Class. 
 Book- 
 
 ET^Q i 
 
 S 5^ 
 
I BATTLES OF MEXICO!! |i 
 
 
 jtiiiUeoj (JuuruJuSLO. 
 
 COrfT*IT«tNO 
 
 AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 Battles Jbu9l)t in tl)at Republic 
 
 TO THK 
 
 CLOSE OF THE ¥AR, 
 
 WITH A LIST OF THE KILLED AND WOUNDED: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 LIVES OF GENERALS SCOTT AND TAYLOR, 
 
 INCLUPING THn 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTEEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 NEW YORK: J. C. BURDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST 
 PIIII.AD.: T. B. PETERSON,.98 CHE3NUT-ST. 
 
 1848. 
 
-^MSSJ USPSi^^'^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 HALLS OF THE lONTEZUMAS: 
 
 OR, 
 
 MEXICO, 
 
 AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT AND 
 MODERN RACES, ANTIQUITIES: 
 
 AND ESPECIALLY 
 
 ITS SPLENDID PALACES AND HALLS OF STATE: 
 
 ALSO 
 
 ITS GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT, INSTITUTIONS, MINES, 
 
 MINERALS, ANb CHURCHES: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 THE CONQUEST BY CORTES AND A SKETCH OF THE LATB 
 
 WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES- 
 
 INCLUDING THE 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED AVITH TWENTY BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 NEW- YORK : J. C. BITRDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST. 
 
 PHII.ADKI.rillA: T. B. PKTEII-^Oa. ^8 CIIE;iT.Ni:T-ST. 
 
 1848. 
 
 ^-^^=^^^^^)^— — '-^ 
 

 ^yf^^^W 
 
 
 r.-uT'^Rfi^.i^S 
 
 CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 N O Iv, T I! V. U N K X " ■ W V. V. I '1' Y O 1 P )■'. IJ R f- A D K LOS A N G K LOS. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO: 
 
 CONTA8NINQ AN AUTHENXIO ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 ALL THE BATTLES FOUGHT 
 
 IN THAT REPUBLIC 
 
 mCLUDINa THE 
 
 %^ TREATY OF PEACE; 
 
 WITH A LIST OF THE KILLED AND WOUNDED, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 LIVES OF GENERALS SCOTT AND TAYLOR. 
 
 ttiLUSTRATED WITH FirrEEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 
 J 0. BURDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST 
 
 1848. 
 
 ^. 
 

 Entered accoraing to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, 
 By E. HUTCHINSON 
 ia the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southent 
 District of New York. 
 
SANTA ANN-A. 
 
STORMING OF MONTfiRKV. 
 
 BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following pages are designed to record, in 
 a brief manner, those facts in reference to the 
 war in Mexico, worthy of preservation. It com- 
 prehends the substance ot larger works, and is more 
 convenient for reference. Lists of killed and 
 wounded are given as fully and accurately as the 
 official and authoritive reports would admit. 
 
 It is painful to contemplate, and especially des- 
 cribe the scenes of the battle field — the streams of 
 blood — the groans of the wounded and dying — the 
 huiidreds or thousands slain — the gasp of death — the 
 crushed hopes — undying spirits thus ushered sudden- 
 ly and awfully into the presence of their Judge, per- 
 haps unprepared — it is apalling ! and we would turn 
 away and weep for poor, depraved humanity. Still 
 it is desirable that the facts should be laid before the 
 public. How many wives, at the commencement 
 of the war, parted with their companions never to 
 meet again in this world, and are now eager to 
 know all the circumstances connected with the 
 war ! How many parents, bereft of dear children, 
 how many brothers and sisters, deprived of those 
 whom they loved, are intensely anxious to hear all 
 the particulars of each battle! 
 
 We present these pages to the public hoping the 
 tragical scenes here described may deter others from 
 imbibing a war spirit. We exhort them not to be 
 influenced by the martial array, the din of battle 
 and' the clash of arms, and all the exciting parE- 
 pharnaiiaof war. 
 
BATTLK OK SIERRA GORDO. 
 
 BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA . 
 
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL 
 SCOTT. 
 
 WiNFiELD Scott was born June 13th, 1786, near Peters- 
 burgh, Virginia. His grandfather was a Scotchman, who fled 
 to this cauntry in consequence of being involved in the rebell- 
 ion of 1847. Flis only son was William, who died in 1791, 
 leaving two sons, the youngest of whom was Winfield. 
 
 His mother was a very amiable lady and endowed with superior 
 intellectual and other accomplishments. She died in 1803, 
 when the subject of this notice was only seventeen years of age. 
 
 At this time Winfield was noted for energy, stability of 
 character, a high sense of honor, and warm social feelino"3. He 
 studied one year in the High School at Richmond, and spent 
 two years at William and Mary College, attending law lectures. 
 
 At the age of twenty years he was admitted to the bar as a 
 lawyer. 
 
 In 1807 he emigrated to South Carolina, intending to prac- 
 tise law at Charleston; but in 1808 Congress determined to 
 increase the army on account of English aggressions, and young 
 Scott was appointed Captain of a compapy of Light Artillery 
 by President Jefferson. In July, 1812, he was promoted to 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, and was ordered to the Niagara frontier, 
 as war between the United States and England had been de- 
 clared. He soon distinguished himself by recapturing a 
 British brig in Niagara river. In October. 1812, he proceeded 
 to Lewiston, and with six hundred men repulsed a large force 
 of the enemy. Finally, after several severe conflicts, the ene- 
 my being reinforced (having 1300 men), and Scott's band 
 being reduced to 300, they were obliged to surrender to the 
 British. 
 
 The American prisoners were sent to Quebec, and thence to 
 Boston. Scott was soon exchanged, and joined the army at 
 Fort Niagara in May, 1813, as Adjutant-General. He soon 
 led on the advanced guard in an attack on Fort George, and 
 with great bravery repulsed the British, and captured the fort. 
 
 March 9th, 1814, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier- 
 General. In July his brigade and a corps of artillery crossed 
 Niagara river and captured Fort EriCj and then advanced to 
 
14 BATTLES OF MEXICO, 
 
 Chippewa, and, with 1900 men, entirely routed 2100 of the 
 enemy. 
 
 July 25th, Scott advanced towards Niagara and again met a 
 large foroe of the enemy. The battle was fierce, and Scott 
 manifested the greatest bravery, having two horses shot under 
 him. He waswounded in his side, and finally disabled by a 
 musket ball passing through his left shoulder. At midnight 
 the Americans gained possession of the field, after a loss of 860, 
 while the British lost 878. 
 
 Scott, immediately after this celebrated battle, was appointed 
 Major-General, at the age of 28. 
 
 In 1816 he visited Europe, and on his return married Miss 
 Maria Mayo, of Richmond, Va. Ho has several daughters, but 
 no son living. 
 
 In 1831-2 he engaged in the " Black Hawk war," and finally 
 terminated it by a treaty with the Indians. 
 
 When nullification in South Carolina threatened the country 
 with civil war, Scott by his cunning yet peaceful and friendly 
 proceedings, calmed the impending storm. 
 
 January 20th, 1836, he was ordered to take the command of 
 the army in Florida and carry on the Seminole war. He had 
 many skirmishes ; but was recalled by the grumbling of enemies. 
 
 He made peace when there was a threatened invasion of 
 Canada by Americans on the frontier in 1837. The steamer 
 Caroline was burned by the British ; but the olive branch was 
 finally accepted. , 
 
 In 1838 he prevented a probable war with the Cherokee In- 
 dians. 
 
 He was the great " Pacificator" in the adjustment of the 
 North-eastern boundary. It was undoubtedly by his wise man- 
 agement that a dreadfully severe war was prevented. Perhaps 
 there is no man living who has so distinguished himself as a 
 brave general and kind pacificator. 
 
 His achievements in the Mexican war are described in the 
 following pages. 
 
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL 
 TAYLOR. 
 
 This dIstiDguished General was a native of " The Old Do- 
 BHnion." He was born iu Orange County, Va., November 
 ^Ith, 1784. His father, Richard Taylor, was somewhat noted 
 as a military man in that State. Zaohary is now (1847) 63 
 years old. 
 
 In 1785 his father moved to Kentucky, near Louisville, 
 where Zaohary spent most of his childhood. 
 
 As good schools were scarce at that time in Kentucky, his 
 education was neglected. He was brought up on a farm ; but 
 had a taste for military glory, and in May, 1808, President 
 Jefferson appointed him a Lieutenant in the army at the age of 
 14 years. His first wreath of glory was won at " Ti/j/jecanoe," 
 in a desperate battle with the Indians, May 7th, 1811. In con- 
 sequence of his bravery in this conflict, President Madison gave 
 him a Captain's commission. 
 
 In the spring of 1812 he was placed in command of Fort 
 Harrison on the Wabash. War with England had been de- 
 clared, and Tecumsoh, with his Indian warriors, was resolved to 
 exterminate the whites. Taylor had only 50 men in the fort, 
 and half of them disabled by fever. September 4th, 1812, the 
 Indians attacked the fort about midnight. The sentinels were 
 driven in, the block-house of the fort was on fire, and destruc- 
 tion seemed to be their inevitable lot. Taylor ordered a part 
 of his men to extinguish the flames, and the remainder to return 
 the fire. For seven hours the conflict was severe, and the savage 
 jells terrific ; but the Indians were obliged to retire. 
 
 After this brave defence Taylor was promoted to the rank of 
 brevet-Major. At the close of the war, by the influence of ene- 
 mies, he was reduced to the rank of Captain, and, resenting the 
 insult, he retired to his farm. 
 
 In 1815 he was reinstated by President Madison, and p^ro- 
 ©eeded, in 1816, to Green Bay. He was soon appointed 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, and, until 1832, was on the Western and 
 North-westeru frontiers', performing important servicea. 
 
16 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 General Jac&son, in 1832, appointed him Colonel, and sent him 
 into the " Black Hawk war." In July General Atkinson ar- 
 rived at the scene of action with 2500 men, including 400 under 
 Colonel Taylor. When the Indians retreated into the wilder- 
 ness, 1300 men under Taylor were ordered in pursuit. They 
 overtook them near the junction of the Mississippi and 
 Iowa rivers, where a desperate conflict ensued, in which the 
 savages were totally routed. Taylor soon captured Black 
 Hawk and ended the war. 
 
 Taylor was afterwards ordered to Fort Crawford, at Prairie 
 du Chien, and remained there until 1836, when he was called 
 to assist in the Seminole war in Florida, which commenced in 
 1835. All eflforts failed to bring the savages to subjection 
 until December, 1837, when Colonel Taylor, with 1100 men, 
 left Fort Gardner in pursuit. December 25th, he was attacked 
 by a large body of Indians with rifles in ambuscade. The bat- 
 tle was fierce and bloody. The volunteers, at first, began to 
 give way as their leaders fell, but the regulars pressed on. 
 This battle of " Okee-cho-bee" continued an hour, when the 
 Indians retired, but were hotly pursued. The savages exhibited 
 the greatest bravery. Our loss was 14 oJEcersand 120 privates 
 killed or wounded. 
 
 This broke the power of the war. Many Indians surrendered 
 to our men, and the scene of bloodshed gradually terminated. 
 Taylor soon received the rank of Brevet-Brigadier-General, and 
 in April, 1838, was appointed to the command of our troops 
 in Florida. He remained two years longer, and then, at his 
 request, was recalled. 
 
 Afterwards he was appointed to the command of the First 
 Department of the U. S. Army in the South-west. His head- 
 quarters were at Fort Jesup until 1841, when he was ordered 
 to Fort Gibson. He remained there about five years, when, in 
 1845, he was ordered to Texas, in anticipation of her annexa- 
 tion to the United Statee. 
 
 The remainder of General Taylor's triumphant career iii de- 
 scribed in the following pages. He has proved himself to be 
 one of the bravest and most skilful generals of modern times. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO, 
 
 Various circumstances contributed to produce this war. 
 In the first place the government of the U. S. had cer- 
 tain claims against Mexico, acknowledged by the latter, 
 but not cancelled. N^xt, the people of Texas, having 
 formed themselves into an independent government main- 
 tained that independence eight years, were desirous of 
 being annexed to the United States. In order to accom- 
 plish this object, as Mexico was opposed to it, it was 
 agreed between our government and that of Texas, that 
 the former should send upon the borders of Texas, an 
 armed force sufficient to put down any opposition from 
 Mexico. Accordingly Zachary Taylor, Col. of the 6th 
 Regiment of Infantry, was appointed to take command of 
 these forces. He repaired to Fort Jessup, Louisana, and 
 found that post garrisoned by seven companies of the 
 2d regiment of Dragoons, under the command of Col. D. E. 
 Twiggs. May 10th, 1844, eight companies of the 3d Regi- 
 ment of Infantry, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri-, 
 repaired to the same place, commanded by Lieutenant 
 Col. E. A. Hitchcock. Their encampment was called 
 Camp Wilkins. Eight companies of the 4th Regiment' 
 from Tefferson Barracks, went. May 13, to Grand Ecore 
 on the Red River, under the command of Colonel Vose. 
 Z. Taylor, with the title of Brevet Brigadier General, 
 
 2 
 
18 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 arrived at Fort Jessup about the middle of June. April, 
 1845 two companies arrived from Fort Leavenworth, 
 making 25 companies in all of what w^as called the " army 
 of observation." It having been voted by Congress 
 (Feb. 1845), to annex Texas to the United States, and 
 as the people of that State in convention, w^ould meet, and 
 probably accept the proposition of annexation in July, it 
 was thought best for the army of observation to be pre- 
 pared to move to the western frontier of Texas if neces- 
 sary. Accordingly it proceeded to New Orleans in 
 July 1845, ready to embark to any requisite point. 
 
 While at that city Col. J. H. Vose of the 4th Infantry 
 died in a fit, which cast a gloom .over his associates in 
 arms. July 23d a part of the force set sail for Corpus 
 Christi, (generally called Kinney's Ranch,'' situated on 
 the western shore of Corpus Christi Bay) and arrived 
 July 31. Many interesting incidents and some spirited 
 battles have occurred at this military post, between the 
 Mexicans and Texans, in which Santa Anna acted a 
 prominent part ; but we must not tarry to describe them 
 here. The army now was no longer called " army 
 of observation ;" but the " army of occupation." In 
 August the aspect of affairs began to be menacing, 
 and it was expected that Mexico would soon declare, 
 ■war. General Arista, was at Monterey with a considera- 
 ble Mexican force, and there was another at Matamoras. 
 In the mean time new companies from the United States 
 occasionally arrived. 
 
 Sept. 12th, the steamer Dayton, having on board seve- 
 ral officers and soldiers, burst her boilers, on her way to.St. 
 Joseph's Island, and eight lost their lives in a most distres- 
 sing manner. In September General Worth with six com- 
 panies, and Major Ringgold with his company of horse 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 19 
 
 and others, arrived at the camp. By the middle of Octo- 
 ber 1845 the army of occupation consisted of 251 offi- 
 cers 3671 privates, total 3922. These were on the coast, 
 and there were about 150 in the interior. 
 
 Texas claimed the land to the River Rio Grande, and 
 General Taylor was ordered, in Feb. 1846, to move the 
 army to some point on that river. In March it accordingly 
 started, having been at Corpus Christi seven months ano: 
 eleven days. March 16th Col. Twiggs met the advancec 
 guard of the enemy and was ordered to advance no fur 
 ther. He returned to the army and reported. " Nothing 
 however, was seen of the enemy again until our forcet 
 reached the banks of the Colorado, the passage of which 
 was strongly disputed. The Mexican forces were drawn 
 up on the opposite bank, and declared that they would 
 fire upon our forces if they attempted to cross. General 
 Taylor told them, that as soon as the bank was cut down 
 for the train to pass, the first Mexican that he saw after 
 our men entered the river would be shot. At this they 
 fled. The Adjutant general. Gen. Mejia, the command- 
 ing officer at Matamoras, handed a paper to General Tay- 
 lor informing him, that if he crossed they would have 
 a fight; but no .opposition appeared. The order of 
 march as our army drew nearer Point Isabel was in four 
 columns, the Dragoons on the right and the 3d Brigade 
 on the left. Before arriving, however, it was ascertained 
 that the place was deserted by the enemy and that all the 
 buildings but one were burned. Our army were then 
 ordered to direct their march towards Matamoras and 
 General Worth encamped 12 miles from that place. 
 General Taylor proceeded to point Isabel and the stea- 
 mers and provisions arrived at the same time. "While 
 a deputation of fifty armed citizens of Matamoras, protesting 
 
20 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 there against our occupying the country. The general told 
 them that he would answer them at Mataraoras. Defences 
 were ordered to be constructed at the Point and Major Mon- 
 roe appointed Commander of the port. March 25th,General 
 Worth proceeded three miles farther, to Palo Alto and wait- 
 ed for General Taylor. March 28th, the army moved to- 
 wards Matamoras, which is on the Rio Grande, arriving op 
 posite the city about 11 A. M. Two of our advanced 
 guard were taken prisoners by the Mexicans, and the horse 
 of a boy who was a bugler ; which excited our men con- 
 siderably. ' About two hundred Mexicans were to be seen 
 and their colours flying in various places. General Worth 
 was ordered to answer the deputation which visited Gen. 
 Taylor at Point Isabel. The Mexicans for some time 
 would not send a boat across the river : but at last one came 
 with an officer. General Worth sent him back saying that 
 he wished to see the commanding officer. Gen. Mejia 
 said that he would neither receive General Worth or Gen- 
 eral Taylor's communication. Mejia sent General La Vega 
 and Worth crossed the river and the interview took place 
 on the Mexican side. La Vega said that the Mexicans 
 considered us as invaders. Nothing of importance was ac- 
 complished by the interview. A flag was soon raised by 
 our army on the banks of the Rio Grande. It was thought 
 that the Mexican force, at this post was fifteen hundred. 
 March 26th it was feared that our forces would be attack- 
 ed at night and they were ordered to' sleep upon their 
 arms. Capt. May with a squadron of the 2nd Dragoons 
 marched to Point Isabel (27 miles) in four hours to reinforce 
 the garrison. On the first of April Gen. Taylor demanded 
 the release of the captured Dragoons and they were return- 
 ed with their equipments. It is surprising that several of 
 our men deserted and went over to the enemy. Some oi 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO 21 
 
 them were shot, who attempted to swim the river. News 
 arrived, April 9th that Mr. Slidell, United States minister 
 to Mexico having given up all hope of opening negotia 
 tions had left the city and returned to the U, S. 
 
 BATTLE OF MATAMORAS. 
 
 General Ampudia, who had superseded Arista, arrived 
 from the South the 11th of April and ordered General 
 Taylor to leave in 24 hours or he should consider us as 
 having declared war against Mexico. Taylor answered 
 that he did not wish for 24 hoursbut would return an an- 
 swer at 10 o'clock the next day. He told Ampudia that 
 he was sent there by his government in a peaceful atti- 
 tude and he intended to remain, and warned Ampudia 
 against firing the first gun. Lieutenant Porter, while out 
 in pursuit of Col. Cross, who was supposed to be killed 
 was attacked by some Mexicans and slain. Col. Cross 
 was afterwards found murdered. April 26th an ambush 
 was laid for a company of our men and 2 sergeants and 
 8 privates were killed in an engagement with the enemy. 
 
 There was every appearance of a general and speedy at- 
 tack. General Taylor sent a requisition on the governors 
 of Louisiana and Texas for 5000 men. April 25th Gen- 
 eral Arista arrived at the scene of action. April 28th 
 Capt. Walker's camp was attacked by Generals Torrejon 
 and Canales, being stationed midway between Point Isa- 
 bel and Matamoras. 5 of his men were killed and 4 miss- 
 ing, he having gone out with some of his force on a scout. 
 April 29th it was thought that the Point was attacked as 
 cannon was heard in that direction, and a portion of the 
 
i3S BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 army marched immediately in that direction. The report 
 was false as there had been no attack. 
 
 May 3rd the batteries from Matamoras opened upon our 
 camp at day-break with great energy. The battle was 
 fierce for a while and in 30 minutes all the heavy gun 
 batteries of the enemy were silenced by our artillery. 
 The enemy threw many shells; but without effect . 
 
 # 
 BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 
 
 Most of our forces were at Point Isabel and in that vi- 
 cinity though some were opposite Matamoras . General 
 Taylor, May 7th directed the army to march in the direc- 
 tion of Matamoras . It started at 3, P. M . having a val- 
 uable train of provisions and munitions of war. Six 
 twelve-pounders were in the wagons and a battery of 
 two eighteen pounders was drawn by oxen. The forces 
 were under the command of Lieut. Churchill. On the 
 morning of the 8th the enemy were observed less than 
 a mile distant, occupying a front of about a mile and a 
 half. The general formed his men in column of attack 
 and permitted them to go half at a time and get w^ater 
 to fill their canteens, as they had marched twelve 
 miles that day and suffered from heat and thirst. Our 
 army moved on with firmness to meet the enemy, and 
 when within 700 yards the enemy opened their fire from 
 a battery on the right. The right wing of our army 
 
BATTLES OF MEXtCG. 23 
 
 was composed of the fifth Infantry on the right, Ring- 
 gold's Artillery, the 3rd Infantry, Churchill's eighteen 
 pound battery and 4th Infantry and commanded by Col. 
 Twiggs. The, left wing composed of Duncan's Artil- 
 lery and the 8th Infantry was commanded Brevet Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Belknap. Ringgold's and Duncan's batteries 
 advanced and commenced firing. The enemy fired con- 
 tinually but not with much precision. Their cavalry 
 move on the left and then three batteries placed in a line 
 at a considerable distance from each other and bodies of 
 infantry between, making a long line of battle. Ring- 
 golds battery made dreadful havoc, cutting down almost 
 whole platoons at once. The two eighteen pounders 
 roared tremendously and the cavalry of the enemy soon 
 begjan to retire, at first in a trot and then in a gallop. 
 A movement of the enemy's flank, composed of Cavalry 
 one thousand strong, endangered our train and was 
 promptly met by a section of Ringgold's battery under 
 Lieut. Ridgeway and the fifth and third Infantry. They 
 were received by 5th in a square and twenty of them' 
 were killed from the fire of an angle. When the enemy 
 saw the 3rd Infantry advancing in column by division, 
 they fled with rapidity. On the left Duncan cut them 
 down in great numbers and the shout of our men could be 
 heard above the cannon's roar. Our left ^^ing, particularly 
 the 8th Infantry, suffered from the fire of the enemy, being 
 in a column instead of being deployed in a line. In the 
 midst of the battle the prairie took fire and enveloped the 
 armies in smoke. The firing commenced at 3 P. M. 
 and ceased for a time at 4 P. M. Then Ringgold's bat- 
 tery and the eighteen pounders were pushed round to the 
 left flank of the enemy and the 4th Infantry and 1st Brig- 
 ade moved up to their aid. the firing soon commenced 
 
24 ' BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 again aud the enemy were obliged tc change their line ot 
 "battle. At this moment Duncan poired a tremendous 
 iire into their right flank and threw it into the greatest 
 confusion. As night approached the firing gradually cea- 
 sed on both sides. The enemy had been driven from his 
 position and forced to retire, and our army were left vic- 
 tors upon the battle ground. We had only nine killed, 
 forty-four wounded and two missing. Major Ringgold, 
 Captain Page, Lieutenants Luther, 2nd Artillery and 
 Wallen, 4th Infantry were wounded. Major Ringgold 
 received a shot while sitting on his horse, which carried 
 away the flesh on his legs from his knees up and passed 
 through the withers of his horse. The lower jaw of Capt. 
 Page was shot off. Lieut. Wallen received a slight 
 ■wound in the arm and Lieut. Luther in the calf of the leg. 
 The Assistant Adjutant General, Capt. Bliss and fiieut. 
 Daniels had their horses shot under them. Our wounded 
 suffered much during the night. General Arista com- 
 manded the enemy having 6000 men and our force consist- 
 ed of 221 L Thus ended the famous battle of Palo Alto. 
 May 9th the enemy, at day break, moved along the bor- 
 ders of the chaparral and it was supposed that they intend- 
 to occupy the road and prevent our farther progress. It 
 was decided that we should attack them, and after the train 
 was suitably guarded, our army moved forward soon after 
 sunrise. It was found that the enemy were rapidly retreat- 
 ing. In going over the battle field the scene was awful. 
 There were at least five hundred of the enemy killed and 
 wounded. It would seem that enough had already been 
 done to settle the difficulty between the two nations but a 
 nation's pride is not easily satisfied. This was but the 
 commencement of bloody scenes. Gen. Taylor ordered 
 our men to take care of the wounded among the enemy 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 25 
 
 wherever found, as carefully as our own wounded. At 
 1 P.M. our army moved on. 
 
 BATTLE OF RESACA DE LA PALMA. 
 
 Capt. G. A. McCall was sent forward with one hun- 
 dred picked men to reconoitre. He found that the enemy 
 had selected a favorable postion and were waiting for our 
 advance. McCall had a slight brush with them and re- 
 turned. Our forces were deployed to the right and left of 
 the road as skirmishers. Capt. Mc Call's command were 
 ordered to advance and draw the fire of the enemy. The 
 latter were on the opposite bank of a ravine concave to- 
 wards us and their batteries were so arrange^ as to sweep 
 the road and every approach through the chaparral. Mc 
 Call received the fire of the enemy and Lieut. Ridgely, 
 successor to Ringgold, was ordered forward with his bat- 
 tery. The battle commenced with fury. Frequently 
 were bayonets crossed, they were in such close proximity, 
 The enemy gave way slowly, but fought like tigers, for 
 every inch of ground. The chaparral was so thick that 
 our regiments were mixed ; but fought not the less bravely. 
 Ridgely at one time, had a body of lancers come done 
 upon him, with tremendous force, when he had but one 
 piece unlimbered. Sergeant Kearnes put a load of can- 
 nister on the top of a shell and fired which scattered all 
 but four. Then Ridgely charged them in person and 
 drove them back, exhibiting the greatest bravery. 
 
 Capt. May rode back and asked the general if he should 
 charge the ehemy on the opposite side of the 'ravine. 
 
26 BATTLES OF MEXICO 
 
 The answer was " Charge-, Captain, nolens, volens !'' 
 As May dashed on by Ridgely, the latter cried" hold 
 on Charley till I draw their fire !" Down the ravine 
 they went. Lieut. Inge soon fell and many others ; 
 but the rest drove furiously on, cros&ed the ravine 
 and captured the battery. Capt. Graham's company 
 \vas with May's in this charge. General La Vega 
 stood by his battery to the last and was taken pris- 
 oner by Capt. May. The 3rd were deployed on the 
 right of the road ; but met no enemy and not being able to 
 get through the thick, dense chaparral, were obliged to 
 return to get into the action and arrived after the enemy 
 w^ere completely routed. Duncan then took the advance 
 with his battery, the Dragoons, 3rd Infantry and Smith's 
 command being ordered to support the artillery. We 
 dashed on after the enemy who were in full retreat, pour- 
 ing upon them a very destructive fire. Our men soon 
 came up with the enemy's camp and found it deserted 
 and captured by the brave Barbour, who with his company 
 of the third Infantry had resisted a formidable charge of 
 cavalry. Mules, packs, provisions, and other trophies 
 were left by the enemy. Our men pursued the enemy, 
 shouting as they went, to the river. Many of the enemy 
 were drowned endeavoring to swim across, and were scat- 
 tered in every direction. The rout was general and com- 
 plete, though our force consisted of 1700 men, the others 
 being required to guard the train. 2000 of the best of 
 Mexico's troops came over to join in this battle of the 9th, 
 called ^'•Resaca de la Palma.-'' Our loss was three officers 
 and thirty-six men killed, twelve officers and fifty-nine 
 men wounded. The officers killed were Lieut. Z. Inge, 
 2nd Dragoons ; Lieut. R. E. Cochrane, 4th Infantry ; and 
 Lieut. 'T. L. Chadbourne, 8th Infantry. The wounded 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 27 
 
 officers were Colonel M. M. Payne, 4th Artillery, acting 
 Inspector-General ; Col. J. S. Mc'Intosh, 5th Infantry : 
 Capt. A. Hooe, 5th Infantry ; Lieut. S. H. Fowler, 5th 
 Infantry ; Capt. W. R. Montgomery, Lieut. J. Selden, 
 R. P. Maclay, C. F. Morris, C. R. Gates, J. G. Burbank 
 and C. D. Jordan, 8th Infantry ; -and Lieut. S. D. Dob- 
 \)ins, 3rd Infantry. We captured eight pieces of artillery, 
 2000 stand of arms, 200 mules, one hundred and fifty 
 thousand rounds of musket cartridges, and all the baggage 
 and camp equipage of the army. Arista's private papers 
 and baggage fell into our hands. One General, one Colo- 
 nel, one Lieut, Colonel, four Captains and five Lieuten- 
 ants, were taken prisoners. Three Captains and four 
 Lieutenants of the enemy were buried on the field, and 
 forty-eight officers besides w^ere acknowledged by the 
 Mexicans to be missing. The killed, wounded, and rais- 
 ing of the enemy could not have been less than 2000. 
 
 Gen Taylor was sitting upon his horse in the hottest of 
 the battle, and the balls were rattling all around him. 
 An officer remarked to him that he was exposing himself 
 too much, and proposed that he should retire. The Gen- 
 eral said, " Let us ride a little nearer, the balls will fall 
 behind us.^^ 
 
 During the bombardment of Fort Brown (opposite Mat- 
 amoras). Major Brown the commanding officer was wound- 
 ed by a shell May 6th and died on thd 9th much lamented. 
 The enemy fired 2700 shells at this fort killing one officer, 
 one sergeant, and wounding thirteen privates. They were 
 repeatedly ordered by the enemy to surrender; but would 
 not. Major Ringgold died at Point Isabel May 11th 
 and was buried with funeral honors on the 12th. May 
 17th our army were ordered to cross the Rio Grande and 
 take possession of Matamoras. General Arista s^nt over 
 
28 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 and wished for an ajmistice until he could hear from tb 
 Capital, but Old Rough and Ready said, " No !" Taylo. 
 was asked if he intended to take the city, "Yes," was the 
 reply, "if he had to batter it down. Tel! General Arista, 
 said he, " that the city must capitulate, all public proper- 
 ty, amunition, provisions &c. must be given up, and then 
 the army may march out and- retire. Arista was orderetl 
 to give an answer by 3 P. M. In the mean time our 
 army marched three miles up the river, where there was a 
 suitable place for crossing. No deputation came from 
 Arista and we crossed May 18th. By a sad accident 
 Lieut. Stephens was drow^ned. It was found that the Mex- 
 ican army precipitately left the city and the authorities 
 invited General Taylor to take possession. The battle- 
 field of Resaca de la Palma presented a sad spectacle — • 
 such vast numbers of the slain and now the hospitals 
 were filled with the wounded ! Near one poor wounded 
 man, sat a beautiful girl of seventeen keeping off the flies. 
 She was his wife. There the mother and her children were 
 seated by the wounded father. Colonel Twiggs was ap- 
 pointed to the chief command of the city. 
 
 Colonel Garland was sent out with two companies on 
 the 19th to follow the enemy. After he had gone 27 miles 
 he came up with them, had a skirmish, and returned the 
 22d. Two of his men were wounded. He killed two, 
 wounded two of the enemy and captured twenty men with 
 their baggage. Barita, a small town near by, was taken 
 May 17, by Colonel Wilson. When the Congress of the 
 U. S. heard of the capture of Capt. Thornton and his com- 
 mand, that body made declaration of war May 13th, and 
 voted to raise fifty thousand volunteers and to appropriate 
 ten inilions of dollars for the expense of the war. War 
 was declared by Mexico, April 23rd. Our Congress ap- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 29 
 
 pointed General Taylor Brevet Major General, after the 
 battles of Palo Alto and Resca de la Palma. 
 
