct. 11 94 — Frederick {Roger) I., (son,) 1197 — [Frede- rick II., Emperor] — the kingdom given to Empress Constance by Innocent III., 11 98 — invaded by Markwald, 1199 — rebellion in, 1232 — Saracen revolt in, Jul. 1246 — attacked by Innocent IV., 1249 — Conrad I., (son,) 1250 — [Conrad IV., Emperor] — Conrad II., {C'onradin,) (son,) 1254, under regency of Manfred, who succeeds him, Aug. 1258 — Charles I., Count of Anjou, Jun. 1266 — Sicilian Vespers, 1282 — separation from Na- ples, and the crown given to Peter I., [Pedro III. of Aragon] Sep. 1282 — interdict laid on the kingdom by Martin IV., 1283— James, (son,) 1285— [James II., of Aragon]— Frede- rick II., (brother,) 1296— Peter II., (son,) t)., 1305 — associated in the government, 1321 — interdict laid on the kingdom by John XXII., 1321 — succeeds his father, 1337 — the interdict raised, 1338 — rj., 8 Aug. 1342 — Louis, (son,) fi., 1338 — succeeds under regency of Prince John, his uncle, 1342 — concludes treaty of peace with Joanna of Naples, 4 Nov. 1347 — death of Prince John, Apr. 1348 — tr., Oct. or Nov. 1355— Frederick III., (brother,) 1355 — Maria (daughter) succeeds under regency of Artale d'Alagon, 1377 — carried off to Barce- lona by order of Pedro IV. "of Aragon, 1379 — marries her cousin Martin, who takes title of King, 1 39 1 — they arrive in the island, Mar. 1392 — revolt, 1392 — on death of Maria, 25 May 1402, Martin alone : marries Blanche of Naples, 1403 — suppresses rebellion in Sar- dinia, 1409 — tf., 25 Jul. 1409 — annexed to Crown of Aragon, under Martin II. , 1409 — viceroys first appointed by Alfonso the Mag- nanimous, 1420 — united with Naples, 1435 — again separate under John II. of Aragon, 1458 — revolt against the viceroy, Mar. 15 16 — great earthquakes in, Jan. 1693 — the kingdom given up to Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, by Phi- lip V., by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — taken from him by Spaniards, Jul. to Aug. 17 18 — assigned with Naples to the Emperor Charles VI. by Triple Alliance, 17 18 — conquered by Don Carlos, 1734 — [Two Sicilies] — separated from Naples, 1806-15 — new liberal constitution pro- claimed, 1 812 — abolished, Jul. 18 14 — demands separate parliament, insurrection suppressed, Jul. 1820 — another insurrection, 183 1-2 — ravaged by cholera, Jan. to Oct. 1837 — revolts, the viceroy deposed, 1837 — the revolt sup- pressed ; separate administration abolished, de- clared a province of Naples, 31 Oct. 1837 — visited by Eerdinand II., who dissolves courts- martial, Mar. 1838 — insurrection breaks out at Messina, 6 Jan. 1848 — provisional govern- ment established at Palermo, 15 Jan. — con- stitution granted, 10 Feb. — the king deposed, 15 Apr. — constitution adopted, 10 Jul. — Duke of Genoa invited to be king, 1 1 Jul.— recon- quest of, commenced by General Filangieri, capture of Messina, 7 Sep. — ultimatum of the king offered, 28 Eeb. 1849, with large conces- sions : ultimatum rejected by the parliament, 9 Mar. — fighting renewed : lines of Taormino taken, 2 Apr. — fall of Catania, 6 Apr. — sur- render of Palermo, 23 Apr. — annexed to king- dom of Italy, 1 860 — [Garibaldi] — Royal Lieu- tenancy in, abolished by decree of 10 Jan. 1862 — declared in state of siege, 21 Aug. 1862 — disturbances in, 16 Sep. 1866 — suppressed, 20 Sep. a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. c Meriyale. d Clinton. e Engl. Cyc. f Kington. S Finlay. Sickingen, Franz von, military commander, — fc. at the Castle of Ebernburg, (Baden,) 1 Mar. 148 1 — besieges Worms and concludes treaty with it, 15 15 — invades Lorraine, May 15 1 6 — enters service of Francis I. of France, about 15 1 6 — besieges Metz, 15 18 — enters service of Charles of Austria, 15 18— commands army of Suabian League against Duke Ulrich of Wurtemberg, 15 19 — promotes election of SICYON— SIENA. 1283 Charles V., 1520 — invades France, 1521 — con- vokes "assembly of knights at Landau, and is appointed head of their league, 1522 — makes war on Abp of Treves, 1522 — ft. at siege of his Castle of Neustall, 7 May 1523. Sicyon, (Sikyon,) — [BC] — Orthagoras tyrant, (01. 26,) 676-3 a — Andreas, (01. 33,) 648, a 676 b — Cleisthenes, war with Argos, (01. 45,) about 600 — death of Cleisthenes, about 576 b — family of tyrants banished, (01. 51, 3,) 574 a : — ancient constitution restored, (01. 65,) 520-16 a — constitution made more oligarchical by Sparta, 41 8 a — Euphron makes it democratic, becomes tyrant, 369 a — overthrown by aristo- crats, made a timocracy, 368-5 a — Abantidas tyrant, 264 — freed by Aratus, after 50 years of tyrants, 251. a Miiller. b Smith's Diet. Siddons, Sarah, tragedian, — ft. at Brecon, 5 Jul. 1755 — marries Mr Siddons, 26 Nov. 1773 — appears at Drury Lane, 29 Dec. 1775 — quits the stage, 9 Jun. 181 8 — ft. in London, 8 Jun. 1831. Side, Sida, in Pamphylia, — Council of, against Messalians, held, 391. Sideboard, (abacus,) — [BC] — for display of plate, introduced at Rome, 187. Sidi, Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, — ft., about 1702— succeeds his father, Muley Abdallah, 1757 — founds Mogador, 1760 — con- cludes treaty of commerce with France, 1767 — besieges and takes Mazagran from Portuguese, 1769 — unsuccessfully besieges Melilla, 1774 — concludes peace with Spain, 1780 — assists Spain during siege of Gibraltar, 1779-82 — makes peace with Dutch, 1778 — suppresses revolt of the troops, who proclaim his son Muley Yezid, end of 1778 — concludes treaties with England and Austria, 1783 — tf. at Rabat, 11 Apr. 1783^ i79o. b a Encyc Mod. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount, Prime Minister of England, — ft. at Read- ing, 30 May 1757 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, Jan. 1774 — called to the bar, 11 May 1784 — M.P. Devizes, 1784 — Speaker, May 1789 — Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 1801 to 12 May 1 804 — promotes Treaty of Amiens, 1S02 — Vis- count Sidmouth, 12 Jan. 1805 — Pres. Council, Jan. to Jul. 1805 — Lord Privy Seal, 4 Feb. 1806 — Pres. Council again, Oct. 1806 to Mar. 1807 and Apr. 181 2 — Secretary of State for Home Department, Jun. 1812-22 — ft. at Rich- mond, 15 Feb. 1844. Sidney, (Sydney,) Algernon, statesman, — ft. in London, probably about 1622 — serves under his brother in Ireland, 1641-2 — joins Parlia- mentary army, 1643 — wounded at Marston Moor, 1644 — Lieutenant-general of horse in Ireland, and Governor of Dublin, 1646 — M.P. Cardiff, 1646 — receives thanks of Commons, 1647 — member of High Court of Justice for trial of Charles I., 1648 — member of Council of State, May 1659 — ambassador to Denmark, Jun. 1659 — at the Hague, 1665 — permitted to return home, 1677^ 1679 b — committed to the Tower as Ryehouse conspirator, Jun. 1683 — tried before Chief Justice Jeffreys, 21 Nov. 1683 — beheaded in London, 7 Dec. 1683— his attainder reversed, 1689. Discourses on Go- vernment, 1698. a Pict. Hist. England. b Annals of England. Sidney, Sir Henry, statesman, — ft,, about 1528— Knt, by Edward VI., 1549— ambassador to France, about 1550 — attends Edward VI. on his death-bed, 1553 — Vice-treasurer of Ireland, 1555 — Lord President of Wales, 1560 — am- bassador to France and Scotland, 1563 — K.G., 1564 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 13 Oct. 1565, a 7 Apr. 1567 b — again, 1575 and 1576 b — tr., 1586. a Annals of England. b Biog. Brit. Sidney, Mary. [Pembroke, Countess of.] Sidney, Sir Philip, knight, poet, — ft. at Penshurst, Kent, 29 Nov. 1554 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1569 — visits Paris, Aug. 1572 — travels on the Continent, 1572 to May 1575 — ambassador to Vienna, 1576 — withdraws from Court, 1580 — marries daughter of Sir Francis AValsingham, 1583 — Knt, 13 Jan. 1583 — with Drake, projects expedition against Spaniards in America, but is prohibited from going by Queen Elizabeth, 1585 — Governor of Flushing, 1585 — takes Axel, Jul. 1586 — saves the army at Gravelines, 1586 — wounded at battle of Zutphen, 22 Sep. 1586— ft. at Arnheim, 7 Oct. 1586 — buried in St Paul's, London, 16 Feb. 1587. Arcadia, 1590 — Defence of Poesie, 1595. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, — founded by Lady Frances Sidney, 1598. Sidon, Zidon, (Saide,) in Syria, — [BC] — important commercial city, as early as 1444 ? — furnishes ships to Xerxes, 480— joins in revolt against Artaxerxes Ochus, and is betrayed to him by King Tennes and burnt by citizens, 35 1 — submits to Alexander, 333 — on his death as- signed to Ptolemy, 323 — [AD] — besieged by Crusaders, 1107 — taken by Baldwin, 19 Dec. 1 1 10 — taken by Saracens, 11 87 — retaken by Christians, 1197 — given up to Frederick II., 1229 — plundered and destroyed by Saracens, 1253 — again destroyed by Saracens, 1291 — bombarded by allied fleets of England, Austria, and Turkey, under Admiral Napier, 28 Sep. 1840. Sidonius Apollinaris, C. Sollius, (Modes- tus,) poet, — ft. at Lugdunum, about 431 — ac- companies his father-in-law Avitus to Rome, 456 — Senator and Prefect of the city, 456 — Comes, by Majorianus, 458 — at Arelate, 461 — ambassador from the Arverni to Anthemius, 467 — Patrician and Prefect of the city, 468 — Bp of Clermont, after 46 8, a 472 b — o\, 21 Aug. 482 or 484. Panegyricus Avito, 456 — Pane- gyricus Majoriano, 458 — Panegyricus An- themio, 468. a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Siegen, Ludwig von, inventor of mezzotint engraving, — ft. at Utrecht, 1609 — publishes his invention, 1642 — explains it to Prince Rupert, at Cologne, 1654— living, 1675. Siegfried, Thomas Rudolph, Orientalist, — ft. at Dessau, 1830— comes to England, 1852 — Assistant-librarian, Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1854 —lecturer on Sanscrit, 1858 — title changed to Prof., 1862— tf. at Dublin, 10 Jan. 1863. Siena, (Sena Julia.) in Tuscany, — seat of a I2S4 SIENA— SIGISMUND I. bishopric, before 600— aids Frederick II. at siege of Brescia, 1238 a — visited by Mm, Jan. 1240 — receives exiled Gbibellines of Florence, 1258 — takes part in victory of Farinati degli TJberti over Guelfs at Monte Aperto, 4 Sep. 1260 — under lordship of Charles of Anjou, becomes member of Guelfic League, 1270 b — allied with Florence against the Visconti of Milan, 1351 — supreme power assumed by Em- peror Charles IV., 1368 — places itself under protection of Giovanni Galeazzo of Milan, 1^0 — submits entirely to him, 1400— -visited by Emperor Sigismund, 1432 — see raised to archbishopric by Pius II., 1459 b — visited by Pius II., 1460 — restoration of aristocratic government under Petrucci, 1487 b — occupied by French, 1493 — Spanish garrison placedin, by Charles Y., 1547 — expels them, and receives French garrison, 1552 — attacked by Imperial- ists and Duke Cosmo of Florence, 1554— ca- pitulates, 22 Apr. 1555 — given to Cosmo, forms part of Tuscany, 1557 — held by the French, 1808-14. Cathedral, commenced, 1243.* University, founded, 1330. Councils of for election of Pope Nicholas II., held, 28 Dep. 1058 ; against heretics, transferred from Pa via to, 22 Jun. 1423 ; opens, 22 Aug. ; dissolved, 26 Feb. 1424. a Kington. b Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Siena, Guido da, painter, — S., 1221. Siena, Matteo di Giovanni da, painter, — fl., 1462-91. Siena, Ugolino da, painter, — tf. at Siena, 1339. Sierra Leone, in Africa, — ceded to Great Britain, and colony of free negroes settled in, 1787 — establishment of colony provided for by Act 31 Geo. III. c. 55, 1791 — Company, chartered, 17 91 — granted to the Company by letters-patent, 1800 — restored to the Crown, by Act 47 Geo. III. s. 2, c. U, 8 Aug. 1807— territory increased, 18 18 — again, 1862 — go- vernment remodelled by Charter of 27 May 1863— forms part of West Africa Settlements, Feb. 1866. Sievershausen,— Maurice, Elector of Saxony, defeats Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ba- reuth, and is mortally wounded, 9 Jul. 1553. Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, Count, states- man, — b. at Frejus, 3 May 1748— member of Provincial Assembly of Orleans, 1787— deputy for Paris to States-General, May 1789 — pro- motes constitution of National Assembly, 16 Jun. 1789 — Pres., 8 Jun. 1790 — member of Convention, 1792 — of Committee of Public Safety, 5 Mar. 1795 — with Rewbell, negotiates treaty of peace with Holland, May 1795 — member of Council of Five Hundred, Oct. 1795 — attempt to assassinate him, 12 Apr. 1797 — Pres. Assembly, 22 Nov. 1797 — envoy to Berlin, 10 May 1798 — member of the Direct- ory, 16 May 1799 — Pres., 19 Jun. — Consul, (18 Brumaire,) 9 Nov. to 24 Dec. 1799 — Se- nator, 31 Dec. 1799 — member of French Academy, 1804 — Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 1804— Count of the Empire, 1808 — Peer, by Napoleon, Mar. 18 15 — exiled, 18 16 — returns, 1830 — tf. at Pai'is, 20 Jun. 1836. Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat, Jan. 1789. Sigebert. [Anstrasia, East Anglia, and Wessex.] Sigeium, — [3 C] — Pittacos and Phrynon contend for, Periander decides disputes be- tween them, (01. 43, 2,) 6o7. a a Muller. Sigerid, Sighard, Sighere. [See East Anglia.] Sigismund, Emperor of the Eomans, — u., 28 Jun., a 14 Feb. b 1368 — succeeds his father, Charles IV., as Margrave of Branden- burg, 1378 — visits Poland, 1383 — marries Maria of Hungary, at Stuhlweissenberg, spring 1386 — crowned King of Hungary, 10 Jun. 1386 — reduces Wallachia, 1387 — on death of his queen, his claim to the crown unsuccess- fully disputed by Ladislaus Y. of Poland, 1392 — suppresses another rebellion in Wallachia, 1393 — routed by Turks, 1393 — obtains suc- cours of France and England, 1396 — takes direction of crusade, and is defeated at Nicopo- lis, 28 Sep. 1396 — leads a wandering life, and returns to his kingdom, about Mar. 1398 — imprisoned by his nobles, 28 Apr. 1401 — the crown given to Ladislaus of Naples, 1403 — ■ escapes to Bohemia, Aug. 1403 — restored, 1403 — elected Emperor by one party, at Frankfort, 20 Sep. 1410 — opposed by Jobst, Marquis of Moravia, Oct. — schism ends, Jan. 141 1 — re- elected unanimously, 21 Jul. 1411 — has conference with Pope John XXIII. at Lodi, Nov. 141 3 — concludes peace with Venice, 141 3 — crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 8 Nov. 14 14 — sends safe-conduct to John Hus, for Council of Constance, Oct. 1414 — arrives at Constance, Christmas 1414 — his troops guard the gates : abandons John Hus, Jan. 1415 — [Hus, John, and Constance, Council of] — leaves Constance, 21 Jul. 1415 — has interview with Benedict XIII. at Perpignan, 1415 — negoti- ates at the same place with kings of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and Portugal, respecting re- cognition of Council of Constance, 1415— visits Charles VI. at Paris, Mar. 1416 — visits Eng- land, and forms secret alliance with Henry V. against France, 141 6 — returns to Constance, 17 Jan. 141 7 — succeeds his brother Wenceslaus as King of Bohemia, Aug. 141 9 — assembles Bohemian States, and receives submission of Prague, 15 Dec. 141 9 — [see Hussites] — crowned at Prague, Jul. 1420 — presides at Diet of Niirnberg, 143 1 — crowned with the Iron Crown at Milan, 25 Nov. 143 1 — crowned at Rome by Eugenius IV., 31 May 1433 — crowned at Prague, 1436 — fails in attempt to form a German Union, at Eger, 1437 b — ft. at Znaim, in Moravia, 9 Dec. 1437. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c Engl. Cyc. Sigismund, King of Hungary and Bo- hemia. [Sigismund, Emperor.] Sigismund I., King of Poland, — fj.,i466, a 1 Jan. 1467 b — elected to succeed his brother Alexander, as Duke of Lithuania, 20 Oct. 1506 — proclaimed King of Poland, 8 Dec. 1506 b — crowned at Cracow, 24 Jan. 1507 — declares war on Russia, and defeats allied Russians and Tatars at Orsza, 14 Jul. 1508 — is compelled to make peace, 1509 — declines proposal of Pope SIGISMTJND II.— SILANUS. 285 Julius II. to head league against Turks, about 15 1 1 — again makes war on Russia, 15 12 — loses Smolensko to tlie Czar, 15 14 — has fruit- less conference with Emperor Maximilian at Yienna, 15 15 — marries Bona Sforza, 1518 — truce for five years agreed to, 1523 — creates Albert of Brandenburg hereditary Duke of Prussia under suzerainty of Poland, 1525 — his general defeats "Wallachians, 153 1 — lj. at Cra- cow, 1 Apr. 1548. a Engl. Cj'c. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sigismund II. Augustus, King op Poland, — ft. at Cracow, 1 Aug. 1520 a — designated successor to his father, 1530 b — marries Eliza- beth, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I., 1543 — loses his wife, 1545 — secretly marries Barbe Eadziwil, 1546° — succeeds his father, 1548 — refuses to dissolve the marriage, declared null by the Diet, 1550 — has Barbe crowned, 9 Dec. I 55° c — l° ses hi s queen, 12 May 1551 — mar- ries Catherine of Austria, widow of Duke of Mantua, 1553 — makes war on Eivonia, 1556 — obtains cession of Livonia, 156 1 — refuses to give his daughter in marriage to- the Czar, war with Russia renewed, 1563 — procures abolition of religious restrictions on admission to dignities and offices of state, at Diet of "Wilna, 1563 — gets the privilege confirmed by Diets of Grodno, 1568, and Wilna, 1569 — re- unites Lithuania to Poland, 1569 — concludes truce of three years with Russia, 157 1— ft., 7, a 18 c Jul. 1572. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sigismund III., King of Poland. [Sigis- inund, King of Sweden.] Sigismund, King of Sweden, — h. at Stocks holm, 20 Jun. 1566 — succeeds Stephen Bathori as King of Poland, 9 Aug. 1587 — crowned at Cracow, 27 Dec. — his rival, Archduke Maxi- milian, defeated and captured, Jan. 1588 — liberates him, Jul. 1589 — marries Anne of Austria, 21 May 1592 — succeeds his father, John III., as King of Sweden, 17 Nov. 1592 — crowned at Epsala, 19 Feb. 1594 — loses his queen, 10 Feb. 1598 — deposed by States of Sweden, 6 Feb. 1604 — marries Constance, his sister-in-law, by dispensation of Clement VIII., 4 Dec. 1605 — conquers Severia, 1609 — the crown of Russia offered to his son Vladislans, 1 6 10 — besieges Smolensko, 16 10 — takes it, 13 Jul. 161 1 — carries on war with Turkey, 1621 — concludes peace and gives up Choczim, 9 Oct. 1 62 1 — war with Sweden renewed, 1625 — re- jects truce offered by Gustavus Adolphus, 1629 — concludes truce, 1632 — fr. near Warsaw, 29 Apr. 1632. Sigisvultus, (Segisvuldus,) — Consul with Aetius, (1190, a. u. c.) 437. Signorelli, Luca, {Luca da Cortona,) paint- er, — ft. at Cortona, 1439,* I 44°» b about 1441° — begins to distinguish himself, 1472 — called to Rome by Sixtus IV., 1478 — at Cortona, 1484 c — one of the chief magistrates of Cortona, 1488 — travels, 1497 — employed in the Vatican by Julius II., 1508 — ft. at Arezzo, i52i, ab about 1524.° School of Pan ? before 1500 — Frescoes in the Cathedral of Orvieto, 1499- 1504 — Altar-piece of San? Onofrio, Perugia, 1484 —Adoration of the Magi, Citta di Castelle, 1496 C —Pietd, Cortona, 1502 — Descent from the Cross, La Fratta, 1515.° a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Signorelli, Pietro Napoli, litterateur,— h. at Naples, i 7 3i_g es to Madrid, 1765— re- turns to Naples, 1783— Secretary to Royal Academy, 1784— fc. at Naples, 1 Apr. 18 15. Storia Critica de' theatri, i-m—Vicende delta coltura nelle Due Sicilie, 1784-6— Opuscoli, J 79 2 -5- Sigonio, Carolo, classical scholar, — fc. at Modena, about 1520^ 1524 b — Prof. Greek Literature there, 1546— Prof. Belles Lettres, Venice, 1552— Prof. Eloquence, Padua, 1560 — Prof, at Bologna, 1563 — visits Gregory XIII. at Rome, 1579— 53. at Modena, 12 Aug. 1584. Opera, 1732-7. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, poetess, §c.,— b. m Connecticut, TJ. S., 1791— marries Mr Si- gourney, 181 9— U. at Hartford, Conn., 11 Jun. 1865. Sigurd. [Denmark and Norway.] Sihtric. [Northumbria.] Sikhs, in Hindustan, — [Nanek]— persecuted by Mohammedans and their chief put to death, 1606 — form religious and military common- wealth under Guru Govind, 1675 — under Bandu ravage the Punjab and occupy Sirhind, 1709 — driven into the hills by Bahadur, 17 10 — renew their devastations under Bandu, are defeated and nearly extirpated, 17 16 — invade the Punjab, 1764 — conquer the Punjab, under Runjeet Singh, 1794-1805 — begin to pass the Sutlej, 11 Dec. 1845 — battle of Moodkee, 18 Dec. — battle of Ferozeshah, 21-22 Dec. — battle of Aliwal, 28 Jan. 1846— battle of So- braon, 10 Feb. — murder Mr Vans Agnew and Lieut. Anderson, 20 Apr. 1848 — defeated by Lieut. Edwardes at Kennyree, 1 8 Jun. — again, 1 Jul. — unsuccessful siege of Mooltan by British, Jul. to Aug. — Sheve Sing deserts to them, Sep. — defeated by Thackwell at Rham- nuggur, 2 Nov. — and again, near Vizierabad, 3 Dec. — capture of Mooltan, 2 Jan. 1849 — battle of Chillian wallah, 13 Jan. — total rout of, by General Gough, at G-oojerat, 21 Feb. — surren- der of the chiefs, 14 Mar. [Punjab.] Silanion, statuary in bronze, — [3 C] — {{., about (01. 114) 324^ a Pliny. Silanus, Appius Junius, — Consul with P. Silius Nerva, (781, a. u. c.) 2S. Silanus, A. Licinius Nerva, — Consul with Q. Caecilius Metellus, (760, a. u. c.) 7. Silanus, C. Junius, — [BC]— (1.) Consul with C. Furnius, (737, a. tj. c.) 17. [AD] —(2.) Consul vriik P. Corn. Dolabella, (763,) 10. Silanus, D. Junius, — [B C] — Consul with L. Licinius Murena, (692, a. u. c.) 62 — Lex Licinia Julia. Silanus, Duilius, a (J/". Servilius,^) — Consul LJ. with C. Allius Fuscianus, (941, a. v. c.) 188. a Clinton. b Zumpt. Silanus, Junius and Q. Servilius, Consuls, (942, A. U. c.) 189. a a Zumpt. Silanus, M. Junius,— [BC]— (1.) Defends ;S6 SLLCHESTER— SILVESTER II. Neapolis against Hannibal, 216 — praetor in Etruria, 212 — serves in Spain under Scipio, 210— defeats Hanno and Mago, 207 — killed in battle with Boii, 196. (2.) Consul with Q. Cfficilius Metellus, (645, a. u. c.) 109 — defeat- ed by Cimbri : accused by Cn. Domitius Aheno- barbus, 104, and acquitted. (3.) Legatus to Caesar in Gaul, 53 — supports Antony in Gaul, 43 — Consul with Augustus, 25. (4.) — [AD]— Consul with L. Norbanus, (772,) 19 — his daughter marries C. Caesar, 33. (5.) Consul with Valerius Asiaticus, (800,) 46— proconsul in Asia, 54 — poisoned by Agrippina. Silchester, in Hampshire, — excavations begun, autumn 1864. Silesia, — occupied by Slavic tribes, about 550 — Christianity introduced, 965— given to sons of Ladislaus II. by Boleslaus IV., 1163 — divided into Upper and Lower, 1201 — annexed to Bohemia, 1357 — submits to Ferdinand I. as King of Bohemia, 1526 — agreement for mutual succession between Duke of Liegnitz and Elect- or of Brandenburg, signed, 1537— invaded by Frederick II. of Prussia, 1740 — ceded to him by Maria Theresa, 1742 — second Silesian war, 1744-5 — devastated in Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — finally ceded to Prussia, by Peace of Hubertsburg, 1763. Silicon, — elementary body, obtained in separate form, 1823. Silistria, in Turkey, — John Zimisces defeats Russians under Swiatoslav, 971 — burnt by Turks, 1595 — burnt by Radul Weyda, 1603 — unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, 10 Jun. 1773 — again, 1779 — Russians defeated near, 22 Oct. 1 809 — citadel capitulates to them, 1 1 Jun. 1 8 10 — unsuccessfully besieged by Russians, 21 Jul. to 10 Nov. 1828 — stormed by Diebitsch, 30 Jun. 1829— evacuated by Russians, 11 Sep. 1830 — newly fortified, 1849 — fortifications strengthened, 1853 — invested by Russians, 17 May 1854 — successfully defended by Captain Butler and Lieut. Nasmyth, and the siege raised, 15 Jun. Silius Italicus, C, epic poet, — ft., about 25 — Consul with M. Galerius Trachalus, (821, a. u. c.) 68 — proconsul in Asia, after 69 — starves himself to death, after or about 100. Silius (Silianus, Syllanus) Nerva, P ., — Consul with C. Julius Atticus Vestinus, (8T8, a. u. c.) 6^. Silk, — [BC] — manufactured at Cos, about 350— silken flags used in the Parthian army, 54 — [A D] — use of, prohibited to men by Roman Senate, about 15 — mentioned by Galen, 173 — in general use at Rome, 370 — manu- facture of, introduced at Constantinople, by Justinian, about 55o, a 530 b — in Sicily, by King Roger, about 1150 — in France, about 1466 — in Louisiana, 17 18. In England, silk- throwsters form a fellowship, 1562 — breeding of silkworms recommended by James I., 1608 — broad silk manufacture introduced, 1620 — silkthrowsters incorporated, 1629 — importation of, prohibited by Acts 9 and 10 Wm III. c. 43, 1698; 1 Ann. st. 1, cc. 27, 28, 1701 ; 5 Ann. c. 20, 1706 ; 3 Geo. III. c. 21, 1762, and 5 Goo. 111. c. 48, 1765 — permitted and regu- lated by Acts 4 and 5 Geo. IV. c. 21, 1824 ; 7 Geo. IV. c. 53, 1826, and other Acts— further regulated by 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, s. 44, 20 Aug. 1853. Wages of Weavers regulated by Spitalfields Act, 13 Geo. III. c. 68, 1773, and Act 51 Geo. III. c. 7, 22 Mar. 181 1 — re- pealed by Act 4 and 5 Geo. IV. c. 66, 1824. a Brande and Cox's Diet. b Smith's Diet. Sillery, Nicolas Brulart, Marquis de, Chancellor of France, — ft. at Sillery, in Champagne, 1544 — ambassador to king of Navarre, 1585 — to the Swiss, 1589 and 1593, a 1595 b — Pres. of the parliament of Paris, 1595 — plenipotentiary to Vervins, concludes peace with Spain and Savoy, 1598 — at Rome, nego- tiates divorce of Henry IV. and Margaret of Valois, and at Florence, marriage of Henry with Mary of Medici, 1599 — Keeper of the Seals, end of 1604 — Chancellor of Navarre, 1605 — Chancellor of France, 10 Sep. 1607 to May 1616 — again, 23 Jan. 1623 to 2 Jan. 1624 — tf. at Sillery, 1 Oct. 1624. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Silliman, Benjamin, chemist, geologist, — ft. in Connecticut, U. S., 8 Aug. 1779 — graduates at Yale Coll., 1796 — tutor, 1799 — Prof. Chemistry and Geology, 1 804 — visits England and studies at Edinburgh Univ., 1805-6 — originates American Journal of Science and Arts, 1 81 8— again visits Europe, 1851 — Em- eritus Prof., Yale Coll., 1853 — if. at Newhaven, Conn., 24 Nov. 1864. Chemistry, 1830. Silo, Q. Pompaedius, — [BC] — leader of Marsi in Social "War, 91 — defeated and killed by Metellus Pius, 88. Silurian System, in Geology, — investigation of, by Murchison, commenced, 1831. Silva. [Figueroa.] Silvani, Gherardo, architect, — ft. at Florence, 1579 — a", there, 1675. Silvanus, usurper, Emperor, — deserts to Constantius from Magnentius,- Sep. 35 1 — quells insurrection of barbarians, 355 — accused of usurpation and acquitted, usurps, end of Jul. 355— kiUed, end of Aug. 355. Silvanus, M. Ceionius, — Consul with C. Serius Augurinus, (909, a. u. c.) 156. Silvanus, M. Plautius, — [B C] — Consul with Augustus, (752, a. u. c.) 2. Silver, — [BC]— large coins first struck in, at Syracuse, (Demaretia,) about 480 — first coined at Rome, 269. Silverius, Pope, — elected to succeed Aga- petus, by command of Theodotus, Jun. 536 — deprived and degraded by Belisarius, Nov. 537 — appeals to Justinian and is sent back to Rome, 538 — given up to his rival Vigilius and banished to Pandataria; fr. there, Jun. 538. Silvester, St, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Miltiades, 31 Jan. 314 — sends deputies to Council of Nicsea, 325 — tr. at Rome, 31 Dec. 335- Silvester II., Pope, (Gerbert,) — Abbot of Bobbio, by Otto II., before 970 — Abp of Rheims, 992 — deposed by John XVI., 995 — ■ reinstated by Gregory V., 997 — Abp of Ra- venna, 999 — succeeds Gregory V., 2 Apr. 999 — U. at Rome, 11 May 1003. SILVESTER III.— SINCLAIR. 1287 Silvester III., Pope, {John, Bp of Sabina,) — elected on deposition of Benedict IX , Jan., a May b 1044 — deposed, about Apr. a 1044. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Silvester IV., Antipope, (Maginolfo,) — elected in opposition to Pascal II. and driven away the day after, 1106. Silvestre, Israel, engraver,— ft. at Nancy, 15 Aug. 1621 — draughtsman and engraver to Louis XIV., 1662 — Associate of Academy, 1666 — member, 6 Dec. 1670 — If. at Paris, 11 Oct. 1691. Silvestro, Don, painter, — living at Florence, 1410. Silvia, asteroid, — discovered by Pogson, 16 May 1866. Silvio, Domenico, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Domenico Contareno, 107 1 — his fleet sent to aid the Greeks defeated by Robert Guiscard, Nov. 1084 — deposed, 1084. Silvio Pellico. [Pellico.] Simeon, Charles, theologian, — ft. at Reading, 1759 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1776 — rector of Trinity Church, 1783 — &., 13 Nov. 1836. Works, 1832. Simeon. [See Bulgarians, and Russia.] Simeon Stylites, St, pillar-saint, — ft. in Asia, about 390 — retires to his column, about 423— tf., 459. Simeon of Durham, historian, — tr., probably about 1 1 30. Simmias, Socratic philosopher, — [B C] — fl. , after 400. Simnel, Lambert, impostor, — ft. at Oxford, about 1474 — professes himself to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, and is crowned as Edward VI. at Dublin, 2 May 1487 — defeated and taken prisoner by Henry IV. at Stoke, 16 Jun. 1487. Simon, of Thebes, theologian, — fl., about 1 350-1400. Simon, of JEgina, statuary in bronze, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 76) 475. Simon, Richard, Orientalist, — ft. at Dieppe, 13 May 1638 — enters Congregation of the Oratory, i659, a 1662 b — ordained priest, 1670 — quits the Oratory, 1678 — settles at Paris, 1682 — tf. at Dieppe, 11 Apr. 17 12. Uistoire critique du Vieux Testament, 1678 — Uistoire critique du Nouveau Testament, 1689 — Uistoire de Vorigine et des progres des revenus eccle'sias- tiques, 1684 — Uistoire critique des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Testament, 1692 — Novorum Bibliorum Polyglottorum Synopsis, 1684. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Simon Magus, — at Rome, about 50. Simon de Montfort. [Montfort.] Simonides, of Samos or Amorgos, poet, — [BCJ— fi., 693-662^ 66^. h a Hieron. b Euseb. Simonides, of Ceos, lyric poet, — [BC]- ft., (01. 56, 1,) 556 — conquers iEschylus in Mara- thon Ode, 489 — ode about Plataea, 479 — gains the prize in Chorus Virum, (01. 75, 4,) 477 (476?)— tr., (01. 78, 2,) 467. Simonides, — [BC] — (1.) Archon at Athens, (01. 47, 2,) 491. (2.) Archon at Athens, (01. 117, 2,) 311. Simonneau, Charles, engraver— h. at Or- leans, about i6 39 ,a ^56 b — admitted to Acade- my, 18 Jun. i 7 io b — tf. at Paris, 1728. a Biog. Univ. b Jal. Simonneau, Louis, engraver, — ft. at Orleans, 1657— admitted to Academy, 29 May 1706 a — U. at Paris, 1738^ 1727^ a Jal. b Biog. Univ. Simony,— condemned by Council of Rome, Jan. 1047— by Council of Rheims, Oct. 1049 — practised secretly by Boniface IX., 1389-96 organized and established by him, 1399 ~~ [Annates] — in JEnglish law, defined and pro- hibited by canon of 1229— by Acts 31 Eliz. c. 6, 1589 ; 12 Ann. st. 2, c. 12, 1713, and 44 Geo. III. c. 43, 3 May 1803— further pro- visions respecting, by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 25, 1 827, and 9 Geo. IV. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1828. Simplicius, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Hila- rius, 25 Feb. 468—0-., 27 Feb. 483. Simplicius, Neo-platonic philosopher, — after suppression of School of Athens goes to Court of Chosroes, about 532— returns to Greece, 533 — Commentaries on Aristotle, Be Ccelo, not before 555 — de Phys. Auscult., 555-560. Simplon, The, Alpine Pass,— [BC] — battle between Romans and Kimbri, 109 — [AD] — combat between French and Austrians on, 1799 — passage of, by French, May 1800— military road over, commenced by Napoleon I., 1800 — completed, 1806 — sovereignty of, as- sumed by Napoleon I., Nov. 18 10— occupied by allies, Jan. 18 14. Simpson, Sir James Young, Bart., dis- coverer of Chloroform, — ft. in Scotland, 1811 — Prof. Midwifery, Edinburgh Univ., 1840 — discovers chloroform, 1847 — Pres. R.C.P., 1849 — Pres. Medico-Chirurgical Society, 1852 — Foreign Associate of French Academy of Medi- cine, 1853 — receives the Montyon prize, 1856 — proposes acupressure, 1864 — Bart., 1867 — Xf. at Edinburgh, 6 May 1869. Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, — ft. at Market-Bosworth, 20 Aug. 17 10 — settles in London, 1736 — Prof. Mathematics, R. M. Academy, Woolwich, 1743 — F.R.S., 1746 — tf. at Market-Bosworth, 14 May 1761. New Treatise of Fluxions, 1737 — Nature and Laws of Chance, 1740 — Doctrine and applications of Fluxions, 1750 — Mathematical Dissertations, 1743 — Elements of Geometry, 1747 — Miscel- laneous Tracts, 1754. Simson, Robert, mathematician, — ft. in Scotland, Oct. 1687 — studies at Glasgow Univ., about 1 701 — Prof. Mathematics, Glasgow, 1711-61 — tf., 1 Oct. 1768. The Loci plani of Apollonius restored, 1746 — edition of Euclid's Elements, 1756. Sinai, Desert of, — Ordnance survey of, ex- ecuted, 1868-9. Sinaitic Codex, of New Testament, — dis- covered in Convent of St Catherine, Mount Sinai, by Tischendorf, 1 844 — recovered by him, 1859 — acquired by Imperial Library, St Petersburg, 1868. Sinaitic Inscriptions,— observed by Cosmas Indicopleustes, about 525 — copied and pub- lished by Grey, 1832 — again copied and in- vestigated by Palmer, 1869. Sinclair, Catherine, miscellaneous writer t — 1283 SINCLAIR— SIROES. ft. at Edinburgh, 17 Apr. 1800 — U. in Loudon, 9 Aug. 1864. Scotland and the Scots, and Shetland and the Shetlanders, 1859— Journey of Life, 1847— Memoirs of English Bible, 1858. Sinclair, George, mathematician, — Prof. Philosophy, Glasgow, 18 Apr. 1654 -deprived, 1662— reinstated, 1689 — Prof. Mathematics, Mar. 1 69 1— tf., 1696. Ars nova et magna Gravitatis et Levitatis, 1669 — Satan's Invisible World discovered, 1685 — Hydrostaticlcs, 1672. Sinclair, Sir John, Bart., philanthropist, statistician, — ft. at Thurso Castle, 10 May 1754 — Advocate, 1775 — M.P. Caithness, 1780 — called to the English bar, 1782— marries, 1783 —Bart., 1786— visits Paris, 1785— travels in Europe, 1785-87— First Pres. Board of Agri- culture, 1793 — Privy Councillor, 1810 — ft. at Edinburgh, 21 Dec. 1835. Statistical Account of Scotland, 1798 — History of the Revenue of Great Britain, 1 803 — Code of Agriculture, 1 8 1 9 — Code of Health and Longevity, 1807. Sinde, — [BC] — independent, but divided into 4 principalities, 325 — [AD]— united under Raja Dahir, when invaded by Arabs under Casim, (92, a. h.) 711 — recovered by the Su- nieras, Rajputs, (132,) 750 — tributary to Mo- hammedans, Shahab u din, (575,) 1178 — with Moultan, independent under Nasir u din, (602,) 1206— attacked by Altamsh of Delhi, (614,) 1 2 17 — attacked by Kharismians, about 1 2 1 7 ? — conquered by Jelal u din, jSTasir u din driven into Moultan, invaded by Moguls, (620,) 1223 — conquered by Altamsh, Nasir u din drowned, (622,) 1225 — invaded by Firuz Toghlak, about 1361 — possessed by Arghuns, from after 1522 — attempts of Humayun on, 1540-2 — conquered by Akber, (1000,) 1592 — conquered by Nadir Shah, 1739 — annexed to Afghan dominions, 1756 — conquered by Tah- poor tribe, 1779 — treaties with British con- cluded, 1809, 1820, 1832, and Apr. 1838 — annexed to British India, 1843. Sindia, {Scindia,) Dowlut Rao, Mahratta Prince, — ft., 178 1 — succeeds his grand-uncle, Madhajee, 1794 — defeats Jeswunt Rao Holkar and plunders Indore, 14 Oct. 1801 — defeated by Holkar, near Poona, 25 Oct. 1802 — carries on fruitless negotiations with British, 1803 — war commences, 3 Aug. 1803 — [Mahrattas] — tf., 21 Mar. 1827. Sindia, {Scindia,) Madhajee, Mahratta Prince, — ft., probably about 1743 — severely wounded at battle of Paniput, 1761 — takes part in invasion of Hindustan and expulsion of the Sikhs, 1770 — obtains possession of Delhi, 177 1 — restores the Emperor Shah Alum, Dec. 177 1 — ravages Rohilcund, 1772 and 1773 — cooperates against Ragoba, 1775-82 — defeated by Gen. Goddard, 3 Apr. 1780 — confirmed in his possessions, and recognised as independent prince by Treaty of Salbhye, 17 May 1782 — takes Gwalior, 1784 — again master of Delhi, takes Agra, 1785 — takes De Boigne into his service, about 1785 — conquers Joudpoor and Odeypoor, 1790, and Jypoor, about 1791 — re- turns to Poona, 1 79 1 — q\, 1794. Sines, {Versed Sines, Tangents,) — first used by Albateguius, about 880-900. Singapore, P. Indies, {Smghapura,) — taken by king of Java, and royal residence removed to Malacca, 1252 — annexed by sultan of Ja- hore, 1811 — British factory established, 1819 — purchased of sultan of Jahore by British, Aug. 1824 — placed under government of Straits' Settlement, 1826 — with Malacca and Prince of Wales Island formed into separate govern- ment, 1 85 1. Singara. [See Sapor II.] Singleton, Henry, painter, — ft. in London, 1766 — exhibits at Royal Academy, 1784 — 3j. in London, 15 Sep. 1839. Sinking Fund, in Great Britain, — for ex- tinction of National Debt, established by Wal- pole, 17 16 — Pitt's scheme introduced, Mar. 1786-^established by Act 47 Geo. III. s. 1, c. 55, 25 Apr. 1807 — new, established and re- gulated by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 19, 26 Mar. 1823. Sinope, (Sinoub,) in Asia Minor, — [BC] — colonized by Ambron, Milesian, about 782 a — second colony, by Milesians, Coos, and Critines, 629, 13 630,° 632 d — attempt of Mithridates IV. of Pontus on, 220 d — annexed to kingdom of Pontus by Pharnaces I., and made royal re- sidence, 183 d — made the capital, by Mithri- dates; attacked by Murena, 82 — taken by Lu- cullus, 72 — Roman colony, by Csesar, 45 — [AD] — included in empire of Trebizond, 1204 — taken by Sultan Azeddin, 12 14 — by Ma- homet II., 146 1 — destroyed with Turkish fleet by Admiral Kachimoff, 30 Nov. 1853. a Clinton. b Euseb. c Hieron. d Smith's Diet. Sion College, London, — founded by "White, 1623. Sirani, Elisabetta, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 8 Jan. 1638— tf., 28 Aug. 1665. Sirani, Giovanni Andrea, painter, — ft. at Bologna, 4 Sep. 1610 — ft., 21 May 1670. Sirhind, in Hindustan, — founded, 1357 — Humayun defeats Secander Sur near, 1555 — pillaged and destroyed by Sikhs, 1707. Siri, Vittorio, historian, — ft. at Parma, 1608, a 1625 b — enters Benedictine Order, 1625 — tf. at Paris, Almoner and Historiographer to Louis XIV., 6 Oct. 1685. II Mercurio, 1644-82— Memorie recondite del anno 1601 sino al 1640, 1676-79. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Siricius, Bp of Rome, — ft. at Rome, 324— succeeds Damasus, 22 Dec. 384 — writes his let- ter to Himerus, Bp of Tarragona, 385 — con- demns Jovinian, 389 — tf. at Rome, 25 Nov. 39 8 - Sirmium, [Illyricum] — visited by Julian, 361 — recovered from Bulgarians by Theodo- ric, 504— demanded of Justin by Avars, 574— invested by Baian, Chagan of the Avars, 574 — surrenders, 577. Councils of, held by Arians against Photinus, who is deposed, 35 1 ; others, 357 w 359» and 359- Sirmond, Jacques, Jesuit, — ft. at Riom, 22 Oct. 1559 — enters the Order, 1576 — secretary to Father Aquaviva, at Rome, 1590 — returns to Paris, i6o6, a 1608 b — confessor to Louis XIII., 1637 — visits Rome, 1645 — tf. at Paris, 7 Oct. 1 65 1. (Euvres, 1696. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. C)-c. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. Siroes. [Persia.] SISENNA— SKIPPON. Sisenna, L. Corn., annalist, — [BC] — b., about 1 1 8-9 — praetor, 78 — legatus to Pompey in Pirate War, 67 — rj., about 67. Sisenna, Nunrmius, — Consul with Hiberus, (886, a. u. c.) 133. Sisinnius, Pope, — succeeds John VII., 18 Jan. 708 — ft. at Eome, 7 Feb. 708. Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de, historian, — fa. at Geneva, 9 May 1773 — visits England, 1792, a Eeb. 1793 h — returns to Geneva, 1794 — visits Paris, 1 8 1 3 — marries, 1 8 19 — foreign member of Institute, 1838 — member of Legion of Honour, 1841 — rj. at Geneva, 25 Jun. 1842. Republiques Italiennes, 1807 — De la Litter ature da, Midi de V Europe, 18 1 3 — Histoire des Francais, 1821-42 — Nou- veaux Principes d' Economic politique, 18 19 — Etudes des sciences sociales, 1836-38. a Biog. Univ. b Engl Cyc. Sisseck, in Croatia, — invested by Pasha of Bosnia, 9 Jun. 1593 — Archduke Ernest defeats him, 22 Jun. — admits the Turks, 24 Aug. Sisters of Charity, — Association of, insti- tuted by Vincent de Paul, 1634. Sistine Chapel. [Vatican.] Sistova, in Turkey, — Congress of, meets, 30 Dec. 1790 — the Russians defeat the Turks near, 7 Sep. 18 10. Treaty of, between Austria and the Porte, concluded, 4 Aug. 1791. Sitalces, King of Thrace, — [BC] — con- cludes treaty with Athens, sum. 431 — marches against Perdiccas, late in 429 — defeated and killed by the Triballi, 424. Sitana, {Sittana,) in Hindustan, — Wahabee camp formed at, 1830 — destroyed and villages razed by Sir Sydney Cotton, 1*858. Sittius, P., "leader of mercenaries, — [B C] — goes to Spain, 64 — to Africa, 63 — joins Caesar, 46 — killed by Arabio, 43 ? Sitvatorok, — Treaty of, between Emperor and Sultan, concluded, 11 Nov. 1606. Siward, Earl of Northtjmbhia, — murders Eadwulf and obtains earldom, 1041 a — assists in despoiling Queen Emma, Nov. 1043 a — called to aid Edward the Confessor against Earl God- wine, 105 1 — leads an army into Scotland and defeats Macbeth, 1054 — tf., early in 1055. a a Freeman. Sis, Jan, dramatist, — fi. at Amsterdam, 1618 — tf., 1700. Six Acts, against seditious speaking, writ- ing, &c, — [Seditious Meetings,] — 60 Geo. III. cc. 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 18 19. ' Six Articles,' [Bloody Statute,) — for abol- ishing diversity of opinions in certain Articles concerning Christian religion, 31 Plen. VIII. c. 14, 1539 — repealed by Act 1 Edw. VI. c. 12, 1547- Six Clerks, in Chancery, — limited to that number, 1390 — permitted to marry, by Act 14 and 15 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1528 — office abolished by ordinance of Cromwell, 1654 — reestablished, 1*660 — becomes a sinecure, 1693 — unsuccessful attempt to abolish, 1825 — abolished by Act 5 Vic. c. 5, 5 Oct. 1 841. Six Principle Baptists, sect of, — originates in Bhode Island, U. S., 1665. Sixtus I., Bp of Eome, — succeeds Alexan- der, 119 — tf., about end of i27, a 6 Aug. 127. b a Muratori. b Nout. Biog. Gen. Sixtus II., Bp of Rome, — b. at Athens, about i8o a — succeeds Stephen, 24 Aug. 257 — martyred at Borne, 6 Aug. 258, b 259.° a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Pagi and Art de Verifier les Dates. c Bianchini. Sixtus III., Bp of Bome, — while priest at Borne, subscribes decree against Pelagians, 418 — succeeds Celestine L, 31 Jul. 432 — success- fully mediates between Cyrillus and John of Antioch ; tf. at Bome, 18 Aug. 440^ a Prosper. Sixtus IV., Pope, (Francesco d'Albescola della Rovere,) — b., 22 Jul. 1414* — succeeds Paul II., 9 Aug. 147 1— equips fleet against Turks, 1472 — sends his nephew Cardinal Julian to repress disturbances at Todi, 1474 — . grants indulgences for celebration of Feast of Immaculate Conception, by bull of 1 Mar. 1476 — publishes bull for protection of English clergy against laity, 14 May 1476 b — confirms privileges of Oxford itniv. by bull of 13 Sep. 1476 b — supports conspiracy of the Pazsi, 1478 — equips another fleet against Turks, 1480 — in alliance with Venice carries on war with Duke of Ferrara, 1482— makes separate peace with the Duke, 12 Dec. 1482° — excommunicates Venetians, 24 May 1483 c — persecutes the Colonnas, 1484 — ft. at Bome, 13 Aug. 1484. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Collier. c Sismondi. Sixtus V., Pope, (Felice Perretti,) — fi. in March of Ancona, 13 Dec. 152 1 — Prof. Canon Law, Bimini, 1544 — ordained priest, 1545 — goes to Bome, about 1560— Cardinal of Mont- alto, 1570 — succeeds Gregory XIII. , 24 Apr. 1585 — consulted by Duke of Nevers, disap- proves the League, 1585 — excommunicates king of Navarre and prince of Conde, 10 Sep. 1585 — publishes the bull Detestabilis, 21 Oct. 1586 — lays interdict on England, and excom- municates Queen Elizabeth, 1588 — excom- municated by Bp of London, .1588 — "ft. at Bome, 27 Aug. 1590. Skefiington, Sir "William, — named Lord Deputy of Ireland, Aug. 1529 — again appoint- ed, 1534 — sets sail, 14 Oct. 1534 — arrives at Dublin, 21 Oct. — makes expedition to Drog- heda, Nov. — besieges Maynooth Castle, 14 Mar. 1535 — bombards it, 17-22 Mar. — storms it, 23 Mar. Skelton, John, poet, — h. in Cumberland or Norfolk, about 1460 ? — laureated at Oxford, about 1490 — ad eundem at Cambridge, 1493 — ordained priest, 1498 — tutor to Prince Henry, about 1498 (?) — tf. at Westminster, 21 Jun. 1529. Works, 1568. Skinner, Stephen, philologist, — h. in or near London, 1623 — B.A. and M.A. Oxford, 1646 — incorporated M.D. Oxford, 1656,3- 1654 b — tf. at Lincoln, 5 Sep. 1667. Eiymologicon Lin- guce Anglican^, 1671. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Skinners' Company, of London, — incorpor- ated by Edward ILL, 1327. Skippon, Philip, major-general, — commands city militia which reinstates Five Members, Jan. 1642 — surrenders to Charles I. in Corn- 1290 SKIPTON CASTLE— SLAVERY. •wall, 2 Sep. 1644 — Major-general in Fairfax's army, spring 1 645 —wounded at Naseby, 14 Juu.' 1645 — appointed to convey money for the Scots to York, Jan. 1647 — again takes com- mand of city militia, May 1648 — member of Council of State, Jan. 1649— again, 1654— one of the major-generals, Aug. 1655 — one of Cromwell's peers, Jan. 1658. Skipton Castle, in Yorkshire, — built by Robert de Romille, about 1085 — invested by Parliamentary army, 1642 — surrenders, 22 Dec. 1645 — dismantled, 1649. Slander. [Defamation.] Slave Trade, African,— commenced by Por- tuguese, 1444 — who import negroes to tbe West Indies, 1503 — sanctioned by Ferdinand tbe Catholic, 151 1 — engaged in by Sir John Hawkins, 1562— by Dutch, in Virginia, 1620 —denounced by Penn, 166S — by Quakers in America, 1696— carried on by Assiento Com- pany, under Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — de- nounced by Quakers in London, 1727 — Gran- ville Sharp writes against, 1776 — petition of Quakers for abolition of, presented to British parliament, 17 Jun. 1783 — Society for sup- pression of, founded in London, 1787 — [see Clarkson, Thomas, and Wilberforce, William] —regulated by Act 28 Geo. III. c. 54, 1788— prohibited by State of Georgia, U.S., 1798 — abolition of, negatived by British parliament, Feb. 1 805 — prohibited in British conquered colonies by Order in Council, 1805 — resolution for gradual abolition of, passed bv parliament, 1 806— abolished by Act 47 Geo. III. c. 36, 25 Mar. 1807— by United States, 1808 — declared felony by Act 51 Geo. III. c. 23, 14 May 1811 — abolished in France by decree of Napoleon I., 29 Mar. 1 8 15 — declaration of principal European Powers in favour of its abolition, signed, 8 Feb. 18 15, annexed to Treaty of Vienna, 9 Jun. 18 15 — French ceases, 181 9 — declared piracy by United States, 1820 — re- newed by Congress of Verona, 28 Nov. 1822 — Society for abolition of, founded in London, 1823 — laws of Great Britain relating to, con- solidated, declared to be piracy and punishable capitally, by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 113, 24 Jun. 1824 — declared piracy by law of Venezuela, Feb. 1825 — declared piracy by Emperor of Brazil, 1850. Treaties between Great Britain and other Powers for suppression of : With France, ad- ditional articles to treaties of Paris, 30 May i8i4and 20 Nov. 1815 — convention of Paris, 30 Nov. 1 83 1 — supplementary convention of Paris, 22 Mar. 1833— treaty of Paris, 20 Dec. 1841, not ratified: convention of London, 29 May 1845. With Spain, treaty of Madrid, 23 Sep. 1817 — explanatory article, 10 Dec. 1822 —Treaty of Madrid, 28 Jun. 1835. With Netherlands, treaty of London, 13 Aug. 18 14 — of the Hague, 4 May 181 8 — additional ar- ticles, at Brussels, 31 Dec. 1822, 25 Jan. 1823, and 7 Feb. 1837. With Denmark, treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 18 14 — of Copenhagen, 26 Jul. 1834. With Portugal, treaty of Vienna, 22 Jan. 1815— of London, 28 Jul*. 1817 — separate article signed, 11 Sep. 18 17— additional articles at Lisbon, 15 Mar. 1823 — treaty of Lisbon, 3 Jul. 1842. With Sweden, treaty of Stock- holm, 6 Nov. 1824 — additional article, 15 Jun. 1835. With Madagascar, treaty of Tamatave, 23 Oct. 1817 — additional articles, 11 Oct. 1820. With Lnaum of Muscat, 10 Sep. 1822 — ad- ditional article, 17 Dec. 1839. With Brazil, treaty of Rio Janeiro, 23 Nov. 1826 — another, 1845. With Sardinia, treaty of Turin, 8 Aug. 1834 — additional article, 8 Dec. 1834. With Tuscany, convention of Florence, 24 Nov. 1837. With Hanse Towns, convention of Hamburg, 9 Jun. 1837. With Two Sicilies, convention of Naples, 14 Feb. 1838. With Venezuela, treaty of Caracas, 15 Mar. 1839. With Chili, treaty of Santiago, 19 Jan. 1839. With Uruguay, treaty of Montevideo, 13 Jul. 1839. With Argentine Confederation, treaty of Buenos Ayres, 24 May 1839. With FLayti, convention of Port-au-Prince, 23 Dec. 1839. With Bolivia, treaty of Sucre, 25 Sep. 1840. With Texas, treaty of London, 16 Nov. 1840. With Mexico, treaty of Mexico, 24 Feb. 1841. With Austria, Prussia, and Russia,, treaty of London, 20 Dec. 1841. With United States, Ashburton Treaty, 1842 — treaty of Washing- ton, 7 Apr. 1862 — carried into effect by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 40, 17 Jul. 1862 — additional article, 17 Feb. 1863. Slavery, — in England, made punishment of vagabonds by Act 1 Edw. VI. c. 3, 1547 — re- pealed by Act 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 16, 1549 — declared illegal, 1772. In British Colonies, abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 73, 28 Aug. 1833 — further execution of Abolition Act provided for by 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 45, 31 Aug. 1835, and 6 and 7WmIV. c. 5, 18 Mar. 1836— compensation to owners, further regulated by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 82, 17 Aug. 1836— termination of apprenticeships provided for by Acts 1 and 2 Vic. c. 19, 11 Apr. 1838, and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 18, 18 May 1841. In France, Negro, regulated by Black Code of Louis XIV., 1685. In French Colonies, abolished by Na- tional Assembly, 15 May 17 91 — restored in all but Hayti by Napoleon L, 1804-14 — abolished by Provisional Government, 1848. In United States, Society for Abolition of, formed in Penn- sylvania, 1775 — abolished in Vermont, 1777 — gradual emancipation provided for in Penn- sylvania, 1780 — Society for Abolition of, formed in N. York, 1785 — recognized and guai-anteed by Constitution of Union, 1787 — gradual emancipation provided for in N. York, 1799 — gradual emancipation provided for inN. Jersey, 1804 — abolition of, in New York, enacted, 1817 — (accomplished, 4 Jul. 1827) — Anti- Slavery Society established at Boston, 1 Jan. 1832 — American, Dec. 1833 — American and Foreign, 1840 — American Abolition Society, Boston, 1855 — Church Anti- Slavery Society, 1859— -disputes respecting, give rise' to seces- sion of Southern States from the Union, 1S60- 1 — [Confederate States] — right of each State to maintain and regulate, affirmed by Pres. Lincoln, 4 Mar. 1861 — abolition of, in Southern Stares, proposed by Pres. Lincoln, 6 Mar. 1862 — his plan approved by House of Represents- SLAVES— SMELLIE. 1291 tives, 10 Mar. — by Senate, 3 Apr. — abolition of, in rebel States, proclaimed (for 1 Jan. 1863) by Pres. Lincoln, 22 Sep. 1862 — again pro- claimed, 2 Jan. 1863 — abolished by Constitu- tional Amendment, 31 Jan. 1865. In India, mitigation and abolition of, provided for, by Act .3 and 4 ¥m IV. c. 85, s. 88, 28 Aug. 1833. In Swedish Colonies, abolished, 1746-7 — in Danish, 1848 — in Dutch, i860. Slaves, in Roman Empire, — manumission of, regulated by Lex JElia Sentia, about 3. Slavonia, province of Austria, — [Illyricum, Pannonia] — invaded by Bulgarians, 827 — Christianity introduced by Cyrill and Metho- dius, 864 — battle-field of Emperor Constantine VIII. and Stephen of Hungary, n 27 — occu- pied by Emperor Emmanuel, 1153 — ceded to him, soon after : restored to Bela III. of Hun- gary, 1 163 — ravaged in Turkish wars, 1442 et seq. — given to Matthias Corvinus, 1490 — con- quered by Turks, 1524 — Croatia separated and subject to Austria, 1526 — conquered by Leo- pold L, 1683 — unsuccessfully invaded by Turks, 1690 — ceded to Emperor by Peace of Carlo- witz, 1699 — united with Croatia, 1849. Slavonians, [Sclavonians, Slaves,) — invade Eastern Empire, 547 a — again, 550 a — retire, spring 551 a — with Huns, penetrate to Con- stantinople, spring 559 — repass the Danube, autumn — conquered by Otto the Great, 950 — their territories ravaged by Mongols, 1243 — their language allowed in divine service, about 1245. [Bohemia, Bulgaria, Moravia, Po- land, Russia, and Servia.] a Clinton. Slavonic Academy, South, — founded at Agram, in Croatia, by Bp Strossmayer, 1867. Slavonic Version, of the Bible, — partly ex- ecuted by Cyrillus and Methodius, 862-8 — oldest known MS. of whole Bible, 1499 — (partly, 15 16?) Sleeman, Sir William Henry, major-general, — ft. in Cornwall, 1788 — enters service of East India Company, 1808 — Agent in Saugor and Nerbudda district, 1820— resident atLucknow, 1849 — Major-general, Nov. 1855 — K.C.B., Jan. 1856 — tf. at sea, 10 Feb. 1856. Diary in Oude, 1852 — Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Officer, 1843. Sleidanus, Johann, (Johann Fhilippson,) his- torian, — ft. near Cologne, 1506— in service of Cardinal duBellay, 1535 — retires to Strasburg, 1542 — employed in negotiations for Protestant princes with France and England, 1545 — de- puty from Strasburg to Council of Trent, 21 Nov. 155 1 to 1 Apr. 1552 — tf. at Strasburg, 31 Dec. 1556. De statu religionis et Reipublicce Carolo quinto Ccesare Commentarii, 1555 — De quatuor summis imperiis, 1556. Sleswick. [Schleswig.] Slidell, John, statesman, diplomatist, — am- bassador extraord. of United States to Mexico, 1846 — Senator, 1853-61 — Commissioner of Confederate States to Court of France, seized by U. S. Commander, Wilkes, on board the Trent, Dec. 1861 — tf. at Cowes, Isle of Wight, 26 Jul. 1 87 1. Sliding- Scale. [Corn Law.] Sligo, in Ireland, — Castle built, 1240-50 — destroyed by O'Donnell, 1270— rebuilt, 13 10 —taken by Sir C. Coote for Parliament, but soon abandoned, 1641— declares for James II. and is taken by Enniskilleners, 1688— retaken by Sarsfield, 1689— occupied by Lord Granard, 1689. Slingelandt, Pieter van, painter,— h. at Leyden, 20 Oct. 1640— tf. there, 7 Nov. 1691. Sloane, Sir Hans, physician, botanist, §c, — ft. in Ireland, 16 Apr.' 1660— studies in Lon- don, 1679-83— goes to Paris and Montpellier, 1683-4 — settles in London, 1684— F.E.S., 1685— F.E.C.P., Apr. 1687— visits Jamaica, 1687-9— Secretary to Royal Society, 1693 Physician to Christ's Hospital, 1694— marries, 1695 — V.P.R.S., 1702— Foreign Associate Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1708— Bart, and Physician- General to the forces, 17 16 — Pres. Coll. Physicians, 1719-35— Physician to the king, 1727— Pres. R.S., 1727— resigns, 1740— tf. at Chelsea, 11 Jan. 1753. Natural History of Jamaica, 1707-25. [British Museum.] Sloboja, Armistice of, — between French and Russians, concluded, 24 Aug. 1807. Sluys, in the Netherlands, — Edward III. defeats French fleet at, 24 Jun. 1 340 — French fleet for invasion of England, assembles at, 1385-6— walled by Philip the Rash, Duke of Burgundy, 1385 — occupied by Philip of Cleves, besieged and taken by Albert, Duke of Saxony, 1495 — sides with the Dutch and is besieged and taken by Prince of Parma, 1587 — reduced by Prince Maurice of Nassau, 1604 — invested by French, Jul. 1794 — surrenders, 25 Aug. Smalkald, League of. [Schmalkald.] Small-Pox, — rages at Mecca, 572 — first treated of, by Rhazes, 900-930 — reaches Eng- land, about 900 — reaches St Domingo, 15 17 — Mexico, 1520 — Iceland, 1707 — Greenland, 1733 — investigated by Sydenham, 1666-82. [Inoculation, Vaccination.] Smart, Christopher, poet, — ft. in Kent, 1722 — enters Cambridge Univ. Oct. 1739 — tf. in King's Bench prison, 18 May 1770. Poems, 1 79 1. Smart, Sir George, musician, — ft. in London, May 1776 — chorister in Chapel Royal, 1784 — Knt, 1 8 1 1 — takes part in founding Philhar- monic Society, 18 13 — musical director to Co- vent Garden Theatre, 1813 — 5*. in London, 23 Feb. 1867. Smeaton, John, civil engineer, — ft. near Leeds, 28 May 1724 — goes to London, 1742 — F.R.S., 1753 — obtains Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1759 — tf. near Leeds, 28 Oct. 1792. Eddy stone Lighthouse, 5 Aug. 1756 to 9 Oct. 1759 — Ramsgate Harbour, 1749-74. Smeaton, Mark, musician, — accused as paramour of Queen Anne (Boleyn) and tried, 12 May 1536 — executed, 17 May. Smedley, Francis Edward, novelist, — ft. at Marlow, 4 Oct. 181 8 — tf. in London, 1 May 1 864. Frank Fairlegh, 1 850 — Lewis Arundel, 1852 — Harry Coverdale's Courtship, 1854 — Gathered Leaves, 1865. Smellie, William, — ft. at Edinburgh, about 1740 — begins business as a printer, 1765 — pro- jects and compiles Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2 9 2 SMIEKE— SMITH. 177 1 — tf. at Edinburgh, 24 Jun. 1795. Trans- lation of Buffon' s Natural History, commenced, 1780. Sinirke, Robert, painter, — b. near Carlisle, 1 75 1 — student at Eoyal Academy, 1770 — ex- hibits, 1786— E.A., 1792— tf. in London, 5 Jan. 1845. Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, — b. in Lon- don, 1780— A.E. A., 1808— E.A., 181 1— Ent, 1 83 1 — tf. at Cheltenham, 18 Apr. 1867. Covent Garden Theatre, 1808 — General Post Office, London, 1823-9 — British Museum, 1823- 47 — Restoration of York Minster, 1830. Smith, Adam, political economist, — b. at Kirkaldy, 5 Jun. 1723— studies at Glasgow, 1737-40 — at Oxford, 1740-7 — Prof. Logic, Glasgow, 175 1 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1752 — travels with the Duke of Buccleugh, 1764-6 — Eector of Glasgow Univ., 1787 — one of the Commissioners of Customs for Scotland, 1788 ■ — tf. at Edinburgh, 8 Jul. 1790. Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759 — Wealth of Nations, 1776. Smith, Albert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Chertsey, 24 May 18 16 — settles in London, 1 841 — visits Constantinople, 1849 — ascends Mont Blanc, Aug. 1851 — visits China, 1858-9 — tf. at Fulham, 23 May i860. Smith, Alexander, poet, — b. at Kilmarnock, 31 Dec. 1830 — Secretary to Edinburgh Univ., 1854 — tf. near Edinburgh, 5 Jan. 1867. Life Drama, 1853 — City Poems, 1857 — Edwin of JDeira, 1861 — Breamthorp, 1863 — Summer in Skye, 1865 — Alfred Hagarfs Household, 1865. Smith, Anker, engraver, — b. in London, 1759 — Assistant to James Heath, 1782 — A.E. A., 1797 — tf., Jun. 1 819. Smith, Charlotte, poetess, novelist, — b., 1749 — marries, about 1765 — left a widow, Mar. 1806 — tf. near Farnham, in Surrey, 28 Oct. 1806. Elegiac Sonnets, 1784 — Emmeline, 1788 — Old Manor House, 1793. Smith, Edward, a {Edmund," ) poet, — b. in "Worcestershire, 1668 — M.A. Oxford, before 1705 — expelled from Christ-church, 1705 — tf., 1 7 10. Works, 17 19. a Rees' Cyc. b Chalmers. Smith, G. C., (Boatsivain Smith,) — b., 1782 — pressed into British navy, 1796 — serves at battle of Copenhagen, 1801 — quits the navy, 1 803 — pastor of Baptist congregation, Pen- zance, 1807 — devotes himself to improvement of seamen, 1809 — begins open ah- preaching, 1816 — opens Mariners' Church, Well Close Square, London, 1825 — visits United States, 1862 — tf. at Penzance, 10 Jan. 1863. Smith, George, painter, — b. at Chichester, 1714 — tf-, 7 Sep. 1776, » 1766. «> a Chalmers. b Rees' Cyc. Smith, Henry, theologian, — b. in Leicester- shire, 1550— M.A. , 1583?— tf., 1593 ?* about i6oo. b Sermons, 161 2- 14. a Wood. b Fuller. Smith, Sir Henry George Wakelyn, Bart., general, — b. at Whittlesea, 1788 — enters the army, 1805 — serves in Peninsular War, 1808- 14 — marries, 18 14— takes part in capture of Washington, 1814— at Waterloo, Jun. 1815 — serves at Cape of Good Hope, 1827 — Adjutant- general to forces in India, about 1840 — K.C.B. after battle of Maharajpore, 1 844 — distinguishes himself at Ferozepore, Dec. 1845— takes Ali- wal, 28 Jan. 1846 — contributes to victory of Sobraon, 10 Feb. 1846 — G.C.B. and Bart., 1846 — Governor of Cape of Good Hope, Sep. 1847— conducts Kaffir War, 185 1-2— Lieu- tenant-general, 1854— tf. in London, 12 Oct. i860. Smith, James, agriculturist, — b. in Glas- gow, 3 Jan. 1789 — tf., 10 Jun. 1850. Thorough Braining and Beep Ploughing, 183 1. Smith, James and Horace, litterateurs, — b. in London, James, 10 Feb. 1775 — Horace, 31 Dec. 1779 — tf., James, in London, 24 Dec. 1839 — -Horace, at Tunbridge Wells, 12 Jul. 1 849 . Rejected Addresses, Oct. 1 8 1 2 . Smith, Sir James Edward, botanist, — b. at Norwich, 2 Dec. 1759 — studies at Edinburgh, 17 81 — purchases the Collections and Library of Linnaeus, 1784— M.D. Leyden, 1786 — first Pres. Linnrean Society, 1788 — Knt, 28 Jul. 1 8 14 — tJ. at Norwich, 17 Mar. 1828. Tour on the Continent, 1793 — English Botany, 1792- 1807 — Flora Britannica, 1800-4 — edits Sib- thorp's Flora Grceca, 1808. Smith, John, one of the founders of Vir- ginia,— b. in Lincolnshire, 1579 — distinguishes himself in wars of Hungary with Turks, 1600 —conducts English settlers to Virginia, Dec. 1606— sets out to explore the Chickahominy, 10 Dec. 1607 — explores bay of the Chesapeake, Jun. to Sep. 1608 — Pres. of the Council, 10 Sep. 1608 — returns to England, autumn 1609 — goes again to Virginia, 16 14 and 16 15 — taken prisoner by French, 16 15 — tf. in London, 163 1. True Relation of Occurrences in Vir- ginia, 1608 — Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, §c., 1626 — Travels, 1630. Smith, John, engraver, — b. in London, 1654 — tf. there, about 1720? Smith, John, Celtic scholar, — b. in Argyle- shire, 1747 — Minister of Campbelton, 1781 — tf., 1807. Essay on Gaelic Antiquities, 1780 — Life of St Columba, 1798. Smith, John, theologian, — b. near Oundle, in Northamptonshire, 161 8 — enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, Apr. 1636 — B.A., 1640 — M.A., 1644 — Fellow of Queen's Coll., 1644 — tf., 7 Aug. 1652. Select Biscourses, 1660. Smith, John Christopher, musical composer, — b. at Anspach, 17 12 — pupil of Handel, 1725 — tf. at Bath, 1795. Smith, John Pye, theologian, — b. at Shef- field, 25 May 1774 — classical tutor, Homerton Theological Academy, Jan. 1801 — D.D. Yale Coll., 1807 — Divinity tutor, Homerton, 181 3 — again classical tutor, 1843-50 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 1835 — tf. at Guildford, 5 Feb. 1851. Scripture Testimony to the Messiah, 18 18-21 — Relation between Holy Scriptures and some parts of Geological Science, 1834 — Four Bis- courses on the Sacrifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ, 1828. Smith, John Raphael, engraver, — b. in Lon- don, about 1740 — tf., Mar. 1812. Smith, John Stafford, musical composer, — b. at Gloucester, about 1750— organist of the SMITH— SMITHFIELD. "93 Chapel Royal, 1802 — Master of the Children of the Chapel, 1805-17— tf., 1836,* 1826^ Musica Antigua, 18 12 — Ancient Songs of the Fifteenth Century, 1785 ? a Engl. Cyc. b Fetis. Smith, John Thomas, Keeper of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, — ft. in Lon- don, 23 Jun. 1766 — studies at the Royal Aca- demy, 1802 — Keeper of the Prints, &c, 18 16 — tf. in London, 8 Mar. 1833. Antiquities of London and its Environs, 1791-1800 — An- tiquities of Westminster, 1807 — Ancient Topo- graphy of London, 18 10- 15 — Nollekens and his Times, 1828. Smith, Joseph, founder of 3Ior monism, — ft. at Sharon, Vermont, U. S., 23 Dec. 1805 — alleged revelation of existence of the golden plates, 21 Sep. 1823 — marries, 18 Jan. 1827 — takes possession of the plates, 22 Sep. 1827 — publishes the Book of Mormon, 1830 — organizes Church of Latter Day Saints at Manchester, New York State, 6 Apr. 1830— escapes from Kirtland, Jan. 1838 — founds Nauvoo on the Mississippi, 1839 — obtains charter of incorpor- ation, Dec. 1840 — arrested for sedition, and liberated, 1841 — murdered in Carthage jail, 27 Jun. 1844. Smith, Robert, mathematician, — ft., 1689 — M.A. Cambridge, 17 15 — Plumian Prof. As- tronomy, Cambridge, 17 16 — F.R.S., 17 18 — LL.D. Cambridge, 1723 — D.D., 1739 — Master of Trin. Coll., 1742 — tf- at Cambiidge, 1768. Harmonia Mensurarum, 1722 — Complete Sys- tem of Optics, 1738 — Harmonics, 1748. Smith, Sydney, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Woodford, Essex, 3 Jun. 1771 — enters New Coll. Oxford, 1780— scholar of New Coll., 1790 — B.A., 1792 — takes holy orders, 1794 — M.A., 1796 — goes to Edinburgh, 1797 — marries, 1799 — removes to London, 1804 — settles at Foston-le-Clay, 18 14 — canon of Bristol, 1828 — canon residentiary of St Paul's, 1831 — tf. in London, 22 Feb. 1845. Assists in founding and edits Edinburgh Review, 1 802 — Peter Plymley's Letters, 1808 — Works, 1839 — Sketches of Moral Philosophy, 1850. Smith, Sir Thomas, statesman, diplomatist, — ft. at Saffron- Walden, 28 Mar. 15 14 or 15 15 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, 1526 — Fel- low of his Coll., 1531 — Greek Lecturer, 1535 — Public Orator, 1536 — visits France and Italy, and graduates LL.D. at Padua, 1539-42 • — D.C.L. Cambridge, King's Prof. Law, 1542 — Knt, and Secretary of State-, 1548 — ambas- sador to Charles V. at Brussels, Jul. 1548 — to Henry II. of France, Apr. 155 1— again sent to France, 1559, 1562, 1567, and 1572 — Privy Councillor, Assistant-secretary of State, 157 1 — Chancellor of Order of the Garter, 1572 — Secretary of State, Jun. 1572 to Aug. 1577 — tf. in Essex, 12 Aug. 1577. English Common- wealth, 1584. Smith, Thomas, — ft. in London, 3 Jun. 1638 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1657 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll., 1666 — visits Constantinople, 1668 — D.D., 1683 — refuses oaths to William and Mary, and loses his Fellowship, Jul. 1692 — o". in London, 11 May 1710. Diatriba de Chaldaicis Paraphrastis, 1662 — Manners, §c, of the Turks, 1678 — Account of the Greek Church, 1680 — Miscellanea, 1686-92 — Catalo- gus Librorum Manuscriptorum Bibl. Cotto- nianm, 1696 — Vitce quorundam eruditissi- morum et illustrium virorum, 1707. Smith, Thomas Southwood, physician, — ft. in Somersetshire, 1788 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1 816 — goes to London, 1820 — Physician to Fever Hospital, 1824 — Commissioner on Fac- tories, 1832 — assists in founding Health of Towns Association, 1839 — Commissioner on employment of children in mines, 1840 — Metropolitan Sanitary Commissioner, 1847 — medical member of Board of Health, 1848 — retires from practice, 1850 — ft. at Flor- ence, 10 Dec. 1 86 1. Divine Government, 18 14 — assists in founding Westminster Review, 1824 — Philosophy of Health, 1834 — Treatise on Fever, 1830. Smith, Toulmin, antiquary, §c, — ft. at Bir- mingham, 28 May 1 8 16 — visits United States, 1837-42 — member of Society of Northern An- tiquaries, Copenhagen, 1 840 — called to the bar, 1849 — tf. at Lancing, Sussex, 28 Apr. 1869. Discovery of America by Northmen, 1839 — The Parish, 1 854 — Parallels between Constitu- tional History of England and Hungary, 1849 — English Gilds, 1870. Smith, William, geologist, — ft. in Oxford- shire, 23 Mar. 1769— sells his collection to British Museum, 1 8 15 — receives first Wollaston Medal of Geological Society, 1831 — LL.D. Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1835— tf. at Northampton, 28 Aug. 1839. Geological Map of England and Wales with part of Scotland, 18 15. Smith, William, theologian, classical scholar, — ft. at Worcester, 17 11 — enters New Coll. Oxford, 1728— B. A., 1732— M.A, 1737 — Dean of Chester, and D.D., 1758 — Minister of St George's Church, Liverpool, 1753-67 — tf., 12 Jan. 1787, Translation of Longinus, 1739 — of Thucydides, 1753 — Sermons on the Beati- tudes, 1782 — Poetic Works, 1791. Smith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, — ft., 1764 — enters the navy, 1776 — Post-captain, 1783 — serves under Hood at Toulon, 1794 — taken prisoner by the French at Havre, 1796 — escapes from the Temple, 1798 — captures French flotilla at Acre, 16 Mar. 1799 — defends Acre against Napoleon, and compels him to raise the siege, May 1799 — negotiates treaty of El Arish, Jan. 1 800 — cooperates with Aber- cromby in Egypt, and is wounded at battle of Alexandria, 1801— M.P. Rochester, 1802 — K.C.B., 1815 — Admiral, 1821 — Lieutenant- general of marines, 1830 — tf. at Paris, 26 May 1840. Smithfield, London, — mentioned as scene of horse-market, by Fitz-Stephen, about 1174 — place of execution, before 12 19 — tournaments held, 1357, 1362, 1369, 1385, 1390, 1393, 1409, 1430, and 1467 — many martyrs burnt in, during reigns of Henry VIIL, Mary, and Elizabeth, 1510-1603. Cattle Market, placed under control of Corporation, 1345 — regulated during the plague by Royal Proclamation, 1500 — removal of, authorized by Act 14 and 15 Vic. i2 9 4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE— SNOW. c. 61, i Aug. 1 85 1 — closed on completion of Islington Cattle Market, 1 r Jun. 1 855. Meat Market, erection of, authorized by Act of Par- liament, r 860— first stone laid, 5 Jun. 1867 — opened, 24 Nov. 1868. Smithsonian Institute. [Washington, TJ. S.-] Smoke Nuisance, — in London, abatement of, provided for by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 128, 20 Aug. 1853 — amended by 19 and 20 Vic. c. 107, 29 Jul. 1856. In Scotland, abatement of, provided for by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 73, 25 Aug. 1857 — amended by 24 Vic. c. 17, 7 Jun. 1861. Smoke Rings, — exhibited by Daniell, before 1850. Smolensko, in Russia, — mentioned, 879 — ravaged by plague, 123 1 — taken by Svatoslas, 1232 — ravaged by plague, 1377, 1386, and 1387 — taken by Lithuanians, 141 3 — seized by Jurij, 1440 — given up to Lithuanians, 1494 — unsuc- cessfully attacked by Vassili, 1513 — taken by him, 15 14 — unsuccessfully attacked by Lithu- anians, 15 14 — besieged by Poles, Nov. 1609 — surrenders, 3 Jul. 161 1 — unsuccessfully be- sieged by Russians, 16 17 — threatened by Mi- chael Feodorovich, 1633 — ceded to Poland, 1634 — taken by Russians, 1654 — ceded to them, 1667 and 1686 — bombarded and burnt by Napoleon I., 16-17 Aug. 18 12— evacuated by French, Nov. 18 12. Smollett, Tobias, novelist, historian, — ft. at Cardross, Scotland, 172 1 — serves as surgeon's mate, in expedition to Carthagena, 1741 — mar- ries, 1747 — visits France and Italy, 1763-6 — again goes to Italy, early in 1770 — tf. at Leg- horn, 21 Oct. 1771. Roderick Random, 1748 — Peregrine Pickle, 175 1 — Ferdinand Count Fathom, 1753 — translation of Don Quixote, 1755 — History of England, 1758 — Sir Launce- lot Greaves, 17 60-1 — Expedition of Humphry Clinker, 1770 — edits Critical Review, 1756 — History and Adventures of an Atom, 1769. Smuggling, in Great Britain, — made felony without benefit of clergy, by Act 19 Geo. II. c. 34, 1746, made perpetual by 43 Geo. III. c. 15, 1803 — laws relating to, consolidated and amended by Act 6 Geo. IV. c. 108, 5 Jul. 1825— new provisions against, by Acts 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 53, 28 Aug. 1833; 4 Wm IV. c. 13, 22 May 1834; 8 and 9 Vic. c. 87, 4 Aug. 1845 — law altered by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853 — again, by 18 and 19 Vic. c. 96, 14 Aug. 1855. Smyrna, in Turkey, — [BC] — founded, 959 [1015 '?] — joins Ionian Confederacy, about 700 a — taken and destroyed by Sadyattes, between 629-617 — rebuilt, on new site, by Antigonus and Lysimachus, about 320-290 — occupied by Trebonius, besieged and taken by Dolabella, Feb. 43 — [AD] — one of the 'Seven Churches of Asia,' before 100 — destroyed by earthquake, about 178 b or i8o c — restored by Aurelius, 179 d — seized by Tzachas, 1083 — made capital of his dominions, 1092 e — recovered by Alexius I., 1097 e — becomes possession of Genoese, about 1 26 1 — taken by Knights Hospitallers, J 34 6 — besieged and sacked by Tamerlane, 1-15 Dec. 1402 f — strongly fortified by Djouneid, 1406-12 — taken by Mahomet I., 1424 — sacked and burnt by crusaders, 1472 — burnt, 6 Aug. 1763 — occupied by Egyptians, 1830 — restored to Turkey, 1840 — nearly destroyed by fire, 28 Jul. 1 841 — and again, summer 1845 — British military hospital established at, 1855. a Engl. Cyc. b Chron. Pasch. c Eusebius. d Clinton. e Finlay. f Von Hammer. Smyth, William, historian, — ft. at Liver- pool, 1764 — M.A. Cambridge, 1790 — Prof. Modern History, 1807 — tf. at Norwich, 26 Jun. 1849. English Lyricks, 1806 — Lectures on Modern History, 1 840 — French Revolution, 1840 — Evidences of Christianity, 1845. Smyth, William Henry, admiral, — ft. at Westminster, 21 Jan. 1788 — enters the navy, Mar. 1805 — serves at siege of Cadiz, 18 10— Lieutenant, 18 13 — employed in Mediterranean surveys, 1815-24 — F.S.A., 1821 — Post-captain, 1824 — F.R.S., 1826 — member of Council of Geographical Society, Jul. 1830 — Rear-admi- ral, 1853 — tf. near Aylesbury, 9 Sep. 1865. Mediterranean, 1854 — Cycle of Celestial Objects, 1844 — -Nautical Dictionary, 1867. Snake River Falls, in N. America, — disco- vered, 1863. Snayers, Hendrik, engraver, — ft. at Ant- werp, 16 1 2. Snayers, Pieter, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1593 — TJ. at Brussels, 1670. Snell, Rudolph, mathematician, philologist, — ft. at Oudenarde, 1547 — Prof. Mathemat- ics, Leyden, about 1578 — Prof. Hebrew, about 16 1 2 — tf. at Leyden, 16 13. Apollonius Rata- vus, 1597. Snell, Willebrord, mathematician, — ft. at Leyden, 1591 — Prof. Mathematics, 16 13 — fo., 31 Oct. 1626. Eratosthenes Batavus de terrce ambitus vera quantitate suscitatus, 1617 — ' Cyclometricus, 1621. Snell Exhibitions, Oxford Univ., — founded by John Snell, 1677 — scheme for administra- tion of, settled by Court of Chancery, 1861. Sniadecki, Andrew, physiologist, — ft. in Poland, 30 Nov. 1768 — studies at Pavia, 17 91 — at Edinburgh, 1795 — Prof. Chemistry and Pharmacy, Wilna, 1797 — tt. there, n May 1838. Teorya jestestw organicznych, 18 04-11. Sniadecki, Jan, astronomer, mathematician , — ft. in Poland, 29 Aug. 1756 — studies at Univ. of Cracow, 1772 — visits Germany, Holland, and France, 1778 — Prof. Mathematics and Astro- nomy, Cracow, 17 81 — visits England, 1787 — Rector of Univ. of Wilna, 1806-23— lj., 1830. Pisma Rozmaite, 1822-24. Snider, Jacob, inventor of the Snider Rifle, — > comes to England, Mar. 1859 — his process for conversion of Enfield rifle, adopted by British Government, 1866 — if. in London, 25 Oct. 1866. Snorri Sturleson (Sturlason, Slurulson) 1 Scald,' — ft', in Iceland, 1178 — takes refuge in Norway, 1236-39 — murdered at Reykjahollt, 22 Sep. 1 241. Heimskringla, completed, about 1230. Snow, John, physician, — ft. at York, 1813 — enters Hunterian School, London, 1836 — SNOWDON— SODOMY. 1295 M.R.C.S., May 1838— M.D. London, Dec. 1844 — lecturer on Forensic Medicine, Alders- gate School, 1845-49 — Pres. Medical Society of London, 1855 — ft., 16 Jun. 1858. Mode of Communication of Cholera, 1849 — Chloroform and other Ancesthetics, 1858. Snowdon, Snowdonia, in Wales, — overrun by Saxons, 817 or 818 — William I. assembles his army at, 1095 — reached by Henry I., 1 12 1 (?) — Llewelyn takes refuge in, 1211 — ravaged by Henry III., autumn 1245 — Lle- welyn retires to, before Edward L, 1277 and 1282 — Madog retires to, 1294. Snyders, Frans, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1579-*- there > l6 57- Soane, Sir John, architect, founder of the Soane Museum, — b. at Eeading, 10 Sep. 1753 — student at Royal Academy, 1772 — studies in Italy, 1777-80 — architect of the Bank of Eng- land, 1788 — Prof. Architecture, Royal Acade- my, 1806 — F.R.S., 1824 — Knt, 1 83 1 — gives his Museum to the nation, 1833 — tf. in Lon- don, 20 Jan. 1837. Soane Museum, London, — vested in trustees for benefit of the nation by Act of Parliament, i833- in Great Britain, — excise duty im- on, by Act 10 Ann. c. 19, 17 11 — makers required to take out licence by Acts 24 Geo. III. c. 41, 1784, and 43 Geo. III. c. 69, 4 Jul. 1803 — manufacture of, freed from excise inter-, ference, by Act 3 and 4 Vic. c. 49, 4 Aug. 1 840 — duties on, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 39, 8 Jul. 1853. Sobieski, James, general, diplomatist, — b. in Poland, about 1590 — negotiates truce with Russians, n Dec. 16 18 — castellan of Cracow, signs Peace of Choczim, 9 Oct. 1621 — tf., 1648. Sobieski, John, {John III.,) King of Po- land, — b. at Olesko, in Poland, 1629^ 2 Jun. 1624 b — studies in France, 1645 — begins to distinguish himself as a soldier, 1648 — con- tributes to victory of Beretesck, 1651 — dis- tinguishes himself in war with Sweden, 1653- 60 — defeats Cossacks in the Ukraine, and Mus- covites, 1665 — Grand Marshal of Poland, 1665 — defeated by Lubomirski, 1665 — marries Marie Casimire de la Grange d'Arquien, 6 Jul. 1665 — defeats allied Cossacks and Tatars, after 17 days' fighting, 15 Oct. 1667 — again defeats Tatars, 1672 — defeats Turks and takes Choczim, 10 Nov. 1673 — elected King, 21 May 1674 — fails in attempt on Kaminiek, 1675 — crowned with his wife, 2 Feb. 1676 — concludes peace with Turks, 27 Oct. 1676 — refuses to make alliance with Emperor Leopold, 1682 — con- cludes alliance with him, 31 Mar. 1683 — de- feats Turks under Kara Mustapha and saves Vienna, 12 Sep. 1683 — defeated by Turks near Gran, 7 Oct. — defeats them, 9 Oct. — again, 4 Dec. — at Cracow, 25 Dec. — leads expedition for recovery of Kaminiek, 1684 — overruns Moldavia and Wallachia, 1686 — resigns com- mand of the army, 1689 — tf. near "Warsaw, 17 Jun. 1696. - a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nouv. Biog. Gen, Sobieslaus. [Bohemia.] Sobraon, in the Punjab, — Sir Hugh Gough defeats the Sikhs, 10 Feb. 1846. Social Science Association, in England, — established, Jul. 1857. Social War, {revolt of Chians, Mhodians, Coans, and Byzantines from Athens,) — [B C] — begins, before mids. 357 — Chios besieged by Chares and Chabrias, death of Chabrias, 357 — Phocians seize Delphi, 357— second campaign, 356 — third campaign, Chares, Timotheos, Iphicrates, Menestheus, sent with a fleet, 355 — Mausolus assists allies : Eubulus promotes peace : peace with the Confederates, mids. 355. Social War. [Marsian War.] Socialism, — adherents of, become numerous in France, 1 825-30. [St Simon, Owen, Eobert, Enfantin, $c] Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Quiros, 1606. [Otaheite.] Socinians, [Socinus, Faustus] — persecuted at Warsaw, 1638 — banishment or death denounced against, by Diet of Warsaw, 1658 and 1661. In England, excepted from Toleration Act, 1689— relieved by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 160, 21 Jul. 1813. Socinus, Faustus, theologian, — ft. at Siena, 5 Dec. 1539 — takes refuge in France, 1559 — in service of Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1562-74 — studies theology at Basel, 1574 — visits Tran- sylvania, about 1578 — visits Poland, 1579 — ■ loses his wife, 1587 — assists at Synod of Brest, 1588 — persecuted at Cracow, 1598 — tf. near Cracow, 3 Mar. 1604. Opera, {Bibliotheca fratrum polonorum, §c.,) 1656. Socinus, Laelius, — b. at Siena, 1525 — mem- ber of secret religious society at Vicenza, 1546 — begins his travels, 1547 — corresponds with Calvin, 155 1-2 — tf. at Zurich, 1562. Socotra, island in Indian Ocean, — noticed by Ptolemy, about 150 — visited by Marco Polo, about 1292-3 — visited by Fernandez Perara, 1504 — taken possession of by Albuquerque, 1507 — occupied a short time by British, 1836. Socrates, {SoJcrates,) philosopher, — [B C | — • b. near Athens, (01. 77, 4,) Apr. or May 469- 8 — taught by Archelaos, about 450 — at Po- tidsea, Delion, Amphipolis, 432-424 — carica- tured in the Clouds of Aristophanes, (01. 89, 1,) 423 — opposes death of the commanders at Arginusae, 406 — opposes death of Leon of Salamis, 404 — accused by Anytos, Meletos, and Lycon, condemned to death for impiety and made to drink hemlock, (end of Thargelion, 01. 95, 2,) 399. Socrates, {Scholasticus,) ecclesiastical his^ torian, — b., about 379 — studies under Ammo- nius and Helladius, about 390 — tf., after 439. Soda, — process of making, from common salt, invented by Leblanc, published, 1794. Sodium, metal, — shown to be distinct sub- stance by Duhamel, 1736 — again byMarggraf, 1758 — obtained by Davy, 1807. Sodoma, II. [Razzi, Antonio.] Sodomy, in England, — declared felony by Acts 25 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 1533-4, ana " 5 E l iz - °- 17, 1562 — punishable by death by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 15, 27 Jun. 1828 — by penal servi- 1296 SOEMMERING— SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT. tiide, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, ss. 61, 63, 6 Aug. 1 861. Soemmering', Samuel Thomas, anatomist, — C. at Thorn, 25 Jan. 1755 — M.D. Gottingen, 1778 — Prof. Anatomy, Cassel, 1778 — Mentz, 1784 — removes to Frankfort, 1793 — Prof, at Heidelberg Univ., 1803— removes to Munich, 1804— member of Academy of Sciences, Mun- ich, 1804 — first uses Voltaic pile in construction of telegraph, 1807 — returns to Frankfort, 1820 — tf. there, 2 Mar. 1830. Be corporis humani fabrica, 1794-1801 — Be morbis vasorum ab- sorbent hem, 1795 — Torn Baue des menschlichen E'orpers, 179 1-6. Soest, (Soust,) Gerard, painter,— if. in West- phalia, about 1637 — comes to England, 1656 — tf., 1681. Soeur, Hubert le, sculptor, — comes to Eng- land, probably about 1630 — U., before 1678. Sofala, in Africa, — visited by Pedrao Caval- hao, 1480 — taken possession of by Albuquerque, 1508. Sofaride and Sofi Dynasties. [See Persia.] Soflan, Abu. [Abu Sofian.] Sogdiana, — [B C] — conquered by Alexander the Great, 328 — [AD] — taken possession of by Baber, about 1500. Sogliani, Giovanni Antonio, painter, — b. at Florence, about 149 1 — ft., 1544. Crucifixion of Sanf Arcadio, Florence, 152 1. Sois sons, in France, (Noviodunum?, Augusta Suessionum,) — Clovis defeats Syagrius near, 486 a — capital of kingdom of the Franks, 486 b — seat of a kingdom for Clotaire I., 511 — Chilperic I. succeeds, 561 — Clotaire II., 584 — [see ETeustria] — Charles Martel defeats Duke Frederick of Aquitaine, 719— parliament held at, deposes Childeric III. and proclaims Pepin the Short, Mar. 752 d — coronation of Carloman at, 9 Oct. 768 — Robert I. defeated and killed by Charles the Simple near, 15 Jun. 923 d — head of a County, before 1043 c— Philip Au- gustus assembles barons at, to plan descent upon England, i2i3 e — surrenders its charter to Charles IV., 1325 — garrisoned by Burgun- dians, taken by Armagnacs, 141 3 — again occu- pied by Burgundians, and taken and pillaged by Armagnacs, 20 May 1414 — passes by mar- riage to House of Bourbon-Vendome, 1482 b — sacked by Huguenots, 1567 — meeting of con- spirators against D'Ancre, 16 16 e — besieged by Guise and d'Auvergne, 161 6 — camp formed at, Sep. 1792 f — stormed by Russians, 13 Feb. i8i4 f — evacuated same day: reoccupied by Mortier : again taken by allies, 3 Mar. — un- successfully attacked by Napoleon I., 5 Mar. — occupied by Napoleon I., 11 Mar. — invested by Germans, Oct. 1870 — siege begins, 13 Oct. —capitulates, 16 Oct. Abbey of St Medard, founded by Clotaire I., 557. Councils of held by St Boniface, 2 Mar. 744 ; by Charles II. to recognize ordination of Hincmar, 26 Apr. 853 ; for excommunication of Rothade, Bp of Sois- Bons, by Hincmar, 861 ; transferred from Pitres, for deposition of Rothade, 862 ; to reinstate clerks ordained by Ebbo, 18 Aug. 866 ; to de- pose Artaud, Abp of Rheims, 941 ; against Ros- celin, about 1092 ; 6 Jan. 1115 ; against Abe- lard, 1 122 ; to make peace between Louis le Jeune and barons, 10 Jun. 1155; respecting marriage of Philip Augustus with Ingeburga, Mar. to Apr. 1201 — to confirm canon of Coun- cil of Basel respecting celebration of Divine service, n Jul. 1455. Congress of, respecting differences between sovereigns of Europe, meets, 14 Jun. 1728 — closes, without result, Jun. 1729. a Clinton. b Univ. Pittoresque. c Meyer, Conv.-Lex. d Art de. Verifier les Dates. e Crowe. f Alison. Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Count op, Grand Master op France, — b., 13 Nov. J 556, a 1566 b — Chevalier, 1587— joins Henry of Navarre, and distinguishes himself at battle of Coutras, 1587 — supports Henry III. at States of Blois, 1588 — saves Tours from the Leaguers, 1589— captured by Duke of Mer- ceeur, 1589 — Governor of Brittany, 1589 — joins Henry IV. and commands English aux- iliaries at siege of Paris, Nov. 1589 — Grand Master of France, 1589 — distinguishes himself at sieges of Chartres and Rouen, 159 1 — at siege of Lyons, 1594 — in campaign of Bur- gundy, 1595 — Governor of Dauphiny, Mar. 1602 — of Normandy, 10 Jun. 1610 — ft., 1 Nov. 1612. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Soissons, Louis de Bourbon, Count of, — b. at Paris, n May 1604 — Grand Master of France and Governor of Dauphiny, 1612 — distinguishes himself in attack on Isle of Rhe, 1622 — commands expedition against Rochelle, 1622 — joins in conspiracy of Chalais, 1626 — distinguishes himself at siege of Rochelle, 1628 — follows the king to Italy, 1630 — Go- vernor of Champagne, Sep. 163 1 — killed at combat of Bazeille, 6 Jul. 1641. Solander, Daniel Charles, naturalist, — b. in Sweden, 28 Feb. 1736 — arrives in England, Oct. 1760 — Assistant in Nat. Hist. Depart- ment of British Museum, 1763 — F.R.S., 1764 — accompanies Captain Cook in his first voy- age, 1768-71 — LL.D. Oxford, 1771 — Under- librarian, British Museum, 1773 — ft., 16 May 1782. Solar System, motion of, — in space, sug- gested by Wright, 1750 — investigated by Herschel, 1783 and 1805 — by Bessel, 1839— by Argelander, 1837 — by Struve, 1842 — by Galloway, 1847. Solari, (Solario,) Andrea, (Bel Gobbo,) (Andrea Milanese,) painter, — b. at Milan, about 1458, a 1480 b — living, 1509,* 1530. b a Biog. Catalogue. b Biog. Univ. Solario, Antonio, (Lo Zingaro,) painter, — b. in Venice or the Abruzzi, about 1382 — ft. at Naples, 1455. Solebay. [Southwold Bay.] Soledad, in Mexico, — Convention of, con- cluded by Generals Prim and Doblado, 19 Feb. 1862 — but disapproved by France. [Mexican Expedition.] Solemn League and Covenant, in Scotland, — published by the Tables, 1 Mar. 1638 — modified, and received by the parliament at Assembly of Divines, 25 Sep. 1643 — Charles (II.) declares his assent to, 16 Aug. 1650 — pronounced unlawful by Act 13 and 14 Car. SOLETTRE— SOLOMON. -97 II. c. 4, 1662 — burnt by the hangman in England, 1662 — renewed, 1666. [Cove- nanters.] Soleure. [Solothurn.] Solferino, in Italy, — Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel defeat Emperor Francis Joseph, 24 Jun. 1859. Soli, (Soles,) in Cilicia, — [B C] — Pasicrates, Prince, submits to Alexander, 331 — Eunostus, Prince, 315. Soliman, (Sultan of the Ottomans, ?) — escapes from battle of Ancyra, (804, a. h.) 30 Jun. 1402 — proclaimed at Adrianople ; carries on war with his brother Musa, who is declared Sultan by Tamerlane, 1406 — generally recog- nized ag Sultan, 1408 — Musa renews the war, 1410 — assassinated, 1410. Soliman I. the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottomans, — 6., about 1490^ 1494 b — succeeds his father, Selim I., (9 Schoual 926, a. h.) 22 Sep. 1520 — his general suppresses rebellion of Ghazali at Damascus, 27 Jan. 152 1 c — takes Belgrade, (5 Ramadan 927,) 9 Aug. 1521 — sends fleet under Mustapha against Rhodes, (Redgeb 928,) May 1522— joins the fleet before Rhodes, (5 Schoual,) 28 Aug. — receives capitulation, (5 Sepher 929,) 22 Dec. — enters Rhodes, 25 Dec— marries his sister to Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha, 22 May 1524° — suppresses revolt of Janissaries, Mar. 1525 — exempts French in his dominions from tribute, 1525 — invades Hungary and gains victory of Mohacz, 1526 — enters Buda, (5 Dhu'l hajjah 932,) • 10 Sep. 1526 — burns Buda: loses it again, 1527 — signs treaty of alliance with Hungary, 29 Feb. 1528 c — retakes Buda for his ally, John Zapolski, (936,) Sep. 1529 — massacres the garrison ; storms Altenburg and massacres the inhabitants, 1529 — unsuccess- fully besieges Vienna, (22 Moharram to 10 Saphar 936,) 26 Sep. to 14 Oct. 1529°— de- feats Hungarians at Gradisca, 1531 — makes war on Persia, takes Van, (940,) 1534 — enters Baghdad, 1 Jan. 1535 c — takes Barbarossa into his service, 1534 — concludes treaty of com- merce with France, early in 1536 c — at insti- gation of Roxalana, puts his Vizier Ibrahim to death, (21 Ramadan 942,) 5 Mar. 1536° — carries on war with Venice, 1537 — assists at siege of Corfu, Aug. to Sep. 1537 c — again invades Hungary, Jun. 1541 — occupies Buda and incorporates it with his empire, 29 Aug. 1 541 c — invades Hungary, spring 1543 — loses his son Mohammed, 6 Nov. 1543 c — concludes alliance with Francis I. of France against Em- peror Charles V., i544, a 1536 b — sends Bar- barossa to ravage Italy, (950,) 1545 — con- cludes truce for five years with the pope, em- peror, king of France, and Venice, 19 Jun. 1547 c — again invades Persia, 1548 — besieges and takes Van, (10-18 Redgeb. 954,) 16-24 Aug. 1548 — reenters Constantinople, 21 Dec. 1549 — renews invasion of Hungary under Me- hemet Pasha, (959,) 1552 — concludes treaty of peace with Shah of Persia, (8 Redgeb. 962,) 29 May 1555 c — concludes truce with emperor, 1562 — puts his son Mustapha to death, 1553 — sends Mustapha Pasha against Malta, (972,) Apr. 1565 — again invades Hungary, (974,) 1566 — commences siege of Szigeth, 5 Aug. — ■ tf. there, (13,* 20 b ° Sepher 974,) 30 Aug.,* 5 Sep. b c 1566. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. " Von Hammer. Soliman III., Sultan of the Ottomans, — fj., 1639,* 1641b — succeeds his brother Ma- homet IV., (13 Moharram 1099, a. h.) 9 Nov. 1687 — loses many towns in Hungary to Im- perialists, 1688— his Vizier Mustapha Kuprili recovers them, 1689— tr., (5 Schoual 1102,) 22 Jun. 169 1. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. Solimena, Francesco, painter, — b. at Nocera de' Pagani, 4 Oct. 1657— goes to Naples, 1674 — tf. near Naples, 5 Apr. 1747. Solinus, C. Julius, geographer,— -ft., probably 238.* a Dodwell. Solis, Antonio de, historian, dramatist, — 6. at Placenzia, 18 Jul. 16 10 — secretary to Philip IV., about 1655— historiographer of the Indies, 1665 — tf. at Madrid, 19 Apr. 1686. Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, 1684,* [68: Varias poesias, 1692,* 1682. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Solis, Juan Diez de, maritime discoverer, — accompanies Pinzon on voyage of discovery, 1506— with him, discovers Yucatan ? 1507-8 — imprisoned, 15 10 — conducts expeditions along coast of S. America, 15 12 and 15 15 — killed by Indians, 1515. Solly, Samuel, surgeon, — fi., 1805 — M.R.C.S., 1828 — Lecturer on Practical Anat- omy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1833-9 — Assist- ant-surgeon, 1840 — F.R.C.S., 1843 — Surgeon, 1850 — member of the Council, R.C.S., 1856 — Prof. Human Anatomy and Surgery, 1862 — member of Court of Examiners, and senior Vice-Pres., 1867 — retires, 1870— tr. in London, 24 Sep. 187 1. On the Human Brain, 1847 (2nd ed.) — Surgical Experiences, 1865. Solomon, King or Israel, — [B C] — ft., autumn 1033a — shares the kingdom, spring ioi5 a — king alone, autumn ioi5, a 1016 b — marries Egyptian princess, autumn ioi4 a — vision at Gibeon, spring ioi3 a — league with Hiram, autumn ioi3 a — founds Temple, 4 May (2 mo. 2,) ioi2, a ioi3 b — dedicates Temple, (17 mo.,) 30 Oct. 1004 — adorns Jerusalem, &c, 992 — tf., spring 975, a May 976. b a Ussher. b Clinton. Solomon, King of Hungary, — b., 1051 a — crowned King by his father, Andrew, 1058 a — retires to Court of Emperor Henry IV., 1061 — marries Sophia, daughter of Henry III., 1063 — succeeds his uncle Bela,and does homage to Emperor, io63, b 1064 a — besieges and takes Belgrade, 1072 — carries on war with Geisa, is defeated and dethroned, 1077 — attempts to seize Ladislaus and is imprisoned, 108 1 — as- sembles an army, and makes war on Ladislaus, 1086 and 1087 — tf. at Pola, about 1100. Ca Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Solomon, general, — carries on war with Moors in Africa, 534 — winters at Carthage, 535-6 — resumes command in Africa, 539 — pacifies tbe provinces, 540 — killed by Moors at siege of Leptis Magna, 543. 82 129S SOLOMON'S ISLANDS— SOMERSET. Solomon's Islands. [New Georgia Archi- pelago.] Solon, Athenian legislator, — [B C] — b., about 638 — excites Athens to conquest of Salamis, 596? — Archon, legislates for Athens, 594 [591 a ] — tf., after 560. a Ann. Hieron. Solothurn, Solenre, Canton of Switzer- land, — joins the Confederacy, i48i, a 22 Dec. 1487 b — forms part of Helvetic Kepublic, 1798 — accedes to constitution of 29 May 1801 — adopts liberal constitution, 1831 — constitution revised, 1841 and 1851. City, becomes free Imperial City, about 121 8 — walled, 1273 — un- successfully "besieged by Duke Leopold, 131 8. Cathedral, commenced, 1762 — finished, 1772. a Conv.-Lex. h Meyer, Conv.-Lex. Solvyns, Frans Balthasar, traveller, en- graver, — fi. at Antwerp, 1760 — travels in Tartary and India, 1798-99 — tf. at Antwerp, 1824. Les Hindous, 1806. Solway Moss, in Cumberland, — the Scots under Oliver Sinclair defeated by Duke of Norfolk, 25 Nov. 1542. Somers, John, Lord Somers, Lord Chan- cellor of England, — b. at Worcester, 4 Mar. 165 1 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 23 Mar. 1667-' — enters Middle Temple, 24 May 1669 a — called to the bar, 5 May 1676 — member of Convention Parliament, Jan. 1689 — Solicitor- general, May 1689 — Knt, Oct. 1689 — M.P. Worcester, 1690 — Attorney-general, 2 May 1692 — Lord-keeper of Great Seal, 23 Mar. 1693 — one of the Lords Justices, 1695 — Lord Chancellor, 22 Apr. 1697 — Lord Somers, Baron Evesham, Dec. 1697 — deprived, 17 Apr. 1700 — impeached, 1 Apr. 1701 — and acquitted, 17 Jun. — Pres. Royal Society, 1702 — draws up plan for Union with Scotland, 1706 — Pres. Council, Nov. 1708 — resigns, 1710 — tf., 26 Apr. 17 16— his MSS. burnt in Lincoln's Inn, 29 Jan. 1752. a Campbell. Somerset, Charles Seymour, Duke of, — h., 12 Aug. 1662 — succeeds his "brother Francis, Apr. 1678 — marries Lady Elizabeth Percy, 30 May 1682— -K.G., 8 Apr. 1684 — as Gentleman of the Bed-chamber to James II., refuses to introduce Papal Nuncio at Windsor, 3 Jul. 1687, and is dismissed: Chancellor of Cam- bridge Univ., 1688 — joins Prince of Orange, 1688, and is named Pres. Council: one of the Lords Justices, 1701 — Master of the Horse, 3 Jul. 1702 — Commissioner for treating of Union with Scotland, 1708 — dismissed from Master- ship, 17 Jan. 17 1 2 — one of the guardians of the realm, by George I., Aug. 17 14 — again Master of the Horse, 27 Sep. 17 14 — resigns, 25 Oct. 17 15 — loses his wife, 1722 — marries Lady Charlotte Finch, 4 Feb. 1726 — }y. at Petworth, 2 Dec. 1748. Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, — declared legitimate son of John of Gaunt, 6 Feb. 1 397 a — taken prisoner by French, at Beauge, Mar. 142 1 — distinguishes himself under Bedford in France, 1422-35 — defends Bouen, 1432 — Joint-commander with Duke of York in Normandy, 1435 — captures Harfleur, 1440 — relieves Calais, 1441 — created Earl of Dorset, 24 Aug. 1441 b — Marquis of Dorset, 24 Jun. 1442 b — succeeds his brother as Earl of Somerset, 1444 b — succeeds Duke of York as Eegent of Normand)', 1444 — created Duke of Somerset, 31 Mar. T448 b — surrenders Caen, autumn 1450 — returns to England and has chief direction of affairs, 1450 — trial of, de- manded by York, 1452 — imprisoned and de- prived of his offices, Feb. 1454 — liberated, 5 Feb. 1455 — submits his quarrel with York to arbitration, 4 Mar. — defeated and killed by York at St Albans, 23 May 1455. a Lingard. b Burke. Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of, — succeeds his father, and takes command of Lan- castrians, 1464 — defeated at Tewkesbury, 4 May 147 1 — beheaded, 6 May. Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Protector and Lord Treasurer of Eng- land, — accompanies Duke of Suffolk to France, Aug. 1523 — Knt, 1 Nov. 1523 — accompanies Wolsey to France, 1527 — attends Henry VIII. to France, 1532 — Viscount Beauchamp, 5 Jun. 1536— Earl of Hertford, 18 Oct. 1537— K.G., 9 Jan. 1542 — accompanies Duke of Norfolk in invasion of Scotland, 1542— Lord Great Cham- berlain for life, 1543 — Lieutenant-general of the North, invades Scotland, takes and burns Leith and Edinburgh, 5 May 1544 — takes part in siege of Boulogne, Aug. to Sep. 1544 — overruns south of Scotland, 1545 — Chan- cellor of Cambridge Univ., 1546 — Protector of the Realm and Governor of Edward VI., end of Jan. 1547 — Lord Treasurer, 10 Feb. 1547 — Duke of Somerset, 16 Feb. — Earl Marshal of England, 17 Feb. — invades Scotland and obtains victory of Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1548 — deprived of Protectorship, 13 Oct. 1548 — committed to the Tower, 14 Oct. — pardoned, 16 Feb. 1550— restored to the Council, Apr. — again imprisoned, 16 Oct. 155 1 — tried for treason, 1 Dec. — beheaded on Tower Hill, 22 Jan. 1552. Somerset, Edward. [V/orcester, Marquis of.] Somerset, Lord Fitzroy. [Raglan, Lord.] Somerset, Henry Beaufort, Duke of, — suc- ceeds his father, 1455 — commands Lancastrians and is defeated at Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1 — escapes to Scotland : gives up Bamborough Castle, and is pardoned by Edward IV., 1463 — again joins Queen Margaret, 1464 — taken prisoner at Hexham, 15 May — beheaded, 16 May 1464. Somerset, Eobert Carr, Earl of, and Vis- count Rochester, favourite of James I., — presented at Court of James I.., 1606 — Knt, 1607 — Lord Treasurer of Scotland, 1610 — Viscount Kochester, 25 Mar. 161 1 — K.G., May 161 1 — Privy Councillor, Apr. 16 12 — ■ Earl of Somerset, 3 Nov. 16 13 — marries Countess of Essex, 26 Dec. 16 13 — condemned to death for murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, 1616 — pardoned and released, 1622 — rj., Jul. 1645. Somerset, William Seymour, 2nd Duke of, Earl and Marquis of Hertford, — suc- ceeds his grandfather as Earl of Hertford, Apr. 1621— created Marquis of Hertford, 3 Jun. SOMERSET HOUSE— SOPHOCLES. 1299 1640 — Governor to Prince of Wales, 1640 — Lieutenant-general of Royal forces in Wilt- shire, Hampshire, &c, 1642 — defends Sher- borne Castle, 1 642 — distinguishes himself at battle of Lansdown, 5 Jul. 1643 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 24 Oct. 1643 — dismissed from chancellorship, 1648 — reinstated, 26 May 1660 — K.G.,27 May — Duke of Somerset, on reversal of attainder of first Duke, 1660 — "&., 24 Oct. 1660. Somerset House, London, — built by Pro- tector Somerset, about 1549 — taken down and rebuilding commenced, 1776. Somerville, William, poet, — fj. at Edston, in Warwickshire, 1692 — tf. there, 19 Jul. i742, a 14 Jul. i743- b The Chase, 1735. a Engl. Cye. b Chalmers. Sommeiller, Germain, engineer, — h. at St Jeoire, in Savoy, 15 Feb. 18 15— studies at Coll. of Milan, 1827-33— invents boring en- gine for the Mont-Cenis tunnel, by 1857 — joint- engineer of the works, 1857— tf. at St Jeoire, 11 Jul. 187 1. Sommershausen, — Gen. Wrangel and Vis- count Turenne defeat Imperialists at, 17 Apr. 1648. Somnauth, (Somnath-Pattan,) in Hindu- stan, Temple of, — stormed by Sultan Mahmud, (415, a. h.) 1024 — gates captured by British at Ghuznee, 1842. Somner, William, antiquary, — fj. at Can- terbury, 30 Mar. 1606 ? 1598 ? — imprisoned as one of the Kentish Petitioners, 1659 — Master of St John's Hospital, Canterbury, 1660 — tf., 30 Mar. 1669. Antiquities of Canterbury, 1640 — Diction arium saxonico-latino-anglieum, 1659 — Treatise on Gavelkind, 1660. Soneino, in Italy, — Francesco Sforza de- feats Carmagnola near, 17 May 143 1. Sonderborg, in Schleswig. [See Schleswig- Holstein War.] Sonderbund, League of Seven Catholic Can- 'tons of Switzerland, — formed for defence against the Free Corps, 1846 — illegality of, decreed by Diet, 29 Jul. 1847 — forces of, de- feated by Gen. Dufour at Freyburg, 13 Nov. — again, at Lucerne, 24 Nov. — submits, and is dissolved. Sonnerat, Pierre, traveller, naturalist, — b. at Lyons, about 1749 — explores Madagascar with Commerson, 1768-71 — visits China and India, 1774-81 — tf. at Paris, 31 Mar. 18 14. Voyage dans la Nouvelle Guine'e, 1776 — Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a. la Chine, 1782. Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicolas Sigisbert, naturalist, — h. at Luneville, 1 Feb. 1 75 1 — visits Cayenne, 1772 and 1775 — goes to Egypt, 1777 — tf. at Paris, 29 May 1812. Voyage dans la haute et basse JSgypte, 1799 — Voyage en Grece et en Turquie, 1801 — edition and continuations of Buffon's Histoire Na- turelle, 1799-1808. Sontag, Henrietta, singer, — fj. at Coblentz, 13 Mar. 1805 — prima donna, Berlin, 1823 — appears at Paris and London, 1828 — marries Count Rossi and retires, 1829-30 — again ap- pears in London, 1849 — visits America, 18,52 — tf. at Mexico, 18 Jun. 1854. Sooloo Islands, in Indian Ocean, — Spaniards at war with, 1566 — they seize Sooloo, and claim sovereignty, 1646— Balambangan ceded to British, and settlement formed, 1763 — settlers killed and settlement burnt by Sooloos, 1773 — British settlement reestablished, 1803 — again abandoned, 1804 — Zamboangan in Mindanao captured by Spaniards, and power of the Sultan destroyed, 28 Feb. 1851. _ Sopater, of Paphos, parodist, — [B C] — ex- hibits in Alexander's reign, 333 — still ex- hibits, 283. Sopater, of Apamea, sophist, — ft., about 330. Sophene, in Armenia, — [B C] — Arsaces (Ar- taxes) conquered by Tigranes, before 83 — with Gudyene made a kingdom for Tigranes, from 66 — Socmus king, 54. Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dow- ager of Hanover, — fj., 1630 — marries Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick- Liineburg, 17 Oct. 1658 — birth of her son George Louis, [George I. of England^ 1660 — crown of Eng- land limited to her by Act 12 and 13 Wm III. c. 2, 23 Mar. 1701 — confirmed by Act 13 Wm III. c. 6, 1702 — naturalized with her issue by Act 4 and 5 Ann. c. 16, 1705 — crown of Great Britain limited to her by Act of Union, 6 Ann. c. 11, 6 Mar. 1706 — tf. at Herrenhausen, 28 May 17 14. Sophia Alexeievna, — fj., 1667^7 Sep. 1657b — Regent of Russia for her brothers Ivan Alexi- ovich and Peter I., 3 Jul. 1682 — deprived by Peter and sent to monastery of Novo-devitchei, 1689 — takes the veil, 18 Sep. — tf. there, 1704. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sophia Augusta, of Anhalt-Zerbst. [Ca- therine II., Empress of Russia.] Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia, — fj., 20 Oct. 1668 — marries Frederick I. of Prussia, 28 Sep. 1684 — tf. at Hanover, 1 Feb. 1705. Sophia Dorothea, Queen of Prussia, — fj. at Hanover, 27 Mar. 1687 — marries Frederick William of Prussia, 28 Nov. 1706 — left a widow, 31 May 1740 — tf. at Monbijon, Berlin, 28 Jun. 1757. Sophia Dorothea, Peincess of Zell, Queen of England, — b., 15 Sep. 1666 — marries George, duke of Brunswick Liineburg, (after- wards George I. of England,) 21 Nov. 1682 — accused of intrigue with Count Konigsmark and imprisoned at Ahlen, Jul. 1694 — becomes Queen, 17 14 — tf. in prison, 13 Nov. 1726. Sophia, St, Church of, Constantinople, — ■ founded by Constantine, 325-6 — enlarged by Constantius ; destroyed, 404 — rebuilt by The- odosius, 415 — burnt in sedition of the Nika, 532 — rebuilt by Justinian, 531-537 —con- verted to a mosque by Mahomet II., 1453. Sophian, Abu. [Abu Sofian.] Sophocles, tragic poet,— [B C]— b., (01. 71, 2,) 495, a 496 b — exarchos at celebration of victory at Salamis, aut. 480 — first dramatic exhibition and prize, (Dionys. Maj. 01. 77, 4,) 468 — one of the strategi in Samian War, sum. 440 to spring 439 — one of the probouloi after destruction of Sicilian army, aut. 413 — tf., (Choes. 01. 93, 2,) 406^ 405 a — honoured by LycurguSj (orator,) about 350-330. Works: 82 * I 3°° SOPHOCLES— SOUBISE. Triptolemus, ? 468— Antigone, (01. 84, 4,) 440 —Philoctctes, (Dionys. Maj. 01. 92, 3,) 409 — CEdipus Colon., (01. 94, 3,) Feb. or Mar. 401. a Clinton. b Par. Mar. c Smith's Diet. Sophocles Junior, tragic poet, — [3C] — ex- hibits his grandfather's (Edipus Colon., Feb. or Mar. 401 — begins to exhibit his own, 396. Sophocles, — [B C] — proposes law against philosophers, (01. 115, 4, or 116, 1,) 317 or 316 [(01. 118,) 308-5]— repealed, 315. Sophron, mimographer, — [B C] — fl., about 460-420. Sophronius, theologian, — S., about 390. Sophus,?. Sempronius,— [3 C] — trib. pleb., 310 — Consul with P. Sulpicius Severus, (Saver- rio,) 304— defeats JEqui and triumphs : first plebeian censor, pontifex, 300 — censor with P. Sulpicius Severus, 299. Sora, in Italy, — r L B C] — taken by Samnites, 315 — reconquered by Eomans, 314 — [AD] — taken from Conrad von Marlei by troops of Frederick II., i2o8 a — yisited by Innocent III., 1208 — riots at, 1227 — town taken by Papal troops, summer 1229 — retaken and burnt by Frederick II., 28 Oct. 1229 a — visited by him, Jul. I240. a a Kington. Soranus, physician, anatomist, — $., about 110-150. Soranzo, Giovanni, Doge of Venice, — takes Ferrara and is excommunicated by Pope Clement V., 1308 — succeeds Marino Giorgi, 13 Jul. 131 1 — obtains absolution, Jan. 1323 — ft., Dec. 1327. Sorbin, — discovered by Pelouze, about 1852 — obtained in crystals, by Delffs, 1871. Sorbonne, College of the, Paris, — founded by Ptobert de Sorbonne, 1253 — approved by Clement IV., 1268— new buildings erected by Cardinal Eichelieu, 1629 — church built, 1635- 59 — Library burnt by Communists, 24 May 1871. Sorbonne, (Sorbon,) Robert de, — ft. at Sor- bon, near Eethel, 9 Oct. 1201 — confessor to St Louis, before 1250 — Canon of Paris, 1258 — rj. at Paris, 15 Aug. 1274. [Sorbonne, Col- lege of the.] Sorcerers, Sorcery, in England. [Witch- craft.] Sorel, Agnes, — fj. in Touraine, 1409 — Maid of Honour to Isabella, Duchess of Anjou, 1424 — accompanies her to Court of France, about 143 1 — Maid of Honour to the queen and mis- tress of Charles VII., soon after : retires from Court, 1445 — returns, 1449— if. at Jumiege, 9 Fob. 1450. Sorel, Charles, litterateur, — ft. at Paris, about 1595 — historiographer of France, 1635 — a", at Paris, 8 Mar. 1674. La rraie his- toire comique de Francion, 1622— le berger ex- travagant, 1627 — Pibliotheque frangaise, 1664. Sosibios, grammarian, — [BC] — fl., 251. Sosigenes, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 109, 3,) 342. Sosigenes, Peripatetic philosopher, — [3 C] — employed by Julius Caesar in correction of cal- endar, 46. Sosiphanes, one of the Tragic Pleiad, — [B C] — ft., between 340-330 a — exhibits, (01. 121, 4,) 296-284^ a Clinton. Sosis, — [BC] — assassinates Hieronymus of Syracuse, 215 — joins Marcellus : made a Eo- man citizen, 211. Sosistratos, — [B C] — directs affairs of Syra- cuse, before 317 — exile at Agrigentum, 314. Sosistratos, — [B C] — chief in affairs of Syra- cuse, 279— yields to Pyrrhus, 278-7. Sosistratos, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 81, 2,) 455. Sositheus, one of the Tragic Pleiad, — [BCj — fi., about (01. 124) 284-278^ a Clinton. Sosius, C, — [BC] — quaestor to H\ Lepidus, 66 — praetor, joins Pompey, 49 — Governor of Syria under Antony, 38 — takes Jerusalem and enthrones Herod, 37 — triumphs, 34 — Consul with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (722, a. u. c.) 32 — commands in Antony's fleet, 31 — pardoned by Augustus, after Actium, 31. Sosthenes,— [B C] — commands Macedonians (King ?) after Antipater, 280 — war with Gauls. Sosthenes, architect, — [BC] — builds Pharos at Alexandria, about 300. Sotades, of Maroneia, — [B C] — drowned for his satires on Lysimachus and Ptolemy, be- tween 285-281 — fl., 28o. a a Clinton. Soter, Bp ofEome, — succeeds Anicetus, 168 —if., 177. Sotheby, Samuel Leigh, typographical anti- quary, — ft., about 1806 — drowned, 19 Jun. 1 86 1. Principia Typographica, 1858. Sotheby, William, miscellemeous writer, — ft. in London, 9 Nov. 1757 — marries, 1780 — set- tles in London, 179 1 — ij. in London, 30 Dec. 1833. Translation of Wieland's Oberon, 1798 — the Georgics, 1800 — the Iliad, 1831. Soto, Domingo, theologian, — ft. at Segnvia, 1494 — Prof. Philosophy, Alcala, 15 19 — enters Dominican Order, 1524 — First Theologian of Charles V. at Council of Trent, 1545 — tf. at Salamanca, 17 Dec. 1560. Summulee, 1525 — ■ Be Just it ia et Jure, 1568. Soto, Hernandez de, discoverer of the Mis- sissippi, — ft. at Villanueva, about 1496 — goes to America, about 1520 — distinguishes himself under Pizarro, in conquest of Peru, 153 1-2 — obtains authority from Charles V. to conquer Florida, and is named Governor of Cuba, 1538 — embarks at San Lucar, Apr. 1538 — lands in Florida, Jun. 1539 — explores the country : ft., 25 Jun. 1542. Soubise, Benjamin de Eohan, Seigxeur de, Protestant leader, — ft. at La Eochelle, about i589, a 1583 b — assists at Assembly of Saumur, 161 1 — Commander-general of Protestant forces in Poitou, Brittany, and Anjou, 162 1 — sur- renders to the king at St Jean d'Angely, 23 Jun. 1 62 1 — ravages Poitou and is defeated by the king near Nantes, Apr. 1622 — declared guilty of high treason, 15 Jul. 1622 b — seizes Isle of Ehe, 1625 — defeated by Eoyal fleet off Eochelle, 15 Sep. 1625 — conducts English fleet to Eochelle, and is refused admission, 1626 — his Barony of Fontenay erected into a Duchy by letters-patent, 1626 — included in SOUBISE— SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 301 Pacification of Nismes, 29 Jun. 1629 — if. in London, 9 Oct. 1642. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Soubise, Charles de Bohan, Prince de, Peer and Marshal of France, — b. at Paris, 16 Jul. 17 15 — enters the army, 1734,* 1731 b — marries Anne Marie Louise de la Tour d'Au- vergne, 30 Dec. 1734 — loses his wife, 17 Sep. 1739 — marries Theresa of Savoy, 5 Nov. 1741 — aide-de-camp to Louis XV., 1744-8 — wounded at siege of Friburg, 1744 — loses his wife, 5 Apr. 1745 — marries Christina of Hesse-Bhin- i'eld, 24 Dec. 1745 — Lieutenant-general, 1 Jan. 1748 — Governor of Flanders andHainault, 1751 — marries his eldest daughter to Prince of Conde, 1753 — defeated by Prussians at Eoss- bach, 3 Nov. 1757 — obtains victories over Hessians, &c, at Sondershausen, i3, a 23 b Jul., and at Liitzelburg, 10 Oct. 1758 — Marshal of France, 19 Oct. 1758 — Minister of State, 18 Feb. 1759 — commands army of the Ehiue, 1761 — defeated by Prince of Brunswick, 15 Jul. 1761 — banished, 17 Feb. 1762 — if. at Paris, 4 Jul. 1787. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Soudan. [Africa and Niger.] Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, — b. near Auxerre, i7i4, a 17 13 b — admitted to Aca- demy of Architecture, Paris, 1 749 — if. at Paris, 29 Aug. i78i, a 1780.° Eebuilds Church of St Genevieve, 1757-81. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Sculie, Melehior Frederic, dramatist, novel- ist, — b. at Foix, 23 Dec. 1800 — settles at Paris, 1825 — if. at Bievre, near Paris, 22 Sep. 1847. Clotilde, 1832 — Deux Cadavres, 1833 — Memoires du diable, 1842. Soulouque, Faustin, Negro Emperor of Hayti, — b. near Port-au-Prince, about 1782 a ■ — Pres. Eepublic of Hayti, 1 Mar. 1847 — assumes title of Emperor, (Faustin I.,) 26 Aug. 1849 — crowned with his wife, 18 Apr. 1852— deposed, Dec. 1858 — arrested, 15 Jan. 1859 — **• near Port-au-Prince, end of Jul., 1867. [Domingo, St.] a Conv.