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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HISTORY OF ENGLAND; 
 
 CONSISTING OF AN 
 
 ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT 
 
 OF ALL THE 
 
 TITLES AND PROPER NAMES OF PERSONS 
 
 IN 
 
 :e-'s history of England, 
 
 ITH 
 
 BIOGEAPHICAL AETICLES ATTACHED, 
 
 BY Kir. S. Y. McMASTERS, LL. 1), 
 
 
 H ■# » » ■»- 
 
 
 1876. ; 
 
 ALTOTS 
 T THE COURIER OFFICE, 
 
 ISM, 
 
COPY EIGHT SECURED ACCORDING TO LAW. 
 
 
TO COL. B. R. JOHNSON, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE, 
 
 ■ His friend, and former associate in the duties of college 
 life, takes the liberty of inscribing this little volume, as a 
 testimonial of regard for his many personal excellencies and 
 high literary and scientific accomplishments. 
 
 S. Y. McMASTERS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 A little in ore than five years since., the author conceived "the idea of 
 entering, more carefully than ever before, on the study of English history. 
 Accordingly, he collected most of the test books extant, and, using Hume 
 as a standard, commenced the labor of carefully reading, marking, and 
 writing notes. At the very outset, however, he was met by one of the 
 chief embarrassments always to be encountered in this department of litera- 
 ture ,• — the overwhelming array of titles and proper names of persons, — the 
 same person called, indiscriminately, by his proper name and by his title,— 
 go as to cause the utmost confusion. This] embarrassment is, moreover 
 greatly increased, as all students have observed, by the carelessness of most 
 writers in permitting the death of the noble father and the succession of the 
 son to pass unobserved, and continuing to speak of the pfter as if the same 
 man were still living. »By this omission on the part of most writers, it is 
 often rendered exceedingly difficult to avoid confounding the two. 
 
 Nor is the trouble confined, entirely, to the peerage. Not unfrequently, 
 the same proper name occurs several times in a few pages, under such cir- 
 eumstances as to render it matter of no small labor to determine whether 
 one, two, or more, persons are intended to be introduced. 
 
 In view of these embarrassments) the author resolved on -preparing, for 
 his own use, a manuscript list of all the titles and proper names of persons 
 in Hume's History, with references to the various works, volumes, and 
 pages, in which they appear. After proceeding with this labor for a few 
 months, he was persuaded to prepare it with an eye to publication, that 
 others might have the benefit of it. This, however, he soon saw, could never 
 be of any general utility, as comparatively few would ever be at the trouble 
 of examining such a work with sufficient care to reap any material benefit 
 from it. After mature deliberation, therefore, he resolved on throwing it 
 into the form of a Biographical Dictionary ; and in this form it is new pre- 
 sented, though with the original title. 
 
 The intention has been to give every name and title in Hume, excepting 
 a few foreign ones but incidentally alluded to, and to place against each 
 title the name with which it corresponds. The author will not, however > 
 undertake to say that every name has been given, nor that every fact is 
 correctly stated, as it is more than possible, that in so long a file of names 
 and titles, seme may have been omitted, or some unimportant facts stated 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 incorrectly. That it is generally correct, however, he has no doubt. Some 
 of the titles have been intentionally omitted, because of a doubt whether 
 they may not belong to persons indicated by name, without any allusion to 
 title; and by writing an article under both the name and title, the mani" 
 feet error would be committed of making two persons of one. After much 
 wearisome examination of several voluminous works on the peerage, which 
 the author has imported from England and Scotland, he has, in several 
 instances, found himself in utter uncertainty as to what names correspond 
 with certain titles. This, however, ho must say in vindication of himself: 
 The fault is not his. There is, in all works on the peerage, confessedly, 
 a great deal cf darkness ; and many noble families are, at this time, not 
 able to trace the history and succession of their title with clearness. 
 
 In view of the possibility of some errors, the author commits his little 
 protege to the tender mercies of the public, making this particular request 
 that, if any one shall detect an error, he will, as soon as, convenient, inform 
 him, that the error may be corrected in the next edition,— should another be 
 called for. 
 
 This work has been written in the intervals between many pressing 
 duties in parochial and college engagements ; and although some five years 
 have elapsed since its commencement, the labor has been so often inter- 
 rupted, even for weeks and months together, that the chain of events has 
 not been pursued with the regularity which was desirable. Of one fault the 
 author is painfully sensible : — the articles are generally too short to be satis- 
 factory. Most of them were, at first, written at length, and to his entire 
 satisfaction ; but on coming to make an estimate of the size of the woik> 
 it was found that it would make some three or four duodecimo volumes 
 This, all publishers and booksellers agreed, would be too large for a work 
 of the kind. So with sadness and vexation, the author had to sit down to 
 the work of abridging, by which the work has been brought to its present 
 dimensions, — quite as much diminished in real value as in volume. Should 
 it be found advisable, the work may, hereafter, be restored nearer to ite 
 original form j and brought down, by an additional volume, to a later period 
 in English History. THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Alton, 111., May 10, 1851. 
 

 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 AARON — A wealthy Jew of York, who, in the year 
 ' 1243, m the reign of Henry III., was forced to pay to the 
 government of England the sum of 4,000 marks, which is 
 equal to about 13,000 dollars. This is but one instance of 
 the many unreasonable exactions of those times on that en- 
 terprising and shamefully injured people. 
 
 ABBOT, GEORGE— Arch-bishop of Canterbury under 
 the reigns of James I and Charles I. He was born at 
 Guildford, in Surrey, on the 21st of Oct. 1562, and educated 
 at Oxford.' He filled the several offices of master of Uni- 
 versity College, dean of Winchester, vice-chancellor of Ox- 
 ford, Bishop of Litchfield and of London, and Arch-bishop 
 of Canterbury. Such was his celebrity, as a scholar, that he 
 was second of the Oxford divines chosen by King James to 
 translate the New Testament. Though occupying the first 
 position in the ecclesiastical establishmen tof England, he was 
 Calvinistic in his doctrines, and puritanical in his tastes. By 
 his extensive learning and deep piety, however, he exerted 
 a happy influence in the church of England, during 
 his life, and has left an enviable reputation in history. 
 
 The latter part of his life was rendered sad by an acci- 
 dent. It was his custom, for many years, to amuse himself, 
 in the evening, by shooting with the cross-bow. One even- 
 ing, as he aimed at a deer, he missed his mark, and shot the 
 keeper of the park. As the best restitution he could make, 
 he settled upon the widow of the deceased an annuity of 
 twenty pounds; and during the remainder of his life, once a 
 month, observed the day of the fatal accident by fasting and 
 
S BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ACC. 
 
 prayer. He died August 5th, 1633, in the 71st year of his 
 age. 
 
 ABEL. — One of several who were condemned for mis- 
 prision of treason by Henry VIII., and thrown into prison, 
 for not exposing ceriain things in the conduct of the con- 
 temptible Elizabeth Barton, commonly known as the " Holy 
 maid of Kent." He was, afterwards, burned, with two other 
 papists, in company with the three noted protestants, Barnes, 
 Gerrard, and Jerome. He is said to have complained, not 
 so much that he suffered, as that he was coupled, in suffer- 
 ing, with protestant heretics. Thus did protestants and pa- 
 pists suffer, alike, under the caprices of Henry. The former 
 suffered for not believing in the papal doctrines, the latter 
 for believing' in the pope's authority. 
 
 ABERDEEN, Earl of.— Chancellor of Scotland, under 
 the reign of Ci arles II. 
 
 ABERGAVENY, Lord.— A brother to the famous Sir 
 Edward Nevil, under the reign of Henry VII. We find 
 him active in suppressing the great Cornish rebellion, and 
 preserving order among the people of Kent, when they 
 were half disposed to favor that violent movement. At 
 another time, we find him laboring under the displeasure of 
 his sovereign, and even, for a time, in custody, but for what 
 reason, does not fully appear. This title was borne by 
 several of the Nevil family. 
 
 ABINGDON, Earl of.— One of the first of the nobility 
 who joined the prince of Orange, on his reaching Exeter. 
 His influence is said to have contributed, in no small de- 
 gree, to the revolution. 
 
 ABINGTON. — One of the Roman catholic conspirators 
 against the life of Queen Elizabeth, in the famous plot of 
 John Ballard. It is probable that he perished on the scaf- 
 fold, at the same time with most of the others. (See 
 Ballard, John.) 
 
 ABOINE, Earl of.— A son of the Earl of Huntley. 
 With his elder brother, Lord Gordon, he deserted his uncle, 
 Argyle, at the battle of Innerlochy, and attached himself 
 to the Earl of Montrose, for the purpose of defending the 
 unfortunate Charles I. 
 
 ACCA.— Queen of Ethelfrid, or Adelfrid, first king of 
 Northumberland. She was the daughter of iElla, king of 
 Deiri. This marriage had the effect to unite the petty king- 
 
ADE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 9 
 
 doms of Bernicia and Deiri into the kingdom of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 ACH AMBER, JOHN.— A seditious fellow, of low birth, 
 by whom the discontented populace were instigated to resist 
 the collection of a tax levied by Henry VII. The whole 
 movement was promptly suppressed by the earl of Surrey, 
 and Achamber taken and put to death. 
 
 ADAMA. — Wife of Henry, Lord Hastings, and mother 
 of the famous John Hastings, who, at the same time with 
 Bruce and Baliol, claimed the crown of Scotland, at the 
 death of Alexander III. Adama was daughter of David, 
 Earl of Huntingdon, who was closely allied to the royal 
 family, and hence her son's claim on the crown. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN. — One of "the noble army of mar- 
 tyrs" who perished, at the stake, under the reign of Henry 
 VIII, for calling in question the Romish doctrine of tran- 
 substantiation. Adams was an obscure tailor, but on his ex- 
 amination, and at the stake, he evinced a courage worthy of 
 the cause in which he suffered, and. even at the last moment, 
 nobly refused a pardon tendered him on condition that he 
 would renounce his principles. He suffered at the same 
 time with Anne Ascue, Nicholas Belennian, and John Las- 
 sels, and they contributed mutually to each others encourage- 
 ment and support. 
 
 ADDISON. — One, of several, who suffered imprison- 
 ment for not exposing, or causing to be prosecuted, certain 
 conduct of the famous" impostor, Elizabeth Barton, commonly 
 known as the " Holy maid of Kent." 
 
 ADELA. — Fourth daughter of William the Conqueror. 
 She was married to Stephen, earl of Blois, and became the 
 mother of King Stephen. Beyond this, she is little known 
 in English history. 
 
 ADELAIS. — Second wife of Henry I., and daughter of 
 Godfrey, duke of Lorraine. Henry is said to have con- 
 tracted this marriage only in hope that it might bring him 
 male issue, as he had fears that his daughter, Matilda, might 
 not be able to resist the pretensions of Stephen, and others, 
 who might arise. In this, however, he was disappointed, as 
 Adelais brought him no children. After Henry's death, she 
 made a second marriage with William d'Albini, earl of 
 Sussex, and on the landing of Matilda to dispute the crown 
 with Stephen, was first to open the gates of Arundel castle 
 
10 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. \ JEL. 
 
 for her reception. She is said to have been a princess of 
 amiable qualities, and altogether worthy of her high position. 
 
 ADELAIS. — The only daughter of Humbert, Count of 
 Savoy and Maurienne. She was sought by Henry II for 
 the wife of his son John ; but it does not appear that the 
 marriage was ever consummated. 
 
 ADELARD. — Thirteenth king of Wessex. His succes- 
 sion was not regular. He was brother to Ethelberger, queen 
 of King Ina ; who, having no children, and being much un- 
 der the influence of his wife, left, at his death, the crown to 
 Adelard. He did not, however, obtain possession of his re- 
 gal estate without much trouble ; for Oswald, a prince more 
 nearly allied to the crown, took up arms, and for some time 
 disputed the title of Adelard. His early death, howeve*, put 
 a stop to the dispute, and Adelard remained in power until 
 his death, which was in 741. He reigned fifteen years. 
 
 ADELFRID. — King of Bernicia. He is more commonly 
 called Ethelfrid, which see. 
 
 ADELIN. — A Scottish leader, who, with many others, 
 encouraged and assisted the people of York in an insurrec- 
 tion and rebellion, against William the Conqueror, very 
 soon after the conquest. 
 
 ADELTHRID.— Queen of King Egfrid, of Northum- 
 berland. Although she had embraced the relation of wife, 
 she obstinately persevered in a vow of chastity which she 
 had previously taken, and died childless. 
 
 ADELWALCH.— The last king of Sussex. He was 
 slain in battle with the king of Wessex, who, from that time, 
 made Sussex a part of his own dominions. (See Cead- 
 wallar. ) 
 
 ADRIAN. — The fifteenth of the Roman emperors. He 
 occupies but little space in British history, as very little of 
 importance transpired in the island during his reign. 
 Hearing that his provinces in the south of the Island were 
 grievously afflicted by the incursions of the Scots and Picts, 
 he made a visit, in person, to Britain, and built a strong- 
 rampart across the island, from the mouth of the river Tyne 
 to the frith of Solway, a distance of about eighty miles, 
 along which he posted garrisons, to repel the barbarous in- 
 vaders. Soon after this he died of dropsy, in the sixty-first 
 year of his age, and the twentieth of his reign. 
 
 ADRIC— See Alric, king of Kent. 
 
 JELLA. — A Northumbrian prince, who perished in de- 
 
AGE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ll 
 
 fense of the city of York, against the Danes, about A. D. 
 870. 
 
 .SELLA. — The first king of South Saxony. This was the 
 second kingdom or state m the heptarchy — Kent having 
 been established some thirty years before. iElla came over 
 from Germany in 477, and landed a strong force on the 
 south side of the island. At the time of his landing, the 
 spirit of the Britons had been fully roused. They were al- 
 ready in arms, and prepared for manly resistance, nor did 
 they yield the contest until several times defeated. iElla 
 was even forced to send for reinforcements to Germany, 
 before he could safely penetrate the country, or feel himself 
 secure in his newly acquired territory. He was fully esta- 
 blished in the government of Sussex in 491, and reigned 
 twenty-three years. 
 
 JELLA. — First king of Deiri. He invaded the northern 
 part of Britain about the year 547, nearly the same time 
 when Ida established himself in Northumberland. He ex- 
 tended his conquests over Lancashire, and a great part of 
 Yorkshire, after which he assumed the title of king of Deiri, 
 while Ida took the title of king of Bernicia. These two 
 kingdoms were subsequently united under Ethelfrid, who 
 was grandson to Ida and married Acca, daughter of iElla. 
 This union of two petty kingdoms produced that of Nor- 
 thumberland, which became one of the most powerful king- 
 doms of the heptarchy. 
 
 ^THELHELM.— A governor of Dorsetshire, under the 
 reign of Ethelwolf , the second king of all England. In 853, 
 he fought a hard battle with a band of Danish invaders, who 
 had disembarked at Portsmouth. After a furious engage- 
 ment the Danes were routed, but JEthelhelm had perished in 
 the action. 
 
 AGATHA.— -The wife of Edward, son of Edmond Iron- 
 side. She was a daughter of the emperor, Henry II, and 
 sister-in-law to Solomon, king of Hungary, by whom Ed- 
 ward had been raised. (See Edward.) 
 
 AGATHA. — A daughter of Willliam the Conqueror, who 
 was betrothed to the king of Gallicia, but died on her jour- 
 ney thither, before joining her intended husband. 
 
 AGELMARE.— Bishop of Elmham, at the time of the 
 Norman conquest. He shared the same fate with Algeric, 
 bishop of Selesey. (See Agelric.) 
 
 AGELRIC. — Bishop of Selesey, at the time of the Nor- 
 
12 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ALA. 
 
 man conquest. In common with all Englishmen who were 
 in power at that time, he was an object of royal displeasure, 
 and scarcely less offensive to the papal court, the supremacy 
 of which was not generally acknowledged by the English 
 clergy. The consequence was, that accusations were pre- 
 ferred against him, and he was deposed by the papal legate, 
 then m England, and imprisoned by the king Such was 
 William's mode of ridding himself of English officials. 
 
 AGRICOLA, JULIUS.— A Roman governor of Britain, 
 in the first century, remarkable for his humanity and mild- 
 ness. He has been immortalized by the pen of his son-in- 
 law, Tacitus, the historian. He died A. D. 93, aged fifty-six. 
 
 AILMER, Sir LAWRENCE.— At one time, Mayor of 
 London. He had the misfortune to incur the displeasure of 
 Henry VII, just before the death of that prince, and was im- 
 prisoned until he had paid a very heavy fine. What the na- 
 ture of his offence was is not quite certain. 
 
 AIRLY, Earl of.— Father of Sir Thomas and Sir David 
 Ogilvy. He was a warm supporter of Charles I, and hear- 
 tily cooperated with the earl of Montrose. 
 
 A1LRED. — The fourteenth king of Northumberland. He 
 was of the royal family, and succeeded Mollo, the usurper. 
 He reigned about nine years, and was expelled by his 
 subjects. 
 
 AIMAR. — A nobleman of Aquitain, who accompanied 
 William the Conqueror, in his invasion of England. He 
 was distinguished alike for his valor in war, and his wisdom 
 in council, and was of great service to William in establish- 
 ing his government in England. 
 
 ALAN — Lord of Galloway. This name appears in his- 
 tory as one of the many concerned in the great contention 
 for the crown of Scotland, after the death of Alexander 
 III. He had married Margaret, eldest daughter of the earl 
 of Huntingdon, and hence was grand-father to the famous 
 John Baliol, to whom the crown was adjudged by Edward 
 I, of England. 
 
 A-LASCO, JOHN. — A Polish nobleman, who, being ex- 
 pelled his country by the rigors of the Roman catholic reli- 
 gion, settled, for some time, in Embden, East Friesland, 
 where he became a preacher to a congregation of protes- 
 tant christians. Foreseeing, however, that persecution 
 awaited him there, he. removed to England, bringing his 
 congregation with him, in accordance with a general invita- 
 
ALB.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 13 
 
 tion of Edward VI, to protestants on the continent, to seek 
 safety by coming to his dominions. The council finding 
 all the colony of A-lasco to consist of industrious and 
 useful people, bade them welcome, and gave them the 
 church of Augustine Friars, for the exercise of their reli- 
 gion, and also a charter, by which they were erected into a 
 corporation, consisting of a superintendent and four assist- 
 ant ministers. This establishment was independent of the 
 church of England, and differed from it in some of its rites 
 and ceremonies. After the accession of Queen Mary, 
 A-lasco was silenced from preaching, and afterward, in 
 common with all foreign protestants resident in England, 
 commanded to quit the country. He retired with his little 
 band of disciples, to the continent, and no more appears in 
 English history. 
 
 ALBANY, Duke of. — Brother to Robert III, king of 
 Scotland. He assumed the government even in his brother's 
 life, and conceived the idea of destroying all the children of 
 Robert, that he might take possession of the crown, for his 
 own family. He threw Prince David, the heir apparent, 
 into prison, where he perished of hunger, while James, the 
 younger, the future king, James I, escaped very narrowly 
 by flight. At the death of Robert, Albany took entire 
 possession of the government, and seemed but little short of 
 a king; though he was only regent in fact. He took a 
 deep interest in the affairs of France when she was in- 
 vaded by Henry V, of England, and sent his second son, 
 the earl of Buchan, with seven thousand Scots, to resist the 
 arms of England. They rendered important service, and it 
 has been generally believed, turned the tide of success 
 against the English. 
 
 ALBANY, Duke of. — Son of a brother of James III of 
 Scotland, who had been banished into France, and left a 
 posterity. At the suggestion of Lord Hume, he was called 
 to the regency of Scotland, after the death of James IV. 
 He had never been in Scotland before, and hence, was little 
 fit to govern so lawless and turbulent a people. He soon 
 got into an altercation with Hume, the man to whom he 
 was mainly indebted for his promotion, and a succession of 
 quarrels and pacifications ended only with Hume's ruin and 
 ignominious death. He ever had a strong attachment for 
 France, and after neglecting his duties for pleasure visits 
 there, at last deserted his post, and retired, forever, to his 
 
14 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ALC. 
 
 native country. His administration, in Scotland, was, upon 
 the whole, inglorious. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, Earl of. — An active leader of insurrec- 
 tion in the reign of Henry III. He succeeded in garrison- 
 ing Rockingham castle ; but this was wrested from him by 
 Hubert. He afterwards got possession of the castles of Bi- 
 ham and Fortheringay, but being pronounced excommuni- 
 cated by Pandulf, the pope's legate, his adherents deserted 
 him, and he was obliged to seek pardon by penitence. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, Duke of.— (See Rutland, Earl of.) 
 
 ALBEMARLE, Duke of.— See Monk, General George. 
 
 ALBEMARLE, Duke of.— (See Monk, jr.) 
 
 ALBEVILLE, Marquis of. — Resident minister of James 
 II at the Hague. We know but little of him. It was he 
 who first succeeded in making James sensible of the inten- 
 tions of the prince of Orange. 
 
 ALBINEY, PHILIP D\— An English naval officer un- 
 der the reign of Henry III. When a French fleet appeared 
 on the coast of Kent, he succeeded in gaining the wind, and 
 bearing down upon them with great violence, threw into their 
 faces a great quantity of quick lime which he had carried 
 for that purpose. By this stratagem he so completely blin- 
 ded them that they were easily overcome and completely 
 routed. 
 
 ALBINEY, WILLIAM D\— An officer of the confed- 
 erated barons who defended the castle of Rochester against 
 the arms of King John, when, after signing the Great 
 Charter, he determined to recall the liberties which he had 
 granted, and to humble the nation by force of foreign arms. 
 Albiney had, in the castle, only one hundred and forty 
 knights, with their retainers, but with these he defended it 
 against the royal forces until reduced by famine. The in- 
 ferior prisoners were pur. to death in the most barbarous 
 manner, but Albiney was detained in captivity, which was 
 an irreparable loss to the barons; and after this, no regular 
 opposition was made to the royal forces. 
 
 ALBINI, WILLIAM D'.— Earl of Sussex under the 
 reign of Stephen. Little is known of him m history only 
 that he married Queen Adelais, widow of Henry I. 
 
 ALCHMOND.— The father of Egbert, the first king of 
 allEngland. Hence we read of " the noble line of Alch- 
 mond." 
 
 ALCUIN. — An English clergyman much celebrated, in 
 
ALE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 15 
 
 his time, for theological and general erudition. He was sent 
 by OrTa, king of Mercia, to the Emperor Charlemagne, to 
 whom he became preceptor io the sciences. The primary 
 object of his mission, however, was that the emperor might 
 oppose his learning to the heresy of Felix, bishop of Urgil, 
 in Catalonia, who taught that Jesus Christ, in his human 
 nature, was rather the adoptive than the natural son of God. 
 This heresy was condemned in the council of Frankfort, 
 794 
 
 ALDERI, WILLIAM D'.— One of the conspiracy 
 against William Rufus in 1095, headed by Robert Mou- 
 bray. While others were maimed, or imprisoned for life, he 
 was ignominiously hanged. 
 
 ALDHELM. — An archbishop of Canterbury, most pro- 
 bably under the reigns of Athelstan and Edmund. He is 
 known in history only as the uncle of the famous St. Duns- 
 tan, who was educated under him. 
 
 ALDRED. — The archbishop of York who administered 
 the coronation oath and performed the office of consecra- 
 tion for William the Conqueror, soon after the battle of 
 Hastings. This honor was due to Stigund, who was then 
 archbishop of Canterbury, but was odious to William because 
 he was a great favorite with the English. Moreover, his 
 elevation to that see had followed the expulsion of Robert, 
 the Norman, at the return of Godwin, which greatly in- 
 creased William's dislike for him. 
 
 On the arrival of Matilda, wife of the conqueror, she was 
 also crowned by Aldred, as queen of England. He seems 
 to have been a man of high moral and religious principles, 
 and of very acute sensibilities. He is said to have died of 
 grief and vexation at William's tyranny over his English 
 subjects, and to have left his maledicton upon him for the utter 
 violation of his coronation oaths. 
 
 ALDULF. — Commonly reckoned the ninth king of East 
 Anglia. He seems to have mounted the throne about 664, 
 and to have reigned about nineteen years. History has 
 preserved but little of him beyond the fact of his existence. 
 He is nearly lost in the darkness of his times. 
 
 ALEXANDER III.— King of Scotland. He was cotem- 
 poraneous with Edward I. of England, whose sister he mar- 
 ried. He is said to have inherited the sceptre of all the 
 Scottish princes who had governed that people through a 
 period of 800 years. He died in 1286, by a fall from his 
 
16 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ALF. 
 
 horse, leaving as his successor, Margaret, a grand-daughter, 
 by his daughter Margaret, queen of Norway. This was the 
 beginning of trouble in Scotland. (See Margaret.) 
 
 ALEXANDER. — A bishop of Lincoln under the reign 
 of King Stephen. Like many of the bishops of those times, 
 he erected a fortress, in imitation of the powerful barons of 
 the country. Stephen, justly thinking the peculiar office of 
 the christian ministry incompatible with such military estab- 
 lishments, seized Alexander, and also the powerful bishop of 
 Salisbury, threw them into prison, and obliged them to sur- 
 render their fortresses to the crown. 
 
 ALFERE.— A duke of Mercia who, at the death of Ed- 
 gar, conceived the design of exterminating the new orders 
 of monks, particularly the Benedictines, and restoring the 
 secular clergy to their interest in the monasteries. Since 
 the rise of Dunstan, and under the reign of Edgar, there 
 had been a constant war waged against the secular clergy 
 by the monastic orders, and at the death of Edgar, the for- 
 mer were mostly dispossessed of their benefices. Alfere is- 
 sued a proclamation expelling such as he thought intruders 
 within his jurisdiction ; but it is not probable that his well- 
 meant efforts amounted to much, as the succeeding monarch, 
 Edward the martyr, was scarcely less the tool of the monks 
 than was his father. 
 
 ALFGAR. — A son of Alfric, who at the time of his fa- 
 ther's treacherous conduct in privately notifying the Danes 
 of the arrangement of the English to surround and destroy 
 their fleet in harbor, and thus preventing the success of that 
 important enterprise, was seized by the enraged Ethelred 
 and his eyes put out as punishment for his father's perfidy. 
 
 ALFRIC. — A duke of Mercia in the time of King Eth- 
 elred. He was the son of Duke Alfere, whom he succeeded 
 by appointment, in 983. His name is infamous in the an- 
 nals of his age for the calamities which his repeated perfidy 
 brought upon his country. He was placed in high military 
 authority, which trust he first betrayed by defeating the 
 measures taken at London for resisting the Danes, by giv- 
 ing them notice of the contemplated attack upon their fleet. 
 Soon after this, we find him again in the government of 
 Mercia. It seems to have been his studied purpose ever to 
 keep his country in that condition which would render his 
 services indispensable. At one time, he was banished the 
 kingdom. At another, his son was punished for his treach- 
 
ALF.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 17 
 
 ery, (see Alfgar,) but Alfric always managed to cajole the 
 government and people, and thus to maintain his position. 
 
 ALFRED. — A nobleman of considerable power who has 
 been said to have entered into a conspiracy against Athel- 
 stan, the eighth king of England. The story of this con- 
 spiracy has, however, been regarded by many as a monkish 
 invention, rather than a historical fact. 
 
 According to the story, he was seized on suspicion of 
 having entered into such a conspiracy against the crown, but 
 denied the charge, and consented to swear to his innocence 
 before the pope. The king accepted the proposal, it being 
 generally regarded as "an end of all controversy" when 
 oaths were taken in the presence of his holiness, as no one 
 could give a false oath there and hope to escape the imme- 
 diate vengeance of heaven. Alfred was conducted to Rome, 
 where he ventured to swear that he had never been en- 
 gaged in any such plot: but no sooner had he uttered 
 the words than he was seized with convulsions of which he 
 died three days afterward. The king, regarding the ques- 
 tion of his guilt as now fully settled, confiscated his estate 
 and appropriated the proceeds to the monastery of Malmes- 
 bury. Such is the story, its truth is not vouched for. 
 
 ALFRED. — One of the two sons of Ethelred by his 
 Norman wife, Emma, At the time of their father's death, 
 they retired into Normandy, where they remained under 
 the protection of their relations until they were grown up 
 to manhood. Canute, after destroying the other sons of 
 Ethelred, and expelling the sons of Edmond, felt con- 
 cerned, only, lest these should return from Normandy and 
 assert their rights. To prevent this, he married their 
 mother, Emma, thereby securing, in his favor, the Norman 
 interest. When the kingdom was divided between Harold 
 Harefoot and Hardicanute, these brothers made a visit to 
 their mother at Winchester, when she was left to administer 
 the government of Hardicanute, until he should return from, 
 a visit to Denmark. While on this dutiful visit to their 
 mother, Alfred was invited to London, by Harold, with 
 many professions of friendship. The invitation was ac- 
 cepted, but on his way, he was attacked by some of the 
 minions of Harold, and six hundred of his retinue slain, 
 and he was taken prisoner, and his eyes put out. He was 
 then conducted to the monastery of Ely, where he died, 
 soon after, of the violence he had received. 
 
18 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fALF. 
 
 ALFRED, the Great. — Sixth king of England. He was 
 the fifth son of Ethel wolf , and the fourth one who sat on 
 the throne of his father, the first one, Ethelstan, having 
 died when very young. When but six years old, Alfred 
 went with his father on a pilgrimage to Rome ; and soon 
 after their return, his father sent him back on business, at 
 which time the pope gave him the royal unction, perhaps 
 for the purpose of asserting his right, even at that early day, 
 of conferring kingdoms. From this time he was the favorite 
 of his father. His early education, however, was greatly 
 neglected, so that when twelve years old, he was not able 
 to read ; though he began, after this, the study of letters, 
 and acquired a tolerable education in the Latin language, as 
 well as the language and ballads of his own nation. 
 
 When very young, he was called to the command of the 
 army against the Danes, who were then infesting the bor- 
 ders of his country ; and at the death of his brother Eth- 
 ered, succeeded him on the throne, in the twenty-second 
 year of his age. About this time, the Danes broke into the 
 interior, and penetrated the very heart of the country. The 
 people were in the utmost consternation. Many of them 
 fled to the mountains of Wales, for safety, and others 
 retired to the continent. Alfred was obliged to play the 
 general as well as the king. For several months, he was 
 compelled to conceal himself in the meanest disguises, and 
 wandered through the country, often unknown to his own 
 subjects. The story of his being severely lectured by the 
 neatherd's wife, " for letting the cakes burn," need not be 
 repeated. At length he entered the Danish camp, in the 
 disguise of a harper, and while he greatly amused his ene- 
 mies by his musical talents, he made the observations neces- 
 sary to enable him to attack them to advantage. After 
 leaving the camp he succeeded in collecting a small force, 
 attacked them in an unexpected moment, and completely 
 routed them. 
 
 After this, he applied himself to the better arranging 
 of his government; established civil and military order, and 
 compelled even the lawless Danes, who had settled them- 
 selves in England, to submit to his authority. Under his 
 wise administration, London, which the Danes had de- 
 stroyed, was rebuilt, and all the machinery of government 
 put in such order as had never before been known. He 
 cultivated the arts of peace, and used all available means to 
 
ALG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 19 
 
 raise his subjects to a state of civilization. He divided 
 England into counties, hundreds and tithings, established 
 regular courts of justice, of different grades, with the right 
 of appeal from the lower to the higher, and finally to the 
 crown. He framed a body of laws, which, though now 
 lost, served long as the basis of English jurisprudence, and 
 is generally thought to have been the origin of what is 
 now denominated the common law of England. He esta- 
 blished schools throughout the kingdom, founded, or at least 
 repaired, the university of Oxford, and compelled a great 
 part of his subjects to educate their children. Manufacto- 
 ries and the mechanic arts were encouraged by inviting 
 artizans and machinists from every part of the world, and 
 every possible inducement was held out to engage the 
 interest of his subjects in all the arts and avocations of 
 civilized life. He died on the 28th of October, 901, after 
 a glorious reign of twenty-nine years and a half, in which 
 he deservedly attained the appellation of the Great, and 
 the title of founder or the English Monarchy. 
 
 ALFRED — 'Sometimes written Aldred. He was arch- 
 bishop of York at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, 
 and performed the ceremony of coronation for Harold on the 
 following day. 
 
 ALFRID. — The sixth king of Northumberland. He was 
 a natural brother, and successor, of Egfrid, who had died 
 childless. He is said to have reigned 19 years. Little is 
 known of him. 
 
 ALFWEN. — The first wife of Canute, the Danish king, 
 who caused such trouble in England under the reigns of 
 Ethelred and Edmond Ironside. She was daughter of the 
 earl of Hampshire, and mother of Sweyn, king of Norway. 
 
 ALGAR. — A governor of East Anglia under the reign 
 of Edward the Confessor. He was a son of the powerful 
 Leofric, duke of Mercia. At the time of Godwin's rebel- 
 lion, when he and his sons had to flee the kingdom, East 
 Anglia, was vacated, Harold having been duke of that pro- 
 vince. Edward conferred the dukedom on Algar. On the 
 return of Harold, however, his influence was such as to pro- 
 cure Algar's expulsion. By the influence of his father, he 
 was restored, but after Leofric's death, he was again ex- 
 pelled and banished the kingdom. Some time after this, he 
 made an irruption into East Anglia with an army of Nor- 
 
20 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ALL. 
 
 wegians and overrun the country, but never succeeded in re- 
 covering his dukedom. 
 
 ALICE, — A sister of Philip, king of France, who was 
 affianced to Richard I and sent into England before his ac- 
 cession to the throne. The engagement, however, was 
 never consummated. At one time, when Richard was 
 ready, his father, Henry II, opposed it, as some have de- 
 clared, from an attachment which he bore to the princess 
 himself. At another time when Henry consented, it was 
 delayed. At another, when Richard insisted upon it, no one 
 doubted that his sole object was to find cause for a quarrel 
 with Philip, and when Philip urged it, Richard gave him an 
 absolute refusal. 
 
 ALICE. — Third daughter of William the Conqueror. 
 She was betrothed to Harold, at the time of his visit to Nor- 
 mandy; but as he fell at the battle of Hastings, soon after, it 
 is not probable that the marriage was ever consummated. 
 
 ALICE. — A princess of Brittany, under the reign of 
 John. She was a daughter of Constantia, mother of Prince 
 Arthur, by her marriage with Gui de Thouars. After her 
 elder sister, Elenor, called "the damsel of Brittany," had 
 fallen into the hands of the tyrannical John, and been 
 carried over and detained in England, Alice was chosen 
 sovereign of Brittany, and the government of the duchy 
 entrusted to her father. Her farther hisory belongs to the 
 annals of Brittany, rather than of England. 
 
 ALICE PIERCE.— A favorite mistress of Edward III. 
 She was a woman of sense and spirit, and acquired such an 
 ascendency over him as to excite the disgust of all his min- 
 isters, so that he was forced to drive her from court in order 
 to satisfy the parliament and retain fcis~courtiers. 
 
 ALISON CRAIG. — A woman of vile character, in 
 Edinburgh, in the time of Mary, queen cf Scots. Although 
 she belonged to the aristocracy of prostitutes, her bare ex- 
 istence is quite enough for us to know of her. 
 
 ALLEN, Sir THOMAS.— A famous English admiral, 
 who commanded what was called the " White Squadron" of 
 the English, in the war of 1666, against the Dutch. In one 
 action, he attacked the van of the Dutch fleet, which he 
 entirely routed, and killed three of the admirals who com- 
 manded it. 
 
 ALLEN, JOHN.— Archbishop of Dublin in the time 
 of Henry VIII. He was educated at Oxford, though he 
 
ALL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 21 
 
 took his degree of LL. D., at Cambridge. He spent some 
 nine years at Rome, as commissioner of Archbishop Ware- 
 ham, and on his reurn from this mission, engaged in the 
 service of Wolsey, who made him his chaplain, and also 
 one of the judges of his legatine court. In 1528, he was 
 elevated to the see of Dublin, and was also made chancellor 
 of Ireland. About six years from the time of his elevation, 
 he was murdered by Thomas Fitzgerald, son of the earl of 
 Kildare. 
 
 ALLEN, JOHN.— One of the judges of Cardinal Wol- 
 sey's legatine court. He is said to have been a man of 
 scandalous life, and even to have been previous to his ele- 
 vation to the judicial dignity, convicted of perjury, by Wol- 
 sey himself. He imposed fines, and accepted bribes, on 
 all occasions, and was generally believed to have an interest 
 in the " wages of iniquity," obtained by that odious court, 
 which was none other than a papal tribunal in England. 
 After suffering many grievances under this court, the 
 people demanded its removal, or at least the removal of its 
 most offensive officers. Allen was prosecuted and convicted 
 of " malversation and iniquity." 
 
 ALLEN. — Lord Mayor of London, at the time when 
 General Monk entered the city to announce his plan of re- 
 form. At the order, or request, of Monk, Allen assembled 
 the common council, for the purpose of plighting the faith 
 of the city to the army. After dining together in Allen's 
 house, the aldermen being present, a consultation took 
 place, which resulted in a declaration for a free parliament. 
 (See Monk, General George.) 
 
 ALLISON. — An English gentleman, who, in time of 
 Charles I, suffered great cruelty for having reported that the 
 archbishop of York had incurred the king's displeasure by 
 asking a toleration for the Roman catholics. For this 
 slander against the archbishop, he was condemned in the 
 star chamber to pay a fine of one thousand pounds, to im- 
 prisonment, to be bound for his good behavior during life, 
 and to be whipped and set on the pilory at Westminister, 
 and three other towns in the state. 
 
 ALLMAINE, HENRY D'.— Son of Richard, earl of 
 Cornwall, who was also titular king of Rome. Notwith- 
 standing his connection with the royal family, he at first en- 
 tered into the treason of the earl of Leicester against Henry 
 III. From this, however, he was afterwards won by the 
 
22 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [AMB. 
 
 address of Prince Edward, and engaged in the royal service. 
 When the two kings, Henry and Richard, (of Rome,) fell 
 into the hands of Leicester at the battle of Lewes, it was 
 stipulated that the two princes, Edward and Henry d'All- 
 maine, should surrender themselves prisoners in lieu of their 
 fathers. They were accordingly sent to the tower, and 
 probably came out near the same time. Some years after 
 this, Allmaine was assassinated at Viterbo in Italy, by Si- 
 mon and Guy, two of the sons of Leicester. 
 
 ALPHONSO.— Eldest son of Edward II. He died be- 
 fore coming to years of maturity, and before his father, for 
 which reason he never ascended the throne, though he was 
 heir apparent, and had he lived, would have succeeded his 
 father. 
 
 ALRIC, or ADRIC— The fourteenth king of Kent. He 
 belonged to the royal family, but what relation he bore to his 
 immediate predecessor, or to Widred, the last of the regular 
 succession, is very uncertain. He ascended the Kentish 
 throne m 760, and died in 794 ; and after this, the royal 
 family of Kent was extinguished, and the state led by mere 
 demagogues. 
 
 ALURED, Col. — An active supporter of the Cromwell 
 cause. At one time, however, we find him under the dis- 
 pleasure of his master, and, for a time, suspended from all 
 authority : in fact, it does not appear that he ever resumed 
 active service under the commonwealth. Toward the latter 
 end of the administration of Richard Cromwell, he became 
 disaffected toward the parliament, and co-operated with Gen- 
 eral Monk in those measures which led to the restoration. 
 
 ALWY. — A brother to Penda, fourth king of Mercia. 
 From him descended Ethelbald, the tenth of the Mercian 
 princes. 
 
 AMBROSE, Lord.— (See Dudley.) 
 
 AMBROSIUS. — The successor of Vortimer in the com- 
 mand of the British forces against the Saxons. He was a 
 Briton, though of Roman ancestry, and had fully adopted 
 the cause, and identified himself with the interests of his 
 country. He succeeded in rousing the military spirit of the 
 Britons and breaking the fatal lethargy which had then pre- 
 vailed for near 400 years. But it was then too late to ac- 
 complish any thing for that fallen race. The spirit of their 
 fathers had yielded ; the Saxon yoke was even then on their 
 necks ; the glory of ancient Britain had departed, and the 
 
AND.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 23 
 
 sceptre of the heptarchy, already uplifted in Kent, made it 
 impossible for them to retrieve the lost honors of their na- 
 tion. 
 
 AMPIOS, MARTIN D'.— A Spanish messenger, sent 
 by Ferdinand, to London, to persuade Henry VIII of the 
 great importance of adhering, strictly, to the " Holy 
 League" with Spain, even after it had become fully appa- 
 rent that the whole enterprise was calculated to advance 
 the Spanish interests, alone, at the expense of England. 
 
 AMUND. — A Danish prince, colleague of Guthrum and 
 Oscitel. These three came together into England in the 
 great Danish incursion of 875. But little is known of 
 Amund and Oscitel after their arrival in the island. Guth- 
 rum performed prodigies of valor. (See Guthrum.) 
 
 ANDREWS, THOMAS.— The sheriff who conducted 
 the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, to the scaffold. 
 
 ANDREWS, LANCELOT.— Bishop, successively, of 
 Chichester, Ely, and Winchester, under the reign of James 
 I. He was born in London, in 1565, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he first distinguished himself as a public lec- 
 turer in divinity. He was an able supporter of the rights of 
 the English crown against the encroachments of the papacy, 
 and it was for this service that James elevated him to the 
 episcopal honors. A story is told of him, that when dining 
 with James, one day, in company, also with Bishop Neile, 
 the king raised the question whether he might not take the 
 money of his subjects whenever he might need it, without 
 the formalities of a parliamentary action? Neile replied: 
 " God forbid you should not, for you are the breath of our 
 nostrils." Andrews declined answering, alleging that he 
 was not skilled in parliamentary questions. The king re- 
 fused to admit of any evasion, whereupon the learned pre- 
 late pleasantly replied, " Why, then, I think your majesty 
 may lawfully take my brother Neile's money, for he offers 
 it." 
 
 He died September 27th, 1626. Milton has written an 
 excellent elegy on him. He wrote several works in Eng- 
 lish, Latin and Greek. 
 
 ANDREWS Col. EUSEBIUS.— One of the many 
 royalists who were tried and condemned to death before 
 the high court of parliament, under the administration of 
 Cromwell, He was convicted at the same time with Col. 
 
24 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ANN. 
 
 Walter Slingsby, and both refused to plead before what 
 they regarded an illegal jurisdiction. 
 
 ANGLESEY, Earl of.— (See Annesley, Arthur.) 
 ANGUS, Earl of.— (See Umfreville.) 
 ANGUS, Earl of.— (See Douglas, Archibald.) 
 ANLAF. — Anlaf and Godfrid were the two sons of 
 Sithric, mentioned under the article Athelstan. On their 
 expulsion from the kingdom, Anlaf retired ,4nto Ireland, 
 where he remained until after the death of his brother, 
 when, with a great body of Danish pirates, whom he had 
 found hovering in the Irish seas, he formed an alliance 
 with Constantine, king of Scotland, and also with some 
 Welch princes, who were alarmed at the growing power of 
 Athelstan, and made an irruption into England. Athelstan 
 gave them battle, and defeated them in a general engage- 
 ment near Brunsbury, in Northumberland. In this action 
 many Danish and Welch princes are said to have perished 
 ANN HYDE. — Wife of James II. She was the daughter 
 of the earl of Clarendon, and was a woman of much spirit 
 and fine accomplishments. Her connection with the royal 
 family, however, was the result of an early indiscretion 
 which might have proved her ruin. She was seduced by 
 James, on a promise of marriage, at an early period of his 
 brother Charles' reign. On her pregnancy being discovered, 
 many advised Charles not to allow the marriage. But as 
 Clarendon was prime minister to the crown, the king re- 
 solved to protect his family against disgrace, and so ordered 
 the marriage to take place. A little before her death, she 
 made an open profession of the Romish religion ; and from 
 this time, James threw off his disguise, and openly pro- 
 fessed, that religion. Notwithstanding the untoward cir- 
 cumstances connected with the marriage, it seems to have 
 been a happy one. 
 
 AN AND ALE, Lord of.— (See Brus, Robert de.) 
 ANNAS. — Partner in the throne of Egric, who is com- 
 monly called the sixth king of East Anglia. Which was 
 principal, and which subordinate, or whether they reigned 
 in friendly equality, would be hard to determine from the 
 meagre and uncertain records of the times. The joint reign 
 of the two princes seems to have commenced about the 
 year 644, and to have lasted some ten years. The glory 
 of this monarchy had then departed, and hence the uncer- 
 
ANN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 25 
 
 tainty of its annals. He perished in battle with Penda, 
 king of Mercia. (See Egric.) 
 
 ANNE, Queen. — Daughter of James II, wife of Prince 
 George, brother to the king of Denmark, and queen of Eng- 
 land, after the death of William III, prince of Orange. 
 She had been educated, by Charles II, as had all the chil- 
 dren of James, in the protestant religion, and married to a 
 protestant prince, and hence, was regarded with great favor 
 by the English people. She gave her hearty support to 
 her brother-in-law and sister, William and Mary, with the 
 provision that she should succeed them. She came to the 
 throne on the eighth of March, 1702, and reigned twelve 
 years, four months, and twenty-four days. She had several 
 children, all of which died young. Though not possessed of 
 brilliant talents, her reign was a glorious one, and will ever 
 stand prominent in the history of England. She died on 
 the first day of August, 1714, aged fifty. 
 
 ANNE, of Denmark. — Wife of James I., of England. 
 In the language of Hume, she was " a woman eminent nei- 
 ther for her virtues nor her vices. She loved shows and ex- 
 pensive amusements, but possessed little taste in her pleas- 
 ures." She died on the third of March, 1619, in the forty- 
 fifth year of her age. A great comet appeared, about the 
 time of her death, which was generally regarded, by the 
 vulgar, as the prognostic of that event. 
 
 ANNE ASCUE. — A young woman of great beauty and 
 personal merit, in the household of Henry VIII. She had 
 connections with the chief ladies at court, and with the 
 queen, herself. But she was accused of dogmatizing on 
 certain points of doctrine, in a manner altogether offensive 
 to Henry, and still more, to Bonner, who considered the 
 least doubt on the subject of transubstantiation a sufficient 
 reason for the most extreme punishment. She was exam- 
 ined by Wriothesely, the chancellor, as to her views, and 
 put to torture, for the purpose of causing her to discover her 
 accomplices in heresy. She maintained a laudable fidelity, 
 however, to her friends, and refused to discover them. The 
 chancellor, seeing her obstinacy, ordered the lieutenant of 
 the tower to rack her still more violently. The lieutenant 
 refused, whereupon the violent chancellor, a most zealous 
 papist, laid hold himself, and drew her with such violence as 
 almost tore her body asunder. She was then ordered to be 
 burned alive, and being too much maimed to walk, was car- 
 
 2 
 
26 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ANN. 
 
 ried to the stake in a chair. She met death with great for- 
 titude, and: even at the last moment refused to accept a 
 pardon, tendered her on condition of her recantation. 
 
 ANNE HASTINGS, Lady.— A daughter of the earl of 
 Huntingdon. When Queen Elizabeth had entered into a 
 commercial treaty with John Basilides, zar of Russia, he pro- 
 posed to marry some English lady, and Elizabeth nominated 
 Lady Anne, but in view of the furious and tyranical charac- 
 ter of the zar, the imperial honor was declined. 
 
 ANNE, OF CLEVES.— Fourth wife of Henry VIII. 
 She was daughter of John III, duke of Cleves. Henry 
 married her on the representation of a picture, which, it 
 seems, had nattered the princess. Immediately on seeing 
 her, he declared that she was " a great Flanders mare," 
 and that he would never admit her to his bed. He imme- 
 diately procured a divorce from parliament, and she returned 
 to Cleves without evincing much concern, where she died 
 in 1557. 
 
 ANNE BOLEYN. — Marchioness of Pembroke, and sec- 
 ond wife of Henry VIII. She was daughter of Sir Tho- 
 mas Boleyn, and is said to have been remarkable for her 
 beauty and personal accomplishments. She was sent to 
 France in the seventh year of her age, and was one of the 
 attendants of the English princess, Mary, wife of Louis 
 XII. Afterwards she became attendant to Claudia, queen 
 of Francis I, and then to the duchess of Alencon. On re- 
 turning to England, she became maid of honor to Queen 
 Catherine, first wife of Henry. In this position, she soon 
 arrested the attention of the king, who became so enamored 
 of her charms that he sought to gratify his passion in illicit 
 embrace. Finding her, howerer, strictly virtuous, he con- 
 ceived the design of divorcing Catharine, and making Anne 
 his wife. This being accomplished, she soon became the 
 mother of a daughter, the famous Queen Elizabeth. Her 
 regal honors, however, were of short duration. She was 
 married on the 14th of November, 1532, and on the 19th of 
 May, 1536, was cruelly beheaded, under the slanderous 
 charge of criminal connection with her own brother. 
 Doubtless she was innocent ; and the accusation was gotten 
 up solely for the purpose or ridding thg amorous mona ch of 
 a barrier +o his nmrrias-e with Jane Seymour, who socn af- 
 ter became his third wife. 
 
ANN. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 2? 
 
 ANNE.— Third daughter of Edward IV, and wife of 
 Maximillian. 
 
 ANNE WOODVILLE.— Daughter of Sir Richard 
 Woodville, earl of Rivers; and hence, sister to Elizabeth, 
 queen of Edward IV. Through the influence of her sister, 
 she was married to Lord Ruthyn, earl of Kent. (See 
 Elizabeth Gray.) 
 
 ANNE. — Commonly distinguished by the appellation of 
 " the good Queen Anne." Wife of Richard II. She was 
 sister to the Emperor Winceslaus, king of Bohemia, and by 
 her many amible qualities, acquired a very great popularity 
 in England. 
 
 . When Simon Burley was condemned to death, Anne 
 interested herself in his behalf, and is said to have re- 
 mained three hours on her knees before the duke of Glou- 
 cester, pleading in vain for that gentleman's life. 
 
 ANNE. — Dutchess of Brittany. Previous to Henry 
 VII's accession to the throne of England, and before his 
 leaving Brittany, he gave intimations of his intention to 
 marry Anne ; but the report reaching England, caused 
 great dissatisfaction, and he was forced to abandon the 
 idea. It has generally been thought that she had fully 
 engaged his affections; and hence his cold and heartless 
 treatment to his queen, Elizabeth, has been accounted for, 
 in part. 
 
 ANNE. — Eldest daughter of Richard, duke of York, who 
 perished in the famous war of Queen Margaret. 
 
 ANNA, of Gueldres. — Queen of James II, of Scotland. 
 After the death of her husband, she aspired to the regency, 
 during the minority of her son, but met with irresistible op- 
 position from the family of Douglas. 
 
 ANNA. — Daughter of Beauchamp, earl of Warwick and 
 wife of the famous Richard Nevil, earl of Warwick, com- 
 monly known as " the king maker." It was through her 
 that Nevil inherited his title and estate. 
 
 ANNE.— Sister to the earl of Marche, wife of the earl 
 of Cambridge, and mother of Richard, duke of York. It 
 was through this woman that the York claim was preserved, 
 which, at last prevailed over that of Lancaster, when her 
 grandson, Edward IV, mounted the throne of England. 
 
 ANNE. — Second daughter of Richard Nevil, earl of 
 Warwick. She was first espoused to Henry V ; but as he 
 died when a mere child, she was left a young widow, and 
 
28 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ANS. 
 
 was afterwards married to Richard III, who was suspected 
 of destroying her by poison; 
 
 ANNESLEY.— An attendant of the earl of Strafford, 
 when deputy to Ireland. The simple accident of hurting 
 his master's gouty foot, in moving a stool, was the subject of 
 a playful remark of Lord Mountnorris, which had well nigh 
 cost him his life. 
 
 ANNESLEY, ARTHUR.— Earl of Anglesey, at the 
 time of the revolution. He was a native of Dublin, and 
 was educated at Oxford University. In the beginning of 
 the civil wars, he favored the royal cause, and was a mem- 
 ber of the Oxford parliament of 1648. Soon after, how- 
 ever, he espoused the republican cause, and rendered 
 important service for a time, until disgusted with the 
 violence of the party, when he withdrew his influence, 
 and after the death of Cromwell, became a warm supporter 
 of the royal interest. After the restoration, he received a 
 peerage for his services in bringing about that important 
 result. On the accession of James II, he was nominated 
 for the office of chancellor, but his death occurring about 
 that time, prevented further promotion. He was a man 
 of decided abilities, and a writer of no ordinary merit. 
 
 ANSELM— Abbot of St. Sabas. In the year 1116, he 
 was sent, by the pope, legate to England, but was pro- 
 hibited, by Henry I, from entering the kingdom, in conse- 
 quence of a quarrel between Henry and the pope, concern- 
 ing the papal jurisdiction in England, 
 
 ANSELM. — A famous archbishop of Canterbury under 
 the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I. He was a 
 Piedmontese by birth, and was called to the honors of the 
 mitre from the station of abbot of Bee, in Normandy, 
 where he had already become celebrated for his learning 
 and piety. At first he refused the dignity, fell on his knees, 
 and with tears, besought the king to change his purpose. 
 After his consecration, however, the king perceived that he 
 had raised a man to the primacy who was calculated to cause 
 him trouble. He became bold in reproving the faults of 
 his majesty, as well as those of other people. The long 
 shoe, then worn in the gay circles, long hair, and all super- 
 fluities in dress, he violently opposed, and obtained their 
 decided condemnation in synod. By refusing the king the 
 assistance which he demanded in an expedition against 
 Wales, he gave offence so serious that he found it dangerous 
 
ANT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 to remain in England, and obtained permission to retire be- 
 yond the sea, while his temporalities were seized by the 
 crown. He never returned during William's life. He was 
 favorably received at Rome, and was present at the council 
 of Bari, after which he located himself at Lyons, where he 
 remained until after the accession of Henry I, who invited 
 him to return and take possession of his see. On his return, 
 he was required to do homage to the king, which he abso- 
 lutely refused to do, alledging that he, as a spiritual function- 
 ary, was superior to kings. For the present, the contro- 
 versy was dropped, but afterwards referred to the court of 
 Rome. The decision was, of course, against the crown, and 
 in favor of the pretensions of Anselm. In the mean time, 
 he rendered important service to Henry in. his trouble with 
 the duke of Normandy, This, however, did not satisfy the 
 imperious spirit of Henry, and the primate soetti found him- 
 self under the necessity of again quitting the kingdom. 
 Permission was granted him Ao retire to the continent, and 
 Henry secretly forbade him to return unless he would con- 
 form to the usuages of the kingdom. He took up his res- 
 idence at Lyons, hoping that the king would at least be un- 
 der the necessity of yielding the point and inviting him 
 back to his charge. Not long after this, an opportunity of- 
 fered for him to return to his monastery at Bee, where it is 
 probable that he spent some years. Henry restored to him 
 the revenues of his see, and held several conferences with 
 him for the purpose of bending him to submission, but could 
 never succeed. In what way the controversy was, at last, 
 settled is not certain. He is said to have returned and died 
 at Canterbury after a long life of unwavering and consistent 
 piety. 
 
 ANTONINUS PIUS.— The sixteenth emperor of Rome. 
 He is known in British history only by the wall, or rampart, 
 which he caused to be erected by his governor, Lolius Urbi- 
 cus, for the protection of his provinces against the Scots and 
 Picts. The wall of Antoninus was on the same line with 
 the garrisons of Agricola, reaching from the frith of Glide 
 to the frith of Forth, and was about 70 miles north of the 
 great wall of Adrian and Severus. He died A. D. 61, af- 
 ter a wise reign of 23 years. 
 
 ANTONIO DI DOMINIS.— A Romish archbishop of 
 Spalatro, who, in time of James I, abandoned the commu- 
 nion of the church of Rome, and came to England. He 
 
30 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [AHA. 
 
 was, at first, regarded as a valuable proselyte, and advanced 
 to some ecclesiastical preferment. He seems, however, to 
 have been actuated, wholly, by motives of ambition ; for not 
 content with the position assigned him, he returned to Italy, 
 and made his submission to the church of Rome. He had, 
 however, lost the confidence of his Romish brethren, and 
 was thrown into prison, where he soon after died. 
 
 ANTRIM, Earl of. — An Irish Nobleman, who co-oper- 
 ated with the earl of Montrose in the service of Charles I, 
 against the parliament. The nature and extent of his ser- 
 vices are not exactly known. 
 
 AQUILA, don JOHN D\— A Spaniard, who, in 1601, 
 went into Ireland with a strong force, for the purpose of en- 
 couraging rebellion against the English government. He 
 assumed the title of general, and persuaded the Irish that 
 Elizabeth we& not the lawful princess of England, as she 
 had been deprived of all right to the crown, by repeated 
 bulls of the pope, and that it was their duty, as good cath- 
 olics, to throw off their allegiance to her. He told them 
 that he had come for the purpose of delivering Ireland from 
 the dominion of the devil, and that all they had to do was to 
 rally around his standard. Being completely routed by the 
 English, and a great part of his men cut to pieces, he was 
 forced to capitulate, and evacuate the kingdom. 
 
 ARABELLA, STUART.— Daughter of Charles Stuart, 
 son of Mathew Stuart, earl of Lenox. She was a near 
 relative of James I, by the family of Lenox, and held, 
 with the king an equal connection with Henry VI. Soon 
 after the accession of James, a combination of papists, 
 puritans, and infidels, was formed for the purpose of de- 
 posing the king, and placing lady Arabella on the throne. 
 The plot was discovered, however, and consequently, failed. 
 She received proposals of marriage from young Seymour, 
 marquis of Hartford and duke of Somerset, to which she ac- 
 ceded, but the intention being discovered, though Somerset 
 was equally connected with the royal family, all the court 
 influence was brought to bear against it, and Seymour, 
 was forced, for a time, to quit the kingdom; and so it is 
 generally thought the marriage was prevented. Collins in 
 his Peerage, asserts that they were married, but that their 
 failure to obtain the king's consent, caused Seymour to be 
 committed to the tower, while she was confined to her house. 
 That on her husband escaping to Dunkirk, she attempted to 
 
arc] biographical index. 31 
 
 join him, but was overtaken and committed to the tower, 
 where she soon after died, of the violent treatment she had 
 received. This account of the matter, though not the com- 
 monly received one, is most probably correct. 
 
 ARCHIBALD.— Earl of Douglas. A Scottish noble- 
 man, who, in the year 1402, made an irruption into Eng- 
 land at the head of an army of 12,000 men, with many of 
 the principal nobility. On his return, he was overtaken 
 by the earl of Northumberland, and after a fierce battle, 
 defeated and made prisoner. In the course of the follow- 
 ing year, he was released by order of Henry IV, and even 
 entered into an alliance with him. At the famous battle of 
 Shrewsbury, however, we find him a powerful supporter 
 of young Piersy. He is said, on that occasion, to have 
 performed prodigies of valor, and seemed determined that 
 the king of England should that day, fall by his hand. 
 He sought him all over the field of battle ; and as many 
 had assumed the royal garb, for the purpose of concealing 
 the king, so many perished by the hand of Douglas. He 
 was at length taken prisoner, but treated with the courtesy 
 due to his rank and merit. He afterwards engaged in the 
 French service against England, and perished in the battle 
 of Verneuil. 
 
 ARCHY. — The court fool of Charles I. It was the 
 privilege of his office to jest on any one of the court, not 
 excepting even his royal master. News having arrived of 
 a great commotion in Scotland, excited by the imposition 
 of the liturgy, Archy conceived the idea of trying his wit 
 on Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury. So, seeing the 
 primate pass by, he called to him, " Who's fool now, my 
 lord?" For this ^offence, the council ordered him to have 
 his coat pulled over his head, and to be dismissed the king's 
 service. 
 
 ARCHIL. — A powerful nobleman in the north of Eng- 
 land at the time of the Norman conquest. He united with 
 Edwin and Morcar in their scheme of rebellion, but on find- 
 ing himself abandoned by his allies and unable to resist the 
 arms of William, he made submissions, and delivered up his 
 son as a hostage for his future fidelity. 
 
 ARGAL. — An enterprising explorer of the seas in the 
 reign of James I. In the year 1619, he is said to have dis* 
 covered a shorter, and more direct, passage to Virginia, 
 by leaving the track of former navigators. Previous to his 
 
32 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ARG. 
 
 discovery, all vessels from England to the mouth of James 
 river had first sailed south, to the tropic, thence west, with 
 the trade winds, almost to the coast of South America, and 
 thence north, by the gulf stream, to the mouth of the Chesa- 
 peake. This discovery of Argal's gave a new impulse to the 
 tide of emigration, which had previously set but slowly to 
 the American shore. 
 
 ARGYLE, Lord. — One of the nobility who assisted Ed- 
 ward II, of England, in his unjust oppressions of Scotland. 
 He seems to have had a military command in the highlands, 
 but on the departure of Edward from Scotland, was driven 
 from his post by Robert Bruce. 
 
 ARGYLE, Earl of. — Supposed to have been Archibald 
 Camel, seventh earl of Argyle. He was one of the first, 
 and chief, of the Scottish covenanters, first called " the 
 Congregation of the Lord," and hence was most violent in 
 his denunciations of Queen Mary, of Scots. He united with 
 the most violent men of his party, and even raised an ar- 
 my for the purpose of waging war against his queen. Be- 
 ing defeated, he was forced, with most of his partisans, to 
 flee into England and seek safety under the protection of 
 Queen Elizabeth, who had secretly assisted them at the com- 
 mencement of their crusade. After remaining in England, 
 in a state of exile, for a few months, he was invited back, 
 by Lord Darnley, and reconciled to the queen. 
 
 ARGYLE, Earl of. — Most probably a son of the above. 
 He seems to have hesitated, long, at the commencement of 
 the civil wars of Charles I, before determining his position. 
 At length he fully embraced the Covenant of the presby- 
 tenan party, and from that time, was an open advocate for 
 revolution. He was placed in command of a body of parlia- 
 mentary forces, but on encountering the earl of Montrose, at 
 Innerlochy, became alarmed, and deserted his army, who, 
 for a time, still maintained their ground, and gave battle to 
 the royalists. After this, he was, again, brought to a state 
 of uncertainty and doubt, as to his future course. When 
 Prince Charles appeared in Scotland, he hesitated whether 
 to enter into terms of confidence with him, or not. At 
 length, he decided to reject all his proposals. Soon after 
 this, he made his submissions to the commonwealth. On 
 the restoration of Charles II, he was attainted for treason, 
 condemned, and executed. Perhaps no instance of Charles' 
 
ARE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 33 
 
 revenge has met with more decided condemnation, from all 
 classes, than this. 
 
 ARGYLE, Earl of. — Supposed to be Colin, the first earl 
 of Argyle. He acted an important part in the great battle 
 of Flouden, and, with the earl of Lenox, led the left wing 
 of the Scottish army. 
 
 ARGYLE, Earl of.— (See Lome, Lord.) 
 ARLINGTON, Earl oE.— (See Bennet, Sir Harry.) 
 ARMSTRONG, Sir THOMAS.— One of the many 
 English gentlemen, who, in the time of Charles II, entered 
 into secret negotiations with the famous Barrillon, minister 
 from France, and even received French gold, as an induce- 
 ment to favor the measures of France. He afterwards en- 
 gaged in the conspiracy of the duke of Monmouth, for 
 which he was executed without trial, it being feared that a 
 jury, even of the bloody Jeffries, might not be able to con- 
 vict him, on the evidence. 
 
 ARMSTRONG. — An eminent wine merchant in Lon- 
 don, at whose house regular meetings were held by those 
 who entered into the plot of Shaftesbury against Charles 
 II, and especially against the succession of his brother, 
 James II. 
 
 ARMYNE, Sir WILLIAM.— One of the committee 
 appointed to attend Charles I into Scotland, ostensibly to see 
 that the articles of pacification were executed, but really, as 
 spies upon the king's person. He was, also, appointed on a 
 commission, some two years after, to visit Scotland, for the 
 purpose of treating of a closer union or confederacy, of the 
 nations, in order to insure greater strength in the parlia- 
 mentary cause, and more ability to resist the royal arms, 
 which were, at that time, ascendant. Armyne was a pres- 
 byterian, or independent. 
 
 ARNOLD, Sir NICHOLAS.— One, of several, Eng- 
 lish noblemen whom Philip, of Spain, released from prison, 
 soon after his marriage with Queen Mary. Finding the 
 popular feeling against him, he had conceived the design of 
 appeasing the national antipathy by a few acts of this kind. 
 This affectation of popularity, however, was wholly unsuc- 
 cessful, and Philip could never command the confidence of 
 the English people. 
 
 ARRAN, Earl of. — A son of Duke Hamilton, who was a 
 violent opposer of James II. His son took the opposite 
 side ; " a usual policy," says Hume, " in Scotland, when the 
 
 2* 
 
34 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [aRU. 
 
 father and son, during civil commotions, were often observed 
 to take opposite sides, in order to secure, in all events, the 
 family from attainder." 
 
 ARRAN, Earl of. — (See Hamilton, James,) 
 ARRAN, Earl of. — (See Stuart, James.) 
 ARUNDEL, HUMPHREY.— Governor of St Mich- 
 ael's mount, under the reign of Edward VI. He was one 
 the few gentry, who, under this reign, united with the clam- 
 orous populace against the inclosures of the abbey lands, 
 which had been confiscated and sold by Henry VIII. He 
 led the famous rebellion of Devonshire, which demanded 
 the opening of those lands and the restoration of Roman- 
 ism. Being defeated and taken prisoner by Lord Russell, 
 he was sent, with many others, to London, where he was 
 tried, and executed. 
 
 ARUNDEL, Snt THOMAS.— One of the warm sup- 
 porters of Protector Somerset, under the reign . of Edward 
 VI. He was most unjustly convicted of treason, and exe- 
 cuted, soon after the protector. It has been supposed that 
 his chief crime consisted in his attachment to a well-tried 
 and faithful friend. He met his unhappy fate in February, 
 1552. 
 