 Numerous reinforcements soon came in and the army 
 moved forward. Monterey, Reynosa, Camargo, Mier and 
 other towns were soon taken without resistance. When 
 our army left Matamoras, Lieutenant Colonel Clark was 
 appoined to the command of the city. Poor Page after 
 suffering intensely, died July 12th. 
 
 The U. S. army proceeded up the Rio Grande as far as 
 Mier and then left that noble river and turned to the south 
 towards Monterey. 
 
 Sept. 14th, Capt. McCullough, with thirty-five men, had 
 a brush with two hundred Mexicans, near Ramos. Two 
 of the enemy were wounded, and the Capt. lost one horse. 
 Reports seemed to be confirmed that the enemy were pre, 
 paring for a hard battle at Monterey. It was expected that 
 we should have a fight at Marin, where the enemy under 
 General Torrejon Avere seen, just before our army entered 
 the town. When we arrived the enemy had left. At this 
 place the mountains at the foot of which Monterey stands, 
 were distinctly visible, about twenty-five miles distant. 
 
 Sept. 17th General Taylor was addressed by the Spanish 
 Consul at Monterey inquiring whether the property of for- 
 eigners would be respected. Taylor replied that he could 
 not be responsible for anything if the city was taken by 
 assault, 
 
 Sept. 19th at 9 P. M, the advance of our forces arrived 
 within three miles of Monterey. Some heavy cannon wer? 
 heard and our men pushed forward : but before they came 
 within reach of the guns General Taylor ordered them t( 
 halt. It seems that some lancers came out of the city 
 and endeavored to draw our men within reach of the shot 
 When our advance halted the enemy opened upon us it 
 
30 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 earnest. The ihird shot went directly over General Taylor's 
 staff, corning very near him. Our troops encamped three 
 miles from the city. The city seemed to be well fortified 
 and it was feared that our small guns would not be effectual 
 agamst the large ones of the enemy. It was concluded 
 that our men must take the big guns of the enemy and 
 turn them against themselves. The town was thoroughly 
 reconnoitered on all sides and our men were frequently 
 fired upon. General Taylor decided to send Genera. 
 Worth to take possession of the road to Saltillo, and storm 
 the heights at the west part of the city. This division, in- 
 cluding Colonel JIay's regiment, and Captains McCuI- 
 lough's and Gillepie's rangers, moved off according to order. 
 
 BATTLE OF MONTEREY. 
 
 Sept. 20th, (1846)* about noon. The works commanding 
 the approaches to the city, are the Bishop's Palace and a 
 fort on a height commanding it on the west : the citadel 
 ^n the north and several detached redoubts on the east. 
 The streets were barricaded. In the afternoon a battery 
 was commenced for the mortar, and during the ni^ht the 
 mortar and two twenty-four pound howitzers were estab- 
 lished. An express from General Worth arrived the same 
 
TATTLES OF MEXICO. 31 
 
 night, stating that he had arrived at his position, and would 
 storm two heights southwest of the castle before storming 
 the heights directly west of it. 
 
 Sept. 21st at 7 A. M., the first and volunteer divisions 
 were ordered to advance towards the city. Our mortar and 
 howitzer batteries opened ; but did not have much effect. 
 Taylor directed the first division to move to the east of the 
 city to support Major Mansfield in reconnoitering the ene- 
 mies' works. The division was under the command oi 
 Colonel Garland, 4th Infantry, and went into action with 
 the 3rd Infantry under Major Lear, 4th Brigade under Col- 
 onel Wilson consisting of the 1st Infantry under Major 
 Abercrombie and the Baltimore division under Colonel Wat- 
 son, and Bragg's and Ridgeley's batteries. Major Mansfield 
 was the first t(^ commence the action. Company C, 3rd 
 Infantry, under Lieutenant Hazlitt, was reinforced by com- 
 pany H., 3d Infantry, under Capt. Field. The division 
 was formed in line of battle out of reach of the guns of 
 the enemy, and was then ordered to advance by Lieuten 
 ant Pope and Colonel Kinney, and go into the city an<v 
 storm battery No. 1, at the eastern end. The battery openeo 
 upon the division and the first shot struck in front of our 
 line and ricoched over us. We were fired upon from the 
 citadel. Our men in the midst of these shots, pushed rap- 
 idly onward five hundred yards and rushed into the streets. 
 Not turning soon enough to the left an unperceived batter) 
 opened upon us a deadly fire and balls flew from housetops, 
 yards, and from every direction upon us. Many of out 
 men were cut down. Major Barbour was the first officer 
 who fell. An escopet ball passed through his heart. Our 
 men retired into another street, under cover of some wails • 
 and houses. Lieutenant Bragg's battery now arrived and 
 came into the street but could not efl^ect much. Finally we 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 33 
 
 were directed to retire in order and make an attack from 
 some other point. Capt. Backus of the Ist Infantry, succeeded, 
 with fifty men, in stationing himself in a tan yard about a 
 hundred and thirty yards in the rear of the battery No. 1, 
 and nearer the town. There was a shed with a wall which 
 served as a breast work for our men. Twenty yards 
 southwest of the battery was a distillery with thick walls, 
 on the top of which were sand bag embrasures. Capt. 
 Backus drove the enemy from this. Two companies of 
 the 4th Infantry (90 strong) moved forward under a ter- 
 rible fire, and determined to storm a work defended by five 
 hundred men. 
 
 Now the Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, under 
 General Quitman, advanced and finally took possession of 
 the battery, after great loss- This was severe fighting. 
 Major Lear was severely wounded, Lieut. D. S. Irwin killed, 
 Capt. G. P. Field killed by lancers, Lieutenants Hoskins 
 and Woods were killed and Lieutenant Graham mortally 
 wounded. Major Abercrombie and Capt. La Motte were 
 slightly woanded. Lieut. Dillworth lost a leg and Lieut. 
 Ferret was taken prisoner. 
 
 The division was ordered to the captured battery to sup- 
 port Ridgely's battery, about to advance into the city. Our 
 men had the mortar and three twenty-four-pound howit- 
 zers playing upon the city and one of them having been 
 taken to the captured work was firing upon Fort DiaMo. A 
 body of men, from the 3rd and 4th Infantry, of one hundred 
 and fifty, were now ordered to enter the city and take pos- 
 session of a work of the enemy, apparently a few streets 
 distant. They were exposed to a most destructive fire; but 
 moved on, taking advantage of every shelter in their way. 
 Capt. L. N. Morris, 3rd Infantry was commander. Our 
 men crossed one street and were fully exposed to the guns 
 
 3 
 
84 
 
 BATTI>ES OF MEXICO. 
 
 mounted in barette of a "tete depont," comnianding the 
 passage of El Puente Parissima. We passed through sev- 
 eral gardens and streets and finally reached a slight shelter. 
 There was a stream before us and the enemy in force with 
 three pieces of artillery on the opposite bank, so that we 
 could not go any farther. All the streets seemed to be 
 blockaded and every house fortified. Capt. Morris received 
 a mortal wound at the bridge and Capt. W. S. Henry took 
 the command. Lieutenant Hazlitt soon fell. At last, our 
 cartridges being nearly exhausted, we were commanded to 
 retire, in order, to our captured works. At one time, after 
 day-light, we were obliged to lay flat nearly an hour, the 
 balls came so thick. Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of 
 his battery, advanced to the street leading to the '• tete de 
 pont," but finding his fire entirely ineffectual, retired. Lieut. 
 Bragg put to flight, with his batteryi, a show of a charge of 
 lancers. Our men had not been able to take any dinner or 
 supper and the night was cold and rainy. We had mounted 
 on battery No. 1, one twelve pounder, one nine, two sixes* 
 and one howitzer, in all, five pieces. 
 
 While these scenes were transpiring under the eye of Gen- 
 «ral Taylor, Gen. Worth was moving towards the Saltillo 
 road. A large body of cavalry and Infantry opposed him. 
 and charged upon our men. They were met by the bat- 
 talion of light troops under Capt C. T. Smith and Capt. 
 McCulloughs company of Rangers. The first squadron of 
 the enemy were mixed in with our advance when the sec- 
 ond came furiously rushing on. Lieut. Hays, of Duncan's 
 battery, poured in among them round shot, which passed 
 over the heads of our men, and the enemy were dispersed 
 with a loss of about one hundred, and among them, one 
 Colonel. Our men marched round nearly two miles to the 
 west end of the town, under a heavy fire from " Indepen- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO 3-^ 
 
 dence Hill," situated west of the palace and from "Federa- 
 cion Hill," between which heights, the Saltillo road runs. 
 Now General Worth determined to storm Federacion Hill, 
 and Capt. C. F. Smith, 2d Artillery with three hundred 
 men, half regulars and the rest Texans, under Major Che- 
 valier, undertook the dancrerous enterprise. Capt. Miles 
 with the 7th Infantry marched soon after to his support. 
 As Capt. Miles' command advanced, it was not observed by 
 the enemy until it had reached the small stream (Arroyo 
 Topa) south of the city, along the base of the hill on which 
 the battery is situated. As soon a* discovered, they were 
 continually fired upon by the enemy, but without much 
 effect. Om* men crossed the river and formed on a point of 
 rock out of reach of the enemy. Detachments were 
 then sent forward under Lieutenants Grant, Little, and 
 Gardner to divert the enemy from Capt. Smiths' command. 
 Colonel Smith of the 2d brigade, came up with the 5(h 
 Infantry and ordered Capt. Miles with the 7th to assist him 
 in an attack on Fort Soldado, a temporary breastwork a 
 little south east of Federacion Hill. They moved on and 
 fffiund that Capt. Smith had already got possession of it. The 
 2d Brigade formed and advanced amid a shower of balls, 
 and when within a hundred yards, made a charge at double 
 quick step. The enemy fled in all directions. The left 
 wing of the 7th entered the redoubt with that of the 5th. 
 Many of the Louisiana volunteers under Capt. Blanchard, 
 and the Texan Rangers were up with the advance, all fear- 
 lessly striving to be the first to meet the enemy. Colonel 
 Smith appointed Capt. Smith to retain possession of the first 
 height stormed, and Capt Miles with the 7th, the last. Capt, 
 Scott with the 5th Infantry, was to move on the same 
 ridge farther east. Tlie second Brigade held their position 
 during the afternoon and night of the 21st. The 7th In 
 
36 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 fantry were exposed to the fire from the Bishop's Palace 
 several hours • but Lieut. Dana of the 7th infantry, with 
 his captured gun, returned the fire with some effect. 
 
 Those who occupied battery No. 1, at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the city, at day-break, (Sept. 22d,) were obHged 
 to he flat in the mud to shield themselves from the sharp 
 firing from Fort Diablo. Shells, fired from the citadel, 
 fell all around our men, though none burst in the work. Lieut. 
 Scarrett was laboring to put the battery and distillery in 
 a better state of defenc^ Capt. Bainbridge had command 
 of the 3rd Infantry in the morning. A portion of Colonel 
 Davis's regiment, under General Quitman, relieved the 
 1st, 3rd and 4th Infantry, and the Kentucky regiment. 
 In returning to camp, our men received a destructive fire 
 from the batteries of the enemy, crosswise. One poor fel- 
 low, a corporal in the 4th Infantry, was cut in two. Gen. 
 Worth's attack upon the height, commanding the. Bishop's 
 JPalace, at day-break, (Sept. 22d.) was fierce and successful. 
 The force consisted of artillery and infantry under Colonel 
 Childs and some Texans under Colonel Hays. The party 
 moved up the hill and at the same time Capt. Miles, with a 
 small force, descended towards the palace and gave three 
 cheers to divert the enemy. In return they received a 
 shower of grape. The enemy, at the castle, being checked 
 so that they could not aid their flying forces, the height 
 was carried with little loss. Capt. Gillespie first entered 
 the breastwork and fell mortally wounded. General Worth 
 soon sent the 5th Infantry, Capt. Smith's command and 
 Capt. Blanchard's Louisiana volunteers, to reinforce Colo- 
 nel Childs. Lieut. Roland soon placed a howitzer in po- 
 sition and blazed away at the castle with much effect. A 
 light corps of artillery, under Capt. Vinton, Blanchard's 
 company and some Texans were on the lefl of the hill, 
 
 \ 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. ' 37 
 
 and fired continually. » The fire was brisJdy returned by 
 the enemy. 
 
 About noon, the Mexican cavalry deployed before the 
 palace and endeavored to charge upon our skirmishers. 
 Our men pursued them, under Vinton, with terrible effect. 
 Many of the enemy were kept from entering the castle 
 again, as our men rushed in through every opening, and 
 drove the enemy before them. Lieutenant Ayers was the 
 first to enter, pull down the Mexican flag, and raise the star 
 spangled banner. 
 
 After the castle was taken, General Worth moved down 
 his forces from the hill and the amunition train the 
 ranch of the Saltillo road and remained in the castle dur- 
 ing the night of Sept. 22nd. He, however, ordered the 
 5th Infantry and Blanchard's company to return to the 
 redoubt on the hill where were stationed the 7th Infantry. 
 , Sept. 23d, at 7 o'clock in the morning General Worth 
 opejied upon the town, from the castle, with the enemy's 
 own giT^s, as he intended to do when he first approached 
 the city. A report was raised that the enemy were endeav- 
 oring to escapv*^ and the whole command were out imme- 
 diately marching towards them. 
 
 It was now expeC ted every moment, that the city would 
 capitulate ; but they hv<?ld out and fought like tigers. At 
 the east end of the city the firing commenced briskly, the 
 same morning at day-break. The Texan cavalry under 
 Colonel Woods, had dismountecJj and with the Mississip- 
 pians, under Colonel Davis, were engaged with the enemy. 
 The Mississippians very early took possession of Fort 
 Diablo, without any opposition, as tJie eflfemy had aban- 
 doned it the preceding evening. This was the place 
 •from which, on the 21st and 22d, our men had received 
 such a destructive fire. This force under G^^neral Quit 
 
38 BATTLK8 OF MEXICO. 
 
 man, drove the enemy before them from house to house, 
 shooting them wherever they saw one of their heads pro- 
 jecting. 
 
 Bragg's battery was now ordered into the city and the 
 3rd Infantry ordered to support it. They moved forward, 
 and when they came within range of the enemy's guns 
 of the citadel, they crossed the field of fire at full gallop 
 and were unharmed. The 3d w^ent under cover, in a cir- 
 cuitous route. On their arrival in the city they found it 
 cleared of the enemy on a line with the cathedral, and 
 within two squares of it. This edifice was in the main 
 plaza, where the enemy had been concentrated. IVJuch 
 bravery was manifested by General's Quitman, Hender- 
 son, Lamar, and Colonels Wood and Davis. Several 
 were wounded and a few killed. Bragg's battery wes 
 in actimi M^ith them during the remainder of the day. 
 The fighting was not so severe as it was on the 21st, ex-, 
 cept in the street running directly from the cathedraL It 
 could not be crossed without passing through a shower of 
 bullets. One of Bragg's pieces liad little effect in 'this street 
 as the weight of metal was too light. Bragg's first ser- 
 geant by the name of Weightman, -;vas shot while 
 pointing the gun. Our men could only cross, without ~ 
 great danger of being shot, excepting when our piece 
 was pointed at the enemy. Then the Mexicans would fall 
 behind their barricade and our men would cross in squads. 
 As soon as our piece v/as fired the balls of the enemy 
 came down the street like a shower af hickory nuts. 
 
 General Taylor was in town entirely regardless of his 
 person in the midst of danger. This was very iinprudent 
 and wrong. He even crossed the street where so many 
 balls were continually passing, and crossed in a walk.. 
 A commanding officer ought to look out for himself and 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 39 
 
 army better than that. Taylor was brave to the back 
 bone, but imprudent. Capt Henry reminded him that he 
 ought to retire to a safer position; but he said "Take 
 THAT AXE AND KNOCK IN THAT DOOR." Our men commeuced 
 on the door and the occupant unlocked and opened it, ao/dt 
 behold it was an extensive apothecary shop. The dfjctor 
 (San Juan) treated his visitors to ripe limes and cool water. 
 He said that Anipudia was in the Plaza with four thousand 
 men, and that two thougand were in the citadol. One door 
 was burst open and we saw five genteel looking women who 
 were on their knees with crucifixes pleading for mercy. 
 They were very grateful when they found that their throats 
 were not to be cut. General Taylor expected that Gene- 
 ral Wohh would commence throwing shells into the city, 
 in the afternoon, and perceiving that the field pieces were 
 of little use, ordered these forces to retire to camp. During 
 the day (23rd) the onemy sent in a flag of truce, requesting 
 a cessation of hostihties, that the women and children 
 might be renioved. Old Rough and Ready said, " No; it 
 was too late.'' It was reported that some of the enemy 
 were leaving on pack mules, and undoubtedly many others 
 would have left, had not General Worth taken possession ofj 
 the SaltilloRoad. General Worth on the west side of the 
 city, ordered a heavy gun under Capt. Chapman's company 
 to open on the city. This firing drove the enemy from 
 their lines bordering on the river.. About 10 A. M. the 7th 
 Infantry left the redoubt and joined Gen. Worth, at the 
 palace, for the purpose of entering the city. The enemy 
 did not make so great a resistance at the west part of the 
 town as at the east where they were in a larger body, and 
 our men did not suffer so much in the former as in the latter 
 position. There was some loss, however. Capt. M. Kavett, 
 of the 8th Infantry, while marching around the base of the 
 
40 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 liillj on the morning of the 21st, was killed. Lieut. Potter 7th 
 Infantry, while storming the redoubt, was wounded. Lieut. 
 Rossell was wounded in the attack upon the palace. Major 
 frown's company of artillery, Capt. Blanchard's company and 
 soa^e Texan Rangers, with a piece from McKall's battery, 
 wereojdered to march under Brown and take possession of a 
 mill on the road to Saltillo, in order to cut off retreat. The 
 city had beeo reconnoitered by Lieutenant, Meade and Capt. 
 McCullough. They found that the city had been cleared 
 of the enemy as far as the Plaza in which was the ceme- 
 tery. Capt. Miles, with three companies w as ordered to 
 take possession of the street nearest the river. Col- 
 onel Stanniford was to take posession of the next street 
 north. Both parties, the first under the direction of Capt. 
 Holmes, and the second, under Capt. Scriven, moved on 
 and took possession of the cemetery, without a shot from 
 the enemy. ^lOop holes had been made in the walls and 
 they had been prepared for defence. A piece of artillery fol- 
 lowed each of these commands. Then came Colonel Childs 
 with the Artillery Battalion and Capt. Miles with the remain- 
 der of the 7th and a company of the 8th Infantry. The last 
 was designed to protect the amunition train sent round byGen. 
 Taylor. Major Monroe and Lieut. Lovell soon placed the 
 mortar in position. Captains Holmes and Scriven, with 
 their forces marched through the same streets to a square 
 in advance of the cemetery and soon commenced with the 
 enemy. Colonel Childs followed the street upon which was 
 situated a large Plaza. Capt. Gatlin of the 7th 
 
 was now wounded. Our troops were soon under cover of 
 walls and were reinforced by two companies of the 5th 
 under Capt Merrill, and finally by three more under Major 
 Scott. The column in the next street under Colonel Smith 
 were How shortly engaged with the enemy. Capt. Holmes 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO 4J 
 
 was aided by Texans under Walker, and found his way 
 through gardens and houses until he came very near the 
 enemy in Cathedral Plaza. Lieut. Colonel Duncan was 
 sweeping the street with his battery. Major Brown was 
 ordered to join the Texans in the Plaza and aid Col. Childs. 
 They worked their way towards the enemy with pickaxes, 
 and soon came up with them, and cracked away. Night 
 came on and our men kept possession of the houses taken, 
 excepting Capt. Holmes who thought best to go back a little 
 as he was far in advance and had many wounded. Our 
 troops in the Plaza took possession of the houses on both 
 sides and rested till morning. Lieutenant Lovell threw shells 
 into the city during the night with great effect, and the 
 enemy returned the compliment from their howitzers. 
 Lieutenant Gardner of the 7th, manifested much bravery 
 in leading the advance with ladders and pickaxes. At 
 one time nearly all of his men were killed or wounded. 
 
 After reveille, on the morning of Sept. 24th, General 
 Ampudia sent Colonel Murine into our camp with a flag of 
 truce, and an offer to surrender the city, if General Taylor 
 would allow him to march out with his troops and all the 
 public property. Of course when the city was nearly in 
 our hands, such an offer was declined- But General Tay- 
 lor sent back his terms, saying that an answer would be 
 received at General Worth's headquarters at 12 M. Mu* 
 rino said that he had been, informed that commissioners 
 had been appointed to negotiate for peace and that no rein- 
 forcements would be sent them, and that it would cost us 
 two thirds of our command to take the city, if we could do 
 it at all. The action was to commence again if terms were 
 not agreed upon. 
 
 The commissioners on our side were Generals Worth and 
 Henderson and Colonel Davis. On the other side they 
 
42 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 were, Manuel M. Llano, T. Requena, and Ortega. The 
 following are the terms : 
 
 Terms of the Capitulation of the City of Monterey, the 
 Capital of Nucva Leon, agreed upon by t'le undersigned 
 Commissimiers, to-roit: General Worth, of the United, 
 States army ; General Henderson, of (he Texan Vol- 
 unteeis ; and Colonel Davis of the Mississippi Rijlemcn, 
 on the part of Major-general Taylor, commanding in chief 
 of the United States forces ; and General Requena and 
 General Ortega, of the antiy of Mexico, and Senor 
 Manuel M. hlano, Governor of Nueva Leoji, on the part 
 of Sen.or General Don Pedro Ampudia, commanding in 
 chief of the army of North Mexico. 
 Article 1. As the legitimate result of the operations 
 before this place, and the present position of the contending 
 armies, it is agreed that the city, the fortifications, cannon, 
 the munitions of war, and all other public property, with 
 the undermentioned exceptions, be surrendered to the com- 
 manding general of the United States forces now at 
 Monterey. 
 
 •Article 2. That the Mexican forces be allowed the fol 
 lowing arms, to-wit : The commissioned officers, their side 
 arms ; the Infantry, their arms and accoutrements ; the 
 cavalry, their artillery, one field battery, not to exceed six 
 pieces, with twenty-one rounds of amunition. 
 
 Article 3. That the Mexican armed forces retire within 
 seven days from date, beyond the line formed by the pass 
 of the Rinconada, the city of Linares, and San Fernado de 
 Pusos. 
 
 Article 4. That the citadel of Monterey be evacuated 
 by the Mexican and occupied by the American forces to- 
 morrow at 10 o'clock. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. * 43 
 
 Article 5. To avoid collisions, and for mutual conveni- 
 ence, that the troops of the United States will not occupy 
 the city until ihe Mexican forces have withdrawn, except 
 for hospitt>A and storage purposes. 
 
 Article 6. That the force of the United States will not 
 advance beyond the line specified in the third article before 
 the expiration of eight week, or until the orders of the res- 
 pective governments can be received. 
 
 Article 7. That the pubhc property to be delivered shali 
 be turned over and received by the commanding generals 
 of the two armies. 
 
 Article 8. That all doubts as to the meaning of any of 
 the preceding articles shall be solved by an equitable con- 
 struction, and on the principles of liberality to the retiring 
 army. 
 
 Article. 9. That the Mexican flag, when struck at the 
 citadel, may be saluted by its own battery. 
 W. J. Worth, 
 
 Brigadier General United States Army. 
 J. PiNKNEY Henderson, 
 ' Major-Geaeral com'g Texan Volunteers. 
 
 Jefferson Davis, 
 Colonel Mississippi Riflemen. 
 J. M. Ortega, 
 T. Requena, 
 Manuel M. Llano, 
 
 . J ( Pedro Ampudia, 
 
 Approved, I 2. Taylor, Maj. Gen. S. A. com'g. 
 
 Dated at Monterey, September 24th, 1846. 
 
 Owr troops were commanded during the imposing cere 
 mony by Colonel P. F. Smith. When the Mexican flag 
 was lowered, they fired a salute of eight guns. When 
 our flag was raised twenty-eight guns were fired from the 
 
4f4i . BATTLES OF IWIEXICO. 
 
 Bishop's Palace. Our troops marched into the city to the 
 tune of Yankee Doodle. Thus ended onC of the severest 
 battles ever fought on the continent. Thv'^ Mexicans, 
 in all of the battles with us have fought more dej?perately, 
 from the fact that our forces were so very few^ coii^pared 
 with theirs. They were ashamed to be beaten by s^ch 
 an inferior force. We have believed from the first that an 
 army of fifty thousand men could have marched to the 
 ^^^apital of Mexico without shedding a drop of blood. 
 JiCW awful the idea of ushering such multitudes of im. 
 mortt.^ souls into the presence of their Maker, in such a 
 manner'- General Ampudia had about ten thousand men 
 in action, .seven thousand of whom were regulars. Our 
 force consist ^d of four hundred and twenty-five officers 
 and six thousJ^d two hundred and twenty men. We 
 lost twelve ofiScei:* and one hundred and eight men killed ; 
 twenty-six officers, c.'^nd three hundred and seven privates 
 were wounded. The ?oss of the enemy was thought to 
 have exceeded ours. Our men captured forty-two pieces 
 of artillery and one eighteen-pounder. The munitions of 
 war captured from the enemy vere immense. The fol- 
 lowing is a list of the officers killod. 
 
 Captain Williams Topographical .Engineers ; 1st Infan- 
 try, Lieutenant J. C. Terrett, Lieutena^ut R. Dilworth ; 3d 
 Infantry, Captains L. N. Morris, G. P. 1-^.ield, and Brevet 
 Major P. N. Barbour, Lieutenants D. S. Irwin and R. 
 Hazlitt; 4th Infantry, Lieutenant C. Hosk'ins, Brevet 
 Lieutenant J. S. Wood, 2d infantry (serving with the 4th) j 
 8th Infantry, Captain H. M'Kavett ; Baltimore Battalion, 
 Colonel Watson ; 1st Ohio, Lieutenant Hett ;. 1st Tennes- 
 see, Captain Allen, Lieutenant Putnam ; Captain Gillespie, 
 Texan Rangers. Wounded : Major-general Butler, Majo2t 
 Man8field ; 1st Infantry, Major J. S. Abercrombie, Captain 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 45 
 
 J. H. Lamott e ; 3d Infantry, Major W. W. Lear, Captain 
 H. Bainbridge ; 4th Infantry, Lieut. R. H. Graham ; 5th 
 Infantry N. B. Rossell ; 7th Infantry, Capt. R. C. GatUn, 
 Lieutenaut J. Potter ; 8th Infantry, Lieutenant G. Wain- 
 wright ; 1st Ohio, Colonel Mitchell, Captain George, Lieu- 
 tenants Armstrong, Niles, Morter, McCarty ; Ist Tennessee, 
 Major Alexander, Lieutenants Allen, Scudder, and Nixon ; 
 1st Mississippi, Lieutenant Colonel M'Clung, Captain 
 Downing, Lieutenants Cook and Arthur. 
 
 It is astonishing that the city could be taken at all by 
 so few. The citadel is a regular bastion work with revet- 
 ments of solid masonry, with thirty-four embrasures. 
 Inside are the remnants of an unfinished cathedral, which is 
 itself a work of defence. Two magazines were discovered, 
 with ammunition enough to have fired at us for a month. In 
 nearly every street were works of defence. Barricades over- 
 lapped each other, and ditches were dug in front, and every 
 house seemed to be a fortification. On the eastern part of 
 the city there were barricades defending each other, and it is 
 surprising that Worth's division who operated there, were 
 not all cut to pieces. The Bishop's Palace has two or three 
 heavy guns mounted, in Barbette, pointing towards the 
 city. There were many fortifications around the- city, 
 Making it a perfect Gibraltar. 
 
 Sept. 26th, the enemy were seen in great numbers 
 mounted on every thing that looked like a horse, from the 
 mustang to the donkey, preparing to follow the army. 
 Ampudia left on the 25th with two divisions. The troops 
 of the enemy had left the city before the close of the first 
 week in October. General Worth and his division occu- 
 pied the city, and Capt. Miles was his executive ofllicer. The 
 Governor of the city was allowed to go on as usual, except- 
 ing that he was required to furnish suppUes for our army, for 
 
46 
 
 BATTLES OK MKXICO. 
 
 which we were to pay cash. Several deserters were ob- 
 served in the ranks of the enemy, among which was Riley, 
 who was appointed a captain in the artillery of the enemy. 
 Immediately after the battle, the Texas troops were dis- 
 charged. 
 
 When Ampudia reached Saltillo, he issued a proclama- 
 tion, declj^ring that he had repulsed us with a loss of fifteen 
 hundred men, on the 21st, that, being scarce of amunition 
 and provisions, a conference was held on the 24th and terms 
 were agreed to, which saved their honor and they marched 
 out with their arms. That Santa Anna was coming and 
 then they would see who would be the conquerors. 
 
 On the 16th of August, General Santa Anna arrived at 
 Vera Cruz, and w^as allowed to land, as our government 
 thought that he would use his best exertions to bring 
 about a peace ; but the duplicity of the Mexican character 
 must be learned by sad experience. His proclamation, on 
 the day of his arrival, told his warlike intentions. He was 
 immediately invested with the command of the army, 
 while General Salas acted a.s President of the republic. He 
 went to San Luis Potosi to raise an army. 
 
 Oct. 12th, Lieutenant R. H. Graham, 4th Infantry, died 
 of his wcunds received Sept. 21st. 
 
 It was said that a woman named Dos Amades, com- 
 manded a company of Mexican lancers, who fought deg- 
 perafely and killed many of our men. 
 
 Oct. 25th, Capt. Ridgely's horse fell with him in Monte- 
 rey and so injured him that he died on the 27th, and was 
 buried with military honors the next day. He was a fine 
 officer and a graduate of West Point. 
 
 The troops on the Rio Grande were under General Pat- 
 terson, whose head quarters were at Caraarga The fol- 
 
bATTLES OF MEXICO. 4? 
 
 lowing were the different regimentSj and the mode of their 
 distribution : 
 
 At Camargo, 2d Brigade, General Pillow commanding, 
 composed of 2d Tennessee, Colonel Haskell ; Alabama, 
 Colonel Coffee ; Ohio and. Kentucky Brigade, General Mar- 
 shall commanding, composed of the 2d Kentucky, Colonel 
 McKee, 2d Ohio, Col. Morgan ; lUinois, Brigade, General 
 Shields commanding, composed of 3d Illinois, Colonel 
 Forman, fth Illinois, Colonel Baker, 2d Infantry, Colonel 
 Riley. 
 
 At Reynosa, Company H. 2d Artillery and two com|)a- 
 nies of the Ir.t Indiana, Captain Swartwout commanding. 
 
 Matamoias, 3d Ohio, Colonel Curtis, Captains Louds, 
 Vannesa, and Norman's companies of Artillery. Colonel 
 Clarke commanding. 
 
 Ciimp Belknap, Indiana Brigade, General Lane com- 
 mrtnding ; 2d Indiana, Colonel Bowles, 3d Indiana, Colonel 
 -Lane. 
 
 Mouth of the Rio Grande, 1st Indiana, Colonel Drake. 
 Brasos Island, Captain Porter's company of Artillery. 
 Point Isabel, one company of Artillery, Major Gardner 
 commanding 
 
 Nov. 2d, 1846, orders were received from Washington, 
 directing General Taylor to announce to the Mexican 
 authorities that the armstice was broken up and that we 
 were to commence hostilities with greater energy than ever. 
 Maj«r Graham, with a small escort was dispatched to give 
 the information to the Mexican forces. General Patterson 
 was ordered to Tampico with a part of our forces at Mon- 
 terey. General Worth was ordered with his division except- 
 ing the 7th Infantry, a company of artillery and McKall's 
 
48 
 
 Bi^TTLES or MEXICO. 
 