-Lex. Soult, Nicolas Jean de Bieu, Duke oe Dal- matia, Marshal oe France, — b. at St A mans la Bastide, (Tarn,) 29 Mar. 1769 — enters the army, 15 Apr. 1785 — distinguishes himself at Fleurus, 26 Jun. 1794 — General of Brigade, n Oct. 1794 — serves at siege of Luxemburg, 1795 — contributes to defeat of Austrians at Altenkirchen, 1796 — repulses Austrian cavalry at Herborn, 15 Jun. 1796 — distinguishes himself at battle of Stockach, 25 Mar. 1799 — General of Division, 21 Apr. 1799 — takes part in combats before Zurich, 4 Jun. 1799 — contributes to victory of Zurich, 25 Sep. 1799 — takes part in defence of Genoa, 1800 — organizes the ' Army of England,' at Boulogne, 1803 — Marshal of the Empire and Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, 19 May 1804 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1805 — at Jena, 14 Oct. 1806 — at Eylau, 8 Feb. 1807 — takes Konigsberg, 14 Jun. 1807 — defeats Spaniards at Burgos, 10 Nov. 1808 — defeated by Sir John Moore at Coruna, 16 Jan. 1809 — takes Oporto, 29 Mar. — evacuates it, 12 May — Major-general of army in Spain, Jul. — obtains victory of Ocana, 19 Nov.— un- successfully attempts Cadiz, 5 Feb. 18x0— General-m-chief of army of the South, 14 Jul. 1810— takes Badajoz, 11 Mar. 181 1 — defeated byBeresford at Albuera, 16 May— retires from Andalusia, Jul. 18 12— serves at Liitzen and Bautzen, 1813— Commander-in-chief in Spain, Jul. 1813 — defeated by Wellington at Orthes, 27 Feb. 1 8 14 — and at Toulouse, 10 Apr. — evacuates Toulouse, 11 Apr. 18 14— Minister of War, 3 Dec. 18 14 — dismissed, n Mar. 18 15 — joins Napoleon I., 25 Mar. 1 8i5~Peer of France, by Napoleon, 2 Jun. — present at Waterloo, j8 Jun. 1 8 15 — banished by decree of 12 Jan. 1 8 16 — returns to France, May 18 19— Peer of France, 5 Nov. 1827— Minister of War, 17 Nov. 1830 — Pres. Council, 11 Oct. 1832 to 18 Jill. 1834 — ambassador extraord. to Queen Victoria, 25 Apr. 1838 — -Pres. Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, May 1839 to Mar. 1840 — Pres. Council and Minister of War, 29 Oct. 1840 — resigns portfolio of War, 10 Nov. 1845 — resigns presidency, 10 Sep. 1847 — Marshal -general of France, 26 Sep. 1847 — if. at the Chateau of Soult-Berg, 26 Nov. 1851. Sound, The, strait between Denmark and Sweden, — passage of, forced by British fleet, under Admiral Parker, 30 Mar. 1801 — again, by Admiral Gambier, 1 Sep. 1807. Dues im- posed by treaty between king of Denmark and Hanse Towns, 1348 — agreed to, by England, 1450 — Sweden exempted from payment of, 1644, but again made subject to, 1720 — con- firmed and regulated by Congress of Vienna, 1 8 15 — abolished by treaty between Denmark and principal States of Europe, signed at Co- penhagen, 14 Mar. 1857, and by separate treaty between Denmark and United States, South, Sir James, astronomer, — b. in Lon- don, 1785 — Joint-founder of Eoyal Astrono- mical Society, 1820 — F.E.S., 1821 — with Sir J. Herschel, compiles catalogue of double stars, 1822-3 — another, 1826 — receives Copley Medal, 1826 — Knt, 1830 — ij. at Kensington, 19 Oct. 1867. South, Eobert, theologian, — b. at Hackney, Middlesex, 1633 — enters Christ- church, Oxford, 1651 — M.A., 1657 — takes holy orders, 1658 — Public Creator of Oxford Univ., 1660 — Pre- bendary of Westminster and D.D., 1663 — ■ canon of Christ-church, 1670 — chaplain to Lawrence Hyde, when sent ambassador to Jobn Sobieski, 1676 — rector of Islip, Oxfordshire, 1678 — has controversy with Sherlock, 1693 — refuses bishopric of Bochester and deanery of Westminster, 17 13 — if. in London, 8 Jul. 17 16. Sermons, 1678-1715 — Posthumous Works, 1717. South Australia, — territory granted to S. Australia Colonization Association, 1835 — colonized by British, 1836— gold discovered in, 1844 — better government of, provided for, by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 59, 5 Aug. 1850 — new constitution adopted, 27 Oct. 1856 — ex- plored by Stuart, 1861. SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM— SOUTHEY. South Kensington Museum. [Kensing- ton.] South Mountain, in Virginia, V. S.,— de- feat of Confederates by Federals at, 14 Sep. 1862. South-Sea Company, — established by Act 9 Ann. c. 21, 17 10 — offers its scheme for dis- charging National Debt to House of Commons, 27 Jan. 1720 — its proposals accepted, 1 Feb. 1720 — price of its stock ranges between 900 and 1000, Jun., Jul. 1720— £1,000,000 of new capital subscribed, 24 Aug. 1720 — price of its stock begins to fall, 26 Aug. 1720 — agreement with the Bank, 23 Sep. 1720 — directors ordered by House of Commons to produce an account of their proceedings, 12 Dec. 1720 — Committee of Secrecy chosen, 6 Jan. 1721 — directors in service of the Crown discharged, n Jan. 1721 — directors examined before House of Lords, 12 Jan. 172 1— Secret Committee takes possession of South-Sea House and books, 14 Jan. 1721 — Knight, the cashier, absconds, 22 Jan.1721 — imprisonment of several M.Ps., directors, and others, 23-25 Jan. 172 1 — Knight imprisoned at Antwerp, 3 Feb. 172 1 — report of Com- mittee of Secrecy, 16 Feb. 1721 — Aislabie ex- amined by House of Commons, and committed to the Tower ; Sunderland resigns his office, 8 Mar. 1721 — forfeitures on estates of directors ordered by House of Commons, 17 Apr. 172 1 — Parliament prorogued, 10 Aug. 1721 — Court of Company held respecting the Assiento con- tract and Greenland trade, 3 Sep. 17 2 1 — Knight escapes from Antwerp, and is pardoned, 18 Oct. 172 1 — ships fitted out for Greenland fish- ery, Jul. 1724 to Apr. 1726 — Greenland fishery given up, 22 Nov. 1732 — inquiry of House of Lords into conduct of the Company, 1 Jun. 1733. Southampton, in Hampshire, — unsuccess- fully attacked by Danes, 837 — pillaged by them, 980 — winter-quarters of Danes, 994-995 — sacked by French and Genoese, Oct. 1338 — fortifications strengthened, 1339 — Edward III. embarks for France at, 7 Jul. 1345 — Henry V. embarks at, 11 Aug. 1415 — Marquis of Dorset with auxiliary force for Spain embarks at, Jun. 15 1 2 — Emperor Charles V. sails from, 1522 — visited by Edward VI., 1552— Queen Elizabeth holds her Court at, 1569 — visited by Garibaldi, 3 Apr. 1 864. Hartley Institution, opened, 15 Oct. 1862. Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, friend of Shakespeare, — b., 1573 — accom- panies Essex to Cadiz, 1596 — attainted, 1598 — accompanies Essex to Ireland, 1599 — takes part in his rebellion, 8 Feb. 1 601— tried and found guilty, 19 Feb.— restored to his honours, 1603 — created anew Earl of Southampton, 21 Jul. 1603— serves in the Netherlands, 1624 — )J. at Bergen-op-Zoom, 1624. Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of, Lord Chancellor of England,— Clerk to the Signet, to Henry VI 1 1., 1530— obtains office in Common Pleas, 1537 — Knt, and secre- tary of the king, 1538 — Joint-Commissioner for treaty of league with Charles V., 1543 — created Baron Wriothesley, 1 Jan. 1544 — Lord Chancellor, 3 May 1544 — negotiates treaty with Scotland, May 1544— takes part in torture of Anne Askew, 1546 — one of the executors of Henry VIII., Jan. 1547— created Earl of South- ampton, 16 Feb. 1547 — puts Great Seal in commission, and is dismissed and imprisoned, 6 Mar. 1547 — tf. in London, 30 Jul. 1550. Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of, Lord High Treasurer of England, — succeeds his father, 1624— joins Royalist party, 1 641 — takes proposals of accommodation to Parliament, 25 Aug. 1642 — Commissioner at Treaty of Uxbridge, 1645 — Privy Councillor and Lord High Treasurer, 1660 — tr., 16 May 1667. Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, Earl of, admiral, — Commander in fleet against France, 1512 — Vice-admiral of England, 1520 — Admiral, 1523 — treasurer of the king's household, 1524 — accompanies Henry VIII. to France, 1532 — K.G., Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster, 1535 — Admiral of England, &c, 1536 — Earl of Southampton, 18 Oct. 1537 — Lord Privy Seal, Oct. 1539— 5j. at Newcastle, Oct. 1542. Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, — ft. in Devon- shire, Apr. 1750 — professes herself a prophet- ess, about 1792 — "ft. in London, 27 Dec. 18 14. Warning to the whole world, 1803 — Book of Wonders, 18 13-14. Southern, Thomas, dramatist, — u. at Ox- mantown, in Dublin County, i66o, a at Strat- ford-on-Avon, i662, b at Dublin, 1659° — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 1676 c — enters Mid- dle Temple, London, 1678 — If. at Westmin- ster, 26 May 1746. Works, 1774. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. c Chalmers. Southey, Caroline Anne, (Miss Bowles,) poetess, — f). atLymington, Hants, 6 Dec. 1786 — marries Eobert Southey, 4 Jun. 1839 — ^ e ^ a widow, 21 Mar. 1843 — tf. at Lymington, 20 Jul. 1854. Mien Fitz- Arthur, 1820 — Solitary Hours, 1826 — Chapters on Churchyards, 1829 — Birth-day, 1836. Southey, Eobert, poet, miscellaneous writer, — fc. at Bristol, 12 Aug. 1774 — enters Balliol Coll. Oxford, Jan. 1793 — leaves it, 1794 — be- comes acquainted with Coleridge, 1794 — mar- ries Edith Flicker, Nov. 1795 — visits Spain and Portugal, 1795-6 — again, 1800 — settles at Greta Hall, near Keswick, 1804 — visits Scott, 1805 — receives pension, 1807 — begins to con- tribute to Quarterly Review, 1809 — poet-lau- reate, Nov. 1813 — LL.D. Oxford, 1821 — visits Holland, 1825 — receives increased pension, 1835 — loses his wife, 1837 — visits Normandy and Brittany, 1837 — marries Caroline Bowles, 4 Jun. 1839 — tf. at Greta Hall, 21 Mar. 1843. Poems, with Lovell, 1794 — Joan of Arc, 1795 — edition of Chatterton, 1803 — Thalaba, 1803 — Metrical Tales, 1804 — Madoc, 1805 — Letters from England, 1807 — Curse of Kehama, 18 10 — History of Brazil, 18 10- 19 — Life of Nelson, 181 3 — Boderick, 181 4 — Wat Tyler, 1 8 1 7 — Life of John Wesley, 1820 — History of the Peninsular War, 1822-32 — Book of the Church, 1824 — Life of John Bunyan, 1830 — Essays, 1832 — Naval History of England, 1833-40 — SOUTHWAEK BRIDGE— SPALDING. 1303 The Doctor, 1834 — edition of Cowper's Works, 1835-8 — Poetical Works, 1837 — Correspond- ence, 1849-50 — Commonplace Book, 1849-51. Southwark Bridge, London, — commenced by Eennie, 23 May 1815 — opened, 24 Mar. 1819. Southwell, Kobert, Jesuit, — b. in Norfolk, 1560 — enters Order of Jesuits at Eome, 1578 — sent missionary to London, about 1586 — im- prisoned, Jul. 1592 — executed at Tyburn, 21 Feb. 1595. St Peter's Complaint, 1593 — Mceonice, 1595 — Triumph over Death, 1595 — Mary Magdalen's Tears, 1609. Southwold Bay, {Solebay,) — Duke of York defeats Dutch fleet, 28 May 1672. Souvestre, Emile, litterateur, — b. at Mor- laix, 15 Apr. 1806 — settles at Paris, 1836 — member of Legion of Honour, 1847 — ft. at Paris, 5 Jul. 1854. Des Demiers Bretons, 1835-7 — joint-editor of .Revue des deux Mondes, 1836-48. Souza, Luiz de, historian, — b. at Santarem, about 1560 — enters Dominican Order, 8 Sep. 1614 — tf. near Lisbon, May 1632. Vida de Bartholomeu dos Marty res, 1619 — Historia de San-Domingos, 1623-78. Souza-Botelho, Jose Maria, Marquis de, diplomatist, litterateur, — b. at Oporto, 9, a 20 b Mar. 1758 — plenipotentiary in Sweden, 1791 — at Copenhagen, 1795 — at Lisbon, 1799 — envoy to England, 1802 — plenipotentiary at Paris, 1802-5 — tf. there, 1 Jun. 1825. Edition of the Lusiad, 18 17. Engl. Cyc. Biog. "Univ. Souza. [Faria de Sousa, Manoel.] Sovereign, gold coin, — coined in England by Henry VII., 1489 a — displaced by guinea, 1663 — again coined, 18 15. Double, 1485. a Ruding. Sowerby, George Brettingham, naturalist, — b. in London, 12 Aug. 1788 — If., 26 Jul. 1854. Genera of Pecent and Fossil Shells, 1820-4. Sowerby, James, naturalist, — b. in London, 21 Mar. 1757— "&., 25 Oct. 1822. With Sir J. E. Smith, English Botany, 1832 — English Fungi, 17 97 -1803 — British Mineralogy, 1804- 17 — Exotic Mineralogy, 18 11. Soye, Philippe de, engraver, — b. in Holland, about 1538. Soyuti, {Abul-Fadl Abd El-Pahman Ben Abu Bekr Ben Mohammed-Jelal Ed-Din El- Soyuti, (Osyuti,) miscellaneous writer, — b. at Cairo, (1 Eajib' 849, a. h.) 2 Oct. 1445— If., (18 Jomadba I. 911,) 17 Sep. 1505. Sozomenos, {Hermeias, Salamanes, Scholas- ticus,) ecclesiastical historian, — ft., 439-443. Church History, 439. Sozopetra, in Syria, — taken and destroyed by Emperor Theophilus, 838. Spa, in Belgium, — its mineral waters dis- covered, probably about 1320-30 — taken by French, 1794. Spada, Lionello, painter, — b. at Bologna, 1576 — ti. at Parma, 17 May 1622. Spaendonck, Gerard van, painter, — b. at Tilbourg, 23 Mar. 1746 — goes to Paris, 1770 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 1781 — member of French Institute, 1796 — ft. at Paris, n May 1822. Spagna, Lo (Spagnuolo) Giovanni di Pie- tro, painter, — paints, 1507-30 — head of paint- ers' guild at Spoleto, 15 17. Spagnoletto. [Ribera.] Spain, {Hispania, Iberia,) — [B C] — men- tioned by Hecataeus, about 500— Carthaginians under Hamilcar settle in, and conquer part of the country, 237-229 — Carthaginians conquered and expelled by Eomans, 206 — divided into two provinces, EC. Citerior and H. Ulterior, as early as 201 — [see Celtiberians, Cinibri, Lu- sitanians, Numantia, Sertorius, Viriathus] — subjugation of, completed by Augustus, about ' 25, and then divided into three provinces, Tar- raconensis, Bcetica, and Lusitania : — [AD] — receives jus Latii from Vespasian, 71-79 — in- vaded by Suevi and Vandals, 409 — entered by Visigoths, who reconquer great part for Eo- man Empire, 414-418 — evacuated by Vandals, 429 — Eoman dominion ends, 471 — conquered by Saracens, 712 — [Moors] — kingdom of As- turias founded by Pelayo, 718 — [see Aragon, Castile, Leon, Navarre, Almoravides, Almo- hades, Granada] — forms one kingdom under Charles L, [Charles V., Emperok] 15 16 — Philip II. (son) succeeds, 1556 — Portugal united with, 1581 — Philip III., (son,) 1591 — ■ Philip IV., (son,) 1621 — separation of Portu- gal, 1640 — Charles II., (son,) 1665. Souse of Bourbon : Philip V., Duke of Anjou, appointed to the succession by Charles II., 1700 — Louis, (son,) 1724 — Philip V. again, 1724— Ferdinand VI., (son,) 1746— Charles III., (brother,) 1759— Charles IV., (son,) 1788. French conquest : Joseph Napoleon, 1808 — Restoration of Bourbons, Ferdinand VII., 18 14 — Isabella II., (daughter,) 1833 — the throne claimed by Don Carlos : civil war commences, 1834 — ends with defeat of Carlists, Sep. 1840 — insurrections in, May 1843 — again, early in 1856 — [O'Donnell] — whole kingdom de- clared in state of siege, 22 Feb. — insurrection at Madrid, 17 Jul. — National Junta estab- lished, 19 Jul. — banishment of Queen Chris- tina, 28 Aug. — war with Morocco, 1859 — war with Peru, 1864— with Peru and Chili, 1865 — insurrection headed by Gen. Prim, 3 Jan. 1866 — suppressed, 20 Jan. — another, 17 Jul. 1867 — martial law proclaimed and insur- rection suppressed, Jul. — Isabella deposed, 29 Sep. 1868— [Spanish Bevolution] — Amadeus I. (Duke op Aosta) accepts the crown, 3 Dec. 1870 — dissolution of the Cortes, 24 Jan. 1872. Spain, Era of. [Spanish Era.] Spalatin, George, reformer, — b-, 1484 — studies at Niirnberg and Erfurt, 1497 -1502 — — ordained priest, 1507 — chaplain to Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, 15 14 — attends Diet of Worms, 152 1 — takes part in organ- ization of Saxon Churches, 1527-39 — attends Diet of Augsburg, 1530 — "if., 16 Jan. 1545. Spalding, Georg Ludwig, philologist, — b. at Earth, 8 Apr. 1762 — M.A. Halle, 1792— member of Berlin Academy, 1803 — if. at Per- 3 C 4 SPALDING— SPARKS. lin, ; Jim. 1S11. Edition of Quintilian, 1798- 1808. Spalding, Johann Joachim, theologian, — b. in Swedish Pomerania, 1 Not. 17 14— pastor at Berlin, 1764-88— tf. there, 2 Mar., a 26 May, b 26 Mar. c 1804. Sermons, 1765, 1768, 1784 — Bestimmung des Jlenschen, 1748 — Le- bensbeschreibung, 1 804. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Spalding, Samuel— b. in London, 30 May 1807—53. at the Cape of Good Hope, 14 Jan. 1S34. Philosophy of Christian Morals, 1834. Spalding Club, at Aberdeen, — instituted by Robertson and others, 1839— dissolved, Dec. 1869. Spallanzani, Lazaro, naturalist, — b. near Reggio, 12 Jan. 1729— Prof. Logic, Meta- physics, and Greek Literature, Univ. of Reggio, 1754 — removes to Modena, 1760 — Prof. Na- tural History, Pavia, 1770 — travels in Switzer- land, South Europe, Turkey, &c, 1779-86 — if. at Pavia, 12 Feb. 1799. Saggio diosser- vazioni microscopiche concernenti it sistcma della generazione di Needham e di Buffon, 1767 — De' fenomeni delta circolazione, §c, 1777 — Opuscoli difisica animate e vegetabile, 1776 — Mem. nulla rc&pirazione, 1803. Spandau,. in Prussia — taken by Swedes, 163 1 — by French, 25 Oct. 1806 — surrenders to allies, 20 Apr. 1813. Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, theologian, — b. in Hohenstein, 15 Jul. 1704 — studies at Jena and becomes acquainted with Zinzendorf, 1722-6 — Assistant Prof. Theology, Halle, 17 31 — dismissed, 1733 — joins Moravians at Herrn- hut, 1733 — goes to England and obtains grant for Moravian settlement in Georgia, 1734 — forms the settlement, spring 1735 — returns to Europe, 1739 — ordained bishop, returns to Georgia, 1744 — member of College of Bishops and Elders at Herrnhut, 1762— ij. at Berthels- dorf in Saxony, 18 Sep. 1792. Leben Zinzen- dorf, 1772 — Idea Fidei F rat rum, 1779. Spanheim, Ezechiel, numismatist, philolo- gist, — b. at Geneva, 7 Dec. 1629 — Prof. Belles Lettres, Geneva, 1651 — visits Italy, 1659-65 — ambassador extraord. of Elector of Branden- burg to Paris, 1680-89 and 1697-1701 — am- bassador to England, 1702 — if. there, 7 Nov. 17 10. Be pnestantia et asu numismedum an- tiguorum, 1664. Spanheim, Frederick, theologian, — b. at Amberg, 1 Jan. 1600 — Prof. Philosophy, Ge- neva, 1626 — Prof. Theology, 1631 — Prof. The- ology, Leyden, 1642 — tr. there, 1649. Spanish America, — boundary of, denned, and investiture given to Ferdinand and Isa- bella, by Pope Alexander VI., 1493. [Mexico, Peru, Chili, $c] Spanish Armada. [Armada.] Spanish Era, — [BC] — commences, 1 Jan. 38— disused in Aragon, by edict of Pedro IV., 17 Dec. 1350 — in Valencia, 1358— in Castile, x 3 8 3 — in Portugal, about 1415. Spanish Marriages. [Montpensier, Duke of.] Spanish Revolution, — 1868 : expulsion of Daku and Duchess of Montpensier from Spain, by Isabella IL, 6 Jul. — arrest and banishment of Serrano and other generals, 6 — commences with pronunciamento of fleet at Cadiz, 18 Sep. — revolutionary forces under Gen. Serrano de- feat Gen. Novaliches at Alcolea, 28 — Madrid declares for revolution, provisional government formed, deposition of Bourbon dynasty pro- nounced, 29 — departure of the queen, 30 — Ser- rano enters Madrid, 3 Oct. — Gen. Prim enters Madrid, 7 — new ministry under presidency of Serrano, 8 — suppression of Jesuits, and confis- cation of their property, 13 — suppression of- monasteries founded since 1837, 19 — Central Junta, Madrid, dissolved, 20 — manifesto by Pro- visional Government issued, 26 — insurrection at Cadiz, 5 Dec. — suppressed, 13 — manifesto of Duke of Montpensier to Spanish people, 24. 1869 : insurrection at Malaga, suppressed by Gen. Caballero de Rodas, Jan. — remon- strance against religious freedom, presented by ladies, 9 — decree issued for taking possession of archives and Art treasures in churches and monasteries, Jan. — civil governor of Burgos as- sassinated in the cathedral, 24 — the Cortes open- ed, 1 1 Feb. — resignation of Provisional Govern- ment, 22 — Serrano appointed Chief Minister, 25 — disturbances in Andalusia, Mar. — abolition of conscription resolved on, by Cortes, 12 Mar. — the crown offered to Dom Ferdinand of Portugal, and refused by him, Apr. — monarchy adopted by Cortes, 21 May — new constitution adopted, 1 Jim. — promulgated at Madrid, 6 — regency established, Serrano appointed Regent, 16 — sworn in, 18 — Carlist disturbances, Jul. — martial law proclaimed, 25 Jul. — crown de- clined by King Luis of Portugal, 30 Sep. 1 870 : abdication of Isabella in favour of her son, Prince of the Asturias, 25 Jim. — crown accepted by Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen, early in Jul. — [Franco-Ger- man War.] — Duke of Aosta elected King by the Cortes, 17 Nov. — accepts the crown, 3 Dec, and takes title of Amadeus I. : Gen. Prim assassinated at Madrid, 28 Dec. — tf., 30 Dec. Spanish Succession, War of the, — breaks out, on death of Charles II. of Spain without heir, between Emperor Leopold I. and Louis XIV., Jul. 1701 — Grand Alliance, of Emperor, Great Britain, and Holland, concluded, 7 Sep. 1 7 01 — Holland declares war against France and Spain, 8 May 1702 — Great Britain, 15 May — the Emperor, 3 Jul. — [see Pragmatic Sanction ; Charles II. of Spain ; Philip V. ; Marlborough, Duke op ; Eugene, Pkixce ; Blenheim, Gibraltar, Barcelona, Ramilies, Almanza, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, §c.~] — ends with establishment of Pbilip on the tbrone by Treaties of Utrecht, 17 13, and Baden, 17 14. Sparks, Jared, historian, biographer, — b. at Wellington, Conn. U.S., 10 May 1789 — graduates at Harvard Univ., 18 15 — pastor of Unitarian Church at Baltimore, 1819 — settles at Boston, 1823— M c Lean Prof. History, Har- vard Univ., 1839 — Pres. Harvard, 1849 — visits England and France, 1852 — tr. at Cambridge, Mass. U.S., 14 Mar. 1866. Life of Ledyard, 1828 — Life and Writings of Washington, 1834- SPARRMANN— SPEED. '3°5 37 — Diplomatic Correspondence of American Revolution, 1829-30 — American Almanac, 1830 — Life of Governor Morris, 1832 — Library of American Biography, 1834-48 — edits North American Review, 1823-30 — edition of Frank- lin's Works, 1840 — Correspondence of Ameri- can Revolution, 1854. Sparrmann, Andrew, naturalist, traveller, — h. in Sweden, about 1747 — goes to the Cape of Good Hope, 1772 — accompanies Captain Cook round the world, 1772-5 — travels in interior of Africa, 1775-6 — member of Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1776 — tf. at Stockholm, 20 Jul. 1820. Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, §c, 1787. Sparta, Laeedsemon, Kings of, — [BC] — [Eurysthenes and Procles, joint kings of, 1074 a ] — -joint sovereignty held by their de- scendants, but dates merely conjectural till the reigns of Anaxandbides (Agid) and Aeiston, (Proclid,) about 560 b — Cleomenes I., 524 a — Demabatus, about5 1 2-508 a --LEONiDAS, 49 1 — Leotychidas, 492 a — Pleistabchus, 480 a — (Pausanias Regent :) Aechidamus H.,469 — Pleistoanax, about 464-460^ 458 b — Pausa- nias REGENT, 445 — AGIS II., 426 b — PATJSANIAS King, 408— Agesilaos II., 398— Agesipolis I., 394 — Cleombeotus, 380 — Agesipolis II., 371 — Cleomenes II., 370 — Aechidamus III., 361 — Agis III., Aug. 338 — Aeeus II., 309 — EUDAMIDAS I., 330 — AcROTATUS, 265 — Ab- chidamls IV., — ? — Aeeus II., 264 ? — Eu- DAMIDAS II., — ? — LeONIDAS II., ? — - Cleombeotus II., — ? — Agis IY., 244 — Leonidas restored, 240 — Eurydamidas, — ? — Cleomenes III., 236 — Aechidamus Y., — — Agesipolis III., 219 — Lycuegus elected, 219— Machanidas, 210 — Nabis, 206. a Miiller. b Clinton. Sparta, Lacedeemon, — [BC]- [ruled by joint kings, (Agid or Eurysthenid and Proclid,) from 1074 a ] — power of popular Assembly limited by Polydorus and Theopompus, (01. 7, 3,) 750 a — first Messsnian War, 743-723 — war with Argives for Thyrea, (?) 718 — second Mes- senian War, 685-668, 13 probably 679-662° — contests of boys, naked, instituted at, 665, d 669 e — defeated by Argives at Hysiae, 669 — capture of Phigalia, 659 — receives the Bacchiadce ex- pelled from Corinth, 6^^ — unsuccessful war with Tegea, about (01. 46) 596 a — Hegemony of, about 580 — five years' truce with Athens, 552 a — twenty years' truce with Argos, 552 a — finds bones of Orestes, defeats Tegea, (01. 58, 1,) 548 a — war against Polycrates of Samos, 525 c — pretended maritime power, 512 a — takes part in Persian War, 480-477 — war with He- lots, 479-465 — war with Arcadia, begins, about 470 — earthquake, 464 — revolt of Helots, 464 c —third M essenian War, 464-455 — Athens re- nounces alliance of, 462— campaign in Doris, 457 — battle of Tanagra, 457 — four months' truce with Athens, 457 a — league with Thebes, 45 7 a — thirty years' truce with Athens, 446-445 a — congress at, autumn 432— Peloponnesian War, 432-404 — war with Elis, 401-399 — earthquake, 401 — acknowledged supremacy of, 399 — assailed, 394-387 — restored, 387-379 — Olyntkian War, 382-379— supremacy again as- sailed, 378-371 — restored, 371 — overthrown at Leuctra, 371 — struggle for existence, 370-361 — excepted from general peace, 361 — war with Megalopolis, after midsummer 352 — subject to Philip of Macedonia, 338— attempt of Agis to recover independence, Agis defeated and slain by Antipater, 331 — syssitia exchanged for luxury, about 300 — unsuccessfully attacked by Pyrrhus, 268 — unsuccessful attempt of Agis to restore laws of Lycurgus, 244-240— reforms of Cleo-. menes, 225— battle of Sellasia, 221 — taken by Aratus,22i— on defeat of JSTabis by Philopoe- men, joins Aehsean League, 192 — laws of Lv- curgus abrogated by Philopoenien, (01. 148, 1,) 188 — subjugated with the rest of Greece by Some, 146. a MG]ler. b Paus. c Clinton. d Euseb. e Hieron. Spartacus, — [B C] — chosen leader of re- volted gladiators, 73 — defeats Cossanus and Glaber, 73 — defeats Corn. Lentulus and Pub- licola, 72 — encamps at Thurii, 72-71 — defeats Longinus at Mutina, 7 1 — defeats Manlius and Mummius, 71 — defeated by Crassus, 71 — block- aded in Ehegium, attempts to reach Sicily, 7 1 — defeats L. Quintius and Tremellius Scrofa, near Petilia ; defeated and slain near the Silarus by Crassus, 7 1 . Spartianus, iElius, biographer, historian, — fl., about 300-310. Speaking- Trumpet, norland's, — invented, 1670. Species, Origin of, — investigated by La- marck, 1 809 — discussed by GeofFroy St Hilaire and Cuvier, 1830 — investigated by author of Vestiges of Natural History of Creation, 1844 — by Darwin, 1859. Speckter, Erwin, painter, — ft. at Hamburg, 1806 — visits Munich, 1825-7 — Italy, 1831-4 — tf., 23 Nov. 1835. Briefe eincs Leutschen Kiinstier aus Ltalien, 1846. Speckter, Otto, painter, book-illustrator, — 6. at Hamburg, 1807 — rj., about Jun. 187 1. Fabelbuch fur Kinder, 1833. Spectator. [See Addison.] Spectator, English weekly Journal, — origin- ated by Rintoul, 5 Jul. 1828. Spectrum, Solar, — explained by Newton, 1666-7. [Spectrum Analysis.] Spectrum Analysis, — dark lines in solar spectrum observed by Wollaston, 1802 — in- vestigated and mapped by Fraunhofer, 18 14 — spectra of fixed stars examined by Fraunhofer, 1 8 14 — spectra of coloured flames investigated by Herschel, 1822— by Talbot, 1826 — by Miller, 1845 — by Foucault, 1849 — by Swan, 1857 — placed on scientific basis by discoveries of Bunsen and Kirchkoff, i860 — applied to light of fixed stars by Donati, 1862 — by Hag- gins, Miller, and Secchi, 1863 — to the nebulae, by Huggins, 1864— to comets, by Huggins, 1866 — in observation of eclipses of the sun, Aug. 1868 and Dec. 1871, Of electric spark, effected by Wheatstone, 1835 — Angstrom's ex- periments, 1855 — Stokes's, 1862. Speed, John, historian, — fi. in Cheshire, 1542 — tf. in London, 28 Jul. 1629. History of Great Britain, 161 1. r 3°6 SPEKE— SPHODEIAS. Speke, John Hanning, African explorer — b. in Somersetshire, 1827 — enters Indian army, 1844 — accompanies Burton in E. Africa, 1856 — reaches Lake Nyanza, 1858 — with Grant, explores sources of the Nile, 1860-3 — accident- ally shot, near Bath, 15 Sep. 1864. Journal of Discovery of Source of the Nile, 1863 — What led to Discovery of Source of the Nile, 1864. Spello, in Italy, — the Guelfs of Perugia de- feated by troops of Frederick II. at, Mar. 1246. Spelman, Sir Henry, antiquary, — b. in Norfolk, 1562— enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1575 — Knt, by James I., about 16 12 ? — settles in London, 16 12— tf. there, 1641. Glossarium archaiologicum, 1626 — Concilia, decreta, leges, constitutiones in re ecclesiastica Orbis Britan- nici, 1639-64 — Peliquice, 1698. Spence, B. E., sculptor, — tf. at Leghorn, 28 Oct. 1866. Spence, Joseph, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Kingsclere, Hants, 25 Apr. 1699— M.A. Ox- ford, 1727— Prof. Poetry, Oxford, 1728-38— Eegius Prof. Modern History, 1742 — prebend- ary of Durham, 1754 — drowned at Byfleet, Surrey, 20 Aug. 1758. Polymetis, 1747 — Anecdotes, 1820. Spence, "William, entomologist, — b., 1783 — becomes acquainted with Kirby at Hull, 1805 — tf. in London, 6 Jan. i860. "With Kirby, Ditroduction to Fntomology , 1815-26. Spencer, Charles, Henry, and'Ro'heit. [Sun- derland, Earls of.] Spencer, De. [Despenser.] Spencer, George, (Father. Ignatius of St Paul,) Passionist, — 6. in London, 21 Dec. 1799 —enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 18 17 — M.A., 1819 — takes holy orders, Dec. 1822 — priest, Jun. 1824 — enters Church of Borne, 1830 — ordained priest at Borne, 26 May 1832 — settles at West Bromwich, Nov. 1832 — tutor at Oscott College, spring 1839 — enters Order of Pas- sionists, Jan. 1847 — if. at Carstairs, in Scotland, 1 Oct. 1864. Spencer, George John, 2nd Earl, and Vis- count Althorp, — fj. at Wimbledon, 1 Sep. 1758 — M.A. Cambridge, 1778 — M.P. North- amptonshire, 1780 — marries, 178 1 — Commis- sioner of the Treasury, 1782 — succeeds his father, 31 Oct. 1782— D.C.L. Oxford, 1793 — trustee of British Museum, 1793 — ambassador extraord. to Vienna, 1794 — Lord Privy Seal, 19 Jul. — First Lord of Admiralty, Dec. — K.G., 1 Mar. 1799 — resigns office, 1802 — Secretary of State for Home Department, 1806 — retires, 1806 — Pros. Boxburghe Club, 1812 — loses his wife, 1 83 1 — tf. at Althorp Park, 10 Nov. 1834. Spencer, John, theologian, — b. at Boeton, Kent, 1630— enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cam- bridge, 1645 — M.A., 1652 — Fellow of his Coll., 1655 — D.D., 1665 — Master of Corpus, Aug. 1667 — Dean of Ely, 1677 — tf. at Cam- bridge, 27 May 1695. De TIrim et Thummim, 1678 — De legibns Hebrceorumritualibus, 1685. Spencer, John Charles, 3rd Earl, Vis- count Althorp, statesman, — b., 30 May 1782— M.A. Cambridge, 1802 — M.P. Oak- hampton, 1804 — M.P. Northamptonshire, 1806-32 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nov. 1830 to Nov. 1834 — succeeds his father, Nov. 1834 — Pres. Boyal Agricultural Society, 1838 — tf. atWiseton'Hall, Nottinghamshire, 1 Oct. 1845. Spener, Philipp Jakob, founder of the Piet- ists, — b. in Alsace, 13 Jan. 1635 — begins to study at Strasburg, 1651 — public preacher, Strasburg, 1663 — D.D., 1664 — first preacher of Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1666 — founds there his Collegia Pietatis, 1670 — court preacher, Dresden, 1686 — tf. at Berlin, 5 Feb. 1705. Theatrum nobilitatis Europcece, 1668 — Insig- nium theoria, 1690 — Pia Desideria, 1675. Spenser, De. [Despenser.] Spenser, Edmund, poet, — b. in London, 1553 — enters Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 20 May 1569 — B.A., 1572 — M.A., 1576 — goes to Ireland as secretary to Lord Grey of Wil- ton, 1580 — receives grant of Kilcolman, 1586 — presented to Queen Elizabeth by Baleigh, 1590 — marries, 1594 — his house and child burnt by rebels, 1598 — tf. in London, 16 Jan. 1599. S/iephearde's Calendar, 1579 — Faerie Queen, 1590-1 — Complaints, 1591 — Hymns, 1596 — View of Ireland, written, 1596, pub- lished, 1633. Spenser, [Spencer,) Henry, Bp of Norwich, (Fighting Bishop,) — appointed by Papal bull, 3 Apr. 1370 — suppresses insurrection in east- ern counties, 1381 — appointed by Urban VI. to head crusade against Clement VII., 1382 — passes into Flanders, takes Gravelines, and enters Dunkirk, May 1383 — unsuccessfully be- sieges Tpres ; on his return is accused of re- ceiving bribe from France, Oct. 1383 — de- prived of his temporalities, 1383 — receives them again, 24 Oct. 1385 — tf., 23 Aug. 1406. Speranski, Michael, statesman, — b. in Bus- sia, 17 7 1 — Prof. Mathematics and Physics, Academy of St Petersburg, 1797 — Secretary to Imperial Council, 1801 — Assistant Minister of Justice, Governor of Finland, 1808 — Privy Councillor, 1809 — exiled, 18 12 — Governor of Siberia, 18 19 — restored to the Council, Mar. 1821 — Pres. of the Chancery, 1825 — tf. at St Petersburg, 23 Feb. 1839. Sperling, Otto, antiquary, — b.at Christiania, 1634 — LL.D. Kiel, 1674 — visits Paris, 1681 — Prof. Jurisprudence and History, Copen- hagen, 1692 — F.B.S. London, 1700 — tf. at Copenhagen, 18 Mar. 17 15. Monumentum hamburgense benedictinum, 1675 — De Danicce linguce et nominis antiqua gloria, 1694 — De numis non cusis, 1700. Speroni, Sperone, poet, litterateur, — b. at Padua, 1500 — Prof. Logic, 1520 — Prof. Philo- sophy, 1523-8 — sent to Borne as agent of Duke of Urbino, 1560 — Knt, by Pius IV., 1564 — tf. at Padua, 3 Jun. 1588. Dialoghi, 1542 — Canace, 1546 — Orazioni, 1596 — Lettere, 1608. Speusippus, Platonic philosopher, — [B C] — succeeds Plato, 347 to May or Jun. 339. Sphacteria, — [B C] — invested, surrenders to Cleon, 425. Sphserus, Stoic philosopher, — [BC] — 3., about 300. Spherograph, — invented by Saxby, 1856. Sphodrias, — [BO] — attempts the Pii seus, SPICHEREN— SPOLETO. 1307 378 — harmost of Thespise : tried and acquitted : killed at Leuctra, 371. Spicheren, battle of, [Forbach.] Spiers, Alexandre, lexicographer, — ft. at Gosport, Hants, 1808 — settles at Paris, 1829 — Prof. English, Lycee Bonaparte, 1833 — ft. at Passy, near Paris, 26 Aug. 1869. Diction- naire general francais-anglais, 1846 — General French and English Dictionary, 1849. Spigeiius, ( Vanden Spieghel, ) Adrian, anatomist, — ft. at Brussels, 1578 — Prof. Anato- my and Surgery, Padua, 16 16 — ft. there, 1625. Opera, 1645. Spilberg, Johann, painter, — ft. at Diissel- dorf, 1619 — if., 10 Aug. 1690. Spiller, John, sculptor, — ft. in London, 1763 — tS., 1794. Statue of Charles II., Royal Ex- change, 1794. Spine Bags, — patented by Chapman, 1863. Spinelli, Spinello. [Aretino.] Spinelli, ( Spinello, ) Parri, (Gasparri, ) painter, — ft. at Arezzo, about 1386 ? Spinning-Frame, — invented by Arkwright, 1769 — improved by Crompton, (llule-Jenny,) 1779. Spinning- Jenny, — invented by Hargreaves, 1767. Spinning-Wheel, — invented at Niirnberg, about 1530. Spinola, Ambrosio, Marquis op, general, — ft. at Genoa, 1569^ 1571 b — General-in-chief of Spanish forces in the Netherlands, 1604 — takes Ostend, after three years' siege, 14 Sep. 1604 — concludes truce with Prince Maurice, 9 Apr. 1609 — takes Juliers, Feb. 1622 — takes Breda, Jun. 1625 — tf. at Castel-Nuovo di Scrivia, 25 Sep. 1630. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de, philosopher, — ft. at Amsterdam, 24 Nov. 1632 — excom- municated by the Synagogue, (6 Ab,) Jul. 1656 a — leaves Amsterdam, before end of 1656 a — living at Khynsburg, 1660-4 — latinizes bis name, (Benedict,) 1663 — settles at Voorburg, near the Hague, 1664 — invited to Chair of Philosophy, Univ. of Heidelberg, early in 1673, but declines it: ft. at the Hague, 21 Feb. 1677. Renati Descartes Principiorum Fhilosophice pars prima et secunda more geome- trico demonstratus, 1663 — Cogitata metaphysica, 1664 — Tractatus theologico-politicus, 1670 — Opera post huma, 1677. a Willis. Spire, (Speyer,) in Bavaria, (Noviomagus,) — seat of a bishopric, about 300 — visited by Emperor Frederick II., Apr. 1236 — seat of Imperial Chamber of Justice, 1513-1689 — taken and nearly destroyed by French, May 1689 — rebuilt, about 1700 — taken by Gen. Custine, 29 Sep. 1792 — annexed to France, 1 80 1 -14. Cathedral, commenced by Conrad the Salic, 1030 — completed by Henry IV., 1 06 1— desecrated and pillaged by French, 31 May 1689 — restoration of, 1772-84 — again destroyed by French, 1794 — restored and re- consecrated, 19 May 1822 — decorated with frescoes by Schraudolph, 1843-55. Diet of, — [see Protestants.] Spirit Level, — invented by Melchizedek Thevenot, 1761. Spirit-Rapping, Spiritualism, — originates in America, 1847-8 — introduced in London, about 1852. [Table-turning.] Spirits, Ardent, in England,— excise laws relating to, consolidated by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 114, 28 Aug. i860— amended by 25 and 26 Vic. c. 38, 17 Jul. 1862. Spitaliields, London, — silk manufacture established by French refugees, about 1685-90 — riots of weavers, 14 Oct. 1767, and 7 Oct. 1769 — two of the rioters hung, Dec. 1770. Spithead, off Portsmouth, — naval reviews at, 8 Aug. 1853, 23 May 1856, and in presence of Sultan Abdul Aziz, 17 Jul. 1867. Spitsbergen, in Arctic Ocean,— discovered by "Willughby, 1553 (?) — visited and named by Barentz, Hemskirke, and Ryp, 1595-6 — coasts surveyed by Phipps, 1773 — explored by Torell, 1861 — first German exploring expedition, 1868 — survey of East, by Von Heuglin, Jul. to Sep. 1870 — other expeditions under Von Heuglin, Payer and "Weyprecht, &c, sum. 187 1. Spix, Johann Baptist von, anatomist, natu- ralist, — ft. at Hochstadt, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 178 1 — Keeper of Natural History Museum, 1811 — ■ member of Acad, of Sciences, Munich, 18 13 — travels with Von Martius in Brazil, 1817-20— tf., '13 May 1826. Cephalo genesis, 1815 — ^Geschichte und Beurtheilung aller Systeme der ZooTogie, 18 11. Splugen, Pass of the, — crossed by the French under Marshal Macdonald, 27 Nov. to 1 Dec. 1800. Spofforth, Reginald, musical composer, — ft. at Southwell, Notts, 1768 — tf. in London, 8 Sep. 1826. Spohn, Friedrich August "Wiihelm, philo- logist, — ft. at Dortmund, 16 May 1792 — Prof. Greek and Latin, Leipsic, 18 19 — tf., 17 Jan. 1824. Edits Panegyricus of Isocrates, 1817— and Opera et Dies of Hesiod, 18 19 — De Tibulli Vitaet Carminibus, 18 19 — Lectiones Theocriteca, 1823-4 — D e lingua et Uteris yeterum JEgyp- tiorum, 1825. Spohr, Ludwig, musical composer, — ft. in Brunswick, 5 Apr. 1784 — Concert-master at Gotha, 1805 — marries, about 1806 — Chapel- master, Vienna, 181 3 — Director of Theatre, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 18 17 — visits Paris and London, 18 19 — Chapel-master at Cassel, 1823 — tf. at Cassel, 22 Oct. 1859. Faust, written, 1814, produced, 1818 — Jessonda, 1823 — Last Judgment, 1829 — Violonschule, 1831 — Cruci- fixion, 1835 — Fall of Babylon, 1840 — Conse- cration of Sound, 1838 — Selbstb iograph ie, i860. Spoleto, in Italy, {Spoletium Spoletum,) — [B Cj — Roman colony, 242 a — unsuccessfully attacked by Hannibal, 217 a — [AD]— seat of a bishopric, before 100 — taken by Totila, 545 b — fortifications restored by Narses, about 560-5 — head of a Lombard Duchy, by Alboin, 570 c — taken possession of by Berenger, king of Italy, 888— attacked by Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 d — given by Frederick II. to the pope, 121 3 d — aids Frederick, i234 d — reclaimed by him, 1239 d — garrisoned by the pope, 1240 d — sub- mits to Frederick, Jun. 1241 d — visited by him, May 1244 d — destroyed by Perugians, 1324— 1308 SPOLIA OPIMA— STALE. taken by Italian from Papal troops, i860. a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Kington. Spolia Opima, — [BC] — [said to be won by Romulus :] won by Aulus Corn. Cossus from Lar Tolnmnius, Yeii, (328, a. tt. c.) 426 — by M. Claudius Marcellus from Yiridonmrus, GcTsata?, (532,) 222. Spon, Jacob, archaeologist, traveller, — ft. at Lyons, 1647— goes to Italy and the East, 1675- 6— tf. at Yevay, 25 Dec. 1685. Voyage, 1678 — Histoire de la republique de Geneve, 1680 — Bccherches curiewes cV Antiquite, 1683 — Mis- ceilanea erudit'ee antiquitates, 1685. Spondanus, {Henri de Sjyonde,) historical writer,— h. at Mauleon, 6 Jan. 1568 — Master of Requests, to Henry of Navarre, before 1595 — embraces Eomanism, 21 Nov. 1595 — goes to Rome, 1600 — takes holy orders, 27 Mar. 1606 - — Bp of Pamiers, 1626 — resigns his see and settles at Paris, 1639 — tf. at Toulouse, 18 May 1643. Annales Ecclesiastic! Baronii in epito- men redact/', 1612 — Annalium Baronii Con- tin uatio, 1639. Spontaneous Generation. [Generation, Spontaneous.] Spontini, Gaspare Luigi Paeifico, Count of San? Andrea, musical composer, — ft. near Jesi, in March of Ancona, 15 Oct. 1779^ *4 ^ ov - 1774 b — goes to Paris, 1803 — Music-director to Empress Josephine, 1807 — Director of Italian Opera, Paris, 18 10 — marries, 181 1 — Chapel- master to Frederick William III. of Prussia, 1820 — member of Academy of Fine Arts, Paris, 1839 — returns to Paris, 1842 — tf. at Jesi, 24 Jan. 1 85 1. Ycstale, 1807 — Fernando Cortez, 1 809 — Nburmahal, 1824 — Alcidor, 1 825 — Agnes von Hohenstaaffen, 1829. a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Fetis. Sports. [Book of Sports.] Spotswood, (Spotisu-ood,) John, Abp of St Andrew's, — ft. in Edinburgh County, 1565 — minister of Calder parish, 1583 — accompanies Lennox, ambassador to France, 1601 — attends James VI. (I.) to England, 1603 — Abp of Glasgow, and Privy Councillor for Scotland, 1603 — Moderator of General Assembly, 16 10 — consecrated, in London, 21 Oct. 1610 — Abp of St Andrew's, Jun. 1615— presides at Assem- bly of Perth, 161 8 — crowns Charles I. at Holy- rood, 18 Jun. 1633— promotes prosecution of Lord Balmerino, 1634 — Chancellor of Scot- land. 1635 — deposed and excommunicated, flees to England, Nov. 1638— tf. in London, 26 Nov. 1639. History of the Church of Scot- 1655. Spottsylvania, TJ. S., — battle of, between Federals and Confederates, 12 May 1864. Spragge, {Sprague,) Sir Edward, admiral, — distinguishes himself in battle between Eng- lish and Dutch, 3 Jim. 1665 — Knt, Jun. 1665 — takes part in battles of Jun. and Jul. 1666 — :ly defends Sheerness against Yan Tromp, 1667 — servos against Algiers, 167 1 — it at battle of Solebay, 28 May 1672 — Admiral, 1673 — distinguishes himself against Y-rn Tromp, 2S May and 4 Jun. 1673 — falls in combat with Yan Tromp, 11 Aug. 1673. Spranger, Bartholomew, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1546 — principal painter to Emperor Maximilian II. , 1575 — to Rudolph II., 1576 — ennobled, 1588 — tf. at Prague, 1623,* i628. b a Xouv. Biog. Gen. b Eees' Cyc. Sprat, Thomas, Bp of Rochester, — ft. at Tallaton, Devonshire, 1636 — enters Wadham Coll. Oxford, 1651— M.A., 1657— takes holy orders, after May 1660 — F.R.S., 1662 — Pre- bendary of 'Westminster, 1668 — Canon of Windsor, 1680 — Dean of Westminster, 1683 — Bp of Rochester, 1684 — member of Ecclesiast- ical Commission, Jul. 1686 — reads Declara- tion of Indulgence, 1688 — resigns commission- ership, 1688— member of new Ecclesiastical Commission, Oct. 1689 — withdraws immedi- ately: accused of conspiracy by Robert Young, and kept ten days in confinement, May 1692 — tf. at Bromley, Kent, 30 May 17 13. His- tory of the Royal Society, 1667 — Account of Bye-House Blot, 1685. Sprengel, Curt, physician, botanist, — ft. in Pomerania, 3 Aug. 1766— M.D. Halle, 1787 — Prof. Medicine, Halle, 1795 — Prof. Botany, 1797 — tf. at Halle, 15 Mar. 1833. Geschichte dor Arzneikunde, 1792-1820 — Institutiones Jledicce, 1809-16 — Antiquitates Botanical, 1798 — Historic/, rei herbaria, 1808 — Geschichte der Botanik, iSiy -i%—0pusada, 1844. Springfield, TJ. S., — Federals under Gen. Lyon defeated by Confederates under Gens. McCulloch and Price, near, 10 Aug. 1861 — occupied by Confederates, n Aug. — captured by Federals, 25 Oct. — evacuated by them, 9 Nov. — again occupied by Confederates, 27 Nov. — recovered by Federals, Feb. 1862. Spring-Eice, Thomas. [Monteagle, Lord.] Spurinna Vestritius, — defends Placentia against Csecina, 69 — tf., before no. Spurinus, Q. Fetillius, — [BC] — prEetor urbanus, 181 — Consul with Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispallus, (578, a. l t . c.) 176 — killed in battle 'with Ligurians. Spurs, battle of the. [Guinegate.] Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar, phrenologist, — ft. at Longwich, near Treves, 31 Dec. 1776 — studies under Gall at Yienna, 17 99- 1803 — visits England, 181 3 — settles at Paris, 1817 — again in England, 1 821-8 — tf. at Boston, TJ. S., 10 Nov. 1832. Squarcione, Francesco, painter, — ft. at Padua, 1394 — conducts a school there, 1441- 63 a — tf. there, 1474. a b c a Biog. Catalogue. b CroTve and Caralcaselle. c Naglef . Stackhouse, John, botanist, — resigns Fel- lowship at Exeter Coll. Oxford, and settles at Bath, 1763 — tf. there, Nov. 18 19. Nereis Britannica, 1801 — edition of Theophrastus ' On Blants,' 18 14. Stackhouse, Thomas, theologian,— ft., about 1680 — vicar of Benham, Berks, 1733 — tf. there, 11 Oct. 1752. History of the Bible, 1732. Stade, in Hanover, — head of a County, about 930 — destroyed by Hanscatic League, 1267 — assigned to Sweden, 1648 — besieged by Im- perialists, 1676 — besieged and taken by Danes, STADION— STATE. over, 17 19 — fortifications restored, 1757, and demolished, 1786 — occupied by Napoleon, 1 8 10 — restored to Hanover, 181 3 — again for- tified, 18 16. Dues, revived by Sweden, 1688 — regulated by treaty, 1691 — revised by con- vention between king of Hanover and sove- reigns of States bordering on the Elbe, 13 Apr. 1 844 — regulated by treaty between Great Britain and Hanover, 22 Jul. 1844 — treaty renewed, 1854 — abolished, (by treaty of 22 Jun.) 1 Jul. 1 86 1. Stadion, Johann Philipp Karl Joseph, Count von, statesman, — h. at Mentz, 1 8 Jun. 1 763 — ambassador of Austria to Stockholm, 1787 — ambassador to London, 1790-2— to Berlin, 1 797 — assis ts at Congress of Bastadt, 179 8 — am- bassador to St Petersburg, 1803 — takes part in forming third coalition against France, 1805 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1805 — follows Francis II. in campaign of Wagram, 1809 — retires to Prague, close of 1809 — assists at Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — Finance-minister, end of 1815-18 — attends Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle, 18 18 — if. at Baden, 15 May 1824. Stael - Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine, Baroness de, (Madame de Stael,) miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 22 Apr. 1766 — marries Baron de Stael-Holstein, 1786 — pro- cures appointment of Talleyrand as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jul. 1797 — banished from Paris by Napoleon, 1802 — visits Italy and Germany, 1802-4 — left a widow, 1802 — visits Weimar, Dec. 1803 to Jan. 1804 — ordered to quit France, 1807— privately marries M. de Rocca, 1811 — visits Bussia, 18 12 — returns to France, 18 15 — a". at Paris, 14 Jul. 18 17. Lettres sur les ouvrages et le Caractere de J. J. Rousseau, 1788 — In- fluence des Passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 1796 — Delphine, 1802 — Corinne, 1807 — De VAllemagne, 18 10, seized and de- stroyed by French police, 18 10 — Considerations sur la Revolution francaise, 1818 — Essais Dra- matiques, 1821 — Dix anne'es d 'Pxil, 1821. Staff, Military, — permanent, (e'tat majeur,) established in France, 1783 — suppressed, 1790 — reinstituted, by decree of 6 May 181 8 — established in Great Britain, about 1800. Staff College, near Sandhurst, — established, 1858. Stafford, — fort built at, by Ethelfleda, 913 ■ — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1575 — occupied by Boyalists, 1642 — taken by Parliamentarians, 1643. Stafford, Sir Humphrey, — defeated and killed by Jack Cade, at Sevenoaks, 27 Jun. 1450. Stafford, Humphrey and Thomas, — rebel against Henry VII., are deserted by Ijovel, Humphrey executed, and Thomas pardoned, i486. Stafford, Humphrey, Earl of. [Bucking- ham.] Stafford, John, Abp op Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor of England,- — Archdeacon of Salisbury, 4 Sep. 1419 —Chancellor of Salis- bury, 142 1— Keeper of Privy Seal, May 1421 — Treasurer of England, Dec. 1422 to 13 Mar. 1426— Bp of Bath and Wells, 12 May 1425 — again Keeper of Privy Seal, Jul. 1428— ac- companies the king to France, 1430 — Lord Chancellor, 4 Mar. 1432— Abp of Canterbury, by Papal bull, 15 May 1443— deprived of Great Seal, 31 Jan. 1450— ft. at Maidstone, 6 Jul. 1452. Stafford, Thomas, — English refugee in France, lands with a party at Scarborough and seizes the castle, 25 Apr. 1557— assumes title of Protector : surrenders to Earl of Westmore- land : tried with his associates in London, 22 May— pleads guilty and is beheaded on Tower Hill, 28 May. Stafford, William Howard, Viscount,— 6., 30 Nov. 161 2— Baron, 12 Sep. 1640— Viscount, 11 Nov. 1640— committed to the Tower, 30 Oct. 1678 — tried and convicted of taking part in Popish Plot, 30 Nov. to 7 Dec— executed, 29 Dec. 1678. Stageira, (Stageiros,) in Macedonia, — [BC] — founded, 654, a 656. 13 a Clinton. t> Smith's Diet. Stagnelius, Erik Johan, poet,— ft. at Kal- mar, in Sweden, 14 Oct. 1793— a\, 3 Apr. 1823. Wladimir den Store, 1817 — Liljor i Saron, iS2i—Samlade Skrifter, 1824. Stahl, Georg Ernest, physician, chemist, — b. at Anspach, 21 Oct. 1660 — Second Prof. Medicine, Halle Univ., 1694— Physician to king of Prussia, 17 16— tr. at Berlin, 14 May 1734. Theoria medica vera, 1707-8 — Funda- menta chymice, i^jit,. Stahremberg, {Starhemberg ,) Guido Baldi, Count von, field-marshal— %., n Nov. 1657 — enters the army, 1680 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Vienna, 1683— wounded at assault of Buda, 1686— at Belgrade, 1688— defends Essek, 1690— Field-marshal-lieutenant, 1692 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1695 — distinguishes himself at battles of Salankemen and of Zenta, Sep. 1697— distinguishes himself in Spanish Succession War, 1702-10 — Field- marshal, 5 Feb. 1704— defeats army of Philip of Anjou, at Almenara, 27 Jul. 17 10— again at Saragossa, 20 Aug.— defeated at Villaviciosa, 10 Dec— Pres. Aulic Council, 17 16 — ft. at Vienna, 7 Mar. 1737. Stair, James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount, statesman, — fj. in Ayrshire, Scotland, May 1619— M.A. Glasgow, 1637— Prof. Philoso- phy, Glasgow, 1641-47 — marries, 1643 — re- ceived Advocate at Edinburgh, Feb. 1648 — secretary to commissioners sent to treat with Charles I. at Breda, 1649 and 1650 — Lord of Session, 1 Jul. 1657 — Knt, by Charles II., 1660 — confirmed in office as Lord of Session, 14 Feb. 1661 — Bart., Jun. 1664 — Pres. Court of Session, 7 Jan. 167 1 — deprived, 168 1 — re- tires to Holland, Oct. 1682 — returns with Prince of Orange, 1688 — Viscount Stair, 21 Apr. 1690— tf., 25 Nov. 1695. Institutions of the law of Scotland, 1681 — Decisions of Court of Session, 1684-87 — Phisiologia nova experi- ment alis, 1686. Stair, John Dalrymple, 2nd Viscount, 1st Earl of, (Master of Stair,) Secretary of State for Scotland, — fi., about 1648 — Ad- vocate in the Court of Session, Feb. 1672 — i3ro STAIR— STANHOPE. twice imprisoned, between 1681-85 — Lord Ad- vocate, by James II., 1685 — procures a pardon for his father : Lord of Session, 1686 — takes a leading part in the Scottish Convention Par- liament, 1689 — Secretary of State for Scotland, 1 69 1 — plots Massacre of Giencoe, 1692 — cen- sured and dismissed, 1695 — succeeds his father as Viscount, 1695 — created Earl of Stair, 8 Apr. 1703 — one of the Commissioners for the Union, 1706 — if., 8 Jan. 1707. Stair, John Dalrympie, 2nd Earl or, field-marshal, — fc. at Edinburgh, 20 Jul. 1673 — serves under Earl of Angus at battle of Steinkirk, 1692 — Secretary of State for Scot- land, 1692 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1701 — aide- de-camp to Duke of Marlborough, 1702 — suc- ceeds to the Earldom, 1707 — distinguishes himself at Ramilies, Oudenarde, and Mal- plaquet, 1706- 17 09 — retires, 17 n — Privy Councillor and Representative Peer of Scotland, 1714 — ambassador to France, 1715-20 — Field- marshal, Commander of English Forces in Flanders, ambassador extraord. to States- General, 1 741 — wins victory of Dettingen, Jun. 1743 — if. at Edinburgh, May 1747. Stamford, in Lincolnshire, — fortified by Ed- ward the Elder, 922 — one of the Five Burghs, recovered from Danes by King Edmund, 942 — treaty of peace between Stephen and Ranulph, Earl of Chester, concluded at, 1140 — pillage and massacre of Jews at, n 90 — meeting of barons at, 12 15 — visited by Henry III., Easter 1264 — parliament held at, i3oo, a 1301, 13 or 1302° — again, Jul. 1309, Apr. 1327, Jun. 1337 — Richard II. holds Councils of "War at, 1377 and 1392 — partly burnt by Lancastrians, 146 1 — visited by Edward IV., 1462 — Lan- castrian rebellion under Sir Robert Wells at, suppressed, Mar. 1470 — again visited by Ed- ward IV., 27 Jul. 1473 — settlement of Flemish weavers at, 1572 — visited by Henry VIII., ■ 1532 and 1539 — by Queen Elizabeth, 1565 — by James I., Mar. 1603 — ravaged by plague, 1603 — visited by Charles I., 1632 and 1634 — plague rages again, Jul. 161 1 to Mar. 161 2 — gives title of Earl to Lord Grey of Groby, 1628 ■ — again visited by Charles I., 1642 — Cromwell reaches, 1643 — William III. visits, 28 Oct. 1696 — visited by Prince Regent, 30 Dec. 18 13. a Speed. b Knighton and Stow. c "Walsingham. Stamford, Henry Grey, Eaul of, — succeeds his grandfather as second Lord Grey of Groby, 1 6 14— created Earl, 26 Mar. 1628 — presents petition to Charles I., 1642 — defeated by Sir W. Waller at Stratton, 16 May 1643 — is., 1673- Stamford, Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of, — succeeds his grandfather, 1673 — arrested and imprisoned as implicated in plots ngainst James II., 1686, but is liberated without trial: if., 31 Jan. 1720. Stamford-bridge, in YorJcsliire, — Harold II. defeats and kills Harold Hardrada and Tostig, 25 Sep. 1066. Stamp - Act, American. [See American War.] Stamp Duties, in England, — first imposed by Act 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 9, 167 1— again, by 5 and 6 Wm and Mar. c. 21, 1694 — laws relating to, repealed and new regulations made, by Act 44 Geo. III. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1804— again, by General Stamp Act, 55 Geo. III. c. 184, n Jul. 1 8 15 — on conveyances, altered and regulated by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 97, 14 Aug. 1850 — laws amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 98, 10 Aug. 1870. Standard, battle of the. [Northallerton.] Standards of Weight and Measure, in Great Britain, — parliamentary committees on, appointed, 1758, 1759, 1790, 1814 — pound and yard adjusted by committee of 1758 — com- mission appointed by Prince Regent, 1819 — Reports of, issued, 24 Jun. 18 19, 13 Jul. 1820, and 31 Mar. 1821 — referred to parliamentary committee, 1821 — regulated by Acts 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824, and 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 49, 13 Aug. 1834— Bird's, of 1758 and 1760, destroyed, 1834 — new provisions by Act and 6 Wm. IV. c. 63, 31 Aug. 1835 — treasury commission appointed to consider mode of re- placing lost standards, 1838 — report of, pre- sented, 21 Dec. 1 841 — scientific committee appointed to carry out its recommendations, 1842 — their Report presented, 28 Mar. 1854 — restored Standards legalized, and preservation of, provided for by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 72, 30 Jul. 1855 — further regulations by Act 22 and 23 Vic. c. 56, 13 Aug. 1859 — law respect- ing, amended by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 82, 6 Aug. 1866. Standish, Frank Hall, miscellaneous writer, — fj., about 1798 — if. at Cadiz, 21 Dec. 1840. Life of Voltaire, 1821 — Shores of the Mediter- ranean, 1837-8. Standish, Miles, Puritan leader, — h. in Lancashire, about 1584— goes to New Eng- land, 1620 — if. at Duxbury, Mass. U. S., 3 Oct. 1656. Stanhope, Charles, 3rd Earl, mechanical inventor, — ft. in London, 3 Aug. 1753 — marries Esther Pitt, 1774 — M.P., 1780 — loses his wife, 1780 — marries again, 178 1 — succeeds to the Peerage, 1786 — invents the Stanhope Press, 1 8 14 — if. in London, 15 Dec. 18 16. Treatise on Electricity, 1779. Stanhope, George, theologian, translator, — b. at Hartshorne, in Derbyshire, 5 Mar. 1660 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1677 — M.A., 1685 — D.D., 1697 — Boyle Lecturer, 1701 — Dean of Canterbury, 1703 — if. at Bath, 18 Mar. 1728. Paraphrase and Comment on Epistles and Gospels, 1705 — translations of Imitatio Christi, 1696 — of Meditations of Mar- cus Aurelius, 1699 — and of Epictetus, 1700 — Bogle Lectures, 1706. Stanhope, James, 1st Earl, general, states- man, — b. at Paris, 1673 — wounded at siege of Xamur, 1695 — M.P. Cockermouth, 1702 — distinguishes himself under Earl of Peter- borough, in Spain, 1705 — Commander-in-chief of British forces in Spain, 1708 — takes Port Mahon, Minorca, 1708 — defeats Spanish army at Almenara, 27 Jul., and at Saragossa, 20 Aug. 17 10 — defeated and made prisoner by Duke of Vendome, at Brihuega, 9 Dec. 17 10 — Secretary of State, 24 Sep. 17 14 — accompanies STANHOPE— STAPLE. 1311 the king- to Hanover, 17 16 — First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, Apr. to Jul. 17 17 — Baron Stanhope, Viscount Stanhope, 2 Jul. 17 17 — again Secretary of State, Mar. 1718— Earl, Apr. 1718 — takes part in forming the Quadruple Alliance, Aug. 17 18 — a", in London, 5 Feb. 17 21. Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, — ft. in Lon- don, 12 Mar. 1776 — on death of her uncle, "William Pitt, receives a pension, 1806 — goes to the East, 18 10 — settles near Joon, in the Lebanon, 1813 — ft. there, 23 Jun. 1839. Me- moirs, 1845-6. Stanhope, Philip Dormer. [Chesterfield, Earl of.] Stanhope Press. [See Stanhope, Charles, 3rd Earl.] Stanislaus I., (Leczinski,) King of Po- land, — ft. at Lemberg, 20 Oct. 1677,* 1682 b — deputy to Diet, 1696 — marries, 1698 — elected King on deposition of Frederick Au- gustus I., 12 Jul. 1704 — flies from Warsaw on return of Frederick and joins Charles XII. at Lemberg, 31 Aug. — crowned at Warsaw, 4 Oct. 1705 — recognized King by his rival by Treaty of Alt-Eanstadt, 24 Sep. 1706 — recog- nized by France, Great Britain, the Emperor, Prussia, and the Porte, 1707 — expelled by Frederick, Aug. 1709 — distinguishes himself in campaigns against Danes, Saxons, and Rus- sians, 17 1 2 — arrested in Moldavia and sent to Bender, Feb. 1713° — has conference with Charles XII. at Bender, 17 13 — liberated, 23 May 1714° — retires to Deux-Ponts, 17 14 — re- moves to Weissenburg, Jan. 1720 — on death of Frederick Augustus goes to "Warsaw, Sep. 1733 — again proclaimed King, 12 Sep. — driven away by Bussians, Sep. — besieged in Dantzic by Russians, Feb. 1734 — escapes, 27 Jun. — treaty between Emperor and king of France, for his recognition as Duke of Lorraine and Bar, signed, 3 Oct. 1735 — arrives in France, Jun. 1736 — takes possession of Duchies of Lor- raine and Bar, and settles at Luneville, 3 Apr. 1737 — loses his wife, 19 Mar. 1747 — ft. at Luneville, 23 Feb. 1766. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Stanislaus II. Augustus, {PoniatoicsTci,) King of Poland, — ft. in Lithuania, 17 Jan. 1732 — Nuncio to Diet of Grodno, 1752 — pre- sented at Court of Russia, 1755 a — recalled from St Petersburg, 1763 — elected King, 6 Sep. 1764 ■ — crowned, 25 Nov. — rejects claims of Dissi- dents, 1766— [Bar, Confederation of] — seized and carried off by Confederates, 3 Nov. 177 1 — rescued by Russians, returns to W r arsaw, I 77 I — [Poland, Partitions of] — is compelled to abdicate, 25 Nov. 1795 — tr. at St Petersburg, 12 Feb. i798, a n Apr. i796. b a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Stanislaus, St, Order of, — instituted by Stanislaus II. of Poland, 1765. Stanley, Edward, Bp of Norwich, — ft. in London, 1 Jan. 1779 — M.A. Cambridge, 1805 — rector of Alderley, 1805-37 — Bp of Nor- wich, 1837 — tf. in Scotland, 6 Sep. 1849. Familiar History of Birds, 1835. Stanley, Edward John, Lord Stanley of Alderley, statesman, — 6. at Alderley Park, 13 Nov. 1802 — B.A. Oxford, 1823 — marries, 1826— M.P. BZindon, 1831 — M.P. North Cheshire, Dec. 1832-41 — Under-secretary of State for the Colonies, 1833-4 — for the Home Department, 1834 — Patronage Secretary of the Treasury, 1835-41 — Paymaster-general, Jun. to Sep. 1 841 — Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1846 — again M.P. North Cheshire, 1847 — created Baron Eddisbury, 12 May 1848 — succeeds his father, 23 Oct. 1850 — V.P. Board of Trade, Jan. to Feb. 1852— again, 1853-5 — P res - Board of Trade, Jan. 1855 — resigns, 1858 — Postmaster-general, Sep. i860 — resigns, 1866 — rj. in London, 16 Jun. 1869. Stanley, James and Lord Thomas. [Derby, Earls of} Stanley, John, musical composer, — ft., 17 13 — Master of the King's Band, 1779 — ^., H^. Stanley, Sir John, — Lord-deputy of Ireland, 1385 — Lord Justice, 1399 — Lord-lieutenant, Dec. 1399 — receives grant of Isle of Man from Henry IV., 6 Apr. 1406 — K.G., 141 3 — again Lord-lieutenant for six years, Sep. 141 3 — ft. in Ireland, 6 Jan. 1414. Stanley, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Hertfordshire, 1625 — M.A. Cambridge, 1641 — tf. in London, 12 Apr. 1678. History of Philosophy, 1655-62 — Edition of JEschylus, 1663. Stanley, Sir William, — Justice of N. "Wales, Jun. 1483 — contributes to victory of Richmond at Eosworth, 1485 — Chancellor of Exchequer and K.G., 1485 — charged with favouring Per- kin Warbeck, condemned and executed, 16 Feb. H95- Stanley, Sir William, — serves under Lei- cester in Netherlands, 1586 — deserts his post at Deventer and joins the Spaniards, 1587. Stannaries, of Devon and Cornwall, — char- ter granted to tinners by King John, 1201 — conferred by Edward III. on the Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, 1337 — duties on stamp- ing or coinage of tin abolished by Act 1 and 2 Tie. c. 120, 16 Aug. 1838. Court — jurisdiction of, limited by Act 16 Car. I. c. 15, 1641 — re- modelled by Act 6 and 7 Wm IV. c. 106, 20 Aug. 1 8 36 — further regulated by 2 and 3 Vic. c. 58, 17 Aug. 1839 — jurisdiction of, extended and procedure amended by 18 and 19 Vic. c. 32, 15 Jun. 1855. Stanton, Edwin, statesman, — ft. in Ohio, about 1 8 15 — begins to practise as Advocate at Washington, 1858— Attorney-general, i860 — Secretary of War, Jan. 1862 — dismissed by Pres. Johnson, 12 Aug. 1867 — reinstated by Senate, Jan. 1868 — resigns, May 1868— tf. at Washington, 23 Dec. 1869. Stanz, in Switzerland, — taken by French, 1798. Convention of, concluded, 1481. Stanzioni, Massimo, painter, — ft. at Naples, 1585 — fj. there, 1650^ 1656.^ a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Biog. Catalogue. Staple, Merchants of the, in England, — form association, about 1248 ? — incorporated, STAPLETON— STEAM-ENGINE. before 1 3 1 9 — new charter by Queen Elizabeth, 1588. [See Merchant Adventurers.] Stapleton, Sir Philip,— sent by parliament into Scotland to watch Charles I., 1641— fights at Edgehill, Oct. 1642. Stapleton, Sir Robert, poet, $■) 553-° a Muller. b Suidas. c Clinton. Stethoscope, — invented by Laennec, 1816. Stettin, in Prussia, (Sedinum, Stettinj,0n,) — conquered by Boleslaus, 1 121— seized by Fred- erick II., Elector of Brandenburg, 1466 — re- stored to Pomerania, 1472 — occupied by Swedes, 1630-48 — unsuccessfully besieged by Imperial- ists, Sep. to Nov. 1659 — besieged by Elector of Brandenburg, Oct. 1676 — capitulates, 16 Dec. 1677— restored to Sweden, 1679 — taken by allies, 171 3 — given up to Prussia, by Peace of Stockholm, 1720 — occupied by French, 29 Oct. 1806 to 5 Dec. 1 81 3. Treaty of peace between Sweden and Denmark, signed at, 13 Dec. 1570. Steuart-Denham, Sir James, political econo- mist, — rj. at Edinburgh, 21 Oct. 17 12 — makes the grand tour, 1735-40 — takes part in rebel- lion of the Pretender, and is exiled, 1745- 63 — receives full pardon, 177 1 — rj., Nov. 1780. Lnquiry into the Principles of Political Econo- my, 1767 — Works, 1805. Stevens, George Alexander, actor, miscel- laneous writer, — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 1753 — tf. at Baldock, Herts, 6 Sep. 1784. ECistory of Tom Fool, 1760 — Songs, Comic and Satirical, 1772 — Adventures of a Speculist, 1788. Stevens, John, mechanical inventor, — ft. in New York, 1749— commences his experiments in steam navigation, 1787 — constructs small steamboat, 1804 — ft. in New Jersey, 1838. Stevens, Richard James Samuel, musical composer, — b. in London, about 1753 — Prof. Music, Gresham Coll., 1801 — tf., 1837. Stevens, Robert Livingston, mechanical in- ventor, — h. in New Jersey, 1788 — commences experiments in steam navigation, 1808 — invents elongated bomb-shell, 1813-14 — tf. in New Jersey, 20 Apr. 1856. Stevens, Thaddeus, statesman, — b. in Ver- mont, LJ. S., 4 Apr. 1793 — graduates at Dart- mouth Coll., 1 8 14 — admitted to the bar, 18 16 — member of legislature of Pennsylvania, 1833 — of State Constitutional Convention, 1836 — of Congress, 1848 — of Baltimore Convention, 1864 — LL.D. Vermont Univ., Aug. 1867 — tf. at Washington, 11 Aug. 1868. Stevenson, Sir John Andrew, musical com- poser, — b., 1759? — Ent, 1802 — tf. at Meath, 14 Sep. 1833. Lrish Melodies, 1807-33 — Sacred Songs, Duets, $c, 1816. Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, — b. at Glasgow, 8 Jun. 1772 — engineer to Northern Lighthouse Commissioners, 17 97 -1842 — tf. at Edinburgh, 12 Jul. 1850. Bell Rock Light- house, 1 807 -1 1. Stevin, Simon, mathematician, — b. at Bruges, about 1550 ? — tf. at Leyden, 1633. Works, 1605. Stewart, Dugald, philosopher, — b. at Edin- burgh, 22 Nov. 1753 — assistant Prof. Mathe- matics, 1775 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, 1785- 18 10 — tf. at Edinburgh, 11 Jun. 1828. Ele- ments of Philosophy of 'the Human Mind, 1792- 1827 — Life of Dr Reid, 1802 — Philosophical Essays, 18 10 — General View of the Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Science since the Revival of Letters, 18 15 — View of the active and moral Powers, 1828. Stewart, Matthew, mathematician, — b. at Rotbsay, Bute, 17 17 — studies at Glasgow STEWART— STIRLING. *3i7 Univ., 1734— Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh, 1747-72 — F.R.S., 1764— -tf., 25 Jan. 1785. Geometrical Theorems, 1746 — Tracts, Physical and Mathematical, 176 1. Stewart, Sir James. [Steuart.] Ste.wart, Robert. [Castlereagh, Lord, and Londonderry, Marquis of.] Stewart. [Stuart.] Stieglitz, Christian Ludwig, writer on Ar- chitecture, — b. at Leipsic, 12 Dec. 1756 — LL.D., 1784 — tf., 17 Jul. 1836. Geschichte der BauJcunst der Alten, 1792 — Encyclopddie der Baukunst der Alten, 1792-98 — Alt-deutsche Baukimst, 1820 — Geschichte der Baukunst, 1827. Stieglitz, Heinrich, poet, — b. in Waldeck, 1803— tf. at Venice, 24 Aug. 1849. Bilder des Orients, 1 83 1-3 3 — Stimmen der Zeit, 1834 — Dionysosfest, 1836. Stiernhielm, George, — b. in Dalecarlia, 1598 — ennobled, 1631 — Vice-Pres. Court of Justice of Dorpat, 1648 — member of Council of "War, 1 66 1 — Director of College of Antiquities, Up- sala, 1666 — tf. at Stockholm, 1672. Leges Vestrogothicce antiques, 1663 — Ulphilas, 167 1 — Archimedes Beformatus, 1 644 — Anticluve- rius, 1685. Stifel, (Stiefel,) Michael, (Stifelius,) mathe- matician, — b. at Eslingen, Saxony, 1509,* i486 15 — tf. at Jena, 19 Apr. 1567. Arith- metica integra, 1544. a Vossius. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Stifter, Adalbert, novelist, §c, — b. in Bohe- mia, 1806 — goes to Vienna, 1826 — Councillor of Public Instruction, Upper Austria, 1849 — tf., 28 Jan. 1868. Studien, \%\\-$\—Bunte Steine, 1852 — Nachsommer, 1857 — Witiko, 1865-67. Stigand, Abp of Canterbury, — Bp of E. Angles, 1043 — deprived, and his possessions seized by Edward the Confessor, 1043— recovers his see, 1044 — Bp of Winchester, 1047 — ad- ministers see of Canterbury on deposition of Abp Robert, 1052 — Abp of Canterbury, pro- bably 1053— assists at consecration of West- minster Abbey, 1065 — crowns Harold, Jan. 1066 — anoints Edgar the Atheling at London, Oct. 1066 — submits to William I., 1066 — ac- companies the king to Normandy, 1067 — de- prived, about Easter 1070 — joins Hereward at Camp of Refuge, 1070 — imprisoned at Win- chester, 1072. Stiglmayer, Johann Baptist, bronze-founder, — b. near Munich, 18 Oct. 179 1 — studies at the Academy, 18 10 — studies in Italy, 1819-22 — Director of Foundry at Munich, 1824 — Knt of St Michael, 1839 — tf. at Munich, 2 Mar. 1844. Stilicho, magister equitum, — ambassador to Persia, 384 — guardian to Honorius Augustus with Serena, 395 a — campaign in Gaul : com- passes death of Rufinus, 395 — blockades Alaric in Peloponnesus, 396 — returns to Italy : war with Alaric, 402 a — blockaded in Milan by Alaric, 403 — defeats Alaric at Pollen tia, Easter 403 — and at Verona, 403 — triumphs, 404 — opens negotiations with Alaric, defeats Rada- gaisus, 406, 405 a — assassinated at Ravenna, (10 Kal. Sep.) 23 Aug. 408. a Clinton. Still, John, Bp of Bath and Wells, — b., J 543 ? — Lady Margaret's Prof. Divinity, 1570 — rector of Hadleigh,in Suffolk, 157 1— Master of St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1574 — Master of Trim Coll. Cambridge, 1577— Bp of Bath and Wells, 1592 — tf., 26 Feb. 1607. Gammer Gurton's Needle, written, probably 1565 — printed, 1575. Stilling, Johann Heinrich. [Jung Still- ing.] Stillingfleet, Benjamin, naturalist, — b., about 1702 — B. A. Cambridge, 1723-^ with Windham, visits Chamouni, 1741 — tf. in Lon- don, 15 Dec. 177 1. Tracts on Natural His- tory, 1759 — Principles and Power of Harmony, 1771. Stillingfleet, Edward, Bp of Worcester, — b. at Cranbourne, Dorsetshire, 17 Apr. 1635 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1648 — B.A., 1652— Fellow of St John's Coll., Mar. 1653 — rector of Sutton, 1657 — chaplain to Charles II., about 1665 — D.D., 1668 — Canon Residentiary of St Paul's, 1670 — Dean of St Paul's, 1678 — Bp of Worcester, 1689 — tf. at Westminster, 27 Mar. 1699. Irenicum, 1659 — Origines Sacra, 1662 — Origines Britannicce, 1685. Stillington, Robert, Bp of Bath and Wells, Lord Chancellor of England, — Canon of Wells, 1445 — Archdeacon of Taun- ton, 1450 — Canon of York, 145 1 — Dean of St Martin's, London, 1458 — Keeper of the Privy Seal, 146 1 — Archdeacon of Berks, 1463 — of Wells, 1465 — Bp of Bath and Wells, 1 1 Jan. 1466 — Lord Chancellor, 20 Jun. 1467 — dismissed, 27 Jul. 1475 — assists at coronation of Richard III., 1483 — imprisoned by Henry VII., Aug. 1485 — imprisoned in Windsor Castle on charge of favouring Simnel, 1487 — tf. there, May 1491. Stillwater, — battles near, in American War, 19 Sep. and 7 Oct. 1777. Stilo, L. iElius Prseconinus, grammarian, — [B C] — accompanies Q,. Metellus Numidicus into exile, 100. Stilpo, philosopher, — [B C] — at Megara, when taken by Demetrius Poliorketes, (01. 121, 3,) Sep. ? 307. Stirling, in Scotland, — Castle rebuilt, before 900 — Royal burgh, as early as it 19 — Castle given up to Henry II. by William the Lion, 1 174 — restored by Richard I., 11 89 — occupied by Edward I., spring 1296 — Wallace defeats English at, 10 Sep. 1297 — Castle burnt by Scots, 1298 — surrenders to Scots, 1299 — re- covered by English, 1300 — taken by Scots, 18 Feb. 1303 — besieged by Edward I., Apr. 1304 — surrenders, 20 Jul. 1304 — besieged by Scots, early in 13 14 — surrenders, 24 Jun. 1314 —submits to Edward Baliol, 1323 — recovered by Scots, 1 341 — assassination of Douglas at, 145 1 — coronation of James VI. at, 1567 — James VI. holds parliament at, 1578 — occupied by Angus and Mar, 1584 — again, 1585 — Privy Council and Court of Session removed to, 1637 — occupied by Gen. Monk, 14 Aug. 1651 — un- successfully besieged by Highlanders, 1745. Stirling, James, mathematician, — F.R.S., 1318 STIRLING— STOPFORD. 1726 — tf., probably after 1764. Methodus differen tialis, 1730. Stirling-, William Alexander, Earl of, poet, — b., about 1580? — Gentleman-usher to Prince Charles, Knt, and Master of the Re- quests, 161 3 — receives charter for settlement of Nova Scotia, 1621 — Secretary of State for Scotland, 1626 — receives charter of Lordship of Canada, 1628 — Viscount Stirling, 1630 — Earl of Sterling, 1633 — tf., 1640. Monarchike Tragedies, 1607 — Doomsday, 16 14. Stobaeus, Joannes, — fl., about 405.* a Blair. Stock, Simon, Carmelite, — sixth General of his Order, about 1250—0"., 1265. Stock Certificates, — payable to bearer, issue of, authorized and regulated by Act 26 Vic. c. 28, 8 Jun. 1863. Stockholm, capital of Siveden, — founded, by Birger Jarl, about 1250 — besieged and taken by Margaret, 1339 — the Swedes defeat the Danes near, 14 Oct. 147 1 — Queen Christina of Denmark besieged in citadel by Sten Sture, winter 1501 — capitulates, 27 May 1502 — be- sieged by Christian II. of Denmark, defended by Christina Gyllenstierna, Jun. 1520 — ca- pitulates, 7 Sep. 1520 — visited by Prince and Princess of "Wales, Sep. to 4 Oct. 1 864 — Ex- hibition of Arts and Industry opened, 15 Jun. 1866. Royal Palace, burnt, 1697 — rebuilding of, commenced, by Charles XL, 1698 — com- pleted, 1751. Academy of Sciences, founded, about 1740. Swedish Academy, 1753. Treaties of, between Sweden and States-General, con- cluded, 11 Sep. 1640— between Sweden and Elector of Brandenburg, 27 Mar. 1666 — of alliance with France, 14 Apr. 1672 — with Emperor Leopold, 12 Oct. 1682 — with States- General, 22 Feb. 1698 — with Great Britain, 1 Feb. 1720 — with Peter the Great, 24 Mar. 1724 — with France and Great Britain, 26 Mar. 1727 — with Denmark, 5 Oct. 1734 — with Russia, 5 Aug. 1735 — with France, 10 Nov. 1738 — renewed, 6 Jim. 1747 — with France, 17 Jan. 1754 to 21 Mar. 1757 — of commerce, with Great Britain, 5 Feb. 1766 — secret, with Great Britain, 3 Dec. 1804 — with Great Bri- tain, 3 Mar. 1813 — between Sweden and Nor- way and Western Powers, guaranteeing in- tegrity of Swedish territories, signed, 21 Nov. 1855. Stocking-Frame, — invented by Lee, about 1589. Stocking-Knitters, — in England, Associa- tion of, chartered by Cromwell, 1657 — charter renewed and enlarged by Cbarles II., 19 Aug. 1663. In France, company established at Paris, 1527. Stock-jobbing, in Great Britain, — prohibited by Acts 7 Geo. II. c. 8, 1734, and 10 Geo. II. c. 8, 1737— repealed by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 28, 14 Jun. i860. Stockport, in Cheshire, — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642 — taken by Prince Rupert, May 1644 — bridge blown up, to prevent re- treat of rebels, 1745. Stocks, place of punishment, — mentioned in 2nd Statute of Labourers, 25 Edw. III., 1350-2 — establishment of, in every village, prayed for, by Commons, 1376 — ordered to be estab- lished in every town and village, by Act 7 Hen. IV. c. 17, 1405-6. Stockton-on-Tees, in Durham, — ravaged by Scots, 1325 — garrisoned for Charles I., 1642 — taken by Parliamentarians, 1644 — destroyed by Roundheads, 1652. Railway to Darlington, opened, 27 Sep. 1825. Stoddart, Sir John, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Westminster, 1773 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1801 — political editor of the Times, 1812-16 — Knt, Chief Justice and Judge of Vice-Admiralty Court, Malta, 1826-39 — tf. in London, 16 Feb. 1856. Stoke, in Nottinghamshire, — Henry VII. defeats and captures Lambert Simnel at, 16 Jun. 1487. Stolberg 1 , Christian, Count von, poet,— b. at Hamburg, 15 Oct. 1748 — studies at Gottin- gen, 1769-74 — marries and settles in Schles- wig, 1777 — tf. at Eckernfbrde, 18 Jan. 1821. Gedichte, 1779 — Gedichte ausdem Griechischen, 1782 — with his brother, Vaterldndische Ge- dichte, 1 8 15, Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Count von, poet, historian, — b. in Holstein, 7 Nov. 1750 — marries, 1782 — loses his wife, 1788 — mar- ries again, 1790 — Chief Minister of Prince- Bishop of Liibeck, 1791 — enters Roman Ca- tholic Church at Munster, 1800 — tf. near Osnabriick, 5 Dec. 18 19. Geschichte der Re- ligion Jesu Christi, 1811-18 — Biichlein von der Liebe, 1819. Stolbowa, Peace of,— between Sweden and Russia, concluded, 27 Feb. 16 17. Stone, Edmund, mathematician, — F.R.S., 1725 — tf., 1768. Mathematical Dictionary, 1726 — Treatise on Fluxions, 1730 — Elements of Euclid, 173 1. Stone, Frank, painter, — b. at Manchester, 23 Aug. 1800 — goes to London, 1831 — member of Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1832 — A.R.A., 1 85 1 — tf. in London, 18 Nov. 1859. Impending Mate, Mated, 1 847 — Gardener's Daughter, 1850 — Bassanio receiving the letter, 1851. Stony Point, on Hudson River, U, S., — fort captured by Sir H. Clinton, 1 Jun. 1779— re- taken by Gen. A. Wayne, 16 Jul. — destroyed and abandoned, 18 Jul. Stopford, Sir Robert, admiral, — b., 4 Feb. 1768 — enters the navy, May 1779 — Captain, 12 Aug. 1790 — distinguishes himself under Lord Howe, 1 Jun. 1794 — takes part under Cornwallis in action with the French, 17 Jun. 1795 — wounded in action off St Domingo, 6 Feb. 1806— takes part in Copenhagen expe- dition, Jul. 1807 — Rear-admiral, 1808 — marries, 1809 — Commander-in-chief at the Cape, 1 8 10 — takes Java, 181 1 — Vice-admiral, about 1 812 — K.C.B., 18 15 — Admiral, 27 May 1825 — Commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, May 1827 — G.C.B., 1831 — Rear-admiral of United Kingdom, 1834 — Commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 1837 — conducts operations on coast of Syria, and bombards Acre, 1840 — Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1 May 1841 STORACE— STRANGE. 1319 — Vice-admiral of United Kingdom, 1847 — tf. at Richmond, 25 Jun. 1847. .Storace, Anne Selina, actress, singer, — n. in London, 1761 — makes her debut at Florence, 1780 — comes to London, 1788 — returns to Italy, 1796 — tr. near London, 18 14. Storace, Stephen, musical composer, — ft. in London, 1763— tf., 19 Mar. 1796. Sfcorch, Heinrich Friedrich. von, economist, — 6. at Riga, (?) 1766 — Councillor of State, St Petersburg, 1804 — Vice-Pres. Academy of Sciences, 1830 — tf., 1835. Cours d'Economie Politique, 18 15 — Tableau Historique et Sta- tist ique de V Empire de Russie, 1795. Storm Signals, — suggested at meeting of British Association, 1859 — communication of, in England, commenced by Fitzroy, 1 862 — discontinued, 7 Dec. 1866. Storms, Law of. [See Reid, Sir William.] Story, Joseph, jurist, — b. in Massachusetts, U. S., 18 Sep. 1779 — studies at Harvard Univ., 1795-8 — called to the bar, 1801 — member of State Legislature, 1805— member of Congress, 1809 — Speaker of Legislature of Massachusetts, Jan. 181 1 — Associate Justice of Supreme Court, Nov. 181 1 — member of Convention for revision of State Constitution, 1820 — Prof. Jurispru- dence, Harvard Univ., 1829 — tf. at Cambridge, near Boston, 10 Sep. 1845. Commentaries on Conflict of Laivs, 1834 — Commentaries on Con- stitution of United States, 1833. Stothard, Charles Alfred, draughtsman, — b. in London, 5 Jul. 1786 — historical draughts- man to Society of Antiquaries, 1815 — F.S.A., 2 Jul. 1 8 19— tf. at Beer-Ferrers, Devonshire, 27 May 1821. Death of Richard II „ 1810 — Monumental Effigies of Great Britain, 181 1-23. Stothard, Thomas, painter, — b. in London, 17 Aug. 1755— A.R.A., 1785— R.A., 1794-- Librarian to the Royal Academy, 18 12 — tf. in London, 27 Apr. 1834. Canterbury Pilgrims, 1817. Stow, John, historian, antiquary, — b. in London, 1525 — devotes himself to antiquarian pursuits, 1565 — tf. there, 5 Apr. 1605. Survey of London, 1598 — Summary of the Chronicles of England, 1561 — Annals of England, 1580. Stowell, William Scott, Baeon, Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, — ft. at Heworth, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, 17 Oct. 1745 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Oxford, Feb. 1761 — M.A., 1767 — Camden Reader of An- cient History, 1774 — D.C.L., 1779 — member of the literary Club, Dec. 1778 — called to the bar, Feb. 1780— Judge of Consistory Court, 1788— Knt, 1788— M.P. Downton, 1790— Judge of Admiralty Court, 1798 to Christmas 1828— M.P. Oxford Univ., Mar. 1801— Baron Stowell, 21 Jul. 1 82 1 — tf. in Berkshire, 28 Jan. 1836. Stowmarket, in Suffolk. {See Gun Cot- ton.] Strabo, geographer, — [BC] — b., about 66? 54 a — at Gyarus, 29 — in Egypt with iElius Gallus, 24— [AD] — tf., between 21-25. a Clinton. Strabo, C. Fannius, — [BC] — (1.) Consul with M. Valerius Messalla, (593, a. u. c.) 161. (2.) Consul with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, (632,) 122. Strachan, Sir Richard John, Bart., ad- miral, — b. in Devonshire, 27 Oct. 1760 — suc- ceeds to the baronetcy, Dec. 1777 — Post-cap- tain R.N., 26 Apr. 1783 — captures French frigate Resolu, 179 1 — defeats French squadron off Ferrol, 4 Nov. 1805 — Rear-admiral, 9 Nov. — K.B., 29 Jan. 1806— blockades Rochefbrt, 1806 to summer 1809— commands fleet in Wal- cheren Expedition, 1809 — Vice-admiral, 31 Jul. 1810 — Admiral, 19 Jul. 1821 — tf. in Lon- don, 3 Feb. 1828. Strada, Famiano, historian, — b. at Rome, 1572 — enters Order of Jesuits, 1592 — tf. at Rome, 1649,* 1659^ Be Bello Belgico ab excessu Caroli V. ad annum 1590, 1632-47 — Prolusiones, 16 17. a Biog. Univ. and Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Bees' Cyc. Strada, {Stradanus,) John, {Giovanni Strada,) painter, — b. at Bruges, 1536^ b 1527° — tf., i6o4, ac i6o5. b a Sandrart. b Baldinucci. c De Piles. Stradella, Alessandro, musical composer, — b. at Naples, about 1645— murdered at Turin, 1670^ 1678. b a Walther'sLex. b Biog. Univ. Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, Lord Deputy of Ireland, — b. in Lon- don, 13 Apr. 1593 — marries Lady Margaret Clifford, 161 1— M.P. Yorkshire, Apr. 16 14 and 1 62 1 — settles in London, 162 1 — resists forced loan, 1626 — imprisoned, May 1627 — goes over to side of the king, 1628 — created Baron Wentworth, 22 Jul. 1628 — Viscount Wentworth, 10 Dec. 1628— Lord Pres. of the North, Michaelmas 1628 — Privy Councillor, 1629 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 3 Jul. 1633 — Earl of Strafford and Lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, 1639 — impeached by the Commons, 11 Nov. 1640 — sent to the Tower, 25 Nov. — his trial begins, 22 Mar. 1641 — bill of attainder against him, passed by Commons, 21 Apr. — by Lords, 29 Apr. — receives Royal assent, (16 Car. I. c. 38,) 10 May— beheaded on Tower Hill, 12 May 1641 — his attainder reversed by Charles II., 1662. Stralsnnd, in Prussia, — founded by Prince Jaromar of Riigen, about 1209 — one of the Hanse Towns, about 1290? — unsuccessfully besieged by Danes, 1429 — forms alliance with Gustavus Adolphus, and is unsuccessfully be- sieged by Wallenstein, 1628 — taken by Elector Frederick William, 1678 — restored to Sweden, 1679 — Durnt , 1680— taken by Frederick Wil- liam I. of Prussia, 22 Dec. 17 15 — restored to Sweden, 1720 — taken by French under Mor- tier, 20 Aug. 1807 — fortifications demolished, 1808 — captured by Col. Schill, 25 May 1809 — recaptured by French, 3 1 May — ceded to Denmark by Treaty of Kiel, 1 810 — occupied by French, 26 Jan. 18 12— ceded to Prussia by treaty of 4 Jul. 18 15 — fortifications restored, 1816. Strange, George Stanley, Lord, — Knt, Apr. 1475 — summoned to parliament as Lord Strange, Nov. 1482 — assists in negotiating truce with the Scots, Sep. 1484 — at battle of Bosworth, Aug. 1485 — one of the Lords of the 1320 STRANGE— STRICKLAND. Privy Council by Henry VII., 1485 — contri- butes to victory of Stoke, Jun. 1487 — serves in France, 1492 — ft., 5 Dec. 1497. Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, — b. in the Orkney Isles, 14 Jul. 1721 — joins Prince Charles Edward, 1 745 — settles in London, 1 75 1 — goes to Italy, 1760 — Knt, Jan. 1787 — tf., 5 Jul. 1792. Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe, Viscount, diplomatist, litterateur, — b., 31 Aug. 1780 — Secretary of Legation at Lisbon, 1801 — succeeds to the peerage, 1 Oct. 1801 — am- bassador to Lisbon, Dec. 1806 — accompanies royal family of Portugal to Brazil, 1808 — re- turns to England, 1 8 1 6 — ambassador to Stock- holm, Jul. 1 8 17 — marries, 1817 — ambassador to the Porte, Aug. 1820— joint-plenipotentiary at Congress of Verona, 1822 — ambassador to St Petersburg, Oct. 1825— K.G.C. Guelphic Order, 1825— Baron Penshurst, Jan. 1825 — F.S.A., 1825 — envoy to the Brazils, 1828 — D.C.L. Oxford, 10 Jun. 1834 — if. in London, 29 May 1855. Translations from ' Camoens, 1803. Strangford, Percy William Smythe, Vis- count, ■philologist, §c, — b. at St Petersburg, 26 Nov. 1825 — Attache to British Embassy at Constantinople, 1845 — Oriental Secretary, Jul. 1857 to Oct. 1858 — succeeds his brother, 1857 — returns to England, 1857 — marries, 1862 — ft. in London, 9 Jan. 1869. Selections from his Writings, 1869. Strasburg, {Strassburg,) (Argentoratum,) — mentioned by Ptolemy, about 150 — Julian de- feats Chnodomarius and the Alamanni near, Aug. 357 — ravaged by Attila, 455 — by Ala- manni, 495 — becomes subject to Clovis, about 496 — taken and pillaged and the cathedral burnt by Hermann, Duke of Suabia, 4 Apr. 1002 — coronation of Lothaire II. by Innocent II. at, 1131 — heretics burnt at, 12 15 — visited by Frederick II., summer 1216 — declares for King Henry against Frederick, 1234 — obtains charter from Frederick, 1236 — takes the pope's side, 1246 — treaty between Duke of Lorraine and Cardinal Legate concluded at, May 1248 — free city of the empire, 1254— accepts the Reformation, 1523 — fortifications erected by Speckel, 1580-9 — taken possession of by Louis XIV., 30 Sep. 168 1 — citadel built by Vauban, soon after — ceded to France by Treaty of Kys- wick, 1 696 — invested by Russians and Germans, 7 Jan. 1 8 14 — armistice concluded, 16 Apr. — the blockade raised, 5 May 18 14 — supports Napo- leon on his escape from Elba, Mar. 18 15 — Gen. Rapp blockaded in, by Crown Prince of Wiir- temberg, end of Jun. 18 15 — sortie, 9 Jul. — armistice, 22 Jul. — blockade raised, 15 Sep. 1 8 15 — insurrection attempted by Louis Napo- leon at, 29 Oct. 1836 — invested by Germans, n- 17 Aug. 1870 — bombardment, 21-27 Aug. — capitulates to Gen. Werder, 27 Sep. — entered by Germans, 28 Sep. [Franco-German War.] University, founded by Ferdinand II., 1621 —suppressed, before 1 803. Trotestant Academy, founded, 1 803. Imperial Academy, by Napo- leon I., 1808. Cathedral, commenced, 1015 — completed, 1439 — clock constructed, 157 1 — damaged in the siege, Sep. 1870. Town Li- brary, founded, 1765. Library of Trotestant Seminary, 1531 — both burnt, 24 Aug. 1870. Strategopulus, Alexius, general, — created Caesar, by Michael Palseologus, 1260 — recovers Constantinople from Latins, 25 Jul. 1261. Stratford, John (de), Abp op Canterbury and Chancellor of England, — summoned to parliament, 1 318-21 — Archdeacon of Lin- coln, 1 319 — ambassador to the pope at Avig- non, Dec. 1 32 1 — obtains from John XXII. grant of see of "Winchester, 20 Jan. 1323 — takes part in deposition of Edward II., 1327 — member of Council of Regency for Edward III., 1327 — Chancellor, 28 Nov. 1330 — accompanies Edw. III. to France, 1331 — Abp of Canter- bury, 3 Nov. 1333— resigns Great Seal, 28 Sep. 1334 — again Chancellor, 6 Jun. 1335 — resigns, 24 Mar. 1337 — Chancellor a third time, 28 Apr. 1 340 — resigns, 20 Jun. 1 340 — Pres. Council, Jul. 1345 and 1346 — ft. at Mayfield, Sussex, 23 Aug. 1348. Stratford, Robert (de), Bp of Chichester and Chancellor of England,— Joint-keeper of Great Seal, Apr. 1331 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1331 — Archdeacon of Canterbury, i33i, a 1334? ° — sole Keeper, Jun. 1332 — Chancellor, 24 Mar. 1337 — Bp of Chichester, Sep. 1337 — resigns Great Seal, 6 Jul. 1338 — again Chancellor, 1340 — present at siege of Tournay, Jul. 1340 — deprived of Great Seal, Dec. 1340 — envoy to the pope, May 1343 — o". at Aldingburne, 9 Apr. 1362. a Le Neve. b Foss. Strathfieldsaye, — mansion and estate given by the nation to Wellington, Nov. 18 17. Stratocles,— [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 88, 4,) 425. Stratocles, orator, — [BC] — deceives Athe- nians about the defeat of Amorgus, 322 — pro- poses statue to Lycurgus, 307 — demagogue, gets Demochares banished, flatters Demetrius Poliorketes, 302- r. Straton, Teripatetic philosopher, — [B C] — succeeds Theophrastus, (01. 123,) 288 — if., 270. Strattis, comic poet, — [BC] — begins to ex- hibit, about (01. 92) 412 — exhibiting in (01. 99) 380. Anthroporrhaistes, about 407 — Totamioi, about 394. Stratton, in Cornwall, — Earl of Stamford defeated by Cornishmen, 16 May 1643. Straw, Jack, priest, — takes leading part in rebellion of Wat Tyler, 1381. Strawberry Hill. [See Walpole, Horace.] Straw-plait, — manufacture of, introduced in Scotland by Queen Mary, about 1562 — in Eng- land, by James I., about 1610-20. Streater, Eobert, painter, — b., 1624 — Ser- jeant-painter to Charles II., 1660 — if., 1680. Street Music. [Music] Streets, Metropolitan, — traffic in, regulated by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 1867— amended by 31 Vic. c. 5, 7 Dec. 1867. Strelitzy, Russian militia, — revolt, and are massacred and banished, 1698 — exterminated by Peter L, 1705. Strickland, Hugh Edwin, geologist, na- turalist, — b. in Yorkshire, 2 Mar. 181 1 — B.A. STRODE— STUART. 1321 Oxford, 1832— M. A., 1835 — visits Asia Minor, 1835 — Reader in Geology, Oxford, 1850 — killed on Great Northern Railway, 14 Sep. 1853. Edits the Bibliographia Zoologies et Ge- ologic, 1847-54 — Dodo and its kindred, 1848. Strode, William, — one of the Five Mem- bers, arrested by Charles I., 1642. Strombichides, — [BC] — sent to Samos, 412 —aids Lampsacus, 41 x — put to death by Thirty Tyrants, 404. Strongbow. [Pembroke, Bichard, Earl of.] Strongylion, statuary in bronze, — [B CJ — fl., about 415. Strontium, metal, — discovered by Hope and Klaproth, 1793 — obtained in separate form by Davy, 1808 — pure, by Bunsen and Matthiessen, 1855. Strozzi, Bernardo, {II Cappucino, II Prete Genovese,) painter, — b. at Genoa, 158 1 — be- comes a Capuchin, 1598 — tf. at Venice, 3 Aug. 1644. Strozzi, Filippo, {Giovan-Battista,)—b. _ at Florence, 1488 — marries Clarice de' Medici, 1508 — takes leading part in restoration of Florentine Republic, 1527— submits to Ales- sandro de' Medici, 1530 — accompanies Cathe- rine de' Medici to Paris, 1533 — procures assas- sination of Alessandro, Jan. 1537 — arrested, kills himself, 18 Dec. 1538. Strozzi, Giulio, poet, — fj. at Venice, 1583— tf. there, 1660. Venezia edificata, 1624 — Bar- barigo, 1626. Strozzi, Niccolo, poet,— "a., 1654. Strozzi, Palla, statesman, classical scholar, — b. at Florence, 1372 — Rector of Florence Univ., 1428 — banished, 1435 — tf. at Padua, 8 May 1462. Strozzi, Piero, Marshal of France,—!)., 1500 — takes refuge in France, 1536 — takes part in attempt to restore republican govern- ment at Florence, 1537— serves against English, 1545 — commands Italian auxiliaries against English in Scotland, 1548 — distinguishes him- self at defence of Metz, 1552 — Field-marshal in French army, Feb. 1556 — takes part in siege of Calais, 1558 — mortally wounded at siege of Thionville, 20 Jim. 1558. Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano, poet, — b. at Fer- rara, about 1422 — tf. near Ferrara, 1505. Strozzii Foetce, pater etflius, 15 13. Structus, Sp. Servilius, — [B C] — Consul with A. Verginius Tricosta Rutilus, (278, a. v. c.) 476. Struensee, Johann Friedrich, Count, — b. at Halle, 5 Aug. 1737 — M.D., 1757 — attends Christian VII. of Denmark through Germany, France, and England, 1768 — First Minister, 1770 — Count, 177 1 — accused of intrigue with the Queen, and arrested, 17 Jan. 1772 — [Caro- line Matilda] — beheaded, 28 Apr. 1772. Struensee von Carlsbach, Carl August, statesman, — b. at Halle, 18 Aug. 1735 — Coun- cillor of Finances, Berlin, 1782 — ennobled, 1789 — Minister of Finance and Pres. Depart- ment of Excise, 1 79 1 — tf. at Berlin, 17 Oct. 1804. Strutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, — b. in Essex, 27 Oct. i742, a 1749 b — student at Royal Academy, 1770 — tf. in London, 16 Oct. 1802. Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Eng- land, 1773 — Biographical Dictionary of En- gravers, 1785-6— Dress and Habits of the People of England, 1796-9 — Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, 1801. a Engl. Cyc. b E, ees ' Cyc. Struve, Burkhard Gotthelf, bibliographer, — b. at Weimar, 26 May 167 1 — studies at Univ. of Jena, 1687-9— Curator of the Library, 1697— Prof. History, 1704 — Prof. Extraord. Law, 1712 — tf. at Jena, 28 May 1738. Bib- liotheca Juris Selecta, 1703-6 — Jntroductio in notitiam rei literarice et usum bibliotliecarum, 1704 — Bibliotheca philosophica, 1704 — Selecta bibliotheca historica, 1705 — Syntagma Juris Publici, 17 1 1. Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, astro- nomer, — b. at Altona, 15 Apr. 1793 — studies at Dorpat Univ., 1 808-11 — employed in Dorpat Observatory, 1813 — takes part in trigonome- trical survey of Livonia, 1 816-19 — Director of Observatory, 181 7 — Director of Observatory of Pulkowa, 1839 — assists in measurement of arc of meridian in Russia and Scandinavia, 1845-52 — tf. at St Petersburg, 23 Nov. 1864. Observa- tiones Dorpatenses, 1817-39 — Catalogus novus stellarum duplicium, 1827 — Stellarum fixarum imprimis composi'tarum positiones medice, 1852 — Etudes d 'astronomie stellaire, 1847. Struve, Georg Adam, jurist,— b. at Magde- burg, 26 Sep. 16 1 9 — studies at Univ. of Jena, Jun. 1636 to Sep. 1639 — of Helmstadt, 1641 to Apr. 1645 — Prof. Law, Jena, Dec. 1646 — • Privy Councillor to Duke of Weimar, 1667 — Ordinarius of Judicial College, Jena, 1674 — • Pres. Council of Regency, Weimar, Aug. 1680 — tf. at Jena, 15 Dec. 1692. Syntagma Juris Feudalis, 1653 — Syntagma Jurisprudential Civilis, 1665. Struve, Gustav von, publicist, $c, — b. in Livonia, n Oct. 1805 — settles at Manheim, about 1840 — takes part in republican agitation and escapes to France, Apr. 1848 — again takes part in insurrection and is imprisoned, Sep. 1848 — liberated, May 1849 — tf. at Vienna, 1870. Geschichte der Phrenologie, 1843 — Politische Brief e, 1846 — System der Staatswis- senschaften, 1847-8 — Neue Zeit, 1850 — Diesseit und Jeuseit cles Oceans, 1864. Strychnia, vegetable alkaloid, — discovered by Pelleter and Caventon, 18 18. Strype, John, historian, biographer, — b. in London, 1 2 Nov. 1 643 — enters Jesus Coll. . Cambridge, 1661 — M.A., 1669 — tf. at Hackney, 13 Dec. 1737. Memorials of Thomas Granmer, 1694 — Annals of the Reformation, 1709-31 — lives of Abps Grindal, 17 10, Parker, 17 n, and Whitgift, 17 18 — edition of Sloiv's Survey of London, 1720 — Ecclesiastical Memorials, 1721. Stuart, Arabella, (Lady Aeabblla,) — b. at Chatsworth, 1575 — conspiracy of Raleigh and others to place her on throne of England, dis- covered and frustrated, summer 1603 — privately marries William Seymour, 16 10 — imprisoned by James I., 5 Jun. 161 1 — tf. in the Tower, 27 Sep. 1615. STUART-STURE. Stuart, Sir Charles, general, — b., Jan. 1753 ■ — enters the army, 1770 — serves in American War, 1775 — serves in the Mediterranean, and occupies Corsica, 1794-5 — occupies Lisbon, 1797-8 — conquers Minorca, Nov. 1798 — block- ades Valletta, 1798 — takes it, 4 Sep. 1800 — tf. in London, 25 Mar. 1801. Stuart, Daniel, journalist, — b. at Edinburgh, 1766 — secretary to Society of Friends of the People, about 1793 — joint-proprietor of Morn- ing Post, 1795 — of Courier, about 1803(F) ■ — retires, 18 16 — tf. in London, 25 Aug. 1846. Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts, — b., 4 Jan. 1803 — B.A. Cambridge, 1823 — marries daughter of Lucien Bonaparte, 1824 — M.P. Arundel, 1830-7 — M.P. Marylebone, 1847 — loses his wife, 14 May 1847 — &■ a ^ Stockholm, 17 Nov. 1854. Stuart, Gilbert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Edinburgh, 1742 or 1746 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 1767 — tf. at Musselburgh, 13 Aug. 1786. View of Society in Europe, 1778 — History of Scotland, 1782. Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, {American Stuart,) — b- in Rhode Island, U. S., 1756 — studies under West in London, 1778-80 — returns to America, 1793 — tf. at Boston, Jul. 1828. Stuart, Henry. [Darnley, Earl of.] Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, Cardinal of York, — b. at Rome, 6 Mar. 1725 — takes holy orders, 1746 — Cardinal, by Benedict XIV., 3 Jul. 1747 — Bp of Frascati, 1761 — receives pension from George III., 1798 — tf. at Frascati, 13 Jul. 1807. Stuart, James. [Murray, Earl of.] Stuart, James, {Athenian Stuart,) architect, — b. in London, 17 13 — goes to Italy, 1742 — accompanies Revett to Athens, 1751 — F.R.S. and F.S.A., before 1762 — tf. in London, 2 Feb. 1788. Antiquities of Athens, (with Revett,) 1762-1815. Stuart, James, of Dunearn, — b., 1776 — Writer to the Signet, 1798 — kills Sir A. Bos- well in a duel, Mar. 1822 — tried for murder and acquitted, 10 Jun. 1822 — visits America, 1825 — editor of the Courier, about 1829 — In- spector of Factories, 1835 — tf. in London, 3 Nov. 1849. Three Years in N. America, 1833. Stuart, James E. B., general, — b. in Vir- ginia, about 1832 — graduates at West Point, 1854 — resigns first lieutenancy and enters service of Confederate States, 14 May 1861 — commands Cavalry at Bull Run, 21 Jul. 1861 — Brigadier-general, Sep. 1861 — distinguishes himself in raid in rear of Gen. M c Clellan's army near Richmond, 13-14 Jun. 1862 — makes night attack on head-quarters of Gen. Pope, Aug. 1862 — his raid beyond the Potomac, Oct. 1862 — protects retreat of Confederates after Gettys- burg, 3 Jul. 1863 — mortally wounded in action near Richmond, and tf . there, 1 1 Jun. 1 864. Stuart, John M c Douall, Australian ex- plorer, — b., 18 18 — commences explorations in Australia, 1857 — crosses Australia from south to north, i860 — tf. in London, 5 Jun. 1866. Journals, 1864. Stuart. [Charles Edward, and James Francis Edward Stuart, and Lenox, Earls of-] Stuart, Moses, theologian, biblical critic, — b. at Wilton, Conn. U.S., 26 Mar. 1780— graduates at Yale Coll., 1799 — called to the bar, 1802 — congregational pastor at New Haven, 1806 — Prof. Sacred Literature, An- dover Seminary, 1809 — resigns, 1848 — tf. at Andover, Mass., 4 Jan. 1852. Hebrew Gram- mars, 18 13 and 1 82 1 — Commentary on Epistle to the Hebrews, 1827-8 — Commentary on Epistle to the Romans, 1832 — Grammar of New Tes- tament Dialect, 1834 — Commentary on Apo- calypse, 1845. Stuart Wortley, Lady Emmeline, — b., 2 May 1806 — marries Charles Stuart Wortley, 1 831 — left a widow, 1844 — tf. at Beyrout, about Dec. 1855. Etcetera, 1853 — Portugal and Madeira, 1854 — Travels in United States, 1851. Stubbe, {Stubbes,) Henry, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Lincolnshire, 28 Feb. 1631 — enters Christ Church, Oxford, 1649 — M.A., 1656 — sub-librarian of the Bodleian, 1657-59 — drowned near Bath, 12 Jul. 1676. Stubbes, Philip, — tf., probably 1592. Ana- tomie of Abuses, 1583 — Motive to Good Works, 1593 — Crist al Glass for Christian Women, 1629. Stubbs, George, anatomist, painter, — b. at Liverpool, 1724 — tf. A.R.A., 1806. Anatomy of the Horse, 1766. Stubbs, {Stubbe,) John, political writer, — b., about 1 54 1. Publishes his Discovery of a Gaping Gulph, 1579. Studius, — Consul with Aetius, (1207, a.tj. c.) 454- Stuerbout, Dierick, {Dirk van Haarlem,) painter, — b. at Haarlem, 1410 ? — tf. there, 1470 ? Paints his Pictures of Emperor Otto III. and Empress Mary, for Town-hall, Lou- vain, 1468. Stuhlweissenburg, in Hungary, — place of coronation of kings of Hungary from Stephen I. to Ferdinand I., 1000- 1527 — stormed by Maximilian L, 19 Nov. 1490 — Diet held at, 152 1 and 1526 — Royal free city, 1541 — capi- tulates to Turks, 1543— stormed by Duke of Mercceur and Gen. Russworm, 6 Sep. 1601 — recovered by Turks, 1602 — given up by them, 1688 — seat of a bishopric, 1776. Stukeley, William, antiquary, — b. at Hol- beach, in Lincolnshire, 7 Nov. 1687 — enters Bene't Coll. Cambridge, 1703 — F.R.S. , about 1717— F.S.A., 1718— M.D., 1719— F.R.C.P., 1720 — Gulstonian Lecturer, 1722 — takes holy orders, 1729 — tf. in London, 3 Mar. 1765. Itinerarium Curiosum, 1724 — Centuria, 1776 — Stonehenge and Abury, 1740 — Abury, 1743 — Palceographia Britannica, 1743. Stiiler, August, architect, — b. at Miihlhau- sen, in Thuringia, 28 Jan. 1800 — becomes pupil of Schinkel, 1827 — visits France and Italy, 1829 — Inspector of Court Buildings, Berlin, 1830— tf. at Berlin, 18 Mar. 1865. Sture, Nilson, — falsely accused and insulted by Eric XIV., 1566 — ambassador to Duke of STURE— SUBURANUS. J3 2 3 Lorraine, 1566 — assassinated by Eric, and his relations massacred by order of the king, 1567. Sture, Sten, the Younger, Administrator of Sweden, — succeeds his father, Svante,i5i2 — defeats Christian II. of Denmark, 22 Jul. 15 1 7 — defeated and slain by him at Bogesund, 19 Jan. 1520. Sture, Sten, — Administrator of Sweden, May 1471-97 — routs the Danes at Stockholm, 11 Oct. 147 1 — founds Upsala Univ., 1477 — re- bels against King John, and is defeated at Eotebro, 28 Oct. 1497 — again Regent, 29 Jul. 1 50 1 — besieges Queen Christina in citadel of Stockholm, and expels her, 1503 — Is., 13 Dec. 1503. Sture, Svante, Administrator of Sweden, — Marshal, 1497 — succeeds Sten Sture, Jan. 1504 — makes peace with Russians, 15 10 — If. at Westeraas, 2 Jan. 15 12. Sturleson, Snorro. [Snorro.] Sturge, Joseph, philanthropist, — ft. at El- berton, in Gloucestershire, 2 Aug. 1793 — takes part in Anti-Slavery Agitation, 1830 — visits West Indies, 1836-7 — visits America, 1841 — unsuccessful candidate at Nottingham election, 1842 — visits Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and fails in attempt at mediation, 1850— joint- deputy from Society of Friends to Emperor Nicholas, 1854 — visits Finland, 1856 — Pres. Peace Society, 1858 — Is. in London, 14 May 1858. Sturgeon, William, electrician, — ft. in Lancashire, 1783 — enters Royal Artillery, 1804 — leaves the army, about 1824 — obtains medal of Society of Arts for new electro-magnetic apparatus, 1825 — Prof. Experimental Philo- sophy, Addiscombe, about 1825? — invents another electro-magnetic machine, 1836— if. at Prestwich, 8 Dec. 1850. Experimental Re- searches in Electro-magnetism, 1830 — edits Annals of Electricity, §c, 1836 et seq. Sturm, Christoph Christian, theologian, — ft. at Augsburg, 25 Jan. 1740 — pastor at Ham- burg, 1778 — if. there, 26 Aug. 1786. Be- trachtungen iiber die Werke Gottes, 1785. Sturm, Jacques Charles Frangois, mathe- matician, — ft. at Geneva, 29 Sep. 1803 — goes to Paris, end of 1823 — presents his theorem to Academy of Sciences, 23 May 1829 — Prof. Mathematics, College Rollin, 1830 — member of Academy, 1836 — Prof. Analysis, Ecole Polytechnique, 1 840 — foreign member of Royal Society, London, and receives Copley Medal, 1840 — visits England, 1841 — tf. at Paris, 18 Dec. 1855. Cours d' Analyse, 1857-9 — Cours de Mecanique, 1861. Sturm, Johann Christoph, mathematician, $c, — ft. in Bavaria, 3 Nov. 1635 — Prof. Mathe- matics, Altdorf, 1669 — if. there, 26 Dec. 1703. Collegium Experimentale, 1676 — Mathesis Ju- venilis, 1684 — Fhysica electiva et hypothetica, 1675. Sturm, Johannes von, classical scholar, — ft. at Schleiden in the Eifel, 1 Oct. 1507 — settles at Paris, 1529 — rector of school at Strasburg, 1538 — gets it raised to a Univ., and is named Rector, 1566 — dismissed, 1582 — If. near Stras- burg, 3 Mar. 1589. Sturm von Sturmeck, Jakob, — ft. at Stras- burg, 1489 — elected Senator, 1524 — protests against exclusion of deputies of the Reformed from the Diet, 1529 — procures admission of Strasburg to League of Smalkald, 1532— joint- ambassador from Protestant princes to Henry VIII. of England, 1536— U. at Strasburg, 30 Oct. 1553. Sturt, Charles, Australian explorer, — in his first journey discovers the Darling river, 1827 —explores the Murray and Darling, 1830 — explores the interior, 1845-6— ft. at Chelten- ham, 16 Jun. 1869. Sturt, John, engraver,— ft. in London, 1658 — IS., 1730. Booh of Common Prayer, 17 17. Stuttgart, capital of Wurtemberg, — men- tioned, 1229— besieged by Rudolph I., 1286 — becomes seat of Counts of Wurtemberg, 1320 — seat of a bishopric, 1 321— made the capital, 1482 — walled, 1520 and 1567 — attacked by Spaniards, 1546-7 — by Imperialists, 1634 et seq.— ravaged by plague, 1634-8 — attacked by French, 1688, 1693, and 1707 — occupied by French, 25 Jul. 1796 — again, 1800 and 1801 — meeting of Emperors of Russia and France at, 25 Sep. 1857. Academy of Fainting, $c, established, 1751. Style, Old and New. [Calendar.] Stylites. [Simeon Stylites.] Styria, (Steiermark,) — Magyars defeated and driven from, by Emperor Otto I., 955 — erected into a Duchy for Count Ottocar VI., 11 80— passes to House of Hapsburg, 1282 — receives doctrines of Luther, 1530 — at Diet of Augs- burg demands freedom of worship, 1547 — ob- tains it, 1575-8. Suabia, (Suevia, Schwaben,) Duchy of,— [Alsace]— given to Frederick of Hohenstaufen, 1080 — extinct, 1268 — made one of the circles of the Empire, 15 12— fully organized, 1563. Suabian League, (Schwdbischer Bund,) — originates, 1376 — extended and converted into Grand Union, at Heidelberg, J 3 84 — opposed by League of Marbach, 1405. Grand, formed at Esslingen, 1488 — dissolved, 1533. Suarez, Francisco, theologian, — ft. at Granada, 5 Jan. 1548 — while a student at Salamanca enters Order of Jesuits, 1564 — Prof. Theology, Rome, 1580 — Prof. Theology, Alcala, 1588-96 — Prof. Theology, Coimbra, 1597 — receives thanks of Paul V. for his Befensio, by brief of 9 Sep. 1613 — if. at Lisbon, 25 Sep. i6i5, a 1617. 13 Befensio catholicce fdei contra anglicance sectce err ores, published, 16 13, and publicly burnt by hangman in London, Nov. 161 3, and at Paris, Jun. 16 14. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Subleyras, Pierre, painter, — ft. at Uzes, 1699— obtains first prize at Academy of Paris, 1726 — goes to Rome, 1728 — if. there, 28 May 1749. Subscription, Clerical, to Thirty - nine Articles, in England, — required by Act 13 Eliz. c. 12, 1570 — law respecting, amended by Act 28 and 29 Vic. c. 122, 5 Jul. 1865. Suburanus, a (Suranus, h ) — Consul with Mar- cellus, (856, a. u. c.) io3, a io4. b a Clinton. b Zurapt. SUCCESSION— SUGAR. Succession, Hanoverian. [Hanoverian Succession.] Succession Duty, in Great Britain, — im- posed on real property and regulated by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 51, 4 Aug. 1853. Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albufera, Marshal of France, — b. at Lyons, 1772,* 2 Mar. 1770 b — enters the army, 1792 — serves at siege of Toulon, 1793-4 — distinguishes himself at Loano, 23 Nov. 1795, and in Italian cam- paign of 1796 — wounded at affair of Cerea, 11 Oct. 1796 — again, at Neumark, 2 Apr. 1797 — distinguishes himself in Switzerland, early in 1798— Chief of the Staff to Brune, Aug. 1798— deprived by Joubert, Feb. 1799 — General of Division, 10 Jul. 1799 — as Lieutenant to Mas- sena, distinguishes himself in Italy, from 8 Mar. 1800 — Inspector-general of Infantry, Jul. 1 801 — distinguishes himself at Austerlitz, 1805 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1806 — con- tributes to victory of Jena, Oct. 1806 — Count, 19 Mar. 1808 — commands in Spain, Nov. 1808 — General-in-chief of French army' in Aragon, Apr. 1809 — defeats Blake at Maria, 14 Jun. 1809 — defeats O'Donnell, 22 Apr. 1 8 1 o — takes Lerida, 14 May 1 8 1 o — takes Tarragona, 28 Jun. 18 n — Marshal, 8 Jul. 1 8 1 1 —takes Valencia, 1 o Jan. 1 8 1 2 — D uke of Albufera, 24 Jan. 1812 — Peer of France, 4 Jim. 1814— deprived of peerage, 24 Jul. 18 15 — restored, 5 Mar. 18 19 — tf. at Marseilles, 3, b 7 a Jan. 1826. Memoires, 1829-34. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Siog. Gen. Suckling-, Sir John, poet, — b. in Middlesex, about Feb. 1609 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1623 — serves a campaign in Germany, under Gustavus Adolphus, 1631 — M.P. Bramber, 1640 — accused of conspiracy to draw army against parliament, 1641 — ft. in France, 1641. Works , 1709. Sudbury, in Suffolk, — disfranchised for bribery and corruption, 1844. Sudbury, Simon de, Abp of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor of England, — auditor of the Eota and chaplain to Pope Innocent VI., before 7 Jul. 1358 a — Chancellor of Salisbury, 1360 — Bp of London, 1361 — joint-envoy with Vfickliffe to Congress of Bruges, 1374 — Abp of Canterbury, 26 May 1375 a — arrives in Eng- land, Mar. 1376 — crowns Richard II., 1377 — under authority of Papal bull, joins Bp of London in citation of Wickliffe, 1377 — Chan- cellor, 4 Jul. 1379 a — presides in parliament of 1380 — his palace pillaged by Wat Tyler, 1381 — seized in the Tower and murdered by in- surgents, 14 Jun. 1381. a Foss. Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, — ft. at Paris, 10 Dec. 1804 — enters the army, 1823 — the navy, 1825 — present at Navarino, 1828 — leaves the navy, 1829 — member of Legislative Assembly, Apr. 1850 — exiled, Dec. 1851 — tf. in Savoy, 3 Jul. 1857. Histoire de la marine frangaise, 1835-7 — Mathilde, 1841 — Mysteres de Paris, 1842-3 — Juif errant, 1844-5 — Martin, V enfant trouve, 1847 — Sept Peche's Capitaux, 1%4.7-9—Mi/stercs da Peuple, 1849- 56. Suetonius Tranquillus, C, historian, bio- grapher, — ft., about 70 — If., after 117. Sueur, Eustache le. [Lesueur.] Suez Canal, — projected by Lesseps, 1854 — concession for forming, granted to him by Pasha of Egypt, 1856 — company formed, Jan. 1859 — construction of, commenced, 1859 — con- vention respecting, between Viceroy of Egypt and Canal Company, signed, 5 Feb. 1866 — opened, 17 Nov. 1869. Suffolk, Earl, Marquis, and Duke of, — [Pole, De la.] Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of, — created Viscount L'Isle, 15 May i5i3 a — ac- companies Henry VIII. to France, 15 13 — Duke of Suffolk, 1 Feb. I5i4 a — ambassador to Empe- ror, Feb. 15 14 — attends Princess Mary to Paris, 15 14 — ambassador to Francis I., Jan. 15 15 — privately marries Mary, Feb. 15 15 — returns with her to England, end of Apr. — publicly married at Greenwich, 13 May — present at Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520 — commands Eng- lish force in France and threatens Paris, 1523 — loses his wife, 1533 — sits on trial of Queen Anne Boleyn, 1536 — takes part in suppression of insurrections, 1536-7 — present at siege and capture of Boulogne, 1544— tr., 22 Aug. 1545. a Brewer. Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, 3rd Mar- quis of Dorset, — created Duke, n Oct. 155 1 — his daughter Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen, Jul. 1553 — sent to the Tower by Queen Mary, but is pardoned, 1553 — sits on trial of Northumberland, 18 Aug. 1553 — joins insur- rection of Wyatt, Jan. 1554 — tried and con- victed, 17 Feb. — executed on Tower Hill, 23 Feb. Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of, — ft., about Dec. 1553 — restored in blood by Act of Parliament, 1585 — Knt, for his services against Spanish Armada, 1588 — distinguishes himself at capture of Cadiz, summer 1596 — takes part in expedition to the Azores, 1597 — K.G., 24 May 1597 — sits on trial of Earls of Essex and Southampton, 1601 — Privy Councillor, May 1603 — Earl of Suffolk, by James I., 21 Jul. 1603 — Lord Chamberlain, 1603 — -Joint-com- missioner for office of Earl Marshal, 1604— Lord Chamberlain, 1604, 1605— Chancellor of Cambridge Univ., 161 3 — Lord High Treasurer of England, 11 Jul. 16 14 — dismissed, 19 Jul. 16 1 8 — accused with his lady in Star Chamber, Oct. 1619 — both sent to the Tower, 20 Nov. — the earl liberated, 29 Nov. — restored to royal favour, Jan. 1620— U. in London, 28 May 1626. Suffragan Bishops, in England, — appoint- ment of, by the king, authorized by Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 14, 1534 — repealed by Act 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554— reenacted by 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559. Sugar,— [BC] — mentioned by Herodotus, 450-420 — [AD] — mentioned by Pliny, 50-70 — • refining, in England, mentioned, 1659 — Cane, described by historians of crusades, 1100-25 — introduced in Sicily, before 11 60 — in Hispa- niola, before 15 1 8 — in Barbadoes, before 1650 — duty on, in England, imposed, 1 661— doubled, 1669 — newly regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Vic. c. SUGER-SULPHURIC ACID. i3 2 5 28, 4 Jul. 1844; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 63, 18 Aug. 1846 ; 11 and 12 Vic. c. 97, 4 Sep. 1848 ; 17 and 18 Vic. c. 29, 10 Jul. 1854. Beetroot. {See Achard.] Suger, Abbot, statesman,— h\., probably 1082 — confidential adviser of Louis VI., 1108 — negotiates peace between France and England, 1 109, 1 1 14, 1 1 19, and 1 1 20 — sent on secret mission to Rome, 11 22 — Abbot of St Denis, 1 122 — sent to meet .Innocent II. at Cluny, early in n 30 — confidential adviser of Louis VII., 1 1 37 — Regent during absence of Louis VII., 1 147 -8 — prepares another crusade, 1151 — fc. at St Denis, 30 Jan. 1152. Suhm, Peter Frederik, historian, — ft. at Copenhagen, 1728 — travels in Norway, 1751- 65 — tf., 7 Sep. 1798. Geschichte von Dane- mark, 1782-1812. Suhm, Ulrich Friedrich von, diplomatist, — ft. at Dresden, 1691 — plenipotentiary of Elector of Saxony at Berlin, 1720-30— goes to Court of Russia, 1737 — tf. at Warsaw, Nov. 1740. Correspondance de Frederic [iX] avec Suhm, 1787. Suicer, {Schweitzer,) Johann Caspar, philo- logist, theologian, — ft. at Zurich, 1620 — Prof. Hebrew and Greek, 1660-83 — )j., 29 Dec. 1684. Thesaurus ecclesiasticus de Patribus Grcecis, 1682. Suicer, Johann Heinrich, theologian, — ft. at Zurich, 1644 — Prof. Greek, 1683 — Prof. Theo- logy, Heidelberg, 1700 — o\, 23 Sep. 1705. Suicer, Johann Heinrich, historian. Chro- nologia Helvetica, 1607. Suicide, — Christian burial refused to, by Council of Braga, 563. In England, burial of, regulated by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 52, 8 Jul. 1823. Suidas, Greek lexicographer, — fl., after 1100? 1087 ? Suleiman. [Solyman.] Sulla, L. Corn., — [BC] — (1.) Consul with Augustus, (749, a. tj.c.) 5. (2.)— [AD]— Consul with. Ser. Sulpicius Galba, (786,) 33. Sulla, Faustus Cornelius, — [B C] — ft., before 88 — accompanies Pompey into Asia, at siege of Jerusalem, 63 — quaestor, 54 — at Pharsalia, 48 — taken prisoner and murdered by soldiers, 46. Sulla Felix, L. Corn.,— [BC]— ft., 138— quaestor, under Marius in Jugurthine War, 107 — legatus to Marius, 104 — trib. milit., 103 — serves under Q. Calatius, 102-1 — praetor, 93 — propraetor in Cilicia, 92 — restores Ariobar- zanes to Cappadocia : legatus to L. Caesar, 90 — to L. Cato, 89 — reduces Hirpini, takes Bo- viacum : Consul with Q. Pompeius Rufus, (666, a. u. c.) 88 — marches on Rome and drives Marius out : engaged in Mithridatic War, 87-83 — takes Athens, 1 Mar. 86— de- feats Archelaos at Chaeroneia, 86— passes into Asia and makes peace with Mithridates, early in 84 — defeats Fimbria, 84 — returns to Italy, spring 83 — defeats Norbanus, 83 — takes pos- session of Rome, defeats Italians andMarians at Colline Gate, 82 — appointed Dictator, end of 82 — reign of Terror : triumphs, beginning of 81 — revolution organized, 80-79 — resigns dic- tatorship and retires, 79 — tf., 78. Sullivan, John, general, — ft. in Maine, U.S., 17 Feb. 1740 — member of Congress, 1774 — attacks Fort William and Mary, near Ports- mouth, Dec. 1 7 74 — as Brigadier-general, serves at siege of Boston, 1775— as Major-general, serves under Putnam, in Long Island, Aug. 1776 — takes part in battle of Trenton, 25 Dec. 1776 — unsuccessfully attacks Staten Island, 22 Aug. 1777 — defeated at Brandy wine, 11 Sep. — again at Germantown, 4 Oct. — is compelled to raise siege of Newport, Aug. 1778 — com- mands expedition against Indians of the Six Nations, 1779 — a g am member of Congress, autumn 1780 — Federal Judge of New Hamp- shire, 1789 — ft. there, 23 Jan. 1795. Sullivan, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Maine, U. S., 1774 — graduates at Har- vard Coll., 1792 — is. at Boston, 3 Sep. 1839. Historical Causes and Effects, 1838 — Public Men of the Revolution, 1847. Sullivan's Island, U. S„— Fort Moultrie evacuated by Federals under Major Anderson, and occupied by Confederates, 26 Dec. i860. Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of, statesman, — ft. at Rosny, Dec. 1560,'- b 1559° — taken to Court of Henry of Navarre, 1572— at Paris escapes massacre of St Bartholomew, Aug. 1572 — accompanies Henry on his flight from Paris, and enters the army, 1575 — distin- guishes himself and is severely wounded at siege of Cahors, 1580 — Councillor of Navarre, 1580 — serves under Duke of Anjou in Holland, 1580-2 — marries Anne de Courtney, Dec. 1583 — contributes to victory of Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587 — defeats party of Leaguers at Bonneval, 18 May 1589 — loses his wife, 1589 — at battle of Arques, 21 Sep. 1589 — wounded at Ivry, 14 Mar. 1590 — again at siege of Chartres, 1591 — marries again, May 1592 b — Councillor of State and Finance, 1594 — member of Council of Finance, 1596 — Superintendent of Finance, 1599 — Grand Master of Artillery, 13 Nov. 1599 — Marquis of Rosny, Aug. 1601 — ambas- sador to Queen Elizabeth at Dover, 1601 — captures castles of Charbonnieres and Montme- lian, 1601 — ambassador to James I., 1603 — Duke of Sully and Peer of France, Feb. 1606 — retires from office, 26 Jan. 161 1 — assists at Assembly of Saumur, 161 1— attends States- General, 1 6 14 — directs artillery at siege of St Jean d'Angely, and takes part in siege of Montauban, 162 1— resigns charge of Grand Master, and is created Marshal of France, 18 Sep. 1634— tf. at Villebon, near Chartres, 22 Dec. 1 641. Memoires, 1634-62. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. e Duchesne. Sulphur, — monopoly of working mines of, in Sicily, granted to M. Taix, from 1 Aug. 1838 — abolition of, demanded by British Go- vernment, 15 Mar. 1840 — refused by Govern- ment of Two Sicilies, 1 Apr.— mediation of France accepted, 20 Apr. — monopoly abolished, Jul. 1840 — compensation awarded to British claimants, Jan. 1842. Sulphuretted Hydrogen, gas,— investigated by Scheele, 1777. Sulphuric Acid, {Oil of Vitriol,) — discovered by Valentine, about 1490 — new method of pre- paration devised by Lefevre andLemery, 1740. i3 2( SULPICIUS LEMONIA RUFUS— SUNDAY. Sulpicius Lemonia Rufus, Serv. , jurist, — [BC] — 6., about 106— studies at Rhodus, 78 — qua>stor atOstia,74 — curule sedile, 69— praetor, 65 — as interrex, names Pompey sole Consul, 52 — Consul with M. Claud. Marcellus, (703, a. u. c.) 51 — proconsul of Acha3a, 46-45 — am- bassador to M. Antonius, and tf. at Mutina, 43. Sulpicius Rufus, P., orator,— [B C]— b., 124 — accuses Norbanus of majestas, 94 — qua3stor, Q2 — legatus to Cn. Pompeius Strabo in Marsic War, 89 — trib. pleb., 88— joins Marius, and is put to death by Sulla, 88. Sulzer, Johann Georg, writer on Art,—b. in Zurich, 16 Oct. 1720 — visits Berlin, 1742 — Prof. Mathematics, Berlin, 1747-63 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1750 — tf. at Berlin, 27 Feb. 1779. Allgemeine Theorie der Schbnen Kvnste, 1 7 7 1 -4 — Appendix, 1799 — Selbst- biographie, 1809. Sumarokof, Alexander, poet,— 6. at Mos- cow, 1727 — tf. there, 1777. Sumatra, in Indian Ocean, — visited by Xiccolo di Conti, before 1449 — reached by Por- tuguese, 1509 — Dutch settlement at Padang, about 1649 — English, at Bencoolen, 1685 — Dutch possessions in, taken by English, 181 1 — restored to Dutch, 18 15 — British settlements given up to Dutch in exchange for Malacca, &c, 1824 — wars of the Padries with other in- habitants and the Dutch, begin, about 18 16 — Dutch possessions extended, 1835 — treaty for settling mutual relations of Dutch and English in, concluded, 1870, but ratification refused by parliament of Holland : treaty altered and rati- fied, 15 Dec. 187 1. Sumbawa, island of Indian Archipelago, — conquered by the Dutch, 1676 — devastated by eruption of Tomboro, 18 15 — again, 1836. Summerville, in Virginia, U. S., — Gen. Rosecranz defeats Confederates under Gen. Floyd near, 11 Sep. 1861. Sumner, John Bird, Abp of Canterbuky, — ft., 1780 — B.A. Cambridge, 1802 — Assist- ant-master at Eton, 1802 — takes holy orders and marries, 1803 — rector of Maple Durham, Oxfordshire, 181 8 — Bp of Chester, 1828 — Abp of Canterbury, 1848 — tf- at Addington Park, 6 Sep. 1862. Apostolical Breaching, 1 815 — Records of Creation, 1816 — Evidences of Christianity, (6th ed.,) 1836. Sumptuary laws, at Rome, — [B C]— Orchian law respecting number of guests, 181 — Fannian, respecting cost of feasts and festivals, 161 — Didian, extending penalties to guests, 143 — Licinian, confirming Fannian, 103 ? — Corne- lian, confirming Fannian, 81 — iEmilian, pre- scribing bill of fare, 78 — Julian, confirming Fannian, licinian, Cornelian, 48? — [AD] — enacted for Court of Castile, 1258. Sumter, Fort, Charleston, U. S., — erected, 1 845-55 — giirrison removed from Fort Moultrie to, 26 Dec. i860 — surrendered by Major An- derson to Confederates under Gen. Beauregard, 14 Apr. 1 86 1 — bombarded and demolished by Gen. Gilmore, 17-24 Aug. 1863 — again bom- barded by Federals, 28 Oct. 1863 — Union Flag- replaced on, 14 Apr. 1865. Sun, The, — Apogee, motion of, discovered by Albategnius, about 880. Eccentricity, correct- ed by Albategnius, about 880. Parallax of, determined by observation of transits of Venus, 1764 and 1769 — corrected by Le Verrier, 1863. Red [luminous) prominences, in eclipse of, ob- served by Stranayan, 1706 — by Vassenius, 3 May 1733 — attract fresh attention, 7 Jul. 1842 — investigated during eclipses of 28 Jul. 1851, 18 Jul. i860, and 17-18 Aug. 1868 — method of investigation by spectroscope dis- covered by Lockyer and Janssen, Oct. 1868 — again examined by spectrum analysis, Dec. 187 r. Raily's Reads, seen by Halley, 17 15 — by Maclaurin, 1737 — first, by Baily, 15 May 1836. ' Willow-leaves' in surface configura- tion of, observed by Nasmyth, 1864. Rota- tion, asserted by Fabricius and Galileo, 1612 — period of, determined by Scheiner, 1630. Spots on, observed by Fabricius, Mar. 161 i, a close of i6io b — his discovery published, Jun. 161 1 c — seen, but not recognized as spots, by Hariot, 8 Dec. i6io c — recognized by him, 1 Dec. 161 1 — observed by Galileo, not later than Apr. 161 1 c — his discovery announced, 4 May i6i2 c — asserted to be cosmical bodies, and named Rorbonia Sidera by Tarde, 1620 — and Austriaca Sidera, by Malapertus, 1633 — in- vestigated and asserted to be cavities in the photosphere, by Wilson, 1769-74 — by Bode, 1776 — by Herschel, 1779-1801 — investigated by Schwabe, 1826-50 — by Carrington, 1853- 61 — photographs of, obtained by De la Bue, 1862 — shown to be cavities in the photosphere, by De la Bue, Stewart and Loewy, Jan. 1865 — cause of, investigated and determined by spectrum analysis, by Lockyer, 1866. Dyna- mical efficiency of rays of, stated by Herschel, 1833 — Mayer's theory of, published, 1845 — Waterston's, 1853 — Thompson's, 1854. Pho- tographs of, obtained by De la Bue, at Kew, 1858-59 — of eclipse, by De la Bue and Secchi, i860. a Arago. b Brewster. c Humboldt. Sun, London neivspaper, — commenced, 1792 — appears for the last time, 24 Feb. 1871. Sunda Islands. [Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra.] Sunday, (Lord's Pay,) (Pies Solis, Pies Pominicus,) — observance of, mentioned by Justin Martyr, 140 a — enjoined and regulated by edicts of Constantine the Great, 7 Mar. 321 — recognized by Council of Nice, 325 — ob- servance enjoined by Council of Laodicea, about 363 — by Theodosius L, 386 a — by Theo- dosius II , 425 — by Leo and Anthemius, 469 a — country labour prohibited by Council of Or- leans, 538 — and by Leo the Philosopher, 910 a — obligation of, denied by Waldenses, about 1290 — by Lollards, about 1400 — observance sanctioned by Confession of Augsburg, 153 1 a — and by Helvetic Confession, 1566 a — ordained by Synod of Dort, 161 8 n — further discussion respecting, prohibited in Holland by States- General, 7 Aug. 1659.* In England, observ- ance enjoined and regulated by laws of Ina, 673— by Council of Berkhampstead, 697 — by Constitutions of Abp Egbert, 749 — by Council of Cloveshoo, 747 — by convention between Ed- ward the Elder and Guthrun, 906 — by law of SUNDAY LEAGUE— SUSA. 1327 Athelstan, 925 — by law of Edgar the Peace- able, 958 — holding of fairs and markets on, prohibited by Act 27 Hen. VI. c. 5, 1448-9 — observance of, regulated by Acts 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 3, 1552, and 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1558 — [see Book of Sports] — sanctioned by Westminster Confession, 1643 — better observance of, pro- vided for. by Acts 29 Car. II. c. 7, 1676, and 21 Geo. III. c. 49, 1781 — sale of beer and liquors on, regulated by Act 11 and 12 Vic. c. 49, 14 Aug. 1848. a Hessey. Sunday League, National, — formed in Lon- don, 1865. Sunday Schools, — originated in England, by Raikes, 17 81 — exempted from rating by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 26, Jul. 1869. Sunday Trading Bill, in England, — intro- duced in Commons, 17 Apr. 1855 — read a second time, 3 May — demonstration in Hyde Park against, 24 Jim. — withdrawn, 2 Jul. Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Eakl or, Peime Minister of England, — b., 1674 — M.P. Tiverton, 1695 — marries daughter of Duke of Marlborough, Jan. 1699 — succeeds to the peerage, 1702 — envoy extraord. to Vienna and Berlin, 1705 — takes part in negotiating Union with Scotland, 1706 — Secretary of State, Dec. 1707 — dismissed, refuses a pension, Jun. 17 10 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 17 14 — Lord Privy Seal, Aug. 17 15 — Secretary of State and Pres. Council, Apr. 17 17 — First Lord of the Treasury, Mar. 17 18 — involved in South Sea Scheme, 1720 — dismissed from office, 3 Apr. 172 1 — tf. in London, 19 Apr. 1722. Sunderland, Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of, — 5. at Althorp, Nov. 1620 — succeeds to the peerage, 1633 — joins Charles I. at Nottingham, 1642— distinguishes himself at Edgehill, Oct. 1642 — created Earl of Sunderland, 8 Jun. 1643 — killed at battle of Newbury, 20 Sep. 1643. Sunderland, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of, — ft., about 1 641 — succeeds his father, 1643 — ambassador to Spain, 167 1 — to France, 1672 — Privy Councillor, 1674 — again ambassador to France, 1678 — Secretary of State, 1679-81 — supports Exclusion Bill and is dismissed, 16 80-1 • — again Secretary of State, Jan. 1682 — Pres. Council, by James II. , Dec. 1685 — bribed by Louis XIV., 1686 — member of Ecclesiastical Commission, Jul. 1686 — bribed by Tyrconnel, Jan. 1687 — K.G., 1687 — professes Romanism, 1687 — dismissed, Oct. 1688 — retires to Holland, Nov. — excepted from Act of Indemnity, 1690 — Lord Chamberlain, Privy Councillor, and one of the Lords Justices, Apr. 1697 — retires, Dec. 1697— tf. at Althorp, 28 Sep. 1702. Sun-dial, {Gnomon, Horologium, Solarium,) — [BC] — mentioned by Herodotus, about 450 — set up at Rome, by Papirius Cursor, (462, a. u. c.) 292 a — by M. Valerius Messalla, (491,) 263 b — another, by Q. Marcius Philippus, (590,) 164. a Some authorities. b Others. Suniades, — [BC]— Archon at Athens, (01. 95, 4,) 397. Superannuations, retiring allowances, — in Civil Service of Great Britain, laws respecting, amended by Act 22 Vic. c. 26, 19 Apr. 1859 Superior, Lake, in N. Amer reached and explored by French missionaries, Mesnard, 1660, Allonez, 1666-8 — explored by Cass, 1820 — United States surveys commence, 1843. Supremacy, Royal, in Church of England, — established by Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 1, 1534— abolished by 1 and 2 Phil, and Mar. c. 8, 1554 — reestablished by 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559. ^ at ^ °fi prescribed by Act 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559— new, sub- stituted by 1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 8, 1689— penal enactments relating to, repealed, and new regulations made, by Acts 7 and 8 Vic. c. 102, 9 Aug. 1844, and 9 and 10 Vic. c. 59, 18 Aug. 1846— abolished by Act 21 and 22 Vic. c. 48, 23 Jul. 1858. Sura, L. Licinius, — Consul, (851, a. u. c.) 98 ? — Consul with Senecius, (855,) 102 — again, with Senecius, (860,) 107. Surat, in Hindustan, — sacked and burnt by Portuguese, 1530 and 1531 — besieged and taken by Akber, 1572-3 — English factory establish- ed, 16 1 2— chief station of E. India Company on west coast, 1615 — seat of Presidency, 1657 — plundered by Sevajee, Jan. 1664 — again, 1670 — seat of government transferred to Bombay, i686, a 1692 b — Castle taken possession of by British, 1759 — administration of, assumed by them, by treaty, 1800 — titular dignity of Nawab extinct, 1842. a Engl. Cyc b Thornton. Surgeons, — [Barber-Surgeons] — of Lon- don, — united with Company of Barber-Sur- geons, by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 42, 1540— constituted a separate company, by Act 18 Geo. II. c. 15, 1745. College of, constituted by Charter of George III., 1800 — receives new Charter, and is named Royal Coll. of Surgeons of England, 1 844 — receives further privileges, 1852 and 1859. Surinam, [Guiana, Dutch] — immigration of labourers from India to, regulated by Con- vention between Great Britain and Holland, Dec. 1871. Surrey, Earls of. [Norfolk, Dukes of, and Warrenne, John and William de.] Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, poet,— b., about 15 16 — present at interview of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at Calais, 1532— serves in French "War, 1540 — K.G., 1542 — executed for treason, 19 Jan. 1547. Foems, (with Wyatt's,) 1557. Surrey Theatre, Royal, London, — built, 1782 — rebuilt, 1806 — burnt, 30 Jan. 1865. Surtees, Robert, topographical antiquary, — b. at Durham, . 1 Apr. 1779 — B.A. Oxford, 1800 — M.A., 1803 — marries, 1807 — tr., n Feb. 1834. History of Durham, 1816-40. Surtees Society, — established, 1834. Survey, Trigonometrical. [Ordnance Sur- rey.] Surya Sidhanta, — written, about 4oo-6oo, a 1091^ a Colebvooke, &c. b Bentley. Susa, — [B C] — residence of Persian kings, about 520 — improved by Darius I., about 520, &c. — occupied by Alexander the Great, 331. Susa, (Suza,) in Piedmont, (Segusio,) — burnt by Frederick Barbarossa, 1171 s — visited by Pope Innocent IV., Nov. 1244 a — P ass °% forced by Louis XIII. , 6 Mar. 1629 — taken by Marshal Catinat, 12 Nov. 1690 — recovered by 1328 SUSARION— SWAN RIVER SETTLEMENT. Duke of Savoy, 1696 — occupied by French, Dec. 1798— surrenders to Suwarof, summer 1799 — captured by Thurreau, May 1800. Cathedral, consecrated, 1028. Treaty of, be- tween Louis XIII. and Duke of Savoy, con- cluded, 11 Mar. 1629. a Kington. Susarion, comic poet, — [B Cj — introduces Megaric comedy into Athens, between (01. 50-4) 580-64 a — fl., about (01. 51) 576-2^ a Smith's Diet. b Miiller. Susdal, in Russia, — principality of, erected for Juri Yladimirovich, about 1147 — seat of an Eparchy, 12 14 — insurrection at, 1282. Susiana, (Elam,) — [BC] — most powerful State of S. W. Asia, under Chedorlaomer, i925-i9i3 a — Abradates joins Cyrus against Assyria, 538 — Abalites, satrap, surrenders Susa to Alexander, and is soon executed, 331. a Ussher. Suspension Bridge. [Menai, Friburg, &c] Sussex, South Saxons, kingdom of, — founded, by Ella and his sons, 477. Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke or, — fj. at Buckingham Palace, 27 Jan. 1773 — K.G., 2 Jan. 1786 — marries Lady Augusta Murray, at Rome, 4 Apr. 1793 — ceremony re- peated in London, 5 Dec. 1793 — the marriage pronounced null and void by Prerogative Court, Aug. 1794 — created Duke of Sussex, 27 Nov. 1801— LL.D. Cambridge, 1818— Pres. Royal Society, 1830-9 — ft. at Kensington Palace, 21 Apr. 1843. Sussex, Robert Ratcliffe, 1st Earl of, — restored in blood and honours as 2nd Lord Fitz-Walter, by Henry VIII., 15 10 — attends the king in France, 15 13 — commands under Surrey in France, 1522 — created Viscount Fitz-Walter, 18 Jun. 1525 — subscribes articles against Wolsey, 1529 — Earl of Sussex, 8 Dec. 1529 — accompanies the king to France, 1532 — tf., 1542. Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, 3rd Earl of, — ft., 1526 — ambassador to Charles V. to negoti- ate marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of Spain, 1554 — Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1555 — succeeds to Earldom, 17 Feb. 1556 — K.G., about 1556 — ambassador of Queen Elizabeth to Vienna, 1567 — Lord -Lieutenant of Ireland, 1560 — Joint-commissioner at Conferences of York, 1568 — Pres. of the North, 1569 — suppresses insurrection of Northumberland, 1570 — tf. at Bermondsey, 9 Jul. 1583. Sutcliffe, Matthew, theologian, — Archdea- con of Taunton, 1586 — Dean of Exeter, 22 Oct. 1588 — obtains charter of incorporation for his projected College of Divines at Chel- sea, 8 May 16 10— tf., 1629. Ecclesiastical Discipline, 1591 — Ee Eresbyterio, 1591 — Ee Vera Christi Ecclesia, 1600. His college failing, the estates are restored to his heirs by decree of Chancery, 163 1. Sutherlandshire, in Scotland, — gold dis- covered in, Jan. 1 869. Sutri, in Italy,— visited by Emperor Fre- derick II., Dec. 1220— seized by him, 1240. Council of, held by Henry III., king of Ger- many, who deposes Pope Gregory VI., and gets law renewed tbat no pope should be elected without consent of emperor, Dec. 1046. Suttee, — [BC] — practice of, in India, de- scribed by Diodorus, 300 — [AD] — declared illegal by Governor-general of British India, 14 Dec. 1829. Sutton, Charles Manners. [Canterbury, Viscount.] Sutton, Thomas, founder of Charterhouse, — ft. in Lincolnshire, 1532 — as Master of Ord- nance at Berwick, renders important services during rebellion of Northumberland and West- moreland, 1569 — Master-general of Ordnance in the North for life, 1569 — takes part in cap- ture of Edinburgh Castle, 1573 — loses his wife, 1602 — founds Charterhouse, 16 11 — tf., 12 Dec. 1611, Suwarof-Rymnikski, Alexander Vassili- vich, Count, Prince Italinski, Field-marshal and Generalissimo of Russian army, — ft. in Finland, 3 - in the Ukraine, 13 at Moscow, 24 Nov. i730, ab 1729 cd — enters the army, 1743 — serves against Swedes, 1748 e — Lieutenant- colonel, 1757 — serves at battle of Kunnersdorf, 1759 — Brigadier-general, 1768 — defeats Polish Dissidents and takes Cracow, 1768 — serves against Turks, 1773 — General of Division, 1773 — conquers Tatars of Kuban, 1783 — Commander-in-chief in Turkish War, 1787 — wounded at battle of Kinburn, 1 Oct. 1787 — takes part in siege of Oczakow, and is again wounded, 1788 — distinguishes himself at battle of Fokshany, 1 Aug. 1789 — defeats Turks on the Rymnik, 22 Sep. 1789 — Count of the Em- pire, by Joseph II., 1789 — Count Rymnikski, by Empress Catherine, 1789 — storms and sacks Ismael, Dec. 1790 — defeats Poles, 17 and 19 Sep. i794 e — storms Praga, and enters Warsaw, 24 Sep., d 19 Nov., c 3-6 Nov. e 1794 — Field-marshal, Nov. 1794 — falls into dis- grace and is deprived of his rank by Paul I., Sep. 1798° — reinstated, soon after : asj^ield- marshal-general, commands against French in Italy, Apr. 1799 — defeats Moreau at the Adda, 27 Apr. — enters Milan, and puts an end to Cisalpine Republic, 28 Apr. — surprises Turin, 27 May — victory of the Trebbia, 17, 18, 19 Jun. — of the Novi, 15 Aug. — repulsed by French at pass of St Gothard, 23 Sep. e — forces the pass and enters Switzerland, 26 Sep. e — passes the Alps and enters the Grisons, 5-6 Oct. e — retreats into Bavaria, end of Oct. — Prince Italinski, 1799 — tf. at St Petersburg, 18 Nov., a 18 May, b 17 May c 1800. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. d Conv.-Lex. e Alison. Suyderhoef, Jonas, engraver, — ft. atLeyden, about 1600 — tf., after 1668. Congress of Mun- ster, after Terburg, 1649-50? Swabia. [Suabia.] Swammerdam, Jan, anatomist, entomologist, — ft. at Amsterdam, 12 Feb. 1637 — studies at Leyden, Saumur, and Paris, 1651-66 — M.D. Leyden, 1667 — tf. at Amsterdam, early in 168 i, a i68o, b 15 Feb. i685. c General History of In- sects, 1669 — Natural History of Bees, 1673 — ■ Anatomy of the Eay-Fly, 1675 — Eiblia naturae, 1737-8. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. c Conv.-Lex. Swan River Settlement. [Western Aus- tralia.] SWANEVELT— SWEYN. 1329 Swanevelt, Hermann van, painter,— b. at Woerden, 16 18 or 1620 — goes to Rome, 1640 — tf. at Eome, i68o, a 1690. b a Some authorities. b Others. Swartz, Olof, botanist, — ft. in E. Gothland, 1760 — studies at Upsala, 1778 — visits West Indies, and S. America, 1783-88— visits Eng- land, 1788 — member of Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, and Prof. Natural History, 1790 — tf. at Stockholm, 18 Sep. i8i7, a i8i8. b Fro- dromus fiorce Indices, 1788 — Flora India Occi- dentalis, 1806. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Swatopolk and Swatoslaus. [See Kussia.] Sweaborg. Swearing. and Swearing Sweating Sickness Helsingfors.] Oath, and Profane Cursing -rages in London, Sep. to Oct. 1485 — reappears in England, summe 1506 and Jul. to Dec. 15 17 — breaks out in Holland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Russia, 1525-30 — again in England, May 1528 and Apr. to Sep. 155 1. Sweden, — becomes a separate kingdom un- der Biorn Ironside, 794 a — attempt to intro- duce Christianity, by Anschar and Witmar, about 830 — pagan temples .demolished by Erick, between 993-1001 — his son Olaf suc- ceeds, 1001 — establishes Christian faith: Anund Jacob, 1026 b : Edmund Slemme, defeated and killed by Goths, 1056 — Stenkil, rules over Swedes and Goths, 1056 — Inge I. the Fious, 1079 — burns temple of Upsala; tf., 1 1 12 — Sverker raised to the throne, 1129^ ii32 b — holds Diet at Linkoeping, at which the kingdom is divided into four dioceses by legate of Adrian IV., 1 152— Erick IX. (St) succeeds, n 55, b ii5o a — conquest of Finland, 1154,° after ii55 b — Charles VII. , (son of Sverker,) about 1162 — defeated and killed by Cnut Erickson, who succeeds him, 1168 — Sverker II., (son,) 1192,° ii99 b — defeated, killed, and succeeded by Erick X. Cnutson, 17 Jul. 1210 — marries Bicbsa of Denmark, 1 2 10 — John I., (son of Sverker II.,) 1220,° 1216 b — Erick XL, (son of Erick X.,) 1223 — t}., 2 Feb. 1250— Waldemar I., (nephew,) 1250 — Magnus I., (brother,) 1279,° 1275 b — BirgerlL, (son,) 1290— Magnus II., (nephew,) i32o, c i3i9 b — Albert of Mecklenburg, 1363 — Margaret of Denmark, 1389 — Union of Cal- mar, 1397 — Erick XIII. of Fomerania, 141 2 — insurrection under Engelbrecht, 1434 — Chris- topher of Bavaria, 1441 — Charles VIII. Cnutson, 1448 — Sten Stnre I. administrator, 1470 — John II. recognized, 1483 — Svante Nilson Sture administrator, 1503 — Sten Sture II. administrator, 15 12— Christian, (II. of Denmark,) 1520 — Gustavus Vasa, 1523 — Lutheranism adopted by Diet of Westeraas, 1528— Erick XIV., (son,) 1560— John III., (brother,) 1568 — Sigismund, (son,) King of Poland, 1592 — Charles IX., Duke ofSuder- mania, (brother,) 1604 — Gustavus Adolphus, (son,) 161 1— Christina, (daughter,) 1633 — Charles X., (Gustavus,) (cousin,) 1654 — Charles XI., (son,) 1660 — Charles XII., (son,) 1697 — Ulrica Eleonora, (sister,) 17 19— asso- ciates with her husband, Frederick, (Prince of Hesse-Cassel,) 1720— Adolphus Frede- rick, of Holstein-Eutin, 1751— Gustavus III., (son,) 177 1— Gustavus IV., (Adolphus,) (son,) 1792— Charles XIII., (brother,) 1809— Con- stitution established, 6 Jun. 1 809— succession to the throne regulated bylaw of 26 Sep. 1810 —union with Norway, by Treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 1 8 14— Charles XIV, (Charles John,) (House of Bernadotte,) 1818— Oscar I., (son,) 8 Mar. 1844-Charles XV, (son,) 8 Jul. 1859 — Constitution reformed, by law of 8 Dec. 1865 — confirmed -by the king, 22 Jim. 1866. a Engl. Cyc. b Encyc. Mod. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Swedenborg, (Svedberg,) Emanuel, philoso- pher, theologian, §c., — ft. at Stockholm, 29 Jan. 1688 — Ph.D. Upsala, 17 10 — visits Eng- land, 1710 — assessor in Royal Metallic Coll. of Sweden, 13 Oct. 17 16 — assists at siege of Frederickshall, 17 18 — ennobled, and his name changed to Swedenborg, 17 19 — travels in Hol- land and Germany, 172 1-2 — member of Acad, of Sciences, of Upsala, 1729 — of St Petersburg, Dec. 1734 — of Stockholm, 1741 — falls ill in London, and his visions commence, 1743 — re- tires from public life, 1747 — fr. in London, 29 Mar. 1772. Dcedalus Hyperboreus, 17 16- 18 — Frodromus Frincipiorum, 1721 — Miscellanea observata circa res naturales, §c, 1723 — Opera philosophica et miner alia, 1734 — (Economia Regni Animalis, 1 740-1 — Fegnum Animate, 1744-5— D e Cultu et Amore Dei, 1745 — Ar- cana Ccelestia, 1749-56 — New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine, 1758 — Apocalypse re- vealed, 1766 — True Christian Religion, 177 1. Swedenborg Society, — established, 18 10. Swedenborgians, New Jerusalem Church, — organized in London, by Hindmarsh, 1788. Sweyn I., King of Denmark, — succeeds his father, Harold II., 985 — with Anlaf, at- tacks London and is repulsed, 8 Sep. 994 — winters at Southampton, 994-5 — his sister Gunhilda perishes in massacre of the Danes in England, 1002 — ravages Norfolk, burns Nor- wich and Thetford, 1004 — repulsed by Ulfkytel, 1004 — again invades England, overruns East Anglia and Northumbria, takes Oxford and Winchester, and is received as King, 10 13 — U. at Gainsborough, 3 Feb. 10 14. Sweyn Estridsen, King of Denmark, — unsuccessfully attempts to seize crown of Den- mark, 1042— succeeds Magnus I., 1047 — at- tacked by Harold, king of Norway, 1049 — concludes peace with him, 1064 — sends an expedition against England, Sep. 1069 — con- ducts another expedition against England, makes a treaty Avith "William I. and retires, 1070 — joins league of Henry IV. against Saxons, 1073 — tf., 28 Apr. 1074. Sweyn, Earl, (son of Earl Godwine,) — ap- pointed Earl, as early as 1043 a — ravages Wales, and carries off Eadgifu, Abbess of Leo- minster, 1046 — escapes to Bruges, 1047— joins fleet of Edward the Confessor, 1049 — murders his kinsman Biorn and again goes to Bruges, 1049 — restored to his possessions, 1050 — at- tends witenagemot at Gloucester, Sep. 105 1 — supports Godwine in his revolt, is outlawed, and 8 4 SWIETEN— SWITZERLAND. retires to Bruges, 105 1 — goes on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and tr. on his return, at Constan- tinople, 1 05 1 -2. a Freeman. Swieten, Gerard van, physician, — fj. at Leyden, 7 May 1700— Prof. Medicine, 1725— Prof. Medicine, Vienna, and First Physician to Maria Theresia, 1745— rj. at Schonbrunn, 18 Jun. 1772. Commentarii in Eermanni Boer- havii Aphorismos, 1741-72. Swift, Jonathan, Dean of St Patkick's, — ft. at Dublin, 30 Nov. 1667 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, Apr. 1682— comes to England, ^88 — M.A. Oxford, 4 Jul. 1692 — returns to Ireland, 1694 — ordained priest, 13 Jan. 1695 — meets 'Stella' at Mow Park, between 1695-8 — chaplain to Lord Berkley, in Ireland, 1699 — D.D., 1701 — goes over to the Tories, and is introduced to Harley, Oct. 17 10— -becomes ac- quainted with Hester Vanhomrigh, 17 12 — Dean of St Patrick's, 23 Feb. 17 13— privately marries 'Stella,' 17 16 — visits England, 1726 to Oct. 1727 — loses 'Stella,' 28 Jan. 1728 — loses his reason, about 1741-2 — rj., 19 Oct. 1745. Tale of a Tub, 1704 — Battle of the Books, 1704 — edits The Examiner, Nov. 17 10 to Jun. 17 1 1 — Drapier's Letters, 1724 — Travels of Gulliver, 1726. Swinburne, Henry, traveller, — ft., May 1752 — rj. at Trinidad, 1 Apr. 1803. Travels through Spain in 1775 and 1776, 1779— Travels in the Two Sicilies in 1777-80, 1783-5 — Courts of Europe at the close of the last Cen- tury, 1 84 1. Swinden, Jan Hendrik van, — fj. at the Hague, 1746 — Prof. Physical Science, Logic, and Metaphysics, at Franeker, 1767 — Prof. Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy, at Athenaeum, Amsterdam, 1785 — Pres. College of Health, 1797 — correspondent of French Institute, 1803 — rj., 9 Mar. 1823. Verhan- deling over volmaakte rnaten en gewigten, 1802. Swinton, John, antiquary, — fj. in Cheshire, 1703 — enters Wadham Coll. Oxford, Oct. 17 19 — B.A., Dec. 1723 — M.A., 1 Dec. 1726 — takes priest's orders, 28 May 1727 — Fellow of his Coll., Jun. 1728 — visits Italy, 1728-33 — F.R.S., 1730 — Keeper of Univ. Records, Oxford, 1767 — fj., 4 Apr. 1777. Swiss Confederation, —takes its origin in defensive compact formed between Uri, Schwyz, and community of the lower valley, 1 Aug. 1 29 1 a — offensive and defensive alliance formed between Uri, Schwyz, and Zurich, against Duke Albert of Austria, 16 Oct. 1291a — troops of Zurich defeated by Austrians, 13 Apr. 1292^ and the league broken up : receives charters of confirmation of privileges, &c, from Em- peror Henry VII., 3 Jun. i309 a — acquires control of navigation of Lake of the Four Cantons, by Act signed at Stanz, 22 Jun. 1309 a — alliance formed against Eurest Cantons, be- tween Dukes of Austria and Zurich, 2 Aug. 1 309 a — alliance of Lucerne, 1 1 Nov. 1 309 a — rights of Austria and the Empire in relation to, denned by rescript of Henry VII., 15 Jun. 1 3 1 1 a — summoned to Diet of Niimberg by Louis of Bavaria, by letter of 17 Mar. I3i5 a — recognized as distinct political community, by decree of Louis, who takes it under his pro- tection, 17 Jul. — attacked by Leopold, Duke of Austria, Nov. — battle of Morgarten, 15 Nov. — Confederation of Forest Cantons renewed, 9 Dec. a — designation of the people of Forest Cantons as The Swiss, comes into use about 1 3 15 — Federal Diet established, 1352 — battle of Sempach, 1386 — battle of Nafels, 1388 — truce with Austria for 20 years concluded, 1389 — conquest of Aargau, 1415 — alliance with the Valais as independent State, 1422 — civil war between Zurich and other Cantons respecting County of Toggenburg, 1436-46 — alliance with Louis XL {Hereditary Union) concluded at Senlis, n Jun. 1474 — war with Charles the Bold, begins, 1475 — victory over Milanese at Giornico, 1478 — convention of Stanz, 148 1 — war with Emperor Maximilian I., 1499 — alliance with Pope Julius II. against French in Italy, i5io b — Swiss Confedera- tion completed by accession of Appenzell, 15 13 — treaty of perpetual alliance with France con- cluded, 25 Oct. 1515 13 — war between Catholic and Reformed Cantons, battle of Cappel, 15 31 — boundaries of, defined, and neutrality estab- lished, by ' Befensionale ' of 1640 — the Con- federation acknowledged independent State by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 — war between Ca- tholics and Protestants, defeat of latter, at Willmergen, 1653 — again, defeat of Catholics at Willmergen, 17 12 — treaty of peace, signed at Aarau, Aug. 17 12 — annexation of bishopric of Basel to French Republic, 1793 — French invasion under Napoleon, 1797 — democratic revolution at Basel, 1798 — Diet of Aarau: [Helvetic Republic] — entered by Austrians and Russians, Sep. 1799 — battle of Zurich, Sep. — evacuated by French, 1801 — new Con- federation of nineteen Cantons organized by Napoleon's Act of Mediation, 19 Feb. 1803 — passage of allied forces through, Dec. 1813 — independence of, within former limits, acknow- ledged by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — new Con- federation of twenty-two Cantons formed, 18 15 — perpetual neutrality of, secured by Great Powers of Europe, 20 Nov. 1815 — universal suffrage adopted in most of the larger Cantons, 1830-31 — revision of Federal Pact, 17 Jul. 1832 — League of Sarnen formed by Catholic Cantons, 1832— new law of education comes into force, 1839 — Free Corps organized for ex- pulsion of Jesuits, 1845 — League of Sarnen dissolved, the Sonderbund formed, 1846 — new Constitution promulgated, 12 Sep. 1848 — Berne chosen as seat of Federal Council, 28 Nov. 1848. a Rilliet. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Swithin, St, — ordained priest, 830 — Bp of Winchester, 852— rj., 2 Jul. 86 2 , a 86i,t> 863.C a Flor. AVig. b A.S. Chron. c Roger of Hoveclen. Switzerland, [Helvetia] — partly con- quered by Burgundians, 407 a — wholly subdued by Franks, 534 — on division of Frankish king- dom, assigned partly to Louis of Bavaria, partly to Emperor Lothaire, 840 — kingdom of Trans- jurane Burgundy constituted by Rudolph I., 888 a — [Schwyz, Unterwalden, Uri] — most of the towns place themselves under protection of SYAGRIUS— SYMONDS. 33i Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1257* — they promote his election as Emperor, 1273 — defensive com- pact formed between Uri, Schwyz, and com- munity of the lower valley, 1 Aug. 1291. 13 [Swiss Confederation.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Eilliet. Syagrius. [See Clovis.] Syagrius, — Consul with Eucherius, (1134, a. u. c.) 381. Syagrius, Afranius, — Consul with Antonius, (1135, a. u. c.) 382. Sybaris, — [BC] — founded by Achseans and Trcezenians, 721 a — Telys tyrant, before 5io b — destroyed by Crotoniates, (01. 67, 3,) 5io, b 5H. ac a Diod. b Muller. c Andron. Euseb. Sybrecht, John, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, about 1630 — tf. in London, about 1703. Sydenham, in Kent. [Crystal Palace.] Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thom- son, Lokd, statesman, — ft. at "Waverley, 13 Sep. 1799— M.P. Dover, 1826— V.P. Board of Trade, Treasurer of the Navy, Nov. 1830 — M.P. Manchester, Dec. 1832 — Pres. Board of Trade, Jun. 1834 — Governor-general of Canada, Aug. 1839 — Baron Sydenham, Aug. 1840 — tf. in Canada, 19 Sep. 1841. Sydenham, Floyer, translator, — ft., 17 10 — M.A. Oxford, 1734 — tf., 1 Apr. 1787. Trans- lations from Plato, 1759-80. Sydenham, Thomas, physician, — ft. in Dor- setshire, 1624 — enters Oxford Univ., 1642 — B.M., 1648— Fellow of All Souls', about 1648 — tf. in London, 29 Dec. 1689. Opera Medica, 1716. Sydenham Society, of London,— instituted, 1843. Sydney. [Sidney.] Sydney, capital of New South Wales, — founded, 1788 — seat of a bishopric, (metro- politan,) 1836. University, incorporated and endowed by Act of Council, 1850 — inaugurated, 11 Oct. 1852. Mint, established, 1855 — the Queen enabled to declare gold coin of, legal tender, by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 74, 28 Jul. 1863 — declared so by Order in Council, 3 Feb. 1866. Sykes, Arthur Ashley, theologian,— -ft. in London, about 1684 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1701 — B.A., 1705 — M.A., 1708 — takes holy orders, 17 12 — Prebendary of Salisbury, by Bp Hoadly, 1724 — D.D. Cambridge, 1726 — Pre- bendary of Winchester, by Hoadly, 1740 — tf. in London, 23 Nov. 1756. Innocency of Error asserted, 17 15 — Case of Subscription to Thirty- nine Articles considered, 172 1 — Essay on Truth of Christian Religion, 1725 — Inquiry into meaning of the Demoniacs, 1737 — Principles and Connexion of Natural and, Revealed Re- ligion, 1740 — Examination of Newton's Chro- nology, 1744. Sylhurg, Friedrich, (Sylburgius,) Greek scholar, — ft. near Marburg, 1536 — tf- at Heidel- berg, 16 Feb. 1596. Editions of Aristotle, 1584-7 — of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 1586 — of Romana Historian Scriptorcs, 1588-90. Sylvester. [Silvester.] Sylvester, Joshua, poet, — ft., 1563 — tf. at Middelburg, in Holland, 28 Sep. 1618. Trans- lation of Du Partus' s Divine Weeks and Works, 1605. Sylvius, .Eneas. [Pius II., Pope.] Syme, James, surgeon, — ft. in Scotland, 1799 — studies under Liston, 18 18 — Prof. Clinical Surgery, Edinburgh Univ., 1833— tf., 26 Jun. 1870. Excision of Diseased Joints, 1831 — Principles of Surgery, 1832— Contributions to Pathology and Practice of Surgery, 1847. Symeon of St Mamas, theologian, — fl., about 990. Symeon, Seth, Byzantine writer, — fl., about 1034-74. Symeon Metaphrastes, Logotheta, theo- logian, — engaged in expedition of Himerius against Saracens in Crete, 908— tf., after 975. Symeon Stylites, St, theologian,— \*., about 388 a — retires to his pillar, 423 a — tf., about 4 6 °- a Tillemont. Symeon Stylites, junior,— -ft., about 521 — retires to his pillar, about 550 — tf., about 596. Symes, Michael, — British ambassador to Birmah, concludes treaty of commerce, 1795 — serves in Peninsular campaign, 1808 — tf., Jan. 1809. Symmachus, Bp of Some, — elected to suc- ceed Anastasius II., 22 Nov. 498,* 22 Dec. 499 b — opposed by Laurentius, elected same day : confirmed in his see by Theodoric, king of Italy ; receives Theodoric at Rome, Mar. 499 b — serious charges brought against him, tried and acquitted by Synod of Borne, 503 b — tf., 19 Jul. 514. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Milman. Symmachus, the Samaritan, — publishes his version of the Old Testament, about 177.3- a Biog. Univ. Symmachus, — Consulwith. Gallicanus, (1083, a. u. c.) 330. Symmachus, — Consul with Boethius, (1275, a. u. c.) 522 — called to Bavenna, and put to death by Theodoric, 525. Symmachus, Q. Aurelius, orator, §c, — cor- rector of Lucania, 365 — proconsul of Africa, 373 — charged by Senate to plead against sup- pression of Pagan rites, is refused a hearing by Gratian, and banished from Rome, 382 — while Pontifex Maximus and Praefect of the city, again pleads same cause before Valentinian, and is opposed by Ambrose, 384 — supports Maxi- mus, 387 — is pardoned, 388 — Consul with Tatianus, (1144, a. u. c.) 391 — living, 397. Symmons, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Cardigan, 1749 — B.D. Cambridge, 1776 — rector of Narberth, 1778 — D.D. Oxford, 1794 — tf. at Bath, 27 Apr. 1826. Life of Hilton, 1 806 — Poems, 1 8 1 3 — Translation of JEneid, 1817. Symonds, John Addington, physician, — ft. at Oxford, 10 Apr. 1807 — enters Edinburgh Univ., 1825— M.D. Edinburgh, 1828— Phy- sician to General Hospital, Bristol, about 1832 — marries, 1834 — Lecturer at Medical School, Bristol, 1834 — Honorary and Consulting Phy- sician to the Hospital, 1848— M.R.C.P., 1853 — Fellow, 1857 — Gulstonian Lecturer, 1858 — Pres. British Medical Association, Bristol, 1863 — takes part in Social Science Congress, 84 * SYNAGOGUE— SZALAY. 1869 — tf- at Clifton, 25 Feb. 1871. Principles of Beauty, 1857 — Miscellanies, 187 r. Synagogue, the Great, — [BC] — Ezra head of, 467 — Simon the Just, 332. Synagogue, Central, London, — consecrated, (6 Xisan 5630, a. it.) 7 Apr. 1870. Synagogues, — [B C] — first used, after 536. Syncellus, George, historian, — "writes his Chronograph!/, about 800. Syncellus, Michael, theologian, — fl., about 830. Syndercomhe, — attempts to assassinate Cromwell, 19 Jan. 1657 — convicted, 9 Feb. — kills himself in prison, 13 Feb. Synergist Controversy, — originated in Ger- many by Pfefhnger, (Propositioties de Libero Arbitrio,) 1555. Synesius, Bp of Ptolemais, — ambassador from Cyrene to Emperor Arcadius, 398-400 — delivers a discourse de Regno, 399 — Bp of Pto- lemais, (in Libya,) about 410 — excommunicates the President Andronicus, 410 — living, 415. Syphax, King of Massjesylians, (Nu- midia,) — [B C] — war with Carthage, 213 — makes treaty with Eome : renews treaty with Pome, 210 — at peace with Carthage, 206 — alliance with Carthage : defeated by Scipio and taken, 203. Syr Daria, river of Central Asia, — navigation of, commenced by Russia, 1850. Syracuse, — [B C] — founded by Archias of Co- rinth, Jnn. or May 734, a about (01. 5, 3) 758 b — Geomori expelled, about 493 b — population of cities conquered by Gelon transferred to, 48 3 b — Gelon master of, 485 b -478 — Hieron, 478 b - 467 ? — Thrasybulus expelled, democracy estab- lished, 468 b — war with Leontini, 427 — Athe- nian expedition against, 413 — democracy estab- lished by Diodes, 412 b — abolished, Dionysius the elder, tyrant, Dec. 406 to Feb. 367 — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Carthaginians, 396 — Dionysius II., 367 to Aug. 356 — Syracusans defeat and slay Philistus, summer 356 — Ca- lippus tyrant, 353-352 — expedition of Timoleon, 343 — Amphipolis to Zeus Olympicus, lasted 300 years, from 343 — Akestorides made supreme commander, banishes Agathocles, 317 — Aga- thocles tyrant, 317-289 — besieged by Hamil- car, 310 — Hieron II. chosen king, 270 — Hieronymus succeeds, 216 — attempt of An- dranodorus, 214 — besieged and taken by Mar- ccllus, 214-212 — [AD] — entered by Belisarius, 31 Dec. 535 — meeting of Belisarius and Pro- copius at, 536 — taken by Moslems under Giafar, 877,° 21 May 878 d — retaken by Greeks and Normans, 1038° — earthquake, 1 1 00 — Fre- derick II. holds a court at, 1233 — earthquakes, 1542, 1693, and 1757. a Clinton. b Miiller. c Kington. d Engl. Cyc. Syria, (Aram,)— [3 C]— [Damascus]— sub- jugated by David,io56-ioi6— part wrestedfrom Solomon by B,ezon, king of Damascus, before 976— independent of Assyria, to 769 :i — Tatnai, Persian governor, 519 — Megabazus, satrap, revolts, 447— after Issus, submits to Alexander, 333 — S lves name to kingdom established by Seleucus _ Nicator, 321— [Seleucidse]— sub- ject to Tigranes of Armenia, 83-69— made a Iloman province by Pompey, 65— assigned to Crassus for 5 years, ^^ — invaded by Pacorus ' and Labienus, 40 — [AD] — visited by Hadrian, spring or summer 1 3 r a — invaded by Par- thians under Yologesus III., 162 — reconquered by Verus and his generals, 163-165 — revolt of Avidius Cassius in, May 175 — suppressed, Aug. — overrun by Sapor, 258 — reconquered by Odenathus, 264 — earthquakes in, 341 — irrup- tions of Arabs, 497, 502, and Mar. 529 — in- vaded by Chosroes, spring 540 — ravaged by pestilence, 542 — devastated by Persians, 607, 609, and May 61 t — invaded by Saracens, 613 — recovered by Heraclius, 622-627 — invaded by Mohammed, 630 — conquered by Abu Obeidah and Ehaled, 632-638 — submits to Ahmed Ibn e Tooloon, 868 — recovered by Caliph Moktafi, 906 — subject to usurper Akhshed Mohammed Ibn Tughg, 936— con- quered by Moez, 970 — invaded by Seljuk Turks, 1076 — partly conquered by crusaders and included in kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099 — conquered by Saladin, n 87 — by Baharite Ma- melukes, 1250 — invaded by Tamerlane, 1400 — conquered and made part of Turkish Em- pire by Selim I., 15 16 — revolts under Fakhred- din, 1635 — invaded by Napoleon, (I.,) 1799 — invaded by Ibrahim Pasha, 183 1-2 — insurrec- tion against his government, Jul. 1834— again invaded, May 1839 — hereditary government of, claimed by Mehemet Ali, 1839 — Treaty of London, to compel his submission, 1 840 — Bey- rout, Acre, and Sidon stornied by fleet of allies, 1840— given up by Mehemet AH, Jan. 1841 — war between Maronites and Druses breaks out, i860 — French occupation of, commences, Aug. i860 — decision of plenipotentiaries at Paris to prolong it till 5 Jun., 15 Mar. 1861 — con- ference of Syrian commissioners and represent- atives of Powers at Constantinople held at Therapia, 21 May — evacuated by French, 5 Jun. 1 86 1. Council of, to depose Arnulph, patriarch of Jerusalem, held, end of Dec. 11 15. a Clinton. Syriac Grammar. [Jacobus, Bp of Edessa.] Syriac Version, (Peshito,) — of the Bible, in common use, before 350 — of New Test., made known in Europe, by Moses of Merdin, 1552 — printed at Vienna, 1555 — of Old and New Test., edited by Gabriel Sionita, for Paris Polyglott, 1645 — reprinted in Walton's Polyglott, 1657 — edited for Bible Society, by Lee, 1823. (Philoccenian) of Neiv Test., made, 508 — re- vision of, by Thomas of Harkel, (Harlelean,) 616— edited by White, 17 88-1 803. (Cureto- nian) of the Gospels, discovered in JSltrian monasteries, 1842 — published, 1858. Syrianus, Neo-platonist, — studies under Plutarchus, and succeeds him, after 120. Syrianus, Duke of Egypt, — surprises Alexandria, and expels Athanasius, 356. Syrus, Publius, monographer, — defeats all competitors, 45. Szabolchs, in Hungary, — Council of, held, 1092. Szalay, Laszlo (Ladislaus) von, historian, $e., — ft. at Ofen, 18 Apr. 18 13 — studies at Univ. of Pestb, 1826-31 — Advocate, 1833 — establishes the journal Themis, 1837 — member of the Diet, 1843-4 — editor of the Pesti Kir- SZALKAI— TAEPINGS. lap, 1 844-5 — ambassador to Frankfort, sum. 1848— tf. at Salzburg, 17 Jul. 1864. Publi- cistai dolgozatok, 1847 — Statusferjiek konyve, 1847-52 — Magyarorszdg tbrte'nete, 1850-63. Szalkai, Antony von, poet, — tf.atBucla, 1804. Szechenyi, Istvan, statesman, — fi. at Vienna, 21 Sep. 1791 — member of Hungarian Diet, 1825 — visits England, 1833 — Minister of Pub- lic "Works, in the Batthyani-Kossuth cabinet, 1848 — loses bis reason, Sep. 1848 — bis bouse and papers searched by Austrian police, Mar. i860 — kills himself at Dobling, 8 Apr. i860. Hitel, 1830 — Vildg, 1832 — Politikai Pro- gramm-tbredekek, 1847. Szegedin, in Hungary, — taken possession of by Sultan Solyman II., 1526 — recovered by Imperialists, Oct. 1686 — seat of revolutionary government, 1849 — taken by Gen. Haynau, 3 Aug. 1849. Sze-Ma-Xwang, historian, — ft. in China, about 10 t 8 — writes his Tsze Che Ktong Keen, 1066-84 — First Minister, under Empress-regent, for Che-Tsung, 1086 — ft., 1086 — his tomb soon after desecrated and destroyed : his monu- ment placed in the Hall of Ancestors by Kaou- Tsung, 1 1 29— his name inscribed in temple of Confucius, as Prince of Literature, 1267 — further honours done to his memory, 1530. Sze-Ma-Tseen, (Ssema Thsian, Szilma-Zian,) historian, author of ' Sze Xe,' — [B C] — ft. in China, about 145 — defends the general Le- Ling, and is sentenced to death by Emperor "Woo-Te, 99 — the sentence commuted for muti- lation and exile. Szigeth, Szigethvar, in Hungary, — siege of, by Solyman the Magnificent, formed, 4 Aug. 1566 — defended by Nicholas Zrinyi : stormed, 8 Sep. — unsuccessfully besieged by Zrinyi the younger, 1664 — taken by Margrave of Baden, 1689. Taas, in Bohemia, — the Hussites defeat Pa- pal troops at, 14 Aug. 143 i. a a Milman. Tabari, {Abu Jaafar Mohammed Ibn Yezid Ibn Jerir,) historian, — ft. in Tabaristan, (224, a. h.) 839 — U. at Baghdad, (310,) 922. Tabasco, in Mexico, — taken by Cortez, 15 19. Tabernsemontanus, {Jacob Theodor,) botan- ist, — ft. at Berg-Zabern in Alsace, about 1520 — ft. at Heidelberg, 1590. Neue vollkommen Krduterbuch, 1588-90. Table-turning, — tested and exposed by Faraday in London, Jun. 1853. Tabor, in Bohemia, — rebuilt and fortified by Hussites, 1420. Taborites, [Hussites]— form separate party from Calixtines, 1420 — reject their articles at Council of Basel, 1433 — defeated by allied Eomanists and Calixtines, near Prague, 30 May 1434. Tabriz, {Tauris,) in Persia, — capital of Ar- menia under Tiridates III., 297 — residence of Harun-al-Baschid, enlarged and embellished by Zobaidah, 792— partly destroyed by earthquake, 858 — again, 1041 — seat of a bishopric, 1329 s1 — sacked byTimur, 1392 — seized by Turkomans, soon after — see extinct, 1450 a — taken from the Turkomans by Persians, 1500 — Selim I. defeats Sophi Ismael near, 24 Aug. 15 14 — visited by Selim, 7-15 Sep. 15 14 — besieged and taken by army of Osman Pacha, 21-22 Sep. 1585 — fortified by Grand Vizier, Oct. 1585 — unsuccessfully besieged by Persians, 1586 b — again devastated by earthquake, 172 1 — taken from Turks by Nadir Shah, 1730 — devastated by cholera and inundation, summer 187 1. a Wiltsch. b Von Hammer. Tacca, Fiero Jacopo, sculptor, — succeeds John of Bologna as court sculptor to Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1608 — ft., 1640. Tacfarinas, — defeated by Furius Camillus, 1 8 — by Apronius, 20 — sends embassy to Tibe- rius, 22 — defeated by Bkesus, 22 — by Dola- bella, and killed, 24. Tacitus, C. Corn., historian, — ft., before 61 — praator, 88 — Consul suffectus, 97 — conducts prosecution of Marius, 99 — tf., alter 117. Vita Agricolce, after 96 — Historian, after 98. Tacitus, M. Claudius, Boman Emperor, (275-6,) — Consul with Placidianus, (1026, a. u. c.) 273 — chosen Emperor by the Senate, 25 Sep. 275 — Consul with iEinilianus, (1029,) 276 — expels Goths from Asia Minor : lj., about 9 Apr. 276. Tadmor. [Palmyra.] Taepings, The, in China, — begin their ra- vages under Tien-te, 1850 — surrounded by Imperialists at Yong-ngao, and Tien-te captured and executed, 1852 — under Hung- Sew-tsuen, sack Han-Yang and Hanken, 23 Dec. 1852 — storm fortress of Hu-kuang, 12 Jan. 1853 — take Nanking and make it their capital, 20 Mar. — take Chin-kiang, 2 Apr. — Kua-chow and Yan-chow, 3 Apr. — British commissioner sent to Nanking, May — become masters of Shanghai, Sep. — repulsed by Im- perialists, Nov. — assisted by British and Ameri- cans in defence of Shanghai, 1 854 — Shanghai unsuccessfully attacked by French, Jan. 1855 — expelled from Shanghai by allied Imperial- ists, British, and Americans, 17 Feb. — retire from attack on Canton, Mar. — dissensions spread among, the king of the East is massa- cred, 1856 — unsuccessfully attack Soochow, Jun. 1858 — their rebellion almost suppressed, 1859 — again become formidable, take Soochow, May i86o a — the allies proclaim intention of defending Shanghai, 26 May— capture of Sung- kiang by Ward, Jul. — repulsed by allies before Shanghai, Aug. — fail in attempts on Hankow, Nov. 1 861 — take Ningpo, 23 Dec. — again re- pulsed before Shanghai, Jan. 1862 — lo-se Kah- ding, 1 May— driven from Najow, 16 May — 334 TAGANROG— TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD. driven from Ningpo by Captain Dew, 10 May — ' Gen.' Ward killed, and succeeded by Burge- vine, 21 Sep. — lose Kahding, 23 Oct. — Burge- vine dismissed, and succeeded by Captain Hol- land, Jan. 1863 — capture of Showsing by Captain Dew, 18 Mar. — Colonel Gordon takes command of the Ever- Victorious Army, (disci- plined Chinese,) 24 Mar. — capture of Quinsan by Gordon, 31 May — joined by Burgevine, Aug. — siege of Soochow by Gordon formed, Sep. — surrender of Burgevine, Oct.— surrender of Soochow, Dec. — capture of Hangchow by Imperialists, 21 Mar. 1864 — repulse Gordon at Kintang, 21 Mar. — defeat Gordon at Wais- soo, 3 1 Mar. — capture of Chanchu Fu by Gor- don, 11 May — dissolution of Gordon's force, by 1 Jun. — Hung-Sew-Tsuen kills himself, Jun. — lose Nanking, 19 Jul.— disappear from provinces of Kiangsoo and Chekiang, Aug. — remnants of, driven out of Changchow, Apr. 1865. * This date and the following taken chiefly from "Wilson. Taganrog, in Russia, — founded by Peter the Great, i< 1696° — given up to Turks, 171 1 d — refounded by Catherine II., 1768 d — restored to Russia, 1774 e — bombarded by allied fleets, 3-6 Jun. 1855. * Engl. Cyc. b McCulloch. e Bees' Cyc. d Conv.-Lex. e Chambers's Encyc, Tagina, (Tadince,) in Italy, — see of, united with that of Nocera, 1007 a — Totila defeated and killed by Narses, near, Jul. 55 2. a a Gibbon. Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, {Taliacotius,) surgeon, — b. at Bologna, 1546,* about 1490 b — ft. Prof. Anatomy and Surgery there, 1599^ J 553- b De curtorum chirurgia per insitionem, 1597. a Biog. Univ. andNouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Tagliacozzo, in Italy, — Charles of Anjou defeats Conradin at, 23 Aug. 1268. Tagliamento, The, in Italy, — Napoleon Bonaparte defeats Archduke Charles, 16 Mar. 1797 — repulse of Archduke Charles and passage of, by Massena, 13 Nov. 1805. Taherites, The, Saracen dynasty of, — estab- lished in Khorasan, 813 — supplanted by the Soffarides, 872. Tahiti. [Otaheite.] Taillebourg, in Trance, — Louis IX. defeats Henry III. before, 21 Jul. 1242. Taillefer, minstrel, — sings of Charles the Great and Roland, before Norman army at Senlac, [Hastings,] and is killed in the battle, 14 Oct. 1066. Taiwan. [Formosa.] Talavera de la Reyna, in Spain, — taken by Moors, 714 — Moors defeated at, 914 and 949 — stormed by Alfonso VI. of Castile, 1080 — de- stroyed by Moors, 1109, but soon rebuilt: stormed by the Almohades, 11 96 — "Wellington defeats the French under Joseph Bonaparte, 27 and 28 Jul. 1809. Talbot, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, mili- tary commander, — b. at Bletchmore, in Shrop- shire, about 1373 — Governor of Ireland, Feb. 1 4 14- 1 9 — distinguishes himself at siege of Rouen, 141 8 — again Governor of Ireland, 1425 — recovers Mans from the French, 1427 — takes part in siege of Orleans, Oct. 1428 to May 1429 — defeated and taken prisoner by the French at Patay, 18 May 1429 — exchanged, 1432 — commands in France, again, 1433 — threatens Paris, 1436 — takes Pontoise, Feb. 1437 — Crotoy, 1437 — Earl of Shrewsbury, 20 May 1442 — afterwards, Earl of Waterford and Wex- ford : Governor of Ireland, 1446-9 — takes Rouen, capitulates and is kept as hostage, 1449 — released, 1450 — sent to reconquer Gascony, takes Bordeaux, 23 Oct. 1452 — killed at siege of Castillon, Jul. 1453. Talbot, Charles. [Shrewsbury, Earl and Duke op.] Talbot, Charles, Lord Talbot, Lord Chancellor op England, — rj., 1684— enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1701 — B.A. and Fellow of All Souls', 1704 — enters Inner Temple, Jun. 1707 — called to the bar, Sep. 1711 — M.P. Tregony, 1719 — M.P. Durham, 1722 — So- licitor-General, Apr. 1726 — Lord Chancellor, 29 Nov. 1733 — created Baron Talbot, Dec. 1733 — rj. in London, 17 Feb. 1737. Talbot, Eichard. [Tyrconnel.] Talbot, Robert, antiquary, — enters New Coll. Oxford, 1525 — Prebendary of "Wells, 1541 — Treasurer of Norwich Cathedral, Apr. !547— *•> 2 7 Aug. 1558. Talbotype. [Calotype.] Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, Judge of THE CoURTOF COMMON PLEAS, poet, §C, — ft. near Stafford, 26 Jan. 1795 — called to the bar, 9 Feb. 1821 — Serjeant-at-law, 1833 — M.P. Reading, 1835-41 and 1847 — D.C.L. Oxford, Jun. 1844 — raised to the bench, Knt, Jul. 1849 — tf. at Stafford, 13 Mar. 1854. Ion, 1835 — Athenian Captive, 1838 — edits letters of Charles Iamb, 1837 — edits Tinal Memorials of Charles Iamb, 1 848 — Vacation Rambles and Thoughts, 1845 — Supplement, 1846. Taliacotius. [Tagliacozzi.] Tallart, Camille d'Hostun, Duke de, Mar- shal op France, — fc. in Dauphiny, 14 Feb. 1652 — serves in campaigns of Holland, 1672-8 — serves under Turenne in Alsace, 1674-5 — Marechal de Camp, 24 Aug. 1688 — crosses the Rhine on the ice, 1690 — wounded at Ebersburg, 1 69 1 — contributes to victory of Pforzheim, 1692 — takes part in capture of Heidelberg, 1693 — Lieutenant-general, 30 Mar. 1693 — ambassador extraord. to London, Mar. 1698 — commands on the Rhine, 1702 — takes Treves and Traerbach, Oct. 1702 — occupies Nancy, Dec. 1702 — Marshal, 14 Jan. 1703 — defeats Imperialists near Spire, 15 Nov. 1703 — takes Landau, 17 Nov. 1703 — wounded and taken prisoner by Marlborough, at Blenheim, 13 Aug. 1704 — released, Nov. 171 1 — Duke of Hostun, Mar. 17 1 2 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 1723 — Pres., 1724 — Secretary of State, 1726 — tf., 20/ 30 b Mar. 1728. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Talleyrand-Perigordj Charles Maurice de, Prestce op Bexeventum, diplomatist, — rj. at Paris, 13 Jan., a Feb. b 1754 — takes holy orders, 1773 — Agent-general of the clergy, 1780 — consecrated Bp of Autun, 17 Jan. 1789 — deputy to States-General, May 1789 — of- ficiates at Feast of Federation, 14 Jul. 1790 — consecrates constitutional bishops, Feb. 1791 — TALLIEN— TANGUT. *335 excommunicated by Pius VI., 26 Apr. 1791 — resigns his see, Apr. 1791 — envoy to England, Feb. 1792 — ordered to leave England, 28 Jan. 1794 — goes to America, Feb. 1794 — member of Institute, 1795 — recalled to France by decree of Convention, 4 Sep. 1795 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, 16 Jul. 1797 to 20 Jul. 1799, and 22 Nov. 1799 to 9 Aug. 1807 — negotiates treaty of Luneville, 1801 — of Amiens, 1802 — released from vow of celibacy by Pius VII., 29 Jun. 1802 — marries Mrs Grant, 1802 — pro- motes murder of the Due d'Engbien, 1804 — Grand Chamberlain, 1805 — Prince of Bene- vento, 5 Jun. 1806 — Vice-grand-elector of the Empire, Aug. 1807 — excluded from cabinet, and placed under surveillance, by Napoleon I., 1807 — recalled to office, but declines it : Arch- chancellor of State, 1808 — present at Confer- ence of Erfurt, 1808 — deprived of office of Grand Chamberlain, 20 Jan. 1809 — Minister of Foreign Affairs to Louis XVIII., 12 May 1 8 14 — assists at Congress of Vienna, 18 14- 15 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, and First Pres. Council, 8 Jul. 18 15 — resigns, and is again made Grand Chamberlain, 28 Sep. — ambassador extraord. to England, 5 Sep. 1830 to 7 Jan. 1835 — tf. at Paris, 17 May 1838. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Tallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionary leader, — ft. at Paris, 1769 — takes part in insurrection of 10 Aug. 1792 — deputy to National Con- vention, 1792 — member of Committee of Safety, 21 Jan. 1793 — sent to Bordeaux to ex- tirpate the Girondists, end of Sep. 1793 to Apr. 1794 — Pres. Convention, 22 Mar. 1794 — effects fall of Kobespierre, (9 Thermidor,) 27 Jul. 1794 — member of Committee of Public Safety, 31 Jul. 1794 — marries Tereza de Fon- tenai, 26 Dec. 1794 — member of Council of Five Hundred, 1795 to 20 May 1798 — accom- panies expedition to Egypt, 1798 — on his return, is taken prisoner by English and sent to London, 1801 — divorces his wife, 1802 — tf. at Paris, 16 Nov. 1820. Ami da Citoyen, 1791. Tallies, in English law, — use of, abolished by Act 23 Geo. III. c. 82, 1783— ordered to be destroyed, 1834. Taliis, Thomas, musical composer, organist to Queen Elizabeth, — fc., about 1529? — tJ., Nov. 1585. "With Bird, Cantiones sacrce, 1575. Talma, Francois Joseph, tragedian, — fc. at Paris, 15 Jan. 1763 — makes his debut at the Theatre Francais, 21 Nov. 1787 — last appear- ance, 11 Jun. 1826 — ft. at Paris, 19 Oct. 1826. Talmud, The, — Mishna compiled, between 220 [B C] and 200 [AD] a — Gemara, Jerusalem, redacted at Tiberias, about 390 [AD] a — Babylonian,2it Syra, 365-427 a — the codex com- pleted, about 490-500 a — proscribed by Novella of Justinian, 553 a — burnt in France by order of Gregory IX., about 1237— again ordered to be burnt by bull of Innocent IV., 9 May 1244 13 — burnt at Paris, 1 246 c — condemned by Pope Clement IV., 1265 b — and by Honorius IV., 1286 a — ordered to be burnt by John XXIL, 1320 b — confiscated by decree of Maximilian I., 1509 — defended by Beuchlin, 1509 — first printed, 1520 a — proscribed by Julius III., 29 May 1554 b and 1555— by Paul IV., 1559— by Pius V., 1566— by Clement VIII., 28 Feb. 1592 b and 1599. a Deutsch. (Quart. Rgt. 1867.) b Moroni. c Kington. Tamasp. [See Persia.] Tamerlane. [Timur.] Tammany Society, {Columbian Order,) at New York, — organized for charitable purposes, 12 May 1789 — incorporated by Charter, 9 Apr. 1805 — prosecutions against members for sys- tematic frauds, [Tammany Ring,) 1871-2. Tamworth, in Staffordshire, — fort built at, by Ethelfleda, 913 — taken by Anlaf, 943 — riot at, between Free Traders and Protectionists, 28 May 1851. Tamynae, in ifoJa?«, — [B C] — Phokion defeats Callias of Chalkis, (Anthesterion 01. 107, 3,) 35°> a 354- b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Tanagra, — [BC] — battles of, between Athenians and Lacedoemonians, Nov. 457 — gained by Athenians under Hipponicus over Tanagrians under Nikias, summer 426. Tanaro, The, in Italy, — Marshal de Maille- bois defeats Piedmontese on, 27 Sep. 1745. Tancred, Crusader, — joins first crusade, 1096 — distinguishes himself at taking of Jerusalem, spring 1099 — Governor of Antioch for his cousin Bohemond, 1100 — again, 1103 — if. there, 11 12. Tancred, Xing of Sicily, — arrested by his uncle, William I., escapes to Constantinople, 1 154 — returns to Sicily, and is received by his cousin William II., 1166 — proclaimed King and crowned, Jan. 11 90 — his claim contested by Emperor Henry VI. and Constance, 1190 — attacked by Bichard I. of England, and com- pelled to release the queen dowager, and pay her dower, 11 90 — invasion of his kingdom by Henry VI., Apr. 1191 — Constance given up to, by Salernitans, about Sep. 1191 — sends her back to the Emperor, 11 92 — continues war with him, 1 192-4 — loses his son Boger, end of 1 193 — fc., 20 Feb. 1 194 — his tomb and his son's broken open, and the bodies cast out, by order of Henry VI., 26 Dec. 1194^ a Kington. Tanganyika, Lake, in Africa, — discovered by Burton, 1858. Tangermunde, in Prussia, — the Wends de- feated by Bpsof Magdeburgand Halberstadt and Margrave of North Saxony, near, 983 — treaty of peace between Waldemar and Frederick of Misnia, concluded at, 13 Apr. 1312 — taken by Gustavus Adolphus, 1 Jul. 163 1 — combat be- tween French and Prussians at, 20 Oct. 1806. Tangier, Tangiers, (Tingi, Tingitana,) in Morocco, — [B C] — free city, by Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — Boman colony under Claudius, 41-54— the Ameer Alhasan Ben Kenuz defeats army of Alhakem, king of Cordova, near, (362, a. h.) 972 a — surrenders to Jussef ben Taxfyn, (470,) 1077-8 — taken by Portuguese, 147 1 — passes to English, 1660 — unsuccessfully at- tacked by Moors, 1680 — abandoned and for- tifications destroyed by English, 1684 — bom- barded by Spanish fleet, 1790 — by French fleet under Prince de Joinville, 6 Aug. 1844. Tangut, in Asia, — Empire of, overthrown by Gengis Khan, 1227— chief part of, subject to Chinese emperor, 1341 — wholly annexed to Chiua, 1690. i33 6 TANJORE -TARIK BEN ZETAD. Tanjore, district of, in Hindustan, — con- quered by Mahrattas, 1675,* about 1678 b — acquired by British, by treaty with Bajah, 25 Oct. 1799. City, besieged by British, 1749 — by French, 1758 — taken by British, 1773. a Macculloch. b Thornton. Tankerville, Forde Grey, Earl op, — created Earl, 1695 — Keeper of Privy Seal, 1 70 1 — tJ., and title becomes extinct, 1701. Tannahill, Robert, poet,— ft. at Paisley, 3 Jim. 1774 — tJ., 17 May 18 10. Tannenberg, — Jagellon, king of Poland, defeats Teutonic knights at, 15 Jul. 1410. Tanner, Thomas, Bp op St Asaph, bio- grapher, bibliographer, — ft. at Market Laving- ton, "Wiltshire, 25 Jan. 1674 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, Nov. 1689— Fellow of All Souls', Nov. 1696— Chancellor of Diocese of Nor- wich, 1701 — D.D., 1710 — Prebendary of Ely, 17 13 — Canon of Christ-Church, 1723 — Bp of St Asaph, Jan. 1732 — ft. at Oxford, 14 Dec. 1735. Notitia Monastica, 1695 — edition of Wood's Athena Oxonienses, 1721 — Bibliotheca Britan- nico-Hibernica, 1748. Tansillo, Luigi, poet, — ft. at Venosa, about 1510 — ft. Judge of Gaeta, 1 Dec. 1568. Ven- demmiatore, 1534 — Lagrime di San Fietro, 1560 — Balia, 1767 — II Podere, 1769. Tantalum, metal. [Columbium.] Tanucci, Bernardo, statesman, — ft. in Tus- cany, 1698 — accompanies Don Carlos to con- quest of Naples, 1 7 34— becomes his First Minis- ter, 1735 — one of the Council of Regency for Fer- dinand I., 1759, but soon exercises chief power: retires, Oct. 1776 — tf. at Naples, 29 Apr. 1783. Tapestry, [Bayeux, Gobelins] — mentioned by Gregory of Tours, about 590 — manufactory of, at Poitiers, as early as 1025 — manufacture of, practised in England, before 1400 — manu- factory established at Mortlake, by James I., about 16 19 — English manufacture encouraged, and importation of foreign restrained, by Act 15 Car. II. c. lo, 1663. Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, — ft. in Mas- sachusetts, U. S., 22 May 1786 — settles at New York, 1 8 14 — originates City Anti- Slavery Society, New York, 1833 — Pres. American 2Vnti-Slavery Society, Dec. 1833— ft. at New- haven, Conn., 23 Jul. 1865. Tara, hill of, in Ireland, — Malachy, king of Ireland, defeats Danes near, 980 — -O'Connell holds Repeal meeting on, 22 Aug. 1843. Taranto. [Tarentum.] Tarascon, in France, — Castle commenced, 1400 — completed by King Rene : tournament held at, 1449. Tarasius, Patriarch op Constantinople, — while Secretary of Imperial Palace, is ordained to succeed Paulus IV., 25 Dec. 784 — recognized by Pope Adrian, 7 85 — holds Council on Image-worship, 786 — presides at Council of Nicaea, 787 — opposes design of Emperor Constantino to divorce his wife, 795 — tf. at Constantinople, 25 Feb. 806. Tarbes, in France, — seat of a bishopric, 420 — pillaged by Northmen, 843 — taken from the English, 1370 — Marshal Soult retires to, 18 Mar. 1 8 14 — abandons, 20 Mar. Treaty of, between Jean d' Albret and Catherine, sovereign of Navarre, and John, Viscount of Narbonne, who renounces his claim on Navarre, concluded, 7 Sep. 1497 — violated by the Viscount, 1498 — confirmed by Treaty of Etampes, 8 Mar. 1500 — ratified by Louis XII., 9 May 1500 — first treaty quashed by parliament of Paris, 1502. Tardieu, Ambroise, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 1788 — tf. there, 17 Jan. 1841,3- 1837^ Icono- graphie Universelle, 1820-8. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Nagler. Tardieu, Nicolas Henri, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1674 a — received at the Academy, 29 Nov. 1720 a — ij. at Paris, 27 Jan. 1749^ a Jal. Tardieu, Pierre Alexandre, engraver, — ft. at Paris, 2 Mar. 1756 s1 — member of Institute, 1822 — member of Legion of Honour, 1825 — fr. at Paris, i843, b 3 Aug. i844. a a Jal. b Nagler. Tarentum, Duke of. [Macdonald.] Tarentum, Prince op. [Manfred.] Tarentum, {Tar as,) — [BC] — founded by Phalanthus and the Parthenise, (01. 18, 1,) 708-707 a — commerce with Corinth, as early as 600 — Aristophylidas tyrant, (01. 66,) $i6 h — defeated by Iapygians, 474 — becomes de- mocracy after Iapygian victory, 474 — resists foundation of Thurii, 443-433— code drawn up by Archytas, about 400 c — head of Italic Con- federacy against Lucanians, about 350 s — aided by Archidamus against Lucanians, 338° — aided by Alexander of Epirus, 326— aided by Pyrrhus against Rome, 281-274 — aided by Carthaginians, conquered by Rome, 273-272 — revolts, to Hannibal, 212 — recovered by Rome, 207, c 209 d — Treaty of, between Octavius and Antony, 37 f — [A D] — attacked by Romanus and Rusticus, 508 — occupied by Belisarius, 548 — taken by Totila, 549 — Constans lands at, 663 e — taken by Lombards, 774 — Saracens land at, about 830 — taken by Normans, before 1060 — Principality of, given to Walter de Brienne, by Innocent III., 1201 e — Frederick II. holds a court at, Feb. i23i e — occupied by French, under Soult, Apr. 1801 — again, under St Cyr, May 1803. a Hieron. Euseb. b Miiller. c Smith's Diet. d Zumpt. e Kington. f Merivale. S Rawlinson. Targnm, — [BC] — of Onkelos, compiled, about 60 — of Jonathan, about 25 — [AD] — of Ben der Jonathan and of Jerusalem, about 650. Tarifa, in Spain, (Josa, Julia Traducta,) — Tarik Ibn Malek lands at, 711 — the Ameer Mohammed Almamun defeated by Aben Hud and the Castilians near, (6 Ramadan 626, a. h.) 1229* — taken by Don Sancho, king of Castile, (691,) 1293 — unsuccessfully attacked by Prince Juan, about 1294 — unsuccessfully besieged by Mohammed II. of Granada, (699,) i3oi, a (697,) i299 b — again, byAbul Hassan, king of Fez, and Jussef ben Ismael, (742,) 1341 — held by British troops, and unsuccessfully attacked by French under Victor and Laval, 30 Dec. 1 8 1 1 . a Conde. b Other Authorities. Tarik ben Zeyad, Arab chieftain, — makes his first descent on Spain, (91, a. h.) 7io a — second, (Redgeb 92,) Apr. 7 1 1 a — defeats TARLETON— TASSO. 1337 Roderic the Goth and kills hira in battle of the Guadalete, (end of Ramadan 92,) 26-28 Jul. 7 1 1 a — overruns great part of Spain, 711- 712 — imprisoned and scourged by Musa at Toledo, 712— reinstated in command, 713 — reduces Tarragona, 714 — quits Spain and re- turns to Damascus, (95,) 714.* a Conde. Tarleton, Richard, comedian, — ft. in Lon- don, 1588. Tarragona, (Tarraco,) in Spain, — [BC] — restored by the Scipios, 2 17-2 n — visited by Augustus, 26 — [AD] — gives crown of gold to Galba, 68 — its temple restored by Hadrian, about 121 — harbour improved by Antoninus Pius, 150 — seat of a bishopric, as early as 305 a — taken by Goths, 467 — seat of archbishopric, as early as 622 a — taken by Arabs, (95, a. h.) 714 — rebellion at, suppressed, about (105) 724 b — restored by Counts of Barcelona, 1088 — taken by Alfonso of Aragon, 1 1 1 9 — occupied by rebels under Bahlul, and recovered by King Alhakem, (188, ) 803 b — unsuccessfully besieged by French, Aug. 1641c — captured by Earl of Peterborough, 1705 — taken and sacked by French under Suchet, 29 Jun. 1811 — invested by Gen. Murray, Jun. 18 12 — relieved by Suchet, 12 Jun. — fortifications destroyed by French, 1 8 Aug. 1 8 1 3 — capital of a province, 1833 — disturbances at, 21 Sep. 1869. Coun- cils of, held, 464; 6 Nov. 516 ; 1 May 1230 ; 19 Apr. 1239 ; (at Valencia), 8 May 1240 ; re- specting punishment and absolution of heretics, and on discipline, 1 3 May 1 242 ; against those who rob, ill-treat, or calumniate the clergy, 12 Jan. 1244; against the same, and respecting baptism of Saracens, 1 May 1247 ; 1248 ; re- specting absolution of the excommunicated, 8 Apr. 1253; against wearing of metal buttons by the clergy, and against Christians dwelling with Jews, 22 Mar. 1282; 1294; 22 Peb. 1305 ; 1307 ; against Arnold of Villanuova, (?) 22 Feb. 1 3 17. a Wiltsch. b Conde. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Tarsus, in Cilicia, — [BC] — founded by Sen- nacherib, about 685 — Cyrus the Younger halts at, spring 401 — described by Xenophon, about 390-360 — Alexander the Great halts at, sum. 333 — made capital of province of Cilicia, by Pompey, 66 — takes part with Caesar and as- sumes name of Juliopolis, about 44 — subdued by Cassius, 42 — made free city by Antony, about 41 — meeting of Antony and Cleopatra at, 41 — exempted from taxation by Augustus, after 31 — [AD] — Leontius crowned Emperor at, 484 — taken by Arabs, 640 — fortified by Harun Al Raschid, about 790-800 — recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, and the bronze gates removed to Constantinople, 965 — recovered from Saracens, by Tancred, 1097 — taken by Mahomet II., 1458. Councils of, against ad- herents of Cyrillus, 431 ; to accept canons of Council of Ephesus, condemn Nestorius, and adopt peace made between St Cyrillus and John of Antioch, 435 ; for reunion of Greeks and Armenians, 1177. Tartaglia, Nicolo, mathematician, — - ft. at Brescia, about 1500 — Prof. Mathematics, Ve- nice, 1534 — tf. there, i557, a i559- b Nuova Scienza, 1537 — Quesiti eel invenzioni diverse, 1550 — la Travagliata invenzione, 1551. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Tartaric Acid, — obtained in separate form by Scheele, 1770 — investigated by Pasteur, 1847-60. Tartars. [Batou, Gengis Khan, Golden Horde, Mongols, Timur.] Tartary, Independent. [Bokhara, Tur- kestan.] Tarteron, Jacques, Jesuit,— b. at Paris, 7 Feb. 1644 — tJ. at Paris, 12 Jun. 1720. Trans- lation of Epistles and Satires of Horace, 1685 — Odes, 1704. Tartessus, — [BC] — Arganthonius King, after 600. Tartini, Giuseppe, writer on music, — ft. at Pirano, in Istria, 12 Apr. 1692 — "fl. at Padua, 1770. Trattato di Musica seconda la vera Sci- enza dell' Armonia, 1754. Tarver, John Charles, lexicographer, — ft. at Dieppe, 27 Mar. 1790 — French Master at Eton, 1826 — ft. there, 15 Apr. 1851. Phraseological French and English Dictionary, 1849. Tashkend, in Turkestan, — seized by Rus- sians, 1854, but soon abandoned: again cap- tured by them, Sep. 1864 — retaken by Emir of Bokhara, 1865 — re-captured by Russians, 25 Jun. 1865. Tasman, Abel Janssen, maritime discoverer, — commands exploring expedition to Australia, Aug. 1642 to Jun. 1643 — discovers Van Die- men's Land, 24 Nov. 1642 — takes command of second expedition, Jan. 1644. Tasmania, VanDiemen's Land, — discovered by Tasman, 24 Nov., a 1 Dec. b 1642 — visited and explored by Cook, 1769, and by D'Entre- casteaux, Jan. 1793° — ascertained to be an island by Bass, 1797 — circumnavigated by Bass and Flinders, 1798 — English penal settle- ment established in, 1803 — ports open to foreign vessels, 18 13 — remains a dependency of New South Wales, till 1824, when it is made a separate colony : bishopric established, 1842 — government of, provided for by Act 13 and 14 Vic. c. 59, 5 Aug. 1850 — constitution settled by local Act, 18 Vic. No. 17, 1854 — transport- ation to, ceases, 1853. a Conv.-Lex. b Chambers's Encyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Tassi, Agostino, (Buonamici,) painter, — ft. at Perugia, 1566 — fr. at Rome, 1644. Tassie, James, modeller in wax, — ft. near Glasgow, about 1735 — comes to London, 1766 — tf., 1799. Descriptive Catalogue of a general collection of ancient and modem gems, §c, 1791. Tasso, Bernardo, poet, — ft. at Bergamo, 11 Nov. 1493 — visits Court of Ferrara, 1529 — accompanies Prince of Salerno on expedition to Tunis, 1534 — sent on political mission to Spain, 1537 — marries, 1539 — secretary to Duke Gon- zaga of Mantua, 1564-8 — envoy to Rome, on behalf of the Duke, 1564 — Podesta of Ostiglia, 25 Feb. 1569 — tf. there, (4) 15 Sep. 1569. Amadigi di Gaula, 1560 — Rime, §c, 1749 — Letter e, 1554, 1869, and 1871. Tasso, Torquato, poet, — ft. at Sorrento, n i 33 8 TASSONI— TAXATION OF THE CLERGY. d'Este, 1566 — accompanies him to France, 157 1 — enters service of Alfonso, Duke of Fer- rara, 1572 — falls in love with Princess Elea- nora and is imprisoned, Jun. 1577 — escapes, Jul. 1577 — again imprisoned at Ferrara, Feb. 1579 — by intercession of the Pope, Emperor, and other sovereigns, is liberated, Jul. 1586 — called to Rome by Clement VIII. to receive the laurel crown, 1594 — *&. at Rome, 25 Apr. 1595. Gerusalemme liberata, (II Goffredo,) 1 58 1 — Rinaldo, 1562 — Aminta, 158 1 — Gerusa- l .nine conquistata, 1593 — Rime, 1619 — JEpis- tolario, 1850. Tassoni, Alessandro, poet,— ft. at Modena, 1565 — ft., 1635. Secchia Rapita, 1622. Tate, Nahum, poet,— ft. at Dublin, 1652— poet laureate, 1690— rj. in London, 12 Aug. 17 15. (With N. Brady) New Version of the Psalms of David, 1698. Tatiamis, founder of the Eneratites, — £L, 173- Tatiamis, — Consul with Q. Aurelius Sym- machus, (1144, a. u. c.) 391 — praetorian pre- fect, deprived by Rufinus, and banished, 392. ' Tatler,' The. [Steele, Sir Richard.] Tatti, Jacopo. [Sansavino.] Tauler, Johann, theologian, — ft. at Cologne or Strasburg, 1290 — enters Dominican Order, 1308— If. at Strasburg, 16 Jun. 1361. Sermons, 1498 — JS r achfolgung des armen Leben Christi, 1621. Taunton, in Somersetshire, — Great Council held and fortress built by Ina, about 700 — fortress destroyed by Ethelburga, 722 — rebuilt, about 1 1 10-30 — seized and abandoned by Per- kin Warbeck, 1497 — taken by Parliamentary forces, 1642 — retaken for the king by Hertford, 1643 — again taken for the parliament by Blake, 8 Jul. 1644 — besieged by Goring, spring 1645 — relieved by Fairfax, n May 1645 — siege renewed by Goring, May — again raised, 3 Jul. — Duke of Monmouth proclaimed King at, 20 Jun. 1685 — Jeffreys' Bloody Assize at, 1685 — loses its municipal charter, 1792. Taunton, Henry Labouchere, Loud, states- man, — ft. in London, 15 Aug. 1798 — M.P. St Michael's, 1826 — M.P. Taunton, 1830-59 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1832 — Privy Council- lor, 1835 — Pres. Board of Trade, 1846 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1846-7 — again Pres. Board of Trade, 1855 — Secretary of State for Colonies, 1858 — raised to the peerage, 1859 — tf. in London, 13 Jul. 1869. Taurida, province of Russia, — occupied by Turks under Mahomet II., 1476 — declared independent sovereignty at Peace of Kainardji, 1774 — taken possession of by Catherine II. and confirmed to Russia by Treaty of Constan- tinople, 1783 — [see Crimea] — visited by Pallas, 1794. Tauromenium, — [B C] — Andromachus assists Timoleon against Dionysius, 344. Taurus, — (1.) Consul with Florentius, (111-4, a. u. c.) 361. (2.) Consul with Felix, (1181,) 428. Taurus, M. (T. a T) Statilius,— Consul with L. Quinctius Crispinus, (797, a. u. c.) 44. a Zumpt. Taurus, Statilius, — [BC] — Consul suff., 37 — commands Antony's fleet against Sex. Poni- peius, 36 — triumphs, about success in Africa, and commands in Dalmatia, 34 — commands army of Octavius at Actium, 31 — builds first stone amphitheatre at Rome, 30 — defeats Can- tabrians, about 29 — Consul with Augustus, (728, a. u. c.) 26 — praefectus urbi, 16. Taurus, T. Statilius,— (1.) Consul with M. iEniilius Lepidus, (764, a. u. c.) ii. (2.) (Corvinus) Consul with M. Vinicius, (79S,) 45. (3.) (Sisenna) Consul with L. Scribonius Libo, (769,) 16. Tausan, (Tagesen,) Johan, theologian, Re- former, — ft. in Fiinen, 1494,* 1499 b — M.A. Rostock, returns to Denmark, 152 1 — begins preaching Lutheran doctrines, 1524 — im- prisoned at Wiborg, about 1525— liberated and named Court preacher to Frederick I., 1526 — preacher at Roeskilde, 1537 — Bp of Ripen, 1542 — If., Nov. 156 1. Banish version of Psalms, 1544. a Engl. Cyc. a Bees' Cyc. Tauss, battle of [Taas.] Tavannes, Gaspard de Saulx de, Marshal op France,— ft. at Dijon, Mar. 1509— pre- sented at Court, 1522 — taken prisoner with Francis I. at Pavia, 1525 — distinguishes him- self at siege of Yvoi, 1542 — at Rochelle, 1543 — at battle of Cerisoles, 1544 — Marechal de Camp, 1552 — contributes to victory of Renti, Aug. 1554 — Lieutenant-general of Burgundy, under Duke of Aumale, 1554 — assists at capture of Calais, Jan. 1558 — Lieutenant-general in Dauphiny, 1560 — represses Huguenot insur- rection, spring 1562 — takes part in defeat of Huguenots at Jarnac, Mar. 1569 — saves Royal army at Roche-Abeille, Jun. 1569— raises siege of Poitiers, Sep. — defeats Huguenots at Mon- contour, Oct. — created fifth Marshal of France, 28 Nov. 1569 — counsels massacre of St Bar- tholomew, 1572 — Governor of Provence, 1572 — if. near Autun, 19 Jun. 1573. Tavannes, G-uillaume de Saulx, Count de, — ft.,1553— distinguishes himself at Jarnac, 1569 — Lieutenant of the king in Burgundy, 1574 — holds the province against Duke of Mayenne, and declares for Henry IV., 1589 — ft., 1633,* 1635. b Memoires, 1625. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Biog. TJniv. Tavannes, Jean de Saulx, Viscount de, — ft. at Paris, 1555 — serves at siege of Rochelle, 1573 — accompanies Duke of Anjou to Poland, 1573 — serves against Turks, 1573-4 — serves in army of the League, 1589— taken prisoner, 159 1 — Marshal of France and Governor of Burgundy, by Mayenne, 1592— submits to Henry IV., 1595 — rj. at Sully, Oct. 1629. Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, traveller, — ft. at Paris, 1605 — present at battle of Prague, 1620 — at Diet of Ratisbon, 1630— first visit to the East, 1630-3 — second, 1638-42 — third, 1643-9 — fourth, 1651-5 — fifth, 1656 — marries, 1663 — sixth journey, 1663-9 — ft. at Moscow, Jul. 1689. Voyages, 1676-9. Taverns. [Inns, Public Houses.] Taxation of the Clergy, in England and Wales, — regulated by the Taxatio Ecclesiastica compiled by authority of Pope Nicholas IV. TAXILIS— TAYLOR. 339 and by precept of Edward I., 1288-91 — newly regulated by Valor Ecclesiasticus (King's Book) compiled under authority of Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1534 — in Convocation, dis- continued, 1665. Taxilis, — [BC] — conducts army of Mithri- dates into Greece, 86 — with Archelaos defeated by Sulla at Chseroneia, 86— commands in in- vasion of Paphlagonia, 74 — defeated by Lucul- lus in Cabeira, 72 — at battle of Tigranocerta, 69. Tayler, John James, theologian, — ft. at Not- tingham, 1798 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1816-18— B.A., 1 818 — minister of Unitarian congregation, Manchester, 1820 — secretary to Manchester New College, York, 1822-40 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, (on transfer of the Coll. to Manchester,) 1840 — Principal, (on its removal to London,) 1853 — deputy to Unitarian Tercentenary Festival in Hungary, autumn 1868— tf. at Hampstead, 28 May 1869. Retro- spect of the Religious Life of England, 1845 — Christian Aspects of Faith and Duty, 1 85 1 — Attempt to ascertain the Character of the Fourth Gospel, 1867. Taylor, Ann. [Gilbert, Ann.] Taylor, Brook, mathematician, — ft. at Ed- monton, 18 Aug. 1685 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1701 — F.R.S., 17 12 — secretary, 17 14 — visits France, 17 16 — tf. in London, (?) 29 Dec. 1731. Methodus incrementorum directa et in- versa, 17 15 — Linear Perspective, 17 15 — New Principles of Linear Perspective, 17 19 — his Theorem (1715) adopted by Lagrange as basis of Differential Calculus, 1772. Taylor, Edward, Prof. Music, Gresham Col- lege, — ft., about 1784 — tf. at Brentwood, Essex, 12 Mar. 1863. Taylor, Sir Herbert, Lieutenant-general, — ft> 1775 — enters the army, 1793 — serves in campaigns of the Netherlands, 1793-4 — aide- de-camp to Commander-in-chief, Sep. 1795 — private secretary to Duke of York, Feb. 1799 — to George III., 1805 — to Queen Charlotte, 18 12 — Master of St Katharine's Hospital, 18 18 — M.P. Windsor, 1820-3 — Lieutenant-general, 1825 — tf. at Rome, 20 Apr. 1839. Taylor, Isaac, theological writer, — ft. at Lavenham, in Suffolk, Aug. 1786 — marries and settles near Ongar, 1824— unsuccessful candi- date for chair of Logic and Metaphysics, Edinburgh, 1 8 38 — tf. at Stanford Rivers, 28 Jun. 1865. Elements of Thought, 1822 — Memoirs and Correspondence of Jane Taylor, 1825 — His- tory of Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times, 1827 — Process of Historical Proof, 1828 — Translation of Herodotus, 1829 — Natural History of Enthusiasm, 1829 — Saturday Evening, 1832 — Natural History of Fanaticism, 1833 — Spiritual Despotism, 1835 — Physical Theory of Another Life, 1836 — Home Education, 1838 — Ancient Christianity, 1839- 40 — Loyola and Jesuitism, 1849 — Wesley and Methodism, 1851 — Restoration of Relief, 1855 — World- of Mind, 1857 — Logic in Theology, 1859 — Ultimate Civilization, i860 — Spirit of Hebrew Poetry, 1861. Taylor, Jane, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 23 Sep. 1783 — tf., 12 Apr. 1824. With her sister, Original Poems for Infant Minds, 1805 — Rhymes for the Nursery, 1806 — Hymns for Infant Minds, 1818 — Display, 1815 ■ — Essays in Rhyme, 181 6 — Contributions of Q. Q., 1824. Taylor, Jeremy, Bp or Down and Connor, — ft. at Cambridge, probably Aug. 1613 — enters Caius Coll., Aug. 1626 — B.A., 1 631— takes holy orders, 1633— M. A., 1633— Fellow of All Souls', Oxford, Jan. 1636 — chaplain to Charles I., 1636 — rector of Uppingham, Mar. 1638 — marries, May 1639 — attends the king at Oxford, 1642 — D.D., 1642 — his living seques- trated, 1642 — retires into Wales, 1645 — marries again, about 1646 — settles in Ireland, 1658 — consecrated Bp of Down and Connor, Jan. 1661 — Vice-chancellor of Dublin Univ., 1661 — tf. at Lisburn, 3 Aug. 1667. Episcopacy asserted, 1642 — Liberty of Prophesying, 164.'] — Life of Christ, 1653 — Holy Living and Holy Dying, jJ^i-^-Deus justificatus, 1656 — Ductor Dubi- fx 435-4°°- a a Clinton. Telegraph, Telegraphic Communication, — schemes for, suggested by Marquis of Worces- ter, 1663 — by Hooke, 1684 — by Amontons, about 1704 — Chappe's, brought into use, about 1793 — his invention announced to National Convention, 17 Aug. 1794 — Edgeworth's im- proved, about 1794 — Lord George Murray's, 1795 — line established between London and Dover, 1796. Semaphore, adopted in France, 1803. Night, invented by Boaz, 1801 — Pas- ley's Polygrammatic, 1807 — Bremner's night, 1 8 16 — semaphore improved by Popham, 18 16 — Pasley's, for day and night, invented, 1823. Solar, (heliographic,) invented by Signor Sgarzi, 1854. Codes for, Admiralty, adopted, 1808 — another, 18 16 — Lynn's, 18 18 — Squire's, 1820 — new Admiralty, 1826 — Paper's, 1828 — Phillipps's, 1836 — Eohde's, 1836 — Walker's, 1 841 — EardleyWilmot's, 1851 — Rogers's, 1854 — Reynolds's, 1855 — Marryatt's, 1856 — Board of Trade, 1857. [Electric Telegraph.] Telegraph Conference, International, — first, at Brussels, 1858 — second, at Paris, 1865 — third, opens at Vienna, 12 Jun. 1868 — fourth, at Rome, meets, 1 Dec. 187 1. Telemachus, monk, — killed in attempt to prevent gladiatorial combat, 404. Telemsen. [Tlemsen.] Telescope, — invention of, in possession of Jacob Adriaansz, (Metius,) 17 Oct. 1608 a — of Hans Lippershey, 2 b Oct. 1608 — reported to Galileo, May 1609 — constructed by him, 1609 — used by Hariot in England, 1609 — astrono- mical, described by Kepler, 161 1 — reflecting, suggested by Father Mersenne, before 1651 — Gregorian, invented, 1663 — constructed by Newton, 1669-72 — Cassegrain's, invented, 1672 —[see Achromatic Lens, Herschel, Eosse] — dialgtic, invented by Plbssl, 1839. a Moll. b Humboldt. Telesilla, lyric poetess,— [BC]— ft., about (01. 67) 510. Telesinus, C Luccius, a (X. Pontius, h )— Con- sul with C. Suetonius Pauliuus, (819, a. u. c.) (if>- a Clinton. b Zumpt. Telesinus, Pontius, Samnite general, — [B C] —assists Marius against Sulla, defeated and killed, 82. Telesio, Bernardino, natural philosopher,— b. at Cosenza, 1509,* 1508 b — present at sack of Rome, 1527— Ph.D., 1535— tf. at Cosenza, i588. b Be reritm Natura juxta propria prin- cipia, 1565— Far ii de naturalibus rebus libelli, 1590. a Biog# Univ# b Tennemann. Telesphorus, Bp of Rome, — appointed, close of 127 — tf., 2 Jan. 139 ? Telestes, dithyrambic poet, — [BC] — gains a prize, 401— fl., about (01. 95, 3) 398. Teleutias,— [B Cj— commands Spartan fleet against Corinth, 393— captures Athenian ships sent to aid Evagoras, 390— Thrasybulus sent to oppose him, 390— aids JEgina, 388— com- mands in Olynthian War, 382— slain there, spring 381. Telford, Thomas, civil engineer, — ft. in Dum- friesshire, 9 Aug. 1757— goes to London, about 1782— settles at Shrewsbury, 1787— F.R.S.E., 1803— F.R.S. London, 1827— tf. at Westmin- ster, 2 Sep. 1834. Ellesmere Canal, 1793- 1805 — Caledonian Canal, completed, 1823 — Menai Suspension Bridge, 1826. Telingana, (Telugu country,) in Hindustan, —ruled by Yadavas, from about 800 to near noo a — invaded by Mussulmans, 1303 — con- quered by Cafur, (tributary to Delhi,) (709, a. h.) 1 309— independent under Hindoo raja, x 344— Warangol taken by Ahmed Shah, 142 1 — invades Deckan, 146 1— kingdom subverted by Bahmani kings ? a Elptiinstone. _ Tell, William, national hero of the Swiss, — [joins confederates of Forest Cantons, and shoots Gessler, 1307 ?] — his story declared a fable by Willimann, 1607— doubted by Chris- tian and Isaac Iselin, 1727 and 1754 — denied _ by Freudenberger, 1760, whose book is publicly burnt in Uri by decree of the States : investigated by Ideler, 1826— by Schneller, 1834 — by Kopp, 1835 — by Hausser, 1840 — by Hisely, 1843— by Hiiber, 1861 — by von Lie- benau, 1864— by Rilliet, 1868. Tellers of the Exchequer, in England, — office abolished by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 15, 22 May 1834. Tellez, Balthazar, historian, — ft. at Lisbon, 1595 — enters Order of Jesuits, 16 10 — 1». at Lisbon, Provincial of his Order, 19 Apr. 1675. Chronica da Companhia di Jesus da Provincia de Portugal, 1645-8 — Historia general de Ethi- opia a alta, 1660. Tellez, Gabriel, (Tirso de Molina,) drama- tist, — ft. at Madrid, about 1585 ? — becomes a monk, 1620 — Prior of the convent of Soria, 1645 — tf. there, Feb. 1648. Cigarrales de Toledo, 1621 — Comedias, 1626-7 — Autos, 1635. Tellier. [Letellier.] Tellurium, metal, — discovered by Miiller von Reichenstein, 1782 — investigated by Klap- roth, 1798. U 2 TEMAXZA— TEMPLE. Temanza, Tomaso, writer on Architecture, — b. at Venice, 1705 — tf. there, 14 Jun. 1789. Yite de' piu Eccellenti Architetti e Scultori Veneziani, 1778 — Antichitd di Rimini, 1741. Temeswar, in Hungary, — mentioned as seat of Counts of Temes, 1203 — castle built by Huniades, 1443 — besieged and taken by Pasha Mehemet for Solyman II., 155 1-2 — unsuccess- fully besieged by Hungarians, 1596 and 1597 — by Elector of Saxony, 1696 — taken by Prince Eugene, 12 Oct. 17 16 — fortified by him ; consti- tuted royal free city, 17 81 — besieged by Hun- garian insurgents, 25 Apr. 1 849 — capitulates, 9 Aug. — Gen. Haynau defeats Hungarians before, 9 Aug. 1849. Truce of, for 20 years, between Emperor and the Porte, concluded, 1664. Tempelhof, Georg Friedrich von, general, §c, — b. in Brandenburg, 17 Mar. 1737 — enters the army, 1756 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1786 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1786 — tf. at Berlin, 13 Jul. 1807. Bombardier Frussien, 1781 — Geschichte des Siebenjdhrigen Kriegs in Beutschland, 1782-1801. Temperance Society, American, — estab- lished at Boston, Feb. 1826. British and Foreign, established in London, Jun. 1831. National, in London, Nov. 1842. Tempesta, (Fietro Mulier or Be Mulieribus,) (Feter Molyn,) painter, — ft. at Haarlem, 1637 — fr. at Milan, 1701. Tempesta, (Tempesti,) Antonio, painter, en- graver, — ft. at Florence, 1555 — ft. at Borne, 1630. Templars, Knights Templars, Knights of the Temple, Order of, — founded, 1 1 1 8 or 1 1 1 9 — rule prepared and decreed by Council of Troyes, and confirmed by Honorius II., 1128 — the red cross assigned to, by Eugenius III., 1 146 — Chapter of the Order held at Paris, 1147 — permitted among other privileges to receive spiritual persons as members, by bull (Omne Batum Optimum) of Alexander III., 1172 — on loss of Palestine take refuge in Cyprus, 1 192 — their clergy released from episcopal author- ity, by Innocent III., (1 198-12 16) — bishops pro- hibited from excommunicating, by Honorius III., (1216-27) — exempted from all contribu- tions to Holy AVar, and from tenths, by Gregory X., (127 1 -5) — destruction of, concerted between Clement Y. and Philip IV. of France, 1305 — [Molay, Jacques de] — sealed orders of Philip for arrest of, in France, issued, i2, a 14 b Sep. 1307 — nearly all in France arrested, 13 Oct. — the Temple, Paris, taken possession of by the king : in England, seized and imprisoned by Edward II., end of Dec. 1307 — examinations with torture, carried on, 1307-8 — in Provence, arrested, Jan. 1308 b — aid of all princes and prelates demanded by bull of Clement V., Aug. 1308 — Commission appointed by him to try the case, about Aug. 1308 — Commission opens at Paris, 7 Aug. 1309 — examinations in Eng- land and other countries continue, 1 309-1 1 — fifty-four defenders of, burnt at Paris by order of Council of Paris, 14 May 1310— dissolution of, proclaimed at Council "of Vienne, 3 Apr. 1312 '< r — their lands in England, France, and other countries, transferred to Hospitallers, 1312-23 — in Spain, to Knights of our Lady of Montesa, 13 17. a Engl. Cyc. b Milman. c Art de Verifier les Dates. Temple, The, at Jerusalem, — [B C] — pro- jected by David, 1044 a — foundation laid by Solomon, (Siv,) 21 May ioi2, a ioi3, b 1015,"° ioo8, d 998 e — building completed, (Bui,) autumn 1005 a — Dedication, autumn 1004 a — Dama- scene altar put instead of brazen altar, by Ahaz, 740 a — altars for Tsabian worship in- troduced by Manasseh, after 699 a — purified by order of Josiah, 624 s — burnt by Nebuchad- nezzar, 27 Aug. 588, a Jul. 587^ 589/ 20 Jul. 589 s — Treasury, plundered by Shishak, 970* — by Jehoash of Israel, 826 a — by Nebuchad- nezzar, 606 a — again, 588,* Jul. 587 b — gold taken away by Hezekiah to buy off Senna- cherib, 713 —rebuilt {second Temple) by Zerub- babel, 536 — work interrupted, 535, 522, and 519 a — renewed, 520 a — reauthorized by Darius Hystaspis, spring 519 a — completed, 516-515 (3 Adar a ) — pillaged and desecrated by An- tiochus Epiphanes, 168 — restored and repaired by Judas Maccabseus, 163 — Holy of Holies entered by Pompey, 63 — stormed by Herod, 37 — rebuilt [third Temple) by Herod, 21-20 — [AD] — completed, 63 — burnt by Bomans, 70 — attempt of Julian to rebuild, 363 — discovery of stele of Temple, with inscription, by Cler- mont-Ganneau, May 1871. a Usslier. b Clinton, Bib. Cyc. c Newton. d Marsliam. e Des Vignolles. f Larcher. S Petavius. Temple, The, Faris, — founded by Knights Templars, about 1222 — seized by Philip IV., 1312 — Louis XVI. and his family confined in, 1792 — tower demolished, 18 n. Falace, built by Grand Prior of Order of Malta, about 1566 — repaired by Chevalier d' Orleans, 17 21 — again repaired, 1 8 1 2 — occupied by nuns of Bene- dictine Order, 18 15 — the nuns expelled, 1848 — demolished, 1853. Temple, George Grenville Nugent, Eakl, Marquis of Buckingham, statesman, — ft., 17 Jun. 1753 — M.P. Buckinghamshire, 1774 — marries Lady Mary Nugent, 1775 — succeeds his uncle as Earl, 1779 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1782 — Secretary of State, Dec. 1783 — resigns in a few days : created Marquis of Buckingham, 30 Nov. 1784 — again Lord- lieutenant of Ireland, 1787 — resigns, 1789 — tT., 11 Feb. 1813. Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl,— h., 26 Sep. 17 1 1 — M.P. Buckingham, 1734 — marries, 1737 — succeeds to the title, 6 Oct. 1752 — First Lord of Admiralty, 20 Nov. 1756 — resigns, Apr. 1757 — Lord Privy Seal, 30 Jun. 1757 — K.G., 4 Feb. 1760 — resigns Privy Seal, 9 Oct. 1761 — r/. at Stowe, 11 Sep. 1779. Temple, Sir William, Bakt., statesman,- miscellaneous writer, — ft. in London, 1628 — enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1645— sets out onthe grand tour, about 1647 — returns, 1654 — member of Irish Convention, 1660— Joint- commissioner of Irish parliament to Charles II., 1662— secret envoy to Bp of Munster, 1665 — Bart., 1666— resident at Court of Brussels, 1666 — negotiates Triple Alliance, 1668 — assists in negotiating Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, TEMPLE BAR— TENNEMANN. 1343 1668 — dismissed, 167 1 — ambassador to States- General, 1674 — assists at Congress of Nime- guen, 1675-9 — tf. at Farnham, 27 Jan. i698, a 1699, 13 close of 1700.° Observations upon the United Provinces, 1672 — Memoirs, 1709 — Letters, 1700-25 — Works, 1731. a Rees' Cyc. b Engl. Cyc. c Chalmers. Temple Bar, London, — built by Wren, 1670. Temple Church, London, — the Round dedi- cated by Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1 1 85 — the Oblong, Ascension Day, 1240 — partly falls, and repairs commenced, 1825 — restoration commenced, 1840. Tenant Right, Ulster, — legality of, estab- lished by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 46, 1 Aug. 1870. Tenasserim, in Malaij Peninsula, — ceded by Birman emperor to Great Britain, by Peace of Yandaboo, 1826. Tenby, in Wales, — founded by Flemish set- tlers, about 1 1 08 — castle captured by Welsh, 1 152— attacked by Maelgwn, 11 88 — plundered and destroyed by Llewelyn, 1260— fortifications strengthened, 1588. Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guerin, Marquise de, — b. at Grenoble, 168 1 — re- nounces conventual life and settles at Paris, about 1 7 14 — gives birth to and abandons her son (d'Alembert,) 17 17 — arrested on suspicion of assassinating her lover, Mar. 1726 — sent to the Bastille, Apr., but soon released : tf. at Paris, 4 Dec. 1749. Siege de Calais, 1739 — Malheitrs de V Amour, 1747 — Anecdotes de la cour et du regne d'Edouard LI., 1776 — Cor- respondence with Cardinal Tencin, 1790. Tencin, Pierre Guerin de, Cardinal, Abp of Lyons, — b. at Grenoble, 22 Aug. 1680 — Abbot of Vezelay, 1702 — receives abjuration of J^aw, 17 Sep. 17 19 — accompanies . Cardinal de Rohan to Rome, and is named his conclavist, 17 21 — remains at Rome as Charge d' Affaires, 1 72 1-4 — Abp of Embrun, consecrated by the Pope, 2 Jul. 1724 — holds a Council and gets Soanen, Bp of Senez, condemned, Aug. 1727 — created Cardinal, 23 Feb. 1739— assists in the conclave, Aug. 1740 — Abp of Lyons, 1740 — Minister of State, 30 Aug. 1742— proviseur of the Sorbonne, 1749 — retires, Jul. 1751 — tf- at Lyons, 2 Mar. 1758. Tenedos, island of Greek Archipelago, — [BC] — becomes subject to Persia, 493 — naval station, by Xerxes, about 480— becomes ally of Athens in Peloponnesian War, about 430 ? — ravaged by Lacedaemonians, 389 — surrendered to Persians by Peace of Antalkidas, 387 — seized by Memnon, 333 — recovered by Mace- donians, 332 — naval station, by Attains and the Romans, about 200 ? — Lucullus defeats Mithridates near, 84 — [A D] — falls under power of the Turks, 1322 — ceded to Genoese, by An- dronicus Pakeologus, 1376— but given up by governor to Venetians, 1376 — unsuccessfully attacked by Genoese, 1377 — the dispute settled by mediation of Amadeus, Count of Savoy, 8 Aug. 1 381 — taken by Venetians, 1656 — retaken by Turks, 1657 — occupied by British fleet, 2 Mar. 1807 — Russians under Simavin defeat Seid Ali Pasha in sea-fight near, 21 Mar. 1807 — Canaris and Cyriakos defeat the Capitan Pasha in sea-fight near, 10 Nov. 1822. Tenerani, Pietro, sculptor, — b. at Carrara, 1789— Associate of French Academy of Fine Arts, 1844— tf. at Rome, 14 Dec. 1869. Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, — pur- chased by Castile, 1476 — subjugated by Cas- tilians, 1493 — earthquake and volcanic eruptions in, 1704 and 1798. Peak of, described by Heberden, 1752— by Glas, 17 61 — height of, investigated by Borda, Aug. 1776 — ascended by Lemanon and Monges, 26 Aug. 1785 — by Humboldt, 1798 — by Bennet, 1810 — by Von Buch, 1 8 15— by Wilde, 1837 — astronomical observations made on, by Smyth, 1856. Teniers, David, the Elder, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1582 — tf. there, 1649. Teniers, David, the Younger, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 16 10 — Director of Academy of Antwerp, 1644 — tf. at Brussels, 1694,* n Feb. i685, b 1690,° i68o, d i696. d a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. c D'Argensville. d Other Authorities. Tenison, Thomas, Abp or Canterbury, — b. at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, 29 Sep. 1636 — enters Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge, 1653 — takes holy orders, 1659 — M.A., 1660 — Fellow of Bene't Coll., 24 Mar. 1662— chaplain to Earl of Manchester, 1667 — marries, about 1667 — minister of St Peter's Mancroft, Norwich, 1674 — D.D., 1680 — chaplain to the king, 1680 — rector of St Martin' s-in-the- Fields, London, 1680 — attends Duke of Mon- mouth at his execution, 1685 — has conference with the Jesuit, Pulton, 29 Sep. 1687- — mem- ber of Ecclesiastical Commission, 1689 — preaches funeral sermon for NellGwynn, 1691 — Bp of Lincoln, 25 Nov. 1691 — Abp of Can- terbury, Dec. 1694— one of the Lords Justices, 1695 — attends William III. on his death-bed, 1702 — First Commissioner for treaty of union with Scotland, Apr. 1706 — crowns George I., 17 15 — tf. at Lambeth, 14 Dec. 17 15. Creed of Mr Hobbes examined, 1670 — Discourse of Idolatry, 1678 — Baconiana, 1679. Tennant, Smithson, chemist, — b. at Selby, Yorkshire, 176 1 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1782— F.R.S., Jan. 1785— M.D. Cambridge, 1796 — receives Copley Medal, 1804 — Prof. Chemistry, Cambridge, 1813 — tf. at Boulogne, 22 Feb. 1815. Tennant, William, poet,— b. at Anstruther, in Scotland, 1785 — studies at St Andrew's, 1799-1801 — Prof. Oriental • Languages, St Andrew's, 1835— tf. near Dollar, 15 Feb. 1848. Anster Fair, 1812. Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, historian of philosophy— b. at Brembach, near Erfurt, 7 Dec. 1 76 1 — studies at Jena, 17 8 1-8 — Prof. Extraord. Philosophy, Jena, 17 98 — Prof. Philo- sophy, Marburg, 1 804 — Librarian to the Univ., 1 8 1 6 — If. at Marburg, 30 Sep. 1 8 1 9. Geschichte der Philosophic, 1798-1809 — System der Pla- tonischen Philosophic, 1792-4 — translation of Same's Lnquiry concerning the Human Under- standing, 1793 — translation of Locke's Essay, r 795-7- 344 TENNESSEE— TERTULLUS. Tennessee, V. S., — first settlements in, about 1757 — settlements destroyed by Cherokees, 1760— forms part of N. Carolina, ceded to United States, 1789, — organized as distinct Territory, 1794 — State of the Union, 1 Jun. 1796 — constitution amended, 1834 — joins Confederate States, 8 Jun. 1861 — secret society of ex-rebels, Ku Klux Klan, organized in, 1868. Tennessee River, V. S.,— Fort Henry on, surrenders to Federals, 6 Feb. 1862. Tennis Court, Oath of the. [French Re- volution, 1789.] Tenos, — [B Cj — taken and enslaved by Alex- ander of Pherse, 362. Tenterden, Charles Abbott, Lokd, Chief Justice of England,— b. at Canterbury, 7 Oct. 1762 — enters Corpus ChristiColl. Oxford, Mar. 1 78 1— enters Middle Temple, 16 Nov. 1787 — marries, Jul. 1795 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, Feb. 1796 — Judge in the Com- mon Pleas, 24 Jan. 1816 — Judge in the King's Bench, 3 May 18 16— Knt, 18 16— Chief Jus- tice of King's Bench, 4 Nov. 181 8 — created Baron Tenterden, 30 Apr. 1827 — tf., 4 Nov. 1832. Law of Merchant Ships and Seamen, 1802. Ten Thousand Greeks, Retreat of the, — [B C] — battle of Cunaxa, autumn 401 — reach Armenia, winter 401 — arrive at Cotyora, spring 400 — at Chrysopolis, after midsummer 400 — serve Seuthes, 400— 400 of them sold by Aristarchus, harmost of Byzantium, 400 — incorporated with troops of Thimbron, 399. Tenths, in England, — payment of, sanctioned, 1 188 — claimed by Pope Gregory XL, 10 Mar. 1372 s — transferred to the Crown, by Act 26 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 1534— restored to the Church, by Act 2 and 3 Phil, and Mar. c. 4, 1555— again vested in the Crown, by Act 1 Eliz. c. 3 > I 559 — exemption from, granted to Abp of Canterbury and Bp of London, by Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — small benefices discharged of, by Act 6 Ann. c. 24, 1707 — restored to the Church by letters-patent of Queen Anne, 3 Nov. 1703. [Queen Anne's Bounty.] a Milinan. Tenzel, [Tentzel,) Wilhelm Ernest, anti- quary, numismatist, — ft. in Thuringia, 1659 — historiographer of House of Saxony, 1696 — tf., 24 Nov. 1707. Saxonia numismatica, 1705 —founds and edits the first literary j ournal of Germany, Monatlic'he JJnterredungen, 1688-98. Teotenheal, — defeat of Danes at, 6 Aug. 910. Tephrice. [Paulicians.] Terah,— [B C] — b., summer 2i26, a 2260 11 — birth of Abraham, spring 1996 ;i — leaves Ur of the Chaldees, autumn 1922 a — tf., spring i92i. a a Ussher. b Clinton. Terbelis, King of the Bulgarians, — pro- tects andrcstores Justinian II. to the throne of Constantinople, 705. Terburg, {Ter JBorch,) Gerhard, painter, — fo. at Zwoll, near Overyssel, 1608— attends Congress of Munster, 1648— tf. at Deventer, 1681. Congress of Munster, National Gallery, 1648. Terceira, one of the Azores, — discovered and settled by Portuguese, 1445 — declares against Philip II. and repulses his fleet, 1580 — sub- mits to him, 1583 — earthquake in, 16 14 — declares for Donna Maria, 1828 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Don Miguel, 1829 — gives title of Duke to Count of Villaflor, 1833 — earthquake in, 1841. Terentius Afer, P., comic poet, — [BC] — b., 195 — 'first exhibits, 166 — visits Greece: tf., (01. loo, 3,) 159-8. Andria, 4 Apr. 166, at Megalesian Games : Eecyra, (Megal. Games,) 165 and 160 — Heauton-Timoreumenos, (Megal. Games,) 163 — Eunuchus, (Megal. Games,) 162 — Phormio, (Roman Games,) 1 Oct. 162 — Adelphi, 160. Terms, in English law, — regulated bv Act 11 Geo. IV. and 1 ¥m IV. c. 70, 23 Jul." 18 30 — amended by 1 "Wm IV. c. 3, 23 Dec. 1830. Ternate, one of the Moluccas,— Portuguese settlement in, seized by Dutch, 1606 — taken by English, 1797 — restored to Dutch, 1801 — again taken by English, 18 10 — restored to Holland, 18 14. Terni, in Italy, — the Neapolitans defeated by French near, 27 Nov. 1798. Terouenne, in France, — besieged by English, 15 1 3— capitulates to Henry VIIL, 22 Aug. — government of, provided for by Act 5 Hen. VIIL c. 1, 15 14— taken and destroyed by Charles V., 20 Jun. 1553 — see of, extinct, 1559- Terpander, lyric poet, musician, — [B C] — f{., 700-650^ 676-646 b — conquest at the Carneia, (01. 26,) 676 — introduces his musical reform, (heptachord lyre,) (01.33, 2-34, 1,) 647-4, (01. 33, 4,) 645. 15 a Smith's Diet. b Muller. Terpsichore, asteroid, — discovered by Lu- ther, 30 Sep. 1864. Terra {Tierra) del Fuego, island of S. Pacific Ocean, — discovered by Magellan, 1520 — visited by Banks and Solander, Jan. 1769 — coast explored by Cook, Dee. 1774 — missionary expeditions to, unsuccessful, 1850 and 1854. Terracina, {Anxur, Tarracina,) in Italy, — [BC] — taken by Romans, 403 — retaken by Volsci, 399 — again, by Romans, 396 — made Eoman colony, 329 — [AD] — sacked by French, 1798 — bishopric suppressed by Napoleon I., 1810. Terray, Joseph Marie, {Abbe Terray,) statesman, — b. in Forez, Dec. 17 15 — clerk to the parliament of Paris, 1736 — takes active part in expulsion of Jesuits and presents report on Statutes of the Order, 8 Jul. 176 1 — Abbot of Molesme, 1764 — Controller-general of Fi- nance, 23 Dec. 1769 to 24 Aug. 1774' — tf. at Paris, 18 Feb. 1778. Tertiary, {Third Order of St Francis,) — rules of the, published, 1221. Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens, Latin Father, — b. at Carthage, about i6o, a i35 b — becomes Montanist, before 207 c — living, 216 — tf., about "245 d ? Apologcticus adversus Gentes pro Christianis, 198. a Tillernont. b Others. c Clinton. d Biog. Univ. Tertullus, — Consul with Fl.Varanes, (1163, A. U. C.) 410. a a Clinton. TERTULLUS -TEUTONIC KXIGHTS. il\S Tertullns, Scapula, — Consul with. Tineius Clemens, (948, A. u. c.) 195. Tertullus, Sex. Sulpicius, — Consul with C. Tineius Sacerdos, (911, a. u. c.) 158. Teruel, {Turdeto,) in Spain, — taken from the Moors by Alfonso II. , 1171 — taken and pillaged by Pedro the Cruel of Castile, 25 Apr. I 3 6 5- Teschen, in Silesia, — head of a Principality, before 1298, when it becomes dependency of Bohemia : line of Dukes extinct, 1625 — given to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1722. Peace of, between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, termi- nating war of Bavarian Succession, ratified, 13 May 1779. Tesselin, {Tettelin,) Louis, painter, — h. at Paris, 1615 — member of Academy of Painting, 1648 — Prof., 1650 — tf. at Paris, 1655. Tessier, Henri Alexandre, writer on Agri- culture, — fj. at Angerville, 16 Oct. 1741 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1783 — fr- at Paris, 11 Dec. 1837. Edits with Bosc An- nates d' Agriculture, 1792-1828. Tessin, Karl Gustaf, Count von, archi- tect, statesman, — i>. at Stockholm, 1695 — travels in Europe, 17 14-19 — envoy to Vienna, 1725— principal Intendant of the Court, 1728 — Marshal of the empire : again sent to Vienna, 1735-7 — Speaker of the Diet, 1738 — ambassador to France, 1739-42 — to Denmark, 1743 — to Berlin, 1744 — Knt of the Black Eagle, about 1745 — Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, 1747-52 — Governor of Crown Prince, Gustavus, 1747 — retires, 1761 — ft., Jan. 1770. Test Act, in English History, — taking of the sacrament and declaration against transub- stantiation required as conditions of holding offices, by Act 25 Car. II. c. 2, 1673 — repealed by Act 9 Geo. IV. c. 17, 9 May 1828. Testa, C. Trebatius, jurist, — [BC] — with Ceesar in Gaul, between 58-49. Testa, Pietro, {II Lucchesino,) painter, en- graver, — b. at Lucca, 161 i, a 16 17 b — rj. at Rome, 1650. a Baldinucci. b Lanzi. Tetricus, C. Pesuvius, one of the Thirty Tyrants, — made Emperor, 267 — surrenders to Aurelian, 274. Tettenhall. [Teotenheai. ] Tetuan, in Morocco, — convention between Spain and Morocco signed at, 24 Aug. 1859 — the Spaniards under O'Donnell defeat the Moors near, 4 Feb. i860 — taken by Spaniards, 6 Feb. i860 — Moors again defeated, 23 Mar. — treaty of peace signed at, 26 Apr. — evacuated by Spaniards by Treaty of Madrid, 30 Oct. 1 86 1 — Roman Catholic Cathedral opened at, 19 Nov. 1866. Tetuan, Dttke of. [O'Donnell.] Tetzel, {Tezel,) Johann, Dominican, — fr. at Leipsic, about 1470 — B.D., 1487 — enters the Order, 1489— preaches indulgences in Germany, 1502 — opposed by Luther, 15 17 — burns Luther's Theses at Juterboch, 15 17 — rj. at Leipsic, Aug. 1519. Teutones, Teutoni, Teutonic Kations, — [BC] — mentioned by Pytheas, about 320 — with the Cimbri invade Roman dominions, 102. [Alanianni, Burgundians, Franks, Goths, Lombards, Saxons, Suevi, Vandals.] Teutonic Knights, Order of, — organized by Frederick, Duke of Suabia, in Palestine, 1 190 — confirmed by Celestine III. and invested with same privileges as Hospitallers and Templars, by bull of 23 Feb. 1192 — receive grants from Frederick II., 1205 et seq. — invited by Duke of Masovia to aid Poland against Prussians, and offered sovereignty of Prussia, 1230 — under Herman von Balek commence conquest of Prussia, 1231-3 — Order of Christ (Short- Swords of Livonia) incorporated with, 1237 — title of Grand Master assumed by Herman von Salza, about 1238 — driven from Acre by Templars, 1241 — Prussia given to, by Inno- cent IV., 1243 — serve under St Louis, 1248-50 — by his permission quarter the Jleur de lis, 1250 — found Konigsberg, 1255 — complete conquest of Prussia, 1283 — commence wars with Lithuanians, 1283 — on fall of Acre, establish themselves at Venice, 129 1 — seat of Order transferred to Marienburg, 1309 — re- storation of Pomerania to Poland ordered by the pope, 1322, but not made: attacked by king of Poland, 1324 — truce agreed to, till Christmas 1326 — the war renewed with Po- land, 1327, and disputes with Poland referred to arbitration of kings of Hungary and Bo- hemia, 1330 — truce concluded, 1330 — ravage Poland, 13^1 — defeat Poles at Plowcze, 1331 — Pomerania awarded to, by kings of Hungary and Bohemia, 1335 — on appeal of King Ca- simir to the pope, the Order excommunicated by his nuncios, and condemned to restore Pomerania, but this sentence annulled by the pope, 1339-40 — treaty of peace with Poland concluded at Kalisch, 8 Jul. 1 343 — ratified by Diet, 23 Jul. — acquire Duchy of Esthonia from Denmark, 1347 — league formed against, by Casimir, king of Poland, and Emperor Charles IV., 1356 — take Kowno, 1362 — defeat Lithuanians at Rudau, 1370 — seize Gothland, 1397 — accept mediation of Emperor "Wences- laus, and at Congress of Helsingborg agree to restore Gothland to Sweden, 1398 — conclude treaty of alliance with the three northern crowns, 1398 — acquire Keumark, 1402 — ac- quire Samogitia,. 