 ARUNDEL, Lord. — A gentleman of prominence who 
 nobly sustained the royal cause under the unfortunate reign 
 of Charles I. He operated in conjunction with several other 
 noblemen who undertook to raise a Cornish army at their 
 own expense. This enterprise was, for a time, successful, 
 and in the battle of Bradoc Down, the parliamentary forces 
 were entirely defeated. After this, however, little was ac- 
 complished by them. We afterward find him exerting all 
 his influence for a free parliament ; but no important re- 
 sults followed, until some years after. Such movements as 
 these, however, had their influence, as they led to a greater 
 regard for law, and finally, to the restoration of Charles II. 
 Under the reign of Charles II, we find him, for a time, 
 acting in the capacity of chancellor, but being a decided 
 Romanist, when the general alarm of a Romish plot was 
 given, by Titus Oates, in 1678, he was thrown into the 
 tower, where he remained until the perjury of Oates was 
 made apparent. After this, he received the office of privy 
 seal from James II. His advice to James is s&id to have 
 been wholesome, and had it been taken, might have saved 
 that monarch from ruin. 
 
AR*T.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 3-5 
 
 ARUNDEL, CHARLES.— One of the many discon- 
 tented noblemen who, under the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 were detected in treasonable correspondence. He seems to 
 have been connected with Lord Paget, and both of them in 
 correspondence with Francis Throgmorton, who was found 
 in correspondence with Mary, queen of Scots. Their plan 
 of treason is not fully known, but their object was to depose 
 Elizabeth, or in some way, to vacate the throne, and to ele- 
 vate Mary, or some other Roman catholic, to the head of 
 the government. On the discovery of the plot, Arundel and 
 Paget both withdrew beyond the sea. 
 
 ARUNDEL, THOMAS.— Archbishop of Canterbury in 
 the fifteenth century. He was a son of the earl of Arun- 
 del, and was made Bishop of Ely when but twenty-one years 
 of age, Edward III, however, having a strong partiality for 
 his family, soon after, caused him to be translated to the see 
 of York ; and a few years after he was raised to Canter- 
 bury. He also held, with the primacy the office of chancel- 
 lor, and exerted an immense influence in the government. 
 His unhappy quarrel with Richard II, caused him, for a 
 time, to quit the kingdom, and fly to Rome, where his in- 
 fluence is thought to have contributed in no small degree 
 to the success of Henry IV. He was a violent papist, and 
 distinguished himself by his inhuman persecution of the Lol- 
 lards, whose crime consisted in their adherence to the fa- 
 mous John Wickliffe, the first translator of the Scriptures into 
 the English language. Under his influence, Lord Cobham 
 was indicted, and condemned to the flames, for heresy. 
 
 ARUNDEL, Earl of.— Most probably William Fitz-Alan. 
 A nobleman of great influence under the reign of Edward 
 II. He co-operated with the barons in the destruction of the 
 royal favorite, Piers Gavaston, and thus rendered what might 
 have been, a real service to his royal master. (See Gavas- 
 ton Piers. ) Through the future troubles of Edward, Arun- 
 del was his strong and steady supporter ; and when the king 
 fell into the hands of his enemies, freely offered up his life 
 a sacrifice to his rightful though contemptible master. He 
 is said to have been almost the only man of his rank in 
 England who maintained his loyalty. Notwithstanding his 
 high birth and noble character, he was, at the instigation 
 of Mortimer, put to death without any trial. (See Morti- 
 mer. 
 
 ARUNDEL, Earl of.— Most probably Richard Fitz-Al- 
 
36 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ART. 
 
 an. He lived under the reigns of King John and Henry 
 III. He seems to have been one of those barons who sought 
 protection against the tyranny and bad faith of John by 
 calling Lewis, of France, to their assistance, but on the 
 accession of Henry, returned to then allegiance. He fig- 
 ures but little in history ; though it is probable that he was 
 an important personage, in his day. 
 
 ARUNDEL, Earl of.— .(See Fitz-Alan, Thomas.) 
 ARUNbEL, Earl of.— (See Fitz-Alan, Henry.) 
 ARUNDEL, Earl of.— (See Howard, Philip.) 
 ARTEVILLE, JAMES D\— A brewer in Ghent, to 
 whom Edward III of England applied for asssistance in his 
 war against France. Arteville had, by popular consent, 
 risen to the most entire sovereignty, and governed the peo- 
 ple with a more absolute sway than their lawful sovereigns 
 had done. He was always surrounded by a guard, and the 
 least signal from him was sufficient to procure the assassi- 
 nation of any who chanced to fall under his displeasure. 
 He was, at length, however, assassinated by his own people. 
 ARTHUR. — A renowned prince of the Silures, whose 
 heroic valor for some time sustained the declining fortunes 
 of the ancient Britons against the Saxons. The southern 
 borders, in their desperate resistance to Cedric and other in- 
 vaders of that part of the island, applied to Arthur for assis- 
 tance, and it is most probable that much of his renown was 
 acquired in these wars. From the landing of Cedric un- 
 til his death, a period of about forty years, he is said to 
 have been involved in almost perpetual war with the natives, 
 and there is some reason to believe that during a great part 
 of this time, they were headed by Arthur. The fame of 
 this prince is celebrated in legends and romances, and was 
 long a popular topic with the Welch bards. The traditions 
 of Wales and Cornwall give the most wonderful accounts of 
 his daring exploits. The popular opinion among his coun- 
 trymen for several centuries after his death, was that he was 
 not dead, but conveyed away by fairies to some Elysium 
 w r hence he would, at some period of great national distress, 
 return to vindicate the honors of his injured country. He 
 belonged to the same tribe, and may have been a lineal de- 
 scendant of the famous Caractacus, whose magnanimous 
 conduct w r hen a prisoner at Rome, won for him the admira- 
 tion of the emperor. 
 
 ARTHUR. — Son of Geoffrey, and grandson to Henry II. 
 
ASH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 37 
 
 He was entitled to the crown of England at the death of 
 Richard I, but the unprincipled conduct of John, together 
 with the last will and testament of Richard, deprived the 
 young prince of his patrimony. He was however, duke of 
 Brittany, in right of his mother, Constantia, who was heir- 
 ess of that duchy. At the time of Richard's death, he was 
 but twelve years old, and hence could do but little in vindi- 
 cation of his rights. John, however, dreaded to see him 
 grown up to manhood, and determined, if possible, to de- 
 stroy him. Unfortunately the young prince suffered him- 
 self to be surprised, and fell into the hands of John, who, 
 cruel as he was cowardly and mean, threw him into prison, 
 and, as is universally believed, murdered him. At least he 
 disappeared soon after, and was never heard of more. 
 
 ARTHUR.— Eldest son of Henry VII, and heir to the 
 crown. His early death, however, prevented his ever taking 
 possession of his regal dignity. A few months before his 
 death, at the age of sixteen, he was married to the infanta, 
 Catharine, of Arragon, who afterwards became the first 
 wife of his brother, Henry VIII. 
 
 ASCHAM, ROGER.— Tutor to Queen Elizabeth. He 
 was a profound scholar, and one of the first linguists of the 
 age. Edward VI is said, also, to have received no small 
 share of his scholarly accomplishments from him, as did 
 several children of the chief nobility, at the same time. He 
 was a native of Kirbywiske, in Yorkshire, and was a stu- 
 dent of St. John's College, Cambridge. After educating 
 the royal children, he returned to Cambridge, as public ora- 
 tor of the University, and in 1550, attended Sir Richard 
 Morysine in an embassy to Charles V. While in Germany 
 he wrote a book on the affairs of the empire. On his re- 
 turn he was appointed Latin Secretary to Edward VI — an 
 office which he held under the reigns of Mary and Eliza- 
 beth. He died in London, January 4th, 1568, aged 53. 
 He is said to have been an eccentric man ; to have indulged 
 in irregular habits, and to have been greatly devoted to dice 
 and cock-fighting. Of his literary productions it has been 
 said, "His Archery is a good book for young men; his 
 Schoolmaster for old men ; and his Epistles for all." 
 
 ASCHAM. — Envoy of the Cromwell parliament to 
 Spain, for the purpose of acknowledging the civility of that 
 government in consenting to treat with the commonwealth. 
 
 ASHBURNHAM. — One, of several principal officers 
 
38 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_ASK. 
 
 who, partly attached to Charles I, and partly disgusted with 
 the parliament, formed a plan of engaging the regular army 
 in the king's service. They had observed much dissatisfac- 
 tion in the army with the preference given, by parliament, 
 to the Scots, and felt confident that such an influence might 
 be made to prevail over the parliament. It was proposed to 
 obtain petitions from the army to the parliament, showing 
 the unreasonableness of the exactions made on the crown, 
 asking the restoration of the laws of England, and threaten- 
 ing violent measures, if their petitions were not regarded. 
 The whole plan, however, was abandoned, and hence re- 
 sulted in no good. 
 
 He afterwards assisted Charles in his perilous escape from 
 Oxford to the Scottish camp at Newark. After this, he as- 
 sisted him in his escape from Hampton Court to Tichfield, 
 and hastened to the Isle of Wight, to see Governor Ham- 
 mond, for the purpose of obtaining from him a promise of 
 good hospitality to the king, and then, to introduce the gov- 
 ernor into his'majesty's presence. In his haste, however, he 
 brought the governor to Tichfield without exacting any pro- 
 mise ; and the consequence was that Charles was a prisoner 
 from that hour. This has been charged upon Ashburnham 
 as an act of treachery ; but whoever considers all the cir- 
 cumstances will be inclined to refer it to great haste and 
 anxiety, rather than to bad faith. 
 
 ASHLEY. — Sergeant of Charles I. Having, on one oc- 
 casion, asserted, before the peers, as a settled principle, that 
 the king must govern, sometimes, by state, as well as by 
 law, his position gave such offence, that he was immediately 
 committed to prison, and released only upon recantation and 
 submission. He perished in the assault of Bristol, July 25, 
 1643. 
 
 ASHLEY, Lord. — (See Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley.) 
 
 ASHTON. — One of several, who were tried, condemned, 
 and hanged, by Cromwell's high court, on a charge of hav- 
 ing favored a plan for the restoration of monarchy. 
 
 ASKE. — The gentleman, who, in time of Henry VIII, 
 got up and led the famous northern rebellion, commonly 
 known as the " Pilgrimage of Grace." He fell into the 
 hands of the royal forces, and is supposed to have been exe- 
 cuted, with several others. He was drawn into the fatal error 
 by a violent attachment to the papal religion, and the influ- 
 
AST.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 39 
 
 ence of a rebellious priesthood, which led him to resist the 
 first movements of Henry toward the reformation. 
 
 ASKE. — One of the assistant solicitors in the trial of 
 Charles I. It is probable that, like most of the members of 
 that famous court, he was an obscure and contemptible man. 
 
 ASTLEY. — A broken tradesman, who with many others, 
 adhered to and favored the claim of the famous pretender, 
 Perkin Warbeck, in the reign of Henry VII. (See War- 
 beck, Perkin. ) 
 
 ASTLEY, Sir JACOB.— Major general of the forces 
 of Charles I against the parliamentary army. He is said to 
 have warned the king of his danger, and to have told him 
 candidly, that he could give him no assurance that he, (the 
 king,) might not be taken out of his bed, at night, should 
 the rebels make a brisk attempt to that purpose. He com- 
 manded the royal infantry at the battle of Edgehill, on the 
 23d of October, 1642, 
 
 ASTLEY, Lord. — Another strong and zealous supporter 
 of Charles I. After the defeat of the earl of Montrose, by 
 Lesley, in connection with many other disasters to the royal 
 cause, there remained but one body of troops in which any 
 confidence could be placed. This consisted of about three 
 thousand men, chiefly cavalry, under the command of Lord 
 Astley. They marched toward Oxford, in order to join the 
 king, but were met, on the way, by Col. Morgan, and en- 
 tirely defeated, Astley, himself, being taken prisoner. As 
 soon as he fell into the hands of the parliamentary officers, 
 he is reported to have said, " You have done your work, 
 and may go to play, unless you choose to fall out among 
 yourselves." 
 
 ASTON, Lord. — A peer of considerable importance un- 
 der the reign of Charles II. He does not, however, figure 
 largely in history. 
 
 ASTON, Sir ARTHUR.— Commanded the dragoons in 
 the royal army in the battle of Edgehill, October 23, 1422. 
 He rendered good service in that action, and even drove the 
 right wing of the parliamentary army from the ground. 
 Next year, we find him governor of Reading, and when the 
 earl of Essex beseiged that place, he was wounded, and 
 obliged to yield the command to Col. Fielding. (See Field- 
 ing, Col.) After the fall of Charles, he went to Ireland, 
 and took command of the English garrison, in Tredah, 
 under Ormond. This place was stormed by Cromwell in 
 
40 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [>TH. 
 
 1649, and the whole garrison, excepting one man, most cru- 
 elly slaughtered, under pretence of retaliation of the Irish 
 massacre. Cromwell, however, well knew that the massa- 
 cre was by native Irish, while the garrison of Tredah was 
 almost wholly English. Aston perished in the general 
 slaughter. 
 
 ASTWOOD, THOMAS.— One of those who, under Hen- 
 ry VII, adhered to the pretender, Perkin Warbeck. He 
 was tried and convicted of high treason ; but, more fortunate 
 than several others who were convicted at the same time, he 
 received a pardon from the king. 
 
 ATHELSTAN.— The eight king of England. He was 
 the natural son and successor of Edward the Elder. The 
 stain of illegitimacy of birth did not, in those times, have the 
 same influence on the rank and position of men which it now 
 has. Although Edward had. sons born in marriage, their 
 minority at the time of his death was deemed a sufficient rea- 
 son for the establishment of Athelstan on the throne. Some 
 dissatisfaction, however, is said to have been manifested, and 
 there is an uncertain story of a conspiracy formed against 
 him, soon after his accession. (See Alfred the Nobleman.) 
 
 Athelstan is generally regarded as one of the greatest 
 princes of his times, — though the early part of his reign is 
 marked by a serious error, or a step which afterward cost 
 him a great deal of trouble. Finding the Northumbrians 
 very impatient under the English yoke, he appointed Sithric, 
 a Danish nobleman, viceroy of Northumberland, and for the 
 purpose of attaching him to his interests, gave him his sister 
 Editha in marriage. Soon after this, Sithric died, when his 
 two sons by a former marriage, Anlaf and Godfrid, founded 
 pretensions on their fathers elevation, and assumed the go- 
 vernment without Athelstan's consent. Instead of regarding 
 their father as a viceroy, they had looked upon him as sove- 
 reign, and they his lawful successors. They were, however, 
 soon expelled; but after some time, during which Anlaf 
 found protection in Ireland, and Godfrid in Scotland, Anlaf, 
 by an artifice much resembling that of Alfred among the 
 Danes, came very neareffecting the destruction of Athelstan. 
 (See Anlaf.) After a successful war, (as English historians 
 say,) with Scotland, Athelstan enjoyed his crown in general 
 tranquility. He extended the jurisdiction of England over a 
 large part of Wales, which he made tributary, and died at 
 Glocester in 941, after an illustrious reign of sixteen years. 
 
ATH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX- 41 
 
 ATHELSTAN-— The eldest son of Ethelwolf, second king 
 of England. He never came to the throne, as he died before 
 his father. He received, however, a kind of viceregal juris- 
 diction in Essex, Kent, and Sussex, at the time of his father's 
 accession, for which reason he is sometimes called king Athel- 
 stan. But we are assured that his authority never affected 
 the sovereignty of Ethelwolf. Therefore he cannot be pro- 
 perly regarded as anything more than a viceroy, or state 
 governor, under his father. We learn that he attacked 
 a Danish fleet at sea, near Sandwich, sunk nine of their 
 ships, and put the rest to flight. It is probable that he died 
 while his father was absent on his pilgrimage to Rome, and 
 that this encouraged his brother Ethelbald in the assumption 
 of the government. (See Ethelbald and Ethelwolf.) 
 
 ATHELWOLD, Earl.— A favorite of king Edgar. Lit- 
 tle is known of him save the story of his marriage, and its 
 fatal result. Edgar had been informed of the singular beauty 
 and accomplishments of Elfrida, daughter of Olgar, earl of 
 Devonshire. These reports induced him to think of making 
 her partner of his throne, and he requested Athelwold to 
 make a visit to the family, for the purpose of making the 
 necessary observations on the person of the young lady. On 
 being introduced to her, he found her charms even beyond 
 all that he had heard ; but instead of making a faithful report 
 to his master, he conceived the idea of discouraging him, and 
 seeking her for himself. Accordingly, he returned, and 
 stated that the reports of her beauty had been greatly ex- 
 aggerated, and gave it as his opinion that but for her wealth 
 and family, she could never have arrested attention. Edgar, 
 having unbounded confidence in the fidelity of Athelwold, at 
 once abandoned the idea of such a suit. Soon after, Athel- 
 wold suggested to the king that although Elfrida was not 
 possessed of such charms as to recommend her for a queen, 
 he thought she would make a good match for himself, and re- 
 quested the royal permission to marry her. The king at 
 once, gave his consent, and urged his favorite, by all means, 
 to prosecute his suit. The marriage was soon consummated. 
 But Edgar was not long kept in ignorance of the bad faith 
 of Athelwold ; and he resolved to know the truth of the mat- 
 ter, for himself. Accordingly, he stated to Athelwold his in- 
 tention of visiting the happy bride, at the castle, and making 
 her acquaintance. Not being at liberty to decline such an 
 honor, the earl requested that he might go a little before him, 
 
42 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [AUB. 
 
 for the purpose of making some arrangement for the recep- 
 tion of his royal guest. On coming home, he informed his 
 wife of the whole transaction, and urged her, as she valued 
 his life, to appear before the king in such manner and cos- 
 tume as not to excite his interest. She promised compliance, 
 but in her heart, resolved on the opposite course, feeling 
 that she was but little under obligation to one who, though 
 her husband, had deprived her of a crown. Accordingly, 
 she appeared before the king in her richest apparel, and 
 with the most engaging manners of which she was capable. 
 Edgar was so struck with her charms that he, at once, resolv- 
 ed, still, to make her his wife, and soon after, seduced Athel- 
 wold into the forest, on pretence of a hunting excursion, an.l 
 stabbed him to the heart with his own hand. Soon after, El- 
 frida was the happy queen of England, (See Elfrida.) 
 
 ATHOLE, Earl of. — A Scottish nobleman who assisted 
 Robert Bruce in his manly resistance of the aggressions of 
 Edward I, of England. In the great defeat and route of 
 Bruce at Methven, in Perthshire, he fell into the hands of 
 the English, and was ordered, with several others, to be led 
 immediately to execution. (See Fraser, Sir Simon, and 
 Seton, Sir Christopher.) 
 
 ATHOLE, Earl of — One of the favorites of Mary, queen 
 of Scots, vvho favored the Roman Catholic party, and hence, 
 gave great disgust to the Protestants of Scotland. In his 
 most unenviable favor with the queen, he was associated with 
 the earls of Bothwell, Sutherland, and Huntley. After the 
 marriage of Mary to Bothwell, however, when it was rumor- 
 ed that Bothwell was disposed to get possession of the young 
 prince, James VI, Athole became the author of a confeder- 
 acy, consisting of the principal nobility, for securing and pro- 
 tecting the prince. By this high and manly course, he fully 
 commanded the favor of the Scots, whose affection for him 
 became scarcely less than if he had been a zealous Protes- 
 tant. 
 
 ATHOLE, Marquis of. — A strong military supporter of 
 James II against the earl of Argyle. Three years after, 
 however, we find him deserting the royal cause, and rallying 
 the malcontents of Scotland in favor of the prince of Orange. 
 
 AUBENIE, William d'.— One of the twenty-five barons 
 empowered to act under the Great Charter granted by king 
 John to the people of England. This council was really in- 
 
AUD.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 43 
 
 vested with the sovereignty of the kingdom, as in them was 
 nearly all the executive energy of the government. 
 
 AUBIGNEY, Count d\ Earl of Lenox.— Cousin to Lord 
 Darnley. Being a young man of good address and amiable 
 disposition, he was sent, by French, or papal, influence, to 
 his cousin, Prince James VI, for the purpose of detaching 
 him from the English interest, and connecting him with his 
 mother, Queen Mary, and her relatives. He seems to have 
 been well suited to his mission, as he soon gained all the in- 
 fluence over the prince that could have been desired. Queen 
 Elizabeth, however, on hearing of what was going on, found 
 means to throw counter influences in the way ; and by accu- 
 sations against Lenox, induced James to dismiss him from his 
 presence. 
 
 AUBREY, Andrew. — Mayor of London under the reign 
 of Edward III, whose displeasure he had the misfortune to 
 incur. He was displaced from office, and imprisoned ; per- 
 haps not so much from any fault of his as because the king 
 had just returned from an unsuccessful expedition on the con- 
 tinent, and was in no very amiable mood. 
 
 AUCHER, Sir Anthony. — When Edward VI, or rather, 
 his council, issued an order for purging the library of West- 
 minister of all missals, legends, and other superstitious vol- 
 umes, its furniture was ordered to be delivered up to Au- 
 cher, as agent, or trustee of the crown. From this, it may 
 be inferred that he was one of those Protestants who, under 
 pretence of exterminating popery, amassed great revenues 
 for the crown, and destroyed much valuable literature. 
 
 AUDHUM. — A nobleman of Sussex who ably resisted 
 the encroachments of the West Saxons, in the commence- 
 ment of their career of ambition, which ended only in the 
 complete absorption of all the kingdoms of the Heptarchy. 
 The efforts of Audhum were praiseworthy, but are said to 
 have served only to prolong the sufferings of his countrymen. 
 
 AUDLEY, Lord.— A powerful nobleman of the Lancas- 
 trian party, in the civil wars of the Red and White Roses, 
 in the time of Henry VI. The same nobleman appears in 
 the reign of Henry VII, assisting in the northern rebellion. 
 He was taken prisoner in the battle of Blackheath, with seve- 
 ral of the other leaders, and put to death. 
 
 AUDLEY, Sir Thomas.— One of the speakers of the house 
 of commons, under the reign of Henry VIII. When the 
 celebrated Sir Thomas More resigned the office of Chancel- 
 
44 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [AUG. 
 
 lor, Audley was appointed to fill that high station. Beyond 
 this, we know but little of him. 
 
 AUDLEY, Lord. — A man of some military talents, under 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. We find him accompanying 
 the earl of Leicester into Holland in 1585, in the war against 
 Spain. 
 
 AUGUSTINE. — The first Romish misssonary who pro- 
 pagated the faith of that church in the island of Britain. 
 
 The Christian religion had been planted in the island either 
 in the first century,^ or very early in the second ; most proba- 
 bly by one of the apostles, or as some have declared, by Si- 
 mon Zelotes and Joseph of Arimathea, the person who gave 
 to the body of our blessed Savior the rites of sepulture. For 
 500 years there were strong and flourishing churches where- 
 ever the ancient Britons prevailed. But the Saxon invasion 
 had amounted well nigh to a war of extermination, and when 
 the Heptarchy had been fully established, very few of the 
 race of ancient Britons were to be found but in the mountain 
 fastnesses of Wales, and in Cornwall, whither they had fled 
 to escape the violence of their barbarous invaders. The 
 Saxons, who occupied the best parts of the island, were gross 
 idolaters, having brought from their native country the rudest 
 form of Scandinavian theology. Toward the end of the sixth 
 century, Ethelbert, the fifth king of Kent, who was one of the 
 greatest of the Saxon princes, married Bertha, only daughter 
 to Caribert, the christian king of Paris, with the stipulation 
 that the princess should enjoy the free exercise of her religion. 
 Accordingly she brought over a French bishop as her domes- 
 tic chaplain, whose influence was soon felt by the king, which, 
 combined with the influence of his wife, led him to think al- 
 together favorably of Christianity. The report of the proba- 
 ble conversion of so mighty a prince as Ethelbert, the chief 
 of the kings of the Heptarchy, could not fail to arrest the at- 
 tention of the papal court, and Gregory the Great, then pope 
 of Rome, who, it is said, had previonsly conceived the design 
 of converting the Saxons, seized, at once, on this auspicious 
 time of sending missionaries. Accordingly Augustine, a 
 Romish monk, at the head of 40 others, landed in Kent, in 
 597, and presented himself before the king at Canterbury. 
 They were permitted to propagate their doctrines, and not 
 long afterwards Ethelbert himself received Christian baptism. 
 Soon after this, Augustine was consecrated by the bishops of 
 Lyons and Aries to the episcopal office, and installed in the 
 
AXT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDJ3X. 45 
 
 see of Canterbury. He undertook, immediately, to enforce 
 alike on the Saxons and Britons the whole of the gaudy ri- 
 tual of the Church of Rome. This was not displeasing to the 
 superstitious and wonder-loving Saxons, especially as he did 
 not require the abandonment of their idolatrous temples, nor 
 even the removal of their altars; but permitted them to con- 
 nect many of the ceremonies of their former religion with the 
 services of the Christian church. But the British christians 
 could neither acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope nor 
 the ritual imported by Augustine. He convened a synod of 
 British bishops from the western parts of the island and pro- 
 posed a formal union of the Saxon and British churches, but 
 the proposal was rejected, and the Britons returned to their 
 mountains to worship God in their old way. Violence was 
 resorted to, and the British clergy were murdered in great 
 numbers, as was generally believed, by the instigation of 
 Augustine. Despairing of ever bringing the British churches 
 into subjection to the papal authority, he made proposals to 
 the christians of Scotland, but was not more successful with 
 them than with the Britons. Thus Augustine failed of es- 
 tablishing any intimacy between the Saxon and the original 
 churches of the island ; nor was it until the end of 600 years 
 after this, that the British and Roman churches were united ; 
 and then not by any ecclesiastical action of the former, but 
 through the weakness of a time-serving monarch, who pros- 
 trated alike the English church and state before the papal 
 power. (See John.) 
 
 Augustine must ever command the respect of the christian 
 world by his activity as a missionary ; but his lawless ambition, 
 and especially his cruelty toward the British christians whom 
 he found on the island, must ever cast a shade over the lustre 
 of his character. 
 
 AVIS A. — First wife of King John. She was daughter of 
 the earl of Gloucester, and brought him all the possessions of 
 that opulent family. 
 
 This marriage was contracted soon after the accession of 
 Richard I. Eleven years after, when John felt himself se- 
 cure on the throne of England, he conceived a passion for 
 Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme. Avisa was 
 yet alive, but he found means to divorce her. Thus, after 
 being nine years the wife of Prince John, she was not per- 
 mitted to share his throne. 
 
 AXTEL, — The officer who guarded the famous court of 
 
46 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [AYS. 
 
 Cromwell, by which Charles I was tried and convicted. We 
 afterwards find him co-operating with Lambert in a revolu- 
 tionary measure, when it was discovered that parliament was 
 about to be in favor of the restoration of Charles II. He 
 was taken prisoner at the same time with Lambert, and seve- 
 ral others, by Col. Ingoldsby. After the restoration, he was 
 tried, condemned, and executed, among others of the regicides 
 who had failed to avail themselves of the royal proclamation 
 of pardon. 
 
 AYLOFFE. — One of the conspirators against Charles II, 
 in connection with what has been known as the " Rye-house 
 plot." He was a lawyer of the lower order, and well calcu- 
 lated to render assistance in so low an enterprise. Failing 
 in this, he afterwards connected himself with Argyle, in his 
 famous invasion. He fell into the hands of the English at 
 the same time with Argyle, and was soon after executed. 
 
 AYMER. — A son of the Count de la March by the dow- 
 ager queen, Isabella, after the death of her former husband, 
 King John. (See Isabella, wife of King John.) 
 
 Aymer and his three brothers, became great favorites in 
 the court of their half brother, Henry III. Aymer was elect- 
 ted to the see of Winchester; but such was the popular jeal- 
 ousy, that all four of the brothers were forced to flee the 
 country. They were pursued by the barons, and saved them- 
 selves only by taking shelter in the episcopal palace of Ay- 
 mer, where they were protected by the sacredness of the 
 place. 
 
 AYSCUE, Sir George. — A naval officer of Cromwell 
 who was sent, soon after the establishment of the Common- 
 wealth, to reduce the American colonies,— all of which, ex- 
 cept New England, had favored the royal cause, and deeply 
 sympathised in the injuries of Charles I. His devotion to the 
 Commonwealth, however, was repented of, or pardoned, for 
 some reason, as appears in the fact that he was high in the 
 confidence of government, after the Restoration, and became 
 a chief commander in the Dutch wars of Charles II. 
 
BAC.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 47 
 
 B 
 
 BABINGTON, Anthony, of Dethic, in Derbyshire. — One 
 of those zealous Roman Catholics who entered into the con- 
 spiracy of 1586 for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth and 
 the release of Mary, queen of Scotts. He is said to have 
 been a young gentleman of good family, and possessed of an 
 ample fortune, and to have combined rare attainments with 
 very superior talents. He was drawn into the conspiracy by 
 the persuasions of John Ballard, the priest, and others, but in 
 consequence of his high character and rare abilities, became 
 the chief conductor of the enterprise. As the scheme was 
 detected before they were ready for operation, Babington fled, 
 with most of his associates, and concealed himself for some 
 days, in the woods. He was, however, arrested, and is sup- 
 posed to have been executed, with thirteen others, most of 
 whom confessed their crime. 
 
 BACON, Roger. — Born in 1214. He was educated at 
 Oxford, traveled on the continent, obtained the degree of 
 Doctor, then returned to England, and in 1240, became a 
 monk of the order of Franciscans. He applied himself par- 
 ticularly to the study of science, invented telescopes, reading 
 glasses, microscopes, and several astronomical and mathema- 
 tical instruments. He is said to have been the inventor of 
 gunpowder ,but as he never applied it to any useful purpose, and 
 the same invention was soon after made by Swartz,the German 
 monk, who applied it to its present purposes, the honor of 
 the invention is justly allowed to him. Bacon's scientific 
 achievements subjected him to the charge of magic and witch- 
 craft, and the envy of his brothers caused them to counten- 
 ance the rumor, and he was thrown into prison, where he 
 languished for about ten years, until liberated by the inter- 
 ference of some of his friends. After this, he remained in 
 academical repose at Oxford. He wrote some eighty trea- 
 tises, nearly all of which are in a style that does credit to the 
 age in which he lived. He died at Oxford on the 11th of 
 June, 1294, 
 
 BACON, Sir Nicholas. — Born 1510, and made prominent 
 in the court of Henry VIII. During the reigns of Edward 
 and Mary, we hear but little of him ; but he was knighted by 
 Elizabeth, and made keeper of the great seal, in the place of 
 Archbishop Heath. After this, he was suspected of assisting 
 
48 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |~BAC. 
 
 Hales in the production of a pamphlet, in favor of the claims 
 of the duchess of Suffolk against the queen of Scotts. This 
 drew upon him the displeasure of Elizabeth, and he was, for 
 a time, treated with coldness. Before his death, however, he 
 was able to regain her favor, and died in good odor at court, 
 Feb. 20, 1579. 
 
 BACON, Sir Francis. — Son of the above ; born Jan- 
 uary 22, 1561. So early was his promise of greatness that 
 Queen Elizabeth used to call him her " young lord keeper." 
 He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge; and after 
 taking the Masters' s degree, traveled to France, in company 
 with Sir Amius Paulet. When something less than thirty 
 years of age, he became one of the counsellors of the queen, 
 but being a particular friend of Essex, who was in bad odor 
 with Cecil, he did not realize that elevation in the scale of 
 preferment which he had expected, although he was a near 
 relative of the Cecil family. In view of this, Essex gener- 
 ously made him a handsome present of a very good estate, 
 as an equivalent for what he had lost by his devotion to his 
 interests. This brings up what we would fain conceal in 
 the character of so great a man. When Essex was put on his 
 trial, in 1600, after the solicitor had sat down, Bacon closed 
 the charge by laying before the court many imprudent ex- 
 pressions of Essex, contained in letters written to him in all 
 the confidence of friendship. This drew upon him a great 
 deal of popular odium ; for it was well known that Essex had 
 ever been his ardent friend, and that, beside the estate which 
 he had bestowed on him, worth nearly two thousand pounds, 
 he had done every thing in his power to procure him the 
 appointment of solicitor-general. Notwithstanding all this, 
 though under no obligation, as a crown lawyer, he strangely 
 employed all his eloquence and learning against his bene- 
 factor, and spared no pains to procure his conviction. This 
 can be accounted for, only on the supposition that he had 
 become impatent under neglect at court, and had resolved to 
 make a desperate effort to gain the attention and confidence 
 of the queen. He also managed to gain the confidence of 
 the Scottish party, so that soon after the accession of James 
 I, he obtained the office of solicitor-general, and six years 
 after, of attorney-general. Four years after this, he was 
 made lord-keeper, and two years later, 1619, lord high chan- 
 cellor, with the title of Baron Verulam. In view of his tal- 
 ents and of his selfish ambition, Pope has well characterised 
 
BAI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 49 
 
 him as " the wisest, brighest, meanest, of mankind." His 
 ill-gotten reputation was not long enjoyed ; in 1621, he was 
 accused, in parliament, of gross bribery and corruption. He 
 pleaded guilty,' and was sentenced to pay a fine of forty thou- 
 sand pounds, to be imprisoned and disqualified for office, or 
 fitting among the peers. The fine and imprisonment, how- 
 ever, were remitted, and he spent the remainder of his life 
 in retirement. As a scholar, he was the glory of his age, 
 and both his scientific and metaphysical labors continue, 
 still, to command the admiration of the world. 
 
 BADILY, Captain. — A naval officer under the Common- 
 wealth, who commanded the Mediterranean squadron. He 
 was attacked by Van Galen, the Dutch admiraljwith greatly 
 superior force, and entirely defeated. The Dutch victory, 
 however, cost the life of their commander. There is no in- 
 timation, in the history of those times, that Badily's defeat 
 was censured, or in any way refered to mismanagement. 
 
 BADLESMERE, Lord. — This nobleman was in posses- 
 sion of the castle of Leeds when Isabella, the queen of Ed- 
 ward II, on applying for a night's lodging for herself and re- 
 tinue, was insulted at the gate, ajid some of her men killed. 
 The king immediately resented the insult. No one approved 
 the conduct of Badlesmere, and hence none came to his as- 
 sistance. He was taken into custody, and soon after, in 
 company with several other notorious offenders, publicly exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 BAGNAL, Sir Henry. — A general of Queen Elizabeth 
 w r ho succeeded to the command of the English forces in Ire- 
 land, after the death of Sir John Norris. He was not more 
 successful than his predecessor had been. On advancing to 
 relieve the fort of Blackwater, which had been besieged by 
 the Irish, he was unexpectedly surrounded, on disadvanta- 
 geous ground, by a strong Irish force. Just at that time, he 
 met with the accident of having his powder take fire, which 
 left him almost entirely without ammunition. This threw his 
 men into consternation, and he was 'put to flight, and with 
 fifteen hundred ' of his men, he fell before the pursuing foe. 
 This victory, so unusual- to the Irish, greatly emboldened 
 them, and . Tyron, their commander, assumed, at once, the 
 character of " Deliverer of his country, and patron of Irish 
 liberty." 
 
 BAILLIE. — A parliamentary officer of high repute in the 
 civil wars. Whether he were of English, or Scotch, birth, 
 
 3 
 
50 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ("bAI. 
 
 is not certain. In the early part of the war, he seems to 
 have been engaged in England. But in 1645, when the 
 earl of Montrose was making fearful havoc among the Coven- 
 anters of Scotland, Baillie was sent for, with the hope that he 
 might be able to turn the tide of war. In the first action, he 
 was successful, having greatly the advantage in point of num- 
 bers, but in a second engagement, he was totally defeated. 
 His farther operations in the war are not certainly known. 
 
 BAILLIE, of Jerviswood. — A Scottish gentleman of merit 
 and learning who, in 1683, under the reign of Charles II, 
 came to London under pretence of negotiating ihe settlement 
 of the Scottish Presbyterians in Carolina, but really with a 
 view of concerting measures with certain English conspira- 
 tors concerned in the early rebellion of Monmouth. Baillie 
 was detected, and sent, a prisoner, to Edinburgh. At first, 
 there was no evidence against him. But two persons, Spence 
 and Carstares, on being put to torture, gave such evidence as 
 involved the earl of Tarras, and some others, who, to save 
 themselves, accused Baillie. He was immediately convicted, 
 and sentence of death passed upon him. Being in so 
 feeble a condition, in consequence of his late confinement 
 in prison, that it was thought he could not live through the 
 night after his conviction, he was ordered to execution the 
 same afternoon. 
 
 BA1NARD, Geoffrey. — The accuser of Count d' Eu on 
 the discovery of the conspiracy of the barons against William 
 Rufus On the count denying the charge, he was required 
 to prove his innocence by duel with his accuser, which it was 
 believed could not fail to determine the question of his guilt. 
 Bainard's success in the duel was regarded as proof conclu- 
 sive of the truth of the accusation, and the count was at once 
 pronounced guilty. 
 
 BAINHAM,James. — A Protestant martyr under the reign 
 of Henry VIII. Almost the sadest feature in his sad case is 
 in the fact that he fell a victim to the severity of Sir Thomas 
 More, one of the mildest and loveliest men of those times. 
 Bainham was accused of favoring the Protestant cause ; and 
 as More was then Chancellor, he felt it was his duty to ap- 
 ply the law. First of all, he was brought to More's house ; 
 and having refused to discover Iris accomplices, was caused 
 to be whipped, in the presence of the Chancellor, after which 
 he was sent to the tower, where he was put to torture. The 
 unhappy man, under these severities, abjured his opinions ; 
 
BAL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 51 
 
 but feeling-, afterward, the deepest compunction for his apos- 
 tacy, he returned to his faith, and even courted the crown of 
 martyrdom. Soon after, he was condemned as an obstinate 
 and relapsed heretic, and was burned at Smithfield. 
 
 BAKER, Sir John. — One of the twelve counsellors who 
 acted in conjunction with the committee of regency during 
 the minority of Edward VI. He was, also, speaker of 
 the house of commons, at the same time, and being among 
 those who took decided ground against Protector Somerset, 
 he exerted immense influence in the movement which led to 
 Somerset's resignation. Near the time of Edward's death, 
 we find him filling the office of crown judge, but at what 
 time he came to that station, or how long he continued to fill 
 it, does not appear. 
 
 BAKER, Edward. — One of the three gentlemen, sent by 
 the forty commissioners appointed by queen Elizabeth for the 
 trial of Mary, queen of Scotts, to inform her of her approach- 
 ing trial. It is probable that he was a man of rank ; though 
 he fills but little space in history. 
 
 BALCARRAS. — .Treasurer of Scotland at the time of the 
 landing of the Prince of Orange and the flight of James II. 
 When the regular forces were withdrawn from Scotland, to 
 reinforce the royal army at home, he protested against it; 
 and hence some have suspected that he had a secret desire 
 that Orange might prevail. This suspicion is favored by the 
 fact that as soon as the convention had declared the crown 
 forfeited by James, he left Edinburgh and tendered his 
 allegiance to the Prince and Princess of Orange. 
 
 BALCARRAS, Lord. — A celebrated Scottish chief who, 
 after the establishment of the Commonwealth, remained in 
 the mountains, with a few followers, obstinately refusing sub- 
 mission. The earl of Glencairne and General Middleton 
 maintained the same position with him ; and these are said 
 to have been the only men of note in Scotland who did not 
 make their submissions to the English Commonwealth. A 
 proud distinction. 
 
 BALDOC. — One of the priestly favorites of Edward II. 
 He was the creature of the Spencers, and hence not less 
 odious to the barons than were they. He received the ap- 
 pointment of Chancellor, which he held until the fall of the 
 unfortunate prince, when he was thrown into prison, where 
 he soon after died of the cruel treatment which he had re- 
 
52 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bAL. 
 
 ceived. But for his priestly character, he had, doubtless 
 been publicly executed with the Spencers. 
 
 BALDRED. — The seventeenth and last king of Kent. 
 He belonged to an illegitimate branch of the royal family, 
 came to the throne in 805, and after a troublesome and pre- 
 carious reign of eighteen years, was expelled by Egbert, 
 who not long after dissolved the heptarchy, and united its 
 several kingdoms under his own dominion. 
 
 BALDWIN.— Earl of Flanders at the time of the Nor- 
 man invasion. He claims attention here, only because of 
 the interest which he took in that enterprise. This was re- 
 ferable to two causes : first, his hostility to Harold, whose 
 brother Tosti had married Baldwin's daughter, and second- 
 ly, his attachment to William, who had married another 
 daughter. Tosti had been removed from the government 
 of Northumberland by Harold's influence, which made him 
 ever afterward, the mortal enemy of Harold. His cause 
 was adopted by his father-in-law, and all the influence of 
 that court was exerted to ensure the ruin of Harold. Thus 
 his indignation at the supposed injuries of one son-in-law, 
 and his ambition for the promotion of another, made him 
 the powerful advocate of the Norman cause. 
 
 BALDWIN. — A son of earl Gilbert, under whose com- 
 mand William the Conqueror placed the citadel of Exeter 
 after the rebellion of that place against his government. 
 
 BALFOUR, Sir James.' — Commonly supposed to have 
 co-operated with the earl of Bothwell in the murder of Lord 
 Darnley. At the time of Queen Mary's resignation, he was 
 in possession of the castle of Edinburgh, as deputy governor, 
 but was bribed, by the regent, earl of Murray, to open its 
 gates. The silver casket containing Queen Mary's love- 
 letters to Bothwell was said to have been found in his pos- 
 session : in short, he seems to have been the tool of Both- 
 well, and the plaything of Mary, and was, altogether, a 
 most, contemptible character. 
 
 BALFOUR, Gilbert. — Brother of the above. He, also, 
 was charged with being accessory to the murder of Lord 
 Darnley. 
 
 BALFOUR, Sir William. — A parliamentary general who 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Edgehill, October 23, 
 1642. But for him, it has ever been believed that the royal- 
 ists would, on that day, have been decidedly victorious. The 
 main body of the parliamentary army had given way, and 
 
BAL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 53 
 
 were imprudently pursued by the king's body of reserve, 
 under the impression that victory was certain. Balfour, who 
 commanded the parliamentary reserve seeing the advantage, 
 wheeled upon the kings infantry, and made such havoc as 
 caused the victory of the day to be undecided. 
 
 Two years after, we find him in distress at Lestithiel, 
 surrounded by the royal army, without provisions, or pros- 
 pect of succor. From this, he adroitly escaped, by passing 
 the king's outpost, in a dense fog, and got safely to his gar- 
 risons. 
 
 BALIOL. — Lord of Galloway. One of the succors of 
 Henry III in his civil war with Leicester. He was father 
 to John Baliol, king of Scotland. 
 
 BALIOL, John. — Son of the above, and king of Scot- 
 land, cotemporary with Edward I of England. A vacancy 
 had occurred in the Scottish throne. Several claims were 
 presented, the principal of which were John Baliol and Rob- 
 ert Bruce. The question of title was referred to Edward I, 
 as umpire, who decided in favor of Baliol, with this qualifi- 
 cation, that he should hold his crown in vassalage to the 
 king of England. Baliol tamely submitted to it for a time, 
 but afterward proved a refractory vassal, which caused Ed- 
 ward to invade Scotland, with a powerful army. The Scots 
 were crushed, and their king forced to make submissions 
 and abdicate his throne, He was carried prisoner to Eng- 
 land, and thrown into the tower, but was released by the 
 Pope's legate, 1299. After this, he retired into France, 
 where he died in 1314. 
 
 BALIOL, Edward. — Son of .John Baliol, king of Scot- 
 land. He seems not to have urged his claim to the throne 
 of his father until some time after the death of Robert Bruce, 
 and the accession of his son David. In fact, he had been, 
 most of the time, a prisoner in England. After his release, 
 he was encourged by some English barons, to assert his 
 rights, and was secretly assisted by Edward III, of England. 
 He was successful, and was crowned at Scone, while David 
 Bruce was forced to abdicate and retire into France. Baliol, 
 however, had not been chosen by the Scottish people, and 
 hence, as soon as the English forces were withdrawn, he 
 was involved in war with his own subjects, and forced to flee 
 the kingdom. Edward III flew to his assistance and restored 
 him. Again he was acknowledged, and again deposed. At 
 length,becomingdiscouraged,he resigned his regal pretentions 
 
54 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BAN. 
 
 to the king of England,and received in lieu an annual pension 
 of two thousand pounds. With this, he passed the remainder 
 of his life in retirement. 
 
 BALIOL, John. — Brother of Edward Baliol. He was 
 slain in the battle of Annan, when his brother was defeated 
 and forced to flee into England. 
 
 BALL, John. — A seditious preacher who, under the reign 
 of Richard II, gained an unenviable popularity by dessemina- 
 ting the doctrine of the universal purity of mankind. 
 
 BALLARD, John. — A Romish priest who was one of 
 the chief actors in the famous conspiracy of 1586 for the 
 assassination of Queen Elizabeth and the establishment of 
 Mary, queen of Scotts. He traveled several times from 
 England to France and back, under the disguise of a soldier 
 and the assumed name of Captain Fortescue, and seemed to 
 have gotten everything in readiness for striking the fatal 
 blow, when he was seized by Walsingham and placed in 
 custody. His fate is not certainly known, though, as four- 
 teen of the conspirators were executed, it is probable that he 
 perished among them. 
 
 BALMERINO, Lord. — A powerful nobleman among 
 the Scottish Covenanters, who greatly distinguished himself 
 in the wars against Charles I, after the violent abolition of 
 episcopacy. 
 
 BAMBRIDGE, Christopher.— Archbishop of York. Af- 
 ter being educated at Queen's college, Oxford, he was made 
 bishop of Durham, and afterward archbishop of York. 
 Henry VIII sent him, ambassador to Rome, and the pope 
 conferred on him a cardinal's hat. He came to his death by 
 poison, administered by a servant,' in' revenge for some chas- 
 tisement which he had received from the master. His death 
 occurred in 1614. 
 
 BANCROFT, Richard.— A famous archbishop of Can- 
 terbury in the reign of James I. He was a native of Man- 
 chester, and was educated at Jesus college. His first ele- 
 vation was to the situation of Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth. 
 After this he was made bishop of London, and in 1604, on 
 the death of archbishop Whitgift, was raised to the see of 
 Canterbury. He was an able advocate of the prerogative 
 of the crown, and contributed, perhaps more than any other 
 one man, to the establishment of episcopacy in Scotland. 
 
 BANISTER.— An old servant of the family of the duke 
 of Buckingham. When Richard III learned of the design 
 
BAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 55 
 
 of uniting the houses of York and Lancaster against him by 
 the marriage of Henry, ear] of Richmond, and the princess 
 Elizabeth, and that Buckingham was concerned in the move- 
 ment, he ordered him to appear in his presence. That 
 nobleman, however, was too well aware of the treachery of 
 Richard to venture into his presence, and hence, instead of 
 obeying the summons, took arms in Wales, and gave a signal 
 for a general insurrection in all parts of England. A heavy 
 rain, however, which caused a great swell in the streams, 
 prevented Buckingham from marching into the heart of Eng- 
 land to join his associates. This excited the superstitions of 
 the Welch, and caused them to abandon him. Finding him- 
 self deserted, he disguised himself, and took shelter in the 
 house of Banister. He was soon detected, however, brought 
 to Richard, and executed. 
 
 BANISTER. — A servant, or devoted supporter of Edward 
 Seymour, duke of Somerset. When Northumberland deter- 
 mined on the ruin of the duke, he caused all his personal 
 friends to be arrested. Banister, with many others, fell into 
 the hands of their enemies the next day after the arrest of 
 his master. His fate is not certainly known, though as it is 
 well known that many of Somerset's friends perished, about 
 the same time with himself, it is not improbable that Banis- 
 ter was among them. (See Seymour, Sir Edward, Earl of 
 Hertford and Duke of Somerset. ) 
 
 BANISTER.— A servant of the duke of Norfolk, in the 
 time of Queen Elizabeth. When Norfolk and Mary queen 
 of Scotts, were in the correspondence so fatal to the former, 
 if not to both, it was proposed to send a bag of gold to Lord 
 Herreis, and others of Mary's partizans, in Scotland. The 
 secret was confided to Banister, and he was to receive the 
 money at the hand of another servant, not in the secret, and 
 carry it to Herreis. The secret, however, was discovered, 
 and Banister, on being put to torture, made a full disclosure, 
 as did several others, who were in the secret. The evidence 
 thus obtained secured the conviction and ruin of Norfolk. 
 
 BARBER, Sir John. — A member of parliament under 
 the reign of Charles II, who was suspected of receiving- 
 French bribes as an inducement to oppose the measures of 
 his own monarch. Sir John Dalrymple has, since, ascer- 
 tained, by a careful examination of the despatches of Baril- 
 lon, then the French minister resident in England, that 
 those suspicions were well founded, and that Barber, and 
 
56 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BAR. 
 
 sevei; J other members of parliament, did receive large sums 
 of money, and carried on a regular intrigue. 
 
 BARBER. — An instrument maker, who was concerned 
 in the assassination plot against Charles II in 1683. He 
 was the first one that was arrested, and being of a low and 
 contemptible order of mind, he resolved to save himself by 
 a full disclosure of the whole conspiracy. It was his testi- 
 mony which led to the conviction of all the others. 
 
 BARDOLF, Hugh. — One of the five counsellors of Long- 
 champ, appointed by Richard I to restrain the usurpations 
 of that minister. (See Longchamp.) 
 
 BARDOLF, Lord. — A coadjutor of the earl of Northum- 
 berland in his rebellion against Henry IV. Being defeated, 
 they fled into Scotland, where they attempted a revival of 
 their rebellion, but were defeated, and both slain at Bramham. 
 
 BARKER. — A servant of the duke of Norfolk who car- 
 ried letters from his master to the Spanish ambassador, 
 on the subject of an invasion of England for the restoration 
 of Mary, queen of Scots. He was also, in some way con- 
 nected with the servant, Banister, in conveying money to 
 Lord Herreis, and on being put to torture, exposed the 
 whole secret — (See Banister.) 
 
 BARLEY, William. — One of the supporters of the fa- 
 mous Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of Henry 
 VII. Little is known of him. 
 
 BARLOWE.— Bishop of St. David's in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. He sat in the convocation of 1536, and con- 
 curred, with most of the bishops, in the motley articles of 
 faith agreed upon, which were about as unsatisfactory to the 
 Protestant as to the Romish party. He seems never to have 
 distinguished himself, or to have made any particular im- 
 pression on the age in which he lived. 
 
 BARNARD. — A preacher of the puritan order under 
 the reign of Charles I. He was lecturer of St. Sepulchre's, 
 London, and on one occasion, in his prayer, before sermon, 
 used this petition, " Lord, open the eyes of the queen's 
 majesty, that she may see Jesus Christ, whom she has 
 pierced with her infidelity, superstition and idolatry." He 
 was brought before the high commission court for insult to 
 the queen, but on making submissions, was dismissed. 
 
 BARNARDISTON, Sir Samuel.— This gentleman be- 
 came obnoxious to the court of Charles II in consequence of 
 being foreman of a jury which rejected a bill against Lord 
 
BAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX! 57 
 
 Shaftesbury. Soon after, a private letter of his was intercep- 
 ted, in which he had reflected on the government. The of- 
 fence was small, but the determination was, under this pre- 
 text, to punish him for his lenity to Shaftesbury. Accord- 
 ingly, he was fined ten thousand pounds. 
 
 BARNES, Dr. — A learned Lutheran divine who lived 
 in England under the reign of Henry VIII, and became 
 one of " the noble army of martyrs" which so illustrates 
 that bloody period of history. He has, however, less of our 
 sympathy than most martyrs, for the reason that, before the 
 commencement of his own troubles, he advocated and acted 
 upon the same principles which ultimately brought him to 
 the stake. The unfortunate Lambert, (See Lambert, the 
 schoolmaster.) had denied the Romish doctrine oftransub- 
 stantiation, and insisted that the material elements of the 
 communion were nothing but bread and wine, serving as 
 visible symbols of the invisible body and blood of Christ. 
 Barnes, being a Lutheran, held the doctrine of consubstan- 
 tiation, which, although it denies that the substance of the 
 bread and wine is changed into flesh and blood, still main- 
 tains that the real body and blood of Christ are, in a certain 
 mysterious way, incorporated with the bread and wine. 
 Under the laws of ^England, Barnes was, really, as much 
 exposed to punishment as was Lambert. But of this he 
 seems to have been insensible, at the time. He caused 
 Lambert to be brought to trial, and soon saw him led to the 
 stake. Within two years after, he was, without trial, con- 
 demned to the flames, together with Jerome and Gerrard. 
 He discussed theological questions, even at the stake ; and 
 as the dispute between him and the Sheriff ran on the invo- 
 cation of saints, he said that he doubted whether the saints 
 could pray for us, but if they could, he hoped, in half an 
 hour, to be praying for the Sheriff and all the spectators. He 
 urged the Sheriff to carry to the king his dying request, the 
 purport of which was, that " beside suppressing heresy, he 
 should be extremely vigilant in preventing fornication and 
 common swearing." 
 
 BARNWELL. — An Irish gentleman of noble family 
 who entered into the Roman Catholic conspiracy for the as- 
 sassination of Queen Elizabeth. He even consented to act 
 in person as perpetrator of the bloody deed. As the plot 
 
 was discovered, and most of the conspirators put to death, it 
 
 3 # 
 
58 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bAS. 
 
 is probable that he perished among them. (See Ballard, 
 John, and Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 BARRET. — One of the many who were executed at the 
 same time with Thomas, earl of Lancaster, under the reign 
 of Edward II. (See Thomas, earl of Lancaster.) 
 
 BARROW. — A military officer of the Commonwealth 
 who, for some aspirations to promotion, was cashiered, and 
 dismissed from the service. He was but one of a number 
 of the small men of the times disposed to avail themselves of 
 the popular movement to become great ; and perhaps the 
 chief cause of his f ailure was that there were already more 
 applicants for promotion than could be gratified. 
 
 BARTON. — -The Scottish pirate. Having suffered some 
 injuries from the Portuguese, he obtained letters of marque 
 against that nation, and put to sea for the purpose of aveng- 
 ing the injuries he had received. Immediately, however, he 
 begun to abuse his license, and, infesting the channels and 
 narrow seas around the Island, began to commit the most 
 violent outrages on the English. He was, however, soon 
 checked in his lawless career ; for Lord Howard and his 
 brother, Sir Edward, encountered him in a desperate action 
 at sea in which the pirate was slain. 
 
 BASCAWEN. — One of the members of parliament under 
 the reign of Charles II who allowed themselves to be bribed 
 by Barillon, the French minister, to act against their own 
 country. (See Barber, Sir John ) 
 
 BASKERVILLE, Sir Thomas. — One of the commanders 
 of the English force sent by Queen Elizabeth into France in 
 1590 to assist Henry IV against the Roman Catholics. He 
 is said to have acquired much reputation in this cam- 
 paign. He afterwards made a second, if not a third ex- 
 pedition, of the same kind, into France, and rendered 
 much service to the cause of the Huguenots, and their help- 
 less king. He afterward took command of a naval expedi- 
 tion, and fought a hard battle with a Spanish fleet, near 
 Cuba, which, however, was not decisive. After this, he 
 returned to England, and figures but little more in public 
 life. 
 
 BASSET, Philip.— When Henry III determined to throw 
 off the barons and to assume the government himself, his 
 first step was to displace Hugh Le Despenser, whom they 
 had appointed justiciary, and to appoint Basset in his place. 
 When the civil war of the Roses set in, Basset was placed in 
 
BAT.j BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 59 
 
 command of part of the royal forces, and it was under his 
 command that Northampton was taken. 
 
 BASSET, John. — One of the barons who united with 
 Prince Edward in the cause of his father, Henry III. He 
 fills but little space in history. 
 
 BASSET, Ralph. — Appears at the same time and place 
 with John Basset, and it is probable that the three Bassets, 
 Philip, John, and Ralph, were brothers, or near relatio ns. 
 
 BASSET, Sir Arthur. — One of the retinue of noblemen 
 who accompanied the earl of Leicester over to Holland in 
 1585. (See Leicester, earl of.) 
 
 BASSET. — One of the aident supporters of Charles I in 
 the civil wars. He commanded one division of the royal 
 forces at the battle of Stratton, on the 1 6th of May 1643, on 
 which occasion he gained for himself great distinction. 
 
 BASTWICK.— A physician in the time of Charles I. 
 He was indicted, in the Star Chamber, for seditious and 
 schismatical libels, and condemned to lose both his ears, and 
 to stand in the pillory, in two different places. Being stili 
 impenitent, he was sent to a prison at Scilly, all access denied 
 him, and all books, papers, pen, and ink, excluded from the 
 prison. Here he remained, in close confinement, for some 
 five years, when the parliament, having prostrated the king, 
 ordered him to be released. When he landed in England, 
 he was received by the populace with shouts, and the highest 
 demonstrations of joy. Boughs of trees were carried, in the 
 most tumultuous procession, and the roads where he passed, 
 were strewn with flowers. It is not probable that he was an 
 object of much interest, only as he served for a monument 
 of the despotic measures of Charles ; and as soon as the 
 popular mind had become fully satisfied with showing him 
 off, he seems to have fallen into his former obscurity. 
 
 BATH, Earl of.— Eldest son of Lord Wharton. But lit- 
 tle is known of him. We find him among the nobility of 
 Suffolk, listening to the assurances of Queen Mary, just 
 before her accession, and while her title was yet disputed by 
 Lady Jane Gray, that the reformed religion should never be 
 molested under her reign. On this assurance, he became an 
 ardent supporter of hers, and contributed all his influence to 
 place her on the throne. 
 
 BATH, Earl of. — Name not certainly known. A mem- 
 ber of the council of Charles II. At the time of the invasion 
 
60 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bEA. 
 
 of England by the prince of Orange, he was governor of 
 Plymouth, but immediately declared for the prince. 
 BATH, Earl of.— .(See Chandos.) 
 
 BAXTER, Richard. — A nonconformist clergyman who 
 lived under the reign of Charles I, under the Commonwealth, 
 under Charles II and James II, and even under William 
 and Mary. He was born in Rowtown, Shropshire, Novem- 
 ber 12, 1615. His early education was neglected, but so 
 closely did he apply himself in after life, that he was ap- 
 pointed master of Dudley free school, and soon after ad- 
 mitted to orders by the bishop of Winchester. When twen- 
 ty-five years of age, he was appointed minister at Kidder- 
 minster, not under the direct jurisdiction of the church of 
 England, he having refused to t&ke the oath of submission 
 to the hierarchy. At the commencement of the civil wars> 
 he espoused the parliamentary cause. This exposed hiira 
 to the displeasure of the crown, and he retired to Coventry, 
 where he remained in the exercise of his ministry until the- 
 fall of Charles I, when he returned to his charge at Kid- 
 derminster. With all his zealfor the parliament, h% was- 
 greatly pained at the usurpations of Cromwell, and even- 
 ventured to argue with him on the illegal and tyrannical 
 measures which he had adopted. In the course of the dis- 
 orders of the commonwealth, he became heartily disgusted, 
 and exerted all his influence to effect the restoration of 
 Charles II. Soon after the restoration, he was appointed 
 one of. the king's chaplains, and was even tendered the bish- 
 opric of Hereford, which he respectfully declined. After 
 the accession of James II, who was a bigoted papist, he was 
 prosecuted for having written a paraphrase of the New Tes- 
 tament, ^ On appearing before the infamous Judge Jeffries, 
 he is said to have received the most insulting and brutal 
 treatment, which excited in his behalf, the sympathy of all 
 who were present. He was condemned to two years im- 
 prisonment, from which, however, after a few months, he 
 was released by the crown. He was a man of deep and 
 fervent piety, and far more than ordinary learning. It has 
 ever been a cause of regret, that he entered so much into 
 the politics of the times. He died December 8, 1691. 
 
 BE ALE. — A tailor who gained for himself a low notori- 
 ety by fabricating a story, that he had heard, while walking 
 m the fields, a conversation going on among certain persons 
 unknown to him, the purport of which was, that a hundred 
 
BEA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 61 
 
 and eight ruffians were to assassinate a hundred and eight 
 lords and commoners, and were to receive, for such service, 
 a reward of ten pounds for each lord and forty shillings for 
 each commoner. This story he told before the parliament of 
 1647, then in session; and strange as it may seem, the effect 
 was to set the parliament, and nearly all the country, in a 
 general commotion. Doubtless the fellow produced his 
 story purely to meet the popular demand, it being the settled 
 purpose of the popular party, at that time, to get up as many 
 Roman Catholic conspiracies and " Gunpowder Plots" as 
 possible, that they might have good ground for a crusade 
 against the Romanists. 
 
 BE ALE. — Clerk of the privy council of Queen Elizabeth. 
 He accompanied Lord Buckhurst to Queen Mary, of Scots, 
 to inform her that sentence of death had been passed upon 
 her. This is about all that we know of him ; but if this 
 were the only act of his life, it might be truly said of him, 
 " His life was one of sadness." 
 
 BEALING, Sir Richard. — One of the four popish coun- 
 sellors in whose presence were signed the articles of agree- 
 ment between Charles II and Louis XIV of France, the in- 
 tent of which was to change the religion of England, and to 
 establish popery. The four witnesses were 'Arlington, Arun- 
 del, Clifford, and Bealing. This treaty was never consm- 
 mated, nor was it ever certainly known until after the death 
 of Charles, when it was found in the Scotch college at P as, 
 in the hand writing of James II. It is the foulest stain that 
 has ever been found on the character of Charles, and not 
 more base than wild and impracticable. 
 
 BEARNE. — A nobleman who co-operated with Edgar 
 Atheling in his rebellion against the government of William 
 the Conqueror. He fell into the hands of William, and was 
 detained prisoner until that haughty prince, in his dying mo- 
 ments, ordered his release. 
 
 BEATON, David. — Sometimes spelled Beton — Arch- 
 bishop of St. Andrews, in Scotland, and for many years be- 
 fore his death, a cardinal of the pope. He was born in 
 1454, and educated in the university of St. Andrews. His 
 brilliant talents soon arrested attention, and with the assis- 
 tance of his uncle, James Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, 
 raised him to early prominence. When thirty-four years 
 old, he was made lord privy seal, which soon secured for 
 him many other honorable offices. On his being raised to 
 
62 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BEA. 
 
 the primacy, and receiving the hat of the cardinal, Henry 
 VIII, of England, who had lately thrown off the papal au- 
 thority, became alarmed, and attempted certain measures to 
 lessen his influence, but failed. On the death of James, he 
 aspired to the regency, but did not succeed. His greatest 
 force appeared in his violent treatment of heresy, which 
 finally cost him his life. He passed sentence of death on 
 George Wishart, a celebrated protestant preacher, (See 
 Wishart, George,) but the governor, Arran, had not the 
 nerve to execute the sentence. Upon this, Beaton resolved 
 to bring the heretic to the flames, without the assistance of 
 the secular arm, and accordingly caused him to be burned 
 near his palace, while he beheld the dismal spectacle from 
 the window. While suffering in the flames, the unhappy 
 man predicted that within a few days, the primate should be 
 as much depressed and fallen, as he then was lifted up in 
 opposition to true piety. A few nights after, several of the 
 disciples of Wishart, united themselves in a body, and early 
 in the morning, entered the cardinal's palace, expelled all 
 the servants and guards, and after telling him of what they 
 had come for, and exhorting him to repentauce, plunged a 
 sword into his heart, May 29, 1547. 
 
 BEATRIX.— Youngest daughter of Henry III. She 
 was duchess of Brittany. 
 
 BEAUCHAMP, Lord.— Of Holt. Said to have been 
 the first peer ever created in England by patent. He was 
 tried, condemned, and executed by the barons, as were sev- 
 eral others of the ministers of Richard II, because of his 
 attachment to the crown, and his having thrown his influ- 
 ence against the famous Gloucester commission by which the 
 crown was really subverted. 
 
 BEAUCHAMP.— Earl of Warwick, under Richard II. 
 He connected himself with most of the nobility in a system- 
 atic opposition to the prince and the favorites of his court, 
 and was active in effecting the ruin of several of the chief 
 functionaries. When Richard had, however, attained the 
 age of twenty- three, and declared his purpose of exercising 
 his right of sovereignty, alone, Warwick was removed from 
 the council. Not long after, on the discovery of a plot for 
 the ruin of the king, in which several of the nobility were 
 implicated, Warwick was convicted of high treason, but 
 in consequence of his very submissive behavior, pardoned as 
 
BEA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 63 
 
 to his life, but doomed to perpetual banishment in the Isle 
 of Man. 
 
 BEAUCHAMP, Lord.—(See Seymour, Edward.) 
 
 BEAUFORT, Henry. — Bishop of Wincester under the 
 Henries V and VI, the latter of whom was committed to his 
 care during his minority. He was a legitimated son of John 
 of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and hence half brother to Henry 
 IV, and great uncle to the young prince, Henry VI. He was 
 possessed of very superior talents, with much experience in the 
 affairs of government, though he is said to have been, by no 
 means free from personal ambition, and even to have aspired 
 to the government, himself. He received the appointment 
 of Cardinal from the pope, and went into Bohemia on a cru- 
 sade against the Hussites. After this, we find him active in 
 the difficulty between England and France, and even con- 
 triving the ruin of the duke of Gloucester, as was generally 
 believed, causing him to be assassinated in his own bed. 
 About six weeks after this, he died, manifesting, it is said, 
 much remorse for his late conduct toward the duke. 
 
 BEAUFORT, Edmund.— Duke of Somerset. Brother of 
 Bishop Henry Beaufort. Being intimately connected, by 
 birth, with the royal family of Lancaster, he, and his brother, 
 were both warm supporters of the Lancastrian party, during 
 the civil war of the " Roses." 
 
 BEAUFORT, Duke of.— Henry Somerset. At the time 
 of the invasion of the prince of Orange, he had command of 
 a body of militia, and succeeded in intercepting Lord Love- 
 lace, and taking him prisoner, in the act of going over to the 
 prince. It is probable that he retired from public notoriety 
 after the accession of William and Mary. 
 