 Battery and Colonel Siriith, to march to Saitillo on the 
 12th (Nov ) 
 
 Santa Anna took away the commissions and placed in 
 confinement all the principal officers of Ampudia's army, 
 exce.'t iig Mejia and Racina. Parades had gone to Ha- 
 vana. On the 8th news arrived in camp that Gen. Wool 
 had arrived at Monclova and would not advance upon Chi- 
 huahua until further orders. 
 
 On the 10th Major Graham returned, not having gone 
 farther than Saitillo. He learned that Santa Anna was at 
 San Luis Potogi, with sixteen thousand men, and expected 
 iiix thousand more ; but he was nearly destitute of funds 
 iiind ths army had a scarcity of provisions and clothing. 
 
 On tht?12th Mr. McLane arrived from Washington order- • 
 ing our army to take all the towns between Monterty and 
 .Tamp i CO. 
 
 On the 13th, Generals Taylor and Worth moved towaris 
 Satillo, and took possession of the city on the 16th. It i& 
 8«venty-five miles from Monterey. Capt. Harden with his 
 Dragoons, was left in the city. 
 
 On the 24th Capt. Taylor arrived from Caraargo, with 
 ftwo eighteen-pounders and two eight inch howitzers. Gen. 
 Shields and Col, Harny, arrived from General Wool's com- 
 mand on the 24th. The former is to go to Tampico and 
 iake the command. Brevet Major Buchanan, 4th Infantry, 
 was appointed to command the Baltimore Batallion of Vol- 
 unteers. Col. Benton sailed for Tampico, from Brasos,* with 
 eix companies of artillery, about the same time. Santa 
 Anna destroyed the water tanks between Monterey and 
 Tampico. Seven Texans had been taken prisoners at Chi- 
 na, before onr army reached Monterey. General Taylor 
 demanded their release. ' Santa Anna complied. They re- 
 ported that Santa Anna had about 27,000 men at San 
 
_ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 49 
 
 Luis Potosi. The Mexicans caused some of our men, most- 
 ly English and Germans, to desert, by giving them $60 each, 
 citizens clothes, a horse, guide to the army, and 50 cents to 
 drink the health of Santa Anna. Dec. 5th General Wool 
 was ordered to Parras, east of Satillo. On the 2nd of Dec. 
 Brigadier General Thomas L. Hamer, of Ohio, died of dys- 
 entery, and was hurried on the 4th with raihtary honors. 
 He was very much esteemed. 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 During this time, the navy was engaged in blockading 
 Mexican ports. The brig Truxton, commanded by Com^ 
 raander Carpenter, was run aground on the 15th of August, 
 on the bar off Tuspan, and deserted. Lieut. Hunter, with a 
 boat's crew, reached a vessel of the squadron, and the other 
 officers and men surrendered to the enemy. They were 
 afterwards exchanged for General La Vega and other Mex- 
 ican officers. It was impossible to save the vessel and she 
 was burned. An attempt had been made to capture Alva- 
 rado, and failed as the vessels could not cross the bar. Oct. 
 15th, another attempt was made by the steamers Vixen and 
 Mc'Lane, three gun-boats. Schooners Nonata and Forward, 
 and steamer Mississippi, Commander, Perry. The whole* 
 commanded b'^ Commodore Connor. There was a battery 
 
 4 
 
50 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 at the mouth of the liver, mounting seven guns. The first 
 division consisting of the Reefer and Bonita. towed by the 
 Vixen, crossed the bar and engaged with the battery. The 
 second division consisted of the Nonata Forward and Petrel, 
 towed by the Mc'Lane. The steamer run agronndj-and the 
 others could not be towed over. Commodore Connor thought 
 it would be useless to go forward with one division and re- 
 tired. Oct. 16th. Commodore Perry sailed to attach: Tobas- 
 co with the Vixen, Capt. Sands, schooners Bonita, Ber 
 ham, Reefer, Sterret, Nonata, and Hazard, schooner For- 
 ward, Capt. Nones, and steamer Mc'Lane, Capt. How- 
 ard. Capt. Forest had a command of about 200 marines 
 ftnd sailors. He crossed the bpr Oct. 23rd, and took, withuot 
 resistance, Frontera, capturing two steamers, and all the 
 vessels in port. Tobasco is seventy-four miles up the river 
 from Frontera. Our forces reached Fort Aceachappa, com- 
 manding a difficult pass'in the river, Oct. 25th, and spiked 
 the cannon, the enemy having left the fort. The vessels 
 were all before Tobasco on the same day, about noon The 
 town was summoned to surrender, but it refused. The 
 boats soon captured five merchant vessels. The vessels 
 fired upon the town, and Capt. Forest, with his command 
 was ordered to Advance into the city. There was a sharp 
 engagement, and the command were ordered back at night. 
 At the desire of the foreign merchants the town was spared. 
 On the 26th they left with their prizes. One, under Lieut. 
 Parker, grounded and was fired upon, but Parker defended 
 it and got the vessel off, with one man killed and two 
 wounded. Lieutenant Morris was wounded in carrying a 
 message to Lieut. Parker, and died November 1st. 
 
 This expedition captured two steamers and seven vessels. 
 Nov. 12th, Commodore Connor sailed for Tampico, with 
 a considerable part of the squadron, and on the 14th the citj 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. §1 
 
 surrendered unconditionally, without opposition. Nov. 20th 
 Lieutenant Parker with Midshipman Rodgers, and Hynson 
 at night with a small boat, and crew of six men, rowed in 
 under the guns of San Juan d'Ullao, and burned the bark 
 Creole, anchored there. This was very daring and brave. 
 Midshipman Rodgers, Doct. J. W. Wright, and J. G. Fox, 
 went ashore to reconnoitre one of the enemies magazines, in 
 order to destroy it. After they had gone a little distance 
 from the boat they were surrounded by seven Mexicans. 
 Dr. Wright escaped, but the other two were taken prisoners. 
 
 The last of August 1846, by order of the President, Brig- 
 adier General J. E. Wool concentrated an army (called the 
 " Central Division Army of Mexico"') in Texas, for the pur- 
 pose of moving against Chihuahua, the capital of the state 
 of the same name. The command was composed of the 
 1st Illinois, Colonel Hardin, 2nd lUinois, Col. Bissell ; six 
 companies of Arkansas mounnted men. Col. Yell, a compa- 
 ny of Kentucky volunteers under Capt. Williams; two com- 
 panies of 1st dragoons, Capt. Steen ; two companies 2d 
 dragoons, Major Beall ; three companies of 6th Infantry, 
 Major Bonneville, and Capt. Washington's company of horse 
 artillery, in all 2,829. The first column moved from San 
 Antonio Sept. 26th, commanded by Colonel Harney, and the 
 second column marched Oct. 14th, under Col. Churchill. 
 
 Oct. 29th, the command arrived at Monclora, and took 
 possession without resistance. Here General Wool decided 
 to go no farther towards Chihuahua. 
 
 The command from Monterey moved on towards San Luis 
 Potosi. It was reported that Santa Anna was advancing 
 upon Saltillo and a part of our forces returned, Dec. 18th. to 
 Monterey and found that the alarm was false. 
 
 At this time Salas was president of the Mexican Congre.^s 
 
52 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 and had, in his message, recommended a vigorous prose- 
 .cution of the war. 
 
 Dec. 31st, the rear guard of Colonel May, in passing 
 from Labadores to Linares, was attacked by the enemy and 
 cut off together with the baggage train. 
 
 General Quitman took possession of Victoria on the 30th 
 without resistance. 
 
 Just beyond San Pedro, on the way to San Luis Potosi, 
 when our men were passing through a defile with high moun- 
 tains each side, a mine was sprung and showers of stones 
 thrown down among us while we were fired upon from the 
 other side. The arrieros deserted their mules and the rear 
 guard, consisting of eleven men, fled. Colonel May dis- 
 mounted twenty men and went through the pass. Only ^ 
 an occasional shot was fired at them. Eleven men, twelve 
 horses and all the baggage were lost. At Tula, one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles from Victoria, towards San Luis Potosi, 
 Generals Valencia and Urea, had concentrated, as was re- 
 ported, Jan. 6th, a large force. 
 
 The order was issued January 12thj 1847, to proceed to 
 Tampico. We set out on the 13th. As General Taylor 
 was about starting, he received orders from General Scott to 
 send his whole command, excepting two batteries of 
 light artillery, and squadron of dragoons, to Tampico, 
 where Scott would meet them about the first of February. 
 General Taylor was ordered to return to Monterey and re- 
 main on the defensive. He left immediately, taking, in ad- 
 dition to the above named forces, the 1st Mississippi regiment. 
 Thus Taylor was deprived of almost all of his regulars, 
 which blasted all of his hopes in reference to advancing upon 
 San Luis Potosi. 
 
 Upon parting with his old veteran soldiers. General Taylor 
 said: 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 53 
 
 " It is with deep sensibility that the comnianding general 
 finds himself separated from the troops he so long command- 
 ed. To those corps, regular and volunteer, who have shared 
 with him the active services of the field, he feels the attach- 
 ment due such associations ; while to those making their 
 first campaign, he must express his regret that he can not 
 participate with them in its eventful scenes. To all, both 
 officers and men, he extends his heartfelt wishes for their 
 continued success and happiness, confident that their achieve- 
 ments on another theatre will redound to the credit of their 
 country and its arms." 
 
 General Scott reached the Brasos, Dec. 28th, 1846 and 
 took the command of the army. Gen. Worth was ordered 
 to move, with all the regulars, excepting Washington's, 
 Webster's, Sherman's and Bragg's batteries, to Point Isabel. 
 
 The force that set out for Tampico, Jan. 13, arrived on 
 the 23rd. General Taylor and his command, arrived at 
 Monterey on his return from Victoria, the last of Jan. 1847. 
 General Wool had established a camp at therancho. Tay- 
 lor kept possession of Saltillo and the strong passes in ad- 
 vance of it, and stationed his forces, at these points. 
 
 Jan. 22; a scouting party, under Major Borland 'and 
 Gaines, the former of the Arkansas and the latter of the 
 Kentucky cavalry, were surrounded by General Minon 
 with three thousand meh, and captured, sixty miles from 
 Saltillo. Our men numbered sixty-four privates and six 
 officers and they were immediately marched off to Mexico. 
 This capture exhibited great carelessness in the officers. 
 Capt Henrie, a Texan Volunteer, escaped and reached Sal- 
 tillo in safety. 
 
 Jan. 27th Capt Heady wnth seventeen Kentucky volun- 
 teers was captured by the enemy, while on a scouting 
 party, without any resistance. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 54 
 
 BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 
 
 On the 5th of February, General Taylor, having heard 
 reports of the advancement of Santa Anna with a laj-ge 
 force, moved his head quarters eighteen miles south of Sal- 
 lillo, to Agua Nueva. By the 8th all of his army except- 
 ing Major Warren's command, which was left at Saltilio, 
 concentrated at that point. The forces consisted of two 
 companies of the 1st Dragoons, under Captain Steen ; two 
 companies 2d Dragoons, under Brevet Lieutenant-colonel 
 May ; Bragg's and Sherman's batteries, 3d Artillery ; 
 Washington's battery, 4th Artillery ; one regiment Arkan- 
 sas cavalry, under Colonel Yell ; one regiment of Ken- 
 tucky cavalry, under Colonel Marshall ; 2d Kentucky fool 
 under Colonel M'Kee ; 1st Regiment Mississippi Rifles, un- 
 der Colonel Davis ; 3d Indiana, under Colonel Lane ; 1st 
 Ilhnois, under Colonel Hardin ; 2d Ilhnois, under Colonel 
 Bissell ; and two companies of Texas volunteers, one corn- 
 commanded by Captain Conner, the other a spy company, 
 commanded by the celebrated Captain (now Major) M'Cul- 
 lough, in all amounting to three hundred and thirty-four 
 officers, and four thousand four hundred and twenty-five 
 men. 
 
 It was evident that there must be a terrible conflict and 
 General Taylor selected a pass two miles in advance of 
 Buena Vista, as his position. There was a valley about 
 three miles broad, Avith irregular surface, containing occa- 
 sionally hills and ravines, and was surrounded bv high 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 55 
 
 mountains. The road passed by the side of a deep arioyo, 
 which was impassable. On the right side of the road, 
 there were great gullies which it was impossible to cross, 
 extending to the mountains. On the left of the road 
 were steep ascents to the tops of the spurs of the mountain 
 and there was formed a plain, suitable for a battle field. 
 The choice of this place showed much s<kill and good 
 judgment in the General, By the 21st of Feb. our forces 
 were stationed at this position. Col. Yell was left, with some 
 cavalry to cover the removal of the stores and were driven in 
 by the enemy. Our men secured most of the stores and 
 burned the remainder. General Taylor went to Saltillo 
 immediately, to make arrangements for its defence, leaving 
 Gen, Wool to command the army. Our forces prepared 
 for the advance of the enemy. Capt. Washington's bat- 
 tery was so placed as to command the road. The 1st 
 and 2d Illinois regiments containing sixteen hundred 
 strong, and the 2nd Kentucky regiment, occupied crests of 
 ridges in the rear and to the left. Near the base of the 
 mountain at the extreme left, stood the Arkansas and Ken- 
 tucky cavalry Th« Indiana Brigade under General Lane, 
 the Mississippi Riflemen, the two squadrons of dragoons, 
 and Sherman's and Bragg's batteries were held in reserve. 
 
 Qn the morning of the 22nd the enemy approached, and 
 General Taylor returned immediately to camp. Tremen- 
 dous clouds of dust announced the advance of the enemy, 
 who arrived in position, with immense masses, between 10 
 and 11 A. M. All was silence, waiting for the attack, when 
 a white flag was brought into our camp, by Surgeon-gene- 
 ral Lindenberger, with the following message from Santa 
 Anna : 
 
 '• You are surrounded by tv.^enty thousand men, and can ■ 
 not in any human probability avoid suffering a route, and 
 
5b 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 being cut to pieces with your troops ; but as you deserve 
 consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you 
 from a catastrophe, and for that purpose give you this notice 
 in order that you may surrender at discretion, under the 
 assurance that you will be treated with the consideration 
 belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will 
 be granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to com- 
 mence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in 
 your camp. 
 
 " With this view, I assure you of my particular conside- 
 ration. 
 
 " God and Liberty. Camp at Encantada, February 22d, 
 1847. 
 
 ''Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. 
 "To Gen. Z. Taylor, comm'g the forces of the United States.'* 
 
 Old Rough and Ready answered thus : "^ 
 
 " Headquarters, Army of Occupation, \ 
 Near Buena Vista, Feb. 22, 1847. ] 
 
 " Sir, — In reply to your note of this date, summoning 
 me to'surrender my force at discretion, I beg leave to say 
 that I decline acceding to your request. With high respect, 
 I am , sir, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, Z. Taylor, 
 
 "Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, commanding, 
 " Senor Gen. D.Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, ) 
 Commander-in-chief, La Encantada." ) 
 
 Several hours passed before any attack was made. The 
 columns of the enmy's rear could be seen moving up. 
 There was a slight demonstration of our right and a section of 
 Bragg,s battery, supported by the 2d Kentucky foot, were 
 detached to that point. They bivoucked for the night. 
 Near evening, the light troops of the enemy commenced 
 upon our left, consisting of detachments of Arkansas and 
 Kentucky cavalry dismounted, and a battalion of Indiana 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 57 
 
 Riflemen, under Major Gorman and all commanded by 
 Colonel Marshall. Some shells were thrown into this 
 part of our 'ine, by the enemy without effect, This skir- 
 mishing was continued until after dark, with slight loss 
 on our side. Three pieces of Washington's battery under 
 Oapt. O'Brien, took position to the left. Here the troops 
 rested during the night on their arms. 
 ■ Genral Taylor proceeded to Saltillo with the Mississippi 
 regiment and squadron of 2nd dragoons, and while there 
 about fifteen hundred Mexicans under General Minon had 
 advanced into the valley, by a pass through the mountains, 
 and were seen in the rear of the city. They were designed 
 to harass us and cut off our retreat. There were in the 
 city, four companies of Illinois volunteers under Major War- 
 ren of the first regiment. There was a field-work command- 
 ing the approaches and was garrisoned by Capt. Webster's 
 company with two twenty-four pound howitzers. Two 
 companies of Mississippi riflemen, under Capt. Rodgers 
 with one field-piece under Capt. Shower, defended the train. 
 
 Jan. 22nd, during the night, the enemy stationed a large 
 force of light troops upon the side of the mountain, to out- 
 flank our left. 
 
 On the morning of the 23rd, the action was renewed at 
 Ibis point. Col. Marshall Avith his riflemen, re-enforced by 
 three companies of Illinois volunteers, under Major Trail. 
 s toed firm and did considerable execution with their sure 
 rifles. At 8 o'clock a large column of the enemy moved up 
 the road and threatened our centre, but Washington's ener- 
 getic battery kept thera back. The enemy could do noth- 
 ng on account of the nature of the ground, where they 
 stood ; but our left being on an extensive plain, Santa 
 Anna thought- that he could outflank us. Large bodies 
 of the enemy passed up the ravines undercover of 
 the ridgeS; and co ncentrated near our left. The 2d Indiana 
 
58 
 
 BATTLES OK MiiAICO. 
 
 and 2 Illinois regiments formed the extreme left of out line 
 and the former supported O'Brien's three pieces of artillery. 
 The commander on the left was Brigadier-general Lane. 
 O'Brien was ordered to advance towards the enemy with his 
 guns. The light was now very severe upuu the enemy; 
 but they poured upon our men volleys of grape and can- 
 nister. The action was so warm that the Indiana regi- 
 ment broke, not being able to stand against such a hre. 
 and left the artillery unprotected. Thus Capt. O'Brien v.as 
 obliged to retire leaving one of his pieces, at which ev- 
 ery man and horse was either killed or wounded. The 
 cowardly Indiana regiment could not be rallied, though 
 Major Dixj Paymaster U. S. Army, induced a few to return 
 and join , together with their Colonel Bowles, the Missis- 
 sippi regiment. They were very useful during the remain- 
 der of the day. Our left giving way, encouraged the enemyj 
 and large masses of them pressed forward and forced our 
 light troops on the side of the mountain, to retire, and ma- 
 ny of them could not be rallied until they reached the de- 
 pot at Buena Vista. The 2nd Illinois regiment, to which 
 a section of Sherman's battery was attached, were driven 
 before the enemy. 
 
 The Mexican Infantry and cavalry poured in so rapidly 
 that our rear was in danger. Thus far evidently, every 
 move went against us. But General Taylor now arrived 
 and took a commanding position on the elevated plateau. 
 His presence was enough to animate our troops. The 
 Missssippi regiment, under Davis, was ordered to the 
 left, and came in contact, immediately with large portions 
 of the enemy, who had turned our flank. 
 
 The struggle was severe, but in favor of our troops. The 
 2nd Kentucky, under Col. M'Kee, with a section of artil- 
 ery under. Bragg, had been ordered to support our left. 
 These with a part of the 1st Illinois under Col. Hardin 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 59 
 
 were now fiercely engaged with the enemy, and recovere d 
 to some extent, the lost ground. 
 
 The batteries of Bragg and Sherman were very effective 
 in the columns of the enemy, and especially those who 
 were in our rear. The Mississippi regiment exhibited grea. 
 bravery, sustaining the attacks of the enemy without flinch- 
 ing. The 3rd Indiana, under Colonel Lane, and a piece of 
 artillery under Colonel Kilburn, finally moved to their aid. 
 The Mexican infantry and cavalry repeatedly advanced 
 with the most determined impetuosity, intending to force our 
 line, but they were received so firmly and warmly that they 
 were glad lo fall back. Our artillery made awful havoc. 
 Brevet Lieutenant Colonel May commanded the regu 
 lar cavalry, and Captain Pike's of the Arkansas cav- 
 alry. May, with the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry, un- 
 der Colonels Marshall and Yell, were directed to keep in 
 check the masses that had gained our rear. The enemy 
 still were determined at all hazards, to break our left. Oui 
 forces were. pouring upon the enemy a terrific fire from dif- 
 ferent seciions and pieces, under O'Brien, Bragg, Sherman 
 Thomas, Kilburn, Reynolds, French and Bryan, forming 
 a long line. The thick columns of the enemy were made 
 to stagger, fearful inroads were made in their ranks, and 
 they were finally, after many desperate struggles, obliged 
 to give way. Their success v/as short, and their shouts of tri- 
 umph were soon at an end. Just as they began to give way 
 a little, Lieutenant Rucker, with his squadron of 1st dragoons, 
 was ordered to dash in among them, which was done with 
 great effect. 
 
 It was feared that the portion of the enemy in our rear 
 might attack the train at Buena Vista, and Col. May, with 
 his command, and two pieces of artillery under Lieutenant 
 Reynolds, was ordered to that place. But, before they arri- 
 ved, the Arkansas and Kentucky cavalry had met the ene- 
 
60 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 my and repulsed them. They broke in two columns, one 
 'escaped by the ranch, and received a destructive fire from 
 the fugitive forces of a part of Major Trail's and Gorman's 
 command, whom Major Munroe had reorganized. The 
 other column of the enemy gained the mountain, but re- 
 ceived a terrible fire fiom the pieces under. Lieutenant 
 Reynolds. 
 
 Colonel Yell was killed, in the charge, at Buena Vista, at 
 the head of his regiment. Adjutant V aughn, also, of the 
 Kentucky cavalry fell in that engagement. 
 
 A part of the Arkansas and Indiana troops, and Col. May, 
 with his command, kept in check the enemy's right. They 
 were crowded in vast numbers in ravines, and our guns made 
 horrid work with them. Those who had gained our rear 
 were now in the greatest danger. Santa Anna perceived it 
 and in his deceptive and cowardly manner, sent a white flag 
 into our camp, and asked General Taylor " what he wanted." 
 Taylor immediately ordered the firing to cease, and sent 
 General Wool, with a white flag, to answer the message. 
 No consultation could be had, as the Mexicans kept on firing. 
 Santa Anna had gained time for his forces to reach their 
 lines and he cared no more for the truce. This was barba- 
 rous enough in the Mexican General. While the enemy 
 were retreating, they were severely handled by our artillery. 
 
 The cavalry under General Minon, were in the road be- 
 tween the battleground and Saltillo, and it was feared that 
 they would fall upon the city. Capt- Webster fired upon 
 them from the redoubt, and they moved towards Buena 
 Vista. Capt. Shover, with some volunteers and apiece of 
 artillery, accompanied by a piece of Webster's battery, un- 
 der Lieut. Donaldson, aided by Capt. Wheeler, with his Il- 
 linois volunteers, drove the enemy into the ravines, leading 
 to the lower valley. The enemv endeavored to charge 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 61 
 
 once or twice, but were driven back every time in confurjion. 
 Firing had now nearly ceased; but one struggle more was 
 to come. Santa Anna, being reinforced by cavalry, under 
 cove.- of artillery, charged our Hne in a most desperate 
 manner, by horse and foot. Great masses came rushing on, 
 and poured among us a deadly fire. The 2nd Kentucky, 
 1st Illinois, and O^Brien, with two pieces, received the se- 
 verest part of the attack. The infantry supporting,0'Brien's 
 piece Avas routed and their piece left in the hands of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Our batteries, however, finally turned the tide. Their fire 
 was so firm, precise and awful, that the enemy could not re- 
 sist, and fell back in disorder. Harden and McKee, charg- 
 ed the enemy with great bravery and impetuosity. They 
 fled, but seeing the few pursuing, turned suddenly and came 
 up in vast numbers. There was dreadful carnage on both 
 sides. We had but a mere handful compared with the en- 
 emy, and our men were again routed, and it seemed that we 
 must be beaten. Brent and Whiting of Washington's bat 
 tery covered their retreat. 
 
 General Taylor looked on calmly and unmoved, while 
 the balls were flying all around him. 
 
 Bragg's battery had now reached the place of attack. 
 Bragg told his Captain to unlimber the piece and wait till 
 the enemy had arrived nearly to the muzzle, They rushed 
 on certain that they should conquer us ; but the battery 
 opened and poured into their masses a plenty of grape. They 
 staggered at]the first fire, and the second opened streets through 
 them and the third volley entirely dispersed them and they 
 fled in dismay. Our loss was heavy in this last struggle. 
 
 In this desperate conflict, Colonels Hardin, and McKee 
 and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, feU at the head of their regi- 
 ments. Our artillery turned the tide of battle three times 
 
62 
 
 [{ATTLKS OF MKXICO. 
 
 duriUi^f the day. It was now ten hours tluit tlic battle had 
 been ragiiit^. The enemy did not make another attempt lo 
 force our lines, and our troops, weary, dropped upon the 
 imttle ground to seek rest to prepare them for the morrow, 
 among the dead and dymg, without any fires to warm their 
 benumbed Hmbs. The wounded were removed to Saltillo and 
 our men prepared for an attack in the morning ; but the 
 enemy retired very early to Agua Nueva, leaving many 
 of their dead and dying. Brigadier-general Marshall made a 
 foiced march for Rintonada to reinforce our troops there ; 
 but he was too late to participate in tlie action. 
 
 In the battle of Buena Vista, we had two lumdred and 
 sixty-seven killed, four Jiundred and fifty-six wounded, and 
 twenty-three missing. The enemy must have lost two 
 thousand. There were five hundred of their dead left upon 
 the field. We had twenty-eight officers killed and forty- one 
 wounded. 
 
 What an awful responsibility re.sts upon somebody for 
 ushering so many innocent persons into the presence of their 
 Judge ! 
 
 The names of the officers killed and wounded are the 
 following : 
 
 General Staff: killed, Captain George Lincoln, Assis 
 tant Adjutant General ; wounded, H. W. Benham, 1st 
 Lieutenant Engineers ; F. S. Bryan, brevet 2d Lieuten- 
 ant Topographical engineers. 1st Regiment of dragoons : 
 wounded, Captain E. Steen. 2d regiment of dragoons : 
 wounded. Brevet Lieutenant-colonel C. A. May. 3d Regi- 
 ment Artillery : wounded. Lieutenant S. G. French. 4th 
 Artillery : wounded, 1st Lieutenant J. P. O'Brien. Missis- 
 sippi Rides: killed, 1st Lieutenant R. L. Moore. 2d Lieut. 
 F. M'Nulty ; wounded, Colonel Davis, Captains Sharp 
 and Stockaw, 1st Lieutenants Corwin and Posey. 1st 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 63 
 
 Regiment Illinois : killed, Colonel Hardin, Captain Zabris- 
 kie, and lst_LieiUenant Houghton. 2d Regiment Illinois; 
 killed, Captain Woodward, Lieutenants Rountree, Fletcher 
 Ferguson, Robbins, Steel, Kelly, Bartleson. Atherton, and 
 Price; wounded, Captains Coffee and Baker, Lieutenants 
 Picket, Englefhan, West, and Whiteside. Texas volunteers •, 
 killed, 1st Lieutetenant Campbell, 2d Lieutenant Leonhard ; 
 wounded Captain Connor. Indiana volunteers : Brigade 
 Staff; Brigadier-aeneral Lane. 2d Indiana : killed. Cap- 
 tains Kinder and Walker, and Lieutenant Parr; wounded, 
 Captains Sanderson and Osborn, Lieutenants Cayce, Davis, 
 Pennington, Lewis, Moore, and Epperson. 3d Indiana • 
 killed, Captain Taggart ; wounded. Major Gorman, Cap- 
 tains Sleep and Connover. 2d Kentucky foot; killed, 
 Cojonel M'Kee, Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, and Captain 
 Willis ; wounded, Lieutenants Barber and Napier. Arkan- 
 sas Cavalry : killed. Colonel Yell, Captain Porter : wounded, 
 Lieutenant Reader. 
 
 A large portion of officers fell showing their unconquera- 
 ble bravery. It was a battle of artillery. General Taylor 
 said , — 
 
 " The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, 
 were more than usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over 
 the roughest ground, it was always in action at the right 
 place and at the right time, and its well-directed fire dealt 
 destruction in the masses of the enemy." 
 
 The General was necessarily much exposed. Two balls 
 j)assed through his clothes. Our forces consisted of five 
 thousand, and but four hundred and fifty-three of them were 
 regulars. We were not able to follow up our success for 
 the want of more man. 
 
g4^ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 On the 26th General Taylor issued the following order: 
 
 " Headquarters, Array of Occupation, ) 
 Buena Vista, Feb. 26, 1847. \ 
 
 Order No. 12. 
 
 I. The commanding general has the grateful task of 
 congratulating the troops upon the brilliant success which 
 attended their arms in the conflict of the 22 nd and 23rd, 
 Confident in the immense superiority of numbers, and stim- 
 ulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, the Mexi- 
 can troops were yet repulsed in every effort to force ou^" 
 jiries, and finally withdrew with immense loss from the field. 
 
 II. The general would express his obligations to the men 
 and officers engaged for the cordial support which they ren- 
 dered throughout the action. It will be his highest pride 
 to bring to the notice of the government the conspicuos 
 gallantry of particular officers and corps, whose unwaver- 
 ing steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day. 
 He would also express his high satisfaction with the small 
 command left at Saltillo. Thooigh not so seriously engaged 
 as their comrades, their services were very important, and 
 efficiently rendered. While bestowing this just tribute to 
 the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to 
 say that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that 
 those who fled ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Sal- 
 tillo, will seek an opportunity to retrieve their reputation; 
 and to emulate the bravery of their comrades who bore the 
 brunt of the battle, and sustained, against fearful odds, the 
 honor of the flag. 
 
 in. The exhultation of success is checked by the heavy 
 sacrifice of life which it has cost, embracing many officers 
 of high rank and rare merit. While igthe sympathy of a 
 grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. gg 
 
 friends of those who nobly fell, their illustrious example 
 will remain for the benefit and admiration of the army. 
 
 By order, Major-general Taylor. 
 
 Signed, W. W .S. Bliss. 
 
 Assistant Adjutant-general. 
 
 This order will be read at the head of every company. 
 
 By order : 
 Signed, W. W. S. Bliss. 
 
 It "was found that the enemy were retiring towards San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Our forces returned to Agua Nueva on the 27th. The 
 road was strewed with dead and wounded Mexicans, and 
 their army seemed to be in a perfect state of disorganization 
 
 Had it not been for the astonishing bravery of our men, 
 in this battle, (5000 against 21,000,) we must have been 
 overwhelmed. 
 
 General Urea, with about 8000 cavalry, had cut off all 
 communication between Camargo and Monterey, previous 
 to the battle of Buena Vista. A train of waggons, escorted 
 by thirty men, was attacked and captured Feb. 24th, at 
 Ramos. The wagons were burned and the teamsters dread- 
 fully mutilated and their bodies cast into the flames. 
 
 March 7th, Major Giddings, in charge of a train of one 
 hundred and fifty waggons, was attacked near Ceralvo. 
 After a severe struggle, the enemy w^as repulsed, but we lost 
 fifteen teamsters, two privates of Ohio volunteers, and fifty 
 wagons. 
 
 General Taylor returned to Monterey early in March 
 and pursued Urea, for a while and drove him over the 
 mountaints. In April six thousand volunteers were 
 called out by government to re-enforce the army. General 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Taylor was lo receive enough of them, to make, with what 
 he had, about ten thousand men. 
 
 After this, nothing of much interest occurred ia northern 
 Mexico. The theatre of war was changed to another part 
 of the country. The strong forts had been taken and the 
 enemy conquered in every battle. 
 
 General Scott had been ordered to Mexico by the govern- 
 ment, Nov. 23rd, 1846, in the following language : 
 
 War Department, Washington, JVovember, 23, 1847 
 
 Sir, — The President, several days since communicated, 
 m person to you his orders to repair to Mexico, to take com- 
 mand of the forces there assembled, and particularly to or- 
 jranize and set on foot an expedition to operate on the 
 Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the theatre of action, you 
 Jihali deem it to be practicable. It is not proposed to con- 
 trol your operations by definite and positive instructions, 
 but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment, under 
 a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The 
 work is before you, and the means provided, or to be pro- 
 vided, for accomplishing it, are committed to you, in the 
 lull confidence that you will use them to the best advan- 
 tage. 
 