1404 — renew peace with Po- land, 1404 — routed at Tannenberg, 1410 — Pomerania confirmed to, by Treaty of Thorn, 1 Feb. 141 1 — the Grand Master, Henry von Plauen, accused of heresy as a Wickliftite and deposed, 141 3— attacked by king of Poland, 1422 — by treaty with Poland, give up part of their domains, 27 Sep. 1422 — invade and ravage Poland, 143 1 — conclude truce for twelve years, Dec. 143 1 — convert truce into perpetual peace, at Brzesc, 31 Dec. 1436 — hos- tile confederation of nobles and towns formed at Marienwerder, 1440 — defeat revolted Prus- sians and their allies at Comitz, 1454 — carry on the war till 1466 — by Treaty of Thorn, lose Western Prussia to Poland, and hold Eastern as fief, 1466 — seat of the Order trans- ferred to Konigsberg, 1466 — Grand Master, Albert of Brandenburg, refuses homage to Sigismund of Poland, who declares war, Dec. 85 H4 6 TEWKESBUKY— THAMES. I5I9 — truce of four years concluded by me- diation of emperor and king of Hungary, 152 1 — lose Prussia, which is given as hered- itary Duchy to Albert of Brandenburg, by Peace of Cracow, 9 Apr. 1525 — unsuccessful attempt of Charles Y. to restore Prussia to, 1530 — lose rest of Livonia, 156 1 — rights and revenue of Grand-Mastership acquired by Em- peror of Austria by Peace of Presburg, 1805 — Order abolished by Napoleon L, 24 Apr. 1809. Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, — Edward IV. defeats and takes prisoner Queen Marga- ret, 4 May 147 1 — taken by Parliamentarians, 1644. Abbey, founded by Dukes of Mercia, 7 r 5- Tewkesbury, Baron. [Munster, Earl of.] Texas, V. S., — Spanish settlement in, 1690 — French settlement attempted, 17 14 — boundary of, disputed between Spain and United States, from 1803 — the dispute settled by cession of Florida to United States, 18 19 — re-colonized, 1822-23 — one of the Federal States of Mexico, 1824 — colonization by United States prohi- bited by Bustamente, 1830 — his decree revoked, 1834 — revolts against Mexican government, May 1835 — independence of, proclaimed, 22 Dec. — adopts constitution and elects a presi- dent, 17 Mar. 1836 — independence of, acknow- ledged by United States, Mar. 1837 — by Eng- land, France, and Belgium, 1840 — treaty for annexation of, signed by Texan Commissioners, 12 Apr. 1844, but rejected by U. S. Senate, 8 Jun. — admitted to the Union, 27 Dec. 1845 — war respecting, between United States and Mexico, 1846-47 — secedes from Union, 5 Feb. 1 86 1 — [Confederate States] — Fort Brown evacuated, by Federals, 1 2 Mar. — blockade of ports, by Pres. Lincoln, 19 Apr. — placed under provisional governor, 25 Jul. 1865 — ordinance of Secession annulled by State Convention, Feb. 1866 — government transferred to State officers, 13 Aug. 1866 — State Convention meets, 1 Jun. 1868 — Constitution completed, Dec. 1868 — readmitted to representation in Con- gress, Mar. 1870. Texeira, Joseph, Dominican, — b. in Portu- gal, 1543 — enters Dominican Order, 1565 — prior of Santarem, 1578 — chaplain to Henry III. of France, 1588 — assists at abjuration of Calvinism by Princes of Conde, 1596 — tf. at Paris, i6o4, a i62o. b Be Portugallice ortu, &c, 1582. a Some authorities. b Others. Texeira, Pedro, traveller, — b., about 1570. Belaciones del origen, descendencia, y succession de los reyes de Persia, &c, 16 10. Texel, island at entrance of Zuyder Zee, — the Dutch fleet blockaded at, by Monk and Penn, Jun. 1653 — Van Tromp defeated and killed, 31 Jul. 1653 — indecisive engagement between Dutch and allied French and English fleets, 11 Aug. 1673 — Dutch fleet surrenders to Admiral Mitchell off, 30 Aug. 1799. Texier, Charles Felix Marie, archceologist, $c, — b. at Versailles, 29 Aug. 1802 — enters School of Fine Arts, 1823 — sent by French go- vernment to explore antiquities of Asia Minor, l8 33-43 — member of Legion of Honour, 1837 —admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1 855 — rj. at Paris, 1 Jul. 187 1. Description de V Armenie, &c, 1842-5. Description de I'Asie Mineure, 1839, &c. Asie Mineure, (TJnivers Pittoresque,) 1863. Thackeray, William Makepeace, novelist, — b. at Calcutta, 181 1 — sent to England, 18 18 —visits "Weimar and becomes acquainted with Goethe, 1830-31 — contributor to Punch, 1841 — visits the East, 1 845 — called to the bar, 1 848 — visits America, 1851 and 1855 — unsuccess- ful candidate for representation of Oxford, 1857 — "&. in London, 24 Dec. 1863. Vanity Fair, 1846-48 — Book of Snobs, 1848 — Pendennis, 1850 — Esmond, 1852 — Barry Lyndon, 1853 — Lectures on English BTumourists, 1853 — The Newcomes, 1855 — Virginians, 1857-59 — estab- lishes and edits Cor nhill Magazine, 1859 — Four Georges, i860 — Adventures of Philip, 1861. Thackwell, Sir Joseph, general, — b., 1 Feb. 17 8 1 — enters the army, 1800 — serves at Co- runna, 1809 — in Peninsular campaigns, 1813- 14 — wounded at Vittoria, 18 13 — loses his left arm at Waterloo, 18 15 — Lieutenant-Colonel, 1820 — distinguishes himself in first Afghan War, 1838-39 — K.C.B., 1840 — commands cavalry at Maharajpore, 1843 — distinguishes himself at Sobraon, 1846— in Sikh War, 1848- 49 — rj. in County Cork, 8 Apr. 1859. Thaddeus of Suessa,— enters service of Em- peror Frederick II., about 1230 — defends him at Council of Lyons, 1245 — captured by Papal troops at siege of Parma, and put to death, 1 8 Feb. 1248. Thalamus, — ambassador from Constantius to Constans at Petobio, 348— praetorian praefect of the East : tf., 353. Thalberg, Sigismond, pianist, musical com- poser, — b. at Geneva, 7 Jan. 1812 — begins his musical travels, 1830 — at Vienna, 1834 — at Paris, 1835 — marries a daughter of Lablache, 1845— visits Brazil, 1855-6 — United States, 1856-8 — at Paris and London, 1862 — again visits Brazil, 1863 — }j. at Naples, 27 Apr. 1871. Thalelaeus, jurist, — fl., about 550. Thales, Tonic philosopher, — [BC] — b. at Miletus, about (01. 35) 639 — predicts eclipse, 17 May 603 — b"., about 546. Thaletas {Thales) of Crete, lyric poet, mu- sician,— [BC]— ft., about (01. 38) 628-623,* about 670-660^ 690-660.° a Miiller. b Smith's Diet. c Clinton. Thalia, asteroid, — discovered by Hind, 15 Dec. 1852. Thallium, metal, — discovered by Crookes, 1861. Thalna, M.' Juventius, — [BC]— trib. pleb., 170 — prsetor, 167 — Consul with Ti. Sempro- nius Gracchus, (591, a. u. c.) 163 — subdues Corsicans. Thames, The, river, — [B C] — forded by Caesar, 54 — [AD] — the Northmen sail up, 851 — Lord Mayor appointed conservator of, by Act 4 Hen. VII. c. 15, 1487 — De Ruyter sails up, Jun. to Jul. 1667 — frozen over, and fair held on, Dec. 1683 to Feb. 1684 — floods Westminster Hall, 16 Feb. 1736 — frozen over, Jan. 1740 to 20 Feb. — again, and fair held on, 17-24 Jan. THAMES-THEBAN WAR. ^347 1814 — again, Jan. to 8 Feb. 1839. Con- servancy of, provided for, by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 47, 17 Aug. 1857 — further provisions and regulations, by Acts 27 and 28 Vic. c. 113, 29 Jul. 1864, and 29 and 30 Vic. c. 89, 6 Aug. 1866. Thames, battle of the, in Canada, [Te- cumseh.] Thames Embankment, London, — North side, construction of, authorized by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 93, 7 Aug. 1862 — commenced, 5 Dec. 1863 — opened, 13 Jul. 1870. South side, construction of, authorized by Act 26 and 27 Vic. c. 75, 28 Jul. 1863 — commenced, 28 Jul. 1866 — opened, 24 Nov. 1869. Chelsea, authorized by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 44, 13 Jul. 1868 — commenced, 5 Aug. 1 87 1. Thames Tunnel, London, — unsuccessfully at- tempted, 1804— projected by Brunei, 1823 — construction of, authorized by Act of Parlia- ment, 1824 — commenced, 1825 — irruptions of the river, 18 May 1827 and Jan. 1828 — works suspended, 1828 — resumed, 1835 — opened for traffic, 25 Mar. 1843— closed as footway, 19 Jul. 1869. Thanet, Isle of, Kent,— the Danes winter in, 851 — Ealhere and Huda defeated and killed by Danes, 853 — Danes winter in, 864-5 — ravaged by order of King Edgar, 968 — ravaged by Danes, 980— again, 1009 and ion — channel, {Wantsome,) separating it from mainland, ceases to be navigable, about 1500. Thapsacus, (Tiphsah,) — [BC] — in posses- sion of Solomon, about 990 a — sacked by Menahem, about 772.* a TJssher. Thapsus, in Africa, — [B C] — Csesar defeats Pompeians, and ends the civil war, 6 Apr. (in reality Non. Feb. 708, a. u. c.) 46, Thasos, — [B C] — founded, 720 a — recolon- ized by Parians, (Xanthus, &c.,) 708— revolt 0^.465 — reduced by Athens, 463 — renewed re- volt, aided by Sparta, 41 1 — reduced by Thrasy- bulus, 407. a Dionys. Theaetetus, mathematician, Socratic philo- sopher, — [BC] — hears Socrates, about (01. 85) 440. Theagenes Rheginus, Homeric commentator, — [B C] — fl., about 525. Theagenides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 78, 1,) 468. Theatins, Teatins, Order of,— founded at Rome, by Gianpietro Caraffa, Bp Theate, and others, 1524 — confirmed by Clement VII., 24 Jun. 1524 — again, by Paul III., 1540 — and by Pius V., 1568 — constitution revised and a general elected, 1588 — rule authorized by Clement VIII., 1604 — settle in France, 1644 — at Vienna, 1703 — suppressed in France, 1790. Theatines of the Congregation, Order of Nuns, — founded at Naples, by Ursula Benin- casa, 1583 — made subject to Nuncio of Naples, by Urban VIII., 1624 — again subject to Thea- tins, by Clement IX., 1668. Theatines of the Hermitage, Order of Nuns, — founded, at Naples, by Ursula Benin- casa, 1610 — confirmed by Urban VIII., 1624. Theatre, — [BC] — first stone, erected at Athens, after 500 — completed, about 340 — money charged for admission at Athens, after 500— charge for the poor, defrayed by State, by Pericles, about 465 ? — first stone, at Rome, begun by Censor Cassius, but prohibited by P. Scipio Nasica, and pulled down, (599, a. u. c.) 155 — Roscian theatrical law, appoint- ing places for classes of hearers, 68 — wooden theatre, by M. JEmilius Scaurus, 58 — first stone, by Cn. Pompey, 55 — C. Curio's two theatres and amphitheatre, 50 — theatre of Mar- cellus, by Augustus, dedicated, 13 Theatres, Theatrical Representations, — in England, ordered to be closed, 1642 — placed under inspection and control of Lord Cham- berlain, by Act 10 Geo. II. c. 28, 1737 — law amended by Act 28 Geo. III. c. 30, 1788 suppression of unlicensed, further provided for by Act 2 and 3 Vic. c. 47, s. 46, 17 Aug. 1839 — newly regulated by Act 6 and 7 Vic. c. 68, 22 Aug. 1843. In France, tax on Parisian, imposed for benefit of poor, by decree of Louis XIV., 25 Feb. 1699 — increased, 17 18 and 1744 — suppressed, 1792 — reimposed on all theatres, by decrees of Directory, (11 Nivose an IV.,) 1 Jan. 1796 and (7 Frimaire an V.) 27 Nov. 1796 — renewed from time to time: made permanent by Imperial Decree, 29 Dec. 1809 — Commission on legislation for, 1849 — Committee of Inquiry into dramatic works ap- pointed, 1850 — liberty of, declared by decree of Napoleon III., 5 Jan. 1864 — the Committee of Inquiry suppressed, 30 Sep. 1870. Theatrical Exhibitions, — [B C] — introduced at Rome, (a ballet ?) 364. Theban War, — [B C]— the Cadmeia seizedby Phcebidas, summer 382 — recovered by Theban exiles, beginning winter 379 — Athens decrees aid to the exiles, beginning winter 379— Cle- ombrotus marches intoBoeotia, midwinter 378 — leaves Sphodrias, who attempts to seize the Piraeus, 378 — Agesilaos, commander of expedi- tion into Bceotia, autumn 378 — Phcebidas left in command, who fell, late 378 — 2nd expedi- tion of Agesilaos, spring 377— Cleombrotus' 2nd expedition defeated at Cithgeron, 376 — Chabrias gains sea-fight at Naxos, 9 Sep. 376 — Cleombrotus' 3rd expedition into Phokis, spring 375 — Athenians make alliance with Sparta, 374 — Timotheos, returning from Kor- kyra, lands exiles in Zakynthus, end 374 — Platsea destroyed, midsummer 374 — Timotheos, appointed to oppose Mnasippus in Korkyra, is superseded by Iphicrates, Apr. 373 — Iphicrates aids Korkyra, after midsummer 373 — Mna- sippus slain, spring 373 — Callistratus, Chabrias, with Iphicrates, autumn 373 — Timotheos tried, Nov. 373 — Timotheos goes to Asia, May 372 — Iphicrates commands in Ionian Sea, May 372 — Congress at Sparta, treaty con- cluded, excluding Thebes, Jun. 37 1 — battle of Leuctra, Jul. 371 — Mantinea restored, 370 — Megalopolis founded, Jun. 370 — Agesilaos sent into Arcadia, 370 — 1st invasion of La- conia, midwinter 370-369 — withdraws, about Mar. — Messenians restored, 369 — treaty be- tween Athenians and Lacedaemonians, after Mar. 369. 85* 134* THEBES— THEODECTES. 2. Theban invasion of Peloponnesus, spring 368 — king of Persia attempts to arrange a peace, spring 368 — Dionysius the elder aids Lacedaemonians, 368-7— Archidamus and the tearless victory, 367 — Pelopidas, embassy to Persia fails, 367 to beginning 366. 3. Expedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, early part 366 — Oropos taken, after midsum- mer 366 — Athens and Arcadia make defensive treaty, 366 — Corinth and Phlius, peace with Thebes, 366 — Arcadian and Elian "War, 1st campaign, 365 — 2nd campaign, 364. 4. Expedition of Epaminondas into Pe- loponnesus, 362 — Sparta assaulted, battle of Mantinea, Jun. 362 — Epaminondas slain, Jun. 362 — general peace, including Messenians, ex- cluding Laced'demonians, 361. Thebes, capital of Boiotia, — [B C]— Philolaos legislates for, (01. 13,) 728 ab — makes league with Sparta, 457 b — at war with Athens, 456 — battle of CEnophyta, 456 — attacks Platsea, Apr. 431 — destroys Thespise, summer 423 — Cad- meia seized by Phcebidas, summer 382 — re- built by Cassander, before midsummer 315 — completely restored, 305. [Theban War.] a Clinton. b Muller. Thellusson, Peter, banker, — with Necker, establishes a bank at Paris, about 1763 — tf. at Plaistow, in Essex, 21 Jul. 1797 — validity of his will contested by heir-at-law, but estab- lished by Court of Chancery and House of Lords, 1805. Thellusson Act, — executory devises restricted by 40 Geo. 111. c. 98, 28 Jul. 1800. Thelwall, John, political and miscellaneous writer, — fj. in London, 27 Jul. 1764 — as member of Corresponding Society, tried with Hardy and Home Tooke for high treason, and acquitted, 1794 — tf. at Bath, 17 Feb. 1834. Poems, 1787. Themis, asteroid,— discovered by De Gas- •paris, 5 Apr. 1853. Themison,physician, founder of the Methodici, — [B C]— b., 123 a — tf., 43. a a Augustus. Themistius, rhetorician, philosopher, — at Constantinople, 347-67 ? — Senator, 355 — prsetorian, 361 — deputy to Jovian, 364— accom- panies Valens to the Danube, 368 — ambassador to Gratian at Borne, 377 — prsefect of Constanti- nople, 384. — tutor to Arcadius, 387-8 — tf., about 390. De Philanthropia, 347 — reply to Emperor's letter, early 256—tivo Orations in Honour of Constantius, 357 — Oration in Honour of Julian, 363 — Oration for Liberty of Con- science, 364 — on Accession of Valentinian and Valens, 364 — on Victory of Valens over Pro- copius, 367 — on Quinquennales, 368— £0 Valen- tinian on Jus Consulship, 369 — on Peace with Goths, 370 — on ten years of Valens 1 reign, 28 Mar, 373 — Eroticus, 377 — on Elevation of Theodosius, 379. Themistocles, — [BC] — b., about 514— pro- motes ostracism of Aristides, 483 — Archon at Athens, (01. 74, 4,) 481— serves against Per- sians at Artemisium and Salamis, 480 — ambas- sador about the long walls to Sparta, 479 — ostracised, 471 — goes to Argos : flies to Persia, 466 — passes thro' Athenian fleet besieging Naxos, 466 — arrives at Persian Court, 465— tf., about 449. Themistocles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 108, 2,) 347. Thenard, Louis Jacques, Baron, chemist, — b. at La Louptiere, near Nogent-sur-Seine, 4 May 1777 — goes to Paris, 1794 — Lecturer at Polytechnic School, 1798 — Prof. Chemistry, Coll. of France, Apr. 1804 — Prof. Chemistry, Polytechnic School, 18 10 — admitted to Aca- demy of Sciences, 18 10— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — Baron, May 1825 — member of Chamber of Deputies, 1827-30 — Peer of France, n Oct. 1832 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1837 — administrator of Coll. of France, 1838 — resigns his professorship, 1840 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1842 — tf. at Paris, 21 Jun. 1857. Trait e de chemie ele'mentaire, 18 13. Theobald, the Posthumous, and the Great, Count op Champagne and King op Na- varre, — b., and succeeds his father as Count, 1 201 — his title disputed by'Erard of Brienne, 1 2 15 — accompanies Louis VIII. of France to siege of Bochelle, 1224 — and to siege of Avignon, 1225 — suspected of procuring death of Louis VIII. and forbidden to assist at coron- ation of Louis IX., 1226 — his Counties claimed by Alice, queen of Cyprus : the dispute set- tled, 1234 — on death of Sancho VII. is pro- claimed King of Navarre, 8 May 1234— his title confirmed by the pope, 28 Aug. 1234 — • takes the Cross, 1235 — arrives at Ptolemais, 1238 — present with his Court at martyrdom of Albigenses at Mont-Aime, 13 May 1239 — em- barks for Palestine, Aug. 1239— returns, Dec. — tf- at Troyes or Pampeluna, 8 or 10 Jul. 1253. GEuvres, 1742. Theobald, Abp op Canterbury, — Prior of Bee, 1 127 a — Abbot, 11 37 a — elected Abp, Dec. 1 138 — consecrated, 8 Jan. 1139 — visits Borne, 1139 — acknowledges Maud as Queen, 1141 — attends Council of Bheims against command of Stephen, Mar. 1 148— exiled, but soon returns, and lays interdict on king's demesnes, 1148 — at Council of London refuses to crown Stephen's son Eustace, 1152 — crowns Henry II., 19 Dec. 1 154 — tf. at Canterbury, 18 Apr. n6i a — his remains discovered, i787. a a Hook. Theobald. [See Champagne, Lorraine, and Navarre.] Theobald, Lewis, editor of Shakespeare, — tf., Sep. 1744. Shakspear restored, &c, 1726— edition of Shakespeare, 1733. Theocles, statuary, — [B C] — ft., about 550. Theocritus, bucolic poet, — [BC] — ft., about 272 — goes to Alexandria, about (01. 124) 284-280 — 16th Idyl, 270. Theocritus, of Chios, orator, sophist, — [B C] — ft., about 330 — put to death by Antigonus, before 301. Theodatus, (Theodahadus,) King of Italy, — marries Amalasontha, and shares the crown with her, spring 534 — puts her to death, 534 or 535 — orders election of Silverius as Pope, Jun. 536 — deposed and slain, Aug. 536. Theodebald, Theodebert. [See Franks.] Theodectes, of Phaselis, tragic poet, rhe- THEODERICTTS— THEODORICUS. 349 torician, — [BC] — ft., about 376-375 a — gains tragic prize given by Artemisia, 352 — "is., not long before 334-335 — honoured by Alexander, winter 333. a Smith's Diet. Theodericus. [Theodoricus.] Theodolite, — invented by Houghton, not later than 1735 a — Ramsden's great, completed, 1787. a Amer. Cyc. Theodora, Empress op the East,— marries Justinian, (I.,) about 525 — crowned Empress, Apr. 527 — contributes to suppression of the Wika sedition, 532 — procures deposition of Pope Silverius and election of Vigilius, 537 — ft., u, a 28 b Jun. 548. a Gibbon. b Clinton. Theodora, Empress op the East, — ft., about 810 — marries Theophilus, 830 a — is left guardian of the Empire and of Michael III., 20 Jan. 842 — restores image-worship, 842 — [Icono- clasts] — compels Bogoris to make peace, 844 — persecutes Paulicians, 845 — confined in a convent by Michael III., 857— ft., Sep. 867. a Art de Verifier les Dates. Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII, — refuses to marry Romanus Argyrus, 1028 — con- fined in a convent by her sister Zoe, 1028 — with Zoe, succeeds Michael V., i\ Apr. 1042 — retires, Jun. 1042 — succeeds Constantine Monomachus, 30 Nov. 1054 — ft., 22 Aug. 1056. Theodora, Queen op Jerusalem, — ft., 1145 — marries Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem, 1 158 — left a widow, Feb. 1162. Theodora, Roman courtezan, — her influence predominant at Borne, 890-920 — occupies Castle of St Angelo, about 908 — procures election of Pope John X., 914. Theodore, Pope, — succeeds John IV., 24 Nov., a 8 Dec. h 642 — assumes title of Sovereign Pontiff, 646 — deposes Paul, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, at Council of Borne, 648 — con- demns Pyrrhus for Monothelism, 648 ? — ft., 13 May 649. a Pagi and Bianebini. b Mansi. Theodore II., Pope, — succeeds Bomanus, 898— ft., before Jun. 898. Theodore, (Kassai.) King of Abyssinia, — ft., about 1820 — makes war on his father-in- law, Bas Ali, and defeats him, 1853 — Prince of Amhara, 1853 — defeats and kills Ubye, sove- reign of Tigre, and assumes title of King of kings of Ethiopia and name of Theodore, Feb. 1855 — conquers Shoa, 1856 — sanctions Pro- testant mission, Apr. 1856— appeals to England and France against Egyptian aggressions, about Oct. 1862 — imprisons the missionaries, Oct. 1863 — arrests English consul Cameron, Nov. 1863 — receives and imprisons English envoy Bassam, Jan. 1866 — refuses to give up his prisoners, spring 1867 — his troops defeated by Napier near Magdala, 10 Apr. 1868 — sur- renders British captives, 1 2 Apr. — defeated and killed at Magdala, 13 Apr. Theodore Lascaris. [Lascaris.] Theodoretus, Bp op Cyrus, ecclesiastical historian, — ft. at Antioch, about 387^ 393 b — Bp of Cyrus, 423 c — replies to capitula of Cyril, 430 — joins in condemnation of Cyril at Ephesus, 431 — deposed by Robber Synod of Ephesus, 449— restored by Council of Chalce- don, 451 — ft. at Cyrus, 457, b about 458 a — con- demned by command of Justinian at 2nd Coun- cil of Constantinople, 553.° Ecclesiastical History, written, 443-450.° a Biog. Univ. b Tillemont. c Clinton. Theodoricus, the Great, King op the Os- trogoths, — ft. near Vienna, 454, a 455 b — given up as hostage to Emperor Leo I., 461 (463 ?) — returns to his father, Theodemir, 473 — succeeds hir father, 475 — assists Zeno against Basiliscus, 477 — again agrees to arm in defence of Em- pire, marches to Adrianople, and makes peace with Theodoric, (son of Triarius,) 47 8 a — dis- missed from his command by Zeno, Jan. 479 ? a — ravages Thessaly and Macedonia, 482 — ob- tains cession of parts of Dacia and Moesia, and is appointed by Zeno Master-general of the forces, 483 — Consul with Venantius, (1237, a. u. c.) 4.84— threatens Constantinople, 487 — patrician, authorized to conquer Italy, 488 — en- ters Italy, sum. 489 — defeats Odoacer at bridge of the Sontius, 28 Aug. — again, near Verona, ? 27 Sep. — occupies Milan, Sep. — again defeats Odoacer at the Adda, 1 1 Aug. 490 — besieges him in Ravenna, 490-3 — repulses sally of Odoacer, 10 or 15 Jul. 491 — at Ticinum, 22 Aug. 491 — returns to the camp before Ravenna, 29 Aug. 492 — master of all Italy : concludes treaty with Odoacer, 27 Feb. 493 — enters Ravenna, 5 Mar. — kills Odoacer, and assumes title of King of Italy, Mar. — marries Audefleda, sister of Clovis, before 497 a — visits Rome, 500 — recovers Sirmium from Bulgarians, 504 — carries on war with Emperor Anastasius, 505-508 — me- diates between Alaric and Clovis, 506 — his general Hibba defeats the Franks, 508 — occu- pies dominions of Visigoths in Spain, and ad- ministers the government, 511-526 — marries his daughter Amalasontha to Eutharicus, 515 — triumphs at Borne and at Ravenna, 519 — puts Boethius to death, 524— puts Symmachus to death, 525 — ft., 30 Aug. 526. a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Theodoricus I., King op the Visigoths, (418-51,) — succeeds Wallia, 418 — unsuccess- fully besieges Aries, 426 — besieges Narbonne, 436 — siege raised by Litorius, Theodoric de- feated by Aetius, 437 — besieged at Toulouse by Litorius, defeats and captures Litorius, 439 — with Aetius, marches to relief of Orleans, 451 — killed at battle of Chalons, 451. Theodoricus II., King op the Visigoths, (452-66,) — ft., 426 — kills his brother Toris- mund and succeeds him, close of 452 a — per- suades Avitus to usurp Empire of Borne, 455 — invades Spain, 456 — defeats Bechiarius near Asturia, (Astorga,) 5 Oct. — plunders Bracara, 28 Oct. — marches into Lusitania, Dec. — sacks Pollentia and Astorga, and returns to Gaul, spring 457 — negotiates with Majorian at Aries, 459 — attaches himself to Bicimer, who gives up Narbonne to him, 462 b — defeated by iEgidius at Orleans, 463 — assassinated by his brother Euric, probably close of 465, a Aug. b 466. bc a Clinton. b Biog, Univ. c Smitb's Diet. Theodoricus, Ostrogothic Chief, (son of Triarius,) — supports Basiliscus against Emperor '35° THEODOBUS— THEOPHANO. Zeno, 475 — his overtures rejected by Zeno, threatens Constantinople, 478 — makes peace with Theodoric, (the Great,) 478 — General of the Empire, by Zeno, Jan. 479 (?)— approaches Constantinople as ally, 479— again threatens the city, 48 1 — killed on march to Illyricum, 48 1 . Theodoras, of Gyrene, Cyrenaic philosopher, — [BC] — at Athens, before 307 — in Egypt, after 307 — returns to Cyrene, after 307 ? Theodoras, of Gadara, rhetorician, — [B C] — fl., about 31. Theodoras, of Heracleia, Arian theologian, Bp,— ft., 355-8. a a Cave. Theodoras, sculptor, architect, §c, — [B C] — (1.) fl., about 6oo. a (2.) fl., about 560. a a Smith's Diet. Theodorus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 80, 3,) 438. Theodorus, — Consul with Sabinianus, (1258, a. u. c.) 505. Theodoras, Bp of Mopstjestia, — ft. at An- tioch, about 350 a — appointed, 394^ 392 a — tf., 429, 13 428 a — unsuccessful attempt to get him condemned by Cyril and others, 437 c — con- demned by Council of Constantinople, 553. a Biog. Univ. b Clinton. c Robertson. Theodorus, of Tarsus, Abp or Canterbury, — ft., about 603 — visits Borne, about 667-8 — appointed Abp of Canterbury, 668 — leaves Borne, Mar. 668 a — arrives in England, May 669 a — presides at Synod of Hertford, 24 Sep. 673 a — deposes "Wilfrid, Abp of York, 678 — mediates between Ethelred of Mercia and Eg- frid of jSTorthumbria, 679 — presides at Synod of Heathfield, 17 Sep. 680 — tf., 19 Sep. 690.* a Hook. Theodorus, Anagnostes, ecclesiastical his- torian, — fl., about 530. Theodoras, Angelus Comnerms, Emperor of Thessalonica, — succeeds his brother Michael as despot of Epirus, 1214a — treacher- ously seizes Peter of Courtenay, 12 17 — puts him to death, Jan. 12 18 — conquers Thessa- lonica and assumes title of Emperor, 1222 a — takes Adrianople, 1224 a — taken prisoner by Asan, king of Bulgaria, 1230 — plots against Asan and is blinded : marries his daughter to Asan and is released, about 1237 — treacherously detained prisoner by John Vataces, 1241 — confined in a monastery, 1251. a Finlay. Theodorus, PI. Mallius, — Consul with Eutropius, (1152, a. u. c.) 399. Theodorus Prodromus, monastic poet, — fl., before 1150. Theodorus I. Lascaris. [Lascaris.] Theodorus Studita, theologian, — ft., 759 — enters monastery of Studium, 781 — becomes Abbot, 794 — anathematizes Emperor Constan- tine, 795 — banished to Thessalonica, 796 — brought back to Constantinople, 797 — banished again, 809-811 — imprisoned, 813-821 — with- draws from Constantinople, 824 — fl., n Nov. 826. Theodosian Code, — compilation of, com- manded, by Emperor of the East, 429 — new commission appointed, 435 — published, 15 Feb. 438— epitomized by order of Alaric II., king of the Visigoths, {Breviarium,) 506. Theodosius, — campaigns of, in Britain, by which he recovers the island, 367-370 — defeats Alamanni on Upper Danube, 370 — sent to Africa against Firmus, end of 372 to beginning 373 — beheaded, 376. Theodosius I., Boman Emperor, (379-395,) — ft., about 346 — accompanies his father to Britain, 367-370 — defeats Sarmatians in Moesia, 374 — retires to Spain, 376 — made Emperor by Gratian, 19 Jan. 379 — his campaigns against Goths, 379-382 — baptized at Thessalonica, 380 — prohibits pagan rites, Dec. 381 — makes peace with Alamanni and Goths, 382 — declares Arcadius, his son, Augustus, Jan. 383 — treaty of division with Maximus, 383 — crusade of edicts, &c, against Arians, 380-394— marries Galla, 387 — defeats Maximus, 388 — restores Valen- tinian to Borne, 13 Jun. 389 — finally suppresses Paganism, 390 — orders the massacre at Thes- salonica, 390, and is excommunicated by Am- brose : restored to communion, Christmas 390 — defeats Eugenius, Sep. 394 — $., 17 Jan. 395- Theodosius II., Boman Emperor of the East, — ft., early in 401 — declared Augustus, Jan. 402 — Anthemius appointed guardian, 1 May 408 — Pulcheria, guardian and Augusta, 4 Jul. 414 — marries Eudocia, (Athenais,) 421 ? — war with Varanes, (Bahram,) end of 42 r — war with Joannes, 425 — with Attila, 441 — acquires part of Armenia, 441 ? — peace with Attila, 447-8 — tf., Jun. 450. Theodosius III., Emperor of the East, — proclaimed, Jan. or Feb. 716 — gives up the Empire to Leo the Isaurian and retires to a monastery, about May 717. Theodosius, of Tripolis, mathematician, as- tronomer, — fl., about 100. Theodotians, Monarchian sect, — founded at Borne, by Theodotus, about 190-200. Theodotos,— [B C]— Archon at Athens, (01. 98, 2,) 387. Theognis, of Megara, elegiac and gnomic poet, — [BC]— ft., about 570?— fl., (01. 58-9,) 548- 444 — composes in 483^ a Mttller. Theognis, tragic poet,-^- [B C]— fl., before 425 — mentioned, 41 1 — conspicuous till 404. Theon, of Smyrna, arithmetician, astrono- mer, — fl., 128-133.* a Clinton. Theon, of Alexandria, astronomer, geometer, — fl., about 385. Theophanes, of Byzantium, historian,— ft.., about 581. Theophanes, Cn. Pompeius, — [B c] — fl., about 62-44. Theophanes, Joannes, Byzantine historian, — ft., 758 — retires to a convent, 780 — defends worship of images at second Council of Nicaea, 787 — summoned to Constantinople and im- prisoned, 815-16 — banished to Samothrace, and tf., 818. Theophania, Empress of the Bomans, — marries Otto II., 972 — Joint-regent for her son Otto III., 983 — celebrates Christmas at Borne, 989 — tf. at Nimeguen, 15 Jun. 991. Theophano, Empress of the East, — mar- ries Bomanus (II.) : accused of poisoning Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 959 — accused of THEOPHILANTHBOPISTS— THESSALONICA. US* poisoning Komanus, 963 — declared Regent of the Empire, Mar. 963 — marries Mcephorus Phocas, after 16 Aug. 963 a — instigates his as- sassination, 10 Dec. 969 a — banished by John Zimisces, 969 — recalled by her son Basilius II., 976. a a Finlay. Theophilanthropists,— sect of, formed in France, 1796 — suppressed, by decree of the Consuls, (12 Vendemiaire anX.,) 4 Oct. 1801. Theophilus, Emperor of the East, (829- 842,) — crowned with his father, Michael Balbus, 821 — succeeds him, i, a 3 b Oct. 829 — marries Theodora, 830 a — persecutes Catholics, and ex- pels painters from the Empire, 832 — invades Syria and besieges Sozopetra, 836 c — defeated by Al Motassem at Dasymon, 838,° 841 a — loses Amorium, Sep. 838 — puts to death his brother-in-law Theophobus, 841 — tf., 20 Jan. 842 — absolved from excommunication by Synod of Constantinople, 842. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Gibbon. c Finlay. Theophilus, Bp of Alexandria, — succeeds Timotheus, 23 Jul. 385 — instigates destruction of temple of Serapis, 388,* 389^ 391 c — opposes Origenites, 399 — takes part in persecution of Chrysostom, 403 — writes against him, 404 — suspended by Pope Innocent I., about 407 — ft., 15 Oct. 412. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Marcellinus and Tillemont. c Prosper and Pagi. Theophilus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 108, 1,) 348. Theophilus, jurist, — fl., about 528-35. Theophilus, missionary to Abyssinia and India, — fi., about 350. Theophilus, Bp of Ajsttioch, — ff., before 183 or 181. Theophimus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 179, 3,) 62. Theophrastus, philosopher, — [BC] — suc- ceeds Aristotle, 322-287 — leaves Athens, at banishment of philosophers, (01. 118, 3,) 305 — returns, 304 — "&., 287. PePapid., 315-314 — de Cans. Plant,, after 314-313 — de Hist. Plant., after 307. Theophylactus, Byzantine historian, — fl., about 602-628. Theophylactus, Abp of Bulgaria, — fl. , about 1075-1112. Theopompus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 92,2,) 411. Theopompus, of Chios, historian, — [BC] — fc., about 378 — gains oratory prize given by Artemisia, 352 — restored to his country, 333 — takes refuge in Egypt : tf., after 305. Theopompus, comic poet, — [B CJ — fl., about 380. Theoric Fund, at Athens, — [BC]— law of Eubulus, to prevent its being applied to military service, before 353 — law of Apollo- dorus, placing the application at the vote of citizens, repealed and himself fined, 353 — law of Eubulus repealed by Demosthenes, 339. Theotocopuli, Dominico, {PI Greco,) painter, sculptor, architect, — living at Toledo, 1577 — if. there, 1625. Altarpiece in Cathedral of Toledo, 1577-87. Theramenes, — [BC] — leading member of government of 400, at Athens, 411 — expedition against Euripus bridge, oligarchy of Paros, &c, 410 — commands at battle of Kyzikos, 410 — siege of Chalkedon, &c, early in 408 — holds subordinate command at Arginusae, 406 — accuses the generals : ambassador to Lysander and Sparta, 405 — leader in establishment of the Thirty, 404 — condemned and put to death, 404. _ Therapia, — Conference of Syrian Commis- sioners and representatives of Great Powers at Constantinople, meets at, 21 May 1861. Theresa, St,— b. at Avila, in Old Castile, 28 Mar. 15 15 — enters Order of Carmelites, Sep. 1534 — founds Order of Carmelites de'chausse's, at Avila, 1562 — t». at Alba, 5 Oct. 1582 — canonized by Gregory XV., 162 1. PI Castillo Pnterior, 1577 — Works, 1587. Thericles, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 61> 4 ») 533- a a Clinton. Thermo-Electricity, — discovered by See- beck, 1822 — investigated by Cumming, 1823. Thermograph, — invented by Marcy, 1864. Thermometer, — mercurial, invented by Gali- leo, before 1597 a — invention claimed by San- torio, 1630 — (attributed to Drebbel, 162 1 ?) — Fahrenheit's, invented, 1724 — Reaumur's, about 1730 — Centigrade, by Celsius, 1742 — Dif- ferential, invented by Sturm, before 1676 — revived by Leslie, 1804 — Self -registering, by Six, 1782. a Libri. Thermopylae, — [B C] — battle of, Persians defeat Spartans, during Olympic Games, (01. 75, 1,) 480 — Athenians prevent Philip from passing, before midsummer 352 — Acilius Gla- t)rio defeats Antiochus at, (563, a. u. c.) 191. Thermostat, — patented by Ure, 183 1. Thermus, Q. Minucius, — [BC]— trib. milit. under Scipio in Africa, 202 — trib. pleb., 201 — curule sedile, 197 — prsetor mHispania Citerior, 196 — triumphs, 195 — Consul with L. Corn. Merula, (561, a. u. c.) 193 — Ligurian War : defeats Ligurians, 192 — returns to Borne, 190 — serves under Scipio Asiaticus against An- tiochus, 189 — killed in battle with Thracians, 188. Theroigne de Mericourt, Mlle., — takes part in insurrection of women, at Versailles, 5 Oct. 1789 — arrested at Liege, early in 1791, and imprisoned in Austria : has interview with Emperor Leopold and is released, 1792 — ap- pears at Jacobin Club, Paris, Mar. 1792 — takes part in insurrection of 10 Aug. 1792 — attacked by women in Garden of the Tuileries, spring 1793 — insane, 1794 — writes to Saint- Just, 26 Jul. 1794— tf., 1817. Theron, Tyrant of Agrigentum, — [B C] — acquires the government, 488 — expels Terillus from Himera, and gains the city, 482 — with Gelon, defeats Hamilcar, 480 — receives Poly- zelus, 478 — victor at chariot race, at Olympia, (01. 76,) 476 a — rj., (01. 76, 4,) end of 472 or beginning of 47 1. a Miiller. Thespiae, — [BC] — destroyed by Thebans, summer 423. Thespis, tragic poet, — [BC] — first exhibits, 535- Thessalonica, (Therme, Thermce, Salonica,) THESSALUS— THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES. in Macedonia, — [B C] — taken and occupied by Athenians, about 432— restored to Perdiccas, soon after : named in honour of Alexander's sister, and repeopled by Cassander, about 315 — surrenders to Romans, 16S, and is made capital of a province : [AD]— visited by Paul, about 53 — sedition at, murder of the Prefect by the people, 390 — massacre of the people by order of Theodosius, Apr. 390 — besieged by Theo- doric, 479 — taken by Saracens, 30 Jul. 904 — [erected into a kingdom for Rayner of Mont- ferrat, 1 1 80 ?] — besieged and taken by Normans of Sicily, 15 Aug. 11 85 — made seat of Empire by Theodore Angelus, between 1220-30— go- vernment and title of Emperor assumed by his brother Manuel, 1230— John (son of Theo- dore) appointed, 1232— taken by Theodore, Emperor of Nicsea, and the Empire abolished, 1234 — taken by Sultan Amurath I., 1380— ceded by Solyman to Emperor Manuel, 1403 ' — gives title of Emperor to John of Selymbria, 1403 — visited by Emperor Manuel II., i4 J 4-— sold to Venice by Despot Andronicus : taken from Venetians by Amurath II., 1430. Thessalus, — [B C] — Archon at Athens, (01. 107, 2,) 351. Thessalus, physician, (one of the JDogmatici,) — [B €]—{{., about 400. Thessalus, physician, (one of the Methoclici,) — fl., about 60. Thessaly, — [BC] — Jason of Pherge elected Tagus, 374-370 — Lycophron deprived of the tyranny, 353— dependent on Macedonia, 344- 197 — under protection of Rome, 197. Thetford, in Norfolk, (Sitomagus ?)— Synod held at, 669 — sacked by Danes, and made their head-quarters, 870 — burnt by Sweyn, 1004 a and 1 01 8 a — seat of bishopric, transferred from Elmham, 1075 — again removed to Norwich, 1094 — priory founded, 11 04 — seat of suffragan bishopric, 1535. a Freeman. Thetis, asteroid, — discovered by Luther, 17 Apr. 1852. Thevenot, Jean de, traveller, — h. at Paris, 6 Jun. 1633 — goes to Rome, 1654 — visits the East, 1655-63— again, 1664 — ft. in Armenia, 28 Nov. 1667. Voyages, 1689. Thevenot, Melchizedec, traveller, — fj. at Paris, 162 1 — envoy to Genoa, 1645 — envoy to Rome, 1652-5 — assists at election of Pope Alexander VII., 1654 — librarian to the king, 1684 — member of Academy, 1685 — ft. near Paris, 29 Oct. 1692. Relations de divers voyages, &c, 1663-72. Thew, Robert, engraver, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1758— ft. at Stevenage or Roxley, Jul. 1802. Thibaut, Anton Justus Friedrich, jurist, — fj. in Hanover, 4 Jan. 1772 — Prof. Civil Law, Kiel, 1799 — Prof. Civil Law, Jena, 1802 — Prof. Civil Law, Heidelberg, 1805 — Corre- spondent of French Academy of Sciences, 1837 — U. at Heidelberg, 28 Mar. 1840. System des Pandekten-Rechts, 1803 — Civilistische Ab- handhmgen, 18 14 — JJebcr die Nothwcndigkeit cines allgemcinen burgerlichen Rechtes in Jjcut sell land, 18 14. Thibet. [Tibet.] Thielen, Jan Philip van, painter, — fj. at Mechlin, 161 8 — member of guild of painters of Antwerp, 1641 — returns to Mechliu, about 1660 — ft. there, 1667. Thielmann, Johann Adolf, Baron von, general, — b. at Dresden, 27 Apr. 1765 — enters the army, 1782 — Lieutenant-general, 1810 — takes part in French expedition to Russia, 1 812 — Baron, 1813 — Governor of Torgau, refuses to give up the town to Gen. Reynier, Feb. 18 1 3 — is ordered to surrender it, 10 May 1 8 13 — enters service of Russia, 181 3 — takes Merseburg, 18 Sep.— attacks French cavalry near Nauburg, 10 Oct. — takes part in cam- paigns of 1 814-15 — ft. at Coblentz, 10 Oct. 1824. Thierry. [See Flanders, Franks, Holland.] Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his- torian, — 0. at Blois, 10 May 1795 — enters the Normal School, 18 11 — Secretary to Saint- Simon, 1 8 14- 1 7 — member of Academy of In- scriptions, 1830 — marries, 1831 — member of Legion of Honour, 1831 — Officer, 1837 — Com- mander, May 1845 — ft. at Paris, 21 May 1856. Editor of the Censeur Europeen, 1817-20 — Histoire de la conquete de V Angleterre par les Normands, 1825 — Lettrcs sur V histoire de France, 1827 — Recits des Temps Merovingiens, 1840-2 — Essai sur V Histoire du Tiers Etat, Thimbron, ( Thibron,)—[B C] — Commander in Asia against Tissaph ernes, 399 — superseded by Derkyllidas, fined and exiled, 399 — com- mands in Asia against Sleuthes, and is slain, 39 2 - Thionville, in Lorraine, (Caramcsia, Theodo- nis Villa,) — Charles the Great holds councils at, 805 — unsuccessfully besieged by Philip of Burgundy, 1443 — taken from Spaniards by the French, 1528 — retaken by Spaniards ; stormed by Duke of Guise and Marshal de la Vieuville, 23 Jun. 1558 — restored to Philip II. by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Apr. 1559 — Gen. de Feuquieres defeated by Ottavio Picco- lomini before, 7 Jun. 1639 s — besieged and taken by Conde, 1643 — ceded to France by Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659 — unsuccessfully besieged by Prussians, under Brunswick, 24 Aug. to 20 Sep. 1792 — blockaded by allies, 10 Jan. to 20 Apr. 18 14 — again blockaded by Prussians, 25 Jun. 18 15 — surrenders, 20 Nov. — occupied by allies, under Treaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 1 8 15 to 24 Nov. 1 81 8 — bombarded by Germans, 22 Nov. 1870 — capitulates, 24 Nov. — with part of Lorraine ceded to Germany by Treaty of Versailles, 26 Feb. 1 871— [Franco- German War.] Councils of, held, Oct. 822,* 8r 3 ; b in support of Louis le Debonnaire, Feb. 835 ; for reconciliation of Lothaire, Louis, and Charles, Oct. 844 ; 1003. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Man si. Thirty-nine Articles, of Church of England, — originally forty -two, drawn up, 155 1 — modi- fied and reduced to present number, by Convo- cation, 29 Jan. 1563 — again modified, and sub- scription to, regulated by Act 13 Eliz. c. 12, 157 1 — unsuccessful attempts made to get se- veral suppressed, 1572 — [Lambeth Articles] — adopted by Irish Convocation, 1635. T1IIET Y TYRANTS— THOMSON. 1353 Thirty Tyrants, at Athens,— [B C] — govern- ment of, established, (01. 93, 4,) 404— over- throw, followed by amnesty, 403. ' Thirty Tyrants,' of Rome, (about nineteen, in fact,) — usurp Imperial title in various pro- vinces, and arrest invasions of barbarians, dur- ing reign of Gallienus, 254-268. Thirty Years' Truce, — [EC]- between Athens and Sparta, concluded, (01. 83, 3-4,) 446 -445. a a M filler. Thirty Years' War, between Catholic and Protestant Princes of Germany,' — originates in persecution of Protestants of Bohemia by Em- peror Ferdinand II., and begins with revolt of Eohemia, 1618 — battle of Prague, 1620 — Danish intervention begins, 1624 — Peace of Liibeck, 1629 — Swedish intervention under Gustavus Adolphus, Jun. 1630 — battle _ of Liitzen, 1632 — French intervention begins, May 1635 — Peace of Prague, May 1635 — battle of Wittstock, 1636— battle of Nordlin- gen, 1645 — terminated by Peace of Westpha- lia, 1648. Thisbe, asteroid, — discovered by Peters, 15 Jun. 1866. Thistle, Order of the, in Great Britain, — [re-]founded by James II., 29 May 1687 — falls into abeyance on his abdication, 1688 — revived by Queen Anne, 31 Dec. 1703 — num- ber of members increased by ordinance of George IV., 16 Jul. 1 821— again increased, May 1827. Thistle, Our Lady of the, military order of, — instituted by Louis II., Duke of Bourbon, 1370. Thistlewood, Arthur,— ft. in Lincolnshire, 1772 — arrested on charge of taking part in Spa-Fields Biots, Dec. 18 16 — liberated, Jun. 1817 — challenges Lord Sidmouth, 1817 — takes part in Cato-Street Conspiracy, 1820 — exe- cuted, 1 May 1820. Thomas, Antoine Leonard, litterateur, — ft. in Auvergne, 1 Oct. 1732 — admitted to the Academy, 1767 — tf. near Lyons, 17 Sep. 1785. (Euvres, 1802. Thomas, George Henry, general, — ft. in Virginia, 21 Jul. 18 16 — studies at West Point Academy, 1836-40 — distinguishes himself in Mexican War, 1846-8— Prof, at West Point, 1850 — employed against Indians in Texas, 1 855 — Brigadier-general of Volunteers, 1 7 Aug. 186 1 — sent into Kentucky, Dec. 1861 — defeats Zollikofer at Somerset, 19 Jan. 1862 — Bri- gadier-general in regular army, Jan. — Major- general of Volunteers, 25 Apr. — takes part in siege of Corinth, Oct. — distinguishes himself at Murfreesborough, 31 Dec. — and at Chat- tanooga, 19-20 Sep. 1863 — appointed Ge- neral-in-chief of army of Ohio : distinguishes himself in campaign of 1865 — Major-general, 27 Jun. 1865 — ft. at San Francisco, 28 Mar. 1870. Thomas, John, sculptor, — ft., about 18 15 — &. in London, 9 Apr. 1862. Model for Monic- ment to Shakespeare, 1862. Thomas, St. [St Thomas.] Thoma3, William, — Cleric of the Council to Edward VI., 1547— convicted of suggesting murder of Queen Mary, and executed, 18 May 1554. History of Italy, 1549— Rules of Italian Grammar, &c, 1550. Thomas of Damascus, — distinguishes him- self at siege of Damascus, by Amrou and Khaled, 633 — pursued and put to death, 634. Thomas a Kempis. [Kempis.] Thomas Aquinas, St. [Aquinas.] Thomas Magister, rhetorician, grammari- an, — {L, about 1 3 10. Thomasin, (Tomasin,) {Zerlder, Tirlcelare, Clcir,) poet, — ft. in Italy, about 11 86. Per Welsche Gast, 12 16. Thomasius, Christian, — ft. at Leipsic, i, a 12 b Jan. 1655— M.A., 1672— LL.D. Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, 1679 — Prof, at Univ. of Leipsic, begins lecturing in German, 1687 — lectures at Berlin, 1690 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Halle, 1694 — Bector, 17 10 — ft. at Halle, 23 Sep. 1728. Pinleitung zu der Vemunft-lehre, 1 69 1 — Pinleitung der Sittenlehre, 1692 — His- toric der Weisheit und Thorheit, 1693. a Conv-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Thomassin, Henri Simon, engraver, — ft. at Paris, i688, a 26 Feb. 1687 b — studies under Picart, 1710-13 — admitted to Academy of Painting, 27 Nov. 1728 b — ft. at Paris, 1 Jan. 1741. Magnificat, after Jouvenet, 1724 — Plague of Marseilles, 1727. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Jal. Thomassin, Philippe, engraver, — ft. at Troyes, 1536^ 1546 b — studies under Cort at Bome, before 1579. a Bost. b Other authorities. Thomassin, Simon, engraver, — ft. at Troyes, 1652,* 1638, b 1655 ?c — ft. at Paris, 1732,* i722. b Transfiguration, after Baphael, 1680 — Recueil de Statues, &c, 1694. a Basan and Nagler. b Kost. c Jal. Thompson, Sir Benjamin. [Eumford, Count.] Thompson, Charles Thurstan, engraver, — ft., about 1 8 17 — "&., 20 Jan. 1868. Thompson, John, engraver, — ft., about 1785 — tf. at Kensington, 20 Feb. 1866. Thompson, William, poet, §c. — M. A. Queen's Coll. Oxford, 26 Feb. 1738 — tf. Dean of Baphoe in Ireland, before 1767. Sickness, 1746 — Poems, 1757. Thompson, William, .naturalist, — ft. at Bel- fast, 2 Nov. 1805 — tf. in London, Jan. 1852. Natural History of Ireland, 1849-56. Thompson, Zadoc, naturalist, — ft. in Ver- mont State, U. S., 1796— graduates at Univ. of Vermont, 1823 — Prof. Natural History and Chemistry, about 1843— State Naturalist, 1853 — tf. in Vermont, 19 Jan. 1856. Gazetteer of Vermont, 1824 — Natural, Civil, and Political History of Vermont, 1842. Thomson, Andrew, theologian, — ft. in Dum- friesshire, 11 Jul. 1779 — parish minister of Sprouston, 1802 — removes to Perth, 1808 — to Edinburgh, 18 10 — If. there, 9 Feb. 1831. Originates and edits Christian Instructor, 1810. Thomson, Anthony Todd, physician, — ft. at Edinburgh, 7 Jan. 1778— settles in London, about 1800— F.B.C.P., 1826— Prof. Materia Medica, Univ. of London, 1828 — Prof. Me- 354 THOMSON— THORWALDSEN. dical Jurisprudence, 1832— tf. at Ealing, 3 Jul. 1849. Conspectus Pharmacopice, 18 10 — Lon- don Dispensatory, 1 81 1 — Elements of Materia Medica, 1832. Thomson, Charles E. Poulett. [Syden- ham, Lord.] Thomson, James, poet, — fi. at Ednam, in Rox- burghshire, 11 Sep. 1700 — comes to London, 1725 — tf. at Kew, 27 Aug. 1748. The Seasons, 1726-30 — Castle of Indolence, 1748 — Liberty, 1735. Thomson, John, painter, — b. in Ayrshire, 1 Sep. 1778 — parish minister of Duddingstone, near Edinburgh, 1805 — tf. there, 27 Oct. 1840. Thomson, Richard, antiquary, — b., about 1795 — Librarian of London Institution, 13 Aug. 1834 — tf. in London, 2 Jan. 1865. Ac- count of Processions and Ceremonies observed in the Coronations of the Kings and Queens of England, 1820 — Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827 — Illustrations of British History, 1828 — Legends of London, 1832. Thomson, Thomas, chemist, — b. at Crieff, Perthshire, 12 Apr. 1773 — studies at St An- drew's, 1788-91 — at Edinburgh, under Dr Black, 1795-6 — introduces use of symbols in chemistry, about 1798 — comes to London,i8i3 — marries, 1 8 1 6 — Lecturer on Chemistry, Glasgow, 1 8 17— Prof., 1818-46— Pres. Philo- sophical Society, 1834 — tf., 2 Jul. 1852. Editor of third edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, 1796-1800 — System of Chemistry, 1802 — Ele- ments of Chemistry, 18 10 — History of Royal Society, 1 8 1 2 — edits Annals of Philosophy, 1813-22 — Attempt to establish First Principles of Chemistry, 1825 — History of Chemistry, 1 8 30- 1 — Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology, 1836. Thoreau, Henry David, — b. at ■ Boston, Mass. U. S., 12 Jul. 18 17 — graduates at Har- vard Coll., 1837— tf. at Concord, Mass., 6 May 1862. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Pi vers, 1849 — Life in the Woods, 1854 — Ex- cursions, 1863 — Yankee in Canada, &c, 1866. Thoreshy, Ralph, antiquary, — b. at Leeds, 1658 — F.R.S., 1697 — tf., 1725. Pucatus Leodiensis, 17 15 — Vicaria Leodensis, 1724. Thorgilsen. [Are Frode.] Thorild, Thomas, poet, §c, — b. in Sweden, 18 Apr. 1759 — visits England, Sep. 1788 — im- prisoned for his Essay on the Freedom of the Public Mind, 1789 — ft. Librarian and Prof. Greifswald TJniv., 31 Oct. 18 19. Simlade Skrifter, 1819-24. Thorinum, metal, — discovered by Berzelius, 1828. Thorkelin, Grim Jonsson, — b. in Iceland, 175 2 —studies at C openha gen, 177 o — visits Great Britain, 1786-91— LL.D. St Andrew's, 1788 — Keeper of the Secret Archives, Copenhagen, 1 79 1 — loses his house and library by the bom- bardment, 1807 — tf. at Copenhagen, 4 Mar. 1829. Thorlaksson, Jon, poet, — b. in Iceland, 13 Dec. 1744— tf., 21 Oct. i8i9, a Apr. 1820. b Translation of Paradise Lost, 1828. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. TJniv. Thorn, in Prussia, — founded by Teutonic Knights, 123 1 — places itself under protection of king of Poland, 1454 — receives Lutheran- ism, 1557 — unsuccessfully attacked by Swedes under Wrangel, 1629 — capitulates to Charles Gustavus of Sweden, 1655 — taken by Poles and Brandenburgers, 1658 — blockade of, by Charles XII., formed, 1703 — surrenders, 14 Oct. 1703 — devastated by plague, 1708-10 — massacre of Protestants at, 7 Dec. 1724 — taken possession of, by Prussia, 1793 — forms part of Grand Duchy of "Warsaw, 1807 — capitulates to Russians and Prussians, 18 13 — restored to Prussia by Congress of Vienna, 18 15 — fortifi- cations strengthened, after 18 18. First Treaty of between Poland and Teutonic Knights, confirming possession of Pomerania to the Knights, concluded, 1 Feb. 141 1. Second, by which the Knights lose "Western Prussia, and hold Eastern as fief of Poland, 1466. Con- ference of, for settlement of religious differ- ences, meets, Oct. 1645 — breaks up, 21 Nov. 1645. Thorney, in Cambridgeshire, — monastery founded, about 662 — destroyed by Danes, 870 — refounded for Benedictines, by Ethelwold, Bp of Winchester, 972 — church rebuilt, 1085- 1125. Thornhill, Sir James, painter, — ft. at Mel- combe Regis, 1676 — Knt, 17 15 — M.P. Mel- combe Regis, 17 19 — opens his school for draw- ing, in London, 1724 — tf. at Thornhill, near "Weymouth, 4 May 1734. Cupola of St Paul's, London, 17 15, &c. — Painted Hall, Greenwich Hospital, 1708-27. Thornton, Bonnel, litterateur, — ft. in Lon- don, 1724 — tf. there, 9 May 1768. (With George Colman) The Connoisseur, 31 Jan. 1754 to 30 Sep. 1756 — (with Colman and Warner) translation of Plautus, 1767 — Battle of the Wigs, 1768. Thornton, John Robert, botanist, — b., about 1758 — M.B. Cambridge, 1797— tf. in London, 21 Jan. 1837. Philosophy of Medicine, 1798 Philosophy of Politics, 1799 — Practical 1809 — British Flora, 18 12. Thorpe, Benjamin, antiquary, — h., 1808 — tf. at Chiswick, 18 Jul. 1870. Ancient Laws and Lnstitutes of England, 1840 — Translations of Pauli's Life of Alfred the Great, 1847 — - Northern Mythology, 1851 — Lappenberg's His- tory of England, 1845-57 — e ^ ts Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, with translation, 1858 — and Basic's Grammar of Anglo-Saxon Tongue, 1865 — Piplomaticum Anglicum AZvi Saxonici, 1865. Thorpe, William, — preaches doctrines of Wickliffe, about 1 386-1407 — in prison as a Lollard, 1407 — examined before Abp Arundel, 3 Jul. 1407 — his Examination condemned by assembly of clergy, 1530. Thorwaldsen, Albert, (Bertel,) sculptor, — ft. at Copenhagen, 19 Nov. 1770,* 1769 b — obtains gold medal of the Academy, Mar. 1794 — arrives at Rome, 8 Mar. 1797 — visits Copen- hagen, 1819-20 — tf. at Copenhagen, 24 Mar. 1844. Jason, before 1803 — Triumph of Alex- ander, 1812 — Priam and Achilles, 1815 — Night and Pay, 18 15 — The Christ, St John, The THOU— THREE CHAPTERS. 1355 Apostles, completed, 1838 — Statue of Byron, 1833. a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Thou, Christophe de, — ft. at Paris, 1508— Pres. parliament of Paris, 1554 — First Pres., Dec. 1562 — If. at Paris, 11 Nov. 1582. Thou, Francois Auguste de,— ft. at Paris, about 1607 — executed at Lyons as accomplice of Cinqmars, 12 Sep. 1642. Thou, Jacques Auguste de, ( Thuanus,) his- torian, — ft. at Paris, 8 Oct. 1553 — witnesses massacre of St Bartholomew, at Paris, 1572 — goes to ■ Italy, 1573 — marries, 1585 — Coun- sellor of State, Aug. 1588 — attends States- General of Blois, 1588— attends Henry IV., 1589-94 — Keeper of the Royal Library, 1593 — takes part in Conferences of Surenes, 1594 — Pres. a mortier, parliament of Paris, 1595 — assists in preparing Edict of Nantes, 1598 — marries again, 1605 — ft. at Paris, 7 May 1617. Historia sui Temporis, 1604-20, put in the Index Expurgatorius, 1609 — Memoires, 1620. Thou, Nicolas de, P>p of Chartres,— ft. at Paris, 1528 — Bp of Chartres, 1573 — receives Henry IV., 1589 — crowns Henry IV. at Chartres, 27 Feb. 1594— ft. at Villebon, 15 Nov. 1598. Thouars. [Bu-Petit Thouars.] Thoyras. [Rapin de Thoyras.] Thrace, Thracians,— [B(5]— subjugated by Megabazos, 506 — recover independence, after 479 — Sitalkes king, alliance with Athenians, 429 — invasion of Brasidas, 424 — Seuthes, 424 — the kingdom divided at his death, probably before 405 — Xenophon and the Ten Thousand in service of another Seuthes, 399 — Cotys king, 382-358 — Berisades with Amadocas and Kersobleptes succeed Cotys, 358-352 — great part of, reduced by Philip of Macedonia, spring 342 to Jul. 341 — falls to share of Ly- simachus, after 323 — Lysimachus, king, captured by Dromichsetes, king of the Getse, about 292-291 — with Macedonia, part of Roman Empire, 168 — ravaged by Scordisci, who defeat C. Cato, 1 14 — Metellus carries on war with, 113 — revolt in, suppressed by L. Piso, 1 3-1 1 — [AD] — deprived of autonomy by Vespasian, between 71-79 — expulsion of Goths by Probus, 27 8 — settlement of Sarmatse Limi- gantes in, 334 — plundered by Goths, 365 — settlement of Goths in, 382 — plundered by Bulgarians, 499 and 502 — defeat of Huns and Bulgarians in, by Mundus, 530 — by Belisarius, 559 — invasion by Avars, 570 — forms part of Ottoman Empire, from 1453. Thrasea Paetus, P., {Fannius ?) — supports accusation of Cossutianus Capito, by Cilicians, 57 — refuses to vote respecting murder of Agrip- pina, Mar. 59 — put to death by Nero, 66. Thrasybulus, [Thrasuboulos,) Tyrant of Miletus, — [B C] — ends war with Lydians, 612. Thrasybulus, the Steirian, — [B C] — com- mands galley at Samos, 411 — appointed one of the generals, recalls Alkibiades, at Kynos- sema, 411 — at Kyzikos, 410 — reduces Thrace, 407 — superseded : at Arginusse, 406 — banished by the Thirty, 404— omipies Phyle, 404 — advances to Piraeus, (Posideon,) 404 — destroys tyranny of the Thirty, 404 — takes possession of Athens, before Jul. 403 — ends the contest, (Boedromion,) 403 — commands Athenians at Haliartus, 395 — sent to Cyprus to oppose Telentias, 390 — killed at Aspendus, end of 390 or beginning of 389. Thrasybulus, Tyrant of Syracuse, — [B C] — begins to reign, 466, 467.3- a smith's Diet. Thrasydeeus, of Mis, — [B C] — heads de- mocracy and conquers oligarchs of Elis, 400 — sent to Lacedajmon, 399. Thrasydeeus, Tyrant of Agrigentum, — [BCj — succeeds his father, Theron, 472-471 — expelled from Syracuse, (01. 76, 4,) 47 3-47 2. a a Miiller. Thrasyllus, — [B C] — at Samos, opposes oli- garchical conspiracies, 41 1 — appointed General, commands at Kynossema, 41 1— checks Agis,near Athens, 410 — sails to Samos, sum. 409 — enters Lydia, sum. 409 — at Chalcedon, 408 — at siege of Byzantium, 408 — conducts vessels back to Athens, 407 — commander at Arginusae, 406 — put to death, 406. Thrasyllus, — Archon at Athens, (01. 210, 1,) 61. Thrasymenus, — [B C] — Hannibal defeats C. Flaminius at, (537, a. u. c.) 217. Threatening Letters, — sending of, punish- able as high treason, by Act 8 Hen. VI. c. 6, 1429 — as capital felony, by Act 9 Geo. I. c. 22, 1722 — amended by 27 Geo. II. c. 15, 1754— to accuse of crime, punishable by Act 30 Geo. II. c. 24, 1757 — law respecting, altered by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 54, 8 Jul. 1823 — further provi- sions by Acts 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, s. 8, 21 Jun. 1827 ; 7 Wm IV. and 1 Vic. c. 87, s. 4, 17 Jul. 1837 ; and 10 and 11 Vic. c. 66, s. 6, 9 Jul. 1847 — former provisions repealed by Act 24 and 25 Vic. c. 95, 6 Aug. 1861 — new pro- visions respecting, by Act 24 and 25 Vic. cc. 96 and 97, 6 Aug. 1861. 1 Three Bishoprics.' [Metz, Toul, Verdun.] Three Chapters, in Church History, {selec- tion of passages from Theodore of Mopsuestia, ' Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa,) — condemned by edict of Justinian at instigation of Theodore of Csesarea, 544, a 546, b and by Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople : defended, by Facundus of Hermiana, about 546-7,° 548 d — Pope Vigilius promises to anathematize them, Feb. 547, and suspends Menas, Patriarch of Constantinople : he is suspended by Menas: and restores Menas, 29 Jun. 547 c — condemned by Judicatum of Pope Vigilius at Council of Constantinople, 1 1 Apr. 548 b — oath (Juramen- tum) of Vigilius to procure condemnation of, 15 Aug. 550 c — defended by Fulgentius Fer- randus, before 551 d — Theodore of Csesarea deposed and Menas again suspended by Vigi- lius at Council of Constantinople, 14 Aug. 551 bc — persecution of Vigilius, 551 — obedi- ence to Imperial edicts against, prohibited by Vigilius, 552 c — defended by Reparatus, Bp of Carthage, who is banished, 552 — Encyclica of Vigilius, from Church of St Euphemia at Chalcedon, 5 Feb." 55 2 c — condemned by Coun- cil of Constantinople, which Vigilius refuses to attend, May to Jun. 553 — defended by Consti- tutum of Vigilius, 14 May 553° — condemned 135'- THREE PER CENT CONSOLS— THURSTAN. by Vigilius, 7 Jun. 554 e — Victor and Theo- doras, African bishops, imprisoned for defend- ing. 555— condemned by Pope Pelagius, 555. - l Neander. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Clinton. d Gieseler. e Milman. Three per Cent Consols, Annuities, — created by Act 25 Geo. II. c. 27, 175 1. Threshing Machine,— improved, 1758— im- proved by Meikle, 1786 — and patented, 1788. Throcmorton, Francis,— executed for trea- son, 10 Jul. 1584. Throcmorton, John, — executed for treason, 157°- Throcmorton, (Throcmorton,) Sir Nicholas, diplomatist,— rj., about 15 13 — serves under Henry VIII. in France, 1544— at battle of Pinkey, 1547 — present at death of Edward VI., 1553— committed to the Tower for taking part in Wyatt's rebellion, 2 Feb. 1554 — tried and acquitted, 17 Apr. 1554 — released, 18 Jan. 1555 — ambassador to France, 1559-63 — com- mitted to the Tower, 1569 — $., 12 Feb. 157 1. Thnanus. [Thou, Jacques Auguste de.] Thucydides, (Thoulcuclides,) historian, — [BC] — fc., 471 — commands at Thasus, loses Amphipolis to Brasidas, wint. 424 — banished, Jan. 423 — returns from exile, beginning 403 ? Thucydides, — [BC] — leader of aristocratic party at Athens, 449 —ostracised, 444—Com- mander in reinforcements sent to Pericles at Samos, 440. Thuggee, Thugs, in Hindustan, ■ — men- tioned, before 1200 — discovered in Mysore by British government, soon after 1799— pro- ceedings against, commenced, 18 10 — suppressed by Governor-Gen. Bentinck, 1830-5. Thulden, Theodor van, painter, engraver, — fc. at Bois-le-Duc, 1607 — U. there, 1676. Thule, — [B C] — mentioned by Pytheas, about 330-320. Thummel, Moritz August von, litterateur, — b. near Leipsic, 27 May 1738 — studies at the Univ., 1756 — rj. at Coburg, 1817. Wil- helminc, 1764 — Peise in den Mittdgigen Pro- vinzen von Franhreich, 1 799-1 805. Thunberg, Carl Petter, traveller, botanist, ■ — b. in Sweden, 11 Nov. 1743 — graduates M.D. at Upsala, and visits Paris and Holland, 1770 — goes to Cape of Good Hope, Java, and Japan, 177 1-9 — visits England, 1779 — Prof. Botany, Upsala, 1784 — Knt of "Wasa, 1785 — Commander, 18 15 — "0. near Upsala, 8 Aug. 1828. Flora Japonica, 1 7 84 — Pesa uti Furopa, Africa, &c, 1788 — Flora Capensia, 1807-13. Thurcytel, the Northman, — permitted by Edward the Elder to retire to France, 920. Thurcytel, (Turhetid,) — Chancellor (Secre- tary) to Athelstan, Edmund, and Edred, 925- 948 — contributes to victory of Brunanhurgh, 937 — restores Croyland Abbey, and is chosen Abbot, 948 a — rj. there, 975. a a Lingard. Thurgau, Thurgovia, Canton of Sivitzer- land, — landgraviate of, passes to House of Haps- burg, 1264 — conquered by Swiss confederates, 1460— made a separate Canton, 1798 — consti- tution revised, 1831 — adopts new democratic constitution, spring 1869.. Thuringia, — forms a kingdom, as early as 500 — conquered by Thierry, king of Austrasia, 530 — erected into a Duchy, for Radulf, about 630 — united with Duchy of Saxony, about 908 — attains almost complete independence, about 1050 — assigned to Henry the Illustrious, Marquis of Meissen, by Frederick II., 1247 — claimed by Sophia, Duchess of Brabant, 1247 — after a long war, remains to Henry, 1264 — division of, between Albert and Ernest, sons of Frederick the Mild, by compact of 26 Aug. 1485. Circle of, ceded to Prussia, by king of Saxony, by treaty of 18 May 18 15. Thurium, Thurii, in Lucania, — [BC] — co- lonized by allied Greeks, 446 a — by Athenians under Lampon, spring 443. b a Muller. b Smith's Diet. Thurketul. [Thurcytel.] Thurkill, (Thurcytel,) Earl of East An- glia, — commands Danish fleet and invades England, Aug. 1009 — [Danes] — joins the English, ioi2 a — made Earl of E. Anglia by Cnut, Jan. ioi7 a — outlawed, 1021 — made Regent of Denmark, 1023 — killed by the Welsh, 1039. a Freeman. Thurles, in Freland, — Synod of, held by Abp Cullen, 22 Aug. 1850 — statutes of, pub- lished, 1 Jan. 1852. Thurloe, John, statesman, — 6. in Essex, 161 6 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1647 — Secretary to Council of State, 1652 — Se- cretary of State, Dec. 1653 to 14 Jan. 1660 — M.P. Ely, Jun. 1654— Chief Postmaster, 1656 — Privy Councillor, 1657 — M.P. Cam- bridge Univ., Dec. 1658 — Governor of Char- ter-house, 1658 — Chancellor of Glasgow Univ., 1658 — imprisoned, May to Jim. 1660 — ft. in London, 21 Feb. 1668. State Papers, 1742. Thurlow, Edward, Lord, Lord Chancel- lor of England, — fc. near Stowmarket, in Suffolk, about 1732 — enters Caius Coll. Cam- bridge, Oct. 1748 — leaves the Univ., 1751 — called to the bar, Nov. 1754 — M.P. Tamworth, 1768 — Solicitor-general, Mar. 1770 — Attor- ney-general, Jan. 177 1 — Lord Chancellor, 3 Jun. 1778 to 9 Apr. 1783 — created Baron Thurlow, Jun. 1778 — reappointed Lord Chan- cellor, 23 Dec. 1783 — dismissed, 15 Jun. 1792 — rj. at Brighton, 12 Sep. 1806. Thurneysser, Johann Jacob, engraver, — b. at Basel, 15 Jun. 1636 — tr. there, 17 Feb. 1718. Thurneysser zum Thurn, Leonard, astrolo- ger, §c., — h. at Basel, 6 Aug. 153 1 — tf. at Co- logne, 9 Jul. 1596. Thurot, Francois, naval officer— -ft., 1727 — takes command of expedition against Ireland, 15 Oct. 1759 — lands at Carrickfergus, 10 Jan. 1760 — takes the town : reembarks, and is de- feated and killed, 20 Jan. Thurstan, Abp of York, — chaplain and secretary to Henry I., 1100 — elected to suc- ceed Abp Thomas, refuses to receive consecra- tion from Abp of Canterbury, n 14 — con- secrated at Rheims, by Pope Calixtus II., Feb. 1 1 19 — takes possession of his see, close of 1 1 20 — attends Council of London, 11 29 — pre- sides at Council of Northampton, 11 33 — at- tends coronation of Stephen, Dec. n 34 — assembles forces against Scots, 11 38 — retires THYNNE-TIECK. 1357 to Cluniac monastery, Pontefract, Jan. 1140 — ft. there, 5 Feb. 1140. Thynne, Francis, antiquary, — Lancaster herald, 22 Apr. 1602 — tf., 161 i, a probably i6o8. b a Wood and Hearne. b Other authorities. Thyrea, — [BC] — war respecting, between Lacedaemonians and Argives, 7 18 a [737 b ] — combat of the 300 at, about (01. 58, 1) 548.° a Euseb. b Solinus. c Miiller. Tiarini, Alessandro, painter, — ft. at Bo- logna, 20 Mar. 1577 — tf. there, 8 Feb. 1668. Tibaldi, Pellagrin©, (Pellegrino Tibaldi de' Pellegrini, Pellegrino da Bologna,) painter, architect, — tJ. at Bologna, 1527 ? — goes to Borne, 1547 — architect to Milan Cathedral, 1570 — employed at Madrid by Philip II., 1586-95 — tf. at Milan, 1598/* 1590, 15 i6o6. b a Tiraboschi. b Other authorities. Tiberianus, — Consul with Probus, (1034, a. u. c.) 281 — Consul with Cassius Dio, (1044,) 291. Tiberias, (Tabarieh,) in Palestine, — built by Herod Antipas, after 14 — a famous seat of rabbinical learning, after 70 — battle of, (Hat- tin,) Saladin defeats and captures Guy of Lu- signan, (583, a. h.) 4, a 5 b Jul. 1187 — taken and destroyed by Moslems, 1246-7 — almost destroyed by earthquake, 1 Jan. 1837. a Renaud. b Wilkin. Tiberius, (Absimarus,) Emperor of the East, — takes part in expedition against Car- thage, 697— dethrones Leontius and succeeds him, 698 — takes flight on return of Justinian II., and is beheaded by him, 705. Tiberius I. Claudius Nero Ceesar, Boman Emperor, (14-37,} — [BC] — ft., 16 Nov. 42 — enters Borne in triumph with Augustus, 29 — sent to restore Tigranes to Armenia, 20 — cam- paign with his brother against Bhseti, 15 — Consul with P. Quintilius Varus, (741, a. u. c.) 13 — conducts war against Pannonians and Dalmatians, 11 — marries Julia, 11 — Consul with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, (747,) 7 — triumphs, 7 — trib. potest, for 5 years, retires to Bhodes, 6 — [AD] — returns to Borne, 2 — adopted by Augustus, 4— war in Germany, 4 — recovers Illyricum, 9 — triumphs for German and Dal- matian victories, 12— succeeds Augustus, 19 Aug. 14 — informers encouraged, about 15 — Sejanus chief adviser: rebellions of the Julii, 21 — trib. potest, conferred on Drusus, 22 — influence of Sejanus increased by Drusus' death, 23 — leaves Borne finally, 26 — for Ca- pre«3, 27 — death of Livia, adds to power of Sejanus, 29 — has Sejanus put to death, 31 — tf., 16 Mar. 37. Tiberius II. Anicius Thrax, Flavius Con- stantinus, Emperor of the East, (578-82,) — commands against Avars, successfully, 573 — made Caesar or Augustus, by Justin II., Dec. 574 — war with Chosroes, 575 — sole Emperor on death of Justin, 5 Oct. 578 — war with Hormisclas, 579 — war with Mauretani, 580— tf., 14 Aug. 582. Tibet, Thibet,-— [B C] — made a kingdom, 313 — [AD] — Buddhism introduced, 407 — be- comes tributary to China, 821 — divided into seven kingdoms, about 1000— conquered by Gengis Khan, 1206 — eastern parts of, con- quered by Chinese, between 11 25-1 371 — map of, prepared by order of Emperor of China, 17 15 — wholly tributary to China, from 1720 — visited by Turner, 1783— visited by Hue and Gabet, 1 844-6— by Adolf and Bobert Schlag- intweit, 1855-6— explored by Pundits under direction of Captain Montgomerie, B. E., 1866 and 1867 — survey of Lower, completed by go- vernment of British India, 1866 — earthquake in, Bathang destroyed, 11 Apr. 1870. Tibullus, Albius, elegiac poet, — [BC]— ft., 59, a 54 b — accompanies Messalla into Gaul, 31 — accompanies him as far as Korkyra, and. returns to Borne, 30. Eleg. I., 27 ? a Voss, Passow, &c. b Lachmann, &c. Ticino, Tessin, Canton of Switzerland, — conquered by Swiss, 15 12 — under name of Italian bailiwicks governed by deputies : ad- mitted to the Confederation, 18 15 — constitution revised, 1830. Tickell, Thomas, poet, — ft. near Carlisle, 1686 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1701 — M.A., 1708 — Fellow of his Coll., 17 10 — Under-secretary of State, 17 17 — secretary to Lords Justices of Ireland, 1725-40 — ft. at Bath, 23 Apr. 1740. Tickets of Leave, — issue of, to convicts, authorized by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 99, 20 Aug. 1853. Ticknor, George, historian, — ft. at Boston, Mass. U. S., 1 Aug. 1791 — graduates at Dart- mouth Coll., 1807 — called to the bar, 18 13 — abandons the law, 18 15 — studies at Gottingen, 1 8 15- 1 7 — travels in Europe, 18 18 — returns to America, 18 19 — Prof. Modern Languages, Harvard Univ., 1819-35 — again visits Europe, 1835-8— tf., 26 Jan. 1871. History of Spanish Literature, 1849 — Memoir of Prescott , 1863. Ticonderoga, in New York, IT. S„ — fortified by French, early in 1755 — General Aber- crombie repulsed by French at, 8 Jul. 1758 — • taken by Gen. Amherst, 30 Jul. 1759 — sur " prised by Americans, under Col. Allen, 10 May 17 75 —invested by Burgoyne, 30 Jun. 1777 — taken, 5 Jul. — attacked by Gen. Lincoln, Sep. —occupied by British, 1780. Ticozzi, Stefano, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Como, 1762 — tf. at Milan, 3 Oct. 1836. Pizionario degli Architetti, Scultori, Pittori, &c, 1 8 18 — Storia de Milano, (continuation of P. Verri's,) 1836. Tides, — [BC] — noticed by Pytheas, about 330-320 — [AD] — explained by Newton, 1687 — researches of Bernoulli; Maclaurin, andEuler on, about 1738 — theory of Laplace, 1790 and 1 8 1 8— researches of Lubbock, 1829-31 — of Whewell, 1833-50. Tieck, Christian Friedrich, sculptor, — ft. at Berlin, 14 Aug. 1776— studies under David at Paris, 1798-1801 — visits Weimar, 1801— goes to Italy, 1805 and 181 2 — member of Academy of Berlin, 18 19 — tf. there, 14 May 1851. Tieck, Ludwig, poet, novelist, miscella- neous writer, — ft. at Berlin, 31 May 1773 — studies at Halle, Gottingen, and Eiiangen, r 35 8 TIEDEMANN— TILLOTSON. 1792-4 — marries and goes to Jena, 1799 — visits Italy, 1805-6 — visits England, 18 17— settles at Dresden, 18 19 — Privy Councillor at Berlin, 1840 — tf. there, 28 Apr. 1853. Peter Lebrecht, 1795-6 — Peter Lebrechts Volksmdr- chen, 1797 — Kaiser Octavianus, 1804 — Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen, 1798 — Romantische Bichtungen, 1799-1800 — translation of Bon Quixote, 17 99- 1 801 — Phantasm, 18 12-15 — Shakspeares Vorschule, 1823-9 — Bramaturg- ische Blatter, 1826 — (with Schlegel) trans- lation of Shakespeare, 1825-9 — (with Schlegel) edits JVovalis's Schriften, 1802. Tiedemann, Dietrich, philosopher, — b. near Bremen, 3 Apr. 1745/ 1748 b — Prof. Philo- sophy, &c, Marburg, 1786— tf. there, 24 May 1803. System der Stoischen Philosophie, 1776 — Geist der Speculativen Philosophie, 179 1-7 — FCandbuch der Psyehologie, 1804. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. and Conv.-Lex. Tiedge, Christoph August, poet,— b. in Germany, 14 Dec. 1752 — tf. at Dresden, 8 Mar. 1 841. Urania, 1801 — Elegien und vermischte Gedichte, 1803 — Wander ung en durch den Markt des Lebens, 1833 — Frauenspiegel, 1806. Tientsin, in China, — Conference of repre- sentatives of Great Britain, France, United States, and Russia, transferred from Shanghai to, spring 1858 — declared open port, 1858 — British consulate established at, Jan. 1861 — attack on French consulate and mission-house, massacre of priests and sisters of mercy, by Chinese mob, 21 Jun. 1870 — Chinese embassy respecting the massacre sent to Napoleon III., summer 1870 — received by M. Thiers, Pres. French Eepublic, Nov. 1871. Treaty of, be- cween Great Britain and China, concluded, 26 Jun. 1858 — ratifications exchanged, 24 Oct. i860— supplementary convention, signed, 24 Oct. 1869. Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painter, — b. at Venice, 1692^ 1693 b c — called to Madrid by Charles III., 1761 — tf. there, 25 Mar. 1769,* c I770. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Catalogue. Tiepolo, Jacopo, Doge of Venice,— suc- ceeds Piero Ziani, 1229— forms league with the Pope and Genoa against Frederick II., 1238 — assists Azzo Novello, Marquis of Este, to recover Ferrara, Feb. to May 1240 — tf., 9 Jul. 1249. Tiepolo, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Renier Zeno, 23 Jul. 1268 — tf., 16 Aug. 1275- Tiepolo, Pietro.— elected Podestat of Milan, marches against Frederick II., 1237 — de- feated and captured by him, at Cortenuova, 27 Nov. 1237 — hung, 1240. Tierney, George, statesman, — b. at Gibral- tar, 20 Mar. 1761 — LL.B. Cambridge, 1784 — M.P. Colchester, 1789-90 — marries, 1789 — M.P. Southwark, 1796-1806 — fights a duel with Pitt, 27 May 1798— Treasurer of the Navy, 1 Jun. 1803 to 7 May 1804 — Pres. Board of Control, 30 Sep. 1806" to Mar. 1807 —Muster of the Mint, 1827 to Jan. 1828— tf. in London, 25 Jan. 1830. Tiflis. [Teflis.] Tigellinus Sophonius, — banished to Scy- lacium, 39-40 — praetorian prsefect with Fenius Rufus, 63 — put to death by command of Otho, Jan. 70. Tighe, Mary, poetess, — b. at Dublin, 1773 — marries her cousin, Henry Tighe, 1793 — tf. at Woodstock, Kilkenny Co., 24 Mar. 1810. Psyche, 1805 — Works, 181 1. Tigranes I., (Bikran,) King of Armenia, — [BC] — King, about 98-96 — acquires all Syria and Cilicia, 83 — invades Cappadocia at instigation of Mithridates, 76 — refuses to give up Mithridates to Lucullus, and declares war, 71 — abandons Tigranocerta, defeated by Lu- cullus, Tigranocerta taken, 69 — defeated at the Arsanias, with Mithridates, by Lucullus, autumn 68 — defeats Fannius, and recovers part of Armenia, 68 — recovers Armenia Minor, and invades Cappadocia, 67 — conspiracy of his son, 66 — invasion of Phraates, 66 — submits to Pompey, and returns to his kingdom, 66— war with Phraates, 64 — peace by intervention of Pompey : tf., between 56-54. Tigranocerta, — [BC] — taken by Lucullus, 69 — [AD] — surrendered to Corbulo, about 60 —besieged by Arsaces XXIII. , 62. Tigris, river, — partly surveyed by Col. Chesney, 28 Sep. 1836. Tilbury, on the Thames, — Queen Elizabeth reviews the troops at, 1588 — regularly fortified, 1667. Tilbury, Lord. [Vere, Sir H.] Tiles, — [BC] — made of marble by Byzes of Naxos, about 620 — introduced at Rome, about 270. Tillemans, Pieter, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1684 — comes to England, 1708 — tf., 1734. Tillemont, Sebastien Lenain de, historian, — b. at Paris, 30 Nov. 1637 — ordained priest, 1676 — driven from Port-Royal, 1679 — visits Port- Royalists in Holland, 1681 — tf. at Paris, 10 Jan. 1698. Histoire des Fmpereurs, &c, 1693-1738 — Memoir es pour servir a V histoire ecclesiastique des six premiers sieeles, 1693-17 12. Tilli, Michel- Angelo, botanist, physician, — b. at Florence, 1655 — F.R.S. London, 1708 — tf. at Pisa, 1740. Catalogus Plantarum FLorti Pisani, 1723. Tilloch, Alexander, — b. at Glasgow, 28 Feb. 1759 — begins experiments in stereotype, 178 1 — goes to London, 1787 — tf. there, 26 Jan. 1825. Founds the Philosophical Maga- zine, Jun. 1797 — edits Star newspaper, 1789- 1821. Tillotson, John, Abp of Canterbury, — b. near Halifax, 1630 — enters Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1647 — Fellow of his College, 1651 — attends Savoy Conference, 1661 — marries, 1664 — D.D., 1666 — chaplain to Charles II., 1669 — opposes Declaration of Indulgence, Mar. 1672 — Dean of Canterbury, 1672 — Pre- bendary of St Paul's, 1675 — Canon Residenti- ary, 1677 — attends Lord "W. Russell on the scaffold, 1683 — Dean, and Clerk of the Closet to William III., 1689 — member of Ecclesias- tical Commission, 1689 — Abp of Canterbury, Apr. 1691 — t). in London, 22 Nov. 1694. Works, 1707-12. TILLY— TIMUR. !359 Tilly, (Tilli,) Johann Tserclas, Count von, field-marshal, — b. in S. Brabant, 1559 — Colonel in Imperial army, 1601 — Commander- in-chief of Bavarian army, about 1609 — of forces of Catholic League, 1619 — defeats Bohe- mians at Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 — conquers Upper Palatinate, 1622— defeats Count of Mansfeld and Christian of Halberstadt, at Stadt-Loo, near Munster, 4-6 Aug. 1623 — Count of the Empire, 1623 — defeats Christian IV. of Den- mark at Lutter, 17 Aug. 1626— Field-marshal and Commander-in-chief of Imperial army, 1630 — takes and sacks Magdeburg, May 163 1 — defeated by Gustavus Adolphus and wounded at Leipsic, 7, ad i7, b 27 c Sep. 1631 — again de- feated and wounded at Rain on the Lech, 5 Apr. 1632— tf. at Ingoldstadt, 8, a 6, b 30° Apr. 1632. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Engl. Cyc. c Biog. Univ. d Conv.-Lex. Tilsit, in Prussia, — conferences between Emperors Alexander and Napoleon I. at, 25-28 Jun. 1807. Treaty of, between France, Russia, and Prussia, signed, 7 and 9 Jul. 1807. Timseus, historian, — [B C] — 6., about 352 — banished from Sicily by Agathocles, about 310 — lives at Athens, about 310-264 — if., 256. Timagenes, rhetorician, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 61-31. Timanthes, painter, — [B C] — fl., about (01. 95) 400. Timarchides, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 83, 2,) 447. Timasius, Fl., — commander of cavalry, 386 —commander of infantry, 388 — Consul with FL Promotus, (1142, a. tj. c.) 389 — serves under Theodosius against barbarians in Mace- donia, 391 — commands against Eugenius, 394 — banished to Daris, in Africa, 396. Timber Duties, in Great Britain, — laws relating to, consolidated by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 52, 2 Jul. 1 8 19 — considered by Committee of House of Commons, 1835 — reduced, 1842, 1847, 1851, and i860 — abolished by Act 29 Vic. c. 36, 11 Jul. 1866. Timbuctoo, in Africa, — founded by Mansa Suleiman, about (610, a. h.) 1213 — visited by Ibn Batuta, 1353 — becomes known to Europe- ans, 1373 — successfully revolts against Mo- rocco, about 1500 — reached by Leo Africanus, 1510 — submits to king of Bambarra, about 1670 — governed by negro chief from 1727 — reached by Laing, 1826 — by Caillie, 1828 — visited by Barth, Sep. 1853 to Oct. 1854. Time-Gun, — firing of, at Edinburgh, com- menced, 7 Jun. 1 86 1. Times, The, English Newspaper, — estab- lished, 1 Jan. 1788. Timocles, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 84, 4,) 441. Timocles, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 343-324. a - a Clinton. Timocrates, — [BC] — Archon at Athens, (01. 104, 1,) 364. Timocreon, of Rhodes, lyric poet, — [B C] — fl., about 47 V (01. 77, 4,) 477 . b a Clinton. b Miiller. Timoleon, — [B C] — conducts expedition from Corinth against Syracuse, before end of 344 — gains Syracuse, before end of 343 — sends Dio- nysius II. to Corinth, after 343 — defeats Car- thaginians at the Crimesus, Jun. 339 — con- cludes treaty with Carthage, 338 — U., latter part of 337. Timomachos, painter, — [B C]— fl., about 48. Timon, of Phlius, Sceptic philosopher, sillo- grapher, — [BC] — fl., about 279. Timon, the misanthrope, — [BC]— fl., about 420. Timosthenes, — [B C] —Archon at Athena, (01. 75, 3,) 478. Timosthenes, of Rhodes, writer about har- bours, — [BC] — fl., about 262. Timoteo daUrbino. [Vite, Timoteo della.] Timotheos, — dithyrambic poet, musician, — [BC] — b., 446 a — innovates in music, before 406— fl., (01. 95,) 398— U., 357. a Par. Marb. Timotheos, sculptor, — [BC] — executes frieze for Mausoleum, 352. Timotheos, — [BC]— General with Chabrias and Callistratus, 378 — ravages Laconia: at Korkyra, 375 — recalled, end of 374 — aids Zakynthian exiles, end of 374— appointed to aid Korkyra against Mnasippus, 373, but superseded: tried, Nov. 373 — enters service of Artaxerxes II. against Egypt, May 372 — sent to aid Ariobarzanes, takes Samos, about 367 — commands in Macedonia and Thrace, 364-360 ? — repulsed by Olynthians at Amphi- polis, latter part of 360 — advises expedition into Eubcea, 358— in Social War, sent with others to relief of Samos, 356 — tried and condemned, 354 — retires to Chalcis. Timur, {Tamerlane,) Tatar Sultan, — b. at Sebzar, (736, a. h.) 1335,* 1336 b — supports Husein Khan of Northern Khorasan, against Timur-Togluk, king of the Getes, and is named Chief of the Berlas, (763,) 1361 — marries Turkan, sister of Husein, (765,) 1363 — loses his wife and rebels against Husein, (767,) 1365 — surprises Nakhshab, 1365 — de- feats Husein near Balkh, (768,) 1366 — besieges Balkh, 1366— storms and burns Balkh, (771,) 1369— proclaimed Khan of Jagatai, 1 369,3- 1 370 13 — makes Samarcand his capital, 1369 — makes war on Husein-Sofi, Khan of Kharismia, 1 374 — takes Kharism, (781,) 1379 — conquers Khora- san, (782-788,) 1380-6— invades Persia, (788,) 1386— storms Ispahan, (789,) 18 Nov. 1387 b — overruns Kiptshak, (789-799,) 1387-96 — defeats Toktamish in Bashkiria, (15 Redgeb 793,) 18 Jun. 1 39 1 a — returns to Samarcand, 1392 — again takes the field against Toktamish, (797,) 1395 — takes Baghdad, 1395— unsuccess- fully besieges Mardin, 1395 — reaches Moscow and returns to Samarcand, 1396 — sets out for invasion of India, (801, a Redgeb 800, b ) Mar. b 1398 — passes the Indus at Attock, (8 Mohar- ram 801,) 19 Sep. 1398 — defeats Mahmud near Delhi, and takes the city, 1398 — returns to Samarcand, 28 Apr. i399 b — overruns Asia Minor, takes Si was and puts to death Ertogh- rul, son of Bajazet, (803,) 1400 — overruns Syria and takes Ferruj, (11-14 Rabia I. 803,) 30 Oct. to 2 Nov. 1400 — takes Damascus, (9 Schaban 803,) 25 Mar. 1401^ 17 Feb. 1401 b 1360 TIN— TISSAPHEBXE8. —storms Baghdad, (27 Dhu'l Kadah 803,) 9 Jul. 1401 — defeats and captures Bajazet at Angora, (19 Dhu'l hajjah 804,) 20 Jul. 1402 — takes Smyrna, Dec. 1402 — returns to Samar- cand, Jul. 1404 — sets out for invasion of China, 27 Nov. 1404 — tf. at Otrar on the Jaxartes, (17 Schaban 807,) 19 Feb. 1405. a Engl. Cyc. b BLog. Univ. Tin, metal, [Stannaries]— [B C]— obtained from Britain by Phoenicians, before 450 — coined by Dionysius at Syracuse, between 405- 367? — [AD] — JBanca, discovered, 17 10 — im- ported into England, 1787 — duty on, in Great Britain, reduced, and duties on coinage of, abolished by Act 1 and 2 Vic. c. 120, 16 Aug. 1838 — discovered in Missouri, 1867. Tin Plate, Tinning, — introduction of, from Saxony into England, attempted by Yarranton, about i665, a 16 81 b — manufacture established at Pontypool, about 1730. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. Tinchebrai, in Normandy, — Henry I. of England defeats his brother Robert, and takes him prisoner at, 28 Sep. 1106. Tindal, Matthew, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Beer-Ferris, in Devonshire, about 1657 — enters Lincoln Coll. Oxford, 1672 — B.A., 1676 —Fellow of All Souls', soon after — LL.D., Jul. 1685 — tf. in London, 16 Aug. 1733. Bights of the Christian Church asserted, 1706 — with its two Defences, burnt by order of House of Commons, 17 10 — Christianity as Old as the Creation, 1730. Tindal, Nicholas, translator, §c, — ft., 1687 — M.A. Oxford, 17 13 — Chaplain to Greenwich Hospital, 1738 — rj. there, 27 Jun. 1774. Translation of Bapin's History of England, 1726 — continuation, 1744-7. Tindal, Sir Nicholas Conyngham, Chief Justice of Common Pleas, — ft. near Chelms- ford, 12 Dec. 1776 — enters Trin. Coll. Cam- bridge, 1795 — M.A. and Fellow of his College, 1802 — called to tbe bar, 1809 — marries, 1809 — takes part in defence of Queen Caroline, 1820 — M.P. \Yigton burghs, 1824 — Solicitor- general and Knt, 20 Sep. 1826 — M.P. Cam- bridge Univ., 1827 — Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 9 Jun. 1829 — if., 6 Jul. 1846. Tindal. [Tyndale.] Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, — founded by Walter de Clare, 1131 — church completed, 1268. Tintoretto, II, {Jacopo Bobusti,) painter, — ft. at Venice, 1512 — tf. there, 31 May 1594. Tippco Saib, Sultan of Mysore, — ft., 1 749 — takes part with his father, Hyder Aly, in invasion of tbe Carnatic, 1767 — distinguishes himself in Mahratta War, 1775-9 — repulsed by Col. Baillie near Perimbakum, 6 Sep. 1780 — defeats Col. Braithwaite on the Kolerun, 18 Feb. 1782 — repulsed at Paniany, 20 Nov. 1782 — succeeds his father, 7 Dec. 1782 — evacuates Arcot and retires from the Carnatic, Jan. 1783 — takes Bednore from Gen. Matthews and puts him to death, 30 Apr. — invests Mangalore, 23 May — loses assistance of French under de Bussy, Jul. — receives capitulation of Mangalore, 24 Jan. 1 7 84 — concludes treaty of peace with British, 1 1 Mar. — concludes treaty with Mahrattas, about Dec. — assumes title of Sultan, 1785 — sends embassy to France, proposing alliance, 1787— his proposal rejected, 1789 — subjugates the Nairs of Malabar, 1787-8 — repulsed before Travancore, 24 Dec. 1789 — enters Travancore and ravages the country, 7-24 May 1790 — his territory invaded by English, 15 Jun. — retakes from them several towns, Sep. — defeated by Lord Cornwallis at Arikera, 15 May 1791 — unsuccessfully treats for peace, 27-29 May — concludes treaty, ceding half of Mysore and giving np his sons as hostages, 9 Mar. 1792 — secretly intrigues against British, 1792-6 — his sons restored to him, 29 Mar. 1794 — sends embassy to the Mauritius, early in 1798 — the war renewed,' and Tippoo defeated by Gen. Stuart near Seedasere, 5 Mar. 1799 — negotiates with Gen. Harris, 20-28 Apr. — killed at storming of Seringapatam, 4 May. Tiptoft, John. [Worcester, Earl of.] Tiraboschi, Girolarno, historian, — ft. at Bergamo, 17 31 — Prof. Rhetoric, Milan Univ., about 1766 — Ducal Librarian, Modena, 1770 — tf. there, Jun. 1794. Storia della Lettera- tura Italiana, 1772-83 — Biblioteca Modenese, 1781-6. Tiribazus, — [B C] — defeated by the Ten Thousand Greeks, 401 — aids Antalkidas in obtaining alliance with Persia, 393— superseded by Struthas, 392 — restored, cooperates with Antalkidas, 388 — commands fleet against Eva- goras, 386 — recalled on accusation by Orontes, 385 — conspires against Artaxerxes, and is put to death. Tiridates III., (Dertad II Ifedj',) King of Armenia, — preserved at destruction of his family by Sapor of Persia, 258-9 a — serves under Probus, 282— made King by Diocletian, 286 b — expelled by N arses, after 294 a — joins Galerius against Narses, and is restored by Borne, 298^ 296-7 b — captured and blinded by Sapor II., 341-2 a — 5j., 342. b a Smith's Diet. b Gibbon. Tiro, M. Tullius, grammarian, §c, — [B C] — A., about 43. Tirso de Molina. [Tellez, Gabriel.] Tischbein, Johann Keinrich, the Elder, painter, — b. at Haina, in Hesse, 3 Oct. 1722 — studies under Vanloo at Paris, 1743-8 — Direct- or of Academy of Cassel, 1776 — ft. there, 22 Aug. 1789. Tischbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, the Younger, — ft. at Haina, 15 Feb. 1751 — goes to Pome, 1780 — Director of Academy of Naples, 1790-9— tf. at Eutin, 26 Jul. 1829. Tetes cles differ ents Animaux, 1796 — Homer, nach An- tiken gezeichnet, 1801-4 — Collection 'of Engrav- ings from Ancient Vases, 179 1 -1 809. Tisicrates, sculptor,— [B C]— 3., about (01. 120) 300. Tisio, Benvenuto. [Garofalo.] Tissaphernes, — [SC] — quells rebellion of Pissuthnes, 414 — makes alliance with Sparta, 412 — intrigues with Athenians and Alkibiades, 41 2-41 1 — imprisons Alkibiades, 411 — defends Ephesus against Athenians, 409 — accuses Cy- rus to Artaxerxes, end of 405 — commands at TISSOT— TOALDO. r 3 6i battle of Cunaxa, 401 — satrap of all W. Asia, 400— truce with Derkyllidas, gives up satrapy of Pkarnabazus, 399 — unites with Pkarnaba- zus, 397 — false truce with Agesilaos, 396 — superseded by Tithraustes and put to death, 395- Tissot, Pierre Francois, litterateur, — rj. at Versailles, 1768 — Prof. 'Latin Poetry, Coll. de France, 1813 — deprived, 1821 — reinstated, Aug. 1830 — admitted to French Academy, 7 Mar. 1833 — ri. at Paris, 7 Apr. 1854. Buco- liques de Virgile, 1800 — Etudes sur Virgile, 1825-30 — Histoire de la Revolution Francaise, 1833-36. m Tissot, Simon Andre, physician, — 0. in the Pays de Vaud, 1728— Prof. Clinical Medicine, Pavia, 1780-83 — tf. at Lausanne, Jun. 1797. Opera, 1769. Titanium, metal, — discovered by Gregor, 1 79 1 — investigated and named by Klaproth, 1795 — investigated and described by Wollas- ton, 1822 — more completely by Wohler, 1849. Tithes, — [ BC ] — payment of, enjoined on Hebrews by law of Moses, for support of Le- vites, between 1625-1585 — taken by Peisistra- tos, at Athens, about 550 — reduced to a 20th by the Peisistratids, after 527 — vowed to Delphi, by Greeks, (time of Persian War,) about 480 — Xenophon tithes land near Scillus, for Artemis, about 390 — [AD] — enjoined, and fourfold appropriation of, established by Capi- tularies of Charles the Great, 778-803 — de- clared irredeemable by Louis le Debonnaire, 829 — restoration of, by laymen to the Church, ordered by third Lateran Council, 1179 — parochial, appropriation of, ordered by Innocent III., 1200 — sanctioned and regulated, and ex- emption further restricted, by fourth Lateran Council, 1 2 15. In France, imposed as a debt, by second Council of Macon, 585 — declared re- deemable by National Assembly, 4 Aug. 1789 — abolished", 11 Aug. In England, paid, as early as 669-690 — enjoined by Offa, king of Mercia, about 794 — payment and recovery of, in Ecclesiastical Court, provided for by Acts 27 Hen. VIII. c. 20, 1535-6, and 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1540 — rate of, in London, fixed by Act 37 Hen. VIII. c. 12, 1545— further pro- visions for recovery of, by Act 2 and 3 Edw. VI. c. 13, 1548 — proceedings for recovery of, further regulated by Acts 7 and 8 Wm III. cc. 6 and 34, 1696; 53 Geo. III. c. 127, 12 Jul. 1813; 5 and 6 ¥m IV. c. 74, 9 Sep. 1835 ; and 4 and 5 Vic. c. 36, 21 Jun. 1841. Commutation of, recommended by parliamentary Committee, 1822 — provided for, and Com- missioners appointed, by Act 6 and 7 ¥m IV. c. 71, 13 Aug. 1836 — amended by Acts 1 Vic. c. 69, 15 Jul. 1837 ; 1 and 2 Vic. c. 64, 4 Aug. 1838 ; 2 and 3 Vic. c. 62, 17 Aug. 1839; 5 and 6 Vic. c. 54, Jul. 1842 ; 9 and 10 Vic. c. 73, 26 Aug. 1846 ; 10 and 11 Vic. c. 104, 22 Jul. 1847; 23 and 24 Vic. c. 93, 13 Aug. i860. Tithraustes, — [B C] — puts Tissaphernes to death and succeeds him, 395 — superseded by Tnibazus, 393 — commands in unsuccessful ex- pedition of Egypt, 392-390. Titian, {Tiziano Vecettio,) painter, — b. at Capo del Cadore, in Friuli, i477, a 1480 b — employed in completing unfinished, works of Giorgione, 151 1 — employed by Duke of Fer- rara, 15 14 — called to Bologna by Charles V., 1530 and 1532 — visits Paul III. at Bologna, 1543 — visits Pome, 1545 — visits Charles V. at Augsburg, 1547 and 1550 c — visited by Henry III. of France, 1574 — tf. at Venice, 27 Aug. 1576. Bacchus and Ariadne, National Gal- lery, 15 14 — Tribute Money, Dresden, 15 14 — Battle of Spoleto, Venice, 15 16, burnt, 1577 — Assumption of the Virgin, Venice, 15 16 — Death of St Peter Martyr, Venice, 1528, burnt, 16 Aug. 1867 — Last Supper, Escurial, 1547-54 — Martyrdom of San Lorenzo, about 1555 ? a Ridolfi. and others. d "Vasari and Sandrart. c Nagler. Titianus, — Consul with Nepotianus, (1054, A. U. C.) 301. Titianus, Junius,— Consul with M. Junius Philippus, (998, a. u. c.) 245. Titianus, L. Salvius Otho, — Consul with Corn. Sulla Faustus, (805, a. tj. c.) 52. Titianus, T. Atilius,— Consul with Galli- canus, (880, a. u. c.) 127. Titianus, Ti. Fabius, — Consul with Felici- anus, (1090, a. u. c.) 337. Titinins, comic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 170. Titius, C., orator, tragic poet, — [BC] — fl., about 100. Titius, M., — [BC] — taken prisoner by Menas, 40 — quaestor to Antony, against Par- thians, 36 — puts Sex. Pompey to death, 35 — deserts to Octavius, 32 — commands land forces at Actium, 31. Titles of Honour, — abolished in France, 20 Jun. 1790. Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Eoman Emperor, (79-81,) — b., 30 Dec. 40 — serves under his father in Jewish wars, 66-70 — ac- companies his father, when Emperor, to Alex- andria, 1 Jul. 69 — takes Jerusalem, 8 Sep. 70 — succeeds his father, 24 Jan. 79 — dedicates the Colosseum, 80 — ti., 13 Sep. 81. Tius, — [BC] — colony from Miletus, about 75°- Tiverton, in Devonshire, — Castle built, about 1 106— ravaged by plague, 1591 — burnt, 3 Apr. 1598— again, 5 Aug. 161 2 — taken by Fairfax, 19 Oct. 1645 — again burnt, 1731. Tlascala, in Mexico, — seat of independent republic, from about 1300 — unsuccessfully attacked by Montezuma, after 1502 — Cortez sends embassy to, Sep. 15 19 — entered by him, 23 Sep. 1519 — Spaniards leave, Oct. 1519. Tlemsen, in Algeria, — becomes subject to the Zeirites, about 980 — fortified, 1161-85 — seat of Zianite dynasty, 1248 — surrenders to Abul Hassan Ali, the Merinide, 1 May 1337, but soon lost : occupied by Abdel Aziz, 1370 — taken by Harosh Barbarossa, 15 15 — retaken by Spaniards, 151 8 — conquered by Turks, 1543 — taken by French, 5 Dec. 1835— ceded to Abd el Kader, by Treaty of Tafna, 1837 — again taken by French, 1842. Toaldo, Giuseppe, geographer, §c, — b. near Vicenza, i7io, a i7i9 b — Prof. Astronomy and 1362 TOBACCO-TOKENS. Meteorology, Padua, 1762 — builds an observ- atory, 1767-74 — ft. there, Dec. 1798. Trigo- nometria plana e sf erica, 1769 — La meteoro- logica applicata all' agricoltura, 1775. Biog. Univ. Engl. Cyc. Tobacco, — becomes known to Columbus in Cuba, Nov. 1492 s — sent to Spain and Portugal, by Hernandez de Toledo, 1559— -in- troduced into France by Nicot, 1560 — into England, by Ralph Lane, i586, b 1577 c — by Sir J. Hawkins, 1565* before 1576 e — use of, prohibited by Sultan Amurath, about 16 10 — cultivation of, introduced in Virginia, 1615 — use of, in churches, prohibited by Urban VIII. under pain of excommunication, 1624 — edict against, by Jehanghir, 1605-27 — use of, pro- hibited in Russia, 1634 — sale of, restricted in France, by Louis XIII., 1635 — cultivation of, in France, made a monopoly, by Louis XIV., 1674. In England, denounced by James I., {Counterblast,) 16 16 — duty imposed on, 1643 f — cultivation of, prohibited by Act of Parlia- ment, i652 f — prohibition confirmed by Act 12 Car. II. c. 34, 1660— trade regulated by Acts 29 Geo. III. c. 68, 1789; 30 Geo. III. c. 40, 1790 ; 43 Geo. III. c. 68, 24 Jun., and c. 69, 4 Jul. 1803 ; 45 Geo. III. c. 57, 27 Jun. 1805, and 49 Geo. III. c. 25, 30 Mar. 1 809 — regu- lations of trade consolidated by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, s. 44, 20 Aug. 1853 — duties newly regulated by Act 26 Vic. c. 7, 27 Mar. 1863. In Scotland, cultivation of, prohibited by Act 22 Geo. III. c. 73, 1782. In Ireland, cul- tivation of, prohibited by Act 12 Car. II. c. 34, 1660— permitted by 19 Geo. III. c. 35, 1779 — prohibited by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 13, 23 Aug. 1 83 1. a Fairholt. b Harriot and Camden. c Stow. d Taylor. e Lobelius. f Macculloch. Tobago, one of the Caribbee Islands, — dis- covered by Columbus, (?) 1496^ 1498 b — granted to William, Earl of Pembroke, 1628 — settlement of Dutch in, 1632^ 1642° — the colony destroyed by Spaniards, 1 642 — again settled by Duke of Courland, 1652 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Dutch, 1654 a — captured and devastated by French, 1677 a — declared neutral by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — taken by English, 1762 — ceded by France to England, by Peace of Paris, 1763 — captured by French, 1781 — ceded to France by Treaty of Versailles, 1783 — devastated by hurricane, 1790 — retaken by Gen. Cuyler, 1793 — given up to French by Treaty of Amiens, 1 802 — again taken by British, 1 803 — confirmed to Great Britain, by Treaty of Paris, 1 8 14. a Engl. Cyc. b Macculloch. c Bayley. Tobin, John, — fj. at Salisbury, 1770 — "a., 8 Dec. 1804. The Honeymoon, 1805. Tobit,— [BC]- 1>., 768 s — taken to Nineveh by Shalmaneser, 721 b — flies for safety, 712, b 710° — becomes bLind, 710 a — fr., 610 a — book written, about 200 or i5o. d a Clinton. b Bib. Chron. c Ussier. d De Wette, &c. Tobolsk, in Russia, — founded, 1587. Tocqueville, Henri Alexis, Count de, statesman, historian, — b. at Verneuil, 29 Jul. 1805 — admitted Advocate, at Paris, 1825 — sent on government service to N. America, 1832 — visits England, 1833 — visits England and Ireland, 1835 — marries, 1835 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1837 — member of In- stitute, Jan. 1838 — of Chamber of Deputies, 1839 — of National Assembly, 1848 — Vice-Pres. Assembly, 1 Jun. 1849— Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2 Jun. to Oct. 1849 — member of French Academy, 23 Dec. 1841 — protests against Coup & Mat, and is imprisoned, Dec. 1851 — ft. at Cannes, 16 Apr. 1859. Democratic en Amerique, 1835 — Histoire philosophique du regne de Louis XV., 1847 — Coup d'CEil sur le regne de Louis XVI., 1850 — L' Ancien Regime et la Revolution, 1856 — (Euvres et Correspond- ance inedites, i860. Tod, James, traveller, $c, — b\, 1782— goes to India, 1800 — political Agent of Rajpootana, 1817 — returns to England, 1823 — o". in London, 17 Nov. 1835. Annals of Rajas? han, 1829-32 — Travels in Western India, 1839. Todd, Henry John, litterateur, — b\, 'about 1763— M.A. Oxford, 1786— Keeper of MSS. at Lambeth Palace, 1803 — Archdeacon of Cleveland, 1832 — )j. at Settrington, in York- shire, 24 Dec. 1845. Edits Milton's Poetical Works, 1 80 1 — Spenser s Poetical Works, 1805 — Johnson's Dictionary, 18 14. Todd, James Henthorne, — n. at Dublin, 1805 — Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1831 — Donnellau Lecturer, 1838 — Regius Prof. Hebrew, 1849 — Librariau, 1852 — tf. at Silveracre, near Rath- farnham, 28 Jun. 1869. Testimony of the Fathers to Roman dogma of Infallibility, 1848 — edits Three Treatises by Wickliffe, 1851 — Book of Hymns of Ancient Church of Ireland, 1855 — Memoir of St Patrick, 1863 — Books of the Vaudois, 1 866 — Wars of the Danes in Ire- land, 1866. Tofana, (Tophana,) of Palermo, poisoner, — sells poison to woman at Naples, discovered, 1659 — ft., after 1730. Toggenburg, (Tockenburg,) in Switzerland, — County of, passes to Barons of Rason, 1436 — sold to Abbot of St Gall, 1468 — enters into alliance with Schwyz and Glarus, 1469— resists oppression of Abbot, and is supported by Zurich and Berne, 17 12 — the quarrel settled, 17 18 — war renewed, 1755-9 — united with Canton of St Gall, 1803. Toghrai, (Tograi,) (Abu Ismail Hosein,) poet, — b. at Ispahan, about 1063 — in service of Malek Shah, 1073-92 — U., (515, a. h.) 1121. Lamiato-l- Ajam, (505,) in 1-12. Togrul Bey, (Abu Taleb Rocn-Eddin 3Io- hammed,) founder of Seljukide dynasty, — b., about 993 — defeats Sultan Masoud near Merv, conquers Persia, and is chosen Sultan, (432, a. h.) 1039 a — delivers Caliph Cayem and is named Lieutenant of Vicar of the Prophet, 1055 — marries daughter of Cayem, about 1062 — &., 1063. a Elphinstone. Tokay, in Hungary ', — Castle destroyed, 1705 — engagements between Gen. Schlick and Hungarian insurgents near, 22 and 31 Jan. 1849. Tokens, in coinage, — private, come into use in England, about 1508-10 — suppressed, and royal farthing introduced by James L, 19 May TOLA— TONE. : 3 6 3 1613 — cease to be current, 1648 — private again used, till prohibited, 16 Aug. 1672 — again in use, 1784 — superseded, 1797 — forbid- den to be current, after 25 Mar. 18 13 — again prohibited, and declared not current from 1 Jan. 1818, 27 Jul. 1817. Tola, Lieutenant, — Sardinian officer, arrested as accomplice in plot against the throne, and executed, 11 Jun. 1833. Toland, John, political and miscellaneous writer, — b. in Deny, Ireland, 30 Nov. 1669 or 1670 — renounces Romanism, about 1686 — studies at Glasgow and Edinburgh, 1687-90 — M.A. Edinburgh, 1690 — ft. at Putney, near London, 11 Mar. 1722. Christianity not mysterious, 1696, burnt by hangman at Dub- lin, n Sep. 1697 — Life of Milton, 1698 — Amyntor, 1699—AngUa Libera, 1701 — Let- ters to Serena, 1704 — Nazarenus, 17 18 — Pan- theisticon, 1720 — Posthumous Works, 1716. Tolbiac, — Clovis defeats Alamanni at, aut. 496 — Thierry of Orleans defeats Theodebert of Austrasia at, 612. Toledo, {Toletum,) in Spain, — [BC] — taken by Marius Fulvius, (561, a. u. c.) 193 — [AD] — taken by Goths, 467, and made the capital of Visigot'hic kingdom: taken by Tarik, 714 — unsuccessfully besieged by rebels under Balek Ben Baxir, (125, a. h.) — taken from Mohammed Abulaswad by general of Abderah- man, (142,) 759 — revolt of Hixem Ben Adra in, (143,) 760 — surrenders to Temam Ben Al- cama, (148,) 765 — seized by Abdallah, (181,) 797-8 — massacre of nobles at, by Vizier Am- rou, (190,) 805 — insurrection at, (213,) 828 — reduced by Abdelruf, (223,) 838 — besieged by Mohammed Ben Abderahman, (240,) 854-5 — taken, (245,) 859 — taken possession of by Calib Ben Hafsun, (273,) 886— recovered by Haxem Ben Abdelaziz, 886 — occupied by Giafar Ben Hafsun, (313,) 923 — surrenders to Abderahman, (315,) 924 — taken by Wadha El Alameri, (401,) 1010 — taken by Alfonso VI. of Castile and Leon, (Moharram 478,) May 1085 — unsuccessfully attacked by Moors, 1109, 1 1 14, and 1 1 27 — seized by rebels under Henry and Frederick, brothers of King Pedro, 1355 ■ — declines on removal of Court to Madrid, 1560 — Carlist insurrection at, 30 Jul. 1869. Cathedral, commenced, by Ferdinand III. of Castile, 1258 — completed, 1492 — pillaged by Padilla, 152 1 — again, by French, 1808. Al- cazar, enlarged by Alfonso VI., 1085 — im- proved by Charles V., 1548. Convent and Church of San Juan, built by Ferdinand and Isabella, 1476. University of, founded, 1499. Foundling Hospital, founded, by Mendoza, 1304. Sword Manufactory, built, 1788. Councils of, on discipline, and for readmission of Priscillianists to communion, 7 Sep. 400 ; {Hispanicum) against Priscillianists, 447 ; on discipline, 17 May 527 ; held by Leovigild and Arians, 581 or 582 ; on discipline, held by Recared, who abjures Arianism, 8 May 589 ; 17 May 597?; 23 Oct. 610; held by St Isidore of Seville, 9 Dec. 633 ; by King Cin- tbilla, respecting his royal power, 636 ; to secure Catholic succession to the throne, 9 Jan. 638-646 ; Dec. 653 ; Jan. 654; 1 Dec. 656 ; on discipline, &c., 7 Nov. 675 ; held by St Julian of Toledo, to confirm renunciation of King Wamba, and on discipline, 9-25 Jan. 681 ; on discipline, 4-6 Nov. 683 ; held on demand of Pope Leo II., to receive sixth General Council, 14 Nov. 684; for explanation of oaths of King Egica, 11 May 688 ; on discipline, to con- firm code of Alaric and depose Abp Sisbert, 2 May 693 ; on discipline, 9 Nov. 694 ; held by King Witiza, 701 ; on discipline, 21 Nov. 1324, 19 May 1339, 1347, and 1355. Toledo, Don Pedro de, the Great, Viceroy of Naples, — 6. at Alba, in Old Castile, 1484 — Viceroy, 1532 — attempts to establish the In- quisition at Naples, 1547 — insurrection, May to Aug. 1547— tf. at Florence, Feb. 1553. Toledo, Rodrigo de. [Toletanus.] Toledo, Tables of, astronomical, — compiled by Arzachel, about 1080. Tolentino, — Murat defeated by Austrians at, 2-3 May 1815. Treaty of, between French Republic and Pope Pius VI., for cession of Avignon, Bologna, Ferrara, and the Bomagna, to France, concluded, 19 Feb. 1797. Toler, John. [Norbury, Lord.] Toleration Act, in English History, — relief of Protestant Dissenters provided for by Act 1 Wmand Mar. c. 18, 24 May 1689. Toletanus, Rodericus, {Rodrigo de Toledo,) Abp of Toledo, historian, — ft. in Navarre, about 1 1 70 — distinguishes himself at battle of Las Navas, 1212 — assists at fourth Lateran Council, 1 2 15 — at Council of Lyons, 1245 — tf. in France, 1247. Rerum in Hispania ges- tarum Chronicon, 1545 — Historia Arabum, Tollens, Hendrik Cornelisz von, poet,— fc. at Rotterdam, 24 Sep. 1780 — joins Protestant Remonstrants, 1827 — Knt of the Dutch Lion, 1850 — lj. at Rijswijk, 21 Oct. 1856. Songs and Ldylls, 1802 — Romances, Ballads, and Le- gends, 1818-19 — Cry to Arms, 18 15 — New Poems, 1821-29 — Songs of Claudius, 1832 — Scattered Poems, 1 840. Tolmides, — [BC] — ravages Peloponnesus, and plants Messenians at Naupactus, 455 — de- feated and killed at Coroneia, by Boeotians, 447. Tolosa, Navas de, battle of, — Mohammed al Naser defeated by kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, (15 Saphar 609, a. h.) 17 Jul. 1212. Tomboro, volcano. [Sumatra.] Tomi, — [BC] — founded by Milesians, 633. Tomline, (Pretyman,) George, Bp of "Win- chester, — b. at Bury St Edmund's, 9 Oct. 1753 — Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1773 — M.A., 1775 — private secretary to Mr Pitt, 1782 — marries, 1784 — Prebendary of Westminster, 1784 — D.D., 1784— F.R.S., 1785 — Bp of Lincoln and Dean of St Paul's, Jan. 1787 — Bp of Winchester, Jul. 1820 — loses his wife, Jan. 1826 — fr., 14 Nov. 1827. Elements of Christian Theology, 1799 — Me- moirs of Pitt, 1 82 1. Tomsk, in Russia, — founded, 1604. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, — b. at Dublin, 1763 — founds Society of United Irishmen, 86 * *3 6 4 TONGUES— TORELL1. 1793 — retires to America, 1795 — to France, 1796 — takes part in expedition of Gen. Hocke, Dec. 1796 — taken prisoner and condemned to death, 1798 — kills himself, 19 Nov. 1798. Tongres, {Tongern,) in Belgium, — ravaged and partly burnt by French, 1677 — taken by French, 1703. Church of Notre Dame, built, about 1240. Tongue, Dr, — joins Titus Oates in charge of Popish Plot, 1678. Tonk, in Hindustan, — Nawab of, instigates murder of uncle and cousin of the Thakoor of Lawa, with their followers, 1 Aug. 1867 — de- posed by British Government, Nov. 1867 — the sentence confirmed by Lord Mayo, in Council, 13 Mar. 1869 — application made to Imperial Parliament for further inquiry, 23 Feb. 1872. Tonningen, in Schleswig, — mentioned, 11 86 — raised to rank of a town, 1589 — rises into importance after construction of its harbour, 16 1 3 — fortifications strengthened by Duke Frederick IV., 1644 — capitulation of Gottorp signed at, 15 Nov. 1658 — besieged by Danes, 1660 — given up to them, 1675 — fortifications demolished, 1676 — recovered by the Duke and again fortified, 1679 — unsuccessfully besieged by Duke Albert of Wurtemberg for Frederick IV., 22 Apr. to 2 Jun. 1700 — taken by Swedes under Gen. Stenbock, 14 Feb. 17 13 — surrenders to Frederick Prince Royal of Denmark, 16 May 17 1 3 — capitulates to Danes, 17 Feb. 17 14 — Castle destroyed by Christian VI., 1734 — taken by Danes, Aug. 1850. Tonson, Jacob, bookseller, — ft., 1656 — ap- prenticed to Basset, 5 Jun. 1670 a — admitted to Stationers Company and begins business, 1678 — meetings of the Kit Cat Club held at his house, (Barn Elms,) from 17 03 — ft., 1728. a Knight. Tonstall, [Tunstall,) Cuthbert, Bp of Dur- ham, — ft. at Hatchford, Yorkshire, 1474 or 1475 — enters Baliol Coll. Oxford, about 149 1 — Vicar-general to Abp Warham, Aug. 151 1 — rector of Harrow, Dec. 15 11 — Prebendary of Lincoln, 15 14 — Master of the Rolls, May 15 16 — joint-ambassador with Sir T. More to Charles I. of Spain, at Brussels, 15 16 — again, 1517 — Dean of Salisbury, 1521 — Bp of Lon- don, Oct. 1522— Lord Privy Seal, May 1523 — ambassador to Spain, 1525 — accompanies Wol- sey to France, Jul. 1527 — takes part in nego- tiating Treaty of Cambray, 1529 — buys up Tyn- dale's New Testaments at Antwerp and burns them in Cheapside, 1529 — Bp of Durham, 1530 — committed to the Tower, Dec. 155 1 — deprived, 14 Oct. 1552 — restored by Queen Mary, 1553 — again deprived by Queen Eliza- beth, Jul. 1559— tr. at Lambeth, 18 Nov. 1559. De arte supputandi, 1522 — De Veritate Corporis et Sanguinis Domini in Eucharistia, 1554. Tonsure,— mentioned by Paullinus of Nola, as adopted by monks, about 400. Tontine, species of Life Annuity, — intro- duced in France by Lorenzo Tonti, 1653 — prohibited by Council of State, 1763. Tooke, John Home, politician, philologist, — b. at Westminster, 25 Jun. 1736 — enters Cambridge Univ., 1755— ordained priest, 1760 — with Wilkes, founds society for supporting the Bill of Rights, 1769 — M.A., 177 1 — resigns his living and begins to study for the bar, 1773 — prosecuted for libel and imprisoned, 1777 — a call to the bar refused by the Benchers, on the ground of his being a clergyman, 1779 — tried for treason and acquitted, 1794 — M.P. Old Sarum, 1801 — fc. at Wimbledon, 18 Mar. 1 812. Diversions of Purley, 17 86- 1805. Tooke, Thomas, economist, — ft. at St Peters- burg, 1774 — draws up Merchants' Petition in favour of Free Trade, 1820 — rj. in London, 26 Feb. 1858. History of Prices, 1838- 57. Tooke, William, litterateur, — ft. at Isling- ton, 18 Jan. 1744 — chaplain to English Fac- tory at St Petersburg, 1774-92 — rj. in London, 17 Nov. 1820. Life of Catherine LL., 1797 — View of the Russian Empire, 1799 — Sistory of Russia, 1800 — joint-editor of General Bio- graphical Dictionary, 1798. Tooke, William, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at St Petersburg, 22 Nov. 1777 — comes to Eng- land, 1792 — one of the founders and member of the Council of London University, 1823 — assists in founding Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1826— M.P. Truro, 1832— Pres. Society of Arts, 1862 — tt. in London, 20 Sep. 1863. Monarchy of 'France, 1855 — edition of Churchill's Poetical Works, 1804. Toplady, Augustus Montague, theologian, hymn-writer, — ft. at Farnham, in Surrey, 4 Nov. 1740 — ordained priest, 1762 — vicar of Broad Hembury, Devonshire, 1768 — removes to London, 1775 — tf. in London, n Aug. 1778. Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of the Church of England, 1774 — Scheme of Chris- tian and Philosophical Necessity asserted, 1775. Tbplitz, in Bohemia, — defeat of Prussians by Austrians near, 1762 — treaty of alliance be- tween Austria, Russia, and Prussia, signed at, 9 Sep. 1 813. Conference of, between emperors of Austria and Russia, and king of Prussia, held, Oct. 1835. Toranus. [Ruflnus.] Torbanehill Mineral, [Boghead Coal,) gas- coal, — found near Edinburgh, about 1853 — law-suit respecting nature of, 1853. Torbay, in Devonshire, — William, Prince of Orange, lands at, 5 Nov. 1688. Tordenskiold, Peter, (Wessel,) admiral,— ft. at Trondheim, 28 Oct. 1691 — serves in Danish navy, 1709-20 — Captain, Dec. 17 14— contributes to victory over Swedes, 24 Apr. 17 15 — ennobled, and his name changed to Tor- denskiold, by Frederick IV., Feb. 17 16 — Vice- admiral, 17 18 — storms Marstrand, Jul. 1719 — killed in a duel at Hanover, 20 Nov. 1720. Tordesillas, — Treaty of, between Spain and Portugal, for regulation of rights of commerce and discovery in Western Ocean, signed, 7 Jun. 1494.* a Prescott. Torelli, Giuseppe, mathematician, — ft. at Verona, 1721 — ft. there, 1781. Edition of Works of Archimedes, 1792. Torelii, Lelio, jurist, — ft. at Fano, 1489 — enters service of the Medici at Florence, 1531 — principal secretary to Grand Duke, 1546— ft. patrician of Florence, 1576. Digestorum seu TOEELLO— TOEEENS. 1365 Pandectarum libri I. ex Pandectis Jlorentinis reprtesentati, 1553. Torello. [See Ferrara.] Toreno, Don Jose Maria Queipo de Llano, Count or, Viscount of Mattarosa, states- man, historian, — fj. at Oviedo, 26 Nov. 1786 — visits England, 1808 — member of the Cortes, Feb. 181 1 — takes refuge in France, 1814-20 — again, 1823-32 — Minister of Finance, 1834 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pres. Council, 1835 — resigns, Sep. 1835 — again member of the Cortes, 1840 — tf. at Paris, 16 Sep. 1843. His- toria del Levantamiento Guerra y Revolution de Fspdna, 1835-7. Torfaeus, {Tor modus,) (Thormod Thorveson,) historian, — fo. in Iceland, 1640 — studies at Univ. of Copenhagen, 1654-7 — Eoyal Historio- grapher of Denmark, 1682 — tf., 17 19. His- toria rerum Norwegicarum ad annum 1387, 17 1 1 — Series dynastarum et regwn Danice, &c, 1702 — Historia Vinlandice Antique, 1705 — Groenlandia Antigua, 1706. Torgau, in Prussia, — passage of the Elbe by Prussians at, 1745 — attacked by Imperialists, 9 Aug. 1759 a — defended by Wolf ersdorf : ca- pitulates, 14 Aug. — Frederick II. defeats Mar- shal Daun at, 3 Nov. 1760.* league of, between Lutherans and Frederick the Wise, concluded, 1525. Articles of, presented by Lutherans to Elector John, 1530. Book of (Confession,) published, 1576 — which forms basis of the Formula Concordia, 1577. ■•Carlyle. Tornea, in Finland, — founded by Swedes, 1628 — visited by Charles XL, 1694 — captured by Eussians, 17 15 — observations of Maupertuis for determining figure of the earth, made at, 1736-7 — taken by Eussians, 23 Mar. 1809 — ceded to Eussia by Peace of Frederickshamm, 1809. Treaty of regulating boundary of Sweden and Eussia, concluded, 20 Nov. 18 10. Toro, in Spain, — Ferdinand of Castile defeats Alfonso V. of Portugal at, 1476. Laws of compiled, 1505. Toronto, in Canada, — founded by Governor Simcoe, and named York, 1794 — burnt by Americans, 181 3 — incorporated, and receives its present name, 1834 — head-quarters of rebellion, 1837 — Sir F. Head defeats rebels at, 5 Jan. 1838 — appointed seat of government alternately with Quebec, 1849 — partly burnt, 1849. Cathedral, (Anglican,) built, 1852. University, founded, 1843. Torpedoes, submarine mines, — used by Duke of Parma at siege of Antwerp, 1583 — by Eng- lish at Eochelle, 1628 — modern, invented and name adopted by Bushnell, 1776 — Fulton's invented, 1805 — in Crimean War, 1854-6 — electrical, attempted, 1855 — successfully used by Austrians, 1 859 — usecl in American War, 1 86 1-5 — parliamentary committee on, ap- pointed in England, 1863 — its Eeport prepared, close of 1868. Torquatus, — Consul with Salvius Julianus, (901, a. u. c.) 148. Torquatus, A. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul with Q,. Cassins Longinus, (590, a. u. c.) 164. Torquatus, C Bellicius, — (1.) Consul with M.'Acilius Glabrio, (877, a. u. c.) 124. (2.) Consul with Ti. Claud. Atticus Herodes, (896,) 143- Torquatus, L. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul with L. Aurelius Cotta, (689, a. u. c.) 65 — takes part against Catiline, 6^. Torquatus, L. Nonius Asprenas, — .Consul with M. Annius Libo, (881, a. u. c.) 128. Torquatus, T. Manlius,— [B C]— (1.) Consul with M. Fulvius Psetinus, (455, a. u.c.) 299. (2.) Consul with C. Atilius Bulbus, (519,) 235 — de- feats Sardinians and triumphs, gate of Janus shut : Censor with Q,. Fulvius Flaccus, resigns, 231 — Consul with Q. Fulvius Flaccus, (530,) 224 — first crosses the Po against Gauls : war in Sardinia, 217 — Dictator, for comitia, 208, 210. a (3.) Consul with Cn. Octavius, (589,) 165. a Smith's Diet. Torquatus, T. Manlius Imperiosus, — [BC] — serves under T. Quintius Pennus, and slays the Gaul, 361 — Dictator, against Cserites and Etruscans, 353 — Dictator, to hold comitia, 349 — Consul with C. Plautius Hypsceus, (407, A. u. c.) 347 — with C. Marcius Eutilus, (410,) 344 — with P. Decius Mus, (414,) 340 — defeats Latins, puts his son to death for breach of discipline : Dictator, 320. Torquemada, Juan de> {de Turrecremata,) Cardinal, — ft. at Valladolid, 1388 — enters Dominican Order, 1403 — attends Council of Constance, 141 7 — graduates at Paris, 1424 — Master of Sacred Palace, by Eugenius IV., 143 1 — as theologian of the Pope, assists at Councils of Basel, Ferrara, and Florence, 143 1-9 — receives title of Defender of the Faith, 1439 — ambassador to Charles VII. of France, 1439 — Cardinal, 18 Dec. 1439 — assists at assembly of bishops at Bourges, 1440 — Bp of Palestrina, 1455 — Bp of Sabina, 1464 — tf. at Eome, 26 Sep. 1468. Fxpositio super toto Psalterio, 1465 — Commentarii in decret. Gratiani part., 15 19 — Meditationes, 1467. Torquemada, Tommaso de, Inguisitor -gen- eral,— %. at Valladolid, about 1420 — while Prior of Dominican Order, at Segovia, is named Inquisitor-general of Castile and Aragon, by bulls of Sixtus IV., 2 Aug. and 17 Oct. 1483 — ■ promotes expulsion of Jews, 1492 — tf., 16 Sep. 1498. Torre, della. [See Milan.] Torre, Giovanni Maria della, natural philo- sopher, — h. at Eome, 17 13 — Librarian to King of Naples, and Keeper of Museum, 1754 — tj- at Naples, Mar. 1782. Scienza della Natura, 1749-50 — Istituzioni aritmetiche, 1752 — Storia efenomeni del Vesuvio,!^^ —Elementa physices, 1767. Torre del Greco, in Italy, — mentioned, 1324 — suffers from eruption of Vesuvius, 163 1 — destroyed by eruption, 1795 — again suffers, 1804, 1822 — almost destroyed by earthquake, 1857 — again, by eruption of Vesuvius, 8 Dec. 1861. Torregiano. [Torrigiano.] Torrens, Sir Henry, general,— f). at London- derry, 1779 — enters the army, end of 1793 — serves under Abercromby in West Indies, and is wounded at capture of St Lucia, 1 May 1796 1^66 TORRES STRAIT— TORTURE. — again wounded in action near Alkmaar, 2 Oct. 1799 — serves in^Egypt, 1801 — marries, 1803 — takes part in expedition to S. America, 1807 — military secretary to Sir A. Wellesley, accompanies him to Portugal, 1808 — Colonel, aide-de-camp to Prince Regent, 1812 — Adju- tant-general, Mar. 1820 — U. near Welwyn, 23 Aug. 1828. Torres Strait, between Australia- and New Guinea, — passed by Louis Vaez de Torres, 1606. Torres Vedras, in Portugal, — lines of, con- structed by Wellington, 1809-10 — occupied by him, 8 Oct. 18 10 — Massena arrives before, middle Oct. — retreats from, 14 Nov. Torricelli, Evangelista, mathematician, natural philosopher, — 6. at Faenza, a Piancal- doli, b 15 Oct. 1608 — invents the barometer, 1643 — tf. Prof. Mathematics at the Academy of Florence, 1647. Opera geometrica, 1644. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Torrigiano, Pietro, sculptor, — b. at Flor- ence, about 1470 a — quits England for Spain, 1519— tr. at Seville, 1522. Tomb of Henry VII., Westminster Abbey, 15 19. a Nagler. Torrijos, Don Jose Maria, general, — b. at Madrid, 20 May 1791 — distinguishes himself in the army, 1808-13 — imprisoned, 1817-20 — Field -marshal, by the Cortes, and Governor of Navarre and Basque Provinces, 1820 — com- mands against French, 1823 — capitulates at Carthagena, and takes refuge in England, 1823 — returns to Spain, and is shot with his companions at Malaga, 11 Dec. 1831. Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of, Lord High Admiral of England, — Rear-admiral, 1678 — raises siege of Tangier, 1682 — Joint- commissioner for office of Lord High Admiral, 1684 — Vice-admiral of England and Master of the Robes, 1685 — dismissed from his offices, Jul. 1687 — enters service of States of Holland, and is Admiral of fleet of William Prince of Orange, 1688 — First Commissioner of Ad- miralty, by William III., 1688 — attacks French fleet in Bantry Bay, 1689 — Baron Herbert and Earl of Torrington, 1689 — dismissed from commission of Admiralty, 1690 — defeated by Admiral Tourville off Beachy Head, 30 Jun. 1690— deprived of command and sent to the Tower, Aug. — tried by court-martial and ac- quitted, 19 Dec. 1690 — ts„ 13 Apr. 17 16. Torrington, George Byng, Viscount, ad- miral, — b. in Kent, 1663 — enters the navy, 1678 — goes over to Prince of Orange, 1688 — Rear-admiral, serves under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, 1703 — commands at taking of Gibral- tar, 1704 — distinguishes himself at battle of Malaga, 1704 — Knt, by Queen Anne, 1704 — Vice-admiral, sent to Barcelona, 1706 — takes part in capture of Alicante, 1706 — Admiral, 1708 — commands in the Mediterranean, 1709 — Bart., 17 15 — sent to the Baltic, 17 17 — charged with defence of Sicily, 17 18 — defeats Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro, 17 19 — Viscount Tor- rington, Baron Byng of Southill, 1721 — K.B., 1725 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 1727 — tf., 17 Jan. 1733. Torrington, George Byng, Viscount, ad- miral, — n. in London, 5 Jan. 1768 — enters the navy, 1778 — Lieutenant, 1790 — Post-captain, Jun. 1795 — captures French corvette, 1797 — resigns, May 1802 — resumes service, 1803 — succeeds his father as Viscount, .8 Jan. 181 3 — — Vice-admiral, 1821 — ft. in Kent, 18 Jun. 1831. Torsellino. [Tursellinus.] Torstenson, Lennart, Count of Ortala, general, — b. in Sweden, 17 Aug. 1603 — page to Gustavus Adolphus, 161 8 — distinguishes himself under Gustavus at battle of Leipsic, 7 Sep. 163 1 — and at passage of the Lech, 5 Apr. 1632 — taken prisoner at combat of Nurnberg, 24 Aug. 1632 — liberated, about Feb. 1633 — takes Landsberg, 1633 — Grand Master of Artillery, 1634 — serves against Poles in Prus- sia, 1635 — Commander-in-chief of Swedes in Germany, 1641 — defeats Austrians at Schwed- nitz, 21 May 1642 — again, at Breitenfeld, 2 Nov. 1642 — conquers Holstein, Schleswig, and Jutland, 1643 — defeats Gen. Gallas at Jiiter- bogk, 23 Nov. 1644 — defeats Austrians at Jankowitz, 24 Feb. 1645 — retires, 1646 — created Count, 1647 — Councillor of State, 1648 — tf. at Stockholm, 7 Apr. 1651. Tortola, one of the Virgin Islands, — Dutch settlement in, 1648 — Dutch expelled by Eng- lish, 1666 — devastated by hurricane, 29 Oct. 1867. Tortona, in Italy, — taken and destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa, 1155 — fortifications re- stored by Milanese, 11 57 — favoured by Fre- derick II., 1220 — assists him at siege of Par- ma, 1247 — becomes subject to the Visconti, 1346 — taken by Imperialists, 1706 — besieged and taken by French, 26 Jan. to 5 Feb. 1734 — taken by Spaniards, 14 Aug. 1745 — citadel capitulates, 3 Sep. — dismantled by French, 1796 — besieged by Russians, surrenders to them, 1799 — restored to French, 1800 — given up to Sardinia, 18 14. Tortosa, (Derdosa,) in Spain, — taken from Moors by Louis le Debonnaire, 811 — cru- sade against, proclaimed by Eugenius III., 1 148 — captured by Genoese, 1 148 — the women distinguish themselves in defence of, and Ray- mond, Count of Barcelona, institutes for them military Order of la Hacha, (the Flambeau,) 1 170 — taken by Duke of Orleans, n Jul. 1708 — unsuccessfully attacked by Stahremberg, 22 Oct. 171 1 — taken by Marshal Suchet, 1 Jan. 18 1 1 — evacuated by French, 18 14. Torture, of accused persons and witnesses, — sanctioned by code of Justinian, 530 — sanctioned in cases of heresy, by decree of In- nocent IV., 1252 — authorized in case of Knights Templars by Clement V., 1310. In Prussia, abolished by Frederick II., 3 Jun. 1740. In France, the question preparatoire discontinued by decree of Louis XVI., 24 Aug. 1780 — abol- ished, 9 Oct. 1789. In Pussia, abolition of, recommended by Empress Catherine, 1763 — effected, 1801. In England, applied to Tem- plars, 1 3 10 — in common use, from about 1460 — declared by Judges unlawful, 1628 — last instance on record, May 1640. In Scotland, abolished by Act 7 Ann. c. 21, s. 5, 1709. TOEY— TOULOUSE. [367 Tory,— comes into use as designation of political party in England, 1679. Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzo, astronomer, — b. at Florence, 1397 — one of the keepers of Florentine Library, 1427 — erects gnomon on the Duomo of Florence, 1846— tf. at Florence, 15 May 1482. Tostig, son of Earl Godwine, — banished, re- tires to Bruges, 105 1 — present at his father's death, 1053 — succeeds Siward as Earl of North umbria, early in 1055 — visits Home with his wife, 106 1 — takes part with his brother Harold in subjugation of Wales, 1063 — revolt of his subjects, outlawed, 1065 — on appoint- ment of Morcar to succeed him, retires to Flanders, about Nov. 1065 — ravages Isle of Wight, Apr. 1066 — repulsed at Isle of Thanet, ravages Lincolnshire, is defeated by Earls Ed- win and Morcar, and escapes to Scotland, 1066 —joins Harold Hardrada on the Tyne, Sep.— killed at battle of Stamford-Bridge, 25 Sep. 1066. Totila, Totilas, {Baduila,) Ostrogothic King of Italy, — proclaimed King, autumn 541 — twice defeats Eomans, winter 541-2 — occupies part of S. Italy, 542 — besieges Naples, before winter 542 — takes it, 543 — marches to- wards Eome, 543 — takes Tibur, 544 — takes several towns, spring 545 — forms siege of Eome, 545 — takes possession of Eome, 17 Dec. 546 — marches against Joannes and Lucanians, early in 547' — repulsed by Belisarius before Eome, 547 — takes Euscia, summer 548— joined by Ilaulph, 549— recovers Eome, takes Taren- tum and Ariminum, ravages Sicily, and takes Ehegium, 549 — restores Eoman senate, 551 — defeated and killed by Narses, Jul. 552. Tott, Francis, Baron de, diplomatist, $c, — b. at Champigny, 17 Aug. 1733 — lives at Constantinople, 1755-63 — in the service of the Porte, 1769-76 — lj. in Hungary, 1793. Me- moires sur les Turcs et Tartares, 1784. Toul, in Lorraine, (Tullum Leucorum,) — seat of a bishopric, 410 a — subject to Franks, from about 500 — Theodebert, king of Austrasia, defeated by Thierry, king of Orleans, at, 612 — ceded by Charles III. {the Simple) to the Em- peror, about 92 1 c — erected into a County, and governed by its bishops, 925 ^ — privilege of coining money exercised by bishops, from about 1025 — unsuccessfully besieged by Eudes, Count of Champagne, Oct. 1037 — treaty of alliance between Emperor Frederick II. and Philip Augustus of France concluded at, 19 Nov. 12 12 — obtains right of self-government from em- perors, by grants of 1365, 1397, and 1425 b — seized, with Metz and Verdun, {Three Bishop- rics,) by Henry II. of France, 1552 — assigned to France, by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 1558 b — and again by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 a — fortified by Vauban, 1700 — the see divided, 1777-8 — stormed by Eussians, 20 Jan. 1814 — invested by Germans, 14 Aug. 1870 — assault repulsed, 16 Aug. — bombardment commenced, 23 Aug. — surrenders to Grand Duke of Meck- lenburg, 23 Sep. — railway bridge near, destroyed by forces under Eicciotti Garibaldi, 22 Jan. 1871. [Franco-German War.] Cathedral, founded, 965— western front, by Jacquemin, 1447-96. Hotel de Ville, 1740. Councils of, held, 1 Jun. 350 ; before Charles the Bald, 14 Jun. 859. a conv. Lex. b Univers Pittoresque. c Diet, de la Conv. Toulon, in France, {Telo Martins, Telonis Partus,) — seat of a bishopric, 45 1 — destroyed by Saracens, 889, 1178, and 1196 — taken by Im- perialists under Constable de Bourbon, 1524 — by Charles V., 1536— royal dockyard establish- ed by Louis XIV., about 1678 — fortified by Vauban, 1678 — unsuccessfully attacked by Duke of Savoy, and English and Dutch fleets, 17 Jul. 1707 — ravaged by plague, 1721 — Ad- miral Matthews repulsed by French and Span- ish fleets off, 22 Feb. 1744 — given up to Eng- lish by Eoyalist inhabitants, 27 Aug. 1793 — besieged by Eepublicans, early in Nov. — taken, 19 Dec. — expedition of Egypt sails from, 18 May 1798 — expedition of Algiers sails, 25 May 1830 — fortifications extended, since 1840. Toulouse, County or Duchy of, — erected by Charles the Great for Chorson, (Torsin,) 778 a — deprived by Diet of Worms, and succeeded by William I., 790 — marches against Saracens and is defeated, 793 — takes part with Louis le Debonnaire in recovery of Barcelona from Saracens, 801 — retires to a monastery, 806 — tf., 28 May 812 or 813 — Eaymond Eafinel, 810 ? —Duchy diminished by separation of Septimania and Spanish Marches, 817 — Berenger, 818 ? — defeats Gascons, 819 — Duke of Septimania, 832 — Bernard (son of William I.) succeeds, 835 — William II., (son,) b., 826 — succeeds, 844 or 845 — with aid of Saracens, seizes Barce- lona, 848 — put to death as traitor, 850 — Fre- delon, 850 — Eaymond I. (brother) hered- itary Count, 852— Bernard, (son,) about 864 — Odo, {Eudes,) (brother,) 875 — acquires the Albigeois, 878 a — Eaymond II., (son,) about 918 — distinguishes hims.elf in battle with Nor- mans, 923 — Eaymond-Pons III., (son,) 923 — defeats Hungarians in Provence, 924 — acknow- ledges Eudolphas King of France, 932 — Wil- liam Taillefer III., (son,) 950— makes treaty of partition with Eaymond III., Count of Eouergue, 975 — marries Emma of Provence, about 990 — Pons, (son,) 1037 — inherits also part of Provence : William IV., (son,) 1060 — cedes his dominions to his brother Raymond IV., 1088, and goes to Palestine, 1092 — Bertrand (son) declared Count, 1096 — deprived by Wil- liam, Duke of Aquitaine, 1098 — reestablished, 1 100 — succeeds his father, 1105 — embarks for Palestine, Mar. 1109 — quarrels with Tancred at Antioch, 1109 — takes Tripoli, 10 Jun. 1109, and is named Count of Tripoli: tf., 21 Apr. 121 2 — Alfonso-Jourdain, (brother,) Count of Eouergue, b. in Palestine and baptized in Jordan, 11 03 — succeeds his brother 11 12 — de- prived by Duke of Aquitaine, 11 14 — restored, about 1 1 20 — besieged in Orange by Count of Barcelona, and delivered by Toulousans, 1123 — makes treaty with Count of Barcelona, 1 1 25 — makes pilgrimage to St Jago, 1 141 — founds Montauban, 1 144 — takes the cross at Vezelai, 1 146 — arrives at Acre, spring 1148 — ft. at Csesarea, Apr. 1148 — Raymond V. and Al- x 3 63 TOULOUSE— TOURNEUR. fonso II., (sons,) 1 148 — County claimed by Henry II. of England, 1 159— Raymond VI. , (son of Eaymond V.,) 1194 — Raymond VII., (son,) 1222 — Alfonso, son of Louis VIIL, marries daughter of Raymond VII., 1237 — Count of Poitiers, 1241 — goes on crusade, 1247 — succeeds his father-in-law, 1249 — captured by Turks, 5 Apr. 1250 — released, 6 May — arrives at Toulouse, May 1251 — again takes the cross, 1252 — embarks on crusade, spring 1270 — tf. at Savona, 21 Aug. 127 1 — County passes to Philip III. of France: formally united to the Crown, 1361. [Albigenses.] a Art de Verifier les Dates. Toulouse, in France, (Tolosa,) — [B C] — taken by Romans under Csepio, 106 — [AD] — seat of a bishopric, before 250 — capital of Visigoths, 412 — taken by Clovis, spring 508 — erected into a kingdom for Caribert, 630 — un- successfully attacked by Saracens under Zama, who is defeated by Eudes, 721 — head of a County or Duchy, by Charles the Great, 778 — [Toulouse, County or Duchy of] — seized by Louis VII., 1141 — unsuccessfully besieged by Henry II. of England, 1159 — parliament of, established by Charles VII. by edict of n Oct. 1443 — submits to Henry IV., 1596 — 'Welling- ton defeats Marshal Soult at, 10 Apr. 18 14 — the Commune proclaimed at, Mar. 1870— dis- turbances at an end, by 1 Apr. Academie des Joux Floraux, instituted, 1823. Councils of, against simony, marriage of 'ecclesiastics, and various abuses, held, 13 Sep. 1056; held by St Hugh, Abbot of Ciuny, about 1060; by same, against simony, 1068 ; to depose Frotard, Bp of Albi, for simony, 1079 ; to correct abuses, spring 1090; respecting succour to Alfonso of Aragon against Saracens, about Feb. 11 18; held by Pope Calixtus II. against Manichoeans, 8 Jul. 1 1 1 8 ; for recognition of Pope Alexan- der III. by kings of. France and England, about Dec. 1162 ; against heresy, and for estab- lishment of Inquisition, Nov. 1229. [Albi- genses.] Toumen, in Siberia, — founded, 1586. Toup, Jonathan, philologist,— b. in Corn- wall, Dec. 1713— M.A. Cambridge, 1756 — tf., 19 Jan. 1785. Emendationes in Suidain, 1760- 66 — Appendicula, 1775 — edition of Longinus, 1778. Tour, Maurice Quentin de la, painter, — ft. at St Quentin, 1704 — admitted to the Academy, 1746— rj. at St Quentin, 1788. Tour d'Auvergne. [Bouillon, Turenne.] Touraine, in France, — seized by Count of Anjou, 1044 — conquered and annexed to Crown of France, by Philip Augustus, 1202 — erected into a Duchy by King John, for his son Philip, Oct. i36o, a 1356 b — given to Archibald, Earl of Douglas, by Charles VI., 19 Apr. 1424 — finally reunited to the Crown, 1480. b a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Univers Pittoresque. Tourcoing, in France, — mentioned, 1146 — taken and destroyed by French, 1477 — burnt, 1566, 1607, and 17 10 — Moreau defeats allies at, 18 May 1794. Tourgu'enief, {Turgenew,) Nikolai Ivano- vich, miscellaneous writer, — ft., 1790 — mem- ber of Council of State, (of Russian Empire,) about 1 8 14 — joins Society of the Public Good, 1 8 19 — leaves Russia, 1824 — visits Paris, Lon- don, and Edinburgh, 1825-6 — condemned to death as a promoter of insurrection of Dec. 1825, 1826 — tr. at Paris, 10 Nov. 1871. La Fussie et les Fusses, 1 847 . Tourmaline, mineral, — its properties in- vestigated by Lernery, 17 17 — by iEpinus, 1756 — by Heberden and "Wilson, about 1758 — by Canton, 1759 — by Priestley, 1766-7. Tournament, — held at Strasburg, 840 a — first held in England, about 1140 — condemned by Council of Halle, 11 76 — held in Smithfield, London, Michaelmas 1390 — at Greenwich, 1 May 1536 — generally discontinued after death of Henry II. of France, 1559— representation of, at Eglinton Castle, 29 Aug. 1 839. a Nithard. Tournay, in Belgium, (Tomacwn, Turris Nerviorum,) — seized by Franks, under Clodion, 445, a 432 b — seat of a bishopric, 484 b — sacked by Northmen, 880 b — made part of County of Flanders by Charles the Bald, before 877 — ac- cepts protection of Philip Augustus, n 92~seized by Ferdinand of Portugal, 1 2 1 3 b — soon retaken by French : fortified by Philip the Fair, 1295 — besieged by Edward III., Jul. 1340 — reunited to Crown of France by Charles VII., about 1423 — unsuccessfully besieged by Duke of Guelder- land, 1477 b — taken by Henry VIIL, 29 Sep, 15 1 3 — administration of justice in, provided for, by Act 5 Hen. VIIL c. 1, 1514 — restored to France, 15 18 — taken by Imperialists under Count of Nassau, 152 1 — ceded to Emperor by Treaty of Madrid, 1525 — disturbances at, 1566 — revolts against Spaniards, and is subdued by Duke of Parma, 15 81 — taken by Louis XIV., 26 Jun. 1667 — ceded to France by Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1668 — citadel erected by Louis XIV., 167 1 — taken by Marlborough and Prince Eugene, 30 Jun. 1709 — ceded to Emperor by Treaty of Utrecht, 17 13 — placed in keeping of Holland, by Barrier Treaty, 17 15 — captured by Louis XV., 22 May 1745 — restored to Emperor by Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748 — dismantled, 17 81 — seized by French, 8 Nov. 1792 — retaken by Austrian s, 30 Apr. 1793 — Duke of York defeated by Pichegru near, 19 May 1794 — occupied by French, 30 Jun. 1794 — given up to Dutch by France, by Treaty of Paris, 18 14 — fortifica- tions restored, after 18 16. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Diet. Geog. Univ. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, botanist, — fo. at Aix, 5 Jun. 1656 — Prof. Botany, Jardin du Roi, Paris, 1683 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1692 — M.D., 1698 — visits the East, 1700-2 — Prof. Medicine, Coll. of France, 1702 — tf. at Paris, 28 Nov., a Dec. b 1708. Elements de botanique, {Institutiones rei herbarice,) 1694 — Voyage du Levant, 17 17. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Tourneur, Pierre le, translator, — ft. at Valognes, 1736 — ft. at Paris, 1788. Transla- tions of Young's Night Thoughts, 1769-70 — • Shakespeare's Flays, 1776-82 — Clarissa FLar- lowe, 1784-7. TOURNIQUET— TOWNSHEND. 1369 Tourniquet, in Surgery, — suggested by Morel, 1674 — perfected by Petit, 17 18. Tournus, in France, — Council of held by Guy, Abp of Vienne, 15 Aug. 11 15. Tourrette, Marc Antoine Louis Claret de la, naturalist, — 6. at Lyons, 1729— o\ there, 1793. Demonstrations Flementaires de Bo- tanique, 1766 — Voyage a Mont Piles, 1770. Tours, in France, (Cmsarodunum, Casar- omagus, Turoni,) — [AD] — visited by Hadrian, 120 — seat of bishopric, 250 — archbishopric, be- tween 425-455 — taken from Visigoths by Clovis, 507 — Charles Martel defeats Saracens near, 732 — ravaged by Northmen, 853 — con- quered by Count of Anjou, 1044 — ceded to Louis IX. by Henry III. and united to Crown of France, 1259 — States-General meet at, 1308 — truce between France and England concluded at, 1 Jun., a 28 May b 1444 — silk works established at, 1462-82 — States -General meet at, 1470, 15 Jan. to 14 Mar. 1484, May 1506 and 15 10 — parliament of Paris trans- ferred to, by edict of Henry III., Feb. 1589- 1594 — made seat of government delegation, Court of Criminal Justice, and Court of Cassa- tion, during German siege of Paris, 12 Sep. 1870 — [Franco-German War] — delegation removed to Bordeaux, 10 Dec. 1870 — surrenders to Ger- mans, but is not occupied, 21 Dec. — occupied, 20 Jan. 187 1. University, mentioned as existing, by Machiavel, 1500-20. Cathedral, founded by St Martin, 347— burnt, 561 — rebuilt by Gregory of Tours, about 575-590 — again burnt, 853 — rebuilt slowly and completed, 1550 — de- molished, 1793. Bridge over the Loire, built, 1762-77. Abbey of St Martin, destroyed, 1797. Treaty of, between John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany, and Charles VI., concluded, 26 Jan. 1392. Councils of, on discipline and cere- monial, held, 17 Nov. 567 ; on discipline and for correction of abuses, held by order of Charles the Great, Jun. 813; respecting relics of St Martin, Dec. 887 ; held by legate Giraud, against Berenger, 1050 ; by Hildebrand and Cardinal Gerard, against the same, who re- nounces his errors, and respecting dispute be- tween Emperor Henry III. and Ferdinand of Castile and Leon, 1055; to renew canons of Council of Vienne, 1 Mar. 1060; by Pope Urban II., to confirm decrees of Council of Clermont against Philip Augustus, Lent 1096 ; by Pope Alexander III., against Albigenses, (Manicheans,) and on discipline, 19 May 1163 ; respecting treatment of Jews by Crusaders, 10 Jun. 1236 ; for reformation, 1239 ; to condemn various abuses, 3-5 Aug. 1282 ; by Louis XII., respecting declaration of war on Pope Julius II., Sep. 15 10. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Annals of England. Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Count de, admiral, — b. at Paris, 1642 — Post- captain, 1666 — Lieutenant-general of naval armies, 1682 — bombards Algiers, 1688 — de- feats Dutch and English fleet off Beachy Head, 30 Jun. 1690 — burns Teignmouth, 1690 — defeated by Admiral Bussell, off La Hogue, 29 May 1692 — Marshal of France, 1693 — de- feats Dutch and English fleet off Cape St Vin- cent, 29 Jun. 1693 — blockaded in Toulon harbour by Admiral Bussell, 1694 — &. at Paris, 28 May 17 01. Toury, in France, — defeat of Gen. Beyan by Germans at, 5 Oct. 1870. Toussaint-Louverture, Negro Chieftain, — ■ b. in St Domingo, 1743— enters French army, Feb. 1794 — General of Division, 1795 — Com- mander-in-chief, Apr. 1796 — Governor for life, 1 801 — proclaimed outlaw by Leclerc, Feb. 1802 — arrested, 10 Jun. 1802 — tJ. at Castle of Joux, near Besancon, 27 Apr. 1803. Towcester, in Northamptonshire, — unsuc- cessfully besieged by Danes, 92 r. Tower of London, — White Tower (?) erected by Gundulf, for William I., about 1078 — State prison, as early as 11 00 — Stephen holds his Court in, 1140 — surrendered to Stephen, 1 143 — enclosed with wall by Longchamp, Bp of Ely, and held by him against Prince John, 1 1 90— described by Fitzstephen, before 1191 — begins to be used as arsenal, about 1200-10 — Menagerie begins to be formed, about 1235 — new walls built by Henry III., 1239 — fall of new walls, 1241 — outer mud wall pulled down by citizens, 1 3 1 6 — commission of inquiry into state of, appointed by Edward III., 1336 — Edward III. resides at, 1337-8 — entered and pillaged by insurgents under Wat Tyler, 1 38 1 — ceases to be Boyal residence, before 1597 — survey of, by Sir John Peyton, Governor, 1597 — visited and described by Paul Hentzner, 1598 — occupied by James I., 1604 — visited by king of Denmark, 1606 — Report of Com- mission on state of, published, 1623 — occupied for Parliament by Major-Gen. Skippon, 12 Jan. 1642 — visited by Charles II. at his coronation, 22 Apr. 1661 — repaired by Charles II., 1680-5 — seizure of, planned by Gordon rioters, 1780 — by Despard, 1803 — by rioters of 18 16-17 — by Cato Street conspirators, 1820 — by rioters of 1831 — the Menagerie removed to Zoological Gardens, 1 831— great storehouse burnt, 30 Oct. 1841 — seizure of, planned by Chartists, 1848 — State Papers removed from, 1857. Towers,— [BC] — moveable, used in sieges, first, in Sicily, 405. Towers, Joseph, political and miscellaneous writer, — b. in London, 1737 — Dissenting minister, 1774 — LL.D. Edinburgh, 1779 — fr., 20 May 1799. British Biography, 1766-72. Townley Gallery, Townley Marbles. [See Townley, Charles.] Townley, Charles, antiquary,— $., 1 Oct. 1737 — begins forming collection of Toivnley Marbles, at Bome, 1765-72 — tf. in London, 3 Jan. 1805. His collection of sculpture bought for the nation, 1805— bronzes, coins, and gems bought, 1 8 14. Townshend, Charles, 2nd Viscount, states- man, — b., 1676 — succeeds to the title, Dec. 1687 — marries, about 1699 — one of the Com- missioners to treat for Union with Scotland, 1706— joint-plenipotentiary at conferences of Gertruydenberg, 1709-10 — ambassador ex- traord. to States-General of Holland, 17 10 — loses his wife, 17 11 — marries again, 17 13 — i 3 7° TOWNSHEND— TRAIN. concludes the Barrier Treaty, 17 15 — Secretary of State and Prime Minister, 17 Sep. 17 14 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 17 17 — resigns, 10 Apr. 17 17 — Pres. Council, 1 1 Jun. 1720 — again Secretary of State, 10 Feb. 1721 to 15 May 1730 — K.G., 9 Jul. 1724 — ft. at Kainham, in Norfolk, 21 Jun. 1738. Townshend, Charles, statesman, — fc., 1725 — M.P., 1747 — Commissioner of Trade, 1749 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1751 and 1754— Treasurer of the Chamber, Nov. 1756 — secre- tary at War, 24 Mar. 176 1 to Feb. 1763 — First Lord of Trade and the Plantations, Mar. 1763— Paymaster of the Forces, 8 Jun. 1765 — Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2 Aug. 1766 — introduces resolutions for taxing N. American colonies, 2 Jun. 1767 — ft., 4 Sep. 1767. Townshend, Chauncy Hare, — fc., 1800 — B.A. Cambridge, 1821— M.A., 1824 — ft. in London, 25 Feb. 1868. Sermons in Sonnets, 1 85 1 — Mesmerism proved true, 1855 — Three Gates, 1859 — His Religious Opinions, 1869. Townshend, George, 4th Viscount, 1st Marquis, statesman, field-marshal, — ft., 28 Feb. 1 7 24 — distinguishes himself at Dettingen, 1743— at Fontenoy, 1745 — at Culloden, 1746 — at Lafeldt, 1747 — M.P. Norfolk, 1747 — marries Lady Charlotte Compton, Dec. 1751 — as Brigadier-general, takes part in expedition of Quebec, succeeds Wolfe as General-in-chief, 1759 — receives capitulation of the French, 18 Sep. 1759 — contributes to victory of allies at Fellinghausen, 1761 — serves in Portugal, 1762 — succeeds to the peerage, 12 Mar. 1764 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 12 Aug. 1767 — loses his wife, Sep. 1770 — Master-general of the Ordnance, 17 Oct. 1772 — marries again, May 1 7 7 3 — Earl of Leicester, 1 7 84 — created Marquis Townshend, 27 Oct. 1787 — ft., 14 Sep. 1807. Townshend, George Herbert, litterateur, — kills himself at Kensington, 23 Feb. 1869. Manuel of Bates, 1862 — edits Men of the Time, 1868— Handbook of 1868, 1869. Townshend, John, — h. in London, 1757 — minister of Independent Congregation, Ber- mondsey, 1784 — assists in founding Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 1792 — ft., 1826. Towton, in Yorkshire, — Edward IV. defeats Henry VI. at, 29 Mar. 146 1. Toynbee, Joseph, aural surgeon, — ft., about 1816—M.Ii.C.S., 1838— Pres. Quekett Club, 1866— ft. in London, 8 Jul. 1866. Trachalus, M. Galerius, — Consul with C. Silius Italicus, (821, a. u. c.) 68. Tract Society, American, — established at New York, 1825. Tract Society, Religious, — of Scotland, in- stituted, by Campbell, 1793. Of London, by Burder, May 1799. New .England, by Porter and Edwards, May 18 14 — chartered by Mas- sachusetts Legislature, 1 8 16 — its name changed to American Tract Society, 1823 — becomes branch of the New York Society, 1825 — separates, 1859. Tractarian {Anglo- Catholic) Movement, (Puseyism,) — originated at Oxford by pub- lication of Tracts for the Times, by Pusey, Newman, and Keble, 1833-41. Traction Engine, Bray's, — experiment with, in London, 23 Aug. 1862 — at Woolwich, 30 Dec. Tracts for the Times, [Tractarian Move- ment] — condemned by resolution of Vice-chan- cellor, heads of houses, and proctors, at Oxford, 15 Mar. 1841. Tracy, William, — takes part in murder of Becket, 1170. Trade, Board of. [Board of Trade.] Trade Marks, in Great Britain, — law re- lating to counterfeiting, amended hy Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 88, 7 Aug. 1862. Trades Outrages. [Trades Unions.] Trades Unions, in Great Britain, — regulated by Acts 6 Geo. IV. c. 129, 6 Jul. 1825, and 22 Vic. c. 34, 19 Apr. 1859 — proceedings of Com- missioners on, limited and regulated by Act 30 Vic. c. 8, 5 Apr. 1867 — Commission on out- rages, opens at Sheffield, 12 Jun. 1867 — closes, 8 Jul. — another at Manchester, Sep. 1867 — protection against larceny and embezzlement by members, provided by Act 31 and 32 Vic. c. 116, 31 Jul. 1868 — law relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 31, 29 Jun. 1871. Tradescant, John, naturalist, — living at Meopham, in Kent, 1608 — gardener to Charles I., 1629— ft., 1638. Tradescant, John, the Younger, — fc. at Meopham, Aug. 1608— gives his Museum of Natural History to Elias Ashmole, 15 Dec. 1657 — ft., 22 Apr. 1662. Museum Tradescan- tium, 1656. Trading Companies, — incorporation, re- gulation and winding up of, provided for by Act 25 and 26 Vic. c. 89, 7 Aug. 1862. Tradonico, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Giovanni Particiaco, Jun. 837 — his son, Giovanni, associated with him : makes a treaty with Slaves in Dalmatia, about 839— receives patrician Theodosius, about 840 — receives Em- peror Louis II. at Venice, 856 — assassinated, 15 Mar. 864. Trafalgar, Cape, in Spain, — Nelson defeats allied French and Spanish fleet off, 21 Oct. 1 805. Traffic, Street, in London, — regulated by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 134, 20 Aug. 1867. Tragedy, — [B C] — first named from prize of a goat, 589,3- 590 b — first made dramatic hy Thespis, 535 — masks first used by Thespis, 535 — female masks, by Phrynichus, 512-476 — contemporary history dramatized by Phryni- chus, 494 — satyric drama invented by Pratinas of Phlius, about 500 — Dialogus, the Trilogy, and other improvements of iEschylus, 500-456 — three actors and other improvements of Sophocles, about 460-440 — alterations by Eu- ripides, 450-420— at Borne, written by Livius Andronicus, 240. a Euseb. b Hieron. Traill, Robert, translator of Josephus, — it. at Lisburn, in Ireland, 15 Jul. 1793 — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, 18 14 — ordained priest, 1 820 — marries, 1 829 — parish minister of Schull, in Cork, 1830 — ft., 1847. Translation of Jewish War of Josephus, 1847. Train, Joseph, — becomes friend of Sir Walter Scott, 18 14 — presents to him the "Wal- lace Chair, 1824. Poems, with notes illustrative TRAINING TO ARMS— TRANSYLVANIA. i37r of traditions in Galloway and Ayrshire, 18 14. Training to Arms, in United Kingdom, — prohibited by Act 60 Geo. III. and 1 Geo. IV. c. 1, 11 Dec. 1819. Trajan's Bridge, — of stone, over the Danube built, 104-5 — destroyed by Hadrian, before 138. Trajanus, — defeats Sapor, 373 — assassinates Para, king of Armenia, 374 — defeated by Goths, 377 — killed at battle of Adrianople, 9 Aug. 378. Trajanus, M. Ulpius, Roman Emperor, (98- 117,) — b., 18 Sep. 52 — serves at the Euphrates against Parthians, 80 — praetor, before 86 — Consul with M.'Acilius Glabrio, (844, a. tj. c.) 91 — adopted by Nerva, Csesar, trib. pot., close of 97 — succeeds Nerva, Jan. 98 — enters Rome, 99 — sets out against Decebalus, defeats him, 101 — second war against Decebalus, 104, who is defeated, and kills himself: triumphs, 105 — sets out for war against Armenians and Par- thians, 106 — Armenia a province, 107 — con- ducts Parthian War, 115 — winters at Anti- och, 1 15-6 — sails down Tigris to the ocean, 116 — gives Parthians a king at Ctesiphon, 116 — tf., early in Aug. 117. Tralee, in Ireland, — monastery founded at, 1213 — taken by rebels, 1641 — taken by Wil- liam III., 1691. Tramways, Street, in England, — introduced, 1868— construction of, facilitated, and working regulated, by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 78, 9 Aug. 1870. Trani, in Italy,— defeat of catapan Eustasius by Normans at, about 1053 — receives charter from Bp of Worms, 12 15 — Frederick II. per- mits Jews to live at, 1221 — new castle built by him, 1233 — contest between French and Spanish knights, 1502. Tranquebar, in Hindustan, — Danish settle- ment in, about 16 16 — captured by British, 1807 — restored to Danes, 1 8 14 — purchased by British, 1846. Transfiguration, Feast of the, — established by Pope Calixtus III., 1457. Transfusion of Blood, in Surgery, — attempt- ed in case of Innocent VIII., 1492 — operation described by Lebavius, 16 15 — recommended by Blundell, 1824. Transit. [See Mercury and Venus, planets.] Transit Instrument,— invented by Roemer, about 1690 — described by Horrebow, 1735. Translation of bishops, — prohibited by Councils of Nice, 325 — of Antioch, 341 — of Sardica, 347. Transoxiana. [Turkestan, Bokhara, Sa- marcand.] Transpadane Republic. [Lombardy.] _ Transportation, in English law, — authorized as mode of punishment of moss-troopers by Act 1 8 Car. II. c. 3, 1666 — punishment of felons, by Acts 4 Geo. I.e. 2, i7i8,and6Geo. I.e. 23, 1720— discontinued on establishment of penitentiaries, 1775 — again authorized by Act 24 Geo. III. s. 2, c. 56, 1784 — law respecting, amended and consolidated by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 84, 21 Jim. 1824— amended by Act 11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm IV. c. 39, 16 Jul. 1830 — for life, in certain cases substituted for capital punishment by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 67, 13 Aug. 1834- parliamentary committees on, 1838 and 1839 — removal of prisoners under sentence of, to any prison in Great Britain, permitted by Act 10 and 11 Vic. c. 67, 9 Jul. 1847 —for terms less than 14 years, abolished by Act 16 and 17 Vic. c. 99, 20 Aug. 1853— entirely abolished by Act 20 and 21 Vic. c. 3, 26 Jun. 1857. Transsubstantiation, — doctrine of, main- tained by second Council of Nice, 787 — taught by Paschasius Radbert, ? 831— controverted by Rabanus Maurus, about 850 — by Lanfranc, about 1070— made a dogma of Roman Church and the term introduced by first Council of the Lateran, 12 15 — confirmed by Council of Trent, 11 Oct. 1551. [See Luther, and Carlstadt] In England, public disputations on, at Oxford and Cambridge, 1549 — declaration against, as qualification for office or franchise, imposed by Acts 30 Car. II. st. 2, 1677, and 3 Win and Mar. c. 2, 169 1 — abolished by Act 30 and 31 Vic. c. 62, 25 Jul. 1867. Transvaal Republic, in Africa, — estab- lished by emigrant Boers, 1848. Transylvania, [Dacia] — conquered by Stephen I. of Hungary, 1004 — invaded by Kumans, 1084-91 — Dutch settlers invited by Geisa II., 1143 — occupied by Emperor Manuel, 1167-72 — invaded by Mongols, 1240 — separate kingdom for Stephen, son of Bela IV., 1262 — reunited with Hungary, 1270 — again invaded by Kumans, 1282 — erected into a Duchy by Ludwig the Great, for his brother Stephen, 1344 — invaded by Turks, 1421 and 1433 — re- ceives doctrines of Luther, 1520 — insurrection in favour of John Zapolski, 1524 — treaty for erection of, into separate Principality, concluded between John Sigismund Zapolski and Ferdi- nand, Archduke of Austria, concluded, 1536 — John Zapolski, first Prince of, 1540 — Stephen Bathori elected to succeed him, 157 1 — Chris- topher Bathori, (brother,) 1576 — Sigismund Bathori, (son,) 158 1 — in alliance with Em- peror Rudolph carries on war with Turks, 1595 — marries Christina of Austria, Aug. 1595 — recognized as free Prince by Diet of Pres- burg, 1595 — takes part with Maximilian in expedition of Hungary, 1596 — cedes the Prin- cipality to Maximilian in exchange for Oppelen and Ratibor, 1597 — fails in attempts to regain it, and retires, 1602 — tf. in prison at Prague, 20 Mar. 16 1 3 — Rudolph, Emperor, 1602 — re- volt under Moses Tzekely, Jun. 1603 — sup- pressed, Sep. — another revolt, 1604, under Stephen Botskai, who defeats Imperialists, 5 Dec. — recognized Prince, Apr. 1605 — confirm- ed by Sultan, Nov. — recognized by Emperor and Porte, by treaty of 23 Jun. 1606 — tf., 28 Dec. 1606 — Sigismund Racoczi (Ragotzki) elected, 22 Feb. 1607 — abdicates, 1608 — tf., 16 1 3 — Gabriel Bathori elected, 1608 — ■ driven away by Turks, kills himself, 27 Oct. 161 3 — Bethlem Gabor, 161 3 — George Racoczi I. [Ragotzki) elected, 163 1 — George Racoczi II., 1648 — Kemeni Janos, 1660 — deposed by Turks, 166 1 — killed in battle, 1 Feb. 1662 — Michael Abafpi I. appointed by Turks, 1662— joins in truce of Teuieswar, 1664 — dis- *37 2 TRAPEZUS— TREBIZOND. possessed by Duke of Lorraine, 1687 — restored by Emperor : tf., Apr. 1690 — Michael Abaf- fi II., b., 1677 — succeeds bis fatber, May 1690 — unsuccessfully opposed by Count Eraeric Tekeli, 1690 — cedes bis States to tbe Emperor, 1694— If. at Vienna, 1 Feb. 1713 — [Ragotzki, Francis Leopold] — supremacy of Porte over, renounced by Peace of Carlowitz, 1699 — united witb Hungary, 1 7 1 3 — erected into Grand Principality by Maria Theresa, 1765 — insurrection of peasants, under Hora, Kloska, and Krisan, (Hora Insurrection,) 1784-5 — another peasant insurrection, 1848-9 — sack of Nagy Enyed, Jan. 1 849 — invaded by Russians, 1849 — separated from Hungary and made Crown-land of Austria, by Imperial constitution of 4 Mar. 1849 — former constitution restored, and separate Diet established, by decree of 20 Oct. i860— reunited with Hungary, Nov. 1865 — the reunion confirmed by Imperial Rescript, 17 Feb. 1867. Trapezus. [Trebizond.] Trappists, Order of, — founded in Normandy by Rotrou, Count of Perche, 1 140 — receives rule of Cistercians, 1 148 — refounded by Abbe de Ranee, 1636-62 — abbey suppressed, 1789 — restored, 18 17 — suppression of, enjoined by ordinance of Charles X., 16 jun. 1828, but not carried out : the monastery burnt, Aug. 1871. Traun, river in Austria, — Massena defeats Austrians on the, 3 May 1800. Trautenau, in Bohemia, battle of, — [Sohr] — Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia defeats Austrians at, 27 Jun. 1866. Travancore, in Hindustan, — factory of E. India Company established on the coast, 1673 — Raja of, included in treaty between the Company and Sultan of Mysore, 1784 — over- run and devastated by Tippoo Sultan, 1789-90 — placed under British protection by treaties of 1797 and 1805 — British subsidiary force with- drawn, 1832. Travendal, — Treaty of, between Charles XII. of Sweden and Frederick IV. of Denmark, for restitution of places in Holstein conquered by latter, signed, 18 Aug. 1700. Traversari, Ambrogio, (Ambrosius Camal- dulensis,) — ft. at Portici, 1378, a at Forli, 1386 b — General of his Order, 143 1 — assists at Councils of Basel, Ferrara, and Florence, 1435-9 — &■ a * Florence, Oct. 1439. Hodceporicon, 168 1 — Epistoke, 1759. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Treadmill, — introduced in prisons, about 1820. Treason, High Treason, in English law, — defined by Statute of Treasons, 25 Edw. III. st. 5, c. 2, 1352 — Acts creating, (since 25 Edw. III.,) repealed by Act 1 Mar. sess. 1, c. 1, 1553 — prosecutions for, regulated by Act 7 Wm III. c. 3, s. 2, 1695 — further regulations by Act 7 Ann. c. 21, 1708 — defence by counsel allowed to persons impeached of, by Act 20 Geo. II. c. 30, 1757 — further denned by Act 36 Geo. III. c. 7, 18 Dec. 1795 — made per- petual by 57 Geo. III. c. 6, 17 Mar. 18 17 — partly repealed by 11 and 12 Vic. c. 12, s. 1, 22 Apr. 1848— prosecutions for, further regu- lated by Acts 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 94, 28 Jul. 1800; 6 Geo. IV. c. 50, s. 21, 22 Jun. 1825, and 5 and 6 Vic. c. 51, 16 Jul. 1842. Punishment of, altered by Act 54 Geo. III. c. 146, 27 Aug. 1 8 14 — forfeitures for, abolished, and the law amended, by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 23, 4 Jul. 1870. Treason, Petit, — defined by Act 25 Edw. III. st. 5, c. 2, 1352 — benefit of clergy taken away by Act 12 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1520 — . punishable as murder only by Acts 9 Geo. IV. c. 31, s. 2, 27 Jun. 1828, and 24 and 25 Vic. c. 100, s. 8, 6 Aug. 1861. Treasurer, Lord High, of England, — office first put into commission, 16 12 — becomes Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, on union with Scotland, 1707 — office regularly vested in Commissioners since 17 15 — becomes Lord High Treasurer of United Kingdom, by Act 56 Geo. III. c. 98, 1 Jul. 1816. Trebbia, (Trebia,) river in Italy, — [BC] — Hannibal defeats P. Scipio and T. Sempronius on the, end of 218 — [AD] — Suwarof defeats the French, 17-19 Jun. 1799. Trebellius Pollio, historian, — fl., about 323. Trebizond, {Trapezus,) on the Black Sea, — [B C] — colony of Sinope, 756 a — reached by Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, 400— con- quered by Romans, 6^ — [A D] — port constructed by Hadrian, about 120-30? — taken by Goths, (Borani,) 268 — restored by Justinian, between 530-60 ? — rises into importance under Leo the Isaurian, 720-40 — threatened by Seljuks, 1071 — erected into an Empire for Alexius Comnenus, 1204 — unsuccessfully besieged by Seljuks, be- tween 1224-29 — visited by Rubruquis, 1253 — threatened by David, king of Iberia, 1282 b — plundered and burnt by pirates, 1314 13 — church and monastery burnt, 1 340 — ravaged by plague, 1347 b — visited by Clavijo, Apr. 1404 — unsuc- cessfully attacked by Turks, 1442 — capitulates to Mahomet I. and annexed to Ottoman Em- pire, autumn 146 1 — visited by Fallmerayer, 1840. a Euseb. b Finlay. Trebizond, Empire of, — erected for Alexius Comnenus, 1204 11 — tributary to Seljuks, be- fore 1222 — Andronicus I. (Ghidos) suc- ceeds, 1222 a — concludes treaty with Ala-eddin, 1224 — alliance with Gelaleddin, battle of Akhlat, i229, b 1230° — Joannes I., (Axou- chos,) 1235? — Joannices, 1238? — Manuel I. the Great Captain, 1238 ?— sends embassy to St Louis, 1253 — Andronicus II., 1263 — Georgius, 1266 ? — captured by Turkomans, 1280 — Joannes II. crowned Emperor of the Romans, 1280 — the Empire independent: re- ceives embassy from Michael VII I., 1281* — revolt under Papadopoulous, 1281 — marries Eudocia at Constantinople, Sep. 1282 a — in- vasion of David, king of Iberia, 1282 — deposed by his sister Theodora, 1285 — Joannes II. again, soon after: Alexius II., 1297-8 — de- feats invading Turkomans near Kerasunt, 1302 — rejects proposal for commercial treaty with Genoese, who set fire to the town, i3o6, d 1 3 1 1 e — allows Genoese to reestablish them- selves, by treaty of 9 Jun. 13 r5 a — invited by Pope John XXII. to aid in effecting union TREBONIUS— TRENT. 1373 of Greek and Latin Churches, 1329 — tf., 1330 — Andronicus III., 1330 — Manuel II., 1332 — Turkoman invasion repulsed, 1332 — Basilius, Sep. 1332 — Irene, Api\ 1339— civil war, *339 — dethroned, and succeeded by Anna Ana- choutlon, Jul. 1 341 — put to death, Sep. 1342 — Joannes III., Sep. 1342 — dethroned, and succeeded by his father, Michael, (Grand- Comnenus,) May 1344— war with the Genoese, 1348-9 — dethroned, 13 Dec. 1349 — Alexius III., Dec. 1349 — unsuccessful rebellion of Duke Mcetas, 1355 — tf., 1390 — Manuel III., ft., 1364 — named Emperor by his father, 1376 — succeeds him, 1390 — tributary to Timur, probably after spring of 1400 a — tf., 1417 — Alexius IV. fights against Timur, 1387, 1393, and 1400 — defeated, takes refuge with Bayazid, 1400 — succeeds his father, 1417 — Turkish in- vasion, 1442 — murdered, about 1446 — Jo- annes IV., {Kalo-joannes,) about 1446 — Da- vid, 1458 — conquest of, by Mohammed II., autumn 146 1. a Finlay. b Von Hammer. c Fallmerayer. d Paehymeres (in Finlay). e Panaretos (in Finlay). Trebonius, C.,— [BC] — quaestor, 60 — trib. pleb., 55 — proposes prolongation of power of triumvirs for 5 years : legatus to Caesar, 54-49 -praetor urbanus, 48 — pro-praetor in Hispania Ulterior, 47 — expelled by mutiny of soldiers : joins conspirators against Caesar, 44 — procon- sul in Asia, after Mar. 44— killed at Smyrna by Dolabella, 43. Tredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, — ft. near Durham, 22 Aug. 1788 — goes to London, 1813 — begins business on his own account, 1823 — tr., 28 Jan. 1829. Elementary Principles of Carpentry, 1820 — Strength of Cast Iron, 1821 — Steam Engine, 1827,. Trees of Liberty, — planted in France, by Jacobins, 1790 — again set up, at Paris, 1830 and 1848 — in Italy, 1848-9. Trembley, Abraham, naturalist, — ft. at Ge- neva, 1700 — F.R.S., 1743 — member of Grand Council, Geneva, 1757 — tf. at Geneva, 1784. Memoir es pour servir a I'histoired'un genre de polypes d'eau douce, &c, 1744. Tremellius, Emmanuel, theologian, — ft. at Ferrara, about 15 10 — comes to England, about 1548? — teaches Hebrew at Cambridge: re- turns to Germany, 1553 — tf. Prof. Hebrew, Univ. of Sedan, 1580. Latin Bible, 1575-9. Tremouille, Charlotte de la. [Derby, Countess of.] Tremouille, {Trenroille,) Henri Charles, Duke de la, Prince oe Tarentum, — ft. at Thouars, 17 Dec. 1620— assists at marriage of Prince William of Nassau to Mary of England, 1641 — marries Princess AmeHa of Hesse Cassel, about 1647 — distinguishes himself in War of the Fronde, 1649-51 — takes Rocroy x 1653- — imprisoned by Mazarin, about 1656 — enters service of States of Holland as Genei;al,i663 — renounces Protestantism, Oct. 1670 — q\, 14 Sep. 1672. Memoires, 1767. Tremouille, {Tremoille,) Louis II. de la, Viscount de Thouaes, Prince de Talmont, — ft., 1460 — commands expedition against Duke of Bretagne, 1487 — defeats him, and takes prisoner Duke of Orleans and Prince of Orange, at St Aubin du Cormier, 1488— be- sieges Rennes, 1491 — with French artillery, crosses the Apennines, 1495 — defeats Italian allies at Fornova, 6 Jul. 1495 — appointed Lieutenant-general of Poitou, Aivjou, &c. ; again commands army of Italy, 1500 — conquers Lombardy, and takes prisoner Ludovico Sf'orza, 1500 — Governor of Burgundy, 1500— fails in expedition against Naples, 1503 — distinguishes himself at Agnadello, 1509 — defeated by Swiss at Novara, 15 13 — successfully defends Bur- gundy, 15 1 3 — contributes to victory of Marig- nano, 15 15 — defends Picardy against allied Imperialists and English, 1522-3 — killed at battle of Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525. Tremulus, Q. Marcius,— [B C] — Constcl -with P. Corn. Arvina, (448, a. u. c.) 306 — again, (466,) 288. Trenchard, Sir John, statesman, — ft. in Dorsetshire, 1650 — M.P. Taunton, 1679 — im- prisoned, as Rye House conspirator, 1683 — supports Duke of Monmouth, 1685 — member of Convention Parliament, 1689 — Secretary of State, spring 1693 — tf., 20 Apr. 1695. Trenchard, John, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Dorsetshire, 1662, a 1669 b — M.P. Taunton, 1695 — fr., 17 Dec. 1723. His- tory of Standing Armies, 1698 — Independent Whig, 1720-3 — Cato' s Letters, 1720-3. a Engl. Cyc. b Rees and Chalmers. Trenck, Franz, Baron von, — ft. at Reggio, 1 Jan. 1711** i7i4 b — enters the Austrian army, 1722 — enters service of Russia, 1738 — returns to Austrian service, raises a body of Pandours, 1740 — attacks and destroys Cham, 7 Sep. 1742 — attempts capture of Frederick II. at Kolin, Sep. 1745 — kills himself at Gratz, 4 Oct. 1747/ i749- bc Leben und Thaten, 1807. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Biog. Univ. Trenck, Friedrich, Baron von,— ft. at Konigsberg, 16 Feb. 1726 — enters the army, 1742 — his intrigue with Princess Amalie, 1743 — escapes from prison at Glatz, 24 Dec. 1746 — arrested at Dantzic and imprisoned at Berlin, 1748 — released, 24 Dec. 1763 — settles in France, 1791 — guillotined at Paris, 25 Jul. 1794. Memoirs, 1787. Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, philoso- pher, — ft. at Eutin, 30 Nov. 1802 — Ph.D., 1826 — Prof. Philosophy, Univ. of Berlin, 1833 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1846 — secretary, (historico-philosophical class,) 1847 — member of Second Chamber, 1849-51 — tf., Jan . 1872. Elementa logices Aristoteliccs, 1837 — Logische Vntersuchungen, 1840 — Naturrecht auf dem Grunde der Ethi/c, i860 — Histor. Beitrdgen zur Fhilosophie, 1856-67 — Las Ebenmass, 1865 — Friedrich der Grosse .und sein Staatsminister Freiherr von Zedlitz, 1859 — Zur Er inner ung an Joh. Gottl. Fichte, 1862. Trent, in the Tyrol, (Indention,) — seat of bishopric, before 380 — Prince-bishopric, by Emperor Conrad, 1027 — conference of Louis of Bavaria with Ghibelline chiefs, 1327 — lord- ship of, united with the Tyrol, about 1363 — unsuccessfully attacked by Venetians, 1487 — 1374 TRENT— TREVISO. attacked by French, 1703 and 1735— occupied by Napoleon I., 5 Sep. 1796 — Austrians driven from, by Napoleon, 1797 — occupied by Gen. Macdonald, Jan. 1801 — see secularized and ceded to Austria, by Convention of 26 Dec. xg 2 — evacuated by French, Apr. 1809 — un- successfully attacked by them, 9 Jun. 1809 — taken by Bavarians, 17 Oct. 1809— retaken by Austrians, 23 Oct. 18 13. Council of against the Reformation, convoked for Mantua, by Paul III., May 1537 ; for Trent, by bull of Paul III., 22 May 1542; assembles, 13 Dec. 1545 ; second session, held, 7 Jan. 1546 ; third, 3 Feb. ; fourth, 8 Apr. ; fifth, 17 Jun. ; sixth, 13 Jan. 1547; seventh, 3 Mar.; closed by legates, and transferred to Bologna, eighth session, 1 1 Mar. ; ninth, tenth, and eleventh, at Bologna, 1547 ; protest of Emperor Charles V. against Bologna meeting, 1548; reconvoked for Trent, by bull of Julius III., 14 Dec. 1550 ; eleventh session, continued there, 1 May 155 1 ; twelfth, 1 Sep.; thirteenth, 11 Oct.; fourteenth, 25 Nov. ; fifteenth, 25 Jan. 1552 ; sixteenth, 28 Apr. ; then prorogued by Julius III. : reconvoked by bull of Pius IV., 29 Dec. 1560 ; meets again, seventeenth session, 18 Jan. 1562 ; eighteenth, 26 Feb. ; nineteenth, 14 May; twentieth, 4 Jun. ; twenty-first, 16 Jul. ; twenty-second, 17 Sep. ; twenty-third, 15 Jul. 1563 ; twenty-fourth, n Nov. ; twenty- fifth, 3 Dec. ; closed, 4 Dec. 1563 ; Acts of, confirmed by bull of Pius IV., 26 Jan. 1564. Commemoration of Council, held, 20 Jun. 1863. Trent, The, British Hail Steamer, — inter- cepted by United States war steamer, San Jacinto, Commander Wilkes, Confederate Com- missioners Mason and Slidell seized and carried off, 8 Nov. 1 86 1 — news received in London, 27 Nov. — vote of thanks to Commander Wilkes passed by Congress, 4 Dec. — surrender of Commissioners demanded by British Govern- ment, 23 Dec. — troops and stores sent to British N. America, 23 — surrender agreed to, 27— Commissioners given up to Lord Lyons, at Washington, 28 Dec. — news of surrender received in England, 8 Jan. 1862 — Commis- sioners arrive at Southampton, 29 Jan. Trento, Antonio da, {Antonio Fantuzzi ?) engraver, — b. at Trente, about 1500 — living in 1545- Trenton, in New Jersey, U. S., — Washing- ton defeats British and Hessian troops at, 26 Dec. 1776 — capital of New Jersey, 1790 — in- corporated as a city, 1792. Trentschin, battle of. [See Ragotski, F. L.] Tresilian, Sir Robert, Chief Justice of King's Ben-ch, — Fellow of Exeter Coll. Ox- ford, about 1354 — Justice of King's Bench, 6 May 1378— Chief Justice, 22 Jun. 1381 — tries and condemns adherents of Wat Tyler, 1381 — attends Council at Nottingham, and compels Judges to condemn commission of barons, 25 Aug. 1387 — appealed of treason, 17 Nov. 1387 — tried and condemned to death, 3-13 Feb. 1388 — captured and hung at Tyburn, i9, a 18 b Feb. B Foss. b Annals of England. Tressan, Louis Elisabeth de la Vergne, Count de, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Mans, 4 Nov. 1705 — enters the army, 17 15 — serves as aide-de-camp to the king at siege of Tournay and at battle of Fontenoy, 1745 — Lieutenant- general, 1747 — F.R.S. London, and member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1750 — Grand Marshal to King Stanislaus, 1750 — received at French Academy, 25 Jan. 17 81 — rj. at Paris, 31 Oct. 1783. (Euvres choisies, 1787-91. Treves, {Trier,) in Prussia, {Augusta Tre- virorum,) — [B C] — taken by Csesar, 55 — [AD] — becomes residence of the Caesar, after 292 — seat of Archbishopric, as early as 314 — pil- laged by Vandals, 399 — taken'by Franks, 411 or 412 — again sacked, about 420 and 440 — seized by Franks, 463 — assigned to Lorraine, 843* — to Germany, 870 s — again to Lorraine, 895 a — head of a County, government conferred on Archbishop, by Zwentibold, Duke of Lor- raine, 898 — Electorate, probably 1016 b — visited by Emperor Frederick II., Jan. i2i9 c — first confirmation of Elector by Emperor Louis of Bavaria, 1339 b — treaty concluded between the Dauphin and the Emperor at, 1445 b — unsuccessfully besieged by Franz von Sickingen, 1523 b — the city besieged by Elector, 1568 b — taken by Marshal d'Estrees, 20 Aug. 1632 d — surprised by Spaniards, 26 Mar. 1635 d — capitulates to French, 8 Sep. 1673 d — re- covered by Spaniards, 6 Sep. 1675 d — again occupied by French, 1684-97 — alliance with England against France, 1702 — taken by Marlborough, 1704 — partly burnt, 1717 — .occupied by French, 8 Aug. 1794 — ceded to France by Treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — Archbishopric and Electorate abolished, by Peace of Luneville, 1801 — assigned to Prussia by Congress of Vienna, 1814, University of, founded, 1454-72 — extended, 1722 — con- verted to Central School, 1797. Church of our Lady, built, 1227-43. Councils of, to admit Bp Ithacius to communion, 385 ; for re- formation of clergy, 927 ; for excommunication of Hugh, Count of Paris, 6 Sep. 948 ; for translation of relics of St Maternus, 20 Oct. 1037 ; held by Pope Eugenius III. for ex- amination of writings of St Hildegarda, Dec. 1 147 or Jan. 1148; respecting sacraments and duties of the clergy, 1 Mar. 1227 ; on dis- cipline, 1238; on the same, 28 Apr. 1310; respecting clergy, 1337 ; against doctrines of Wickliffe and Huss, 26 Apr. 1423. Holy Coat of exhibited to pilgrims at centenary Jubilee, 1844. a Conv.-Lex. b Meyer, Conv. -Lex. c Kington. d Art de Verifier les Dates. Trevigi. [Treviso.] Trevigi, (Trevisi,) Girolamo da, painter, — b. at Trevigi, 1497 or 1508 — rj. architect and engineer to Henry VIII., before Boulogne, Sep. 1544. Trevisani, Francesco, painter, — b. at Capo d'Istria, near Trieste, 10 Apr. 1656 — ft. at Rome, 30 Jul. 1746. Treviso, Trevigi, in Italy, {Travisium,) — residence of Attila, about 400 — of Totila, 544 a —joins Lombard League, 11 67 — expels Ec- celino, 11 83 — forms alliance with Verona, &c, 1209 a — joins second Lombard League, 1226 b — takes part in attack on Verona, 1236 b — sur- TREVITHICK— TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS. 1375 renders to Frederick II., 1237 b — visited by him, spring 1239 b — revolts under Alberic of Romano, May 1239 b — ravaged by Frederick, May b — resists Eccelino, 1243 — attacked by Patriarch of Aquileia, 1243 b — submits to Frederick, 1 245 — conquered by Francesco della Scala, 1329 a — ceded to Venice by Mastino della Scala, 24 Jan. 1339 c — submits to Venice, 1344* — devastated by earthquake and pes- tilence, 1 348 a — attacked by Leopold, Duke of Austria, 1376 — ceded to him by Venice, 2 May 1 38 1 — sold to Francisco Carrara, 1383 — re- covered by Venice, Dec. 1388 — unsuccessfully attacked by army of League of Cambray, 1509 — occupied by French, 1797 — given up to Austrians, 1798 — included in kingdom of Italy, 1805 — combat between French and Austrians near, 5 May 1809 d — restored to Austria, 18 14 — invested by Austrians, n May 1848 — capitu- lates, 24 Jun. 1848. Armistice of, between Austrians and French, agreed to, 16 Jan. 1801. a Meyer, Conv.-Lex. b Kington. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Conv.-Lex. Trevithick, Kichard, engineer, — takes out patent for high-pressure steam-engine, 1802 — ^oes to Peru, 18 16. Trevor, Sir John, statesman, — ft. in "Wales, 1626 — enters service of Chai'les II., about 1660 — envoy to France, negotiates treaties of St Germain-en-Laye, 15 Apr. 1668, and Aix-la- Chapelle, 2 May 1668 — Knt, 1668— Secretary of State, Sep. 1668— ft., 28 May 1672. Trevor, Sir John, — b., 1633 — enters Inner Temple, Nov. 1654 s1 — called to the bar, May 166 1 — T£nt, Jan. 167 1 — M.P., 1679 — Speaker of the House of Commons, May 1685 — Master of the Rolls, 20 Oct. 1685 a — Privy Councillor, 6 Jul. 1688 — again Speaker, Mar. 1690 — Com- missioner of the Great Seal, 14 May 1690 — expelled the House for bribery, 16 Mar. 1695 — tf. in London, 20 May 17 17. a Foss. Trevoux, in France, (Trivaltium, Trivortium, Trivium,) — Severus defeats Albinus at, 198 — suffers in war between Dukes of Bourbon and Savoy, 1431 — printing-press established by Prince of Dombes, 1695. Journal de, publish- ed by Jesuits, 170 1-4 — Bictionnaire de, 1704. Trew, Christopher James, anatomist, bo- tanist, — fc. iu Franconia, 26 Apr. 1695 — M.D. Altdorf, 17 16 — Pres. Academy of Naturce Guriosi, Vienna, 1746 — tr. at Nurnberg, 18 Jun. 1769. Flantce selectee, 1750-60 — Amce- nissimce Florum imagines, 1750. Trezzo, in Italy, — Marco Visconti defeats the Guelfs of Milan under Raymond of Car- dona at, 25 Feb. 1323. Triarius, L. Valerius, — [BC] — qusestor urbanus, 8 1 — propraetor in Sardinia, repels Lepidus, 77 — defeated, and his army destroyed by Mithridates, near Zela, 68. Tribes, at Rome, — [BC] — (mythic, 30, by Servius Tullius, afterwards reduced to 21,) — increased to 25, 387 — to 27, 358 — to 29, 332 — to 31, 299 — to 35, 241. Tribolo, II, (Nicolo Braccini,) sculptor, — 6. at Florence, about 1500 — employed at Bologna, 1525 — ft. at Florence, 7 Sep. 1550^ 1565. b a Ticozzi. b Vasari. Tribonianus, jurist, — fc. at Side, in Pam- phylia, about 500,°- 475 b — Commissioner for Code of Justinian, 528 — for the Digest, 530 — banished from the Court, 531 b — ts., 547, a 545. b a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Tribunes, (Military,) at Rome, — [BC] — "with consular power, elected, 444 — increased to 6, 405 — office abolished by Licinian Law, 367 — elected by the people, 361 — election of 16 for the 4 legions, 311 — of 4 out of 23, 207 — election nominal, 171 — election of 4, 169— of 4 out of 8, 168 — [AD] — appointed by Em- peror, after 14. Tribunes {JEr'ariari) at Rome, — [BC] — ■ receive a judicial power by Aurelian law, 70. Tribunes of the Plebs, at Rome,—[BC]~~ appointed after secession of the plebs, (260, A. u. c.) 494 — elected by comitia tributa, by Publiliau law, 47 1 — authority enhanced by law, shortly before 46 1 a — ten tribunes first elected, 457 — assume right to convoke senate, 456 — office suspended during decemvirate, 451- 449 — persons declared inviolate by Horatian law, 449— present at deliberations of senate, after legislation of decemvirs, 449 — take auspices in assembly of the tribes, from about 449— Vale- rian laws, 449 — unanimity required, 394-393 — ex officio senators, by Atinian plebiscitum, 132 ? — [AD] — power of, reduced by Nero, 54-68 — office continued to 400. a Niebuhr. Tribunitial Power, (Tribunitia Fotestas,) — [B C] —restored by Pompey, 70. Tribunus, physician, — at Court of Chosroes Tributum, — [B C] — remitted at Rome, after Macedonian War, 147 — reimposed, 43. , Trichina, parasitic worm, — discovered and described by Owen and Paget, independently, 1835 — investigated by Virchow and Leuckart, i860. Trichmopoly, in Hindustan, — taken by Mahrattas, 1741 — taken by Nizam ul Mulk, 1743 — besieged by French, relieved by Captain Calliaud, May 1757 — comes under British rule, 1801. Tricolor, The, — adopted as national flag of France, 1789. Tricostus, L. Virginius,— [B C] — Consul with C. Julius lulus, (319 and 320, a. v. c.) 435 and 434. Tricostus, Opiter Virginius,— [B c]— Con- sul with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, (252, a. u. c.) 502. Tricostus, T. Virginius,— [BC]— (1.) Con- sul with A. Postumius Albus Regillensis, (258, A. U. c.) 496. (2.) {Cozlimontanus) Consul with Lar Herminius Aquilinus, (306,) 448. Tricostus Ccelimontanus, A. Virginius,— [BC]— (1.) Consul with T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus, (260, a. u. c.) 494. (2.) Consul with T. Numicius Priscus, (285,) 469. Tricostus Ccelimontanus, Sp. Virginius, — [B c] — Consul with M. Valerius Maximus, (298, a. u. c.) 456. Tricostus Rutilus, Proculus Virginius, — [B C] — Consul with Sp. Cassius Viscellinus, (268, a. u. c.) 486. Triennial Parliaments, in England, — ap- *37 6 TRLERARCHY— TRIPOLIS. pointed to be held by Acts 16 Car. I. c. 1, 15 Feb. 1641, 16 Car. II. c. 1, 1664, and 6 and 7 "Wm and Mar. c. 2, 1694. [Septennial Act.] Trierarchy, at Athens,— [& C] — altered from an individual to collective service, by law of Periander, 358 — attempt of Demosthenes to remedy the evils, 354. Triers, Board of, — appointed by Cromwell, Mar. 1653. Trieste, in Austria, (Tergeste,) — [BC] — mentioned, 51 — [AD] — revolts against Venice, 1368 a — besieged by Venetian fleet, Jul. 1368 a —relief of, attempted by Leopold, Duke of Austria; surrenders, Nov. 1369 s — ceded to Aus- tria, 1382 — made a free port by Emperor Charles VI., 17 19 — occupied by French, 1795- 1805 — annexed to Illyria by Napoleon I., 1809 — capitulates to allies, 31 Oct. 18 13 — restored to Austria, 18 14 — blockaded by Italian fleet, May to 12 Aug. 1848 b — again, Mar. to Sep. 1849 13 — declared in state of siege, 22 Jun. 1866. Tergcsteum, built, 1842. 11 Art de Verifier les Dates. b Conv.-Lex. Trigonometrical Survey. [Ordnance Sur- vey.] Trimmer, Sarah, miscellaneous write?', — fj. at Ipswich, 6 Jan. 1741 — marries Mr Trimmer, 1762 — tf., 15 Dec. 1810. Sacred History, 1782-5. Trincavelli, Victor, (Tnncavelius,) physi- cian, — fj. at Venice, 1496— Prof. Medicine, Pa- dua, 1551 — fc. at Venice, 21 Aug. 1568. Opera Medica, 1586. Trincomalee, in Ceylon, — taken by Portu- guese, 1622 a — taken from Portuguese by Dutch: seized by French, 1673 — restored, 1674 — again seized by French, 1782 — restored to Dutch, 1783— surrenders to British, Aug. 1795 — ceded to them by Treaty of Amiens, 1 801. Temple of a Thousand Columns, demol- ished by Portuguese, i622. a a Tennent. Trinidad, island of West Indies, — discovered bv Columbus, i, a 31b Jul. 1498 — Spanish settlement, about i5io, a 1532 sited by Raleigh, 1595, 1593 ac — pillaged by French 1674,* 1676 h — taken by Sir R. Abercromby, 1797 — ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802 — the capital burnt, 24 Apr. 1808 —again, 1809. a Bayley. b Martin. c Macculloch. Trinitarians, Order of,— formed for ran- soming captives from Moors, 11 98 — reformed, 1578. Trinity, — term first used in theological sense by Synod of Alexandria, 317 — doctrine estab- lished by Councils of Nicaea, 325, and Con- stantinople, 381. In England, denial of, sub- ject to penalties of blasphemy, by Act 9 "Win III. c. 35, 1697-8 — impugners relieved from penalties by Smith's Act, 53 Geo. III. c. 160, 21 Jul. 18 13 — relief extended to Ireland by Act 57 Geo. III. c. 70, 7 Jul. 1 817. Trinity, Fraternity of the Holy,— founded at Rome by St Philip Neri, 1548. Trinity College, Dublin University, — incor- porated by Queen Elizabeth, 3 Mar. 159 1 — obtains privilege of representation in parlia- ment, 1613 — new charter by Charles I., 1637 — Royal Commission of inquiry into state of, appointed, 1851 — Report of Commission pre- sented, 1853 — statutes revised by Letters Pa- tent, 31 Jun. 1855. Trinity College, Rartford, Conn. U. S.,~ chartered as Washington Coll., 1823— organ- ized, 1824. Trinity College, Cambridge, — founded as Cardinal Coll. by Wolsey, 1524 — refounded as King Henry's Coll., 27 Sep. 1532 — fur- ther endowed, and receives present name, 1546. Trinity College, Oxford, — founded by Sir Thomas Pope, 18 Mar. 1556. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, — founded by Wil- liam Bateman, Bp of Norwich, 1350. Trinity House, (Corporation of Elder Brethren op the Holy and Undivided Trinity,) — established for encouragement of navigation, by Henry VIII., i5i2, a i5i8, b 1515° — build their first lighthouse, 1680 — privileges of, confirmed by James II., 1685 — ■ jurisdiction over Irish lighthouses conferred by Act 52 Geo. II T. c. 39, 20 Apr. 18 12— light- houses on coast of England vested in, by Act 6 and 7 Vv r m IV. c. 79, Aug. 1836 — further regulations by Act 17 and 18 Vic. c. 104, 10 Aug. 1 854. a Annals of England. b Chambers's Encyc. c Rees' Cyc. Trinity Sunday, — observance of, enjoined by Council of Aries, 1260 — established as common Church festival, by Pope John XXIII. , 1334- Trinobantes, British tribe, — [B C] — make terms with Caesar, 54 — [AD] — resist Claudius, 43- Triple Alliance, — (1.) Between Great Bri- tain, Netherlands, and Sweden, against France, formed, 28 Jan. 1668. (2.) Of the Hague, between Great Britain, France, and Holland, to resist designs of Cardinal Alberoni, formed, 4 Jan. 1717. Tripoli, in Africa, (Hegio Syrtica,) — [BC] — forms part of Roman province of Africa, 146 — [A D] — oppressed by Count Romanus, 366 — revolts under Firmus, 372 — conquered by Vandals, about 440-50 — recovered by Beli- sarius, 534 — conquered by Saracens, under Amrou, (21, a. h.) 641 — town besieged by Egyptians, 877 and 1054 — seized by Roger II. of Sicily, 1 146 — retaken and the walls razed by Yakub, 1 1 84 — taken from kings of Tunis by Spaniards, about 15 10 — ceded to Knights of St John by Charles V., 1530 — taken from them by troops of Sultan Solyman, 155 1 — seat of pirates, under Dragut, from 155 1 — bombarded by French fleet, submits to Louis XIV., 1683 — revolt under Hamet Caramauli, who makes the government hereditary in bis family, 17 13 — threatened by British squadron, 18 16 — abolishes slavery and piracy, 18 16 — rule of Caramauli family terminated, 1832. Tripolis, in Syria, — [B C] — joins in revolt of Phoenician cities against Ochus, 351 — Deme- trius Soter lands at, 161 — [AD] — destroyed by earthquake, 494 — taken by Saracens, (17, a. h.) 638 a — taken by crusaders, 1108 — attacked by Saladin, and defended by Conrad of Mont- ferrat, about 11 88 — taken and burnt by TRIPOLITZA— TROND. r 377 Kelaoun, sultan of Egypt, (11 Rabia I. 687,) 15 Apr. 1288. a Conde. Tripolitza, in Greece, — capital of the Morea, 17 1 8 * — the Mainotes defeated by Turks, 9 Apr. 1770 a — the Albanians defeated by Turks, 10 Jun. 1779 a — taken and sacked by Greeks, Oct. 182 1 — seat of Greek government, 23 Apr. 1823 a — retaken by Ibrahim Pasha, 23 Jun. 1825 — destroyed and abandoned by him, 1828. [Greek Revolution.] a Conv.-Lex. Triremes, — [BCJ — first built by Ameinocles of Corinth, about 700 — introduced at Athens, by Themistocles, probably 483. Trissino, Giovanni Giorgio, poet, — ft. at Vicenza, 8 Jul. 1478 — tf. at Rome, Dec. 1550. Sofonisba, written about 15 14 — printed, 1524 — Italia liber ata dai Gotti, 1525. Tristam, Nuno, maritime discoverer, — ac- companies Antam Gonsalves to west coast of Africa, 1441 a — reaches and names Cape Branco, 1441 a — discovers and names Gete (island of Arguim) and Ilhadas Garcas, 1443 a — makes another voyage, reaches the country of the Blacks, 1445 a — reaches the Rio Grande, and is killed with most of his crew by the natives, I44.6. a a Major. Tristan da Cunha, islands in S. Atlantic Ocean, — discovered by Tristan da Cunha, 1506. Tritheim, Johann, (Trithemius,) historian, theologian, — h. at Trittenheim, near Treves, 1 Feb. 1462 — enters Benedictine Order at Span- heim, 1482 — Abbot of Spanheim, 29 Jul. 1483 — Abbot of Wurtzburg, 1506 — tf. there, 27 Dec. I5i6, a i5i8. b De Scriptoribus ecclesias- ticis collectanea, 1494 — De Luminaribus Ger- manics, 1495 — Bpistolce, 1536 — De laudibus ord. Carmelitarum, &c, 1492 — Curiositas Regia, 15 1 1 — Sermones ad Monachos, 15 16 — Poly- graphia, 15 1 8 — Steganographia, 153 1. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Gen. Biog. Trithen, Frederick Henry, Orientalist, $c, — 6. in Switzerland, Feb. 1820 — comes to England, about 1841 — assistant in British Museum, 1844-5 — visits Russia, Turkey, and Egypt, 1845-7 — Prof. Modern European Languages, Taylor Institution, Oxford, 1848-50 — tf. near Odessa, 27 Apr. 1854. Triumph, Roman, — not allowed to a subject, after 14 — triumph of Belisarius over Vandals, 534- Triumphal Arch, at Rome, — [BC] — first built by Stertinius, about 196. Triumvirate, — [B C] — first, so called, of Csesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed, 60 — second, of Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, constituted for 5 years, 27 Nov. 43 to 31 Dec. 38 a — renewed, 1 Jan. 37 to 31 Dec. 33 a — [AD] — op Guise, in France, formed by Duke of Guise, Constable de Montmorency, and Marshal de St Andre, against Huguenots, 1561. Triumvirs, Roman, — [B C] — judges of capital offences, appointed, 292 — reipublicce comtituendce, (Coesar, Antony, Lepidus,) ap- pointed, 43 — reappointed, 37. Trivet, {Try vet, T revet, Trivcth, §c ,) Nicho- las, historian, — b. in Norfolk, about 1258 ? — tf. prior of Dominican monastery, London, 1328. Trivulzio, Gian Giacopo, general, — 6. at Milan, about 1447 — serves in allied army of Duke of Milan and the Pope against Yenice, 1483 — in service of Alfonso II. of Naples, sur- renders Capua to French, Feb. 1495 — enters service of Charles VIII. of France, 1495 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Taro, defends Asti, 1495 —conquers the Milanese for Louis XII., and is named Marshal of France and Governor of Milan, 1499 — defeats and captures Ludovico Sforza at Novara, Api\ 1500 — dis- tinguishes himself at battle of Agnadello, 1509 — serves under Gaston de Foix in campaign of 15 1 2 — defeated by Swiss at Novara, 6 Jun. 15 1 3 — contributes to victory of Marignano, 15 1 5 — tf. at Chartres, 5 Dec. 15 18. Trogus Pompeius, historian, — [B C] — fl., about 20. Troja, in Italy, — founded, before 11 00 — dismantled by order of Frederick II., 1230 and 1250 a — Manfred defeats army of Innocent IV. at, 1254 — Alfonso I. of Aragon defeats army of Rene of Anjou, 1441 — Ferdinand I. of Aragon defeats Anje vines, 1462. a Kington. Trojan Era, — [BC] — commences, 12 (24) Jun. 1 1 84. Trollope, Frances, novelist, — h., 1790 — marries Anthony Trollope, 1809 — left a widow, 1825 — goes to America, 1829 — returns to Eng- land, 1832 — tf. at Florence, 6 Oct. 1863. Domestic life of the Americans, 1832 — Widow Barnaby, 1839 — Widow Married, 1840. Tromp, Cornelisz van, admiral, — 0. at Rot- terdam, 9 Sep. 1629— takes part in expedition to Morocco, 1650 — Rear-admiral, 1653 — dis- tinguishes himself against the English fleet, 13 Jul. 1665 — serves under De Ruyter against English, n-14 Jun. 1666 — defeated by Eng- lish, 4-5 Aug. 1666 — deprived of his commis- sion, 1666 — visits England, and is made Baron by Charles II., 1675 — Lieutenant Admiral- general of United Provinces, 1676 — tf. at Am- sterdam, 21 or 29 May 1691. Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon, admiral, — ft. at the Briel, 1597 — enters the navy, 1607 — Lieutenant-admiral, 1637 — obtains several victories over the Spanish fleet, Sep. to Oct. 1639 — serves in campaigns of 1640-1 — defeated by Blake off Dover, 19 May 1652— defeats him, 29 Nov. 1652 — encounters Blake again off Portland, 18-20 Feb. and 3-4 Jun. 1653 — killed at combat of 31 Jul. 1653. Tronchet, Francois Denis, jurisconsult, — fi. at Paris, 23 Mar/ 1726 — deputy to States- General, 1789 — Pies. National Assembly, 1791 — undertakes defence of Louis XVI., Dec. 1792 — member of Council of Ancients, Oct. 1795 — First Pres. Court of Cassation, Dec. 1799 — Senator, 1801 — tf., at Paris, 10 Mar. 1806. Tronchin, Theodore, physician, — ft. at Geneva, 1709— M.D. Leyden, 1736 — returns to Geneva, 1754 — Director of Public Library, 1756 — First Physician to Duke of Orleans, at Paris, 1766— tf. at Paris, 30 Nov. 178 1. Trond, St, iu Belgium, — fortifications dis- 87 '37* TRONO— TRTTEBA T COSIO. mantled, 1697 — Gen. Maison defeated by Rus- sians, 21 Jan. i8i4. a a Alison. Trono, Niccolo, Doge of Venice, — b., about 1397 — succeeds Cristoforo Moro, 13 Nov. 147 1 — ft., 28 Jul. 1473. Trophies, — [B C] — first erected by Domitius Ahenobarbus and Fab. Maximus, 121. Trophonius, Oracle of, at Lebadeia, — [B C] — temple plundered by Sulla, about 86 — not silent in time of Plutarch, [AD] 60-70. Troppau, in Silesia, — erected into a Prin- cipality by Ottocar II., 1261. Congress of, meets, 20 Oct. 1820 — breaks up, 20 Dec. [Laybach.] Trotilus, — [BC] — settlement attempted by Syracusans, 730? — founded by Lands of Me- gara, (01. 64,) 753^ a Miiller. Trotter, Thomas, physician, — M.D. Edin- bugh, 1788 — Physician to Royal Hospital, Portsmouth, 1793 — Physician to the fleet, 1794 — tf. at Newcastle, 5 Sep. 1832. Treatise on Scurvy, 1786 — Medical and Chemical Essays, 1796 — Jledica Xautica, 1799. Troubadours, poets of Romance languages, — become numerous, after 1140 — decline, 1250- 1300. Troubridge. [Trowbridge.] Troughton, Edward, astronomical instrument maker, — b. in Cumberland, 1753 — settles in London, about 1780 — receives Copley Medal of R.S. for improved method of graduation, 1S09 — F.R.S., about 1809— tf. in London, 12 Jun. 1835. Trowbridge, Sir Thomas, Baht., admiral, — Post-captain, 1782 — taken prisoner by French, 1794 — contributes to victory of Cape St Vin- cent, 14 Feb. 1797 — takes Castle of St Elmo, 1799 — Bart., Nov. 1799 — Captain of Channel Fleet, 1 801 — Admiral, Apr. 1804 — sent to East Indies, 1805 — sails from Madras, 12 Jan. 1807. Troy, — \B C]— {mythic,) built byDardanus, 1383,* 1327, 13 1480,° 1506 d — taken by the Greeks, n83, a ii27, b (23 Thargel.) 12 Jun. n84, ec i209, df 904,? 1171, 11 1 27c 1 {His- torical,) Ilium novum, built, after 720 ? k — visited by Xerxes, spring 480 — by Mindarus, autumn 411 1 — seized by Charidemus, 360 — visited by Alexander the Great, spring 334 — by Antiochus the Great, 1 96 — honoured by the Romans, 190 — sacked by Fimbria, 85 — - privileged by Sulla, 84 — by Julius Caesar, 47 — by Augustus, 31 — [A Dj — Excavations on Mount Hisarlik in search of ruins of the city, undertaken by Schliemann, 1871. a Eratostli. b Callim. c Petavius. d Du Fresnoy. e Dion. Halic. f Par. Marb. S Newton. h Sosibius. » Dodwell, Wbiston, Freret, Larcher. k Strabo. l Clinton. Troy Weight, — the pound mentioned as known weight in England, 1414 and 1423 — as standard pound, 1497. Troyes, in France, (Tricasses, Trecce, Augus- tobona Tricassi urn,)— seat of a bishopric, before 3 50— threatened by Attila and saved by its bishop, 451 — plundered by Northmen, 889 — capital of County of Champagne, about 940 — besieged by its bishop, Oct. 965— threatened by confederate nobles, relieved by St Louis, 1229 a — taken by Duke of Burgundy, 1415 — marriage of Henry V. of England with Cathe- rine of France celebrated at, 1420 — burnt, 1424 — taken by Joan of Arc for Charles VII., 1429 — massacre of Huguenots at, by Duke of Nevers, 1562 b — again, 1572 b — submits to Henry IV. ,1595 — Parliament of Paris banished to, 15 Aug. to 20 Sep. 1787 — head-quarters of Napoleon I., 3 Feb. 1814° — of allies, 7 Feb. — interview of Royalist leaders with Emperor Alexander at, 11 Feb. — recovered by Napoleon, 24 Feb. — recaptured by allies, 4 Mar. — occu- pied by Germans, Nov. 1870. Councils of, for appointment of Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes missionaries to England to oppose Pelagians, held, autumn 429 ; respect- ing affair of Ebbo, 25 Oct. 867 ; held by Pope John VIII., to prohibit burial of excom- municated persons, on discipline, for coronation of Louis the Stammerer, &c, commences, 11 Aug. 878 ; 2 Apr. 1104 ; held by Pascal II., to promote the crusade, excommunicate violators of Truce of God, annul marriage of Louis the Fat with Lucienne de Rochefort, condemn in- vestitures, &c, 1 107 ; respecting giving a rule and dress to Templars, 13 Jan. 1128. Treaties of, betw r een Charles VI. of France, Henry V. of England, and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, for marriage of Henry with Princess Katherine of France, and declaring him Re- gent and heir of France, concluded, 21 May 1420 — of peace between England and. France, concluded, 1 Apr. 1564. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Crowe. c Alison. Troyon, Constant, painter, — b. at Sevres, 1 8 13 — member of Academy of Amsterdam, 1847 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, Sep. 1849 — tf., 20 Mar. 1865. Foire limousine, 1838 — Baigneuses, 1842 — Bceufs au Labour, 1853 — Yalle'e de la Toque, 1853. Truce, Royal, in France, — established by ordonnance of Louis IX., 1 245 — enforced by Philip the Fair, 1296. Truce of God, Peace of God, {suspension of private feuds,) — originated at Council of Char- roux, 989 a — adopted by Council of Orleans, 10 1 6 — by Council of Limoges, 1031 15 — ge- nerally received, about 1033 — opposed by- Gerard, Bp of Cambray, 1034 — limitations of, imposed by several Councils in France, 1041 — confirmed by Council of Narbonne, 1054 — again, by Council of Clermont, Nov. 1095 — violators of, excommunicated by Council of Troyes, 1107 — proclaimed at Rheims, Nov. 1 119 c — confirmed by second and third Coun- cils of the Lateran, Apr. 1139 and Mar. ii79. b a Semicbon and Kluckbobn. b Robertson. c Milman. Truck System, mode of paying wages in goods, — many Acts respecting, repealed by Act 1 and 2¥m IV. c. 36, 15 Oct. 1831— pro- hibited in certain trades by Act 1 and 2 Win IV. c. 37, 15 Oct. 1831 — Committee of Inquiry into operation of, appointed, 1842 — Commis- sion on, appointed, by Act 33 and 34 Vie. c. 105, 10 Aug. 1870. Trueba y Cosio, Telesforo de, novelist, dra- matist, — b. at Santander, 1 805 — comes to Lon- TRUGUET— TUBULAR BRIDGE. 379 don, 1 8 14 — returns to Spain, and is elected member of the Cortes, 1834 — tf. at Paris, 4 Oct. 1835. Truguet, Laurent Jean Francois, Count, admiral, — ft. at Toulon, 10 Jan. 1752 — enters the navy, 1766 — serves in American War, 1778-83 — visits England, 1791 — Post-captain, Jan. 1792 — Rear-admiral, Apr. 1792 — Vice- admiral, 1794 — Minister of Marine, 1 Nov. 1795 to 18 Jul. 1797 — ambassador to Spain, 20 Oct. 1797 to May 1798 — arrested and banished, Nov. 1798 — member of Coun- cil of State, 20 Sep. 1801 — refuses title of Grand Officer of Legion of Honour, Jun. 1803 — dismissed from Council of State, Jun. 1803 — again employed, 1809 — Grand Officer, Oct. 18 1 1 — quits prefecture of maritime pro- vince of Holland, and is imprisoned, 181 3 — liberated, 18 14 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour and Count, by Louis XVIII. , 2 and 24 Sep. 1814 — Peer of France, 5 May 18 19 — honorary Admiral, 19 Nov. 1831 — tf. at Paris, 26 Dec. 1839. Truman, Joseph, theologian, — ft. in Notting- hamshire, Apr. 1 63 1 — tf. at Sutton, Bedford- shire, 29 Jul. 167 1. Great Propitiation, 1669 — Discourse of Natural and Moral Impotency, 1671. Trumbull, John, painter, — ft. in Connecti- cut, U. S., 6 Jun. 1756 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1773 — studies under W est in England, 1780-2— arrested and imprisoned, Mar, 178? — leaves England, Jan. 1782 — resumes his studies under West, 1783-6 — Pres. American Academy of Fine Arts, 18 16 — employed on historical paintings in the Capitol, 1817-24 — tf. at New- York, 1 o Nov. 1 843. Battle of Bunker Hill, 1786 — Sortie of the garrison from Gibraltar, 1789. Trumbull, Sir William, diplomatist, $•g. Univ. b "Wornum. Van Diemen, Anton, — commander of Dutch India fleet, 163 1 — Director-general of Dutch East Indies, 1632 — Governor-general, 1 Jan. 1636 — sends Tasman on voyage of discovery, 1642 — tf., 1645. Vandyck, Sir Antony, painter, — b. at Ant- werp, 22 Mar. 1599 — pupil of Hendrik van Balen, 1609 — pupil of Rubens, about 1616-20? — Master of Guild of Painters, Antwerp, 16 18 — visits England, 1621 — visits Italy, 1623-8 — visits England again, about 1 630-1 — again, and made Knt by Charles I., 1632— painter to the king, 1633 — tf. in London, 9 Dec. 1641. Vane, Sir Henry, statesman, — b., 1589 — Xnt, by James I., 161 1 — M.P. Carlisle, 1614 — ambassador to Denmark and Sweden, Sep. 1 63 1 to Nov. 1632 — receives Charles I. at Raby Castle, May 1633 — again, 1639 — prin- cipal Secretary of State, 1640 — tf. at Raby Castle, close of 1654. Vane, Sir Eenry, the Younger, statesman, — b., about 16 12 — enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, about 1624— lands in New England, before 3 Mar. 1635 — Governor of Massachusetts, 1636 — returns to England, autumn 1637 — M.P. Kingston-upon-Hull, and Joint-treasurer of the Navy, Apr. 1640 — Xnt, 1640 — takes part in impeachment of Strafford, 1640 — sole Treasurer of the Navy, 1642 — Joint-commissioner to Scotland, Jul. to Oct. 1643 — signs Solemn League and Covenant, 25 Sep. 1643 — oneof the Commissioners for Treaty of "Oxbridge, 1645 — member of the Council of State, 26 Feb. 1649 — head of the Admiralty, 1 2 Mar. — Pres. Council of State, 1652 — protests against ex- pulsion of the Commons, 20 Apr. 1653 — retires to Raby Castle, Apr. — appears before the Council, 21 Aug. — sent prisoner to Isle of Wight, 9 Sep. — released, 31 Dec. 1656 — again M.P., 1659 — committed to the Tower, Jul. 1660 — sent to Scilly Isles, 1660 — removed to the Tower, spring 1662 — his trial, 2-6 Jun. 1662 — beheaded in London, 14 Jun. 1662. The Retired Man's Meditations, 1653. Van Effen. [Effen.] Van Erpen. [Erpenius.] Vanetti, (Vannetti,) Clementino, Latin scholar, — b. at Roveredo, 14 Nov. 1754 — tf. there, 13 Mar. 1795. Liber Memorialis de Cagliostro, 1789 — Observations on Horace, 1792. Van Eyck. [Eyck.] Vangerow, Karl Adolf von, jurist, — b. in Hesse, 5 Jun. 1808 — LL.D. Marburg, 23 Jan. 1830 — Prof. Extraord. Laws, 1833 — Ord. Prof., 1837 — Prof, at Heidelberg, 1840 — Joint-editor of Archiv fur civilistische Praxis, 1841 — Privy Councillor, 1849 — tf., Oct. 1870. Lehrbuch der Pandecten, 1837 seqq. Van Goyen. [Goyen.] Van Helmont, Segres Jacob, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 4 Leyden, b 1683 — tf. at Brussels, 1736,* 21 Aug. i726. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. Van Helmont. [Helmont.] Van Hoeck, Jan, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1600 — tf. there, 1650. Van Huchtenburg. [Huchtenburg.] Van Huysum. [Huysum.] Vanini, Lucilio, philosopher, — b. in Otranto, 1585, a i58i b — visits England, and is im- prisoned in London, 16 14 — goes to Toulouse, 16 17 — arrested, Nov. 161 8 — burnt at Toulouse as an atheist, 19 Feb. 16 19. Amphitheatrum ceternce providentice, &c, 16 15 — Be admirandis Natural, Pegince, Dewque mortaliwn Arcanis, 1616. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Vanloo, Charles Amedee Philippe, painter, — b. at Turin, 17 18— member of Paris Aca- demy of Painting, 1747 — Prof., 1770 — living, 1790. Vanloo, Charles Andre, {Carle,) painter, — b. at Nice, 1705 — goes to Paris, 17 19 — wins first prize, 1724 — goes to Rome, 1727 — settles at Paris, 1734— member of Academy, 30 Jul. 1735 — Chevalier of St Michael, 1751 — prin- cipal painter to the king, 1762 — tf. at Paris, 15 Jul. 1765. Vanloo, Jacques, painter, — b. at l'Ecluse, 16 14 — citizen of Amsterdam, 1652 — settles at Paris, about 1660 — member of Academy of Painting, Paris, 6 Jan. 1663 — tf. there, 26 Nov. 1670. Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter,— b. at Aix, 1684 — goes to Paris, 17 19 — member of the 88 * 1396 VANLOO— VARIUS EUFUS. Academy, 23 Feb. 17 31— Assistant Prof., J733, a 1735 h — visits England, 1738 — ft. at Aix, 19 Dec. i745, a Apr. 1746. b • a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Engl. Cyc. Vanloo, Louis Michel, painter, — fc. at Tou- lon, 1707 — obtains first prize at Paris, 1725 — goes to Rome, 1727 — received at the Academy, 1733 — Assistant Prof., 1735— goes to Madrid, 1736 — Director of Academy of St Ferdinand, 1 75 1 — returns to Paris, 1752 — tf. there, 20 Mar. 177 1. Van Mander, Carel, painter, historian, — fc. near Courtray, 1548 — goes to Rome, 1574-77 — at Haarlem, 158 3- 1603 — tr. at Amsterdam, 11 May 1606. Set Schilder Boek, 1604. Van Mildert, William, Bp of Durham,— fc. in London, 1765 — M.A. Oxford, 1790 — takes holy orders, 1788 — Boyle Lecturer, 1802- 5 — Regius Prof. Divinity, Oxford, and D.D., 1 8 13 — Bampton Lecturer, 18 14 — Bp of Llan- daff, Mar. 1819— Dean of St Paul's, 1820 — Bp of Durham, Mar. 1826 — rj., 21 Feb. 1836. Life of Water land, 1823. Van Mons, Jean Baptiste, chemist, — fc. at Brussels, 11 Nov. 1765 — correspondent of French Institute, Mar. 1796 — M.D. Paris, 1807 — member of Royal Academy of Brussels, 1 8 16 — Prof. Chemistry, Louvain, 18 17 — if. there, 6 Sep. 1842. Essai stir les principes de la chimie antiphlogistique, 1785 — Journal de chimie et de physique, 1800-2 — joint editor of the Annates generates des sciences physiques, 1819. Vannes, in France, — sacked by Northmen, 847 and 865 — Robert of Artois besieged in, by French, 1342 — Edward III. forms entrenched camp at, 1342 — surrenders to Du Guesclin, 1373 —surrenders to La Tremouille, 1478 — seat of parliament of Bretagne, 1675-89 — Brune defeats Royalists at, 1800. Vanni, Francesco, Cavaliere, painter, — fc. at Siena, about 1565— goes to Rome, 158 1 — rj. at Siena, 25 Oct. 1609. Vanni, Giovanni Battista, painter, — fc. at Pisa or Florence, 1599 — &• a ^ Florence, 1660. Vannucchi. [Sarto, Andrea del.] Vannucci. [Perugino.] Van Oost, Jacob, painter, — fc. at Bruges, 1600 — Dean of the Painters, 1633 — rj., 1671/- 1691. 15 a Nagler. b Engl. Cyc. Van Oost, Jacob, the Younger, painter, — fc. at Bruges, 1637 — settles at Lille, 167 3-17 13 — tf. at Bruges, 17 13. Van Os, Jan, painter, — fc. in Holland, 1744 — rj. at the Hague, 1808. Van 03, Pieter Gerard, painter, — fc. at the Hague, 1776 — ft. there, 1839. Vanossa. [Alexander VI., Pope.] Van Praet, Joseph Basile Bernard, biblio- grapher, — fc.. at Bruges, 29 Jul. 1754 — em- ployed in the Royal Library, Paris, 1784 — one of the keepers of printed books, 1795 — member of Legion of Honour, 18 14 — of Academy of Inscriptions, 1830 — of Commission on the Li- braries of Paris, Aug. 1831 — "&. at Paris, 5 Feb. 1837. Catalogue des livres imprime's sur velin de la bibliotheque du roi, &c, 1822-28. Vansittart, Nicholas. [Bexley, Lord.] Vansomer, Paul, painter, — fc. at Antwerp, about 1576 — comes to England, about 1606 — o". in London, Jan. 1621. Van Swanevelt. [Swanevelt.] Van Swieten. [Swieten.] Van Thulden. [Thulden.] Vanuden, Lucas, painter, — fc. at Antwerp, 1595 — rj. there, 1660 ? after 1662 ? Van Utrecht, Adrian, painter, — fc. at Ant- werp, 1599 — &. there, 1651. Van Veen, Otho, {Ottovenius,) painter, — fc. at Leyden, 1550^ 1556b — ft. at Brussels, i6 34 ,c 1629. a a Houbraken. b De Piles. c Biog. Univ. Vanvitelli, Luigi, architect, — fc. at Naples, 1700 — architect of St Peter's, Rome, 1726 — rj. at Caserta, 1 Mar. 1773. Palace of Caserta, commenced, 1752. Varanes. [Bahrain and Persia.] Varanes, — Consul with Joannes, (1209, a. u. c.) 456. Varanes, Fl.,— Consul with Tertullus,(1163, A. V. C.) 410. Varangians, Varagians, ( Wardger, Warm- ger,) — their piratical expeditions begin as early as 5 16 — appear in Ireland, about 795 — invade Flanders, about 813 — invade France, about 840— Italy, 852 — under Rurik, found Russian monarchy, 862. Varchi, Benedetto, historian, — fc. at Flor- ence, 1502 — takes part in expulsion of the Medici, 1527 ^- U. at Monte-Varchi, 1565. EErcolano, 1570 — Storia Fiorentina, 1721. Varela, Peace of, — between Sweden and Russia, concluded, 3 Aug. 1790. Varenius, Bernhardus, geographer, — fc. at Amsterdam, about 1620 — if., about 1680. Descrip>tio Regni Japonice, 1649 — Geographia generalis, 1650. Varennes, in France. [See Louis XVI.] Vargas, Juan de, — Pres. Council of Trou- bles, at Brussels, 1567 — seizes son of the Prince of Orange at Univ. of Louvain, 1568 — quits the Netherlands with Alva, 1573. Vargas, Luis de, painter, — fc.'at Seville, 1502 — goes to Rome, 1527 ? — ft. at Seville, 1568,* i59C b a Nagler. b Palomino. Variable Stars, — observations of, commence with discovery of variable light of Omicron Ceti by Holwarda, 1638-9. Variation of the Compass. [Compass.] Variations, Calculus of, — perfected by La- grange, 1760-73 — fully applied by him, (Me- canique Analytique,) 1788. Varignon, Pierre, mathematician, — fc. at Caen, 1654 — goes to Paris, 1686 — admitted to Academy of Sciences, 1688 — Prof. Mathema- tics at the College Mazarin, 1688 — at the Col- lege de France, 1704 — tr. at Paris, 22 Dec. 1722. Projet d'une nouvelle Me'canique, 1687 — JSTou- velles conjectures sur la Pesanteur, 1690 — Ele- ments de mathematiques, 1732. Varillas, Antoine, historian, — fc. at Gueret, 1624 — if. at Paris, 9 Jun. 1696. Histoire de France, 1683 — Histoire des revolutions arrivees dans V Europe en matiere de religion, 1686-89 — Varillasiana, 1734. Varius Eufus, L., poet, — [BC] — fl., about VARLEY— VATICAN LIBRARY. 1397 39-19 — accompanies Msecenas with Virgil and Horace to Brundisium, 38. Varley, John, painter, — fj. in London, 1777 — begins to exhibit at Royal Academy, 1798 — member of Society of Painters in Water Co- lours, 1805 — tf. at Chelsea, 17 Nov. 1842. Varna, in Turkey, (Odessos,) — Amurath II. defeats Hungarians under Ladislaus IV. at, 10 Nov. 1444 — taken by Cossacks of the Dnieper, 161 o — unsuccessfully attacked by Russians, 1783 — again besieged by Russians, Jul. 1828 — taken by Count Woronzoff, 11 Oct. 1828 — given up to Turkey by Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 — partly burnt, 1844 — head of pashalic, 1846— fortifications strengthened, 1853 — allied forces arrive at, May 1854 — partly burnt, 10 Aug. 1854 — allied forces embark at, for the Crimea, Sep. 1854. Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August, mis- cellaneous writer, — ft. at Diisseldorf, 21 Feb. 1785 — enters Austrian army, and is wounded at battle of Wagram, 1809 — serves in Russian army, 181 3-14 — enters diplomatic service of Prussia, 1814 — marries Rahel Levin, 1814 — accompanies Prince Hardenberg to Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — ambassador to Baden, 18 15 — envoy extraord. to Cassel, 1829 — tf. at Berlin, 10 Oct. 1858. Biographische Benkmale, 1824- 30 — Leben des Generals Seydlitz, 1835 — Leben des Feldmarschalls Keith, 1844 — Leben des Filrstens Bliicher von Wahlstadt, 1845 — Benk- wurdigkeiten und vcrmischte Schriften, 1843-6 — Rahel, 1834 — Galerie von Bildnissen aus RaheVs JJmgang, 1836 — Tagebucher, 1861-2 seqq. Varnhagen von Ense, Rahel, {Levin,) — ft. at Berlin, Jun. 177 1 — meets Varnhagen von Ense, 1808 — marries him, 18 14 — tf. at Berlin, 7 Mar. 1833 — her remains interred at Berlin, Sep. 1867. Varotari, Alessandro, painter, — ft. at Padua, 1590— goes to Venice, 1614 — tf., 1650. Varro, C. Terentius, — [B C] — praetor, 218 — Consul with L. iEmilius Paullus, (538, a. tj. c.) 216 — defeated at Cannae : ambassador to Philip of Macedonia, 203 — ambassador to Vermina in Africa, 200. Varro, {Reatinus,) M. Terentius, agricul- tural writer, grammarian, — [BC] — ft., 116 — serves against pirates, 67— legatus to Poinpey in Spain, 49 — at Pharsalia, 48 — Keeper of first public library at Rome, 45 a — proscribed by Antony, 43 — tf., 28. Be Re Rustica, 37 , b a Merivale. b Clinton. Varro, (Atacinus,) P. Terentius, poet, — [BC] — ft., 82 — begins to study Greek, 47. Varro, Visellius, — Consul with Corn. Ce- thegus, (777, a. u. c.) 24. Varronianus, — Consul with his father, Jo- vian, (1117, a. u. c.) 364. Varthema, Ludovico di, traveller, — travels in the East, 1502-8. Voyages, 15 10. Varus, Alfenus, jurist, — [BC]— fl., about 43? Varus, C. Cassius, — [BC] — Consul with M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, (681, a. u. c.) 73. Varus, C. Licinius, — [B C] — Consul with P. Corn. Lentulus, (518, a. tj. c.) 236. Varus, C. Vibius Juventius, — Consul with C. Julius Servianus, (887, a. u. c.) 134. Varus, P. Alfenus, — Consul with M. Vini- cius, (755, a. u. c.) 2. Varus, P. Quintilius, — [BC] — Consul with Tib. Claudius Nero, (741, a. v. c.) 13 — suc- ceeds Sentius Saturninus as Governor of Syria, after 6 — [AD] — Governor of Germany, about 7 — destroyed with his legions by Confederate Germans, 9. Vasa. [Gustavus Vasa.] Vasa, Order of, in Sweden, — instituted by Gustavus III., 1776. Vasari, Giorgio, painter, biographer, — ft. at Arezzo, 15 12— visits Florence, 1524 — loses his father, 1528 — becomes goldsmith, 1529 — . settles at Florence, 1553 — tf. there, 27 Jun. 1574. Vite de' piu Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori, e Architetti, 1550 Vasco di Grama. [Gama.] Vassar College, for Women, in New York State, — founded by Matthew Vassar, 1861. Vassy, in France, — Massacre of Huguenots at, by Duke of Guise, 1 May 1562. Vatable, ( Vateble,) Francois, Hebraist, — tf. Abbot of Bellozane, 1547. Vataces, ( Fatatzes,) John Ducas, Emperor of NiCiEA, — ft., about 1173 — at siege and capture of Constantinople, 1204 — succeeds Theodore Lascaris, 1222 — defeats the Emperor Robert at Poemanium, 1224 — defeats John, 1233 — unsuccessfully besieges Constantinople, 1235 — forms alliance with Frederick II., 1237 — loses his wife, 1241 — acquires Macedonia from John Comnenus, 1242 — forms alliance with Gayeth-ed-din of Iconium, 1243 — marries Anna, daughter of Frederick II., 1244 — con- quers south-west of Bulgaria, 1 246 — makes peace with Michael, 1253— tf. at Smyrna, 30 Oct. 1255. Vatia Isauricus, P. Servilius, — [B C] — takes up arms against Saturninus, 100 — Consul with Ap. Claudius Pulcher, 79 — Proconsul in Cilicia, 78-74 — reduces Cilicia to province, returns to Rome and triumphs : Censor with M. Valer. Messalla Niger, $5 — tf., 44. Vatican, Palace of the, Rome, — rebuilt by Innocent III., 1198-1216 — enlarged by Nicholas III., 1277-81— becomes fixed resid- ence of popes, from about 1378 — restoration of, commenced by Nicholas V., 1447 — com- pleted by Alexander VL, 1492- 1503. Sistine Chapel, built by Sixtus IV., 1474 — Belvedere, by Innocent VI1L, 1484-92 — Museum founded and Loggie built by Julius II., 1503-13. Vatican, Council of the, — convoked by bull of Pius IX., 29 Jun. 1868 — meets, 8 Dec. 1869 — proclaims infallibility of the pope, 18 Jul. 1870 — suspended by bull of Pius IX., 20 Oct. 1870. Vatican Codex, Greek Manuscript of Old and New Testament, — written, probably before 350— Old Testament published by Card. Caraf- fa, 1586 — printed under direction of Cardinal Mai, and published, 1858-9 — by Tischendorf, 1867 — facsimile, by Vercellone, 1868. Vatican Library, — founded by Nicholas V., about 1450 — dispersed under Calixtus III., 139* VATINIUS— VAUX. 1455-8 — reestablished by Sixtus IV., 1471-84 — building erected by Sixtus V., 1588 — aug- mented by collection of Fulvius Ursinus, 1600 — by Palatine Library, 162 1 (partly given up to Prussia, 1815) — by collection of Dukes of Urbino, 1658 — by the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 1690 — the Ottobuoni library, 1746 — collection of Cicognara, 1834 — collection of Card. Mai, 1855. Vatinius, P., — [BC] — quasstor, 63 — legatus to Cosconius in Spain, 62 — trib. pleb., 59 — legatus in Gaul to Caesar, 58 ?— witness against Milo and Sestius, 56 — praetor, 55— accused by Licinius, and defended by Cicero, of bribery, 54 — acquitted : legatus to Caesar, in Gaul, 53 — defends Brundusium against Laelius, 48 — Con- sul suff., Dec. 47 — opposes M. Octavius suc- cessfully in Illyria, 46-44-43 — surrenders Dyrrhachium and the army to Brutus, 43 — triumphs, 31 Dec. 43. Vattel, Emmerich, publicist, diplomatist, — b. in Neufchatel, 17 14 — visits Berlin, 1741 — attached to the Court of Dresden, 1744-45 — Polish ambassador at Berne, 1746-58 — marries, 1764 — tf. at Neufchatel, 28 Dec. 1767. Droit des gens, 1758 — Questions de droit naturel, &c, 1762. Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre de, Marshal of France, military engineer, — b. in Bur- gundy, 15 May 1633 — enters Spanish army, 1650 — serves at siege of St Menehould, 1652 and 1653 — taken prisoner by French, enters French army, 1653 — engineer of the king, 3 May 1655 — directs sieges of Landrecies, Conde, St Guislain, and Valenciennes, 1655-6 — wounded at sieges of Valenciennes, 1656 — and Montmedi, 1657 — takes part in sieges of Gravelines, Ypres, and Oudenarde, 1658 — marries, 1660 — wounded at siege of Douai, 1667 — takes Lille, 1667 — Governor of Lille, 1668 — cooperates at siege of Dole, 1668 — invents system of parallels at siege of Maes- tricht, 1673 — Brigadier of armies of the king, 1674 — takes Valenciennes, 1676 — Director- general of fortifications, 1677 — takes Courtray and Luxembourg, 1683 — Lieutenant-general, 1688 — conducts sieges of Phalsbourg, Mann- heim, and Frankenthal, 1688 — takes Mons, 1 69 1 — takes Namur, 1692 — Charleroi, 1693 — Marshal of France, 1703 — serves at siege of Old Brisach, 1703 — tf. at Paris, 30 Mar. 1707. (Euvres, 1796. Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, — b. at Grenoble, 24 Feb. 1709 — Inspector of silk manufactories, 1741 — member of Academy of Sciences, 1746 — tf. at Paris, 21 Nov. 1782. Vaucelles, in France, — truce for five years between Emperor Charles V. and Henry II. of France, signed at, 5 Feb. 1556. Vaucher, Jean Pierre Etienne, botanist, — b. at Geneva, 1763 — tf. at Geneva, 5 Jan. 1841. Histoire des Conferves (Veau douce, 1803 — Hisloire physiologique des plantes d' Europe, 1841. Vaucluse. [See Petrarch.] Vaud, {Pays de Va ud,)— belongs to Savoy, from 1273— overrun and partly conquered by Bernese, 1476 — wholly conquered by them, 1536 — erected into Canton of Switzerland by Napoleon, 1798 — by Act of Mediation, 1803 — ■ reconstituted Canton by Federal Pact, 18 15 — new constitution adopted, Jun. 1830. Vaudois. [Waldenses.] Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, grammarian, — ■ b. in Bresse, about 1585 ? — admitted to French Academy, 1635 — appointed by Richelieu to superintend Dictionary of the Academy, soon after: tf. at Paris, 1650. Eemarques sur la langue francais, 1647 — translation of Quintus Curtius, 1653. Vaughan, Henry, poet, {the Silurist,) — b. in Wales, 1621 — tf. there, 23 Apr. 1693. Poems, 164.6 — Olor Iscanus, 1650 — Silex Scin- tillans, 1650-5. Vaughan, Robert, theologian, historian, $26 Sep. 1355. Visconti, Ottone, Lord of Milan, — ft., 1208— Abp of Milan, by Clement IV., 1263 — refused admission by Martin della Torre, seizes Arona and is expelled by Martin, Apr. 1263 — with Godfrey, Count of Langusco, raises an army, and is repulsed before Anghiera, 1276 — captures Napoleon della Torre and his relations, at Desio, 21 Jan. 1277 — takes possession of his see, and accepts perpetual Lordship of Milan, 1277 — obtains aid of William VIL, Marquis of Montferrat, 1278 — expels troops of the Marquis from Milan, 27 Dec. 1282 — ■ makes peace with the Torriani, 1286 — Ij., 9 Aug ; 1295. Viscount, title in English peerage, — first conferred on John, Lord Beaumont, by Henry VI., 1440. Viseu, (Visontium,) in Portugal, — unsuc- cessfully attacked by Alfonso V. of Leon, 1027 — taken by Ferdinand I. of Castile, 1044. Visible Speech, ( Universal Alphabet,) — invented by Alex. Melville Bell, 1864. Visigoths, [Goths] — obtain permission of Valens to settle in Moesia, 376 a — under Fri- tigern, invade Thrace, 377 — defeat and kill Valens near Hadrianople, 9 Aug. 378 — choose Alaric King, 382 — his brother-in-law Ataul- phus succeeds, close of 410 — establish them- selves in Gaul, 412 — pass into Spain and estab- lish a kingdom there, 414 — Wallia succeeds, Oct. 415 — on invitation of Constantius, return to Gaul, and receive province of Aquitania Secunda, 418 — Theodores, 418 — at war with Romans in Gaul, 430-439— defeat and capture Littorius, 439 — Theudis elected King, in Spain, 531 or 532 b — lose part of their domin- ions in Gaul to the Franks, 533 — Theudis assas- sinated at Barcelona, about 548 — Theudisele succeeds, 548 — assassinated at Seville, 549 or 550 — Agila reigns at Merida, 550— defeated, put to death, and succeeded by Atharagild, 554, who makes Toledo his capital : rj. there, 567 — Liuva reigns at Narbonne, 567 — asso- ciates with him his brother Leovigild, and cedes Spain to him, about 568 — if. at Nar- bonne, 572 — Leovigild alone, 572 — Recared, (son,) 586 — Liuva II., (son,) 601 — put to death and succeeded by Vitteric, 603 — assas- sinated, 610 — Gundemar, 610 — Sisebtjt, Feb. 612— Recared II., (son,) 620 — Suintella, 621 — expels the Greeks, and becomes sovereign of all Spain, 623 — associates with him his son Ricimer, 625 — deposed, 631 — ft. at Toledo, 635 — Sisenand, end of 631 — confirmed in the sovereignty by fourth Council of Toledo, 633 — Chintila, Apr. 636 — his election confirmed by fifth Council of Toledo, 636 — Tulca, (son,) 640 — deposed by Chindasvinde, 642 — resigns government to his son Recesvinde, Jan. 649 — if., 1 Oct. 652 or 653 — Recesvinde alone, 6 53 — Wamba elected, 1 Sep. 672 — Ervige elected, 16 Oct. 680 — Egiza, Nov. 687 — Witiza, 701 — Eoderic, 710 or 711 — the king- dom overthrown by Moors, 71 1-7 12. a Clinton. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Visscher, Clas Janszoon de, engraver, — ft. at Amsterdam, about 1550? — if., about 1660. Visscher, Cornelius, engraver, — ft., 1629 — if., 1658. VISSCHER— VIZIER. 1417 Visscher, Jan de, painter, engraver, — ft. at Amsterdam, about 1636 — living, 1692. Vitalianus, Pope, — succeeds Eugenius L, 30 Jul. 657 — receives Emperor Constans at Rome, 5 Jul. 663 — has controversy with Mark, Abp of Ravenna, excommunicates him, and is excommunicated by him, 666 — consecrates Theodore of Tarsus as Abp of Canterbury, 668 — If. at Rome, 27 or 29 Jan. 672. Vitalianus, general, — appointed by Anas- tasius to joint-command in Persian "War, 503 — assembles an army and threatens Constanti- nople, 514 — after 8 days withdraws into Mcesia, and revolts against Anastasius, 514 — concludes treaty with him, and is named Master-general of army in Thrace, 515 — makes treaty with Justinus, and is appointed Master- general of the army, 5 1 8 — created Consul by Jus- tinus, 520 — assassinated at Constantinople, 520. Vite, Timoteo della, (de' Viti,) (Timoteo da Urbino,) painter, — h. at Urbino, i469, a at Ferrara, 1467 b — assists Raphael at Rome, about 15 19 (?) — "Q. at Urbino, 10 Oct. 1523.