 BEAUMONT, Lord. — A powerful English baron under 
 the reign of Edward III. He claimed, in right of his wife, 
 the earldom of Buchan in Scotland. Not being able, how- 
 ever, to get possession, without much trouble, he conceived 
 the idea of operating through Edward Baliol, whom he found 
 in Normandy, and persuaded to revive an old claim to the 
 crown of Scotland, which he had long since abandoned. He 
 brought him over to England, and, assisted by the crown and 
 many of the nobility, succeeded in raising him temporarily 
 to the throne of Scotland. It does not appear, however, that 
 Beaumont was ever able to turn the war to the purpose which 
 he originally contemplated. (See Baliol, Edward.) 
 
 BEAUMONT, Henry de. — A Norman baron who came 
 
64 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BEC. 
 
 into England, most probably, with William the Conqueror. 
 Soon after the Conquest, when Edwin and Morcar raised an 
 insurrection in the north, William proceeded to the disaf- 
 fected district. On his way, he fortified the castle of War- 
 wick, of which he left Beaumont governor. 
 
 BEAUMONT, — Viscount at the time of the accession of 
 Edward IV, by whom he was attainted for his attachment to 
 the Lancaster party. Little is known of him. 
 
 BEAUMONT. — A Lieutenant Colonel in the regiment 
 of the duke of Berwick, under the reign of James II. The 
 king had determined on recruiting his army with Irish Catho- 
 lics, and was proceeding to begin the experiment in the 
 regiment of Berwick, who was his natural son ; but Beau- 
 mont positively refused to admit them, and in this, he was 
 sustained by five of the Captains. They were all cashiered ; 
 and but for other dangers then threatening the king, it is pro- 
 bable that they would have been punished for mutiny. Beau- 
 mont is said to have been an officer of much spirit and man- 
 ly independence. 
 
 BECKET, Thomas a. — A famous archbishop of Canter- 
 bury under the reign of Henry II. He is said to have been 
 the first man of English descent who rose to any considera- 
 ble preferment after the Norman conquest. He was born of 
 respectable parents in London, and, by his industry and na- 
 tive talent, insinuated himself into the confidence of Theo- 
 bald, then archbishop of Canterbury. Having received some 
 promotion, he traveled on the continent, and was employed 
 in the transaction of business at Rome. He was afterward 
 appointed successively to the offices of chancellor, archdeacon 
 of Canterbury, provost of Beverly, dean of Hastings, consta- 
 ble of the tower, and not to name more of his inferior honors, 
 at last, on the death of Theobald, became primate of England. 
 Until he had reached this honor, he was gay and ostenta- 
 tious in his living, beyond any subject in England. But 
 now his whole character changed, and he soon became as 
 remarkable for sanctity as he had been for pride and parade. 
 He wore sackcloth next his skin, lived on bread and water, 
 tore his own flesh by frequent scourging, and daily washed 
 the feet of thirteen beggars. He immediately took a high 
 stand for the supremacy of the church over kings, and by re- 
 peated usurpations of power, involved himself in a serious 
 quarrel with Henry, who, notwithstanding his great force 
 and determination of character, soon found cause to repent 
 
BED.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 65 
 
 having raised to power a man so nearly his own equal. Not 
 to particularize on this tedious controversy in which the king- 
 found himself exposed to the- thunders cf the papal court and 
 threatened with a general interdict, suffice it to say that it 
 ended only with the violent death of Becket. Henry being 
 in company with the archbishop of York, and several of the 
 nobility, the conduct of Becket became a subject of conversa- 
 tion, when the king grew violently angry, and burst forth 
 into an exclamation against his servants, whose want of zeal, 
 he said, had so long left him exposed to the insolence of the 
 prelate. Immediately four gentlemen of his household, who 
 were present, taking these expressions as a hint for Becket's 
 death, withdrew from the company and swore to avenge 
 their prince's injuries. Some menaces which they threw 
 out before starting gave a suspicion of their design. The 
 king sent a messenger after them, charging them to attempt 
 no violence on the person of the primate, but the messenger 
 arrived too late to prevent the execution of their fatal pur- 
 pose. They had followed him to St. Benedict's church to 
 vespers, and attacking him before the altar, clove his head 
 asunder. This drew upon Henry the fearful anathemas of 
 all the monks, and had w r ell nigh cost him his crown. (See 
 Henry II.) 
 
 BEDE, sometimes written BEDA. — Commonly known as 
 ihe Venerable. He was a native of the county of Durham, 
 and was educated in the monastery of St. Peter. Such was 
 his learning that he was even invited to make his residence 
 at Rome. He was greatly admired by his own countrymen, 
 and wrote an epistle to Egbert, Bishop of York, which has 
 ever been greatly valued for its curious statements of the 
 ecclesiastical affairs of his times. He wrote altogether in 
 Latin ; but nearly all his works have been translated into 
 English. His history of the church of England, from its 
 first planting until his own times, is still quoted with great 
 respect. He died May 26, 735, aged 63. 
 
 BEDFORD, Duke of.— (See John, third son of Henry 
 IV.) 
 
 BEDFORD, Duke of.— (See Tudor, Jasper.) 
 BEDFORD, Earl of.— (See Russell, Lord.) 
 BEDFORD, Earl of.— Most probably, also, one of the 
 Russell family. He does not appear prominent in the his- 
 tory of his times. He was one of the sixteen noblemen 
 sent by Charles I in 1640, to treat with the eleven Scottish 
 
66 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bED. 
 
 commissioners, .at Rippon, and soon after, was made a 
 member of the privy council of Charles. When Bishop 
 Juxon resigned the office of treasurer, it was determined to 
 raise Bedford to that office, but unfortunately for the king, 
 and for the country, he died, just at that time. He is said 
 to have been a man of great popularity, and well calculated 
 to make an impression in favor of his master, had his life 
 been spared. 
 
 BEDFORD, Earl of. — Successor, and perhaps, son of 
 the above. He was one of the committee appointed to at- 
 tend the person of Charles I into Scotland in 1641, profes- 
 sedly to see that the articles of pacification were executed, 
 but really as a spy upon the king, and to extend the idea of 
 parliamentary authority. Two "years after,' we find him in 
 command of a body of parliamentary forces opposing the 
 marquis of Hertford, and soon after, on the borders of 
 Cornwall, in active operation against the royalists. Very 
 soon after this, in company with others of the better order of 
 parliamentarians, he deserted the parliament, and hastening 
 to Oxford, attached himself to the royal party. What be- 
 came of him after the fall of Charles, or whether he sur- 
 vived the civil wars, does not fully appear. 
 
 BEDFORD, Earl of.— See Coucy, Ingraham. 
 
 BEDLOE, William. — An infamous villian who, under the 
 reign of Charles II, came forward, evidently in hope of pe- 
 cuniary reward, to confirm the ridiculous stories of Titus 
 Oates. He is said to have been a man of infamous char- 
 acter, long before, and to have traveled in different parts of 
 the continent of Europe, under different names, and even 
 to have passed himself off for a man of quality. On hear- 
 ing that Oates had been taken into favor, and received a 
 pension, for his stories, he came forward- and proposed to 
 confirm his testimony, and to disclose many startling facts, 
 not known to Oates. He told many extravagant stories 
 which, perhaps nobody believed, but which were eagerly laid 
 hold of by the populace, and made the subject of many an 
 able discourse, and the foundation of much concern, lest 
 England should be swallo*ved up by a Papal army. He re- 
 ceived a pension, for a time, but in his last sickness, being 
 in great need, had to apply to the king for more money to 
 relieve his necessities. Before his death, he confessed that 
 some of his oaths had been false, but insisted that, for the 
 most part, they were true. His testimony, together with 
 
BEL. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 67 
 
 that of Oates, cost several men their lives, though it is, 
 now, pretty generally believed that their stories were wholly 
 the fabrication of the most unprincipled of men. (See 
 Oates, Titus.) 
 
 BELE, Dr. — A Protestant preacher under the reign of 
 Henry VIII. In 1517, he preached many seditious sermons 
 against foreigners, which had the effect to get up an insur- 
 rection in London that had almost been a serious matter, as 
 the police of the city was not sufficiently strong to suppress 
 it. Most of the leaders were afterward arrested, Bele 
 among them, and sent to the tower. Fourteen were exe- 
 cuted, but Bele, and all the others, saved themselves by con- 
 senting to appear before the king with ropes about their 
 necks, to fall on their knees, and cry for mercy. Henry, 
 who had not, then, forgotten how to grant pardons, dismissed 
 them without further punishment. 
 
 BELENIAN, Nicholas. — A Protestant martyr under the 
 reign of Henry VIII. He was burned at the same time 
 with Anne Ascue, John Lassels, and John Adams, the tailor. 
 When tied to the stake, a pardon was offered them, if they 
 would recant, but they rejected it with disdain, and saw, 
 with tranquillity, the executioner kindle the flames that were 
 to consume them. 
 
 BELESME, Robert de, Earl of Shrewsbury and Arun- 
 del. — He was the eldest son of earl Roger, and succeeded 
 him in his functions. He co-operated with his father, and 
 many of the nobility, in a conspiracy against William Rufus, 
 about the time of his coronation, and labored to secure the 
 coronation of Robert, the elder brother. On Robert's return 
 from the Holy Land, soon after the death of William, he 
 found himself supplanted by Henry. Belesme was then 
 among his warm supporters, and urged him to invade Eng- 
 land, promising him his hearty co-operation. The treaty 
 between Robert and Henry stipulated that the adherents of 
 both should be pardoned. Soon after, however, Henry in- 
 dicted Belesme on a charge of insurrection or rebellion ; he 
 was banished, and his great estates confiscated. 
 
 BELKNAFPE, Sir Robert.— Chief justice of the court 
 of common pleas under the reign of Richard II. He appears 
 among the ministers who opposed the famous Gloucester 
 commission, so destructive of the royal prerogative. He 
 was not able, however, to resist the popular tumult, but saw, 
 
68 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BEL. 
 
 with helpless compassion, the deposition and ruin of his 
 master. 
 
 BELL, Robert. — A Puritan member of parliament in 
 1571. He is said to have made a motion against an exclu- 
 sive patent granted by Queen Elizabeth to a company of 
 merchants in Bristol, which led to a great deal of discussion. 
 After several violent speeches, on both sides, Bell was sent 
 for by the council, and severely reprimanded for his temerity. 
 When he returned to the house, his face showed so clearly 
 what had passed, that all the members were fully informed 
 of the queen's mind, and were struck with terror and 
 amazement. 
 
 BELLASIS. — One of the commissioners appointed by 
 Thomas Cromwell, while he was vicar general of Henry 
 VIII, for the purpose of inspecting the monasteries, and 
 reporting their condition. It is far more than probable that 
 all these commissioners were chosen on a knowledge of their 
 being violently opposed to the monastic system, and hence, 
 that their report of abuses was greatly exaggerated. He 
 seems to have lived until after the accession of Edward VI ; 
 at least, we find a man of that name, — most probably the 
 same, — acting in conjunction with three others, Southwell, 
 Tregonel, and Oliver, as keeper of the privy seal, under the 
 earl of Southampton, to whom it had been committed. 
 
 BELLASIS, Col. — An active supporter of Charles I 
 against the parliament. We first find him in the siege of 
 Bristol, on the 13th of July, 1643, where he was wounded. 
 In the following year, after the royalists had taken possession 
 of York, he was left with a considerable body of troops to 
 protect that vicinity, while the main body of the army moved 
 on to the northern borders. In this situation, he was attack- 
 ed by Sir Thomas Fairfax, and completely routed. In 1646, 
 we find him governor of Newark ; and when Charles had 
 fallen into the hands of the Scotch, they required him to 
 write an order to Bellasis to surrender the town, which was 
 in a state of siege, and in great distress. The order was 
 written, and promptly obeyed. 
 
 BELLASIS. — Member of parliament in the early part of 
 the reign of Charles 1. Being of the liberal party, some of 
 his conduct gave offence to the crown, and he was summoned 
 to appear before the council, to give an account of his con- 
 duct. On refusing to answer, he was committed to prison. 
 It is not probable, however, that he was long" detained, as 
 
BEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 69 
 
 Charles was, even then, beginning to realize the danger of 
 trifling with popular feeling. 
 
 BELLASIS, Lord. — According to the story of Titus 
 Oates, the popish plot provided that in the event of success, 
 Bellasis should be general of the papal army. He was 
 immediately thrown into the tower, and soon after im- 
 peached for high treason. On the exposure of the perjury 
 of Oates, however, the house of Lords released him from his im- 
 peachment, and he was set at liberty. On the accession of 
 James II, he was made a member of the privy council, be- 
 ing a violent Roman catholic, as was James. He was, how- 
 ever, entirely opposed to the hasty measures of the king for 
 introducing popery into England, and strongly though vainly 
 remonstrated against them. When Tyrconnel, the gover- 
 nor of Ireland, had made known a scheme for empowering 
 the king to confer all the lands of Ireland on his catholic 
 subjects, Bellasis is said to have declared with an oath, that 
 "that fellow in Ireland was fool and madman enough to ruin 
 ten kingdoms." What became of him after the flight of 
 James, is not certain. 
 
 BENNET, Sir. Harry. — Earl of Arlington; but com- 
 monly known as Lord Arlington. At one time an open and 
 avowed enemy to Charles II, but through the astonishing in- 
 fluence of the duchess of Cleveland, a favorite mistress of 
 Charles, suddenly raised to the office of secretary of state, 
 and soon after created Lord Arlington. Soon after, he be- 
 came a member of the " committee of council established for 
 foreign affairs," which has, ever since, been known as the 
 " Cabal," from the initial letters of the names, — Clifford, 
 Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. Of 
 these five, Bennet is said to have been the least dangerous, 
 either by his vices or his talents : though he was possessed of 
 good judgment. At one time, Charles sent him as ambas- 
 sador to the king of France, for the purpose of negotiating 
 business of importance to the nation. He became very ob- 
 noxious, however, to parliament, and articles of impeachment 
 were even drawn up against him ; but for some cause, were 
 never prosecuted. After serving twelve years, as secretary, 
 he retired to the position of chamberlain, a post for which he 
 was not well qualified, and in which he constantly declined 
 in the royal favor. Still, however, he was said to have more 
 influence over the versatile king than had any body else. 
 
70 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bEO 
 
 His pride was the most prominent trait in his character. He 
 died July 28, 1685. 
 
 BENNIFIELD.— A Jesuit, confessor to the duke of York, 
 (afterward James II.) He was suspected of being privy to 
 the conspiracy against the life of Charles II, which was 
 disclosed by Titus Oates. (See Oates, Titus.) 
 • BENNINGFIELD, Sir Henry.— Nominated by Edward 
 VI, or rather, by Northumberland, in the name of the crown, 
 to the people of Suffolk, for a seat in parliament. This was 
 an element of tyranny that could not be tolerated in modern 
 times, — for the crown to nominate, or in any way, to intimate, 
 who shall be elected to parliament. When the contest was 
 going on between Mary and Lady Jane Gray, we find Ben- 
 ningfield among the leading men of Suffolk, after exacting 
 a promise from Mary, that the protestant religion should be 
 tolerated, eagerly espousing her cause. So fully did he 
 enter into her interests, that when the prircess Elizabeth 
 was thrown into the tower, she was placed under his cus- 
 tody, and he is said to have treated her with all the severity 
 which Mary could have wished. After the accession of 
 Elizabeth to the throne, she is said, notwithstanding the cruel 
 treatment she had received from Benningfield, to have treat- 
 ed him with great kindness, during his life. It is probable 
 that he was one of those facile men who always find it easy 
 to accommodate their feelings and views to those in power. 
 
 BEORNE. — Commonly set down as the twelfth king of 
 East Anglia. He seems to have reigned for some nine 
 years in conjunction with Ethelbert, whom he either sur- 
 vived or supplanted, and after that to have reigned sole 
 monarch of East Anglia for some three years more. — (See 
 Ethelbert, king of East Anglia.) 
 
 BEORNULF.— Sometimes written BURNULF. The 
 sixteenth king of Mercia. He was a usurper of the throne, 
 having no connection with the royal family. It is not cer- 
 tainly known by what means he came to the throne, though 
 it is probable that he became the leader of a party which 
 ultimately became strong enough to overcome the reigning 
 monarch, Ceolulf, and to establish him in the government. 
 He was defeated in battle by the West Saxons, and after- 
 ward killed by his own subjects, the East Anglis, the kings 
 of Mercia having governed East Anglia ever since the fall 
 of its monarchy by the treachery of Offa. — (See Offa.) 
 
BER.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 71 
 
 Beornulf seems to have reigned about two years — from 821 
 to 823. 
 
 BERCTHUN. — A nobleman of Sussex who distingushed 
 himself by his bold and decided, though unsuccessful resis- 
 tance of the encroachments of the West Saxons. 
 
 BEREFORD, Simon de.— One of the minions of Morti- 
 mer, who were condemned by the house of peers soon after 
 the accession of Edward III. 
 
 BERENGARIA.— Wife of Richard I. She was a 
 daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, and became the suc- 
 cessful competitor of Alice, sister to Philip, of France, to 
 whom Richard had been engaged for many years. She 
 joined him as he wa£ on the eve of sailing for Palestine on 
 Ins ever memorable crusade, and the nuptials were solem- 
 nized on the island of Cyprus, where the fleet touched. 
 
 BERKLEY, Lord. — One of the three keepers to whose 
 custody Edward II was committed after his deposition, by 
 parliament. The other two keepers, Mantravers and Gour- 
 nay, were barbarous and cruel towards their prisoner, and at 
 last basely murdered him, during the sickness of Berkley. 
 Berkley is said always to have treated him with the kind- 
 ness and courtesy due to his rank. Beyond this, we know 
 but little of Lord Berkley. 
 
 BERKLEY, Sir William. — A strong partisan in the 
 York interest against the Lancastrians, and an active mili- 
 tary supporter of Richard III. After the accession of Henry 
 VII, he was arraigned for treason, and a bill of attainder 
 passed against him, in common with many others, by the 
 parliament ; — for the crime of supporting his king, against 
 one who had not, until after the decisive battle of Bosworth, 
 even claimed the title of king. 
 
 BERKELEY, Sir Maurice. — A military officer of some 
 note under the reign of Queen Mary. We do not learn, 
 however, that he ever performed any prodigies of valor. 
 Perhaps he had no opportunity. It was he who seized Wiat, 
 the leader of the great " Wiat Insurrection," in 1554. This, 
 however, can hardly entitle him to a place in the temple of 
 fame. 
 
 BERKELEY. — One of the private chaplains of Queen 
 Mary during the reign of Edward VI. As the princess re- 
 fused to abandon her Romish views, Berkeley and Mallet, 
 her other chaplain, were both thrown into prison, for a time. Of 
 
72 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bER. 
 
 course, no good resulted from such violence, to either the 
 queen, the chaplains, or the cause of religion. 
 
 BERKELEY. — A judge of the court of king's bench, 
 under Charles I. Some decision of his having displeased the 
 parliament, he was seized, even while sitting in his tribunal, 
 and forced to give an account of his conduct. What was 
 the result, we are not certainly informed. Thus were the 
 common laws suspended, and the high functionaries of the 
 crown prostrated by that lawless body, the parliament. 
 
 BERKELEY, Sir John. — An active supporter of Charles 
 
 I against the encroachments of the parliament. We first 
 find him co-operating with the marquis of Hertford, and, 
 with some other officers, conducting a small body of royal 
 forces from Sherborne castle, where they were much exposed, 
 into Wales. Next, we find him commanding a division of 
 the royal forces at the battle of Stratton, on the 16th of May, 
 1643. Four years after, 1647, we find him attending the 
 person of the king in his flight from Hampton court, and 
 soon after, accompanying Ashburnham to the Isle of Wight 
 for the purpose of asking of Hammond, the governor, pro- 
 tection for the king's person. In this, he and Ashburnham 
 seem to have acted imprudently, as they brought Hammond 
 into the presence of the king without having exacted any 
 promise of protection ; and from that hour, Charles was a 
 prisoner. (See Ashburnham.) 
 
 BERKELEY, Sir William.— A vice-admiral of Charles 
 
 II in the Dutch wars of 1666. In the famous " Four Days 
 Battle," he lost his life, the first day. He had led the van, 
 and falling into the thickest of the enemy, was overpowered, 
 and his ship taken. He was found dead, in his cabin, all 
 covered with blood. After the battle, Charles sent for his 
 remains, that they might be intered with the honors due to 
 his rank and merit. 
 
 BERKELEY, Lord.— A minister of Charles II at the 
 congress of Nimeguen in 1676, for the purpose of settling 
 the war with Holland, France, and Spain. Some years after 
 this, we find him governor of Ireland, after the removal of 
 Lord Roberts. Of his capacities, as a statesman, we know 
 but little. Judging from the posts that he filled, we should 
 conclude that he stood high in the favor of court. 
 
 BERKELEY, Col. — One of the numerous deserters of 
 James II on the landing of the prince of Orange. He seems 
 to have been largely under the influence of Lord Churchill, 
 
BER.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 73 
 
 and when that nobleman declared for the prince, Berkeley 
 seconded his movement, and acted accordingly. 
 
 BERKLEY, Thomas de.— When the earl of Hereford 
 had positively refused to lead the forces of Edward I into 
 Gascony, Lord Berkley was appointed to act in his place. 
 This is about all that we know of him. 
 
 BERKSHIRE, Lord. — One of several lords and com- 
 moners who were suspected of receiving bribes from the 
 French ministers to betray the interests of their country. 
 Sir John Dalrymple has obtained, from preserved copies of 
 the despatches of Barillon, the French minister then resident 
 in England, the most abundant proof that Berkshire, and 
 several others, did receive money for that purpose. 
 BERKSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Howard, Thomas.) 
 BERKSTEAD. — One of the regicides, or murderers, of 
 Charles I. At the time of the Restoration, fearing that he 
 might not escape the retribution of the law, he fled to the 
 continent, and after wandering, for some months, in differ- 
 ent parts of Germany, fixed on a place of residence, and 
 came to Delft, in Holland, where he had appointed to meet 
 his family. Soon after his arrival in Holland, he was dis- 
 covered by the English resident minister, who caused him to 
 be seized, put aboard a vessel, and sent to England," where 
 he was tried, convicted, and executed. 
 
 BERMINGHAM, Lord.— When Robert Bruce sent his 
 brother Edward into Ireland under the title of king, Ber- 
 mingham, being in command of the English forces, defeated 
 and slew him, which caused the project of subjugating Ire- 
 land to be dropped. 
 
 BERNARD, St. — A Benedictine monk born in France 
 1091. He stands prominent among the saintly characters 
 of those times, and seems to have exerted a large share of 
 influence among the western churches, and even in the pa- 
 pal court. He appears in English history only in the exer- 
 cise of his commtssion to preach the crusade, under the 
 reign of Stephen. His name stands high on the ecclesias- 
 tical calandar, and is regarded with veneration by most 
 christians. 
 
 BERNES, Sir James. — One of the ministers of Richard 
 II who was charged with high treason by the barons, and 
 most unjustly executed, only because of his attachment to 
 the crown. — (See Beauchamp, Lord, of Holt.) 
 
 BERRY,— A naval officer who assisted Sir Waltar Ra- 
 
 4 
 
74 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bER. 
 
 leigh in his bombardment of Fayal, The earl of Essex had 
 determined on this attack, and had informed Raleigh of his 
 intention, and it was agreed that they should co-operate. 
 By some accident, however, the squadrons were separated 
 before reaching Fayal, and Raleigh was first in port. Af- 
 ter waiting a reasonable time for Essex, fearing that the in- 
 habitants might take advantage of the delay to fortify them- 
 selves, he deemed it prudent to commence the attack. He 
 was successful ; but Essex, on finding what was done 
 was indignant that he should have been deprived of the 
 glory of an eterprise of his own projecting. In his an- 
 ger he proceeded, as high admiral, to cashier all Raleigh's 
 officers who had concurred with him in the measure, and 
 would have inflicted the same chastisement on Raleigh, 
 himself, but for the influence of Lord Thomas Howard. 
 Berry was one of the sufferers ; but as the storm of Essex's 
 anger soon passed over, he was restored to his former posi- 
 tion. 
 
 BERRY. — A military character who became a very trou- 
 blesome element in the commonwealth, a little before the 
 restoration. Finding himself eclipsed in the estimation of 
 Richard Cromwell, he joined the discontented party, and 
 threw his influence against the administration, and in favor 
 of, — he knew not what. The parliament became displeased 
 with him, and he was cashiered. 
 
 BERRY, — One of the victims of the famous story of Ti- 
 tus Oates. William Bedloe, who had undertaken to make 
 some considerable improvement on the testimony of Oates, 
 became a chief witness against Berry, who was charged 
 with the murder of Godfrey. Berry was a man of humble 
 birth, and being a protestant, no one has ever seriously be- 
 lieved that he could have engaged in a popish plot. Against 
 this, however, it was proved that he was in some way con- 
 nected with a Romish chapel at Somerset House. He died 
 a firm protestant, protesting his innocence. 
 
 BERWICK, Duke of.— An illegitimate son of James II 
 who held some military rank in Ireland, which was, most 
 probably, his native country ; or at least, the country of his 
 mother's relations. James attempted, at one time, to intro- 
 duce him, with his Irish regiment, into the English army ; 
 but so violent was the opposition among the officers, that he 
 was forced to abandon the project. 
 
 BERTHA.— Wife of Ethelbert, the fifth king of Kent. 
 
BET. J BIOG&AFHICAL INDEX. 75 
 
 She was the only daughter of Caribert, king of Paris, who 
 was a descendant of Clovis, the great conqueror of Gaul. 
 This marriage led to the introduction of Christianity among 
 the Saxons. The Britons had been christianized in the first 
 or second century, and were decidedly a christian people at 
 the time of the Saxon conquest, but, as might be supposed, 
 their religion had but little influence on their conquerors, as 
 the war did not end in peace, but extermination, the Britons 
 collecting in Wales and Cornwall, while the conquerors took 
 possession of the rest of the island. It was one of the con- 
 ditions of the marriage of Ethelbert that the queen should 
 enjoy her religion, which was christian. This involved the 
 bringing of her domestic chaplain, who was a French bishop. 
 The services of her religion, together with her devout and 
 exemplary conduct, won upon the confidence of the king; and 
 it was soon known that he was favorably disposed toward 
 her religion. Just at this time, Augustine, the Romish 
 monk, with his 40 other monks, arrived at the royal palace 
 of Canterbury and began his ministrations which led to the 
 conversion of Ethelbert, and thus laid the foundation for the 
 evangelizing of all the Saxon states. (See Augustine.) 
 
 BESTLEY. — One of a large and dangerous conspiracy 
 against Protector Cromwell in 1658. This conspiracy in- 
 cluded Royalists, Presbyterians, and even officers of the Pro- 
 tector's own army. The object proposed was a general insur- 
 rection, — perhaps, the assassination of Cromwell, and the 
 restoration of monarchy. The plot was, however, discovered 
 by the bad faith of one of the party, (See Willis,) and. 
 promptly suppressed. Some were beheaded, and three were 
 hanged, in different streets of the city. Of the latter, Bestley 
 was one. 
 
 BETHEL. — One of the sheriffs of London under the reign 
 of Charles II, It had long been the custom for the mayor of 
 the city to nominate one of the sheriffs, but that year, 1680, 
 the mayor's nomination was not accepted by the popular 
 party, and Bethel and Cornish were elected, who were dis- 
 tinguished as violent independents and revolutionists. Some 
 idea of the temper of these men may be inferred from the 
 fact that when Viscount Stafford had been sentenced to be 
 "hanged, drawn and quartered," and when the king had been 
 petitioned to commute the punishment into mere decapitation, 
 they were violently opposed to this exercise of executive 
 clemency, and insisted that it was beyond the bounds of the 
 
76 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BIG. 
 
 royal prerogative. Bethel was charged by Fitzharris, even 
 in his last moments, with having extorted from him all his 
 stories concerning the Popish Plot. From what little we can 
 learn of Bethel, we are forced to the conclusion that he was 
 altogether a contemptible character. 
 
 BIENFA1TE, Richard de. — One of the justiciaries who 
 assisted Odo, the regent of William the Conqueror, against 
 the revolt of the earls of Hereford and Norfolk. (See Roger, 
 earl of Hereford. ) 
 
 BIGOD, Hugh. — A steward of the royal household under 
 the reign of Henry I. When the bishop of Canterbury was 
 called upon, in virtue of his office, to administer the royal 
 unction to Stephen, he refused on the ground that he had 
 previously, in obedience to Henry, sworn fealty to Matilda, 
 daughter of Henry. Bigod came forward and made oath 
 that the late king had, on his death-bed, expressed dissatis- 
 faction with his daughter, and expressed a wish that Stephen 
 might succeed him. On this testimony the archbishop anoint- 
 ed Stephen and placed the crown on his head. Under the 
 reign of Henry II, we find him among the malcontents, and 
 co-operating with a great body of Flemings against the 
 crown. He was, however, forced to cease hostilities and 
 cast himself on the royal clemency. 
 
 BIGOD, Roger. — One of the powerful barons who con- 
 spired against William Rufus soon after his coronation. 
 After Duke Robert's return from the Holy Land to claim the 
 crown of England, Bigod became a strong supporter of Henry 
 I, and his influence contributed, not a little, to the establishing 
 of the treaty which forever excluded Robert from his right- 
 ful inheritance. 
 
 BIGOD, Hugh. — One of the twenty-five barons who con- 
 stituted the executive council under the great Charter of king 
 John. Under the following reign, (Henry III,) we find him 
 taking part in the civil war of the barons, in favor of the 
 crown. At the battle ol Lewes, May 14, 1264, he was pre- 
 sent, with his retainers ; but when the king fell into the hands 
 of Liecester, Bigod was struck with despair, and fled beyond 
 the sea. Whether he ever returned is not certain. 
 
 BIGOD, Roger. — Earl of Norfolk in the time of king 
 John, Henry III, and Edward I. He was one of the twenty- 
 five barons appointed to execute the great Charter of John. 
 After the accession of Henry, he was appointed agent to the 
 council of Lyons for the purpose of protesting against the 
 
BIL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 77 
 
 authority of the Pope in England, on the ground that the 
 concessions of king John had been extorted from him by 
 violence, and that they had never received the sanction, or 
 consent, of his barons. When Henry had violated the char- 
 ter of his father, Bigod appeared in the hall of parliament, at 
 the head, of the barons, clad in full armor, and addressed the 
 king in a speech of such spirit and manly firmness as awed 
 even royalty, itself. Soon after this, however, when the earl 
 of Leicester had carried his war so far as to appear almost 
 like a monarch, Bigod, and several others of the barons, de- 
 serted him, and declared for the royal cause. After the 
 accession of Edward I, he was made mareschal, but soon 
 after, on being ordered into military service in Gascony, 
 positively refused to go, and openly quarreled with the king. 
 He was, next, ordered to attend the person of the king on 
 an expedition into Flanders, but again refused to obey the 
 order, and hence was displaced from the office of mareschal, 
 and succeeded by Geoffrey de Geyneville. During the king's 
 absence in Flanders, he proceeded to violent measures for 
 securing the Great Charter, and on his return, demand- 
 ed a full amnesty for all his violence. Such was his power 
 and authority that Edward found it necessary to grant his 
 pardon, and restore him into favor. 
 
 BIGOT, Sir Francis. — Leader of an insurrection in the 
 time of Henry VIII. In July, 1536, about the time of 
 the famous rebellion of Robert Aske, he associated him- 
 self with one Halm, and attempted to surprise Hull. The 
 duke of Norfolk, however, soon reduced them to order, and 
 their rebellion was crushed. 
 
 B1LNEY, Thomas.— One of the martyrs of Henry VIII. 
 He was a Romish priest, but embraced the doctrines of the 
 Reformation. Being tried for heresy, and threatened with 
 the flames, he recanted, and abjured his principles, but was 
 so haunted by remorse that his friends became alarmed, lest 
 it should terminate in his ruin. After much distress, his 
 mind became calm, which, at first, was matter of great joy 
 to all who knew him. Very soon, however, it became mani- 
 fest that his serenity had resulted from a full resolve to return 
 to his principles, and to brave death. He went through 
 Norfolk, warning the people to beware of idolatry, and of 
 trusting their salvation, either to pilgrimages or to the cowl 
 of St. Francis, to the prayers of the saints, or to images. 
 He was seized, and tried before the bishop's court, as a re- 
 
78 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BLA. 
 
 lapsed heretic, and condemned to the flames. Such was his 
 patience and fortitude at the stake, that all who were present 
 were deeply affected ; and some mendicant friars, present, 
 seeing the popular feeling, became alarmed, lest their living 
 should be withheld, from, an impression that they were acces- 
 sory to his death. They begged of him publicly to acquit 
 them of any participation in the matter, which request he 
 readily granted; but by this meekness and charity, extended 
 toward those known to be his worst enemies, he is said to 
 have exerted a greater influence against them than could 
 have been by any accusations. 
 
 BIRON, Lord. — A military officer of Charles I. He had 
 command of a strong force of five regiments, sent from Ire- 
 land, to support the king, and reduced Cheshire, but was, 
 soon after, attacked by the parliamentary forces, under Fair- 
 fax, and his army dispersed. Sixteen hundred of his men 
 are said to have thrown down their arms, and declared for 
 the parliament. After this, however, we find him in active 
 service, and so very efficient, that his exisle from the 
 kingdom was insisted on by the parliament. We learn that 
 Charles consented to his temporary exile, and it is pro- 
 bable that he left England a little before the fall of Charles. 
 
 BIRON, Sir John. — A gentleman of high birth, and esti- 
 mable character, in time of Charles I. He was, at one 
 time, governor of the tower, but the parliament, regarding 
 him as too conservative to suit their measures, forced the 
 king to displace him, and appoint Sir John Conyers to that 
 office. 7 After this, he was a warm supporter of the royal 
 cause, and at the battle of Edgehill, October 23, 1642, com- 
 manded the king's body of reserve. He committed a fatal 
 error, on that occasion. On seeing the parliamentary forces 
 give way, and take to flight, he could not resist the tempta- 
 tion to quit his post, and join in the chase. This gave an 
 advantage to the reserve of Essex, which he did not fail to 
 improve ; and the consequence was, instead of a brilliant 
 victory, they had but a doubtful one. After this, we hear 
 but little more of Biron. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE.— (See Edward, eldest son of Edward 
 III.) 
 
 BLACK. — A Scotch clergyman, minister of St. Andrew's, 
 in the time of James I. Being a violent Presbyterian, he 
 exerted a fearful influence against James, and caused him 
 no small concern. In one of his sermons, he pronounced all 
 
BLA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 79 
 
 kings the devil's children, and gave to the Queen of Eng- 
 land, (wife of James,) the appellation of atheist; and when 
 it became his duty to offer public prayers for her, in the 
 church, he remarked, " We must pray for her, for the fash- 
 ion's sake, but we have no cause ; she will never do us any 
 good." He was called before the privy council to answer 
 for his conduct, but refused to answer, alleging that he acted 
 under a higher authority than that of kings, and would an- 
 swer to no human tribunal for what he said in the pulpit. 
 The church of Scotland adopted his cause, and a sedition 
 was raised in Edinburgh, in which James was held in cus- 
 tody for some days. He seems to have been a man of true 
 courage, and had fully imbibed the spirit of the Covenanters. 
 BLAKE. — A celebrated admiral, under the common- 
 wealth. He had not been educated to this profession : in 
 fact he had not entered the land service until over fifty years 
 of age. His talents, however, seem to have been eminently 
 suited to the naval service, and he very quickly raised the 
 naval glory of England far above what it had been at any 
 former period. His first enterprise was against Prince Ru- 
 pert, whom Charles had entrusted with a squadron of some 
 importance, and which still remained on the seas. Rupert 
 took shelter in the Tagus, and was protected by the king of 
 Portugal. This interference, Blake punished by seizing 
 twenty valuable Portuguese ships. After this, he rendered 
 very important service in the Dutch wars, and defeated 
 some of their finest squadrons. Soon after this, the parlia- 
 ment saw proper to be grievously offended with France for 
 permitting the late queen and her children, to reside within 
 her territories, and ordered Blake to chastise the offence by 
 attacking their shipping. Accordingly, he attacked, and 
 seized the whole squadron, which was engaged in carrying 
 supplies to Dunkirk, then in a state of seige by Spain. 
 Soon after this enterprise, he was ordered to the Mediterra- 
 nean, — the first English fleet that had ever been on those 
 waters, save what had been engaged in transporting the 
 crusades to the Holy Land. The pope trembled lest his own 
 dominions should be invaded by the Puritan. Blake's fame 
 was now spread all over Europe, and no naval force on the 
 Mediterranean would think of engaging him. His move- 
 ments, however, were all regulated by strict justice. Cast- 
 ing anchor before Leghorn, he compelled the duke of Tus- 
 cany to make reparation for certain violence done to English 
 
80 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bLO. 
 
 traders. Thence sailing to Algiers, he compelled the dey to 
 enter into a treaty of peace, and to restrain the piratical 
 habits of his subjects. Thence he bent his course to Tunis, 
 and made a similar demand. The dey was haughty, and 
 bade him look to his frowning castles. Immediately he 
 drew up his ships, and with Ins terrible artillery, leveled his 
 castles with the ground, and burned all the shipping in 
 port. On his return home, a part of his squadron fell in 
 with several Spanish galleons, some of which they took 
 home with them, as prizes, and burned the others, causing 
 fearful loss of life. Soon after this, hearing of a Spanish 
 fleet, richly laden, lying in the bay of Santa Cruz, in the 
 Canaries, he hastened to join them. They were protected 
 by a strong castle and a number of ships of war. With as- 
 tonishing temerity, he ran into the bay, took possession of 
 the ships, burned them, with their rich cargoes, and returned 
 to sea with very little loss. This was his last action. Suf- 
 fering with dropsy and scurvy, he hastened home to die. 
 Just as he hove in sight of his native country, he expired. 
 Few men have ever commanded more general respect 
 than Admiral Blake. Truly devoted to his country's inter- 
 ests, he often declared that whether they were to have a 
 commonwealth, or a king, his duty was the same : — to serve 
 his country. Cromwell ordered him a costly funeral at the 
 public expense ; but as some one has said, " the tears of his 
 countrymen were the most honorable panegyric to his mem- 
 ory." 
 
 BLANCHE.— Eldest daughter of Henry IV. She was 
 married to the duke of Bavaria. 
 
 BLED A. — A son of the famous Saxon, Porte, who came 
 into England in, or about, the year 500, to assist Cedric, of 
 West Saxons, against the native Britons. Bleda, and his 
 brother, Megla, accompanied their father in his expedition. 
 Beyond this, we know nothing of either of them. 
 
 BLETHYN. — A Welch prince who united with the Eng- 
 lish in resisting Norman oppression, after the conquest of 
 William the Conqueror. He was nephew to Edwin and 
 Morcar, and co-operated with them in the North of England. 
 
 BLOOD. — An officer in the parliamentary service of Ire- 
 land. Being disbanded after the Restoration, he projected, 
 with several others, an insurrection, with the surprisal of the 
 castle of Dublin. The vigilance of Ormond, however, de- 
 tected the plot, and several of the conspirators were capitally 
 
BLO.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 81 
 
 punished. Blood escaped into England, but was attainted. 
 He next came to London, with the intention of revenging 
 himself on Ormond. By some artifice, he succeeded in draw- 
 ing off some of the guards of his person, and attacked his 
 coach, as he drove through one of the streets, at night. He 
 got possession of the duke, and might easily have despatched 
 him ; but he meditated some refinement of cruelty. He re- 
 solved to hang him at Tyburn; and for that purpose, bound 
 him, and mounted him on horsback, behind one of his com- 
 panions. As they passed through the field, Ormond made a 
 desperate effort, by which he threw himself on the ground, 
 with the man to whom he was fastened. While they were 
 struggling together, in the mire, Ormond's servants came up 
 and rescued him. Blood escaped in the darkness. Soon 
 after this, he conceived tne idea of carrying off the crown 
 and royal regalia from the tower. Accordingly, at some un- 
 guarded moment, when no one could have suspected so daring 
 an enterprise, he entered the tower, wounded and bound 
 Edwards, the keeper of the jewel- office, and had gotten out 
 of the tower with his booty, when he was overtaken and 
 seized. He boldly avowed his purpose, and declared that 
 the fear of death should never engage him to deny his guilt, 
 or to betray a single one of his accomplices. He further- 
 more assured the king that he, and his associates, had long 
 meditated his majesty's assassination, and had even gone to 
 Battersea, his bathing place, for that purpose, but had been 
 deterred by the sight of royalty. He said that their antipathy 
 was founded on the restraints which had been laid on the 
 religious services of the Puritans. He declared himself al- 
 together indifferent as to the matter of life, or death, but 
 warned the king that in case of his death, his associates were 
 bound by oaths, to revenge it. Charles was so pleased with 
 what he called the open magnanimity of his character, that 
 he not only granted him a pardon, but settled on him an 
 estate of five hundred pounds a year, in Ireland. This was 
 a specimen of Charles' ill-judged mercy. Poor Edwards, 
 who had exposed his life in defense of the crown and regalia, 
 and was seriously wounded, was neglected and forgotten, 
 while one of the most unprincipled monsters that England 
 ever saw was raised to the honor of a royal favorite. 
 
 BLOUNT, Sir Thomas. — One of the conspirators against 
 
 Henry IV. He was arrested by the royal forces, in the 
 
 4# 
 
82 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BOA. 
 
 vicinity of Bristol, and, in company with several others, pub- 
 licly executed, quartered, and drawn into London. 
 
 BLOUNT, Charles.— (See Mountjoy, Lord.) 
 
 BLOUNT, Sir Christopher. — Is known principally, by his 
 co-operation with the earl of Essex in his Drury-house plot. 
 He was arrested at the same time with the earl, and execu- 
 ted, with several others, engaged in that fatal enterprise. 
 
 BLOUNT, Sir Charles. — A gentleman of high repute in 
 the time of Queen Elizabeth. As the Spanish Armada was 
 passing up the English channel, he came out, as did many 
 others, with his own vessel, and engaged in the service 
 of the admiral. He is said greatly to have distinguished 
 himself on this occasion, and even to have won for him- 
 self the reputation of a great naval commander. Though 
 powerful and influential, he seems never to have thrust himself 
 much into notice, or to have made any effort to make himself 
 prominent in history. 
 
 BOADICEA. — Queen of the Iceni, a tribe of the ancient 
 Britons. This woman is remarkable for her determined and 
 active hostility to the Romans, on their invasion of her coun- 
 try. It is stated, on good authority, that she, with her daugh- 
 ters, had been treated in the most ignominious manner by 
 the Roman tribunes. This kindled a righteous indignation 
 in her breast which, combined with a noble patriotism, made 
 her one of the most formidable opponents which the Romans 
 ever encountered in the island. The Iceni were anxious to 
 avenge the wrongs of their outraged queen. Other tribes 
 united with these in a great rebellion, in the absence of the 
 Roman general, (Suetonius,) and Boadicea was placed at 
 the head of the united forces of Britain. London, then a 
 flourishing Roman colony, was reduced to ashes, and the 
 Romans and other strangers resident there, to the number of 
 70,000, were all put to the sword. Soon after this, however, 
 Suetonius encountered the Britons in. a regular engagement. 
 A bloody battle ensued in which 80,000 Britons are said to 
 have perished. The army of Boadicea is declared to have 
 amounted to 100,000 men, while the Roman army did not 
 exceed 10,000. Nor were the British forces deficient in 
 bravery ; but they lacked discipline and military science. The 
 queen, herself, seated in a lofty chariot, with her daughters, 
 drove through the numerous squadrons, and harangued them 
 with great spirit. The Romans advanced to the charge, 
 The Britons could not contend with their disciplined legions. 
 
BOH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. • S3 
 
 A general rout ensued. The queen was seen in every quar- 
 ter, urging her chariot with frantic gestures, and laboring, in 
 vain, to rally her flying countrymen, until, in despair, and to 
 avoid falling into the hands of the infuriated enemy, she put 
 an end to her life by taking an active poison, winch released 
 her from her troubles. 
 
 BOOKING, Doctor. — A canon of Canterbury in the time 
 of Henry VIII. He associated himself with Richard Masters, 
 (see Masters, Richard,) for the purpose of giving impor- 
 tance to the silly ravings of Elizabeth Barton, commonly 
 known as the " Holy Maid of Kent," and by this means, of 
 opposing the divorce of the king from Catherine. Several 
 others were associated in this contemptible imposition, most 
 of whom, with Booking, suffered the penalty due to their 
 crime. 
 
 BODLEY, Sir Thomas. — At one time an ambassador of 
 Queen Elizabeth in the States of Holland. He was recom- 
 mended, by the earl of Essex, for the office of secretary of 
 state, but was rejected by the queen, in consequence of her 
 preference for Robert Cecil. In 1598, he rebuilt, and fur- 
 nished, the public library, at Oxford, with a vast collection of 
 books and manuscripts from all parts of the world, and thus 
 became, really, one of the greatest benefactors of England 
 in his times. 
 
 BO HUN, Henry de. — An English nobleman of the family 
 of Hereford, who perished in the Scotch wars of Edward II. 
 He encountered the famous Robert Bruce, in single combat, 
 in full view of both armies, when Bruce, at a single blow, 
 cleft him to the chin with a battle-ax. 
 
 BOHUN, Humphrey. — We learn of him, only, that when 
 the Flemings undertook an invasion of Suffolk, under the 
 reign of Henry II, being led by the earl of Leicester and 
 Hugh Bigod, they were opposed by Lucy, assisted by Hum- 
 phrey Bohun the constable, and many others, and completely 
 routed. He fills but a small space in history. 
 
 BOHUN, Humphrey de. — Earl of Hereford. It is proba- 
 ble that he was a son of the above, as he succeeded him in 
 the office of constable. He was a powerful nobleman, and, 
 for near sixty years, his influence was felt throughout Eng- 
 land. Three successive monarchs had reason to dread his 
 power and influence, and the nation had reason to rejoice 
 when it was told that he had perished in battle with the royal 
 
84 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_BOL. 
 
 forces while conducting a rebellion against the lawful sove- 
 reign of his country. 
 
 BOHUN, Sir Edward. — One of the confidential friends 
 and advisers of Edward III, when he first conceived the de- 
 sign of freeing himself from the tyranny of the infamous 
 Mortimer. But little known in history. 
 
 BOLEYN, Sir Geoffrey.— Grandfather of Sir Thomas Bo- 
 leyn. Mr. Hume barely alludes to him as having once been 
 mayor of London, and being, connected with some of the 
 best families in England. Doubtless a careful examination 
 of ancient records might disclose more of him. 
 
 BOLEYN, Sir Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire.— Father of the 
 celebrated Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VII. He 
 was allied, by consanguinity and affinity, to all the principal 
 nobility of the kingdom, and, previous to the marriage of his 
 daughter Anne, had been employed by Henry in several im- 
 portant embassies. After the universities and convocations 
 had decided Henry's former marriage, with Catherine, 
 to be unlawful, Boleyn was sent to the pope to inform him of 
 the result, and to intimate to him that his decision in the 
 matter was no longer deemed necessary. The first instance 
 of disrespect from England to the pope, we have in the con- 
 duct of Boleyn in this visit : when his holiness very graciously 
 held out his foot, Boleyn refused to kiss it, and thus violated 
 the etiquette of the papal court. It is probable that he lived 
 to see his daughter wedded to the great king of England, 
 but whether he lived to see her untimely end, does not ap- 
 pear. In pity to him, we should hope not. 
 
 BOLEYN, Lord Rocheford. — Brother to the unfortunate 
 Anne Boleyn. He was charged, by his wife, (see Roche- 
 ford, Lady,) with having seduced his sister from chastity, 
 and both of them were convicted on the evidence of his hav- 
 ing been once seen to lean on her bed before company. 
 Sentence of death was passed upon him at the same time 
 with his sister, but whether it was executed is not certain. 
 His death was not sought by Henry. All that he desired 
 was to rid himself of Anne, that he might indulge his passion 
 for Jane Seymour, whom he married the next day after 
 Anne's execution. 
 
 BOLINBROKE, Sir Roger.— Executed for the crime of 
 witchcraft, under the reign of Henry VI. He was convicted 
 of having, in conjunction with the duchess of Gloucester and 
 
BOtf,J BIOGRAPHICAL ISTDEX. 85 
 
 some others, in melting a waxen figure of the king before a 
 slow fire, that his force and vigor might thus waste away. 
 
 BOLTON, Sir Richard. — Chancellor of Ireland under the 
 reign of Charles I, when Strafford was governor of that 
 country. When it was known, in Ireland, that Strafford had 
 been charged, at home, with maladministration, the Irish 
 house of commons immediately sent over a committee to 
 assist in the prosecution of the unfortunate governor ; and 
 that committee also carried up an impeachment against 
 Bolton. It seems, however, to have been regarded, by the 
 English parliament, as too contemptible to be worthy of 
 notice, and hence, was never prosecuted. Beyond this, little 
 is known of Bolton. 
 
 BONA. — Of Savoy, sister of the queen of France at the 
 time of Edward IV's accession to the crown of England. 
 Edward sought her hand, not only because of his admiration 
 for her person, but in hope of thereby engaging the interest 
 of France in his behalf against the Lancastrian party. The 
 earl of Warwick had been sent to Paris, where the princess 
 resided, and the proposal had been accepted, when the as- 
 tounding truth was revealed that Edward had secretly mar- 
 ried Elizabeth Gray. It was this which caused Warwick to 
 abandon the interests of his master, and espouse the cause 
 ef Lancaster. (See Nevil, Richard, earl of Warwick.) 
 
 BONIFACE. — An archbishop of Canterbury under the 
 reign of Henry III. He was a native of Savoy, and his 
 promotion to the primacy caused great dissatisfaction, as it 
 brought many foreign favorites into the court. He filled the 
 see of Canterbury about twenty-eight years, and died, or was 
 removed, in 1270. 
 
 BONNER, Edward.— Bishop of London. The charac- 
 ter of this ecclesiastic is written in letters of blood on the 
 page of English history. The remark of Grainger, that, 
 " Nature seems to have designed him for an executioner," 
 seems not too severe. He was born in Worcestershire, in 
 1500, of very humble parentage, and was educated at Ox- 
 ford by some generous patron. When only nineteen years 
 of age, he was admitted to orders, and soon became a favor- 
 ite of the famous Cardinal Wolsey. , After the fall of Wol- 
 sey, he became not less a favorite of Henry VIII, and his 
 new minister, Cromwell. He was among those who advo- 
 cated the king's divorce from Catharine, and assisted, by all 
 his influence, in divorcing England from the papacy. In 
 
S6 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bON. 
 
 1532, he was sent to Rome to apologize for the king's non- 
 compliance with the papal citation. A year after, he was 
 sent to deliver his master's appeal from the decision of the 
 pope to the General Council. Such was his boldness and 
 effrontery in the presence of the Holy Father, that he was 
 threatened with immersion in a cauldron of melted lead; 
 whereupon, he very prudently retired from court, and fled 
 from the papal dominions. In 1538, he was nominated to 
 the bishopric of Hereford, but before his consecration, was 
 translated to that of London. 
 
 At the time of Henry's death, he filled the situation of 
 ambassador to the court of Charles V, and from this time, 
 changed his whole course. When called upon by Edward 
 VI to renounce, in form, the supremacy of the pope, he ob- 
 stinately refused. For this act of disobedience, he was thrown 
 into Fleet prison, but on making submissions, soon after, 
 was released. Soon after this, however, he again became 
 obstinate on the subject of Reformation, for which he was 
 committed to the Marshalsea, and deprived of his bishopric. 
 On the accession of Queen Mary, he was restored to his 
 bishopric, and made president of the Convocation in the 
 place of Cranmer, who was displaced from that office imme- 
 diately on Mary's accession. The same year he visited 
 most of his diocese, and exerted all his influence in opposi- 
 tion to the reformation, and for the establishment of papacy ; 
 and in the course of three years, committed more than three 
 hundred persons to the flames, on account of their refusal 
 to acknowledge the supremacy of the pope, and adopt the 
 Romish religion. On the death of Mary, he came, with the 
 other bishops, to congratulate, and tender his allegiance to 
 Elizabeth. All the others she received with respect; but 
 from Bonner she turned away in disgust, as from a man 
 stained with blood, and declined to show him any mark of 
 favor. On being required to take the oath of allegiance to 
 the new queen, he refused, and for this offence, was thrown 
 into prison, but died in his confinement, after a few years, 
 September 5, 1569. There is, perhaps, no character in 
 modern history from which human nature recoils with os 
 much disgust. Most of the bloody statutes of* Mary were 
 passed at his suggestion, and it is well known that he was 
 the main agent in their execution, and in many instances, 
 aggravated the sentence of the law by his brutal manner of 
 applying it On many occasions he was seen to snatch the 
 
BOO.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 87 
 
 whip from the hand of the executioner, and with his own 
 hands, apply it to the lacerated back of the helpless victim ; 
 and in one instance he tore out the beard of an old man, 
 for his obstinate attachment to the protestant religion, and 
 then thrust his hand into the blaze of the candle, and held it 
 until his veins burst, and the muscles and sinews were con- 
 sumed. When shown a picture of himself, in the first edi- 
 tion of Fox's "Acts and Monuments," in which he was rep- 
 resented in the act of scourging a protestant with his Own 
 hands, the shameless monster laughed aloud, and exclaimed, 
 " a vengeance on the fool ! How could he get my picture 
 drawn so accurately ? " 
 
 BONNIVET. — A French admiral, so celebrated for wis- 
 dom and statesmanship that he was sent to England, in the 
 time of Henry VIII, to procure for Francis a place in the af- 
 fections of Cardinal Wolsey. His insinuation and address 
 prevailed to such an extent that Wolsey soon became about 
 as much the minister of France as of England. The ulti- 
 mate end proposed to be accomplished by this mission seems 
 to have been the restoration of Tournay, then in possession 
 of England, which was easily accomplished, Wolsey being 
 made bishop of that province. 
 
 BONVILLE, Lord. — The person to whose care Henry 
 VI was entrusted when taken prisoner by the Yorkists. At 
 the battle of St. Albans, in which Queen Margaret prevailed 
 and Henry was restored, Bonville fell into the hands of the 
 Lancastrians, or rather consented to remain with the king on 
 assurance of pardon and safety. The enraged queen, how- 
 ever, regardless of her husband's promise, ordered the head 
 of Bonville to be immediately struck off by the executioners. 
 
 BOOTH, Sir George. — A bold and daring royalist, who, 
 after the fall of Charles I, concerted plans of resistance to the 
 Commonwealth. He was one of the chief conspirators in 
 the great conspiracy of 1659, and pledged himself, for his 
 part, to take possession of Chester. In consequence of the 
 tempestuous weather just at the time of rendezvous, all the 
 others failed, and he, alone, fulfilled his engagement. After 
 getting possession of Chester, however, he found himself sur- 
 rounded by the parliamentary forces, under command of the 
 famous Lambert. Imprudently, he ventured outside of the 
 walls, to give them battle, when he was totally defeated, and 
 made prisoner. He was then exposed to the mercy of the 
 parliament, and but for the fact of his being a distinguished 
 
88 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BOT. 
 
 Presbyterian, would, most probably, have met a violent death 
 As it was, the parliament, being decidedly presbyterian, hesi- 
 tated, and in the course of the following year, released him. 
 It is not improbable that he was, at first, on the side of the 
 parliament, but with many others, became disgusted with 
 the military despotism, and resolved on an effort for the 
 restoration of monarchy. 
 
 BORLACE, Sir John. — One of the two justices sent into 
 Ireland by Charles I, to assist in the administration of the 
 government. He is said to have been a man of small capa- 
 cities, and to have been appointed to that office wholly on ac- 
 count of his devotion to the crown. At the time of the great 
 Irish insurrection, in 1641, he was entirely at ease, even the 
 very day before the commencement of the massacre, and 
 barely saved himself by flying to the castle of Dublin. So 
 utterly was he destitute of all the qualifications for his office. 
 In addition to this, he has been charged with corruption, and 
 even secretly favoring the rebellion: this charge, however, 
 seems to be without good foundation. 
 
 BOROUGHS, Sir John.— A military officer of distinc- 
 tion, under the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was in the 
 expedition of 1590, sent by the queen, to assist Henry IV, of 
 France, against Spain, and also against the Roman catholics 
 of his own country, he having favored the cause of the Hu- 
 guenots. The English performed prodigies of valor, and 
 won for themselves the admiration of all Europe. Boroughs, 
 although not first in command, is spoken of as having dis- 
 tinguished himself in a very high degree, and contributed 
 much to revive the ancient fame of English valor. 
 
 BOTHWELL, Earl of.— (See Hepburn, James.) 
 
 BOTHWELL, Earl of.— A nobleman descended from a 
 natural son of James IV, of Scotland. He conceived the 
 idea of making himself master of the person of the young 
 king, James VI, and after several unsuccessful attempts, was 
 expelled the kingdom. He took shelter in England, and was 
 protected by Queen Elizabeth. Still lurking along the bor- 
 ders, he at length succeeded in getting possession of the 
 king, and by the assistance of an English ambassador, extort- 
 ed from him many promises which, had they ever been ful- 
 filled, must have been seriously injurious to Scotland. Again 
 he availed himself of the protection of Elizabeth, for some 
 years, until he gave her some offence, and was compelled to 
 flee from England. He sought shelter, first in France, and 
 
BOU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 89 
 
 then in Italy, where, after several years of extreme poverty 
 and wretchedness, he died, " unwept, unsung." 
 
 BOURCHIER. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the latter 
 part of the celebrated York and Lancaster war, and also a 
 cardinal of the pope. He is said to have been a man of high 
 and honorable character, and at many times to have exert- 
 ed a decided influence in preventing the effusion of blood, 
 though he erred in judgment, as did the archbishop of York, 
 in advising the queen of Edward IV to surrender her sons 
 to the duke of Gloucester. (See Rotherham.) He lived to 
 perform the ceremony of coronation at the accession of Henry 
 VII. Soon after this, he died, and was succeeded in the 
 primacy, by Morton. 
 
 BOURCHIER, Sir Thomas. — One of the many nobleman 
 who declared for the earl of Richmond, (Henry VII,) im- 
 mediately on his landing at Milford Haven, for the purpose 
 of invading England. Bourchier is said to have been a man 
 of great authority, and to have exerted much influence in fa- 
 vor of Henry. He does not, however, make any great figure 
 in history, perhaps he was not ambitious of distinction. 
 
 BOURG. — One of the justices of Richard II who ven- 
 tured to express an opinion against the commission of the 
 Gloucester party, as unconstitutional and wrong. Little is 
 known of him. 
 
 BOURKE. — A contemptible Irishman who, with several 
 others of about the same stamp, availed himself of the offer 
 of a reward, made by parliament, under the reign of Charles 
 II, to any who would testify to the existence of an Irish 
 plot. He is said to have been a man of too little charac- 
 ter to have gained belief, even to the truth, and not sense 
 enough to invent a credible falsehood. Nevertheless, he, 
 and his associates, were sent over to England, as witnesses, 
 and their testimony cost some their lives. 
 
 BOURNE. — A brewer, said to have been concerned in 
 the famous Rye-house Plot of 1683 against the life of Charles 
 II. After the discovery of the plot, he had the meanness, 
 in common with several others of the conspirators, to turn 
 state's witness against his associates. It is probable that he 
 saved his life by this infamy ; though from that moment his 
 name sinks into the contempt to which it is so justly entitled. 
 
 BOURNE, Captain. — A naval commander who assisted 
 admiral Blake in his famous wars with the Dutch in 1652. 
 He is said to have been a man of rare ability, and second to 
 
90 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BOX. 
 
 no officer in the English naval service, — except the great ad- 
 miral Blake. 
 
 BOWES, Sir Robert. — A military character of some 
 prominence in the time of Henry VIII, and Edward VI. 
 When Henry, in 1542, had determined to get up a quarrel 
 with James V, he sent Bowes for the purpose of making 
 incursions into Scotland, while the duke of Norfolk was 
 making preparation for a regular invasion of that country. 
 The expedition of Bowes, however, was wholly unsuccess- 
 ful ; he was defeated by the Scotch, and forced to beat a 
 retreat, while several of his most distinguished officers were 
 detained, prisoners. In 1548, we find him engaged in a 
 similar service, in conjunction with Sir Thomas Palmer. 
 The town of Haddington had been taken by the duke of 
 Somerset, and fortified, but was soon after besieged by the 
 Scots and French, then at open war against England. It 
 was soon reduced to distress ; and, in this juncture, Bowes 
 and Palmer were sent to throw supplies into the place. 
 They had the misfortune, however, to fall into an ambus- 
 cade, and were almost wholly cut to pieces. Whether or not 
 Bowes perished in this ambuscade does not appear, with 
 certainty. 
 
 BOX. — A gentleman who was elected, in 1682, by the 
 court party, to the office of sheriff of London. Two sheriffs 
 were to be elected ; and as it was the custom for the mayor 
 to nominate one, and the people the other, a Levant mer- 
 chant, of the name of North, was nominated by the mayor, 
 which was considered equivalent to an election. The poll 
 was then opened for the election of the other. A popular 
 cry, however, was raised against North, and two were put in 
 nomination by the people, — Papillon and Dubois. The 
 mayor refused to go into an election for two, insisting that 
 there was but one vacancy. Upon this, he withdrew, and 
 opened a poll separate from that of the populace. They 
 went on, and elected their candidates, but the mayor received 
 the votes of the court party, in favor of Box. The other 
 poll, being much the largest, the people's candidates were 
 declared duly elected. The mayor, however, decided that 
 his was the only lawful election, and so announced North 
 and Box as the two sheriffs. Box, however, seems not to 
 have been satisfied of the validity of the proceeding, and de- 
 clined the office. A new election was then gone into, and 
 
BOY.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 91 
 
 Rich was elected in the place of Box. This serves to give 
 some idea of the violence of party feeling in those times. 
 
 BOYDE, Lord. — One of the Scottish nobility who were 
 particularly dissatisfied with the marriage of their queen, 
 Mary, to Henry Darnley. He is said to have received from 
 the queen, previous to her marriage, some large estates, 
 which he had reason to apprehend might be withdrawn from 
 him by Darnley's influence. Another cause of dissatisfac- 
 tion was, that Boyde was an active and zealous protestant, 
 while Darnley, and his family, were known to favor the 
 Romish religion. After Mary's marriage with Bothwell, 
 Boyde united with many others of the nobility in wresting 
 the young prince, James VI, out of his hands. When Mary 
 fell into the hands of Elizabeth, however, he appeared as her 
 warm supporter, but still co-operated with the Scottish no- 
 bility in rescuing the prince from the power of his relations. 
 He seems, upon the whole, to have been a firm and elevated 
 
 BOYLE, Robert.— Son of Richard, Earl ©f Cork. A 
 philosopher of some considerable note under the reigns of 
 Charles II and James II. He improved the pneumatic en- 
 gine, invented by Otto Guericke, and was thereby enabled 
 to make several new and curious experiments on the atmos- 
 pheric air, as well as on several other gaseous substances. 
 He also wrote a work on chemistry, which has been greatly 
 admired, and another on hydrostatics, which is said to have 
 disclosed many principles before unknown to science. Be- 
 sides these, he wrote several literary and theological works of 
 much value. Such was his modesty, and so retiring were 
 his inclinations, that he once declined the honors of the mitre, 
 tendered him on condition that he would enter the clerical 
 profession. He also declined the provostsbip of Eaton col- 
 lege, and several other situations which might have gratified 
 the pride of the ambitious. The only office of much pro- 
 minence which he ever filled was that of governor of the 
 society for the propagation of the Gospel. Having suffered 
 the loss of a great part of his property, under the common- 
 wealth, he became an ardent supporter of the royal cause, in 
 after life, and a zealous defender of the church of England, 
 against the Puritans. Such was his zeal in the missionary 
 cause, in general, and of America in particular, that he is 
 said to have appropriated to it not less than £5,000 every 
 year of his life, after coming again in possession of his estate. 
 
92 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bRA. 
 
 His works are still extant in five volumes folio, and in six 
 volumes quarto. He died December 30, 1691, in the 65th 
 year of his age. 
 
 BOYLE. — An English naval officer of Charles II, in his 
 Dutch war of 1665. Little is known of him, save his hap- 
 less fate. He was on the same ship with the duke of York, 
 (James II,) and when standing beside "the earl of Falmouth 
 and Lord Muskerry, a heavy shot struck all three of those 
 gentlemen, and covered the duke with their brains and gore. 
 
 BOYLE, Roger.— (See Broghill, Lord. 
 
 BRACKENBURY, Sir Robert.— Constable of the tower 
 at the time when Gloucester (Richard III) determined on 
 the destruction of the infant princes, Edward V and the 
 duke of York. He directed Brackenbury to put them to 
 death ; but he refused to carry out the nefarious design. He 
 was then ordered to resign the keys of the tower for one 
 night ; and in that night, the diabolical deed was done. (See 
 Tyrrel, Sir James.) Brackenbury still continued, however, 
 to favor the cause of Richard, and was slain in the battle of 
 Bosworth, at the same time with his royal master. 
 
 BRADSHAW. — A lawyer of some note, who presided 
 in the trial of Charles I. Notwithstanding this prominent 
 position, however, m the great act of the Revolution, he does 
 not figure much in the future movements of the common- 
 wealth. Perhaps he died soon after the execution of the king. 
 At least, it is well known that he did not live until the Resto- 
 ration; for he was among the dead regicides who were 
 attainted, and their estates confiscated, by the first parlia- 
 ment of Charles II. 
 