 The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been in 
 dicated, and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force 
 to accomplish them. 
 
 Of this you must be the best judge, when preparations are 
 made, and the time for action arrived. 
 Very respectfully. 
 
 your obedient servant, 
 
 W. L. Marcv, 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Gen. WiKFiELu Scott, 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 67 
 
 Vera Cruz is situated in 19 degrees 11 minutes 52 sec- 
 onds north lalitiule. One portion of its walls is washed by 
 the Atlantic, and the shore on the opposite side is a dry 
 and sandy plain. 
 
 General Scott sailed from New York, Nov. 30th and 
 reached the Rio Grande Jan 1st 1847, 
 
 AMERICAN FLEET SALUTING THE CASTLE AT VERA CHUZ 
 
^o BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 68 . 
 
 BATTLE OF VERA CRUZ. 
 
 The new army was designated to attack the city of Vera 
 Cruz and the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. The naval 
 squadron, under Commodore Conner, was to assist the 
 land forces. The squadron landed at Anton Lizardo, 
 March 7th. The troops, sent from General Taylor, ar- 
 rived in February, and increased his army to 12,000 men. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE 
 OF SAN JUAN DE ULLOA. 
 
 " Vera Cruz is situated in IQ'^' 11' 52" north latitude. 
 One portion of its walls is washed by the Atlantic, and the 
 shore on the opposite side is a dry and sandy plain. 
 
 " The city is small, but from the regularity which marks 
 its laying out, it is beautiful. The streets are wide, straight, 
 and well paved. The houses, of which there are one thou- 
 sand and sixty-three, are mostly two stories high, and built 
 of the Muscara stone, taken from the sea-beach. 
 
 " The fortifications of the city consist of nine towers 
 connected together by means of a stone and mortar wall, 
 which, however, is not very thick. The two towers named 
 Santiago and Conception are the most important. They are 
 situated at that portion of the walls looking toward the cas- 
 tle of San Juan, and are distant from each other one thou- 
 sand two hundred and seventy varas. The other towers, 
 including the one called San Fernando, are almost equal 
 in shape, size, and strength. All of them can mount one 
 hundred pieces of artillery of various sizes ; and save those 
 of the middle ones, their fires all cross in front of the 
 
BATTLES or MEXICO. 
 
 69 
 
 guard-houses, the external walls of which form part of the 
 walls which surround the city. 
 
 " Although the port of Vera Cruz is the principal one in 
 the Gulf of Mexico, it is very dangerous during the seasons 
 of the northers — that which is called the bay, being, in 
 reality, nothing more than a bad roadstead. Baron Hum- 
 boldt but too faithfully described the harbor of Vera Cruz 
 when he said, that the only shelter it affords shipping is a 
 dangerous anchorage among shoals. 
 
 " The castle of San Juan de Ulloa is unquestionably the 
 most celebrated of all American fortresses. Its construc- 
 tion was commenced in the year 1582, upon a bar or 
 bank, in front of the town of Vera Cruz, at the distance 
 of one thousand and sixty-two Castilian varas or yards, 
 and it is entirely surrounded by water. The centre of the 
 area occupied by this fortress is a small island, upon which 
 Juan de Grijalva landed a year previous to the arrival of 
 Cortes upon the Continent, and, at that period, it acci- 
 dentally received the name which it retains to this present 
 day. It seems that there was a shrine or temple erected 
 upon it, in which human victims were sacrificed to the 
 Indian gods ; and as the Spaniards were informed that 
 these offerings were made in accordance with the com- 
 mands of the kings of Acolhua (one of the provinces of the 
 empire), they confounded or abbreviated this name into 
 the word Ulloa, which they affixed to the island. 
 
 " According to a report made on the 17th of January, 
 1775, it was the opinion of a council of war, composed of 
 distinguished officers, that this fortress, after all its defen- 
 ces were completed, would require a garrison for effective 
 service, composed of seventeen hundred infantry soldiers, 
 three hundred artillery, two' hundred and twenty-eight 
 sailors, and a hundred supernumeraries. 
 
70 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 a 
 
 " The exterior polygon, which faces Vera Cruz, extends 
 three hundred yards in length, whilst that which defends 
 the north channel is, at least, two hundred yards long. 
 Besides this, there is a low battery situated in the bastion 
 of Santiago, which doubles the fire on that channel. The 
 southern channel is commanded also by the battery of San 
 Miguel. 
 
 " The whole fortress is constructed oiMadrepora Jistreay 
 a species of soft coral, which abounds in the neighboring 
 islands. Its walls are from four to five yards in thickness, 
 their exterior being faced with a harder stone. It is well 
 supplied with water, having seven cisterns within the 
 castle, which altogether contain ninety-three thousand 
 seven hundred and sixty-seven cubic feet of water. Its 
 full equipment of artillery pieces is three hundred and 
 seventy ; but it contained only a hundred and seventy- 
 seven when attacked by the French in 1838." 
 
 A regiment of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel 
 Russey, were wrecked in February near the island of Lobos. 
 They were met by a large force under General Cos and 
 ordered to surrender. They were without arms, but Colo- 
 nel Russey delayed his answer until night, presenting at 
 the same time a bold front. He lighted up camp fires, 
 left his baggage, and, by forced marches, reached the 
 American quarters at Tampico. 
 
 The two commanding oflBcers, immediately after landing 
 at Lizardo, reconnoitred the city in the steamer Petrita, 
 and thought best to land on the beach due west of the 
 island of Sacrificios. At daybreak on the 9th, about 
 2,800 troops were transferred, in each frigate, and piopor- 
 tionate numbers in smaller vessels, to Sacrificios. A little 
 after 11 A. M. the squadron moved off majestically The 
 day was fine, with a gentle breeze from the south east, and 
 a smooth sea. The passage occupied between two and 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 7] 
 
 .hree hours, and the vessels were anchored without con- 
 fusion . Gen. Scott ordered the landing to be commenced 
 immediately, ordering the steamers Spitfire and Vixen, and 
 five gun-boats, to form a line parallel with and near the 
 beach,, in order to cover the landing of our men in the 
 surf-boats. As the boats, 65 in number, received the 
 troops, they assembled in a line, abreast, betvs^een the 
 fleet and the gun-boats and pulled for the shore, all at 
 once, landing without resistance. General Worth com- 
 manded this first line of the army and formed his men, 
 4,500 strong, on the beach and neighboring heights just 
 before sunset, and by 10 P. M. an army of 10,000 men 
 were on shore, without any accident occurring. All but 
 a few companies had landed. The next day the artillery, 
 horses, provisions, and other materials were landed, and ' 
 the remaining troops, making more than eleven thousand 
 men. General Scott landed early in the morning, and 
 preparations were immediately made to surround the city. 
 As our men advanced, some shot and shells were fired 
 from the town and castle, but without effect. At 2 o'clock,,; 
 March 10th, a brisk fire from the enemy commenced.-!- 
 One of our men had his thigh broken, and two others were-) 
 wounded. A small detachment was sent out under Cap- j. 
 tain Gordon to reconnoitre. He found himself, after going) j 
 two or three hundred yards, near a body of men and hailed r^ 
 them. They answered in English, and soon answered 
 again by a volley of bullets, which was returned by the 
 detachment, and the Mexicans were obliged to retire into 
 the town. At sunrise, the steamer Spitfire, Capt. Tatnall, , , 
 took position in front of the city and castle, and com- 
 menced firing. She continued for an hour, and the city 
 and castle returned the compliment. Soon after the ' 
 Spitfire opened her fire, the»lst and 2d divisions moved up 
 the beach towards the city about a mile and commenced 
 
,y2 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 to invest the place. Four or five regiments of Mexican 
 infantry and cavalry appeared in front of the city, half a 
 mile from our men, and commenced firing upon us. One 
 of our mountain howitzers and some rockets were placed 
 on the hills. A few shots were fired and rockets sent ; 
 but without effect. Captain Taylor was ordered to try 
 the six-pounder, which caused the Mexicans to retire be- 
 hind the hill. One Mexican was killed. 
 
 General Worth was successful in taking his position on 
 the right of the investment by 11 o'clock. The line, cir- 
 cumvallating the city, was to run along a chain of sand- 
 hills about 3 miles from the city, ranging from 300 to 
 1500 feet high, entirely commanding the town and fortifi- 
 cations. The heavy guns from the castle could reach the 
 right wing. 
 
 After Worth had taken his position. General Patterson's 
 division took up its line of march, with General Pillow's 
 brigade in advance, in order to form on the left of Worth's 
 division. After proceeding a mile, they met the enemy 
 in a thick chaparral. There Was a smart fire for about 
 twenty minutes. The Mexicans retreated. Gen. Pillow 
 had great diflficulty in advancing through the chaparral. 
 He proceeded about half a mile farther by 4 p. m., and met 
 the enemy again, in ambuscade. Their fire was heavy 
 upon our men, and General Patterson sent the New York 
 regiment of Shields' brigade to aid General Pillow ; but 
 only one New York company arrived, before General 
 Pillow had routed the enemy by a charge. Only two of 
 our men were slightly wounded. A body of the enemy 
 were seen at a little distance, at a house known as a maga- 
 zine, on the left flank of Pillow'»command. A 6-pounder 
 was directed towards them, and a few shots were enough 
 to disperse them. Towards sun-down. Gen. Pillow reach- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 73 
 
 ed, by great effort, one of the highest points in the rear of 
 the city, and erected the star spangled banner. The bat- 
 teries from .iie town and castle, kept up a continued firing 
 tall dark. One shell exploded in front of General Worth 
 and staff. 
 
 At 7 A. M., (March 11th) General Quitman's brigade 
 was ordered to relieve General Pillow from the place which 
 he occupied during the night. The Mexicans, thinking 
 that our men were deserting the heights, approached and 
 were met by General Quitman, who advanced to the top 
 of the hill. A smart fire was kept up for an hour. 
 
 Capt. Davis, of the Georgia regiment, with twenty rifle- 
 men, were sent as skirmishers, to move round under the 
 hill and engage the enemy in close quarters. About 200 
 of the enemy advanced on him, and he held them in check 
 until Colonel Jackson, with the balance of three compa- 
 nies, and Col. Dickerson and his regiment, came to his 
 aid. The enemy wei'e obliged to retire, with the loss of 
 several dead and wounded. We had seven slightly 
 wounded. 
 
 At 9 A, M., General Twiggs, with his mounted rifles in 
 advance, moved up to take position on the left of the line. 
 It w'as very difficult as the cannon had to be lifted over 
 sand-ridges by the men, in many cases. The force all 
 reached their destination by the sea-shore, above the town, 
 about sun-down. Thus the city was surrounded by us, 
 our line reaching about eight miles. General Worth occu- 
 pied the right. General Twiggs the left, and General Pat- 
 terson the centre. 
 
 Our men now commenced placing their heavy batteries 
 in position to open upon the town. 
 
 By the 22d, seven ten-inch mortars were in battery, 
 
74 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 and the others nearly ready. At two, P. M., General 
 Scott addressed a summons to the Governor of Vera Cruz, 
 and received an answer in two hours. The Governor 
 supposed that Scott ordered him to surrender the town 
 and castle (though that was not the case, as Scott was not 
 prepared to make such a demand). 
 
 Scott now determined to open his seven mortars upon 
 the town. The small vessels of Commodore Perry's 
 squadron, two steamers and five schooners, came within a 
 mile and an eighth of the city and opened a brisk fire, 
 which continued till 9, A. M. (March 23), when the Com- 
 modore called the vessels away from so dangerous a posi- 
 tion. By noon we had ten mortars battering the walls of 
 the city. The ten inch mortars planted about eight hun- 
 dred yards from the city, were very effective. Our men, 
 thus far, from the time of their landing had only four or 
 five men wounded, and one officer and one private killed. 
 The officer was Capt. J. R. Vinton, of the U. S. 3d ar- 
 tillery. He was killed in the trenches, March 24th, at 
 ten, A. M. The naval battery, No. 5, consisting of three 
 thirty-two pounders and three eight inch Paixhans, open- 
 ed a terrific fire, under Capt. Aulick. The battery was 
 active till two, P. M. We lost four sailors killed, and 
 Lieut. Baldwin was slightly wounded. 
 
 March 25th', battery No. 4, consisting of four twenty- 
 four pounders, and two eight inch Paixhans, opened. 
 
 Now, batteries 1, 2, 3", 4 and 5, were shaking the whole 
 foundation of the city, by their tremendous fire. 
 
 On the evening of the 24th, the foreign consuls signed 
 a memorial, requesting General Scott to grant a truce, so 
 that the neutrals and women and children might retire 
 from the city. Our heavy guns made dreadful havoc, de- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 75 
 
 .r.' 
 stroying many women and children. General* Scott re- 
 plied : 
 
 First, That a truce could only be granted on the 
 application of Governor Morales, with a view to surren- 
 der ; second, That in sending safeguards to the different 
 consuls, beginning as far back as the 13th instant, he dis- 
 tinctly admonished them, particularly the French and 
 Spanish consuls — and, of course, through the two, the 
 other consuls — of the dangers that have followed ; third, 
 That although, at that date, he had already refused to al- 
 low any person whatsoever to pass the line of investment 
 either way, yet the blockade had been left open to the 
 consuls and other neutrals to pass out to their respective 
 ships of war up to the 22d instant ; and, fourth, he en- 
 closed to the memorialists a copy of his summons to the 
 governor, to show that he had fully considered the im- 
 pending hardships and distresses of the place, including 
 those of women and children, before one gun had been 
 fired in that direction. 
 
 On the 26th, General Scott received overtures from 
 General Landero, on whom General Morales had devolv- 
 ed the command, and on account of a heavy norther, he 
 was unable to communicate with the ships until the 27th. 
 
 The American Commissioners were, Generals Worth 
 and Pillow, Colonel Totten, and Capt. Aulick. 
 
 It was finally agreed that the city and castle should 
 surrender to us. 
 
 The following are the terms of capitulation : 
 
 " 1. The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrender- 
 ed to the arms of the United States, as prisoners of war, 
 the 29th instant, at 10 o'clock, A. M. ; the garrisons to 
 be permitted to march out with all the honors of war, and 
 
76 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 to lay down their arms to such officers as may be appoint- 
 ed by the general-in-chief of the United States' armies, and 
 at a point to be agreed upon by the commissioners. 
 
 " 2. Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and . 
 ji'rivate effects, including horses and horse-furniture, and 
 to be allowed, regular and irregular officers, as also the 
 lank and file, five days to retire to their respective homes, 
 ©n parole, as hereinafter prescribed. 
 
 " 3. Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in ar- 
 ticle 1, the Mexican flags of the various forts and stations 
 jshall be struck, saluted by their own batteries ; and, im- 
 raediately thereafter, Forts Santiago and Conception, and" 
 the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, occupied by the forces of 
 the United States. -' 
 
 " 4. The rank and file of the regular portion of the pri- 
 soners to be disposed of after surrender and parole, as 
 their general-in-chief may desire, and the irregular to be 
 permitted to return to their homes. The officers, in re- 
 spect to all arras and descriptions of force, giving the 
 usual parole, that the said rank and file, as well as them- 
 selves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged. 
 
 " 5. All the materiel of war, and all public property 
 of every description found in the city, the castle of San 
 Juan de Ulloa and their dependencies, to belong to the 
 United States ; but the armament of the same (not injured 
 or destroyed in the further prosecution of the actual war), 
 may be considered as liable to be restored to Mexico by a 
 definite treaty of peace. 
 
 " 6. The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to 
 remain in the city, with such medical officers and attend- 
 ants, and officers of the army, as may be necessary to theif 
 care and treatment. 
 
 " 7. Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to per- 
 
V BATTLES OF MEXICO. 77 
 
 sons in tne city, and property, and it is clearly under- 
 stood that no private building or property is to be taken 
 or used by the forces of the United States, without previ- 
 ous arrangement with the owners, and for a fair equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 '' 8. Absolute freedom of religious worship and cere- 
 monies is solemnly guaranteed." 
 
 At the surrender on the 27th, our army were drawn up 
 in two lines, facing each other, and stretching more than a 
 mile. The enemy left the city at ten o'clock, passed be- 
 tween our lines, laid down their arms and colors and 
 marched for the interior. General Worth superintended 
 the evacuation and then entered the city. Our flag was 
 erected over the Plaza and saluted by the guns of the citf 
 and squadron. General Worth was appointed Militarj 
 Governor. 
 
 BATTLE OF SIERRA GORDA. 
 
 General Twiggs' division of our army arrived, within 
 three miles of the position of the enemy, April 1 1th, and 
 General Patterson's on the 12th. On the 16th, we had 
 six thousand men ready for action, while the enemy num- 
 bered from eight to twelve thousand. They occupied 
 a chain of works along the road, the nearest of which was 
 about a mile and a quarter from General Scott's head- 
 quarters. The road over which we had to pass, was bar- 
 ricaded and cut up in every way to impede our progress. 
 Beyond the first fortification there are several others com- 
 pletely commanding the gorge, through which the road to 
 
»7g BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Jalapa runs. There were twenty-four pieces of field ar- 
 tillery besides about fourteen heavy cannon in position. 
 The high and rocky ravine of the river protected their 
 right flank and a series of abrupt and apparently impassa- 
 ble mountains and ridges covered their left. A front at- 
 tack, which the enemy expected on account of our bravery, 
 must have been fatal to us. General Scott outwitted the 
 One Leg and had a road cut to the right, so as to escape 
 the front fire, and turn his position on the left flank. A 
 deserter from our camp made this known to the enemy, 
 and they sent General La Vega with a large force to aid 
 the left flank. 
 
 General Scott, on the 17th of April, to cover his flank 
 movements, sent General Twiggs against the fort on the 
 steep ascent in front, and a little to the left of the Sierra. 
 This expedition was commanded by Colonel Harney, who 
 carried the position under a heavy fire of grape and musket- 
 ry. This was an important post gained, situated in front 
 and near the enemy's strongest fortification. By great 
 labor, one of our lai^e guns was placed upon the top of 
 the fort, and blazed away at a strong fort in the rear •, but 
 with little effect. 
 
 April 18th, early in the morning, our army moved to 
 the attack in columns. General Twiggs's division attack- 
 ed the enemy's left and carried the breast works after a 
 slight resistance, at the point of the bayonet, and com- 
 pletely routed the enemy at that point. Pillow's brigade, 
 accompanied by General Shields's, passed along the Jala- 
 pa ror.d with rapidity, and took a position to stop the re- 
 treat of the enemy. General Worth moved forward to- 
 ward the left to aid Twiggs. Twiggs had steep and 
 rough ground to pass over , was constantly exposed to 
 
BATTLES or MEXICO. 79 
 
 the fire of the enemy in front and to the cross-fire of the 
 forts and batteries. 
 
 The fight was tremendous for a short time, and finally 
 the enemy gave way on all sides. Three thousand men 
 with field and other officers surrendered. A large amount 
 of small arms, ordnance and batteries were taken. Six 
 thousand of the enemy gained the rear of our army on the 
 Jalapa road and were pursued. We lost two hundred and 
 fifty killed and wounded, and among the latier was Gene- 
 ral Shields. The Mexican loss was about one hundred 
 more than ours, besides those taken prisoners. We cap- 
 tured thirty pieces of cannon, much ammunition, and the 
 private baggage and money chest of Santa Anna, contain- 
 ing twenty thousand dollars. On the 19th, Jalapa, and 
 on the 22d, Perote, were taken without opposition. 
 
 Nothing prevented our men from being utterly destroyed 
 but the steepness of the ascent under which they could 
 shelter. But they sought no shelter, and onward rushed 
 against a hailstorm of balls and musket-shot, led by tha 
 gallant Harney, whose noble bearing elicited the applause 
 of the whole army. His conspicuous and stalwart frame 
 at the head of his brigade, his long arm waving his men 
 on to the charge, his sturdy voice ringing above the clash 
 of arms and din of conflict, attracted the attention and ad- 
 miration alike of the enemy and of our own men. On, on, 
 he led the columns, whose front lines melted before the 
 enemy's fire like srMJW-flakes in a torrent, and staid not 
 their course until leaping over the rocky barriers, and 
 bayonetting their gunners, they drove the ^nemy pell mell 
 from the fort, delivering a deadly fire into their ranks, from 
 their own guns, as they hastily retired. 
 
 General Scott, between whom and Colonel Harney 
 there had existed some coolness, rode up to the colonel 
 
80 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 after this achievement, and remarked to him — " Colonel 
 Harney, I cannot now adequately express my admiration 
 of your gallant achievement, but at the proper time I shall 
 take great pleasure in thanking you in proper terms." 
 
 It was here the enemy received their heaviest loss, and 
 their General Vasquez was killed. A little after, General 
 Worth, having, by great exertions, passed the steep and 
 craggy heights on the enemy's left, summoned a strong 
 fort in the rear of the Sierra to surrender. This fort was 
 manned by a large force under General Pinzon, a mulatto 
 officer of considerable ability and courage, who, seeing the 
 J5ierra carried, thought prudent to surrender, which he did 
 with all his force. General Shields was not so fortunate 
 in the battery which he attacked, and which was com- 
 manded by General la Vega. A heavy fire was opened 
 on him, under which the fort was carried with some loss 
 by the gallant Illinoisians, under Baker and Bennett, sup- 
 ported by the New Yorkers, under Burnett. Among those 
 'ft'ho fell under this fire was the gallant general, who re- 
 ceived a grape-shot through his lungs, by which he was 
 iiompletely paralyzed, and at the last account was in a 
 lingering state. On the enemy's right. General Pillow 
 commenced the attack against the strong forts near the 
 river. The Tennesseeans, under Haskell, led the column, 
 and the other volunteer regiments followed. This column 
 unexpectedly encountered a heavy fire from a masked 
 battery, by which Haskell's regiment was nearly cut to 
 pieces, and the other volunteer regiments were severely 
 handled. General Pillow withdrew his men, and was 
 preparing for another attack, when the operations at the 
 otlier points having proved successful, the enemy conclud- 
 ed to surrender. Thus the victory was complete, and 
 four generals, and about six thousand men, were taken 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 81 
 
 prisoners by our army. One of their principal generals 
 and a large number of other officers killed. The Mexican 
 force on this occasion certainly exceeded our own." 
 
 In addition to the loss of the enemy in killed and taken 
 they lost about thirty pieces of brass cannon, mostly of 
 large calibre, manufactured at the royal foundry of Seville. 
 A large quantity of fixed ammunition, of a very superior 
 quality, together with the private i)aggage and money- 
 chest of Santa Anna, containing twenty thousand dollars, 
 was also captured. 
 
 On the same day that the battle of Sierra Gordo was 
 fought, a portion of the American Gulf Squadron, under 
 Commodore Perry, captured the town of Tuspan, on thi-j 
 Gulf. 
 
 On the 19th, the city of Jalapa was captured by a de- 
 tachment under General Twiggs ; and on the 22d, Gene- 
 ral Worth entered the town of Perote. Both these cities 
 were taken without opposition ; and in the latter were 
 found immense stores of small arms, ammunition, and the 
 large guns of the city and castle. 
 
 BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO. 
 
 General Scott remained inactive for awhile before 
 entering the capital, hoping to be re-enforced, his head- 
 quarters being at Puebla, while the Mexicans, notwith- 
 standing their repulses and severe losses, were busy in 
 collecting another army and fortifying every entrance to 
 
 Uie city. (p^r representation of this Bsttle, see cover.) 
 
82 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Aug. 8th, our army, having received a few re-enforce- 
 rs ents, marched towards the capital, and reached Ayotla 
 on vhe 12th, where there was a strong fortification called 
 St. Pinon. It was reconnoitred and found to be very 
 strong by nature and art. It was thought, that it would 
 be hazardous to attack it, as was anticipated by the Mexi- 
 caiis. Scott here again outwitted Santa Anna, for he 
 found a road south of Lake Charles, opening into that from 
 Vera Cruz, below Ayotla, which would enable our army 
 to pass around the fort; but the march was a very difficult 
 one, for heavy rains had filled the low places so that the 
 soldiers were often obliged to wade. The steep and rug- 
 ged heights were to be crossed : and the paths and gorges 
 were filled with immense stones, which had been rolled 
 in by the enemy. The men became weary during the 
 day, and the nights were dark and wet, which added to 
 their discouragements. 
 
 On the 17th, our advance arrived at San Augustin, a 
 small town about twelve miles south of the capital ; Gene- 
 ral Worth led on his men to take possession of a hacienda 
 near the fortification of San Antonio, for the purpose of 
 attacking that place. They captured the village ; but 
 Capt. Thornton was killed in taking a reconnoissance, from 
 a heavy discharge of artillery by the enemy. One or two 
 of our me*n were wounded. A squadron of artillery and a 
 battalion of infantry were near the redoubt, hoping to 
 make an attack in the afternoon, but a rain set in, and 
 General Scott thought best to withdraw them. Had the 
 batteries of the enemy opened with energy upon this de- 
 tachment, it would probably have been obliged to retire 
 or been cut to pieces ; but fortunately the guns were §i- 
 lent all night. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 83 
 
 During the night, the divisions of Pillow and Twiggs 
 marched towards the strong works of Contreras, to be 
 prepared for an assault in the morning. This was a very 
 fatiguing march. The darkness of the night, the torrents 
 of rain pouring down upon them, the wild roaring of the 
 winds, the ridges from rocks of lava to pass over, the 
 denseness of the brush v/ood, the swollen streams to cross, 
 presented difficulties rarely surpassed. 
 
 At eight the next morning, the batteries of the enemy 
 opened upon the hacienda of San Antonio, where General 
 Worth was posted. This cannonading was heavy. The 
 air was shaken by the heavy explosions, while houses and 
 even strong fortifications were shattered to pieces and fell 
 in thundei'ing ruins, beneath the showers of shot and 
 shells. Almost all of the streets were swept by bullets 
 and large bombs which burst in the air, and hurled slugs, 
 shot and fragments among our ranks, making sad havoc. 
 But the Yankees were not frightened yet. They placed 
 theroselves behind walls and buildings, and calmly, amid 
 this scene of confusion, prepared for action. Soon the 
 divisions of Pillow and Twiggs moved on towards Con- 
 treras, arriving about one P. M. General P. F. Smith 
 was ordered to march up in front of the enemy's works, 
 and Colonel Riley, to move with rapidity . towards the 
 right, gain the main road, and prevent any re-enforcements 
 of the enemy. Smith dashed forward under a tremendous 
 fire and secured a good position for his artillery. Every 
 battery and gun on both sides roared away with horrible 
 sublimity, and actually shook the ground for miles around, 
 and their reverberations rolled with grandeur along the 
 lofty ridges of the mountains. The few guns of our ad- 
 vanced battery were soon .silenced, and General Pierce 
 proceeded to the relief of General Smith. 
 
84 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 At this time, large re-enforcements of the enemy ap- 
 proached Contreras, and General Cadwallader hastened to 
 re-enforce Riley. The contest was now terrific. Neither 
 army would yield an inch of ground. 
 
 At four o'clock, General Scott passed along the lines, 
 and was welcomed by an enthusiastic shout. Perceiving 
 the immense strength of the enemy, he ordered General 
 Shields to re-enforce Riley and Cadwallader, and strength- 
 en our army in front of the enemy. Now the battle ragea 
 nigher still, and hundreds fell to rise no more. This dread- 
 ful carnage was kept up for six hours, when the darkness 
 of night closed the scene, and the cannons ceased their 
 roar. Our men were disappointed, as they expected by 
 that time to have been in the " Halls of the Montezumas." 
 They were obliged to lie upon the cold, wet ground, with- 
 out blankets, to rest for the night. 
 
 At eio:ht o'clock in the evening, General Scott retired 
 to San Augustin, and Twiggs and Pillow went at eleven. 
 
 Scott and Worth set out for Contreras early the next 
 mornins:. Firing: was heard, and soon a messencjer came, 
 saying that General Worth had carried the whole line of 
 fortifications at Contreras. He planned and executed the 
 undertaking in a skilful manner and with little loss. He 
 took fifteen hundred of the enemy prisoners, including 
 Generals Salas, Blanco, Garcia and Mendoza. He also 
 captured an immense amount of ammunition and camp 
 equipage, and fifteen pieces ol artillery, among them the 
 two taken from Capt. O'Brien at Buena Vista ; seven 
 hundred of the enemy were killed and many more 
 wounded. 
 
 General Scott now sent General Worth to attack San 
 Antonio, while he with a force would go in its rear. The 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. ♦ 86 
 
 soldiers passed over the battle-field of the previous day, 
 and the scene which was presented was enough to make 
 the hardy soldier shudder and feel sick in view of the 
 horrors of war. Hundreds lay covered with blood, stiff 
 and cold in death, while others were uttering piteous 
 groans and begged for water. The streams actually run 
 with human blood. What a shocking scene ! How sur- 
 prising that nations will thus imbue their hands in each 
 other's blood ! 
 
 When the force reached San Pablo, another action com- 
 menced, and at the same time Worth's cannon were heard 
 roaring away at Churubusco. The flower of both armies 
 were now engaged in terrible combat. The rattling of the 
 musketry, the clash of arms, and the deafening roar of the 
 cannon and the groans of the dying, made the scene truly 
 awful ! 
 
 Scott was in the midst of danger encouraging his men, 
 while Worth and Twiggs were cheering their soldiers on. 
 Thus, one of the severest conflicts ever witnessed on this 
 continent, raged with increasing power for two hours. 
 Finally our forces gained full possession of all the works, 
 and the endmy fled in dismay to the city. Worth follow- 
 ed them almost to the gates. 
 
 The next morning, a detachment of our men entered 
 Cliapultepec without opposition. 
 
 Soon after this, Santa Anna sent flags, proposing a sus- 
 pension 01 hostilities. Negotiations took place, and t^ie 
 following armistice was adopted, August 20th : 
 
 THE ARMISTICE. 
 
 The undersigned, appointed respectively, the first three 
 by Major-general Winfield Scott, commander-in-chief of 
 
g5 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 the armies of the United States, and the IrtSt two b)-- his 
 Excellency D. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, President 
 of the Mexican Republic, and commander-in-chief of its 
 armies, met with full powers, which were fully verified in 
 the village of Tucubaya, on the 23d day of August, 1847, 
 to enter into an armistice for the purpose of giving the 
 Mexican- government an opportunity of receiving proposi- 
 tions ^of peace from the commissioners appointed by the 
 President of the United States, and now with the Am«ri- 
 can army ; when the following articles were agreed upon : 
 Art. 1. Hostilities shall instantly and absolutely cease 
 between the armies of the United States of America and 
 the United Mexican States, within thirty leagues of the 
 capital of the latter States, to allow time to the commission- 
 ers appointed by the United States and the commissioners 
 lobe appointed by the Mexican Republic to negotiate. 
 
 2. The armistice shall continue as long as the commis- 
 sioners of the two governments may be engaged on nego- 
 tiations, or until the commander of either of the said armies 
 shall give formal notice to the other of the cessation of the 
 armistice for forty-eight hours after such notice. 
 
 3. In the mean time, neither army shall, within thirty 
 leagues of the city of Mexico, commence any new for- 
 tification or military work of offence or defence, or do any 
 thing to enlarge or strengthen any existing work or for- 
 tification of that character within the said limits. 
 
 4. Neither army shall be reinforced within the same. 
 Any. reinforcements in troops or munitions of war, other 
 than subsistence now approaching either army, shall be 
 stopped at the distance of twenty-eight leagues from the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 5. Neither army, nor any detachment from it, shall -ad- 
 vance beyond the line it at present occupieis. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 87 
 
 6. Neither army, nor any detachment or indivic/ual of 
 either, shall pass the neutral limits established by the last 
 article, except under a flag of truce bearing the correspond- 
 ence between tfie two armies, or on the business author- 
 ized by the next article ; and individuals of either army, 
 who may chance to straggle wdthin the neutral limits, shall, 
 by the opposite party, be kindly warned off, or sent back 
 to their own armies under flags of truce. 
 