° a Vasari. b Grossi. c Passavant. Vitellius, Aulus, Roman Emperor, — fc., 24 Sep. 15 ? — Consul with L. Vipsanius, Jan. to Jun. (801, a. u. c.) 48 — commands legions in Lower Germany for Galba, 68 — made Em- peror, 3 Jan. 69 — reaches Rome, Jul. 69 — killed by the soldiers, 19 Dec. 69. Vitellius, L., — prosecutes Cn. Piso, 20 — Consul with Paullus Fabius Persicus, (787, a. u. c.) 34 — Governor of Syria, 37 — expedition against Parthians : Consul with Claudius, (796,) 43 — left in charge of Rome, 43 — again Consul with Claudius, (800, )47 — Censorwith Claudius, 48. Vitellius, L., — Consul suff, with L. Vip- sanius, (801, a. tr. c.) Jun. 48 — compelled to march with Otho against his brother, 69 — commands in Rome, and is put to death, 69. Viterbo, in Italy, — submits to the pope, and is raised to rank of a city by Celestine III. , 1 194 — carries on war with Rome, 1231 — troops of Gregory IX., under Peter de Rupibus, de- feat Romans near, 1234 — head-quarters of Frederick II., middle of Feb. to 15 Mar. 1240 — revolts against him, 21 Aug. 1243 — makes treaty of alliance with the pope, 1243 — be- sieged by Frederick, 9 Oct. — the siege raised, early in Dec. — ravaged by Frederick, 1245 — submits to him, 1247 — again revolts at in- stigation of St Rosa, 1249 — submits to Ladis- laus, king of Naples, 141 3 — entered by Italian troops, 12 Sep. 1870. Town Hall, commenced, 1264. Treaty of, between Pope Leo X, and Francis I. of France, renunciation of Parma and Piacenza by Leo, signed, 13 Oct. 15 15. Vitiges, (Witiges,) King op the Ostro- goths, in Italy, — charged by Theodatus to conduct war with Belisarius, 536 — elected King, Aug. 536 — has Theodatus put to death at Ravenna, Aug. — besieges Belisarius in Rome, Mar. 537 — raises the siege, Mar. 538 — un- successfully besieges Rimini, 538 — prepares for defence of Ravenna, 539 — besieged in Ra- venna by Belisarius, about Oct. 539 — surren- ders, Dec. — sent with his queen to Constanti- nople, winter 539-540— Xf. there, 542 or 543. Vitrified Forts, in Scotland, — first ex- amined and described by Williams, 1773-7 — investigated by Hibbert, 1828. Vitringa, Carnpegius, theologian, Oriental- ist, — 6. at Leeuvvarden, 16 May 1659 — Prof. Oriental Literature, Franeker, 1681 — Prof. Theology, 1682— Prof. Sacred History, 1693 — if. there, 21 Mar. 1722. Archisynagogus, 1685 — Commentarius in librum proplietiarum Isaice, 1714-20 — Geographia sacra, 1722. Vitruvius Pollio, M., — [B C] — writer on architecture, — serves as military engineer under Csesar in African War, 46— writes his book, between 20-11. Vitry, (le Brule,) in France, — sacked and burnt by Louis VII., 1 143— burnt by English and Burgundians, 1422 — again, by Charles V., 1544 — capitulates to Germans, 25 Aug. 1870. Vittoria, in Spain, — improved and named by Sancho of Navarre, who defeats Moors near, about 1 1 80— victory of the Black Prince over Henry of Trastamere near, 1367 — sacked by Verdier, 5 Jun. 1808— occupied by French, 1808 — Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jourdan at, 21 Jim. 1813. Vitulus, Q. Mamilius,— [B C]— Consul with Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges, (489, a. u. c.) 265 — Consul with L. Postumius Megellus, (492,) 262. Vivares, Francois, engraver, — i>. in France, 1709 — tf. in London, 1782. Vivarini, Antonio, (Antonio da Murano,) painter, — fl., 1444-51. Vivarini, Bartolomeo, painter, — fl. at Venice, 1464-98. Vivarini, Luigi, painter, — fl., 1490. Vives, John Louis, classical scholar, §c, — fi. at Valencia, in Spain, Mar. 1492 — Fellow of Corpus Christ! Coll. Oxford, 15 17 — tutor to Princess Mary of England, 1523 — dismissed and imprisoned, 1528 — settles at Bruges, 1529 — ft. there, 6 May 1540. Opera, 1555 — De Civitate Dei, Commentarii, 1512. Vivian, Richard Hussey, Lord, general, — 6., 28 Jul. 1775 — enters the army, Jul. 1793 — covers retreat of Moore at Coruna, Jan. 1 809 — Colonel, Feb. 1812— serves in Peninsular campaigns, 18 13- 14— wounded at Toulouse, 8 Apr. 1 8 14 — Major-general, Jun. 18 14 — present at "Waterloo, 1815— M.P. Truro, 1820— Bart., 19 Jan. 1828 — Lieutenant-general, 22 Jul. 1830 — Master-general of the Ordnance, May 1835 — Colonel, 1837 — created Lord Vivian, n Aug. 1841 — tf. in Germany, Oct. 1842. Viviani, Vincenzio, mathematician, — fo. at Florence, 5 Apr. 1622 — pupil of Galileo, 1639 — pupil of Torricelli, 1642-45 — Chief Engineer to Grand Duke Ferdinand, 1666 — F.R.S. London, 1696 — Foreign Associate, Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1699 — ft. at Florence, 22 Sep. 1703. Vivianus, — Consul with Fl. Basilius, (1216, a. u. c.) 463. Vizier, (Vizir,) — title first given to chief minister of the Caliph, about 750 — Grand, (of Ottoman Empire,) title introduced by Amurath I., (788, a. h.) 1386 — office and court of, abolished by Mahmoud II., 30 Mar. 1838 — dignity restored by Abdul Medjid, 1839-40. i4i 8 VLADIMIR— VOLUSIANUS. Vladimir. [Wladimir.] Vladislas. [Ladislaus.] Voconian Law, at Rome, — [B C] — passed, 169. Voet, Daniel, natural philosopher, — b. at Heusden, 1629 — if. at Utrecht, 1660. Voet, Ghisbert, theologian, — b. at Heusden, J 5 8 9> a I 593 b — assists at Synod of Dort, 1619 — Prof. Theology and Oriental Languages at Ttrecht, 1634 — rj. at Hensden, 1 Nov. 1676.* Disputationes Theologicce, 1648-69 — Politica Ecclesiastica, 1663-76. a Xouy. Biog. Gen. b Biog. des Pays Bas. Voet, Jan, jurist, — b. at Utrecht, 1647 — rj. at Leyden, 17 14. Commentarius in Pandectas, 1698. Voet, Jan Eusebius, poet, physician, — }J. at the Hague, 1778. Poems, 1768. Voet, Paul, jurist, — b. at Heusden, 1619 — U. at Utrecht, 1 Aug. 1667. Vogel, Edward, traveller, — b. at Leipsic, 7 Mar. 1829 — sent by British Government to Africa to assist Dr Barth, Feb. 1853 — mur- dered in Central Africa, 1856. Vogel, Theodor, botanist, — accompanies ex- pedition to the Niger, Jul. 1841 — tf. at Fer- nando Po, about Jan. 1842. Vogelweide. [Walther von der Vogel- weide.] Voiture, Vincent, — b. at Amiens, 1598 — travels in Spain and Barbary, 1633 — admitted to French Academy, 1635 — envoy of Louis XIII. to Florence, 1638 — rj. at St Germain, 26 May 1648. CEuvres, 1649. Volcanoes, Origin of, — chemical theory proposed by Lemery, 1700 — by Davy, 1808 — by Daubeny, 1827. Volcanus, T. Quinctius Crispinus, — [BC] — Consul with Nero Claudius Drusus, (745, a. u. c.) 9. Voldumianus, — Consul with Quietus, (1025, a. u. c.) 272. Volhynia, — conquered by Lithuanians and Poles, 1320 — ravaged by Tatars, 16 18 — annex- ed to Poland, 1659 — annexed to Russia, 1798. Volkoff, Theodore, dramatist, — b. at Kos- troma, 1729 — Director and first actor of Rus- sian theatre, 1756 — organizes National Theatre at Moscow, 1759 — rj., 1763. Volney, Constantin Francois Chasseboeuf, Count de, Peer of France' traveller, — b. at Craon, Anjou, 3 Feb. 1757 — o oes to Paris, 1774 — travels in the East, 1783-6 — deputy to States-General, May 1789 — imprisoned, 1793 to Jul. 1794— Prof. History, Normal School, 1794 — goes to America, 1795 — returns, 1798 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1804 — Count, 1808 — If. at Paris, 25 Apr. 1820. Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte, 1787 — Ituines, 1791. Volpato, Giovanni, engraver, — b. at Bas- sano, 1738,* 1733 b — tf. at Rome, 1803,* 21 Aug. i8o2. b a Engl. Cyc. b Biog. Univ. and Xouv. Biog. Gen. Volpi, Gianantonio, poet, §c, — b. at Como, 15 14— Bp of Como, 1559— U., 1588. Poems, 1725- Volpi, Gianantonio, classical scholar, — b. at Padua, 1686 — establishes printing office, 1717 — Prof. Philosophy, Padua, 1727 — Prof. Latin Eloquence, 1736— tf., 25 Oct. 1766. Catulli, Tibulli, et Propertii Carmina, 17 10. Volpi, Giuseppe, historian, — b. near Bari, 1680 — goes to Rome, 1696 — enters the Church and settles at Capaccio, 1704 — rj. there, 1756. Istoria de' Visconti, 1737-48. Volta, Alessandro, natural philosopher, — b. at Como, 1745 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Pavia, 17 74- 1 804 — visits England, 1782— F.R.S. London, 1791 — receives Copley Medal for discoveries in electricity, 1794 — Foreign Associate of French Institute, 1801 — tj. at Como, 5 Mar. 1826. Invents Electrophorus, 1775 — Hydrogen Lamp, 1777 — his Electrical Battery, {Voltaic pile,) 1800. Volta-Electric Induction, — discovered by Faraday, 1831. Voltaic Pile. [See Volta.] Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, poet, philosopher, historian, — b. at Paris, 21 Nov. 1694 a — imprisoned in the Bastille, 17 May 1717 — liberated, 12 Oct. 1718 — visits Rousseau at Brussels, 1722 — again imprisoned, 18 Apr. 1726— visits England, Aug. 1726 to spring 1729 — meets Mme du Chatelet, 1733 — retires with her to Cirey, 1734 — begins correspondence with Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia, 1736 — meets Frederick at Cleves, n-15 Sep. 1740 — admitted to the Academy, 9 May 1746 — goes to Potsdam, Jul. 1750 — his arrest at Frank- fort, by officer of Frederick II., 1 Jun. 1753 — liberated, 6 Jul. — settles at Femey, about 1760 — visits Paris, 10 Feb. 1778 — ft. there, 30 May 1778. (Edipe, 17 18 — Henriade, 1724 — Histoire de Charles XIL, 1730 — Lettres philosophiques, 17 31, condemned to be burnt, 10 Jun. 1734 — La Pucelle, 1755 (1762) — Essai sur les Moeurs et V esprit des nations, 1756 — Dictionnaire philosophique, 1764. a Jal. Volterra, Daniele di. [Ricciarelli.] Voltri, in N. Ltaly, — occupied by allies, 26 Jun. 1795 — the French routed by Imperialists, 21 Apr. 1800. Volumetric Analysis, in Chemistry, — method introduced by Guy Lussac, 1823. Volunteers, in Great Britain, — raised, Mar. 1794 — again, spring 1803 — regulated by Act 44 Geo. III. c. 54, 5 Jun. 1803— reviews of, in Hyde Park, by George III., 26 and 28 Oct. 1 803 — laws relating to, consolidated and amended by Act 26 and 27 Vie. c. 65, 21 Jul. 1863 — again amended by 32 and 33 Vic. c. 81, 9 Aug. 1869. Pi fie, organized, 1859 — P ur_ chase of grounds for practice facilitated by Act 23 and 24 Tic. c. 140, 28 Aug. i860— amended by 25 and 26 Vic. c. 41, 17 Jul. 1862. Irish, support address of parliament in favour of free trade, 12 Oct. 1779 — convention of, meets at Dublin, 10 Nov. 1783. Volusenus. [Wilson, Florence.] Volusianus, — Consul -with. Dexicrates, (1256, a. u. c.) 503. Volusianus, C Ceionius Rufius, — Consul with Annianus, (1067, a. u. c.) 314. Volusianus, C Vibius, Roman Emperor, — made Caesar, by his father, Gallus, 25 1 — Augus- tus, 252 — killed, with him, at Interamna, 253-4. VOLUSIANUS— VULGATE. 1419 Volusianus, L. Petronius Taurus, — Consul with Gallienus, (1014, a. u. c.) 261. Voncq, in France, — burnt by Prussians, 23 Sep. 1792 — again, 29 Aug. 1870. Vondel, Joost van den, poet, — b. at Cologne, 17 Nov. 1587 — marries, 16 10 — prosecuted and fined for his Palamedes, 1625 — embraces Ro- manism, about 1640 — tf. at Amsterdam, 5 Feb. 1679. Palamecles, 1625 — Gijsbrecht von Am- stel, 1625 — Lucifer, 1654. Vopiscus, Flavius, historian, — fl., about 291-2. Vopiscus, P. Manilius, — Consul with P. Ninnius Hasta, (867, a. u. c.) 114. Vorosmarty, Mihaly, poet, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Hungary, 1800 — secretary of Hungarian Academy, Pesth, soon after 1830 — tf. there, 9 Nov. 1856. Works, 1847. Vorst, Conrad von den, (Vorstius,) theolo- gian, — b. at Cologne, 19 Jul. 1569 — studies at Dusseldorf, 1583-6 — D.D. Heidelberg, 1594 — Prof. Theology, Steinfurt, 1596— Prof. The- ology, Leyden, 1610 — suspended, 161 1 — de- posed and banished, 1619 — tf. at Tonningen, 22 Sep. 1622. Tractatus Theologicus de Deo, 1610, burnt in England, by order of James I., 161 1. Vortigern, (Gwortiyem,) — sovereign of the Britons, probably 424. [See Saxons.] Vos, Cornelisz de, painter, — b. at Hulst, about 1585 — Master of Corporation of St Luke, 1608 — Dean, 16 19 — tf. at Antwerp, 9 May 1 65 1. Vos, Marten de, painter, — b- at Antwerp, 1520? 1524? 1531 ? 1534? — tf. there, 1603 or i6o4. a a Nagler. Vos, Simon de, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1603 — tf. there, 1661. Voss, Johann Heinrich, poet, philologist, translator, — b. in Mecklenburg, 20 Feb. 175 1 — goes to study at Gottingen, 1772 — Rector of Coll. of Otterndorf, 1778 — removes to Eutin, in Holstein, 1782 — visits Jena, 1802 — Prof, at Univ. of Heidelberg, 1805 — tf. there, 20, a 29, b 30 c Mar. 1826. Translation of Odyssey, 17 81 of Iliad, 1793— edition and translation of the Georgics, 1789 — of the Eclogues, 1797 — trans- lation of JEneid, 1799 — Gedichte, 1802 — Luise, 1795 — Antisymbolik, 1823 — Mythologische Brief e, 17 94— Kritische Blatter, 1829. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Engl. Cyc. Vossem, Peace of, — between Louis XIV. and Frederick William, Elector of Branden- burg, signed, 16 Jun. 1673. Vossius, Gerard, (Gerardus Johannis Vos- sius,) theologian, §c, — b. near Heidelberg, 1577 — studies at Leyden Univ., 1595-9 — D.D., 13 Mar. 1598 — Rector of Theological Coll., 1 6 14 — deprived, 1 6 19 — Prof. Eloquence and History, Leyden, 1622 — Prebendary of Canter- bury, 1629 — LL.D. Oxford, 1629 — Prof. His- tory, Amsterdam, 1633 — tf. there, 17 Mar. 1649. Sistoria Pelagiana, 161 8, condemned by Synod of Dort, 16x9 — De historicis Latinis, 1627 — De historicis Grcecis, 1624 — Aristar- chus, 1635 — De theologia gentili et physiologia Christiana, 1641 — Etymologicon Ungues latince, 1662 — Epistolce, 1690. Vossius, Isaac, philologist, §c, — b. at Ley- den, 1 61 8 — Librarian and Greek teacher to Queen Christina of Sweden, 1648-58 — comes to England, LL.D. Oxford, 1670 — receives pension from Louis XIV., 1663 — Canon of Windsor, 1673 — tf. there, Feb. 1688. DeLucis JSfatura et Proprietate, 1662. Voting Papers. [University Elections.] Vouet, Simon, painter, — b. at Paris, 1583,* 9 Jan. 1590 b — goes to Rome, 161 3— painter to Louis XIII. , 1627 — tf. at Paris, 1641,* 1649^ Marriage of St Catherine, 1625. a Felibien. b Jal. Vougle, in Prance, — Clovis defeats Alaric at, 507. Vowell, Mr, — plots against Cromwell, and is hanged, 10 Jul. 1654. Voyer, Marc Pierre de, Count of Ar- genson, — b. at Paris, 16 Aug. 1696 — Coun- sellor of State, 1724 — honorary member of Academy of Sciences, 1726 — director of the book-trade, 1737 — Pres. Great Council, 1738 — Minister of War, 1743 — present at Fonte- noy, 1745— exiled, Feb. 1757 — tf. at Paris, 22 Aug. 1764. Voyer, Rene Louis de, statesman, — b., 18 Oct. 1694 — Master of Requests, 17 18 — Coun- sellor of State, 1720 — Pres. Council of Finance, 1720 — Grand Cross, Chancellor of St Louis, 1 72 1 — admitted to Academy of Inscriptions, 1733 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nov. 1744 to Jan. 1747 — tf. at Paris, 1757. Considera- tions sur le gouvernement de la France, 1764 — Essais, 1785. Voyer d'Argenson, Marc Rene de, states- man, — b. at Venice, 4 Nov. 1652 — Lieutenant- general of Police, Paris, 1697-17 18— member of Academy of Sciences, 17 16 — Pres. Council of Finance, Keeper of the Seals, Jan. 17 18 — ■ admitted to French Academy, 17 18 — Chancel- lor of St Louis, 17 19 — tf- at Paris, 8 May 17 21. Vries, Hans Fredeman de, painter, — b. at Leeuwarden, 1527 — living at Amsterdam, 1570. Vries, Martin Gerritz von, maritime dis- coverer, — commands expedition of discovery to north of Japan, 1643. Vrolik, Willem, comparative anatomist, — b. at Amsterdam, 1801 — M.D. Utrecht, 1823 — Prof. Extraord. Anatomy, Groningen, 1829 — Prof. Anatomy, Physiology, and Zoology, Am- sterdam Athenaeum, 1831 — tf., 22 Dec. 1863. Vroom, Hendrik Cornelisz, painter, — b. at Haarlem, 1566. Vulgate, Old Latin Version of the Bible, — revised by Jerome, about 383-404 — New Latin Version, executed by Jerome, about 390-405 — sanctioned by Pope Gregory L, 604 — revised by Alcuin, by order of Charles the Great, about 802 — revised by Lanfranc, before 1100 — ren- dered into English by Wickliffe, 1324-84 — first printed book, (Mazarin Vulgate,) about 1455 ? — revised by Cardinal Ximenes, 1502-17 — by Stephens, 1528 and 1540 — sanctioned by decree of Council jf Trent, 8 Apr. 1546 — Six- tine edition, published and declared exclusively authentic by Sixtus V., before Aug. 1590 — commission for revision of, appointed by Gre- gory XIV., 159 1. Clementine, authorized by Clement VIII., 1592. VULSIXIANS— WAHHABEES. Vulsinians, — [B C] — conquered by Eome, 265. Vulso, A. Manlius — [BC] — (1.) Consul with L. Furius Medulliims Fusus, (280, a. u. c.) 474 — forty years' truce with Veii. (2.) Consul with M. Junius Brutus, (576,) 178. Vulso, Cn. Manlius, — [BC] — curule aedile, 197 — praetor in Sicily, 195 — Consul with M. Fulvius Nobilior, (0Q0, a. u. c.) 189 — sent to Asia to arrange affairs with Antiochus, 189 — defeats Gallograeci : proconsul in Asia, 188 — triumphs, 187. Vulso, L. Manlius, — [BC] — Consul vfith.'M. Atilius Begulus, (498, a. u. c.) 256 — invasion of Africa : triumphs, 256 — Consul with C. Atilius Begulus, (504,) 250. Vyasa, compiler of Vedas, — [B C] — fl., about 1400 ? w. "Waal, Cornelisz and Lucas de. [Wael.] Wace, (Waice, Gace, Gasse, §c.,) (Maitre Waco,) poet, — b. in Jersey, between 1090- noo, a about uoo, b about ii20 c — Canon of Bayeux, 1161-71 — tf. in England, before 11 84. Roman de Brut, (Brut cV Angleterre,) completed, ii55 b — printed, 1836-8 — Roman de Rou, first part, 1 1 60? — first printed, 1827. a Craik. b Morley. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Wachter, Johann Georg, philologist, — b. at Memmingen, 1673 — tf. Librarian and Director of Museum of Antiquities, Leipsic, 1757. Glossarium Germanicum, 1736-7. Wackernagel, Karl Heinrich Wilhelm, — b. at Berlin, 1806 — studies at the Univ., 1824- 27 — Prof. German Language and Literature, Basel, 1835 — visits France, Spain, and Italy, 1849 — tf., at Basel, 21 Dec. 1869. Deutsche Lesebuch, 1835-6 — Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur, 1848 — Altfranz. Lieder und Leiche, 1846. Wadding, {Wading,) Luke, Franciscan, — b. at Waterford, 16 Oct. 1588 — enters the Order, at Lisbon, 1605 — chaplain to Spanish embassy at Rome, 16 18 — founds Coll. of St Isidore at Borne, 1625 — tf. there, 18 ]S"ov. 1657. Edits Concordance of Marias de Calasio, 162 1 — Annates Ordinis Minorum, 1647-54. "Wade, George, general, — h., 1673 — enters the army, 1690 — Major-general, 1709 — M.P. Hindon, 17 15 — M.P. Bath, 1722-48 — con- structs military roads in the Highlands, 1725- 26 — pursues the Young Pretender, 1745 — superseded in command in Scotland, 1746 — tf., 1748. Wadham College, Oxford, — founded under will of Nicholas Wadham, 1610-13. Wael, (Waal,) Cornelisz die, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1594 — living at Borne, 1662 ? Wael, Jan Baptist de, painter, engraver, — b., about 1620? — paints, 1658. Wael, Lucas de, painter, — b. at Antwerp, 1591— tf., 1676. ■ Wagenaar, Jan, historian, — b. at Amster- dam, 1709 — tf,, 1773. Vaderlandsche His- toric, 1749-60 — Present State of United Pro- vinces, 1739. Wager, Sir Charles, admiral, — b., 1666 — captures Spanish galleons near Porto Belio, and is made Knt and Bear-admiral, 1708 — Vice-admiral, M.P., 17 13 — blockades Bussian ports, 1726 — First Lord of the Admiralty, 17 3 1 — tf. at Chelsea, 4 Jun. 1743. Wager of Battle, in civil suits, — usage re- cognized in laws of Luitprand, about 720 — in use in England, before n 00 — declared legal, as late as 1818 — abolished by Act 59 Geo. III. c. 46, 22 Jun. 18 1 9. Wager of Law, (Compurgation,) in England, —abolished by Act 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 42, s. 3, 14 Aug. 1833. Wages, of labourers, in England, — regulated by Acts 25 Edw. III. cc. 1-6, 1350; 13 Bic. II. st. 1, c 8, 1389-90; 11 Hen. VII. c. 22, 1495 ; 5 Eliz. c. 4, 1562 ; 1 Jac. I. c. 6, 1603 — laws regulating, repealed by Act 53 Geo. III. c. 40, 15 Apr. 1813. Waghorn, Thomas,— b. at Chatham, 1800 — enters the navy, 18 12 — Lieutenant, 1817 — projects overland route to India, 1827 — tf. in London, 7 Jan. 1850. Wagner, Fort, Charleston, V. S., — unsuc- cessfully attacked by Federals, 18 Jul. 1863 — bombarded, 17 Aug. — taken, 7 Sep. Wagram, in Austria, — Napoleon I. defeats Archduke Charles, 6 Jul. 1809. Wahhab, ( Wahab,) Mohammed Ebn Abdel, founder of Wahhabees, — b. in Arabia, (1116, a. h.) 1696 a — begins to propagate his doc- trines, about 1745 — takes up his residence at Dereeyah, 1746— tf., (29 Shawal 1206,) 14 Jun. i79i, a 1787, b before 1765. <= [Wahhabees.] a Mengin. b Some authorities. c Paigrave. Wahhabees, (Wahabees,) The, Mohammedan Sect, — [Wahhab] — under Mohammed Ibn Sa'tjd, commence conquest of Nedjid, (1159, a. 11.) 1745 a — his son Abdul Az'iz succeeds, about Mar. 1765 a — Sa'ud appointed his suc- cessor, 1787 — war with Solyman, Pacha of Baghdad, 1799 — capture and pillage of Ker- belah by Sa'ud, 2 Apr. 1801 — take Mecca, 1803 — Abdul Aziz assassinated, Sa'ud suc- ceeds, (18 Bedgeb 1218,) 14 Oct. 1803 a — ravage Bassorah, 1804 — take Medina, 1804 — British force sent against pirates in Persian Gulf, 1808 — Mehemet Ali charged with sub- jugation of, 1809 — hostilities commence, 181 1 — [Ibrahim Pasha] — Abdallah (son) sue- WAHLENBERG— WALCHEREN. 142 r ceeds, 18 14 — subjugation of, completed, Ab- dallah captured and beheaded at Constanti- nople, 1 8 1 8 — hostilities with Egypt cease, 1849 — visited by Palgrave, 1863 — by Pelly, 1865. In Hindustan, — begin preaching and arming, 1S24 — settlement of, at Sitana, 1830 — conspiracy against British government dis- covered, 1868 — trial and conviction of Ameer Khan and others, at Patna, Jun. and Jul. 1871. a Mengin. Wahlenberg, George, botanist, — b. in Sweden, 1780 — Superintendent of Museum of Science, Upsala, 1814 — tf. Prof. Botany and Medicine, at Upsala, Feb. 1851. Mora Lap- ponica, 1 8 1 2 — Flora Carpethorum, 1 8 14 — Flora Upsaliensis, 1820 — Flora Suecica, 1831-3. Wahlstatt, in Prussian Silesia, — built in commemoration of battle between Henry II., Duke of Silesia, and the Mongols, fought, 9 Apr. 1241. Wailly, Charles de, architect, — b. at Paris, 9 Nov. 1729 — studies at Rome, 1752-5 — mem- ber of Academy of Architecture, 1767 — of Academy of Painting, 177 1 — of Institute, 1795 tf. at Paris, 2 Nov. 1798. Ode'on, Far is , 1779. Wailly, Etienne Augustin de, litterateur, — b. at Paris, 1770— joint-editor of Mercure de France, 1802-10— tf. at Paris, 15 May 1821. Edition of J. B. Fousseaus Works, 1 805 — Translation of Odes of Horace, 18 17-18 — Nouveau Ficiionnaire des rimes, 18 12. Wailly, Noel Francois de, grammarian, — b. at Amiens, 1724 — member of Institute, 1796 — tf. at Paris, 7 Apr. 1801. Frincipes ge'ne- raux et particuliers de la Langue Frangaise, 1754 — edits Goujet's Ficiionnaire Fortatif de la Langue Frangaise, 1774 — -with his sou, Noitvean Vocabulaire Francais, 1801. Waitz, Theodor, anthropologist, — b. at Gotha, 17 Mar. 1821 — studies at Leipsic and Jena, 1838-42— travels in France and Italy, 1842-3 — Prof. Extraord. at Marburg, 1848 — tf. at Marburg, 21 May 1864. Grundlegung der Fsychologie, 1846 — edition of Aristotle's Or- ganon, 1844-6 — Lehrbuch der Fsychologie, 1849 — Allgemeine Fddagogik, 1852 — Anthropologic der Nat urv biker, 1860-7. Waitzen, ( Vucz,) in Hungary, — seat of a Bishopric, 1074 — the Turks defeated near, 1597 — again, by Duke Charles of Lorraine, who takes the city, 27 Jun. 1684 — taken by Hun- garian patriots, 10 Apr. 1849 — combats be- tween Gorgei and Russians, 15-17 Jun. 1849. Cathedral, built, 1777. Wake, William, Abp of Canterbury,— b. at Blandford, 1657 — enters Christ-church, Ox- ford, 1672 — B.A., 1676 — M.A., 1679 — marries, Oct. 1688 — D.D. and Canon of Christ church, 1689— Dean of Exeter, 1701 — Bp of Lincoln, 1705 — Abp of Canterbury, Jan. 17 16 — dis- cusses with Dupin project for union of English and Gallican Churches, 17 18 — loses his wife, 1731 — tf. at Lambeth, 24 Jan. 1737. English Version of Epistles of the Apostolic Fathers, 1693 — Fefence of Fower of Christian Frinces over Ecclesiastical Synods, 1697 — State of the Church and Clergy of England, 1703. Wakefield, in Yorkshire,— Queen Margaret defeats Richard, Duke of York, near, 31 Dec. 1460— united to Duchy of Lancaster, 1554— Industrial and Fine Arts' Exhibition at, opened, 30 Aug. 1865. Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, colonial re- former, — b., about 1786— imprisoned in New- gate, 1826-9— founds ^ ew Zealand Association 1837— conducts colony to New Zealand, 1839 — private secretary to Earl of Durham, in Canada, May to Dec. 1839— tf. at Wellington, New Zealand, 16 May 1862. Letters from Sydney, 1829— England and America, 1833 — . View of the Art of Colonization, 1833. t Wakefield, Gilbert, theologian, — b. at Not- tingham, 22 Feb. 1756 — enters Jesus Coll. Cambridge, 1772— B. A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1776 — marries, 1779 — classical Master of War- rington Academy, 1779-83— classical Prof, at Hackney Academy, 1790— resigns, 1791 — im- prisoned for libel, 1799-1801 — tf. in London, 9 Sep. 1 80 1. Translation of New Testament, 1791 — Silva Critica, 1789-95 — edition of Lucretius, 1796. Wakefield, Priscilla, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 1750 — establishes Frugality Bank at Tottenham, 1804 — tf. at Ipswich, 1832. Wakley, Thomas, Editor of the 'Lancet,' — b. at Manbury, in Devonshire, 1795 — comes to London, 18 15 — retires from practice, 1823 — successfully defends himself in action for libel, 1828 — M.P. Finsbury, 1835-52 — coroner for Middlesex, 1839 — goes to Madeira, 1861 — tf. there, 16 May 1862 — founds and edits the Lancet, 1823. Wala, Abbot of Corbey, — b., about 765 ? — takes oath of obedience to Louis the Pious, 814 — becomes a monk, 816 — on suspicion of favouring Bernhard, king of Italy, is imprisoned, 817 — recalled to Court of Louis, and becomes his chief adviser, 822 — accompanies him to Rome, 823 — Abbot of Corbey, 826 — supports rebellion of sons of Louis, 830 — assists at Diet of Campiegne, 830— tf., 836. Walch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, theolo- gian, historian, — b. at Jena, 1726 — Prof. Ex- traord. Philosophy, Jena, 1750 — removes to Gottingen, 1754 — Prof. Divinity, Gottingen, 1757 — tf., 1784. Grundsatze der Kirchen- geschichte des neuen Testaments, 1772-74 — NeuesteFeligions-geschichte, 177 1-83— Entwurf einer vollstandigen Historie der Ketzereien, &c, 1762-85. Walch, Johann Georg, theologian, — b. at Meiningen, 1693 — D.D. and Prof. Divinity, Jena, 1724 — tf., 1775. Fhilosophisches Lexicon, 1 726 — edition of Luther 'sSdmmtliche Schriflen, 1740-50 — Historische und Theologische Ein- leitung in die vomehmsten Feligions-Streitig- keiten, 1724-36. Walchere de Lorraine, Bp of Durham, — consecrated, 1071 — oppresses Northumbrians and excites insurrection, slain with his ad- herents at Gateshead, 14 May 1080 — his death savagely avenged by Odo of Bayeux, 1080. Walcheren, island, — British expedition to Holland urged by Austria, 1808 — preparations made, Jun. 1809 — expedition under John Lord Chatham and Sir Richard Strachan, sails, 28 1422 WALCKENAER— WALDEMAR III. Jul. — one division lands in, 30 Jul. — another in Cadsand: occupation of Middelburg, 30 Jul. — occupation of Bahtz by Sir John Hope, 2 Aug. — surrender of Flushing, 1 6 Aug. — head- quarters advanced to Bahtz,. 26 Aug. — all the troops withdrawn into Walckeren, beginning of Sep. — ravaged by fever, Sep. — evacuated, before 25 Dec. — parliamentary inquiry into conduct of the expedition, 21-30 Mar. 18 10. Walckenaer, Charles Athanase, Baron, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Paris, 25 Dec. 1771 — studies at Oxford, about 1789 — ad- mitted to French Academy, 6 Oct. 1813 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 19 Jul. 18 14 — Baron, 1823 — perpetual secretary of Aca- demy of Inscriptions, 1840 — tf. at Paris, 28 Apr. 1852. Histoire generate des Voyages, 1826-31 — Geographic ancienne historique et comparee des Gaules, 1839 — Histoire de la vie et des poesies d' Horace, 1840 — Memoires sur 2£me de Se'vigne, 1842-52 — edition of Fon- taine, 1820 — edition oi La Br icy ere, 1845. Walcourt, in Holland, — Marshal d'Hu- mieres defeated by Prince of Waldeck, 27 Aug. 1689. Waldeck, in Germany, — gives name to a County, before 1050 — Counts of, acquire pri- vileges of Counts of the Empire, by sentence of Aulic Council, 1549. Eisenberg, line of, raised to dignity of Princes of the Empire, 1682 — [Waldeck, George F., Prince of] — line extinct, 1692. Wilclungen, line of, raised to same dignity, by Charles VI. , 6 Jan. 17 12. Pyrmont, forms separate County, 1494 — reunited to Waldeck, 163 1 — Prince Frederick joins Confederation of the Rhine, 1807 — Principality becomes member of Germanic Confederation, 18 15 — joins the Zollverein, 1841 — obtains constitu- tional charter, 17 Aug. 1852. "Waldeck, Christian Augustus, Prince of, general, — ft., 6 Dec. 1744 — commands under Laudon against Turks, 1788-9 — wounded at siege of Thionville, 1792 — conducts passage of the Rhine at Selz, 13 Sep. 1793— tr. at Lisbon, 1798. "Waldeck, George Frederick, Prince of, field-marshal, — ft., 1620 — enters service of States-General, 16653 — Field-marshal, Prince of the Empire, 1682 a — distinguishes himself at siege of Vienna, 1683 — Marshal-general of armies of Holland, Grand Master of Order of St John in Ponierania, 1686 a — defeats Mar- shal d'Humieres at Walcourt, 27 Aug. 1689 — defeated by Marshal de Luxembourg, at Fleurus, 1690 — tf. at Arolseu, 9,* 19 b Nov. 1692. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Xouv. Biog. Gen. Waldegrave, James, 1st Earl, — ft., 1684 — succeeds bis father as Baron, 1689 — conforms to Church of England, and takes his seat in House of Lords, Feb. 1722 — ambas- sador to Paris, Sep. 1725 — ambassador to Vienna, May 1727-30 — created Earl, 13 Sep. 1729 — ambassador to Paris, 1730-40 — a", in :. 1 1 Apr. 174L Waldegrave, James, 2nd Earl, statesman, — b., 4 Mar. 17 15 — succeeds his father, 1741 — LL.D., Oxford, 1749 — Warden of the Stan- naries, Apr. 1751 — Governor to the Prince of Wales, Dec. 1752 — First Lord of the Treasury, Jun. 1757 — resigns in a few days: K.G., 30 Aug. 1757 — tl., 28 Apr. 1763. Memoirs from 1754-8, 1821. Waldemar I. the Great, King of Den- mark, — ft., 15 Jan. ii3i a — his title to crown of Denmark set aside for Erick III., 11 37 — again, for Sweyn III., 1147 — marries Sophia, 1 1 54 — claims tbe crown, 1156 — by Treaty of Roeskilde obtains Jutland, 1157 — defeats and kills Sweyn III. and succeeds him, 23 Oct., b 22 Sep. c 1 157 — suppresses Wend pirates, 1160 — attends Diet of Empire at Metz, and acknow- ledges himself vassal of Frederick L, 1162 — ■ subjugates isle of Riigen, 1 164-8 b — takes Stet- tin, 1 1 7 1 d — takes, pillages, and burns Julin, ii75, b 1170° — suppresses revolt of Scanians, about 1 179 ? — assists Frederick I. in conquest of Liibeck, 1 1 8 1 — ij. at Wordingsborg, 1 2 May n82, b n8i. a a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Engl. Cyc. d Nouv. Biog. Gen. Waldemar II. the Victorious, King of Denmark, — ft., ii7o a — Knt, n 88 — created Duke of Schleswig by his brother Cnut VI., ii92 b — conquers Holstein, 1200 — succeeds his brotber, 12 Nov. 1202 — crowned at Lun- den, 25 Dec. — recognized King of the Wends and Lord of Nordalbingia, at Liibeck : obtains renunciation of Holstein from Count Adolphus III. and liberates him, 1203 — places Erling on throne of Norway and makes the kingdom tributary, 1203 — marries Margaret of Bohe- mia, 1205 — defeats forces of Waldemar, Bp of Schleswig, and secures Archbishopric of Bre- men to Burchard, 1206 — makes war on Counts of Schwerin, 1208 — subjugates Eastern Pome- rania, and recovers Dantzic, 12 10 — loses his Queen, 121 2 — marries Berengaria of Portugal, 1 2 14 — obtains from Frederick II. cession of conquered provinces in N. Germany, by Treaty of Metz, 1214° — declares for Frederick against Otto of Brunswick, 12 14 — recognized as King of the Wends by Frederick, about 12 14 — de- feats troops of the league formed against him and recovers Hamburg, about 12 16-17 — in- vades Esthonia and builds castle of Revel, I2i7, b i2i8 a — has his eldest son crowned, 121 8 — loses his queen, 122 1 — seized and im- prisoned by Henry, Count of Schwerin, 6 May 1223 — liberated on paying a ransom and re- nouncing his German provinces, 17, 15 25 a Nov. i225, ab 1224 c — again invades Holstein, i226, b 1227 a — defeated by allies of Count of Schwerin, at Bornhoveden, and loses an eye, 22 Jul. 1227 — loses Liibeck, 1227 — concludes peace, and renounces Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Ponierania, 1229 a — loses his eldest son, 1231 — fails in attempt on Liibeck, 1234 — recovers Revel and part of Livonia, 1238— has col- lection of Cimbric laws published, 1240— tf., 28 Mar. 1 241. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Kington. Waldemar III., King- of Denmark,— ft., about 1325^ 1 3 1 5 b — sent to Imperial Court, 1337 — after interregnum of six years succeeds his father, Christopher II., 1340— makes peace WALDEMAK— WALES. 1423 with Counts of Holstein and Duke of Schles- wig, 1 340 — marries Hedwig, sister of the Duke, 1340 — has interview with Magnus, king of Sweden, at Yarherg, and confirms Scania to him, 1343 — marches into Esthonia, Apr. 1345 — goes to Palestine, 1 345 —returns, beginning of winter 1 346 — excommunicated by Pope Clement VI., 1346 — absolved, 1347 — sells. Duchy of Esthonia to Teutonic Knights, 1347 — aids Margrave of Brandenburg against Im- perialists besieging Berlin, 1350 — makes war on Counts of Holstein and acquires islands of Femeren and Langeland, 1356 — obtains cession of Scania from Magnus of Sweden, and con- quers it, 1359 — aids Magnus in suppressing revolt in Gothland, and pillages Wisby, 1360 — league formed against him, carries on war with it, 1360-2 — assists at marriage of Em- peror Charles IV. at Cracow, 1363 — visits Pope Urban V. at Avignon, 1363 — restores King Magnus, 1363 — returns to Denmark, summer 1364 — war with Hanse Towns re- newed, 1368 — withdraws from Denmark, 1368- 72 — loses his queen, 1374 — ft. near Elsinore, 24 Feb., a Oct. e 1375. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Nout. Biog. Gen. c Biog. Univ. Waldemar, King of Sweden, — fo., 1242 s1 — succeeds his uncle Erick XL, 125 1 — regency of his father, Count Birger, 1251-66 — marries Sophia of Denmark, 1263 — assumes the go- vernment, Oct. 1266 — makes pilgrimage to Holy Land and leaves his brother Magnus Begent, 1272 — returns and makes war on Mag- nus, 1276 — abdicates in favour of Magnus, 1279 — plots to recover the throne and is im- prisoned, 1288 — tr. at Nikoping, i292, b 1302.* a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Walden, Roger, Abp of Canterbury, — appointed by Pope Boniface, on banishment of Arundel, 1397 — displaced as a usurper by Henry IV., 1399 — tried, condemned, and set at liberty, Feb. 1400 — Bp of London, by Papal proviso, 10 Dec. 1404 — ft., Jan. 1406. Walden, (Waldensis,) Thomas, (Thomas Netter,) Provincial of Carmelite Order in England, — b. in Essex, about 1380 — ordained subdeacon, 1395 — sent by Henry V. to Council of Pisa, 1409 — Provincial, 1414 — assists at Council of Constance, 1415 — sent to Lithuania, negotiates peace between Poland and Teutonic Knights, 141 9 — as confessor to Henry V., at- tends him on his death-bed, 1422 — accom- panies Henry VI. to France, and tf. at Bouen, 1430. Doctrinale Antiquum Fidei Ecclesice Catholicce, and De Sacramentis, published at Venice, 1757. Waldenses, (Vaudois, Poor Men of Lyon,) (Vallesi,) — mentioned as separatists from Bo- man communion, as early as 11 00 — publish a confession of faith, n 20 — their opinions con- demned by Council of the Lateran, 1 179— ban- ished from Aragon by Alfonso II., 1 194— name occurs, about 1200 — tenets of, condemned by Beinerus, about 1230 — condemned by bull of Pope John XXII., 1332— persecuted, 1400 — obtain edicts of toleration and privilege from Dukes of Savoy, 1448 and 1452 — extirpation of, enjoined by bull of Innocent VIII. , 1487 — persecution of, by Francis I. of France, 1541- 44 — prohibited exercise of their worship, bv Duke Emmanuel Philibert, 1560 — attacked by his troops aided by French, 1560— obtain peace and an amnesty, by edict of Jun. 1561 — their immunities confirmed and regulated by rescripts of Charles Emmanuel, 1601, 1602, 1603, and 1620 — embassy sent by Charles I. of England to intercede for them, 1627 — again, 1629— -persecuted in Saluzzo by Victor Ama- deus I., between 1630-6 — persecution of, by Charles Emmanuel II., begins, Jan. 1655 — at- tacked and massacred by his troops, under Marquis of Pianezza, Apr. to Nov. — interven- tion on their behalf of Protestant Cantons of Switzerland, of Cromwell, and States of Hol- land, 1656 — by mediation of Louis XIV. con- clude convention with the Duke, at Pinerola, Aug. 1656 — again persecuted, 1663-4 — Duke Victor Amadeus ordered by Louis XIV. to extirpate them, 1685 — required to abjure their tenets on pain of expulsion, by edict of Jan. 1686 — attacked and subdued by Ducal and French troops, 1686 — under Arnaud, attempt recovery of their homes, 1689 — [Arnaud, Hen- ri] — grievances of, partly redressed by edict of King Victor Amadeus III., Jun. 1794 — placed on equality with Catholics by Napoleon, 1803? — again subject to disabilities, 18 14 — freed from disabilities by patent of Victor Emmanuel, 17 Feb. 1848 — spread through Sardinia and Italy, 1848-58. Waldis, Burkard, fabulist, — fc. in Hesse, about 1500 — tf. at Abterode, 1554. Fabeln, 1548 — Metrical Psalter, 1553. Waldo, (Valdo,) Peter, — begins preaching at Lyons, about 1170. [Waldenses.] Wales, — invaded by Ostorius Scapula who defeats the Silures, 50— [Caractacus]— invaded by Suetonius Paullinus, 61 — [Mona] — by Agri- cola, 78— invasion of Ethelfrith of Northum- bria, and massacre of monks at Bangor, 605 or 6o7, a 6i3 b — invaded by West Saxons, 610— defeat of Welsh by Cynegils and Cuichelm, at Beandune, 614 — Cadwallawn in alliance with Penda defeats and kills Edwin of Northumbria, 12 or 14 Oct. 633 — Cadwallawn defeated and slain by Oswald of Northumbria, 635 — Ina defeats the Welsh, 710 — three victories of the Welsh over Saxons, 722 — invaded by Ethel- bald of Mercia and Cuthred of Wessex, 743 — invaded by Cuthred, 753 — ravaged by Offa of Mercia, about 776 — the Marches annexed to Mercia, and Offa's Dyke built, summer 779 — battle of Bhuddlan Marsh, 795 or 796 — ravaged by Egbert, 8 1 3 — kingdom of Powys conquered by Saxons, 822 b — conquest of N. Wales by Egbert, 828 a — Egbert defeats allied Welsh and Northmen, at Hengestdown, 835 — Bhodri Mawr becomes King of Gwynedd, 844 — inva- sion of Danes mentioned, 850 and 853 — inva- sion of Ethered of Mercia, 880 — Alfred acknowledged as supreme lord of, about 880 — invaded by Danes, 890 — again, 894 a or 895^ 900 or 902, 906 — Ethelfleda defeats Welsh at Brecenan-mere, 916 a — ravaged by fleet from Brittany, 9i8, a 913 b — submits to Edward the 1424 WALES— WALKER. Elder, 922 — tributary to Atbelstan, 926 ? 933 ? 938 ? — death of Hywel Dda, 948 or 950 — divided on his death : invasion of ' Pagans,' 961 — descent of Maccus on Anglesey, 971 — his conquest of Anglesey, 972 — triumph of Xing Edgar at Chester, 973 — ravaged by Northmen, 981— compelled to pay tribute to Northmen of Ireland, 988 — ravaged by North- men, 989 — by Saxons, 993 — by Northmen, 997, 1000, 1039 — Gruffydd ab Llewelyn be- comes King of Gwynedd, 1039 — makes himself master of all Wales, 1044 — acknowledges fealty to English, 1 046 — with Irish pirates ravages Gloucestershire, Jul. 1049 — ravages Herefordshire, 1052 — with Elfgar again in- vades Herefordshire, defeats Earl Ralph and burns Hereford, 1055 — defeats and kills Leof- gar, 17 Jun. 1056 — swears fealty to Edward the Confessor, 1056 — reinstates Elfgar in his earldom, 1058 — invasion of Harold, 25 Dec. 1063 — conquest of the country by Harold and Tostig, 1064 — Gruffydd killed by his subjects, Aug. 1064 — castles built by Norman chiefs, 1069-70 — -William I. leads an army into, 108 1 — conquest of S. Wales by Normans completed by defeat and death of Rhys ab Tudor, 1090 ■ — insurrections in, and castles destroyed, 1094 — fruitless campaign of William II. in, Jun. to Aug. 1097 — rebellion of Robert de Belesme suppressed, 1102 — settlement of Flemings in, 1105,° no8 b — Henry I. leads army into, and has castles built, n 14 — subdued by Henry I., 1 121 — revolt breaks out, 113^ — submission of Owain Gwynedd to Henry II., 1157 — submis- sion of all Welsh princes, 1158 — fruitless ex- pedition of Henry II. into, 1162 or 1163 — another, 1 1 65 — death of Owain Gwynedd, 1 i69, d 1 17 1 b — crusade preached in, by Baldwin, Abp of Canterbury, 11 88 — Llewelyn ab Ior- werth Prince of Gwynedd, 1 1 94 — submits to King John, 1211 — interdict raised, 1214 — al- liance of the princes with English barons, 12 15 — interdict renewed by Gualo, 28 Oct. 12 16 — first expedition of Henry III. into, Aug. 1228 — civil war between David and Gruffydd on death of Llewelyn, 1240 — another expedition of Henry III., 1241 — ravaged by Henry, Jul. to Oct. 1245 — levy of Scutage of Gannock, 1245 — convention between Henry and Owain and Llewelyn signed at Woodstock, 30 Apr. 1247 — revolt of Llewelyn ab Gruffydd, Nov. 1256 — laws of England introduced in part of the Principality, 1252 — truce for a year concluded at Mad Parliament at Oxford, 17 Jun. 1258 — treaty of peace between Llewelyn and Henry III. signed at Shrewsbury and Montgomery, 25 and 29 Sep. 1267 — first expedition of Ed- ward I., 1276 — defeat and death of Llewelyn ab Gruffydd, 1282 — surrender and execution of Lavydd, 1283 — government of, provided for by Statutes of Rhuddlan, 12 Edw. I., 7 Mar. 1283 — insurrection under Rhys ap Meredydd suppressed by the Justiciary, Tiptoft, 1287-8 — insurrection under Madog and Morgan, 1294 — Earl of Lincoln defeated near Denbigh, n Nov. — insurrection suppressed, 1295 — others, under Llewelyn ap Rhys, suppressed, 13 16 — and under Sir Gruffydd Llwyd, 1322 — rebel- lion of Owain Glyndwrdu, 1400— [Glendower, Owen]— incorporated with England by Act 27 Hen. VIII. c. 26, 1536 — divided into twelve counties, and President and Council appointed for, by Act 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 2, 1543— Royalist rising in, May 1648— suppressed by Cromwell, Jul. — court of the Lords Marchers suppressed by Act 1 Wm and Mar. s. 1, c. 27, 1688 — better administration of justice in, pro- vided for by Act 1 Wm IV. c. 70, 23 Jul. 1830. a A.S. Chron. b Ann. Camb. c Annals of England. d Most authorities. Wales, Prince of, — title given by Edward I. to his son, Edward of Caernarvon, between 20 Nov. 1300 and 4 Apr. 1301. Wales, William, mathematician, — fj., about 1734 — sent to Hudson's Bay to observe transit of Venus, 1769 — accompanies Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772 — and on his third, 1776-80 — F.R.S., 1776 — ft. Secretary to Board of Longitude, 179S. Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph, Colonna, Count, statesman, (son of Napoleon I.,) — fc. in Poland, 4 May 18 10 — fights at Grochow, 1830— joint-envoy to London, 1830 — enters French army, 1833 — naturalized in France, 3 Dec. 1833 — envoy to Mehemet Ali, 1840 — Minister Plenipotentiary to Florence, 1849 — ambassador to London, 1854 — Minister of Foreign Affairs, Apr. 1855 — Senator, 26 Apr. 1856 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 1856 — Minister of State, Jan. i860 — Pres. Corps Legislatif, 30 Aug. 1865 — ft. at Stras- burg, 27 Sep. 1868. Walhalla, The, in Bavaria, — founded by King Ludwig I., 18 Oct. 1830 — completed, after designs by Klenze, 18 Oct. 1842. Wali, Hindoo poet, — {{., about 1650. Walid I., 11th Caliph, — succeeds his father, Abdelmalek, (86, a. h.) 705 — [for conquests of his generals, see Katibah, Moslem, Musa, Tarik]— ft., (96,) 715. Walid II., 16th Caliph, — succeeds his uncle Hashem, (125, a. h.) 743 — murdered by his cousin Yezid, (126,) 744. Walker, Clement, historian, — fj. at Cliffe, Dorsetshire, about 1595 — M.P. Wells, 1640 — ft. in the Tower, Oct. 1651. History of Inde- pendency, 1648-51. Walker, Sir Edward, historian, — Secretary- at-War to Charles I., 1639 — Clerk extraord. to Privy Council, Jun. 1644 — M.A. Oxford, 1 Nov. 1644 — Knt, Feb. 1645 — attends Charles II. to Scotland, 1651 — ft. at Whitehall, 19 Feb. 1677. Historical Discourses, 1705. Walker, George, — defends Londonderry against James II., Apr. to 30 Jul. 1689 — killed at battle of the Boyne, 1 Jul. 1690. True Account of the Siege of Londonderry, 1689. Walker, John, — Attempt towards recovering an Account of the numbers and sufferings of the clergy, &c, in the Grand Rebellion, 17 14. Walker, John, lexicographer, — fc. at Colney Hatch, Middlesex, 18 Mar, 1732 — ft. in Lon- don, 1 Aug. 1807. Rhyming Dictionary, 1775 — Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, 1791. Walker, Obadiah, — fj. in Yorkshire, pro- bably 1616— M.A. Oxford, Apr. 1638 — ejected WALKER— WALLER. 1425 from his Fellowship of Univ. Coll., 1648 — Master of Univ. Coll., 1676 — declares himself a Papist, 1685 — committed to the Tower, Nov. 1688 — tf. in London, 21 Jan. 1692,* 1699. 11 * Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Walker, Kobert, painter, — tf., about 1659. Walker, William Sidney, poet, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Pembroke, 4 Dec. 1795 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 18 14 — B.A., Jan. 1819— Fellow of Trin. Coll., about 1821— settles in London, 1830 — tf. there, (after 3 Oct.) 1846. Poetical Remains, 1852 — Shake- speare Versification, 1854 — Critical Examin- ation of Text of Shakespeare, i860. Walker, William, adventurer, {'filibuster,') — ft. at Nashville, U. S., 1824 — organizes ex- pedition in San Francisco, for conquest of Sonora, Jul. 1853 — lands in Lower California, declares himself Pres., and proclaims annex- ation of Sonora, Oct. — sets out for Sonora, Mar. 1854 — surrenders to U. S. officials at San Diego, and is tried and acquitted, 15 May 1854 — lands in Nicaragua, 11 Jun. 1855 — wins battle of Eivas, 29 Jun. — takes possession of Granada, 15 Oct.— concludes treaty with Gen. Corral, 25 Oct.— appointed Generalissimo of the Republic : has Corral tried by Court Martial and shot, 8 Nov. — defeated by Costa Ricans at Guanacaste, 20 Mar. 1856 — defeats them at Rivas, 1 1 Apr. — elected Pres. Nicara- gua, 25 Jun. — surrenders to U. S. forces, 1 May 1857 — renews his attempts, Nov. to Dec. 1857, Oct. 1858, and Jun. i860— condemned by Court Martial, and shot at Truxillo, 12 Sep. i860. Wall, Joseph, Governor of Goree, — dis- tinguishes himself at reduction of the Havan- nah, 1762 — Governor of Goree, 1780 — has Sergeant Armstrong flogged, 10 Jul. 1782 — returns to England, 1782 — arrested, but escapes, 1784 — surrenders, Oct. 1801 — tried in London, and found guilty of murder, 20 Jan. 1802 — hung, 28 Jan. Wall, William, theologian, — ft., 1646 — vicar of Shoreham, Kent, about 1676 — D.D. Oxford, 1720 — tf. at Shoreham, 1728. His- tory of Infant Baptism, 1707 — Defence of the History, 17 19. Wallace, (TFalleys,) {Sir) William, — leader of insurgents against English government, May 1297 — defeats English at Stirling Bridge, (Cambuskenneth,) 10 Sep. 1297 — ravages north of England, Oct. to Nov. 1297 — defeated by Edward I. near Falkirk, 22 Jul. i298 — declared an outlaw, 1 304 — captured near Glas- gow, 1305 — hung in London, 24 Aug. 1305. Wallace, Thomas, Baron Wallace, states- man, — ft. in Cumberland, 1769 — M.A. Oxford, 1790 — M.P., 1790 — D.C.L. Oxford, 1793 — Lord of the Admiralty, 1797 — Commissioner for Affairs of India, 1800-6 — Privy Councillor, May 1 801 — returns to office, 1807 — resigns, 1816 — V. P. Committee of Privy Council for Trade, 1 818— Master of the Mint, Oct. 1823— raised to the peerage, 2 Feb. 1828 — tf., 23 Feb. 1844. Wallace, William, mathematician, — ft. at Dysart, in Scotland, 23 Sep. 1768 — Mathe- matical Master, Royal Military Coll., 1803 — Prof. Mathematics, Edinburgh Univ., 1819-38 — tf. at Edinburgh, 28 Apr. 1843. Wallace, W. Vincent, musical composer, — — ft. at Waterford, 1 Jun. 18 14 — comes to England, 1845 — tf. in France, 12 Oct. 1865. Maritana, 1846 — Lurline, 1854 — Amber Witch, 1861 — Desert Flower, 1863. Wallachia, [Dacia, Moldavia] — Independ- ent State, under Waiwodes, from about 1240? — reduced by King Sigismund of Hungary, 1387 — under Mircea I. submits to Sultan Bayazid, i39i, a 1393 b — under Vlad II. a (V. b ) submits to Mahomet II., 1460 *— con- quered by Turks, 1526 — [Mohacz] — reign of Michael IV. the Brave, 1592-1601 — the hos- podars appointed by the Porte, from 16 10 — overrun by John Sobieski, 1686 — Russian occupation, 1770-4 — Austro-Russian, 1788-91 — occupied by Russians, 1807-12— again tribu- tary to Sultan, 1 81 2 — right of electing its princes restored, 1822 — occupied by Russians, 1828— evacuated by Treaty of Adrianople, 1 829 — insurrection, 23 Jun. 1848— suppressed by Russians and Turks, and the country occupied, 1848 — invaded by Russians, 1853. [Crimean War, Danubian Principalities, Koumania.] a Conv.-Lex. b Encyc. Mod. Wallenstein, {Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius, Count of Walclstein, §c.,) general, — ft. in Bo- hemia, l$ Sep. 1583 — distinguishes himself at siege of Gran, and is made Captain, 1606 — Count of the Empire, 1617 — Quartermaster- general of Imperial army in Bohemia, 1619 — defeats Bethlen Gabor, 1621 and 1623 — Prince of Friedland, 1623 — Generalissimo and Field- marshal, 25 Jul. 1625 — raises an army for the Emperor, and defeats Count Mansfeld at Des- sau, 25 Apr. 1626 — Duke, 1627— commands against Danes, 1627 — unsuccessfully besieges Stralsund, 1628 — negotiates Peace of Liibeck, 1629 — Duke of Mecklenburg, Jun. 1629 — dis- missed from his command, 1630 — resumes it, and entrenches himself near Niirnberg, about Jun. 1632 — repulses Gustavus Adolphus, 24 Aug. 1632 — defeated by him at Liitzen, 6, a i6, b 26 c Nov. 1632 — obtains from his officers declaration of fidelity at Pilsen, 12 Jan. 1634 — deprived and declared a rebel, 24 Jan. 1634 — killed, by order of the Emperor, at Egra Castle, 25 Feb. 1634. Briefe, 1828. * Menzel and Coxe. b Art de Verifier les Dates. c Biog. Univ. Waller, Edmund, poet, — ft. at Coleshill, Herts, 3 Mar. 1605— M.P., 1625, 1627-8— marries, 1630 — again M.P., 1640 — his 'plot' discovered, 31 May 1643— imprisoned, 1643-4 — retires to France, 1644 — returns, about 1653 ? — M.P., 1 66 1 — tf. at Beaconsfield, 21 Oct. 1687. Poems, 1664-90. Waller, Sir William, general,— -ft. in Kent, 1597 — M.P. Andover, 1640 — General in the Parliamentary army, 1642 — defeated by Royal- ists at Lansdown, near Bath, 5 Jul. 1643 — again at Devizes, 13 Jul. — with Essex, marches against Oxford, Apr. 1644 — defeated by Charles I. at Cropredy Bridge, 29 Jun. 1644 — with Manchester, marches against Oxford, and takes 90 1426 WALLIA— WALWORTH. part in battle of Newbury, 27 Oct. 1644 — re- moved from command by Self-denying Or- dinance, Apr. 1645 — impeached and im- prisoned, 1648 — member of Council of State, Feb. 1660 — tf. at Osterley Park, Middlesex, 19 Sep. 1668. Wallia, King of the Visigoths, — chosen to succeed Singeric, 415 — marches across Spain, 415 — makes peace with Honorius and gives up Plaoidia, 416 — as ally of Romans, reduces barbarians in Spain, 416-418 — settles in Gaul, and receives province of Aquitania Secunda, 4i8, a 419 b — lj., 4i8, a 419. b a Clinton. b Gibbon. Wallich, Nathaniel, botanist,— b. at Copen- hagen, 28 Jan. 1786 — goes to India, 1807 — Superintendent of Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 1815-47 — V. P. Linnean Society, 1849 — ft. in London, 28 Apr. 1854. Planted Asiaticce Pa- riores, 1829-33. Wallingford, in Berkshire, — destroyed by Danes, 1006 — Castle built, by Robert d'Oyley, 1067 — Maud takes refuge at, Dec. 1142 — treaty between Stephen and Henry, son of Maud, concluded at, 7 Nov. 1153 — held by Royalists, 1642 — surrenders to Fairfax, 1646 — demolition of Castle ordered by Council, 18 Nov. 1652. Wallingford, John, chronicler, monk of St Alban's, — a"., 14 Aug. 1258. Wallis, John, mathematician, — b. at Ash- ford, Kent, 23 Nov. 161 6 — enters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, 1632 — takes holy orders, 1640 — Savilian Prof. Geometry, Oxford, 1649 — D.D., 1654 — has controversy with Hobbes, 1655-63 — Keeper of Archives, Oxford Univ., 1658 — F.R.S., 1662— fc. in London, 28 Oct. 1703. Mathesis Universalis, 1657 — Treatise on Logic, 1687 — Works, 1693-99. Wallis, Joshua, painter, — b., about 1790— ft. in London, 16 Feb. 1862. Wallis, Samuel, maritime discoverer, — Lieu- tenant R.N., 1755 — discovers Tahiti, 17 Jun. 1767 — returns to England, 1769 — Commis- sioner extraord. of the navy, 1780 — ft., 1795. Account of his Voyages, 1773. Walnut-tree, — cultivated in Europe, since 1562. Walpole, Horace, and Sir Robert. [Or- ford, Earls of.] Walsingham, Little, in Norfolk, — Abbey founded, about 1061 — visited by Henry III., 24 Mar. 1242 — by Edward I., 8 Jan. 1281 — again, 1297 — by Edward II., 6 Oct. 13 15 — by John, Duke of Bretagne, 1361 — by Duke of Anjou, 1361 — by David Bruce, 1364 — by Henry VIII. , Jan. 15 11 — by Queen Catherine of Aragon, 15 13 — Image of our Lady burnt at Chelsea, 1538. Walsingham, {JFalsyngham,) Sir Francis, statesman, diplomatist, — b. at Chiselhurst, Kent, 1536 — ambassador to France, 1561, and Aug. 1570 to Apr. 1573 — principal Secretary of State and Privy Councillor, May 1573 — Knc, 1573 — ambassador to the Netherlands, 1578 — to France, 1581 — to Scotland, 1583 — discovers Babington's Piot, 1586 — Commissioner at the trial of Mary Queen of Scots, Oct. 1586— ft. at Barn-Elms, near London, 6 Apr. 1590. Complete Ambassador, 1655. Walsingham, Thomas of, chronicler, — Be- nedictine of St Alban's, about 1440. Historia brevis and Ypodigma Neustrice, 1574. Walter, the Penny less, — joint-leader of the Crusade, with Peter the Hermit, 1096. Walter, Hubert, Abp op Canterbury. [Hubert.] Walter, Johann Gottlieb, anatomist, — b. at Konigsberg, 1 7 34,* 1 7 39 b — Prof . Anatomy, Ber- lin, 1774 — sells his Museum to the king, 1804 — tf., 4 Jan. 1 81 8. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Walter, John, founder of the 'Times,' — b., 1739 — originates London Daily Universal Re- gister, 18 Jan. 1785 — names it The Times, 1 Jan. 1788 — Tj. at Teddington, Middlesex, 16 Nov. 1 8 12. Walter, John, proprietor of the 'Times,' — b. in London, 1784 — joint-proprietor and sole manager of The Times, 1803 — M.P.Berkshire, 1832 — Tj. in London, 28 Jul. 1847. Walter Press, The, {Perfecting Press,) — in- vented by Macdonald, and constructed for the Times by Macdonald and Calverley, 1863-6. [Stereotype.] Waltham Abbey, in Essex, — religious house founded at, about 1020-30 — enlarged and church rebuilt by Harold, 1062 — erected into an abbey by Henry IL, 1177 — abbey dissolved, 1539 — Powder Mills established at, by govern- ment, 1787. Waltheof, — joins Danish invaders and holds York against William I., Aug. 1069 — obtains his favour and marries his niece Judith, 1070 — joins conspiracy of Norman leaders against William L, early in 1075,* 1074 b — betrayed to the king, by Judith, spring 1075,* 1074 b — beheaded at Winchester, 30 Apr. 1076,* 31 May 1075. b a Lingard. b Lappenberg. Walther, Bernard, astronomer, — b. at Nurnberg, 1430 — assists Regiomontanus, be- fore 1475 — invited by Sixtus IV., settles at Rome, 1475 — tf., 1504. Walther von der Vogelweide, Minnesinger, — b. in Germany, probably between 1165-70 — takes part in poetic contest at Wartburg, 1206 — tf., probably early in 1228. /SVw^s, 11 87-1227. Walton, Brian, Bp of Chester, Orientalist, — b. at Cleveland, Yorkshire, 1600 — enters Magdalen Coll. Cambridge, Jul. 161 6 — B.A., 1619 — M.A., 1623 — removes to London, 1626 — D.D., Prebendary of St Paul's, chaplain to the king, 1639 — his livings sequestered, close of 1642 ? — incorporated D.D. Oxford, 12 Aug. 1645 — chaplain to Charles II. , 1660 — conse- crated Bp of Chester, 2 Dec. 1660 — takes part in Savoy Conference, 1661 — ft. in London, 29 Nov. 1 66 1. Biblia Polyglotta, 1657. Walton, Izaak, the Angler, — b. at Stafford, 9 Aug. 1593 — living in London, 1624 — mar- ries, 1626 — loses his wife, 1640 — marries again, ^47 — loses his second wife, 1662 — tf. at AVin- chester, 15 Dec. 1683. Complete Angler, 1653 — Lives of Hooker, Herbert, &c, 1670. Walworth, William, Mayor op Loxdox, — attends Richard II. at conference with rebels WAMBA— WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. 1427 in Smithfield, and kills Wat the Tyler, 15 Jun. 1381. Wamba, King of the Visigoths in Spain, — elected to succeed Rechesuinthus, Sep. 672 — consecrated by Abp of Toledo, 19 Sep. — suppresses revolt of Duke Paul, 673 — unsuc- cessful attempt to poison him, retires to a monastery, 680 — tf., before 4 Nov. 683. Wandewash, in Hindustan, — unsuccessfully attacked by British, Sep. 1759 — taken by Col. Coote, 9 Nov. 1759 — defeat of Lally by Coote near, Jan. 1760. Wanley, Humphry, bibliographer, — 6. at Coventry, 1672 — ft. Librarian to Earl of Ox- ford, 1726. Wantage, in Berkshire, — millennial com- memoration of birth of Alfred the Great at, 25 Oct. 1849. War Office, in England, — established, 1666. ' Warbeck, Perkin,' Pretender, — arrives in Ireland and assumes title of Richard Duke or York, 1492 — acknowledged as her nephew by Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 1493 — makes attempt on coast of Kent, Jul. 1495 — fails in Ireland, 1496 — recognized by James IV. of Scotland, and with him invades England, Oct. 1496 — again, and besieges Norham Castle, 1497 — lands in Ireland, 30 Jul. 1497 — lands in Cornwall and takes title of Richard IV., 7 Sep. 1497 — escapes to Beaulieu Abbey ; gives himself up, and is committed to the Tower, Oct. 1497 — escapes, 9 Jun. 1498 — is retaken and hung, 23 Nov. 1499. Warburg, in Westphalia, — Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeats Gen. May, 31 Jul. 1760. Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, traveller, litterateur, — b. in Ireland, 1810 — visits the East, 1843 — tf. at sea, (burning of the Amazon,) 4 Jan. 1 852. The Crescent and the Cross, 1 845 — Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers, 1849 — Reginald Hastings, 1850 — Darien, 1852. Warburton, William, Bp of Gloucester, — b. at Newark, 24 Dec. 1698 — takes holy orders, 1726 — goes to London, end of 1726 — preacher to Society of Lincoln's Inn, 1746 — Prebendary of Gloucester, 1753 — chaplain to the king, 1754 — Prebendary of Durham, 1755 — Dean of Bristol, 1757 — Bp of Gloucester, 22 Dec. 1759 — tf. at Gloucester, 7 Jun. 1779. Critical Inquiry into causes of Prodigies and Miracles, 1727 — Alliance between Church and State, 1736 — P/ivine Legation of Moses, 1738- 41 — edition of Shakespeare, 1747 — Julian, 1750 — edition of Pope's Works, 1751. Ward, Sir Henry George, statesman, §c, — Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, 1825-7 — M.P. St Alban's, 1832— M.P. Sheffield, 1837— Secretary to Admiralty, 1 846 — Lord High Commissioner of Ionian Islands, 1 849 — Go- vernor of Ceylon, 1855 — Governor of Madras, sum. i860 — if. at Madras, 2 Aug. i860. Ward, James, painter, engraver, — b. in London, Oct. 1770— painter and engraver to Prince of "Wales, Jan. 1794 — A.R.A., 1807 — R.A., 1 81 1 — tf., 17 Nov. 1859. Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf, National Gallery, 1820-22. Ward, John,— b. in London, 1679 — Prof. Rhetoric, Gresham Coll., 1720-58 — F.R.S., 1723— F.S.A., 1736 — trustee of British Mu- seum, 1753 — tf. in London, 31 Oct. 1758. Lives of Gresham Professors, 1740 — edition of Maximus Tyrius, 1740. Ward, Robert Plumer, statesman, littera- teur,— h., 19 Mar. 1765— called to the bar, at Inner Temple, 1790— M.P. Cockermouth, 1802 — Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1805— retires, 1806— Lord of the Admiralty, 1807 — Clerk of the Ordnance, 181 1-23 — tf. at Okeover Hall, 13 Aug. 1846. History of the Law of Nations in Europe, 1795 — Tremaine, 1825— Be Yere, 1827. Ward, Seth, Bp of Salisbury, astronomer, — b. at Buntingford, in Hertfordshire, 1617 — enters Sidney Sussex Coll. Cambridge, 1632 — M.A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1640— ejected from his Fellowship, 1643 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, Oxford, 1649 — incorporated M.A. Oxford, Oct. 1649 — D.D., 1654 — Principal of Jesus Coll., 1657 — Pres. Trin. Coll., 1659 — resigns, 1660— F.R.S., 1661— Dean of Exeter, 1 66 1 — Bp of Exeter, 1662 — Bp of Salisbury, 1667 — Chancellor of the Garter, 167 1 — founds Coll. for clergymen's widows at Salisbury, 1682 — tf. at Knightsbridge, 6 Jan. 1689. Prcelectio de Cometis, 1653 — Astronomia Geometrica, 1656. Ward's Cases, for plants,— invented, about 1829-30. Wardlaw, Ralph, theologian, — b. at Dal- keith, 22 Dec. 1779 — goes to Glasgow Univ., 1791 — minister of Scotch Independents at Glasgow, 1803 — Prof. Systematic Theology, 18 1 1— D.D. Yale Coll., 1818— tf. at Glasgow, 17 Dec. 1853. Christian Ethics, 1833 — Na- tional Church Establishments considered, 1839 — Congregational Independency, 1 848 — System- atic Theology, 1854. Wards, — as division of cities and boroughs established by Municipal Corporation Act, and 6 Win IV. c. 76, 9 Sep. 1835. Wards, Court of, in England, — established by Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 46, 1540— inter- mitted, from 24 Feb. 1645 — abolished by Act 12 Car. II. c. 24, 1660. Ware, in Hertfordshire, — tournament held at, 1241. Ware, Sir James, antiquary, — b. at Dub- lin, 26 Nov. 1594 — enters Trin. Coll., 16 10 — Knt, 1629 — Auditor-general of Ireland, 1632 — member of Irish Privy Council, 1633— banished, goes to France, 1649 — returns, 1651 — tf. at Dublin, 1 Dec. 1666. Be Prcesulibus Hiber- nice commentarius, 1665 — Be Hibernia et An- tiquitatibus ejus disquisitiones, 1654-8 — Rerum Hibernicarum Annales, 1662. Wareham, in Borsetshire, — ■ besieged by Danes, 876 — again attacked by them, 998 and 1015 — ravaged during civil war, 1138-46 — burnt, 25 Jul. 1762. Warehousing System, — in Great Britain, commenced, 17 14 — established and extended by Act 43 Geo. III. c. 132, 11 Aug. 1803— power of extending, given to Lords of the Treasury by Acts 45 Geo. III. c. 87, 10 Jul. 1805, and 46 Geo. III. c. 137, 22 Jul. 1806 — laws repealed and consolidated by Act 4 Geo. 90 * [428 WARELA— WARSAW. IV. c. 24, 12 May 1823— repealed on con- solidation of Customs laws, 1825 — extension of, to inland towns, recommended by Com- mittee of House of Commons, 1840— simplified by Consolidation Act, 16 and 17 Vic. c. 107, 20 Aug. 1853 — further regulations by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 36, 15 May i860. In France, established, 1 664 — discontinued, 1668 — re- established, 1805 — extended to principal in- land towns, 1832. Warela. [Varela.] Wargentin, Peter William, astronomer, — fc. at Stockholm, 22 Sep. 1717 — M.A. Upsala, 1743 — member of Paris Academy of Sciences, 1743 — perpetual secretary of the Academy, 1749—Knt of the Polar Star, 1759— F.R.S. London, 1764 — ft. at Stockholm, 13 Dec. 1783. Warham, William, Abp of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor, — ft. in Hampshire, about 1450 a — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1475 — LL.D., 1488 — joint-envoy to Duke of Bur- gundy, respecting Perkin Warbeck, 1493 — Master of the Rolls, Feb. 1494^ to 1 Feb. 1502 — joint-envoy to Maximilian, 150 1 and 1502 — Keeper of the Great Seal, 11 Aug. 1502 — Lord Chancellor, 1 Jan. 1503 — Bp of London, 1503 — enthroned Abp of Canterbury, 9 Mar. 1504 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., soon after : officiates at marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon, Jun. 1509— resigns Great Seal, 22 Dec. 1515 s — tr. near Canterbury, 22,* 23 b Aug. 1532. a Hook. b Stubbs. Waring, Edward, mathematician, — ft. near Shrewsbury, 1736,* 1734 b — B.A. Cambridge, 1757— Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, 17 6o, a 1759 b — M.A., 1760— F.R.S., 1763— M.D., 1767— marries, 1776 — "&. at Cambridge, 15 Aug. 1798. Miscellanea Analytica, 1762 — Meditationes Al- gebraicce, 1770 — Froprietates algebraicarum curvanmi, 1772 — Meditationes Analytics, I773- 6 - a Engl. Cyc. b Rees' Cyc. Warneford, Samuel Wilson, philanthropist, — ft. in "Wiltshire, 1758 — rector of Bourton- on-the-Hill, 18 10 — honorary Canon of Glou- cester, 1844 — tf. at Bourton, 11 Jan. 1855. Warnefrid, Paul. [Paul the Deacon.] Warner, John, Bp of Rochester, — ft. at Westminster, about 1585 — B.A. Oxford, 1602 — M.A., 1605 — Prebendary of Canterbury, 1625 — attends Charles I. in Scotland, 1633 — Dean of Lichfield, 1633 — Bp of Rochester, 1637 — deprived, 1641 — reinstated, 1660 — &., 11 Oct. 1666. Founds Bromley College, Kent, 1666. Warner, William, poet, — ft. in Oxfordshire, about 1558 ? — ft., 9 Mar. 1609. Albion's Eng- land, 1 586— Syrinx, 1697. Warrants. [General Warrants.] Warren, Charles Turner, engraver, — ft., about 1763 — ft. in London, 1823. Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart., admiral, — ft. at Stapleford, Notts, 1754 — M.P. Marlow, 1774 — Bart., 1775 — M.A. Cambridge, 1776 — K.B., 1794 — takes part in expedition of QuiberonBay, 1795 — captures French squadron off Irish coast, 11 Oct. 1798— Privy Councillor, ambassador extraord. to St Petersburg, 1802 — Admiral, 18 10 — o\ at Greenwich, 27 Feb. 1822. Warren, Sir Peter, admiral, — ft., 1703 — takes Louisbourg, 15 Jun. 1745 — Rear-ad- miral, 1745 — with Anson, defeats French squadron, and captures several vessels off Cape Finisterre, 1747 — Vice-admiral, 1747 — M.P. Westminster, 1747 — ft., 29 Jul. 1752. Warrenne, John, Earl of, — fights on the king's side at Lewes, 1264 — wounds the king's Justiciary in Westminster Hall, 1268 — "be- sieged in Reigate Castle by Prince Edward, surrenders, 1268 — guardian of Scotland, by Edward I., 1296 — defeated by Wallace near Stirling, 10 Sep. 1297 — tf., 27 Sep. 1304. Warrington, in Lancashire, — held for Charles I. by Earl of Derby, early in 1643 — surrenders to Col. Ashton, 28 May 1643 — again taken by Parliamentarians, Jun. 1643 — Gen. Bailey surrenders to Cromwell at, 1648 — passage of the bridge by Charles II. disputed by Lambert, 16 Aug. 1651 — the bridge cut down to check progress of Prince Charles Ed- ward, Nov.? 1745. Academy, founded, 1757 — dissolved, 1783. Warrington, Henry Booth, Earl of, {Lord Delamere,) — ft . , 1 65 1 — supports Exclusion Bill, 1678-9 — accused of taking part in insur- rection of Monmouth, and committed to the Tower, by James II., 1685 — tried for high treason and acquitted, Jan. 1686 — rises for Prince of Orange in Cheshire, 1688 — Privy Councillor and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1689 — retires, and is created Earl, 17 Apr. 1690 — tf., 2 Jan. 1694. Warrior, The, first British ironclad vessel, — launched, 29 Dec. i860 — official trial of, 21 Oct. 1861. Warsaw, capital of Foland, — mentioned, 1224 — walled, as early as 1339 — residence of Dukes of Masovia, to 1526 — Royal residence, by Sigismund II., about 1550 — made seat of government by Sigismund III., 1609 — sur- renders to Charles X. of., Sweden, Aug. 1655 — recovered by Poles, 1656 — Charles X. and Frederick William, Elector of Bran- denburg, defeat John Casimir at, 28-30 Jul. 1656 — surrenders to Charles XII., 1703 — sur- prised by King Frederick Augustus, but soon abandoned, 1704 — occupied by Russians, 1764- 73 — again, 1793 — the garrison expelled, 17- 18 Apr. 1794 — besieged by Prussians, success- fully defended by Kosciusko, 9 Jul. to 6 Sep. 1794 — taken and sacked by Suwarof, 5 Nov. 1794 — [Praga]— assigned to Prussia, 1795 — evacuated by Russians, and occupied by French, 28 Nov. 1806 — Napoleon I. received at, 18 Dec. 1806 — head of a Grand Duchy, by Treaty of Tilsit, Jul. 1807 — capitulates to Austrians, 21 Apr. 1809 — recovered by Poles, 30 May 1809— reached by Napoleon, 10 Dec. 1812 — ■ evacuated by Austrians, and occupied by Rus- sians, 8 Feb. 1 81 3— capital of kingdom of Poland, 20 Jun. 18 15— visited by Emperor Alexander, 13 Mar. to 30 Apr. 181 8 — insur- rection breaks out at, 29 Nov. 1830 — defeat of Russians before, 31 Mar. 1831 — stormed by Russians, 6-7 Sep. 1831 — capitulates, 8 Sep. WARTBURG— WASHINGTON, 1429 1 83 1 — visited by Emperor Nicholas, 27 Oct. 1835 — meeting of Emperors Nicholas and Francis Joseph at, 22 May 1849 — another, 25 Oct. 1850 — meeting of Emperor Nicholas and King of Prussia, 18-27 May 1851 — meeting of Emperors of Austria and Russia and King of Prussia, 2 Oct. 1853 — meeting of Agricultural Society of Poland at, 21 Feb. 1861 — disturb- ances, 25 Feb., suppressed by military : funeral procession of victims dispersed by military, 27 Feb. — riots caused by dissolution of Agricultural Society, 6 Apr. — suppressed, mas- sacre of Poles, 8 Apr. — conscription for Rus- sian army at, 14 Jan. 1863 — visited by Em- peror Alexander II., 1 Jul. 1870. Cathedral, founded, about 1250. Palace, {Royal,) built by Sigismund III., before 1632 — library and paintings carried off to St Petersburg, after 1 83 1. Citadel, built, 1832-5. University of, founded, 1816 — abolished, 1834 — library and collections carried off to St Petersburg : re- established, 1862, but again suppressed soon after. Israelitish Theatre, established, 1868. Treaties of, alliance between Austria and Poland, against Turks, concluded, 31 Mar. 1683 — between Russia and Poland, for relief of Dissidents, 24 Feb. 1768. Conference of, on the German question, held, Oct. 1850. Wartburg, in Saxe- Weimar, — founded, about 1070-80 ? — residence of Landgraves of Thuringia, till 1247 — of Dukes of Saxony, 1 2 64- 1 406 — Luther's confinement in, 4 May 152 1 to 6 Mar. 1522. Wartburg Festival, — in commemoration of the Reformation, held, 18 Oct. 18 17. Wartburg War, contest of Minnesingers, — at the Wartburg, about 1206. Wartenburg, in Prussia, — Gen. Torek de- feats French at, 3 Oct. 18 13. Warton, Joseph, litterateur, — b. at Duns- ford, 1722 — enters Oriel Coll. Oxford, 1740 — takes holy orders, 1744 — M.A. Oxford, 1759 — head-master of Winchester School, 1766-93 — Prebendary of Winchester, 1788 — ft. in London, 23 Feb. 1800. Edition and trans- lations of Virgil, 1753 — Essay on Writings and Genius of Pope, 1756-82 — edition of Pope's Works, 1797. Warton, Thomas, poet, historian, — fi. at Basingstoke, 1728 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1743— M. A., 1750 — Fellow of his Coll., 1751 — takes holy orders, 1755 — Prof. Poetry, 1757-67 — B.D., 1761 — F.S.A., 1771 — Camden Prof. History, 1785^ 1788 b — poet laureate, 1788 — if. at Oxford, 21 May 1790. History of English Poetry, 1774-81 — Poems, 1777 — Observations on Spenser s Faery Queen, 1754 — Life of Sir T. Pope, 1772. Warwick, capital of Warwickshire, — Ethel- fleda builds a fort at, 914 — captured by go- vernor of Kenilworth, 1264 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1572 — partly burnt, 1694— gar- risoned for Parliament, unsuccessfully attempted by Lord Northampton, 1642. Castle, founded by Ethelfieda, 915 — subsequently extended: destroyed by forces of Simon de Montfort, 1264 — rebuilt by Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of War- wick, about 1350-70 — Guy's Tower, 1394. Beauchamp Chapel, 1464 — partly burnt, 3 Dec. 1871. Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, Earl of, — created Baron L'Isle, Dec. 1561 — Earl of Warwick, 1562 — conducts expedition in aid of Huguenots, and takes possession of Havre, Sep. 1562 — wounded at siege of Havre, 1563 — if., 21 Feb. 1589 — peerage extinct. Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, —imprisoned in the Tower, by Henry VII., 1485 — accused of conspiring with ' Perkin Warbeck,' 1499 — beheaded in the Tower, 28 Nov. 1499. Warwick, Henry Beauchamp, Earl axd Duke of, — succeeds to the Earldom, 1439 — Duke, 5 Apr. 1444— quarrels with Duke of Buckingham, for precedence, 1444— crowned King of Isle of Wight by Henry VI., 1445 — if., n Jun. 1445. Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of. [North- umberland, Duke of.] Warwick, Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of, — succeeds to the title, 1401 — chief of the Embassy to Council of Constance, 1414 — created Earl of Aunierle, 14 17 — ambassador to Duke of Burgundy, 141 8 — attends Henry Y. on his death-bed, 1422 — Regent of France, 1425-8 — Governor to Henry YL, 1428 — again Regent of France, 1437 — if. at Rouen, 30 Apr. 1439- Warwick, Richard NeviUe, Earl of, ' the Kingmaker,' — b., about 1428 — marries Anne, daughter of Earl of Warwick, about 1449 — created Earl of Warwick, 1449 — defeats Lan- castrians at St Alban's, 22 May 1455 — Governor of Calais, May 1455 — attacks Liibeck fleet and captures several vessels, 1458 — takes part in Yorkist rising, 1459 — defeats Lancastrians and captures the king at Northampton, 10 Jul. 1460 — defeated by Queen Margaret, near St Alban's, 17 Feb. 146 1 — enters London, and proclaims Edward IV., 4 Mar. 146 1 — defeats Lancastrians at Towton, 29 Mar. 146 1 — takes Bamborough Castle, 1462-3 and 1464 — con- ducts Henry to the Tower, Jun. 1465 — takes Edward prisoner at Olney, Jul. 1468 — refused entrance to Calais, spring 1470 — makes com- pact with Margaret at Amboise, 15 Jul. 1470 — marries his daughter Anne to Prince Ed- ward, Jul. or Aug. — lands at Dartmouth, and proclaims Henry YL, 13 Sep. 1470 — enters London and conducts Henry to St Paul's, 6 Oct. 1470 — restored to his offices, Oct. 1470 — defeated and slain by Edward at Barnet, 14 Apr. 147 1. Warwick, Robert Rich, Earl of, — succeeds his father, 16 18 — Lieutenant of the fleet under Earl of Northumberland, 1642 — bears sword of state before Protector, 26 Jun. 1657 — ft., 1658. Warwick, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of, — created, 1369 — one of the appellants against favourites of Richard II., Feb. 1388 — attainted and imprisoned, 1397 — restored by Henry IV., 1399— if, H 01 - Washington, capital of United States, — founded, 1790 — seat of government, 1800 — taken by British, Aug. 18 14 — visited by Prince '43° WASHINGTON— WATSON. of Wales, i860 — threatened by Confederates, 1861, Sep. 1862, and 15 Jun. 1863. Capitol, first stone laid by Washington, 18 Sep. 1793 — completed, 1825 — extension of, provided for by Act of Congress, 30 Sep. 1850 — 'extension commenced, 4 Jul. 1851 — completed, 1863. Treaty of, providing for settlement of Alaba- ma Claims and other differences between Great Britain and United States, signed, 8 May 1871 — ratified by Senate of IT. S., 24 May. Washington, George, Founder and First President of The United States, — 6. in Westmoreland, Virginia, 22 Feb. 1732 — Adju- tant-general to one of the military divisions of Virginia, 1752 — second in command against the French, Mar. 1754 — distinguishes him- self at the battle of Monongahela, 1755 — resigns his commission, end of 1758 — marries, 17 Jan. 1759 — delegate to first Congress, 1774 — Commander-in-chief of continental army, 5 Jun. 1775 — [American War] — re- organizes the army, 1775 — recovers Boston, 17 Mar. 1776 — defeated at Germantown, 4 Oct. 1777 — crosses the Delaware, Jun. 1778 — suppresses a mutiny in the army, 178 1 — re- ceives capitulation of Lord Cornwallis at York Town, 19 Oct. 178 1 — resigns his commission, 23 Dec. 1783 — elected Pres., Feb. 1789 — inaugurated, 30 Apr. — reelected, 1793 — pub- lishes his farewell address, 15 Sep. 1796 — ft. at Mount Vernon, 14 Dec. 1799. Wat the Tyler, — kills collector of the poll- tax, at Dartford, early in Jun. 1381 — takes the lead in insurrection, and encamps at Black- heath, 12 Jun. — enters London, 13 Jun. — seizes the Tower, 14 Jun. — meets Bichard II. in Smithfieki and is killed by Sir W. Wal- worth, Mayor of London, 15 Jun. Watch, Pocket, — invented at Niirnberg,? about 1477 — used for astronomical observations by George Purbach at Vienna, 1500 a — intro- duced into England, probably before 1540^ [Chronometer.] a Wood. Watchet, in Somersetshire, — attacked by Danes, 918, 988, and about 998. Watelet, Claude Henri, litterateur, — b. at Paris 1 7 1 8 — admitted to French Academy, 176 1 — Tj. at Paris, 12 Jan. 1786. Art de Peindre, 1760 — Bictionnaire de peinture, de gravure, et de sculpture, 1792. Water, composition of, — discovered by Ca- vendish, 178 1 — his memoir published, 1784 — discovered by Lavoisier, Jun. 1783 — discovery claimed for Watt, by Arago, 1834 — controversy respecting, commences, 1838. Water-Clock. [Clepsydra.] Water-Colours, Society of Painters in, in England, — established, 1805. New Society {Institute) of Painters in, established, 1832. Water-Cure. [Hydropathy.] Waterford, in Ireland, — founded by North- men, about 850— stormed by Strongbow, 1170 — burnt, 1252 — again, 1280 — visited by Rich- ard II., Oct. 1394 and 1399 — gives title of Earl to John Talbot, 1477 — resists attempt of 1 Perkin Warbeck,' 1497 — its chartei's annulled by James I., 16 17 — receives new charter from Charles I., 1626 — unsuccessfully besieged by Cromwell, Oct. 1649 — besieged by Ireton, Jun. 1650 — surrenders, 10 Aug. — James II. embarks at, Jul. 1690 — surrenders to Gen. Kirke, 25 Jul. 1690 — visited by William III., 26 Jul. Water-Glass, — invented by Fuchs, 1823. Water Supply, Metropolitan, — regulated by Act 15 and 16 Vic. c. 84, 1 Jul. 1852 — further provisions respecting, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 113, 21 Aug. 1871. Waterland, Daniel, theologian, — ft. in Lin- colnshire, 14 Feb. 1683 — Fellow of Magdalen Coll. Cambridge, Feb. 1704 — M.A., 1706 — D.D., 17 17 — Chancellor of York, 1723 — Canon of Windsor, 1727 — tf. in London, 23 Dec. 1740. Vindication of Christ's Divinity, 17 19 — Second Vindication, 1723 — Critical History of Athanasian Creed, 1723. Waterloo, in Belgium, — Wellington and Bliicher defeat Napoleon I. at, 18 Jun. 1815. Waterloo, Antoni, painter, — ft. at Amster- dam or Utrecht, about 161 8 — tf. near Utrecht, 1662. Waterloo Bridge, London,— commenced by Rennie, 18 n — opened, 18 Jun. 181 7. Watermill, — [B C] — first mentioned, in palace of Mithridates of Pontus, 120-63. Waterproofing of cloth, — Hancock's process patented, 28 Apr. 1820 — Macintosh's, 1823. Waterton, Charles, naturalist, — ft., 1782 — tr. at Walton Hall, near Wakefield, 26 May 1865. Wanderings in S. America, 1825 — Essays on Natural History, 1838-44-57. Watson, Charles, vice-admiral, — ft. at Westminster, 17 14 — Captain, 1738 — Rear- admiral, 1748 — commands squadron cooperat- ing with Clive in India, 1754 — captures Chan- dernagore, 24 Mar. 1757 — a", in India, 16 Aug. 1757- Watson, Musgrave Lewthwaite, sculptor, — ft. in Cumberland, 1804 — comes to London, 1824 — studies at Rome, 1826-8 — IS. in London, 28 Oct. 1847. Sarpedon, before 1846 — Monu- ment to Lords Eldon and Stowell, Univ. Coll. Oxford, 1845 — Statue of Flaxman, 1847. Watson, Richard, Bp of Llandaff, — ft. near Kendal, Aug. 1737 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 3 Nov. 1754 — B.A., 1759 — Fellow of his Coll., Oct. 1760— M.A., 1762— Prof. Chemistry, Nov. 1764 — F.R.S., 1769 — Regius Prof. Divinity, 1771 — marries, Dec. 1773 — Bp of Llandaff, Jul. 1782 — tf. in Westmoreland, 4 Jul. 1 8 16. Chemical Essays, 17 81-6 — Apology for Christianity, 1776. Watson, Robert, historian, — ft. at St An- drew's, about 1730 — Principal of Univ. of St Andrew's, Nov. 1777 — a", there, 31 Mar. 1781. History of Philip II. , 1777—0} Philip III., 1783. Watson, Thomas, theologian — rector of St Stephen's, Walbrook, 1646 — ejected, 1662 — Is. in Essex, about 1690? Body of Practical Bivinity, 1692. Watson, Sir William, botanist, electrician, — ft. in London, 1715— F.R.S., 1741 — begins experiments in electricity, 1744 — receives Copley Medal of Royal Society, 1745 — M.D. Halle and Wittenberg, about 1757 — Physician WATT— WEBSTER. f 43i to Foundling Hospital, 1762— F.R.C.P., 1784 — Knt, 1786 — if., 10 May 1787. Experiments and Observations on Electricity, 1745. Watt, Gregory, — b., 1777 — becomes ac- quainted with (Sir) Humphrey Davy, at Pen- zance, 1797 — if., 16 Oct. 1804. Observations on Basalt, (Philosophical Trans.,) 1804. Watt, James, engineer, mechanician, — b. at Greenock, 19 Jan. 1736 — comes to London, Jun. 1755 — settles at Glasgow, 1756 — begins experiments on steam as motive power, about 1758 — obtains patent for steam-engine, Jan. 1769 — becomes partner of Boulton at Soho Works, 1774 — term of patent extended by Act 15 Geo. IK. c. 61, 1775— F.R.S.E., 1784— F.R. S. London, 1785 — corresponding member of Batavian Society, 1787 — retires from busi- ness, 1800 — LL.D. Glasgow, 1806 — correspond- ent of French Institute, 1808 — Foreign Asso- ciate of Academy of Sciences, 18 14 — if. at Heathfield, in Staffordshire, 25 Aug. 18 19. Watt, Robert, bibliographer, — b. in Ayr- shire, May 1774 — studies at Glasgow College, 1793-7 — M.D. Aberdeen, before 18 10 — Pres. Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, about 1 8 15 — ij. at Glasgow, 12 Mar. 1819. Bibliotheca Britannica, 1824. Watteau, Jean Antoine, painter, — b. at Valenciennes, 10 Oct. 1684 — goes to Paris, 1702 — received at the Academy, 28 Aug. 17 17 — visits England, i7i8, a 1720 b — if. at Nogent, near Paris, 18 Jul. 1721. a Engl. Cyc. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Wattignies, in France, — Gen. Jourdan de- feats Prince of Coburg at, 15-16 Oct. 1793. Watts, Alaric Alexander, poet,— b. in Lon- don, 1799 — editor of Literary Souvenir, 1825- 35 — originates United Service Gazette, 1833- — receives a pension, 1853 — if. at Kensington, 5 Apr. 1864. Lyrics of the Heart, 1851. Watts, Isaac, theologian, poet, miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Southampton, 17 Jul. 1674 — begins to preach in London, 1698 — pastor of congregation in Mark Lane, 1701 — goes to live with Sir Thomas Abney, at Theobalds, 17 12 —if. there, 25 Nov. 1748. JLorce Ly rices, 1706 — Hymns, 1707 — Psalms of David, 17 19 — Logick, 1725 — Divine Songs, 1726. Watts, Thomas, philologist, — b. in London, 1804 — obtains appointment in British Museum, 1838 — Superintendent of Reading Room, 1857 — Keeper of Printed Books' Department, Aug. 1867 — if. in London, 9 Sep. 1869. Wauchope, ( Vaucop,) Robert, Titular Abp op Armagh, — introduces Jesuits into Ireland, 1541 — appointed Abp by Paul III., 1543 — attends Council of Trent, between Dec. 1545 and Jun. 1547 — if. at Paris, 10 Nov. 155 1. Wavre, in Belgium, — the French, under Grouchy, defeat Prussians under Thielman, 18- 19 Jun. 1 8 15. Waxen Tablets, (tabulce ceratee,) — two, dated [AD] 169, discovered in Transylvania, 1840 — described by Massman, 1841. Way. [Highways.] Wayland, Francis, theologian, §c.,— b. in New York, ir Mar. 1796 — Pres. Brown Uni- versity, R. I., 1827 — retires, 1855 — if., 30 Sep. 1 8 65 . Life of Judson, 1 85 ^—Lntellectual Bhi- losophy, 18 54— Christianity and Slavery, 1845. Wayne, Anthony, general, — b. in Pennsyl- vania, 1 Jan. 1745 — raises regiment of volun- teers, 1775— joins Gen. Sullivan in Canada, spring 1776— Commander at Ticonderoga, 1 776-7 — Brigadier-general, joins Washington in N. Jersey, May 1777— at battle of Brandy- wine, 1 1 Sep.— defeated by British, at Paoli, 20 Sep.— at battle of Germantown, 4 Oct.— distinguishes himself at battle of Monmouth, 28 Jun. 1778— captures Stony Point, 15 Jul. 1779— suppresses mutiny at Morristown, Jan. 1780— distinguishes himself at Green Spring, 6 Jul.— takes part in capture of Yorktown, Oct. 17 8 1 — commands in Georgia, 1782 — Major-general, Commander-in-chief against Indians, Apr. 1792— defeats the Miamis, Aug. 1794 — if., 14 Dec. 1796. Waynflete, ( Wainjleet,) William of, Bp op Winchester, Lord Chancellor, — head master of Winchester School, 1429 — first mas- ter of Eton College, 1442— Provost, Dec. 1443 — Bp of Winchester, 1447 — founds Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1448 — Lord Chancellor, 1456— resigns, 1460— if., 11 Aug. i486. Weaver, (Weever,) John, antiquary, — b. in Lancashire, 1576 — if., about 1632. Ancient funeral monuments of Great Britain and Lre- land, 1 63 1. Weaver, Thomas, geologist, — studies at Freiberg, 1790— F.R.S. London, 1826 — if. in London, 2 Jul. 1855. Webb, Philip Carteret, antiquary, — b., 1700— F.S.A., 1751— M.P., 1754 — Joint- solicitor of Treasury, 1756 — conducts prose- cution of Wilkes, 1763 — if. in Surrey, 22 Jun. 1770. Webbe, Samuel, musical composer, — b., 1740 — if., 1 817. Weber, Henry William, archeeologist, mis- cellaneous writer, — b. at St Petersburg, 1783 — if. at York, 1818. Metrical Romances of l^th, 14:th, and 15th centuries, 18 10. Weber, Karl Maria Friedrich Ernest, Baron von, musical composer, — b. at Eutin, in Holstein, 18 Dec. 1786 — pupil of Michael Haydn at Salzburg, 1798 — visits Vienna and becomes acquainted with Joseph Haydn, 1803 — Director of Opera at Prague, 18 13-16 — settles at Dresden, 1817 — visits Berlin, 1822 — if. in London, 5 Jun. 1826. Breciosa, 1821 — Der Freischutz, 1822 — Bury ant he, 1823 — Oberon, 1826. Webster, Daniel, statesman, — b. at Salis- bury, in New Hampshire, U. S., 18 Jan. 1782 — begins to practise as a lawyer, 1805 — mem- ber of Congress, May 18 13 — Senator, 1827 — visits England and France, 1839 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1841 to May 1843 — negotiates Oregon Boundary Treaty, 1 842 — again Secretary of State, Jul. 1850 — if. at Marshfield, 24 Oct. 1852. Works, 1851. Webster, John, dramatist, — The White Devil, 1612 — Duchess of Malfi, 1623 — Appius and Virginia, 1654. Webster, Noah, lexicographer, — b. in Con- necticut, U. S., 16 Oct. 1758 — enters Yale 1432 "WEBSTER— WELLESLEY. Coll., 1774 — graduates, 1778 — LL.D. Yale Coll., 1823 — tf. at .Newhaven, 28 May 1843. Dictionary of the English Language, 1828. Webster, Thomas, geologist, — b. in the Orkneys, about 1773 — Curator of Museum of Geological Society of London, 1826 — Prof. Geology, Univ. Coll. London, 1840 — tf. in London, 26 Dec. 1844. Encyclopcedia of Do- mestic Economy, 1 844. Wedderburne, Alexander. [Rosslyn, Earl or.] "Wedgwood, Josiah, ornamental potter, — b. at Burslem, Staffordshire, 12 Jul. 1730 — be- gins business there, 1759 — marries, 1764 — founds and removes to Etruria, near Newcastle- under-Lyme, 177 1 — F.R.S., 16 Jan. 1783 — F.S.A., 4 May 1786 — tf. at Etruria, 3 Jan. 1795. Copy of Portland Vase, 17 90-1. Wedgwood, Thomas, — b., May 1771 — in- vents photography, and takes the first helio- types, at Etruria, 1791-3 — the method pub- lished, Jun. 1802 — tf., 10 Jul. 1805. Wedgwood Memorial Institute, Burslem, — founded, 26 Oct. 1863. Weekly Dispatch, London Journal, — com- menced, 1801. Weekly News, {Butter' 1 s,) first English news- paper, — commenced, 1622. Weeninx, [Weenix,) Jan Baptista, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 1621 — tJ. near Utrecht, about 1660. Weeninx, Jan, the Younger, painter, — b. at Amsterdam, 1644 — tf. there, 20 Sep. 17 19. Weever, John. [Weaver.] Wehlau. [Vehlau.j Wehnert, E. H., painter, — b., 1814 — -tf. at Kentish Town, 15 Sep. 1868. Weidler, Johann Friedrich, astronomer, — b. in Thuringia, 1691 — Prof. Mathematics, Wittenberg, 1721 — tf. there, 1755. Kistoria Astronomies, 1741 — Bibliographia Astrono- mica, 1755. Weights and Measures, — in England, uni- formity of, required by Act 9 Hen. III. c. 25, 1224-5 — English, to be adopted in Scotland, by Act of Union, 5 and 6 Ann. c. 8, 1706. In Great Britain, uniformity of, ascertained and established by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 74, 17 Jun. 1824 — law amended by Act 4 and 5 Wm IV. c. 49, 13 Aug. 1834 — repealed and new provisions made by 5 and 6 Wm IV. c. 63, 9 Sep. 1835— amended by 22 and 23 Vic. c. 56, 13 Aug. 1859. Examiners of appointment of, provided for and regulated by Acts 35 Geo. III. c. 102, 22 Jun. 1795; 37 Geo. III. c. 143, 20 Jul. 1797 ; 55 Geo. III. c. 43, 2 May 1 8 15. In Ireland, regulated by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 119, 28 Aug. i860 — amended by 25 and 26 Vic. c. 76, 7 Aug. 1862. [Metric System, Standards.] Weimar. [Saxe-Weimar, Grand Duchy of.] Weimar, capital of Grand Duchy, — belongs to Counts of Orlamunde, before 1000 — passes to Landgraves of Thuringia, 1376 — to Meissen, 1440 — falls to Ernestine line, 1554. Weinbrenner, Friedrich, architect, — b. at Carlsruhe, 9 Nov. 1766 — goes to Home, 1792-7 — Bau-Inspector, Carlsruhe, 1797 — tf. there, 1 Mar. 1826. Architektonisches Lehrbuch, 1810-25. Weinsberg, in Wurtemberg, — free Im- perial city, to 1402 — Conrad III. defeats Welf near, besieges and takes the city, 1140 — mas- sacre of nobles by peasants, 1524 — stormed and destroyed, 1525. Weishaupt, Adam, founder of the Illumi- nati, — b. at Ingolstadt, 5 Feb. 1748— Prof. Extraord. Law, 1772 — Prof. Law of Nature and Canon Law, 1775 — founds Order of the Illuminati, 1776 — expelled from his chair, 1785— tf. at Gotha, 18 Nov., a 11 Dec. b 1822. Apologie der Illuminaten, 1786 — Verbessertes System der Illuminaten, 1787 — JJeber Staatsan- gaben, 1820. a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. Weisse, Christian Felix, poet, — b. in Saxony, 1726 — studies at Leipsic, 1745 — tf. near Leipsic, 16 Dec. 1804. Trausrspiele, 1776-80 — Lustspiele, 1783 — Eomische Opern, 1777 — Kleine lyrische Gedichte, 1772 — Kinder - Freund, 1775 — edits the Bibliothek der sc/wwn Wissenschaften und freien Kiinste, 1760-5. Weisse, Maximilian von, astronomer, — b. in Austria, 1798 — LL.D. Vienna, 1822 — assistant in the Observatory, 1823 — Prof. Astronomy and Director of the Observatory, Cracow, 1825 to May 1861— tf., 10 Oct. 1863. Weissenburg, {Kronweissenburg,) in Alsace, — free Imperial city, 1247 — lines of constructed for protection of Bhenish frontier, 1705 — stormed by allies, 13 Oct. 1793 — reconquered by Pichegru, 26 Dec. 1793 — stormed by Crown Prince of Prussia, Gen. Douay defeated and killed, 4 Aug. 1870. Weissenburg, in Transylvania, — Stephen Bathori defeats Turks at, 1479. Weld, Thomas, Cardinal, — b. at Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, (in London ?) 22 Jan. 1773 — marries, 1796 — loses his wife, 1815 — takes priest's orders at Paris, 1 3 Apr. 1 821 — Cardinal, by Pius VIII. , 15 Mar. 1829 — receives Eoyal Family of France at Lulworth Castle, after J ul. 1830— tf. at Borne, 10 Apr. 1837. Weldon, John, musical composer, — organist of the Chapel-royal, Windsor, 1708 — second composer, 17 15 — tf., 1736. Anthems, 1730. Weliki-Luki, treaty of, — alliance between Spain and Russia, signed, 8 (20) Jul. 1812. Wellesley, Arthur. [Wellington, Duke or.] Wellesley, Henry. [Cowley, Lord.] Wellesley, Richard Colley, Viscount and Marquis Wellesley, and Earl of Morning- ton, Governor-general of India, — b. at Dublin, 20 Jun. 1760 — succeeds his father, 178 1— Knt of St Patrick, 1783— M. P. Beer- alston, 1785 — Lord of the Treasury, 1786 — Privy Councillor, 1793 — Baron Wellesley, Oct. 1797 — Governor-General of India, Oct. 1797 — arrives at Calcutta, May 1798 — commences conquest of Mysore, Feb. 1799— created Mar- quis, Dec. 1799— quits India, Aug. 1805 — ambassador extraord. to Spain, 1809 — Secre- tary of State for Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1809 to Jan. 1812 — K.G., 1810 — Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1821 to Mar. 1828— Lord- "WELLINGTON— WELSH. *433 steward of the Household, 1831 — Lord-lieu- tenant again, Sep. 1833-4 — Lord-chamberlain, Apr. 1835— resigns, 1835 — tf. in London, 26 Sep. 1842. Despatches, Minutes, and Corre- spondence, 1836 and 1838. Wellington, New Zealand, — founded by N. Zealand Company, 1840 — gives name to a province, 1852 — first meeting of parliament at, 23 Jul. 1865. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, field-marshal, statesman, — ft. at Dangan Castle or Dublin, ? probably Mar. or Apr. 1769 — ■ enters the army, 7 Mar. 1787 — member of Irish parliament, 1790 — serves in Flanders, 1794-5 — Colonel, May 1796 — arrives at Cal- cutta, Feb. 1797 — takes part in expedition to Mysore, 1799 — Governor of Seringapatam, Jul. 1799 — routs army of Dhoondia Waugh, 10 Sep. 1800 — Major-general, Apr. 1802. : 803 : commands in expedition against Mah rattas, and restores the Peishwa, Apr. to May — Commander-in-chief, takes Ahmednuggur, 8-12 Aug. — enters Aurungabad, 29 Aug. — defeats Scindia at Assaye, 23 Sep. — again at Argaum, 29 Nov. — signs treaty of peace with Scindia, 30 Dec. 1804: K.C.B. 1805 : arrives in England, Sep. — takes part in expedition to Hanover, Nov. 1806: marries Lady Catherine Pakenham, 10 Apr. — M.P. Eye. 1807 : Secretary for Ireland, Apr. — takes part in expedition to Copenhagen, Aug. — takes Kioge, 29 Aug. 1808: Lieutenant-general, 25 Apr. — takes command of forces sent to the Peninsula, Jun. • — lands at Mondego Bay, 1 Aug. — defeats De Laborde at Roliqa, 17 Aug. — superseded in chief command by Sir Harry Burrard, 20 Aug. — defeats Junot at Vimeira, 21 Aug. — Con- vention of Cintra, 31 Aug. 1809 : Commander-in-chief of British forces in the Peninsula; arrives at Lisbon, 22 Apr. — passage of the Douro, Oporto occupied, 12 May — Marshal-general of Portuguese army, May : obtains victory over Marshal Victor at Talavera, 27-28 Jul. — crosses the Tagus at Arzobispo, 4 Aug. — Baron of Douro, Viscount Wellington, 4 Sep. 1810: defeats French at Busaco, 27 Sep. — takes up his position in the lines of Torres Vedras, 10 Oct. 1 8 1 1 : defeats Massena at Fuentes de Onoro, 3 and 5 May— resumes siege of Badajoz, 19 May to 10 Jun. 1 8 1 2 : invests Ciudad Rodrigo, 8 Jan. — takes it by storm, 19 Jan. — Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo, J an. — Earl of Wellington, 28 Feb. — invests Badajoz, 16 Mar. — takes it by storm, 6 Apr. — occupies Salamanca, 17 Jun. — defeats Marmont at Salamanca, 22 Jul. — enters Ma- drid, 12 Aug. — Marquis of Wellington, 3 Oct. — siege of Burgos, 19 Sep. to 21 Oct. 1813: K.G., 4 Mar. — obtains victory of Vittoria, 21 Jun. — Field-marshal of England, 3 Jul. — Duke of Vittoria, 181 3 — 'battles of the Pyrenees,' 27-31 Jul. — storms San Se- bastian, 31 Aug. — head-quarters at St Jean de Luz, 10 Nov. 1 8 14: defeats Soult at Orthez, 27 Feb., and at Toulouse, 10 Apr. — Marquis of Douro, Duke of Wellington, 1 1 May — arrives at Lon- don, 23 Jun. — takes his seat in House of Lords, 28 Jun. — ambassador to France, Jul. 1 8 15: attends Congress of Vienna, Jan. — takes command of army in Flanders, middle of Apr. — repulses Ney at Quatre Bras, 16 Jun. — with Bliicher, defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, 1 8 Jun.— Commander-in-chief of army of occupa- tion in France, 18 15 to Nov. 181 8— Field-mar- shal of Austria, Russia, and Prussia, Oct. 181 8 — Master-general of the Ordnance, 1 Jan. 1819 — attends Congress of Verona, 1822 — envoy to St Petersburg, 1826 — Constable of the Tower, 1826 — Commander-in-chief, Jan. 1827 — Prime Minister, 8 Jan. 1828 to 15 Nov. 1830 — Governor of Dover Castle, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, Jan. 1829 — opposes Reform Bill and is hooted in the city, Jun. 1832 — Chancellor of Oxford Univ., 29 Jan. 1834 — Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Dec. 1834 to 8 Apr. 1835 — visited by Queen Victoria at Walmer Castle, 1 842 — Commander- in-chief, Dec. 1842— Pres. Council, 1845 to Jul. 1846 — tf. at Walmer Castle, 14 Sep. 1852 — buried in St Paul's, 9 Nov. 1852. Despatches, 1852 — Supplementary Despatches, 1860-66 — third Series, 1867, &c. Wellington College, Sandhurst, — first stone laid by Queen Victoria, 2 Jun. 1856 — opened by the Queen, Jan. 1859. Wellington Monument, — erection of, in St Paul's, authorized by Government, 1856 — com- mission to execute, accepted by Stevens, Nov. 1858. Wellingtonia Grigantea, — discovered by Dowd, in California, 1850. Wells, in Somersetshire, — seat of Bishopric by Edward the Elder, about 905 — [Bath and Wells.] Cathedral, church founded by Ina, 704 — rebuilt, by Bp Robert, 1135-66 — en- larged by Bp Jocelyn, 1205-39— completed by Thomas Henry, treasurer, about 1465. Bishop's Palace, founded, 1088-1122. Wells, Charles William, physician, — b. at Charleston, U. S., May 1757 — graduates M.D. at Edinburgh, Dec. 1780 — settles in London, 1785 — F. R. S., 1793 — Physician to St Thomas's Hospital, 1800 — F.R.S.E., 18 14 — receives Rumford Medal, 1816 — tf. in London, 18 Sep., a 28 Aug. b 1 817. Essay on Dew, 1 8 14. a Rees' Cye. b Amer. Cyc. Wells, Sir Robert,— heads insurrection of Lancastrians in Lincolnshire, Mar. 1470. Welsh, David, theologian, — ft. in Dumfries- shire, 1793 — licensed as a preacher, May 1 8 16 — settles at Glasgow, 1827 — D.D., 1831 — Prof. Church History, Edinburgh, 1831 — visits Germany, 1834 — Moderator of General Assembly, 1842 — joins in secession from Church of Scotland, 1843 — P r °f- Ecclesiastical History, in College of the Free Church, 1843 — tf., 24 Apr. 1845. Life of Dr Thomas Brown, 1825 — Elements of Church History, 1 844 — founds and edits North British Review, 1843. Welsh, John, theologian, — h., 'about 1568 — M.A. Edinburgh,. 1588 — parish minister of 1434 WELSH VERSION OF THE BIBLE— WERTH. Selkirk, 1589 — removes to Kirkcudbright, 1594 ■ — to Ayr, 1600 — tried for high treason and banished, Jan. 1606 — "ft. in London, Mar. 1622. Welsh Version of the Bible, — ordered by Act 5 Eliz. c. 28, 1563 — New Testament, pub- lished, 1567 — Old Testament, 1588 — revised by Parry, 1620. Welsted, Leonard, poet, — b., 1689 — tf., 1749. Wem, Baron. [Jeffreys, G.] Wenceslaus, kings of Bohemia. [Bohemia.] Wenceslaus, — Emperor op the Romans and King of Bohemia,— ft., 1359,* 26 Feb. 1 36 1 b — crowned King of Bohemia, 1363 — elected King of the Romans, 10 Jun. 1376 — marries, 1 37 7 — succeeds his father, Charles, (I. of Bohemia, IV. Emperor,) Nov. 1378 — loses his wife, 1388— marries Sophia of Bavaria, 1389 — imprisoned by his subjects for his ex- cesses, 7 May 1393 b (4 Oct. 1394 b ) — escapes and resumes the government, Sep. b (Feb. i395 b ) — creates John Galeazzo Visconti Duke of Milan, 1395 — gives up to him towns of Lombardy, 1396 — deposed by Electors of the Empire, 24 Aug. 1400 — again imprisoned by his Bohemian subjects, and his brother Sigis- mund declared Regent, 1402 — ft. at Prague, 16 Aug. 141 9. a Biog. Univ. b Art de Verifier les Dates. Wendover, Roger of. [Roger.] Wends, branch of Slaves, — occupy north and east Germany, before 600 — in Pannonia, subdued by Avars, 581 — tributary to Franks, 744 — their fortress, Brannibor, {Brandenburg,) taken by Henry the Fowler, 928 a — recover Brannibor, 1023 a — finally subdued by Albert the Bear, 1150-70^ a Carlyle. Wenlock, John, Lord, — Chamberlain to Queen Margaret, 1450 — fights on Lancastrian side and is wounded at first battle of St Alban's, May 1455 — K.G-., about 1457 — fights on Yorkist side at Towton, Mar. 146 1 — Baron, 1466 — joins in attempt to restore Henry VI., 147 1 — slain by Somerset after battle of Tewkesbury, 4 May 147 1. Wensleydale, James Park, Baron, Baron of the Exchequer, — fc. near Liverpool, 22 Mar. 1782 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1799— B.A., 1803— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1804 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, 18 13 — marries, 18 17 — Justice of King's Bench, 1828 — Baron of the Exchequer and Privy Councillor, 1834 — retires, and is created Peer for life, 16 Jan. 1856 — the subject referred to Committee of Privileges of House of Lords, 7 Feb. — illegality of the patent reported and affirmed, 25 Feb. — created Baron Wensleydale, 1 856 — tr. at Ampthill Park, Bedfordshire, 25 Feb. 1868. Wentworth, C. W. [Rockingham, Mar- quis op.] Wentworth, Peter, — makes a bold defence of privileges of parliament and is sent to the Tower, 1576 — proposes queries respecting same privileges, and is again committed, 1588. Wentworth, Thomas. [Strafford, Earl of.] Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 1st Lord Went- worth, — distinguishes himself in expedition 1 to France and is knighted by Henry VIIL, 1523 — created a Peer, Dec. 1529 — attends the king to France, Oct. 1532 — Lord Chamberlain and Privy Councillor, 1547 — takes part in sup- pressing Kett's insurrection, 1549 — )j., 3 Mar. Wentworth, Thomas, 2nd Lord,— serves at battle of Musselburgh, 10 Sep. 1547 — Knt, 28 Sep.— succeeds his father, 1551 — Privy Coun- cillor and Governor of Calais, by Queen Mary, 1553 — capitulates to Duke of Guise, 6 Jan. 1558 — tried for high treason and acquitted, 22 Apr. 1559 — assists at trial of Duke of Norfolk, Jan. 1572 — at trial of Mary Queen of Scots, 1587— a"., 14 Jan. 1591. Wentworth, Thomas, 4th Lord, — succeeds to the title, 1594— K.B., 1614 — Earl of Cleve- land, by Charles L, 1626 — takes part in ex- pedition to France, 1627 — takes part in defeat of Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 29 Jun. 1644 — taken prisoner at second battle of Newbury, 27 Oct. 1644 — released, 3 Sep. 1646 — accom- panies the king to Scotland, 1650 — fights at battle of Worcester, 3 Sep. 1651 — captured and sent to the Tower, end of Sep. — accom- panies Charles II. in his entry to London, 1660— tr., 26 Mar. 1667. Wergeland, Henrik Arnold, poet, $• J 743 — Fellow of Oriel Coll., 1744— M. A., 1746 — Senior Proc- tor, 1752 — tf. at Selborne, 26 Jun. 1793. Na- tural History of Selborne, 1789. White, Henry Kirke, poet, — b. at Notting- ham, 21 Mar. 1785 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, Oct. 1804 — tf. at Cambridge, 19 Oct. 1806. Remains, 1807. White, James, historical and miscellaneous writer, — b. near Edinburgh, about 1804 — tf. at Bonchurcb, 28 Mar. 1862. Land- marks of History of England, 1855 — of Greece, 1857 — Eighteen Christian Centuries, 1858 — History of France, 1859 — History of Eng- land, i860. White, Jeremiah, theologian, Chaplain to Cromwell, — b., 1630 — tf., 1707. Persuasion to Moderation, 1708 — Restoration of all things, 1712. White, Joseph, Orientalist, — b. at Stroud, in Gloucestershire, 1746 — M.A. Oxford, 1773 — Fellow of Wadham Coll., 1774 — Laudian Prof. Arabic, 1775 — Bampton Lecturer, 1784 — Prebendary of Gloucester, about 1785 — D.D., 1787 — tf. Canon of Christ-church, 22 May 1 8 14. Sacrorum Evangeliorum versio syriaca philoxeniana, 1778 — View of Chris- tianity and Mahometanism, 1783 — Piatessar- on, 1800 — JEgyptiaca,i%o\ — Nov.. Test. Greece, 1808. White, Joseph Blanco, theologian, — b. at Seville, 11 Jul. 1775 — ordained priest, 1799— settles in England, 18 10 — receives a pension, 1 8 14 — lives with Abp Whately at Dublin, Jun. 1832 to Jan. 1835.— tf. at Liverpool, 20 May 1 841. Letters from Spain, 1822 — Life, writ- ten by himself, &c, 1845. White, Robert, engraver, — b. in London, 1645 — tf. there, 1704. WHITE— WHITTINGIIAM. 1439 White, Kobert Meadows, philologist, anti- quary, — b., about 1798 — B.A. Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1 8 1 9 —ordained priest, 1822 — Raw- linson Prof. Anglo-Saxon, 1834 — visits Den- mark, 1837 — Yice-Pres. Magdalen Coll., 1838 — ft. at Slimbridge, in Gloucestershire, 31 Jan. 1865. Edition of the Ormulum, 1852. White, Thomas, theologian, founder of Sion College, — b. at Bristol, about 1550 — enters Oxford Univ., about 1566 — D.J)., 1584— Pre- bendary of St Paul's, 1588— Canon of Christ- church, 1591 to 1 Mar. 1624 (or 1623). [Sion College, London.] White, Thomas, (Anglus, Albius, $c.,) philosopher, theologian, — b., about 1582 — rj. in London, 6 Jul. 1676. Institutiones Peripate- tics, 1646 — Institutiones Theologiece, 1652 — Be Medio Animarum Statu, 1659, censured by House of Commons, 17 Oct. 1666 — Sonitus Buccinm, 1659. White, Sir Thomas, — b. at Beading, 1492 — Lord Mayor of London, 1553 — Knt, 1554 — rj., 1556. [St John's College, Oxford.] White Boys, in Ireland, — Society of, formed, about 1760 — Lord Drogheda charged with suppression of, 1762 — outrages of, renewed, 1822. White Eagle, Order of the, in Poland, — instituted by Vladislas V., 1325 — revised by Frederick Augustus I., 1705. White Friars. [Carmelites.] White Penitents. [Bianchi and Neri.] White Plains, near New York, — Howe de- feats Americans at, 28 Oct. 1776. White Sea, — reached by Chancellor, 1553. Whitefield, ( Whitfield,) George, founder of Calvinistic Methodists, — fj. at Gloucester, 16 Dec. 17 14 — enters Pembroke Coll. Oxford, 1732 — joins the Methodists, about end of 1734 — ordained deacon, 20 Jun. 1736 — accom- panies the Wesleys to N. America, Dec. 1737 — returns, Dec. 1738 — ordained priest, 14 Jan. 1739 — begins out-of-door preaching, near Bristol, Feb. 1739 — threatened with excom- munication, Feb. 1739 — again visits America, Aug. 1739 to Mar. 1741 — marries, 1741 — his breach with Wesley, 1741 — third visit to America, Aug. 1744 to Jul. 1748 — chaplain to Countess of Huntingdon, 1748 — fourth visit to America, 175 1-2 — becomes a slave-owner, 175 1 — fifth visit, 1754 — builds Tottenham Court Chapel, 1756— sixth visit to America, 1763-5 — loses his wife, 1768 — seventh visit to Ame- rica, 1769 — rj. near Boston, U. S., 30 Sep. 1770. Sermons, &c, 177 1 — Journals, 1756. Whitehall, London, — built by Hubert de Burgh, about 1220-40 — belongs to Abp of York, 1248 — seized by Henry VIII., 1529. Banqueting House, burnt, 12 Jan. 1619 — re- built by Inigo Jones, 1 Jun. 16 19 to 31 Mar. 1622 — partly burnt, 1691 — again, 1698 — alterations made, by Smirke, 1829-37. Whitehaven, in Cumberland, — attacked by Paul Jones, 23 Apr. 1778. Whitehead, Paul, poet,— fj. in London, 17 10 — o". there, 1774. Works, 1777. Whitehead, William, poet, — b. at Cam- bridge, I715 — enters the Univ., 1735 — poet- laureate, 1757— tr., 14 Apr. 1788,* 1785. b Poems, 1754. a EngL Cyc- trees' Cyc. Whitehurst, John, — b. in Cheshire, 17 13 — stamper of the money weights, settles in London, 1775 — F.R.S., 1779— rj. in London, Feb. 1788. Inquiry into Original State and Formation of the Earth, 1778 — Works, 1792. Whitelocke, Bulstrode, diplomatist, — b. in London, 2 Aug. 1605 — enters St John's Coll. Oxford, Mar. 1620 — assists in impeachment of Buckingham, 1626 — M.P., Nov. 1640 — takes part in impeachment of Strafford, 1 640-1 — a Commissioner to treat with Charles I. at Oxford, 1 641 -2 — Governor of Windsor Castle, 1644 — a Commissioner for Treaty of Uxbridge, 1645— a Commissioner of the Great Seal, Mar. 1647-8 — ambassador to Sweden, Sep. 1653— member of Council of State, May 1659 — re- signs Great Seal, Dec. 1659 — &. at Chilton, Wiltshire, 28 Jan. 1676. Memorials of Eng- lish Affairs, 1682 — Journal of the Swedish Embassy, 1772. Whitelocke, John, general,— h., about 1759 — enters the army, 1777 — Colonel and Briga- dier-general, 1795 — Lieutenant-general, before 1807 — fails in attack on Buenos Ayres, 5 Jul. 1807 — tried by court-martial and dismissed the service, 28 Jan. to 18 Mar. 1808. Whitfield, George. [Whitefield.] Whitgift, John, Abp op Canterbury, — b. at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, 1530 — enters Queen's Coll. Cambridge, about 1548 — Fellow of Peterhouse, 1555 — M.A., 1557— or- dained priest, 1560 — Margaret Prof. Divinity, 1563 — Master of Pembroke Hall, 1567 — of Trinity Coll., 1567 — D.D., Regius Prof. Di- vinity, 1567 — Prebendary of Ely, 1568 — Vice- chancellor of the Univ., 157 1 — Bp of Worces- ter, 1577 — Vice-Pres. Marches of Wales, 1577 — Abp of Canterbury, 1583— obtains decree of Star Chamber against liberty of printing, Jun. 1585 — Privy Councillor, 1586 — takes part in Conference at Hampton Court, Jan. 1604 — Xf. at Lambeth, 29 Feb. 1604. Whiting, Richard, Abbot of Glastonbury, — Commissioners sent to investigate charges against him, 22 Sep. 1539 — tried and con- victed of felony at Wells, 14 Nov. — executed as a traitor at Glastonbury, 15 Nov. 1539. Whitlock, Elizabeth, {Kemble,) actress, — b. at Warrington, 2 Apr.' 1761 — appears at Drury Lane Theatre, 2 Feb. 1783 — marries Mr Whitlock, 21 Jun. 1785 — accompanies him to America, 1793 — left a widow, 1799 — ^-» 2 7 Feb. 1836. Whitney, Eli, mechanical inventor, — b. in Massachusetts, U. S., 1765 — graduates at Yale Coll., 1792 — invents cotton gin, 1792-3 — effects improvement in manufacture of fire- arms, 1798-1808— tf. at New Haven, Conn., 8 Jan. 1825. Whittingham, Sir Samuel Ford, general, — Lieutenant in the army, 25 Feb. 1803— as deputy assistant quartermaster-general, serves in Peninsular War, 1 809— wounded at Tala- vera, Jul. 1809 — Major, Mar. 1810 — present at Barossa, 181 1 — raises corps of Spanish troops, and takes command of them as Major- 144° WHITTINGTON— WIER. general, 1812 — aide-de-camp to Prince Regent, 1 8 14 — Knt, C.B., 3 May 18 15 — receives Grand Cross of St Ferdinand, 18 15 — Governor of Dominica, 1819 — Quartermaster-general of king's troops in India, 1822 — at siege of Bkurtpoor, 1825-6— K.C.B., 26 Dec. 1826— Commander of Windward and Leeward Is- lands, 1835-9— Commander-in-chief at Madras, arrives there, 1 Aug. 1840 — ft. at Madras, 19 Jan. 1841. Whittington, Sir Richard,— Lord Mayor of London, 1397, 1406, and 1419 — tf., 1423. Whittington, Robert, — ft. at Lichfield, ahout 1480 — poet laureate, 15 13 — living, 1530. Epigrammata, 15 19. Whitworth, Charles, Lord, diplomatist, — b. in Staffordshire, about 1670 — appointed Resident at Diet of Ratisbon, 1702 — envoy to Russia, 1704 and 17 10 — Plenipotentiary to Diets of Augsburg and Ratisbon, 17 14 — to King of Prussia, 17 16 and 17 19 — at Congress of Cambray, 1722 — Baron Whitworth, 1721 — lj. in London, 1725. Account of Russia, 1758. Whitworth, Charles, Earl, diplomatist, — ft. at Leybourne, Kent, i744, a 1754 b — am- bassador to Poland, 1786 — Plenipotentiary to Russia, 1788-1800 — K.B., 1793 — created Baron Whitworth, 21 Mar. 1800 — ambassador to Copenhagen, summer 1 800 — negotiates treaty with Denmark,_i8oi — Privy Councillor, ambassador to France, close of 1802 — his insult- ing reception by Napoleon at the Tuileries, 13 Mar. 1803 — quits Paris, 12 May — created Viscount Whitworth, 14 Jun. 1813 — Viceroy of Ireland, Aug. 1 813-17 — G.C.B., Jan. 1815 — Earl Whitworth, 25 Nov. 18 15 — $. at Knowle, 13 May 1825. a Georgian Era. b Ann. Biog. Whitworth Gun, rifled, — constructed, about 1857 — competitive trials of, with Armstrong Gun, at Shoeburyness and Portsmouth, sum- mer 1864. Whitworth Scholarships, in Mechanical Science, — founded by Joseph Whitworth, 1868. Whyte, Robert, musical composer, — tf., be- fore 158 1. Whytt, Robert, physician, — ft. at Edin- burgh, •M.D. Rheims and St Andr< .., 17 14 — ivl.u. jtuieims ana &t Anarew s, 1736— F.R.C.P.E., 1738— Prof, at Edinburgh Univ., 1746 — F.R.S., 1752 — First Physician to the King in Scotland, 1761 — Pres. R.C.P.E., 1764 — tJ. at Edinburgh, 15 Apr. 1766. Essay on Vital and other Involuntary Motions of Animals, 1751 — Physiological Essays, 1755 — Nervous Disorders, 1764. Wibald, {Wibaldus,) — ft., about 1097 — Abbot of Stablo, 16 Nov. 11 30 — accompanies Emperor Lothaire to Italy, n 36 — Abbot of Monte Cassino, 11 36 — returns to Germany, 11 37 — visits Rome, 1146 — Abbot of Corbie, Jan. 1 147 — appointed preceptor to King of the Romans, May 1147 — returns to Stablo, 1148 — ambassador to Constantinople, 1157 — tf. in Paphlagonia, 19 Aug. 1158 — his remains brought to Stablo, 1159. Wickham, William, diplomatist, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1761 — Commissioner of Bankruptcy, 1789 — employed by Lord Granville in foreign correspondence, 1793, &c. — Minister Pleni- potentiary to Swiss Cantons, 1794 — Under- secretary of State, Home Department, 1798 — Minister Plenipotentiary to united Austrian and Russian armies, 1799-1801 — Secretary of State for Ireland, 1802-4 — Privy Councillor, 13 Jan. 1802 — Lord of the Treasury, Feb. 1806 to Mar. 1807— M.P. Callington, 1806— . retires, receives a pension, 1807 — D.C.L. Ox- ford, 3 Jul. 1 8 10 — rj. at Brighton, 22 Oct. 1840. Correspondence, 1870. Wickliffe. [Wycliffe.] Wicklow, in Ireland, — burnt by Irish, 13 10 — fortified by the Fitzwilliams, 1375 — occu- pied by the Byrnes, after 1500 — surrendered to English government, 1543 — besieged by 0' Toole, and siege raised by Coote, 1641. Wicquefort, Abraham de, diplomatist, mis- cellaneous writer, — ft. at Amsterdam, 1598 — appointed resident at French Court, by Elector of Brandenburg, 1626 — sent to the Bastille, by Mazarin, 1658 — expelled from France, 1659 — visits England, 1659 — Historiographer to States of Holland, 1659 — resident at the Hague for Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg-Zell, about 1 66 1 ? — imprisoned, Nov. 1675 — escapes, 11 Feb. 1679 — tf. near Zell, 23 Feb. 1682. Me- moires touchant les Ambassadeurs, 1676-9 — V Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, 1681 — His- toire des Provinces TJnies, 1719-43. Widdin, in Turkey, — attacked by Turks, 1443 — again, 1595 — taken by Prince Louis of Baden, 1689 — retaken by Mustapha Kiuprili, 29 Sep. 1690 — unsuccessfully besieged by Aus- trians, 1737 — revolt of Passwan Oglou at, 1797 — taken by Russians, 1809 — fortifications strengthened, 1853-4. Widows, in England, — rights of, regulated by Act 9 Hen. III. c. 7, 1224-5 — share of, in intestate's estate, fixed by Statute of Dis- tributions, 22 and 23 Car. II. c. 10, 1670. [Dower. ] Wiebeking, Karl Friedrich, civil engineer, §c, — ft. in Pomerania, 1762 — Chief Engineer and Inspector of roads and canals, Bavaria, 1805-18 — rj. at Munich, 28 May 1842. Was- serbaukunst, 1798-1805 — Burgerliche Bau- kunde, 1821^6 — Architecture Civile, 1822-30. Wieland, Christoph Martin, poet, miscel- laneous writer, — ft. at Oberholzheim, near Biberach, 5 Sep. 1733 — goes to Univ. of Tu- bingen, 1750 — visits Bodmer at Zurich, 1752 — settles at Biberach, 1758 — marries, 1765— Prof. Philosophy, Erfurt, 1769 — goes to Weimar, 1772 — loses his wife, 1801 — foreign member of French Institute, 1803 — presented to Napo- leon I. at Erfurt and admitted to Legion of Honour, 1808 — "ft. at Weimar, 20 Jan. 1813. Translation of Shakespeare, 1762-6 — Agathon, 1766 — founds the Deutschcr Mercur, 1775 — Die Abdcriten, 1773 — Oberon, 1780. Wielickska, in Poland, — Salt-mines of, worked as early as 1250 — pledged to Austria, 1657 — ceded to Austria, 1773 — assigned to Emperor of Austria and Duke of Warsaw, by Peace of Vienna, 1809 — reassigned to Emperor alone, by Congress of Vienna, 1815 — destroyed by inundation, 1868. Wier, {Weier, Weyer,) Johann, (Wierus,) WIERTZ— WILKINS. 