 BRAMHALL, John. — Bishop of Derry, in Ireland, and 
 afterwards archbishop of Armaugh. He was born in 1593, 
 and educated at Cambridge. After filling many prominent 
 stations, both civil and ecclesiastical, in England, he went to 
 Ireland, where he was raised to the honors of the mitre. 
 Being an ardent admirer of the doctrines of Charles I, on 
 the divine rights of kings and bishops, charges of treason 
 were preferred against him, but not being sustained by evi- 
 dence, they were never prosecuted. During the civil wars, 
 he was an active royalist, and, on the fall of Charles, fled to 
 the continent, being seriously threatened with the same fate 
 that Laud had suffered. After the Restoration, he returned 
 to Ireland, and was raised to the see of Armaugh. He was 
 
BRA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 93 
 
 a writer of some considerable ability, and his works are still 
 read with profit, by the theological student. 
 
 BRAMPTON, Lady. — Tutor of the famous pretender, 
 Perkin Warbeck. The duchess of Burgundy, on first meet- 
 ing with Warbeck, resolved to use him for the purpose of 
 personating the deceased duke of York, and so disturbing, 
 if not supplanting, Henry VII. It was manifest, however, 
 that before he could act the prince to advantage, he must be 
 thoroughly drilled;, and for this purpose Lady Brampton was 
 employed, to take him into Portugal, where he could be ef- 
 fectually concealed, and impart to him such instruction as 
 might be found necessary to enable him to act his part in the 
 drama that was before him. — (See Warbeck, Perkin.) 
 
 BRANDON, Sir William.— -Standard-bearer of the earl 
 of Richmond, (Henry VII,) at the battle of Bosworth. 
 When Richard III became fully sensible of his desperate sit- 
 uation, after Lord Stanley had abandoned him, and gone 
 over to the side of Henry, he cast his eye around the field, 
 and, seeing Henry at no great distance, drove furiously upon 
 him, in person, hoping that one of them might perish in the 
 conflict, when, coming in collision with Brandon, he slew him, 
 with his own hands. Thus Brandon had the honor of pei- 
 ishing at the hands of a king ; — though it was the basest one 
 of all England's monarchs. 
 
 BRANDON, Lord. — An influential nobleman who enter- 
 ed into the conspiracy of Shaftesbury, in the reign of Charles 
 II. As their scheme of rebellion was never consummated, 
 and but little was done to detect the guilty ones, it is proba- 
 ble that he was never molested. Whatever may have been 
 his position, at the time, he is not prominent in history. 
 (See Shaftesbury, Lord.) 
 
 . BRANDON, Sir Charles.— Duke of Suffolk, and com- 
 monly known as Viscount Lisle. He was first employed by 
 Henry VIII, in 1512, under Sir Thomas Knevet, in a naval 
 expedition against the French. He had not, then, received 
 any title ; but although nothing of importance was accom- 
 plished by this expedition, Henry soon after conferred on 
 him the distinction of Viscount Lisle. In the following year 
 he greatly distinguished himself against the Scotch, in the 
 great battle of Flouden. For this service, he received the 
 dignity of duke of Suffolk, and from that time, if not before, 
 was one of Henry's chief favorites. The effect of his promi- 
 nence at court, together with his fine person and elegant ac- 
 
94 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BRA. 
 
 complishments, was to engage the attention of the king's 
 sister, Mary, then dowager of France, residing in England, 
 whom he secretly married, without asking Henry's consent, 
 the princess having suggested to him that her brother would 
 more readily forgive him for not asking his consent, than for 
 acting contrary to his decision in the matter. So the event 
 proved, for Henry very soon forgave the offence, and the 
 happy pair were invited back to England, soon after the 
 celebration of their nuptials at Paris, whither they had eloped 
 for that purpose. 
 
 BRAJNTFIELD, Elias de.— One of the twelve monks 
 sent by King John and the convent of Christ-church, to Rome, 
 for the purpose of asking a confirmation of the late election 
 of John de Gray to the see of Canterbury. This election was 
 by the suffrages of the monks, or canons, of the convent, un- 
 der the conge d? elire of the king. The pontiff pronounced 
 against the validity of the election, and called upon them, 
 under penalty of excommunication, to cast their suffrages for 
 cardinal Langton, who, though an Englishman by birth, was 
 known to be a firm supporter of the papal pretensions. They 
 justly replied that they were not authorised to proceed to such 
 an election, and moreover, that an election by even the whole 
 body of canons, without a previous writ from the king, would 
 be deemed highly irregular. None of the twelve, however, 
 had the courage to persevere in their opposition to the papal 
 mandate save Brantfield. The rest yielded to the menaces 
 of the pope, and elected Langton, while he was faithful to 
 his trust, and thus recorded his name in history. 
 
 BR AOUSE, William de.-Lord of Gower. AnEnglish baron 
 under the reign of Edward II. It was this nobleman whose 
 estates, falling into the hands of the younger Spencer, became 
 a subject of much violent agitation for some years. Braouse 
 had settled his estate on \iis son-in-law, John de Mowbray. 
 On his decease, Mowbray took possession without the for- 
 mality of " livery and seizin." Under the feudal system, 
 this caused it to escheat to the crown, and the king conferred 
 it on Spenser. (See Mowbray, John de.) 
 
 BRAOUSE, William de-— An English baron under 
 the reign of John. This prince, conscious of the hatred borne 
 him by his subjects, required his nobility to give him hostages 
 of their fidelity. When his messengers came to the house of 
 Braouse to demand his son, the lady of that nobleman declared, 
 in their presence, that she would never intrust her son in the 
 
BRE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 95 
 
 hands of one who had murdered his own nephew, while in 
 his custody, (alluding to the unfortunate Arthur.) The more 
 prudent husband reproved her for this speech, and sensible 
 of his danger, immediately fled, with his wife and son, into 
 Ireland, where he sought concealment. The unhappy family 
 were discovered, however, and the wife and son seized by 
 the king, and starved to death in prison, while the baron him- 
 self narrowly escaped by flying into France. 
 
 BRAY, Reginald. — -Steward to the countess of Richmond, 
 (mother of Henry VII. ) It was through him that the pro- 
 posal was first made to the countess to unite the houses of 
 Lancaster and York by the marriage of her son, Henry, to 
 the princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. He 
 afterward became one of the chief favorites of Henry, 
 which drew upon him a large share of popular indignation. 
 
 BREAUTE, Fawkes de. — One of the many lawless 
 barons who, under Henry III, built and fortified castles, and 
 protected the numerous hordes of robbers with which the 
 country was then infested. He was much under the influ- 
 ence of the earl of Albemarle, whom he at length deserted, 
 when threatened with excommunication from the Roman 
 legate. After this, however, he continued his violence, and 
 when thirty-five verdicts were found against him, for violent 
 expulsions of freeholders, he came to the court of justice with 
 an armed force, and, seizing the judge who pronounced the 
 verdicts, threw him into prison, and proceeded to levy open 
 war against the king. He was soon defeated, however, his 
 estates confiscated, and he expelled the kingdom. He had 
 been raised, by king John, from very low origin, and had 
 become intoxicated with his honors. 
 
 BREMBE, Sir Nicholas. — One of the ministers of Rich- 
 ard II. He was charged, by the barons, with high treason, 
 because of his devotion to the crown ; and, after a sham trial, 
 most unjustly condemned and executed. 
 
 BRENTFORD, Earl of.— (See Ruthven.) 
 
 BRERETON. — One of the gentlemen of the chamber 
 of Henry VIII, who had the misfortune to excite the king's 
 jealousy by their attentions to his wife, Anne Boleyn. The 
 evidence of bad faith in the queen has never been at all 
 satisfactory, nor is there any good reason to believe that 
 Brereton ever gave her any other attentions than those 
 required by his office. But Henry's mind was made up to 
 dispose of his wife, and to make it the more plausible, he 
 
96 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bRE. 
 
 caused Brereton, and several others, to be executed, a little 
 before the unfortunate queen. • 
 
 BRERETON, Sir William.— A prominent general, or 
 military officer of some grade, of the parliamentary party, 
 in the civil wars of Charles I. He was a member of par- 
 liament, in 1644, when the famous " Self-denying Ordi- 
 nance" was passed, by which he was forced to resign his 
 military command, it being now a settled principle that the 
 army and the parliament were separate and distinct, and 
 that the same class of interests could not be represented in 
 both. He seems, however, to have changed his mind, soon 
 after resigning his military command, and to have preferred 
 this to a seat in parliament. After this, we find him, on 
 several occasions, doing service for the parliament ; but 
 whether he figured under the protectorate does not appear 
 with any certainty. 
 
 BRET. — A military character in the reign of Queen 
 Mary. At the time of Wiat's insurrection, he was sent in 
 command of five hundred Londoners, to assist in suppres- 
 sing the malcontents. Before coming to any engagement, 
 however, he deserted the cause of Mary, and attached him- 
 self to the rebel party. All the five hundred Londoners fol- 
 lowed his example. What became of him en the suppres- 
 sion of the rebellion, does not appear ; but as several hun- 
 dred of the principal ones were executed, it is not improba- 
 ble that he was among them. 
 
 BRET. — A naval officer in the squadron of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh in the taking of Fayal; he was cashiered, at the 
 same time with Berry and Sidney, but soon after restored. — 
 (See Berry.) 
 
 BRETAGNE, John de.— Earl of Richmond. He was 
 nephew of Edward I, and commanded his forces in Gui- 
 enne. 
 
 BRETEUIL, William de.— Keeper of the royal treasure 
 under the reign of William Rufus. He was hunting in 
 the same forest at the time of the king's death, — though 
 not with him. As soon as Henry heard of the fatal acci- 
 dent, he deemed it important to secure the treasure as a ne- 
 cessary step to his ambitious ends. So hastening to Win- 
 chester, he demanded possession. Breteuil, who arrived 
 about the same time, having also hastened to his charge, 
 told the prince that this treasure, as well as the crown, be- 
 longed to his brother, Robert, and that he would not surren- 
 
BRI.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 97 
 
 der it to a usurper. Henry, however, drew his sword, and 
 threatened him with instant death if he dared to disobey his 
 orders. The treasurer was obliged to yield. 
 
 BREWER.— A wool-dyer of Holland who, on finding 
 his country threatened with a French invasion fled to England, 
 in the reign of James II, and thus introduced his art into 
 the country of his adoption. 
 
 BRIAN. — A son of Hoel, count of Brittany, who enlisted 
 in the service of William the Conqueror either before, or soon 
 after the conquest. Alan Fergant, another son of Hoel, had 
 commanded a body of five thousand Bretons in the battle of 
 Hastings, and subsequently married a daughter of Wil- 
 liam. Brian had command of a military station in Devon- 
 shire, where he repulsed the brothers of Harold who had 
 collected forces in Ireland and returned to vindicate the 
 rights of their vanquished brother. Being defeated by him 
 in several actions, they were forced to retire and abandon 
 the enterprise. 
 
 BRICHTRIC. — A governor of Mercia under the reign 
 of Ethelwolf. He is said to have borne the title of king, as 
 did many of the subordinate governors, after the dissolution 
 of the Heptarchy. 
 
 BRIDGEMAN, Sir Orlando. — Lord keeper of the great 
 seal under the reign of Charles II. He succeeded to this 
 office after the fall of Clarendon. He was an ardent sup- 
 porter of the rights of protestant dissenters, and a man great- 
 ly loved by the nation. He is said, however, to have been 
 deficient in nerve and steadiness of purpose, and to have been 
 too much the creature of the crown. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, Countess of.— The name of this lady 
 is involved in some doubt, most probably she was the wife of 
 Henry Daubeney, earl of Bridgewater, She seems to have 
 been an intimate friend, if not a near relation, to Catherine 
 Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII. This is infered from 
 the fact that when the infamy of Catherine was proved, and 
 punished with death, the countess of Bridgewater, with seve- 
 ral relations of the queen, supposed to have known of her 
 bad morals previous to her marriage, were attainted for 
 misprision of treason, in having concealed the facts, and thus 
 caused, or permitted, the king to wed a woman of vile char- 
 acter. This act, however, did not take effect, as Henry 
 granted a full pardon to nearly all of them. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, Earl of.— Supposed to have been John 
 
 5 
 
98 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bRI. 
 
 Egerton ; a name which does not appear in Hume- He was 
 a man of immense fortunes, and was a member of the coun- 
 cil of Charles II. 
 
 BRIENT, Earl. — A commander of some Norman forces 
 at, or near, Shrewsbury, for some time after the conquest. 
 He was violently opposed by Edric the Forester, and reduced 
 to serious inconvenience, — though we do not learn that he 
 was ever entirely overcome. 
 
 BRIEWERE, William. — One of the five counsellors of 
 Longchamp, appointed by Richard I on hearing of the osten- 
 tation of that prelate, to whom he had committed the govern- 
 ment during his absence. The object of the counsellors was 
 to restrain the arrogance and usurpations of the minister. 
 (See Longchamp.) 
 
 BRIEWERE, William de. — One of the council of regen- 
 cy during the minority of Henry III. Little is known of him. 
 He seems to have been opposed to the act of Magna Charta, 
 and to have regarded it as wholly without obligation, because 
 of the circumstances of violence under which it had been 
 obtained. 
 
 BRIGHTRIC. — A brother of the infamous Edric who, 
 after marrying the daughter of King Ethelred, became the 
 worst traitor in the kingdom. At a time when England was 
 about to make a desperate effort to resist the Danes, the pros- 
 pect of success was entirely blasted by the bad faith of these 
 two noblemen. Brightric was induced, by his brother, to 
 prefer an accusation of treason against Wolfnorth, governor 
 of Sussex and father of the famous Earl Godwin. Wolf- 
 north saw that his ruin was determined on, and knew of no 
 safety but in desertion to the Danes. Brightric pursued him 
 with a fleet of eighty sail, but being shattered in a tempest 
 and stranded on the coast, Wolfnorth suddenly turned upon 
 him and burnt and destroyed his entire fleet. (See Wolf- 
 north. ) 
 
 BRISTOL, Earl of.— (See Digby, Lord George.) 
 
 BRISTOL, Earl of.— (See Digby, Lord George, jun.) 
 
 BRITHELM. — An archbishop of Canterbury under the 
 reign of Edwy. He succeeded Odo in that see, but was 
 violently expelled to make room for the infamous Dunstan, 
 who had already filled the sees of Worcester and London. 
 
 BRITHNOT.— A duke of Essex who united with the 
 monastic orders in their general crusade against the secular 
 
BR0.] [BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 99 
 
 clergy under the reigns of Edgar and Edward the Martyr. 
 He was slain by the Danes in 991, in a battle at Maldon. 
 
 BRITO, Richard.— One of the four gentlemen of the 
 household of Henry II who assassinated Thomas a Becket. 
 In common with the others, he suffered excommunication, 
 from which cause he was universally shunned, until, making 
 a journey to Rome, he threw himself at the feet of the pope, 
 and submitted to the penances imposed. After this, he re- 
 turned to England, took his position as a gentleman, and 
 lived without molestation, 
 
 BRITHRIC.— The seventeenth king of Wessex. The 
 whole life of this prince was embittered by jealousy of Egbert, 
 whose prior claims to the crown by hereditary title, together 
 with his brilliant and popular talents, made it constantly man- 
 ifest that he must, at some time, wear the crown of Wessex. 
 To this was added an unhappy marriage with Eadburga, 
 natural daughter of Offa, king of Mercia. She was a pro- 
 fligate and cruel woman and an unfaithful wife. She had, 
 however, great influence with the king, whom she often pre- 
 vailed on to destroy such of the nobility as were obnoxious to 
 her. At length she conceived the design of destroying a 
 young nobleman who had become a favorite of the king, by 
 a cup of poison prepared for that purpose. Unfortunately, 
 however, the king drank with his favorite, and soon after 
 expired. He died in 800, and was succeeded by Egbert. 
 
 BROC, Robert de. — *An English nobleman, who, under 
 the reign of Henry II, had the misfortune to incur the dis- 
 pleasure of Thomas a Becket, the primate. During the 
 time of Becket's exile in consequence of his quarrel with 
 Henry, the prospect was that he would procure a sentence of 
 excommunication against the king, which would have the ef- 
 fect to deprive him of the allegiance of his subjects. Fearing 
 this, Henry thought it prudent to raise his son, prince Henry 
 to a partnership in the government, that in such an event, he 
 might succeed his father. He was crowned by Roger, arch- 
 bishop of York, notwitstanding Becket's inhibition in which 
 he claimed for himself, as primate of all England, the sole 
 right to perform this office. Broc's influence had been 
 given to the coronation of the prince, and hence he was one 
 of the first, on Becket's return, against whom the sentence of 
 excommunication was issued. 
 
 BROGHILL, Lord. — An Englishman whom Cromwell 
 made president of his council of administration in Scotland. 
 
100 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bRO. 
 
 As a puritan, he was, in some degree, acceptable to the 
 Scotch, but as an Englishman, he was far from being wel- 
 come on his mission. How long he occupied this position is 
 not certain. He is said to have been removed, in the course 
 of a few years, to Ireland, and after doing everything in his 
 power to support Richard Cromwell, to have favored the res- 
 toration of Charles II. He was a man of good parts, and 
 remarkable for his power in debate. 
 
 BROKE or BROOK.— A brother of Lord Cobham. He 
 was concerned in the famous plot for deposing James I and 
 placing Lady Arabella Stuart on the throne. 
 
 BROKE, Lord..-(See Willoughby, Robert) 
 
 BROKE, Lord. — A zealous puritan in the civil wars of 
 Charles L Having taken military possession of Lichfield, 
 he was viewing from a window, St. Chad's cathedral, in 
 which a party of royalists had fortified themselves. He was 
 dressed in complete armor, and supposed to be bullet proof ; 
 but a random shot found its way to his brain through the 
 eye. He had said, a little before, that he " hoped to see, 
 with his eyes, the ruin of all the cathedrals of England.'' 
 Afterward, it was commonly remarked, among the royalists, 
 that " the man who hoped, with his eyes, to see the destruc- 
 tion of all the cathedrals, was killed on St. Chad's day, by a 
 ball from St. Chad's cathedral, penetrating his eyes." 
 
 BROMLEY, Sir Thomas. — An active member of parlia- 
 ment in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, At one time, he 
 seems to have stood very high in her majesty's favor ; but in 
 the parliament of 1593, he gave her mortal offence by sec- 
 onding a motion for the purpose of settling the succession, 
 after her death. For this offence he was sent to prison. 
 How long he remained in confinement is uncertain ; but 
 there is no evidence that he ever regained her favor. 
 
 BROMLEY, Judge. — One of the chief gentlemen of the 
 privy chamber, appointed by will of Henry VIII, to his son, 
 Edward VI, during his minority. This officer was included 
 in the sixteen executors named in the will of Henry, who 
 constituted a sort of council of regency. After the acces- 
 sion of Elizabeth, we find him acting in the capacity of 
 chancellor, and assisting in the prosecution of Mary, queen 
 of Scots. 
 
 BROUGHTON, Sir Thomas. — A violent Lancastrian 
 who allowed himself to be engaged in the famous, but con- 
 temptible movement in favor of Lambert Simnel. He was 
 
BRU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 101 
 
 slain in the battle of Stoke, June 16th, 1487, in which Sim- 
 nel was taken prisoner, and the whole enterprise defeated. 
 
 BROUNKER.— - Bed-chamber to the duke of York, 
 (James II.) He accompanied the duke in the Dutch war 
 of 1665, and is said to have rendered the English victory 
 much less complete than it otherwise would have been, by 
 issuing orders to slacken sail, when about to attack the en- 
 emy. He represented that the order was from the duke 
 himself; but it was disclaimed by James, and Brounker 
 was disgraced, and dismissed from service. This was a se- 
 rious accusation against James, even after his accession to 
 the crown, and many still believed that he issued the order 
 reported by Brounker, from a sort of cowardice, but was 
 ashamed to avow it. It does not appear however, that 
 James was justly chargable with cowardice on that occasion. 
 
 BROWN, Sir Anthony. —A nobleman of much authority 
 under the reign of Henry VIII. Unlike most of Henry's 
 favorites, he had the good fortune to enjoy the favor of his 
 master until his death, and was appointed f by his will, one 
 of the sixteen executors to act, as a sort of regency, during 
 the minority of Edward VI. He filled the office of master 
 of horse, which was regarded as an enviable distinction. 
 After the accession of Queen Mary, he appears among the 
 most determined Romish zealots, and was one of the em- 
 bassy sent by her to the pope, to carry the submissions of the 
 nation, and to ask that England might be restored to the 
 bosom of the Roman church. 
 
 BROWN, General. — A member of the parliament in 
 1648. He seems to have been a very decided presbyterian, 
 and hence to have been very objectionable to the indepen- 
 dents, and to the army. After Col. Pride had " purged " 
 tne parliament by removing most of the presbyterians, 
 Brown, and a few others, were imprisoned by a vote of 
 the independent majority thus obtained. Whether he ever 
 figured any in military life, does not appear. 
 
 BRUCE, Robert de. — One of the northern nobility who 
 opposed and defeated David, king of Scotland, at the battle 
 of the Standard, under the reign of king Stephen. 
 
 BRUCE, Robert, the Elder. — By reference to the article 
 Baliol, John, it will be seen that Bruce was a competitor for 
 the crown of Scotland at the same time with Baliol. Ed- 
 ward I of England, was chosen umpire, who decided for 
 Baliol, When Edward invaded Scotland, we find Bruce 
 
102 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [bBU, 
 
 little disposed to resist him, and even endeavoring to ingra- 
 tiate himself by an early submission. 
 
 BRUCE, Robert. — Lord of Annandale. He was father 
 of the famous pretender to the crown of Scotland against the 
 more successful John Baliol. 
 
 BRUCE, Robert. — King of Scotland after the abdication 
 of John Baliol, or rather, after William Wallace, who, for 
 some time after Baliol, maintained a sort of military govern- 
 ment. Scotland had fallen into a state of most abject pros- 
 tration before England, and the noble spirit of young Bruce 
 was stung with shame, that his father, and grandfather,, had 
 meanly sworn allegiance to their oppressors. Fired with a 
 noble patriotism, he resolved to make a desperate effort to 
 throw off the yoke of English tyranny, and restore the an- 
 cient liberties of his country. The spirit of the nation was 
 roused. His countrymen gathered around him, the English 
 were attacked in all their strongholds, and driven from Scot- 
 land; and in 1306, he was crowned, at Scone, king of Scot- 
 land. His career of glory was unexampled, and he lived to 
 see the fortunes of his country completely retrieved. He has 
 ever since been known by the proud distinction of " Deliv- 
 erer of Scotland." He died in 1329, in the thirty-third year 
 of his reign. 
 
 BRUCE, Edward. — Brother to Robert Bruce, king of 
 Scotland, whom he assisted in his wars. When the inde- 
 pendence of Scotland was fully established, Robert sent him 
 into Ireland with a strong military force. He assumed the 
 title of king of Ireland, but was soon after defeated and 
 slain by Lord Birmingham. 
 
 BRUCE, David. — Son and successor of the famous Rob- 
 ert Bruce, king of Scotland. At the death of his father, 
 being a minor, he was left under the guardianship of Ran- 
 dolph, earl of Murray, who had ever been the companion 
 of Robert's victories. Soon after this, however, the victori- 
 ous arms of Edward Baliol placed him on the throne of 
 Scotland, and young Bruce was sent over to France, with 
 his betrothed wife, Jane, sister to Edward III of England. 
 After this, he was restored by the French government, but 
 in a most unfortunate attempt to invade the north of Eng- 
 land, was taken prisoner by Queen Philiipa, at the battle of 
 Durham, carried to London, and detained a prisoner in the 
 tower for eleven years, when he was ransomed by his country- 
 men at one hundred thousand marks, Thirteen years after 
 
BUC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 103 
 
 is restoration, he died, (1370,) in the forty-first year of his 
 turbulent reign. 
 
 BRUDENEL, Lord. — A prominent nobleman, charged 
 with being concerned in the Popish conspiracy reported by 
 Titus Oates. He was arrested and thrown into prison ; but 
 as the whole story fell into contempt, he was soon released. 
 
 BRYAN, Sir Francis. — A nobleman who had the good, — 
 or bad, — fortune to be a favorite of Henry VIII. We learn 
 that he accompanied Henry in his expedition to France, in 
 1544, and that he was numbered among the particular attend- 
 ants of the king's person. Beyond this, we know little of 
 him. 
 
 BUCER, Martin. — Celebrated in the history of the Pro- 
 testant Reformation as one of its ablest advocates and 
 brightest ornaments. He was a native of Alsace, and at an 
 early period of his life, became a Dominican friar. Soon 
 after the commencement of Luther's reformation, he em- 
 braced his tenets, and exerted all his talents and erudition in 
 that great work. When Luther and Zuinglius were con- 
 tending on the nature of the Holy Communion, he labored 
 most indefatigably to reconcile their differences and bring 
 them to some point of agreement ; but failing in this, he 
 gradually inclined to the doctrine of the latter. Some twenty 
 years of his active life were spent at Strasburg, in constant 
 labor to establish the principles of the Reformation. At 
 .ength, when the emperor, Charles V, opened his violent 
 persecution against the protestants of Germany, he availed 
 himself of an invitation from Cranmer, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, to flee into England, as did many others of the con- 
 tinental protestants about the same time. He was received 
 with great kindness by Edward VI, and soon after his arri- 
 val, appointed professor of theology in the University of 
 Cambridge, which station he occupied until the time of his 
 death. He also rendered much service to the English Re- 
 formers in the compilation of their Liturgy, and in perfecting 
 the English Reformation. After the accession of Queen 
 Mary, his bones were dug from the grave by the Romanists, 
 as were those of John Wickliffe and others, and burned to 
 ashes. Bucer was, perhaps, one of the most learned of the 
 early Reformers, and had a strength and maturity of judg- 
 ment seldom met with in any age. His theological writings 
 were published in the Latin and German languages, and 
 may still be read with profit by the theological student. 
 
104 BIOGBAPHICAL INDEX. [bUC. 
 
 BUCHANAN, George. — A famous jurist, poet, and his- 
 torian, under the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was a 
 native ©f Dumbartonshire, Scotland, and was educated, partly 
 in St. Andrew's college, and partly at Paris. Soon after 
 quitting college, he became tutor to the earl of Murray, in 
 which situation he gave offence to the clergy, by a satirical 
 poem, which caused him to quit his native country, and 
 spend many years on the continent. In 1560, he returned 
 to Scotland ; and though he had embraced the protestant re- 
 ligion, he was received, with great favor, at the court of 
 Queen Mary, whom he assisted in her studies ; and was also 
 employed to assist in regulating the universities. He at- 
 tached himself to the earl of Murray, against the queen, 
 and became tutor to James VI, afterwards James I, of Eng- 
 land ; and to him was that scholar-like prince indebted for 
 most of his literary accomplishments. He died in 1582, so 
 poor, that his funeral expenses had to be borne by the public. 
 As an English writer, he does not appear to advantage ; but 
 in the Latin, he has, by many, been regarded as the rival of 
 Livy, Sallust, or Virgil. 
 
 BUCKHURST, Lord Thomas, Earl of Dorset.— High 
 treasurer of Queen Elizabeth. Like most of the high func- 
 tionaries of this princess, he seems to have been a man re- 
 markable, rather, for strength of principle and soundness of 
 business talents than for any thing of brilliancy. At one 
 time, he had the misfortune to incur the displeasure of the 
 queen ; but by steadiness of devotion to duty, fully regained 
 her confidence, and has left a reputation far more enviable 
 than that of many a man of more showy talents. He 
 was born in 1536, and died in 1608. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, Earl of.— (See Thomas, fifth son of 
 Edward III.) 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, Duke of.— One of the Stafford family. 
 A nobleman who exerted all his influence and authority in 
 securing the coronation of the most infamous of England's 
 monarchs — Richard III. Having accomplished his purpose 
 he expected large rewards, in return ; nor had he any good 
 reason to be disappointed, for Richard was ever lavish in 
 bestowiug his favors upon him. His demands, however, 
 were not limited by any thing short of absolute possession of 
 every thing which he might desire, and the king soon found 
 it necessary to limit his benefits. Inflamed by resentment, 
 he immediately set to work to effect the overthrow cf the 
 
BUL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 105 
 
 king whom his influence had so unjustly elevated. He at 
 once entered into negotiations with the Lancastrians, went 
 into Wales, raised an army, and was preparing for a general 
 insurrection, when a heavy rain caused all the streams to 
 rise higher than they had ever been known before. This 
 had the effect to excite the superstitions of the Welch, and 
 Buckingham's army soon began to fall off. Finding himself 
 deserted, he put on a disguise, and took shelter in the house 
 of Bannister, an old servant of his family. Bannister, however, 
 on hearing, as has been conjectured, of large rewards being 
 offered for his master, betrayed him, and he was arrested, 
 and carried before the king, who caused him to be instantly 
 executed. 
 
 BUCKING-HAM, Duke of. — Supposed to have been an- 
 other of the same family with the above. He was constable 
 of England under the reign of Henry VIII, and was one of 
 the first nobleman of the kingdom. He had the misfortune, 
 however, to give some offense to Cardinal Wolsey, who was 
 then in authority, which cost him his life. In fact, there is 
 good evidence of his having some intentions on the crown, 
 after the death of Henry : and he was said to have thrown 
 out some hints of an intention to hasten his elevation by as- 
 sassinating the king. He was tried, condemned, and exe- 
 cuted, for treason. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, Duke of.— (See Villiers, George, 
 Sen.) 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, Duke of.— (See Villiers, George, Jr.) 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, Countess of.— (See ViUiers, Mrs.) 
 
 BULLER, Sir Richard. — An active general of the par- 
 liament, in time of the civil wars of Charles I. Of the 
 nature, and extent, of his services, however, we are not well 
 informed. 
 
 BULMER, Sir John. — One of the prominent men who 
 co-operated with Aske, Musgrave, andTilby, in their famous 
 insurrection, under the reign of Henry VIII. He was 
 seized and thrown into prison, and is supposed to have been 
 executed ; such being known to have been the fate of nearly 
 all those conspirators. 
 
 BULSTRODE.— One of those Englishmen who, under 
 the reign of Charles II, entered into secret negotiations with 
 Barillon, the French minister, and received bribes, as an in- 
 ducement to betray their country to France. This was 
 
 5* 
 
106 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [BUR, 
 
 charged upon them, at the time, but never fully proved until 
 most of them were dead. (See Berkshire, Lord.) 
 
 BUONAVISO. — A papal agent who resided at London 
 in the reign of Henry VIII, before the king had engaged 
 in the work of the reformation. He succeeded in getting into 
 many of the secrets of court, and among them, certain mea- 
 sures meditated against France. These he immediately 
 communicated to Louis, king of France, and thus prevented 
 the success of Henry's plans. He is said to have been in 
 regular pay, by Louis, and was, in fact, a French spy. 
 
 BURCHET, Peter. — A fanatical puritan in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, who conceived the idea that it was his 
 duty, and the duty of all christians, to kill those who opposed 
 the truth of the gospel. He had a particular antipathy 
 against Hatton, one of the queen's favorites, and mistaking 
 the famous Capt. Hawkins, of naval notoriety, for him, ran 
 upon the captain, in the streets, and seriously wounded him. 
 The queen, in her haste, ordered him to be instantly pun- 
 ished bv martial law, but rescinded the order. 
 
 BURDET, Thomas.— Of Arrow, in Warwickshire. He 
 was the friend of the duke of Clarence, on whose destruc- 
 tion Edward IV had determined. The king was, one day, 
 hunting in the park of Burdet, when he killed a white buck, 
 which was a great favorite with the owner. Burdet, vexed 
 at the loss, broke into a passion, and wished " the horns of 
 the deer in the belly of the person who had advised the 
 king to commit the deed." For this offense, he was ar- 
 raigned, condemned, and publicly beheaded. 
 
 BURGESS.— One of the puritan preachers appointed to 
 preach before the parliament of 1640. He is said to have 
 entertained that body with a sermon seven hours long, and con- 
 sisting of about equal proportions of religion and politics. 
 
 BURGH, Hubert de. — Governor of Dover under the reign 
 of King John. This place, under his valor and fidelity, 
 made a successful resistance to the French, while nearly 
 every other point which they attacked fell into their hands. 
 After the accession of Henry III, he still showed the same 
 devotion to his country and to the crown which he had dis- 
 played in the former reign, and after the death of Pembroke 
 acted as one of the protectors of the realm. He stood high 
 in the esteem of the king, and after his marriage in the royal 
 family of Scotland, was created earl of Kent, and made jus- 
 ticary of England for life, His good fortune, however, ex- 
 
BUR. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 107 
 
 cited envy. He was charged with having gained the king's 
 affections by enchantment, and with having purloined from 
 the royal treasure a gem which had the power of making all 
 who wore it invulnerable. Henry listened to these stories, 
 and at last consented to the ruin of his minister and best 
 friend. He was expelled the kingdom, but afterward re- 
 called and restored to the royal favor. After this, however, 
 he never showed any disposition to engage in public life, his 
 noble mind being thoroughly disgusted with the low envy 
 which had once driven him from court. 
 
 BU11GOIN. —Physician of Mary, queen of Scots. At 
 what time he came into her service, is not certain. He was 
 with her the evening before her execution, and received the 
 last sad effusions of her heart. 
 
 BURLEIGH, Lord— The famous Sir William Cecil, 
 prune minister of Queen Elizabeth. He had favored the 
 claims of Lady Jane Gray, arid had been greatly devoted to 
 the princess Elizabeth, during the reign of her sister Mary ; 
 and she was equally devoted to him after her coming into 
 power. Though of good family, he may be said to have 
 arisen wholly on his own merits. He is said not to have pos- 
 sessed shining talents, but was remarkable, chiefly for his 
 strength of understanding, probity of manners, and steady 
 application to business. For near thirty years, he sat in the 
 highest seat of power, beside the throne, and died on the 4th 
 of August, 1598, in the 78th year of his age, leaving for his 
 family a moderate fortune, and the richer legacy of an un- 
 tarnished reputation. He was, doubtless, one of the great- 
 est of England's great men ; and to his wise administration 
 was the glory of Elizabeth's reign indebted, more than to any 
 other man. He had studied the philosophy of gevernment 
 under the violent reign of Henry VIII, under the mild ad- 
 ministration of Edward VI, and under the "reign of terror" 
 of Queen Mary; and at mature age, he came to pour 
 the treasures of his wisdom into the counsels of Elizabeth. 
 
 BURLEY, Sir Simon. — Distinguished in the reign of 
 Richard II for his personal virtues and his devotion to the 
 crown. He had been appointed governor to that prince, by 
 the choice of the late king, and also by the Black Prince. 
 He had attended his master from infancy, and had ever given 
 evidence of the most devoted attachment to his person. ^ All 
 his fidelity, however, became criminal under the administra- 
 tion of the iron-hearted Gloucester, after the fall of the un- 
 
108 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [b 
 
 un- 
 
 happy Richard. The queen is said to have remained three 
 hours on her knees before Gloucester, pleading for the life of 
 Burley, but all to no purpose. He was the friend of the king, 
 and hence must be treated as the enemy of the usurper. He 
 was led to execution. (See Richard II, and Gloucester 
 duke of.) 
 
 BURLEY, Lord. — We learn that this nobleman had in 
 1645, command|of 2,500 Covenanters, stationed at Aberdeen, 
 in Scotland, and that he was met by the earl of Montrose , 
 and put to flight, with great slaughter. He was, afterward, 
 one of the Scotch commissioners who met Charles II at Breda, 
 and made known the conditions on which the Scots would 
 lend him their support. He was a zealous covenanter, and 
 contributed, in no small degree, to the downfall of Charles I 
 
 BURNET.- — Archbishop of Glasgow, in the time of 
 Charles II. He was one of those bishops who were forced 
 on the Scottish nation, by Charles, after the passage of the 
 famous act of uniformity. It does not appear, however, that 
 he used any means of oppression ; on the contrary, we find 
 him, at one time exerting himself to procure the royal favor, 
 and lessen the severity of the act of parliament. His situa- 
 tion was a most unenviable one ; and it is not probable that 
 he was ever able to accomplish much by his mission. 
 
 BURNET, Gilbert.— Bishop of Salisbury. Was born in 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, 18th September 1 643, and was educated 
 at Aberdeen college. He commenced preaching at the age 
 of 18, but did not receive holy orders until many years after. 
 After preaching at home, for a time, he went to England, 
 and spent some time in the universities of Oxford and 
 Cambridge. After this, he went into Holland, and applied 
 himself to the study of Hebrew. On returning to Scotland, 
 he was ordained to the ministry, and appointed professor of 
 divinity at Glasgow. Meeting with some unkind treatment, 
 he again abandoned his native country, and went to London, 
 where he was appointed preacher of the Roll's chapel, and 
 lecturer of St. Clements. On the accession of James II, he 
 fell into bad odor at court, retired to the continent, and for 
 some years, contributed to the interest of the press by his 
 travels in France and Italy. After this, he retiredsnto Hol- 
 land, wHere he became intimate with the prince of Orange, 
 and has ever beeju'egarded as the chief mover in the prince's 
 invasion of England. After the flight of James II, and 
 when Mary had^ been seated on the throne of England, he 
 
BUT.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 109 
 
 was created bishop of Salisbury, which place he filled dur- 
 ing the remainder of his life. He was an extensive writer, 
 and many of his works are still read with interest and 
 profit, — -particularly his " History of his own times," and 
 his exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles. He died March 
 17, 1715, in the 72 year of his age. 
 
 BURRHED.- — This was the name of the last man who 
 bore the title of king of Mercia. He was brother-in-law to 
 Alfred the Great, and was one of those petty princes who 
 were called kings, in the states of the Heptarchy, for some 
 time after their union under the general government of the 
 kings of England. When his territory was invaded by theDanes 
 he endeavored to compose them by concessions, and presents, 
 and entered into a treaty with them, allowing to them a part 
 of his territory and a large sum of money. Soon, however, 
 they violated the treaty, when he abandoned his kingdom, 
 and flying to Rome, took shelter in a cloister. 
 
 BURRINGTON, Major.— The first person who joined 
 the prince of Orange, after his landing in England. A proud 
 distinction. 
 
 BURTON. — A puritan divine in the reign of Charles I, 
 who wrote a book against the practice of the English church, 
 in observing Wednesday, as a day of fasting. He alleged 
 that this superstition was opposed to the Wednesday evening 
 lectures, and insisted that the hearing of sermons and lectures 
 was matter of far more importance than any devotional exer- 
 cise set forth by the church of England. For this offence, he 
 was tried, and sentenced to lose his ears, and sent to a prison 
 in Guernsey. So cruel a sentence very naturally had the 
 effect to excite popular indignation. The sentence was after- 
 ward reversed by parliament, but this could never restore to 
 the poor man, his ears. After his release, a great effort was 
 made to raise him to the distinction of a hero, or a saint ; but 
 as soon as the novelty of the story had passed away, Burton 
 fell into comparative obscurity. 
 
 BUSSY, Sir John. — One of the ministers of Richard II, 
 who, with many others, at the accession of the duke of: Lan- 
 caster, (Henry IV,) threw himself into Bristol, and being 
 obliged, soon after, to surrender, was led immediately to 
 execution. 
 
 BUTLER, Samuel. — Was born in Worcestershire in 
 1612. His father was a farmer, possessing a small estate 
 of his own, and living in retirement. The early promise of 
 
110 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAD. 
 
 genius caused considerable effort among his friends to secure 
 for him a liberal education but the utter want of means pre- 
 vented his ever entering college. Most of his education 
 was acquired by his intense application while fulfilling the 
 duties of clerk to a justice of the peace in his native dis- 
 trict. Next, after retiring from this post, he was thrown 
 into the family of Sir Samuel Luke, perhaps as a private 
 elementary tutor. Luke, being one of the most rigid order 
 of puritans, could not have been a very pleasing companion 
 to the playful young Butler, and it has been generally sup- 
 posed that Luke was the subject of the chief character depicted 
 in the inimitable Hudibras. After the restoration of Charles 
 II, he was appointed secretary to the earl of Carbury , president 
 of the principality of Wales, who afterward made him stew- 
 ard of Ludlow castle. This, however, seems not to have 
 improved his fortunes. Nor did his writings, which were 
 the delight and admiration of every scholar in England, 
 prove of any pecuniary value to him. For twenty years af- 
 ter leaving Ludlow castle, he was forced to grapple with 
 poverty in its worst form ; and when he died, in one of the 
 meanest streets of London, his funeral expenses had to be 
 defrayed by a friend. 
 
 His most valuable production is his Hudibras, which is 
 said to have been nearly all committed to memory by 
 Charles II, and has ever delighted all classes of people who 
 had any capability of appreciating genius in satire. The 
 only fault in it, if it may be called a fault, is its redundancy 
 of wit, which in some instances, produces satiety. 
 
 C 
 
 CADE, John. — Commonly known as Jack Cade. An 
 Irishman who, having been compelled for his many crimes, 
 to flee into France for safety, came to England in 1450, 
 where he found everything in a ferment in consequence of 
 the impeachment and death of the late duke of Suffolk. He 
 assumed the name of John Mortimer, intending, it is sup- 
 posed, to pass himself for a son of Sir John Mortimer, who 
 had been executed a few years before. On the mention of 
 this popular name, the common people of Kent, flew to his 
 standard, to the number of twenty thousand. He was met 
 by a small detachment of royalists, but repulsed them. Then 
 advancing to London, he sent in a plausible list of griev* 
 
C.E.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Ill 
 
 ances, and promised that when these should be redressed, 
 and some of the officers punished for malversation, he would 
 lay down his arms. The king left London, and he entered 
 the city without opposition. At first he preserved the ut- 
 most order among his troops, but on their becoming impa- 
 tient for the punishment of Lord Say, the treasurer, and 
 Cromer, the sheriff of Kent,* he seized and put these men 
 to death without trial. Immediately after this, his Kentish 
 men became unmanageable, and broke into and plundered a 
 rich mansion. Alarmed at this, the citizens of London shut 
 their gates against them, (for they had marched out of the 
 city every night,) and by the help of a detachment of sol- 
 diers from the tower, repulsed them. The Kentish men on 
 a promise of pardon, disbanded, a price was set on Cade's 
 head, and he was soon after killed by a gentleman of Sus- 
 sex named Iden. Many of his followers were capitally 
 punished. 
 
 CAED WALLA. — A British king, or chief, who formed 
 an alliance with Penda of Mercia, against Edwin of North- 
 umberland. In this war, Edwin and his son Osfrid were 
 slain. Thus the British, or Welch, chiefs sometimes formed 
 alliances with one enemy against another, but generally, 
 with little advantage to themselves. Caedwalla is charged 
 with the murder of Eanfrid of Bernicia. — (See Eanfrid.) 
 
 CAERMARTHEN.— An adviser of Queen Elizabeth. 
 In the year 1590, she was persuaded by him to raise the 
 customs from 14,000 pounds a year, to 50,000. The meas- 
 ure was warmly opposed by Lord Burleigh, and other in- 
 fluential ministers, but the queen's perseverance overcame 
 all opposition; and Sir Thomas Smith, who previously 
 farmed the customs, was obliged to refund a large share of 
 his former profits, in order to meet this demand. 
 
 CiESAR, Julius, or Julius Csesar. — The first Emperor of 
 Rome. He first rose in the republic to the office of consul. 
 While in this office, he was also governor of trans-alpine 
 Gaul and Illyria, and had command of a powerful army. 
 From Gaul, he made his first incursion into Britain in the 
 year 55 before the christian era. The natives, though brave, 
 and not wholly without experience in war, were unable to 
 oppose his disciplined legions which had already become the 
 terror of all Europe. Nevertheless, although submissions 
 were made, and hostages given for future obedience, it is 
 manifest that no very decided impression had been made on 
 
112 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [cAL. 
 
 the spirit of the Britons. Dr. Lingard says " to save his re- 
 putation he gladly accepted an illusory promise of submission 
 from a few of the natives, and hastened back with his army 
 to Gaul, after a short absence of three weeks. It is mani- 
 fest," continues he, " that he had little reason to boast of the 
 success of this expeditton ; and on that account, he affects, in 
 his commentaries, to represent it as undertaken for the sole 
 purpose of discovery." It may be, however, and it is more 
 probable, that he declined any further prosecution of the in- 
 vasion that year, in consequence of the near approach of 
 winter, or the necessities of his affairs at home. The follow- 
 ing summer, he determined on a second invasion of the island, 
 and accordingly landed with a still more powerful force. This 
 was certainly more successful than the former attempt, as he 
 deposed one of their princes, — Cassivelaunus,— and estab- 
 lished a Roman governor in his stead : yet it is generally 
 conceded that he left the authority of the Romans more nomi- 
 nal than real in the island. About this time the civil wars 
 of Rome set in, by which Csesar was created consul, not for 
 one year, as was the custom, but for ten years ; was pro- 
 claimed perpetual dictator, his person declared sacred, and 
 his title henceforth, imperator or emperor. Some two years 
 after this, a conspiracy was formed against him by sixty sen- 
 ators, and he was assassinated in the senate-house, where he 
 fell pierced by twenty-three wounds. 
 
 CAHIR, Lordc — An Irish chieftain who, in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, exerted great influence in fomenting the rebellions 
 of his countryman. Nerved with the energy of desperation, 
 ne encountered the English against fearful odds ; and although 
 driven back, in most instances, was able to perpetuate the 
 war for a great length of time, at vast expense of blood and 
 of treasure to England. He was but one of a host of Irish 
 patriots, who, in those times, thought their lives well disposed 
 of by sacrificing them to the cause of liberty. 
 
 CAITHNESS, Earl of.— ChanceUor of the jury which sat 
 in the trial of the earl of Bothwell for the murder of Henry 
 Darnley. Whether he was, of himself, disposed to acquit 
 Bothwell, or whether he was forced to it, is not certain. The 
 whole trial was disgraceful to the court, and an insult to law. 
 CAL AMY, Edmond. A clergyman of the presbyterian 
 order in the time of the English revolution. He was a native 
 of London, born in 1600, and educated at Cambridge. He 
 was a member of the Westminster assembly, and a strong 
 
CAM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 113 
 
 opponent of episcopacy, but was violently opposed to the trial 
 and murder of Charles I, and not less to the usurpation of 
 Cromwell. He is said, also, to have exerted no small share 
 of influence in effecting the restoration of Charles II, and on 
 the accomplishment of that object was made a chaplain of the 
 crown, as was Baxter, another presbyterian. He is said, 
 also, to have been offered the bishopric of Lichfield, but de- 
 clined it. After this, when the famous act of uniformity went 
 into operation, he was expelled from his living. He died in 
 1666, one of the best men of his times. 
 
 CALVERLY, Sir John. — One of the royal party who 
 perished in the battle of Shrewsbury, 1405. 
 
 CALVERT. — One of the secretaries of state in the reign 
 of James I. It is probable that a careful examination of 
 English annals might reveal something of interest in his 
 character, but he figures very little in ordinary history. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, Earl of.— (See Edmond fourth son of 
 Edward III.) 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, Earl of.— Second son of the above. Hav- 
 ing married a sister to the earl of Marche, he had zealously 
 embraced the interests of that family, and held several con- 
 ferences with Lord Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas 
 Grey of Hatton, about the means of recovering to that noble- 
 man his right to the crown of England. The conspiracy was 
 detected, and Henry V caused the trial to take place without 
 delay. He acknowledged his guilt, and was accordingly, 
 convicted, condemned, and executed. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, Earl of.— (See Hamilton, Marquis and 
 duke of.) 
 
 CAMDEN, William.— A celebrated historian under the 
 reign of James I. He wrote the history of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, beside several other works, which has generally been 
 regarded as one of the best productions of that age. Mr. 
 Hume declares it to be " one of the best historical produc- 
 tions which has yet been composed by any Englishman." 
 He died in 1623, aged seventy-three years. 
 
 CAMERON. — A famous preacher of the order of Scotch 
 covenanters, or presbyterians, under the reign of Charles II. 
 He gravely proceeded to excommunicate the king for his 
 tyranny, and breach of covenant, and called upon the people 
 to renounce all allegiance to him. He succeeded in getting 
 up an insurrection, and was killed in an action with the royal 
 troops at Airs Moss. 
 
114 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAM. 
 
 CAMPBELL. — Prior of the order of Dominicans, in 
 Scotland. In 1541, when young Patrick Hamilton was 
 found to have adopted protestant views, Campbell, under 
 color of friendship and sympathy, so insinuated himself into 
 his confidence as to get in possession of all his secret opin- 
 ions, and immediately accused him of heresy, before the 
 archbishop of St. Andrews. When Hamilton was burned, 
 Campbell still continued to revile and insult him, at the stake. 
 The young martyr, still full of the enthusiasm of true faith, 
 cited him to appear at the judgment seat of Christ. Soon 
 after this, Campbell lost his reason, and, after a lingering 
 illness, died, which was generally regarded as the curse of 
 heaven against an abandoned man. (See Hamilton, 
 Patrick. ) 
 
 CAMPBELL. — There were two Scottish gentlemen of 
 this name, who visited London in 1684, ostensibly for the 
 purpose of negotiating the settlement of the Scottish presby- 
 terians in Carolina, but really, as fully appeared, with the 
 view of concerting measures with the English malecontents 
 against Charles II. Bailie, who accompanied them, was 
 seized, sent, a prisoner, to Edinburgh, and executed ; but 
 whether the Campbells were molested, does not appear. 
 
 CAMPEGGIO, Lorenzo.— A. cardinal and legate of the 
 pope to England in the reign of Henry VIII. The object 
 of his mission was to procure a tithe from the clergy, to en- 
 able the pope to oppose the progress of the Turks. The 
 clergy refused to comply with the request, and he was re- 
 called, and the famous Cardinal Wolsey received the com- 
 mission, which was an immense stride toward his future 
 greatness. About the same time, before Henry had thrown 
 off the papal authority, he was made bishop of Salisbury, 
 and was charged, by the pope, to assist Wolsey in the set- 
 tlement of the divorce case, of Henry, from Catharine, of 
 Arragon. After the rupture between Henry and the pope, 
 which might have been prevented by a wiser course on the 
 part of Campeggio, he was ejected from Salisbury, and spent 
 the remainder of his life on the continent, in opposing the 
 Reformation. He died at Rome in 1539. 
 
 CAMPION. — A Jesuit, sent by the pope, to qualify his 
 sentence of excommunication against Queen Elizabeth. 
 Many of the English papists had understood it to impose on 
 them the duty of resisting the queen's authority, even though 
 there were no prospect of its availing any thing. Campion, 
 
CAN. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 115 
 
 and Parsons, another Jesuit, came to inform them that it im- 
 posed no duty of action on them until such time as his holi- 
 ness should designate. Campion was afterwards detected in 
 treasonable practices ; and being put to the rack, and con- 
 fessing his guilt, was publicly executed. 
 
 CAN, Sir Robert. — A member of the parliament of 1680. 
 When the famous stories of Oates and Bedloe, concerning 
 the popish plot, were under discussion, he gave it as his 
 opinion that there was no popish plot, but that there was a 
 deeply laid presbyterian plot. For this offence he was ex- 
 pelled the house. 
 
 CANOWALCH. — This is the name which some anti- 
 quarians have hunted up for the seventh king of Sussex. 
 As there was a seventh king who reigned, or bore the re- 
 gal title, from 643 to 648, and as no better name has been 
 proposed for him, he may, perhaps, as wejl be called by 
 this ; though the names of all the kings of Sussex from 
 Cissa the second, to Adelwalch, the last, are hard to deter- 
 mine with certainty. 
 
 CANTEL, William de. — One of the barons who refused 
 to surrender their castles on the announcement that Henry III 
 was of full age, and entitled to exercise in person, all the 
 prerogatives of royality. The barons formed a conspiracy, 
 but were awed into subjection by the arms of Henry. 
 
 CANUTE, the Great. — The seventeenth king of Eng- 
 land. He was son to Sweyn, the great Danish conqueror, 
 and was proclaimed king of England immediately after the 
 death of his father, but so violently opposed that he could 
 not take possession of his inheritance. The exiled Ethel- 
 red being called home from Normandy to resume the gov- 
 ernment, with pledges of the allegiance of all Englishmen, 
 Canute determined to avenge himself on his rebellious sub- 
 jects. The hostages of fidelity which had been given to his 
 father, he put ashore with their hands and noses cut off. 
 Soon the infamous Duke Edric deserted to him, after well 
 nigh disbanding the English army, and he immediately pro- 
 ceeded to take military possession of Mercia, East Anglia, 
 and Northumberland. After the death of Ethelred, he was 
 solemnly crowned at Southampton, king of England. But 
 another part of the nobility about the same time, crowned 
 Edmond Ironside. These two princes, after several indeci- 
 sive battles, were forced by the nobility to compromise. So 
 the kirgdom was divided between them, Canute taking the 
 
116 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAP. 
 
 north and Edmond the south. Soon after this treaty Ed- 
 mond came to a violent death through the influence of Ed- 
 ric, the deserter, and Canute became king of England, tak- 
 ing care also to procure the assassination of Edwy, the 
 only remaining son of Ethelred then in the island ; Alfred 
 and Edward, the two sons of Edmond, having accompanied 
 their mother into Normandy at the death of their father. 
 Edmond having left two sons, Edwin and Edward, he sent 
 them to the king of Sweden, requesting that he would not 
 fail to have them destroyed. — (See Edwin and Edward.) — 
 Fearing still the two sons of Ethelred in Normandy, he 
 made proposals of marriage to their mother Emma, and 
 soon after espoused her, with a promise to her brother, the 
 duke of Normandy, that the children of this marriage should 
 succeed him in the government of England. Canute was 
 the most powerful monarch of his time, being sovereign of 
 England, Denmark, and Norway. Toward the latter part 
 of his life, he became very religious, made large donations 
 to the church, and even made a pilgrimage to Rome, where 
 he spent some time making arrangements for the better reg- 
 ulation of the school which had long been sustained by Pe- 
 ter Pence, and procuring for English pilgrims the privilege 
 of traveling at less expense than formerly. He died in 1036 , 
 after a prosperous reign of near twenty years. 
 
 CANUTE. — -A son of Sweyn, king of Denmark, who 
 was sent by his father, soon after the Norman conquest, to 
 assist the English against their oppressors. He came with 
 a fleet of three hundred ships, commanded by his uncle, 
 Osberne ; but the conqueror had planted his banner on the 
 island, and all hope of throwing off the yoke was vain. 
 
 CANTELUPE, Fulk de.— One of the knights of King 
 John, whom he sent to expel the monks of Christ-church. 
 (See Cornhulle, Henry de.) 
 
 CAPEL, Sir William. — Mayor of London in the reign 
 of Henry VII. At one time, he was condemned, on some 
 penal statutes, to pay the sum of two thousand seven hundred 
 and forty-three pounds, and was obliged to compound for 
 sixteen hundred and fifteen. After this, he seems to have 
 proceeded, quietly, in the administration of his office, until 
 near the time of Henry's death, when he was again fined 
 two thousand pounds, under some frivolous pretence ; and on 
 daring to complain of the exaction, was thrown into the 
 tower. 
 
CAP.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 117 
 
 CAPEL, Lord. — A member of parliament in 1640. He 
 was an ardent lover of the church and of the monarchy ; yet 
 such was his disgust at the measures of Charles I, and his 
 many instances of bad faith, that he exerted himself, with 
 the utmost vigor, in the redress of grievances, and in pros- 
 ecuting the authors of them. He is said to have been firm 
 and undaunted, in whatever he undertook, and to have been, 
 " in himself, an host," and in his policy, was equally opposed 
 to the usurpations of the crown and the violence of the com- 
 mons. Finding, at length, that he could not maintain neu- 
 tral ground, he took sides with the royalists, and was created 
 Lord Capel, of Hadham. He was in Colchester, when it 
 was besieged by the parliamentary forces in 1648, and after 
 suffering the greatest hardships of which we can well con- 
 ceive, was forced to surrender at discretion. When two of 
 the prisoners were ordered to be shot, he remonstrated 
 against it with indignation, saying, " Let us all suffer alike ; 
 we are all engaged in the same cause." He was beheaded 
 on the scaffold, March 9, 1649. 
 
 CAPEL, Sir Henry. — A member of the council of 
 Charles II. In the parliament of 1680, however, we find 
 him a member, and among those who most zealously advo- 
 cated the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York from the 
 throne, in case he should survive his brother Charles. The 
 bill passed the lower house, but was lost in the peers. 
 
 CAPEL. — Earl of Essex. He was a son of Lord Capel. 
 He was made treasurer, under the reign of Charles II, on 
 the removal of Danby, but soon after resigned the office. 
 He entered into Shaftesbury and Monmouth's conspiracy 
 against Charles II, and was arrested, and thrown into the 
 tower. Soon after, he was found, with his throat cut. A 
 coroner's inquest reported suicide; though many believed, 
 perhaps, without good reason, that he was murdered by the 
 king and the duke of York. He was known to be subject 
 to fits of deep melancholy, and to have defended the morality 
 of suicide. 
 
 CAPON. — Bishop of Salisbury under the reign of Henry 
 VIII and of Edward VI. He seems to have manifested 
 some reluctance to taking the oath of allegiance to Edward, 
 on the ground that he was a Protestant. At length, how- 
 ever, he waived his objections, and took the oath. This, 
 however, did not satisfy the ministry, as they believed him 
 
118 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAR. 
 
 insincere ; and he was forced to retain his see at the expense 
 of a great part of his revenues. 
 
 CARACTACUS.— One of the most renowned of the 
 ancient British princes, king of the Silures, a fierce tribe, 
 who inhabited the western part of the island. At the 
 time of the invasion of Britain by Claudius, Caractacus, 
 with a strong and united band of his countrymen, for some 
 seven years maintained an obstinate resistance to the Ro- 
 man forces. At length, however, he was overcome by num- 
 bers and superior discipline, his army routed, and he 
 and his wife and children, sent in captivity to Rome, 
 where they were loaded with chains and conducted through 
 the city, and into the presence of Claudius. As the British 
 chieftain cast his eyes on the splendors of the " Eternal 
 City" he is said to have exclaimed " Alas! how is it pos- 
 sible that a people, possessed of such magnificence at home, 
 could envy me my humble cottage in Britain?" In the im- 
 perial presence he is said to have stood firm and undaunted, 
 as if life to him, were of little value, after the loss of his 
 country's freedom. The emperor was so much pleased with 
 his magnanimity that he ordered his chains to be removed, 
 restored him to liberty ; and Dr. Lingard thinks, invested 
 him in all probability, with princely authority in Britain, as 
 subordinate governor, or viceroy. 
 
 CARGIL. — A furious preacher who co-operated with 
 Cameron in opposition to Charles II. While Cameron was 
 killed in a contest with the royal forces, Cargil was taken 
 and hanged. He was offered a pardon, if he would only 
 say, " God save the king;" but he replied that all he could 
 do was to pray for his repentance. — (See Cameron.) 
 
 CARLETON. — Member of the house of commons in 
 1571. A member of the name of Stri eland had moved a 
 bill for the revision of the Liturgy, which gave such offence 
 to Elizabeth that she summoned him to appear before the 
 council, and prohibited him from appearing, any more, in the 
 house of commons. This high-handed measure roused the 
 indignation of Carle ton, and in an able speech, he com- 
 plained that the liberties of the house were invaded, inas- 
 much as the crown was limited by law, just as much as was 
 the humblest individual. He assumed the position, moreo- 
 ver, + hat Stricland was not a private man, but the represen- 
 tative of a free people, who had elected him to a seat in 
 parliament, and that neither the queen nor any other func- 
 
CAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 119 
 
 tionary, had a right to eject him from his seat. Such views 
 were certainly in harmony with the spirit of the English con- 
 stitution and at this time would excite no surprise ; hut at 
 that time, they were novel, and marked Carleton as a dar- 
 ing adventurer. 
 
 CARLETON, Sir Dudley.— Vice-chamberlain, and after- 
 wards Secretary of State to Charles I. He was one among 
 the many bad counsellors of Charles, and hence contributed, 
 in no small degree, to the ruin of his master. When in the 
 parliament of 1626, Charles intimated to the parliament that 
 if they did not grant- him supplies, he should be obliged to 
 try "new counsels," Carleton was sent to explain the ambig- 
 uous allusion. On coming before parliament, he declared 
 that parliaments were wholly dependent on kings, and might 
 be dispensed with by them, at pleasure. He urged the im- 
 portance of that body complying fully, with the demands of 
 Charles, and warned them of the danger of provoking a 
 king. Little did he know of the fatal error into which he, 
 and his master, had fallen, nor realized how soon all the pre- 
 rogatives of the crown were to be entirely trodden down by 
 the commons of England. 
 
 CARLISLE, Christopher. — A military officer of Queen 
 Elizabeth, who accompanied Sir Francis Drake in his expe- 
 dition of 1586. against Spanish America. He was placed in 
 command of a strong volunteer force, with which he was to 
 operate on land at such points as they might attack. A few 
 villages and towns were burned, on the coasts of St. Do- 
 mingo and Florida; but the name of Carlisle has never 
 found a place in the temple of fame. 
 
 CARLISLE, Earl of.— (See Harcla, Sir Andrew.) 
 
 CARLISLE, Earl of. — (See Hay, Viscount of Doncas- 
 ter. 
 
 CARMICHAEL. — An officer of Sharpe, the primate of 
 Scotland, under the reign of Charles II. When the act of 
 uniformity had passed, and also the law against conventicles, 
 Sharpe, and his subordinate officers, being, in some sense, 
 concerned in the execution of these laws, became peculiarly 
 odious to the Scotish people. Carmichael had, by his vio- 
 lent prosecutions of conventicles, drawn upon him so much 
 popular odium that his assassination was determined on. Ac- 
 cordingly, the road was watched, where he was expected to 
 pass ; but as Sharpe, himself, chanced to pass, instead of Car- 
 
120 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAR. 
 
 michael, he was dragged from his coach and beaten to death. 
 (See Sharpe.) 
 
 CARNARVON, Earl of.— A supporter of Charles I, in 
 the civil wars. He was slain in the battle of Newbury, 
 Sept. 20, 1643. 
 
 CARNE, Sir Edward. — One of the embassy sent to Rome 
 by Queen Mary, soon after her accession, for the purpose of 
 tendering the submission of England, and asking that the 
 nation might be restored to the bosom of the Romish church. 
 He remained at Rome until after the accession of Elizabeth, 
 when he had only to bear home the harmless anathema of 
 the pope against the protestant queen. 
 
 CARNEGY, Lord. — A Scotish nobleman who, with 
 many others, abandoned the Covenant, immediately after the 
 victory of Montrose at Kilsyth, in 1546, and declared for the 
 cause of royalty. His conversion seems to have been pure- 
 ly the result of defeat. 
 
 CARRE, Robert. — One of the favorites of James I. He 
 was a native of Scotland, and was of a good family. He 
 came to London in 1609, then a youth of about twenty years 
 of age. "All his natural accomplishments, says Hume, con- 
 sisted in good looks : all his acquired abilities in an easy air 
 and graceful demeanor." He had letters of recommendation 
 to his countryman, Lord Hay, who, at once, conceived the 
 design of making him a royal favorite. In order to present 
 him to the king by mere accident, he assignedhim the of- 
 fice, at a tilting match, of presenting the king his buckler and 
 device, by which means it was hoped the king's attention 
 would be attracted to him. As he was advancing to execute 
 his office, his horse threw him, and broke one of his legs. 
 At once, the intended object was secured. The king, struck 
 with his beauty, ordered him to be lodged in the palace, and 
 carefully treated ; and in the course of his confinement, paid 
 him several visits. Soon he conceived the idea of raising 
 him to prominence ; and after creating him Viscount Roches- 
 ter, gave him the garter, and proceeded to heap on him all 
 the honors and wealth which he could command. Finding 
 him wholly illiterate, James turned teacher, and by much 
 labor, made him, to some extent, acquainted with the latin 
 tongue, and still more, with his theories of government. At 
 first, he was humble, and courteous to all, and hence escaped 
 the envy commonly excited by court favorites. Soon, his 
 great personal charms, together with his gaudy apparel, at- 
 
CAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 121 
 
 tracted the attention of the young Lady Francis Howard, who 
 had been married, or betrothed, at the age of thirteen, to the 
 earl of Essex. When both had arrived at the proper age * 
 Essex came to claim his bride, but was disgusted to find that 
 Carre had engaged her entire affections. After many im- 
 portunities, he abandoned her ; and on obtaining a divorce, 
 she became the wife of Carre, who was, at the same time, 
 raised to the honor of earl of Somerset. Sir Thomas Over- 
 bury opposed the marriage, and soon after died, evidently of 
 the effects of poison. At first, the evidence of Somerset's 
 guilt was not clear ; but after some months, the druggist who 
 had prepared the fatal potion, went into Holland, and made 
 known the whole matter of the poisoning of Overbury. An 
 investigation was had, and Somerset and his wife, with seve- 
 ral others, were convicted. They received the royal pardon, 
 and retired on a pension, to drag out, in retirement, an old 
 age of wretchedness. 
 
 CAREW, Sir Alexander. — A parliamentary officer in 
 the revolution, under Charles I. It is not probable that he 
 ever performed any prodigies of valor, as we hear very little 
 of him. In the winter of 1642-3, we find him opposing the 
 royalists in Cornwall ; but with so little energy as to allow 
 even the very town in which he lay to be taken. He took 
 a very active part in the murder of the king, but in what ca- 
 pacity, — whether as judge, lawyer, or witness, does not ap- 
 pear. After the restoration of Charles II, he was tried among 
 the regicides, and most probably, executed. He was of the 
 sect of the Millenarians, or Fifth-monarchy men, and when 
 asked by whom he would be tried, he replied, "by God and 
 my country : saving to our Lord Jesus Christ his right to the 
 government of these kingdoms." 
 
 CARRINGTON, Lord— A prominent nobleman who 
 was involved in the Popish plot reported by Oates and Bed- 
 loe. It is probable that he was a Romanist, but the fact of 
 his being charged by these miscreants, Oates and Bedloe, 
 proves^ nothing against his character, as a citizen. He was, 
 however, in common with all the accused, thrown .into prison, 
 but it is probable that he was released as soon as the popular 
 furor had subsided. (See articles Oates and Bedloe.) 
 