 7. The American army shall not, by violence, obstruct 
 me passage from the open country into the city of Mexico, 
 of the ordinary supplies of food necessary to the consump- 
 tion of its inhabitants, or the Mexican army within the 
 city ; nor shall the Mexican authorities, civil or military, 
 do any act to obstruct the passage of supplies from the 
 city or country, needed by the American army. 
 
 8. All American prisoners of war remaining in the hands 
 of the Mexican army, and not heretofore exchanged, shall 
 immediately, or as soon as practicable, be restored to the 
 American army, against a like number, having regard to 
 rank, of Mexican prisoners captured by the American 
 army. 
 
 9. Ail American citizens who were established in the 
 city of Mexico prior to the existing war, and who have 
 since been expelled from that city, shall be allowed to 
 return to their respective business or families therein, with- 
 out delay or molestation. 
 
 10. The better to enable the belligerent armies to exe- 
 cute these articles, and to favor the great object of peace, 
 it is further agreed between the parties, that any courier 
 with despatches that either army shall desire to send along 
 the line from the city of Mexico or its vicinity, to and from 
 Vera Cruz, shall receive a safe conduct from the com- 
 mander of the opposing army. 
 
og BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 11. The administration of justice between Mexicans, 
 according to the general and state constitutions and laws, 
 by the local authorities of the towns and places occupied 
 l)y the American forces, shall not be obstructed in any 
 manner. , 
 
 12. Persons and property shall be respected in the 
 towns and places occupied by the American forces. No 
 person shall be molested in the exercise of his profession; 
 Bor shall the services of any one be required without his 
 consent. In all cases where services are voluntarily ren- 
 dered, a just price shall be paid, and trade remain unmo- 
 lested. 
 
 13. Those wounded prisoners who may desire to remove 
 to some more convenient place, for the purpose of being 
 cured of their wounds, shall be allowed to do so without 
 molestation, they still remaining prisoners. 
 
 14. The Mexican medical officers who may wish to 
 attend the wounded shall have the privilege of doing so, 
 if their services be required. 
 
 15. For the more perfect execution of this agreement, 
 two commissioners shall be appointed, one by each party, 
 who, in case of disagreement, shall appoint a third. 
 
 16. This convention shall have no force or effect, unless 
 approved by their excellencies, the commanders respec- 
 tively of the two armies, within twenty-four hours, reckon- 
 ing from the sixth hour of the 23d day of August, 1847. 
 
 A. Quitman, Maj. Gen. U. S. A. 
 Persifor F. Smith, Brig. Gen. 
 Franklin Pierce, Brig. Gen. U. S» Ji* 
 Ignacio de Mara y Villamil. 
 Benito QuuANa. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 89 
 
 It is believed that the whole force of the Mexicans, in 
 these brilliant engagements, was about thirty-two- thou- 
 sand men. They lost between five and six thousand, in- 
 cluding t^'jieen generals and forty-five pieces of cannon. 
 Our army consisted of seven thousand, eleven hundred of 
 whom were killed or wounded. What a terrible slaugh- 
 ter ! 
 
 After the armistice was agreed upon, various meetings 
 took place between Mr. Trist, the American minister, and 
 Mexican Commissioners, and endeavors were made to ef- 
 fect a treaty of peace, until September 2d, when Trist 
 handed in his ultimatum in reference to the boundary line, 
 and the Commissioners were to meet again on the 16th. 
 
 Some infractions of the truce were made by the enemy, 
 in reference to our supplies from the city ; but the Mexi- 
 cans apologized. 
 
 It appears that as soon as the propositions of Trist were 
 considered in a grand council of ministers and others., 
 Santa Anna, on the 4th and 5th., without giving any no- 
 tice to General Scott, commenced again fortifying the 
 city, directly in opposition to the armistice. Scott imme- 
 diately sent him a note, which was answered in a false 
 and impudent manner. 
 
 Our arrangements were delayed more than two weeks 
 by the armistice. It is probable that Santa Anna only 
 entered into it for the purpose of gaining time. 
 
90 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 BATTLE OF MEXICO. 
 
 Sept. Vth, General Scott began to reconnu: .e the dif- 
 ferent approaches to the city within his reach. In the 
 afternoon, a large body of the enemy were seen 
 around the Molinos del Rey (Mills), about a mile and a 
 third from Tucubaya, the head-quarters of our army. 
 These mills were repositories of ammunition, and there 
 was a foundry there for casting cannon. There was a 
 formidable castle in the hands of the enemy on the heights 
 of Chapultepec, between the mills and the gates of the 
 capital. There w^ere eight city gates strongly fortified. 
 It was impossible to stop communication between the 
 mills and the capital, without first taking the castle. Pre- 
 paratory to storming it, it was thought best to capture the 
 mills. Accordingly, on the 8th, General Worth's divi- 
 sion, re-enforced by Cadwallader's brigade, Pillow's divi- 
 sion, three squadrons of dragoons under Major Sumner, 
 and some heavy guns of the siege train under Capt. Hu- 
 ger of the ordnance, and Capt. Drum of the 7th artillery, 
 undertook the enterprise. They moved towards the ene- 
 my and soon met them. There was much energy mani- 
 fested on both sides. The enemy several times were re- 
 enforced, and the action becoming much more general 
 than was expected, General Scott called to our aid from 
 the distance of three miles, Gen. Pillow, with his remain- 
 ing brigade (Pierce's), and then Riley's brigade of Twiggs' 
 division. These forces approached with great rapidity ; 
 but the victory was won just as General Pierce reached 
 the ground and placed his command between Worth's di- 
 vision and the retreating enemy. Thus again were our 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 91 
 
 forces victorious. Various daring reconnoisances now 
 tookplajce, of the castle and approaches to th» city. The 
 latter stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre 
 of an irregular basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its 
 greater extent — a navigable canal of great breadth and 
 depth — very difficult to bridge, in the presence of an ene- 
 my, having eight entrenches or gates, over arches — each 
 of which was defended by a system of strong works that 
 seemed to require nothing but some men and guns to be 
 impregnable. 
 
 Outside and withiu the cross-fire of those gates, to the 
 south, are other ob^cles but little less formidable. All 
 approaches near the city w'ere over elevated causeways, 
 cut in many places (to oppose us) and flanked on both 
 sides, by ditches also of unusual dimensions. The nume- 
 rous cross-roads were flanked, in like manner, having 
 bridges at the intersections, recently broken. The mead- 
 ows thus checked, were, moreover, in many spots, under 
 water or marshy. 
 
 After close observation, it was decided, on the llth, to 
 move round to the south-west and w^est part of the capital, 
 believing that the approaches would present less formida- 
 ble obstacles. Accordingly, -Scott ordered Quitman's di- 
 vision from Coyoacan, to join Pillow hy daylight^ before 
 the southern gates, and that they should hy night.) proceed 
 (two miles) to join Scott at Tucubaya, where he was quar- 
 tered with Worth's division. Twiggs, with Riley's brigade* 
 and Captains Taylor's and Steptoe's field batteries — the 
 latter 12Tpounders — was left in front of tho§e gates — to 
 manoeuvre, to threaten, or to make false attacks, in order 
 .to occupy and deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other brigade 
 (Smith's) was left at supporting distance, in the rear, at 
 
92 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 San Angel, till the morning of the ISth, and also to sup- 
 port our general 'depot at Miscoaque. The stratagem 
 against the south was admirably executed throughout the 
 12th, and (lown to the afternoon of the 13th, when it was 
 too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his 
 delusion. 
 
 The first step in the new movement was to carry the 
 Castle of Chapultepec. Besides a numerous garrison, 
 here was the military college of the Republic with a large 
 number of sub-lieutenants and other students. Those 
 works were within direct gun-shot of , the village of Tucu- 
 haya, and until carried, we could notllpproach the cityoii 
 the w'est without making a circuit too wide and too haz- 
 ardous. 
 
 During the same night (that of the 11th) heavy batteries 
 were established. No. 1, on the right, under the com- 
 mand of Capt. Drum, 4th artillery (relieved late next day, ' 
 for some hours, by Lieut. Andrews of the 3d), and No. 2, 
 commanded by Lieut. Huger, ordnance — both supported 
 by Quitman's division. Nos. 3 and 4, on the opposite side, 
 supported by Pillow's division, were commanded, the for- 
 mer by Capt. Brooks and Lieut. S. S. Anderson, 2d artil- 
 lery, alternately, and the latter by Lieut. Stone, ordnance. 
 
 The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction 
 of Capt. Huger, were commenced early in the morning of 
 the 12th, and before night a good impression had been 
 made on the castle and its outworks. 
 
 Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in 
 the night of the 11th. In the morning. Worth was order- 
 ed to hold his division in reserve, near the foundry, to 
 support Pillow ; and Brigadier General Smith, of Twiggs' 
 division, had just arrived with his brigade, from Piedad, 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. g^ 
 
 [2 milesj to support Quitman. Twiggs' guns, before the 
 southern gates, again reminded us, as the day before, that 
 he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's and Steptoe's bat- 
 teries, was in activity, threatening the southern gates, and 
 there holding a great* part of the Mexican army on the de- 
 fensive. 
 
 Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an 
 assaulting party of some 250 volunteer officers and men, 
 under Capt. McKenzie, of the 2d artillery, and Twiggs' di- 
 vision supplied a similar one, commanded by Captain 
 Casey, 2d infantry, to Quitman. Each of those little 
 columns was furnished with scaling ladders. 
 
 The signal for the attack was to be the momentary ces- 
 sation of fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 
 8 o'clock A. M., of the 13th, Scott sent to Pillow and 
 Quitman, with notice that the concerted signal was about 
 to be given. 
 
 Both columns now advanced. The batteries threw shots 
 and shells upon the enemy over the heads of our men, with 
 good effect. 
 
 Major General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay 
 through an open grove, filled with sharp shooters, who 
 were speedily dislodged ; when, being up hill with the front 
 of the attack, and emerging into open space, at the foot of 
 a rocky acclivity, that gallant leader was struck down by 
 an agonizing wound. 
 
 The immediate command devolved on General Cadwal- 
 lader. On a previous call of Pillow, Worth had just sent 
 him a reinforcement. Col. Clark's brigade. 
 
 The broken declivity was still to be ascended and a 
 strong redoubt midway to be carried, before reaching the 
 castle on the heights. The advance of our men^ though 
 
94 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 necessarily slow, was unwavering, over rocks, chasms and 
 mines, and under the hottest fire of cannon and muskstry. 
 
 The enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. 
 — The retreat allowed not time to fire a single mine, with- 
 out the certainty of blowing up friefid and foe. Those, 
 who, at a distance, attempted to apply matches to the long 
 trains were shot down by our men. 
 
 ' There was death below as well as above ground. At 
 length the ditch and wall of the main work were reached ; 
 the scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the 
 ;«torming parties; some of the daring spirits first in the 
 assault were cast 'down — killed or wounded ; but a lodg- 
 ment was soon made ; streams of heroes followed ; all 
 <i)pposition was overcome, and several of our regimental 
 ii;olors fiung out from the upper walls, amidst long-con- 
 tinued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay into the capi- 
 tal. No scene could have been more animating. 
 
 General Quitman, supported by Generals Shields and 
 Smith, [P. F.] his other officers and men, was up with the 
 )^>art assigned him. Simultaneously with the movement 
 i.'m, the west, he approached the southeast of the same 
 works over a causeway with cuts and batteries, and de- 
 fended by an army strongly posted outside, to the east of 
 the works. Those formidable obstacles Quitman had to 
 face, v;ith but little shelter for his troops or space for man- 
 oeuvring. Deep ditches, flanking the causeway, made 
 it difficult to cross on eith^ side into the adjoining mead- 
 ows, and these again v/ere intersected by other ditches. 
 Smith and his brigade made a sweep to the right, in order 
 to present a front against the -enemy's line (outside), and 
 to turn into intervening batteries, near the foot of Chapul- 
 tepee. This movement was also intended to support 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 95 
 
 Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The 
 first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was cbm- 
 tnanded in succession by Capt. Casey, 2d infantry, and 
 Capt. Paul, 7th infantry, after Casey had been severely 
 wounded ; and the second, under Major Twiggs, marine 
 corps, killed, and then Capt. Miller, 2d Pennsylvania vo- 
 lunteers. The storming party, now commanded by Capt. 
 Paul, seconded by Captain Roberts of the rifles, Lieut. 
 Stewart, and others of the same regimeiit, Smith's brigade, 
 carried the two batteries in the road, took some guns, with 
 many prisoners, and drove the enemy posted behind in 
 support. The New York and South Carolina volunteers 
 (Shields' brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania volunteers, all 
 on the left of Quitman's line, together with portions of hi?, 
 storming parties, crossed the meadows in front, under a 
 heavy fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec, 
 just in time to join in the final assault from the west. 
 
 Generals Pillow, Quitman, Shields, Smith, and Cadwal. 
 lader, distinguished themselves in these brilliant operations. 
 Also Colonel Andrews, Lieut. Col. Johnstone, Major 
 Caldwell. Captains Barnard and Biddle. 
 
 These operations all occurred on the west, southeast, 
 and heights of Chapultepec. To the north, and at tho 
 base of the mound, inaccessible on that side, the 11th in- 
 fantry, under Lieut. Col. Hebert, the 14th, under Col. 
 Trousdale, and Capt. Magruder's field battery, 1st artillery 
 — one section advanced under Lieut. Jackson all of Pil- 
 low's division — had, at the same time, some spirited. affairs 
 against superior numbers, driving the enemy from a battery 
 in the road, and capturing a gun. Col. Trousdale, the 
 commander, though twice wounded, continued on duty 
 until the heights were carried. 
 
Q^ BATTLES OF MVXICO. 
 
 Early in the morning of the 13th, Scott ordered Worth 
 to support the movement of Pillow from our left. The 
 latter soon called for that entire division, standing momen- 
 tarily in reserve, and Worth sent him Col. Clark's brigade. 
 The enemy in the road in front of Quitman's right, was 
 receiving reinforcements from the city — less than a mile 
 and a half to the east — and Worth, on our opposite flank, 
 was ordered to return to Chapultepec with his division, and 
 to proceed cautiously by the road at its northern base, in 
 order, if not met by very superior numbers, to threaten or 
 to attack, in rear, that body of the enemy. 
 
 Worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade 
 —Col. Garland's— Lieut. Col. C. F. Smith's light batta- 
 lion, Lieut. Col. Duncan's squadrons of dragoons, under 
 Major Sumner. 
 
 Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving op- 
 posite to the north centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up 
 with the troops in the road, under Col. Trousdale, and 
 aided by a fiank movement of a part of Garland's brigade 
 in taking the one-gun breastwork, then under the fire of 
 Lieut. Jackson's section of Captain Magruder's field bat- 
 tery. Continuing to advance, this division passed Cha- 
 pultepec, attacking the right of the enemy's line, resting 
 on that road, about the moment of the general retreat con- 
 sequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its 
 outworks. 
 
 There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital — 
 the one on the right entering the same gate, Belen, with 
 the road from the south, via Piedad ; and the other ob- 
 liquing to intersect the great western, or San Cosme road, 
 in a suburb outside of the gate of San Cosme. 
 
 Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 97 
 
 a rlouble roadway on the sides of an aqueduct of strong 
 masonry, and great height, resting on open arches and 
 massive pillars, which, together, afford fine points both 
 for attack and defence. The sideways of both aqueducts 
 are, moreover, defended by many strong breastworks at 
 the gates, and before reaching them. 
 
 Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the re- 
 treating enemy — the former by the San Cosme aqueduct, 
 and the latter along that of Belen. Each had now ad- 
 vanced some hundred yards. The enemy fled in dismay. 
 
 Scott now despatched from Chapultepec — first Clarke's 
 brigade, and then Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, 
 and gave orders that the necessary heavy guns should 
 follow. Pierce's brigade was, at the same time, sent to 
 Quitman, and, in the course of the afternoon, some ad- 
 ditional siege pieces were added to his train. Scott 
 joined the advance of Worth, within the suburb, and. 
 beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the 
 great highway from the west, to the gate of San Cosme. 
 
 At this junction of roads, we first passed one of those 
 formidable systems of city defences spoken of above, and 
 it had not a gun ! 
 
 Within those disgarnished works our troops were en- 
 gaged in a street fight against the enemy posted in gardens, 
 at windows, and on house-tops — all flat, with parapets. 
 Worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of Cad- 
 wallader's brigade, preceded by skirmishers and pioneers, 
 wuth pickaxes and crowbars, to force windows and doors, 
 and burrow through walls. The assailants were soon in 
 an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By 8 o'clock 
 in the evening Worth had carried two batteries in this 
 suburb. He here posted guards and sentinels, and placed 
 
98 -/ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 his troops under shelter for the night. There was but 
 one more obstacle — the San Cosme gate (custom house) — 
 between him and the great square in front of the cathedral 
 and palace — the heart of the city ; and that barrier, it was 
 known, could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty 
 minutes. 
 
 Scott had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the 
 point from which the two aqueducts begin to diverge, some 
 Ittours earlier, in order to be near that new depot, and in 
 easy communication with Quitman and Twiggs, as well as 
 with Worth. 
 
 General Scott ordered all detachments and stragglers to 
 their respective corps, then in advance ; sent to Quitman 
 additional siege guns, ammunition, entrenching tools ; di- 
 rected Twiggs' remaining brigade (Riley's) from Piedad, 
 to support Worth, and Captain Steptoe's field battery, 
 also at Piedad, to rejoin Quitman's division. 
 
 Quitman, supported by Shields and Smith — Shields 
 badly wounded at Chapultepec and refusing to retire — as 
 well as by all the officers and men of the column — con- 
 tinued to press forward under flank and direct fires ; car- 
 ried an intermediate battery of two guns- and then the 
 Belen or South- Western gate, before two o'clock in the 
 afternoon, but not without severe loss, increased by his 
 steady maintenance of that position. 
 
 Here, of the heavy battery — Capt. Drum and Lieut. 
 Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieut Porter, its 
 third in rank, slightly. Lieuts. J. B. Moragne and Wm. 
 Canty, of the South Carolina volunteers, also of high merit, 
 fell on the same occasion — besides many of our bravest 
 non-commissioned officers and men. 
 
 Quitman, within the city — adding several new defences 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 99 
 
 to the position he had won, and sheltering his corps as 
 well as practicable— ;^iow awaited the return of daylight, 
 under the guns of the formidable citadel yet to be sub- 
 dued. 
 
 At about four o'clock next morning (Sept. 14), a depu- 
 tation of the ayuntamiento (city council) waited on Gene- 
 ral Scott to report that the federal government and the 
 army of Mexico had fled from the capital some three hours 
 before, and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the 
 church, the citizens, and the municipal authorities. Scott 
 promptly replied that he would sign no capitulation ; that 
 the city had been virtually in our possession from the 
 time of the lodgments effected by Worth and Quitman 
 the day before ; that he regretted the silent escape of the 
 Mexican army ; that he should levy upon the city a mo- 
 derate contribution, for special purposes ; and that the 
 American army should come under no terms, not self- 
 imposed — such only as its own honor, the dignity of the 
 United States, and the spirit of the age should, in his 
 opinion, imperiously demand and impose. 
 
 At the termination of the interview with the city .depu- 
 tation, Wortli and Quitman were ordered to advance slowly 
 and cautiously (to guard against treachery) towards the 
 heart of the city, and to occupy its stronger and more 
 commanding points. Quitman proceeded to the great 
 plaza or square, planted guards, and hoisted the colors of 
 the United States on the national palace, containing the 
 halls of Congress and executive apartments of federal 
 Mexico. 
 
 Soon after we entered, and were in the act of occupying 
 the city, a fire was opened upon us from the flat roofs of 
 the houses, from windows and corners of streets, by 
 
100 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 some 2,000 convicts, liberated the night before by the fly- 
 ing government — joined by, perhaps, as many more sol- 
 diers, who had disbanded themselves anfl thrown off their 
 uniforms. This unlawful war lasted for more than twenty- 
 four hours, in spite of the exertions of the municipal author- 
 ities, and was not put down till we had lost many men, in- 
 cluding several officers, killed or wounded, and had punish- 
 ed the miscreants. 
 
 BATTLE OF HUAMANTLA. 
 
 After tne brilliant achievements of the American forces 
 in and around the city of Mexico, there was little to do ex- 
 cepting to clear the great thoroughfares of the multitudes of 
 guerillas that infested them. Some sharp engagements oc- 
 curred between Mexico and Vera Cruz before these bodies 
 of robbers could be dispersed. One of these battles took 
 place at the town of Huamantla. 
 
 Gen. Lane having arrived at Perote, early in October, 
 was there joined by Capt. Walker and his command ; both 
 advanced together on the Puebla road till they reached the 
 town of Dreyes, at which place Capt. Walker, by order of 
 the commanding General, took up his line of march to 
 Huamantla, by way of the tow n of San Francisco and 
 Guapastla. On his arrival at Huamantla, a sanguinary en- 
 gagement took place in the streets, between the force of 
 Capt. Walker, consisting of 250 men, and that of the Mexi- 
 cans numbering 1,600. 
 
 The result of this contest was the total expulsion of the 
 enemy from the town, and its occupation by our valiant lit- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 101 
 
 tie army, which lost in the battle'only six men. But the gal- 
 lant Walker, after, performing prodigies of valor, and feats 
 of the most daring character, fell in single combat, pierced 
 by the spear of an enraged^father who was goaded to actual 
 frenzy by the death of his son, whose fall by the arm of 
 Captain Walker he had just witnessed. The father rushed 
 forward, heedless of all danger, to revenge his child's death, 
 and attacking the Captain with almost irresistible violence, 
 plunged his spear into his body and slew him almost in- 
 stantly. In this engagement the Mexicans lost 200 men 
 and three pieces of artillery. The latter were thrown into 
 a gully adjoining the town, by the victors. At the battle 
 of Huamantla an interesting struggle occurred between the 
 Indiana Volunteers and a detachment of the 1st Pennsylva- 
 nia Regiment, as to who should first reach town and plant 
 the American Flag on the walls. Lieutenant:Beany and 
 Private Stebbes, of Pennsylvania, were successful. 
 
 After the achievement of their object, which was the 
 dispersion of the enemy, for which they were despatched to 
 Huamantla, the Americans evacuated the place and directed 
 their course to Pinal, on the Puebla road, which they reach- 
 ed without any opposition. There meeting with Gen. Lane, 
 the combined American force continued its march upon 
 Puebla. 
 
 They found''this city in a state of insurrection, and accor- 
 dingly entered it in platoons — delivering at every step a 
 constant and well-directed fire of musketry, which ceased 
 not till the enemy retired, and order Jiad been restored in 
 every quarter. 
 
 Gen. Rea, of whom we heard so much, lately, fled with 
 400 guerillas towards AtHxco. 
 
 General Santa Anna was at Tehuacan de las Grenadas, 
 having been deserted by all his followers, with the excep- 
 tion of 200. 
 
 BATTLE OF ATLIXCO. 
 Gen. Lane, with a considerable detachment, after a forced 
 
102 .."'battles of MEXICO. 
 
 march from Perote, ten leagues distant, reached the vicini- 
 ty of Athxco on the evening of October l9th ; and after 
 fighting his way through the forces of , Gen, Rea, to a sum- 
 mit overlooking the town, lie there posted his artillery, and 
 for three quarters of an hour threw shot and shells into the 
 " most thickly populated parts,'' the bright light of the moon 
 enabling the practised gunners to fire with terrific effect. 
 The crash of the walls androofs of the houses, when struck 
 by our shot and shells, was mingled with the roar of artil- 
 lery. Two hundred and nineteen Mexicans were killed, 
 and three hundred wounded, while our own loss was only 
 one killed and one wounded. It was thought necessary to 
 strike these people with terror, because their city had been 
 the refuge and headquarters of guerillas, whence many an 
 expedition had issued against our troops. 
 
 EXPEDITION TO TEHUACAN, 
 
 NARROW ESCAPE OF SANTA ANNA. 
 
 The detachment, consisting of 350 men and officers, un- 
 der the command of Gen. Lane, left Mexico on the 18th of 
 January. Maj. Polk, Col. Hays and Capt. Crittenden, ac- 
 companied it. Passing Chalco and Rio Frio, the band, 
 took a circuitous route to Puebla, where it arrived on the 
 21st. 
 
 Leaving Puebla at dark the same day, the company took 
 the road to Vera Cruz as far as Amazoque, where General 
 Lane took a road entirely unknown to any one but himself 
 and the guide. It was little better than a mule path over rocky 
 hills, and after a forty mile march, the troops arrived next 
 morning at the hacienda of Santa Clara. They were then 
 informed that their object was to take Santa Anna, who 
 was then at Tehuacan, distant forty miles, with 150 men. 
 In order that the Mexican chieftain might not obtain infor- 
 mation of the presence of our troops in this section of the 
 country, the General ordered every Mexican in the hacienda, 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO 103 
 
 and ever}' one found on the road during the day, to be ar- 
 rested and kept close until they left in the evening-. 
 
 After leaving the hacienda at dark, they came upon a 
 party of mounted Mexicans, with a carriage whose occu- 
 pant bore a passport from General Smith to travel to Oriza- 
 ba. He was permitted to pass, witli his attendants. 
 
 At dawn our army w^ere within half a mile of Tehuacan. 
 The reportlDf a solitary gun of the enemy, gave hope that 
 the bird was about to be caged. Our dragoons and riflemen 
 dashed to the right and left, closing every outlet ; while the 
 rangers, with cocked revolvers, galoped toward the Plaza to 
 secure their prey : but their amazement and mortification 
 may be imagined, when they learned that, two hours be- 
 fore, the object of their search had fled to Oajaca, with 
 sevent3'-five men. With chagrin, they also learned, that 
 the Mexican, whose coach was stopped the evening before, 
 had despatched a messenger across the mountain, to in- 
 form Santa Anna, that the American troops were on the 
 road, with the probable intention of making him prisoner. 
 Had it not been for this treachery, the surprise would have 
 been complete. 
 
 OCCUPATION OF ORIZABA. 
 
 Leaving Tehuacan, on the 23d, the troops, after a rough 
 march of several miles, came down, Feb. 26, 1848, into the 
 valley of Orizaba. On arriving at the gates of the city, the 
 authorities delivered up the keys ; and on entering, they dis- 
 covered a white flag, at the window of every house, and 
 found the entire population assembled to w^itness their en- 
 try, with apparent satisfaction. 
 
 The inhabitants of the neighboring city of Cordova, sent 
 a deputation requesting its occupation by the American 
 Army. 
 
 Nothing of importance occurred afterwards, until Feb. 2d, 
 1848, when the Treaty of Peace was signed by the Amer- 
 ican and Mexican governmens. 
 
204 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 NAMES OF THE KILLED, WOUNDED, AND MISSING, 
 
 O'/i the part of the American Army, in the storming of Monterey, on the 2\st, 
 and subsequent engagements on the QQd and 23d of September, 1846. 
 
 GEN. TWIGGS' DIVISION. 
 
 Lt Col Wm H Watson 
 
 Capt L N Morris 
 
 Capt G P Field 
 
 BTt Major P N Barbour 
 
 1st Lt and Adj C Hoskins 
 
 1st Lieut J C Terrett 
 
 1st Ltaiid Adj D S Irwin 
 
 2d Lt R'-Haslett 
 
 Bvt 1st Lieut J S Woods 
 
 BTt 2d Lieut R Dilworth 
 
 1st Sergt George Waitnian 
 
 John Eagle 
 
 liovel Gregory 
 
 Henry Snower 
 
 Sergt T J Rabb 
 
 W Patrick 
 
 J Newman 
 
 C Torskay 
 
 J young 
 
 Maj W W Lear 
 
 Capt H Bainbridge 
 
 UtI Maj J .1 Abercrombie 
 
 Bvt Maj J F H Mansfield 
 
 Capt W G Williams 
 
 Capt J H Lemott 
 
 1st Lieut R H Graham 
 
 Sergt Philip Swartout 
 
 John Edwards 
 
 William P Holsehea 
 
 John Lee 
 
 Miehael McCarthy 
 
 Theodore Frickeu 
 
 Bendt Nelson 
 
 Bartholomew Stokes 
 
 Corpl George Wolf 
 
 S D Coal 
 
 Thomas Heuson 
 
 William Gilmore 
 
 John McCarthy 
 
 M Rielly 
 
 Corpl W R Goed 
 
 Austin Clark 
 
 P E Holcomb 
 
 Thomas Wajan, musician 
 
 Ser;;t G Brownley 
 
 Emit Hadduck 
 
 D Maloney 
 
 J Hogaa 
 
 P White 
 
 C lohle 
 
 N Farky 
 
 C LeBli« 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Sergt Wm Brotrn 
 Wm Mickle 
 J Harper 
 C K Brown 
 J Stubert 
 Edgar Lavalette 
 Edward Rielly 
 Corpl Benjamin Bradt 
 Thomas Salsbury 
 Henry Conline 
 Edward Carey 
 Allen J Vanceal 
 Michael McGouth 
 John Weeks 
 James S Doble 
 Peter Andrews 
 Peter Judge 
 James C Pennington 
 Martin Enwul 
 
 WOUNDED 
 
 D Preslie 
 
 J D Ritters 
 
 W H McDonne 
 
 lecha B Tucker 
 
 M Tyler 
 
 Joseph Morris 
 
 W Mullen 
 
 W Rooke 
 
 J Treel 
 
 D Boyle 
 
 T Glair 
 
 Wm H Bowden 
 
 J Mansfield 
 
 C Adams 
 
 Edward Astin 
 
 James Calbonn 
 
 J Kerns 
 
 M Regan 
 
 I-i Sours 
 
 David Poltsdaner 
 
 G E Radwell 
 
 Thomas CBryen 
 
 Sergt Geori^e W Anderson 
 " Robert Sanders 
 " Thomas Mannigan 
 " James Ryan 
 
 Corpl Thomas Hyam 
 " James Wyley 
 '■ Daniel McDonnell 
 " William Albison 
 " Matthew McCormick 
 
 WilUam TayUr 
 
 £ Henderson 
 
 Thomas W Gibson 
 Thomas ^rkins 
 Lawsou Sroart 
 Joseph Wolf 
 George Beck 
 Richard Bunchan 
 H K Brown 
 J Carroll 
 Marcus French 
 John Savage 
 Micah Hatch 
 William Raymond 
 Corpl Francis Sheridan 
 Ist Sergt John Tmaoott 
 Serftt G A Herring 
 Alexander Ramsey 
 Joseph Worry 
 Patrick O'Brien 
 
 William Holborn 
 
 William Petty 
 
 Wiiliain Johnson 
 
 John HiU 
 
 E Barnum 
 
 Robert Halden 
 
 William A Jones 
 
 James Myers 
 
 Aaron Wriggle 
 
 Andrew Smith 
 
 Williain C Jones 
 
 John Maguire 
 
 John McDuffy 
 
 Ist Sergt John Banks 
 " Patrick MylM 
 '' E Bessie 
 " T H Haller 
 " John Tig&rt 
 " E Garrer 
 
 Corpl Denton Connor 
 Robert Aikens 
 Augustus Lapple 
 
 C Smith, musician 
 
 William McCarty 
 
 Patrick Neel« 
 
 John Saunders 
 
 William Norlin 
 
 Robert E Wooley 
 
 Jrmes Crawley 
 
 H Duchart 
 
 Francis Faulkner 
 
 A Ryan 
 
 Jolin Wilson 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 105 
 
 Jacob Smidt 
 
 Charles Ratcliffe 
 
 James Delany 
 
 H Schrieder 
 
 John Gallagher 
 
 Levi Smith 
 
 Peter M Cabe 
 
 iBt Sergt W 1 : walson 
 
 E Gromley 
 
 Robert Caplea 
 James Piles 
 Albert Hart 
 William Lee 
 Jacob Hemming 
 George Aunuld 
 Charles Peck 
 Andrew J N orris 
 
 MISSING 
 
 George Allen 
 James Hecry 
 Harry Elting 
 William KeUy 
 H Gifford 
 MelTin J Stone 
 E W Stevenson 
 William P Alexander 
 
 Geo O'Brien 
 
 GEN. BUTLER'S DIVISION.— OHIO REGIMENT. 
 