1441 physician, — b. at Grave, in N. Brabant, 15 15 — M.D. Paris, 1534 — First Physician to "Wil- liam IV., Duke of Juliers and Cleves, 1550^ 1556 b — U. at Tecklenburg, 1588. De Prcesti- giis Dcemonum, 1564 — Liber Apologeticus, 1577 — De Lamiis, 1577 — Medicce Observationes, 1567. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Wiertz, Antoine, painter, — b. at Dinant, 1806 — Knt of Order of Leopold, 1840 — tf., 18 Jun. 1865. "Wiffen, Benjamin Barron, — rj., about 1795 — tf. at Woburn, 18 Mar. 1867. Life and Writings of J. de Valde's, 1865. Wiffen, Jeremiah Holme, poet, miscellaneous writer, — b. near Woburn, in Bedfordshire, 1792 — tf. at Woburn Abbey, 2 May 1836. Translation of Tasso's Jerusalem delivered, 1830 — Historical Memoirs of the House of Russell, 1833. Wigan, in Lancashire, — Col. Lilburne de- feats Earl of Derby at, 25 Aug. 1651. Wight, Isle of, {Vectis,)— conquered by Vespasian for Claudius, 43 — by Cerdic, 530 — by Wulfhere of Mercia, 661 — by Ceadwalla of Wessex, 686 — ravaged by Danes, 897, 1001, and 1009 — visited by Cnut, 1022 — plundered by Earl Godwine, 1052 — given by William I. to William Fitzosborne, who takes title of Lord of, between 1066-70 — action with the French off, 19 Jul. 1545 a — overrun by French, 19-21 Jul. 1545 a — Henry de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, crowned King of, by Henry VI., 1445 — imprisonment of Charles I. in, 1647-8. [Carisbrook, Newport, Osborne House.] a Froude. Wightwick, Richard. [See Pembroke Col- lege, Oxford.] Wilberforce, Robert Isaac, theologian, — ft. near London, 19 Dec. 1802 — archdeacon of E. Biding of Yorkshire, 1840 — enters Church of Borne, Oct. 1854 — tf. at Albano, 3 Feb. 1857. Doctrine of the Incarnation, 1 848 — Doctrine of Holy Baptism, 1849 — Doctrine of the Euchar- ist, 1853 — Principles of Religious Authority, 1854. Wilberforce, William, philanthropist, — b. at Hull, 24 Aug. 1759 — goes to Cambridge Univ., Oct. 1776— M.P. Hull, 1780— M.P. Yorkshire, 1784-18 12 — devotes himself to abolition of the Slave Trade, 1787 — declared French citizen by Legislative Assembly, 26 Aug. 1792 — M.P. Bramber, 1812-25 — tf. in London, 29 Jul. 1833. Practical View of prevailing Religious System, 1797. Wilbrord {Willibrod,) St, 'Apostle of the Frisians,' — b. in England, about 657 — preaches in Friesland, 690 — visits Rome, 692 and 695 — Bp of Utrecht, 695 — tf. near Treves, 738. Wilbye, John, musical composer, — teaches music in London, 1598. Madrigals, 1598 and 1609. Wild Beasts, — [B C] — exhibition of, in circus or amphitheatre, at Rome, the first mentioned, by L. Metellns, 251 — combat of, by M. Ful- vius, 186 — at Ludi Circenses, by P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, and P. Lentulus, 168 — combat of elephants, by Claud. Pulcher, 99 — lion fight, by Sulla, 94 — panthers, hippopotamus, and crocodiles, by Scaurus, 58 — giraffes, by Julius Csesar, 45. Wilde, Sir Thomas. [Truro, Lord.] Wildens, Johan, painter, — ft. at Antwerp, 1584? 1600? — tf. there, 1644. Wilderspin, Samuel, Originator of Infant Schools,— b. about 1792 — tf., 10 Mar. 1866. Wilford, Francis, Orientalist, — b. in Han- over, about 1760 — goes to India, 178 1 — tf. at Benares, 4 Sep. 1822. Wilfrid, St, Abp of York, — b. in England, 634 — accompanies Benedict Biscop to Rome, 654 — ordained priest, 664 — supports Roman views at Synod of Whitby, 664 — appointed Abp of York, 664 — consecrated at Compiegne ; gets possession of his see, 667 — deposed and his diocese divided, 677 — appeals to the pope and obtains decree in his favour : reinstated, 687 — again driven away, 691— again goes to Rome and obtains another decree, 705 — Bp of Hex- ham, 705 — tf. at Oundle, 12 Oct. 709. Wilhelmina, religious fanatic, — tf. at Milan, 1281. Wilhelmshaven, — naval harbour of N. German Confederation, opened by King of Prussia, 17 Jun. 1869. Wilkes, John, politician, — b. in London, 17 Oct. 1727 — M.P. Aylesbury, 1757 — commences publication of North Briton, Jun. 1762 — committed to the Tower, for No. 45, under general warrant, Apr. 1763 — discharged, by Chief Justice Pratt, under Habeas Corpus Act, 6 May — outlawed, goes to France, 1763 — ex- pelled the House of Commons, 19 Jan. 1764 — M.P. Middlesex, Mar. 1768 — rearrested, spring 1768 — his imprisonment occasions riot in St George's Fields, 10 May 1768 — outlawry re- versed, 1768 — expelled the House again, and declared incapable of reelection, 17 Feb. 1769 — reelected for Middlesex, second and third time, 1769 — released from prison, Apr. 1770 — Lord Mayor of London, 1774— M.P. Middle- sex, Oct. 1774 and 1784 — Chamberlain of City of London, 1779 — £ e * s resolutions of the House on the Elections expunged, May 1782 — tf. in London, 27 Dec. 1797. Letters to his Daughter, 1804 — Correspondence, 1805. Wilkie, Sir David, painter,— b. in Fifeshire, 18 Nov. 1785 — comes to London, May 1805 — A.R.A., 1809 — R.A., 1811— visits Paris, 1814 — visits Italy and Spain, 1825-28 — painter in ordinary to the king, Jan. 1830 — Knt, 1836 — goes to the East, 1840 — tf. off Gibraltar, 1 Jun. 1 841. Village Politicians, 1806 — Blind Fid- dler, 1806 — Village Festival, 18 n — Chelsea Pensioners, 1822. Wilkie, William, poet, — b. in Scotland, 172 1 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, St Andrew's, 1759 — D.D., 1766 — tf., 10 Oct. 1772. Fpigon- iad, 1753. Wilkins, Sir Charles, Orientalist, — ft. in Somersetshire, 1749 — goes to India, 1770 — as- sists in founding Literary Society of Calcutta, 1784 — returns to England, 1785 — Librarian to E. I. Company, 1801 — Knt, 1823 — tf. in Lon- don, 13 May 1836. Translation of the Bhaga- vad-Gita, 1785 — of the Hitopadesa, 1787 — Sanscrit Grammar, 1808. 9i 1442 WILKINS— WILLIAM I. Wilkins, David, historical scholar, — fc., 1685 — Keeper of Lambeth Library, 17 15 — D.D. Cambridge, 17 17 — marries, 1725— tf., 6 Sep. 1745. Leges Anglo- Saxonica, 1721 — Seldeni Opera, 1726 — Concilia Magna Britannia, 1736. Wilkins, John, Bp of Chester, — ft. in Northamptonshire, 16 14 — enters New Inn Hall, Oxford, 1627— M. A., 1634— Warden of Wad- ham Coll., Apr. 1648— D.D. , Dec. 1649— mar- ries, 1656 — Master of Trim Coll., early in 1659 — ejected, 1660 — member of Council of the Royal Society, 1663 — Bp of Chester, Nov. 1668 — tf. in London, 19 Nov. 1672. Discovery of a New World, 1638 — Mercury, 1641 — Essay toward a real character, 1668. Wilkins, William, architect, — ft. at Nor- wich, 31 Ang. 1778 — enters Cams and Gon- ville Coll. Cambridge, 1796 — B.A., 1800 — Fellow of his Coll., before 1805— R.A., 1834," 1824 15 — Prof. Architecture, R.A., 1837 — tf. at Cambridge, 31 Aug. 1839. University College, London, commenced, 1827 — National Gallery, 1832-38. Antiquities of Magna Grcecia, 1807 — translation of Vitruvius, 18 12 — Prolusiones Architectonics, 1837. a Engl. Cyc. b Gent. Mag. Will and Testament, in English law, — de- vise of freehold, authorized and regulated by Statute of Wills, 32 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 1540, and 34 and 35 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 1543— further regulations respecting, made by Act 12 Car. II. c. 21, s. 8, 1660 — provisions respecting dispo- sition of copyholds, by Act 55 Geo. III. c. 192, 11 Jul. 1 815 — laws respecting, consolidated and amended by Act 1 Vic. c. 26, 3 Jul. 1837 — amended by 15 and 16 Vic. c. 24, 17 Jun. 1852 — again, by 24 and 25 Vic. c. 114, 6 Aug. 1861. Of seamen, regulated by Act 11 Geo. IV. and 1 Wm. IV. c. 20, 29 May 1830 — royal, regulated by 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 88, s. 10, 1799. Willaerts, (Willarts,) Adam, painter^ — fi. at Antwerp, 1577 — tf. at Utrecht, 1640^ i626. b a Biog. Univ. b Nagler. Willaerts, ( Willarts,) Abraham, painter, — fe. at Utrecht, 1613— living there, i66o. a a Nagler. Willan, Robert, physician, — n. in York- shire, 12 Nov. 1757 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1780 — settles in London, 1782 — receives Fothergill Medal of Medical Society, 1789 — F.S.A., 1791 — F.R.S., 1809 — tf. at Madeira, 7 Apr. 1812. Description and Treatment of Cutaneous Dis- eases, 1 798- 1 808. Willaumez, JeanBaptistePhilibert, Count, admiral, — 6. at Belle-Isle, 7 Aug. 1763 — enters the navy, 1777 — takes part in expedi- tion in search of Laperouse, 1790 — receives Cross of St Louis, 1790 — distinguishes himself in combat with English at Port Louis, 22 Oct. 1794 — in sea-fight in Straits of Malacca, 8 Sep. 1796 — Rear-admiral, 1804 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 18 Aug. 18 14 — Vice- admiral, 18 Aug. 1 8 19 — Peer of France, 3 Oct. 1837 — hereditary Count, 7 Apr. 1843— tf. at Suresnes, 19 May 1845. Dictionnaire de Ma- rine, 1820. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, botanist, — fc. at Berlin, 1765 — M.D., 1789 — admitted to Aca demy of Sciences, 1794 — Prof. Natural His- tory, Coll. Medicine, 1798 — Prof. Botany, Univ., 1801 — visits Paris, 1811 — tf. at Berlin, 10 Jul. 1812. Fhytographia, 1794-5 — edition of the Species Blantarum of Linnaeus, 1797- 1810 — Grundriss der Krduter-Kunde, 1798. Wille, Johann Georg, engraver, — ft. in Hesse, 5 Nov. 17 15 — goes to Paris, 1736 — ad- mitted to Academy of Fine Arts, 176 1 — tf. at Paris, 8 Aug. i8o6, a i8o7, b 5 Apr. i8o8. c a Conv.-Lex. b Biog. Univ. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Willems, Jan Frans, — fc. near Antwerp, 1 1 Mar. 1793 — Keeper of Archives at Ghent, 1835 — Kilt of Leopold, 1838 — tf. at Ghent, 24 Jun. 1846. Verhandeling over de Keder- duytsc/ie Tael-en Letterkunde, &c, 1819-24 — founds and edits the Belgisch Museum, 1837. The 25th anniversary of his death celebrated at Ghent, 1871. Wilier, George, bookseller, of Augsburg, — publishes first Catalogue of new books for Frankfort book-fair, 1554. William, {of Holland,) Emperor of the Romans, (1247-56,) — ft., about 1227 — succeeds his father, Florence IV., as Count of Holland, about 1 234 — through influence of Pope Innocent IV., chosen King of the Romans, in opposition to Frederick II., 3 Oct., a 4 0ct., b 29 Sep. c 1247 — is refused entrance to Aix-la-Chapelle, and forms the siege, early in 1248 d — takes the town, about Oct. — crowned there by Abp of Co- logne, 1 Nov. 1248 — returns to Holland, 1250 — concludes peace with Margaret, Countess of Flanders, 19 May 1250 — besieged in Mentz by Conrad, 1250 — defeats his rival Conrad near Oppenheim, Mar. 1251 — meets Innocent IV. at Lyons, spring 1251 — marries Elizabeth of Brunswick, 25 Jan. 1252 — receives submis- sion of Margrave of Brandenburg and Duke of Saxony, 25 Mar. 1252 — holds a Diet at Frank- fort, Jun. — confiscates part of Countess Mar- garet's estates, 11 Jul. 1252 — defeats Flemish army and captures the sons of Margaret near West Kappel, 4 Jul. 1253 — repulses Charles of Anjou, 1254 — on death of Conrad, becomes legitimate Emperor, May — has conference with St Louis at Ghent and rejects his proposals for peace, 1 Nov. 1254 — passes into Germany, 1255 — invades Friesland, Jan. 1256 — slain by Frisians, 28 Jan. 1256. a Albert de Stade. b Muratori. c Other authorities. d Kington. William I., the Conquer or, [Conquistor,) King or England, (1066-87,) — h. at Falaise, Dec. 1027 — succeeds his father, Robert, (le Diable,) as Duke of Normandy, 1035 — aided by Henry I. of France, defeats rebel nobles at Val-es- Dunes, near Caen, 1047 — takes Alencon, 1048 — visits Edward the Confessor, 1051 — besieges Chateau of Arques and defeats his rival William, Count of Arques, 1053 — battle of Mortemer, 1054 — occupies Maine, 1054 — makes peace with Henry I. of France, 1056 — marries his cousin Matilda of Flanders, 1056^ 1054 b — defeats Henry and the French at the Gue Berenger, 1058 — assists at consecration of Philip WILLIAM. ^443 I., 1059 — holds Court at Lillebonne, 1060 — gets possession of person of Harold, and extorts from him cession of his claim to crown of England, io6i, c 1065 f — takes Mantes, 1064 — on death of Edward, claims the crown, Jan. 1066, and prepares for invasion of England: holds assembly at Lillebonne, 1066 — obtains sanction of Pope Alexander II. for his ex- pedition, 1066 — embarks at St Yalery, 22,° 26, d 27 e Sep. — arrives at Pevensey, 28 Sep. — defeats and kills Harold at Senlac, (Hastings,) 14 Oct. — receives submission of Edgar Atheling and his adherents, at Berkhampstead ; crowned at Westminster, by Aldred, Abp of York, 25 Dec. — visits Normandy, leaving Bp Odo and "William Fitzosborne regents, Mar. to Dec. 1067 — founds Battle Abbey, 1067 — besieges Exeter and suppresses insurrection, 1068 — marches against insurgents in the North, spring 1068 — defeats them, takes York, and builds two cas- tles at York, 1068 — suppresses another in- surrection, headed by sons of Sweyn, Sep. 1069 — devastates the North, winter 1069-70 — orders pillage of churches and monasteries, 1070 — confirms laws of the Confessor, 1070 — crowned again at Winchester, by Papal legates, 4 Apr. 1070 s — attacks Hereward's camp of refuge in Isle of Ely and defeats him, 107 1-2 — his conquest censured by prelates of Normandy and legates of the pope, 1072 h — invades Scot- land, and receives homage of Malcolm, 1072 — devastates and subdues Maine, 1073 — goes to Normandy, 1074 — returns and frustrates con- spiracy of Normans and English against him, 1075 — unsuccessfully invades Brittany, and besieges Dol, 1075 — his son Eobert rebels, 1078 — wounded by Eobert at siege of Gerberoi, Dec. 1078 — pardons him: sends him against the Scots, 1079 — marches into Wales, 1080-1 — arrests Bp Odo, 1082 — loses his queen, 1083 — collects an army of mercenaries to repel threatened invasion of Cnut, 1085 — again fails in attack on Brittany, 1085= — orders survey of England, Christmas 1085 — [Domesday Book] — holds his Court at Salisbury, summer 1086 — goes to Normandy, 1086 — makes war on Philip of France, summer 1087 — burns Mantes, 10 Aug. 1087 — rj. at Bouen, 8 or 9 Sep. 1087. [New Forest, Tower of London.] a Some authorities. b Others. c Art de Verifier les Dates. d Annals of England. e Thierry. f Lingard. S Lappenberg. h Palgrare. William II., (Rufus,) King of England, (1087-1100,) — fc. in Normandy, about 1060? — wounded at Gerberoi, 1084 — on death of his father, William L, comes to England, and gets possession of royal treasure at Winchester, Sep. 1087 — received as King at Council of prelates and barons, crowned by Abp of Lan- franc, 26 Sep. — suppresses insurrection of Norman prelates and nobles, 1088 — besieges Bochester and Durham, 1088 — invades Nor- mandy, and carries on war with his brother Eobert, 1090 — makes peace with him, 1091 — with Eobert, makes war on Henry, besieges him in Mount St Michael, and banishes him, 1 09 1 — marches against Malcolm of Scotland, and receives his homage, 109 1 — has fruitless conference with Malcolm and Edgar Atheling at Gloucester, 1092 — falls ill there, Lent 1093 — invades Normandy and carries on war with Eobert, 1094— suppresses revolt of Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, 1095 — marches against the Welsh, autumn 1095 — visits Nor- mandy, to take possession of Duchy mortgaged to him by Eobert, 1096 — again marches into Wales, summer io97_returns, Aug. — goes to Normandy, 1097 — invades France and con- quers Maine, 1099 — killed in the New Forest, 2 Aug. 1 100. [Westminster Hall.] William III., (of Orange,) King of Eng- land, (1688-1702,)— fj. at the Hague, 4 Nov. 1650 — his exclusion from Stadtholderate of United Provinces demanded by Cromwell and agreed to by the States, 1654 — appointed Stadtholder, 1672 — takes command against French invaders, 1672 — recovers Naerden, Sep. 1673 — takes Bonn, 4-12 Nov. — his Princi- pality confiscated by Louis XIV. and given to Count of Auvergne, 1673 — defeated by Prince of Conde at Senef, n Aug. 1674 — invests Oudenarde, Aug. — raises the siege, 21 Aug. — invests Maestricht, 8 Jul. 1676 — raises the siege, 27 Aug. — defeated by French at Cassel, 11 Apr. 1677 — raises siege of Charleroi, 14 Aug. 1677 — marries Princess Mary, daughter of Duke of York, 4 Nov. 1677 — Peace of Nimeguen, 10 Aug. 1678 — defeated by Lux- embourg, 14 Aug. — offers aid to James II. for suppression of rebellion of Monmouth, 1685 — effects formation of League of Augsburg, Jul. 1686 — condemns Declaration of Indulgence, 1687 — invited by leading English politicians to intervene for restoration of national rights and liberties, 30 Jun. 1688— prepares for in- vasion, sum. 1688 — embarks at Helvoetsluys, 19 Oct. — driven back by storms, sails again, 1 Nov. — lands at Torbay, 5 Nov. — enters Ex- eter, 8 Nov. — makes arrangement with com- missioners of James II. at Hungerford, 8-9 Dec. — arrives at St James's, 18 Dec. — sum- mons a Convention, 28 Dec. 1689 : summons meeting of Estates of Scot- land, 7 Jan. — proclaimed Joint-sovereign with Mary, 13 Feb. — crowned, 11 Apr. — proclaimed with Mary, by Estates of Scotland, 1 1 Apr. — accepts crown of Scotland from commissioners, 1 1 May. [Settlement, Act of.] 1690 : sets out for Ireland, 4 Jun. — lands at Carrickfergus, 14 Jim. — defeats James II. at the Boyne, 1 Jul. — enters Dublin, 6 Jul. — takes Waterford, 25 Jul.— invests Limerick, 8 Aug. — raises the siege, 30 Aug. — embarks for England, 6 Sep. 1 69 1 : embarks for Holland, 18 Jan. — at- tends Congress at the Hague, 26 Jan. — returns to England, 13 Apr.— again goes to Holland, May — returns, 19 Oct. 1692 : orders Massacre of Glencoa, Jan. — dismisses Marlborough, 10 Jan. — embarks for Holland, 5 Mar. — plot for his assassination, early in the year — attempts to raise siege of Namur and is defeated by Luxembourg at. Steenkirk, 3 Aug.— returns, 18 Oct. 1693 : refuses assent to bill for triennial 91 * i 4 44 WILLIAM. parliaments, 14 Mar.— embarks for Holland, 3 r Mar. — defeated by Luxembourg at Landen, 19 Jul. — returns, 29 Oct.— refuses assent to Place Bill, winter. 1694: goes to Holland, 6 May — returns, 9 Nov. — loses his queen, 28 Dec, and becomes sole sovereign. 1695 : plot formed against him, May — goes to Holland, 12 May — invests Namur, 2 Jul. — takes the town, 4 Aug. — the citadel, 1 Sep. — returns to England, 10 Oct. — visits Oxford, 10 Nov. 1696: discovers and frustrates another plot to kill him, {Assassination Plot,) 15 Feb. — association for his defence formed, 27 Feb. — goes to Holland, 7 May — returns, 8 Oct. — again goes to Holland, 24 Apr. 1697 — ratifies Peace of Ryswick, Nov. — enters London, 16 Nov. — goes to Holland, 20 Jul. 1698 — negotiates secretly with Louis XIV. for partition of Spanish monarchy : signs Par- tition Treaty, 4 Sep. 1698— returns to Eng- land, 5-6 Dec. 1698 — is compelled to dismiss his Dutch guards, Mar. 1699 — goes to Hol- land, 3 1 May— returns, 1 8 Oct. — goes to Hol- land, Jul. 1700 — returns, Oct. — goes to Hol- land, 31 Jun. 1 701 — returns, Nov. — by fall from his horse, breaks his collar-bone, 21 Feb. 1702 — tf. at Kensington, 8 Mar. 1702 — buried at Westminster, 12 Apr. William {Henry) IV., King op England, (1830-7,) — fj. at Buckingham House, 21 Aug. 1765 — enters the navy, 15 Jun. 1779 — se * s oirfc for continental travel, 31 Jul. 1783 — returns to England, spring 1785 — Captain R.N., 10 Apr. 1786 — created Duke of Clarence and St An- drew's and Earl of Munster, May 1789 — Rear-admiral, 1790 — his connection with Mrs Jordan begins, 1791 — Vice-admiral, 1795 — . Admiral, 1799 — Admiral of the fleet, 1801 — marries Princess Adelaide Louisa of Saxe- Meiningen at Kew, n Jul. 181 8 — becomes heir-presumptive to the throne, 1827 — Lord High Admiral, Apr. 1827 — resigns, Sep. 1828 — succeeds G-eorge IV., 26 Jun. 1830 — crowned with his queen, 8 Sep. 1831 — tf. at Windsor, 20 Jun. 1837. William I. the Lion, King of Scotland, (1165-1214,)— succeeds Malcolm IV., 9 Dec. 1 165 — accompanies Henry II. in expedition to Brittany,- 11 68 — supports rebellion of sons of Henry, 117 3 — taken prisoner by Banulph de Glanville at Alnwick, 12 Jul. 1174 — im- prisoned at Falaise : released on doing homage for kingdom of Scotland to Henry and his son, 8 Dec. — founds abbey of Arbroath, 1178 — excused from homage by Richard I. for sum of money, 1189 — excommunicated by Pope Alexander III. and the kingdom laid under in- terdict, 1 1 81 — absolved by Lucius III., 1 182? — assists at coronation of Richard I. at Winches- ter, Apr. 1 1 94 — does homage to King John at Lincoln, 22 Nov. 1200 — again does homage, Aug. 1209 — U. at Stirling, 4 Dec. 12 14. William I. the Bad, King of Sicily, (1154- 66,) — declared Duke of Naples and Prince of Capua, 1 1 44 — marries Margaret of Navarre, 1150 — crowned at Palermo as joint-sovereign with his father, Roger II., about Apr. 1151 — succeeds him, (Feb.?) 1154 — his title denied by Pope Adrian IV. : excommunicated, loses great part of his kingdom, 1155 — defeats the rebels and recovers Apulia, 1156 — makes peace with the. pope at Benevento, Jun. 1156 — ob- tains investiture and does homage : seized by conspirators, and his son proclaimed King, ii59, a n6i b — released soon after: ft., 7 May 1 166. a Art de Verifier les Dates. b Biog. Univ. William II. the Good, King of Sicily, (1166-89,) — b., 1 154 — succeeds his father, William L, under Regency of his mother, Margaret, May 11 66 — crowned, Jul. 1166 — supports Pope Alexander III. : refuses to make separate peace with Frederick L, 117 3 — marries Joanna of England, Feb. 1177 — re- ceives Alexis, nephew of Emperor Manuel, and sends expedition against Greeks, 11 85 — ft., 16 Nov. 1 1 89. William Frederick I., King of the Netherlands, (1815-40,) — b. at the Hague, 24 Aug. 1772 — receives title of hereditary Prince of United Provinces : marries Frederica Louisa of Prussia, 1 Oct, 1791 — takes part in campaign against French invaders, 1793 — re- pulsed by French near Menin, 13 Sep. 1793 — takes Landrecies, soon after : resigns command, 16 Jan. 1795— escapes with his father, the Stadtholder, William V., to England, 18 Jan. 1795 — goes to Berlin, 1799 — receives grant of indemnity in Germany assigned to his father, Aug. 1802 — made prisoner of war, and de- prived of his estates, by Napoleon L, Oct. 1806 — fights at Wagram, 1809 — recovers his here- ditary estates in Germany, before end of 1813 — received at the Hague, 30 Nov. 181 3 — arms the people : swears to new constitution, 29 Mar. 1 8 14 — union of Belgium and Liege with United Provinces, to form one kingdom, decreed by Congress of Vienna, 18 14 — proclaimed King of the Netherlands, and Duke of Luxemburg, 16 Mar. 1 8 15 — gives up his possessions in Germany to Prussia, May 18 15— joins Holy Alliance, 21 Jun. 18 16 — marries his son, Prince Frederick, to Princess Louisa of Prussia, 21 May 1825 — insurrection at Brussels, 25 Aug. 1830 — [Belgium] — protests against separation of Belgium, 12 Jul. 183 1 — signs articles agreed to by Conference of London, 4 Feb. 1839 — renounces proposed marriage with Countess Henrietta d'Oultremont, 25 Mar. 1840 — abdicates in favour of his son William II., 7 Oct. 1840 — retires to Berlin: marries Count- ess d'Oultremont, 17 Feb. 1841— rj. at Berlin, 7 Nov. 1843. William II., King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxemburg, (1840-49,) — b., 6 Dec. 1792 — Lieutenant-colonel in Spanish army, 181 1 — aide-de-camp to Well- ington, distinguishes himself at sieges of Ciudad Ro&rigo, 18 10, and Badajoz, 181 1 — at battle of Salamanca, 18 12— aide-de-camp to George III., about 1813 — commands Dutch army at Quatre Bras, and is wounded at Waterloo, 18 15 — marries Anna Paulowna of Russia, 21 Feb. 18 16 — recognizes independ- ence of Belgium, and withdraws to England, WILLIAM— WILLIAMS. 1445 1830 — takes part in war with Belgium, 1831 — succeeds on abdication of his father, 7 Oct. 1840 — sanctions constitutional charter, 14 Oct. 1848 — tf., 17 Mar. 1849. William I., King of Wurtemberg, (1816- 64,) — b., 27 Sep. 1781 — marries Charlotte of Bavaria, 8 Jun. 1808 — the marriage declared null, Jul. 1 8 14 — marries Catherine, Duchess of Oldenburg, 24 Jan. 18 16 — succeeds his father, w o Oct. 18 16 — grants constitutional charter, 25 Sep. 18 19 — loses his queen, 18 19 — marries a third time, 15 Apr. 1820 — refuses to recognize King of Prussia as Emperor of Germany, 1 850 — tf. at Eosenstein, 25 Jun. 1864. William III., Count of Holland and (I.) of Hainault, — succeeds his father, John II., 1304 — marries Jane, daughter of Charles, Count of Valois, at Paris, spring 1305— makes truce of four years with Eobert, Count of Flanders, Jul. 1306 — makes peace with John, Duke of Brabant, 10 Apr. 1307 — receives Isa- bella, Queen of Edward II. of England, at Valenciennes, negotiates marriage of his daugh- ter Philippa to Prince Edward, and furnishes auxiliary force for invasion of England, 1326 : — fights on side of France at battle of Cassel, 1328 — reestablishes his authority in Friesland, 1330 — mediates between Duke of Brabant and King of France, 1332 — quarrels with Philip of Valois, 1334 — forms alliance with Edward III. against France, 1335 — tf. at Valenciennes, 7 Jun. 1337. William. [For other sovereigns of this name see Aquitaine, Bavaria, Flanders, Hol- land, Montferrat, Normandy.] / William of Malmesbury. [Malmesbury.] William of Nassau, the Silent, Prince of Orange, — b. at Dillenburg, 16 Apr. 1533 — succeeds his cousin Bene as Prince of Orange, 1544 — marries Anne of Egmont, 155 1 — sent to Court of Charles V., 1548 — commands Imperial army on French frontier, 1555 — loses his wife, 1558 — resident at Court of France as hostage for Peace of Cateau-Cam- bresis, 1559 — marries Anna of Saxony, 1561 — joins in remonstrance against Granvella's proceedings, 1563 — at Antwerp, suppresses in- surrection of Calvinists, 1567 — retires to his Nassau estates, 1567 — proscribed, and his pro- perty confiscated, Jan. 1568 — takes the lead in resistance of Dutch Protestants against Philip II., summer 1568 — takes the field, Sep. — joins Huguenots under Coligny, spring 1569 — Stadtholder of Holland and. Zealand, 1572 — captures Boermond, Jul. 1572 — inundates the country by cutting the dykes to save Leyden, summer 1574 — invested with fuller authority by States of Holland, Oct. 1574 — divorces his wife and marries Charlotte of Bourbon, Jun. 1575 — meeting of States- General at Ghent, Oct. 1576 — unsuccessful attempts of Don John to win him over, Feb. 1577 — projects Union of Utrecht, 1578 — a price set on his head by Philip II., Mar. 1580 — assassinated by Balthasar Gerard, at Delft, 10 Jul. 1584. William of Newbury, chronicler, — b. at Bridlington, 1 1 36 ? — living, 1 220. Anglicarum lib. V., 1597. William of Wykeham. [Wykeham.] William of Ypres, — claims County of Flan- ders on death of Baldwin VII., n 19— defeated by Charles I., 11 19-20? — renews his claim on death of Charles, and seizes several towns, 1127 — besieged in Ypres by William Cliton and Louis le Gros, and taken prisoner, 26 Apr. — re- leased by Cliton, Mar. 1 128 — renews his attempt and is supported by Stephen of England and other allies, 11 40 — defeated and driven from Flanders by the Count Thierry of Alsace, passes into England, 1 140 — serves Stephen in the civil war, besieges Maud at Winchester, summer 1141 — takes prisoner Bobert of Glou- cester, Sep., and procures release of Stephen, Nov. 1 141 — returns to Flanders, after accession of Henry II., 1155 — tf., 1164. Williams, Daniel, theologian, — b. at Wrex- ham, about 1644 — Nonconformist minister, 1663 — D.D. Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1709 — - tf. in London, 26 Jan. 17 16. By his will founds the Library in Bedcross Street, opened, 1729. Williams, Edward, {Mo Morganwg,) poet, — b. in Wales, about 1747 — tf. there, 1826. Williams, Helen Maria, miscellaneous writer, — b., 1762 — settles at Paris, 1790 — tf. at Paris, Dec. 1827. Letters from France, 1790-2 — translation of Humboldt's Personal Narrative, 1 8 14-2 1 — Narrative of Fvents in France, 1815. Williams, Isaac, poet, theologian, — b., 1802 — B.A. Oxford, 1826 — M.A., 1831 — ordained priest, 1 831— Fellow of Trin. Coll., 1832 — B.D., 1839 — unsuccessful candidate for Chair of Poetry, Oxford, 1842 — tf. at Stinchcombe in Gloucestershire, 1 May 1865. Cathedral, 1838 — Thoughts in Fast Years, 1838 — Bap- tistry, 1842 — Christian Scholar, 1849 — Chris- tian Seasons, 1854 — Study of the Gospels,i%^.i- Williams, John, Abp of York, — b. at Aberconway, 25 Mar. 1582 — enters St John's Coll. Cambridge, Nov. 1599 — B.A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1603 — M.A., 1605 — ordained priest, 1609 — chaplain to the king, 16 16 — D.D., 16 17 — Dean of Westminster, 12 Jul. 1620 — Lord Keeper, 10 Jul. 1621 to 25 Oct. 1626 — consecrated Bp of Lincoln, 11 Nov. 1 62 1 — takes part in negotiations for Spanish marriage, 1622-3 — imprisoned by Star Cham- ber, 1636 — released by Long Parliament, 1640 — Abp of York, 4 Dec. 1641 — tf. in Carnarvon- shire, 25 Mar. 1650. Williams, John, missionary,—^, at Totten- ham, 29 Jun. 1796 — embarks for Polynesia, Nov. 18 16 — discovers Island of Barotonga, 1823 — visits England, 1834-38 — murdered at Erromanga, New Hebrides, 20 Nov. 1839. Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands, 1837. Williams, John, (Ab Ithel,) archceologist,— b. in Denbighshire, 7 Apr.1811 — B.A. Oxford, 1834 — M.A., 1838 — tf., 27 Aug. 1862. Eccle- siastical Antiquities of the Kymry, 1 844 — edits Annates Cambrice, 1 850 — edits Brut y Tywysog- ion, 1850 — Barddas, 1862. Williams, Roger, founder of State of Fhodt 1446 WILLIAMS— WILLSHIKE. Island, JJ. S„— h. in Wales, 1606— scholar of Sutton's Hospital, (Charter-house,) 25 Jul. 1621 — enters Jesus Coll. Oxford, 30 Apr. 1624 — arrives in New England, 5 Feb. 163 1 — pastor at Salem, 1633 — ordered to return to England, autumn 1635 — founds colony in Khode Island, Jun. 1636— visits England and obtains a charter, 1643-4 — again visits Eng- land, 1 65 1 -4 — Pres. of the colony, 1654-7— has controversy with Quakers, 1672 — ft. at Providence, Apr. 1683. Williams, Rowland, theologian, — b. in Wales, 1 817 — enters King's Coll. Cambridge, 1835— B. A. and Fellow of his Coll., 1840— Classical Tutor, 1842-50 — Vice-Principal and Prof. Hebrew, Lampeter Coll., 1850-62 — D.D., 1857 — resigns his Fellowship, 1859 — Yicar of Broad-Chalke, Wilts, 1859— prose- cuted for heresy, 1861 — settles at Broad-chalke, 1862— acquitted, Feb. 1864 — ft., 18 Jan. 1870. national Godliness, 1855 — Christianity and Hinduism compared, 1856 — Review of Bunsen, (Essays and Pteviews,) i860 — Prophets of Israel and Judah, 1866 — Broad-Chalke Sermon- Essays, 1867 — Owen Glendower, 1870. Williams, Samuel, engraver, — fj. at Col- chester, 23 Feb. 1788 — rj., 19 Sep. 1853. Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., U. S.,— founded by Col. E. Williams, 1755— incorporated as free school, 1785 — as college, 1793- Williamsburg, Virginia, IT. S., — founded, 1632 — battle between Gen. M'Clellan and Con- federates at, 5 May 1862 — evacuated by Con- federates, 6 May. William and Mary College, founded, 1692. Williamson, Hugh, physician, — I), in Penn- sylvania, 1735 — graduates at Univ. of Penn- sylvania, 1757— member of Congress, 1784-7 — again, 1790-2 — rj. at New York, 22 May 1819. History of N. Carolina, 181 2. Williamson, Sir Joseph, statesman, — 0. in Cumberland, about 1630 — B.A. Oxford, 1653 — M.A., 1657 — Knt, Clerk of the Council, 1667 — principal Secretary of State, 27 Jun. 1674 — committed to the Tower, and released same day, 18 Nov. 1678— resigns office, 9 Feb. 1679 — Joint-commissioner for negotiating first Partition Treaty, 1698 — U., 17 01. Willibrord. [Wilbrord.] Willis, Browne, antiquary, — rj. at Bland- ford, 14 Sep. 1682 — goes to Christ-Church, Oxford, 1699 — M.P. Buckingham, 1705 — marries, 1707 — F.S.A., 17 18 — M.A., 1723 — presents his coins to Oxford Univ., 1741 — LL.D., 10 Apr. 1749 — tf. at Whaddon Hall, 5 Feb. 1760. Survey of the Cathedrals of Eng- land, 1727-33 — Notitia Parliamentaria, 17 15- 3°- Willis, Francis, physician, — 6., about 1717 — M.A. Oxford, 1740— M.D. Oxford, 1759— attends George III., 1789 — tf. in Lincolnshire, 5 Dec. 1807. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, litterateur, — h. in Maine, U.S., 1807 — graduates at Yale Coll., 1827 — establishes American Monthly Magazine, 1828 — visits Europe, about 1832 — in England, 1835-7 — again, 1839-40 and 1844- 46 — rj. at Idlewild, on the Hudson, 20 Jan. 1 867 . Works, 1 846 — People I have met, 1 850 — Hurry graphs, 1851. Willis, Thomas, anatomist, — n. at Great Bedwin, Wilts, 27 Jan. 1621 — enters Christ- Church, Oxford, 1636 — M.A., 1642 — Sedleian Prof. Natural Philosophy, M.D., 1660 — F.R.S., 1662 — settles in London, physician to the king, 1666 — rj. there, 11 Nov. 1675. Ce- rebri Anatome, 1664 — Pathologice Cerebri et Nervosi Generis Specimina, 1667 — Be Anima Brutorum, 1672. Willmore, James Tibbits, engraver, — I). in London, 15 Sep. 1800— A.B. A., 1843 — tf., 12 Mar. 1863. Turner' s Rivers of France, 1835. Willmott, Robert Aris, miscellaneous writer, h. in Wiltshire, 1809 — enters Trin. Coll. Cam- bridge, 1832 — B.A., 1841 — takes holy orders, 1842 — settles at Bear Wood, Hampshire, 1846 — ii. at Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, 27 May 1863. lives of English Sacred Poets, 1832 — Biogra- phy of Jeremy Taylor, 1847 — Summer-time in the Country, 1849 — Pleasures of literature, 1861. Willoughby, Sir Hugh, maritime discoverer, — embarks for Arctic Regions, May 1553 — living, Jan. 1554. Willoughby, Robert, Lord, — succeeds his father, 141 3 — attends Henry V. at siege of Harfleur and battle of Agincourt, 1415 — again serves in France, 141 6 — distinguishes himself at siege of Caen, 141 7 — at siege of Rouen, 141 8 — takes part in siege of Ivry, 1423' — at battle of Verneuil, 1424 — with Sir John Fastolfe, defeats the French and saves Alenqon, 1425 — takes part in siege of Mans, 1425 — accompanies Cardinal Beaufort to Bo- hemia, 1428 — takes part with Earl of Arundel in suppressing insurrection in Normandy, 1434 — assists at capture of St Denis and Pontoise, 1435 — charged with defence of Paris, 1435 — surrenders to the French, 13 Apr. 1436 — defeats French near Amiens, 1441. Willoughby, William, Lord Willoughby of Par ham, — created by patent of Edward VI., 16 Feb. 1547 — Lieutenant of Calais, 1550 — dismissed, 1553 — takes part in suppressing in- surrection in the north, 1569 — ft., 1574. Wills, William John, Australian explorer, — h. at Totnes, in Devonshire, 1834 — goes to Australia, Oct. 1852 — obtains appointment in Magnetic Observatory, Melbourne, Nov. 1858 — sets out with Burke to explore interior, 20 Aug. i860 — found dead, Jul. 1861. Willshire, Sir Thomas, Bart., general, — rj. at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, 24 Aug. 1789 — Lieutenant in the army, 1795 — serves under Gen. Whitelock in attack on Buenos Ayres, Jul. 1807 — in Peninsular War, 1808-9 — in Walcheren Expedition, 1 809 — wounded at Salamanca, 1812 — distinguishes himself at assault of San Sebastian, 1812 — serves in Cape Colony, 181 8 — defends Grahamstown and captures the Chief Makanna, 18 19 — goes to India, 1822 — Lieutenant-colonel, 1827 — C.B., 1 8 38 — distinguishes himself at siege of Ghuznee, 1839 — K-C.B., 1839 — takes fortress of Kheiat, Nov. 1839, and is created Bart.: Commander WILLUGHBY— WILSON. 1447 of Chatham, 1842-7 — Major-general, 1847 — G.C.B., 1861 — if. near Windsor, 31 May 1862. Willughby, Francis, naturalist, — b. in Lincolnshire, 1635 — M.A. Cambridge, 1659 — travels with Eay, 1663-4 — tf., 3 Jul. 1672. Ornithologia, 1676 — Mistoria Piscium, 1686. Wilmington, in N. Carolina, U. S., — Fort Fisher unsuccessfully bombarded by Federals, Dec. 1864 — again bombarded, 13-15 Jan. 1865 — evacuated by Confederates, 21 Feb. — taken possession of by Federals, 22 Feb. Wilmington, Spencer Compton, Eakl of, Prime Minister op England, — Speaker of House of Commons, Mar. 1714 — resigns, 1727 — created Baron Wilmington, 8 Jan. 1728 — Lord President of the Council, May 1730 — Earl, 14 May 1730 — First Lord of the Trea- sury, 17 Feb. 1742 — tf., 26 Jul. 1743 — titles extinct. Wilmot, John. [Rochester, Earl of.] Wilmot, Sir John Eardley, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, — b. at Derby, 16 Aug. 1709 — called to the bar at Inner Temple, Jun. 1732 — Judge of King's Bench, and Knt, 11 Feb. 1755 — Joint-commissioner of Great Seal, 19 Nov. 1756 to 30 Jun. 1757 — Chief Justice of Common Pleas, 21 Aug. 1766 — resigns, 24 Jan. 177 1 — tf., 5 Feb. 1792. Wilna, in Russia, — founded, 1322 ? 1305 ? — capital of Lithuania, 1323 — seat of a Bishop- ric, 1387 — Diet held at, by Sigismund Au- gustus, 1563 — another, 1569 — ravaged by Rus- sians, 1506, 1610, and 1655 — burnt, 1737, 1748, and 1749— taken and annexed to Russia, 1794 — entered by French, 1812 — battle of, Poles defeated by Russians, 16 Jun. 1831. Cathe- dral, built, 1386. University of, founded as College of Jesuits, 1578 — restored, 1803 a — by Stanislaus Poniatowski, 17 81 b — suppressed by ukase of Emperor Nicholas, 1 May 1832, and the Library carried off to St Petersburg. Treaty of, between Grand Master of Knights of Livonia, and Sigismund Augustus of Poland, for cession of Livonia, concluded, 28 Nov. 156 1 — confirmed by Diet of Lithuania, 1566. a Conv.-Lex. b Diet. Geog. Wilson, Alexander, naturalist, — fj. at Paisley, 6 Jul. 1766 — goes to N. America, 1794 — tf. at Philadelphia, 23 Aug. 1813. American Ornithology, 1808-14. Wilson, Benjamin, painter, — Master-painter to Board of Ordnance, 1773 — tf. in London, 6 Jun. 1788. Wilson, Florence, (Volusenus,) — b. in Scot- land, about 1500 — tf. at Yienne, in Dauphiny, 1546 or 1547. De Animi Tranquillitate, J 543- Wilson, George, chemist, — b. at Edinburgh, 21 Feb. 18 18 — studies at Univ. Coll. London, 1838 — M.D., settles at Edinburgh, 1839 — begins to lecture on Chemistry, 1 840 — Director of Scottish Industrial Museum, and Prof. Technology, Edinburgh Univ., 1855 — tr. at Edinburgh, 22 Nov. 1859. Chemistry, 1850 — Colour -Blindness, 1855 — Five Gateways of Knowledge, 1857 — Life and Works of Caven- dish, 1 85 1. Wilson, George, Chairman of Anti-Corn- Law League, — b. at Hathersage, in Derby- shire, 24 Apr. 1808 — marries, 1838— member of Council of the League, 28 Jan. 1839 — elected Chairman, 13 Apr. 1839 — receives testimonial of £10,000 on dissolution of the League, 1846 — Pres. National Reform Union, 1 86 1 — tf. in railway train, near Liverpool, 29 Dec. 1870. Wilson, Horace Hayman, Orientalist, — b. in London, about 1786 — goes to India, 1808 — secretary of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 18 12 — Boden Prof. Sanskrit, Oxford, 1833 — Librarian at the India House, and Director of Royal Asiatic Society, about 1834 — F.R.S., 1834 — tf. in London, 8 May i860. Dictionary, Sans- krit and English, 1819-40 — translation of the Vishnu Parana, 1840 — Sanskrit Grammar, 1 841 — History of British India, (1805-35,) 1 846 — edition of Mill's History of British India, 1858 — translation of the Rig Veda, 1850-66. Wilson, James, economist, — b. in Scotland, 3 Jun. 1805 — M.P. Westbury, 1847 — secretary to Board of Control, 1 848 — Financial secretary for India, Dec. 1852 — Y.P. Board of Trade, 1859 — goes to India as Finance Minister, Oct. 1859 — tf. at Calcutta, 11 Aug. i860. Establishes and edits the Economist, 1843 — Influences of the Corn Laws, 1839 — Fluctu- ations of Currency, &c, 1840 — Capital, Cur- rency, and Banking, 1 846. Wilson, John, {Christopher North,) poet, novelist, $c., — b. at Paisley, 19 May 1785 — enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1 803— M. A., 1 8 1 o — settles at Edinburgh, 18 15 — editor of Black- wood's Magazine, 18 17 — Prof. Moral Philo- sophy, 1820-51 — tf. at Edinburgh, 3 Apr. 1854. Isle of Palms, 1812 — City of the Plague, 18 16 — Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life, 1822 — Trials of Margaret Lyndsay, 1823 — Nodes Ambrosiance, (in Blackwood's Magazine,) 1822-36. Wilson, Richard, painter, — b. in Wales, 1713^ 1 Aug. i7i4 b — visits Italy, 1749 — settles in London, 1755 — R.A., 1768 — Librarian, 1776— retires, 1780— tf. at Llan- verris, Denbighshire, 1782. Niobe, 1760 — Villa of Meccenas, 1765. a Engl. Cyc. b Redgrave. Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, general, — b. in London, 1777 — enters the army, 1794 — serves in Holland, 1799 — in Egypt, 1800— serves in Peninsular War, 1808 — assists escape of Count Lavalette, 18 15 — dismissed from the army, 1 82 1 — M.P., 18 1 8-31 — General, 1 841— Go- vernor of Gibraltar, 1842 — tf. in London, 9 May 1849. Historical Account of British Ex- pedition to Egypt, 1802 — Military and Political Power of Russia, 18 17 — Journals of Russian Campaign against Napoleon, 1861. Wilson, Thomas, statesman, — escapes from the Inquisition, 1555 — private secretary to Queen Elizabeth, 1558 — envoy to the Nether- lands, 1576 — Secretary of State, 1577 — tr. Dean of Durham, 158 1. Rule of Reason, 155 1 — Art of Rhetoric, 1553. Wilson, William Rae, traveller, — b. at Paisley, 7 Jun. 1772 — tf-, 2 Jun. 1849. Travels i +4 8 WILTON— WINCKELMANN. in Egypt and the Holy Land, 1823 — Travels in Russia, 1828. Wilton, in Wiltshire, — Egbert defeats Beornwulf near, 823 — Alfred defeated by Danes at, 871 — seat of a Bishopric, 909 — pillaged and burnt by Sweyn, 1003 — see reunited with Sher- borne, about 1045 or later : declines, after 1244. Alley, founded by Wulstan, 773. Wilton, Joseph, sculptor, — b. in London, 1722 — assists in founding Eoyal Academy, 1768— 1?., 1803. Wiltshire, James Butler, Earl of, — created, 8 Jul. 1449 — succeeds as fifth Earl of Ormond, 1452 — Lord Treasurer, 1455 — again, 1458 — taken prisoner by Edward IV. at Tow- ton, and beheaded, 146 1. Wiltshire, Sir Thomas Boleyn, Eakl of, — created Viscount Eochford, 18 Jun. 1525 s — ambassador to France, 1527 — Earl of Ormond and of Wiltshire, 1529 — ambassador to the Emperor, Mar. 1530 b — present at marriage of his daughter Anne to Henry VIII., 1533 — ft., 1538. a Lingard. b Froude. Wimbledon, Surrey, — Review at, before the Sultan Abdul Aziz, and Prince of Wales, 20 Jul. 1867. Wimbledon, Edward Cecil, Viscount, — Baron Cecil of Putney, 9 Nov. 1625 — created Viscount Wimbledon, 25 Jul. 1626 — commands expedition for capture of Spanish treasure ships, autumn 1625 — ft. at Wimbledon, 16 Nov. 1638. Wimpfen, on the Rhine, — obtains privileges from Henry VII., 1228 — Tilly defeats Mar- grave of Baden-Durlach at, 1622 — taken by French, 1645 and 1688 — given to Baden, 1802 — passes by exchange to Hesse Darmstadt, 1803. Winchelsea, in Sussex, — has a mint, 959 a — William I. lands at, 7 Dec. 1067 — one of the Cinque Ports, before May 1200 — King John assembles his army at, 27 Apr. to 1 May 12 1 3 — nearly destroyed by inundation of the sea, 1 Oct. 1250 b — visited by Henry VI., 8-10 May 1264 — taken by assault by Prince Edward, autumn 1266 — visited by Edward I., 1277 — new town built on present site, 1280-5 — °^> destroyed by the sea, 4 Feb. 1287 b — several visits of Edward I., 1295 and 1297 — pillaged by French, 1337 — Edward III. defeats Span- ish fleet off, 29 Aug. i35o b — pillaged and burnt by French, 15 Mar., c 21 Sep. d 1359 — again, Mar. 1360 — threatened by French, de- fended by the Abbot, 29 Jun. 1377 — burnt by French, [Spaniards? 6 ] 15 Mar. 1380— last attack by French, 1448 or 1449 — Camber Cas- tle built by Henry VIIL, about 1538-9 — visited by Queen Elizabeth, 1573 — Castle dismantled by order of Parliament, 1642. a Ruding. b Cooper. c Thomas of "Walsingham. d Knight. e Leland. Winchelsea, Earl of. [Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of.] Winchester, capital of Hampshire, (Gwent, Yenta Belgarmn, Wintanceaster, Wintonia,) — conquered by Cer&ic, 519 — old monastery founded by Cenwealh, 642-3 a — capital of king- dom of Wessex, not later than 648 — seat of a Bishopric, 662 b — burnt, 764 — coronation of Egbert as Bretwalda at, 827 — Witenagemot held, 855 — taken by Danes, 860 a — new monas- tery of St Grimbald, founded by Alfred, 898 — six mints established at, by Athelstan, about 925 — mutiny at, 28 May 934 — Witenagemot, 993 — taken by Sweyn, 1013 — great assembly held by Cnut, between 1016-20 — partly burnt, it 02 — trial of the Mint-masters at, ii25 e — Henry of Blois holds council at, 29 Aug. 1 1 39 c — scene of conflicts between parti- sans of Stephen and Empress Maud, 1141 — burnt, 2 Aug. 1141 d — treaty between Stephen and Maud concluded at, 7 Nov. 1153° — recon- ciliation of King John with Abp Langton and the prelates, 1213 — taken by the Dauphin, Louis, Jun. 12 1 6 — sacked by Simon de Mont- fort, Jul. 1265 d — parliament held at, Sep. 1265 — 'staple' of the kingdom, 1333-63 — Henry V. receives French ambassadors at, 1415 — Henry VIIL receives Charles V. at, 1522 — marriage of Queen Mary with Philip II. celebrated at, 1554 — Sir William Waller de- feats Boyalists on Cheriton Down near, 29 Mar. 1644— invested by Cromwell, 28 Sep. 1645 — taken, 6 Oct. — ravaged by plague, about 1666-7 — visited by Queen Anne, 1707. Cathe- dral, built by Cenwalch, 643-648 — rebuilt, completed and dedicated by Bp Ethelwold, 963- 984 — rebuilt and enlarged by Bp Walkelyn, 1079-93 — enlarged by Bp Godfrey de Lacy, 1 1 89- 1 204— nave reconstructed byBps Eding- don, Wykeham, Beaufort, and Waynflete, 1 346-1486. Castle, built by William I., 1068 — demolished by Cromwell, 1645 — palace com- menced on site of, by Charles II., 3 Mar. 1683 — left unfinished, 1685. Wolvesey Castle, built by Bp Henry of Blois, n 38 — demolished by Cromwell, 1646. St Mary's College, found- ed by William of Wykeham, 1387 — opened, 28 Mar. 1393 — new School-room built, 1687. Hos- pital of St Cross, founded by Bp Henry, 1 1 36 — increased by Card. Beaufort, 1404-47. Dio- cesan Training School, founded, 5 Apr. 1861. New Town Hall, first stone laid, 22 Dec. 187 1. Statute of, passed, 13 Edw. L, 1285. a A. S. Chron. b Stubbs. c Annals of England. d Lingard. e Ruding. Winchester, in Virginia, V. S., — occupied by Gen. Banks, 12 Mar. 1862 — Gen. Jackson repulsed by Gen. Shields, 23 Mar. 1862 — Federals under Gen. Banks defeated by Con- federates, 25 May 1862 — Gen. Sheridan defeats Gen. Early near, 19 Sep. 1864. Winchester, William Paulet, {Poulet,) Marquis of, — ft., about 1475 — Treasurer of the Household to Henry VIII., 1536 — created Baron St John, Nov. 1537 — Treasurer to Ed- ward VI., 1549 — Earl of Wiltshire, 1550 — created Marquis, Oct. 1551 — Lord High Trea- surer, 1551 — presides at trial of Somerset, Dec. 155 1 — retains his office under Mary and Eliza- beth : entertains Queen Elizabeth at Basing House, 1560 — tf., 10 Mar. 1572. Winchester Measure, — made the standard of the kingdom by Edgar, 959-975. Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, antiquary, writer on Art, — b. at Stendal, in Prussia, 9 WINCKELRLED— WINSLOW. 1449 Dec. 17 17 — studies at Halle, 1738-9 — embraces Romanism, 1755 — goes to Rome, end of 1755 — Librarian to Cardinal Albani, about 1759 — visits Vienna, 1768 — assassinated at Trieste, 8 Jun. 1768. Geschichte der Kunst des Alter- thums, 1764 — Monumenti antichi inediti, 1766. Winckelried, Arnold von, Swiss patriot, — decides victory over Imperialists at Sempach, and tf. there, 9 Jul. 1386. Windebank, Sir Francis, — Secretary of State to Charles I., Jun. 1632— accused by Long Parliament of favouring Romanists, escapes to France, Dec. 1640. Windebank, Thomas, colonel, — surrenders Bletchington to Cromwell, 24 Apr. 1645 — shot, 1645. Windham, Sir Charles Aske, general, — fj. in Norfolk, 1810 — enters the army, 30 Dec. 1826 — Captain, 1833— serves in Canada, 1837- 39 — Lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 1 846 — Colonel, 20 Jun. 1 854 — Assistant-quarter-master-general in Crimean War, 1 854 — distinguishes himself at Inkermann, 5 Nov. 1854— C.B., Jul. 1855 — leads attack on the Redan, 8 Sep. 1855 — Major-general, and C.B., Sep. 1855 — Chief of the Staff of Eastern army, Nov. 1855 — Com- mander of Legion of Honour, 1856 — M.P. East Norfolk, Mar. 1857 — takes part in Se- poy War, 1857 — Lieutenant-general, 5 Feb. 1863 — K.C.B., 1865 — if. in London, 7 Feb. 1870. Windham, Joseph, antiquary, — ft. at Twick- enham, 1739 — ft. in Norfolk, 21 Sep. 1810. Windham, William, statesman, — 6. in Lon- don, 3 May 1750 — enters Univ. Coll. Oxford, Sep. 1767— M.P. Norwich, 1784 — Secretary- at-war, 1794 to Feb. 1801 — again, early in 1806 to Mar. 1807 — o\, 3 Jun. 18 10. Diary, 1866. Windischgratz, Alfred, Prince, field-mar- shal, — ft. at Brussels, n May 1787 — succeeds his father, 1802 — enters Austrian army, 1804 — takes part in campaigns against the French, 1805, 1809, and 1813-14 — Knt of Golden Fleece, 1830 — Lieutenant-general, 1833 — Governor of Prague, 1848— his wife shot by insurgents, 12 Jun. 1848 — bombards Prague, and suppresses insurrection, 15-19 Jun. — Field- marshal, Oct. — Commander-in-chief of forces out of Italy, 16 Oct. — marches on Vienna and proclaims state of siege ; commences at- tack on Vienna, 28 Oct.— takes the city, 1 Nov. — serves against Hungarians, 1849 — if. at Vienna, 24 Mar. 1862. Windmills,— in use in Normandy, as early as no5. a a Ducange and Gibbon. Window-Tax, in England, — imposed by Act 6 and 7 Wm III. c 18, 1695— raised by many later Acts: reduced by Act 4 Geo. IV. c. 11, 19 Mar. 1823— repealed, and house-tax sub- stituted for, by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 36, 24 Jul. 1851. Windows, of glass, — in use at Pompeii, be- fore 63. Windsor Castle, in Berkshire, — founded by William I., 1066-87— rebuilt by Henry I., 1100-35 — Henry I. holds his Court at, Whit- suntide 1 1 10 — Henry II. receives William the Lion, 1170 — treaty between Henry II. and Roderic O'Connor, 1175 — unsuccessfully at- tacked by the Dauphin Louis, 12 16 — enlarged by Henry III., 1223-43 — garrisoned with foreign troops by Prince Edward, 1263 — sur- rendered to barons, 1263 — tournament in the Park, 1278 — reconstruction commenced by Edward III., 1350-69 — works dn-ected by William of Wykeham, appointed surveyor, 1356 — further additions by Henry VII., 1485- 1509 — treaty between Henry VIII. and Charles V. ratified at, 1522— terraces formed by Queen Elizabeth, about 1576 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 20 Oct. 1642 — unsuccess- fully attacked by Prince Rupert, aut. 1642 — modernized by Charles II., about 1670-85 — James II. receives Nuncio at, 3 Jul. 1687 — favourite residence of George III., 1760 — im- provements by George IV. commenced, from designs by Wyatt, [Wyattville] 1824 — com- pleted, Dec. 1828. St George's Chapel, built by Edward III., 1327-77 — new building com- menced by Edward IV., 1461-83— completed by Henry VIII., about 1537 — East window, new, 1863. Mausoleum of the Prince Consort, at Frogmore, first stone laid by the Queen, 15 Mar. 1862. Windward Islands. [Antilles.] Wine Trade, in England, — import duties regulated by Act 7 Hen. VII. c. (7 or) 8, 1491 — dealers required to take out licence by Act 12 Car. II. c. 25, 1660 — import duty on Por- tugal wines reduced, 1693 — again, 1697 — the Methuen Treaty concluded, 1703 — duty on French wines reduced, 18 19 — duties on all foreign wines equalized, by Act 1 and 2 Wm IV. c. 30, 5 Oct. 1 831 — parliamentary com- mittee on Wine duties appointed, 1852 — duties on French Wines regulated by Com- mercial Treaty with France, i860. Wine licences, grant of, to Refreshment Houses and Shopkeepers, authorized and regulated by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 27, 14 Jun. 1 860. In Ireland^ by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 107, 28 Aug. i860. Wing, Vincent, astronomer, — Astronomia Britannica, 1669 — Harmonicon Cosleste, 1651 — Ephemerides, 1659-71. Wingate, Edmund, mathematician, — ft. in Yorkshire, 1593 — enters Queen's Coll. Oxford, 16 10 — it. in London, Dec. 1656. Arithmetic 1630. Winnowing Machine,— introduced in Eng- land, 17 10. Winslow, Jacques Benigne, anatomist, — ft. in Denmark, Apr. 1669— goes to Paris, 1698 — abjures Protestantism, 1699 — M.D., 1705 — admitted ( eleve ) to Academy of Sciences, 1707 — Prof. Anatomy and Surgery, Jardin du Roi, 1743 — if. at Paris, 3 Apr. 1760. Exposi- tion Anatomique de la structure du Corps Hu- main, 1732. Winslow, Miron, Orientalist, — ft. in Ver- mont, U. S., 11 Dec. 1789 — graduates at An- dover Theological Seminary, 181 8 — missionary to Ceylon, 18 19 — removes to Madras, 1836 — D.D. Harvard, 1858— LL.D. Middlebury Coll., 1864 — tf. at Cape of Good Hope, 22 Oct. 1864. Tamil-English Lexicon, 1862. 145° WINSOR-WISHART. Winsor, Frederick Albert,— makes experi- ments in application of gas to lighting pur- poses, in London, 1803-10 — goes to Paris, 1815— tr., 1830. Winstanley, Henry, — builds first Eddystone lighthouse, 1696-1700 — drowned on destruc- tion of the lighthouse, 26 Nov. 1703. Winston, Charles, — fi. in Kent, 18 14— called to the bar at Inner Temple, 1845 — tr. in London, 3 Oct. 1864. Inquiry into the difference of style in ancient Glass-painting, 1847 — Memoirs illustrative of Art of Faint- ing on Glass, 1865. Wint, Peter de, painter, — fc. at Stone, in Staffordshire, 1784 — begins to exhibit at Royal Academy and at Water-colour Society, 18 10 — tf. in London, 30 Jun. 1849. Winter, Jan Willem van, admiral, — b. at the Texel, 1750 — enters the navy, 1762 — Ge- neral of Brigade in French army, 1793 — re- turns to Holland, 1795 — as Vice-admiral, commands the Texel fleet, 1796 — defeated and taken prisoner by Admiral Duncan, n Oct. 1797 — Plenipotentiary to France, 1798-1802 — tf. at Paris, 2 Jun. 1812. Winter, Peter von, musical composer, — b. at Mannheim,i755 — tr. at Munich, 1825. Calypso, II Batto di Proserpina, Zaira, between 1803-5. Winthrop, John, — 0. in Suffolk, Jan. 1587- 8 — Governor of Massachusetts, 1629-34 — Deputy-governor, 1634-7— Governor, 1637-49 — again, 1642 — Deputy, 1643-5 — Governor, 1646-49 — tf-, 26 Mar. 1649. Journal, 1790- 1819. Winthrop, John, — b. in Suffolk, 1606 — Governor of Connecticut, 1657-76 — founds New London, 1661 — ft. at Boston, 5 Apr. 1676. Winthrop, Theodore, novelist, — ft. at New Haven, U. S., 1828 — graduates at Yale Coll., 1848 — called to the bar, 1855 — killed in com- bat at Great Bethel, 10 Jun. 1861. Works, 1861. Winton, Eaul of. [Eglinton.] Winwidfield, battle of [See Penda.] Winwood, Sir Ealph, diplomatist, — fc. in Northamptonshire, about 1564 — M.A. Oxford, Jun. 1587 — secretary to Sir H. Neville, am- bassador to France, 1599 — envoy to Holland, 1603 — Knt, 28 Jun. 1607 — joint-ambassador to Holland, Aug. 1607 — Secretary of State, 20 Mar. 1614— tr. in London, 27 Oct. 1617. Me- morials of Affairs of State, 1725. Wire-drawing, Wire,— practised at Niirn- berg and Augsburg, as early as 1351-60. In England, patents for, granted, 1565 — importa- tion of foreign, prohibited by proclamation of Charles I., 1630 — copper and brass, manufac- ture of, commenced, about 1649 — first mill erected, at Sheen, 1662 — improved method, published by Wollaston, 1 8 1 3 — improved draw- plates patented by Brockedon, 18 19. Wirtemberg. [Wiirtemberg.] Wisbeach, {Wisbech,) in Cambridgeshire, — Castle built at, by William I., 1086 — visited by King John, 12 16 — destroyed by inundation, 1236 (1260 ?)— rebuilt, 'before 1246 — visited by Edward IV., 1469 — rebuilt by Bp Morton, 1478-83 — garrisoned for the Parliament, 1642- 49 — demolished, 1793. Wisby, capital of Gothland, — important trading-place, before 1100 — Hanse Town, 1241 — fortified, 1289 — pillaged by Waldemar III. of Denmark, 1361 — pledged to Teutonic Knights by Albert, King of Sweden, 1397 — besieged by Queen Margaret, 1398 — restored to her for a ransom, by award of Emperor Wenceslaus, 1408 — given up by Denmark to Sweden by treaty of peace, 23 Aug. 1645 — occupied a short time by Russians, 1807. Wisconsin, one of the United States, — visited and explored by French, about i66o, a 1639 b — ceded to Great Britain, 1763 — taken posses- sion of by Americans, 1796 — erected into a Territory, 1836 — admitted to the Union, 29 May 1848 — State constitution confirmed by Convention, Apr. 1848 — devastated by prairie fires, Oct. 187 1. a Engl. Cye. b Amer. Encyc. Wise, Francis, antiquary, — b. at Oxford, 1695— M.A. Oxford, 17 17— Fellow of Trim Coll., 1719 — F.S.A., before 1758 — Radcliffe Librarian, 1748 — tf. at Ellesfield, 6 Oct. 1767. Catalogue of Coins in Bodleian library, 1750 — Enquiries concerning first Inhabitants, §c, of Europe, 1758 — History and Chronology of Fabulous Ages considered, 1764. Wise, Michael, musical composer, — chorister of Chapel Royal, 1660 — organist of Salisbury Cathedral, 1668 — gentleman of the Chapel Royal, 1675 — almoner of St Paul's, 1686 — tr., 1687. Wiseman, Nicholas, Cardinal, R. C. Abp of Westminster, — b. at Seville, 2 Aug. 1802 — studies at St Cuthbert's College, Durham, 1 810- 1 8 — member of English College at Rome, 1818 — D.D., takes holy orders, 1824 — Prof. Oriental Languages, Univ. of Rome, 1824 — Rector of English Coll. Rome, 1828 — returns to England, 1835 — with O'Connell, establishes Dublin Beview, 1836 — coadjutor to Vicar Apostolic of Midland District, and Pres. Oscott College, 1840 — Vicar Apostolic of Lon- don District, 1849 — £ oes to Some, 1850 — created Cardinal and appointed Abp of West- minster by Pius IX., 1850 — [Ecclesiastical Titles] — visits Rome, i860 — tr. in London, 15 Feb. 1865. FLorce Syriacce, 1828 — Con- nection between Science and Bevealed Beligion, 1 836 — Fabiola, 1 855 — Essays, 1 85 3 — Four last Fopes, 1858 — Sermons, &c, 1859. Wishart, George, ' the Martyr,' — begins preaching doctrines of Luther, about 1535 — at Bristol, 1538 — at Cambridge, 1543 — returns to Scotland, 1543 or 1544 — conspires against Cardinal Beaton, 1544 — tried for heresy, 1 Mar., and burnt at St Andrew's, 28 Mar. 1546. Wishart, George, historian, — b. in Scot- land, 1609 — refuses to take the covenant and is deprived of his living, 1639 — captured by Scots at Newcastle, Oct. 1644 — chaplain to Queen of Bohemia, 1650— returns to England with her, 1660 — Bp of Edinburgh, 1 Jun. 1662 — tf-, 167 1. Fe rebus sub imperio Jacobi Mon- tisrosarum Marchionis Commentarius, 1647. WISLOCH— WOHLGEMUTH. 145 1 Wisloch, in Baden, — Tilly defeats Mans- feld at, 29 Apr. 1622 — Gen. Stzarray defeats the French, 3 Dec. 1799. Wismar, in Mecklenburg,- — enlarged, 1238— annexed to Duchy of Schwerin, 1261 — ohtains Liibeck rights, 1266 — taken by Imperialists, 1627 — taken by Swedes, 1632 — ceded to Sweden by Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — seat of Supreme Court of Justice, 1653 — taken by Danes, 1671 — restored to Sweden, 1679 — fortifications demolished under treaty between Sweden and Russia, and the bay practically neutralized, 17 16 — again taken by Danes, 1716 — restored by Peace of Stockholm, 1720 — sovereign rights of Sweden ceded to Duke of Mecklenburg, by Treaty of Malmoe, 1803. Treaty of, between France and Sweden, con- cluded, 20 Mar. 1636. Witchcraft, Witches,— belief in, becomes prevalent in Europe, before 800 — accusation of, brought against Knights Templars, 1307-9 — Inquisitors for suppression of, in the Empire, appointed by bull of Innocent VIII., 1484 — Commissioners against, appointed by Alexander VI., 1494— by Leo X., 152 1 — and by Adrian VI., 1522 — persecutions for, condemned by Wierus, 1564 — by Reginald Scot, 1584— by Harsnet, 1599 — by Thomasius, 1700 — by Hut- chinson, 1720. In England, practice of, against lives of other persons, declared felony by Act 33 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 1541 — felony without benefit of clergy by Acts 5 Eliz. c. 16, 1563, and 1 Jac. I. c. 12, 1604 — last execution for, pro- bably 1682 — punishment of death for, abolished by Act 9 Geo. II. c. 5, 1736. In Scotland, first made punishable, 1563 — last execution for, 1722. In France, executions for, pro- hibited by edict of Louis XIV., about 1670. In Austria, laws against, repealed, 1766. In Germany, execution for, at Wurzburg, 1749. In Switzerland, victim burnt at Glarus, 1783. In Posen, execution for, 1793. Wither, (Wyther,) George, poet, satirist, — ft. in Hampshire, 11 Jun. 1588 — enters Magdalen Coll. Oxford, 1604— comes to Lon- don, 1608 — imprisoned, 161 3 — visits the Netherlands, 1632 — raises a troop of horse for the Parliament, 1642 — imprisoned, 1660 — released, 1663 — ft. in London, 2 May 1667. Abuses Stript and TVhipt, 161 3 — Satire to the King, 1 6 14 — Hymns and Songs for the Church, 1623 — Scholars' Purgatory, 1624 — Metrical Version of Psalms, 1633 — Emblems, 1634 — Halleluiah, 1641. Withering, William, botanist, — ft. at Wel- lington, in Shropshire, 1741 — M.D. Edinburgh, 1-766 — tf. near Birmingham, Nov. 1799. Botanical Arrangement of all the Vegetables naturally growing in Great Britain, 1776. Witherington, William Frederick, iiainter, — ft. in London, 1786 — exhibits at British In- stitution, 18 1 1 — A.R.A., 1830 — R.A., 1840 — ft., ir Apr. 1865. Witiges. [Vitiges.] Witikind, (JVitteking, Wittichind,) Saxon Chieftain, — distinguishes himself in wars with Charles the Great, 772-786 — destroys army of Franks, 782 — negotiates with Charles and receives baptism, 785 — [Duke of Saxony,? 786] — killed in battle, 807 (?). Monument erected to him by Charles IV. at Engers, 1377 — another, by Westphalian Society, at Minden, 1812. Witiza. [See Visigoths.] Witt, Cornelius de, statesman, — ft. at Dort, 23 Jun. 1623 — burgomaster, 1650 — distin- guishes himself at battles of Schweningen, 8 Oct. 1652, and Solebay, 7 Jun. 1672 — arrested, 24 Jul. 1672 — condemned to exile, 19 Aug. — murdered, at the Hague, 20 Aug. 1672. Witt, John de, statesman, — ft. at Dort, 1625,* 25 Sep. 1632 b — Pensionary of Dort, 1650 — Joint- commander of Dutch fleet with De Ruyter, 1652-4— Grand Pensionary of Hol- land, 1653-72 — negotiates peace with England, 1654 — negotiates commercial treaty with France, 1662 — negotiates Triple Alliance, 1668 — murdered with his brother, at the Hague, 20 Aug. i672. b a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Wittenberg, in Saxony, — residence of Electors, about 1 2 12-1422 a — taken by Charles V., 1547 — bombarded by Imperialists, 10-14 Oct. 1760 — occupied by French, 20 Oct. 1806 b — unsuccessful attempt of Schill on, Apr. 1 809 b — blockaded by Kleist, 26 Mar. to 20 Apr. 1813 a — unsuccessfully besieged by allies, 28 Dec. i8i3 b — stormed by allies, 15 Jan. i8i4 b — circle of, ceded to Prussia, 18 15. University of, founded by Elector Frederick III., 1502 — incorporated with Halle, 1817,° 1815^ Monu- ment to lather, by Schadow, erected, 1822. a Conv.-Lex. b Alison. c Engl. Cyc. Wittgenstein, (Sayn- Wittgenstein,) Ludwig Adolph, Count of, — ft., 6 Jan. 1769— enters Prussian army, and serves against France, 1793 — distinguishes himself in Russian army, 1807 — at Friedland, 1807 — commands against Na- poleon I., 1812 — Commander-in-chief of Rus- sian and Prussian forces, 181 3 — defeated by Napoleon at Liitzen and Bautzen, 181 3 — takes, part in battle of Leipsic, Oct. 1813, and in campaign of 18 14 — Field-marshal, Jun. 1826 — Commander-in-chief against Turks, 1828 — created Prince, by King of Prussia, 1834 — tj. at Lemberg, n Jun. 1843. Wittstock, in Prussia, — Gen. Banner de- feats Imperialists under Elector of Saxony, 4 Oct. 1636. Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, — founded for Cistercian monks by Hugh de Bolebec, 1 145 — suppressed, and given to John, Earl of Bedford, 1549- Wodnesbeorh, — battle of, between Ina and Ceolred, 714 or 715^ a A.S. Chron. Wodrow, Robert, historian, — ft. at Glasgow, 1679 — minister of Eastwood, Perthshire, 1703 — tf., 21 Mar. 1734. History of Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, 172 1-2. Wodrow Society, — instituted, 1841. Woffington, Margaret, actress, — ft. at Dub- lin, 17 1 8 — appears at Covent Garden Theatre, 1740 — retires from the stage, 1759 — tf. at Ted- dington, 28 Mar. 1760. Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, engraver, — ft. at Niirnberg, 1434 — Master of Albert 45- WOIDE— WOLVERHAMPTON. JDiirer, about 1487-90— tf. at Niirnberg, 1519. Woide, Charles Godfrey, Orientalist, — h. in Holland or Poland, 1725 — comes to England, 1770 — Assistant-librarian at British Museum, 1782— D.C.L. Oxford, 1786— F.R.S., 1788— tf. in London, 7 May 1790. Edits La Croze's Coptic Lexicon, 1775 — edits Nov. Test. Grcecum a Codice M.S. Alexandrino, 1786. Wolcott, John, {Peter Pindar,) humourist, satirist, — b. in Devonshire, 1738 — M.D. Aber- deen, goes to Jamaica, 1767 — settles in Lon- don, 1780 — ft. there, 14 Jan. 1819. Works, 1816. Wolf, Ferdinand Joseph, historian of litera- ture, — h. at Vienna, 8 Dec. 1796 — assistant in Imperial Library, 18 19 — rj. at Vienna, 18 Feb. 1 866. JJeber altfranz. Pomanzen und PEofpoesie, 1834 — Studien zicr Geschichte der Spanischen und Portugiesischen Literatur, 1859 — Bresil Litteraire, 1863. Wolf, Friedrich August, philologist, — h. near Nordhausen, 15 Feb. 1759 — goes to Got- tingen Univ., 1777 — Prof. Philosophy, Halle, 1783-1806 — removes to Berlin, 1807 — assists in founding the Univ., 1808 — rj. at Marseilles, 8 Aug. 1824. Prolegomena ad JLomerum, 1795 — Brief e anPZeyne, 1797— Vermischte Schriften, 1802 — edition of Homer, 1817 — joint-editor of the Museum der Alterthumswissenschaft, 1807-10 — edits the Literarische AnaleJcten, 1817-20. Wolf, Jerom, (PTieronymus,) classical scholar, — fc. at Dettingen, 13 Aug. 15 16 — Librarian to the Fuggers, at Augsburg, 155 1 — Prof. Greek, Augsburg, and Librarian to the city, 1557 — 0. at Augsburg, 8 Oct. 1580. Editions of Demosthenes, 1549 — Lsocrates, 1549 — Lexicon of Suidas, 1564 — Ppictetus, 1560. Wolf, Johann Christoph, theologian, — fc. at Wernigerode, 2 1 Feb. 1683 — M.A. Wittenberg, 1704 — visits Holland and England, 1708 — member of Royal Society of Berlin, and Prof. Oriental Languages, Hamburg, 17 12 — rj. at Hamburg, 25 Jul. 1739. Bibliotheca PLebraica, I 7 I 5'33 — Origenis Philosophumena, 1706 — Libanii Ppistolce, 1738 — Curce philologies et criticce in Nov. Test., 1725-35. Wolfe, Charles, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Dublin, 14 Dec. 1791 — rj. at Cork, 21 Feb. 1823. Burial of Sir John Moore, 18 17 — Remains, 1825. Wolfe, James, general, — rj. at Westerham, Kent, 2 Jan. 1726 — enters the army, and is present at battles of Dettingen, 1743 — Fonte- noy, 1745— Falkirk and Culloden, 1746 — at siege of Maestricht, 1748 — returns to Eng- land, 1749 — commands in the Highlands, 1749-54 — Quarter-master-general in expedition against Rochefort, 1757 — Brigadier-general in expedition to Cape Breton, 1758 — Major- general, takes command of expedition against Quebec, Jun. 1759— defeats tae French there and is killed, 13 Sep. 1759. Wolff, Christian von, philosopher, mathe- matician, — ft. at Breslau, 24 Jan. 1679 — Prof. Mathematics, Halle, 1707— F.R.S. London, 1710 — expelled from Prussia, 1723 — Prof. Mathematics and Philosophy, Marburg, 1723 —member of Academy of Sciences, Paris, 1733 — returns to Halle, and is made Privy Coun- cillor, Vice-chancellor, and Prof. Internation- al Law, 1741 — Chancellor, 1743 — Baron, 1745 — rjf. there, 9 Apr. 1754. Elementa Ma- theseos Universes, 17 13- 15 — Vollstdndiges ma- them. Lexikon, 17 16 — Philosophia Rationalis, 172 8 — Philosophia Prima, 1730 — Theologia Naturalis, 1736-7. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Minnesinger, — takes part in the poetic War of the Wartburg, 1207 — rj., between 1215-1225. Parzival, about 1205 — (printed, 1477.) Wollaston, William, moralist, — h. in Staf- fordshire, 26 Mar. 1659 — enters Sidney Sussex Coll. Cambridge, 18 Jun. 1674 — settles in London, 1689 — if. there, 29 Oct. 1724. Reli- gion of Nature delineated, 1724. Wollaston, William Hyde, natural philoso- pher, — b., 6 Aug. 1766 — M.D. Cambridge, and F.R.S. , 1793 — Secretary R.S., 30 Nov. 1 806 — receives Royal Medal, for his method of making platinum malleable, 30 Nov. 1828 — tf., 22 Dec. 1828. [See Palladium, Rhodium, Platinum, Spectrum Analysis.] Wollstonecraft, Mary. [Godwin, Mary.] Wolsey, Thomas, Caedinal, Abp of York, Chancelloe of England, &c, — b. at Ips- wich, Mar. 147 1— B.A. Oxford, i486 — takes holy orders, 1500 — chaplain to the king, and envoy to Emperor Maximilian, between 1504-8 — Dean of Lincoln, 8 Feb. 1508,* [1510 ?] 1509 b — Almoner to Henry VIII., 8 Nov. 1509 — Privy Councillor, 1509 — Canon of Windsor, Feb. 15 1 1 — Registrar of Order of the Garter, 15 1 1 — Prebendary of York, 15 12 — Dean of York, Feb. 15 13 — goes to France with Henry VIII., Jun. 15 1 3 — Bp of Tournay, after Jun. 15 13 — Bp of Lincoln, by the pope, 6 Feb. 1 5 14— receives temporalities, 4 Mar. — Abp of York, Jul. 15 14 — Cardinal, 7 Sep. b 15 15 — Lord Chancellor, 22 Dec. 15 15 — pension as- signed him by king of Spain, 15 17 — legate a latere, 17 Jun. 15 18 — attends Henry VIII. to Field of Cloth of Gold, Jun. 1520 — visits Charles V. at Bruges, summer 152 1 — seeks unsuccessfully the chair of St Peter, 152 1 — orders all copies of Luther's works to be de- livered up, 14 May 15 2 1 c — at Congress of Calais, Jul. 152 1 — meets Charles V. at Bruges, Aug. 152 1 — receives Charles V. at Dover and conducts him to Greenwich, 26 May 1522 — constituted arbiter of differences between Henry VIII. and Charles V. by Treaty of Windsor, 1522 — again aims at the Papal throne, 1523 — obtains legatine power for life, 9 Jun. 1524 — — authorized to visit monasteries, 21 Aug. — to suppress monasteries, Sep. — presents Hampton Court to the king, 1525 — ambassador to France, concludes three treaties, 1527 — Bp of Winches- ter, 1529 — with Campegio opens Court for divorce of Queen Catherine, 31 May 1529 — in- dicted under statute of prcemunire, 9 Oct. 1529 — ordered to retire to Esher, 17 Oct. 1529 — receives general pardon, 12 Feb. 1530 — retires to York, Feb. — arrested for high treason, 4 Nov. — tf. at Leicester Abbey, 28, d 29, e 30 f Nov. 1530. a Le Neve. b Foss. c Lingard. d Burnet. e Ficldes. f Rapin. Wolverhampton, in Staffordshire, — monas- WOMEN— WOOL. '453 tery founded at, by Wulfrana, sister of King Edgar, 996 — made parliamentary borough, 1832 — visited by Queen Victoria, 30 Nov. 1866 — Church Congress meets at, 1 Oct. 1867. Women, — [B C] — in Roman law, restrictions on dress of, imposed by Lex Oppia, 2 1 3 — ex- cluded from inheritances by testament, by Lex Voconia, 169 — [AD] — agitation for Women's .Eights, in England, originated, 1851 — petition of, for right to vote, presented to House of Commons, 7 Jun. 1866 — Cambridge Examina- tions for promoting higher education of, com- menced, 1869 — Municipal franchise conferred on, by Act 32 and 33 Vic. c. 55, 2 Aug. 1869 — in Utah, electoral suffrage conferred on, 12 Feb. 1870. v Wood, {A Wood,) Anthony, antiquary, biographer, — ft. at Oxford, 17 Dec. 1632 — goes to the Univ., May 1647— M. A., Dec. 1655 — 5j., 29 Nov. 1695. Historia et Antiquitates Vniversitatis Oxoniensis, 1674 — Athence Ox- onienses, 1691. Wood, John, architect, — begins his Bath improvements, 1726 — Tf., 23 May 1754. Wood, John, geographical explorer, — makes survey of the Indus, about 1835 — discovers the Sirikul source of the Oxus, 1838 — receives gold medal of Royal Geogr. Soc, 1839 — tf„ 1871. Wood, Nicholas, engineer, — b., about 1795 —commences his experiments on railroads, be- fore 1824 — assists in founding North of Eng- land Institute of Mining Engineers, Sep. 1852 — tf. at Hetton Hall, Durham, 19 Dec. 1865. Practical Treatise on Railroads, &c, 1825. Wood, Robert, archceologist, — ft. in Ireland, 17 16 — visits Asia Minor and Syria, 1750-3 — Under-secretary of State, 1759 — &• a * Putney, 9 Sep. 1771. Ruins of Palmyra, 1753 — Rains of Balbek, 1757 — Essay on the Genius of Ho- mer, 1775. Wooddeson, Richard, jurist— h. at Kings- ton, in Surrey, 15 May 1745 — enters Mag- dalen Coll. Oxford, 1759 — M.A., 1765 — Fellow of his College, 177 1 — Vinerian Prof. Juris- prudence, Oxford, 1777 — tf. in London, 29 Oct. 1822. Elements of Jurisprudence, 1789 — Systematic Vieiv of Laws of England, 1792-3. Woodfall, H. S., printer, publisher,— ft. in London, 1739 — editor and printer of Public Advertiser, 1760-93 — prosecuted for publica- tion (1769) of letters of Junius, 1770 — his trial, 13 Jun. 1770 — Master of Stationers' Company, 1797 — ij. at Chelsea, 12 Dec. 1805. Woodfall, William, printer, parliamentary reporter, — ft., about 1745 — editor of Morn- ing Chronicle, after 1772 till 1789— ft. in London, 1 Aug. 1803. Woodhouse, Robert, mathematician, — ft. at Norwich, 28 Apr. 1773 — enters Cambridge Univ., about 1791 — Lucasian Prof. Mathe- matics, 1820 — Plumian Prof. Astronomy, &c, 1822 — tf. in London, 23 Dec. 1827. Principles of Analytical Calculation, 1803 — Elements of Trigonometry, 1809 — Treatise on Astronomy, 1812. Woodhouselee, Lord. [Tytler.] Woods and Forests, {demesne lands of the Crown,) in England, — power of the Crown to alienate, restricted by 1 Ann. st. 1, c. 7, 1702 — Commissioners to inquire into state of, ap- pointed by Act 26 Geo. III. c. 87, 1786 — amended by 30 Geo. III. c. 50, 1790— office of Surveyor-General of, created by Act 46 Geo. III. c. 142, 22 Jul. 1806— amended by 50 Geo. III. c. 65, 9 Jun. 18 10— further regu- lated by Acts 56 Geo. III. c. 16, 11 Apr. 1 8 16, 1 and 2 Geo. IV. c. 52, 15 Jun. 1821, and 7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 68, 1827— Board of Commissioners of, instituted, and their powers defined, by Act 10 Geo. IV. c. 50, 19 Jun. 1829— office of Surveyor- General and other offices incorporated with Commission, by Act 2 Wm IV. c. 1, 20 Feb. 1832— laws amended by Acts 2 and 3 Wm IV. c. 112, 15 Aug. 1832, and 3 and 4 Wm IV. c. 69, 28 Aug. 1833 — direction of Public Works and Buildings in- trusted to separate Board by Act 14 and 15 Vic. c. 42, 1 Aug. 1 85 1 — further regulations by Act 29 and 30 Vic. c. 62, 6 Aug. 1866. Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, — Malcolm IV. of Scotland renews homage to Henry II. at, 1 Jul. 1 1 63 — parliament held at, by Edward I., 1275 — manor of, given to Duke of Marl- borough by Act 3 and 4 Ann. c. 4, 1703. Woodville, Anthony. [Rivers, Earl.] Woodville, Elizabeth. [Elizabeth, Queen of Edward LV.'] Woodville, Sir Richard. [Rivers, Lord.] Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke, Libra- rian to Queen Victoria, — fj. at Norwich, 2 May 1 816 — studies at Highbury Coll., 1839- 40 — B.A. London Univ., 1841 — marries, 1843 — Congregational minister, Harleston, 1843 — settles in London, 1849 — loses his wife, Apr. 1850 — marries again, Aug. 1851 — F.S.A., 1857 — Librarian in Ordinary to the Queen at Windsor, and Keeper of Prints and Drawings, 6 Jul. i860 — tf. in London, 12 Oct. 1869. Edits Barclay's Dictionary, 1848= — History of Wales, 1853 — History of America, completed, 1856 — History of Hampshire, (in part,) 1862 — founds and edits Fine Arts Quarterly Review, 1863-5 — Specimens of the Drawings of Ten Masters, 1869 — (with Cates) Encyclopcedia of Chronology and History, 1872. Woodward, John, geologist, — ft. in Derby- shire, 1 May 1665 — Prof. Physic, Gresham Coll., 1692— F.R.S., 1693— M.D. Cambridge, 1696 — founds Professorship of Geology, Cam- bridge, by his will : tf. in London, 25 Apr. 1722. Natural History of the Earth, 1695 — Naturalis Historia Telluris, 1724 — Attempt towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England, 1728-9. Woodward, Samuel Peckworth, geologist, — fj. at Norwich, 17 Sep. 1821 — curator of Geo- logical Society, London, 1840 — Prof. Botany and Geology, Royal Agricultural College, 1 845 — first-class Assistant in Department of Geo- logy and Mineralogy, British Museum, 1 849 — Examiner in Geology to Univ. of London, 1860-65 — member of Council of Geological Society, 1859-65 — tf. at Heme Bay, 11 Jul. 1865. Manual of Recent and Fossil Shells, 1851-56 — Reports of Proceedings in Geological Section of British Association, 1841-56 — Geo- logical Map of England, (for JT.K.S.,) 1846. Wool, Wool Trade, in England,— duty on : 454 WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE— "WORCESTER COLLEGE. exportation of, imposed by Edward I., in- creased, 1296 — exportation of, made felony by Act 11 Edw. III. c. 1, 1336-7. Staples for, appointed and regulated by Stat. 27 Edw. III. cc. 1-28, 1353 — packing, regulated by Acts 8 Hen. VI. c. 22, 1429, 23 Hen. VIII. c. 17, 1531-2, made perpetual by 13 Eliz. c. 25, 1570 — importation prohibited by Act 12 Car. II. c. 32, 1660 — again prohibited, and im- portation of Irish permitted, by Act 7 and 8 Wm III. c. 28, 1696 — import duty on foreign, imposed, 1802 — largely increased, 18 19 — im- port and export duties reduced and equalized by Act 5 Geo. IV. c. 47, 3 Jun. 1824— Com- mittee of Inquiry on, appointed by House of Lords, 1828. Woollen Manufacture,— carried on in the Netherlands by special fraternity, before 1000 ? — established in Spain, before 1 300. In Eng- land, introduced by Flemings, about 1070-80 — encouraged and extended by immigration of Flemish weavers, under Edward III., 1331. [Spinning-wheel, # H02. York, Edward Plantagenet, Duke op, — created Earl of Rutland, by Richard II., 1390 — Duke of Albemarle, Sep. 1397 — is compelled to resume his former title, 1399 — takes part in plot against Henry IV. and betrays it, Jan. 1400 — succeeds his father as Duke of York, 1402 — killed at Agincourt, 1415. York, Edward Plantagenet, Duke of. [Edward IV. of England.'] York, Frederick, Duke of, — fr., 16 Aug. 1763 — elected Prince-bishop of Osnaburg, Feb. 1764 — Colonel in British army, 1780 — goes to Berlin, 1780 — created Duke of York and Al- bany, 29 Nov. 1784 — returns to England and takes his seat in House of Lords, 1787 — fights a duel with Colonel Lennox, 1789 — marries Frederika, Crown Princess of Prussia, 29 Dec. 1 79 1 — Commander-in-chief in Flanders, Mar. 1793 — assists at Council of War at Antwerp, 8 Apr. — assists at siege and capture of Valen- ciennes, May to 28 Jul. — defeated by French at Dunkirk, 8 Sep.— joined by Earl of Moira, 8 Jul. 1794— again defeated at Bois-le-Duc, retreats beyond the Meuse, Sep. 1794 — Field- marshal, Feb. 1795 — returns to England, Apr. 1795 — Commander-in-chief, 5 Apr. 1798 — again takes command in Holland, 13 Sep. 1799 — twice defeated by French at Brune and Alkmaar, 19 Sep. and 6 Oct. — charges brought against him by Colonel Wardle, respecting his connection with Mrs Clarke, 27 Jan. 1809 — resigns command, Mar. — acquitted, 20 Mar. 1462 YORK— YPRES. — reinstated by Prince Regent, 15 May 181 1 — heir-presumptive to the throne, Nov. 18 17 — charged with care of the king's person, 181 8 — tf., 5 Jan. 1827. York, James, Duke of. [James II. of England.'] York, Richard, Duke of,— b., probably about 1410 — on death of his father, 1415, placed under guardianship of Joan, Countess of Westmoreland : relieved from attainder, succeeds to the title, 1425 — Constable of Eng- land, 1430 — Regent of France, 1435 — threatens Paris, 1436 — superseded by Warwick, 1437 — Lieutenant and Captain in Normandy, 1439 — recalled, 1446— Lieutenant of Ireland, 5 Jul. 1449 — suppresses a rebellion, 1449 — begins to assert his claim to the crown, about 1450 — resigns and returns to England, 145 1 — takes up arms and is imprisoned a short time, 1452 — named Protector of the Realm, Feb. 1454 — deprived, 5 Feb. 1455 — submits his disputes with Somerset to arbitration, 4 Mar. 1455 — takes up arms, defeats and kills Somerset at St Alban's, 23 May — again named Protector, 19 Nov.— again deprived, 25 Feb. 1456 — recon- ciled with Queen Margaret, 25 Mar. 1458 — joined by Earls of Salisbury and Warwick, Oct. 1459 — attainted by parliament at Covent- ry, 20 Nov. 1459 — ma ^ es formal claim of the crown, 16 Oct. 1460 — his attainder declared illegal, 1460 — defeated and killed by Queen Margaret at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460. Yorke, Charles, — b., Jan., a 3oDec. b 1723 — enters Cambridge Univ., 13 Jun. 1739 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1 Feb. 1747 — M.P. Reigate, 1747-68 — Solicitor-general, Nov. 1756 — Attorney-general, Jan. 1762 — re- signs, Nov. 1763 — again appointed, 1765 — M.P. Cambridge Univ., 1768 — accepts Great Seal, 17 Jan. 1770— kills himself, (?) 20 Jan. 1770. Joint-author of Athenian Letters, 1741. a Fors. b Engl. Cyc. Yorke, Philip. [Hardwicke, Earl of.] Yorkshire, county of England, — Lancastrian insurrection in, Jul. 1469 — insurrections in, against subsidy for war with France, 1488 — against suppression of monasteries, 1536 — [Pilgrimage of Grace]— others, 1537 and 1548. Yorktown, in Virginia, IT. S., — occupied by Lord Cornwallis, 1 Aug. 178 1 — besieged by American and French forces, 28 Sep. — capitu- lates to Washington, 19 Oct. — besieged by M c Lellan, 5 Apr. 1862 — evacuated by Confed- erates, 4 May. Young, Sir Aretas William, — b., about 1778 — enters the army, 1795 — serves in Ire- land, 1798— in Egypt, 1801 — as Major, serves in Peninsular War, 1808-13 — as Lieutenant- colonel, in West Indies, 1 8 1 3 — protector of slaves in Demerara, Jan. 1826 — Lieutenant- governor of Prince Edward's Island, Jul. 1831 — Knt, 9 Jul. 1834 — tf., 1 Dec. 1835. Young, Arthur, writer on Agriculture, §c, — b. at Bradfield, in Suffolk, 7 Sep. 1741 — travels in Ireland, 1775-6— visits France, 1787 and 1788 — Secretary to Board of Agriculture, 1789 — tf. at Bradfield, 12 Apr. 1820. Farm- er's Calendar, 1770 — Political Arithmetic, 1774 — Annals of Agriculture, commenced, 1784 — Travels in France, 1792. Young, Charles Mayne, tragedian, — b. in London, 1777 — ^■ rs ^ appears on the stage at Liverpool, 1798 — marries Julia Ann Grimani, Mar. 1805 — loses his wife, Jul. 1806 — appears at Haymarket Theatre, 22 Jun. 1807 — at Drury Lane, with Edmund Kean, 1822 — re- tires, 1832 — tf. at Brighton, 28 Jun. 1856. Young, Edward, poet, — b. at Upham, Hampshire, i684, a i68i b — enters Oxford Univ., 13 Oct. 1703— Fellow of All Souls', 1708 — D.C.L., 10 Jun. 1719 — takes holy orders and is made chaplain to the king, 1727 — marries Lady Elizabeth Lee, 17 31 — loses his wife, 1741 — Clerk of the Closet to Princess Dowager of Wales, 4 Jan. 1761 — tf., 12 Apr. 1765. Last Bay, 17 13 — Revenge, 17 21 — Satires, {Love of Fame,) 1725-8 — Night Thoughts, 17 42-6. a Engl. Cyc. b Chalmers. Young, Matthew, mathematician, — b. in Ireland, 1750 — enters Trinity Coll. Dublin, 1766— Prof. Natural Philosophy, 1786— Bp of Clonfert, 1798 — tf. at Whitworth, Lancashire, 28 Nov. 1800. Essay on Phenomena of Sounds and Musical Strings, 1784 — Principles of Na- tural Philosophy, 1 800. Young, Robert, — pilloried and imprisoned for forgery of signature of Abp Sancroft, 1684 — swears to (fictitious) plot against James II., 1685 — again imprisoned for forgery, 1689 — forges evidence of association for restoration of James II., and gets Marlborough and Bp Sprat arrested, 1692 — hung at Tyburn, for coining, Apr. 1700. Young, Thomas, natural philosopher, — b. at Milverton, in Somersetshire, 13 Jun. 1773 — F.R.S., 1794 — M.D. Gottingen, 1795 — en- ters Emmanuel Coll. Cambridge, about Mar. 1797 — settles in London, 1800 — Prof. Natural Philosophy,Royal Institution, 1 802-3 — Foreign Secretary to Royal Society, 1802 — M.D. Cam- bridge, 1807 — Secretary to Commission on Weights and Measures, 18 16 — by his dis- covery that sounds are represented by certain hieroglyphics, leads the way to their inter- pretation, 1 8 14 — Secretary to Board of Longi- tude, 181 8 — Foreign Associate of Academy of Sciences, Paris, Aug. 1827 — tf. in London, 10 May 1829. Lectures on Natural Philosophy and Mechanical Arts, 1 807 — Account of Dis- coveries in FEieroglyphical Literature, 1820 — Miscellaneous Works, 1855. Ypres, in Belgium — founded by Baldwin III., Count of Flanders, about 960 — taken by Louis VI. of France, 1128 — taken by Philip Augustus, 1213 — by Philip the Fair, 1297 — revolts against Count Louis de Nevers, 1325 — taken by the White Capes, 1379 — recaptured by the Count, 1380— taken by Charles VI. of France, 1382 — unsuccessfully besieged by rebels of Ghent and the English, 1383 — en- larged and fortified by Philip the Bold, 1388 — Bishopric, by Paul IV., 1559 — seized by in- surgents, 1577 — taken by Conde, 1648 — by Archduke Leopold, 1649 — by Turenne, 1658 — by Louis XIV., 1678— ceded to France by YPSILANTI-ZACHARIAS. H 6 3 Treaty of Nimeguen, 1679 — fortified by Louis XIV., 1688— ceded to Holland by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13 — taken by Louis XV., 1744 — occupied by French, 1793-4. Cathedral, built, 1 254.1 Cloth Hall, commenced, i20o, a 1230 b — completed, 1304,* 1342 b — enlarged, 1730. a Ferguson. b Chambers's Encyc. Ypsilanti, Prince Alexander, — b. at Con- stantinople, 1783,* 1792 b — enters Russian army, about 1805 — loses his right hand at battle of Dresden, Aug. 18 13— aide-de-camp to the Emperor, before 1820 — joins the He- taireia, 1820 — takes the lead in Greek Revolu- tion, 1 82 1 — arrested and imprisoned at Mon- gatz, 1821 — tf. at Vienna, 31 Jan. 1828. a Nouv. Biog. Gen. b Conv.-Lex. Ypsilanti, Demetrius, — b., 1793 — serves in Russian army, 18 14 — distinguishes himself at siege of Tripolitza, Oct. 1820 — fails in attempt on Eubcea, 1821 — defends Argos, 1822 — President of Argos, and Prince of Peloponnesus, 1822 — resigns, 1823 — resists Ibrahim at Na- poli, 1825 — Commander-in-chief of Greek forces, 1827 — retires, Jan. 1830 — tf. at Napoli, 16 Aug. 1832. Yriarte, Bernardo, — b., about 1734 — Patron of Royal Academy of St Ferdinand, 1792 — Councillor of State, 1808 — tf. at Bordeaux, 11 Jul. 1 8 14. Yriarte, Domingo, diplomatist, — b., 1746 — as Spanish Plenipotentiary, signs Treaty of Ba- sel, 22 Jul. 1795 — tf- at Girona, 22 Nov. 1795. Yriarte, Juan de, — b. in Teneriffe, 15 Dec. 1702 — studies in France, 1714-24 — Royal Librarian, Madrid, Jan. 1732 — official trans- lator to the Secretary of State, Feb. 1740 — member of Royal Academy, 1743 — tf. at Madrid, 23 Aug. 1771. Yriarte, Tomaso, poet, — b., about 1750— tf. at Madrid, about 1790. La Musica, 1779 — Fabulas Liter arias, 1782. Yttrium, metal—oxide of, discovered by Gadolin, 1794 — obtained in separate state by Wohler, 1828. Yucatan, — discovered by Diaz de Solis and Pinzon, 1508 a — discovered by Cordova, 151 7 b —conquered by Cortez, 15 19 — revolts and be- comes independent, 1821 — joins Mexican Con- federation, 1824 — again independent, 1840 — rejoins Confederation, 1843 — independent, 1846-52. a Some authorities. b Others. Yussef (Jussef) ben Abdel-Rahman Al- Fehri, Emir of Spain for Caliphs op the East, — elected on death of Thuaba, (129, a. h.) 746 — revolt of Amer ben Amrou against him, (137-8,) 754 — makes war on him, recovers Sa- ragossa, Jun. 755 — on landing of Abdel-Rah- man ben Moawiyah in Spain, puts Amer and his son to death, (138,) Aug. 755 — carries on war with his rival, 755-6 — submits to him, autumn 756 — revolts, (142,) early in 759 — defeated and killed near Loxa, 759. Yussef ben Taxfyn, (Tashfyn,) Prince op the Almoravides, — b. at Velad Sahara, (397-8, a. h.) 1006 — succeeds Abubekr as Prince of Mauritania, (463-4,) 1070 — passes into Spain to assist Moors against Alfonso VI. of Castile, (479,) 1086 — defeats Alfonso at Zalaca, Oct. 1086 — returns to Africa, again called to Spain, 1088 — retires, 1089 — again passes into Spain, and conquers most of the Moorish kingdoms, (483-496,) 1090- 11 02 — gets his son Aly recognized as successor, 1103 — tf. at Morocco, (499,) 1105. Zab, The, river of Assyria, — the Caliph, Merwan II., defeated by the Abbasides under Abdallah, (131, a. h.) 749. Zabaglia, Nicolo, architect, — b. at Rome, 1674 — tf. architect of St Peter's, 27 Jan. i75°- Zabarella, Francesco, Cardinal, — b. at Padua, 1339 — Abp of Florence, 14 10 — Car- dinal, 141 1 — assists at Council of Constance, 1414— U., 26 Sep. a 1417. a Biog. Univ. Zach, Franz Xavier, Baron von, astrono- mer, — b. at Pesth, a Presburg, b c 14 Jun. 1754 — Director of Observatory of Seeberg, 1786 — foreign member of Royal Society of London, 1804 — of Royal Astronomical Society, 1822 — tf. at Paris, 26 Aug., a 2 Sep. b c 1832. Star Catalogues, 1804-12 — originates Monatliche Correspondenz, 1800. a Engl. Cyc. b Conv.-Lex. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zachariae, Just Friedrich Wilhelm, poet, translator, — b. at Frankenhausen, in Thuringia, 1 May 1726 — Prof. Poetry, Carolinum of Brunswick, 1761 — tf. there, 30 Jan. 1777. Der Renommist, 1744 — translation of Para- dise Lost, 1760 — Fabeln und Erzdhlungen, 177.1. Zachariae von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo, jurist, — b. at Meissen, 14 Sep. 1769 — studies? at Leipsic, 1787-92 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Wittenberg, 1802 — Prof. Jurisprudence, Hei- delberg, 1807 — tf. there, 27 Mar. 1843. Hand- buch des Franzosischen Civilrechts, (4th edition,) 1837 — Vierzig Biicher vom Staate, 1820-32 — ■ Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 1834. Zacharias, Pope, — succeeds Gregory III., 30 Nov. 741 — negotiates peace of 20 years with Liutprand, at Terni, 742 a — visits Liutprand at Pavia, and negotiates peace for Ravenna, 743 — receives Carloman at Rome, 747 — visits Rachis at Perugia, and again negotiates peace, 749 — receives embassy from Pepin the Short, and sanctions his assumption of sovereign power H 6 4 ZACHTLEVEN— ZANOTTI. and deposition of Childeric, 751 — tf-, 12 Mar. 752. a Milman. Zachtleven, (Saftleven,) Cornelius, painter, — ft. at Rotterdam, i6oo, a i6i2 b — living,i682. b a Engl. Cyc. b Nagler. Zachtleven, {Saftleven,) Hermann, painter, — 6. at Rotterdam, 1609 — tf. at Utrecht, 1685.* a D'Argenville. Zafra, in Spain, (Segeda,) — taken from Moors by Ferdinand III., 1240. Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolaevich, dramatist, novelist, — b. in Russia, 1789 — settles at Mos- cow, as Director of Theatre, 1820 — tf. at Mos- cow, 1852. George Miloslavsky, 1829. Zahrtmann, Christian Christopher, ad- miral, chartographer, — b. in Denmark, 1793 — enters the navy, 1805 — tf. Director of Hydro- graphic Office, Copenhagen, 15 Apr. 1853. Chart of the North Sea, 1843 — DansJce Lods, 1853- Zalaca, in Spain, — Alfonso YI. of Castile, defeated by Jussef ben Taxfyn, (479, a. h.) Oct. 1086. Zaleucus, of Locri Epizephyrii, — [B C] — gives laws, (01. 30, 1,) 660. [1356 Euseb. year. ] Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom, Grand Chan- cellor of Poland, — b., 1655^ 1650 b — Canon of Cracow, envoy to Portugal, Spain, and France, 1674 — Grand Secretary of the Crown, 1678 — made a Bp, 1683 — Bp of Plock, 1691 — pacifies Lithuania, 1694 — Bp of War - mia and. Grand Chancellor, 1699 — tf. at Butt- stadt, i, a n b May 17 11. a Biog, Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zaluski, Joseph Andrew, founder of the Zaluski Library, — b. in Poland, i7oi, a 1702 b — opens his library to the public, at Warsaw, 1748 — exiled, 1767-73 — tf., Jan. 1774. a Engl. Cyc. h Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zaluski Library, Warsaw, — founded by Joseph Andrew Zaluski, 1748 — pillaged, 1767- 73 — seized by Russians and carried off to St Petersburg, 1795. Zama, in Numidia, — [B C] — Scipio defeats Hannibal at, 202, and terminates Second Punic War. Zambesi, river of E. Africa, — explored by Livingstone, 1851-56 and 1858-64. Victoria Falls on the, discovered by Livingstone, 1855 — photographed by Baines, 1862. Zamora, in Spain, — taken from the Moors by Alfonso the Catholic, 748 — unsuccessfully besieged by Almondhir, 881-2 — battle of, de- feat of Moslems, 901 — besieged by Abdurrah- man, Jul. 939 — relieved by Ramiro II., who defeats Moors : retaken by Moors, under Al- mansur, 985 — annexed to Castile by Ferdinand the Great, 1093 — the Cortes held at, 1297 and 1302— sacked by French, 1808 — occupied by Marmont, Jul. 181 2 — evacuated by French, 1812. Zamoyski, Andrew, statesman, — b. in Poland, 17 1 6 — enters Saxon army, 1740 — Major-general, 1754 — returns to Poland, 1754 — emancipates his serfs, 1760 — Keeper of the Seals, 1764 — resigns, 1767 — prepares a code, 1776-8 — ts. at Zaniosc, 10 Feb. 1792. Zamoyski, John, general, — b., 1626^ 1630 b — distinguishes himself against the Cossacks, 1 65 1 — contends against the Czar in the Ukraine, 1659 — assists at Diet, 1660 — tf. at Warsaw, 2 Apr. 1665. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zamoyski, John Sarius, Grand Chan- cellor of Poland, — b. in Culm, 1 Apr. 1541 — joint-ambassador to Paris, to offer crown to Duke of Anjou, 1573 — marries niece of Stephen Bathori, and is appointed Grand Chancellor, 1576 — hetman of the army, recovers several provinces from Russians, 1580-82 — promotes election of Sigismund III., 1587 — defeats Archduke Maximilian, 1588 — distinguishes himself in wars with Turks, Tartars, and Swedes, 1590-7 — attends the Diet, 1605 — tf. at Zamosc, 3 Jun., a Jul. b 1605. a Biog. Univ. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zampieri, Domenico. [Domenichino.] Zanchi, Basilio, Latin poet, — b. at Ber- gamo, 1501 — becomes a monk, 1524 — im- prisoned, 1558 — tf., 1558. Be horto Sophice, 1540 — Poemata, 1550. Zanchi, Girolamo, theologian, — b. at Al- zano, 1516— abjures Romanism, before 1550 — teaches Philosophy and Divinity at Strasburg, J 553-63 — Prof. Divinity, Heidelberg, 1569 — removes to Neustadt, 1578 — returns to Heidel- berg, 1585 — tf. there, 19 Nov. 1590. Zancle, — [BC] — founds Himera, 648 — Scythes tyrant, division at, 497 — conquered by Samians and Ionian fugitives, (01. 70, 4,) 497 a — subdued by Anaxilaos of Rhegium, and named Messana, (01. 71, 4,) 493. a a Mailer. Zanetti, Antonio Maria, engraver, — b. at Venice, 1680 — tf> there, 1766. Antiche statue greche e romane, &c, 1740 — Raccolta di varie stampe a chiaroscuro tratte, &c, 1749. Zanetti, Bernardino, historian, — b. at Cas- tel-Franco, 1690 — tf., 1762. Del regno de Longobardi in Ltalia, 1753. Zanetti, Guido, numismatist, — b. at Bas- sano, 1 741 — tf. Keeper of Museum of Antiqui- ties, Ferrara, 1791. Nuova raccolta delle mo- nete e zecche d' 'Ltalia, 1775-89. Zanguebar, (Zanzibar,) E. Africa, — subject to Himyarite, king of Saba, 80-5 — settlement of Omani tribes in, about 705 — dependency of Oman, 705-1856 — Portuguese settlements in, between 1500- 17 00 — separate principality un- der Majed, 1856 — explored by Burton, 1856— visited by Baron von der Decken, Feb. to Aug. 1865. Zanolini, Antonio, Orientalist, — b. at Padua, 1693 — LL.D., 17 13 — Prof. Syriac and Hebrew, 17 14 — retires, 1759 — tf., 19 Feb. 1762. Lexicon hebraicum, 1732 — Lexicon syriacam, 1747. Zanotti, Francisco Maria, poet, mathema- tician, — fc. at Bologna, 1692 — Librarian of the Institute, 1720 — visits Rome, 1750 — tf- at Bo- logna, 25 Dec. 1777. Poesie, 1734 — Bella forza attrativa delle idee, 17 47 — Bella forza de' corpi, 1752 — Eilosojia morale, 1754 — Bell' Arte poetica, 1768. Zanotti, Giampetro Cavazzoni, painter, poet, — b. at Paris, 1674 — tf. at Bologna, 28 ZANTE— ZEN OX. 1465 Sep. 1765. Edits Malvasia's Pitture di Bo- logna, 1732 — Poesie, 1741-5 — Storia dell' Aca- demics Clementina, 1739. Zante. [Zacynthus, Ionian Islands.] Zanzibar. [Zanguebar,] Zapolya, John I., King of Hungary, — ft., 1487 — demands Princess Anne in marriage, 1505 — again defeats revolted peasantry and captures their leaders near Temeswar, 15 14 — harasses retreat of the Turks, 1526 — proclaim- ed King of Hungary, 10 Nov. 1526 — crowned, 1 1 Nov. — unsuccessfully treats with his rival Ferdinand of Austria at Olmutz, 1527 — de- feated, takes refuge in Poland, 1528 — obtains assistance of Solyman, 1529 — concludes a truce, 1533 — makes peace with Ferdinand, 1536— tf. at Miihlenbach, 21 Jul. 1540. Zapolya, John Sigismund, — b., 10 Jul. 1540 — recognized as King of Hungary, by Solyman, 1-540 — Transylvania granted to him, 1 54 1 — renounces title of King by treaty with Emperor Maximilian, 1570 — tJ., 12 Mar. 157 1. Zara, (Jadera,) capital of JDalmatia, — places itself under protection of Venice, about 1000 — taken by Croatians, n 17 — conquered by Lud- wig the Great of Hungary, 1200 — reconquered by Venetians aided by crusaders, 1202 — bought by Venetians of King Ladislaus, 1409 — cap- tured by Bajazet II., 1490, but soon lost : unsuccessfully besieged by Turks, 1572 and 1577 — passes to Austria, 1791. Zaragoza. [Saragossa.] Zarlino, Gioseffo, musical composer, writer on music, — b. in Venetia, 15 19 a — Chapel-master of the Eepublic, about 1565-90 — tf. at Venice, 1590. a Istituzione harmoniche, 1558 — Dimos- trazione harmoniche, 157 1. a Biog. Univ. Zealand. [Netherlands.] Zealand, New. [New Zealand.] Zechariah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — called, 520. a a Ussher. Zedler, Johann Heinrich, bookseller, pub- lisher, — b- at Breslau, 1706 — tf. at Leipsic, about 1760. Universal Lexikon, 1731-50. Zedlitz, Joseph Christian, Baron von, — b. in Silesia, 28 Feb. 1790 — tf. at Vienna, 15 Mar. 1862. Lyrische Gedichte, 1832 — Lra- matische Werke, 1830-6 — Altnordische Bildcr, 1850 — Translation of Childe Harold, 1836. Zeeman, Remigius, painter, — b. at Amster- dam, 16 1 2. Zegers, (Segers,) Hercules, painter, — b., about 1625 ? 1629 ? Zeirides, (Zeirites, Zegries,) — independent dynasty in Mauretania, about 920— expelled by Almoravides, about (450, a. h.) 1058. Zeleia, — [B C] — Csesar defeats Pharnaces IV., (Non. Sext.) 47. Zelotti, Battista, painter, — b. at Verona, 1532 — tf., about 1592. Zemindars, heads of districts and collectors of revenue, in Hindustan, — recognized as pro- prietors of the soil, by settlement made under .Lord Cornwallis, 1791-3. Zendavesta, Sacred Books of the Parsees, — collected by_ Ardshir and his successors, about 220 — investigations and translation (French) of Anquetildu Perron, 1755-77— investigations of Bask, 1826 — text and translation of Bur- nouf, 1829-43 — text published by Westergaard, 1852-5— Spiegel's edition, 1852-60 — Haug's investigations published, 1862. Zendrini, Bernardo, hydraulician, — b. at Saviore, near Brescia, 1679 — M.D. Padua, 1701 — Superintendent of waters, rivers, &c.,of Venice,i72o — tf., i8May 1747. Leggi e fenome- ni, regulazicni ed usi delle acque correuti, 1741. Zenghi, Emad-eddin, Emir of Mosul and Aleppo, founder of Aiabek dynasty, — b., about 1084 — Governor of Bassora, by Sultan Mah- mud, 1 1 23 — Iutendant of Baghdad, 11 25 — Emir of Mosul, (521, a. h.) 1127 — takes Nisi- bis, &c, defeats Jocelin, Count of Edessa, and assists him against Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 1 1 27 — Aleppo submits to bim, (MobaiTem 522,) Jan. 11 28 — defeats Bohemond and takes Atareb, (524,) 11 30 — sent against Baghdad by Sanjar, 1132 — besieged in Mosul by Mostar- shed, defeats him, 11 32 — defeats King of Jeru- salem and Count of Tripoli, 11 36 — besieges and takes Barin, 11 36 — unsuccessfully besieges Damascus, (534,) 1140 — makes war on Kur- distan, 1 142 — storms Edessa, (Guimadhi II. 539,) Dec. 1 144 — assassinated, (5 Babia 1. 540,) 25 Sep. 1 145. Zenghis. [Gengis-Khan.] Zenith Sector, — used by Hooke, 1669 — Graham's, made for Bradley, 1727 — Eamsden's, made, 1 801-2, burnt in Tower of London, Oct. 1 841. Zeno, — Consul with Postumianus, (1201, a. u. c.) 448. Zeno, Apostolo, poet,— b. at Venice, 11 Dec. 1668 — establishes Academy of the Ani- mosi, 1696 — court poet to Charles VI., Vienna, 1718-29 — tf. at Venice, Nov. 1750. Begins his Giomale del Letter -ati, 17 10— Dramatic Works, 1744. Zeno, Carlo, Grand Admiral of Venice, — b., about 1334 — negotiates with John Palseologus cession of Tenedos to Venice, 1376 — commands fleet against Genoese, 1379 — breaks Genoese blockade, and relieves Venice, 1380 — Grand Admiral, Aug. 1380 — defeats Boucicault, 7 Oct. 1403 — tf. at Venice, 8 Mar. 1418. Zeno, Caterino, — ambassador to Persia, 1472. Del commentari del viaggio in Persia di Cate- rino Zeno, §c, 1558. Zeno, Niccolo and Antonio, travellers, — their voyages made, probably between 1389- 1405. Zeno, Ranieri, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Marino Morosini, 1252— tf., about Jun. 1268. Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, — assumes the crown, about 266 — defeated and taken by Aurelian, 273 — led in triumph at Borne, 274. Zenobius, (Zenodotus,) collector of proverbs, — fl., about 125. Zenodorus, statuary, chaser, §c, — fl., about 68. Zenodotus, of Ephesus, grammarian, — [BC] — fl., 27i, a about 28o. b a Clinton. b Smith's Diet. Zenon, of Plea, philosopher, — [B C] — ft., about (01. 70) 500, about 488 a — fl., 464,* 1466 ZENON— ZIPPORIS. 468,° 455-434 d — visits Parmenides at Athens, about (01*80) 460, about 448.* a Smith's Diet. b Clinton. c Suidas. d Euseb. Zenon, of Cittium, Stoic philosopher, — [B C] — &•» [367-366,* 363-362 b ] between 357-352 c — studies under Polemo, after (01. 116, 2) 315 — £(., 299, 279— &., 269-268.* [264-263^ 259. d J a Euseb. b Hieron. e Clinton. d Laertius. Zenon, (Trascalisseus,) Emperor of the East, (474-491,) — marries daughter of Leo I., 468 — raised to the consulship with Flavius Marcianus, 469 — contrives death of Aspar, 471 — on death of Leo L, gets himself proclaimed, Feb. 474 — by death of his son Leo II. left sole Emperor, Nov. 474 — expelled by Verina and Basiliscus, 475 — goes to Isauria : makes peace with Genseric, 475 — defeated by generals of Basiliscus, Jul. 476 — gains Illus and recovers the throne, Aug. 477 — Gothic invasion under Theoderic, and peace, 478 — revolt of Marcian suppressed, 479 — Gothic war again, 481— pub- lishes the Senoticon, 482 — purchases peace of Theoderic, 483 — revolt of Leontius, 484 — Theoderic at Constantinople again, diverted against Italy, 487 — tf., 9 Apr. 491. Zenophilus, — Consul with Dalmatius, (1086, a. u. c.) 333. Zenta, in Hungary, — Prince Eugene of Savoy defeats Turks, 11 Sep. 1697. Zephaniah, Jewish prophet, — [B C] — pro- phesies, between 642-611, probably before 625,* 629. b *Bib. Cyc. and Smith's Diet. Bib. b Ussber. Zephyrinus, Bp of Some, — succeeds Victor, 202 — If., 23 Dec. 218. Zetland. [Shetland.] Zeus Olympius, Temple of, at Athens, — [BC] — commenced, 175-165 — finished by Hadrian, about [AD] 125. Zeuxis, painter, — [B C]— £(., about (01. 89- 96) 424-400. Zhukovsky, Vassili Andreevich, poet, — ft. in Russia, 1783 — volunteer in war with France, 1812 — It. at Baden, 12 Apr. 1852. Transla- tion of Gray's Elegy, 1802 — Works, 1835-7-49. Ziani, Pietro, Doge of Venice, — succeeds Henry Dandolo, 5 Aug. 1205 — Sj., 1229. Ziani, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice, — suc- ceeds Vitale Micheli, 1173 — sends fleet to be- siege Ancona, 11 74 — receives Pope Alexander III. at Venice, 24 Mar. 1177 — receives Em- peror Frederick I., 24 Jul. 1177 — mediates peace between them, 1 Aug. — tj., 13 Apr. 1179. Ziethen, Hans Joachim von, general, — ft. near liuppin, 18 May 1699 — enters the army, 17 14 — Captain, 1735 — distinguishes himself at battles of Mollwitz, 1741, and Czaslau, 1742 — Major-general, 1744 — at siege of Prague, 1744— covers retreat from Bohemia, 1744— wounded at Hennersdorf, 23 Nov. 1745 — at Pirna, Oct. 1756 — Lieutenant-general, 1756 — contributes to victory of Prague, 6 May 1757 — distinguishes himself at Leuthen, 5 Dec. 1757 —at Liegnitz, 15 Aug. 1760 — at Torgau, 3 Nov. 1760 — takes part in war of Bavarian Succession, 1778— rj. at Berlin, 27 Jan. 1786. Zimisces, John I., Emperor of the East, — ft. in Armenia, 925 a — as General of Nice- phorus Phocas, distinguishes himself against Saracens in Cilicia, 963 — conquers great part of Cilicia and invades Syria, 964 — disgraced, 967 — conspires with Theophano, and assas- sinates Nicephorus, 11 Dec. 969 — proclaimed Emperor, 1 1 Dec. — associates with himself Basilius and Constantine : a", at Constantinople, 10 Jan. 97< a Nouy. Biog. Gen. Zimmermann, Eberhard August Wilhelm von, naturalist, geographer, — ft. at "Weltzen, 1743 — Prof. Natural Philosophy, Carolinirm of Brunswick, 1766 — visits England, 1788 — rj., 4 Jim. 1 8 15. Political Survey of Europe, 1788 — Geographisches Taschenbuch, 1802-13. Zimmermann, Johann Georg von, phy- sician, moralist, — ft. at Brugg, in Berne, 8 Dec. 1728 — goes to Gottingen, 1747 — M.D., 175 1 — Physician to King of Hanover, 1768 — visits Berlin, 1770 — attends Frederick II. at Pots- dam, 1786 — U. at Hanover, 7 Oct. 1795. Vom Kationalstolze, 1758 — Von der Erfahrung in der Arzneikunst, 1763 — Veber die Einsamlceit, 1784-5. Zinc, metal, — described by Paracelsus, before 1 541 — obtained in separate form by HenkeL about 1720. Zincethyl, Zincethide, — discovered by Frankland, 1849. Zincke, Christian Friedrich, painter in enamel, — ft. at Dresden, about 168 1 — comes to England, 1706 — rj. there, Mar. 1767. Zingarelli, Nicolo Antonio, musical com- poser, — ft. at Naples, 1752 — organist of the Vatican, 1804 — Director of the Conservatory, Naples, 1820,* i8n, b i8i6 c — ft. at Naples, 5 May 1837. a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Nouv. Biog. Gen. Zingaro, Lo. [Solario.] Zingg, Adrian, engraver,— b. at St Gall, 1734 — goes to Paris, 1759 — Prof. Engraving, Academy of Dresden, 1766— rj. there, 18 16. Zingis-Khan. [Gengis-Khan.j Zinzendorf, Nicholas Ludwig, Count von, founder of Hermhut, — ti. at Dresden, May 1700 — goes to "Wittenberg Univ., 1716 — visits Holland and France, 17 20-1 — marries, 1 721 — founds Moravian settlement at Herrn- hut, 1722 — sends missionaries to Greenland, 1 73 1 — goes to Copenhagen and is made Knt of the Dannebrog, 1731 — minister of Lutheran Church, 1734 — banished from Saxony, 1736 — ordained Bp at Berlin, May 1737 — visits Lon- don, 1737 and 1749 — visits N. America, 1742 — ti. at Herrnhut, 9 May 1760. Zinzendorf, Philipp Ludwig, Count von, statesman, diplomatist, — ft., 26 Dec. 167 1 — aulic councillor, 1694 — ambassador extraord. to France, 1697-17 05 — Imperial Commissioner to Liege, 1705 — ambassador to the Nether- lands, Jam 1707 — attends conferences of Utrecht, 17 12-13 — &•> 8 Feb. 1742. Zipporis, (Sepphoris, Eioccesarea,) — [B C] — captured by Herod the Great, 39 s — taken by Varus and burnt, 4 a — fortified by Herod Antipas, 4 a — [AD] — given to Herod Agrippa II. by Nero, 55 — destroyed in suppression of Jewish rebellion by the Caesar Gallus, 339 b — crusaders assemble at, sum. 1187 13 — Saladin ZIRCONIA— ZSCHOKKE. 1467 encamps at, Jul. II 87. b a Lewin. b Robinson. Zirconia, earth, — discovered by Klaproth, 1789. Zirconium, metal, — discovered by Berzelius, 1824. Ziska, (ZizJca,) Johann, Hussite leader, — ft. in Bohemia, about 1360 or 1380 — distinguishes himself at battle of Tannenberg, 15 Jul. 1410 — fights in English army at Agincourt, 1415 — heads a riot at Prague, and becomes Com- mander-in-chief of the Hussites, 30 Jul. 141 9 — takes Prague, 20 May 1420 — defeats Em- peror Sigismund, before Prague, Jul. — takes Prague Castle, 142 1 — routs Imperialists, 18 Jan. 1422 — defeats Saxons at Aussig on the Elbe, 1422 — tl. at Czaslau, 12 Oct. 1424 — his tomb visited by Emperor Ferdinand I., 1554. Zizim, (Djem,) Ottoman Prince, — ft., 1459 — Governor of Caramania, 1475— disputes the succession, and makes war on his brother, Bajazet II., 148 1 — fails in second attempt, 1482 — takes refuge with Grand Master of Rhodes : treaty made between Bajazet and Grand Master for his perpetual imprisonment, 1482 — sent by Charles VIII. of France to Rome, and received by Pope Innocent VIII., 1487 — again kept prisoner by treaty between Sultan and Pope : given up to Charles VIII., Jan. 1495 — tf. at Naples, 25 Feb. 1495. Znaym, in Moravia, — destroyed by Prince Vladislas of Bohemia, 1 145 — refounded, about 1222 — Marmont repulses Archduke Charles at, 10 Jul. 1809. Armistice of, between French and Austrians, concluded, 11 Jul. 1809. Zobah, — [B C] — an independent kingdom, governing on both sides of the Euphrates, be- fore 1090 — subjugated in a war raised against David, about 1050-40 ? Zodiac, — [B C] — signs of, alleged invention of Cleostratus of Tenedos, about 500. Zodiacal Light, — (seen and described by Nicephoras, ?4io) — seen by Tycho Brahe, about 1600 — treated of by, Descartes, about 1630 — observed by Childrey, 1659 — observed and described by Dominique Cassini, Mar. 1683- 94 — noticed by Mairan, 17 31 — by Humboldt, Mar. 1803 — investigated by Jones, 1853-5. Zoe, Carbonopsina, Empress of the East, — marries Leo VI., 906 a — left a widow and banished, 911 — returns to Constantinople, 914 — again banished by Romanus Lecapenus, 919. a Finlay. Zoe, (daughter of Constantine VIII.,) Em- press of the East, — marries Romanus Ar- gyrus, 9 Nov. 1028 — becomes Empress, 12 Nov. — murders her husband, marries Michael the Paphlagonian, and with him succeeds to the throne, 11 Apr. 1034 —left a widow, favours accession of Micbael Calafates, Dec. 1 041 — banished, 1042 — Joint-empress with her sister Theodora, 21 Apr. 1042 — marries Constantine Monomachus, who is crowned Em- peror, 11 Jun. 1042 — tf., 1050 or 1054. Zoega, Georg, archceologist, — ft. in Jutland, 20 Dec. 1755 — studies at Gottingen, 1773-6 — settles at Rome, Jan. 1783 — tf. there, 10 Feb. 1809. Be Usu et Origine Obeliscorum, 1800 — Bassirilievi antichi di lioma, 1808 — Cata- logus Codicum Copticorum Manu Scriptorum qui in Museo Borgiano Velitris adservantur, 1810. Zoffany, Johann, painter, — ft. probably at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1735 — R.A. England, 1768 — goes to India, about 1782 — returns, 1796 — tf. at Kew, 1 8 10. Life School of Royal Academy, 1774. Zoilus, grammarian, — [B C] — {L, about 356- 336. Zollikofer, Georg Joachim, theologian, — ft. at St Gall, 5 Aug. 1730 — pastor at Leipsic, 1758-88— if. there, 25 Jan. 1788. • Zollverein, German Customs Union, — pro- jected, by Prussia, 1818 — founded, 1819 — Hesse-Darmstadt joins, 14 Feb. 1828 — acces- sion of Anhalt-Dessau, 1828— Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1829— Waldeck and Hesse-Cassel, 1831 — Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Saxony, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Altenburg, and two Schwarzburgs, 1833 — Hesse-Homburg, Baden, and Nassau, 1835 — Frankfort, 1836— Lippe-Detmold and Brunswick, 1841 — Luxem- burg, 1847 — Hanover, Oldenburg, and Schaum- burg-Lippe, 1851 — modification of tariff pro- posed by Prussia, 1 859 — treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed at Berlin, 30 May 1865 — treaty of commerce with Italy, signed, 31 Dec. 1865 — Mecklenburg- Schwerin, M.