 CARSTARES.— When many Scottish malcontents were 
 being tried, in 1683, Carstares, and one Spence, were put to 
 torture, for the purpose of forcing a confession of certain 
 secrets which they were believed to possess. They charged 
 
 6 
 
122 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [cAR* 
 
 the earl of Tarras, and some others, who, to save themselves 
 , charged Baillie, who was, by this means, convicted and exe- 
 cuted. (See Baillie.) 
 
 CAREW, Sir George. — Had the command of lieutenant 
 of ordnance in the expedition of Queen Elizabeth against 
 Spain in 1596-7. In 1600, he was stationed in command of 
 a garrison, at Munster, in Ireland, where he distinguished 
 himself by his vigilance and energy. He arrested many of 
 the chiefs of the Irish malecontents, and sent them to Eng- 
 land, and by his daring measures awed the natives into some- 
 thing like order. Having obtained reinforcements, he ex- 
 tended his authority to Cork, which he also placed in condi- 
 tion for resisting the Spanish invasion, which was, then, daily 
 expected. Different positions were occupied by him, in the 
 course of the war, and the governor had no commander that 
 rendered him better service, nor any on whom he more relied 
 than Carew. 
 
 CAREW, Sir Peter. — One of those who entered into the 
 famous insurrection of Sir Thomas Wiat. He engaged to 
 procure a general rising in Devonshire, at the same time 
 with others, of the same kind, in other parts of the kingdom. 
 Carew's impatience however, caused him to rise before the 
 day appointed ; and the consequence of this ill-timed move- 
 ment was, that his whole enterprise failed, and he was forced 
 to flee into France for safety. 
 
 CAREW, Sir Nicholos. — Master of horse, and knight of 
 the garter, under the reign of Henry VIII. He was one, of 
 many, who entered into a conspiracy with Cardinal Pole ; 
 for which offence he was tried, condemned and executed. 
 
 CAREW, Sir John. — An ambitious young nobleman who, 
 in the reign of Henry VIII, accompanied Sir Thomas Kne- 
 vet to the coast of Brittany for the purpose of committing de- 
 predations on the French fleet. In the following year, 1513, 
 he attended Lord Herbert, the chamberlain, in his invasion 
 of France. We do not learn that he ever distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 CARTER, Hob. — This was the assumed name of one of 
 the leaders of what has been commonly known as the " Watt 
 Tyler rebellion" under the reign of Richard II. (See Tyler, 
 Watt.) 
 
 CARY, Sir John. —Chief baron of the exchequer under 
 Richard II. He was one of the jurists who decided against 
 the legality of the Gloucester commission. For this he was 
 
CAS.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 123 
 
 banished to Ireland, while some of them were publicly exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 CARY, Sir John.— A military character in the reign of 
 Henry VII. We know very little of him. 
 
 CARY, George. — Son of Lord Hundson, and hence a 
 near relation to the queen. He was sent by Elizabeth, im- 
 mediately after the birth of James VI, of Scotland, to stand 
 sponsor at the young prince's baptism. Notwithstanding his 
 noble birth, we know but little of him. 
 
 CARY, Sir Henry. — A brother of George. He was 
 prominent at the court of Elizabeth, and was occasionally 
 employed in some important enterprises, but does not appear 
 ever to have made any great figure in the world. 
 
 CARY, Sir Robert. — Another son of Lord Hundson. He 
 carried Elizabeth's letter of apology to James VI, for the 
 execution of his mother, Mary of Scots, but was not admit- 
 ted into the presence of the king, who was justly indignant 
 at the insult to his family and to his country. These three 
 brothers seem to have been chiefly employed as messengers 
 between England and Scotland. 
 
 CARY, Lucius. — Commonly known by his title of Vis- 
 count Falkland. He was secretary of state under Charles I, 
 and a zealous supporter of royalty. Of his good character, 
 it has been said, " his death was the regret of every lover of 
 ingenuity and virtue, throughout the kingdom." He was 
 slain in the battle of Newbury, Sept. 20, 1643. 
 
 CARY. — An attorney appointed in 1664 by the proprie- 
 tors of the English merchant ship, Bonaventure, which had 
 been destroyed in the Dutch wars. He agreed with the 
 commissioners of Holland, and they were to pay thirty thou- 
 sand pounds, for the ship, but he was stopped by Downing, the 
 English minister, who forbade him to accept it, saying it was 
 a matter of state, between two nations, and could not be 
 settled as a private matter. 
 
 CARYL. — An ambassador, sent by James II, to Rome, 
 in order to make the submissions of England to the pope, and 
 thus to pave the way for a solemn readmission of the nation 
 into the bosom of the Roman Catholic church. The pope, 
 Innocent XI, prudently advised him not to be too precipitate 
 in his measures, nor rashly attempt what repeated experience 
 had shown to be impracticable. Happy had it been for 
 James if this prudent counsel had been followed. 
 
 CASAUBON, Isaac. —A celebrated Calvinistic divine, 
 
124 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAS. 
 
 born in Geneva in 1559. After occupying the chair of Greek 
 professor at Geneva, for 14 years, he removed to Montpellier, 
 and thence to Paris, where he was appointed royal librarian. 
 After this, he was invited to England by James I, and re- 
 ceived a pension of three hundred pounds a year, as well as 
 several ecclesiastical preferments. He was more a scholar 
 than a theologian, and seems to have had very little of eccle- 
 siastical predilection. He died in 1614. 
 
 CASnALI, Sir Gregory. — Henry VIII's resident minis- 
 ter at Rome. He was particularly active in representing the 
 case of Henry's marriage to Catherine, of Arragon, and 
 urging the pope to pronounce it invalid, or to grant him a 
 divorce. He is said to have procured a provisional dispen- 
 sation, allowing the king to marry any worran whom he saw 
 proper to wed, and promising, at no distant day, to issue a 
 decretal bull, formally annulling the marriage with Catha- 
 rine. This, however, did not give satisfaction to Henry, and 
 soon after, he threw off all subjection to the Romish Church. 
 
 CASSILIS, Earl of. — When the outrageous law of 
 Charles II against conventicles went into operation, in Scot- 
 land, under the tyrannical administration of Lauderdale, 
 many gentlemen came to London to complain of grievances. 
 To prevent this, the council forbade, under severe penalties, 
 all noblemen to leave Scotland. Cassilis was one of those 
 who disregarded the edict, and came to London to lay his 
 complaints before the king. It does not appear that he was 
 punished for his temerity ; on the contrary, Charles was so 
 deeply sensible of the injustice of the law, that he heard the 
 complaint, and caused some indulgence to be allowed. 
 
 CASSILIS, Earl of. — A Scottish nobleman who was ta- 
 ken prisoner by the English at the battle of Solway. He 
 was not detained however, but on promise to exert all his 
 influence to secure the consent of the Scots to the marriage 
 of their princess to young Edward VI of England, and also 
 a promise to return when called for, was dismissed. When 
 called for, he returned to England, according to his pledge, 
 was graciously received by Henry VIII, and released, with his 
 brothers, who had been detained as hostages, during his ab- 
 sence. 
 
 CASSILIS, Earl of. — A daring Covenanter who, in time 
 of Charles I, 1639, was particularly active in procuring the 
 abolition of episcopacy, and the establishment of presbyteri- 
 anism. He seems to have been a military genius, and in 
 
CAT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 125 
 
 accordance with the spirit of the times, to have contemplated 
 a il church militant" with peculiar interest. 
 
 CASSIVELAUNUS. — A petty prince of the ancient 
 Britons, known principally as a military chieftain by whom 
 the tribes were united against Caesar on his second invasion 
 of the island, fifty-four years before Christ. The former in- 
 vasion, of the preceding year seems to have met with little 
 resistance. Such was the consternation on the first landing 
 of the conquering legions whose fame had long since spread 
 throughout Europe, that resistance was scarcely thought of, 
 and little more than vain efforts were made to appease the 
 foe by submissions and presents. On the second invasion, 
 however, in the course of the next summer, Cassivelaunus 
 succeeded in rousing the tribes to resistance, uniting them 
 against the common enemy, and presenting a front which 
 the bold Roman, himself could not despise. The resistance, 
 however, though brave and highly creditable to the Britons, 
 was wholly unsuccessful. They were discomfited in every 
 action. Csesar advanced into the country, passed the Thames 
 from the southern part of the island, burned the castle of 
 Cassivelaunus, and established his ally Mandubratius, in the 
 sovereignty of that part of the country. The fate of Cassi- 
 velaunus is unknown, as he never afterward appears in his- 
 tory. 
 
 CASTLEMAINE, Earl of.— Husband of the Duchess 
 of Cleveland. He was charged, by Gates and Dangerfield, 
 with a part in the Catholic plot, and an intention to assassi- 
 nate Charles II, but on trial by jury, was acquitted. He was 
 a zealous Romanist, and that was, perhaps, all the truth that 
 was contained in the charge. After the accession ot James 
 II, he was sent, ambassador extraordinary, to Rome, to ten- 
 der the submissions of the nation, and to agree upon some 
 measures for the restoration of the Romish religion in Eng- 
 land, but is said to have been very coldly received. 
 
 CATESBY. — Celebrated, in history, as the originator of 
 the famous " Gunpowder Plot," under the reign of James 
 I. He is said to have been a gentleman of good parts, and 
 of an ancient family. Being a violent Roman Catholic, he 
 was greatly disgusted at the Protestant views of James, and 
 proposed the blowing up of the parliament house on the day 
 of the meeting of parliament, when it was supposed that 
 all the royal family would be in attendance, and hence, all 
 be involved in one general ruin, Piercy was in favor of an 
 
126 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAT. 
 
 assassination of the king; but Catesby's views prevailed, 
 and the conspiracy was formed according to his suggestions. 
 When the plot was discovered, he fled from London, to War- 
 wickshire, where Sir Everard Digby was already in arms, 
 for the purpose of taking advantage of the first announce- 
 ment of the fatal explosion. When the people of the coun- 
 try arose, in arms, to suppress them, Catesby and Piercy 
 were both killed by the same shot. Several of the conspir- 
 ators confessed, on examination, that they had been govern- 
 ed, in the whole matter, by no other influence than that of 
 confidence and regard for Catesby. 
 
 CATESBY, Sir William. — A lawyer commonly used by 
 Richard III, for the accomplishment of his vilest purposes. 
 He was taken prisoner in the battle of Bosworth, and soon 
 after, beheaded ; the first Parliament of Henry VII pass- 
 ed a bill of attainder against him. 
 
 CATHARINE SWINEFORD.— Second wife of Rich- 
 ard II. She was a native of Hainault, and of humble birth, 
 for which reason the marriage was violently opposed by the 
 family of Richard. 
 
 CATHARINE.— Wife of Henry V. She was daughter 
 of Charles VI of France, and became the mother of the un- 
 fortunate Henry VI. 
 
 CATHARINE.— Fourth daughter of Edward IV. She 
 was married to the son and heir of Ferdinand, king of Arra- 
 gon. 
 
 CATHARINE WOODVILLE.— Daughter of Sir Rich- 
 ard Woodville, and sister to Elizabeth, queen of Edward 
 IV, She was married to the young Duke of Buckingham, 
 who was ward of the crown. 
 
 CATHARINE, Gordon.— Wife of the famous pretender, 
 Perkin Warbeck. She was daughter of the earl of Hunt- 
 ley, and nearly related to James IV, of Scotland. In this 
 instance, the maxim that " Kings cannot err," was certainly 
 at fault. James had allowed himself to believe the whole 
 story of Perkin, and doubted not that he was marrying his 
 fair relative to the lawful king of England. When Perkin 
 was at last forced to abandon his enterprize, and flee for his 
 life, after the seige of Exeter, Lady Catharine fell into the 
 hands of Henry VII, and was treated with a degree of 
 kindness which has ever done great honor to his name. He 
 soothed her mind with many marks of regard, placed her in 
 
CAT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 127 
 
 a reputable position about the queen, and assigned her a 
 pension, which she continued to enjoy during her life. 
 
 CATHARINE, of Arragon.— First wife of Henry VIII. 
 She was daughter of Ferdinand V, king of Castile, and 
 was first married to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII 
 of England. As he died about five months after the mar- 
 riage, Henry insisted that she should become the wife of 
 his second son, Henry, afterwards VIII. This last marriage 
 was an unhappy one, as it was purely a matter of calcula- 
 tion among the royal parents, and never was desired by 
 young Henry. Although she was an amiable and virtuous 
 princess, he soon became disgusted with her, and having 
 raised a question as to the legality of a marriage between 
 a man" and the widow of his brother, the universities of all 
 Europe decided against it, and the marriage was declared 
 by parliament to be wholly null and void. Henry soon after 
 married Anne Boleyn, of whom he had previously been 
 enamoured, and who was, perhaps, the chief cause of his 
 scruples. This divorce was not approved by the pope, and 
 hence it led to a separation of the English church, and na- 
 tion, from the church of Rome. Catharine lived many years 
 after, respected by all who knew her. 
 
 CATHARINE PAR.— Sixth wife of Henry VIII. She 
 was widow of Nevil, Lord Latimer, and was a woman of 
 noble character. Witn all her excellent qualities, however, 
 she narrowly escaped the fate of most of her predecessors. 
 Being somewhat inclined to the Protestant religion, which 
 Henry, although he had separated from the Church of Rome, 
 greatly abhorred, she ventured too far in her disputes with 
 him. He spoke of it to Gardiner, who urged him, by all 
 means, to have her prosecuted for heresy. Articles of im- 
 peachment were drawn up, and before she had apprehended 
 danger, she was secretly informed of the ruin that was im- 
 pending. By great tact and prudence, however, she man- 
 aged to appease the King before the officers came to arrest 
 her, and so the prosecution dropped. Only a few days after 
 the death of Henry, she made a third marriage with Lord 
 Seymour, High Admiral, which gave great offense to many 
 of the nobility. Soon after this, she died in childbed. 
 
 CATHARINE GRAY.— Younger sister of the lament- 
 ed Lady Jane Gray. She was first married to Lord Her- 
 bert, eldest son of the Earl of Pembroke, but for some rea- 
 son, they were divorced, and she made a private marriage 
 
128 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CAT. 
 
 with the Earl of Hertford, son of Protector Somerset. Soon 
 after this marriage, her husband had occasion to travel 
 abroad, and in his absence, her pregnancy was observed. 
 As soon as this was known, Queen Elizabeth, then on the 
 throne, caused her to be thrown into the tower, and summon- 
 ed Hertford to appear, to give an account of his misde- 
 meanor. He admitted the marriage, and was also imprison- 
 ed in the tower. An order was then issued for an investiga 
 tion into the validity, and even the fact, of the marriage ; 
 and as Hertford was in confinement, he had no means of 
 producing the evidence. In default of positive evidence, 
 their intercourse was declared to have been illicit, and the 
 fruit thereof illegitimate. Still, they were detained in the 
 tower ; but by some means, perhaps by bribing the keepers, 
 the) 7 were admitted into each others' company, and soon it 
 was announced that there was another child in prospect. 
 Upon this announcement, the Queen ordered a fine of fif- 
 teen thousand pounds to be imposed on Hertford, by the Star 
 Chamber, and directed that their confinement should, thence- 
 forth, be more rigorous. How long Lady Catharine was de- 
 tained in the tower, does not appear, but Hertford remained 
 nine years, — until the death of his wife. This conduct of 
 the queen must be referred to jealousy, lest a child of Lady 
 Catharine might, in due course, claim the crown of England 
 after her death ; and she could never bear the idea of know- 
 ing who was to be her successor. On this, she evinced a 
 sensitiveness, through her whole life, that was unworthy of 
 her. 
 
 CATHARINE, of Portugal— Wife of Charles II. She 
 was a woman of fine personal graces, and intellectual ac- 
 complishments ; yet was she never able to make herself 
 agreeable to the King. In truth, the marriage was strictly 
 one of calculation, and not of personal affection, so far as 
 Charles was concerned. He needed money, and the five 
 hundred thousand pounds and two fortresses, secured in her 
 dowry, had determined him to make the alliance. At one 
 time, he became strongly inclined to divorce her, and marry 
 Mrs. Stuart, alleging, as a reason, that she had been pre-en- 
 gaged to another, and moreover, that she had, before mar- 
 riage, once taken a vow of chastity. Mrs. Stewart's mar- 
 riage to the Duke of Richmond, however, defeated this 
 scheme ; and afterwards, Charles seems to have been recon- 
 ciled to retain Catharine, It is probable that one of the 
 
CAV.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 129 
 
 chief causes of his dissatisfaction was, that Catharine bore 
 him no children. He was ambitious to have a successor in 
 his own child, and of all his illegitimate children, there was 
 not one who could become his lawful successor. Catharine, 
 being an avowed Roman Catholic, was suspected of being 
 under Popish influences, and was even charged in the famous 
 story of Titus Oates, of having entered into a plot to destroy 
 the life of her husband. Charles, however, had too much 
 magnanimity to listen to the story, and nobly protected her 
 against the charge. 
 
 CAUFIELD, Lord. — One of the English settlers in Ire- 
 land who were murdered in the great Irish massacre of 1641. 
 Sir Phelim O'Neale, the great rebel in that movement, was 
 among those who entered the house of Caufleld, and per- 
 haps, dealt the fatal blow. On turning over the papers of 
 his lordship, he found a royal patent, the seal of which he 
 tore off, and affixed to a commission which he had forged 
 for himself. This commission was afterwards exhibited, and 
 as it bore the seal of Charles I, it was difficult for him to 
 convince the people of England that it was not genuine. 
 
 CAVE, Sir Ambrose. — Chancellor under Queen Eliza- 
 beth. When in the parliament of 1566, it was moved to in- 
 stitute measures for the settlement in the succession, Cave, 
 with several others of the queen's ministers, testified that she 
 had resolved on marrying for the purpose of securing a suc- 
 cessor in her own offspring. He seems to have been a man 
 of some prominence, in his day, but does not figure much in 
 history. 
 
 CAVENDISH, Sir Thomas. — A gentleman of Devon- 
 shire who distinguished himself, under the reign of Elizabeth, 
 by a very successful piratical expedition against the Spaniards. 
 He had wasted his estate by living at court ; and when letters 
 of marque began to be issued against Spain, he fitted out 
 three vessels, and boldly ventured into the Southern seas, 
 where he took nineteen vessels, some of them richly laden. 
 After circumnavigating the globe, he returned by the Cane 
 of Good Hope, and entering the Thames, sailed up to Lon- 
 don in triumph. His mariners and soldiers were clad m silk, 
 his sails were of damask, and his topsail cloth, of gold. His 
 prizes were esteemed the richest that had ever been brought 
 into England. 
 
 CAVENDISH. — A warm supporter of Charles I, and a 
 gallant officer. He commanded a body of the royalists in the 
 
 6* 
 
130 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CEC. 
 
 North of England, and was slain at Gainsborough in 1643, 
 in an action with Oliver Cromwell, who was just then coming 
 into notice, as a military character. 
 
 CAVENDISH, Lord. — A member of the eouncil of Charles 
 II. After the pretended disclosures of Titus Oates, he took 
 extreme ground against the Roman catholics, and even uni- 
 ted with several other noblemen in presenting a bill of indict- 
 ment against the duke of York, (afterwards James II,) as 
 a popish recusant. He was the particular friend of Lord 
 Russell, who was most unjustly executed under a charge of 
 conspiracy against the life of Charles, and even urged that 
 he might be left in his place in prison, by changing clothes, 
 until Russell should escape. This request, however, was 
 denied him by the noble-minded Russell, who chose to suffer 
 death, rather than involve his friend in trouble. 
 
 CAVERLY, Sir Henry. — One of the great number of 
 gentlemen who, in 1680, appeared before the grand jury to 
 procure an indictment against the duke of York, (James II,) 
 as a popish recusant. This is about the most prominent po- 
 sition in which he appears, in history. 
 
 CEALRIC— The fifth king of Wessex. He is thought 
 to have succeeded to the throne about 592. 
 
 CEAULIN. — Third king of Wessex. He was the son 
 and successor of Kenric. He began his reign in 560, and 
 was more ambitious than either his father or grandfather. 
 He not only waged continual war against the Britons, where- 
 by he greatly enlarged his territories, but also invaded his 
 Saxon neighbors, by which he provoked a general confederacy 
 against himself, the result of which was his expulsion from 
 the throne. He died in exile. 
 
 CECIL, Sir Thomas. — This gentleman was but one of 
 many who, as the Spanish Armada, in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, were passing up the English channel, manned and 
 armed their own vessels, and put out to assist the English ad- 
 miral. Cecil is said greatly to have distinguished himself on 
 that occasion, and to have conducted himself in a manner 
 worthy of an admiral. 
 
 CECIL, Sir Wjlham.— (See Barleigh, Lord.) 
 
 CECIL, Sir Robert. — Earl of Salisbury. Son, as well as 
 successor, of Sir William Cecil, the famous Lord Burleigh, 
 (See Burleigh, Lord.) He was born in 1550, and educated 
 at Cambridge. At the age of forty-six, after the death of 
 his father, he was appointed secretary of state, in which of- 
 
CED.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 131 
 
 fice he appears admirably to have pursued the policy of his 
 father. Elizabeth looked to him as the only man fit to fol- 
 low in the footsteps of William Cecil, and continued him in 
 office during her life. On the accession of James I, Cecil 
 was first to greet him, and first to receive the highest com- 
 pliments which the king could bestow. He is said not to 
 have been, on all occasions, the cool and prudent man of his 
 father, but was, not unfrequently, betrayed into fits of passion 
 which exposed him to remark. Yet was he universally re- 
 garded as one of the chief elements in the government, even 
 to the time of his death. He died on the 24th of May, 1612, 
 in the 61st year of his age. At the time of his death, there 
 had been, for some years, much popular prejudice against 
 him, but immediately after his death, the nation felt how 
 difficult it was to find a man capable of filling his place. 
 
 CECIL, Sir Edward. — Commonly known as Viscount 
 Wimbleton. Perhaps of the same family as the above. He 
 was a prominent military character in the reign of James 1 } 
 and also of the early part of the reign of Charles I. In 1625, 
 he was sent, in command of an expedition against Spain, 
 but was wholly unsuccessful, and afterwards, reposed in com- 
 parative obscurity. 
 
 CEDRIC or CHEDRIC— The orthography of proper 
 names connected with the early history of Britain is varied 
 by different authors. This is not to be wondered at, when 
 we consider the barbarous age in which those names were 
 first recorded and the difficulty of deciphering those early 
 records into modern English. Cedric was the Saxon founder 
 and first king of the state -of West Saxons, called also Wes- 
 sex. This was the third kingdom of the Heptarchy in the 
 order of time, and finally swallowed up all the others. It 
 was founded about 20 years later than was the kingdom of 
 South Saxons. Cedric landed in Britain A. D. 495 with a 
 considerable army of his Saxon countrymen, in the command 
 of which he was assisted by his son Kenric. None of the 
 other Saxon tribes met with such vigorous resistance as did 
 he. The natives displayed such desperate valor that he was 
 obliged, after landing, to call for additional aid. He was 
 forced into a close engagement on the very day of his land- 
 ing, and during the greatest part of his life, seems to have 
 been involved in perpetual war. It is remarkable that the 
 spirit of the ancient Britons in that part of the island was 
 much more difficult to tame than in the more eastern parts ; 
 
132 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CEO, 
 
 and in the extreme west, has remained, to this day, absolute- 
 ly unconquerable. Cedric died A. D. 534, after a Stormy 
 and restless reign of about 40 years. (See articles Kenric, 
 Arthur, and Nazan Leod.) 
 
 CEDWALLA.— The eleventh king of Wessex. He was 
 a great prince; that is, he was enterprising, warlike, and 
 successful. History, however, has preserved an instance of 
 his cruelty, at which humanity shudders. Having made war 
 upon Sussex, he defeated and slew Adelwalch, the last of the 
 kings of that state. Two infant sons of the fallen monarch 
 fell into his hands, whom he immediately ordered to be exe- 
 cuted. The abbot of Redford opposed the order, and pro- 
 tested against so cruel a deed, but could move the heartless 
 monarch only to suspend the sentence until they should be 
 baptized. After a sanguinarj reign of three years he was 
 seized with a fit of devotion and made a pilgrimage to Rome, 
 where he received baptism, and died in 689. 
 
 CELWOLD.— Sixteenth king of Northumberland. He 
 was brother to Ailred. He mounted the throne in 779, and 
 after ten years, was deposed and slain by his people. 
 
 CELWULPH.— Son of Kenrid, and tenth king of North- 
 umberland. He succeeded Osric in 730, and after eight 
 years, resigned it to Eadbert, his cousin-german. 
 
 CENULPH. — The sixteenth king of Wessex. He was 
 placed on the throne by the same popular movement which 
 had displaced Sigebert for mal-administration. He possessed 
 some military talents which he exercised against the Britons 
 of Cornwall, and also in an unsuccessful war against Offa, 
 king of Mercia. He was, at last, murdered in 784 by Kyne- 
 hard, a brother of the deposed Sigebert. (See Kynehard.) 
 
 CEOBALD, — Sixth king of Wessex. He came to the 
 throne in 593 and died in 611, after a reign of 18 years. 
 
 CEOLRED.— The ninth king of Mercia. He was the 
 son of Ethelred, and immediate successor of Kendred. He 
 is thought to have sustained the regal office some seven years> 
 from 709 to 716. But little is known of him. 
 
 CEOLULF. — Commonly reckoned the fifteenth king of 
 Mercia. He came to the throne in 819 amid the storms of 
 revolution, by supplanting his niece, Quendrade, who had 
 just murdered her royal brother, Kenelm, and placed his 
 crown on her own head. Ceolult reigned only two years, 
 and was supplanted byBeornulf, 821. 
 
 CEULUPH.— The fifth king of Sussex. Like all the 
 
CHA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 133 
 
 kings of Sussex, after Cissa, he was little better than viceroy 
 to the king of Wessex. He held the title of king from 597 
 to 611. 
 
 CEOLWIC. — The fourth king of* Sussex. He is thought 
 to have held the regal title from 592 to 597. 
 
 CEORL. — Third king of Mercia. He was a relation of 
 his predecessor, Webba, though how nearly related is not 
 certain. According to the laws of succession, Penda, who 
 became his successor, was entitled to the crown, but his tur- 
 bulent character appeared dangerous to Ethelbert, the king 
 of Kent, who was then the real governor of Mercia, (See 
 Webba. ) Ceorl being thought less dangerous, was established 
 on the throne, and was scarcely less dependent on Ethel- 
 bert than Webba had been. He reigned nine years, and 
 was succeeded by Penda in 625. 
 
 CEO RLE. — A governor of Devonshire under the reign 
 of king Ethel wolf. Little is known of him only that in 85 1 
 he fought a battle with the Danes at Wiganburgh, in which 
 he put them to rout with great slaughter. 
 
 CEREALIS. — A Roman general appointed by the Em- 
 peror Vespasian to the military government of Britain soon 
 after the recall of Suetonius Paulmus. But little is known of 
 him either before or after his appointment, nor of the charac- 
 ter of his administration. Mr. Hume learns that he was 
 '* succeeded, both in authority and reputation" by Julius 
 Frontinus. 
 
 CHALLONER. — A noted deistical republican, in the 
 time of Cromwell's protectorate. This school of politicians 
 denied, entirely, the truth of Revelation, and professed to 
 have no other object in view but political liberty. They were 
 opposed to all the ancient forms of government, and sought a 
 degree of personal liberty wholly incompatible with all law. 
 Cromwell always called them " heathens." 
 
 CHALMERS, David. — A member of the household of 
 Mary, queen of Scots, who was chaiged with having aided 
 and abetted in the murder of Henry Darnley. He was tried 
 at the same time with Bothwell, Balfours, and others, and 
 like them, acquitted. (See Bothwell, Earl of.) 
 
 CHALONER. — A gentleman who, in 1643, united with 
 Edward Waller, and others, in measures for checking the vio- 
 lence of parliament against Charles I. Being overheard by 
 a servant, in conversation on the subject, the secret was di- 
 vulged, and all who were concerned in the conversation were 
 
134 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CHA. 
 
 tried by court-martial, and condemned to death. Chaloner 
 was hung on a gibbet, prepared for the purpose, before his 
 own door. Moderation was an unpardonable crime in those 
 times. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN, Thomas. — A gentleman of some note 
 who, in the absence of Edward I on the continent, as- 
 sembled many of his friends at Boston, in Lincolnshire, un- 
 der pretence of holding a tournament, but really for the pur- 
 pose of plunder. When all things were ready, he secretly 
 set fire to the town, and while the inhabitants were employ- 
 ed in extinguishing the flames, the conspirators were engag- 
 ed in plundering and carrying off goods. Chamberlain was 
 detected and executed, but would never consent to discover 
 any of his associates, although liberal offers and inducements 
 were held out to him. 
 
 CHAMPERNON, Henry. — An admiral of some dis- 
 tinction under the reign of Queen Elizabeth. We do not 
 learn, however, that he ever performed much service. In 
 1571, when the French Protestants were suffering the most 
 cruel persecutions, Elizabeth permitted him to raise a regi- 
 ment of gentlemen volunteers, and transport them over into 
 France, for the purpose of assisting the afflicted Huguenots. 
 The result of the enterprise is not certainly known, though 
 we learn of their being defeated, soon after landing, at the 
 battle of Moncontour, and Champernon was wounded. Sir 
 Walter Raleigh was in this regiment, and it seems to have 
 been the first of his military experience. 
 
 CHANDOS, Earl of Bath. — He seems to have been a 
 native of Brittany, and by some means made himself a fa- 
 vorite of Henry VII, who created him Earl of Bath, soon 
 after his accession. 
 
 CHANDOS. — Chief general under the Black Prince in 
 his expedition into Spain for the purpose of restoring the 
 deposed monarch, (Peter,) to the crown of Castile. He 
 was afterwards raised to the office of Constable of Guienne, 
 and was slain in a battle with the French in time of the last 
 sickness of the Black Prince. 
 
 CHARLES I. — Son and successor of James I. He was 
 born on the 19th of November, 1600. Having an elder 
 brother, Henry, he did not, at first, take the title of Prince of 
 Wales, but Duke of York. As Henry died young, however, 
 he took the title of Prince of Wales, and grew up under the 
 fixed impression that he was born to be a great monarch. 
 
CHA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 135 
 
 He succeeded his father in 1625, and was one of the purest- 
 minded princes, perhaps, that ever sat on the throne of Eng- 
 land. His religious principles were settled on the great doc- 
 trines of the English Reformation, and he was equally op- 
 posed to Romanism on the one hand, and Puritanism on the 
 other. His morality was such as to excite the wonder of the 
 world, being so far above what was commonly met with 
 among the young princes of Europe. Eut his notions of 
 government were tyrannical, and not in keeping with the 
 spirit of the times. Very soon after his accession, popular 
 discontents arose, and his necessary expenses were not met 
 by corresponding appropriations by parliament. Urged by 
 necessity, he resorted to means which were every where dis- 
 approved ; as loans, benevolences, ship money, &c. Becom- 
 ing entirely disgusted with the proceedings of parliament, 
 he dissolved that body, with a resolution of never calling an- 
 other. Unfortunately, he undertook to urge the claims of 
 the Episcopacy, and the use of the liturgy, in Scotland, 
 which had the effect to stir the Covenanters of that country, 
 and render them the enemies, equally, of the Church and of 
 the crown. Another parliament was called; but being found 
 even more violent than the former one, it was dissolved. 
 Then another, in the same year, Nov. 1640, which continued 
 to sit until after Charles' death, and which is commonly 
 known as the "Long Parliament." Finding it impossible to 
 proceed, he retired to Windsor, and wrote conciliatory letters 
 to parliament, which were openly insulted, and treated with 
 contempt. The parliament, in its violence, called out the 
 militia of London, for the defense of itself against the offi- 
 cers of the crown. A civil war followed ; and Charles, after 
 conducting himself in a manner worthy of the greatest of 
 generals, was overborne, and forced to abandon the enter- 
 prise. He determined on throwing himself on the generosi- 
 ty of the Scots, but was no sooner among them than he found 
 himself a prisoner; and for £200,000, paid them by the 
 English Parliament, they surrendered him, a prisoner, to that 
 body. Soon, however, he effected his escape to the Isle of 
 Wight, intending thence to embark for France. Here, 
 again, however, he was betrayed, and sent back to the Par- 
 liament. After tedious confinement in prison, he was 
 brought to trial before a court of the Parliament's own crea- 
 ting, for that particular purpose, and after something of the 
 formalities of a trial, was condemned to lose his head. He 
 
136 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fCHA. 
 
 constantly refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the 
 court, but when the sentence was passed, bowed in submis- 
 sion, and yielded, with all the dignity of conscious innocence, 
 to a sentence which all Christendom must ever regard as un- 
 just, and arbitrary. Three days after, January 30, 1648, 
 he appeared on the scaffold. Inculcating, in the mildest 
 terms, the forgiveness of injuries and the practice of all the 
 christian virtues, he professed his own firm trust in the atone- 
 ment of Christ for salvation, and then, laying Ins head on 
 the block, it was severed from his body, at a single blow of 
 the executioner. As a man, and as a christian, he was, per- 
 haps, as near faultless as any man whose name appears in 
 history. As a monarch, he would have shone to great ad- 
 vantage in other times ; but, doubtless, he entertained the 
 theory of despotism, which was not consistent with the pop- 
 ular mind of England, at that time. His death seems to 
 have been necessary ; and from this costly sacrifice, good 
 has resulted to the world. May England never again be 
 called upon to lay such an offering on the altar ! 
 
 CHARLES II. — Son and successor of Charles I; though 
 the Protectorate of Cromwell intervened between their 
 reigns. He was born on the 29th of May, 1630, and was 
 only eighteen years old at the death of his father. Notwith- 
 standing his tender years, he had taken an active part in the 
 civil wars, and even after his fathers death, he made several 
 praiseworthy efforts to gain possession of the crown, by the 
 assistance of Scotland. Being invited from the continent to 
 that country, he was solemnly crowned, at Scone, in 1651, 
 and a strong military force was raised to defend his title. 
 The arms of Cromwell, however, were successful ; and after 
 several engagements, he was totally defeated, and forced to 
 fly to the continent for safety. During the Protectorate, he 
 lived in France, and adopted many of the vices of that coun- 
 try, as, also, its religion; which, however, he managed to 
 keep secret, for the most part, unto the day of his death. 
 
 After the death of Oliver Cromwell, the affairs of the 
 Commonwealth becoming greatly embarrassed, and Richard 
 Cromwell not being able to give satisfaction, the eyes of the 
 nation were turned toward Charles II, and the restoration of 
 monarchy. At length the military movements of General 
 Monk, together with the popular feeling of the nation, de- 
 termined the Parliament to invite him to the throne of his 
 father ; and on the 29th of May, 1660, his birthday, he was 
 
CHA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 137 
 
 welcomed into London, amid the shouts of an emancipated 
 people. His reign, however, was far from happy, or pros- 
 perous. He had neither the firmness, nor the moral virtues 
 of his father. He was affable, and good-natured, tut indo- 
 lent, licentious, and grossly addicted to the low pleasures 
 which he had practiced in France, and which he freely in- 
 dulged in his court. The old cavaliers who had suffered for 
 their devotion to his father, were generally neglected, while 
 nothing was done to reconcile the Puritans. There was, in 
 fact, much room to question his devotion to England, or to 
 the .English people ; and since his death, it has been made 
 fully to appear that he had even entered into a correspond- 
 ence with France for the subversion of the English consti- 
 tution, and the establishment of the Romish religion. He 
 died in a fit of apoplexy on the 6th of February, 1685, 
 leaving no legitimate issue ; and was succeeded by his 
 brother, James II. 
 
 CHARLETON, Judge. — One of the favorite counselors 
 and judges of James II. He had decided, as had many 
 others, that the crown had an inherent right to dispense with 
 any parliamentary enactments, at pleasure. This caused 
 such offence that he was forced to resign his seat in the 
 court ; or rather James was forced to dismiss him. 
 
 CHARNOC. — A Roman Catholic gentleman of Lan- 
 cashire who, in 1586, entered into the conspiracy with many 
 other catholics for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth. 
 The plot, however was discovered, and fourteen of the con- 
 spirators executed. Charnoc is supposed to have been one 
 among the victims. 
 
 CHARTERIS, Sir Thomas.— Chancellor of Scotland un- 
 der the reign of Robert Bruce. He was slain at the battle 
 of Nevill's Cross, by the victorious forces of Queen Phillip- 
 pa, of England. 
 
 CHATELRAULT, Duke of.— -Also earl of Arran.— 
 (See Stuart, James.) 
 
 CHAUCER, Geoffrey. — Sometimes called the father of 
 English poetry, and by others the morning star of English 
 literature. He was the first English poet of any eminence. 
 He was born in 1328, and educated at Cambridge and Ox- 
 ford. He was intended for the profession of law, but having 
 a dislike for it, he applied for and obtained a situation as 
 gentleman to the chamber of king Edward III. From this 
 he rose to the situation of commissioner to the French court, 
 
138 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CHE. 
 
 on a violation of truce. Here his salary was 1000 pounds 
 a year, and he was confirmed in the situation after the death 
 of Edward, by Richard II. Soon after this he embraced 
 the religious tenets of Wickliffe, the reformer, for which he 
 was forced to quit the kingdom for a time , nor did he even 
 by this, escape imprisonment. After this he retired from 
 public life, and removed to Woodstock, and afterwards to 
 Donnington, where he devoted himself to the cultivation of 
 his muse. His poetry, though in the idiom of the fourteenth 
 century, has much smoothness and delicacy, and is charac- 
 terized by singular boldness of thought. The "Canterbury 
 Tales" are considered the finest of his productions. He died 
 October 25th, 1400. 
 
 CHESTER, Earl of.— When the pope had declared Henry 
 III to be of full age, and capable of performing all the offices 
 of royality, Chester, and several other noblemen, entered 
 into a conspiracy to get possession of the government. For 
 some years, he was an element of discord, and caused great 
 trouble, but was at last reconciled to the crown, and seems to 
 have become a peaceable subject. Such was the power of 
 the barons of those times, that much of the tranquility of the 
 country depended on them. 
 
 CHEVELIN. — This is thought to be the name of the 
 third king of Sussex. He is said to have reigned two years; 
 from 590 to 592. He was really but a viceroy of the king 
 of Wessex. 
 
 CHEYNEY. — One of the coadjutors of Thomas, earl of 
 Lancaster, who was executed for treason under the reign of 
 Edward II. — (See Thomas.) Cheyney was one of the eigh- 
 teen who were condemned and executed a few days after 
 the earl, for their participation in his treason. 
 
 CHEYNEY, Sir John.— An officer of Henry VII who 
 was in the battle of Bosworth. When Richard III had 
 grown desperate, toward the close of the battle, he drove fu- 
 riously against Henry, killed Sir William Brandon, the stan- 
 dard-bearer, and had dismounted Cheyney, when he found 
 himself within a few paces of Henry. Just at this time he 
 was surrounded by the troops of Sir William Stanley, and 
 hewn down. 
 
 CHENEY, Sir Thomas. — Rather prominent as a military 
 character, in the reign of Henry VIII. At the death of 
 Henry he was appointed a member of the council of regency, 
 during the minority of Edward VI ; and became one of the 
 
CHI.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 139 
 
 conspiracy against protector, Somerset. He seems to have 
 been a man of decided abilities, and a strength of will which 
 made him formidable to his adversaries. 
 
 CHICHESTER, Sir Arthur. — A military character un- 
 der the reign of Queen Elizabeth. "We find him, in 1602-3, 
 in the Irish service, suppressing the rebels, aud restoring or- 
 der among those wild and lawless barbarians. Beyond this, 
 history has preserved but little account of him. 
 
 CHICKELEY, Sir Thomas.— A member of the new 
 council of Charles II, in 1679. This position would seem 
 to justify the belief that he was a man of much prominence, 
 in his times ; though we hear but little of him. 
 
 CHICKELY, Sir John, — Rear admiral of Prince Rupert 
 in the Dutch wars of 1673. How long before, or how long 
 after, he was in the service, is not known to the author, nor 
 is it matter of sufficient importance to justify the labor of 
 ascertaining. 
 
 CHIDLEY.— > Major-general of the parliamentary forces, 
 at the battle of Stratton, May 16, 1643. He was a man of 
 true courage, and not without skill. When he saw his men 
 recoil, he advanced , in person, with a good stand of pikes, 
 and piercing into the thickest of the royalists, was, at last, 
 overpowered by numbers, and taken prisoner. This turned 
 the victory of the day on the side of the royalists. 
 
 CHILLING WORTH, William.— An able disputant and 
 defender of the protestant religion. He was born in Oxford, 
 in October of 1602. Soon after entering college, he fell 
 greatly under the influence of a Jesuit, of the name of 
 Fisher, which caused him to embrace the Romish doctrines, 
 and he returned to the university of Douay, for the purpose 
 of completing his education. Soon, however, he became 
 disgusted with Romanism, and returned to the communion 
 of the church of his early love. Being greatly persecuted 
 for his change, he took up his pen and defended the protes- 
 tant religion with a degree of skill which quickly raised him 
 to an enviable distinction. He received several positions of 
 honor, and would, most probably, have risen to the highest 
 point of ecclesiastical preferment, but for the breaking out 
 of the civil wars. He took decided ground in favor of the 
 king, and even took up arms. At the seige of Gloucester, 
 he acted as engineer, and at the seige of Arundel, was taken 
 prisoner by the parliamentarians. Being in feeble health, 
 he now began rapidly to decline, and died in June, 1644. 
 
140 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CIS* 
 
 CHRISTINA.— A daughter of Edward, son of Edmond 
 Ironside. She was born in Hungary and came to England 
 with her father at the time when he was called by the will 
 of Edward the Confessor to succeed him on the throne. 
 Soon after this, she retired into a convent "where she spent 
 the remainder of her life. 
 
 CHURCHILL, Lord. — Raised from the rank of a page 
 to that of peer, by the favor of James IJ. He was placed in 
 a high command, in the army, and at the time of the famous 
 rebellion of Monmouth, rendered the most efficient service' 
 to his master. When the Prince of Orange, however, in- 
 vaded England, he abandoned his post, and hastened to join 
 in the popular movement for throwing off the yoke of the 
 oppressor. This action of his is said to have determined the 
 conduct of many others, and thus, in all probability, to have 
 decided the destiny of James. 
 
 CHURCHILL, Lady.— Wife of Lord Churchill. She 
 was particularly intimate in the family of Prince George, of 
 Denmark, as was, also, her husband ; and their influence is 
 supposed to have had much to do with the decision of the 
 prince to act against his royal father-in-law. The princess 
 Anne left London in company with Lady Churchill. 
 
 CICELY. — Second daughter of Edward IV. She was 
 betrothed to the Prince of Rothsay, son of James III, of 
 Scotland. The marriage, however, was never consumma- 
 ted, and we here, or soon after, lose sight of her. It is not 
 improbable that the infamous Gloucester, (Richard III) may 
 have used means to dispose of her, or at least, to prevent 
 her marriage. 
 
 CICILY. — Eldest daughter of William the Conqueror. 
 In conformity with the fashion of the times, she retired to a 
 monastery, and spent her life in seclusion. She went, first, 
 to the monastery of Feschamp, but was afterwards elevated 
 to the position of abbess in the Holy Trinity at Caen, where 
 she died in 1127. 
 
 CINIGSIL. — Sometimes called the sixth king of Sus- 
 sex. He was associated in the government with Quicelm, 
 who is also called, by some writers, the sixth king. Between 
 them, they occupied the throne from 611 to 643. (See 
 Quicelm. ) 
 
 CISSA. — Second king of Sussex. He was the son and 
 successor of iElla, the founder of that monarchy, and is re- 
 markable in history only for his long reign of 76 years, in 
 
CLA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 141 
 
 the course of which his kingdom fell into a state of depend- 
 ence on Wessex. This was the first step of Wessex to the 
 sovereignty of all England. 
 
 CLAIRE. — A parliamentarian who, after the siege of 
 Gloucester, in^643, and in connection with Waller's con- 
 spiracy against the parliament, ^eserted his party, and, go- 
 ing to Oxford, attached himself to the royal interests. 
 
 CLARE, Gilbert de. — One of the twenty-five barons 
 who composed the executive council under the great charter 
 of King John. 
 
 CLARENDON, Lord, and Earl of Clarendon. (See 
 Hyde, Edward.) 
 
 CLARENDON, Earl of.— (See Hyde, Sir Henry.) 
 
 CLARENDON, Earl of.— (See Hyde, Sir Edward.) 
 
 CLARKE. — A Romish priest who was concerned in the 
 conspiracy for subverting James I, and placing Lady Ara- 
 bella Stuart on the throne. On the discovery of the plot he 
 was convicted of treason, and publicly executed. 
 
 CLARKE.-— An ambitious military character, who was 
 cashiered by parliament, soon after the deposition of Richard 
 Cromwell. It is not probable, however, that he was very 
 seriously affected by this act of parliament, as the whole 
 parliament ''was, soon after, expelled, and everything brought 
 into complete subjection to a lawless army. 
 
 CLAUDIUS.— The fifth emperor of Rome. Nearly a 
 century had elapsed since Caesar's invasion of Britain when 
 Claudius conceived the design of reducing it again to sub- 
 mission. Augustus., the successor of C8esar,had been opposed 
 to the foreign wars and new accessions to the empire. Ti- 
 berius, his successor, was opposed to war from jealousy 
 of the fame which his generals miiiht acquire. Caligula had, 
 indeed, threatened to invade the island of Britain, but never 
 proceeded to active hostilities. In this time it had thrown 
 off the yoke imposed by Csesar, and had returned to the en- 
 joyment of its ancient liberty unmolested, and the fear of the 
 Roman was scarcely felt. Claudius sent over an army A. 
 D. 43, under command of Plautius, an able general, who 
 gained some victories in battle, and made considerable prog- 
 ress in subduing the islanders. Soon after this, Claudius 
 made a journey into Britain in person, and received the sub- 
 missions of several British states in the south-western part of 
 the island. On returning, he left his generals, Plautius and 
 Vespasian, to prosecute the war. It continued for several 
 
142 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fcLE. 
 
 years, principally from the strong resistance of the Silures, 
 headed by their able king Caractacus, who was, at last, over- 
 come. 
 
 CLAYPOLE.— Son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell. He 
 seems to have held a high military rank, aft! to have enjoy- 
 ed the confidence of his father-in-law, though there is some 
 reason to suspect that he was not much averse to the mon- 
 archy. 
 
 CLAYPOLE, Mrs.— Wife of the above. She was the 
 peculiar favorite of Cromwell, her father, and is said to have 
 been a woman of many virtues and amiable accomplish- 
 ments. In common with nearly all the daughters of Crom- 
 well, she had a very decided leaning to royalty, and is 
 thought to have died of grief for the death of Dr. Huet, 
 who was executed by her father's orders. She had urged her 
 plea in his behalf, and labored to procure his pardon ; but 
 being repulsed, she gave way to settled melancholy, in which 
 she lamented to her father all his sanguinary measures, and 
 urged him to repentance for those crimes into which his am- 
 bition had betrayed him. Being already in low health, she 
 soon sank, and died of a broken heart. The circumstances 
 of her death are said to have contributed more to embitter 
 the life of Cromwell than any other one cause.- 
 
 CLAYTON, Sir Robert.— Mayor of London in time of 
 Charles II, 1680. We learn that he belonged to the court 
 party, and when, according to custom, he nominated one of 
 the city sheriffs, his nomination was rejected by the popular 
 party. (See articles Bethel and Cornish.) 
 
 CLANRICARDE, Earl of.— An Irish nobleman of an- 
 cient family, and said to have been a man of great merit, 
 in the time of Charles I and the commonwealth. He al- 
 ways persevered in his devotion to the English crown, though 
 a staunch Romanist, and when Ormond resigned, became 
 governor of Ireland. In this office, he resisted the authority 
 of Cromwell until resistance became manifestly vain ; and 
 then, retiring into England, he made submissions to the par- 
 liament, and soon after died. 
 
 CLARENCE, Duke of— (See Thomas, son of Henry IV. ) 
 
 CLARENCE, Duke of.— (See George, brother of Ed- 
 ward IV.) 
 
 CLARENCE, Duke of.— (See Lionel.) 
 
 CLERMONT.— One of the judges of Charles I. After 
 
CLI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 143 
 
 the restoration of Charles II, he was tried for the murder of 
 the late king, and publicly executed. 
 
 CLEER. — A member of the parliament of 1571. When 
 Queen Elizabeth had excluded Stricland from, the house, 
 which caused great sensation, Cleer took decided ground for 
 the queen's prerogative, and contended that she had a right 
 to dictate, even in matters of a theological nature. Of course 
 he could not have failed to be in good odor with the queen. 
 
 CLEVELAND, Duchess of.— (See Palmer, Mrs.) 
 
 CLIFFORD, Lord, Sr. — A powerful nobleman of the 
 Lancastrian party, slain at the battle of St. Albans, 1455, 
 where the Yorkists were victorious and about five thousand 
 Lancastrians slain. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Lord, Jr. — Son of the above. He seems to 
 have been a man of very little sensibility. At the battle of 
 Wakefield, when Richard, duke of York, was slain, his son, 
 the earl of Rutland, was taken prisoner, and brought before 
 Clifford. He was a youth of but seventeen, and in a condi- 
 tion well calculated to excite pity; but instead of pity, the 
 barbarous Clifford murdered him on the spot with his own 
 hands, only to gratify the feelings of revenge for his father's 
 death. He was afterwards slain in battle in the civil wars, 
 1461. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Lord. — Figures in history only as the father 
 of " Fair Rosamond," by whom Henry II had two illegiti- 
 mate sons, (See Rosamond.) 
 
 CLIFFORD, Roger de. — One of the nobility who com- 
 plained most loudly of the partialities of Edward II toward 
 the Spenser favorites, and even proceeded to waste their lands 
 and murder their servants. It is probable that this is the 
 Lord Clifford to whom, with several others, young Edward 
 III, about eight years after, made known his purpose of over- 
 throwing and ridding himself of the infamous Roger Morti- 
 mer, and who assisted him in carrying out his praiseworthy 
 design. (See Mortimer, Roger.) 
 
 CLIFFORD, Sir Robert. — A gentleman of rank, in the 
 reign of Henry VII. He has, however, a very unenviable 
 notoriety in history. He was one of the most active support- 
 ers of the claims of Perkin Warbeck, the famous pretender, 
 and is said to have contributed, more than any other man, 
 to the forming of the Warbeck party. Finding, however, that 
 the whole scheme was discovered, he changed his position, 
 and even became an active spy of Henry, for the purpose of 
 
144 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [cLO. 
 
 detecting those who had fallen into the measures which he, 
 himself, had devised. Through his treachery, several lost 
 their lives, while he received a royal pardon, and lived to 
 bear the infamy of his conduct. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Sir Coniers. — Had a command in the expe- 
 dition of Queen Elizabeth against Spain, in 1596. He was, 
 also, one of the council to Essex and Lord Effingham, the 
 former of whom, in that expedition, commanded the land 
 forces, and the latter, the naval. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Sir Thomas. — President of the cabal minis- 
 try, or council of Charles II. When the necessities of Charles 
 became very great, he made known that; he would confer the 
 office of treasurer on any one who would find an expedient 
 for supplying, or meeting, the present necessity. Clifford 
 recommended the shutting up of the exchequer, and the re- 
 taining of all payments that should be made into it. This 
 plan was immediately adopted, and he received the office, 
 and also a peerage, for his wisdom. Soon after this, how- 
 ever, the Test Act passed, which required that every one 
 holding office should swear that he did not believe the doc- 
 trine of trans ubstantiation. Clifford, being a Roman catho- 
 lic, was excluded, retired to the country, where he soon after 
 died. 
 
 CLINTON, Lord. — A famous admiral under the reigns of 
 Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth. In the reign of 
 Edward, he commanded a fleet of sixty sail against Scotland, 
 and rendered important service, with his artillery, at the 
 great battle of Pinkey. After the accession of Mary, he 
 commanded an expedition against Brittany, in which he was 
 unsuccessful. Soon after this, he was appointed one of the 
 commissioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary, queen of 
 Scots. After the succession of Elizabeth, we find him en- 
 gaged in land service, suppressing certain insurrections in 
 the North. Though rather prominent under three reigns, 
 we do not find that he ever performed any thing calculated to 
 entitle him to a place among the great men of his times. 
 
 CLOBERRY.— An officer under General Monk, who 
 assisted him in effecting the restoration of Charles II. 
 
 CLOTWORTHY, Sir John. — An Irish gentleman, mem- 
 ber of the parliament, who took an active part in procuring 
 the impeachment of the earl of Strafford. He remained, an 
 active member, for several years, — during the stormy period 
 of Charles I. Violent as he was, however, against Strafford, 
 
COB.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 145 
 
 and against the king, he did not long enjoy the favor of the 
 revolutionists. When the army began to urge its claims, in 
 1641, against the parliament, he was named as one of their 
 chief enemies, and charged with high treason, and was soon 
 after expelled. Soon, however, he was recalled, but after- 
 wards, thrown into prison. What became of him, or whether 
 he survived the revolution, is somewhat uncertain. 
 
 COBBET. — A military officer under the Commonwealth. 
 He was largely concerned in the murder of Charles I, and 
 was afterwards cashiered for signing a memorial to the par- 
 liament, asking for certain changes in the military organiza- 
 tion. After this, he co-operated with Lambert, in opposing 
 General Monk, in his measures for the restoration of mon- 
 archy. After the Restoration he retired into Germany, where 
 he concealed himself, for some months. Then he came to 
 Delft, in Holland, for the purpose of joining his family, who 
 had crossed the sea with the intention of accompanying him 
 to some place of security. While at Delft however, he was 
 discovered by the king's resident minister, and as he was a 
 notorious regicide, he was seized, carried home, and exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 COBHAM, Lord- — 'When Richard II had been encourag- 
 ed by some of the principal jurists of his party to resist the 
 famous Gloucester commission, so injurious to his authority, 
 he was met at London by a committee of three, of whom 
 Cobham was one, and required to deliver up to Gloucester 
 those men who had " seduced him by their pernicious coun- 
 sel." Such men as he were able soon to effect the ruin of 
 Richard. 
 
 COBHAM, Lord. — A Kentish gentleman who, under the 
 reign of Henry VII, exerted great influence in preventing 
 the people of- Kent from joining in the Cornish insurrection. 
 On the accession of Henry VIII, he was engaged in military 
 service, and sent, with the earl of Shrewsbury, in the expe- 
 dition of 1513. Whether he ever distinguished himself does 
 not appear. 
 
 COBHAM, Sir Henry. — A minister of Queen Elizabeth, 
 sent into the Low Countries for the purpose of treating with 
 Philip of Spain. It does not appear that he ever distin- 
 guished himself. 
 
 COBHAM, Lord George. — Made conspicuous by his 
 conspiracy with Sir Walter Raleigh, and others, for the sub- 
 version of the government of James I, and the placing of 
 
 7 
 
146 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [cOK. 
 
 the Lady Arabella Stuart on the throne. For this, he was 
 convicted of treason, but pardoned after laying his head on 
 the block. 
 
 COBHAM, Lord.— (See Oldcastle, Sir John.) 
 
 COIFE. — A high priest, of the religion of the Anglo- 
 Saxons before their conversion to Christianity. He was con- 
 verted from his false religion by the influence of Paullus, the 
 teavned bishop who attended Ethelburga, the queen of Ed- 
 win of Northumberland, as her chaplain. On being con- 
 vinced, he made haste to destroy all the images which he 
 had previously worshipped, and thus to counteract, as far as 
 possible, the influence of his former teaching. — (See Paul- 
 lus.) 
 
 COINERS, Sir John. — The magistrate by whose orders 
 the elder earl of Rivers, father-in-law of Edward IV and 
 his son John, were executed. It is manifest that the royal 
 prerogative was, at that time, overrun by popular violence, 
 since the only crime alleged against these men was that 
 they were loyal. 
 
 COKE, Sir Edward. — A celebrated jurist in English law. 
 Be was born at Mileham,in Norfolk, in 1549, and educated 
 in the university of Cambridge. When forty -two years old, 
 after an extensive practice in the profession of law, he was 
 made solicitor, and soon after, attorney general. But for -his 
 conduct in the prosecutions of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 he would have gained for himself high honors in this office; 
 but by the malevolence with which he conducted those pros- 
 ecutions, he brought deep disgrace upon himself. Notwith- 
 standing this, however, he found favor at the court of James 
 I, and in 1606, was appointed chief justice of the common 
 pleas, and in 1615, was raised to the cnief justice of king's 
 bench, and privy counsellor. From this high office, however, 
 he w T as deposed, and for some years, was a member of par- 
 liament. As a jurist, he has ever stood high, and his "Re- 
 ports," " Book of Entries," and " Institutes of the laws of 
 England," have gained for him an enviable notoriety, and 
 immortalized his*name in English law. 
 
 COKE. — Appointed " Solicitor for the people of Eng- 
 land," in the trial of Charles I. He conducted the prosecu- 
 tion with great energy. After the restoration of Charles II, 
 he was tried, condemned, and executed, with many others 
 of the regicides. It has been questioned whether he were a 
 son of Sir Edward Coke, who had several sons, and was 
 
COL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 147 
 
 himself, at the time of his death, decidedly in favor of the 
 parliamentary party which soon after prevailed. 
 
 COKE. — A member of parliament from Derby, in 1685, 
 under James II. The king had informed parliament of his 
 determination to dispense with the Test Act, which excluded 
 Roman catholics from office. Against this, parliament sent 
 objections, in the mildest terms possible, and received in re- 
 turn, an abusive message. All appeared dumb, so great 
 was the shock produced by the message, until Coke rose up 
 and spoke as follows, " I hope we are all Englishmen, and 
 not to be frightened by a few hard words." This coura- 
 geous expression should have revived the spirit of the whole 
 parliament ; but to the everlasting disgrace of that body, it 
 sent him to the tower, for thus openly expressing a free and 
 generous sentiment. 
 
 COLCHESTER, Lord.— Son of the earl of Rivers. He 
 was the first officer in the English army who deserted to 
 the prince of Orange, at the time of his invasion of Eng- 
 land. He was, at first, attended by a few of his troops, and 
 soon after followed by many others high in rank. 
 
 COLEMAN. — Secretary to the queen of Charles II. 
 According to the famous story of Titus Oates, the popish 
 plot provided that he, (Coleman,) was to be secretary of 
 state, as soon as the papal authority should be established. 
 According to this story, Coleman had actually remitted two 
 hundred thousand pounds to Ireland, for the purpose of pro- 
 moting: a rebellion there. Certain letters of his had been 
 intercepted, written to Roman catholics on the continent, in 
 which it very fully appeared that he was a zealous Roman- 
 ist, and that he had plans for the conversion of the English 
 nation to Romanism, but that he ever meditated such 
 schemes as were represented in the story of Oates, is far 
 from probable. 
 
 COLEPEPPER. — One of the paramours of Catharine 
 Howard, wife of Henry VIII. It appeared on her trial, that 
 he had passed a night with her, in her chamber, subsequent 
 to her marriage. He was included in the' bill of attainder 
 for treason, passed against the queen, and most probably suf- 
 fered the same fate with her. 
 
 COLEPEPPER, Sir John. — A gentleman greatly devo- 
 ted to Charles I, in his early troubles with the parliament. 
 When Charles had tried every expedient to satisfy that body, 
 and was resolved to make no further concessions, he was 
 
148 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [COM, 
 
 prevailed on, in 1642, to make one more offer of treaty ; and 
 Colepepper, with two others, was sent to London with pro- 
 posals. They were not permitted to enter the house, but 
 only to deliver their message to the usher, and immediately 
 to depart the city. 
 
 COLINGBOURNE, William.— One of the victims of 
 Richard III. The ostensible charge against him was that he 
 was concerned in the rebellion in which the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham perished, and the object of which was to supplant 
 "Richard by raising the Earl of Richmond, (Henry VII,) to 
 the throne, which was accomplished two years after, as the 
 result of the battle of Bosworth, But the true cause is said 
 to have been a distich composed by him against Richard. 
 The lines were— 
 
 "The Rat, the Cat, and Lovel that Dog, 
 Rule all England under the Hog j" 
 
 alluding, perhaps, to Viscount Lovel, and to the names o 
 RatclifTe and Catesby, as also to Richard's arms, which 
 were a boar. 
 
 COLLEGE. — A London joiner who fell a victim to the 
 violence of the court party under Charles II. He was of 
 the country party, and an avowed enemy of Romanism. 
 The crime charged against him was the intention of seizing 
 the king's person for the purpose of forcing certain conces- 
 sions ; and that intention was inferred from the fact that he 
 was at Oxford duriug the sitting of parliament, with pistol 
 and sword. He was first tried in London, and readily ac- 
 quitted, but afterwards was taken to Oxford, where a jury 
 of the court party was obtained, and easily convicted. Du- 
 ring his trial, and at the time of his execution, he evinced 
 talents and manliness of character that would have done 
 honor to the proudest peer of the realm. 
 
 COMO, Cardinal. — Known in English history by the part 
 which he bore in the conspiracy of Parry, for the assassina- 
 tion of Queen Elizabeth. He communicated Parry's letter 
 to the Pope, and returned the answer of his holiness, greatly 
 approving- the meritorious design. (See Parry, William.) 
 
 COMPAGNO, Buon. — An Italian, nephew to Pope 
 Gregory XIII, who was proposed as king of Ireland in time 
 of Queen Elizabeth. In the midst of many Irish rebellions 
 against the English government, one Stukely had fled to 
 Rome, and made proposals to the pope to appoint a king for 
 his country. As if the whole enterprise had been certain, 
 
CON. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 149 
 
 he took, at once, the title of marquis of Leinster. This, 
 however, was the last of his honors in Ireland. 
 
 COMPTON, Henry. — Bishop of London in the reign of 
 James II. He was born in 1632, and educated in the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. After passing rapidly through several 
 grades of ecclesiastical preferment, he became bishop of Ox- 
 ford in 1674, and in about a year, was translated to the see 
 of London. Such was his reputation as a scholar, that he 
 was entrusted with the education of the princesses Mary and 
 Anne, daughters of the Duke of York, (James II.) When 
 Dr. Sharpe gave offence to James, by preaching against po- 
 pery, Compton was ordered to suspend him from his minis- 
 try ; and on his refusing, he was himself suspended by the 
 infamous judge Jeffries, but was soon after restored to his 
 function. In this persecution he had the active sympathy of 
 the Prince of Orange, whose wife had been his pupil; and 
 when that prince invaded England, Compton was among the 
 first to welcome him, and esteemed it one of the highest 
 honors of his life, when he officiated at his coronation. He 
 died on the 7th of July, 1713. 
 
 COMYN, Robert de. — Governor of Durham, appointed 
 by William, immediately after the conquest. He suffered 
 himself to "be surprised by a party of Northumbrians, who 
 had determined on throwing off the Norman yoke, and with 
 about seven hundred of his garrison, was put to death. 
 
 COMYN, John. — One of the active supporters of Henry 
 III in the civil war of Leicester. At the battle of Lewes, 
 he fell into the hands of the rebel forces, and after this his 
 history is uncertain. 
 
 CON. — A Scotchman who for many years, in the reign of 
 Charles I, resided at London, and frequented the court, in 
 the capacity of commissioner of the pope. This was a cause 
 of great offense to the English people. 
 
 CONAN. — A count of Brittany who opposed William's 
 design of invading England, or rather insisted that in that 
 case, he should inherit Normandy. He died, however, before 
 the conquest. 
 
 CONAN. — A rich burgess of Rouen, who entered into a 
 conspiracy with William Rufus to deliver the city into his 
 hands. Prince Henry, then devoted to the interests of his 
 brother Robert, on the detection of Conan's guilt, took hirn 
 to the top of a high tower and, with his own hands, threw 
 him from the battlements. 
 
150 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CON. 
 
 CONGRESAL, Lord. — Was made captain of the guard 
 appointed by Charles, of France, for the protection of Per- 
 kin Warbeck, while he resided in Paris. It is probable that 
 Congresal was an Englishman who had espoused the cause 
 of Warbeck, and gone with him over to France, as did 
 many others about the same time. 
 
 CONIERS. — A Jesuit, charged in the famous story of 
 Titus Gates, with having "bought a knife, at ten shillings, 
 which he thought very cheap considering the purpose for 
 which he intended it, to wit: to stab the king," Charles II. 
 The probability is, that in this horrible story there was a lit- 
 tle truth with a great deal of folly. (See Gates, Titus.) 
 
 CONSTABLE, Sir Marmaduke, — A military character 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. We learn that he led the left 
 wing of the English army, at the battle of Flouden, and 
 that he was put to flight in the early part of the action. 
 
 CONSTABLE, Sir Robert. — Supposed to have been con- 
 cerned in Aske's rebellion, in 1538; or, perhaps, in the in- 
 surrection of Musgrave and Tilby, in 1537. With many 
 others, he was thrown into prison, and most probably execu- 
 ted. This, at least, is certain, that "most of them were con- 
 demned and executed." 
 
 CONSTANTLY— -Second daughter of William the con- 
 queror. She was married to Alan Fergant, earl of Brit- 
 tany, and died childless. 
 
 CONSTANTLY— Wire of Geoffrey, third son of Henry 
 II. She was Duchess of Brittany, and brought that duchy 
 to her husband. Soon after the death of Geoffrey, she was 
 delivered of a son, Arthur, who should have succeeded Rich- 
 ard I, bat was supplanted and basely murdered by John. 
 
 CONSTANT1NE. — A military governor in the island of 
 Britain under the reign of Valentinian III. (See the arti- 
 cle G rati an.) 
 
 CONSTANTINE. — A zealous protestant in the time of 
 Henry VIII. He co-operated with Tyndal, Joye, and oth- 
 ers. Finding the king averse to his views, and fearing an 
 outbreak of his displeasure, he fled to Antwerp, where he 
 spent several years in writing various books opposed to the 
 Romish religion. These productions, when sent into Eng- 
 land, are said to have exerted great influence, and to have 
 contributed in no small degree, to the great work of the Ref- 
 ormation. 
 