 1st Lieut Matthew Hett 
 l8t Sergt W G Davis 
 D F Smith 
 O B Coxe 
 Elijah Reese 
 
 Major Gen W O Butler 
 Col A IM Mitchell 
 Lt and Adj A W Armstrong 
 1st Lieut Lewis Morter 
 
 " N H Niles 
 2d Lieut H McCarty 
 Capt James George 
 Samuel Myers 
 Josiah A Keliara 
 Edward Wade 
 1st Sergt Wm Maloney 
 John Farrell 
 John Clarken 
 William Work 
 
 ^ KILLED. 
 
 Thomas McMurray 
 Corpl W H Harris 
 Richard Weish 
 James McCockey 
 George Phale 
 
 WOUNDED, 
 
 Thomas Vande Venter 
 John Flannigan 
 Jeremiah Ryan 
 Michael Gilligan 
 Tobias Went 
 Charles Segar 
 Griffin Lowerd 
 Alfred Duuaghue 
 Joseph Lombeek 
 Silas Burrill 
 Sergt William Miller 
 Corpl G W Fitzhugh 
 Robert Doney 
 
 William Weber 
 John Havolett 
 T D Egan 
 Stephen Freeman 
 Osear Bebnee 
 
 Adam F Shane 
 John Fletcher 
 A B McKee 
 Corpl George Myer 
 E J Spoole 
 Henry Weber 
 Henry Myer 
 Sergt George Webster 
 
 George Longfellow 
 Corpl John F Longley 
 John Pearson 
 R H Alcott 
 Henry Humphries 
 
 TENNESSEE REGIMENT. 
 
 Capt W B Allen 
 2d Lieut S M Putnam 
 John B Porter 
 William H Robinson 
 Sergt John A Hill 
 B F Coffee 
 E W Thomas 
 Booker H Dolton 
 Isaac Gurman Elliot 
 
 Maj R B Alexander 
 let Lt J L Shudder 
 
 " G H Nixon 
 2d Lt J C Allen 
 Corpl F F Winston 
 JL Bryant 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Peter H Martin 
 Edward Pryor 
 Benjamin Soaper 
 Henry Collins 
 James H Allison 
 James H Johnston 
 James B Turner ' 
 
 R D Willis 
 Joseph B Burkitt 
 
 WOUNDED 
 
 Alexander Bigam 
 D C Fleming 
 Maokey Roney 
 Samuel Davis 
 James Thompson 
 David Collins 
 
 James M L Campbell 
 A J Eaton 
 A J Gibson 
 Finlay Glover 
 A J Pratt 
 William Rhodes 
 John W Sanders 
 G W Wilson 
 
 A S Duval 
 T B PoweU 
 William B Davis 
 Joseph Law 
 James York 
 •William Youn^ 
 
l06 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Richard Gifford 
 A V Stanfield 
 Asa Lamb 
 Corpl. J J Argo 
 James Todd 
 Thoraas Vickens 
 W D Cabler 
 
 1st Sergt. James M Vance 
 Sergt. George W Gilbert 
 Charles M Talley 
 Michael Crantze 
 R C Locke 
 J F Raphile 
 Thomas Kelly- 
 Albert Tomlinson 
 Corpl. Julius C Elliott 
 R A Cole 
 James H Jenkins 
 A G Stewart 
 Sergt. Gulinger Holt 
 Corpl. James Patterson 
 
 Felix Wordiincki 
 
 Charles Arnold 
 
 J J Blackwell 
 
 Joseph Crutchfield 
 
 J Freeman 
 
 J D Gilmer 
 
 P O Hale 
 
 Daniel C King 
 
 C B Maguire 
 
 S S Reave.'? 
 
 A W Reaves 
 
 Augustin Stevens 
 
 Thomas N t^mith 
 
 C B Ward 
 
 1st Sergt. Charles Davis 
 
 Corpl. Robert W Greeu 
 
 Eli Brown 
 
 W F Bowen 
 
 Peter Eu;jlcs 
 
 Robert Fkinnigan 
 
 William Lowery 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 S N Macey 
 E G Zachary 
 Corpl. W M Alfred 
 
 " John H Kay 
 A S Alexander 
 M C Abin-i'"'- 
 Jesse Bras., i 
 J M Bailey 
 Campbell G Boyd 
 B L Commons 
 J W Curtis 
 H H Dadson 
 John Gavin 
 Aaron Parks 
 F Richardson 
 A O Richardson 
 Thomas C Ramsay 
 John Vining 
 M D Watson 
 Thomas Thompson 
 
 R R Morehead 
 
 MISSISSIPPI REGIMENT. 
 
 L M Troear 
 Silas Mitcham 
 Samuel Potts 
 
 Lieut. Col. Alexander R Mc- 
 
 Clung 
 Capt. R N Downing; 
 1st Lieut. Henry T Cook 
 lid Lieut. Rufus K Arthur 
 
 " L T Howard 
 llenry H Miller 
 J H JacixSon 
 A Lainhart 
 J L Anderson 
 G H Jones 
 
 Corpl. John D Markham 
 H B Thompson 
 Bergt. E W HoUingsworth 
 Dr. G W Ramsay 
 Alphius (^obb 
 George Wills 
 W Huffman 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Joseph H Tenelle 
 
 Corpl. William H Grisam 
 
 Joseph Heaton 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 O W Jones 
 William Orr 
 D Love 
 
 Sergt. Joseph H Langford 
 A P Bamhani 
 H W Pierce 
 William Shadt 
 W H Fleming 
 Jacob Frederick 
 John Coleuian 
 William P Spencer 
 .M M Smith 
 James Kilvey 
 J Williamson 
 A W Taig 
 Warren White 
 Robert Bowen 
 Frederick Mathews 
 
 Joseph Downing 
 Daniel D Dubois 
 John M Tyree 
 
 Benjamin F Robertij 
 Avery Noland 
 Sergt Francis A Wolf 
 C F Cotton 
 George Williams 
 Nathaniel Massie 
 Sergt. William H Bell 
 E ]g.Lewis 
 D B Lewis 
 Charles Martin 
 James L Thompsoa 
 John Stewart 
 John McNorris 
 R W Chance 
 P W Johnson 
 Robert Grigg 
 Piatt Snedicor 
 
 KENTUCKY REGIMENT. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Valentine Deutche 
 Lewis Young 
 
 Joseph Bartlett 
 Philip Smith 
 
 Thomas Ale»4er 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 107 
 
 GEN. WORTH'S DIVISION. 
 
 Caot. II McKarett 
 W'Rihl 
 Cbarles Hamm 
 
 Ist Lieut. N L Rossell 
 
 Sergt. Maj. Brand 
 
 McManus 
 
 Grubb 
 
 Schriveigman 
 
 Bell 
 
 Ingalls 
 
 Grelan 
 
 MoGuirk 
 
 Hendricks 
 
 Capt. Capt. R C Gatliu 
 
 2d Lieut. J H Potter 
 
 Ser^. K S Cross 
 
 Corpl. S P Oakley 
 
 M Fleming 
 
 C Gerslienberger 
 
 KILLED. 
 J F Wagner 
 Irwing 
 Miller 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 James Myers 
 A Renebeck 
 N White 
 Corpl. Morron 
 James Harvey 
 Louis Kirk 
 J W MiUer 
 W Burton 
 M Morton 
 
 Michael Noonan 
 Joseph Grey 
 Stephen Edwards 
 Theopolis Bowis 
 James Lynch 
 
 P Fiekicson 
 S G AUeng 
 Job n Francis 
 
 Mark Collins 
 
 Dennis Kelly 
 
 Amos Collins 
 
 John Reinecke 
 
 Isaac Dyer 
 
 Boyd 
 
 Artificer Rayan 
 
 Paul Bunzey 
 
 •2d Lieut Giorge Wainvrrisht 
 
 Sergt Rock 
 
 " Willis 
 
 " Marshall 
 R Riley 
 Lauce Tacey 
 James McKnight 
 
 COL. HAY'S REGIMENT. 
 
 Herman S Thomas 
 Daniel McCarty 
 
 Armstrong 
 Fielding Alston 
 John P Waters 
 C D De Witt 
 Oliver Jenkins 
 J F Minter 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 J W D Austin 
 Capt R A Gillespie 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Thomas Law 
 
 John Rabb 
 
 Lieut William E Reese 
 
 Jesse Perkins 
 
 N P Browning 
 
 Sergt Roundtree 
 
 J Bachanao, H P Lyon, and C VV Tufts were left behind < 
 killed. 
 
 I Corpl John M FuUerton 
 
 Corpl J B Walker 
 William Carley 
 Gilbert Brush 
 Sergt J B Barry 
 F F Keys 
 
 apeeial duty, and are sappossd tob< 
 
 COL. WOOD'S REGIMENT OF TEXAS RANGERS. 
 Operating in the eastern part of the city on tlve 23d 
 
 George Short 
 
 Biker Barton 
 Charles G Davenport 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 I 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 I IraGrisby 
 
 Thomas Gregory 
 I Calvin Reese 
 
JQg BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 fc RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Names of ike commissioned officers killed and wounded during the operations be- 
 fore Monterey, Mexico, from September 21 to September 23, 1846, inclusive. 
 
 K1LJ.ED.— Sept. 21.— J S Woods, bvt, let Lieut. 2d Infantry ; L N Morris. Capt. 3d In- 
 fantry; George P Field. Capt, 3(1 Infantry; P N Barbour. Capt and bvt Major, 3d In- 
 fantry; D S Irwin, 1st Lieut and Adj, 3J Infantry; R Hazlitt, 2d Lieut, 3d Infantry: C 
 Hoskins, l8t Lieut and Adj. 4th Infantry.; H McKave:t. Capt. 8th Infantry; W H Wat- 
 Bcn, Lieut Col. Bait and VVash volunteers ; M Hett, 1st Lieut, let Ohio regiment; W B 
 Allen, Capt, 1st Tenn regiment ; S N Putnam. 2d Lieut Ist Tenn regiment. 
 
 WovK BED. —Sept. 21. — W G Williams, Capt, Top Engineers, mortally; J H F Mans- 
 ftsld. bvt Major. Engineers, severely; J L Abercrombie. bvt .Major, 1st Infantry, slightly; 
 J H Lamotte, Capt, 1st Infantry severely; J C Terrett, 1st Lieut, ist Infantry, mortally, 
 R Dilworth, 2d Lieut, 1st Infantry, mortally ; W W Lear, Major, 3d Infantry, dangerous- 
 ly; H Bainbridge, Capt, 3d infantry, slightly: R H Graham, 1st Lieut, 4th Infantry, 
 diingerously; N B Rossell, 1st Lieut. Oth Infantry, slightly. 
 
 Sept. 22. — J H Potter, 2tl Lieut, 7th Infantry, severely; George Wainwright, 2d Lieut, 
 8th Infantry, severely. 
 
 Sept. 23. — R C Gatlin, Capt. 7th Infantry, severely. 
 
 S^t 21. — W O Butler, Major Gen, volunteer service, severely; A M Mitchell, Col, Ist 
 tlhio regiment, severely; A W Armstrong, Adj, 1st Ohio regiment, severely; James 
 fleorge, Capt, ist Ohio regiment, slightly; Lewis Matter, 1st Lieut, 1st Ohio regiment, 
 slightly; A MeCarty, 2d Lieut, 1st Ohio regiment, slightly ; N H Niles, 2d Lieut, 1st 
 Cihio regiment, slightly ; R B Alexander, Major, 1st Tenn regiment, severely; J L Scud- 
 dcr, 1st Lieut, 1st Ten regiment, severely; G H Nixon, Ist Lieut, 1st Tenn regiment, 
 ■lightly; J C Allen. 2d Lieut, let Tenn regiment, severely: A K McClung, Lieut Col. Miss 
 regiment, severely; R N Downing, Capt, Miss Resiment, slightly; H F Cook, 1st Lieut, 
 Miss regiment, slightly; R H Arthur, 2d Lieut, Miss regiment, slightly. 
 
 S^t. 22.— R A Gillespie, Capt, 1st Texas regiment, mortally; W E Reese, 1st Lieut. 
 let TexaB regiment. 
 
 Sept. 23. — L S Howard, 2d Lieut, Miss regiment, severely. 
 
 The returns of the killed, wounded, and missing, show the following results: 
 
 Commissioned officers 43 
 
 Non-commiBsioned officers, musicians, and privates 447 
 
 Miflsing 2 
 
 Making a total of 492 
 
 MUNITIONS CAPTURED AT MONTEREY. 
 
 Park op Artillery. — Division of the North. 
 
 InToioe of Artillery, Arms, Ammunition, and other Munitions of Wax, given in ylrtoe of 
 the articles of capitulation, signed September 24, 1846. 
 
 Pieces of Artillery with Equipments and Sets of Arms. 
 
 2 4-pounderE, culverine, mounted. 
 
 5 4- pounders 
 
 4 7-inch howitzers. 
 
 1 12-ponnder, dismounted. 
 
 1 6-pounder, mounted. 
 
 I S-pounder, mounted. 
 
 1 4-pounder, di8mounted,'OonieaL 
 
 1 3-ponnder. dismounted, 
 
 1 iron howitzer, unserviceable. 
 
 1 bronze howitzer, unserviceable 
 
 7 rampart guns, (bronzed.) 
 
 Arms for Infantry and Cavalry. 
 
 149 English muskets. 
 103 oarbinee. 
 J23 bayonets. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 109 
 
 305 gnn barrels. (loose ) 
 100 carbine barrels, (loose.) 
 43 lances. 
 
 Mimilions for Infantry and .Artillery. 
 
 382 IS-ponnd balls, (in pile.) 
 329 12-pouna balls, do. 
 
 18 boxea blank 1-2-pound cartridges — 12 in each. 
 
 19 boxes 8-pound canister shot, do. 
 49 rounds 8-pound canister shot, (loose.) 
 
 3 boxes 7-pound blank cartriges. 
 
 17 boxes 6-pound ball cartridgrg — ^fixed ; 15 and 18 in each box. 
 59 boxes 4-pound ball cartridges — fixed; 18 and 24 in each box. 
 
 2 boxes 4-pound blunk cartridges — 100 in both together. 
 123 rounds 3-pound ball cartridges. 
 IJ boxes 7-inch howitzer blank cartridges. 
 
 J box 5^-inch do do 
 
 15 boxes 6-pound canister cartridges — 10 and 12 each 
 
 14 boxes 4-ponnd do 12 and 16 each 
 40 8-poijnd balls. 
 
 17 boxe.< 12-pound canister cartridges 
 79 rounds do do 
 
 12 rounds 8-pound do 
 
 28 rounds do do (loose.) 
 
 15 boxes 7-inLh howitzer canister cartridges. 
 
 70 rounds 7-inoh do (loose.) 
 
 253 pouuii cartridges. 
 27 boxes loaded grenades, 7-inch howitzer — 3 in each box. 
 
 20 boxes loaded greuades, 5j.^-inch howitzer — 4 in each. 
 350 loose grenades, (part loaded.) 
 
 248 boxes musket-ball cartridges— 1200 in each. 
 
 13 boxes do do (double ball) 1200 in each. 
 S3 boxes cannon powder, (good) 1-2,4.50 lbs. net. 
 
 35 boxes do (damaged)— 5,250 lbs. net— not examined, probably gooA 
 
 8 boxes musket powder, (damaged) — 1200 lbs. net. 
 2 boxes rifle powder, (fine) — 300 lbs net. 
 680 pounds slow match. 
 70 quintals lead, in balls. [The reader can calculate this.] 
 101 quintals lead, in bars. 
 10 dozen signal rockets. 
 [Here follows a long list of tools, &c.] 
 
 Park of Artillery. — Post of the Citadel. 
 Statement of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores which are at this Post on the2ili 
 of September, 1846. 
 60,000 musket cartridges, with ball. 
 591 l2-pouud blank cartridges. 
 334 8-pound do 
 
 • 723 8-pound cartridges, with ball. 
 394 6-pound do 
 
 201 7-inch howitzer blank cartridges. 
 71 6-pound cartridges, with grape. 
 171 12-pound canister shot. 
 390 8-pound do 
 
 50 6-pound do 
 
 102 7-ineh howitzer canister shot. 
 112 7-inch do loaded shells. 
 218 12-pound balls, (loose.) 
 710 12-pouud priming tubes, (paper.) 
 1,200 8-pound do do 
 
 160 6-pound do do 
 
 300 4-pound do do 
 
 15 port-fires. 6 arobas slow-match, (150 lbs.) 
 4 8-pounders. 2 6-pounder8. 2 7-iach howitzers. 
 
110 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 LIST OF KILLED AND WOUNDED. 
 
 FIRST DIVISION.— MAJ. GEN. WORTH. 
 
 Names of the Killed, Wbimded, and Missing, in the action of Molino del Ret/, 
 September 8, 1847. • 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Hugh Donahue 
 
 Jacobus 
 
 Ullenbrook 
 
 Brown 
 
 Lane 
 
 Tansen 
 
 Lansing 
 
 John Gracie 
 
 Samuel Grove 
 
 Timothy Sullivan 
 
 A L Grenier 
 
 John Connor 
 
 Wm Hanson 
 
 Jacob Frank 
 
 David Campbell 
 
 Jacob Dyas 
 
 1st Lieut Wm Armstrong 
 
 Sergt A B Howe 
 
 "Wm J Barnhard 
 
 John C EUoes 
 
 Herman Lew 
 
 Bvt Capt G W Ayres 
 
 J F Farry 
 
 John Walsh 
 
 Simon Margarum 
 
 Benj M Harris 
 
 Sergt B Henry 
 
 Corpl John Cameron 
 
 Stillman Cobarn 
 
 Patrick Ronnan 
 
 John McLoskey 
 
 Frederick Workman 
 
 3d Lieut W S Burwell 
 
 Bvt Lieut Col Martin Scott 
 
 Cant M E Merrill 
 
 2d Lieut E B Strong 
 
 Sergt John Gottenger 
 
 Sergt Augustus Quitman 
 
 Capt. "J L Mason, Eng'rs. 
 2d Lieut. J B Foster 
 John Dougherty 
 Capt. C Kerr 
 2d Lieut. Smith 
 
 " Tree 
 
 '• Walker 
 Sergt. McGuire 
 Corpl. Slade 
 Sergt. Young 
 Corpl. Buxton 
 
 " Buckley 
 Sergt" s. Slurphy 
 
 " Brooks 
 Usher 
 Eoling 
 Klaws 
 
 Sergt Staui.slaus Minot 
 Corpl Saml Carr 
 Timothy Howby 
 Thos "VViednian 
 Frederick Hobber 
 Hy Mamark 
 Franci.s McKay 
 Thos S Pole 
 John P Ronner 
 Charles Steward 
 Samuel Calhoun 
 Robt Crawford 
 Griffith Owens 
 David Sliarp 
 Thomas Gooding 
 Peter Pentz 
 Owen M:irry 
 John B Honer 
 John Koarstsupfads 
 Peter G Moore 
 Wm McCloskey 
 Serpt James McGlynn 
 Bernard Althor 
 Martin JIunneraan 
 Michael Slieehan 
 Matthew Murphy 
 Victor Durand 
 John H Bond 
 Nicholas Ramsey 
 Wm Afrol 
 Wm Fahee 
 John H Plant 
 Christian Schuman 
 Wm Looey 
 Michael Murphy 
 John Brodrick 
 Peter Koite 
 Isham Canalizo 
 
 WOUNDED, 
 
 Zink 
 
 Sweeney 
 
 Ru.ssea 
 
 Kerr 
 
 Walters 
 
 Thomas Murijhy 
 
 Porthoiise 
 
 Zaiikiwick 
 
 White 
 
 Fielding 
 
 Freeman . 
 
 Kohle 
 
 Mundeig 
 
 We.^terdelof 
 
 Drawn 
 
 Wyatt 
 
 GKrdeuer 
 
 Sergt Edw Bertram 
 
 Sergt Nicholas Ford 
 
 Corpl James Crogan 
 John Hughes 
 Wm Sandys 
 John Clark 
 
 Sergt Reuben Brown 
 
 Patrick McGrash, mus 
 
 Thos Lan.<on 
 
 Geo McGraff 
 
 Gabriel Wilson 
 
 Patrick Green 
 
 Alex Prentice 
 
 Peter Caffery 
 
 Bernard RIcFarlin 
 
 Jacob Neish 
 
 Charles Schwarykoryt 
 
 Wm Irviu 
 
 John A Jackson 
 
 Ge.o M Lightfell 
 
 Barthol Mahon 
 
 Henry Fassor 
 
 Lewis Hemne 
 
 Thomas Fha 
 
 Saml Clark 
 
 Robt Simson 
 
 Sidney W Gunroyer 
 
 Corpl Henry W Erwin 
 
 Lt I'ol Wm M Graham 
 
 Ist Lt R H L Johnson 
 
 Sergt Geo Johnson 
 
 Corpl Chas Fenner 
 
 Corpl John McMahon 
 
 John Segler 
 
 John Buchanan 
 
 John Manning 
 
 James Simpson 
 
 Daniel Kippy 
 
 Flitshe 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Paul 
 
 Cottrell 
 
 Carter 
 
 Harris 
 
 Serst. Jacob Price 
 
 Richards 
 
 Boone 
 
 J M Quick 
 
 let Lieut. H. J Hunt 
 
 •' W Hayes 
 2d Lieut. H F. Clark 
 Corpl. Hii!;h McCoy 
 Richard Gilmore 
 .lames Whitter 
 George Wagner 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Abram Hart 
 
 2d Lient. and Aid-de-camp H 
 
 Thorn 
 1st Lieut. M L Shaekleford 
 
 " C B Daniels 
 Sergt. George Gordon 
 
 " James McCormick 
 CorpJ. Henry Belleman, dead 
 
 " Hugh McDonald 
 Mus. Thomas Clark 
 William Shoppe, dead 
 Christie Bower, dead 
 James Rochford 
 Charles Hoover 
 Hy Berlin 
 Martin Sharbuelc 
 William Moore 
 Patrick Kean 
 John Conway 
 John Garrey. 
 John Hill 
 Frederick Bluut 
 Thomas Furian 
 Francis Webb 
 William Crook 
 Samuel S Dickman 
 Arch'd. McFayden, dead 
 Robert Alexander 
 James Montgomery 
 Thomas O'Brien 
 Thomas Starr 
 Robert Michan 
 John Wiley 
 J D Reynolds, dead 
 William Sharp 
 Edward Ellswortli 
 James Bonahan 
 James Heauy 
 John McNeil 
 John R Smith 
 William Cook 
 Capt. R Anderson 
 Oswold Drury 
 William Ehrenbanm 
 James Keenan 
 Christian Smallbark 
 David Coleman 
 John P Smith 
 Henry Stenoham 
 John Clancey 
 John Montgomery 
 Martin Rush 
 William Allen 
 John Gallagher 
 Lewis Merans 
 Joseph L Moody 
 Philip Hady, dead 
 Richard Abercrombie 
 Samuel Collier 
 Robert Knntz 
 Michael Bonet 
 Ekiward McKeon 
 Peter W Syms 
 William C Goddard 
 Daniel F McKee 
 Meredith Quails 
 
 Levi Leitz 
 John Coyle 
 John Hill 
 Justin O'Brien 
 William Lawrence 
 Maron Meyers 
 K McCready 
 Gilbert Goodrich, dead 
 Lile Barton 
 Alexander Miller 
 John T DeHart 
 Jules Gasse, dead 
 John Housmen 
 Lawrence Kenny 
 Adam Beecker 
 Theo Cranz 
 William Wiemest 
 John S Beach 
 William A Place, dead 
 Abner Dixon 
 John Clark 
 William Wheeler 
 Henry Wilkie 
 Moses Papiner 
 Thomas McDermott 
 Edward A unison 
 John Cogli 
 Josiah Ettinser 
 William Cain 
 Bernard Riley 
 James Shepherd 
 Patrick McAlroy 
 William O Mooht 
 Thomas Hogg 
 Josiah Cartwright, dead 
 Edward H Brown 
 John Eisdar 
 Patrick McCue 
 Patrick Scanlan 
 Peter Yorrick 
 Leonard Johnson 
 Charles Butterling 
 James Burns 
 Charles Evans 
 John Huuter 
 John Wrick 
 John Helm 
 Matthew Switzer 
 William H Morris 
 William Shaffer 
 Michael Coll 
 J M Montgomery 
 Charles Sanders 
 Edward B Conner 
 Peter Bragine 
 George McEIrie 
 Joseph W brush 
 Joseph Wolf 
 Thomas Foster, dead 
 John Harvey, dead 
 William Chapman 
 William Curtis 
 John Gorlan 
 John' McCameron 
 Cornelius O'Neill 
 Samuel Tucker 
 
 Chester R Tully 
 
 Thomas H Wood 
 
 Jacob Watson 
 
 Benjamin Slater 
 
 Thomas Gloveen 
 
 Augustus De Lonza 
 
 Owen Melvin 
 
 Capt. A Cadv 
 
 " W"H T Walker 
 
 2d Lieut. R F Ernst 
 
 Sergt. P F Jackson 
 
 " George Williamfi 
 " John Mclntyre 
 " James E Dresser 
 '■ John Cummings 
 " John Webb, dead 
 
 Corpl. John f erguson 
 " Sylvester Jones 
 " Chas, Kafferty, dead 
 
 William Shcppard 
 
 L B Hanley 
 
 Abraham Fitzpatrick 
 
 P R Maloed 
 
 J A Burlyman 
 
 Solomon Viedenburg 
 
 Melon Miller 
 
 Lyman H Royee 
 
 Joseph Schwager 
 
 Henry Stevens 
 
 Henry Jordon, dead 
 
 E Hamar 
 
 Anthony Brooks 
 
 Robert Hawkins 
 
 James Wilson 
 
 L Kinney 
 
 John Graves 
 
 James Edmonds 
 
 Charles Evansoa 
 
 William Angel 
 
 WT Bishop 
 
 Greorge Coffee 
 
 Charles Hess 
 
 Michael McEwen 
 
 Michael Picket 
 
 William Smith 
 
 Thomas A Wilson 
 
 Lawrence Fagan 
 
 William Gibbard 
 
 James Hannigan 
 
 James B Hill 
 
 James B Kelly, dead 
 
 Charles Brown 
 
 William Smith 
 
 Lawrence Dunivan 
 
 John Forgy 
 
 Samuel Stanley 
 
 David Wheeler 
 
 John Mnrphy 
 
 Richard Harper 
 
 Joshua H Corwin 
 
 James Devine 
 
 Christopher Yeager 
 
 Capa E K Smith, since dead 
 
 2d Lieut. F S Dent 
 
 Sergt. Joseph Updigraff 
 " Thomas Johnson 
 
112 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Corpl. Samuel Meeker 
 
 " Gilbert G Francher 
 " Jacob Nichols 
 
 Edward Green 
 
 Darins Ballard 
 
 Thomas Low 
 
 Patrick Keily 
 
 James Alexander, mus. 
 
 George Barr 
 
 William Cordes 
 
 Herman Knickerbocker 
 
 Anthony Rounder 
 
 Thomas Sullivan 
 
 Andrew Casey 
 
 Alphonso Schaffer, dead 
 
 Kaniel Rodgers 
 
 (liharles Linder 
 
 James H Brooke 
 
 tieorge Kraffenbaner 
 
 Augus Bearer 
 
 William Bell 
 
 Joseph McGarliii 
 
 T'atrick O'Rourke 
 
 'iliomas L Sleek 
 
 ©eorge W E Sherman 
 
 ffidward Kinneford 
 
 KOijah J Cain 
 
 Levi Miles 
 
 .'lohn Kanavagh 
 
 ll'imothy Collins 
 
 Ezra Higgins 
 
 Michael Leonard 
 
 1'homas Pardon 
 
 Gliomas Joyce 
 
 Nicholas Seminofif 
 
 William Wright 
 
 John Fleming 
 
 3'<1 Lieut. G P Andrews 
 
 Stergt. Anton Achenback, dead 
 
 Corpl. John Matthews, dead 
 " John Ilynes 
 
 .James Walsh 
 
 ';feorge Wilcox 
 
 "(Villiam F Taylor 
 
 I'hilip Rouse 
 
 Julius Martial 
 
 J ohn Coogan, dead 
 
 Thomas Juit 
 
 Charles Beistrenger 
 
 Thomas Brady 
 
 "VV^iUiam Bloom 
 
 Samuel Brown 
 
 John Conner 
 
 Peter Derit 
 
 Robert Mo Gee 
 
 DMrick Deer 
 
 %^'illiam Parker, dead 
 
 Watchman, dead 
 
 Joseph Finch 
 
 John Tornis 
 
 Marshall Kimball, dead 
 
 Philip Bacher 
 
 William W Walker 
 
 Michael Ley 
 
 John Sullivan 
 
 Assist. Surgeon J Seniors 
 
 Adj. H Prince 
 
 2d Lieut. A B Lincoln 
 
 1st Lieut. S Smith 
 
 Sergt. George W Anderson 
 " William Quinn 
 
 Joseph Holybec, dead 
 
 John B Weeden 
 
 Charles Metz 
 
 Corpl. William Castigan 
 
 Ephraim Cain 
 
 James Carroll 
 
 Michael McGuire 
 
 James Steel, dead 
 
 John P Wirrick 
 
 Charles Skolinski 
 
 Edward Kirevin 
 
 Philip Felby, dead 
 
 Martin Loughest 
 
 Bvt. Col. J S McTntosh, dead 
 
 Asst. Surgt. William Roberts 
 
 2d Lieut C S Hamilton 
 
 Sergt. Alfred Land rage 
 " Elisha Buel 
 " Henry Farmer 
 " James O'Brien 
 " Alex McClellan 
 " David Thompson 
 " James Eversteine, 
 dead 
 
 Corpl. William Godfrey 
 " H J Haskell 
 " Francis Smith 
 '• John Doyle 
 " George Eimerick 
 " George Molely 
 " IS'ich Reid 
 " John Clarit 
 
 William Babb, mus. 
 
 Corpl. Dediah ISIeir 
 
 Morris .Sayers, dead 
 
 William Witherspoon 
 
 William Goodwin 
 
 Hugh Frazer 
 
 Jeremiah Delong 
 
 S. Tififans 
 
 J Weight 
 
 iGeorge Kingsmau, dead 
 
 llsaac Baker, dead 
 
 Isaac Christman 
 
 John Lyons 
 
 Adam Eichstciu 
 
 John Irwing 
 
 JauiCS LoUen 
 
 "^orpl. Michael Eannes 
 
 Francis Kline, dead 
 
 Samuel .Morgan 
 
 Bennet Keere. 
 