- Strelitz, and Liibeck join, 11 Aug. 1868. Zonaras, Joannes, Byzantine historian, — fl., about 1 1 00- 1 125. Zoological Society, London, — founded, 1826. Gardens, Regent's Park, opened, 1826. Zoological Society, Royal, of Lreland, — instituted, 1830. Zoppo, Marco, painter, — fl. at Bologna, 1468-98. Zorndorf, — Count Fermor defeats Frederick II. at, 25 and 26 Aug. 1758. Zosimus, Bp of Rome, — succeeds Innocent I., 18 Mar. 417 — appoints Patroclus, Bp of Aries, Vicar of Holy See, 417 — confirms con- demnation of Pelagius and Ccelestius, Apr. 418 — tf., 26 Dec. 418. Zosimus, historian, — writes his history of Roman Emperors, probably between 425-450. Zouaves, in French army, — formation of corps, authorized by decree of Louis Philippe, 21 Mar. 1 831 — reorganized, 1837 — augmented, 1852 and 1855. Zouch, Richard, jurist, — ft. in "Wiltshire, about 1590 — Fellow of New Coll. Oxford, 1609 — LL.D., 1619 — Regius Prof. Law, Oxford, 1620 — Principal of St Alban's Hall, 1625 — Judge of Admiralty Court, about 1625 — sub- mits to parliamentary visitors, 1648 — rein- stated as Judge, 1660 — tf. in London, 1 Mar. 1661. Zouch, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, — 6. in Yorkshire, 1737 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1757 — Fellow, 1763 — Prebendary of Durham, 1805 — D.D., 1805— tf., 17 Dec. 1 8 15. Me- moir of Sir Philip Sidney, 1808. Zoust, (Soest,) Gerard, painter, — ft. in Westphalia, 1637 — goes to England, about 1656— tf., 1681. Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel, mis- 1 4 ZUCCAEELLI— ZWOLLE. cdlaneous ivritcr, — b. at Magdeburg, 22 Mar. 1770 — wanders, 1788-90 — enters Univ. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, spring 1790 — Ph.D. and M.A., 1792 — private teacker at Frankfort, 1792-5— goes to Switzerland, Sep. 1795 — set- tles at Eeickenau, Dec. 1796 — banished, Aug. 1798 — settles at Aarau, 1798 — Government Commissioner in Unterwald, &c, 1798 — in Italian Switzerland, 1800 — settles at Biberstein, 1802 — marries, about 1803 — tf. at Biberstein, 27 Jun. 1848. Geschichte des Baierischen Volks, 1 8 1 3- 1 8 — Bilder aus der Schweiz, 1 8 24-5 — Des Schiveizerlandes Geschichte, 1822 — Stunden der Andacht, (26tk edition,) 1847 — Selbstschau, (3rd edition,) 1844. Zuccarelli, (Zuccherelli,) Francesco, painter, — b. near Florence, 1702 — visits England, 1752 — B.A., 1768 — tf. at Florence, 1788. Zuccaro, (Zucchero,) Federigo, painter, — h. at St Angelo in Vado, 1542^ 1543^ 1550,° 1536° — in England, 1567-80 d — employed in tkeEscurial, Jan. 1586 to end of 1588 b — called to Spain, about 1588 d — founds and is Pres. of Academy of St Luke, Eome, 1595 — tf. at An- cona, 1609. Idea de' Pittori, Scultori, e Ar- chitetti, i6o3, b 1607. ad a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. c Some authorities. d Nagler. Zuccaro, {Zucchero,) Taddeo, painter,— b. at St Angelo in Yado, 1529 — goes to Eome, 1543 — tf. at Eome, 1565,* 2 Sep. 1566. b a Biog. Univ. b Engl. Cyc. Zug, canton of Switzerland, — joins Swiss Confederation, 1352 — joins the Sonderbund, 1844 — democratic constitution, Jan. 1848. Zuider Zee. [Zuyder Zee.] Ziillichau, in Prussia, — tke Prussians under Gen. AVedel defeated by Eussians at, 23 Jul. 1759- Zumalacarregui, Don Tomaso, military commander, — fj. near Villareal, 1789 — guerilla officer in tke army, 1808 — joins Quesada, 1822 — General-in-ckief of Carlist army, Oct. 1833 — wounded at siege of Bilbao, 15 Jun. 1835 — tJ., 25 Jun. Zumpt, Carl Gottlob, philologist, — b. at Berlin, 1792 — Prof, at tke Joackimstkal Gym- nasium, 1 82 1 — Prof . History, Military Sckool, 1 826 — Prof. Eoman Literature, Univ. of Berlin, 1828 — visits Italy and Greece, 1835 — tf. at Karlsbad, 25 Jun. 1849. Lateinische Gram- matik, 181 8 — Annates veterum regnorum, 1819. Zuniga. [Ercilla y Zuniga.] Zurbaran, Francisco, painter, — ft. in Spain, Nov. 1598 — tf. at Seville or Madrid, 1662. Zurich, Canton of Switzerland, — joins Swiss Confederation, 1351 — carries on war with otker cantons, 1436-44— allied witk Austria, 1439 — reenters Confederation, 1450 — adopts new demo- cratic constitution, 18 Apr. 1869. Zurich, capital of the Canton, (Turicum,) — receives Arnold of Brescia, about 1141 — be- comes property of Frederick II., 121 8— free Im- perial city, 1 2 19 — expels her clergy and all friars except Franciscans, 1248 — besieged by Albert, Duke of Austria, 1351 — Swiss defeat Austrians near, 1443 — adopts Eeformed faith, about 1523 — Archduke Charles defeats French, 4-5 Jun. 1799 — Massena defeats Eussians and Austrians, 25 Sep. 1799. University of, founded, 1832. Technical University, estab- lished, 1855. Treaty of, for ratification of Treaty of Villafranca, signed, n Nov. 1859. Zurita, (Surita,) Geronymo, historian, — b. at Saragossa, 4 Dec. 15 12 — ambassador to Germany, 1543-9 — coronista of Spain, 1549 — tf. at Saragossa, 3 Nov. 1581. Annates de la Corona de Aragon, 1562-79 — Indices rerum ab Aragonice regibus gestarum, 1578. Zutphen, in the Netherlands, — head of a County, before 1000 — taken and pillaged by Spaniards, 1572— again, 158.3 — unsuccessfully attacked by Earl of Leicester, Sep. 1586 — re- taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau, 159 1 — taken by Frenck and tke fortifications demol- isked, 1672 — occupied by Frenck, 1795-1813. Zuyder Zee, The, in Holland, — formed by inundations of tke sea, 1219-82 — crossed by Frenck cavalry on tke ice, Jan. 1795. Zweibriicken. [Deux-Ponts.] Zwingli, Ulrich, Protestant Reformer, — b. in Switzerland, 1 Jan. 1484 — studies at Vienna, 1499-1501 — at Basel, 1503-6 — ordained priest, and pastor of Glarus, 1506 — visits Erasmus at Basel, 15 14 — fights among Swiss auxiliaries at Marignano, 15 15 — preacher to the monastery of Einsiedlen, 15 16 — preaches against Friar Sansom and indulgences, 15 18 — preacher at Cathedral of Zurich, Dec. 15 18 — prohibited preaching by Diet, 1522 — marries, 1522 — at- tends Conferences of Zurich, Jan. and Oct. 1523 — organizes and reforms the public schools, 1526 — attends Conference of Berne, 1528 — meets Luther at Marburg, Sep. 1529 — killed at battle of Cappel, 11 Oct. 1531. Works, 1581. Zwolle, in the Netherlands, — fortified, 1223 —taken by Spaniards, recovered by the Dutch, 1580 — capitulates to Bp of Munster, 1672 — fortifications destroyed, 1674, but soon re- stored: taken by French, 31 Jan. 1795 — oc- cupied by Eussians, Nov. 18 13 — damaged by inundation, 1825. APPENDIX Aali Pasha, (Mehemet Fmin,) Grand Viz- ier op Ottoman Empire, — ft. at Constanti- nople, (1230, a.h.) 1 8 15 — second secretary to embassy at Vienna, 1834-6 — Grand Interpreter to the Divan, Nov. 1837 — Charge d' Affaires, in London, 1838-9 — Under-secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1840 — ambassador to Eng- land, 1 841-4 — Minister ad interim for Foreign Affairs, 1844 — Chancellor of Imperial Divan, Dec. 1845 — Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1846- 52 — raised to the rank of Mushir, takes title of Pasha, Jan. 1848 — Grand Vizier, 6 Aug. 1852 — resigns, 1 Oct. 1852 — Governor of Broussa, May 1854 — Pres. Council of the Tanzimat, and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1854 — again Grand Vizier, 2 Jul. 1 855 — First Plenipotentiary of the Porte at Conferences of Paris, Feb. to Mar. 1856 — resigns Grand Vizierate, 1 Nov. 1856 — Grand Vizier a third time, 11 Jan. 1858 — again resigns, Oct. 1859 — Pres. Council of the Tanzimat, Dec. 1859 — Grand Vizier the fourth time, 7 Jun. 1861— resigns, and is ap- pointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2 Nov. 1 86 1— Pres. Conference of Paris on affairs of Roumania, May 1864 — Grand Vizier the fifth time, 11 Feb. 1867 — Regent of the Empire during absence of the Sultan, Jul. to Aug. 1867 — tr., 7 Sep. 187 1. Abbeville, in France, — occupied by Ger- mans, 6 Feb. 187 1. Ablis, in France,— burnt by Germans, 8 Oct. 1870. Abydos, Tablet of, — acquired by British Museum, 1837. Academy, The, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 9 Oct. 1869. Admiralty, Board of, in Great Britain, — reorganized by Order in Council of 14 Jan. 1869. .ffischylus, — text of the Medicean (Lau- rentian) MS. edited by Merkel, 187 1. Afanasief, Aleksandr Nicolaevich, critic, antiquary, — {)., 1826 — rj., 1871. Collection of Russian Popular Tales, 1863 — Treatise on Poetical Views of Old Slavonians about Nature, 1869. Agricultural Labourers' Improvement So- ciety, — formed in Herefordshire and Shrop- shire, Mar. 187 1. Agricultural Labourers' Union, — formed in "Warwickshire, Mar. 1872. Agricultural Society, of France, — founded, about 1867. Alabama Claims, — Joint High Commission to consider these and other outstanding differences between Great Britain and United States, ap- pointed early in Feb. 1 87 1 — meets at Washing- ton, 27 Feb. — first regular sitting, n Mar. — Treaty ^/Washington, 8 May — Ans^lo- Ameri- can Commission for claims meets at Washington, 25 Sep. — Arbitration Commission meets at Ge- neva, (formal sitting,) 1 8 Dec. — British and Ame- rican Cases presented at Geneva, 20 Dec. — note of British Government respecting admission of American claim to indirect damages, 3 Feb. 1872 — received at Washington, 22 Feb. — American reply sent, 1 Mar. — received, 14 Mar. — second British note, about 20 Mar. — British and American Counter-Cases presented at Ge- neva, 15 Apr. — American reply to second Brit- ish note sent, 23 Apr. Alaska, {Russian America,) — territory given to Russo-American Fur Company by Paul VIII., Jul. 1799 — their charter renewed, 1839 — purchased by United States, by treaty con- cluded at Washington, 30 Mar. 1867 — ratified by Senate, 28 May — possession transferred, Oct. 1867 — laws of United States extended to, by Act of Congress, 27 Jul. 1868. Albans, St, Abbey, — remains of the shrine discovered, Feb. and Mar. 1872. Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, Royal, at S. Kensington, — first stone laid by the Queen, 20 May 1867 — opened by the Queen, 29 Mar. 1871. Albert Memorial, in Hyde Park, — com- menced, 1863. Alderney, Channel Island, — fortified naval station commenced, 1852— abandoned, 1871. Alencon, in France, — defeat of French by Germans at, 15 Jan. 1871 — occupied by Ger- mans under Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, 17 Jan. Algeria, — revolt in, under Sidi Mokrani, breaks out, Mar. 1871 — suppressed, and state of siege raised, 24 Jun. — insurrection renewed, early in Aug. Aligny, (Felix Claude Theodore Car- UELLE,) painter, etcher, — fj.inLaNievre, 24 Jan. 1798 — goes to Paris, 1808 — first exhibits at the Salon, 1822 — Director of School of Fine Arts, Lyons, 1861 — ft. at Lyons, 25 Feb. 187 1. Massacre of the Druids, 1831 — Prometheus, 1837 — Roman Campagna, 1839 — Defeat of Daguesclin, 1840 — Etchings, 1846 — Solitude, 1850 — Acropolis of Athens, 1852 — Scyronian Rocks, 1 86 1. [ + 70 ALLEN-ATTBEB,. [appendix. Allen, "William, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Pittsfield, Mass. U. S., 2 Jan. 1784 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1802 — Kegent, 1804-10 — pastor of Congregational Church, Pittsfield, 1 8 10— marries, 18 13 — Pres. Dartmouth Univ., 1817 — Pres. Bowdoin Coll., 1820-39 — settles at Northampton, Mass., 1839 — tf. there, 2 Jan. 1868. American Biographical Dictionary, 1809. ' Allgemeine Zeitung,' German newspaper, — commenced by Cotta, 1798. Alsace, — incorporation of, with Lorraine, in German Empire, provided for by Act of German Parliament, passed, 3 Jun. 1871 — Commercial Convention, respecting Alsace and Lorraine, between France and Germany, adopted by National Assembly at Versailles, 17 Sep. 1871 — Three Conventions respecting Customs' Sys- tems in A. and L., and evacuation of France by Germans, signed at Berlin, 13 Oct. 1871. Amiens, — Gen. Manteuffel defeats Gen. Faidherbe near, (Pont-Noyelles,) 22-3 Dec. 1870 — evacuated by Germans, 22 Jul. 1871. Ammonia, — as substitute for steam for street cars, tried at New Orleans, 1871. Andersson, Charles John, traveller, — fj. in Sweden, about 1812 — visits England, 1849 — explores S.W. Africa, 1850-4 — again, i8?8 and 861 ? — tf. in Africa, Jan. ii 856^ Lake JSfgami, 1855 — Okawango River, 1859 ? a American Ann. Cyc. b New American Encyc. An-Nadim, Ibn Abi Yakub, Arabic scholar, — compiles his Index of Arabic Literature, {al- Fihrist,) (377, A. h.) 987-8. Annuity Tax, Edinburgh, — abolished by Act 23 and 24 Vic. c. 50, 23 Jul. i860, amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 87, 9 Aug. 1870. Anthon, Charles, classical scholar, — b. at New York, 1797 — graduates at Columbia Coll., 1 8 15 — admitted to the bar of Supreme Court, 1 8 1 9 — Adj unct Prof. Languages, Columbia Coll., 1820 — Prof. languages, 1835 — tj- at New York, 29 Jul. 1867. Edition of Lempriere's Classical Dictionary, 1822 — Odes of Horace, 1830 — Works of Virgil, 1843-7 — Greek Gram- mar, 1840 — Classical Dictionary, 1841 — Juvenal and Persius, 1858 — Manual of Roman Antiquities, 1851 — System of Greek Prosody and Metre, 1 840 — System of Latin Prosody and Metre, 1844 — Latin Grammar, 1845-6. Antigua, — ravaged by cyclone, 21 Aug. 1 87 1. ' Anti- Jacobin,' political satire, — commenced by Canning and others, Nov. 1797 — last number issued, 9 Jul. 1798. Antioch, — partly destroyed by earthquake, 3 Apr. 1872. Anti-State-Church Association, British, — originated by Miall, 1844. Antwerp, — disturbances at, occasioned by 1 receptions' of Comte de Chambord, 22-3 Feb. 1872. Aphraates, (Farhdd,) Bp, Persian Sage, — writes his Homilies, 337, 344, and 345 — oldest known original work in Syriac : attends Councils of Seleuceia and Ctesiphnn, 345. J In,, lilies, edited and translated by Wright, 1869. * ° ' Applegath, Augustus, mechanical inventor, — b. at Stepney, 17 Jun. 1788— constructs im- proved printing-machines for Morning Herald, 1822 — patents his vertical machine, Dec. 1846 — two of his vertical machines exhibited at Crystal Palace, 1851 — rj. at Dartford, 9 Feb. 1871. Aquarium,— devised by Mrs Thynne, 1846 — made generally known by Warington and Gosse, 1849, & c - — fast public, in Kegent's Park, opened, May 1853 — in Gardens of Acclimatiza- tion Society, Paris, i860. Marine, at Crystal Palace, Sydenham, 187 1. Architect, The, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 2 Jan. 1869. Argentine Confederation, — reorganization of army undertaken, 1871. Army, British, — better regulation of, pro- vided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 86, 17 Aug. 187 1. [Purchase.] Army Grades, in France, — conferring of, regulated by decrees of government of Tours, 13 and 14 Oct. and 3 Nov. 1870 — Committee on, appointed by National Assembly, 8 Aug. 1 87 1 — report published, 22 Apr. 1872. Asgrimson, Ey stein, Icelandic poet, (Lily a,) — %., i3 6 i- Ashantees, — invade districts of West Coast, and great numbers killed, spring 1871. Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, antiquary, — ft. in London, Dec. 1807 — begins practice as architect, about 1842 — F.R.I.B.A., 1851 — visits Italy, 1854-8 — Vice-Pres. R.I.B.A., 1862 — ft. at "Westminster, 18 Jan. 1869. Selec- tions from Palladia, 1850 — History of Ancient Baths, &c, 1 853 — contributes to the Dictionary of Architectural Publication Society, 1855-68 — Ancient Rome, 1858 — Modem Rome, 1859 — contributes to Fine Arts Quarterly Review, 1865 — edits Treatise on Architecture, (from Encyc. Brit.,) 1867. Assurance, Life. [Insurance.] Athanasian Creed, — probably drawn up by Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia, and approved by Alcuin, 800 a — authoritatively imposed by Charles the Great, and so named in his Capi- tulary, 802 a — authorship of, reinvestigated by Ffoulkes, 1871 — English form of, investigated by Swainson, 1871. a Ffoulkes. Atherstone, Edwin, poet, novelist, — fj. at Nottingham, 17 Apr. 1788 — tr. at Bath, 29 Jan. 1872. Last Days of Herculaneum, 1821 — Midsummer Day's Dream, 1824 — Fall of Nineveh, 1828-30-47 — Sea Kings of England, 1830 — Handwriting on the Wall, 1858 — Israel in Egypt, 1861. Atlas, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 23 May 1826. Atlas, The Great, in Morocco, — scaled by Hooker and others, 16 May 1871. Attorneys and Solicitors, in England, — law relating to remuneration of, amended by Act 33 and 34 Vic. c. 28, 14 Jul. 1870. Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit, musical composer, — b. at Caen, 19,* 29 bc Jan. 1784,* b 1782° — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, May 1825 — works in conjunction with Scribe, from Feb. 1828 — member of Institute, Apr. 1829 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1835 — Director I of the Conservatoire, Feb. 1842-71 — Grand APPENDIX.] AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE— BECK. 1471 Officer of Legion of Honour, 8 Aug. 1861 — "ft. at Paris, 13 May 187 1. His first Opera, Sejour Militaire, 18 13 — Muette de Portici {Masani- ello,) 1828 — Era Diavolo, 1830 — Domino Noir, 1837 — Diamants'de la couronne, 1841 — Hardee, 1847 — Premier jour de bonheur, produced, 15 Feb. 1868. a Engl. Cyc. b Athenaeum. c Vapereau. Austro -Hungarian Empire, — amnesty for political offences, decreed by Emperor, 8 Feb. 1 87 1 — resignation of Count Beust, as Foreign Minister, 8 Nov. 1871 — appointment of Count Andrassy to succeed him, 14 Nov. Azof, Sea of. [Caspian Sea.] Babbage, Charles, mathematician, — ft., 26 Dec. 1791— B.A. Cambridge, 1814— F.R.S., 1 8 16 — projects his Calculating Machine, {Dif- ference Engine,) 1822 — government grants for its construction sanctioned, 1823 — takes part in founding Royal Astronomical Society, 1820 — and British Association, 1831 — Lucasian Prof. Mathematics, Cambridge, 1828-39 — founds Statistical Society, 1834 — government grant for his machine withdrawn, about 1 842 — Iff. inLondon, 18 Oct. 187 1. Table of Logarithms, 1827 — Reflections on the decline of Science in England, 1830 — Economy of Manufactures and Machinery, 1832 — Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, 1837 — Exposition of 1851, 1851 — Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, 1864. Baber, Henry Hervey, — ft., 22 Aug. 1775 — sub-librarian of the Bodleian, about 1796 — B.A. Oxford, 1799 — M.A., 1805— Vice-Princi- pal of St Mary's Hall, 1805 — Assistant Libra- rian, British Museum, 1807 — marries, 1809 — F.R.S., May 1816— Keeper of the Printed Books, British Museum, 1812-37 — one of the founders of Royal Society of Literature, 1823 — rector of Stretham, 1827 — tf. there, 28 Mar. 1869. Edition of Wicklijfe's New Testament, with Memoirs, &c, 18 10 — edits Alexandrian Codex of Old Testament, 1816-28. Baby-farming, in England, — investigated by parliamentary Committee, 1871. Bach, Johann Sebastian, — his Passions- Musik {St Matthew) produced at Leipsic, Good Friday 1729 — no more heard till re-produced by Mendelssohn, at Berlin, 1 829 — first perform- ed in England, under direction of Bennett, 1 858 — again, as part of church service at West- minster Abbey, by Barnby, 6 Apr. 1871. The Passions-Musik, {St John,) produced, 1831 — first in London, by Barnby, 22 Mar. 1872. Bach Society, — founded at Leipsic, 1850. Bache, Alexander Dallas, Superintendent of American Coast Survey,— ft. at Philadelphia, 19 Jul. 1806 — graduates at West Point, 1825 — Prof. Mathematics, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1827-32 — Superintendent of Coast Survey, 1843-67 — assists in founding American Acade- my of Sciences, Washington, 1861 — ft. at Newport, Rhode Island, 17 Feb. 1867. Baden-Baden, — visited by Queen Victoria, Mar. and Apr. 1872. Baird, William, naturalist, — ft. in Berwick- shire, 1803 — surgeon, in service of E. I. Com- pany, 1823 — assistant in Zoological Depart- ment of British Museum, Sep. 1841 — ft. in London, 27 Jan. 1872. Cyclopedia of Natural Sciences, 1838 — On British Entomostracous Crustacea, (Ray Society,) 1851. Balance of Power, in Europe, — authori- tatively sanctioned by Peace of Westphalia, 1648— recognized as fundamental principle by Peace of Utrecht, 17 13. Ballot, in England, — used in election of Go- vernor of Virginia Company, 22 May 1622 — use of, by Corporations and Companies, pro- hibited by Order in Council, (of Charles I.,) Sep. 1637 — discussed in the Long Parliament, 10 Oct. 1646 — again (for filling up vacancies in Council of State) recommended by Commit- tee, rejected by the House, Feb. 1650. Bamford, Samuel, political and miscellaneous writer, — ft. at Middleton, in Lancashire, Feb. 1788 — takes part in Reform meeting at Peter- loo, 16 Aug. 1 8 19 — arrested on charge of high treason, Aug. 18 19 — tried, with Hunt, Healey, &c, at York, 16-26 Mar. 1820 — appears in Court of King's Bench, 27 Apr. — imprisoned at Lincoln, 1 820-1 — ft. at Harpurhey, near Manchester, 13 Apr. 1872 — has public funeral at Middleton, 20 Apr. Passages in theLife of a Radical, 184 1-2 — Somely Rhymes, &c, 1843 — Early Days, 1849. Bank Holidays, in England, — provided for and regulated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 17, 25 May 1 87 1. Bankrupts,— disqualified for seats in House of Lords, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 50, 13 Jul. 1871. Bar Bahlul, Nestorian physician, author of a Lexicon, — fl. at Baghdad, about 960. Barentz, (Barentsen,) Willem, maritime explorer, — discovers Spitzbergen, and winters on Nova Zembla, 1596-7. Noordsche Schip- Vaert, 1644. His winter-quarters and various relics found in Nova Zembla by Capt. Carslen, between Sep. and Nov. 187 1 — the relics placed in Museum of Amsterdam, 1872. Bar Hebrseus, author of Syriac Grammar, —ft., 1286. Basevi, James Palladio, mathematician, engineer, Deputy -Superintendent of Trigono- metrical Survey of India, — leaves Addiscombe, Dec. 1 85 1 — goes to India, 1852 — obtains ap- pointment on Trigonometrical Survey, 1 856 — conducts pendulum observations on force of gravity on Indian arc, 1864-71 — ft. at his station at More, 17 Jul. 1871. Beatson, William Ferguson, general— -ft., about 1805 — enters Bengal army, 1820 — wounded while serving with British Legion in Spain, 1835-6— Lieut.-Col., 14 Nov. 1835 — receives cross of San Fernando, 1836 — in Scinde campaign takes forts of Kachwahagar, 1 844 — takes Jagheer and fort of Rymow from Rohil- las, Jul. 1848 — takes Dharoor, Feb. 1851 — organizes the Bashi-Bazouks, in Crimean War, sum. 1854 — distinguishes himself at Balaclava and Inkermann, 1855— serves in Sepoy War, 1857-8— Major-general, 8 Jan. 1865 — ft. at New Swindon, 4 Feb. 1872. Beck, Karl, classical scholar,— -ft. at Heidel- berg, 19 Aug. 1798 — enters the Church, 1822 1472 BEETHOVEN— BRIEL. [appendix. — Ph.D. and M.A. Tubingen, 1823 — goes to America, 1824 — Prof. Latin Language and Literature, Cambridge, Mass., 1832-50 — member of American Oriental Society, 1843 — of American Academy of Sciences, 1845 — LL.D. Harvard Univ., 1865 — ft. at Cambridge, 19 Mar. 1866. Manuscripts of the l Satyricon ' qfPctron ius Arbiter described and collated, 1863. Beethoven, Ludwig, — Centenary of his birth (1770) celebrated at Bonn, 20-23 ^- u o- 1871. Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, — h. at Berlin, 1785' — goes to Univ. of Halle, 1803 — Prof. Philology, Berlin, 1807 — visits Paris, 1810-12 — member of Berlin Academy of Sciences, 18 15 — again visits Paris, 18 15 — in Italy, 1 8 17-19 — visits England, 1820 — ft. at Berlin, 7 Jun. 1871. Anecdota Grceca. 1814-21 — editions of Plato, 1816-23 — Attic Orators, 1822 — Scholia of Iliad, 1825 — Aristotle, 1831- 6 — Tacitus, 1831. Belgium, — Treaty of Commerce with France, of May 1861, denounced by French govern- ment, 28 Mar. 1872. [Brussels.] Bell, Robert, litterateur, — ft. at Cork, 10 Jan. 1800 — settles in London as editor of Atlas newspaper, 1828 — joint founder of Monthly Magazine, 1839 — ft. in London, 12 Apr. 1867. History of Russia, (Lardner's Cabinet Library,) 1836-8 — continuation of Mackintosh's History of England, about 1836-48 — Life of Canning, 1845 — Memorials of Civil War, 1849 — Way- side Pictures, 1849 — Ladder of Gold, 1850 — Edition of English Poets, 1854-67. Bellier de la Chavignerie, Emile, writer on Art, — fj. at Chartres, 1821 — serves in ambu- lance at siege of Paris, Sep. 1870 — ft., 6 Feb. 1 87 1. Pecherches historiques, biographiques, et litte'raires sur le peintre Lantara, 1852 — Bio- graphie et Catalogue de Vceuvre du graveur Miger, 1855 — Lettres inedits du peintre Giro- dot- Trioson, &c, 1863 — Manuel bibliographique du photographie francaise, &c, 1863. Benedek, Ludwig von, field-marshal, — ft. at Oedenburg, in Hungary, 1804 — enters the army, 1822 — Lieut. -Col., 1843 — contributes to suppression of insurrection in Galicia, 1846 — Col., 1846 — serves in Italy, 1847 — distinguishes himself in campaign of 1848— Knt of Maria Theresia, 1 848 — contributes to capture of Mor- tara and victory of Novara, 1849 — Major- general, 3 Apr. 1 849 — takes part in cam- paign of Hungary, 1849 — Field-marshal-lieut., 1853 — takes part in Italian "War, 1859 — [Magenta, Solferino]— Governor-general of Hungary, i860 — Commander-in-chief of army of the North, 5 May 1866 — defeated by Prus- sians at Sadowa, 3 Jul. 1866 — ft., Nov. 1871. Benefices, Ecclesiastical, in England, — resignation of, by clergymen incapacitated by illness, provided for, by Act 34 and 35 Vie. c. 44, 13 Jul. 1 87 1 — sequestration of, law relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Tie. c. 45, 13 Jul. 1871. Bentley, Richard, publisher, — fj., about 1794 — in conjunction with C. Dickens, estab- lishes Bi ntley's Miscellany, 1837 — ft. at Barns- gate, 10 Sep. 1871. Berbrugger, Louis Adrien, archceologist, philologist, — fj. at Paris, n May 1801 — ac- companies Marshal Clausel to Algeria, 1835 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1838 — cor- respondent of Academy of Inscriptions, 1839 — ft. at Algiers, 2 Jul. (May?) 1869. Algerie historique, pittoresque, et monumentale, 1842-5 — La Grande Kabylie sous les Pomains, 1 850 — Epoques militaires de la grande Kabylie, 1857. Berlin, — triumphal entry of army after Franco-German War, 16 Jun. 1871. Bertin, Edouard Francois, painter, Editor of ' Journal des Debats,' — b. at Paris, 1797 — Inspector of Fine Arts, by Louis Philippe, after 1830 — editor of Journal des Debats, 1854- 71 — ft. at Paris, Sep. 1871. Bible Monopoly. [Monopoly.] Bible Society, Italian, — first meeting of the, held at Pome, 4 Mar. 1872. Black Sea, — Russian fleet appears in, Mar. 1872. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, — es- tablished, 1 8 17. Blind, The, — embossed printing for, invented by Braille, 1834. Blind Men's Cafe, {Concert,) {Cafe des Aveugles,) at Paris, — established, 1769 — closed, Feb. 1872. Boat-lowering Apparatus, — Clifford's, in- vented, 1856. Bock, Corneille Pierre, archceologist, — ft. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1804 — Prof. Extraord. at Marburg Unrv., 1821 — afterwards Ordinary Prof.: resigns his chair, 1834 — ft. honorary Prof. Philosophy, Freiburg, 18 Oct. 1870. Bohemia, — demands separate ministry and parliament, the demand rejected by Emperor Francis Joseph, 30 Oct. 187 1 — refuses to send representatives to the Reichsrath, and the Diet is closed, 8 Nov. — Imperial proclamation en- joining elections to the Reichstag, 15 Nov. Bokhara, — suzerainty of, offered to the Sultan, by embassy sent to Constantinople, and declined, Mar. 1872. Bond, George Phillips, astronomer,— -ft. at Dorchester, Mass. TJ. S., 1826 — graduates at Harvard Coll., 1845 — Prof. Astronomy and Director of Observatory, Harvard, Feb. 1859 — receives gold medal of R.S.A. London, for his work on Donati's Comet, Jan. 1865 — ft. at Cambridge, Mass., 17 Feb. 1865. Account of Donati's Comet of 1858, 1858. Brahmo Somaj, Society of Hindoo religious reformers, — originated by Rajah Rammohun Roy, 1830. [Marriages.] Branding, — of deserters, &c, in British army, abolished by Mutiny Act, 34 and 35 Tic. c. 9, 24 Apr. 1871. Brazil, — army reorganized, 1865 — visit of Emperor and Empress to England, 29 Jun. to 12 Aug. 1 87 1, and afterwards to the Continent, till 13 Mar. 1872 — Emancipation bill passed by Senate, 3 Oct. 1871. Bremen, — privileged to remain a free port, 1868 — the privilege confirmed by Constitution of German Empire, 16 Apr. 1871. Briel, in Holland, — Tercentenary of its re- APPENDIX.] BRIGHTON— CASPIAN SEA. H73 covery from Spaniards and of Dutch independ- ence celebrated in Holland, 1 Apr. 1872. Brighton, — Aquarium, opened by Prince Arthur, 30 Mar. 1872. British Almanac, and Companion to the Almanac, — commenced by C. Knight, 1828. British Medical Journal, London, weekly, — commenced, under title of Association Medi- cal Journal, Jan. 1853 — continued under pre- sent title, from Jan. 1857. Brokers, of city of London, — placed under supervision of the Court of Mayor and Alder- man, by Act 6 Ann. c. 16, 1707 — further restrictions imposed by later Acts : relieved from such supervision by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 60, 9 Aug. 1870. Brofferio, Angelo, politician, poet, §c, — ft. at Castelnuovo, (Asti,) 6 Dec. 1802 — imprisoned as a conspirator, 1830 — liberated by Charles Albert, 1 842 — deputy to Sardinian parliament, 1 848 — head of democratic opposition, from Feb. 1849 — 0'. at Florence, 26 May 1866. Canzone Piemonteso, 1 839 — History of Piedmont, (from 1814,) 1849-52 — Nuove Canzoni, 1855 — joint editor of L miei tempi, 1858-61. Bronze, phosphorized, — first experiment with guns made of, conducted at Liege, 1870. Brown Institution, London, — hospital for quadrupeds and birds useful to man, founded by bequest of John Brown of Dublin, about 1862 — opened, 2 Dec. 1871. Brussels, — political disturbances at, 22-3 Nov. 1 87 1— followed by fall of the Belgian ministry, 1 Dec. Buenos Ayres, — the city ravaged by yellow fever, Jan. to May 187 1 — massacre of foreigners, in Tandil district, by band of Gauchos under El Bingo, (the Wizard,) 1 Jan. 1872. Builder, The, London weekly Journal, — com- menced, 1842. Bulgarian Church,— election of an Exarch for the, permitted by decree of Sultan Abdul Aziz, 24 Feb. 1872. Bunhill Fields, London, — remains from charnel-house of St Paul's deposited there, 1549 — enclosed as a burial-place, 1665 — closed, 1832 — reopened, 14 Oct. 1869. Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, field-marshal, — h., 1782— enters Royal Engineers, 29 Aug. 1798 — serves in expedition to Egypt under Sir R. Abercromby, 1800 — blockades La Yaletta, 1800 — Captain, 1 Mar. 1805 — serves at capture of Alexandria and siege of Rosetta, 1806 — with Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, 1808-9 — takes part in sieges and battles under Wel- lington, Apr. 1809-14 — [Peninsular War] — distinguishes himself at assault of Ciudad Ro- drigo, 1 8 1 2 — Major, 6 Feb. 1 8 1 2 — in assault of Badajoz, Apr. 1812 — Lieutenant-colonel, 27 Apr. 1 8 12 — wounded at siege of Burgos, 18 12 — his horse shot under him at Vittoria, 18 13 — wounded in assault of San Sebastian, 18 13 — distinguishes himself in attack on New Orleans, 1814-5 — with army of occupation at Paris, Jul. 1815-18 — marries, 1821 — accompanies army to Portugal, 1827 — Colonel, 22 Jul. 1830 — Chair- man of Board of Public Works in Ireland, 1830-43 or 44 — K.C.B., 1837 — Major-general, 28 Jun. 1838 — Inspector-general of Fortifica- tions in England, 1 845 — organizes Commission for Relief of Distress in Ireland, 1847 — head of Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 1849 — Lieutenant-general, u Nov. 1851 — K.G.C., 1852 — sent to Constantinople to report on defence of Turkish Empire, Jan. 1854 — Lord General on Staff of Eastern army, 1854— dis- tinguishes himself in Crimean War : conducts siege of Sevastopol, 1854 to Feb. 1855— D.C.L. Oxford, 1854— Knt of the Medjidie, 1855— General, 5 Sep. 1855— Grand Cross of Le- gion of Honour, about 1855 ?— Bart., 1856— Constable of the Tower, 8 Apr. 1865— Field- marshal, 1 Jan. 1868— tr. in London, 7 Oct. 1871. Buxton, Charles, political and miscellaneous writer,— i., 1823— B.A. Cambridge, 1845— M.P. Newport, 1857— &. in Scotland, 10 Aug. 1 87 1 . Memoirs of Sir T. Foivell Buxton, 1 848 — Survey of System of National Education in Ireland, 1853 — Ideas of the Day on Policy, 1866. Calcutta, — visited by King of Siam, n Jan. 1872— his reception in Grand Durbar by Lord Mayo, 13 Jan.— embarkation at, 26 Feb. California, — discovery of existing glaciers in Sierra Nevada, by King, Sep. 1870. Camaroons Mountains, in E. Africa, — ex- plored by Burton, 1 86 1— summit first reached, Dec. 1861. Cambridge University, — Local Examin- ations commenced, 1858. Campbell, John M c Leod, theologian, — h\, about 1 80 1 — studies at Glasgow Univ., 1812- 15 — minister of Row in Dumbartonshire, Sep. 1825 — accused of heresy before the Presbytery, Mar. 1830 — first appears before the Presbytery, 21 Sep. 1830 — condemned, 29 Mar. 1831 — again, by Synod of Glasgow and Ayr, 13-14 Apr. 1 83 1— D.D. Glasgow, 1862 — tf. at Ros- neath, Dumbartonshire, 27 Feb. 1872. Christ the Bread of Life, 1851 — Nature of the Atone- ment, 1856 — Thoughts on Revelation, 1862. Cape Colony, — annexation of Diamond fields, (West-Griqualand,) to, proclaimed, 17 Nov. 1871. Cape Town, — see founded by Letters Patent, Sep. 1847— Dr Gray appointed Bishop, 8 Dec. 1853. [Natal.] Cape Verde, — [B Cj — mentioned in Hanno's expedition, 570 a — discovered by Diogo Gomez, 1460 b — colonized by Portuguese, 1461-2. a Bougaiiwille and Vivien de St Martin. b Major. Caraccas, in Venezuela, — attacked by insur- gents, Pres. Falcon defeated and put to flight, 22-24 Jul. 1868. Carbarol, hydrocarbon compound, — discover- ed by Grache and Glazer, 187 1. Carbolic Acid. [Phenol.] Carissimi, Giovanni Giacomo, — publication of his Oratorios commenced bv Chrysander, 1872. Cashmir, — survey of, commenced by Captain Montgomerie, 1855 — completed, 1867 — temples in, examined by Lieut. Cole, 1868. - Caspian Sea, — connection of, with Sea of 93 '474 CASWALL— CHORLEY. [appendix. Azof, by canal, preliminary surveys of Manytch Valley, by Von Baer, 1855 — by Kostenkoff, i860 — trigonometrical survey by Blum, 1853 and 1864. Caswall, Henry, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Hampshire, 18 10 — graduates B.A. at Ken- yon Coll. U. S., 1830— M. A., 1834— ordained priest by Bishop of Indiana, 1837 — returns from America, 1 842 — vicar of Figheldean, Wilts, 1848— honorary M.A. Oxford, 1854— D.D. Hartford Coll. U. S., 1854 — If., Jan. 1 87 1. America and the American Church, 1839 — City of the Mormons, 1842-3 — Scotland and the Scottish Church, 1853 — Western World revisited, 1854. Cathedral Beform, in England, — Conference of Bishops, Deans, and Canons respecting, held at Lambeth, 1 Mar. 1872. Caussin de Percival, Amand Pierre, Orien- talist, — fj. at Paris, 13 Jan. 1795 — sent to Constantinople, 18 14 — travels in Turkey in Asia, 1817-21 — Prof. Arabic, at School of living Oriental Languages, Dec. 1821 — Prof. Arabic Language and Literature, Coll. de France, 1833— Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 29 Apr. 1839 — member of Academy of Inscrip- tions, 1849 — rj., Mar. 1872. Grammaire arabe vulgaire, 1824 — JEssais sur V histoire des Arabes avant I Islamisme, &c, 1847 — edition of Boc- thor's Dictionnaire francais-arabe, 1848. Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas, projector of Ganges Canal, paleontologist, §c, — fj. at Boy- don, Essex, 1802 — enters Bengal Artillery, Apr. 1 8 19 — serves in Oude, 18 20-1 — and at siege of Bhurtpore, 1825-6 — projects Ganges Canal, and commences it, 1848— on its comple- tion returns to England, 1854 — K.C.B., (civil division,) 1854 — member of Indian Council, 1858 — Chairman of Indian Public Works' Com- mittee, 1859 — rj. at Sydenham, 25 Jan. 1871. Cazembe, Country of the, in S. Central Africa, — Portuguese missions to, 1798 and 1 83 1— visited by Livingstone, 1867. Cell Life, — theory of, enunciated by Turpin and Schwann, 1838-9. Cellulose, {Cellulitis) Animal, — discovered by Schmidt, 1845 — its identity with vegetable, determined by Schafer, 187 1-2. Cenis, Mont, — railway tunnel opened, 17 Sep. 1 87 1. Cervantes, Miguel da,— his place of burial shown to be the Convent Chapel of Trinita- rians, Madrid, by Marquis de Molins, 1870. Chambord, Comte de, (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois, Dec de Bordeaux,)— ft. at Paris, 29 Sep. 1820 — the Chateau of Chambord given to him by national subscription, 1 May 1821 — the claim to the throne of France renounced by the Dauphin, Louis Antoine, in his favour, 2 Aug. 1830 — leaves France with the royal family, 16 Aug. — travels in Europe, 1 840-1 — injured by a fall at Kirchberg, 28 Jul. 1841 — visits Lon- don, Nov. 1843— gives quasi-royal receptions there, 1843-4 — marries Archduchess of Este, 16 Nov. 1846 — settles at Frohsdorf, near ^ iciina, about 1847. — Congress of his adherents at Wiesbaden, Aug. 1850— protests against the Second Empire, 25 Oct. 1 85 2— publishes a manifesto in favour of temporal power of the Pope, Jul. 1 86 1— visits the East, 1862-3— set- tles at Lucerne, 1863 — on cession of Venetia by Austria, sells his palace at Venice, 1866 — his manifesto of adherence to the ' white flag,' 5 Jul. 1 87 1 — receptions at Antwerp, 22-3 Feb. 1872. Champigny, near Paris, — sortie from Paris, positions taken from Germans, 30 Nov. 1870 — retaken by them, 2 Dec. Chapels. [Dissenters' Chapels.] ' Charivari,-' Paris Journal, — founded by Desnoyers, 1 Dec. 1832. i Charivari,' — the rural custom in France, prohibited on pain of excommunication, by Council of Trent, 1563. Chatham, in Kent,— new works in dockyard commenced, 1861 — repairing basin completed, Jun. 187 1 — engineering operations at, 24 Oct. 187 1. Memorial Arch, (Royal Engineers,) erected, 1861. Chaucer Society, — established in London, 1867 — Six-text print of Canterbury Tales commenced by Furnivall, 1868. Chesney, Francis Rawdon, explorer of the Euphrates, — fj. in Ireland, 1789 — enters Royal Artillery, 9 May 1804 — Lieutenant, 20 Sep. 1805 — Captain, 20 Jun. 18 15 — marries, 1821 — sent to Turkey to assist in directing defence of the Balkan passes against Russians, 1828, but arrives too late : sent to Egypt, examines desert routes, &c, 1830 — predicts the Suez Canal, in his report of 2 Oct. 1830 — travels in Syria, descends the Euphrates on a raft, 1830- 1 — returns to England, 1832 — Commander of expedition to examine route to India by the Euphrates, sails, 10 Feb. 1835 — descends Euphrates from Bir to the Persian Gulf, 16 Mar. to 19 Jun. 1836 — explores the Tigris, 1836-7 — Major, 2 Dec. 1836 — Lieutenant- Colonel, 27 Apr. 1846 — Colonel, 11 Nov. 1851 — tf. in Ireland, 30 Jan. 1872. Expedition for Survey of Euphrates and Tigris, &c, 1850 — Observations on Past and Present State of Fire- arms, &c, 1852 — Pusso- Turkish Campaigns of 1828 and 1829, 1854 — Narrative of Euphrates Expedition, 1868. Chester, — Cathedral, restoration of, com- menced, 1868 — completion of tower and nave roof celebrated, 25-31 Jan. 1872. Chicago, XI. S., — burnt, 28-9 Jan. 1868 — again, 8-10 Oct. 1871. Chili and Peru, — armistice with Spain con- cluded, 187 1 — peace, Feb. 1872. China, — scientific explorations of central, by Baron von Richthofen, 1868-70 — great earth- quake in central, 11 Apr. 1871 — restrictions on action of missionaries proposed in despatch to foreign ministers, Apr. 1871 — [Tientsin] — treaty of friendship and commerce concluded with Japan, Mar. 1872. Chorley, Henry Fothergill, musical critic, miscellaneous writer, — ft. in Lancashire, 15 Dec. 1808 — comes to London, 1833 — musical critic of the Athenccum, 1833 to Aug. 1868 — tf. in London, 15 Feb. 1872. Memorials of Mrs Hemans, 1836 — Authors of England, 1838 — APPENDIX.] CHURCH ASSOCIATION— DELHI. 1475 Music and Manners in France and Germany, {Modem German Criticism,) 1841 — Modem German Music, 1854 — Thirty Years of Musical Recollections, 1862 — edits Letters of Mary R. Mitford, 1872. Church. Association, in England, — founded, 1865. Cleasby, Richard, Icelandic scholar, — pro- jects his Icelandic Dictionary, before 1840 — settles at Copenhagen, 1840 — a", there, aut. 1 847 . Icelandic-English Dictionary, completed by Vigfusson, 1869-71, &c. Coal, in Great Britain, — Royal Commission of Inquiry on, appointed, 22 Jun. 1866 — Re- port published, 27 Jul. 1 87 1. Colorado, river, in N. America, — the Great Canon explored by Diaz, 1540 — by United States expedition under Lieut. Ives, 1857-8 — by Calhoun, 1867 — by Powell, sum. 1869 — described by Bell, 1870. Columbia Market, London, — establishment of, authorized and regulation provided for, by (Private) Act of Parliament, 1866 — built by Baroness Burdett-Coutts, (from designs by Darbishire ;) commenced, 1866 — opened, 28 Apr. 1869 — given by her to corporation of Lon- don, Sep. 187 1. Congress, United States, — constituted and its powers defined by Constitutional Act, s. 1, 1787 — apportionment of representatives altered by laws of 23 May 1850, 4 Mar. 1862, 3 Mar. 1863, and Jan. 1872. Contagious Diseases Acts, — Report of Royal Commission on, published, Jul. 1871. Convention Act, Ireland, — prohibiting elec- tion or appointment of unlawful assemblies, passed by Irish Parliament, 33 Geo. III. c. 29, 1793. Conventual and Monastic Institutions, in England, — Select Committee on, appointed, 1870 — reappointed, Feb. 1871 — first Report published, 23 Jun. 1871. Convocation, Church of England, — 'Letters of Business ' granted to, by the Queen, Feb. 1872 — meets, 7 Feb. — first synodical act, re- solutions respecting liberty of clergy to shorten services of the Church adopted, 5 Mar. Cooke, Henry, theologian, — b. in Co. Lon- donderry, 11 May 1788 — enters Glasgow Coll., Nov. 1802 — licensed to preach, 1808 — marries, 18 14? — enters Trin. Coll. Dublin, aut. 1817 — minister of Killyleagh, 1 8 1 8 — Moderator of Synod of Ulster, 1824 — removes to Belfast, 1829— D. D. Jefferson Coll. U. S., Oct. 1829— opposes National System of Education in Ire- land, 1837, &c. — opposes O'Connell, 1840. — Moderator of General Assembly, 1841 — takes part in Disruption of Church of Scotland, 1842 — Prof. Sacred Rhetoric and Pres. of Assembly's College, Belfast, Sep. 1847 — Dean of Residence for Presbyterian Church, Queen's Coll., 1849 — & at Belfast, 13 Dec. 1867. Coolie (Chinese) Emigration, — begins to attract attention, 1853 —regulation of, in British vessels, provided for by Act 18 and 19 Vic. c. 104, 14 Aug. 1855 — freedom of, stipulated by Treaty of Tientsin, Oct. i860 — newly regulated by Convention between British and Chinese governments, 5 Mar. 1866 — negotiations re- specting it renewed, 1868-71 — restrictions of, from Hong Kong, imposed, 1869. Cooper's Hill College, of Civil Engineers, — for India, opened, 5 Aug. 1871. Copan, in Central America, — ruins of, men- tioned by Francisco de P'uentes, 1700 — investi- gated for United States' Government by Galindo, 1836 — surveyed by Stephens, 1839. Copyright Association, — formed in London, 19 Mar. 1872. Corea, — American expedition to, May 187 1 — defeat of Coreans on the Sable by Admiral Rogers, 1 Jun.— forts stormed, 11 Jun. Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorJc, — incorporated, 1865 — opened, 1868. Cotton, — cultivation of, in Upper India, on Egyptian system, commenced, 1870. Cotton Supply Association,— established at Manchester, 1857. Councils General, in France, — dissolved by Gambetta, Dec. 1870 — reelected, 8 Oct. 187 1 — empowered to act independently in case of coup d'etat and illegal dissolution of National Assembly, 15 Feb. 1872. Court Journal, London weekly paper, — established, 1829. Crime, in Great Britain, — more effectual prevention of, provided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 112, 21 Aug. 1 87 1. Crosse, Andrew, electrician, — b. in Somer- setshire, 17 Jun. 1784 — enters Brasenose Coll. Oxford, 1802 — leaves the Univ., Jim. 1805 — effects production of crystals of carbonate of lime, by electrical action, 1807 — explains his discoveries before British Association at Bristol, 1836 — production of Acari, 1837 — ft., 6 Jul. Dardanelles, The, — passage of, newly regulated by Imperial decree, Nov. 187 1. Darmstadt, — Protestant Congress meets at, early in Oct. 1871 — Court Theatre burnt, 24 Oct. 1 87 1. Davies, Mrs C M.,— ft., 1863. History of Holland, 1841-4 — Life and Times of F. Quint. Ondaatje, 1871. Dawison, Bogumil, tragedian, — b. at "War- saw, 15 May 1 8 18 — makes his first appearance at Polish Theatre, Warsaw, 1837— at Court Theatre, Vienna, Oct. 1849 — at Dresden, Jul. 1852 to 1864— 1j., 1872. Day, George Edward, physician, — b. at Tenby, 18 15 — B.A. Pembroke Coll. Cambridge, 1837 — M.A., 1840 — settles in London, 1843— M.R.C.P., 1844 — F.R.C.P., 1848 — Chandos Prof. Medicine, Univ. of St Andrew's, 1849-63 — F.R.S., 1850 — joint-founder of Cavendish Society, 1846 — and of Pathological Society, 1847 — If., Feb. 1872. On Diseases of Advanced Life, 1849 — Chemistry in its relations to Phy- siology and Medicine, i860 — translations of VogeVs Pathological Anatomy, 1847 — Leh- mann's Physiological Chemistry, 1848 — Roli- tanskys Manual of Fathological Anatomy, 1854, &c. Delhi, — Camp of Exercise formed at, 20 Dec. 1 87 1 — visited by the Viceroy, Lord Mayo, 8-12 93 * r 47 6 DENISON-ELLENBOROTTGH. [APPENDIX. Jan. 1872 — by King of Siam, 24 Jan. — breaks up, 1 Feb. Denison, Edward, philanthropist, — 0. at Salisbury, 1840 — travels, 1862-66 — called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1867 — as Agent of Society for Eelief of Distress, resides at Mile- End, 1867-8 — M.P. Newark, Nov. 1868 — visits Jersey, 1869 — tf. at Melbourne, in Aus- tralia, 26 Jan. 1870. Letters and other Writings, 1872. Denison, Sir William Thomas, Governor of Madras, — ft., 1804 — enters the army, Mar. 1826 — Captain, Royal Engineers, 1841 — Knt, and Lieut. -governor of Van Diemen's Land, Jun. 1846 — Lieut. -Col., 13 Dec. 1854 — Go- vernor-general of N. S. Wales, 1854-60 — Col., 13 Dec. 1857— Governor of Madras, Nov. i860 to Mar. 1866 — Acting Viceroy of India, Nov. 1863 to Jan. 1864 — Major-general, 7 Nov. 1868— tf. at East Sheen, 19 Jan. 1871. Denmark, — reorganization of army provided for, by Act of the Rigsdag, 6 Jul. 1867 — visit of King and Queen to Rome, Mar. 1872. Diamonds, — found in xanthophyllite, by Jeremejeio, 1871 — isolated by Helmerson, 187 1. [Cape Colony.] Dilapidations, Ecclesiastical, in England, — law relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 43, 13 Jul. 187 1. Dissenters' Chapels, in the United King- dom, — suits relating to, and to other property held for religious purposes by Dissenters, re- gulated by Act 7 and 8 Vic. c. 45, 19 Jul. 1844. Dogs, in Great Britain, — further protection against, provided by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 56, 24 Jul. 1 87 1. Donkin, William Fishburn, astronomer, — ft., about 1810— M.A. Univ. Coll. Oxford, 1836 — Savilian Prof. Astronomy, 1842— Xf. at Oxford, 15 Nov. 1869. Dredging, Deep Sea, — expeditions directed by Dr Carpenter and Sir W. Thomson, 1868- 9-70 — American expedition, by Agassiz, sets out, Dec. 187 1. Duban, Jacques Felix, architect, archaeo- logist, — ft. at Paris, 14 Oct. 1797 — obtains the grand prize, 1823 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1836 — studies in Italy, 1824-9 — architect of the Louvre, 1848-54 — Officer of Legion of Honour, 1851 — member of Institute, 1854 — Inspector-general of Civil Buildings, 1854 — Commander of Legion of Honour, 1868 — tf. at Paris, Sep. 1871. Continues Palais des Beaux-Arts, from 1834 — restorations of Cha- teau de Blois, 1845. Dublin, — Fenian riots at, 6 Aug. and 3 Sep. 1 87 1 . Exhibition Palace, erected, 1 865. Water- works, completed, May 1868. Dublin Gazette, {official,) — commenced, about 17 1 1. Dublin Review, quarterly, — commenced by O'Connell and Wiseman, 1836. Dumas, Alexandre, novelist, — buried at Villers-Cotteret, 16 Apr. 1872. Durand, Sir Henry Marion, Lieutenant- Governor of the Punjab, — ft., 1812 — enters the army, (Bengal Engineers,) 12 Jun. 1828 — serves in Afghan War, and distinguishes himself at storming of Ghuznee, 23 Jul. 1839 — in England, appointed aide-de-camp to Lord Ellenborough, 1 842 — accompanies him to India, Feb. 1842 — private secretary to Lord Ellen- borough, 1 842 — Captain, 1 2 Jun. 1 843 — marries, 1843 — serves in Gwalior campaign, Dec. 1843 — a ^ battles of Chilianwallah, 13 Jan. 1849 — and Gujerat, 21 Feb. — Brevet- major, 7 Jun. — political agent at Court of Scindia, 1849 — Resident at Nagpore, 1853 — visits England, 1853-6 — Lieut.-Col., 28 Nov. 1 854— agent to Governor-general at Court of Holkar, Indore, 1857 — escapes from mutineers, 1 Jul. 1857 — takes part in attack on Dhar, 22 Oct. 1857 — m operations at Neemuch and Mundisore, Nov. 1857 — loses his wife, 1857 — C.B., 1858— Col., 20 Jul. 1858— member of Council for India, 1858-61 — marries again, about 1859-60 — military member of Council of the Governor-general, 1865 — Majoi'-general, 1 Mar. 1867 — Lieut. -governor of the Punjab, 1870 — sets out on tour in the Punjab, end of 1870 — accidentally killed, at Tonk, 1 Jan. 1871. Durham, — visited by Emperor and Empress of Brazil, 4 Aug. 1871. Cathedral, restored, 1858-63, &c. Diisseldorf, — Academy burnt, Mar. 1872. Dynamite, compound of Nitro-glycerine, — introduced by Nobel, 1864. Dyslite. [Eulyte and Dyslite.] Dzoungaria, {Changaria,) Dzoungars, Mon- golian tribe, — war with the Chinese, the country conquered, 1756-9 — fugitives return, 1770 — rebellion of Mongols, who throw off go- vernment of Chinese, and become independent, 1864 — conquered and annexed by Russia, sum. 1871. Ecclesiastical Titles, in England, — Act pro- hibiting assumption of, repealed by 34 and 35 Vic. c. 53, 24 Jul. 187 1. Economist, The, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 2 Sep. 1843. Edinburgh, — meeting of British Association at, 2 Aug. 1 87 1. Edinburgh Gazette, {official,) — established by Act of Parliament, 1690. Education League, National, — in England, established at Birmingham, Oct. 1869. In Ireland, established, early in 187 1. Scottish, founded, Feb. 1872. Education Union, National, in England, — established, aut. 1869. Egypt, — Constitution, with representative legislature, established by Ismael Pasha, Nov. 1866. Electric Light. [Lighthouses.] Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl of, Governor-general of India, — ft., 8 Sfp. 1790 — M.A. St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1809 — marries, 1813 — M.P. StMichael's, 1814-18 — succeeds his father as 2nd Baron, Dec. 181 8 — ■ Lord Privy Seal, Jan. 1828 — Fres. Board of Control, Aug. 1828 to Nov. 1830 — again, Nov. 1834 to Apr. 1835 — third time, Sep. 1841— Governor-general of India, Oct. 1841 — arrives I APPENDIX.] ELLIOT— FRANCE. 1477 at Calcutta, 28 Feb. 1842— [Afghan War]— his proclamation from Simla, for withdrawal of British army, 1 Oct. 1842 — proclamation about gates of Soranauth, Nov. 1842 — annexes Sinde, Jun. 1 843 — conquers Gwalior, Dec. 1843 — recalled by E. I. Company, sum. 1 844 — receives thanks of both Houses of Par- liament, sum. 1844 — created Earl of Ellen- borough and Viscount Southam, Oct. 1844 — First Lord of the Admiralty, close of 1845 to Jun. 1 846 — Pres. Board of Control, Feb. to Jun. 1858 — in secret despatch censures Lord Can- ning's policy in India, spring 1858 — tf. at Southam Delabere, in Gloucestershire, 22 Dec. 1871. Elliot, Hugh, Governok of Madras, di- plomatist, — ft., Apr. 1752 — studies in Military School, Paris, 1765-6 — at Edinburgh Univ., 1766 — enters Christ Church Coll. Oxford, 1768 — goes to Vienna, "Warsaw, and Constantinople, 1772 — Plenipotentiary to Court of Bavaria, Apr. 1774 — to Berlin, Apr. 1777 — marries, 1779 — ambassador to Copenhagen, 1782-90 — divorces his wife, 1783 — ambassador to Saxony, 1 7 92- 1 802 — marries again, between 1792-6 ? — ambassador to Naples, May 1 803-6 — Governor of the Leeward Islands, 1809 — Governor of Madras, 1814-20 — visits Napoleon I. at St Helena, 1820 — tj. in London, 2 Dec. 1830. Encyclopedic French, — projected and edited by Diderot, 1751-65. Ephesus,— investigations of Guhl, published, 1843 — explorations of Falkener, 1845— pub- lished, 1862 — explorations of Wood, begin, 1863 — site of temple of Artemis (Diana) dis- covered by Wood, early in 1871 — marbles from, received at British Museum, Apr. 1872. Erfurt, — monastery partly burnt, Luther's cell, with his Bible, &c, destroyed, Mar. 1872. Eulyte and Dyslite, — obtained by Baup, 1 85 1 — investigated by Bassett, 187 1-2. Factories and Workshops, in England, — laws relating to, amended by Acts 34 and 35 Vic. c. 19, (Jews,) 25 May, and c. 104, 21 Aug. 1871. Fairs, in England, — law relating to, amend- ed by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 12, 25 May 1871. Fane, Julian, — ft. at Florence, 2 Oct. 1827 — attached to his father's mission at Berlin, 1844 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1847 — leaves Cambridge, 1850 — attached to British embassy at Vienna, 1851 — first paid attache, 1853 — attached to special mission of Lord Clarendon, at Paris, 1856 — Secretary of Em- bassy at St Petersburg, 1856— at Vienna, 1858, and at Paris, 1865 — returns to England, mar- ries Lady Adine Cowper, 1866 — loses his wife, 1868— If. in London, 18 Apr. 1870. Poems, 1852. Fanti, Manfredo, general, — ft. at Carpi, in Modena, 24 Feb. i8o6, a about i8io b — enters Military Academy of Modena, 1828 — serves against Austrians, 1831 — fights at Bimini, 25 Mar., and is captured at Ancona, soon after : liberated, 1832 — serves in French army, 1832- 5 — enters Spanish army and distinguishes him- self against Carlists, 1835, &c. — Major-general of insurgent army in Lombardy, 1848 — saves the life of King Charles Albert, at Milan, Aug. 1848 — Major-general in Sardinian army, 1848 — serves in campaign of 1849— in Crimean War, 1855— takes part in reorganization of the army, 1855-9— deputy to Sardinian parlia- ment, about 1 856 — as General of Division, takes part in war against Austria, 1859 — con- tributes to victory of Magenta, 4 Jun. 1859 — takes part in battle of Solferino, 24 Jun. — Commander of united forces of central Italy, resigns command in Sardinian army, Oct. 1859 —Minister of Marine and of the Army, 21 Jan. i860— Senator, Feb. — resigns, and' with Gen. Cialdini prepares expedition to the Ro- magna, Sep. i860 — takes Perugia, 14 Sep. — captures army of Gen. Lamoriciere at Castel- Fidardo, 18 Sep. — retires from office, Jun. 1861 — "a. at Florence, 5 Apr. 1865. a Conv.-Lex. b Vapereau. Fenians, — Head Constable Talbot shot at Dublin, 11 Jul. 187 1 — amnesty meeting at Dublin, conflict with police, 3 Sep. 187 1 — raid into Manitoba, suppressed by United States troops, and Gen. O'Neill arrested, 12 Oct. 1871. Field, Edwin Wilkins, Law Reformer, — fc. at Learn, near Warwick, 12 Oct. 1804 — ad- mitted to practise as attorney and solicitor, Michas. 1826 — marries, 1830— loses his wife; marries again, 1833 — begins his services as law reformer, 1 840 — recommends concentration of Courts of Justice, 1841-2 — takes leading part in promoting Dissenters' Chapel Bill, 1842- 4 — takes part in establishing Flaxman Gallery at Univ. Coll. London, 1847-52 — promotes establishment of University Hall, London, 1848- 9 — one of the founders of the Metropolitan and Provincial Law Association, 1848 — pro- motes Artists' Copyright Bill, 1857-62 — mem- ber of Royal Commission on constitution of Accountant-general's Department of Court of Chancery, Feb. 1861 to Feb. 1864 — Secretary to Commission to approve a plan for new Law Courts, 1865 — stakes part in establishing Slade School of Art, Univ. Coll., 1868-7 1— drowned in the Thames, 30 Jul. 187 1. Observations on De- fects in the Offices, §c. , of Equity Courts, 1 840 — Chancery Reform, 1841 — Recent and Future Law Reforms, 1843 — Observations on Limited Liability Partnerships, &c, 1854 — Economical Considerations on the Advocacy of the Bar, &c, 1856 — Law Reform. What should a Minister of Justice do ? 1857. Fiji (Vigi) Islands, Pacific Ocean, — dis- covered by Tasman, 1643— visited by Cook, 1777 — by Captain Bligh of the Bounty, 1789 and 1792 — Wesleyan mission established in, 1835 — cession of sovereignty to Queen Victoria proposed by King Thakombau, 1859 — Govern- ment Commissioners sent to inquire, (Seemann . and Smythe,) 1861 — attack on British consul on his visiting the Piri, (slave ship,) 6 Dec. 1871. Fine Arts' Quarterly Review, — originated and edited by B. B. Woodward, 1863-5. France, — 1871 : evacuation of three De- partments by German troops, 23 Jul. — National 1478 ERASER'S MAGAZINE— GRATRY. [appendix. Assembly votes itself Constituent, 30 Aug., and M. Thiers made President of the French Re- public, 31 Aug. — indemnity to invaded De- partments provided by bill passed by National Assembly, 1 1 Sep. — evacuation of Department of the Seine by Germans, 20 Sep. — evacuation of territory and payment of indemnity provided for and regulated by three conventions signed at Berlin, 12 Oct., ratified at Paris, 20 Oct., and approved by the Reichstag, 27 Oct. — state of siege proclaimed in Departments occupied by Germans, 5 Dec. 1872 ; formation of Chamber of Reserve for government in case of coup d'etat, resolved on by National Assembly, 6-7 Feb. [Councils General.] Fraser's Magazine, London, — commenced, 1830. Frere, John Hookham, humourist, trans- lator of Aristophanes, — b. in London, 21 May 1769 — B.A. Caius Coll. Cambridge, 1792 — M.A., 1795 — enters the Foreign Office, 1795 — M.P. West Looe, Nov. 1796-1802— Under- secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1799 — envoy extraord. to Portugal, Oct. 1800 — to Spain, 6 Sep. 1802 to Aug. 180.4 — Privy Coun- cillor, 1804— Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, 4 Oct. 1808 — recalled, Aug. 1809 — retires from public life ; marries Dowager Countess of Erroll, 12 Sep. 18 16 — settles in Malta, Apr. 1821 — loses his wife, Jan. 1831 — tf. in Malta, 7 Jan. 1846. Contributes to Anti-Jacobin, 1797-8 — King Arthur and his Round Table, (under pseudonym of ' Whistlecraft,') 1817 — Translations from Aristophanes, 1840 — Theog- nis Pestitutus, 1842. Fulda, — Conference of German bishops at, under presidency of Abp of Cologne, 10- 11 Apr. 1872. Gaming Tables, Public, in France, — sup- pressed, from 1 Jan. 1838. Gar, Tommaso, historical scholar, — b. at Trent, 1808 — studies at Vienna, 1835 — Libra- rian to Univ. of Florence, 1847 — representative of Republic of Venice at Paris, 1848— at Flor- ence, 1848 — deprived of his librarianship and banished to Trent, 1 849 — Town Librarian there and Keeper of the Museum, 1849 ? — Director of National Seminary at Porta Nuova, Milan, 1861 — Librarian of Univ. of Naples, 1863 — Director of General Archives of Venice, 1867 — Pros, of the Academy, 1868 — tf. at Venice, Aug. 187 1. Joint-editor of Archivio Storieo Italiano, 1842, &c. — Biblioteca Trentina, i860 — Letture di Bibliologia, 1868. Gasser, Hans, sculptor, — b. in Carinthia, 1817 — settles at Vienna, 1851 — tf- at Pesth, 24 Apr. 1868. Statue of Wieland, Weimar, '857- Gastein, — Conference of Emperors of Ger- many and Austria at, mid. Aug. 1871. German Empire, [North German Confeder- ation] — King AVilham of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor, at Versailles, 18 Jan. 187 1 — meeting of first Reichsrath, at Berlin, 21 Mar. — Constitution proclaimed, 16 Apr. — Public Thanksgiving for success in Franco-German War, celebrated, 18 Jun. — establishment of Imperial War Fund enacted by Reichstag, 6 Nov. — introduction of new (Imperial) coinage provided for, by law passed 1 8 Nov. Glasgow Herald, daily newspaper, — com- menced as weekly paper, 1782. Glinka, Michael, musical composer, — b. near Smolensko, 1804 — tf. at Berlin, 15 Feb. 1857. Life- for the Czar, 1836. Godwin, Benjamin, theologian, — b. at Bath, 10 Oct. 1 7 85— marries, 1806 — pastor of a Bap- tist congregation, 1808 — Classical and Mathe- matical Tutor at Horton (now Rawdon) College, 1822-34 — takes active part in Anti- Slavery movement, 1826-35 — assists in found- ing Bradford Observer, 1833 — settles as pastor at Oxford, 1838— D.D. Univ. of Columbia, 1842 — retires, 1846 — loses his wife, 1863 — , Pres. at meeting of Baptist Union, 10 Oct. 1865 — tf. at Rawdon, 20 Feb. 187 1. Lectures on Colonial Slavery, 1830 — Lectures on the Atheistic Controversy, 1834 — Examination of JDr Pusey's Sermon on the Eucharist, 1843. Gold Coast, — Dutch possessions on the, ceded to Great Britain, by treaty ratified 7 Jul. 187 1. Goldstiicker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, — b. at Konigsberg, 1821 — conies to England, 1850 — commences a Sanskrit Encyclopaedia, founded on Wilson's Sanscrit Dictionary r , 1850 — Prof. Sanskrit, Univ. Coll. London, 1852 — • superintends preparation of photolithographic edition of the Mahubhushya, 1870-2 — Pres. Philological Society, 187 1 — a", in London, 6 Mar. 1872. German translation of the Pra- bodha-Chandrodaya, 1842 — Sanskrit English Dictionary, (6 parts,) 1856-63 — contributes to English Cyclopcedia, 1856-61- — contributes to Chambers's Encyclopedia, (articles on Hindu Philosophy and Mythology,) between 1859-68 — Panini, and his place in Sanskrit Literature, with facsimile edition of the Mdnava-kalpasu- tra, 1861— Essay on the ' Mahdbhurata,' 1868 — On the Deficiencies in the present adminis- tration of Hindu Law, 1871. Govone, Giuseppe, general, — b., about 1826 — Lieut, in the Staff Corps of Sardinian army, 1 845 — distinguishes himself at siege of Genoa, 1849 — Captain, 1853 — sent to report on mili- tary operations on the Danube, 1853 — wound- ed at Balaclava, Oct. 1 854 — serves with dis- tinction at the Tchernaya, and before Sebas- topol, 1855 — takes part in campaign against Austria, 1859 — Lieutenant-general, about 1863 ? — employed in negotiating alliance of Italy with Prussia, 1 866 — distinguishes himself at Custozza, 24 Jun. 1866 — member of Cham- ber of Deputies, about 1868 — Minister of War, 1869 — becomes insane, 1871 — tf. at Alba, in Piedmont, 26 Jan. 1872. Grammar Schools, in England, — further regulations respecting, by Act 23 Vic. c. 11, 31 Mar. i860. Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, {Pero Gratry,) theologian, — b. at Lille, 30 Mar. 1805 — enters the Ecole Poly technique, 1825 — Di- rector of College Stanislas, 1841 — member of Legion of Honour, 1845 — Almoner to Ecole APPENDIX.] GRILLPARZER— LLTTSTRATED LONDON" NEWS. H79 Normale Superieure, 1846-52 — with. Abbe Pe- tetot, reorganizes Oratorians of the Immaculate Conception, 1852, &c. — Prof. Evangelical Morality, the Sorbonne, 1863 — received at French Academy, Mar. 1867 — censured by Superior of Oratorians for his adherence to liberal principles, 1869— tf. at Montreux, in Switzerland, 5 Feb. 1872. De la connaissance de Dieu, 1855 — Bogique, 1856 — De la connais- sance de Vume, 1857 — Philosophie du Credo, 1 86 1 — Les Sources, 1 861-2 — Jesus-Christ, 1864 — La Morale et la hi de Vhistoire, 1868. Grillparzer, Franz, poet, — fc. at Vienna, 15 Jan. 1 79 1 — enters the public service, 181 3— visits Italy, 18 19 — travels in Germany, 1826 — Director of Archives to Court Chamber, 1833-56 — visits Constantinople and Greece, !843 — travels in Germany, 1847 — Imperial Councillor for life, 1861 — tf. at Vienna, 21 Jan. 1872. Ahnfrau, 18 16 — Sappho, 18 19 — Das goldene Vlies, 1822 — Ebnig Ottokars Gliick mid Ende, 1825 — Des Ifeeres und der Liebe Wellen, 1840 — Der Traum, ein Leben, 1840 — Der Spielmann, 1840 — Radetzky, 1848. Guard, National, of France, — dissolution of, provided for, by law passed by National As- sembly, Aug. 1 87 1. Guardian, The, London weekly paper, — established, 21 Jun. 1846. Gun Cotton, — Punshon's, for small arms, invented, 1870— improved, 1872. Halleck, Henry Wager, general, — fc. in New York State, 18 19 — graduates at West Point, 1839 — First Lieut., 1845 — Captain, 2847 — Chief of the Staff to Commander Shu- brick, 1847-8 — aids in framing constitution of California, 1849 — Captain of Engineers, 1853 — quits the army and commences practice of law, 1854 — resigns his practice and is appoint- ed Major-general, Aug. 1861 — besieges and occupies Corinth, May 1862 — takes possession of Chattanooga, about 15 Jun. — Commander- in-chief, 11 Jul. — Secretary of State for War, 8 Sep. — retires, Mar. 1864 — tf. at Louisville, Kentucky, 9 Jan. 1872. Elements of Military Art and Science, 1846 — Lnternational Law, 1861. Hamburg, — privileged to remain a free port, 1868 — the privilege confirmed by Constitution of German Empire, 16 Apr. 187 1. Hampstead Heath, near London, — owner- ship of, transferred to Metropolitan Board of Works, by Act of Parliament passed 29 Jun. 1 87 1 — conveyance of Manorial rights executed, and possession taken, Dec. 1871. Hardwick, Philip, architect, — b. in London, 15 Jun. 1792 — student R.A., 1808 — architect to Bethlehem and Bridewell Hospitals, 1816- 36 — visits France and Italy, 1818-19— begins to practise, 18 19 — architect to St Katherine's Dock Company, 1825 — to St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1827-56— to Goldsmiths' Company, 1829 — F.R.S., 1828 — Joint-founder of R...B.A., 1835 — A.R. A., Nov. 1839 — R. A., Feb. 1 84.1 — Treasurer, R.A., 1850-61 — receives Queen's gold medal ofR.I.B.A., 1854— Hono- rary Retired Academician, 1 868 — tf. at Wimble- don, 28 Dec. 1 870. Hall of the Goldsmiths' Com- pany, finished, 1835 — Portico, Euston Station, 1838 — with his son, New Hall and Library Lincoln's Lnn, 1842-5. Harness, William, theologian, miscellaneous writer, — b. in Hampshire, 14 Mar. 1790 — B.A. Christ's Coll. Cambridge, 1813 — takes holy orders, about 1814 — Boyle Lecturer, 1822 — Minister of Regent Square Chapel, St Pan- eras, 1825-45— Vicar of All Saints, Knights- bridge, 1848— tf. Prebendary of St Paul's, at Battle, 11 Nov. 1869. Boyle Lectures, 1822 — Edition of Shakespeare, 1825 — Memoir of Mary R. Mitford, 1870. Havannah, in Cuba, — disturbances at, 8 medical students tried by Court Martial, at in- stigation of ' Cuban Volunteers,' and shot, 34 imprisoned, 26-27 Nov. 1871. Hayter, Sir George, painter, ^ — fi. in London, 1792 — Miniature Painter to Princess Charlotte, 1 8 15 — studies at Rome, 18 16-19 — member of Academy of St Luke, 18 19 — visits Italy and France, 1826-31 — Historical Painter to Queen Victoria, 1837 — Principal Painter in Ordinary to the Queen, 1841 — Knt, 1842 — tf. in London, 18 Jan. 1871. Herapath, William, chemist, toxicologist, — fj. at Bristol, 1796 — assists in founding Medical School, Bristol, and is appointed Prof. Chem- istry, 1828 — his first investigation of case of poisoning, 1835 — one of the founders of Chemical Society of London, and Fellow, 1 841— tf. at Bristol, 13 Feb. 1868. Herapath, William Bird, physician, chemist, #'c, — b., 1820 — M.B. London Univ., 1844 — M.D., 1 85 1— tf. at Bristol, 12 Oct. 1868. Hinds, Samuel, Bp op Norwich, — 6. in Barbadoes, 1793 — B.A. Queen's Coll. Oxford, 1 8 15 — Chaplain to Abp Whately, 1843 — ta Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1 846 — Dean of Carlisle, 1848 — Bp of Norwich, 1849 — resigns the see, .1857 — tf. in London, 7 Feb. 1872. Rise and Early Progress of Christianity, 1828 — Nature and Extent of Lnspiration, 1831 — Poems, 1834. Holl, William, engraver, — b\, about 1807 — tf. in London, 30 Jan. 187 1. Hong-Kong, — licensed gaming-houses closed, 20 Jan. 1872. Hudson, George, the i Railway Xing,'—b. at York, about 1800 — becomes Chairman of York and N. Midland Railway Co., 1837 — M.P. Sunderland, 1845-59 — erection of a statue to him proposed, 1849 — n * 3 frauds in railway management discovered, 1849 — &• m London, 14 Dec. 1871. Hunt, James, anthropologist, — fc. at Swan- age, in Dorsetshire, 1833 — member of Ethno- logical Society, London, 1854 — of Royal Society of Literature, 1854 — Ph.D. Giessen, 1855 — founds Anthropological Society, 1862-3 — Pres., 1863 — M.D. honoris causa, Giessen, 1867 — tf. at Hastings, 29 Aug. 1869. Philo- sophy of Voice and Speech, 1859 — Stammering and Stuttering, 1861. Illustrated London News, weekly,— com- menced by Ingram, 14 May 1842. 14S0 INDIA— KIRKE. [appendix. India, British, [Mayo, Lord] — Lord Noethbrook. appointed Viceroy, Feb. 1872. India Stocks, — payment of dividends on, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 29, 29 Jun. 1871. Indian Navy, — constituted by conversion of Bombay Marine, 1832 — abolished, 1862. Indus, The, — surveys of, by "Wood, 1835, &c. — by. Carless, about 1838 — by Selby, 1846. Industrial and Provident Societies, in England, — law relating to, amended and ex- plained by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 80, 16 Aug. 1871. Infallibility of the Pope. [Vatican, Coun- cil of the.'] Insurance Companies, Life, — Act of 1870 relating to, amended by 34 and 35 Vic. c. 58, 24 Jul. 1 87 1. International, The, {International Working Men's Association,) — originated in London, 28 Sep. 1864 — first meeting held there, 5 Oct. 1 864 — Congress appointed to be held at Brus- sels, 1865, but prevented by passing of Alien Act: Conference in London, Sep. 1865 — Con- gress at Geneva, Sep. 1866, rules and regula- tions settled : introduced in Spain, 1869 — Con- gress at Saragossa, 7 Apr. — Congress at Geneva, Jul. 1869 — organized in Spain, Congress held at Barcelona, Jun. 1870 — takes part in Com- munal insurrection at Paris, Mar. to May 1 87 1 — formation of societies affiliated to, in France, prohibited by decree of National As- sembly, 8 Aug. 1 87 1 — Secret Conference of delegates, in London, 17-26 Sep. 1871 — com- mon action of European states against, pro- posed by Spanish government, 9 Feb. 1872 — declined by British government, 8 Mar. — pro- scribed in France, by law passed by National Assembly, 14 Mar. 1872. International Exhibitions, at£. Kensington, — first of annual, opens, 1 May 1871. Ireland, Church of, — Committee for revision of formularies appointed, aut. 187 1 — Minutes laid before General Synod, Apr. 1872 — conse- cration of first bishop elected since disestablish- ment, at St Patrick's Cathedral, 14 Apr. 1872. Iron and Steel Institute, London, — estab- lished, 1869. Italy, Kingdom of, — reorganization of army provided for by Act of Parliament, 21 Jan. 1871. Japan,— civil war between the Mikado and the Tycoon, Apr. and May 1868 — public re- ception of Duke of Edinburgh by the Mikado, 22 Sep. 1869 — revolution in, suppression of Hans and Daimios, (feudal territorial princes,) by the Mikado, Sep. 1871 — important social and educational reforms commenced, 187 1-2 — treaty of friendship and commerce with China, concluded, Mar. 1872 — assassination of the Mikado attempted at Jeddo, 26 Mar. 1872. Japanese Embassy, — to America and Eu- rope, arrives at Washington, 1 Mar. 1872. Jelf, Richard William, Principal of King's College, London, — fc., about 1798 — B.A. Oxford, 1820 — Fellow of Oriel Coll., M.A., 1823 —ordained priest, 1824 — Public Ex- aminer, 1825 — private tutor to Prince George of Cumberland, 1826-39 — Canon of Christ Church, 1831 — D.D., 1839 — Bampton Lec- turer, 1844 — Principal of King's College, London, 1844-68 — rj. at Oxford, 19 Sep. 1871. Sermons preached abroad, 1835 — Means of Grace, (Bampton Lectures,) 1844 — edition of Bp Jewel's Works, 1848 — Grounds for laying before the Council of King's College certain Statements in Theological Essays of the Rev. E. B. Maurice, 1853 — Evidence of Unsoundness in * Essays and Reviews' 1861. Jesuits, The, — establish themselves in Guatemala, 1842 — expelled, aut. 1871 — settle- ment and teaching of, in Switzerland, prohibited by National Council, Dec. 187 1 — the prohibi- tion confirmed by Council of the States, Feb. 1872. ' John Bull,' London weekly paper, — com- menced, 17 Dec. 1820. Journal des Bebats, Faris, — founded by Bertin, 21 Jan. 1800 — is compelled to take title of Journal de I'Empire, 1805 to 31 Mar. 1814 — confiscated by Napoleon I., 18 and 24 Feb. 1 81 1 — restored to Bertin, 18 14 — again named Journal de I'Empire, 21 Mar. to 7 Jul. 1815. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, —dispatch of business by, further provided for, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 91, 21 Aug. 1871. Julien, Bernard Romain, lithographic artist, — f>. at Bayonne, 1802 — tt. there, 3 Dec. 187 1. His first Etude a deux crayons, 1840. Juries, — in England, Act of 1870 altered, (s. 22 repealed,) by 34 and 35 Vic. c. 2, 30 Mar. 1 87 1. In Ireland, laws relating to, amended and consolidated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 65, 14 Aug. 1 87 1. Kashgar, in E. Turkistan, — visited by Marco Polo, about 1273 — by Adolph Schlagint- weit, who is murdered there, Aug. 1857 — by Hayward, wint. 1868-9 — ^y Shaw, who is received in state by the Atalik Ghazee, Feb. to Mar. 1869. 1 Kaspar Hauser,' — the story asserted to be a fraudulent invention, by Dr Meyer, 1872. Khokand, in Central Asia, — visited by Vambery, spring 1863 — scientific exploration of, and of neighbouring countries, by Fedt- chenko, 1871. Kiel, in Holstein, — establishment of Naval Academy at, authorized by Imperial Decree, 5 Mar. 1872. Kirke, Sir Bavid, Conqueror of Canada, — commands expedition against French set- tlements in Canada, and captures De Eoque- mont and his fleet in the St Lawrence, 1627 — burnt in effigy at Paris, soon after : in a second expedition takes Quebec and is master of the country, 1629 — obtains grant of Newfoundland, and settles there as Governor, 1638— offers aid to Prince Rupert, about 1650 — cited before the Council, 1 65 1, and is deprived of the ordnance and forts in the island : ft., 1655-6 — bis family deprived of their estates in Newfoundland, by Charles II., after May 1660. appendix.] 'KNOW-NOTHING' PARTY— LORDS-LIEUTENANT. 148) ' Know-Nothing ' Party, in United States, — publish their platform of principles, 15 Jun. 1855. Kookas, {Kukas,) Reformed Sikhs, — the sect originated by Baluk Singh, about 1847 — increase in numbers under Ram Singh, from i860 — [Umritsur] — outbreak of, in the Pun- jab, suppressed, many seized and blown from guns, without trial, 16-17 ^ an ' I %1 2 — R am Singh captured and taken to Calcutta, 1 1 Mar. 1872, and deported to Rangoon. 4 Kriegs- Spiel,' {War-Game,) — devised by Reitzovitz, of Berlin, about 1815-20 — intro- duced in England, early in 1872. Krupp Gun, of Cast Steel, — exhibited at Great Exhibition, London, 1851 — of 50-tons weight, at Paris Exhibition, 1867. Kuen-Luen Mountains, in Central Asia, — crossed by the brothers Schlagintweit, Aug. 1856. i Ku-Klux-Klan,' — disturbances caused by, in S. Carolina, martial law proclaimed, Oct. 1871. Laing, Alexander, poet,— h. at Brechin, 14 May 1787 — tf. there, 14 Oct. 1857. Archie Allan, 1827 — Wayside Flowers, 1846. Lamb, Lady Caroline, {Ponsonby,) novelist, — h., about 1 786 — marries Hon. William Lamb, (afterwards Viscount Melbourne,) 3 Jun. 1805 — separates from her husband, about 1825 — ft. in London, 26 Jan. 1828. Glenarvon, 1 8 16 — A new Canto, 18 19 — Graham Hamil- ton, 1822. Lancet, The, London Medical Journal, — commenced by Wakley, 3 Oct. 1823. Law Officers of the Crown, in England, — remuneration of, newly regulated by Treasury Minute, 14 Dec. 1871. Law Reporting, Council of, in England, — established, Nov. 1864. Lectionary, {Table of Lessons,) New, in Church of England, — authorized and regulated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 37, 13 Jul. 1871. Lee, Robert, theologian, — 6. at Tweedmouth, in Durham, 11 Nov. 1804 — studies at Univ. of St Andrew's, 1824-32 — licensed to preach, early in 1832 — Minister of Campsie, 1836 — removes to Edinburgh, (Old Grey Friars' Church,) Nov. 1843 — D.D. St Andrew's, 1844 — appointed Prof. Biblical Criticism and Antiquities, Edinburgh Univ., 30 Jan. 1847 — member of General Assembly, 1852 — his first attempts at reform of Church services made, 1857 — cited before the Presbytery, Feb. 1859 — acquitted on appeal heard before General Assembly, 24 May 1859 — travels on the Continent, sum. 1859 — loses his only son, Sep. 1862 — Vice- Pres. Church Service Society, spring 1865 — celebrates a marriage in church, 6 Dec. 1865 — condemned by Presbytery, 14 Mar. 1 867 — by the Synod, 7 May 1 867 — publishes his Letter to Members of Gen. Assembly, 18 May — falls ill, 21 May — ft. at Torquay, 14 Mar. 1868. The Family and its Duties, 1863 — Re- form of the Church, 1864 — Clerical Profession, 1866. Leeward Islands, — federation and govern- ment of, provided for by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 107, 21 Aug. 1871. Legion of Honour, — newly regulated by decree of Gambetta, 22 Oct. 1870. Leighton, Robert, poet, — b. at Dundee, 20 Feb. 1822 — settles at Liverpool, 1859 — ft. at Liverpool, 10 May 1869. Poems, 1866. Leighton, William, poet,— b. at Dundee, 3 Feb. 1 841 — removed to Liverpool, 1847 — ft. at Liverpool, 22 Apr. 1869. Poems, 1870. Liberation Society. [Anti-State-Church Association.] Liberia, Republic of, — Pres. Roye deposed for high treason, Oct. 1871 — his trial con- cluded, early in Feb. 1872 — escapes from prison, 11 Feb. — drowned soon after. Licenses, Public House, — granting of new, suspended for one year by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 88, 17 Aug. 1 87 1. Lighthouses, — applicability of electric light to, investigated by Faraday, 1856-65 — first trial of the light, at South Foreland, 8 Dec. 1858 — the light adopted at Dungeness, Oct. 1861. Lindsay, Sir Alexander, general, — fj., about 1785 — enters the army, 14 Aug. 1804 — serves at siege of Gohud, 1806— Captain, 26 Mar. 181 3— serves in Nepaul War, 1 8 1 5 - 1 6 — severely wounded at Hurryhurpore, 1 Mar. 18 16 — serves at siege and capture of Hattrass, 1817 — in Pindaree War, 1817-18 — Lieut.-col., 1 May 1824 — serves in Burmese War, 1825-6 — Col., 2 Jul. 1835 — Major-general, 28 Jun. 1838 — Lieut. -general, 11 Nov. 1851 — General, n Sep. 1859 — &• a ^ P er th> 2 ° J an > 1872. Liverpool, — Zoological Society, founded, 1870. Society of Painters in Water-Colours, established, Feb. 1872. Livingstone Expedition, — for Central Africa, in search of Dr Livingstone, sails from the Thames, 9 Feb. 1872. Local Government Board, in England, — constituted and regulated, and powers and du- ties of Poor Law Board transferred to, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 70, 1 Aug. 1871. Lonsdale, William Lowther, 2nd Earl of, Viscount and Baron Lowther, — b. at Uffington, near Stafford, 21 Jul. 1787— M. A. Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1808— M. P. Cocker- mouth, 1808 — M.P. Westmoreland, 1813 — Lord of the Treasury, 1813-26 — First Com- missioner of Woods and Forests, 1828-30 — Vice-Pres. Board of Trade, 1834-5 — Post- master-General, 1841 — Baron Lowther, 1841 — succeeds to the earldom, 19 Mar. 1844 — ■ Lord. Pres. of the Council, 1852 — resigns Lord-lieutenancy of Cumberland and West- moreland, Nov. 1868— tf. in London, 4 Mar. 1872. Looshais, The, in N. E. Lndia, — British expedition against, hostilities commenced by Gen. Bourchier, 1 Dec. 187 1 — return of troops commenced, 5 Mar. 1872. Lords-Lieutenant of Counties in England, — jurisdiction of, in relation to militia, yeo- I4S2 LORRAINE— MAZZINI. [appendix. manry, and volunteers, abolished by Army Regulation Act, 1871. Lorraine, — Conventions respecting, [see Alsace.] lisiana, V. S., — charges of fraud and corruption against the State government in- vestigated by Congressional Committee at New Orleans, Feb. 1872. Lynch, Thomas T.,— Tunes to Hymns in the Rivulet, 1872. Madagascar, — explored by Sonnerat and Commerson, 1768-71. Manchester, — Nonconformist Conference meets at, 24-5 Jan. 1872 — reception of Mr Disraeli by Conservative "Working Men's Asso- ciation, 3 Apr. 1872. Manchuria, — explored by "Williamson, 1869 — by Russian scientific expedition under Pal- ladius, the Archimandrite, 1871. Manitoba, British North America, (part of Rupert's Laad,) — organized as province of Do- minion of Canada under this name, by Act of Parliament of Canada, passed 12 May 1870. Manning, Charlotte, (Speir,) — tf., r Apr. 1 87 1. Ancient and Mediceval India, 18 56. Mark Lane Express, London weekly Agri- cultural Journal, — established, Dec. 1S32. Marriages, Native, in British India, — new- ly regulated by Act passed 19 Mar. 1872. Marriott, Wharton Booth, theologian, §c, — ft., about 1823 — enters Trin. Coll. Oxford, 1 842 — B.A., 1 846 — ordained priest, 1850 — Assistant Master of Eton Coll., 1850— M. A., 1S56 — Select Preacher, Oxford Univ., 1868 — tj. ;it Eton Coll., Dec. 1871. Vestiarium Chris- ti anion, 1867. Massie, James "William, theological and miscellaneous writer, — ft., about 1799 — tf. at Kingstown, Ireland, 8 May 1869. Continental India, 1840 — The Evangelical Alliance, 1847 — Revivals in Ireland, 1859-60 — America, 1864. Matthiessen, Augustus, Trof. Chemistry, St Bartholomew's Hospital, — ft., 1830 — re- ports on submarine cables to Government Com- mittee, i860 — receives Royal Medal of R. S. for researches on electrical and other properties of metals, &c, 1869 — member of Council of R. S., 1869 — investigates papaverine, 1870 — kills himself, in London, 6 Oct. 1870. Maurice, John Frederick Denison, theologian, philosopher, — ft. at Normanston, near Lowes- toft, Suffolk, 29 Aug. 1805 — enters Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 9 May 1823 — removes to Trin. Hall, Jun. 1826 — takes a degree in the Law School, (1st class,) 1827 — settles in Lon- don, and applies himself to literature, 1828 — P. A. Exeter Coll. Oxford, 183 1 — M.A., ordained priest, 1835 — Chaplain to Guy's Hospital, 1836-46 — Prof. Modern History and English Literature, King's Coll. London, 1840 — Chaplain and Reader at Lincoln's Inn, 1846- 60 — Prof. Ecclesiastical History, King's Coll., 1846 — deprived of his chair, 1853 — [Jelf, R. W.] — founder and Principal of Working Men's College, London, 1854 — Perpetual Curate of St Peter's, Vere Street, London, 1 860 — Prof. Moral Philosophy, Cambridge, Oct. 1866 — honorary M.A., 28 Mar. 1867 — ft. in London, 1 Apr. 1872. Eustace Conway, 1834 — Kingdom of Christ, 1838— Religions of the World, 1847—6^ the Lord's Prayer, 1848 — History of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, 1850-62 — Patriarchs and Lawgivers of the Old Testament, 1851 — Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament, 1853 — Theological Essays, 1853 — The Word ' Eternal ' and the Punishment of the Wicked, 1853 — Doctrine of Sacrifice, 1854 — Lectures on the Ecclesiastical History of 1st and 2nd Cen- turies, 1854 — The Conscience, 1868 — Social Morality, 1869. Mayo, Richard Southwell Bonrke,EARL of, (Lord Naas,) Governor-general of India, — ft. at Dublin, 21 Feb. 1822— B.A. Trin. Coll., 1844 — M.P. Kildare, 1847 — marries, Oct. 1 848 —takes title of Lord Naas, 1849 — M.A., 1 85 1 — Chief Secretary for Ireland, Mar. to Dec. 1852 — LL.D., "1852 — M.P. Coleraine, 1852-7 — M.P. Cockermouth, 1857-68 — again Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1858-9 — third time, 1866-8 — succeeds his father, Aug. 1867 — appointed Viceroy of India, Nov. 186S — arrives at Calcutta, 12 Jan. 1S69 — meets Shere Ali, Ameer of Afghanistan, at Umballa, 27 Mar. 1869 — visits Camp of Exercise at Delhi, 8-1 1 Jan. 1872 — receives King of Siam at Calcutta, 13 Jan. — sails from Calcutta, for British Burmah, 24 Jan. — reaches Rangoon, 29 Jan. — assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict, at Port Blair, Andaman Isles, 8 Feb. — his re- mains brought to Ireland, 24 Apr.— State fune- ral at Dublin, 25 Apr. Mazzini, Giuseppe, — ft. at Genoa, 28 Jun. 1805 or 1806 — joins Society of Carbonari, 1830, and is arrested and exiled : goes to Mar- seilles, 1 83 1 — writes his letter to Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, and is sentenced to perpetual banishment, 183 1 — originates Asso- ciation {Giovine Italia,) for Unity of Italy, Jan. 1832 — banished from Marseilles, 1832 — appears in Switzerland, 1833 —organizes conspiracy for insurrection, and sends troops into Piedmont, May 1833 — organizes an- other expedition against Piedmont, which fails, Feb. 1834 — expelled from Switzer- land, settles in London, 1837— forms revolu- tionary Committee, 1839 — his letters opened at the Post Office by order of Home Secretary, 1844 — writes to Pope Pius IX., Sep. 1847 — goes to Paris, Feb. 1848 — returns to Italy, Mar. 1848 — joins volunteers under Garibaldi, Aug. 1848 — arrives at Rome, Feb. 1849 — mem- ber of Republican Assembly, and elected one of the Triumvirate, 9 Feb. — conducts defence of Rome against the French under Gen. Oudinot, May to 3 Jul. — goes to Switzerland, 1850 — raises a loan, 1 850 — instigates insurrections at Mantua, 1852 — at Milan, Feb. 1853 — an d at Genoa, Jul. 1857 — expelled from Switzerland, Apr. 1864 — sentence of death against him rescinded by Italian government, Sep. 1866 — Grand Master of Italian Freemasons, Jul. 1868 — arrested at Palermo and imprisoned at Gaeta, Aug. 1870 — liberated, 15 Oct. 1870 — goes to Geneva, Jan. 1872 — Xr. at Pisa, 10 Mar. 1872. APPENDIX.] MERCHANT SHIPPING— PARIS. '4*3 Establishes the Apostolato Popolare, 1 840 — the Educatore, 1 843 — Italy, Austria, and the Pope, 1847 — Royalty and Republicanism in Italy, 1850 — Duties of Man, 1858 — Miscellaneous Writings, 1864-70. Merchant Shipping 1 , of Great Britain, — Acts relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 110, 25 Aug. 1 87 1. Mercury, — vaporization of, investigated by Faraday, 1821 — again, by Merget, 1871. Metz, — capitulation of, to Germans (1870) investigated by Government Committee at Versailles, Mar. to Apr. 1872. Military Manoeuvres, in Great Britain, — facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 97, 21 Aug. 1871. Moa, gigantic wingless bird of New Zealand, — last seen alive, 1650 — described by Owen, from part of thigh-bone brought to England, 1839 — small specimen caught alive, 1850. Moab, — exploration of, under direction of British Association, 187 1-2. Montecchi, Mattia, politician, — takes part in patriotic movement in the Romagna, and is sentenced to imprisonment for life, 1844 — shares in amnesty granted by Pius IX., 1846 — deputy to Roman Assembly, 1 848 — First Minister of Commerce : one of the Triumvirs of Rome, 1848-9— takes refuge in England, 1849-59 — returns to Italy, and is cbief of the staff of Gen. Farini, 1859 — deputy to Italian Parliament, i860 — becomes director of glass and mosaic works at Murano, 1867-8 — ft., Mar. 1871. Moon, — photograph of, obtained by Draper, at New York, 1 840 — by Bond, at Cambridge, 1850. Mormons, — trials of Brigbam 1 oung and others suspended, declared unconstitutional' by Supreme Court of United States, 15 Apr. 1872. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, telegraphic inventor, — ft. at Charlestown, Mass. U. S., i2, a 27 13 Apr. 1791 — graduates at Yale Coll., 18 10 — student at Royal Academy, London, 18 11- 13 — exhibits his ' Dying Hercules,' 18 13 — again in England, 1829-32 — invents his Recording- electric telegraph, 1832-7 — the system per- fected, 1840 — brought into operation, Jim. 1844 — visits England, 1856, and conducts ex- periment on practicability of Atlantic tele- graph, 2 Oct. 1856 — ft., 2 Apr. 1872. a New American Cyc. b Athenaeum. Moseley, Henry, mathematician,— fa., about 1802— B.A. St John's Coll. Cambridge, 1826 — ordained priest, 1828 — Prof. Natural Philo- sophy and Astronomy, King's Coll. London, 1831-44 — M.A., 1835 — Inspector of Schools, 1844 — Canon of Bristol Cathedral, 1853 — Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen, 1855 — ft. at Olveston, Gloucestershire, 20 Jan. 1872. lectures on Astronomy, 1836 — Mechanical Principles of Engineering and Architecture, 1842. Mullah, {Port Canning*) near Calcutta, — made a free port, 1863 — the establishments withdrawn, Oct. 1871. Museums, Public, in England, — gifts of land for, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 13, 25 May 1871. Naas, Loud. [Mayo, Eakl of.] Naval and Military Gazette, London week- ly Journal, — commenced, 9 Feb. 1833. Navigation Law, in France, — new, passed by National Assembly, 30 Jan. 1872. New York Herald, — commenced, 1835. New York Times, — founded and edited by Raymond, 1850. NewYovk Tribune, — established by Greeley, 10 Apr. 1841. Nonconformist, The, London weekly Jour- nal, — established by Miall, 14 Apr. 1841. Nonconformist Conference. [Manchester.] North American Seview, — established at Boston, 18 15. Notes and Queries, London weekly Journal, — commenced, 3 Nov. 1849. Nottingham, — Permanent Exhibition of Fine and Industrial Arts in connection with S. Kensington established, 1872. Nova Zembla, (Xovu Zcmlaia,) — reached by Barentz, who winters there, 1596-7 — visited by Rosenthal expedition, Aug. 1869— circum- navigated by Johannesen, 1869 and 1870 — the Kara Sea found navigable, Jul. and Aug. 1870 — seas explored by expedition under Payer and "Weyprecht, Jul. to Sep. 1871 — circum- navigated by Captain Carslen, Sep. to Nov. 1871. Observer, London weekly Journal, — com- menced, 1792. Old Catholics, — name comes into use as de- signation of opponents of dogma of Infallibility headed by Dr Dollinger, sum. 1871 — Congress of, opens at Munich, 22 Sep. 1871 — recogni- tion of, as distinct body, refused by Austro- Hungarian government, Mar. 1872. Ondaatje, Pieter Ph. Juraan Quint, — ft. at Utrecht, 1760 — ft. at Batavia, 30 Apr. 18 18. Bijdr. tot de Geschied. der omiventeling in 1787, 1791-2. Oran, in Chili, — destroyed by earthquake, Dec. 1 87 1. Oriental Society, Italian, Florence, — founded, 1871. Orleans Princes, The, — take their seats in National Assembly, Versailles, 19 Dec. 1871 — restitution of their property recommended by Committee of National Assembly, 1 Mar. 1872. Palestine, — survey of, by Captain Stewart, R.E., for Palestine Exploration Fund, com- menced, Dec. 1 87 1. Parchment Paper, (Papyrin.) — formation of, discovered by Poumarede and Figuier, 1847 — patented in England by Gaine, 1857. Paris, Communal Insurrection^ 1 87 1 , ) — trials of prisoners before Courts Martial at Versailles, begin, 7 Aug. 187 1 — Commission of Pardons meets at Versailles, 16 Nov. — trial of mur- derers of the 27 hostages (in Rue Haxo, 27 May 1 871) begins, 12 Mar. 1872— ends, 21 Mar. — Report of Government Commission on the Insurrection, published, Mar. 1872. 1484 PAEIS— POST OFFICE. [appendix. Paris, — disturbances at Medical School, against Prof. Dolbeau, 21-2 Mar. 1872 — the School closed : reopens, 15 Apr. — first recep- tion by M. Thiers, at the Elysee, 9 Apr. 1872. Parks, Public, in England, — gifts of land for, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Yic. c. 13, 25 May 1 87 1. Parthenion, in the Crimea, — Cathedral, built, between 1400- 1500 — ruins discovered by Stronkoff, Dec. 187 1. Patent Laws, in Great Britain, — Select Committee on, appointed, 16 Mar. 1871 — Re- port published, 20 Jul. 187 1. Patterson, Robert, zoologist, — ft., 1802 — tf. at Belfast, 14 Feb. 1872. On the Insects men- tioned in Shakespeare' 's Flags, 1842 — Natural Historg as a branch of General Education, 1847 — Introduction to Zoology, 1846-8 — First Steps to Zoologg, 1849. Patteson, John Coleridge, Bp op Melane- sia, — ft., 1827 — B.A. Balliol Coll. Oxford, 1848 — ordained priest, 1854— consecrated Bp of Melanesia, S. Pacific, 1861 — massacred by a native, on Santa Cruz, Queen Charlotte's Island, Oct. 1871. Paul's, St, Cathedral, — state visit of Geprge III. to, thanksgiving for his recovery from illness, 23 Apr. 1789 — state visit of Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales, thanksgiving for recovery of the Prince, 27 Feb. 1872. Paupers, in England, — discharge of, from workhouses and casual wards regulated by Act 34 and 35 Yic. c. 108, 21 Aug. 1871. Pedlars, — Act of 1870 relating to, repealed, and granting of certificates regulated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 96, 21 Aug. 1871. Pelvoux, Mont, Alps, — ascent of, by Durand and others, 1828 — by Pinseux, 1848 — attempted by Bonney, Hawksbaw, &c, Aug. i860 — scaled by Whymper and others, 3 Aug. 1861. Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor, (Fialin,) Duke of, statesman, — ft. at St Germain Lespinasse, 11 Jan. 1808 — enters the army, 1825 — dismissed the service, 1830 — assumes title of Viscount of Persigny, about 1832 — introduced to Prince Louis Bonaparte, 1834 — instigates and prepares the attempt at Stras- burg, is arrested and escapes, 1836 — takes part in attempt at Boulogne, Jul. 1840 — sentenced to 20 years' confinement : aide-de- camp to Prince President Louis Napoleon, Dec. 1848 — member of Legion of Honour, 1849 — deputy to Legislative Assembly, 1849 — takes part in the coup d' e'tat, Dec. 1851 — Minister of the Interior, 22 Jan. 1852 — marries daugh- ter of Prince of the Moskowa, 27 May 1852 — senator, 31 Dec. 1852 — resigns office, Apr. 1854 — ambassador to London, May 1855 to Jan. 1858 — Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 16 Jun. 1857 — again ambassador to London, 18 May 1859 to Nov. i860 — again Minister of Interior, end of Nov. i860 — publishes a circular on the freedom of the press, 8 Dec. — resigns office, 23 Jun. 1863 — created Duke, by Napoleon III., 13 Sep. 1863 — U. at Nice, 12 Jan. 1872. Peshawur, in Hindustan, — threatened by Sayyid Ahmad, and saved by Sikh army under Sher Singh and Gen. Ventura, 1829 s — taken by Sayyid Ahmad, close of 1830 a — recovered by Eunjeet Singh, 1831.* a Hunter. Petit, Jean Louis, {John leivis Fettit,) art- ist, antiquarg, — ft. at Ashton-under-Lyme, 31 May 1801— B.A. Trin. Coll. Cambridge, 1823 — M.A., 1826 — marries, 1828 — takes part in founding British Archaeological Institute, 1 844 — travels in the East, 1864-5 — U. at Lich- field, 1 Dec. 1868. Architectural Studies in France, 1854 — Femarhs on Church Architect- ure, 1 841 — contributes to Archaeological Jour-, nal, 1845-61. Petroleum, — safe keeping of, newly pro- vided for, by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 105, 21 Aug. 187 1. Philadelphia, TT. S., — celebration of cen- tenary of American Independence by Inter- national Exposition at, (4 Jul. 1876,) provided for by Act of Congress, passed 3 Mar. 187 1. Philippine Islands, — insurrection of native artillerymen in Manilla suppressed by Spanish troops, and rebels killed, 20 Jan. 1872. Phillipps, Sir Thomas, Bart., bibliophile, — ft. at Manchester, Jul. 1792 — M.A. Univ. Coll. Oxford, 1820 — Bart., 1821 — If. at Cheltenham, 6 Feb. 1872. Pictet, Francois Jules, nattiralist, Prof. Zoology and Anatomy, Geneva, — ft. at Geneva, about 1800 — ft., Mar. 1872. FEistoire naturelle des insectes nevropteres, 1841-3 — Traite ele- mentaire de Faleontologie, 1 844-6 — Description des mollusque fossiles dans les environs de Geneve, 1849-51 — Foissons fossiles du lib anon, 1 850 — Melanges paleontologiques, 1863. Pictet, Marc Auguste, natural philoso- pher, $c, — ft. at Geneva, 23 Jul. 1752 — Prof. Philosophy at the Academy, 1786- 1825 — joint-envoy to Paris, 1798 — mem- ber of the Tribunate, 1802 — one of the Inspectors - General of Imperial University, i8o7, a 1809 b -i4 — ft. at Geneva, i8, a 19 b Apr. 1825. Projects the Bibliotheque Britannique, (afterwards B. Universale,) 1796 — Voyage de trois mois en Angleterre, &c, 1803. a Conv.-Lex. b Nouv. Biog. Gen. Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis, Viscount de, novelist, — ft. at Montmaur near Grenoble, 8 Jul. 1829 — Chevalier of Legion of Honour, 1866 — ft. at Bordeaux, 3 1 Jan. 1871. Focam- bole, 1864-6. Poole, Edward Stanley, Orientalist,' — ft., about 1831 — Ij. at Tooting near London, 12 Mar. 1867. Poole, John, dramatist, $c., — ft., about 1786 — tf., Feb. 1 872. FLamlet Travestie, 1 8 1 1 — Faul Pry, 1825 — Comic Sketch-book, 1835 — Little Fedlington, 1839 — Christmas Festivities, 1845. Poor Law Board, in England, — abolished, and its functions vested in Local Government Board, 187 1. Portugal, — insurrection atLisbon, headed by Marshal Saldanha, who is made chief minister, 19 May 1870. Post Office, General, London, — first stone of new buildings laid, 16 Dec. 1870. APPENDIX.] PRIM— SCHOOLS. 1485 Prim, Juan, Marquis de los Castillejos, Count we~R-ev8S,&c, field-marshal, President op the Council of Regency, (of Spain,) — n. at Reuss in Catalonia, 6 Dec. 18 14 — enters the army, 1833 — as commander of a free corps, serves against Carlists, 1833, &c. — Captain, 1836 — Colonel, 1837 — deputy to the Cortes, 1843 — Brigadier-general, Count de Reuss, 1843 — takes part in conspiracy against Narvaez, and is convicted of participation in his murder, Oct. 1844 — his sentence revoked, 1845 — appointed Governor of Porto Rico, about 1846 ? — assists in suppressing negro insurrec- tion at Santa Cruz : recalled, 1 848 — takes part in conspiracy against Bravo Murillo, and is banished, Apr. 1853 — Spanish Military Com- missioner to camp of allies, in Crimean War, aut. 1853 — Lieutenant-general, 31 Jan. 1856 — marries, at Paris, 1856 — member of the Senate, 1858 — distinguishes himself in war with Morocco, 1859-60 — decides the victory of Castillejos, 1 Jan. i860 — takes part in battles of Tetuan, 4 Feb. — and Gualdas, 23 Mar. — created Marquis de los Castillejos, andGrande'e of Spain, i860 — commands Spanish contingent in Mexican Expedition, close of 1861 — retires with the English, Apr. 1862 — banished to Oviedo, Aug. 1864 — recalled to Madrid, Jun. 1865 — head of military insurrection, 3 Jan. 1866 — comes to London, Feb. 1867— returns to Spain and takes leading part in insurrection at Cadiz, 19 Sep. 1868 — enters Madrid, and is appointed Minister of War in Provisional Government, 7 Oct. — [Spanish Revolution] — head of the ministry under Regent Serrano, 1 8 Jun. 1869 — supports proposal to offer the crown to Duke of Genoa, 28 Sep. 1869 — head of new ministry, 8 Jan. 1870 — offers the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern, Jul. — [Franco- German War] — formally proposes Prince Ama- .deo, son of Victor Emmanuel, as King of Spain, 4 Nov. 1870 — shot by assassin at Madrid, 28 Dec. 1870 — ft., 30 Dec. Primogeniture, in Russia, — introduced in families of the nobility by ukase of Peter L, 13 Mar. 1713 — the decree rescinded, by Peter II., 17 Mar. 1728. Protein, in chemistry, — the term introduced by Mulder, 1844. Protoplasm, in Physiology, — the term in- vented by Von Mohl, 1 846. Puddling Machine, — Dank's rotary, intro- duced in England, Feb. 1872. Punch, London Journal, — commenced, 17 Jul. 1 841. Ram. [Rupert, The.] Rangoon, in Burmah, — visited by Governor- general of India, (Lord Mayo,) Jan. 1872. Revue des deux Mondes, Parts literary Journal, — established, 1830. Rocky Mountains, in JV. America, — survey of, and discovery of passes from Canada to British Columbia, by Palliser and others, 1857- 60 — explored by Milton and Cheadle, 1862. Rome, — celebration of 25th anniversary of pontificate of Pius IX. at, 16 Jun. 1871 — de- monstration in honour of Mazzini, 17 Mar. 1872 — visited by Prince and Princess of Wales, and by King and Queen of Denmark, Mar. and Apr. 1872 — Working Men's congress at, opens, 17 Apr. 1872. Rotterdam, — celebration of Tercentenary of Dutch Independence at, 1 Apr. 1872. [Briel.] Rupert, The, — first ironclad ram, launched at Chatham, 12 Mar. 1872. Russia, — treaty with China, obtaining com- mercial privileges and large territory, concluded, 14 Nov. i860 — religious liberty and exemption from taxes and military service secured to im- migrants, by decree, Feb. 1862 — reorganiza- tion of army in 1872, provided for by law Jan. 1 87 1. Sacred Harmonic Society, London, — found- ed, 1832. Saint Gotthard, Pass of, — construction of in- ternational railway over, provided for by Act of Italian parliament, 17 Jun. 187 1. San Juan Water Boundary, between United States and British America, — settlement of the dispute respecting, attempted, 1827 — settled by Treaty o/Washington, 15 Jun. 1846 — official map of the region constructed by Fremont and Preuss, 1847-8 — construction of the treaty subsequently disputed : joint Commission for settlement of, appointed, 1856 — island of San Juan occupied by U. S. troops under Captain Pickett, Jul. 1859 — British troops landed, 20 Mar. 1.860 — the Commission closed, 20 May 1862 — abrogation of the treaty proposed by American Commissioners at Washington, 15 Mar. 187 1, and refused by British Commis- sioners, 20 Mar. — submitted to arbitration by Treaty of Washington, 8 May 1871. Sanscrit Text Society, London, — originated by Goldstucker, 1866. Schamaki, (Schemacha,) in the Caucasus, — Old, (Stara-Schemacha,) — besieged by troops of Gengis Khan, 1222 — alliance with Russia, about 1550 — English silk factories established at, 1 56 1 — mercantile embassy to, from Hol- stein, 1636 — taken and sacked by Nadir Shah, 1734 — the inhabitants settled at Achsu : capi- tal of a province, 1741 — on destruction of Achsu (Novaia Schemacha) by Feth-Ali, Khan of Kuba, 1 76 1, the old town reoccupied : taken and destroyed by Aga Mohammed Khan, 1795 — new town, founded by Russians, 1824 — capi- tal of a ' Government,' Dec. 1846 — nearly de- stroyed by earthquake, 12 Jun. 1859 — seat of government transferred to Baku, 1859 — de- stroyed by earthquake, 27 Jan. 1872. Schebest, Agnese, singer, — fc. at Vienna, 15 Feb. 1 813 — married to Dr Friedrich Strauss, 1840 — afterwards separated from him: ft., Jan. 187 1. Aus dem Leben einer Kunstlerin, 1856 — Rede unci Geberde, 1862. Schendel, Petrus van, painter, — ft., at Ter- heyden, 21 Apr. 1806—0". at Brussels, 29 Dec. 1870. Schools, in England, — gifts of land for ele- mentary, facilitated by Act 34 and 35 Vic. c. 13, 25 May 187 1. Ln Prussia, inspection of, by State officials only, provided for by Act of i + S6 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUCTION— THOMAS. [appendix. Parliament, passed, 8 Mar. 1872. In Saxony and Sweden, similar provision made, Mar. 1872. Scientific Instruction and Advancement of Science, in Great Britain, — Royal Commission on, appointed, May 1870 — first Report, Apr. 1871 — second, Apr. 1872. Scotsman, The, Edinburgh Journal, — estab- lished as a weekly, 25 Jan. 1817 — daily, from 29 Jim. 1S55. Sehastopol, in the Crimea, — restoration of, projected by Russian government, Mar. 1872. Seditious Speaking, in British India, — made penal by law passed close of 1870. Serpent Worship, — Mound in Glen Feechan, Argylesbire, discovered and explored by Phene, aut. 1871. Shakespeare Collection, — Halliwell's, pre- sented to Edinburgh University, Feb. 1872. Shakespeare Society, — established in Lon- don, 184c. Shakespeare Society, German, — founded bv Ulrici, Bodenstedt, Delins, and others, 23 Apr. 1864 — begin publication of their Jahr- buch, 1865. Shere Ali, murderer of lord Mayo, — fj., about 1847 — orderly of Commissioner at Pesh- awur, 1857 — serves under Colonel Taylor, at Umbeyla Pass, 1863 — murders a kinsman in a blood-feud, Mar. 1867 — convicted and sent to Andaman Islands, 1869 — assassinates Lord Mayo at Port Blair, 8 Feb. 1872. Short, Thomas Vowler, Bp of St Asaph, — b. at Dawlish, Devonshire, 16 Sep. 1790 — B.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1 8 12 — Public Examiner, 1820-4 — rector of St George's, Bloomsbury, about 1834 — Deputy Clerk of the Closet to the Queen, 1837 — Bp of Sodor and Man, 1 841 — Bp of St Asaph, 1846— resigns the see, 1870 — tf. at Gresford, N. Wales, 13 Apr. 1872. Parochialia, 1842 — Sketch of His- tory of the Church of England, 1854. Siebe, Augustus, mechanician, inventor, — b. in Saxony, 1788 — serves as lieut. at battle of Leipsic, "1813 — comes to England, 1814 — in- vents his open diving dress, 1820, &c. — tries his close diving helmet dress in examining wreck of Royal George, 1 848 — tf. in London, 15 Apr. 1872. Sittana, in Hindustan, — reoccupied by Wahabees, (from Mulka,) Jul. 1863 — invasion of British territory from, 7 Sep. 1863 — expedi- tion against, under Sir Neville Chamberlain, Oct. 1863. 1 Umbeyla Pass.] Slade Collections, of Glass, Ivory, En- gravings, &c, — bequeathed to British Museum, by Felix Slade, who tf. at Lambeth, 29 Mar. 1868. Slade Professorships of Fine Arts, — at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and at Univ. Coll. London, founded and endowed by Felix Slade, 1868. Smart, Benjamin Humphrey, lexicographer, grammarian, §c., — b., about 1787 — teacher of Elocution in London, from 18 15 — tf., 21 Feb. 1872. Beginnings of a Neiv School of Meta- physics : Outlines of Sematology, 183 1-7 -9 — Manual of Logic, 1849 — Thought and Lan- guage, 1855 — Introduction to Grammar, 1858 — edition of Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, 1846. Smith, William Henry, miscellaneous writer, — b., about 1809 — called to the bar at Middle Temple, 23 Nov. 1838 — tf. at Brighton, Apr. 1872. Discourse on Ethics, 1839 — Remarks on Laic Reform, 1840 — Poems and Dramas, 1846 — Thorndale, 1857 — Gravenhurst, 1862. Spain, — Carlist insurrection breaks out, Apr. 1872. Spalding, Martin John, Abp of Balti- more, Primate of R. C. Church in Uxited States, — b. in Kentucky, 23 May 18 10 — ■ goes to Rome, and enters Urban Coll. of the Propaganda, 1830 — D.D., ordained priest, 1834 — returns to Kentucky, Dec. 1834 — coad- jutor Bp to Bp of Louisville, 1848— afterwards Bp of Louisville : Abp of Baltimore, and Primate, 1863 — installed by Papal Brief, 12 May 1864 — Pres. second plenary Council, Bal- timore, 1866 — takes part in assembly of pre- lates at Rome, Jim. 1867 — supports dogma of Infallibility at Council of the Vatican, 1869-70 — tf. at Baltimore, 8 Feb. 1872. Sketches of Early Catholic Missions in Kentucky, 1846 — Life and Times of Bp Elaget, 1852 — Miscel- lanea, 1855— History of Protestant Reforma- tion, i860. Story, Robert, theologian, — h. at Yefholm near Kelso, 3 Mar. 1790 — studies at Edin- burgh Univ., Nov. 1805 to Jul. 18 11 — licensed to preach, Jul. 18 15 — assistant to Dr Druni- mond at Rosneath, Dec. 18 15 — ordained, 26 Mar. 1 818 — sole minister of Rosneath, 18 19 — ■ visits England and attends ' Prophetical Con- ference ' at Albury, Nov. 1827 — marries, 1828 — opposes prosecution of Campbell of Row, 1830 — opposes pretensions of Mary Campbell to ' gift of tongues,' 1830, &c. — ' secession' of half his congregation, 1843 — tf. at Rosneath, 22 Nov. 1859. Memoir of Isabella Campbell, 1829. Strasburg, — new University founded, 1872 — opened, 1 May. Superannuations, in Civil Service of Great Britain, — annual deduction in respect of, from salaries of officers, directed by Treasury Minute, 4 Aug. 1829 — law relating to, amended, and annual deductions from salaries continued and extended by Act 4 Wm IV. c. 24, 25 Jul. 1834 — the deductions discontinued by Act 20 and 21 Tie. c. 37, 17 Aug. 1857. Sweden, — death of tbe Queen, Louisa, 30 Mar. 1 87 1 — exemption from military service by payment abolisbed, Apr. 1872. Swiss Confederation, — the Constitution revised by National Council and Council of the States, between 12 Nov. 1871 and 5 Mar. 1872. Taormino, in Sicily, — lines of, formed by insurgents, taken bv Royal forces, 2 Apr. 1849. Thomas, John Wesley, poet, translator of Dante, — b. at Exeter, 4 Aug. 1798 — enters the Wesleyan ministry, 1822 — appointed to Dum- fries, Aug. 1871 — tf. there, 7 Feb. 1872. Translation of Dante's Divina Commedia, In- ferno, 1859 — Purgatorio, 1862 — Paradiso,i2>66. APPENDIX.] THREATS AND MOLESTATIONS— ZANZIBAR. 1487 Threats and Molestations, in England,— criminal law relating to, amended by Act 34 and 35 Yic. c. 32, 29 Jun. 1871. Tichborne Baronetcy,— dispute respecting title to, begins, 1866— trial, on action of eject- ment, (Tichborne v. Lushington,) begins in Court of Common Pleas, n May 1871 — ends with nonsuit of claimant, (103rd day,) 6 Mar. 18.72 — the claimant arrested for perjury and sent to Newgate. Tonic Sol-fa Association, — formed in London, spring 1853. Tonic Sol-fa Method, in Music,— introduced by Miss Glover, (Tetrachordal System,) at Norwich, about 181 2 — her system modified and brought into general use by Curwen, 1843-50 —College established at Plaistow, 1 Jan. 1869 — obtains official recognition by Committee of Council on Education, Aug. 1869. Trees of Liberty, — the last of those planted in Paris (1848) rooted up, Feb. 1872. Turkish Empire,— reorganization of army commenced, 187.1. TJmbeyla Pass, frontier of the Punjab, — entered by British expedition against Waha- bees of Sittana, 19 Oct. 1863 — Umbeyla village taken and burnt, 16 Dec— advance from, to Mulka, Mulka destroyed, 17-23 Dec. — repassed by British, 23-25 Dec. Universities, of Oxford and Cambridge, — Royal Commission of Inquiry into amount and distribution of endowments appointed, early in Jan. 1872. Vesuvius, Mount,— great eruption begins, 24 Apr. 1872 — ceases by 2 May. Wagner Society, — established in London, Feb. 1872. "Walker- Arnott, George A., botanist, — b. at Edinburgh, 6 Feb. 1799 — enters the ITniv., 1 8 1 3 — M.A., 1 8 1 8 — Advocate, 1 82 1 — travels in France, 1822 and 1825 — LL.D. Aberdeen, 1837 — Prof. Botanv, Glasgow Univ., 1845— if. at Glasgow, 17 Jun. 1868. With Wight, Pro- drom us Flora India Oriental's, about 1840 — with Hooker, Botany of Capt. Becchey's voyage, 1831-41 — with Hooker, British Flora, 1850. Washington, Treaty of, — between Great Britain and United States for settlement - of Oregon Boundary dispute, signed, 15 Jun. 1846. Weights and Measures, in British India, — adoption of uniform system provided for, by Act of Governor-general in Council, Oct. 1871. Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, archceologisl, — b. at Griinberg, in Hesse, 4 Nov. 1784 — visits Italy, 1 806-8 — Prof. Archaeology and Philology, Giessen, 1809 — removes to Gottingen, 18 16 — Prof, at Bonn, 18 19 — Chief Librarian to the Univ., 1 8 19 — visits Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, 1841, &c— visits Rome, 1852 — Foreign Associate of French Institute, 1858 — celebrates jubilee of his professorship, 16 Oct. 1859 — if., 1 869. Translations of the Clouds and Frogs of Aristophanes, 1810-n — Zoega's Leben, 1819 — Zeitschrift fur alte Kunst, 1817-18 — Mschy- lische Trilogie, 1824-6 — Die griech. Tragodien mit RiicJcsicht auf den episohen Cyhlus, 1839 — ' Epische Cyklus, 1835-49 — Griech. Gbtterlehre, 1857-62 — Alte Denhndler, 1849-64. Weld, Charles Robert, miscellaneous writer, — b. at Windsor, 1818 — called to the bar, 1844 — Assistant Secretary to Royal Society, 1 845 — resigns, 1861 — district Superintendent of Inter- national Exhibition, 1862 — Assistant British Commissioner at Paris Exhibition, 1 867 — if. at Bath, 15 Jan. 1869. History of the Royal Society, 1847 — Vacation Tours, 1848-67. Westmacott, Richard, sculptor,— b.in Lon- don, 1799 — studies in Italy, 1820-6 — F.R.S., 1837 — A.R.A., 1838— R.A., 1849 — Prof. Sculpture, R.A., Jul. 1857 — if. in London, 19 Apr. 1872. Bluebell, 1836— Butterfly, 1838 — Faolo and Francesca, 1838— Pediment of Royal Exchange, London, 1842-4 — Ashburton 2Ionu- ment, 1 842 — Go and Sin no more, 1 850 — Handbook of Sculpture, 1864. Westminster Abbey, — Chapter -house open- eel to the public, 29 Apr. 1872. Westminster Confession, — customary sub- scription to, in United Presbyterian Church, abolished by Glasgow Presbytery, Dec. 1871. Williams, Sarah, (Sadie,) poetess,— b. in London, 12 Nov. 1837 — if. there, Easter 1868. Rainbows in Springtide, 1 866 — Twilight Hours, 1868. Women, — admissible to French Academy, 1665-1789. College for, opened at Hitchin, 1869. Yarkand, — reached by Adolph Schlagint- weit, 1857 — by Capt. Montgomerie's agent, Mahomed i Hamid, wint. 1863-4. Yellowstone Valley, A 7 ". America, — the re- gion withdrawn from occupancy and set apart as National Park, by Act of Congress, spring 1872. Zanzibar, — Cyclone at, shipping and part of town destroyed, 15 Apr. 1872. THE END. JOHN CH1LDS AND SON, PEINTEBS. 3477-1 X-262 rL ,\ K>S ^^,, "^ <$ ,-> Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. -/-? 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