 CONSTANTINE.^-A king of Scotland who was con- 
 
COO.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 151 
 
 temporaneous with Athelstan of England. He incurred the 
 displeasure of the English monarch by extending hospitali- 
 ties to Godfrid, who, after usurping the government of 
 Northumberland, had been forced to flee the country. Of the 
 war which followed, it is unnecessary to speak here, and the 
 farther history of Contantine, belongs to the chronicles of 
 Scotland, rather than of England. 
 
 COftSTANTINE. — A Roman, who at the same time 
 with Gratian, assumed imperial authority in Britain, and 
 carried off all the flower of the British youth, leaving the coun- 
 try exposed to the Scots and Picts, and unable to offer the 
 least resistance. He alsd added Gaul and Spain to his do- 
 minions, and fixed his residence at Aries, where he was be- 
 seiged, taken and cruelly put to death, by Constantius, gen- 
 eral of Honorius. 
 
 CONWAY, Lord. — -A military character under Charles 
 I, who assisted in resisting the Scots in their invasion of 
 England in 1640. He was defeated at Newburn upon 
 Tyne, and forced to retire. On the breaking out of the civil 
 wars, he declared for Charles, and shared the misfortunes of 
 his sovereign. His family name is uncertain. 
 
 CONY. — Refused, for a time, to pay the exorbitant 
 taxes levied by the commonwealth. By threats and mena- 
 ces, however, he was forced to a compliance with that des- 
 potic government. 
 
 CONYERS, Sir John. — A zealons puritan and parlia- 
 mentarian under the unhappy reign of Charles I. Among 
 the numerous high-handed measures of the parliament, it 
 compelled the king to remove Sir John Biron from the of- 
 fice of governor of the tower, and to establish Conyers in 
 that office, he being, as was declared, the only man in 
 whom the parliament could repose entire confidence. 
 
 COOPER, Sir Anthony Ashley.— Earl of Shaftesbury, 
 but commonly known as Lord Ashley. Born July 22, 1621. 
 At the commencement of the civil wars, he sympathised with 
 the king, but soon changed sides, and became a decided par- 
 liamentarian, even bearing a commission in the parliamen- 
 tary army. It is probable that he continued to do service 
 until after the fall of Charles I ; but soon after, he became 
 greatly disgusted with Cromwell, and openly charged him 
 with tyranny and injustice. As soon as Monk began to make 
 arrangements for the restoration of monarchy, he came 
 boldly to his support, and rendered all the assistance within 
 
152 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*COP. 
 
 his power to effect the enterprise. For this service, he re- 
 ceived the peerage, after the Restoration. Several honors and 
 high offices were conferred upon him, and for a time he was 
 one of the favorites of court. Soon after the Restoration 
 however, he was thrown into prison, for some offence, where 
 he was detained more than twelve months. After this, he 
 was made president of the privy council, but soon after dis- 
 missed by the king. He caused the duke of York to be pre- 
 sented to the grand jury as a popish recusant. In return 
 for this affront he was charged with treason, but acquitted, 
 on trial. He was generally believed to have been one of the 
 first instigators of Monmouth's great rebellion ; but he re- 
 tired into Holland, and died, some time before its maturity. 
 He was a man of decided talents, and high honor ; but his 
 ambition knew no bounds, and his temper and love of pleas- 
 ure were wholly without control. Charles II always regarded 
 him with great favor, and even admitted him to terms of in- 
 timacy. On one occasion while talking with him of his am- 
 ours,^ is reported to have said to him, " I believe, Shaftes- 
 bury, thou art the wickedest fellow in my dominions." To 
 which he replied with much gravity, "May it please your 
 majesty, of a subject, I believe I am." This gave no offense 
 to the royal dignity of Charles. 
 
 COOPER, Sir William. — One of several gentlemen who 
 attended Sir Ashley Cooper when he appeared before the 
 grand jury of Middlesex for the purpose of presenting the 
 Duke of York, (afterwards James II,) as a popish recu- 
 sant. It is not improbable that he was a relation of Sir 
 Ashley. We know but little of him. 
 
 COOT. — A young officer in the wars of Ireland, m the 
 time of the commonwealth. He nils but little space in history. 
 COOTE, Sir Charles. — President of Connaught, in Ire- 
 land, at the time of the restoration of Charles II. He en- 
 tered into a correspondence with Charles, before his arrival 
 m England, and promised to render him assistance. Ac- 
 cordingly, he held himself in readiness to send him military 
 aid, whenever it might be called for. 
 
 COP EL, Colonel. — Deputy governor of Hull at the time 
 of the invasion of England by the Prince of Orange. As 
 soon as he heard of the invasion, he seized the governor, 
 Lord Langdale, and threw him into prison, (he being a vio- 
 lent Roman Catholic, and minion of James,) and declared 
 for the prince. Of course his garrison were with him. 
 
COR. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 153 
 
 COPLEY. — A member of the parliament of 1558. On 
 his expressing fears that Queen Mary might alter the suc- 
 cession, and alienate the crown from the lawful heir, he was 
 declared guilty of irreverence to her majesty, and placed in 
 custody; and although he expressed great contrition, was 
 not released until the queen was formally applied to by par- 
 liament. 
 
 COPLEY. — One of the conspiracy against James I, for 
 the purpose of placing Lady Arabella Stuart on the throne. 
 It is probable that he was pardoned, as we have no account 
 of his execution. 
 
 COPLEY, General. — A zealous supporter of the parlia- 
 mentary cause against Charles I. We learn that when Lord 
 Digby, with 1200 horse, attempted to break into Scotland, 
 in 1646, for the purpose of co-operating with the Earl of 
 Montrose, in the royal service, he was intercepted by Cop- 
 ley, and entirely defeated. He was greatly devoted to the 
 presbyterian party, and hence, opposed to the extreme mea- 
 sures of the independents. His moderation gave great of- 
 fense, and after the exclusion of the presbyterians from par- 
 liament he was thrown into prison by order of the indepen- 
 dent members who still claimed to be the parliament He 
 seems to have been an able general, and a man of high 
 character and much influence. 
 
 CORBET, Sir John. — A gentleman of great prominence 
 in the reign of Charles I. When many persons were thrown 
 into prison for resisting the arbitrary loans of the king, Cor- 
 bet made himself particularly active in procuring their re- 
 lease. 
 
 CORITON.— A member of the parliament of 1629. In 
 consequence of a great tumult in the house, in which he was 
 understood to have acted a prominent part, he was commit- 
 ted to prison by order of the king, (Charles I,) and detain- 
 ed, as was generally believed, much longer than was consist- 
 ent with the laws of England. Such acts of violence con- 
 tributed, each one, its share of influence to the ruin of 
 Charles. 
 
 CORNBURY, Lord,— Son of the Earl of Clarendon, 
 
 He was one of the earliest deserters from the English army 
 
 to the Prince of Orange, on his invasion of England. He 
 
 also brought over nearly all of three regiments of cavalry, 
 
 which served greatly to weaken the regular army, and to 
 
 strengthen the prince. 
 
 7# 
 
154 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [COR. 
 
 CORNHILL, Gervase de. — A minister of Henry II. 
 When Thomas a Becket returned from Rome with intelli- 
 gence that he had procured the suspension of the archbishop 
 of York, and also the excommunication of the bishops of 
 London and Salisbury, Cornhill is said to have administered 
 a cutting reproof to the primate by gravely asking him 
 whether he meant to bring fire and sword into the kingdom. 
 From this, we should judge that he was not the advocate of 
 of papal supremacy in England. 
 
 CORNHULL, Henry de.— -When Langton was thrust 
 into the primacy of England by the pope, the monks of Christ 
 church, though misrepresented in the election, consented to 
 support it. On hearing this, John sent Henry de Cornhull 
 and Fulk de Cantelupe, two knights of his retinue, to expel 
 them from the convent and take possession of the revenues. 
 They entered with drawn swords and ordered the whole fra- 
 ternity to quit the kingdom on pain of death. This was one 
 of the mad sallies of John. 
 
 CORNISH. — A Sheriff of London in the reign of Charles 
 II. It had been the custom for the mayor to nominate one 
 of the city sheriffs, and for the people to ratify the nomina- 
 tion. This time, however, 1680, the nomination of the 
 mayor was rejected, and Cornish and Bethel elected, both of 
 whom were independents and violent republicans. Some 
 idea of these men may be formed from the fact, that when 
 Strafford had been sentenced to be hung, drawn, and quar- 
 tered, and the king had commuted the sentence so as to dis- 
 pense with the drawing and quartering, they, the sheriffs, 
 objected to such lenily ! After being charged with many 
 outrageous crimes, — one of them by a dying man, — Cornish 
 was at last publicly executed, unjustly, as afterward appear- 
 ed. Goodenough, the under-sheriff, being taken prisoner at 
 the battle of Sedgemoor,had sought to save himself, as did Col. 
 Ramsey, by falsely charging Cornish with being concerned 
 in the "rye-house plot." 
 
 CORNWALL, Earl of. —(See Richard, Prince, brother 
 to Henry III.) 
 
 CORNWALL, Earl of,— (See Edmond, son of the 
 above.) 
 
 CORNWALL, Earl of.— (See Gavaston, Piers.) 
 
 CORNWALL, Earl of— (See John, son of Edward II.) 
 
 CORREN, Dr.— A notorious flatterer of Henry VIII. 
 Peyto, a friar, had been appointed to preach before the king, 
 
COT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 155 
 
 and he had the bravery to tell that haughty monarch that 
 many lying prophets had deceived him, but he, as a true 
 Micajah, warned him that the dogs would lick his blood as 
 they had done Ahab's." On the following Sunday, Correal 
 was appointed to preach before the king, when he justified all 
 the conduct of the crown, and denounced Peyto as "a rebel, 
 a slanderer, a traitor, and a dog." 
 
 COSINS or COZENS.— Dean of Petersborough. A 
 clergyman of the church of England under the unhappy reign 
 of Charles I. Being a zealous supporter of the doctrine of 
 the divine rights of Kings, he was very obnoxious to the 
 parliament, and to the great mass of the people. He was 
 very much of the same mind with Archbishop Laud, on the 
 subject of ecclesiastical ceremonies, and gave great offence 
 to the puritans by refusing to let the communicants break the 
 consecrated bread, for themselves. He caused the bread to 
 be cut with a consecrated knife which he declared should 
 never be employed in any othor service. He was, moreover, 
 violently opposed to the connection of church and state, and 
 gave great offence by saying '' the king has no more authori- 
 ty in ecclesiastical matters than the boy who rubs my horse's 
 heels." In this, we judge, he was not very far from right. 
 
 COSPATRIC— Earl of Northumberland and Dunbar. 
 A powerful Northumbrian who opposed the encroachments of 
 William the Conqueror for some time alter his conquest at 
 Hastings. He seems, at one time, to have made submis- 
 sions, but soon after, to have taken alarm and fled into Scot- 
 land in company with Edgar Atheling, whence he soon after 
 returned with that prince to assist in an insurrection in the 
 north. Despairing of success, however, he made peace with 
 the king, engaging to pay him a large sum of money as an 
 atonement for his insurrection. He was received into favor 
 and invested with the earldom of Northumberland. After 
 this he conceived some new disgust for the Conqueror, and 
 retiring into Scotland, received from Malcolm the earldom 
 of Dunbar. 
 
 COTTINGTON, Lord.— Treasurer and chancellor of the 
 exchequer under Charles I. He seems to have become dis- 
 gusted with the constant strife between the crown and the 
 commons, and resigned his office, which was immediately 
 filled by Pym. 
 
 COTTINGTON, Sir Francis.— For many years, agent 
 of James I in Spain, and remarkable for his prudence* 
 
156 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_COU. 
 
 When the young prince, Charles I, at the suggestion of 
 George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, determined on making 
 a visit to Spain, to see the infanta, his betrothed, Cottington, 
 his secretary, was called in by James, and asked for his 
 opinion, as to the prudence of the measure. He at once de- 
 cided that such a visit would be imprudent, and might lead 
 to disastrous consequences. For this candid avowal of his 
 sentiments, he was, at once, assailed by Buckingham and the 
 prince, and treated in the most unjust and angry terms. 
 James, however, in all his unmanly weakness, defended him ; 
 and as the visit was determined on, and as Cottington was, 
 at that time, secretary of the prince, he was ordered to at- 
 tend him to Spain. The result of the visit showed the wis- 
 dom of his judgment. (See Porter, Endymion.) 
 
 COTTON, Sir Robert.— A particular friend and adviser 
 of Charles I. Many of the extreme measures of the crown 
 are said to have been suggested by him, and he was exceed- 
 ingly active in endeavoring to give to them a popular char- 
 acter by making them appear to have originated with the 
 people. But little, however, is known of him. 
 
 COUCY, Ingelram de — Earl of Bedford. Son-in-law to 
 Edward III, by marriage with his eldest daughter Isabella. 
 
 CO IT PER.— James VI, of Scotland, (afterwards James 
 I, of England,) had issued orders that prayers should be of 
 fered, in all the churches, for his mother, Mary of Scots, who 
 was then under sentence of death, in England. The clergy, 
 mostly presbyterians, refused to pray for a papist. Another 
 day was appointed ; and to avoid being personally insulted, 
 the king appointed the archbishop of St. Andrews to officiate 
 before him. In order to disappoint that purpose, the clergy 
 instigated Couper, who was but a young, man, and not yet in 
 orders, to take possession of the pulpit, early in the morning, 
 and thus to exclude the primate. When the king entered 
 the church, he called to him, and told him that the place was 
 intended for another. Nevertheless, he told him, as he was 
 already there, if he would pray for the queen, he might pro- 
 ceed. He refused to do so, and the captain of the guard 
 caused him to be removed from the pulpit. While being re- 
 moved, he cried aloud, " This day will be a witness against 
 the king in the great day of the Lord ;" and derounceda woe 
 upon the people of Edinburgh for permitting him to be treat- 
 ed thus. 
 
 COURTNEY,— Bishop of London in the time of Richard 
 
cou ,] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 157 
 
 II. When the papal bull was issued for the arrest of John 
 Wicklif, Courtney cited him to appear before his tribunal. 
 When he appeared, the duke of Lancaster insisted that he 
 should sit in the bishop's presence while his doctrines were 
 examined. Lord Piercy showed the same high regard for 
 the Reformer. The Londoners exclaimed against the in- 
 dio-nity shown their bishop, and the houses of these two no- 
 blemen were soon after entered by mobs and plundered of 
 their furniture. Courtney, however, had the honor of quiet- 
 ing the populace. Whether he was the friend or the foe 
 of* Wicklif, is not certain, most probably the latter. 
 
 COURTNEY, Hugh,— Earl of Devonshire, under Henry 
 VI. He was a zealous advocate of the Lancastrian inter- 
 est,' and stood by the unfortunate Henry until the battle of 
 Touton, when he fell into the hands of the enemy, and was 
 brought a prisoner to Edward, who caused him to be imme- 
 diately beheaded, and his head fixed on a pole and elevated 
 over a gate of York, 1461. 
 
 COURTNEY, Edward.-— Earl of Devonshire in the reign 
 of Henry VII ; who conferred his title upon him on the oc- 
 casion of his coronation. He figures very little m history, 
 save as a member of a family of great prominence, m which 
 the title is preserved through eleven or twelve generations. 
 
 COURTNEY, William.— Son of the earl of Devon- 
 shire, and hence, brother-in-law of Henry VII. In con- 
 sequence of some offense, he was seized by order of the 
 kino-, committed to prison, and attainted,— though his > life 
 was° spared. He did not recover his liberty during the king s 
 
 lifetime. TT 
 
 COURTNEY, Thomas.— Earl of Devonshire.. He was 
 the eleventh, and last regular earl of Devonshire. Being a 
 man of engaging manners, and high character, he was pro- 
 posed for the husband of Queen Mary, and she is said to 
 have entertained the idea of such an alliance with much 
 pride. Courtney, however, wholly disregarded her partiality, 
 and turned to her sister Elizabeth, as being more congenial 
 to his tastes. This drew upon him the displeasure of Mary, 
 and he was thrown into prison, and detained until after Ma- 
 ry's marriage with Philip, who, in his many affectations of 
 popularity, released some prisoners, and among them Court- 
 ney. After his release, he traveled on the continent, and 
 soon after died at Padua, as was believed, of poison, given 
 him by the imperialists. 
 
158 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [COV. 
 
 COURTNEY.— Marquis of Exeter. Another of the 
 same family, as he is declared to have been cousin german 
 to Henry VIII. The old earl of Devonshire, it will be 
 borne in mind, had married a sister to the wife of Henry 
 VII, which would make his children cousins to Henry VIII. 
 Courtney was one of the peers who composed the jury for 
 the trial of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn. Afterwards we 
 find him assisting Henry in suppressing the northern rebel- 
 lion, under Aske, 1536. After this he entered into a secret 
 correspondence with Cardinal Pole, for which he was con- 
 victed of treason, and executed, and after his death, attainted. 
 It is probable that he was a zealous papist. 
 
 COURTNEY.— A son of the marquis of Exeter. He 
 was confined in the tower, from the time of his father's, at- 
 tainder, though without any serious charge being prefer- 
 red against him. Immediately on the accession of Mary, 
 he was released, and soon after received the title of earl of 
 Devonshire. He lived but a short time after his release; 
 but though he had been reared, and educated, in prison, and 
 knew very little of the world, he soon acquired all the accom- 
 plishments of a courtier and gentleman, and made a consider- 
 able figure during his short life at court. 
 
 COURTNEY, Sir William. —Engaged by Lord Russell 
 to join in the famous movement of Monmouth and Shaftesbury, 
 in 1681, the object of which was to overthrow, or modify, the 
 government of Charles II. He was a man of high position, 
 in his day, but does not figure largely in history. " 
 
 COVENTRY, Lord. — One of the keepers" of the privy 
 seal in the reign of Charles I. He seems never to have be- 
 come prominent at court, nor do we know very much of him. 
 
 COVENTRY, Sir Henry. — One of the ambassadors sent 
 by Charles II to the treaty of Breda with the Dutch, in the 
 war of 1666-7. He was, also, one of the secretaries of 
 Charles, and a member of the new privy council, appointed 
 in 1 679. He was evidently very prominent at court, and a 
 very important element in the nation ;— though history has 
 not preserved a great deal of him. 
 
 COVENTRY, Sir John, — A member of parliament in 
 the reign of Charles II. When the king had made an ap- 
 plication for money, it was proposed to levy a tax on the 
 play-houses for the purpose of raising the required funds. 
 To this the courtiers objected that the players were the king's 
 servants, and part of his pleasure. On hearing this, Gov- 
 
COW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 159 
 
 entry sarcastically inquired whether the king's pleasure lay 
 among the male or the female players. The allusion was to 
 two of Charles' mistresses, Davis and Nell Gwin, both of 
 whom were public actresses. The offense was considered 
 unpardonable; but instead of any legal punishment, it was 
 privately arranged that two of the officers of the guard 
 should waylay him, and "set a mark upon him." On being 
 attacked, he defended himself with great bravery, but was 
 finally overcome, and his nose cut to the bone. The parlia- 
 ment was greatly inflamed at this outrage on one of its mem- 
 bers, and immediately passed a law, called "the act of Cov- 
 entry," making it, thenceforth, a capital offense to maim any 
 person. 
 
 COVENTRY, Sir Thomas.— Lord keeper under the 
 reign of Charles I, and one of the chief instruments employ- 
 ed in the levying of those unlawful taxes by which the na- 
 tion became so exasperated, and which, at length, cost 
 Charles his crown, and his life. 
 
 COVERDALE, Miles.— Bishop of Exeter. One of the 
 early English reformers. He was born in Yorkshire in 
 1487, and educated in the university of Cambridge. Very 
 early in life, he embraced the protestant doctrines, which ex- 
 posed him to the dangerous displeasure of Henry VIII. 
 Fearing to remain at home, he retired to the continent, and 
 devoted several years to the work of translating the scrip- 
 tures into the English language. He is said, also, to have 
 rendered important service to Tyndale in his translation. In 
 1551, he was raised to the honors of the mitre, having be- 
 come very popular at the court of Edward VI. On the ac- 
 cession of Mary, he was expelled his see, and spent all the 
 time of her reign in exile on the continent. On the acces- 
 sion of Elizabeth, he returned to his charge, where he spent 
 the remainder of his days in the discharge of his functions. 
 He died in 1568, leaving a reputation which few have ever 
 attained. 
 
 COWLEY, Abraham. — An English poet in the time of 
 the Commonwealth, and of Charles II. He was born in 
 London in 1618, and partially educated in Cambridge. Being 
 found to favor the views of Charles I, though but twenty-five 
 years of age, he was ejected from college, by the puritanical 
 visitors, and afterwards, completed his education at Oxford. 
 At one time, he was imprisoned, by order of Cromwell, but 
 was released ; and before the Restoration, he had produced 
 
160 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [CRA. 
 
 most of his poetical works. As a poet, he was popular, in 
 his time ; — even more so than Milton ; — but his writings, 
 though not without real merit, have very little in them of the 
 fire of true poetry, nor have we many scholars, in our times, 
 who will have the patience to read them with much interest. 
 _ COXO. — An English earl, said to have been famous for 
 his bravery, particularly in the battle of Hastings. As soon, 
 however, as it was manifest that William had taken posses- 
 sion of the crown of England, Coxo, with many of the prin- 
 cipal nobility, came and swore fealty to him. After this, 
 when a secret conspiracy was entered into among the Eng- 
 lish to perpetrate a general massacre of the Normans, Coxo, 
 from a sense of duty to his sovereign, refused to enter into 
 it, whereupon he was put to death by his vassals as a traitor 
 to his country. 
 
 CRAIG. — A clergyman of Scotland in the time of Mary 
 of Scots. He was a noble specimen of the stern old Cov- 
 enanter. When Mary had resolved on marrying the Earl 
 of Bothwell, after the tragical death of Lord Darnley, Craig 
 was called upon to publish the bans in his church. He re- 
 fused compliance, and in addition to this, publicly, in his ser- 
 mons, condemned the intended marriage, and exhorted all 
 who had access to the queen, to give her their advice against 
 so scandalous an alliance. Twice he was called before the 
 council to answer for the liberty which he had taken ; but 
 constantly answered with the utmost boldness, and declared 
 his determination never to give countenance 10 a measure 
 which he conceived to be scandalous among men, and wrong 
 in the sight of God. The council were so overawed by his 
 heroic conduct that they dismissed him, without censure or 
 punishment. 
 
 CRANBONE, Viscount.— (See Cecil, Robert.) 
 CRANE. — One of the favorites of the Duchess of Som- 
 erset. He and his wife, with many others, were imprisoned 
 at the same time with the duke and duchess, 1551, but it 
 does not appear that they were executed. (See Seymour, 
 Sir Edward.) V 
 
 CRANMER, Thomas. — The first protestant archbishop 
 of Canterbury, and one of the chief fathers of the English 
 Reformation. He was born of an ancient and respectable 
 family, of Nottinghamshire, on the 2d of July, 1489. He 
 received the elementary part of his education in the gram- 
 mar school of his native village, under a harsh master, from 
 
CRA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 161 
 
 whom it lias been said that he " learned little, and endured 
 much." When fourteen years of age, he entered Jesus 
 college, Cambridge, where he remained for sixteen years; 
 and in which time he made one of the most accomplished 
 scholars of that age. His first innovations in religion ap- 
 peared soon after his promotion to the situation of reader of 
 the divinity lectures, in which he began to require of can- 
 didates for orders a very thorough acquaintance with the 
 Scriptures. This gave great offense at first, but by his firm- 
 ness and mildness of character, finally prevailed. 
 
 In 1529, while at Waltham abbey, Henry VIII, with his 
 royal retinue, passed that way and spent the night in the ab- 
 bey. The subject of Henry's divorce from Catharine of 
 Arragon, was then arresting general attention, and Cran- 
 mer was asked, by some of the king's servants, to express 
 his opinion. He replied that it was not a question to be set- 
 * tied by the authority of the pope, but was one which depen- 
 ded, wholly, on the meaning of Scripture, and hence, should 
 be referred to the universities. The king, on hearing of this 
 opinion, was greatly delighted, and is said to have sworn, 
 " that man has got the sow by the right ear." Immediately 
 he was sent for, and from that time he was the favorite of 
 Henry, Cardinal Wolsey being then, in the early part of his 
 decline. After advocating, with great ability, the invalidity 
 of Henry's first marriage, and procuring a consent to it from 
 nearly all the universities of the continent, and also from 
 those of England, he was made archbishop of Canterbury, 
 notwithstanding he had privately married a wife, whom, 
 from prudential considerations, he kept, most of the time, in 
 Germany. During the stormy period of Henry's reign, he 
 was ever present to restrain, as far as human hand could do, 
 the mad sallies of his master, and by his great prudence, 
 was able to forward the work of the Reformation with as- 
 tonishing success. At the time of the king's death, he 
 would have no other counsellor, than the primate, and in his 
 last moments, gave assurances of his unabated affection to- 
 ward him. On the accession of Edward VI, he was able 
 to push forward the Reformation with much more energy, 
 and in the few years of this prince's reign, succeeded in 
 getting things very nearly to his mind, and nearly as they 
 now are. Very soon after the accession of Queen Mary, 
 however, he was thrown into the tower, tried for heresy, by 
 a Roman catholic court, and publicly burned, at Oxford. A 
 
162 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [cRE. 
 
 little before his death, he consented to recant his protestant 
 doctrines, but soon repented of his error, and died with a 
 degree of fortitude and courage which justly entitled him to 
 a place in "the noble army of martyrs." 
 
 CRAWFORD, Earl of. — A Scotch nobleman who stoutly 
 resisted the parliament, and the arms of Cromwell, even af- 
 ter the overthrow of Charles II, and his flight to the conti- 
 nent. He met, near Perth, the earl of Leven, Lord Ogilvy, 
 and some others, for the purpose of devising measures for 
 still farther resistance, when they were set upon by Colonel 
 Alured, and taken prisoners. 
 
 CREDE. — One of the supporters of Lambert after his 
 escape from the tower, in his determination to resist General 
 Monk, who was, then, concerting measures for the restora- 
 tion of monarchy. Crede was arrested by Colonel Ingolds- 
 by, at Daventry, at the same time with Lambert, and seve- 
 ral others. — (See Lambert.) 
 
 CREIGHTON.— A Scottish Jesuit of the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth. He was found on board a Spanish ship which 
 was seized by the English ; and on his tearing up some pa- 
 pers, in great haste, and attempting to throw them into the 
 sea, some of them were blown back on the ship, which, 
 when put together, showed some dangerous conspiracies 
 against the English crown. This was but one of a thous- 
 and attempts of the church of Rome against the government 
 of England. Whether Creighton was punished, does not 
 fully appear. 
 
 CREMA.- — Cardinal de Crema was sent into England 
 by Pope Calixtas with a legatine commission, under the 
 reign of Henry I. Immediately on landing, he called a synod 
 at London in which, among other canons, one was passed 
 imposing heavy penalties against the marriages of the clergy. 
 In a public harangue, Crema declared it to be an unpardon- 
 able enormity that a priest should dare to consecrate the ele- 
 ments of the holy communion, or as he expressed it, " to 
 touch the body of Christ after rising from the bed of a 
 strumpet ;" that being the name by which the monks gener- 
 ally denominated the wives of the clergy. The very next 
 night after this public tirade, the officers of justice, breaking 
 into a house of ill fame, found the cardinal in bed with a 
 courtesan. This threw such ridicule upon him that he im- 
 mediately stole out of the kingdom ; the synod, still in session, 
 broke up, and the canons, recently passed, fell into contempt. 
 
CRI."] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 163 
 
 CRESSENOR, Thomas.— One of the many who favored 
 the pretensions of Perkin Warbeck, under the reign of Henry 
 VII. He was tried, in 1494, with several others, convicted 
 of high treason, and condemned to death; but, more fortunate 
 than most of those convicts, he received a pardon. 
 
 CRESSINGHAM.— Treasurer of Scotland while War- 
 renne was governor under Edward I. When the governor's 
 health failed, he retired into England, leaving the govern- 
 ment partly in the hands of Cressingham. When the rebel- 
 lion of Wallace commenced, he was an active and efficient 
 officer in the English army, and was slain in the battle of 
 Stirling. His memory was so very odious to the Scots that 
 they even flayed his dead body and made saddles and girths 
 of his skin. 
 
 CREW, Sir Thomas. — A member of the parliament of 
 1621, under James I. After the altercation between the 
 parliament and the king, and the violent dissolution of that 
 body, many of the most active members were punished, some 
 with imprisonment, and others with being forced into foreign 
 service. Crew was sent into Ireland, for the performance of 
 certain duty, which was considered a severe punishment. 
 
 CREW, Sir Randolf. — Chief justice, in the early part of 
 the reign of Charles I. He was displaced, however, as un- 
 fit for the purposes of the court, and soon after, became a 
 member of parliament, in which he became chairman of the 
 " committee on religion." This proves that he was a zealous 
 puritan, and serves to account for his previous removal from 
 office. We learn that he was once called upon, as chair- 
 man of the committee, to surrender all the petitions and com- 
 plaints that had come into his possession; and that, on his 
 refusing compliance, he was thrown into the tower. Beyond 
 this, we know nothing of him. 
 
 CRIDA. — The founder and first kinsr of the state of Mer- 
 cia, one of the kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. He as- 
 sumed the title of king in the year 585. This kingdom in- 
 cluded the counties of Huntingdon, Rutland, Lincoln, North- 
 ampton, Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Oxford, Chester, 
 Salop, Gloucester, Worcester, Stafford, Warwick, Bucking- 
 ham, Bedford and Hertford, and was the largest kingdom of 
 the Heptarchy. He seems to have reigned about 13 years, 
 and at his death, to have been succeeded by his son Wibba. 
 Of the virtues and of the vices of Crida we are alike igno- 
 
164 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [cRO. 
 
 rant, as also of the characters of many others of the Saxon 
 chiefs. 
 
 CROMER. — Sheriff of Kent under the reign of Henry 
 VI. He seems, in some way, to have given mortal offense 
 to the Kentish men, as his death was one of the first things 
 called for by them when they marched to London under the 
 famous John Cade, the Irishman ; and when the operation of 
 law seemed too slow for their purpose, he was seized, with 
 Lord Say, the treasurer, and put to death without trial. 
 (See Cade, John.) 
 
 CROMWELL, Thomas.— Earl of Essex. Celebrated, 
 in history, as the prime minister of Henry VIII, after the 
 fail of cardinal Wolsey. He was the son of a bla ;ksmith 
 at Putney, in Surrey county, where he received but the mere 
 elements of an education. When well nigh grown he went 
 to the continent, and found employment in an English facto- 
 ry at Antwerp. After this he entered into service as a com- 
 mon soldier, under the Duke of Bourbon, and was at the 
 sacking of Rome in 1528. On returning to England, he 
 discovered very decided talents, which, in some way, arrest- 
 ed the attention of Wolsey, who immediately took him under 
 his patronage ; and it must ever be one of the chief orna- 
 ments to his memory, that in all the misfortunes of his illus- 
 trious patron, he never ceased to be his friend, and 10 render 
 him all the assistance within his power. After the fall of 
 Wolsey, he was appointed secretary of state, master of the 
 rolls, and chancellor of the university of Cambridge ; and 
 soon after received his peerage. During the stormy reign 
 of Henry, he was ever present, and ready for every emer- 
 gency ; and being most decidedly attached to the protestant 
 religion, is believed to have prompted many of the liberal 
 movements of the king. But like most of the favorites of 
 Henry, he held his position by an uncertain tenure. In the 
 midst of his prosperity, he suddenly lost the affection of his 
 royal master, and his fate was sealed. When Henry had 
 determined on a fourth marriage, he intrusted to Cromwell 
 the business of selecting him a suitable wife; and the devo- 
 ted minister, consulting what he thought prudence rather than 
 taste, made choice of Anne of Cleves, and without seeing 
 her, the king consented to the match. On coming to see his 
 bride, however, he was greatly dissatisfied with the homeli- 
 ness of her person, and absolutely refused to ratify the en- 
 gagement. (See Anne of Cleves.) From that time, he is 
 
CRO.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 said to have meditated revenge on his minister, although the 
 blame was really due to an artist, who had flattered the prin- 
 cess in a painting of her that had been shown to Henry pre- 
 vious to the engagement. Suddenly and unexpectedly, 
 Cromwell was arrested while at the council table , and thrown 
 into the tower, and in a few days after, on some frivolous 
 charges, convicted of treason by an obsequious parliament. 
 In vain did he deny the charges, and in vain plead for mer- 
 cy. A few days before his execution, he wrote thus: "The 
 frail flesh incites me to call to your grace, for mercy and 
 pardon of mine offences." Henry is said to have wept over 
 the letter, but on the 28th of July, 1540, he was executed 
 on Tower hill, confessing himself a sinner, but trusting to 
 the atonement of Christ for salvation. 
 
 CROMWELL, Lord. — One of the volunteers who at- 
 tended Elizabeth's expedition against the Spanish Indian 
 fleet in 1597. We do not learn that he distinguished him- 
 self in that expedition, nor do we hear much more of him 
 until 1601, when he appears with the earl of Essex, in his 
 famous insurrection. He confessed his error, and was, most 
 probably, pardoned. 
 
 CROMWELL, Oliver. — Protector of the commonwealth 
 of England. Few names have arisen to more prominence 
 before the world than has that of Cromwell, and few have 
 been the subjects of more of the extremes of praise and 
 censure than has his. His history is the history of a revo- 
 lution, and as most revolutions are the subjects of feeling 
 rather than of sober reason, it is not surprising that the 
 opinions of most people in reference to Cromwell, have been 
 controlled by the political and religious parties with which 
 they have most sympathized. He was born, April 25, 1599, 
 in the parish of St. John Huntingdon, of respectable family; 
 and after receiving a very good preparatory course of in- 
 struction in the grammar school of his native town, was en- 
 tered in Sidney college, in the university of Cambridge. 
 The death of his father, however, caused him to leave 
 college at the end of his freshman year, and we do not learn 
 that his studies were ever after resumed. He first entered 
 parliament in 1625; and from this until the time of his tak- 
 ing command of the military forces, was an active and 
 useful member, — though by no means remarkable for his 
 statesman-like views. At the commencement of the civil 
 wars, however, he found himself in his appropriate sphere ; 
 
166 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_CRO. 
 
 and no general, perhaps, either in ancient or modern times, 
 has ever evinced more of military talent than did Cromwell. 
 After the fall of Charles I, he found himself at the head of 
 the nation. As commander in chief, — really, though not so 
 in form, — of the army, he was, almost of necessity, at the 
 head of every department of government; for after the fall 
 of monarchy, there was, in fact, no government remaining 
 save martial law. Quickly he set himself to work to estab- 
 lish a form of civil government; and the republic was agreed 
 upon, of which he was appointed protector, with all the pre- 
 rogatives of monarch. A few years, however, showed that 
 he was not in the councils of state, the same prodigy as in 
 the field, and that his fame must ever be that of the military 
 hero. Popular murmurs soon arose among all classes. Op- 
 pressions and grievous taxation were the subjects of general 
 complaint. His assassination was talked of on all occasions, 
 and life itself, seemed to hang heavily upon him, until he 
 was seized of a lingering sickness, and on the third of Sep- 
 tember, 1658, closed his eyes in death. Of the character of 
 Cromwell, it may, perhaps, be safely affirmed that in the 
 early part of his life he was sincere. After the commence- 
 ment of his military career, however, he became ambitious, 
 in the most lawless degree; and unfortunately for his repu- 
 tation, his ambition wore, too much, the mask of religion, 
 which has seriously exposed him to the charge of hypocrisy. 
 Doubtless he was the "scourge of God" to the English 
 nation; and whatever may have been his virtues, or his 
 vices, his influence is yet felt for good. 
 
 CROMWELL, Richard.^Eldest son of Oliver Cromwell, 
 and also, his successor in the protectorate. He was intro- 
 duced to court, by his father, in 1657, and was henceforth 
 regarded as his successor. He had never been ambitious, 
 nor figured, in any way, in public life, nor had he any taste 
 or capacity for anything above the simple habits of rural life. 
 Immediately after his father's death, he was called to fill the 
 protectorate, but in consequence of his utter imbecility, 
 together with the bad odor of his father, and the distracted 
 state of the nation, he was insulted and set at defiance, until 
 after a few months, he resigned the office, and retired to 
 private life. He lived in obscurity to the extreme age of 86, 
 and died in the latter end of the reign of Queen Ann. Dur- 
 ing the reign of Charles II, he resided in France under fie- 
 
CUI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 167 
 
 titious names, and after his return to England, saw proper to 
 pass by the name of Clarke. 
 
 CROMWELL, Henry. — -Second son of the great Oliver. 
 He was an amiable character, and not without talents. He 
 was appointed governor, or lieutenant, of Ireland, in the life 
 of his father, but does not seem ever to have made much im- 
 pression, — though he is said to have been very popular, and 
 had he been ambitious, might, perhaps, have succeeded his 
 brother. About the time of Richard's resignation of the pro- 
 tectorate, he resigned the lieutenancy of Ireland, and, coming 
 to England, retired to private life. What appears very re- 
 markable, he favored the restoration of Charles II, as did, 
 also, most of his sisters. He died on the 25th of March, 
 1674, in the forty-seventh year of his age, having lived fifteen 
 years, a quiet subject, after the Restoration. 
 
 CROMWELL, Mrs.— Mother of the protector. She 
 was of a good family, of the name of Stuart, and is sup- 
 posed to have been remotely allied to the royal house of Stu- 
 art. She is said to have been an amiable woman, and a 
 good mother. After the death of her husband, so small 
 were her means that she was forced to continue his business, 
 brewing, for a subsistence. After her son's elevation, she 
 was tortured with constant apprehensions that he would be 
 assassinated, and at every noise that she heard, was wont to 
 exclaim that her " son was murdered." She could never be 
 persuaded that he was secure in his position. When she 
 died, he buried her with great pomp, in Westminister abbey, 
 contrary to her request. 
 
 CUDRED. — The fourteenth king of Wessex. He was 
 cousin to his predecessor, Adelard, and succeeded to the 
 throne in 741. His reign is illustrated by a brilliant victory 
 gained over Ethelbald, king of Mercia, which, however, is 
 mainly attributable to the military talent of Edelhem, his 
 general He is thought to have reigned about fourteen 
 years. 
 
 CUICHELME. — Fourth king of Wessex, in conjunction 
 with his brother Cuthwin. They were the sons of Ceaulin, 
 whose violent conduct toward the neighboring states of the 
 heptarchy had provoked an alliance against him by which 
 he was expelled. Cuthwin was forced to resign the^ crown 
 within a year after his elevation, but Cuichelme remained in 
 nominal authority until his death in 593, — nearly two years 
 after the expulsion of Cuthwin. 
 
168 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fcUN. 
 
 CUFFE. — Secretary of the unfortunate earl of Essex, 
 (Robert Devereux.) He is said to have been a bold and ar- 
 rogant man, and to have had great influence over his mas- 
 ter ; even to such a degree that many have thought him re- 
 sponsible for much of the crime of Essex. So thought the 
 court of Elizabeth ; for he was tried, convicted, and execu- 
 ted soon after his noble patron. 
 
 CUMBRAN, Duke. — -A governor of Hampshire in the 
 time of the heptarchy. — (See Sigebert.) 
 
 CUMMIN, or COM YN.— Lord of Badenoch. One of 
 the competitors for the crown of Scotland at the same time 
 with Baliol and Bruce. We also find him associated with 
 the stewards of Scotland in the regency, soon after the resig- 
 nation of Wallace ; it was in this capacity that he encoun- 
 tered Edward I of England in the great battle at Falkirk, 
 where he was totally defeated and put to rout. 
 
 CUMMIN, John. — Most probably, a relative of the 
 above, as we find him, three years after the battle of Fal- 
 kirk, succeeding him in the regency of Scotland. He de- 
 feated John Segrave, whom Edward I had left guardian of 
 the realm, and chased the English out of Scotland. He 
 seems, however, not to have been a reliable man. When 
 Robert Bruce, the younger, had determined on a desperate 
 effort to free his country from the oppressions of England, 
 he made known his purpose to Cummin, who treacherously 
 revealed the secret to the king of England. Bruce, then in 
 England, being apprized of his danger, fled to Scotland, and 
 soon after attacked Cummin in the cloisters of the Gray Fri- 
 ars, running him through the body, and leaving him for dead. 
 On returning he was asked by his friend, Kirkpatric, " if 
 the traitor were slain? " to which he replied "I believe so." 
 "And is that a matter," cried Kirkpatric, "to be left to 
 conjecture ? I will secure him." Upon which he drew his 
 dagger, and proceeding to the spot, stabbed him to the heart. 
 His death was necessary at that time to the recovery of Scot- 
 ish liberty. — (See Kirkpatric, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 CUNNINGHAM. — A particular friend and servant of 
 the earl of Lenox, sent to the court of Mary, queen of Scots, 
 to protest against the trial of Darnley's murderers taking place 
 until there should be time and opportunity for a thorough and 
 sifting investigation. This protest, however, together with 
 the letter of Lenox, was disregarded, and the trial took place 
 
DAC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 169 
 
 under such circumstances as could not fail to secure the ac- 
 quittal of all parties charged. 
 
 CURLE. — A Scotchman who attended Queen Mary, of 
 Scots, to England, as one of her private secretaries. When 
 the famous Babington conspiracy came to light, and Mary 
 was found to be privy to it, her secretaries, Curie and Nau, 
 were immediately arrested, and became the chief witnesses 
 on whose testimony she was convicted. (See Babington, 
 Anthony. ) 
 
 CURSON, Sir Thomas. — 'Governor of Harfleur under the 
 reign of Henry VI. It was his misfortune to live at the 
 time when all the English possessions in France were lost ; 
 but no governor is said to have made an abler resistance to 
 the French than did he. (1450. ) 
 
 CURSON, Sir Robert.— Governor of the castle of Ham- 
 mes, in the time of Henry VII. He seems to have been a 
 servile tool of the king, and to have exchanged every princi- 
 ple of honor for royal patronage. When Henry had a 
 quarrel with Edward de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, he directed 
 Curson to desert his charge, and to insinuate himself into 
 the confidence of Pole, by making him a tender of his ser- 
 vices. To make the snare still more insidious, he ordered 
 Curson and Pole, both, to be excommunicated at the same 
 time, so that the intended victim might not hesitate to- un- 
 bosom himself to the man whom he conceived to be his fel- 
 low sufferer. After sufficiently sounding Pole, and finding 
 in him nothing that could be taken advantage of, he deserted 
 him, and returned to his master, who received him with all 
 kindness. (See Pole, Edmund de la.) 
 
 CUTHRED or CUDRED.-— The sixteenth king of Kent, 
 He was brother to one of the kings of Mercia. Whether he 
 succeeded to the Kentish throne by succession, by conquest 
 or by election, is not easy to determine. But little is known 
 of him. He is thought to have reigned about six years. 
 
 CUTHWIN.— (See Cuichelme.) 
 
 D ; 
 
 DACRES, Lord.— One of the Lancastrian nobility, 
 slain at the battle of Touton. Some time after his death, 
 an act of forfeiture and attainder was passed against him, 
 under which his estates reverted to the crown, though his on- 
 
 8 
 
170 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DAM. 
 
 ly crime had consisted in adhering to Henry VI, whom he 
 regarded as his rightful sovereign. 
 
 DACRES, Lord. — Had an important command in the 
 army of Henry VIII, at the great battle of Flouden, in 1513. 
 During this and the following reign of Edward VI, he con- 
 tinued to render military service, on many important occa- 
 sions ; though his main position was that of "warden of the 
 west marches," on the borders of Scotland. 
 
 DACRES, Leonard. — Celebrated for his bold at- 
 tempt to raise a popular insurrection in the north of Eng- 
 land, in favor of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, 
 then a prisoner of Elizabeth. The insurrection was detect- 
 ed, and promptly suppressed, and Dacres, with about eight 
 hundred others, executed, 1569. 
 
 DCARES. — An active parliamentarian, at the time of 
 the Revolution. He was among those who labored to keep 
 down the military rule that followed on the fall of Charles I, 
 and endeavored to employ the Puritan army iu Ireland. 
 The sword, however, was in the hand of the saints ; the ar- 
 my claimed to have wrought the liberties of England, and 
 were now determined to enjoy the fruits of their labor. 
 
 DAG WORTH, Sir Thomas. — An English general who 
 behaved with great bravery in the continental wars of Ed- 
 ward III. 
 
 DAL A WAR, Lord. — A minister of Queen Elizabeth, 
 but little known in history. It is probable that his name 
 was Thomas West. 
 
 DALZIEL. — A devoted royalist in the time of the civil 
 wars of Charles I. After the fall of his master he retired to 
 Russia, and entered into military service, until after the res- 
 toration of Charles II, when he returned and entered on the 
 odious work of enforcing the law against conventicles, in 
 Scotland. He is said to have been a man of great native 
 ferocity, which was greatly increased while in the Russian 
 service ; so that, on his return, he was about as much demon 
 as man. 
 
 DAMFORT. — A Puritan member of the Parliament of 
 Queen Elizabeth in 1589. The queen had given orders 
 that there should be no legislation, during that session on 
 matters ecclesiastical ; but Damfort, regardless of the royal 
 mandate, moved a bill for remedying certain grievances in 
 in the church. No one, however, dared to second the mo- 
 tion, and the bill was returned, by the speaker, to its author, 
 
DAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 171 
 
 without any notice being taken of it. Whether he received 
 any chastisement from the queen does not appear. 
 
 DANBY, Earl of.— (See Osborne, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 DANGERFIELD. — -A contemptible character, known as 
 the author of the story of the Meal- Tub Plot. Titus Oates, and 
 several other fellows equally contemptible, had been arresting 
 attention by disclosing " popish plots," when Dangerfield 
 came forth with a bundle of papers which he professed to 
 have found in somebody's meal-tub, showing a horrid con- 
 spiracy of the Roman Catholics against the government of 
 England. Some idea may be formed of the value of his 
 story when it is told that, he had been burned in the hand 
 for crimes, transported, whipped, pilloried four times for 
 cheats, outlawed for felony, convicted of coining base mon- 
 ey ; in short exposed to all the public infamy which the laws 
 could inflict on the basest enormities. 
 
 DANVERS. — One of the many, who, under the reign of 
 Charles I, were imprisoned, and refused bail, in violation of 
 the petition of right. Cases of this kind caused great dis- 
 satisfaction, and all contributed their influence to the destruc- 
 tion of public confidence in the crown ; and eventually cost 
 Charles his head. 
 
 DARCY Sir Thomas. — Created Lord Darcy, after the ac- 
 cession of Henry VIII. He was a member of the privy 
 council of Henry in the first year of his reign, 1509, but how 
 long he filled that post is not certain. He acted a prominent 
 part in the great northern rebellion of Aske in 1537, for 
 which he was put to death notwithstanding his plea of a long 
 life devoted to the service of the crown. 
 
 DARCY, Lord. — Barely named in Hume as keeping a 
 park, and having a huntsman engaged in exercising his 
 hounds, when Sir George Markham joined in the chase, and 
 punished some rudeness of the huntsman, saying at the same 
 time, that he would treat Lord Darcy in the same way were 
 he to be guilty of like rudeness, or attempt to justify it. For 
 this unguarded expression, Darcy indicted him in the Star 
 Chamber, and caused him to pay a fine of ten thousand 
 pounds. (1634.) 
 
 DARE. — The bearer of a petition from Taunton, to 
 Charles II. As the petition was very offensive to his majes- 
 ty, Charles asked him " how dare you deliver me such a pa- 
 per?" To this he replied " Sir, my name is Dare !" For 
 this saucy reply, though under other pretences, Dare was 
 
172 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [l)AU. 
 
 tried, fined, and imprisoned. We learn that the parliament 
 of 1680 petitioned the crown for his release, and for the abate- 
 ment of the fine ; but with what success, does not appear. 
 
 DA RLE Y, Henry. — One of the commissioners sent to 
 Scotland, by the English parliament, in 1643, for the purpose 
 of affecting a closer union, and more harmonious co-operation 
 between England and Scotland, against the arms of Charles 
 I. It was by this commission that the League and Covenant, 
 so long revered in Scotland, was drawn up, and agreed upon. 
 
 DARNEL, Sir Thomas. — One of five gentlemen who 
 distinguished themselves, under the reign of Charles I, in 
 encouraging their neighbors to resist the demand of loans, 
 benevolences, &c. For his activity against the rapacity of 
 the crown, he was thrown into prison. In his confinement, 
 he relused to ask for favors, but demanded to be released as 
 a matter of right under the laws of England. How long he 
 was detained does not appear. So manly a spirit was worthy 
 of liberty. 
 
 DARNLEY, Lord. — Henry Stuart, son of Matthew Stuart, 
 earl of Lenox, and well known as the second husband of 
 Mary, queen of Scots, and father of James I, of England. 
 He is said to have been a man of fine bearing and rare per- 
 sonal accomplishments, which, at first sight, determined the 
 young dowager queen to seek him for her husband. The 
 marriage, however, proved an unhappy one, — partly from 
 her levity and attachment to unworthy favorites, and partly 
 from his morbid sensitiveness on the subject of his wife's re- 
 gal superiority, which she is said ardently to have desired to 
 remove by raising him to the throne, but could .not. Gradu- 
 ally, his jealousy, pevishness and irritability wore out every 
 thing of affection in the queen, and they became estranged 
 from each other. Soon after the birth of his royal son, while 
 lodging in a house separate from the queen, he was blown 
 up by gunpowder, and found dead. The earl of Bothwell, to 
 whom Mary was soon after married, was always suspected of 
 the murder, though a formal investigation resulted in his ac- 
 quittal. It is painful to have to add, that Mary, herself, was 
 generally suspected of being privy to the affair ; nor have 
 her most partial biographers ever been able entirely to remove 
 the suspicion. 
 
 DAUBENEY, William.— One of those who adhered to 
 the famous pretender, Perkin Warbeck under the reign of 
 
DAV.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 173 
 
 Henry VII. For this offence, he was arrested, convicted of 
 treason, and executed, in 1494. (See Warbeck, Perkin.) 
 
 DAUBENEY, Sir Giles.— Created Lord Daubeney by 
 Henry VII, and promoted to the office of chamberlain. He 
 rendered important military service at Blackheath, in suppres- 
 sing the Cornish insurrection of 1497, and in the arrest of 
 the famous pretender, Perkin Warbeck. 
 
 DAUGHBIGNI, Lord Bernard.— A Scotish nobleman 
 who acted as messenger between France and Henry VII, of 
 England, while he was prosecuting his war against Brittany, 
 in 1488. 
 
 DAVENANT, Sir John. — A daring cavalier, who, after 
 the fall of Charles I, boldly ventured, contrary to express or- 
 ders, to publish an opera in 1658. Of the merits of the pro- 
 duction we know but little. He is said to have been the per- 
 sonal friend of John Milton, the poet who once saved his life 
 in time of the Commonwealth. For this service, he devoted 
 himself to Milton's safety, after the restoration of Monarchy. 
 Thus did these two men of letters, though of opposite politics, 
 and greatly disagreeing on many religious topics, mutually 
 support each other, so that neither one suffered violence from 
 his enemies. 
 
 DA VERS, Sir Charles. — One of the conspirators of the 
 famous Drury-House plot of Essex in 1601. He was the 
 owner of the Drury-House where they were wont to meet 
 for arranging their plan of operations ; and when the plot 
 was discovered, he became one of the chief witnesses against 
 Essex. This, however, did not save him. With nearly all 
 the other conspirators, he was condemned for treason, and 
 publicly executed. 
 
 DAVID. — Prince of Wales. He was the son of Lewel- 
 len, the prince who applied to Henry III for protection 
 against his younger son, Griffin. After the death of Lew- 
 ellen, David, his successor, renewed the homage to England, 
 and having taken his brother Griffin prisoner, delivered him 
 to Henry. Soon after this Griffin perished in an attempt to 
 escape from the tower, which relieved David from fear in this 
 quarter, and encouraged him to form an alliance with some 
 of the freebooters of Wales, after which they renewed their 
 incursions on the English frontier. 
 
 DAVID. — Another prince of Wales. He was the son of 
 Griffin, who perished in an attempt to escape from the tower 
 of London. Being supplanted by his brother, L'ewellen the 
 
174 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [dAV. 
 
 younger, he first went and swore allegiance to Edward I, 
 and acknowledged the sovereignty of the crown of England. 
 After this, however, he made peace with his brother and en- 
 gaged to co-operate with him for the liberties of his country. 
 Lewellen was slain in battle, and David succeeded him, but 
 soon after fell into the hands of Edward, and was hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered as a traitor — all for defending the an- 
 cient liberties of his country. 
 
 DAVID.— Earl of Huntingdon. The ancestor of all the 
 pretenders to the crown of Scotland at the death of Marga- 
 ret of Norway. His brother William's posterity being all 
 extinct by the death of that princess, the crown necessarily 
 descended to his family, which, at that time, had become large 
 in the posterity of his three daughters. Edward I, of Eng- 
 land being chosen umpire, adjudged the crown to John Baliol, 
 who was great grandson to David. 
 
 DAVID I. — Sometimes called David the Saint, king of 
 Scotland, contemporary with Stephen of England. He ap- 
 pears in English history in an unsuccessful attempt to invade 
 the north part of the kingdom. The object of the invasion 
 was to vindicate the claims of his neice, Matilda, who had 
 been supplanted by Stephen. He was defeated at what has 
 commonly been known as the battle of the Standard, 
 
 DAVID II. — Son and successor of the famous Robert 
 Bruce, king of Scotland. He was left, at his father's death, 
 a minor, under the guardianship of the earl of Murray. 
 When Edward Baliol invaded Scotland, David was sent to 
 France, where, with his wife, Jane, sister to Edward III of 
 England, he remained until recalled by the Scots in 1342, 
 after an absence of ten years. Soon after his return, he in- 
 vaded England, taking advantage of Edward's absence in 
 his continental wars. He was opposed, however, by queen 
 Philippa, defeated and made prisoner, and carried to Lon- 
 don, where he remained some ten years more. He was at 
 last ransomed by his subjects, and restored to his kingdom in 
 1357. He died in 1371. He is obscure among the kings 
 of Scotland. 
 
 DAVIES, Sir John. — One of the conspirators of Essex 
 in the famous Drury-house plot in 1601. When the conspi- 
 racy was discovered, he was one of the chief witnesses 
 against Essex. Soon after the trial of Essex, however, he 
 was convicted of treason, and sentenced to death; but for 
 
DEL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 175 
 
 some reason, received a pardon. He was the only one of 
 these conspirators who escaped the vengeance of the law. 
 
 DAVIS, Mistress. — - An actress and courtezan of Charles 
 II. (See Coventry, Sir John.) 
 
 DAVIS, John. — A native of Devonshire, and much cele- 
 brated as a navigator under the reign of Elizabeth. In 
 1585, he undertook an expedition for the discovery of a 
 northwest passage to India, when he penetrated north to 
 Greenland, and as far as 73 degrees of north latitude, and 
 discovered the straits to which he gave his own name. After 
 this he was employed in several expeditions to the East 
 Indies, and was killed by the natives of Malacca, in 1605. 
 
 DAVIDSON. — A minister of queen Elizabeth, employed 
 for the most part in conducting her business in Scotland. 
 He was also her secretary, and the instrument through which 
 most of her private resolves were, for several years, brought 
 before the public. For executing her warrant for the death 
 of Mary, of Scots, she affected great displeasure with him, 
 threw him into prison, and ordered him to be tried in the 
 star chamber for misdemeanor. He was sentenced to im- 
 prisonment during the queen's pleasure, and to pay a fine of 
 ten thousand pounds, which so reduced him that he was 
 obliged to accept of small favors from her majesty to escape 
 starvation while in his confinement. It is said that by yield- 
 ing to the entreaties of the council, he had, indeed, caused 
 the death-warrant of Mary to pass the seals sooner than 
 Elizabeth intended, though its effect could have been only to 
 hasten the execution a few days. 
 
 DAY. — Bishop of Chichester in the beginning of the 
 reign of Edward VI. Being of the Roman catholic faith, 
 he was, with many others, deprived of his bishoprick, and 
 most probably, retired to the continent. Whether he return- 
 ed to his charge after the accession of queen Mary is not 
 quite certain. 
 
 DEAN. — A sub-admiral who co-operated with admiral 
 Blake in the Dutch wars of 1653. He distinguished him- 
 self in several important actions, and was slain in an engage- 
 ment near the coast of Flanders. Next to Blake, he was, 
 perhaps, the most accomplished naval officer in the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 DEL A WAR, Lord. — A nobleman who engaged in the 
 expedition of Henry VIII against France, in 1513. He 
 has no great prominence in the history of his times. 
 
176 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DEN. 
 
 DELAMERE, Lord. — One of the nobility who united in 
 the invitation to the prince of Orange to invade England, 
 and take possession of its throne. He rendered service by 
 raising forces in Cheshire, and continued active until the ob- 
 ject was gained, and William and Mary placed in possession 
 of the throne of England. 
 
 DEL AVAL, Gilbert. — One of the twenty -five barons 
 who composed the executive council under the act of magna 
 charta, granted by king John. 
 
 DENBIGH, Earl of. — Brother-in-law to George Villiers, 
 duke of Buckingham. In common with nearly all the rela- 
 tions of Buckingham, he came in for court patronage, and 
 received a peerage. We find him, in the early part of the 
 reign of Charles I, engaged in a military expedition against 
 Rochelle; but he never evinced anything above the most 
 ordinary grade of talents. At the fall of Charles, we find 
 him favoring the presbyterian views; and soon after, on the 
 passage of the "self-denying ordinance," he resigned his 
 command in the army. 
 
 DENHAM, Sir John. — A poet of some merit in the time 
 of the commonwealth. One of his poems, alone, (entitled 
 Cooper's Hill,) is thought to indicate something of genius; 
 but altogether he was an indifferent poet. He died in 1688, 
 aged 73. 
 
 DENNIS. — One of several low Irishmen, sent over to 
 England for the purpose of proving to parliament the exist- 
 ence of an Irish plot for the massacre of the English in 
 1681. Mr. Hume says that none of them had character 
 enough to gain belief, even to the truth, nor sense enough to 
 invent a credible falsehood. Yet they found the parliament 
 so ready to believe such a story, that they were greatly car- 
 ressed, and some good men even lost their lives under such 
 testimony. 
 
 DENNY, Sir Anthony. — One of the personal friends and 
 confidentials of Henry VIII. Of all who saw the near ap- 
 proach of the king's death, none dared to inform him that he 
 was dying, save Denny, who ventured to disclose to him the 
 awful secret and to exhort him to prepare for his fate. 
 Henry received the intelligence with resignation, and re- 
 quested him to send for archbishop Cranmer. As a dying 
 testimonial of esteem and confidence, Henry appointed Den- 
 ny, by will, one of the sixteen executors to whom was en- 
 
DER.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 177 
 
 trusted the care of the young king, Edward VI, and the 
 administration of the government, during his minority. 
 DERBY, Earl of.— (See Ferers, Robert.) 
 DERBY, Earl of.— (See Henry, cousin of Edward III.) 
 DERBY, Duke of. — (See Henry IV, duke of Lancaster 
 and Hereford.) 
 
 DERBY, Earl of. — Bore a part in nearly all the military 
 operations of Henry VIII. His family name is not certainly 
 known. 
 
 DERBY, Earl of. — A zealous royalist, in the civil wars 
 of Charles I. After the fall of Charles, he exerted himself 
 in the Isle of Man to affect, immediately, the restoration of 
 Charles II, but being taken prisoner at the battle of Worces- 
 ter, he was put to death by martial law. Some idea of his 
 character may be formed from the following story of him. 
 Ireton summoned him, by letter, to surrender the Isle of 
 Man. To this summons he returned the following heroic 
 answer: — "I received your letter with indignation, and with 
 scorn return you this answer; that I cannot but wonder 
 whence you should gather any hopes that I should prove, like 
 you, treacherous to my sovereign, sinceiyou cannot be, ; -igno- 
 rant of my former actions in his late riiajesty's service, from 
 which principles of loyalty I am np£ ^a\, whit departed. I 
 scorn your proffers, I disdain your fjfcfoV, - 1, abhwr youi' trea- 
 son ; and am so far from deli vering.arjp this Island Xo your 
 advantage, that I shall keep it to the- utmost- of. my. -power to 
 your destruction. Take this : "*foiv your final v ap,swer, and 
 forbear any farther solicitations '; for if you trouble* me with 
 any more messages of this nature, I will burn the. paper and 
 hang up the bearer. This is the imm^able resolution, and 
 shall be the undoubted practice of him w^q accounts it his 
 chief est glory to be his majesty's most*loyal §nd obedient 
 subject. Derby." 
 
 DERBY, Countess of.— Wife of the above. After the 
 fall of Charles, and even some time after the death of her hus- 
 band, she continued to defend the Isle of Man, and with great 
 reluctance, yielded to the necessity of surrendering to the 
 parliamentary army. She was a daughter of the illustrious 
 house of Trimoille, in France, and during the civil wars, dis- 
 played the most heroic courage in defending Latham House 
 against the army. By her courage and perseverance, she 
 secured to herself the distinction of being the last person to 
 acknowledge the authority of the commonwealth. 
 
 8* 
 
178 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [l)ES. 
 
 DERHAM. — A servant of the duchess of Norfolk, one 
 of the paramours of queen Catharine Howard, fourth wife 
 of Henry VIII. The criminal intercourse between Derham 
 and the Lady Catharine had commenced previous to her 
 marriage, while, she was in the family of the duchess of 
 Norfolk, her grand-mother ; but subsequent to her marriage 
 with the King, she had the boldness to employ him in her 
 service, which was generally regarded as evidence of the 
 continuation of the intrigue. He was attainted by act of 
 parliament in the same bill with the Queen, and was execu- 
 ted at or near the same time. 
 
 DERMOT. — An Irish prince who espoused the cause of 
 the English against the Normans at the time of the invasion; 
 though it would be needless to say that his friendship availed 
 them but little. After the battle of Hastings, Harold's three 
 sons, Godwin, Edmund, and Magnus, sought a retreat in 
 Ireland, where they were kindly received by Dermot and 
 other princes of the country. 
 
 DESBOROW. — A brother-in-law of protector Cromwell. 
 He is said to have been one of the most coarse and brutal 
 characters that disgraced the Commonwealth. He threaten- 
 ed the protector to desert him if he should accept the crown. 
 Threatened Richard Cromwell, if he did not dissolve the par- 
 liament, and after Richard's resignation, entered into a mili- 
 tary cabal against the parliament, for which he was cashiered. 
 
 DESMOND, Earl of.— An Irish nobleman who, in 1569, 
 raised an insurrection which gave great trouble to Sir Henry 
 Sidney, then governor of Ireland, under Elizabeth. In 1579, 
 he raised another rebellion, in which he was assisted by a 
 number of Spaniards and Italians, but again suppressed by 
 Lord Gray, who had then succeeded Sidney. In 1601, he 
 was seized by Sir George Carew, and sent over prisoner to 
 England, which put an end to his rebellions. 
 
 DESPENSER or SPENCER, Hugh le.— Appointed by 
 the barons, justiciary under Henry III. When the king de- 
 termined to throw off the barons, he removed him from office 
 and appointed Philip Basset in his place. When the barons 
 re-asserted their prerogatives, and forced the king into treaty, 
 Spenser was restored to office. He was slain in the great 
 battle of Evesham, in which perished the powerful Leicester. 
 
 DESPENSER, Hugh le. — Sometimes called Spenser. 
 One of the favorites of Edward II. The father and son of 
 he same name were equally odious to the barons in conse- 
 
DEV.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 179 
 
 quence of the partialities shown them at court, and both fell 
 victims to the general indignation of the nobility about the 
 same time. When the people demanded their expulsion the 
 king refused to dismiss them on the ground that no accusa- 
 tion had been preferred, and even proceeded to procure the 
 elevation of the father to the earldom of Winchester. A ' 
 civil war ensued. He was appointed governor of the castle 
 of Bristol, but the garrison mutinied against him, and he 
 was delivered into the hands of his enemies. Although he 
 had nearly reached his ninetieth year, he was instantly, 
 without trial, witness, accusation or answer, condemned and 
 hanged on a gibbet, his body cut in pieces and thrown to the 
 dogs, and his head sent to Winchester and elevated on a 
 pole to be insulted by the populace. He is said to have been 
 a man of noble character, and no fault was alleged against 
 him only that he was possessed of great riches and was be- 
 loved of the king. 
 
 DESPENSER, Hugh le.—Son of the above. He also 
 fell into the hands of the barons, and shared the same fate 
 with his father. Their history is the same. 
 
 DEVENANT, Sir William. — A poetic genius at the time 
 of Charles I. Actuated more by a high sense of honor than 
 by any love of arms, he took the field soon after the com- 
 mencement of the civil wars, and was chosen by the mar- 
 quis' of Newcastle, for his lieutenant general. Unfortunately 
 they were too much alike in their tastes, and both of them 
 much more capable of writing the poetry, than performing 
 the drudgery of war. Newcastle retired from the service 
 immediately after the battle of Marston Moor ; and it is not 
 improbable that Devenant followed his example. 
 
 DEVEREUX, Sir John. — One of the couucil of nine ap- 
 pointed by the house of Lords at the accession of Richard 
 II, to whom was committed authority for one year, to con- 
 duct the ordinary offices of government. This commission 
 was granted at the particular request of the house of com- 
 mons, which had then begun to assume some importance in 
 the government, and had, that year, (1377,) elected its first 
 speaker. 
 