 John Finnerijhty 
 
 Jacob Kennard 
 
 Richard Wilkinson 
 
 James Bradley 
 
 J B Johnson 
 
 William Speara 
 
 Calvin Wells 
 
 Henry Cropp 
 
 John Martin 
 
 John King 
 D Loundensborough 
 Michael McAuley, dead 
 E W Dexter 
 Loreuy Flood 
 John McGuire 
 James Victory 
 William P Moore 
 Jeffenson Wells 
 Abraham Riber 
 Henry Bertoled 
 George Smith 
 Joseph Roland, dead 
 David Brudy 
 Daniel Emerson 
 Daniel Boughanan 
 Richard Cherry 
 Brian Curry 
 Thomas Down 
 William C Howe 
 Deobald Snyder 
 Alfred Carlisle 
 Johu A Reading 
 Jeremiah Ryan 
 Ebenezer Gill 
 Gregory Kepler 
 S P Aretz 
 John Meon 
 Matthew Kols 
 William Jones, dead 
 Major C A M'aite 
 Brevet-Maj. A Montgomery 
 Captain L Smith 
 1st Lieut. J Burbank, dead 
 " J Beardsley 
 " C Morris, dead 
 " J D Clark 
 2d Lieut. G Wainwright 
 Lieut. J G S Snolling 
 Sergt. John Fink 
 
 " Thomas Moir' 
 
 " David Pink 
 
 '' Thomas Sewell 
 
 " John Robinson 
 
 " James H Kearney 
 
 " John Smith 
 
 " Frederick Backhans 
 
 " George Simmons 
 Corpl. A T Osbourne 
 
 "AC Edson 
 
 " William Fairehildfl 
 
 " David Lawyer 
 
 " Joseph Scanson 
 
 " Caleb Smith 
 David SprinL'ham, dead 
 William McDonald 
 DeWitt McDaniel 
 .John McCarthy 
 Bernard Malone 
 James Mooney 
 John Paul 
 John M Renter 
 Henry Rumears, dead 
 Oscar F Sweet 
 S Poler. dead 
 P McMillan 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 113 
 
 John H McGuire 
 John Bermingham, dead 
 S T Tem pieman 
 John Weith 
 S A Weller 
 W Wilson, dead 
 John T Blair 
 William Sourley 
 James Raby, dead 
 Charles Daniels 
 Mark Chappie 
 Michael Conrey 
 William C Morris 
 H Horinar 
 William Thomas 
 James A Terril 
 Henry Bohan, dead 
 Major Geerge W Talcott 
 2d Lieut. G L Kitzing 
 
 " R Swann 
 
 " ■ William J Martin 
 Patrick Cassin 
 David Doace 
 Chester C Kennedy 
 Peter King 
 Patrick McCarty 
 Henry L Snellers 
 Nat Ross 
 Joseph Arnold 
 Patrick Keany 
 Benjamin Burritt 
 James Gamble 
 OliTer W H Kellogg 
 Patrick Green, dead 
 Angustus Bliss, dead 
 H Buckland 
 William Collan 
 John Chari 
 John K Knock 
 Theobald Shinard 
 Jacob Misfiil, dead 
 Lnther Schouts 
 S W Pumroyer, dead 
 William Shad 
 William Looney 
 Michael Walsh, dead 
 John Young 
 Th Brennan 
 Thomas Burke 
 John CosgroTe 
 Fh Cook 
 H Euhank 
 John Gordon 
 Nicholas Hoyt 
 J L Knott 
 S A Evans 
 M Conway 
 V Collins 
 Holandorf 
 T Clark 
 R Sylvester 
 H Wells 
 H Kilgrove 
 ,WA Ward 
 J Bean 
 W G Good 
 
 J Silverhorn 
 
 J Malony 
 
 W Allison 
 
 D Deranghn 
 
 J Rowenski 
 
 J Spencer 
 
 T C Parish 
 
 J Doney 
 
 J J Nickerson 
 
 M Benton 
 
 G W Bungeant 
 
 John Sloan 
 
 J L Hisse 
 
 T Evans 
 
 H Kidwell 
 
 A W Millbright 
 
 J McCasliu 
 
 J Cromley 
 
 D Davis 
 
 J V Franklin 
 
 S Field 
 
 T Higginson 
 
 A Idler 
 
 G Kriner 
 
 H Keenan 
 
 R Lemon 
 ,WS Wendenhall 
 
 J Maseey 
 
 P Morrell 
 
 B McCape 
 
 J V Perry 
 
 J Picken 
 
 J Pierce 
 
 B J Ross 
 
 W Jackson 
 
 O Morton 
 
 G Spen«er 
 
 J Kock 
 
 Eckhart 
 
 G Backenschitz 
 
 F Kerse 
 
 J Rutter 
 
 T Grooves 
 
 J Sigmac 
 
 J F Dentlenger 
 
 J A Yat«s 
 
 G W Jones 
 
 W H Fitzhue 
 
 2d Lieut. Wash Terrill 
 
 Sergt. W B Vertrees 
 CD Weymouth 
 F W Jennings 
 J C Malbon 
 ■W J Hecbert 
 R Harding 
 C R Edwards 
 S Elliott 
 J E Gardiner 
 
 Corpl. W S McCorrell 
 ED Denson 
 B Ogle 
 J H Walker 
 
 Sergt R H Tamer 
 
 D Graybeer 
 
 A R Shacklett 
 
 J Hall 
 
 J Brown 
 
 D Wymp 
 
 A Wamsall 
 
 J Porter 
 
 G W Seaton 
 
 R Simpson 
 
 J Thompson : " 
 
 J Metcalf 
 
 A Adamson < r 
 
 T Davis 
 
 J Howell 
 
 JPugh 
 
 J Bunger 
 
 A Funlay 
 
 T Firish 
 
 TPugh 
 
 H White 
 
 W Baldhurst 
 
 Major John H Savage 
 
 Capt. Thomas Glenn 
 
 Lieut. Hays 
 
 Thomas Shields 
 
 Samuel B Davis 
 
 Corpl. L Warren 
 
 " Munroe Filming 
 Thomas Pierson 
 James M Cox 
 Robert Brenton 
 Fielding Young 
 Jackson W Lowry 
 A Sawyer 
 Kaylams Lynch 
 William Farrell 
 Louis H Mallerhy 
 David Hall 
 James Gillespie, 
 Hardy Johnson 
 James R Attstin 
 Thomas H Hayter 
 Henry Dannigan 
 Capt. William H Irwitt 
 
 " P M Guthrie 
 Adj. D S Lee 
 Sergt. John P Weldon 
 
 '' Freeze 
 
 " Lenox Lea 
 
 " J G Handy 
 Corpl. Charles Bartnrkef 
 
 " Michael Freeney 
 
 " Robert Raasch 
 Isaac Mahon 
 Uriah Kitchen 
 John Hayes 
 James Rager 
 McCluny Radcliff 
 Robert D Brown 
 Foster R Carson 
 James Dilks 
 William S Sashall 
 James Hight 
 Schmidt 
 William R CaU 
 Jesse Flowera 
 William Dolman 
 Isaac Pierce 
 James Neshitt 
 
114 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Hennan Bickerstine 
 Fred Babe 
 fenjamin Dickie 
 
 i Simon Pickett 
 John Romering 
 Albert Mc&Ul 
 
 j Oscar Wood 
 John Wilson, dead 
 I Christian Papst 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 Privates Robert McKee, Joseph Scott, since discovered to have been blown up at Casa 
 del Mata ; Francis Beed, Artificer Israel Barton, killed; Private John Jacob Divine ; Sergt. 
 John Coble; Privates John Gillespie, Thomas Hardy, William Reynolds, James Smith, 
 Conrad Young, Henry MuUer, Jackson Adams, James Leary, H A Wood, S Vandergriff, J 
 L Hass, David Ay res, Joseph G Smith. 
 
 Names of the killed, ivounded, and missing, of the Mrst Division, in the actions 
 of the 13th and 14t/j September. 
 
 Richard Gilmore 
 Sergt. John Scar 
 Joseph Cook, mus. 
 Charles Carroll 
 John Kennedy 
 WiUiam O'Neil 
 Lieut. A J Rogers 
 Sergt. William Donegan 
 " George Blast 
 
 A. A Gen. W W Markall 
 A. D C George W Kendall 
 1st Lieut. J J Stevens 
 Sergt. D Hastings 
 
 " P Maguire 
 Davis 
 
 Artificer Edmund King 
 Thomas Murphy 
 Joseph Bateman 
 WiUiam Smith 
 John Wolfe 
 Francis Desmond 
 Sergt. James M(SCormict! 
 Corpl. Henry Reigle 
 Anthony Baker, mus. 
 John Sweeny 
 Herman Von Steen 
 Carl Chapparcan 
 George Chiveton 
 Frederick Brugh 
 Jeremiah Cavaugh 
 W Garlick 
 David Rikin 
 Patrick Born 
 John Young 
 Michael HaUoran 
 John Klinz 
 Nathan Randall 
 John Zear 
 Godfrey Piermbnt 
 Marcus Bain 
 John Haggerty . 
 Li^t. Col. John Garland 
 1st Lieut. S Smith, dead 
 2d Lieut, Maurice MaJoney 
 Sergt. AVilliam Blaisdell 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Corpl. James Hagau 
 Conrad Graf 
 Isaac I Jons on 
 Alexander McCoy 
 Karl Sigmond 
 Michael Kelley 
 William Billington 
 Joel Barrom 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Sergt. David Toobwiller 
 Corpl. Theodore Gregg 
 Daniel Bennett, dead 
 Joseph F Cooper 
 Hamilton Sparks 
 
 ohn Whitnell 
 William Grant 
 Patrick Toole 
 Lonesee 
 
 William Burton 
 James Lawless 
 Stephen Mann 
 Adolphus Schuyer 
 Jacob Shores 
 J M Mallinder 
 William Wilson 
 Mark Spaulding 
 V B West 
 George Henry 
 William Lawrence 
 Duwilda Myers 
 Thomas Collis 
 William Cross 
 Joseph Peck 
 John C Christie 
 Slortonier Crofort 
 Willi,im Thompson 
 Henry Byrnes 
 James Fisher 
 James Parker 
 Grapincamp 
 
 Aganus Dowis 
 Capt D H MePhail 
 Sergt. Henry Farmer 
 
 Corpl. Darius Ballard 
 
 Joseph MoGartin 
 
 Pd Lieut. J P Smith 
 V E Reed 
 James McLoy 
 Patrick Hines 
 William Mooney 
 David Trush 
 Andrew Leet 
 Henry Jones 
 I 
 
 William O'Shaughnessy 
 John A Sehuber 
 Wiliam Montgomery 
 John Dillon 
 James Harny 
 Thomas Oats 
 George Gill 
 
 Ist Lieut. L A Armistead 
 Sergt. Maj. Edw Thompson [ 
 George Ernst 
 Alexander Maddox 
 Williaw Dowley 
 Sergt. Francis Fox 
 Bernard Lynch 
 Andrew Piper 
 2d Lieut. James Longhurst 
 1st " Joseph Seldon 
 Sergt. John A Noon 
 I " JLFi.sk 
 Corpl. Robert Shaw 
 I " Thomas Smith 
 IWilliam Shaw 
 John Hisner 
 [John Flummery 
 jM Monaghyn 
 'James C Mclntjrre 
 {Stephen MConneU 
 John McAulay 
 WiUiam Palmoter 
 John Kibler 
 William Fox 
 ■Alexander Reinhart 
 [Nathaniel Clegg 
 iCharles McClosky 
 'Hanson Palmer 
 'waUam Verrel 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 115 
 
 Charles Quick 
 Valentine Impoft 
 James Farramier 
 
 MISSING, 
 
 Edward Blackman 
 Victor Whipple 
 James Leise 
 
 John Briolon 
 Charles Whitty 
 
 SECOND DIVISION— BRTG. GEN. TWIGGS. 
 
 List of the killed, wounded, and missing, of the Second Divisio-n, in the action 
 at Chapultepec and the Garita de Bele^i, on the 13<A, and in the city of 
 Mexico on the lith and Ibth of September. 1847. 
 
 Corpl. Dennis Byrne 
 
 " C C Arms 
 Thomas D Wheeler 
 George Town 
 William Donovan 
 Elijah O Pointer 
 James L Reed 
 Je'sse James 
 
 1st Lieut. Earl Van Dorn 
 Maj. W W Doring 
 Capt. J S Simonson 
 
 '• J B Baekenstos 
 
 " S S Tucker 
 2d Lieut. T S K Russell 
 Bvt. 2d Lieut. J A Palmer 
 Capt. George Nauman 
 let Lieut, and Adj. J M Bran- 
 nan 
 
 '• Lieut. J H Hasldn 
 Sergt. Maj. Al<mzo Stanton 
 
 " Samuel Harp 
 
 " Z M P Hand 
 1st Sergt. James Manly 
 Sergt. William P Sanders 
 
 " Hiram Dwyer 
 
 "DM Frame 
 Corpl. William M Winter 
 
 " L L Worcester 
 
 " George Taylor 
 
 " J M L Addison 
 
 ' Rufus Peck 
 
 " Jeremiah O'Connell 
 
 " J Freeman 
 
 '■' J Millard 
 Lance Corpl. Thomas Davis 
 
 " William P Cook 
 James Fairell 
 Edward Allen 
 Chiistopher Lidden 
 Frederick Pilgrim 
 J M Cannon 
 A Stickler 
 George W Raymond 
 Stans Moroski 
 Joseph Newhouse 
 
 FIRST BRIGADE. 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 Myrnn Bell 
 Hiram Dengh 
 William Hagau 
 William Finney 
 James Harrigan 
 Thomas McGlone 
 Sergt. John Bald 
 ICorpl. James Huntley 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 John Barber 
 John Richardson 
 Joseph Hoban 
 W F Herrington 
 J C Morrison 
 George B Mosher.'* 
 J W Roliinsoii 
 Joseph Watson 
 Levi Grunsby 
 Benj Tabler 
 John Dillon 
 John G Myers 
 Lindsey Hooker 
 Daniel Williams 
 Lewis Copsey 
 'Thomas B Brasheno 
 John Fickle 
 Lawrence J Filsome 
 Bartholomew W Wilson 
 Jo.shua P Santmyne 
 Clinton f razer 
 William W Wilson 
 William Spear 
 M Hamilton 
 M Batsner 
 Francis Whitebread 
 JHak 
 J Murray 
 S Young 
 J C Roberts • 
 J C Christman 
 Joseph Patterson 
 CAB Phelps 
 Robert Williams 
 Josh Garrison 
 Josh Debeuque 
 Allen Oyerly 
 
 William Fortition 
 John J O'Donnell 
 James Welsh 
 John Alexander 
 Walter Scott 
 Henry Boyle 
 Michael O'Loiighlin 
 Florence McCarty 
 
 Daniel Wills 
 
 1st Sergt. Thomas Williamj 
 
 Corpl. Henry D Sitner 
 
 William Ferry 
 
 Daniel B Baker 
 Art. John Vi'eins 
 Richard J Shephard 
 Thomas S Perkins 
 Amos Kingsley 
 Bradly Laud 
 John McFarne 
 John Thompson 
 Robert Kugan 
 Henry Wutts 
 Harvey Gamperd 
 John Miller 
 Lewis Russell 
 Francis Fletcher 
 Frederick Wissail 
 Sergt. Stewart Dougherty 
 " Dixon Ashworth 
 '• Orlando B Miles 
 Corpl. Nel Chamberlain 
 
 John Storm 
 
 William Adams 
 James McNulty 
 Henry Varner 
 Moses Gieason 
 Banva Upton 
 Edgar Watson 
 Francis J Slathan 
 Francis Oestrich 
 Henry Haldman 
 .lohn O'Brien 
 Harry Aberlee 
 Amos Bardhart 
 William Campbell 
 
116 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 John Childers 
 Cornelius Crowley 
 John Hamilton 
 William Myers 
 Philip Ryan 
 Timcthv a-ilUran 
 William Kenny 
 Charles F E Hyer 
 Edward Zimmerman 
 
 Edward Quin 
 Isaac Tracy 
 
 1st. Lieut. Levi Cantt 
 Sergt. William A Morrison 
 Corpl. James Tierney 
 Michael Elwooil, mus. 
 
 Capt. Silas Casey 
 
 1st Lieut. N Lyon 
 
 Corpl. Robert Bailey 
 " William Bond 
 " William Evans 
 
 F McNally 
 
 John Keely 
 
 George Martin 
 
 John Wallace 
 
 Corpl. Ellis 
 
 Stevenson 
 
 William Feather 
 
 Titus S Gillow 
 
 William Hughes 
 
 Ervin Levin 
 
 Patrick Gallagher 
 
 John Daly 
 
 Hiram Shippey 
 
 Richard G Martin 
 
 Patrick Morron 
 Henry McCampbUl 
 Thoma.<! Pritcnard 
 T,eonard Elias 
 David Jermon 
 Eli Gable 
 Charles McKinne 
 Jacob Varnes 
 Jos Eutterfield 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 John Witty 
 John Venator 
 
 SECOND BRIGADE. 
 
 KILLED 
 
 I John M Nash 
 I Patrick Sheridan 
 
 I Lewis Rinhart 
 William Steinson 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 William T Ray 
 Thomas Graham 
 Lewis Hasting.s 
 John Kavanagh 
 Patrick Kelly 
 John Semple 
 Daniel Lanahan 
 John Lynch 
 James Sullivan 
 John Steevier 
 Samuel Noble 
 Nicholas C James 
 Patrick McKenna 
 Jacob Miller 
 Abraham Sammcns 
 Capt. Thomas Handey 
 Charles Clark 
 Benjamin Little 
 Sergt. Asabel H Wells 
 MISSING. 
 
 Stephen L Rouse 
 John Pierce 
 
 ToiAL-KiUed 36; Wounded 194 
 
 iGeorge Frank 
 Thoir :Farland 
 'Ter-- js 
 Chailc.1 ./ Truman 
 Frederick A Collins 
 Elliott EUmer 
 Daniel Smith 
 Daniel Wise 
 
 John Montgomery 
 Theodore Woodbury 
 
 Joseph N Garnett 
 Keyran Temple 
 Richard Shore 
 Neill Donnelly 
 
 Thomas Rose, mus 
 John Brown 
 Daniel Carr 
 Peter Kerr 
 Alexander Beebe 
 Augustus Walker 
 Corpl. William AndenOB 
 Francis H Fox 
 John McLaughlin 
 Thomas Navy 
 James Lilly 
 Joseph GilhuUy 
 Patrick Murphy 
 Charles Howard 
 John Barnes 
 George F Flegg 
 John Hughes 
 I Patrick Murphy 
 
 I Michael Gilmote 
 I David Mayer 
 Missing 10. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION— MAJ. GEN PILLOW. 
 
 Return of the killed, wounded^ and missing, of the Third Division, commaiyir 
 ed by Major General Pillmo, during the attack on Chapultepec and the city 
 of Mexico on the I3th and lith September, 1847. 
 WOUNDED 
 Major Gen. Gideon J Pillow \ | Lieut. G T Beaaregard 
 
 First Artillery, Co, I— Field Battery. 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Capt. J B Magrauder 
 Paul Dalym 
 
 Edmond Lanergan 
 J Donelly 
 
 Anthony Kreiss 
 William Merrick 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 ir 
 
 CoL T B Kansom 
 Sergt. George C Spencer 
 Corol. John Balleneau 
 
 George W King, raus 
 E T Pike 
 
 Charles B Horsewell 
 Clark H Green 
 William March 
 James Mohan 
 Patrick Connars 
 ■VTilliam Welsh 
 
 Ninth Regiment iNFANTRt. 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 I Corpl. George E Barnes I John Dorset 
 Foster ' George Ball 
 
 I Edson I 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Robert M Brown 
 |N W King 
 
 Benjamin Osgood 
 
 N G Shett 
 (William H White 
 
 H B Stone 
 (Charles Twist 
 
 John Welston 
 John S Lock 
 Isaac Ware 
 A Noyce 
 W A Brown 
 J Moody 
 J Bridges 
 
 Fourteenth Regiment Infantry. 
 
 Benjamin Hall 
 Robert Arnold 
 
 Col. William Trousdale 
 Capt. J M Scantland 
 " Robert G Beale 
 2d Lieut. Richird Steel 
 Robert W Bedford 
 Sergt. Wm M Bledsoe 
 Corpl. H Montgomery 
 
 John Crawford 
 Wm Doaring 
 
 Jopeph Grant 
 John Hayiland 
 
 Capt. E A King 
 
 Sergt. Jonathan Jones 
 
 Corpl. Wm Koch 
 " Jos McGill 
 " Harvey Lyon 
 
 Enos McClaren 
 
 HFrick 
 £ Miller 
 
 Lieut. Col. Jos E Johnson 
 Capt. Moses J Barnard 
 1st Lieut. James Tilton 
 1st Lieut Gangenecker 
 2d Lieut. J L Meno 
 
 " W J Martin 
 Sergt. W Peat 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Wm D Pharris 
 S Sutzenhizer 
 W F Beatty 
 James Kennedy 
 Stewart White 
 John Philand 
 Bolivar Vincent 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 James McDermott 
 John Blair 
 
 H R Manning 
 James M Moneypenny 
 
 Calvin C Forola 
 A D Aujon 
 A Ch-idwick 
 John Wilkinson 
 F Faoball 
 J Donelly 
 
 W R Watson 
 
 Fifteenth Regiment Infantry. 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 j John Herriok 
 I Henry W Stoy 
 
 • WOUNDED 
 
 Jacob Ebcham 
 Seth Millington 
 Jonas Augtemyer 
 Geo Momeny 
 Caleb B Sly 
 Marvin Ward 
 
 Missing — Harkin. 
 
 VoLTiGKUK Regiment 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 WOUNDED 
 
 J C Marbou 
 
 T S Gardner 
 
 H C Long 
 
 Corpl. H E Reed 
 M Finder 
 M Conway 
 J Muldoon 
 
 James D Kensil 
 
 Lewis Anderson 
 Christian Hammell 
 Duncumb McKinsey 
 Frank L Hartinaw 
 Henry Hess 
 
 S Richardson 
 N Salisbury 
 
 Corpl. R Cooper 
 J McGown 
 A Fair, mus. 
 M Bancrof 
 E Brass 
 S McCall 
 W H Fitzhugh 
 
118 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 WWood 
 :!,Cox 
 * Dwyer 
 TEvans 
 W K Fletcher 
 J Amey 
 J Smith 
 C Redding 
 
 James Hall 
 J Medcalf 
 
 M Rain 
 G Spencer 
 C Miller 
 J Young 
 P Henry 
 D Doughney 
 J Deitz 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 T Wallace 
 O Russell 
 E T Gooden 
 J H Malbon 
 J M Floyd 
 T H Gill 
 T Trumble 
 
 J A Maples 
 I G Weygand 
 
 Total— Killed 21; wounded lU ; missing 10—142. Horses— killed 9 ; wounded 3—12: 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION— MAJ. GEN. QUITMAN. 
 
 Ijni of the kiMed, loounded, and missing, in the several actions near the tity of 
 Mexico, 071 the l^h and 15th September, 1847. 
 
 Maj. L Twiggs 
 Capt A Van O'Linda 
 1st Lieut J M Morgan 
 2d " J Wells Cantey 
 Wm Carlin 
 Wm C Bolton 
 tiaah Wondus 
 Chas Stewart 
 Jl")hn Street 
 >jhn Tarn 
 .Jbhii MeClanahan 
 diorpl. Hugh Graham 
 Anthony E Egbert 
 Andrew MLoughlin 
 
 t.ieut. Col. J M Geary 
 Corpl.Wm Herbert 
 " Peter Hogan 
 John Freymon 
 John Miller 
 .facob Armprister 
 
 Jenry Boyer 
 Thos McGhee 
 Hacob Rapp 
 John Arthur 
 George Henry 
 Daniel Saul 
 Nathan Martz 
 Peter Meyer, dead 
 John Worthingtou 
 
 Wm Humphreys 
 
 Sergt J ohn Bruokbank 
 
 Abraham Rhodes 
 
 W J Stone 
 
 John Campbell 
 
 Hugh Storm 
 
 John McLoughlin 
 
 Thomas Holland 
 
 Ord. Sergt. Franois McKee 
 
 Andrew Dripps 
 
 William H Dietrich 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 John Herbert 
 Mathew Banks 
 Thomas Kelly 
 1st Sergt Wm Blocker 
 
 '■' B F MattiBon 
 T Mc Henry 
 Corpl L Goode 
 W B Devlin 
 J Morwood 
 C Meyer 
 D H Tresevant 
 H Calahan 
 T Cooper 
 'T Lyles 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 J no Snyder 
 
 Corpl. A Patterson 
 E A Downey 
 F C McDermot 
 B F Davis 
 G W Neff 
 
 Se.^t. David Meeklin 
 " R McClelland 
 " George Decker 
 " Hugii Fi.skill 
 " Chauey F Sergeant 
 
 Lieut. A S Towrison 
 
 Corpl. William H Sogonr 
 
 Thomas Humphreys 
 
 John Vau.son 
 
 J ames T Sample 
 
 John Bechter 
 
 John Copphart 
 
 William Rice 
 
 Samuel E Major 
 
 Capt. E S Williams 
 • Chris Sieb 
 
 J Palmer 
 
 M Flaxter 
 
 P Ward 
 
 Corpl. Jacob Meyer 
 
 M Martin 
 iJohn Patrick 
 !J C Tunison 
 JT Golden 
 . I Andrew Jelard 
 jJohn Wright 
 John Seaman 
 JThed Zimmerman 
 tjohn Homer 
 I Corpl James Williams 
 iJos A Dennis 
 John Shaw 
 !john L Young 
 
 |R Rodgers 
 J CosgroTe 
 IE Moyer 
 Sergt. A Cummins 
 McDonald, mus. 
 Millourn, mus. 
 Maj. AH Gladden 
 Act. Adj. M Clarke 
 Sergt. Maj. OTGibbs 
 Thomas Gathey 
 Sergt. R Fayen 
 
 '• J Dunnogant 
 
 " W Triplett 
 M M Adams 
 J Thomas 
 M Ward 
 
 Y Muller 
 
 Y Evans 
 J Only 
 Corpl. J Hood 
 
 Y Cahill 
 
 N R Evans 
 J Ferguson 
 
 Y Robins 
 C Ingram 
 H Laherty 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 119 
 
 Bennett 
 
 Sergt L B Wearer 
 
 Y Anderson 
 
 C H Kenny 
 
 A Delany 
 
 2d Lieut. F Sellock 
 
 R Watson 
 
 Corpl. W L Rodgers 
 
 J H Saxton 
 
 H J Caughman 
 
 H Polack 
 
 J D Stanford 
 
 Manning Brown 
 
 J Fitzsimmons 
 
 B Hutchinson 
 
 J Kelly 
 
 let Lieut A B O'Bamioii 
 
 2d Lieut C J Kirkland 
 
 J G Atkinson 
 
 J K Parker 
 
 Capt. J H Williams 
 
 Sergt. J caldbeeth 
 
 Corpl. J J Feagle 
 
 T Chapman 
 
 J Graham 
 
 J C Higgins 
 
 D Brown 
 
 H Suber 
 
 A Little 
 
 R B Lyle.s 
 
 A Feagle 
 
 Lieut. Col. Charles Baxcer, 
 
 dead 
 MeGennis 
 Rowalt 
 
 Corpl. MoGowen 
 Fife 
 Duncan 
 Waggoner 
 2d Lieut. Mayne 
 
 " Reede 
 John Eber 
 John Hunt 
 Jas Kelly 
 Corpl. John Hall 
 Joha Keeber 
 Charles Newman 
 Capt. J Barclay 
 Capt. S W Peel 
 . J White 
 John Russell 
 Corpl. James Saxon 
 C Reymansmyder 
 B Van Deif 
 Henry Rist 
 Sam Morfran 
 Wm MendenhaJl 
 Arch Graham 
 I N Hoods 
 Fred Myers 
 Capt. James Miller 
 W Clementg 
 
 J Horn 
 
 James Bastard 
 
 John Solomon 
 
 Emor M Davis 
 
 William Snyder 
 
 William Smyth 
 
 M Hastson 
 
 H Thomas 
 
 Edward Blain 
 
 Lieut John Keefe 
 
 Corpl. A J Jones 
 
 Wm Smyth 
 
 Jos Lutz 
 
 Thomas Davis 
 
 Chris Malone 
 
 James Stewart 
 
 Wm Bishop 
 
 Wm Crabb 
 
 Capt James Caldwell 
 
 Josh Hamilton 
 
 John Keever 
 
 David Shine 
 
 Charles Epler 
 
 Benjamin Shine 
 
 Lewis Bonnetts 
 
 Saxfere Heabbly 
 
 1st Lt and Adj D D Baker 
 
 '■■ " AQM J S Devlin 
 2d Lt Chas A Henderson 
 Sergt Maj Jas Montgomery 
 Comy Sergt James Orr 
 Sergt John Roach 
 
 John Curran 
 
 W J Wilson 
 
 Graddisen'L Tansill 
 Seebeck 
 Martin Fogg 
 Hugh Roney 
 John McGuignan 
 Philip Phoenix 
 Saml Williamson 
 Biggs 
 Connor 
 Francis Quinn 
 Thos B Smith 
 Elhanan Stevens 
 Edward Cooper 
 J Lions 
 
 Corpl John Whaley 
 P Anderson * 
 
 John Cassedy 
 Jas Smith 
 Jas Kenneda 
 D Standeiwick 
 L Strobill 
 Capt C H Pearson 
 Wm Connell 
 Y Donovan 
 S Calvert 
 J Davis 
 R Jeukin 
 D L McCowen 
 
 2d Lieut Bell 
 
 Sergt J N Easterby 
 
 Corpl Bold 
 
 R Hitehfelt 
 
 J Martin 
 
 P S Graham 
 
 C Rankin 
 
 C; Anderson 
 
 W L Beadon 
 
 2d Lieut J W Steen 
 
 N Scott 
 
 D Nolan 
 
 James Walsh 
 
 2d Lieut J B Davis 
 
 Sergt J W Shett 
 
 S Camak 
 
 E Duke 
 
 W S Tidwell 
 
 R J Barker 
 
 W Claxton 
 
 James M Craig 
 
 C J Gladney 
 
 J w Brittendenham 
 
 J E Odom 
 
 A Tunison 
 
 J B Glass 
 
 R S Morrison 
 
 J T Olneys 
 
 J Burke 
 
 G Barry 
 
 M Cohlin 
 
 H Hardenbrciok 
 
 W Tompkins 
 
 Capt D Hungerford 
 
 1st Lieut Chas H Jane? 
 
 Sergt D Montgomery 
 
 Corpl Chas Thompson 
 
 Owen Elwood 
 
 Thos Healey 
 
 John McKinne 
 
 }ohn Snyder 
 
 V Van Slyke 
 
 James Hart 
 
 Sergt John Duffy 
 
 Pat Roney 
 
 O Hanzel 
 
 Michael Butler, dead 
 
 Capt M Fairchild 
 
 Lieut J W Green 
 
 1st Sergt Barker 
 
 Thos L Decker 
 
 Jas Franklin 
 
 Geo Pemberton 
 
 John L Gardner 
 
 R Hendrick 
 
 Wm Daly 
 
 D Robertson 
 
 Geo Thistleton 
 
 Sergt John M Lane 
 
 Corpl Clipole EyeretJ 
 
 Alex Cook 
 
 J Woodward 
 
TEEATY 
 
 OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, LIMITS, AND SETTLEMENT, 
 
 BETV/EEN 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 ' Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, and Ratified, with the Ameadmants, by the 
 American Senate, March 10, 1848. 
 
 THE TREATY. 
 
 In the name of Almighty God : 
 
 The United States of America and the United Mexican States, animated 
 by a sincere desire to put an end to the calamities of the war which unhap- 
 pily exists between the two Republics, and to establish on a solid basis re- 
 lations of peace and friendship, which shall confer reciprocal benefits on the 
 citizens of both, and assure the concord, harmany and mutual confidence 
 wherein the two people should lire as good neighbors, have, for that pur- 
 pose, appointed their respective Plenipotentiaries ; that is to say, the Pre- 
 sident of the United States has appointed N. P. Trist, a citizen of the Uni- 
 ted States, and the President of the Mexican Republic has appointed Don 
 Louis GoNZAGA CuEVAS, Don Bernardo CoxTo, and Don Miguel Atristain, 
 citizens of the said Republic, who, after a reciprocal communication of their 
 respective powers, have, under the protection of Almighty God, the Author 
 of Peace, arranged, agreed upon and signed the following Treaty of Peace, 
 Friendship, Limits and Settlement, between the United States of America 
 and the Mexican Republic. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 There shall be a firm and universal peace between the United States of Amcrida and the 
 Mexican Republic, and between their rcspecti\ e countries, territories, cities, towns and people, 
 without exception of places or persons. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 Immediately on the signature of this Treaty, a Convention shall be entered into between 
 a Commissioner or Commissioners appointed by the General-in-Chief of the forces of the 
 United States, and such as may be appointed by the Mexican Government, to the end that a 
 provisional suspension of hostilities shall take place ; and that in the places occupied by the- 
 » said forces, constitutional order may be re-established, as regards the political, administrative 
 and judicial branches, so I'ar as this shall be permitted by the circumstance of military oc- 
 cupation. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Immediately upon the ratification of the present Treaty, by the Government of the United 
 States, orders shall be transmitted to the commanders a£ their land and naval forces, requiring 
 the latter (provided this Treaty shall then have been ratified by the Government of the Mexi- 
 can Republic), immediately to desist from blockading the Mexican ports ; and requiring the 
 former (under the same condition) to commence, at the earliest moment practicable, with- 
 drawing all troops of the United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic, to 
 points that shall be selected by common agreement, at a distance from the seaports not ex- 
 
THE TREATY, 121 
 
 ceeding thirty leagues ; and such evacuation of the interior of the Republic shall be com- 
 pleted with the least possible delay ; the Mexican Government hereby binding itself to afford 
 every facility in its power for rendering the same convenient to the troops, on their march, 
 and in their new positions, and for promoting a good understanding between them and the 
 inhabitants . n like manner, orders shall be dispatched to the persons in charge of the Cus- 
 tom Houses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United States, requiring them (under the 
 same condition) immediately to deliver possession of the same to the persons authorized by 
 the Mexican Government to receive it, together with all bonds and evidences of debt for dutis 
 on importations and on exportations, not yet fallen dug. Moreover, a faithful and exact ac- 
 count shall be made out, showing the entire amount of all duties on imports and on exportc, 
 collected at such Custom Houses, or elsewhere in Mexico, by authority of the United States, 
 from and after the day of the ratification of this Treaty by the Government of the Mexican 
 Kepublic ; and also an account of the cost of collection ; and such entire amount, deducting 
 cnly the cost of collection, shall be delivered to the Mexican Government, at the City of 
 Mexico, within three months after the exchange of ratifications. 
 
 The evacuation of the Capital of the Mexican Republic by the troops of the United Statei, 
 in virtue of the above stipulation, shall be completed in one month after the orders there 
 stipulated for shall have been received by the Commander of the said troops, or sooner if 
 possible. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Immediately after the exchange of ratifications of the present Treaty, all castles, forts, th 
 itories, places and possessions, which have been taken and occupied by the forces of te- 
 United States during the present war, within the limits of the Mexican Republic, as aboutto 
 be established by the following article, shall be definitely restored to the said republic, toget h 
 er with all the artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions and other public property, which, 
 were in the said castles and forts when captured, and which shall remain there at the time 
 when this Treaty shall be duly ratified by the Government of the Mexican Republic. To 
 this end, immediately upon the signature of this Treaty, orders shall be despatched to the 
 American oflScer commanding such castles and ports, securing against the removal or de- 
 struction of any such artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, or other public property. 
 The City of Mexico, within the inner line of intrenchments surrounding the said city, is 
 comprehended in the above stipulations, as regards the restoration of artillery, apparatus of 
 war, &c. 
 
 The final evacuation of the territory of the Mexican Republic by the forces of the United 
 States shall be completed within three months from the said exchange of ratifications, or 
 sooner if possible ; the Mexican Republic hereby engages, as in the foregoing Article, to use 
 all means in its power for facilitating such evacuation, and rendering it convenient to the 
 troops, and for promoting a good understanding between them and the inhabitantSj 
 
 If, however, the ratification of this Treaty by both parties should not take place n time to 
 allow the embarkation of the troops of the United States to be completed before the com- 
 mencement of the sickly season, at the Mexican ports on the Gulf of Mexico, in such case a 
 friendly arrangement shall be entered into between the General-in-Chief of the said troops 
 and the Mexican Government, whereby healthy and otherwise suitable places, at a distance 
 from the ports not exceeding thirty leagues, shall be designated for the residence of such troops 
 as may not yet have embarked, until the return of the healthy season. And the space of 
 time here referred to as comprehending the sickly season, shall be understood to extend from 
 the first day of May to the first day of November. 
 
 All prisoners of war taken on either side, on land or on sea, shall be restored as soon as 
 practicable after the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty. It is also agreed that if any 
 Mexicans should now be held as captives by any savage tribe within the limits of the United 
 States, as about to be established by the following article, the Government of the said United 
 States will exact the release of such captives, and cause them to be restored to their country. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, th ee 
 leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del 
 Norte, or opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch 
 emptying directly into the sea ; thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest 
 channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary 
 of New Mexico ; thence westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico 
 Which runs north of the town called Paso,) to its western termination ; thence northward 
 along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the River Gila; 
 or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point oa the said line near- 
 
122 THE TREATY. 
 
 est to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same) thence down the middle of the 
 said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado ; thence across the 
 Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 The southern and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are those laid 
 down in the map entitled " Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by 
 various acts of the Congress of said Republic and constructed according to the best authori- 
 ties. Revised edition. Published at New York in 1847, by J. Disturnell." 
 
 Of which map a copy is added to this Treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the un- 
 dersigned Plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the 
 ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California, it is agreed that the said limits 
 shall consist of a straight line, drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites with 
 the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean — distant one marine league due 
 south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego, according to the plan of said 
 port, made in the year 1782, by Don Juan Pantojer, second sailing master of the Spanish ileet, 
 and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the Atlas to the voyage of the schooner Sutil 
 andfMexicana, of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective 
 Plenipotentiaries. 
 
 In order to designate the boundary line with due precision, upon authoritative maps, and to 
 establish on the ground landmarks which shall show the limits of both Republics, as described ia 
 the present ai-ticle, the Governments shall each appoint a Commissioner and Surveyor, who, 
 before the expiration of one year from the date of the exchange of ratification of this 
 Treaty, shall meet at the port of San Diego, and proceed to run and mark the said bounda- 
 ry in its whole course to the mouth of the Rio Rravo del Norte. They shall keep journals 
 and make out plans of their operations ; and the result agreed upon by them shall be deemed 
 a part of this Treaty, and shall have the same force as if it were inserted therein. The two 
 Governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to these persons, and 
 also as to their respective escorts, should such be necessary. 
 
 The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously respected by each of the 
 two Republics, and no change shall be made therein, except by the express and free consent 
 of both Nations, lawfully given by the General Government of each, in conformity with its 
 own Constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 The vessels and citizens of the United States shall, in all time, have a free and uninter- 
 rupted passage by the Gulf of California, and by the river Colorado ; and not by land, 
 without the express consent of the Mexican Government. 
 
 1i', by the examinations that may be made, it should be ascertained to be practicable and 
 advantageous to construct a Road, Canal, or Railway, which should, in whole or in part, run 
 upon the river Gila, or upon its right or its left bank, within the space of one marine league 
 from either margin of the river, the Governments of both Republics will form an agreement 
 regarding its construction, in order that it may serve equally for the use and advantage of 
 both countries. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The river Gila, and the part of the Rio del Norte lying below the southern boundary o^ 
 New Mexico, being agreeably to the Fifth Article, divided in the middle between the two 
 republics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Bravo, below said boundary shall be free and 
 common to the vessels and citizens of both countries; and neither shall, without the consent 
 of the other construct any work that may impede or interrupt in whole or in part, the exer- 
 cise of this right — not even for the purpose of favoring new methods of navigation. Nor 
 shall any tax or contribution, under any denomination or title be levied upon vessels or 
 persons navigating the same, or upon merchandise, or effects transported thereon, except ia 
 the case of landing upon one of their shores. If, for the purpose of making said rivers 
 navigable, or for maintaining them in such a state, it should be necessary or advantageous to 
 establish any tax or contribution, this shall not be done without the consent of both Govern- 
 ments. 
 
 The stipulations contained in the present article shall not impair the territorial rights of 
 either republic, within its established limits. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain 
 for the future, within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present Treaty, shall 
 
THE T'R E A T Y . 123 
 
 be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove, at any time, to the Mexican Repub- 
 lic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, 
 and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this 
 account to any contribution, or tax whatever. 
 
 Those who shall prefer to remain in said territories, may either retain the title and rights 
 of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be 
 under the obligation to make their selection within one year from the date of the exchange 
 of ratifications of this Treaty ; and those who shall remain in the said territories, after the 
 expiration of that year, without having declared their intention to retain the character of 
 Mexicans shall be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United States. 
 
 In the said territories, property of any kind, now belonging to Mexicans not established 
 there shall.be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, and all Mexicans who 
 may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall enjoy, with respect to it, guaranties 
 equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States. 
 
 [In place of the following Article, the Senate has inserted the thu-d Article of the Treaty 
 between France and the United States, for the cession of Louisiana, which provides that the 
 inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be admitted to all the rights and privileges of citi- 
 zenship, in accordance with the principles of the Constitution, as soon as Congress shall 
 determine; and that in the meantime, they shall be protected in the enjoyment of their liber- 
 ty, property and religious belief.] 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The Mexicans who in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve the character of citizens 
 of the Mexican Republic, conformably with what is stipulated in the preceding article, shall 
 be incorporated into the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, ac- 
 cording to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights of 
 citizens of the United States. In the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in 
 the enjoyment of their liberty, their property, and the civil rights now vested in them, 
 according to the Mexican laws. With respect to political rights, their condition shall be on 
 an equality with that of the inhabitants of. the other territories of the United States, and at 
 least equally good as that of the inhabitants of Louisiana and the Floridas, when these prov- 
 inces, by transfer from the French Republic, and the Crown of Spain, become territories of 
 the United States. 
 
 The most ample guaranty shall be enjoyed by all ecclesiastics and religious corporations, 
 or communities, as well in the discharge of the offices of their ministry, as in the enjoyment 
 of their property of every kind whether individual or corporate. This guaranty shall em- 
 brace all temples, houses and edifices dedicated to the Roman Catholic worship ; as well as 
 all property destined to its support, or to that of schools, hospitals or other foundations for 
 charitable or beneficent purposes. A'o property of this nature shall be considered as having 
 become the property of the American Government, or as subject to be by it disposed of, or 
 diverted to other causes. 
 
 Finally, the relations and communications between Catholics living in the territories afore- 
 said, and their respective ecclesiastic authorities, shall be open, free and exempt from all 
 hindrance whatever, even although such authorities should reside within the limits of the 
 Mexican republic, as defined by this Treaty ; and this freedom shall continue so long as a 
 new debarcation of ecclesiastical districts shall not have been made, conformably with the 
 aws of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 (expunged.^ 
 
 All grants of land made by the Mexican Government, or by the competent authorities, ia 
 TeiTitories previously appertaining to Mexico, and remaining for the future within the limits 
 of the United States, shall be respected as valid, to the same extent that the same grants 
 would be valid if the Territories had remained within the limits of Mexico. But the gran- 
 tees of land in Texas put in possession thereof, who by reason of the circumstances of -the 
 country, since the beginning of the troubles between Texas and the Mexican Government, 
 may have been prevented from fulfilling all the conditions of their grants, shall be under the 
 obligation to fulfil the said conditions within the periods limited in the same respectively, such 
 periods to be now counted from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this Treaty ; in 
 default of which, said grants shall not be obligatory on the State of Texas, in virtue of the sti- 
 pulations contained in this Article. 
 
 The foregoing stipulation in regard to grantees of land in Texas, is extended to all grantees 
 of land in the territories aforesaid, elsewhere than in Texas, put in possession under such 
 grants ; and in default]of the fulfillment of the conditions of any such grant, within ihc new pe- 
 riod which, as is above stipulated, begins with the day of the exchange of ratifications of this 
 treaty, the same shall be null and void. 
 
124 T H E T R E A T Y . 
 
 The Mexican Government declares that no grant whatever of lands in Texas has been made 
 since the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six ; and that no grant 
 whatever of lands in any of the territories aforesaid, has been made since the thirteenth day 
 of May, one thousacd eight hundred and forty-six. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. ' ] 
 
 Considering that a great part of the territories which, by the present Treaty, are to be com- 
 prehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage 
 tribes, who will hereafter be under the control of the Government of the United States, and 
 whose incursions within the territory of Mexico would be prejudicial in the extreme, it is so- 
 lemnly agreed that all such incursions shall he forcibly restrained by the Government of the 
 United States, whensoever this may be necessary ; and that when they cannot be prevented, 
 they shall be punished by the said Government, and satisfaction for the same shall be exacted 
 — all in the same way, and with equal diligence and energy as if the same incursions were 
 committed within its own territory, against its own citizens. 
 
 It shall not be lawful, under any pretext whatever, for any inhabitant of the United States 
 to purchase or acquire any Mexican, or any foreigner residing in Mexico, who may hav* 
 bee n captured by Indians inhabiting the territory of either of the two republics, not to pur- 
 chase or acquire horses, mules, cattle, or property of any kind, stolen within the Mexican 
 territory, by such Indians ; nor to provide such Indians with fire-arms or ammunition by sale 
 or otherwise. 
 
 And in the event of any person or persons captured within Mexican territory by Indians, be- 
 ing carried into the territory of theUnited Sates, the Government of the latter engages and binds 
 itself in the most solemn manner, so soon as it shall know of such captives being within its 
 territory, and shall be able so to do, through the faithful exercise of its influence and power to 
 rescue them and return them to their country, or deliver them to the agent or representative 
 of theMexican Government. The Mexican authorities will, as far as practicable, give to the 
 Government of the United States notice of such captures -, and its expenses incurred in the 
 maintenance and transmission of the rescued captives ; who, in the mean time, shall be treat- 
 ed with the utmost hospitality by the American authorities at the place where they may be. 
 But if the Government of the United States, before receiving such notice from Mexico, 
 should obtain intelligence, through any other channel, of the existence of Mexican captives 
 within its territory, it will proceed forthwith to effect their release and delivery to the Mexican 
 agent, as above stipulated. 
 
 For the purpose of giving to these stipulations the fullest possible efficacy, thereby afford- 
 ing the security and redress demanded by their true spirit and intent, the Government of the 
 United States will now and hereafter pass, without unnecessary delay, and always vigilantly 
 enforce, such laws as the nature of the subject may require. And finally, the sacrednessof 
 this obligation shall never be lost sight of by the said Government, when providing for the 
 removal of Indians from any portion of said Territories, or for its being settled by the citi- 
 zens of the United States ; but, on the contrary, special care then shall be taken not to place 
 its Indian occupants under the necessity of seeking newhomes, by committing those invasions 
 which theUnited States have solemnly obliged themselves to restrain. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States, as de- 
 fined in the fifth article of the present Treaty, the Government of the United States engages 
 to pay to that of the Mexicun Republic the sum of fifteen millions of dollars in the one or 
 the other of the two modes below specified. "-HIZ 
 
 The Mexican Government shall at the time of ratifying this treaty, declare which of these 
 two modes of payment it prefers; and the mode so selected by it shall be conformed to by 
 tkat of the United States. 
 
 First mode of payment — Immediately after this Treaty shall have been duly ratified by the 
 Government of the Mexican Republic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall be paid to the 
 said^Government by that of the United States, at the City of Mexico, in the gold or silver 
 coin of Mexico. For the remaining twelve millions of dollars the United States shall create 
 a slock, bearing an interest of six per centum per annum, commencing on the day of the rati- 
 fication of this Treaty by the Government of the Mexican Republic, and payable annually at 
 the City of Washington; the principal of said stock to be redeemable there, at the pleasure 
 of the Government of the United States, at any tiijie after two years from the exchange of 
 ratifications of this Treaty; six months' public notice of the intention to redeem the same 
 being previously given. Certificates of such stock, in proper form, for such sums as shall be 
 specified by the Mexican Government, shall be delivered, and transferable by the said Govern- 
 ment to the same by that of the United States. 
 
THE TREATY. 125 
 
 s 
 
 Second mode of payment— -Immediately after this Treaty shall have been duly ratified by 
 the Government of the Mexican Kepublic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall be paid to 
 the said Government by that of the United States, at the City of Mexico, in the gold or sil- 
 ver coin of Mexico. The remaining twelve millions of dollars shall be paid at the same place 
 and in the same coin, in annual instalments of three millions of dollars each, together with in- 
 terest on the same, at the rate of six per centum per annum. This interest shall begin to run 
 upon the whole sum of twelve millions from the day of the ratification of the present Treaty bv 
 the Mexican Government, and the first of the installments shall be paid at the expiration of one 
 year from the same day. Together with each annual instalment, as it falls due, the whole 
 interest accruing on such installment from the beginning shall also be paid. 
 
 [Certificates in the proper form for the said instalments, respectively, in sums as shall be 
 desired by the Mexican Government, and transferable by it, shall be delivered to the said 
 Government by that of the United States.] 
 
 [N. B. The first of these modes is rejected. The latter is adopted, with the exception of 
 the last paragraph, in brackets.] 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 The United States engage, moreover, to assume and pay to the claimants all the amounts 
 now due them, and these hereafter to become due, by reason of the claims already liquidated 
 and decided against the Mexican Republic, under the Conventions between the two republics 
 severally concluded on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and on 
 the thirtieth day of January, eighteen hundred and forty-three ; so that the Mexican Republic 
 shall be absolutely exempt, for the future, from all expense whatever on account of the said 
 claims. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 The United States do farthermore discharge the Mexican Republic from all claims of citi- 
 zens of the United States, not heretofore decided against the Mexican Government, which 
 may have arisen previously to the date of the signature of this Treaty ; which discharge shall 
 be final and perpetual, whether the said claims be rejected or be allowed by the Board of 
 Commissioners provided for in the following article, and whatever shall be the total amount 
 of those allowed. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 ^The United States, exonerating Mexico from all demands on account of the claims of thei 
 citizens mentioned in the preceding article, and considering them entirely and forever canceled 
 whatever their amount may be, undertake to make satisfaction for the same, to an amount not 
 exceeding three and one-quarter millions of dollars. To ascertain the validity and amount 
 of those claims, a Board of Commissioners shall be established by the Government of the 
 United States, whose awards shall be final and conclusive; provided, that in deciding upon 
 the validity of each claim, the Board shall be guided and governed by the principles and rules 
 of decision prescribed by the first and fifth articles of the unratified Convention, concluded at 
 -the City of Mexico on the twentieth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
 three; and in no case shail an award be made in favor of any claim not embraced by these 
 principles and rules. 
 
 If, in the opinion of the said Board of Commissioners, or of the claimants, any books, 
 records or documents in the possession or power of the Government of the Mexican Re- 
 public, shall be deemed necessary to the just decision of any claim, the Commissioners, or the 
 claimants through them, shall, within such period as Congress may designate, make an appli- 
 cation in writing for the same, be assessed to the Mexican Minister fur Foreign Affairs, to be 
 transmitted by the Secretary of State of the United States; and the Mexican Government 
 engages, at the earliest possible moment after the receipt of such demand, to cause any of the 
 books, records or documents so specified, which shall be in their possession or power (or au- 
 thenticated copies or extracts of the same) to be transmitted to the said Secretary of State, 
 who shall immediately deliver them over to the said Board of Commissioners: provided, that 
 no such apphcation shall be made by or at the instance of any claimant, until the facts which 
 it is expected to prove by such books, records or documents shall have been stated under oath 
 orJaffirmation. 
 
 A R T I C L Ei X V I . 
 
 Each of the contracting parties reserves to itself the entire right to fortify whatever point 
 within its tetritory it may judge proper so to fortify for its security. 
 
126 THE TREATY. 
 
 ARTILE XVII. 
 The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, concluded at the City of Mexico on the 
 5th day of April, A.D., 1851, between the United States of America and the United Mexican 
 States, except the additional article, and except so far as the stipulations of the said Treaty 
 may not be incompatible with any stipulation contained in the present Treaty, is hereby re- 
 vived for the period of eight years from the day of the exchange of ratifications of this Trea- 
 ty, with the same force and virtue as if incorporated therein ; it being understood that each of 
 ■ the contracting parties reserves to itself the right, at any time after the said period of eight 
 years shall have expired to terminate the same by giving one year's notice of such inten- 
 tion to the other party. 
 
 ARTICLE XVIII. 
 
 All supplies whatever of troops of the United States in Mexico, arriving at ports in the oc 
 cupation of such troops previous to the final evacuation thereof, although subsequently to the 
 restoration of the Custom- Houses at such ports, shall be entirely exempt from duties and 
 charges of any kind; the Government of the United States hereby engaging and pledging its 
 faith to establish, and vigilantly to enforce all possible guards for securing the revinue of Mexi- 
 co, by preventing the importation, under cover of this stipulation, of any articles other than 
 such, both in kind and in quality, as shall really'be wanted for the use and consumption of the 
 forces of the United States during the time they may remain in Mexico. To this end it 
 shall be the duty of all officers ani agents of the United States to denounce to the Mexican 
 authorities at the respective ports any attempts at a fraudulent abuse of this stipulation 
 which they may know of or may have reason to suspect, and to give to such authorities all 
 the aid in their power with regard thereto; and every such attempt, when dulv proved and 
 established by sentence of a competent tribunal, shall be punished by the confiscation of the 
 propertv so attempted to be fraudulently introduced. 
 
 ARTICLE XIX. 
 
 With respect to all merchandise, effects and property whatsoever, imported into ports of 
 Mexico while in the occupation of the forces of the United Stages, whether by citizens of either 
 republic, or by citizens or subjects of any neutral nation, the following rules shall be observed : 
 
 1. Allsueh merchandise, effects, and property, if imported previously to the rest')ration of 
 the custom- houses to the Mexican authorities, as stipulated fur in the third article of this 
 treaty, shall be exempt from confiscaion, although the importation of the same Be prohibited 
 by the Mexican Tariff. 
 
 2. The same perfect exemption shall be enjoyed by all such merchandise, effects and pro- 
 perty, imported subsequently to the rsstoration of the Custom-Houses, and previously to the 
 sixty days fixed in the following article for the coming into force of the Mexican Tariff, at 
 such ports respectively; the said merchandise, effects, and property, being however, at the 
 time of their importatiom subject to the payment of duties, as provided for in the said follow- 
 ing article. 
 
 3. All merchandise, effects, and property described in the two rules foregoing, shall, during 
 their continuance at the place of importation, or upon their leaving such place for the inte- 
 rior, be exempt from all duty, tax or impost of every kind, under whatsoever title or deno- 
 mination. Nor shall they be there subject to any charge whatsoever upon the sale thereof. 
 
 4. All merchandise, effects, and property, described in the first and second rules, which 
 shall have been removed to any place in the interior while such place was in the occupation of 
 the forces of the United States, shall, during their continuanee the: ein, be exempt from all 
 tax upon the sale of consumption thereof, and from every kind of impost or contribution, un- 
 der whatsoever title or denomination. 
 
 5. But if any merchandise, effects, or property, described in the first and second rules shall 
 be removed to any place not occupied at the time by the forces of the United States, they shall, 
 upon their introduction into such place, or upon their sale or consumption there, be subject 
 to the same duties which, under the Mexican laws, they would be required to pay in such 
 cases if they had been imported in time of peace, through the maritime custom-houses, and 
 and had there paid the duties conformably with the Mexican Tariff. 
 
 6. The owners of all merchandise, effects or property described in the first and second rules 
 and existing in any port of Mexico, shall have the right to reship the same, exempt from all 
 tax, impost, or contribution whatever. 
 
 With respect to the metals, or other property, exported from any Mexican port while in the 
 occupation of the forces of the United States, and previously to the restoration of the Custom 
 House at such port, no person shall be' required by the Mexican authorities, whether general 
 or State, to pay any tax, duty, or contribution upon any such exportation, or m any manner 
 to account for the same to the said authorities. 
 
THE TREATY, 127 
 
 ARTICLE XX. 
 
 Through consideration for the interests of commerce generally, it is agreed that if less than 
 sixty days should elapse between the date of the signature of this Treaty and the restora- 
 tion of the custom-houses, conformably with a stipulation in the third Article, in such 
 case, all merchandise, clfects, and property whatsoever, arriving at the Mexican ports after 
 the restoration of -the said custom-houses, and previously to the expiration of sixty days after 
 the signature of this Treaty," shall be admitted to entrj-; and no other duties shall be levied 
 thereon than the duties established by the Tariff found in force at such custom-houses at the 
 time of the restoration of the same. And to all such merchandise, effects and property, the 
 rules established in the preceding Article shall apply. 
 
 ARTICLE XXI. 
 
 If, unhappily, any disagi-eement should hereafter aaise between the Governments of the 
 two Republics, whethar with respect to the interpretation of any stipulation In this treaty or 
 with respect to any other particular concerning the political or commercial relations of the 
 two nations, the said Governments, in the name of those nations, do promise to each other 
 that they will endeavor, in the most sincere and earnest manner, to settle the difference so 
 arising, and to preserve the state of peace and friendship in which the two countries are now 
 placing themselves; using, for this end, mutual representations and pacific negotiations. 
 And, if, by these means, they^hould not be enabled to come to an agreement, a resort shall 
 not, on this account, be had in reprisals, aggressions, or hostility of any kind by the one Re- 
 pubhc against the other, until the Government of that which deems itself aggrieved shall have 
 maturely considered, in the spirit of peace and good neighborship, whether it would not be 
 better that such difference should be settled by the arbitration of Commissioners appointed 
 on each side, or by that of a friendly nation. And should such course be proposed \>y either 
 party, it shall be acceded to by the other, unless deemed by it altogether incompatible with 
 the nature of the difference, or the circumstances of the case. 
 
 ARTICLE XXII. 
 
 If, (which is not to be expected, and which God forbid I) war shall unhappily break ou 
 between the two Republics, they do now, with a view to such calamity, pledge themselves to 
 each other and to the world, to obseiwe the following rules, absolutely, where the nature of the 
 subject permits, and as closely as possible in all cases where such absolute observance shall 
 be impossible. 
 
 1. The merchants of either Republic then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain 
 twelve months, (for those dwelling in the^^interior,) and sue months (for those dwellin"- 
 at the seaports,) to collect their debts and settle their affairs ; during which periods, they 
 shall enjoy the same protection, and be on the same footing, in all respects, as the citizens or 
 subjects of the most friendly nations ; and, at the expiration thereof, or at any time before, 
 they shall have full liberty to depart, carrying off all their effects without molestation or 
 hindrance ; conforming therein to the same laws which the citizens or subjects of the most 
 friendly nations are required to conform to. Upon the entrance of the armies of either na • 
 tion into the territories of the other, women and cliildren, ecclesiastics, scholars of everv facul- 
 ty, cultivators of the earth, merchants, artisans, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed, auU 
 inhabiting unfortified towns, villages or places, and in general all persons whose occupations 
 are for the common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their 
 respective employments unmolested in their persons. Nor shall their houses or goods be 
 burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their cattle taken, nor their fields wasted, by the armed force 
 into whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall ; but if the necessity 
 arise to take anything from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for 
 at an equitable price. All churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, libraries, and other establish- 
 ments, for charitable and beneficent purposes, shall be respected, and all persons connected 
 ■with the same protected in the discharge of their duties, and the pursuits of their vocations. 
 
 2. In order that the fate of prisoners of war may be alleviated, all such practices as those 
 of sending them into distant, incHment, or unwholesome districts, or crowding them into close 
 and noxious places, shall be studiously avoided. They shal^not be confined in dungeons,prison- 
 ships or prisons ; nor be put in irons, or bound, or otherwise restrained in the use of their 
 limbs. The officers shall enjoy liberty on their paroles, within convenient districts, and have 
 comfortable quarters ; and the common soldiers shall be disposed in cantonments, open and 
 extensive enough for air and e.xercise, and lodged in barracks as roomy and good as are pro- 
 vided by the party in whose power they are for its own troops. But if any officer shall break 
 his parole by leaving the district so assigned him, or any other prisoner shall escape from the 
 imits of his cantonment, after they shal! have been designated to him, such individual, officer, 
 
128 THE TREATY. 
 
 or Other prisoner shall forfeit- so much of the benefit of this article as provides for his liberty 
 on parole or in cantonment. And if an officer so breaking his parole, or any common soldier 
 so escaping from the limits assigned him, shall afterward be found in arms, previously to his 
 being regularly exchanged, the person so offending shall be dealt with according to tBe estab- 
 lished laws of war. The officers shalt be daily furnished by the party in whose power they 
 are, with as many rations, and of the same articles, as are allowed, ether in kind or by comu- 
 tation, to officers of equal rank in its own army ; and all others shall be daily furnished with 
 such ration as is allowed to a common soldier in its own service ; the value of all which sup- 
 Tjlies shall, at the close of the war, or at periods to be agreed upon between the respective com- 
 manders, be paid by the other party, on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistence 
 of prisoners ; and snch accounts shall not be mingled with or set off against any others, nor 
 the balance due on them withheld, as a compensation or reprisal for any cause whatever, 
 real or pretended. Each party shall be allowed to keep a commissary of prisoners, appointed 
 by itself, with every cantonment of prisoners, in possession of the other ; which commissary 
 shall see the prisoners as often as he pleases ; shall be allowed to receive, exempt from all du- 
 ties or taxes, and to distribute, whatever comforts muy be sent to them by their friends ; 
 and shall be free to transmit his reports in open letters to the party by whom he is employed. 
 And it is declared that nether the pretence that war dissolves all Treaties, nor any other 
 whatever shall be considered as annuling or suspending the solemn covenant contained in 
 this article. On the contrary, the state of war is precisely tha^ for which it is provided ; and 
 during which, its stipulations are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged obli- 
 o-ations under the law of nature or Natiions. 
 
 ARTICLE XXIII. 
 
 This treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States of America, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Senate thereof ; and by the President of the Mexican Republic 
 with the p.ovious approbation of its General Congress ; and the ratifications shall be exchang- 
 ed in the city of Washington, iit four months from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner 
 if practable. 
 
 In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this Treaty of Peace, 
 friendship, limits, and settlement ; and have hereunto affixed our seals respectively. Done 
 in Quintuplicate, at the City of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the 
 year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 ^ N. P. TRIST, [l. S.J 
 
 LUIS G. CUEVAS, [l. s.] 
 BERNARDO CONTO. [l. s.l 
 MIG. ATRISTAIN, [l. s.J 
 
 Additional and Secret Article of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and 
 Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, signed 
 this day by their respective Plenipotentiaries. (Expunged.) 
 
 In view of the possibility that the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty may, by t be 
 circumstances in which the Mexican Republic is placed, be delayed longer than the term of 
 four months fixed by its twenty-third article for the exchange of ratifications of the same, it 
 is hereby agreed that such delay shall not, in any manner, affect the force and validity of th s 
 Treaty, unless it should exceed the term of eight months, counted from the date of the signa- 
 ture thereof. 
 
 ". 'lis article is to have the same force and virtue as it inserted in the treaty to which ^this 
 is i:a addition. . . 
 
 In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotrntiaries, have signed this additional and secret 
 article, and have hereunto affixed our seals, respectively. Done in quintuplicate at the City 
 of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 eight hundred and forty-eight. 
 
 ^ N. P. TRIST, [l. s.J 
 
 LUIS G. CUEVAS, [l. s.] 
 BERNARDO CONTO, [l. s.] 
 MIG. ATRISTAIN, [l- s.] 
 
 LB N 06 
 

u.DnMhiYUF CONGRESS 
 
 011 896 909 1