 DEVEREUX.— -Earl of Essex: father of the celebrated 
 Essex, the favorite of queen Elizabeth. (See next article.) 
 His only or chief prominence was in an unsuccessful at- 
 tempt to subdue and colonize Clandeboy, Ferny, and some 
 other parts of Ireland. Although sustained by the queen in 
 
180 • BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_DEV. 
 
 this enterprise, he met with such vexation and disappoint- 
 ment as soon- brought on a distemper of which he died. 
 
 DEVEREUX, Robert.— Earl of Essex. Well known as 
 a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. Born on the 10th of Novem- 
 ber, 1567, and educated at the university of Cambridge. He 
 arrested the attention of the queen when not more than sev- 
 enteen years of age, and was placed in a good position in 
 the army in Holland, under the earl of Leicester. After 
 this, he gave offense to her majesty by attaching himself to 
 the expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to 
 Portugal, without permission. Being restored to royal favor, 
 his ambition became, every day, more apparent. After 
 quarreling with some of the chief of the nobility, he even 
 aspired to dictate to the queen in matters of government ; 
 and finding his counsels not well received, turned his back 
 upon her in an insulting manner, ior which she gave him 
 a box on the ear. Instantly, his youthful blood took fire ; 
 and clapping his hand on the hilt of his sword, he swore 
 that he would not take such treatment, even from Henry 
 VIII ; and in a tempest of rage, left the place. Elizabeth, 
 however, was not disposed to abandon him, and on his making 
 proper concessions, restored him. again into her favor. Soon 
 after this, he was sent over as governor of Ireland, where he 
 was so very unfortunate that charges were : preferred against 
 him for mal-administration, and even for schemes of rebel-* 
 lion. On hearing of what was going on, he hastened to 
 England, threw himself at the feet of the queen, and soon re- 
 gained her favor — though he was broken of his commission, 
 and brought into disgrace at court. Impatient under his ill 
 fortune, he made some unbecoming remarks of the queen, to 
 the : <#nount that she had grown old and crooked, and that her 
 minc£»was about as crooked as her body. For this he was 
 summoned to. appear before. the council; but feeling not very 
 safe, he began to devise, a scheme of rebellion. For this last 
 and 'fatal step, he was tried by his peers, convicted of trea- 
 son, and soon after executed, February 25, 1601. He had 
 filled many high places, both in the military and naval ser- 
 vice, and it was confidently believed that the queen enter- 
 tained early in life, the idea of making him partner of her 
 throne. She had, in the days of his prosperity, given him a 
 ring, telling him that into whatever distress he might fall, at 
 any time, he had only to send it to her, and it should not fail 
 to bring him relief. When under sentence of death, he is 
 
DE 
 
 W.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 181 
 
 said^ to have given the ring to Lady Howard, duchess of 
 Norfolk, with the request that she would deliver it to the 
 queen. The duchess, however, failed to deliver it. The 
 queen lived in daily expectation of receiving it, and supposed 
 his obstinacj had prevenied him from sending it. Soon after 
 his death, the duchess, brought to her dying bed, sent for the 
 queen, and confessed the fact. On hearing this, her majesty 
 replied, " Lady, God may forgive you ; but I never can." 
 This is thought to have hastened the death of Elizabeth. 
 
 DEVEREUX, Robert, Jun.— Earl of Essex. Son of 
 the above. He was born in 1592, and educated in the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. After serving in some of the continen- 
 tal wars, he returned to England in time to take charge of 
 the parliamentary army against Charles I. After rendering 
 very important service, he was defeated in the west of Eng- 
 land, and forced to escape by sea. After this, however, he 
 returned to his command; but the parliament, seeing in him 
 too much of the ambition of his father, displaced him from 
 his command, as a prudential measure, and he retired to 
 private life, and soon after died. 
 
 DEVIRGILDA.— Mother of the famous John Baliol, 
 king of Scotland. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Courtney, Hugh,) 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Courtney, Thomas.) 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Stafford:) 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.-^(See Courtney, Edward.) 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Courtney, son of Ed- 
 ward. 
 
 DEVONSHIRE, Earl of.— Name doubtful. He was 
 among the most prominent of those who united in an invi- 
 tation to William, prince of Orange, to invade England. 
 
 DEWITT, John. — A famous pensionary of Holland, 
 born at Dort in 1625. Being distinguished, early in life, 
 for his remarkable knowledge of the higher branches ot 
 mathematics, his science was brought to bear on the subject 
 of naval architecture ; and he is generally thought to have 
 been the inventor of chain shot, in the time of the Dutch 
 wars of Charles II, of England. He was entrusted with 
 the education of the young prince of Orange, afterwards 
 William III of England, which office he performed with 
 great care and success. Besides this, he sat, really, at the 
 helm of government, and for many years administered its 
 affairs with great success. By opposing the nomination of 
 
182 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DIG. 
 
 William to the office of stadtholder, however, he drew upon 
 himself a great deal of popular censure, which caused him 
 to resign his office, as pensionary. Soon after this, on his 
 brother Cornelius being accused and thrown into prison, he 
 came to visit him, and while in the prison, a popular tumult 
 was raised, and a mob broke open the prison and literally 
 beat to death these two chiefs of Holland's chief men. As 
 a patriot he was one of the most devoted of his time, and as 
 a statesman, he is believed to have had no equal in his day. 
 
 DEW1TT, Cornelius.— Brother of the above. He had 
 rendered service in the wars against Charles II. and seems to 
 have been a truly high-minded and patriotic man. But he 
 had the misfortune to fall under popular odium, and being 
 thrown into prison, perished as shown in the above article. 
 
 DIGBY, Sir Everard. One of the conspirators in the 
 famous gunpowder plot, under the reign of James I. Ac- 
 cording to the arrangement, Digby was to assemble a few 
 friends, on pretense of a hunting match, and seize the 
 young princess Elizabeth as soon as the , explosion snould 
 take place, and proclaim her queen. On hearing of the ar- 
 rest of Fawkes, and that the whole plot had failed, Digby, 
 with his associates, about eighty in number, confessed them- 
 selves and prepared for death. Being quicldy arrested, they 
 confessed their guilt, and were led to execution. Such zeal 
 was worthy of a holier enterprise. 
 
 DIGBY, Lord George, Sen.— Earl of Bristol. Several 
 times ambassador of James I at the court of Spain. One of 
 the particular objects of his missions was to conclude the 
 treaty by which the young prince, (Charles I,) should marry 
 the infanta of Spain. The treaty was completed on such 
 terms as were altogether satisfactory to England, and cred- 
 itable to the minister. Before the time for it to take effect, 
 however, the duke of Buckingham, (George Villiers,) con- 
 ceived the design of having the young prince make a visit, 
 in person, to Madrid, to see the infanta; and although it was 
 warmly opposed by James, and nearly all his courtiers, such 
 was Buckingham's influence that he carried his point, and 
 the visit was made, he (Buckingham,) attending the prince. 
 The result was, that the match was broken off by Bucking- 
 ham's influence. When Digby returned, Buckingham, 
 fearing to have the true cause of the failure come to the 
 king's ears, made complaints against him, and caused him 
 to be thrown into the tower, so that he might not see the 
 
DIG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 183 
 
 king, or have any opportunity of stating the facts of the 
 case. After lying in the tower for a time, he was released, 
 but ordered to retire to his country seat, and not to take his 
 seat in the house of peers. Digby protested his innocence, 
 and insisted on being heard in self-defense, but this was de- 
 nied him. After the death of James, and the accession of 
 Charles to the throne, he again claimed his seat, and it was, 
 at length allowed him; but an accusation of treason was en- 
 tered against him by order of the king. To meet this, he 
 recriminated by preparing articles of impeachment against 
 Buckingham. The parliament was already much prejudiced 
 against Buckingham, whose influence at court had long been 
 matter of much jealousy, and hence it became manifest that 
 it was exceedingly dangerous to Buckingham to have his 
 case acted upon. In order to save him, Charles dissolved the 
 parliament, and thus prevented action in either case. At the 
 commencement of the parliamentary troubles, he sided with 
 the popular party; but finding them inclined to extreme mea- 
 sures, he took sides with the king. He did not, however, 
 take any part in the civil wars, but retired into voluntary 
 exile, and died in Paris on the 21st of January, 1653. 
 
 DIGBY, Lord George, Jun. — Son of the above. He 
 was at first with the parliament, but became an ardent sup- 
 porter of Charles I, and after that prince's fall, went into 
 exile until the restoration. Soon after his return, he was 
 raised to high position, but made an unhappy quarrel with 
 chancellor Clarendon, and broke out in so open and violent a 
 manner as is not common among gentlemen. He even en- 
 tered a charge of treason against Clarendon before the 
 peers; but so violently and hastily were his measures con- 
 certed that it was wholly discountenanced by the judges. He 
 was so ashamed of this outrage that he retired into private 
 life for some time, and notwithstanding his fine talents, his 
 eloquence, his spirit, and his courage, he could never after- 
 wards regain the position which he had lost by this one sally 
 of madness. 
 
 DIG-BY, Sir John. — Another son of the old earl of Bris- 
 tol. He was sheriff of York at the time of the breaking 
 out of the civil wars of Charles I, and was one of the most 
 active supporters of the royal cause. He raised forces, and 
 led the way in the enterprise, until the army was fully or- 
 ganized. What part he acted in the further progress of the 
 war does not appear. 
 
184 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [dOD. 
 
 DIGBY, Sir John. — Lieutenant of the tower in the time 
 of Henry VII. At one time he narrowly escaped assassi- 
 nation by a plan of Perkin Warbeck, then in the tower. 
 
 DIGGES, Sir Dudley. A member of the parliament of 
 1661, in the reign of James I. He took an active part in 
 the famous protest against the usurpations of the crown. 
 For this offense he was punished by being compelled to go 
 into Ireland for the purpose of attending to certain business 
 of the government. On the accession of Charles I, he re- 
 turned and took his seat in parliament, but proved so stormy 
 an element that he was very soon thrown into prison. On 
 being released, and co-operating with the parliament for 
 some time, he accepted an office under the crown; and we 
 hear but little more of him. 
 
 DIGHTON. — One of the three ruffians chosen by Sir 
 James Tyrrel to smother the infant princes, Henry V and 
 the duke of York. The other two were Slater and Forest. 
 
 DILLON, Colonel Cary. — About all we know of him is 
 what we learn in the story of his application to the duke of 
 Ormand, then in bad odor with Charles II, to procure him 
 some office, alleging that he had "no friends but God and 
 his grace." "Alas! poor Cary," replied the duke, "I pity 
 thee: thou couldst not have two friends that possess less in- 
 terest at court." 
 
 DINGLEY, Sir Thomas. — A gentleman of prominence, 
 who was attainted by the parliament of 1539, under Henry 
 VIII, at the same time with lady Pole and others. Lady 
 Pole was reprieved, but Dingley and Sir Adrian. Fortescue 
 were immediately executed for treason. This has ever been 
 regarded as one of the grossest outrages of all law and jus- 
 tice which marks the outrage pus. reign of Henry VIII. 
 
 DOCWRAY, Sir Henry. — An efficient officer of Queen 
 Elizabeth in the wars of Ireland in 1601 — 2. He took the 
 castle of Derry, and threw garrisons into Newton and Ain- 
 ogh ; and having seized the monastery of Donegal, he sta- 
 tioned troops in it, and defended it against the Irish. When 
 the Irish forces had been scattered, he divided his army into 
 small parties, and harrassed the rebels on every side, until 
 they were forced to capitulate on such terms as might be dic- 
 tated to them. 
 
 DODDINGTON, Sir Francis.— One of the ardent sup- 
 porters of Charles I. Such was his efficiency that the par- 
 liament required his banishment and a bill of attainder 
 
DON.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 185 
 
 against him. To the former, Charles consented ; but though, 
 in fact, a prisoner in the hands of the parliament, at that 
 time, he would not consent to the attainder. 
 
 D' OISEL. — A Frenchman who accompanied Mary, dow- 
 ager of James V and mother of the unfortunate Mary, of 
 Scots, from France into Scotland in 1617. He came, osten- 
 sibly, as ambassador from the court of France, but really to 
 assist the queen regent in introducing French customs, and 
 gradually establishing French authority. He even proceeded 
 to build fortifications in Scotland, and to garrison them with 
 French troops ; but finding the indignation of all Scotland 
 roused, and England ready to fly to their assistance, he 
 abandoned his enterprize, and retired to France, where he 
 continued to operate on the mind of the young princess, Ma- 
 ry, for some years previous to her coming to Scotland. It is 
 not improbable that his influence may have contributed, in a 
 large degree, to form the character, and thus to accomplish 
 the ruin, of Mary. •? 
 
 DOMNONA. — A daughter of Ercombert, seventh k'ing 
 of Kent. She figures in Saxon history only as the founder 
 of a monastery in the Isle of Thanet. 
 
 DONALD. — Earl of Marre. He succeeded the earl of 
 Murray in the regency of Scotland in the minority of Da- 
 vid, son of the valiant Robert Bruce. He was slain at the 
 memorable battle of Erne, resisting the pretensions of Edward 
 Baliol, whose claims were sustained by the English. Not 
 less than twelve thousand Scots are said to have perished in 
 that battle, including the flower of their nobility. 
 
 DONALD VII. — Commonly known as " the Bane." Suc- 
 ceeded to the crown of Scotland in 1093, on the death of his 
 brother, Malcolm III. Malcolm had sons, but their very 
 tender age at the time of his death caused Donald to suc- 
 ceed him. Donald's reign, however, was very short. 
 
 DONCASTER, Viscount.— (See Hay.) 
 
 DONNE. — An English poet of some notoriety in the 
 reign of James I. Some of his Satires contain scintillations 
 of genius, but upon the whole, his was a low order of poetry, 
 and his name will soon perish from the annals of literature. 
 
 DONNE, Henry. — One of the six who were to carry out 
 the famous Babington conspiracy for the assassination of 
 Queen Elizabeth, and the liberation of Mary, of Scots, in 
 1586. It is probable that he was executed, with most of the 
 others. (See Babington.) 
 
186 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*DOU. 
 
 DORCHESTER, Countess of.— (See Sedley, Mrs.) 
 DORISLAUS. — One of three lawyers appointed to as- 
 sist Coke, as solicitor for the people in the prosecution of 
 Charles I. He was a native of Holland ; but had long re- 
 sided in England. He rose to great prominence under the 
 commonwealth, and was sent envoy to Holland. Soon after 
 reaching the Hague, however, he was observed by some 
 English royalists, chiefly the old retainers of Montrose, who 
 without ceremony, rushed into the room where he was sit- 
 ting with some company, dragged him from the table, and put 
 him to death. He was the first victim of the royalists for the 
 murder of their sovereign. The murderers of Dorislaus 
 were permited to escape, which was seriously complained of 
 by the commonwealth, and even made the foundation of a 
 Dutch war. 
 DORSET, Marchioness of. — (See Frances Brandon.) 
 DORSET, Marquis of.— (See Gray, Henry.) 
 DORSET|*Earl of.— One of the chief of the nobility who 
 united in extending an invitation to the duke of Orange, to 
 invade England for the protection of its liberties and its reli- 
 gion. When the princess Anne, received intelligence, at 
 London, of the commencement of the invasion, she fled to 
 Nottingham, where she was received by Dorset, and placed 
 uuder the protection of a guard, by which she was freed from 
 the fear of her father's displeasure. — {See Anne, Queen.) 
 DOUGLAS, Sir William. — A Scotish nobleman of great 
 power and authority under the reign of John Baliol. When 
 Edward 1 marched into Scotland to force an acknowledge- 
 ment of his authority as liege lord, Douglas was governor of 
 Berwick ; and in the assault of that castle was taken pris- 
 oner. After this, however, we find him open in his encour- 
 agement to the undertaking of Wallace, and a determined 
 enemy of England. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Sir James. — Commonly known as Lord 
 Douglas. A powerful military chieftain of Scotland, whose 
 valor was brought to bear with great effect against the arms 
 of the Edwards II and III* Among the daring exploits of 
 this chivalrous leader may be mentioned a bold attack on the 
 person of Edward III. The Scotish and English armies 
 had been, for some days in sight of each other. Douglas, 
 having gotten the pass-word of the English camp, entered it 
 secretly, in the night, with a body of two hundred choice sol- 
 diers, and advanced to the royal tent, with the intention of 
 
DOU.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 187 
 
 either killing or carrying off the king. Just at the moment 
 of their entering the tent, however, some of Edward's at- 
 tendants awoke, and his chaplain and chamberlain both sac- 
 rificed their lives for the safety of their master. The king 
 escaped in the darkness, and Douglas, after losing nearly all 
 his men, was glad to escape with his life. After the close of 
 these wars with England, he became impatient of rest, and 
 went over to Spain in a crusade against the Moors, where 
 he perished in battle. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Sir Archibald. — Brother to the above. He 
 co-operated with the earl of Marche in opposing the preten- 
 sions of Edward Baliol to the crown of Scotland, and at last 
 forced him to flee into England. He was afterward defeat- 
 ed and slain by Edward III in a pitched battle at Hallidown 
 Hill, in 1333. 
 
 DOUGLAS, George. — Brother to the laird of Lochleven 
 castle, where Mary, of Scots, was confined, after her mar- 
 riage with Bothwell. It was he that contrived the means of her 
 escape. She had made proposals to him, that as soon as her 
 divorce from Bothwell should be secured, she would become 
 his wife ; and she had even proposed the expedient to the 
 regent, who, at once rejected it, as impracticable, and dan- 
 gerous. Douglas, however, persevered in his endeavors to 
 release her, and having constant access to her, he at last, 
 found means of conveying her, in disguise to the lake, and 
 rowed her, with his own hands, to the shore, where she was 
 greeted by a large number of the principal nobility, who pro- 
 ceeded to raise an army for her defence. Whether she re- 
 ally intended marrying him, in case of his effecting her res- 
 toration, or whether she merely intended to use him for her 
 present purpose, may be questioned ; Mary often used her 
 personal charms for sinister ends. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Archibald.— Earl of Douglas. In 1402, he 
 made an irruption into England, at the head of twelve thou- 
 sand men, and committed fearful devastations on the north- 
 ern border. On his return home, he was overtaken by the 
 Piercies, at Homeldom, and after a fierce battle, totally rout- 
 ed, and made prisoner. When Henry IV heard of the noble 
 captives, he sent word not to ransom them. This so 
 greatly offended the Piercy family that war at once fol- 
 lowed, and Henry never fought a harder battle than that of 
 Shrewsbury, in which he was, indeed, victorious, though it 
 cost him some of the best blood of England. Douglas, once 
 
188 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [dOU. 
 
 the enemy, and the prisoner of Piercy, was now with him, and 
 fought with a degree of bravery almost unheard of. He 
 seems to have been particularly ambitious to take the life of 
 the king, with his own hands, and sought him, in vain, all 
 over the field ; and as many had put on the same regalia 
 with Henry, so many perished by the hand of Douglas. At 
 leng an arrow found its way to his bosom, and he was found 
 among the slain of the bloody field of Shrewsbury. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Archibald.— Earl of Angus. A Scotish 
 gentleman of high birth, who married Queen Margaret, 
 widow of James IV, of Scotland. The marriage, however, 
 was for some reason, not satisfactory to the queen, and she 
 soon obtained a divorce, and married another man. After 
 this he fell under the displeasure of the young king, James 
 V, and was forced to flee into England, where he joined the 
 English army against James. After this he returned to 
 Scotland, and connected himself with the earl of Arran in a 
 violent opposition to Cardinal Beaton, whom they threw 
 into prison. Aftev this, he rendered important service in 
 conducting the retreat of the Scotish army out of England 
 in 1544, when the earl of Arran had shamefully fled from 
 duty, and thrown his army into confusion. He even suc- 
 ceeded in inspiring Arran with courage to turn and defeat 
 the English. At the battle of Pinkey, in 1549, he commanded 
 the vanguard of the Scotish army. Whether he perished 
 in this action is not certainly known to the author, who 
 has sought* in vain for any further account of him. 
 
 DOUGLAS, George. — Brother to Archibald, earl of 
 Angus. He was exiled, in England, with his brother, and 
 returned at the time of Henry VIII's invasion of Scotland 
 in 1542, to assist the English against his country. After 
 this, we hear but little of him until the assassination of 
 Rizzio, the contemptible favorite of Mary, queen of Scots. 
 Being nearly related to Lord Darnley, he entered full into 
 the scheme, and was the first one to plunge his dagger into 
 the unfortunate man, in the presence of his royal patroness. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Sir Joseph. — The gentleman appointed by 
 the Scotish parliament to inform Charles II, then at the 
 Hague, that he had been proclaimed king, in the stead of 
 his father, Charles I, recently put to death by the English 
 parliament. The intelligence, however, although eagerly 
 laid hold of by the young prince, was anything but satisfac- 
 tory, as the conditions of his coronation were such as to 
 
DOY.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 189 
 
 make him more servile than any one of his subjects. Be- 
 yond this, the author knows very little of Sir Joseph Douglas. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Captain. — Commander of the Royal Oak, 
 which was burned by the Dutch when they ascended the 
 Thames and Medway in 1667. After his ship was set on 
 fire, he had ample time and opportunity to escape, but re- 
 fused, saying, " Never was it known that a Douglas had 
 left his post without orders." 
 
 DOUGLAS, Marquis of. — One of the stern old covenan- 
 ters of Scotland who took decided ground against Charles I, 
 but after the great victory of Montrose, at Kilsyth, in 1646, 
 hastened to the royal standard. Whether he continued loy- 
 al, or whether he returned to the rebel party does not ap- 
 pear. 
 
 DOUGLAS. — Another of the great family of Douglases. 
 He was the spokesman of a committee of Scotish clergymen 
 sent to rebuke Charles II, soon after his proclamation by the 
 Scotish parliament, for certain familiarities which he had 
 been observed to have taken with a young woman. Doug- 
 las informed him that great scandal had been given to the 
 godly by his conduct, and exhorted him, whenever he was 
 disposed thus to amuse himself, to be "more careful in shut- 
 ting the windows." The suggestion is said to have been ta- 
 ken by his majesty, and even afterward to have been care- 
 fully acted upon. 
 
 DOVER, Lord, — A violent Roman Catholic, introduced 
 by James II into his privy counsel, to the great scandal and 
 indignation of the English people. Several other Romanists 
 were introduced into the counsel at the same time, while 
 most of the offices within the gift of the crown were being 
 bestowed on the same class of ecclesiastical favorites. It was 
 this kind of folly which finally cost James his crown. 
 
 DOWNING. — A chaplain in the parliamentary army ; 
 but after the restoration of Charles II, a zealous royalist, 
 and resident minister in Holland, where he made himself 
 very active in arresting the regicides whom he found there, 
 and sending them home for punishment. He remained at 
 the Hague for many years, and is said to have been an in- 
 solent fellow to all his inferiors in authority, but a fawning 
 sycophant at the feet of power. 
 
 DOY LEY. — Captain of the life-guard of Fairfax at the 
 decisive battle of Naseby. When only one regiment of the 
 royalists kept its place, Doyley charged them in front, while 
 
190 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DRA. 
 
 Fairfax attacked them in the rear, and threw them into con- 
 fusion. This was the last stroke necessary to the complete 
 ruin of Charles I. 
 
 DRAKE, Sir Francis. — Celebrated as one of the boldest 
 navigators of his time. He was born in Devonshire in 
 1545, and was the eldest of twelve sons, nearly all of 
 whom became seamen. Early in life he was placed under 
 the master of a small vessel which traded from England to 
 France and Holland The master became much attached to 
 him, and, dying, left him a small ship as a token of regard. 
 Immediately he determined on a voyage to the West Indies, 
 which were then arresting much attention among seamen. 
 His ship not being suited to this trade, he sold it and pro- 
 cured an outfit, in company with Sir John Hawkins, suitable 
 for the Guinea and West India trade. First of all, he sailed 
 to the coast of Guinea, and after procuring a cargo of Afri- 
 can slaves, bent his course for the Gulf of Mexico. They 
 had the misfortune, however, to fall in with' a Spanish fleet 
 which attacked them, and they were forced to return to Eng- 
 land with but two of their ships. This, however, was but 
 the commencement of his great enterprises. After this he 
 felt himself fully at liberty to make reprisals, and made all 
 his arrangements accordingly. After a good degree of suc- 
 cess, in the midst of which he saw " from a goodly and great 
 high tree," on the isthmus of Panama, the great Pacific 
 Ocean, he returned to England, resolved never to rest until 
 he had sailed an English vessel on the Pacific. For some 
 time, however, he was employed under the earl of Essex in 
 subduing the Irish rebellion, in which he so distinguished 
 himself as to arrest the attention of Queen Elizabeth, who 
 promised him her patronage and assistance. With this 
 encouragement, he made arrangements, at once, for a South 
 Sea expedition; and after doubling Cape Horn, and encoun- 
 tering most terrific gales, in which he lost one of his ships, 
 he bent his course to Valparaiso, near to which he took some 
 valuable prizes. Being now in readiness to return home, he 
 began to question what way he should return. To attempt 
 it through the same water through which he had gone out, 
 would certainly be fatal to him. So he resolved to cross the 
 Pacific, and return by the Cape of Good Hope. This he 
 accomplished after stopping at various ports, and arrived safe 
 in the harbour of Plymouth on the 25th of September, 1580, 
 having circumnavigated the globe in two years and ten 
 
DRU,"| BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 191 
 
 months. The report of his exploits, and the vast wealth 
 which he had amassed, caused great excitement in England ; 
 and the queen did him the honor to dine, in state, on board 
 his ship, where she conferred on him the honor of knight- 
 hood. After this, he was in the regular admiralty of Eng- 
 land, and rendered much service in resisting the Spanish 
 Armada. He died on board his ship, off the coast of Porto 
 Bello, January 28, 1596. 
 
 DRAKE, Sir Francis. — A gentlemen of the west of 
 England who entered into correspondence with Lord Russell 
 on the subject of Shaftesbury's plan for insurrection in 1683, 
 under Charles II. Drake, with two or three other gentle- 
 man, agreed to raise the west. As the whole enterprise 
 failed, it is not probable that he took any steps towards the 
 carrying out of his promise : nor do we learn that he ever 
 suffered for the correspondence, which, perhaps, was not cer- 
 tainly known until after the death of Charles — possibly 
 not until after the fall of James II. 
 
 DRUMMOND. — Associated with Dalziel, as an officer 
 of Chailes II, for enforcing the law against conventicles. 
 They are spoken of as having served the king in the civil 
 wars, and afterwards been in the Russian service, until the 
 ferocity of their character had become just such as to fit 
 them for this work. 
 
 DRURY, Sir William.— Nominated by Edward VI, or 
 rather by his guardians, to the people of Suffolk for election 
 to a seat in parliament. At the death of Edward, he was 
 among those who hastened to the standard of Mary in pre- 
 ference to lady Jane Grey. On the accession of Elizabeth, 
 he was at her service, and was sent into Scotland to chastise 
 certain rebellions. After this, he was made governor of 
 Brunswick, and once, on the order of the queen, marched to 
 Edinburgh, the castle of which was surrendered to him; 
 and in 1590, he went on a military expedition into France, 
 where he contributed, greatly, to revive the ancient fame of 
 English valor. Though a brave man, he seems to have been 
 one of those who always make it a point to be on the side 
 of "the powers that be," however it may require the sacri- 
 fice of principle. 
 
 DRURY, Sir Drue. — One of the guards or keepers of 
 Mary, queen of Scots, after she was removed from under the 
 keeping of the earl of Shrewsbury, who was thought by 
 Elizabeth to have been too indulgent to his royal prisoner. 
 
192 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DRY. 
 
 Drury and Paulet were placed in charge, with instructions 
 to exercise great care, and to maintain a firm and inflexible 
 rule over her. They held her under their custody from this 
 until the fatal day of her execution, and took their last leave 
 of her as she passed out of the prison to the place of exe- 
 cution. They were both men of high honor, and while they 
 made her escape impossible, always treated her with great 
 consideration. 
 
 DRYDEN, John. — A celebrated master of English verse, 
 born in August, 1631, at Oldvvinckle, Northamptonshire. 
 His father, Erasmus Dryden, was a severe puritan, and our 
 poet was strictly brought up in that rigid school. He was 
 educated, first at Westminster, and afterwards at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. His first effusions were on the death 
 of Cromwell, and possessed such merit as gave promise of 
 great genius. At the restoration of Charles II, he changed 
 his position, and became a zealous royalist and churchman, 
 and from that time lost no opportunity of satirizing every 
 thing connected with the puritan faith and practice. In 
 1668, he was appointed poet laureate to the king ; and from 
 this time was justly regarded as one of England's great 
 poets. He translated many of the Latin classics into Eng- 
 lish ; and among them we have his celebrated Virgil, which, 
 in most respects, is regarded as the finest that has ever 
 been produced. On the accession of James II, he again 
 changed his religion, and became a staunch Romanist, as has 
 always been suspected, in order to preserve the favor of the 
 court. This, however, could not secure his position as poet 
 laureate; on the contrary, it was the cause of his ejectment. 
 James could not protect the Romanists in all things; and in 
 1688, Dryden gave place to Shadwell. Still, however, he 
 continued to receive favors in the form of pension, equal to 
 his salary as laureate; and still he continued to employ his 
 muse. After turning off more good poetry than most poets 
 have done, he died on the 1st of May, 1701. In many re- 
 spects, he was a true poet; though we can but regret that his 
 genius often appears "as an angel thrust down from heaven," 
 and engaged in low and unworthy pursuits. Many of his 
 writings bear evident signs of haste, and are supposed to 
 have been turned off under the necessities of extreme pov- 
 erty, as it is well known that all the royal favor which he 
 enjoyed never raised him above the necessity of writing for 
 bread. 
 
DUD.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 193 
 
 DUBOIS. — Elected one of the sheriffs of* London by the 
 popular, or country party, in 1682. (See Box.) 
 
 DUDLEY, Lord- — A bold defender of the Lancastrian 
 interests. He was one of the favorites whom Henry VI was 
 required to remove from his court, and not permit him to ap- 
 proach within twelve miles. 
 
 DUDLEY. — More frequently known as Lord Lisle. Com- 
 manded the naval forces of Henry VIII against Scotland in 
 1544. 
 
 DUDLEY, Edmund. — A celebrated lawyer of Henry 
 VII, used as an instrument of his greatest oppressions. He 
 was a son of Sir John Dudley, and was born in 1462, and 
 educated at Oxford. He is said to have been a man of 
 strong talents, but no moral principles, and to have perverted 
 the laws of England to all the purposes of tyranny. In the 
 parliament of 1504, he was chosen speaker, and in this po- 
 sition, had it in his power to favor the rapacity of the crown, 
 and really to make the parliament but the tool of the king. 
 After the accession of Henry VIII, he was brought to trial, 
 as the instrument of former oppressions. The evidence of 
 crime, however, was not such as to convict him ; and hence, 
 he was charged with an intention on the life of the late king, 
 in order to place himself at the head of the nation, or, at 
 least, to usurp the throne on the king's death. Whether 
 the charge was well founded or not, he was convicted and 
 executed, and a bill of attainder was passed against him. 
 His associate, Empson, was the partner of all his vices, and 
 shared the same fate with him. (See Empson.) 
 
 DUDLEY, John. — Duke of Northumberland and earl of 
 Warwick. Son of the above, and, in many respects, worthy 
 of a nobler parent, though not without faults himself. He first 
 distinguished himself in a military campaign in France, under 
 Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk. On his return, he was 
 knighted for his gallant conduct, and on the decease of his 
 father-in-law, was created Viscount Lisle. Soon after this, he 
 was invested with the order of the garter, and the office of 
 lord high admiral of England, in which he soon distinguished 
 himself against Holland and France. Such was his position 
 at court that he had some reason to expect, at the death of 
 Henry VIII, that he would be appointed protector during the 
 minority of Edward. In this, however, he was disappointed, 
 that honor being conferred on Somerset. From that time, 
 he and Somerset were mortal enemies. One of the first acts 
 
 9 
 
194 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DUD. 
 
 of Somerset's administration was to displace Dudley from 
 the office of admiral, to make room for his own brother. 
 Dudley resigned, inform, to cover the disgrace of expulsion. 
 He was not, however, entirely without compensation for his 
 loss, as he was appointed grand chamberlain, and received 
 the earldom of Warwick, with a castle and manor, and soon 
 after, was made duke of Northumberland. In the meantime, 
 he rendered some service to the government in the Scotish 
 wars ; but the feeling of disappointment could not be easily 
 overcome ; and he exerted a large share of influence in the 
 fatal fall of Somerset. (See Seymour, Edward, duke of 
 Somerset.) After the fall of Somerset, his fortunes seemed 
 to be in the ascendant. But the untimely death of young 
 Edward suddenly cast a gloom over his prospects. Mary 
 was the heir apparent to the crown ; and as he had openly 
 professed the protestant religion , while she was equally open 
 in her attachment to the Romish church, he had everything 
 to fear, and nothing lo hope, from her accession. In this 
 desperate situation, he resolved on raising a doubt as to the 
 validity of Mary's claim, by agitating the question of her le- 
 gitimacy, she being the daughter of Henry's first wife, 
 Catharine of Arragon, whose marriage with the king had 
 been pronounced invalid. The determination was to urge 
 the claim of Lady Jane Grey, wife of Dudley's son Guil- 
 ford. (See Jane Grey, Lady.) On the entire failure of 
 this scheme, however, he endeavored to make a virtue of 
 necessity; and was among those who shouted, " God save 
 Queen Mary." This, however, could avail him nothing. 
 On the next day, he was placed under arrest, and on the 
 22d of August, 1553, was executed on Tower Hill. 
 
 DUDLEY.— Earl of Warwick. Eldest son of the 
 above, and his successor in the earldom. He was arrested 
 by order of Queen Mary, at the same time with his father, 
 but his life spared. During the life of Mary, we hear but 
 little of him : perhaps he was detained in prison, with his 
 brother Henry. After the accession of Elizabeth, however, 
 he took the command of Havre de Grace, but was besieged 
 by the French. After enduring great hardships, in expecta- 
 tion of relief, he at last consented to capitulate ; but no 
 sooner were the articles signed than Admiral Clinton ap- 
 peared with reinforcements. He had been long detained by 
 contrary winds. It was then too late, however, to make the 
 newly-arrived force of any avail. Soon after this, the plague 
 
DUD.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 195 
 
 broke out in his army, and after a fearful loss of life , he re- 
 turned to England. 
 
 DUDLEY, Lord Guilford.— Fourth son of John Dudley, 
 duke of Northumberland. At the solicitations of his father, 
 he married the Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the marquis of 
 Dorset, who was also created duke of Suffolk. The object 
 was to prevent the accession of the princess, Mary, at the 
 death of her brother, Edward, and to enthrone the Lady 
 Jane. After a short struggle, however, the mind of the 
 nation decided in favor of the claims of Mary, and she 
 was piaced on the throne. Almost immediately on her ac- 
 cession, Lady Jane and her husband were thrown into the 
 tower, and soon after, led to the block, budley was con- 
 ducted to the scaffold a little before his wife, and as he 
 passed her window, received tokens of her love, and encour- 
 agement to meet his death with bravery and christian forti- 
 tude. It is not probable that either of these youthful victims 
 was really to blame for the part they had acted ; though in 
 the ambition of their parents, there was much to censure. 
 
 DUDLEY, Robert. — Earl of Leicester. Another son of 
 John Dudley, duke of Northumberland, and brother to Lord 
 Guilford Dudley. In common with all the family, he was in- 
 volved in the attainder of his father, which, however, was 
 reversed very soon; and he w T as restored to his title and his 
 possessions. In relation to him, Mary seems to have been 
 remarkably forgiving, as she employed him in diplomatic 
 business, regardless of his father's conduct. On the acces- 
 sion of Elizabeth, he rapidly arose in preferment, and re- 
 ceived such marks of favor as were enjoyed by very few. 
 First, he was made master of horse, and soon after was in- 
 stalled knight of the garter. For several years his personal 
 intimacy with the queen was a subject of much scandal ; 
 and, abroad, it was commonly declared that they lived in 
 adultery: — a story, by no means probable- This report, how- 
 ever, received great encouragement by the fact that his wife 
 was never admitted to court; and still more, by her violent 
 death, said to have been by a fall; though by many she- was 
 believed to have been murdered. There seems to be very 
 little doubt that the queen, for many years, seriously contem- 
 plated becoming his wife, but was prevented by the fear of 
 its causing troubles in the nation. In a conversation with 
 Sir James Melvil, she strongly recommended Dudley to her 
 cousin, Mary, queen of Scots, saying that she would herself 
 
196 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DUD. 
 
 have married him, " had she ever been minded to have a 
 husband." He seems to have been greatly pleased at the 
 idea of marrying the Scottish queen, but the "nobility were 
 opposed to him, and lord Darnley became his successful rival. 
 Despairing of ever obtaining the hand of a queen, he pri- 
 vately married lady Douglas, whom, however, he would never 
 openly acknowledge, nor would he acknowledge the son she 
 bore him. He was generally suspected of destroying her 
 by poison, after which he married a third wife, also in pri- 
 vate. Such were his talents and address, and such his influ- 
 ence with Elizabeth, that he filled almost every office which 
 he could have desired, both domestic and foreign; and al- 
 though he often fell under her displeasure by the boldness of 
 his enterprises and the lawlessness of his ambition, he al- 
 ways managed soon to satisfy the angry queen, and restore 
 himself into her good graces. After the dispersion of the 
 Invincible Armada, of Spain, he was appointed lord-lieuten- 
 ant of England and Ireland, which conferred on him author- 
 ity almost absolute. Just at this time, however, he was at- 
 tacked by a violent disease, which soon put an end to his 
 earthly career. Some supposed that he died of poison, ad- 
 ministered by his wife. This, however, is far from certain. 
 
 His talents exceeded, perhaps, those of any other man in 
 his times, bur he was generally regarded as deficient in 
 moral integrity, and mindful only of his own interests. He 
 possessed great personal sanctity, and much zeal for the pro- 
 testant religion ; but few regarded his pretensions with any 
 respect, and he was commonly suspected of using his reli- 
 gion "for a cloak of maliciousness." 
 
 DUDLEY, Lord Henry. — Another son of John Dudley. 
 He, also, was thrown into prison on the accession of Mary, 
 and there detained until after the queen's marriage with 
 Philip, who, in his affectations of popularity, released many 
 of the queen's prisoners; Dudley among them. 
 
 DUDLEY, Lord Ambrose. — Still another son of Nor- 
 thumberland. Being engaged with his father and brothers 
 in the plot for excluding Mary and crowning lady Jane 
 Grey, he was arrested at the same time, and thrown into 
 prison. When the act of attainder against the family was 
 reversed, subsequent to the death of the duke, in favor of 
 Robert Dudley, Ambrose was included and restored to 
 liberty. 
 
 DUDLEY, Sir Andrew.— Brother of John Dudley, duke 
 
DUN.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 197 
 
 of Northumberland. He was arrested by order of queen 
 Mary at the same time with the duke and thrown into prison, 
 but his fate is not certainly known. 
 
 DUFFUS, Lord. — Spoken of by Hume as the person to 
 whom lord Lome's intercepted letter was directed. (See 
 Lome, Lord.) 
 
 DUGDALE. — A witness connected with Oates and 
 Bedloe to testify about the popish plot. He had been stew- 
 ard to Lord Aston, and was a man of more respectable char- 
 acter than the others; though his testimony was about as 
 ridiculous as theirs. The probability is that there was some 
 foundation for the story; but the eagerness of the English 
 people to get at the truth of it caused them to bid so high for 
 testimony as to induce low characters to commit perjury, 
 
 DUMBLAINE, Lord.— Son of the earl of Danby. 
 When arrangements were being made for the invasion of 
 England by the prince of Orange, he made several voyages 
 to Holland, in his own vessel, carrying from many of the 
 nobility of England, tenders of duty to the prince, and even 
 considerable sums of monej^, for the purpose of defraying 
 the expense of the enterprise. 
 
 DUMBARTON, Earl of. — Name not certainly known. 
 We find him engaged, at the head of a strong force, resist- 
 ing the famous insurrection of Argyle, in 1685. (See 
 Lome, lord, earl of Argyle.) 
 
 DUNBAR, Patrick. — Earl of March. One of the nine 
 candidates for the crown of Scotland, at the same time 
 with John Baliol, who, alone was successful. Thirty years 
 after this, he appears in conjunction with Archibald Douglas 
 at the head of a strong force against Edward Baliol, who, 
 supported by several strong English barons, had aspired 
 to the crown. 
 
 DUNBAR, Earl of.— (See Cospatrick.) 
 
 DUNBAR, Earl of.— (See Hume, Sir George.) ► 
 
 DUNCAN, I. — 'King of Scotland. This prince stands but 
 incidentally connected with English history. He married a 
 daughter of the famous Siward, duke of Northumberland, 
 who promptly avenged the death of his son-m-law when 
 slain by the ambitious Macbeth. — '(See Macbeth.) 
 
 DUNDEE, Viscount.— (See Graham, Captain.) 
 
 DUNSMORE, Lord.— One of the sixteen English no- 
 blemen sent by Charles I to treat with the eleven Scotish 
 commissioners, at Rippon, in 1640. From his being em- 
 
198 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [DUN. 
 
 ployed in so responsible a station, we conclude that he was a 
 man of high character. 
 
 DUNSTAN, — Sometimes called St. Bunstan ; the fa- 
 mous abbot of Glastonbury. He was born of noble parents 
 in the west of England, and educated under his uncle Aid- 
 helm, archbishop of Canterbury. He very early betook 
 himself to the ecclesiastical life, and gained some reputation 
 in the court of Edmund. He was, however, represented to 
 that prince as a man of licentious habits ; and finding his 
 prospects seriously injured by these reports, he determined 
 on repairing his indiscretions by running into the opposite 
 extreme. Accordingly he excluded himself from society, 
 and lived in a cell so small that he could neither stand erect 
 nor stretch his limbs during repose. Here, in solitude, he 
 employed himself in devotion and manual labor, and doubt- 
 less, in maturing his plans of ambition for the future. Many 
 reports came from his cell of his conflicts with " the world, 
 the flesh, and the devil." One story extensively circulated 
 and commonly believed in those times, was to the following 
 purport : — On a certain occasion, his Satanic majesty was 
 more importunate than usual, when Dunstan became pro- 
 voked, and taking up a pair of red-hot pincers seized him by 
 the nose and held him until the whole neighborhood resound- 
 ed with his bellowings. This story procured for him a repu- 
 tation which neither true piety nor morality could have done. 
 As soon as he had established the necessary character for 
 sanctity, he again appeared before the world. This time he 
 was eminently successful. Edred, who had then succeeded 
 to the crown, was of a superstitious turn of mind, and readi- 
 ly yielded to his most ridiculous proposals. He was even 
 placed at the head of the treasury, and by his power at 
 court, and his credit with the populace, was able to carry on 
 his boldest enterprises. He was a rigid partizan of the mo- 
 nastic orders, and an active reformer of the ecclesiastical es- 
 tablishments. He first introduced the order of Benedictine 
 monks into England, and after his promotion to the see of 
 Canterbury, enforced clerical celibacy, and compelled many 
 of the English clergy to put away their wives. Doubtless 
 he possessed some virtues, and a very high order of talents, 
 but upon the whole, his life was of that character which must 
 excite the disgust and indignation of all who think upon it 
 in the light of better times. His cruel conduct toward the 
 unhappy Elgiva, (See Elgiva,) were it his only fault, would 
 
EAD.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 199 
 
 be sufficient to render him an object of universal abhorrence. 
 He was first bishop of Worcester, afterward of London, and 
 finally archbishop of Canterbury. After his death, he was 
 canonized as a saint, but his name must ever disgrace the 
 the Roman calendar, (See Edwy.) 
 
 DUTTON, Colt. —Convicted, under the reign of Charles 
 II, of having said that the duke of York, afterward James 
 II, was a popish traitor. For this offense, he was sentenced 
 to pay damages to the amount of one hundred thousand 
 pounds, and to remain in prison until it should be paid. Of 
 the truth of his expression, the world had, soon after, abun- 
 dant evidence. Whether the money was paid, or whether 
 he remained in prison, we are not informed, with certainty. 
 Doubtless, he was released, if found in prison by the prince 
 of Orange. 
 
 DYKEVELT. — An envoy sent into England by the 
 prince of Orange, for the purpose of sounding the various 
 protestant denominations on the subject of his intended in- 
 vasion. He executed his commission with such dexterity 
 that all orders of protestants at once directed their attention 
 towards Holland, as the quarter whence relief was to come 
 for their liberties, and their religion. 
 
 DYMOC, Sir Thomas.— Beheaded by order of Edward 
 IV in consequence of some part which he was supposed to 
 have taken in the great rebellion of Lincolnshire, headed by 
 Sir Robert Wells, in 1470. 
 
 E 
 
 EADBALD. — Sixth king of Kent. He was son and 
 successor of Ethelbert. In consequence of his father's con- 
 version to Christianity, he was educated in that faith, but 
 from an unnatural passion which he had conceived for his 
 mother-in-law, which could not be reconciled to the christian 
 religion, he was led to renounce the faith of his father, and 
 return to idolatry. This led to a general apostacy of his 
 people, and in a few years the labors of Augustine seemed 
 entirely to have perished, insomuch that the bishops of Lon- 
 don and Rochester, who had been consecrated soon after the 
 establishment of the mission, abandoned the enterprise and 
 returned to the continent. Laurentius, however, the suc- 
 cessor of Augustine, determined upon a desperate effort to 
 restore the apostate monarch, and by a stratagem unworthy 
 
200 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EAN. 
 
 of the dignity of the christian religion, succeeded in so work- 
 ing upon his superstitions as to induce him to divorce his 
 mother-in-law and return to the profession of Christianity. In 
 this, as in his apostacy, he was followed by all his people, and 
 thus, Christianity was preserved among the Saxons. (See 
 Augustine.) Eadbald never reached anything of the great- 
 ness of his father. He died in the year 640, after a reign 
 of twenty-five years, in which nothing remarkable appears, 
 except his apostacy and restoration, as above given. 
 
 EADBERT.—The eleventh king of Northumberland. 
 He was a cousin german to Ethel wulph, his immediate 
 predecessor. After a reign of 21 years he abdicated the 
 crown, and retired into a monastery. 
 
 EADBERT.— The twelfth king of Kent. He was of the 
 blood royal, and in all probability, a son of Widred, his pre- 
 decessor. He seems to have reigned conjointly with Ethel- 
 bert, a relation of his. The history of Kent, just at this 
 period, is very uncertain. The length of his reign is not 
 known. 
 
 EADBURGA. — The wife of Brithric, seventeenth king 
 of Wessex. She was a natural daughter of Offa, king of 
 Mercia, and was infamous alike for her cruelty and inconti- 
 nence. She had, nevertheless, much influence with her hus- 
 band, whom she accidentally poisoned in an attempt to de- 
 stroy a young nobleman of whose influence at court she was 
 jealous. (See Brithric.) This tragical deed, joined to her 
 generally bad character, made her an object of universal 
 hatred, and she was forced to seek refuge in France. 
 
 EALHER. — A governor of Kent under the reign of 
 Ethelwolf. He was killed in a battle with the Danes. 
 
 EANFRID.— A son of Ethilfrid, first king of Nor- 
 thumberland. Ethilfrid had three sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, 
 and Oswy, all of whom were carried into Scotland at the 
 time of his death. This, their exile, was doubtless intended 
 by Edwin as a precautionary measure against any trouble 
 which might arise from their interest in the crown of Ber- 
 nieia. They remained in exile during his life, but immedi- 
 ately after his death, returned, and Eanfrid, the elder, took 
 possession of Bernicia, his paternal kingdom, while Osric, 
 a cousin german of Edwin, took possession of Deiri, the in- 
 heritance of his family, but to which the sons of Edwin had 
 a preferable title. Thus the kingdom of Northumberland 
 was dismembered and resolved into the kingdoms of Berni- 
 
EDE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 201 
 
 cia and Deiri, as at first. Eanfrid became a notorious 
 idolater and caused all his subjects to relapse into paganism. 
 He perished by the treachery of Caedvvaller the Briton. 
 
 EANFRID. — The second son of Edwin of Northum- 
 berland. After the death of his father and elder brother, 
 (See Osfrid,) Eanfrid fled to Penda, king of Mercia, for 
 protection against his uncle Osric, who had usurped the 
 throne of Deiri; but Penda, instead of protecting the help- 
 less youth and assisting him to recover the crown which 
 Osric had wrested from him, caused him to be treacherous- 
 ly slain. 
 
 EARL, Sir Walter.— One of five gentlemen who were 
 committed to prison by Charles I, in 1626, for refusing to 
 loan money to the crown, or for encouraging others to refuse. 
 With the other four, he disdained to ask for his releasement 
 or bail, as a favor, but boldly demanded it as his right, under 
 the laws of England. This was a most important case, and 
 one in which the prerogatives of the crown and the liberty 
 of subjects was involved. 
 
 EARPWOLD.— The fourth king of East Anglia. He 
 is sometimes called Erpinwald. He was son and successor 
 of Redwald, who was murdered by his own subjects. After 
 putting Redwald to death, the East Angles tendered the 
 crown to Edwin, king of Northumberland, who had been de- 
 pendent on the generosity of Redwald for his throne. He 
 rejected the offer with disdain, and forced them to acknowl- 
 edge the authority of Earpwold as their rightful prince. He 
 seems to have been dependent on Edwin during the greatest 
 part of his life, and the influence of that prince is supposed 
 to have led to his conversion to Christianity, from which, 
 however, he soon apostatized under the evil influence of his 
 wife, who was still an idolatress. He is said to have come 
 to a violent death in the year 636, after a reign of 12 years. 
 
 EATA. — A son of Eoppa, and father of Alchmond, 
 whose "noble race" brought all England under one sceptre. 
 (See Egbert, son of Alchmond, and first king of all Eng- 
 land. ) 
 
 EAWA. — A brother to Penda the fourth king of Mercia. 
 He became an ancestor of Offa, the eleventh of the Mercian 
 princes. 
 
 EBISSA. Son of Octa, the Saxon general who came 
 into Britain soon after Hengist and Horsa. (See Octa.) 
 
 EDELHUN.— A general of Wessex under the reign of 
 
 9* 
 
202 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EDG. 
 
 Cudred. He appears in history only as the commander of 
 the forces of Cudred in a great victory which he achieved 
 over Ethelbald, king- of Mercia. 
 
 EDGAR ATHELING.— < The only son of Edward, 
 the youngest son of Edmond Ironside. It will be borne in 
 mind that the two sons of Ironside were sent by Canute to 
 the king of Sweden, with a request that he would destroy 
 them, but that they were thence sent to Solomon, of Hun- 
 gary, by whom they were reared up to manhood, and that 
 Edward was afterward called by Edward the Confessor to 
 succeed him on the throne, but died a few days after his 
 arrival in England. He left an only son, Edgar Atheling, 
 who was the only remaining heir of the Saxon line, and 
 would most probably, have succeeded the Confessor, but for 
 his tender age, which disqualified him for resisting the am- 
 bitious schemes of Harold. For this reason, it is thought the 
 royal will was made in favor of the duke of Normandy, in 
 preference to him. His claim, however, was urged, and he 
 was even proclaimed king byStigund, the primate, but chose 
 to make his submissions to the Conqueror, from whom he 
 received good treatment, and even accompanied him into 
 Normandy, as a favorite. At one time, however, he became 
 alarmed, and fled, with his sister, into Scotland, but after- 
 ward returned, and made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After 
 this, a pension was settled upon him, and he lived in retire- 
 ment to a good old age. 
 
 EDGAR. — The twelfth king of England. He was first 
 called to the throne (956) in a rebellion led by the monks 
 against his brother Edwy. (See Edwy.) His jurisdiction, 
 however, was confined to Mercia, Northumberland, and East 
 Anglia, until his brother's death, which took place in 959, 
 when he became sole monarch. As he was indebted to 
 monastic influence for his elevation to the throne, he united 
 with the monks in nearly all their schemes; and the famous St. 
 Dunstan is said to have had as much to do in the administra- 
 tion of the government as had the king himself. His reign 
 was certainly characterized by much ability. His military 
 and naval establishments were such as to repel the foreign 
 Danes, and to control the domestic ones ; and the princes of 
 Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Isle of Man, and the Orkneys, 
 were forced to pay submission to him. The monks, who 
 were his supporters while living, and his panegyrists when 
 dead, have handed down his character to us as absolutely 
 
EDI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 203 
 
 perfect in all the virtues which adorn the christian name. It 
 can no longer be questioned, however, that his main virtue 
 consisted in his opposition to the secular clergy, and his con- 
 stant devotion to the monks, while his private character out- 
 raged every law of God and man. The most shameless 
 licentiousness of which human nature is capable was passed 
 over by those ecclesiastics as venial sins. (See the articles 
 Editha, Elfleda, and Athelwold.) The circumstances con- 
 nected with his second marriage were as singular as they 
 were criminal. (See Elfrida. ) It was this prince who ex- 
 terminated wolves from England by levying an annual 
 tribute of three hundred wolf-heads on the princes of Wales, 
 He died July 1st, 975, after a fortunate reign of sixteen 
 years. 
 
 EDGAR. — A king of Scotland — who was contempora- 
 neous with William Rufus and Henry II. He stands con- 
 nected with the Saxon dynasty of England, being a son of 
 Margaret, who was sister to Edgar Atheling, and wife to 
 Malcolm Kenmore. It was one of the good acts in the li*e 
 of William Rufus, to establish him on the throne of his fa- 
 ther, which had been usurped by Donald VII, His history 
 belongs to Scotland, and. therefore need not be pursued in the 
 present work. 
 
 EDITHA.-- The wife of Edward the Confessor, and 
 daughter of Earl Godwin. Godwin's consent to the corona- 
 tion of Edward was made to depend on a promise that he 
 would marry his daughter. The marriage was an unhappy 
 one, as the animosity which Edward bore toward the father 
 was, in some degree, transferred to the daughter; and not- 
 withstanding her many charms, she could never gain the 
 confidence and affection of her husband. At the time of 
 Godwin's rebellion, when he was forced to fly into Flanders, 
 Editha was shut up in a monastery at Warewel. 
 
 EDITHA. — A sister of king Athelstan, whom he married 
 to Sithric, his viceroy in Northumberland, for the purpose of 
 engaging him in his own interests. — (See Athelstan.) 
 
 EDITHA. — A nun who was violently taken from a con- 
 vent and her chastity violated by king Edgar. For this in- 
 famous deed the hypocritical Edgar, who, with the monks 
 that formed his character and manners, was ever inveighing 
 against the lasciviousness of the secular clergy, because of 
 their marriages, was reprimanded by Dunstan, his spiritual 
 
204 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EDM. 
 
 guide, and required to leave off wearing his crown for seven 
 years, as a penance. 
 
 EDMOND IRONSIDE.— The sixteenth king of Eng- 
 land. He was the eldest son of Ethelred, and came to the 
 throne immediately after the death of his father. He took 
 the distinction of Ironside from his courage and his hardy 
 valor. The entire English nation did not unite upon him, a 
 large part of the nobility being in favor of Canute the son 
 of Sweyn. He was crowned at Kingston, upon Thames, 
 and almost at the same time, Canute was crowned at South- 
 ampton. Both princes contended for supremacy, and each 
 one declared the other a usurper. After many serious en- 
 gagements which did not result in any decided victory, the 
 nobility interposed and obliged them to compromise. Ac- 
 cordingly the kingdom was divided between them, Canute 
 taking the northern division including Mercia, East Angiia, 
 and Northumberland, while Edmond retained the southern 
 part of the island. Edmond survived the treaty only one 
 month. The perfidious Edric was still active, (See Edric. ) 
 Not content with the mischief he had done to the English 
 at the time of his desertion and by active service in com- 
 mand of the Danish forces, he deserted back to Edmond and 
 obtained such a command as enabled him to betray a large 
 part of the English army into the hands of their enemies ; 
 and last of all, prevailed on two of the chamberlains of Ed- 
 mond to assassinate him. Edmond was murdered at Oxford 
 on the 30th of November, 1016, seven months after his cor- 
 nation. 
 
 EDMOND. — Earl of Lancaster, and second son of Hen- 
 ry III. He fills but little space in history, although at one 
 time, he had almost come in possession of the crown of Sic- 
 ily, which the pope had pretended to dispose of as superior 
 lord of that particular kingdom, and also as vicar of Christ, 
 to whom all the kingdoms of the earth were in subjection. 
 This dream, however, after it had cost the nation a vast 
 amount of treasure, was abandoned, and Henry saw his 
 son only in the earldom of Lancaster. After the death of 
 his father, Edward rendered good service to his brother, Ed- 
 ward I, and at last died at Bayonne on a military expedi- 
 tion against the French. 
 
 EDMOND.— A son of Prince Richard, king of Rome. 
 It is probable that he died very young, though not until he 
 had come to be known as earl of Cornwall, We learn that 
 
EDM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 205 
 
 after his death, the earldom escheated to the crown, and was 
 soon after conferred on Piers Gaveston, the Gascon favorite 
 in the court of Edward II. 
 
 EDMOND. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the reign 
 of Henry III. He was raised to the primacy in 1231, on 
 the death of Richard. The canons had elected Ralph de 
 Neville, but the pope refused to confirm the election. He 
 also rejected two others successively chosen, and then in- 
 formed them that if they would elect Edmond, he would con- 
 firm the election. He was a man well calculated to carry 
 out the designs of the papal court. He boldly charged the 
 king, immediately after his consecration, with having violated 
 the great charter, called upon him to dismiss his foreign fa- 
 vorite, and menaced him with excommunication in case of 
 refusal. The effect was all he could desire ; the foreigners 
 were dismissed, and the primate obtained so much ascend- 
 ency as to see to the administration of justice himself, and 
 to bear the chief sway in the government. He is said to 
 have been a man of great prudence and wisdom. 
 
 EDMOND. — One of the three sons of Harold, who, after 
 their father's defeat and death at Hastings, retired into Ire- 
 land, whence they soon after returned with forces which they 
 had collected, on that island, and landing at Devonshire, at- 
 tempted an invasion of England; but being defeated in 
 several actions by Brian, son of the count of Brittany, were 
 forced to return. After this, little is known of them. 
 
 EDMONDES. — A gentleman frequently employed by 
 Queen Elizabeth as envoy to France and Spain. Under the 
 reign of James I, he was resident minister at Brussels. We 
 know but little of him, but judging from the service in which 
 he was engaged, we should naturally conclude that he was 
 a man of decided abilities and statesmanship. 
 
 EDMUND. — A prince of East Anglia, whom Mr. Hume 
 dignifies with the title of king. Many petty princes bore 
 the royal title long after Egbert had united the states of the 
 Heptarchy under his own government. It was wise policy 
 in that prince not to strip the states of all show of independ- 
 ence at once: he allowed them still to have their own kings, 
 but those kings were his vassals. Edmund was one of these. 
 Soon after the accession of Ethered, the fifth king of all Eng- 
 land, the Danes landed in great numbers among the East 
 Angles, who being more anxious for their present safety 
 than for the common interest of the country, consented to 
 
206 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EDM. 
 
 furnish them with horses and other means for carrying on 
 their depredations in the interior of the country. After a 
 few months, however, they returned and made war upon 
 them, defeated them in some engagements, and took Ed- 
 mund, their king, and soon after barbarously murdered 
 him. [870.] 
 
 EDMUND.— The ninth king of England. He was a 
 legitimate son of Edward the elder, and immediate succes- 
 sor to Athelstan, his illegitimate brother, at whose death, in 
 941, he came to the throne. The early part of his reign 
 was greatly troubled by the restlessness of the Northum- 
 brians, who had long awaited an opportunity of breaking out 
 into open rebellion. But at the moment when they, de- 
 spising his youth, thought a favorable time had come for car- 
 rying out their rebellious plans, he suddenly marched among 
 them with a force sufficient to compel respect and bring them, 
 at once, to terms. The Danes, who at that time made up 
 the greatest part of the population of Northumberland, con- 
 sented to embrace Christianity as a pledge of their devotion 
 to his cause, and to perform any kind of service to convince 
 him of the sincerity of their professions. During his reign 
 the spirit of the English Danes seemed to be tamed. He 
 also wrested Cumberland from the Britons, and conferred it 
 on Malcolm, king of Scotland, with the condition that he 
 should henceforth protect the north from the incursions of the 
 Danes. Edmund came to an early and violent death. 
 While solemnizing a festival in Gloucester, one day, he saw 
 in the dining-room a notorious robber named Scolf, whom he 
 had recently sentenced to banishment. Enraged at his 
 boldness, he ordered him to leave the room. On his refusing 
 to obey, the king leaped upon him and caught him by the 
 hair, when the robber drew his dagger and inflicted a blow, 
 of which he instantly expired. [946.] 
 
 EDMUND.— Earl of Kent. Son of Edward I, and half 
 brother to Edward II, being the youngest son of Edward by 
 his second wife, Margaret, of France. He is said to have 
 been a virtuous, but weak, man, and was even persuaded, 
 while residing in France, to favor the conspiracy of Morti- 
 mer against his brother. After taking an active part in the 
 war which resulted in the deposition and murder of the king, 
 he became an object of great jealousy with Mortimer, who 
 contrived a mode of destroying him. Mortimer, whispered 
 to him that his brother Edward was not dead, as was gener- 
 
EDM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 207 
 
 ally supposed, but confined in some of the prisons of Eng- 
 land. Stung by remorse for the part which he had acted 
 against a brother, he at once resolved on an effort to restore 
 him. It seems quite evident that he had never intended in- 
 jury to Edward, but barely, as Mortimer had declared to be 
 his purpose, the expulsion from court of the royal favorites, 
 the Spensers. As soon as he had proceeded far enough in 
 his praiseworthy purpose of restoring his brother, (then long 
 dead,) Mortimer caused him to be seized and tried for trea- 
 son against the crown, alleging that any effort to place an- 
 other man on the throne was treason against the king, Ed- 
 ward III. He was condemned to lose his head; but when 
 the day of execution arrived, such was the general symyathy 
 in his behalf, that an executioner could not be obtained until 
 almost dark. His sad fate excited the pity of all England. 
 
 EDMUND.— Earl of Cambridge and duke of York. 
 He was the fourth son of Edward III, and hence brother to 
 the Black Prince, whose son, Richard II, inherited the crown 
 by regular succession when only eleven years old. He re- 
 mained firmly attached to the king, and when his elder 
 brother, the duke of Gloucester, became a dangerous rival 
 to the crown, readily concurred with Richard in his expulsion 
 from England. When Richard determined on going to Ire- 
 land, he left Edmund guardian of the realm in his absence, 
 a place to which he was entitled by his birth, but which he 
 was little capable of filling, being indolent and of slender 
 capacity. Soon after the king's departure, the duke of Lan- 
 caster presented himself before London at the head of sixty 
 thousand men, ostensibly to demand the duchy of Lancaster 
 which had been taken away from him, but with the secret 
 purpose of seizing the crown. Edmond sounded the clarion 
 of war, and was soon at the head of a strong force, but be- 
 ing prevailed on to hearken to a message from Lancaster, 
 he immediately changed his mind and embraced the views 
 and interests of the usurper. This was the commencement 
 of the famous York and Lancaster war ; and on the name 
 of Edmund rests the infamy of having given the first im- 
 pulse to the success of the duke of Lancaster. There is, 
 however, one apology for his conduct : — he did not, at first, 
 understand that Lancaster had aspirations to the crown; this 
 being disavowed on oath. 
 
 EDMUND.— The eldest son of Alfred the great. He 
 
208 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [eDR. 
 
 died in his father's lifetime, and hence never came to the 
 throne. 
 
 EDRED. — The tenth king of England. He was the 
 third son of Edward the elder who sat on the throne of Eng- 
 land. On coming to the throne, he found the Northumbrian 
 Danes in no better subjection than they had been at the ac- 
 cession of his brother Edmuud. After all their promises and 
 oaths of fealty, it was manifest that they had never been en- 
 tirely subdued, nor paid a sincere allegiance to the crown of 
 England. From this quarter Edred suffered much trouble 
 and vexation. After going into Northumberland with an 
 army sufficient to force respect for his authority, he appoint- 
 ed an English governor and established English garrisons in 
 all the considerable towns, which had a good effect. Edred, 
 though not wholly unfit for active life, nor destitute of talents, 
 was the slave of superstition, and almost entirely under the 
 dominion of the priesthood. Under his reign, the number 
 of monasteries was increased, and the new order of Bene- 
 dictines appeared. The papal authority also increased to an 
 alarming extent, and the celibacy of the clergy began to be 
 enforced. It was under this prince that the famous St. Dvn- 
 stan rose to his greatest height of power, and became really 
 the administrator of the government. Edred died in 955, 
 after a reign of nine years. 
 
 EDRIC. — The tenth king of Kent. He was son of Eg 
 bert, but not strictly his immediate successor : for on the 
 death of Egbert, Lathaire, his brother, took possession of the 
 throne, whereupon the young Edric applied to Edilwach, the 
 neighboring king of Sussex, who flew to his assistance, and 
 in a battle that was fought soon after, Lothaire was slain 
 and Edric restored to the kingdom. Edric reigned two years, 
 and died in 686. 
 
 EDRIC. — First known as the earl of Wilts, and after- 
 terward as duke of Mercia. Little is known of him be- 
 fore his promotion to the government of Mercia, except the 
 part m which he acted in the murder, — for so it must be call- 
 ed—of Ganilda, sister to Sweyn and wife of Earl Paling. 
 He married the daughter of king Ethelred, and acquired a 
 total ascendency over him. He not only governed Mercia, 
 but acquired the chief command of the English armies. Thus 
 elevated to the high places of power, he became one of the 
 worst traitors that ever disgraced the name of England, not 
 excepting the infamous Alfric whom he succeeded. — (See 
 
EDW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 209 
 
 Alfric. ) When a strong navy had been gotten ready to op- 
 pose the Danes, he forced his brother Brightric to prefer an 
 accusation of treason against Wolf north, the governor of Sus- 
 sex. This forced Wolf north to seek safety by desertion to the 
 Danes with twenty ships. Brightric pursued him with a fleet 
 of eighty sail, but being stranded in a gale, Wolfnorth turned 
 upon him and burnt and destroyed all his vessels. Thus every 
 plan of future defence was frustrated, and England left at 
 the mercy of the Danes. Not long after Ethelred's recall 
 from Normandy, Edric allured Sigefert and Morcar, two 
 of the chief nobles of Mercia, into his house, and there 
 treacherously murdered them. Ethelred participated in the 
 infamy by confiscating their estates and thrusting the widow 
 of Sigefert into a convent, whence she was afterward taken 
 to become the wife of prince Edmond, the king's eldest son. 
 Edric was still in command of the forces, assisted by prince 
 Edmond, and labored to get that prince into his power, until, 
 despairing of success, he found means to disperse the army, 
 and then openly deserted to the Danes with forty vessels, and 
 afterward became the open enemy of the English. After 
 this, he deserted from the Danes to Edmund Ironside, by 
 which he succeeded in betraying a large part of the English 
 nobility into the hands of the Danes. Some time after the 
 establishment of Canute, the Dane, on the throne of England, 
 Edric had the assurance to remind him of the importance 
 of his services, and to ascribe much of Canute's success to 
 his desertion of the English. Upon this the powerful Can- 
 ute ordered him to be executed, and his body thrown into the 
 Thames ; a suitable reward for his multiplied acts of perfidy 
 to his own country. 
 
 EDRIC, the Forrester. — An English nobleman who long 
 distinguished himself by his opposition to William the Con- 
 queror. He did not attend the ceremony of his coronation, 
 though he came in soon after and tendered his allegiance, 
 but afterward became so exasperated at the insolence of the 
 Normans and the usurpations of William, that he formed an 
 alliance with the Welch and undertook to resist their en- 
 croachments. He was, however, compelled to submit, and 
 not only received the royal pardon, but was promoted in the 
 government. He was grand-nephew to Edric the traitor. 
 
 EDWARD, the Elder.— The seventh king of England. 
 He was the second son, and the successor, of Alfred the 
 Great — his elder brother, Edmund dying in his father's life- 
 
210 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ["eDW. 
 
 time. He is called the Elder, because he was the first of 
 six English monarchs of that name. Edward possessed 
 strong military talents ; though as a statesman and scholar, 
 he was greatly inferior to his father. His title to the throne 
 was disputed by Ethel wald, his cousin german, son of king 
 Ethelbert. Ethel wald succeeded in uniting in his interests 
 all the unsettled elements of the kingdom, The warlike 
 Northumbrians, who had lately been awed into subjection by 
 the powerful talents of Alfred, declared for him. The ro- 
 ving tribes of Danes still in the kingdom, as well as many 
 from the continent, united in his cause, and the Danish col- 
 onies in Mercia and East Anglia were mustered under his 
 banner. After several actions Ethelwald was slain in an 
 engagement with a party of Edward's men, who remained 
 in East Anglia for purposes of plunder, after he had marched 
 the main body of his troops out of that district. This diso- 
 bedience to his 'orders was fortunate for Edward, as it freed 
 him from a dangerous rival, and enabled him afterwards to 
 manage the stormy elements of his kingdom. His whole 
 reign was one scene of continued, but successful, wars 
 against the Northumbrians, East Angles, native Britons, 
 and the domestic and foreign Danes. He died, according to 
 the Saxon chronicles, in 925. 
 
 EDWARD, the Martyr.— The thirteenth king of Eng- 
 land. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father 
 Edgar in 975, — not, however, without opposition. His 
 step-mother, Elfrida, was ambitious for the promotion of 
 her own son, Ethelred, who was then but seven years old. 
 But Edward was supported by the will of his father and by 
 the principal nobility, who dreaded the imperious temper of 
 Elfrida, as she would most probably become regent during the 
 minority of her son, in case of his promotion. Moreover, 
 Dunstan, who had then become archbishop of Canterbury, 
 espoused the cause of Edward, and resolutely anointed and 
 crowned him at Kingston. This put an end to all contro- 
 versy, and the whole kingdom at once submitted to his au- 
 thority. Being indebted to Dunstan for his crown, he, of 
 course, espoused the cause of the monks. His reign is not 
 marked by anything brilliant. His death was tragical. 
 While hunting, one day, he was led by the chase near to 
 Corfe Castle, the residence of Elfrida, his step-mother, 
 when he called to see her, as had been his custom ever 
 since the death of his father, notwithstanding he knew her 
 
EDW,1 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 211 
 
 to be his enemy. After spending some time in conversation, 
 he mounted his horse to start, but at that moment called for 
 some liquor to be brought to him: As he drank this, a ser- 
 vant of Elfrida's approached him behind and gave him a fa- 
 tal stab. He instantly put spurs to his horse, but soon be- 
 coming faint from loss of blood, fell from his saddle and was 
 dragged by the stirrup until he expired. He was tracked by 
 the blood, and his body found, and privately buried at Were- 
 ham. His youth and innocence, together with his devotion 
 to the monks, procured him the distinction of Martyr. Thus 
 perished Edward on the 18th of March, 979, at the age of 
 twenty, after a reign of four years. 
 
 EDWARD, the Confessor.— The twentieth king of Eng- 
 land. He was the son of king Ethelred, by Emma, his 
 Norman wife. At the time of his father's fall, when Sweyn, 
 the Dane, forced himself into the government, Edward and 
 his brother Alfred retired, with their mother, into Norman- 
 dy, where they lived under the protection of their uncle, 
 Richard II, then duke of Normandy. After the death of 
 their father, Emma became the wife of Canute, the son of 
 Sweyn, and thereby the mother of Hardicanute, the imme- 
 diate predecessor of Edward. When the kingdom was di- 
 vided between Harold Harefoot and Hardicanute, who was 
 then absent, exercising the functions of king of Denmark, 
 Emma, by common consent, became his viceroy and estab- 
 lished her authority at Winchester over his dominions in 
 England. While here her two sons, Edward and Alfred, 
 made her a visit, with a numerous retinue. This excited the 
 fears of Harold lest they might have intentions upon the 
 throne which might at least prevent the succession being con- 
 tinued in his own family. So a plot was devised for their 
 destruction. Alfred was basely murdered. (See Alfred..) 
 Edward, sensible of his danger, fled into Normandy, while 
 Emma, his mother, resigned the honors of royalty and sought 
 refuge in Flanders, leaving the whole of England to Harold. 
 After the death of Harold and the establishment of Hardi- 
 canute on the throne of England, Edward was recalled from 
 Normandy and hospitably entertained at the court of his 
 brother, and after the death of Hardicanute, succeeded to 
 the throne. By this, the Danish dynasty was extinguished; 
 and while he was the last Saxon prince, he was also the first 
 Norman, being the son of a Norman mother. During his 
 life, England suffered but little from the foreign Danes, 
 
212 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EDW. 
 
 while the domestic ones so entirely acquiesced in his promo- 
 tion that the distinction between Englishmen and Danes was 
 almost entirely lost sight of. But England was not free from 
 foreign influences. Although the Danish sceptre was bro- 
 ken, another, not less powerful, was already uplifted. Ed- 
 ward's connection with Normandy, by his mother, together 
 with his Norman education, had made him wholly Norman, 
 in all his tastes and feelings. The court of England was 
 soon filled with Normans. Their language, which was 
 French, became general, and was entirely the language of 
 the court. Norman priests were promoted to the highest 
 ecclesiastical preferments of England, and the whole nation 
 was influenced by his partiality. This led to the civil war 
 of Earl Godwin, the effect of which was greatly to reduce 
 his authority, and give to that nobleman a powerful ascend- 
 ency in the affairs of the nation. (See Godwin.) Toward 
 the latter part of his life, he showed a disposition to preserve 
 the Saxon dynasty, and accordingly called home, from Hun- 
 gary, the long-exiled Edward, (son of his elder brother, 
 Edmond Ironside,) who had been expelled by Canute. This 
 was the last hope of the Saxon line; the now aged confessor 
 being childless. Edward returned, with his family, but died 
 a few days after his arrival; and having no son old enough 
 to assume the government, the king made his last will and 
 testament in favor of his relation, William, duke of Nor- 
 mandy, who 4 afterward became the conqueror. Edward's 
 reign is distinguished by the justice of his laws. He died 
 January 5, 1066, in the sixty-fifth year of his age and the 
 twenty -fifth of his reign. 
 
 EDWARD. — A duke of Mercia under the reign of Ed- 
 ward the confessor. He was a son of Algar, the duke of 
 East Anglia, who was expelled through the intrigues of 
 Harold, previous to his accession to the throne. (See Algar.) 
 
 EDWARD. — The younger of the two sons of Edmond 
 Ironside. They were sent, by Canute, to the king of Swe- 
 den, to be destroyed, Canute fearing to despatch them at 
 home, lest it might inflame the Saxon spirit of the nation. 
 The task imposed on the Swedish king was more, however, 
 than his conscience would allow him to perform. So he sent 
 them to Solomon, king of Hungary, to be brought up in this 
 court. (See Edwin.) Edward married Agatha, sister-in- 
 law to Solomon, and daughter to the emperor, Henry II. 
 By this marriage he had three children, Edgar, surnamed 
 
EDW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 213 
 
 Atheling, Margaret, afterward queen of Scotland, and Chris- 
 tina. He was clearly entitled to the throne of England at the 
 time of the accession of Edward the confessor, and was ex- 
 cluded only in consequence of his absence in Hungary. As 
 this prince, (the confessor,) drew near his end, being child- 
 less, he appointed Edward his successor; and with his three 
 children he came from Hungary, but died only a few days 
 after his arrival. After this, the will of the fast declining 
 Edward was changed in favor of William, the duke of Nor- 
 mandy, who is since known as tne conqueror. 
 
 EDWARD I.— Succeeded his father, Henry III, in 1272. 
 His first great enterprise was the conquest of Wales, which, 
 although nominally a part of England, had never been en- 
 tirely reduced. Secure in their mountain fastnesses, they 
 had still preserved their manners, language, laws, and reli- 
 gion, even under the Roman, Saxon, and Norman conquests. 
 Edward reduced them, and that their nationality might be 
 forever crushed, he even caused their bards, who, it was 
 feared, might still perpetuate the spirit of their fathers, to be 
 cruelly murdered. Soon after this, on a vacancy occurring 
 in the Scottish throne, and several aspirants urging their 
 claims, Edward was chosen umpire. He settled the crown 
 on John Baliol, taking care to have himself acknowledged 
 liege lord of Scotland, and requiring Baliol to hold his crown 
 in vassalage to England. Baliol proved a refractory vassal, 
 which caused Edward to invade Scotland with a powerful 
 army. The Scottish king was made prisoner and carried to 
 England, whence he never returned to his native country. 
 Edward was, at the same time, embroiled in war with Scot- 
 land and on the continent, which caused him much anxiety, 
 and gave great dissatisfaction among his subjects, who called 
 loudly for the benefits of the act of magna charta, which 
 had been secured to them under the reign of King John. 
 For the purpose of quieting the people, he is said to have 
 distinctly ratified this treaty eleven times in the course of his 
 reign. Hence under this reign the constitution of England 
 was greatly advanced by concessions from the crown. The 
 houss of commons, which had been organized in the latter 
 part of the former reign, was fully established under this, 
 and a law passed and ratified by the crown, that no tax, or 
 impost, should be levied on the people without the consent of 
 both houses of parliament. Edward was an able and enter- 
 prising prince, and contributed much to the renown which 
 
214 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |*EDW. 
 
 England has ever since enjoyed. He died in 1307, after a 
 reign of thirty-five years, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Edward II. 
 
 EDWARD II. — In many respects he was the very oppo- 
 site of his father, being weak, indolent, and capricious; but 
 of humane and benevolent affections. His first and chief 
 trouble arose from the partiality which he discovered for un- 
 deserving favorites. Piers Gaveston, a man of little merit, 
 obtained the honor of his entire confidence, and received the 
 appointment of regent during the absence of the king at 
 Paris, at the time of his marriage. At this the barons were 
 so disgusted, that they compelled the servile king to delegate 
 all his authority to certain commissioners whom they named, 
 and to deliver Gaveston over to them. Soon after this he 
 found new favorites in the Despensers, [Spencers,] who 
 were not less offensive than Gaveston had been; and like 
 him they were publicly beheaded. After an unsuccessful 
 war with Scotland, his queen, Isabella, a vicious and adul- 
 trous woman, went to France and obtained of her brother, 
 Charles IV, an army, by which she invaded England, de- 
 throned her husband, and after forcing his resignation, had 
 his eldest son, Edward III, proclaimed king in his stead. 
 The prostrate monarch was kept in close confinement until 
 his keepers were induced to destroy him. They threw him 
 on a bed, held him down by a table, thrown on him, and 
 thrust a red-hot iron up his fundament, through a horn, for 
 the purpose of concealing any outward marks of violence, 
 and thus consumed his bowels. 
 
 EDWARD III. — In 1327, this prince was crowned king 
 of England. At that time, he was but fourteen years old. 
 His father, Edward II, had been deposed by the machina- 
 tions of his adulterous queen, Isabella, assisted by her para- 
 mour, Roger Mortimer, and some of the other barons, and 
 young Edward, without any ambitious schemes of his own, 
 raised to the throne. A council of regency was appointed, 
 and the earl of Lancaster was nominated guardian of the 
 young king, while Mortimer really administered the gov- 
 ernment, although he was not even a member of the coun- 
 cil. Edward soon became indignant at the usurpations of 
 this nobleman, who now lived in the most open and shame- 
 less adultery with the queen dowager, and entered into a 
 conspiracy with his council to throw him off. (See Morti- 
 mer, Roger.) Being now eighteen years old, Edward as- 
 
IDW.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. £15 
 
 sumed the government himself. He showed himself a se- 
 vere administrator of justice, and soon restored the kingdom 
 to tranquillity. His attention was then turned to Scotland. 
 Edward Baliol had been deprived of the throne of his father. 
 Edward, (of England,) marched against the Scots, and 
 in an engagement at Hallidown-hill, defeated them, and 
 placed Baliol on the throne, as his own vassal. This 
 field, however, was quite too small for his aspiring ge- 
 nius. He next set up a claim on the. crown of France, and 
 proceeded to the continent. After much discouragement, as- 
 sisted by his son, the Black Prince, he at length entirely de- 
 feated the French at the battle of Cressy, on the 26th of Au- 
 gust, 1348. The English are said first to have used artillery 
 in this battle. In the mean time, the Scots threw off Baliol, 
 and even invaded England, but were defeated at the battle 
 of Durham by the heroic queen Philippa, who had remained 
 at home while her husband was performing prodigies of 
 valor abroad. Soon after the truce of Cressy, Philip, the 
 French king, died, and was succeeded by his son John, who 
 took the field for the purpose of regaining the reputation of 
 the French arms. He was defeated by the Black Prince, 
 and carried a prisoner to London. The controversy was ad- 
 justed not fully to Edward's satisfaction, but on terms highly 
 advantageous to England. In the latter part of his life, 
 however, he lost all which he had gained by this advantage. 
 A few years after" this, he suffered a sad bereavement in the 
 death of the Black Prince, which he did not long survive. 
 He died in 1377, in the sixty-fifth year of his age, and the 
 fifty-first of his reign. Edward was one of the greatest 
 princes of his times. 
 
 EDWARD I V. — First king of the house of York, being 
 a son of Richard, duke of York. The three Henrys, viz : 
 fourth, fifth and sixth, of the Lancaster princes, had un- 
 justly filled the throne of England for sixty years, and much 
 noble blood had been shed, when victory decided in favor of 
 justice, and Edward was raised to the throne of his fathers, 
 of which he was the only heir, by regular descent. His father 
 Richard, who had already been declared king, was defeated 
 and slain, in the battle of Wakefield. This however, gave 
 a decided impulse to the York cause, as Edward immedi- 
 ately succeeded him, and at the head of a powerful army, 
 entered London amidst the shouts of the citizens, and was 
 proclaimed king. He was not permitted, however, to enjoy 
 
216 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [%D 
 
 W 
 
 the crown in peace. The heroic Margaret, queen of the 
 unfortunate Henry VI, soon collected an army of 60,000 
 men, but was defeated by Edward and the earl of Warwick, 
 in the battle of Towton, when Henry was taken prisoner 
 and confined in the tower. Not long after this, however, 
 Edward gave mortal offense to Warwick, who had been his 
 chief support, and to whom he was wholly indebted for his 
 crown. Warwick abandoned him, and gave his support to 
 the Lancastrians. By this nobleman's influence, Edward 
 was soon deposed, and* Henry released from the tower, where 
 he had pined for six years, and again proclaimed king. Ed- 
 ward fled to the continent, but soon returned, and at the bat- 
 tle of Barnet, defeated and slew the brave Warwick, by 
 which he firmly seated himself on the throne. Queen Mar- 
 garet made still a desperate effort for her son, (Henry be- 
 ing murdered in the tower,) but was defeated at the battle 
 of Tewksbury and made prisoner. From this time Ed- 
 ward gave himself up to all the extremes of tyranny, cruelty 
 and debauchery. Doubtless he possessed talents; but the 
 love of pleasure was his ruling passion, and it has been just- 
 ly said " that his good qualities were courage and beauty ; 
 his bad qualities, every vice." When preparing to gratify 
 his subjects by entering into a war with France, he sudden- 
 ly died, poisoned, as was suspected, by his brother, Richard 
 III, the duke of Gloucester. He died in the forty-second 
 year of his age and the twenty-second of his reign, 1483. 
 
 EDWARD V. — Eldest son and successor of the above. 
 At the time of his father's death, he was but thirteen years 
 old. He was immediately proclaimed king and his uncle, 
 the duke of Gloucester, [Richard III,] appointed protector 
 during his minority. Gloucester had pledged his word to a 
 dying brother that he would see young Edward carefully 
 reared and made secure in his throne. Scarcely, however, 
 had the funeral ceremony closed when he begun to manifest 
 designs on the crown. He began by causing Lord Hastings 
 and other distinguished persons, to be seized and executed 
 without trial, and afterward, having hired the duke of Buck- 
 ingham to procure an expression in his favor from some of 
 the lower classes of people, he seized the crown under a pre- 
 tense that Edward V and his brother, the duke of York, 
 were illegitimate, and hence could not be the successors of 
 Edward IV. Young Edward and his brother were thrown 
 into the tower where they were soon after smothered by 
 
EDW.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 217 
 
 order of Richard. Thus Edward V became king when only 
 thirteen years old, and reigned bat two months. 
 
 EDWARD VI.— Son and successor of Henry VIII, the 
 only fruit of Henry's marriage with Jane Seymour. He 
 ascended the throne at the death of his father, in 1547, 
 being less than ten years old. Even at that tender age, he 
 evinced great sensibility, and strong moral and religious 
 principles, having been brought up in the strictest observance 
 of the protestant religion. Of course, the administration 
 was, for some years, conducted by his ministers, there being 
 a council of regency, or executors appointed by the will of 
 his father, to act in his minority. As he died at the age of 
 sixteen, it is manifest that he could not long have held the 
 reigns of government in his own hands : yet, short as was 
 his reign, he accomplished much. The cause of the Refor- 
 mation, which had been commenced by his father, he pushed 
 rapidly on, and before his death, brought the church of 
 England to very nearly its present condition : though it af- 
 terwards fell back, under the bloody reign of his sister 
 Mary, and seemed to have perished in the darkness of Ro- 
 manism. He also showed himself a munificent patron of 
 learning; and was, himself, one of the finest scholars, — 
 linguists, — of the age. Finding his end approaching, he 
 made his will in favor of his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, from 
 an apprehension that his sisters would not carry out the pro- 
 testant reformation. The will, however, was broken, and 
 his worst fears were realized under the reign of Mary. He 
 died of consumption in 1553. 
 
 EDWARD. — Eldest son of Edward III, commonly called 
 the Black Prince, from the color of his armor. He was ap- 
 pointed guardian of the realm • during his father's absence 
 in Flanders, and assembled a parliament for the purpose of 
 raising supplies to carry on the war against France. After 
 this, he accompanied his father into France, and greatly 
 distinguished himself in the battle of Cressy, in which the 
 English were signally victorious. While the battle raged, 
 with great fury, the king, (Edward III,) was surveying the 
 scene from the top of a hill, whence he sent orders to every 
 part of the army. The earl of Warwick became alarmed 
 for the safety of the young prince, and sent a messenger to 
 the king, entreating him to send succors to his son. To this 
 the king replied: "Return to my son, and tell him that I 
 reserve the honor of the day to him. I am confident that 
 
 10 
 
218 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EDW. 
 
 he will show himself worthy of the honor of knighthood, 
 "which I so lately conferred upon him ; he will be able, with- 
 out my assistance, to repel the enemy." When the messen- 
 ger returned with this answer, the prince is said to have 
 taken fresh courage, and fought with such determined reso- 
 lution as soon after to put the enemy to rout. After this, 
 he defeated the king of France, (John,) took him prisoner, 
 and after treating him with all the respect due to royalty, 
 carried him home to England, where he was long detained 
 a captive. After several military expeditions, in all of which 
 he was eminently successful, he sickened, and died in the 
 forty-sixth year of his age. He was eminent for almost 
 every virtue of which man is capable. He was heir-appa- 
 xent to the crown ; but, dying before his father, never rose 
 to the honors of royalty. 
 
 EDWARD.— Son of Henry VI and Queen Margaret. 
 Soon after his birth, his claim on the crown was duly 
 acknowledged, and he was vested with the honors of 
 prince of Wales,, duke of Cornwall, and earl of Chester. 
 After the accession of the house of York, an act of for- 
 feiture and attainder was passed against him, as well as 
 against his royal parents, and many of the Lancastrian no- 
 bility, and he sought refuge in France. W T hen the earl of 
 Warwick, however, abandoned the York party, and entered 
 into terms with Queen Margaret, it was stipulated that 
 the young Edward should marry his second daughter, Anne, 
 and in case of the restoration of Henry, should succeed to 
 the crown, in the regular course of succession. This mar- 
 riage was consummated, in his eighteenth year, and he and 
 his mother soon after landed in England ; — not, however, 
 until the same day of the battle of Barnet, at which Warwick 
 was defeated and slain, and the Lancastrian hope entirely 
 crushed. Edward was taken prisoner at Hexham, and car- 
 lied into the presence of the king, (Edward IV,) who, in 
 in a very insulting manner, demanded of him how he dared 
 to invade his kingdom? The noble-minded- youth, more 
 mindful of his birth than of his personal safety, replied that 
 he came thither to claim his just inheritance. For this, the 
 heartless Edward struck him on the face with his gauntlet, 
 which blow being taken by some of the minions of power as 
 a signal for further violence, he was hurried into the adjoin- 
 ing apartment and dispatched. 
 
 EDWARD.— Son of Richard III. We know very little 
 
EDW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 219 
 
 of this young prince. At the time when Richard assem- 
 bled his parliament, in 1484, it was questioned whether that 
 body would acknowledge, or reject, his title to the crown, as 
 it was founded on no acknowledged principle, and sustained 
 by no party. The parliament, however, was in complete 
 subjection, and not only recognized his authority, but created 
 his son, Edward, then but twelve years of age, prince of 
 Wales, and heir apparent to the crown. Of course the title 
 availed him nothing, as Richard was soon after slain, and 
 all the prospects of his family blasted, by the elevation of 
 Henry VII to the throne. 
 
 EDWARDS. — An old cavalier who stood firmly by 
 Charles I, during the civil wars, and on the restoration of 
 Cnarles II, was made keeper of the jewel office, in the 
 tower. When the infamous Blood (see Blood) had resolved 
 on carrying off the royal regalia, he succeeded in wounding 
 and binding Edwards, and then entering the office, whence 
 he escaped with his trophy. It has frequently been cited, as 
 an instance of the fickleness and injustice of Charles, that 
 while Blood, who deserved the worst penalty known to Eng- 
 lish law, was raised to the position of a royal favorite, "Old 
 Edwards, who had exposed his life, and been wounded in 
 defence o£ the regalia, was forgotten and neglected." 
 
 EDWIN. — The second king of Northumberland, not in- 
 cluding the kings of Bernicia and Deiri in the catalogue of 
 Northumberland princes. At the time of the union of these 
 two kingdoms, he was heir apparent to the crown of Deiri. 
 Being but an. infant, he was expelled by Ethilfrid, who had 
 married his sister Acca, and his kingdom absorbed in that of 
 Bernicia, the two taking the name of the kingdom of Nor- 
 thumberland. He was driven from home, and after wander- 
 ing from place to place until grown up to manhood, at length 
 received the protection of Redwald, king of East Angles 
 Hearing of his favor in that court, Ethilfrid labored, both by 
 bribes and threats, to procure his assassination. Redwald, 
 however, fully espoused his cause, and with a strong force 
 marched against Ethilfrid, and slew him in battle, carrying 
 his two sons off into Scotland. By this decisive action Edwin 
 was established on the throne of Northumberland. Edwin 
 has been generally regarded as one of the greatest of the 
 Saxon princes. Under his administration the standard of 
 morals rose much higher than it had previously been in any 
 part of the island, and it was a common saying that a wo- 
 
220 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [iDW, 
 
 man or a child might carry abroad a purse of gold without 
 the least danger of violence or robbery. While his laws 
 were respected, he was personally popular. Under the in- 
 fluence of his wife, Ethelburger, he embraced the christian 
 eligion, which was followed by the conversion of his nation. 
 This able prince perished in a battle against Penda, king of 
 Mercia, and Caed walla, king of the Britons. He diecl in 
 the 48th year of his age, and the 17th of his reign. After 
 his death, the sons of Adelfrid returned from Scotland, 
 whither they had been carried at the death of their father, 
 to claim their rights, and Northumberland was again divided 
 into the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deiri. (See Eanfrid 
 and Osric.) 
 
 EDWIN.— The elder of the two sons of Edmond Iron- 
 side who, at their father's death, were sent by Canute to the 
 king of Sweden, ostensibly to be educated, but really to be 
 destroyed, that they might not, at any time, stand in the way 
 of the successors oi Canute. The Swedish monarch, unwil- 
 lling to stain his hands with their blood, and still fearing the 
 displeasure of Canute, sent them to Solomon, king of Hun- 
 gary, to be educated in his court. Edwin, on coming to man- 
 hood, married a sister of Solomon, but died without issue. 
 
 EDWIN. — A famous duke of Mercia at the time of the 
 Norman invasion. He was brother to Morcar, the famous 
 duke of Northumberland ; and the history of these two no- 
 blemen is involved in the same article. (See Morcar.) It 
 may here be added that their rebellion against the Norman 
 government resulted, in part, from the neglect of the con- 
 queror to marry his daughter to Edwin, agreeably to an en- 
 gagement entered into soon after his conquest of the island. 
 It has been thought that William never intended to fulfil the 
 engagement, though it is more probable that this faithless- 
 ness grew out of a change in his policy. Edwin attempted 
 to save himself by flight into Scotland, but was betrayed by 
 some of his own followers, and cruelly murdered by a party 
 of Normans. On hearing of his death, William is said to 
 have paid a tribute of generous tears to his memory. 
 
 EDWIN. — A governor of Mercia under the reign of 
 Edward the confessor. He was a grandson of Leofric, the 
 great duke of Mercia. He and his brother Morcar led the 
 rebellion against Tosti in Northumberland, the latter hav- 
 ing been elected duke of Northumberland by the people. 
 Harold, after marching into Northumberland to support his 
 
EDW.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 221 
 
 brother Tosti, decided against him, and by his influence, 
 procured both the confirmation of Morcar's election and the 
 appointment or election of Edwin to the government of 
 Mercia. These two noblemen were afterward defeated by 
 Tosti and Harold Halfgar. 
 
 EDWY. — A son of king Ethelred by his first marriage, 
 and brother to Edmond Ironside. He is said to have been 
 murdered by Canute, or by his minions, as was also his 
 brother Edmond. 
 
 EDWY. — The eleventh king of England. He was the 
 son of Edmund and immediate successor of Edred. Edred 
 left children, but they were quite too young at the time of his 
 death, to assume the government. It is not improbable that 
 public sentiment determined in favor of Edwy, as it was not 
 uncommon in those times for the conflicting claims of princes 
 to be adjusted in that way. At the time of his accession, he 
 was not above sixteen or seventeen years old, of fine person, 
 engaging manners, and promising virtues. Unfortunately 
 for him, at the very commencement of his reign, he incurred 
 the displeasure of the monks, whose rage neither the graces 
 of his person, the tenderness of his age, nor the virtues of 
 his character, could mitigate. Nor have they ever ceased to 
 pursue his memory with the same unrelenting vengeance 
 with which they pursued his person, during his short and un- 
 fortunate reign. He had become enamored of Elgiva, a 
 young princess who was within the degrees of affinity pro- 
 hibited by canon law, and contrary to the advice of his 
 friends, married her, but a few days before his coronation. 
 On that day, while his nobles were in a great banqueting 
 hall, indulging themselves in the riot and disorder common 
 on such occasions, Edwy retired from company to the queen's 
 apartment. Dunstan, at that time head of the treasury de- 
 partment, (See Dunstan, was greatly incensed at the con- 
 duct of the young king in retiring from the company of his 
 courtiers to indulge the pleasures of love, and taking Odo, 
 then archbishop of Canterbury, burst into the queen's cham- 
 ber, upbraided the king with his laciviousness, insulted the 
 queen, and violently thrust Edwy into the banquet of nobles. 
 Edwy, indignant at this outrage, determined to avenge him- 
 self, and under a charge of malversation in the office of trea- 
 surer, expelled Dunstan from the kingdom. But the eccle- 
 siastic was not less influential from this cause. The monks 
 declared war against the king, and he was formally excom- 
 
222 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |"£GB. 
 
 municated. Odo sent a body of soldiers to the place, who 
 seized the queen, disfigured her face by burning with a hot 
 iron, and carried her, by force, into Ireland. (See Elgiva.) 
 Edwy was forced to divorce her. But this did not satisfy the 
 monks; soon a rebellion arose in Mercia, Northumberland, 
 and East Anglia, by which Edgar, his younger brother, then 
 but thirteen years old, was set on the throne, and Edwy was 
 driven into the south. Dunstan returned and administered 
 the government of young Edgar. Edwy soon after died of 
 grief, [959] after a turbulent reign of four years. 
 
 EFFINDON, Lord.— [See Cecil, Robert.] 
 
 EGBERT.— The eighth king of Kent. He was son to 
 Ercombert, and somewhat renowned for the encouragement 
 which he gave to learning, and by the ecclesiastical writers, 
 for certain endowments which he gave to a monastery built 
 by his sister, Domnona, on the Isle of Thanet. But his re- 
 putation is tarnished by the murder of his cousins, the sons 
 of Erminfrid, for the purpose of securing the crown to his 
 own son, to whom the sons of Erminfrid had prior claims, — 
 their father having been supplanted by Ercombert. (See 
 Ercombert. ) 
 
 EGBERT. — A popular chief who succeeded to something 
 like regal authority in the kingdom of Kent, after the ex- 
 tinction of the royal family. He is thought to have reigned 
 two years. But little is known of him. He is sometimes 
 known in history under the name of Ethelbert Pren, and is 
 reckoned the fifteenth king of Kent. Under his reign, 
 Kent was invaded by Kenulph, king of Mercia, who suc- 
 ceeded in overpowering the Kentish prince, and having got 
 possession of his person, cut off both his hands, put out his 
 eyes, and established his own brother, Cuthred, on the throne 
 of Kent, (See Kenulph.) He died in 799. 
 
 EGBERT.— The eighteenth and last king of Wessex, 
 He also became the first king of all England. He had 
 claims on the throne of Wessex prior to Brithric, his prede- 
 cessor, which, together with his brilliant and popular talents, 
 made him. an object of jealousy to that prince as long as he 
 lived. Fearing the jealousy of Brithric, he left home and 
 spent several years in France, where he was well received 
 by Charlemagne. By living in the court, and serving in the 
 armies, of that greatest of European princes, he acquired 
 those accomplishments which afterward formed so essential 
 a part of his greatness. In the year 800 he was called to 
 
EGE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 22£ 
 
 the throne of Wessex. His first military operations were 
 against the Britons of Cornwall, who were determined in 
 their resistance to Saxon power. Scon after his accession, 
 his dominions were invaded by Bernulf,. king of Mercia, 
 who, at that time, had become almost absolute sovereign of 
 the heptarchy. Egbert defeated him in a general engage- 
 ment at Eilandum, in Wiltshire, and by a general slaughter 
 which he made in their flight, gave a mortal blow to the 
 power of the Mercians. Soon after this, he made himself 
 master of Kent. Then of Essex ; after which the East 
 Angles, who had long been oppressed by Mercia, came to 
 ask his protection. He next marched into Northumberland, 
 where he found the people ready to take the oaths of allegi- 
 ance to him, as their sovereign, having been long afflicted 
 by intestine wars, and anxious for a settled form of govern- 
 ment. Thus in a little less than 400 years after the first 
 landing of the Saxons on the is ] and, all the kingdoms were 
 united into one great state, of very near the same extent as 
 what is now called England. In 828, Egbert was proclaimed 
 and acknowledged monarch of all England, and solemnly 
 crowned at Winchester. Such was the merit which had 
 been attached to celibacy by the monks, that the Saxon kings 
 had, for some time previous to Egbert, generally died child- 
 less ; and at the time of his accession, there was not another 
 prince in the heptarchy, who could boast a direct succession, 
 or who claimed a regular descent from Woden, the divinity 
 of the Saxons. All the states readily transferred their alle- 
 giance to a prince whose hereditary claims and powerful 
 talents seemed to challenge their respect and confidence, and 
 Egbert had the happiness of finding himself sole monarch 
 of a mighty nation, which was proud to do him homage. 
 We read, however, of kings and princes in several states of 
 the heptarchy, long after this ; but these were only petty 
 princes bearing the regal title, and having no higher authori- 
 ty than that of viceroys, or provincial governors, under Egbert 
 and his successors. This privilege was wisely allowed to all 
 of them by Egbert, lest the idea of the extinction of their 
 nationality should cause rebellions against his sovereignty. 
 Egbert died in 838, leaving his crown to his son Ethelwolf 
 EGELWIN. — Bishop of Durham at the time of the Nor- 
 man conquest. When Ermenfroy, the legate of Rome, ap- 
 peared, and began to degrade all those ecclesiastical func- 
 
224 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ELA. 
 
 tionaries who were offensive to William, Egelwin fled the 
 kingdom. 
 
 EGERTON. — Lord keeper, under the reign of Elizabeth. 
 It porobable that he was a prominent . courtier, though he 
 does not figure very largely in history. We have a very 
 able speech of his, made before the parliament of 1597, in 
 which he urges with great earnestness, the importance of 
 liberal appropriations for the purpose of carrying on the 
 Spanish war, in defense of the religion and independence of 
 England. 
 
 EGFRID.— The fifth king of Northumberland. He was 
 the son and successor of Oswy, according to Mr. Hume ; 
 though others have thought there was a prince between 
 them. It is probable that he came to the throne soon after 
 the death of his father. He perished in battle the with the 
 Pictt, and was succeedee \>y his natural brother, Alfrid, hav- 
 ing no children of his own, 685. 
 
 EGFRITH. — This name is sometimes written Egfryd, 
 and is the name of the twelth king of Mercia. He was the 
 son and successor of OfTa. His reign was short, as he sur- 
 vived his father only about five months, and died, 795. 
 
 EGREMOND, Sir John. — A gentlemn of some promi- 
 nence, who united with the popular movement of John Ach- 
 amber, in 1492, in resisting the tax levied by Henry VII. 
 When the earl of Surry had dispersed the multitude, Egre- 
 mond fled to the duchess of Burgundy, who gave him pro- 
 tection. (See Achamber," John. ) 
 
 EGREMONT, Lord. — One of the Lancastrian nobility, 
 slain in the battle of Northampton, at the commencement of 
 the York and Lancaster war, 1460. 
 
 EGRIC or EGRIK.— The sixth king of East Anglia, 
 He seems to have reigned conjointly with Amas, from 644 
 to 654, — though it must be admitted that little is known of 
 this period of East Anglia, as its annals are meager and 
 uncertain, (See Annas.) He perished in battle with Penda, 
 king of Mercia. 
 
 ELA. — Daughter and heir of the earl of Salisbury. She 
 was married to Richard Longespee, natural son of Henry II. 
 (See Longespee, Richard.) 
 
 ELAND, Sir William. — Governor of the castle of Not- 
 tingham at the time of the arrest of Roger Mortimer. The 
 conspiracy was necessarily revealed to him, nor did he be- 
 
ELE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 225 
 
 tray the secret, but contributed by all means within his power 
 to its accomplishment. (See Mortimer, Roger.) 
 
 ELAND, Lord. — -A powerful nobleman who united with 
 the chief of the nobility in extending an invitation to the 
 prince of Orange to invade England, for the preservation 
 of its liberties and its religion. 
 
 ELCHO, Lord. — A parliamentary general in the civil 
 wars of Charles I. We read of his having six thousand 
 men under his command, at Perth, where he was attacked, 
 on the first of September, 1644, by the earl of Montrose, 
 with the Irish recruits, and completely defeated, with the loss 
 of two thousand of his men. 
 
 ELEANOR. — First wife of Edward I. She accompa- 
 nied him in his crusade to the Holy Land, and at Acre, bore 
 him a son. After this, she became mother of three other 
 sons, one of whom was Edward II, and also eleven daugh- 
 ters. 
 
 ELEANOR.— Youngest daughter of Edward II. She 
 was married to Reginald, count of Gueldres. 
 
 ELEANOR.— Wife of Henry III. She was a daughter 
 of the count of Provence. This marriage had the effect to 
 draw around him a number of foreign relatives who became 
 eis chief favorites, and hence the objects of general dislike 
 among the English barons. She was a devoted wife, and 
 even went abroad, and raised foreign forces, to enable her 
 husband to resist the Leicester rebellion. 
 
 ELEANOR. — Daughter of king John; married, first, 
 to the earl of Pembroke, and afterward to Simon Montfort, 
 earl of Leicester. 
 
 ELEANOR. — A sister to the ill-fated prince Arthur, 
 who was supplanted and murdered by John. After the 
 death of Arthur, Eleanor should have succeeded him in the 
 duchy of Brittany, but the infamous John, perhaps fearing 
 that she might aspire to the crown of England, seized and 
 carried her into captivity, where she is said to have remained 
 until her death. She is sometimes called "The damsel of 
 Brittany." (See Alice.) 
 
 ELEANOR. — A daughter of Henry II who was mar- 
 ried to Alphonso, king of Castile. 
 
 ELEANOR.— Wife of Henry II. At the time of her 
 marriage to Henry, she had been married sixteen years to 
 Louis, VII, king of France, and had attended him on a 
 crusade against the infidels, in which she lost the affections 
 
 10* 
 
226 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fELE. 
 
 of her husband. By some gallantries with a young Saracen, 
 her fidelity, as a wife, had become questionable, whereupon 
 Louis procured a divorce, restoring to her, at the same time, 
 all the provinces which she had brought to his crown. Henry, 
 who had not, then, mounted the throne of England, deter- 
 mined to unite her possessions with his own, hoping thereby 
 to increase his influence and strengthen his cause on the con- 
 tinent. Neither the great disparity in their ages, nor the 
 report of her gallantries, discouraged him; he sought her 
 hand, and espoused her within six weeks after her divorce. 
 The effect of this marriage, both in the continent and in 
 England, was all that he could desire; and from this time, 
 his succession to the crown of England was regarded as cer- 
 tain. Such was the influence of wealth in those times. 
 Eleanor, as might have been expected, became exceedingly 
 jealous of her husband, although she bore him a large fami- 
 ly of children, and was a principal cause of the ambitious 
 and unnatural conduct of his sons, by which his life was so 
 much embittered. She encouraged them to fly secretly to 
 the court of France, for the purpose of carrying on their in- 
 trigues against their father, and had even disguised herself, 
 in man s apparel, for the purpose of following them, when 
 her intentions were revealed. She was immediately seized, 
 by order of her husband, and thrown into prison, where it is 
 probable that she remained until after his death, as we learn 
 that one of the first acts of Richard's administration was to 
 release her from prison "where she had long been detained," 
 that he might entrust her with the government of England 
 until his arrival; he being then on the continent. After this, 
 when Richard was detained in Germany, we find her accom- 
 panying the archbishop of Rouen with the money necessary 
 for his ransom. She also manifested much affection for John, 
 by her influence, procuring for him, at one time, the royal 
 pardon, and at another, the will of Richard, in his favor, to 
 the exclusion of Prince Arthur. From the circumstance of 
 her being older than Henry, and living through his long 
 reign of thirty-five years, through the ten years' reign of 
 Richard I, and until after the accession of King John, it be- 
 comes manifest, that she must have lived to a good old age. 
 - ELEANOR TALEOT.— A daughter of the earl of 
 Shrewsbury, to whom it was pretended, by Richard III, that 
 Edward IV was privately married, previous to his marriage 
 with Elizabeth Gray. The object of the story was merely 
 
ELF.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 227 
 
 ■ to show that Edward V was illegitimate in consequence of 
 his mother not being really the wile of King Edward. 
 Bishop Stillton, of Bath, is said to have declared that he had 
 privately solemnized the marriage, and it was with reference 
 to the same story that Dr. Shaw preached from the text, 
 "Bastard's lips shall not thrive." The story was doubtless 
 Richard's own invention. 
 
 ELEANOR. — Countess of Cumberland. She was the 
 second daughter of Francis I, king of France, and hence, 
 niece of Henry VIII. By will of Henry, she had the fifth 
 claim on the crown of England, after his death. The first 
 heir was his son, Edward VI. In case of his death, with- 
 out issue, Mary was to succeed ; should she die childless, 
 the succession was to devolve on Elizabeth. In case of her 
 failure, Frances Brandon, marchioness of Dorset, eldest 
 daughter of Francis; and in case of her dying without heirs, 
 her sister Eleanor was to succeed. Trie first three, his own- 
 children, all died childless; but his will was then violated, 
 and James VI, of Scotland, succeeded. 
 
 ELFLEDA. — A favorite mistress of king Edgar. While 
 lodging in the house of a nobleman of Andover, he became 
 enamored of his daughter, and made application, at once, 
 to the mother, for permission to spend the night with her. 
 The lady feigned consent, but sent her maid, Elfleda, who, 
 in the darkness, was not distinguished from the nobleman's 
 daughter. On finding out his mistake, he is said to have 
 manifested no ill temper, and to have retained Elfleda as 
 his mistress, until the time of his marriage with Elfrida. 
 
 ELFRIDA.— A daughter of OfTa, king of Mercia. Her 
 history is involved with the tragical death of the unfortunate 
 Ethelbert, king of the East Angles. This young prince had 
 paid his addesses to Elfrida, and after obtaining her consent, 
 was invited by her father, with all his retinue, to Hereford, 
 in order to celebrate the nuptials. Amid the joy and festiv- 
 ity of the occasion, he was seized by OfTa, and secretly N? 
 headed. It is due to the memory of Elfrida, to say thp' sne 
 abhorred the treachorous and bloody deed, and that °Y her 
 timely warning, the East Anglian nobility, who w re m at " 
 tendance, were enabled to effect their escape. 
 
 ELFRIDA.— Second wife of Edgar. (S<; Edgar and 
 Athelwold. ) She was an ambitious woman dX * ,vj e * a ™ e °* 
 her beauty is stained with the foul mur^ r of Edward the 
 
228 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ^ELI. 
 
 martyr, son of Edgar by a former marriage, for the eleva- 
 tion of her own son. (See Edward the martyr.) 
 
 ELFWIN. — A duke of East Anglia who distinguished 
 himself by the protection and assistance which he gave to 
 the foreign monks of England, under the reigns of Edgar 
 and Edward the Martyr. 
 
 ELFWIN or ELSWIN.— A brother to king Egfrid, of 
 Northumberland. He was slain, in battle, by Ethelred, king 
 of Mercia. Although there is no intimation that his death 
 was the result of any unfair advantage in war, Ethelred con- 
 sented to regard it as murder, by paying Egfrid a sum of 
 money, as a compensation for the loss of his brother. 
 
 ELFWOLD or ALSWOLD.— Tenth king of East An- 
 glia. In the decline of that monarchy, he reigned some 65 
 years. Of the character of the man, or of his administra- 
 tion, scarcely anything is known. All is shrouded in the 
 impenetrable darkness of the times. 
 
 ELGIVA. — The unfortunate queen of the unfortunate 
 king Edwy. This marriage was opposed by the monks, on 
 the ground that she was within the degrees of affinity pro- 
 hibited by the canon law. The first instance of personal in- 
 sult to her was on the day of her husband's coronation, in 
 thrusting him violently from her presence. (See Edwy.) 
 Soon after this, she was seized by a party of soldiers, sent 
 by Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, her face burned with a 
 hot iron, for the purpose of destroying her beauty., and sent, 
 by force, into Ireland. After recovering from her wounds, 
 and even obliterating the scars on her face, she returned into 
 England, and was flying to the embrace of the king, whom 
 she still regarded as her husband, (though he had been com- 
 pelled to divorce her in her absence,) when she^ell into the 
 hands of a party which Odo had sent to intercept her. She 
 was immediately ham-stringed, and a few days after expired, 
 ''fter suffering the most agonizing torments. In this cruel 
 tra sedy, the famous St. Dunstan was the real actor, though 
 Odo v as t ] ie apparent one. [See Dunstan.] 
 
 ELIZABETH.— Daughter of Edward I. He married 
 her first u John,- earl of Holland, and after his death she 
 made a seco^ marriage with Ralph de Monthermer. 
 
 ELIZABExq de BURGH. —First wife of Lionel, duke 
 of Clarence. 
 
 .ELIZABETH ^RAY.—Wife of Edward IV. She 
 was a daughter of & Richard Woodville, and was first 
 
ELI. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 229 
 
 married to Sir John Gray, who was slain in the second bat- 
 tle of St. Albans, fighting on the side of Lancaster. When 
 Edward was seated on the throne, he caused the estates of 
 Gray to be confiscated, by which his widow was reduced to 
 poverty, and retired to live with her father. One day, the 
 king came, accidentally, to the house of Woodville, after a 
 hunting excursion, when Elizaheth determined on an effort 
 to obtain some favor of him. Accordingly she threw herself 
 at his feet, and besought him to have pity on her impover- 
 ished children. He raised her from the ground with assu- 
 rances of favor, and beholding her singular beauty, became, 
 at once, enamored of her, and proposed to share his king- 
 dom with her. At that time, he had sent the earl of War- 
 wick to France, to secure for him, the accomplished Bona, 
 of Savoy, sister to the queen of France. His marriage 
 with Elizabeth was privately solemnized and long kept se- 
 cret, and it was this which caused Warwick to abandon him, 
 and throw his influence on the side of Lancaster. (See Ne- 
 vil, Richard, earl of Warwick,) After the death of Ed- 
 ward she suffered many afflictions, not the least of which, 
 was the murder of her royal son, Edward V, and several of 
 her other children ; though we find her eagerly holding on to 
 the name of royality, even after the accession of Richard III. 
 After the marriage of her daughter to Henry VII, she retired 
 at his suggestion, to a monastery, and there spent the re- 
 mainder of her days. The effect of such harsh treatment, 
 however, together with the well known indifference of Henry 
 toward her daughter, whom he had raised to the throne purely 
 as a matter of calculation, was to cause her great indignation, 
 and she even gave her influence to the story of Lambert 
 Simnel. (See Simnel, Lambert.) 
 
 ELIZABETH.— Eldest daughter of Edward IV, and 
 wife of Henry VII. By this marriage, the houses of York 
 and Lancaster were united. Henry was heir apparent to the 
 crown, in the Lancastrian line, while she, since the death of 
 Edward V and the duke of York, was the heir of her fa- 
 ther Edward IV. She was amiable, and devoted to her hus- 
 band, in the highest degree. But her devotion never met 
 with any proper return. Such was Henry's jealousy of the 
 house of York, that he never ceased to regard her with 
 aversion. He had sought her hand for the purpose of secu- 
 ring himself on the throne ; and the consciousness which he 
 
230 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ELI. 
 
 had of his dependance on this relation caused him to be irri- 
 table, and wholly embittered his domestic life. 
 
 ELIZABETH BARTON.— Commonly known as » The 
 Holy Maid of Kent. A woman who, in the time of Henry 
 VIII, became a remarkable medium of communication with 
 the spirit world. She seems to have been addicted to very 
 intense hysterical fits, by which both her body and mind 
 were thrown into violent convulsions, during which her im- 
 agination became much excited, and she uttered many 
 things which greatly excited the superstitious people of those 
 times. Several monks became satisfied of the divine 
 character of her communications, and succeeded in exciting 
 the interest of even the Romish archbishop of Canterbury, 
 which soon gave such an importance to the matter that her 
 fame was spread all over England. As the protestant refor- 
 mation was then about commencing, most of her messages 
 were directed principally against that, and in favor of the in- 
 fallibility of the church of Rome, and the virtue of images and 
 relics. The Romish pulpits everywhere resounded with ac- 
 counts of the sanctity and inspiration of the new prophet- 
 ess, and one Deering, a friar, even" wrote a book on the 
 " Revelations and Prophecies of Elizabeth." At length, the 
 imposition became so gross, and so entirely free from even 
 the character of excitement, which it had at first, that Henry 
 caused the matter to be laid before parliament. In the course 
 of the investigation, it was made to appear that Elizabeth 
 was a woman of vile character, and that most of the monks 
 who had labored to establish her character, as a prophetess, 
 were her paramours. Bills of attainder were passed, and 
 the "Holy Maid of Kent," with several of her monastic 
 wire-workers, suffered the penalty of their crimes. 
 
 ELIZABETH.— The great queen of England. She was 
 daughter of Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn, his second wife, 
 and was born on the 7th of September, 1533. She received 
 a thorough, and heavy, education, such as very few women, 
 or men, ever acquire, and is said to have been able, like her 
 cousin, Lady Jane Grey, to write and speak the Latin and 
 Greek languages. She never appeared before the world, 
 nor attempted to make any figure at court, until she was 
 called to the throne. During the life of her father, and of 
 her brother, Edward, she lived in retirement, and first be- 
 came an object of public attention when her sister, Mary, 
 having mounted the throne, drew her from her retirement, 
 
ELI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 231 
 
 and caused her to be imprisoned for heresy; — for believing 
 the protestant religion. Gardner, the Bomish bishop of 
 Winchester, insisted that as she was likely to be a protestant 
 queen, at some future time, it was important that she should 
 be disposed «f; but Philip, of Spain, who had married her 
 sister Mary, from some motive, advocated her cause; and by 
 great prudence, and almost a non-committal course, she es- 
 caped the stake. At the end of the short, but bloody, reign 
 of Mary, in 1558, she was released from prison, to sit on the 
 throne of her father, of her brother, and of her sister ; all 
 of whom had, in their turn, swayed the sceptre of England. 
 Almost immediately on her accession, Philip, the husband of 
 her late sister, made proposals of marriage to her, as did 
 several other princes. All proposals of marriage, however, 
 she rejected,— though not without a good deal of coquetry, 
 for she^was vain of what she strongly thought her personal 
 charms, — and devoted herself entirely to the affairs of gov- 
 ernment. As a reformer of the church, she was firm, but 
 very cautious, and prudently avoided every measure calcula- 
 ted to inflame the fanaticism of her Roman catholic subjects. 
 With the very able ministers by which she, at first, surround- 
 ed herself, she might have given herself to pleasure, or re- 
 pose; but such was her fondness for business that she exer- 
 cised a personal supervision over most of the affairs of state; 
 and so wise were all her measures, and so profound the 
 statesmanship which characterized her court, that her's has 
 been justly denominated the golden age of England. Her 
 army and her navy were respected by all nations ; literature 
 and science met with such patronage as to receive a new im- 
 pulse, and the church threw off the incubus of superstition 
 which, for a thousand years, had rendered it powerless, and 
 almost a disgrace to the christian name. But for her cruel 
 treatment towards her cousin, the unfortunate Mary, queen 
 of Scots, her biograghy would be nearly all panegyric, so far 
 as her public character is concerned. This, however, is a deep 
 stain on the character of the greatest of queens. (See 
 Mary, queen of Scots.) She died on the 24th of March, 
 1603, in the seventieth year of her age, and the fifty-fifth of 
 her reign. 
 
 ELIZABETH.— Daughter of James I. Although she 
 was but a child, at the time of the famous gunpowder plot, 
 which was to destroy all the royal family beside her, it was 
 the intention of the Roman catholics, in the event of success 
 
232 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [iLL. 
 
 to their diabolical project, to proclaim her queen. She was 
 afterwards married to Frederic, the elector palatine; but the 
 marriage proved an unhappy event to James, as his daughter 
 was soon reduced, by the misfortunes of her husband, to a 
 condition in which she might have envied the condition of 
 almost any subject in England. She was mother of the fa- 
 mous princes, Rupert and Maurice, who rendered such as- 
 sistance to their uncle, Charles I, in the civil wars. 
 
 ELIZABETH.— Daughter of Charles I. She was of a 
 tender age, at the death of her father. In the course of the 
 three days, between his sentence and execution, he was 
 permitted to receive his family. A very small part of it, 
 however, enjoyed this mournful privilege. The queen, with 
 Charles and James, had fled to the continent, and the prin- 
 cess, Elizabeth, with her infant brother, the duke of Glou- 
 cester, were all that remained. After giving her much 
 pious counsel, the king bade her bear to her mother liis assu- 
 rances of a love which had never changed, for a moment, 
 since the happy day when she became his queen, and which 
 should terminate, only with his life. The parliament ordered 
 Elizabeth to be bound to a button-maker ; but that deed of 
 infamy was never carried out. Such was the anguish of her 
 young heart at the sad fate of her father, that the delicate 
 organ gave way, and she fell into an early grave. 
 
 ELLESMORE, Lord. — Chancellor in the reign of James 
 I. He seems to have been a good minister but not ambitious 
 of the honors of public life, as he voluntarily resigned in 
 1617, eight years before the death of James. 
 
 ELLIOT, Sir John. — A prominent member of the first 
 parliament of Charles I, in 1625. He is said to have been 
 a man of great ability, and steady in his purpose of reducing 
 the prerogatives of the crown. In the session of 1626, he 
 used such freedom of speech as gave offense to the crown, 
 and for which he was thrown into prison, but soon after re- 
 leased. In 1628, he repeated the offense, and on being 
 summoned to appear before the court of king's bench, re- 
 fused, alleging that he in parliament was a member of a court 
 superior to that body. He was sentenced to imprisonment 
 during the king's pleasure, and to pay a fine of a thousand 
 pounds. How long he remained in prison is not certain ; 
 though we find the subject of his confinement claiming the 
 attention of parliament in 1640, from which we infer that 
 hejiad remained in prison during twelve years. Doubtless, 
 
ELY,"] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 233 
 
 s imprisonment did more to kindle the flame of the revolu- 
 on, than he could have done had he remained in parliament. 
 
 ELPHINSTON. — A Scottish gentleman said to have 
 gone into the field at the battle of Flouden, in the royal re- 
 galia of James IV, for the purpose of diverting attention 
 from his royal master, and thus lessening the danger to his 
 person. When the body of James had been found among 
 the slain, it was declared by the Scots, not to be his, but the 
 body of Elphinston. This delusion was kept up for a long 
 time ; partly from unwillingness to admit that their king had 
 fallen, and partly to keep the English in fear, and to encour- 
 age their own army. 
 
 ELPHINSTONE.— Secretary of Scotland at the time ol 
 James' accession to the throne of England. He was one of 
 the Scottish favorites of James, and with many others, was 
 made a member of his privy council, soon after his going to 
 England. These favorites greatly excited the jealousy of 
 the English, and, for a time, seemed very seriously to threat- 
 en the tranquillity of the government. 
 
 ELSTON. — A friar who, in the time of Henry VIII, 
 took a decided stand against the king in the matter of his 
 divorce from Queen Catharine. Another friar, Peyto, in 
 preaching before the king, had told him that " many lying 
 prophets had deceived him, but that he, as a true Micajah, 
 warned him that the dogs would lick his blood, as they had 
 done Ahabs." On the following Sunday Dr. Corren preach- 
 ed before the king, and took occasion to justify all his late 
 conduct. Elston was present, and being of the same mind 
 with Peyton, he stopped Corren, and told him that he was 
 one of the lying prophets. Henry silenced him, and or- 
 dered him to be summoned before the council, to be rebuked 
 for his conduct. On coming before the council, the earl of 
 Essex told him that he deserved to be thrown into the 
 Thames for his conduct ; to which Elston waggishly replied 
 that " the road to heaven lay as near by water as by land," 
 
 ELVIS, Sir Jervis. — Lieutenant of the tower, in the 
 reign of James I. He was charged with being an accom- 
 plice in the murder of Overbury, and on trial, was convicted 
 and executed, along with several others. (See Overbury, 
 Sir Thomas.) 
 
 ELY, Nicholas d\ — Chancellor of England from the ac- 
 cession of Henry III until he conceived the design of throw- 
 ing off the barons, and exerting the royal authority himself. 
 
234 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*EOP. 
 
 One of his first acts, after the announcement of this deter- 
 mination, was to remove Ely from office, and to put Walter 
 de Merton in his place. 
 
 EMAN. — A wealthy gentleman who. in the time of 
 Charles I, was fined two thousand pounds for exporting gold 
 out of the kingdom, contrary to a royal proclamation. This 
 was regarded as a great abuse of royal prerogative, and, 
 like many other cases of the same nature, contributed its 
 influence to the revolution which followed, soon after. 
 
 EMMA.— Wife of Eadbald, sixth king of Kent, and 
 mother of Ercombert, his son and successor. She was a 
 French princess whom Eadbald is thought to have married 
 very early in life. After her death he conceived an unnat- 
 ural passion for his mother-in-law, in consequence of which 
 he renounced the christian religion, but was afterward re- 
 stored .to the communion of the church, on divorcing her. 
 
 EMMA. — A sister of Richard II, of Normandy, and 
 wife, first of Ethelred, and afterward, of Canute, kings of 
 England. When the throne of Ethelred began to be seri- 
 ously menaced by Sweyn, she took her two sons, Alfred and 
 Edward, and fled to her brother Richard, in Normandy. 
 After the accession of Canute, he feared these two young 
 princes, and for the purpose of engaging the friendship of 
 the Normans on his side, sought and obtained the hand of 
 Emma. Thus one of the worst enemies of her first hus- 
 • band became her second. These marriages led, ultimately, 
 to the Norman conquest. 
 
 EMPSON. — ■ Associated with the infamous Edmund 
 Dudley, as an instrument of the rapacity and injustice of 
 Henry VII. Dudley, however, was a man of good family, 
 and well educated, though*he had sacrificed every principle 
 of morality and honor, to secure the patron age of the crown; 
 but Empson was a man of low birth, brutal manners, and 
 unrelenting temper. He was, however, possessed of strong 
 talents, and was able to accomplish almost any villainous 
 purpose to which he set himself. After the accession of 
 Henry VIII, these ministers were brought to trial, convicted 
 of treason, and executed. The general impression has ever 
 been, that however worthy they may have been of death, 
 they were not guilty of the crime for which they suffered. 
 (See Dudley, Edmund.) 
 
 EOPPA. — Nephew to King Ina, and great-grand-father 
 to Egbert, the first king of all England. 
 
ERM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 235 
 
 ERCOMBERT.— The seventh king of Kent. He was 
 the younger son of Eadbald, by his wife Emma. By some 
 means, not certainly known, he succeeded in mounting the 
 throne, which was the just inheritance of his elder brother, 
 Erminfrid. He is distinguised by some acts of piety. He 
 established the fast of Lent in his kingdom, and extirpated 
 idolatry, which, notwithstanding the prevalence of Christian- 
 ity, ever since the conversion of his grand father, Ethelbert, 
 had still continued among the Saxons. He died in 664, 
 after a reign of twenty-four years. 
 
 ERESKINE. — Lord of Dun. A Scottish nobleman who 
 lived in the time of Edward VI, and of Queen Elizabeth. 
 He accompanied Queen Mary, of Scots, to France, and was 
 present at her marriage with the dauphin. After this, he 
 returned to Scotland, and when Lord Seymour made his de- 
 scent on Montrose, in 1548, greatly distinguished himself in 
 resisting him, and forcing him to retire. He afterward be- 
 came a rigid coyenanter, and was one of the early signers 
 of the league, by which the "Congregation of the Lord" 
 was first identified' as an organization, separate and apart 
 from the church of England. 
 
 ERIC. — King of Norway, contemporaneous with Edward 
 I, of England. He had married Margaret, daughter of 
 Alexander III, of Scotland, and by her, had a daughter of 
 the same name, who was heir to the crown of Scotland. She 
 died, however, on her way to Scotland, and Eric claimed the 
 crown, as her heir, at the time when Edward I adjudged it 
 to John Baliol. (See Baliol, John.) 
 
 ERKINWIN.— The founder and first king of Essex. It 
 is needless to say, what is so manifestly certain, that he was 
 a Saxon chief, and that his monarchy was established by con- 
 quest. He assumed the title of king, in 527, and reigned 
 60 years, when he was succeeded by his son Sleda. His- 
 tory has recorded but few of the incidents of his life. 
 
 ERMENFROY. — A legate of the pope, sent into Eng- 
 land soon after the Norman conquest. He was bishop of 
 Sion, and is said to have been the first legate ever sent into 
 the British islands. He summoned a council at Winchester, 
 before which he cited Stigand, the archbishop of Canterbury, 
 to answer certain charges preferred against him. Stigand 
 was obnoxious to William, for which reason he was willing 
 to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the pope, that he might 
 rid himself of an enemy. According to the royal wish, 
 
236 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ESS. 
 
 Ermenfroy degraded him, and his ruin was complete. (See 
 Stigand. ) 
 
 ERMINFRID.— The eldest son of Eadbald, by his wife 
 Emma. How he came to be supplanted by his younger 
 brother, Ercombert, is not certainly known. (See Ercom- 
 bert. ) 
 
 ERNLEY, Sir John. — One of the new privy council of 
 Charles II, agreed on between the king and parliament in 
 1679. He became chancellor of the exchequer; and as a 
 member of the parliament of 1680, warmly opposed the bill 
 for the exclusion of the duke of York, James II. After 
 much discussion, he proposed that James should bear the 
 title of king, after the death of Charles, but that he shoud 
 be banished, during life, to some place, five hundred miles 
 from England, and that the government should be adminis- 
 tered by a viceroy. This was intended as a compromise 
 with the popular party; but it was rejected and the conse- 
 quence was, that James became king without any restric- 
 tions, more than other kings. 
 
 ESCUS. — Sometimes called Eske. The second king of 
 Kent. He was son, as also successor to the great Hengist, 
 the first of the Saxon kings. He had but little of the mili- 
 tary genius of his father, and was almost entirely supplanted 
 in the estimation of his countrymen, by JElla, the brilliant 
 king of Sussex, who was, at that time, performing prodigies 
 of valor, which drew to his standard, nearly all the Saxons 
 of that part of the island. ESCUS was essentially tame in 
 his. character, and content to enjoy, in peace, the possessions 
 left him by his father. He died in 512, after a reign of 24 
 years, marked by nothing extraordinary. 
 
 ESCW1N. — The ninth king of Wessex. He was the 
 successor of Kenwalch, or rather of -Sexburga, his dowager 
 queen, who held the government two years after the death 
 of her husband. He is thought to have come to the throne 
 in 574, and to have reigned two years. 
 
 ESP EC, Walter 1'. — One of the northern nobility who 
 opposed David, king of Scotland, under the reign of Stephen, 
 and defeated him at the battle of the standard. 
 
 ESSEX, Henry d'. — The standard bearer of Henry II 
 in his invasion of Wales. His cowardice, or faithlessness, 
 came well nigh ruining his master. While in the mountain 
 fastnesses of that country, in passing a narrow defile, the 
 vanguard was surprised and put to rout. Upon this Essex 
 
ETH.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 237 
 
 threw down the standard, and took to flight, exclaiming that 
 the king was slain. The report spread terror through the 
 whole army, and had not Henry immediately appeared in 
 person, and gallantly led on his troops, the consequences 
 might have been fatal to the army. Essex was accused of 
 felony, by Robert Montfort, whom he was forced to encoun- 
 ter in single combat, in vindication of his innocence. Being 
 vanquished, he was, at once, pronounced guilty, his estate 
 confiscated, and himself thrust into a convent. . 
 ESSEX, Earl of.— (See Cromwell, Thomas.) 
 ESSEX, Earl of.— (See Devereux, father of Robert De- 
 vereux. ) 
 
 ESSEX, Earl of. — (See Devereux, Robert, Sen.) 
 ESSEX, Earl of. — (See Devereux, Robert, Jun.) 
 ESSEX, Earl of.— (See Capel.) 
 ESSEX, Earl of. — (See Northampton, marquis of.) 
 ESSEX, Countess of. — Wife of Robert Devereux, earl of 
 Essex. She was a daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham, and 
 is said to have been remarkable, not only for her personal 
 charms, but for many amiable accomplishments, and a very 
 remarkable taste for literature. In all the distress of her 
 unfortunate husband, she was ever present when permit- 
 ted, and, like an angel of mercy, ministering to his bleed- 
 ing heart. 
 
 ESSEX, Countess of. — (See Frances Howard.) 
 ESTRANGE, Hammond 1\ — A powerful baron under the 
 reign of Henry III. He appears to have sympathised, at 
 first, with the rebellion of Leicester, but afterward, to have 
 joined the royal party. At the battle of Lewes, on the 14th 
 of May, 1264, he was taken prisoner, with Henry II, and 
 expelled the kingdom ; but though absent, his influence is 
 said to have been almost as fearful to Leicester as when he 
 was present. It is probable that he returned after the death 
 of Leicester. 
 
 ETHELBALD.— The tenth king of Mercia. He was 
 great-grand-nephew to Penda, the fourth king. He was 
 skin in a mutiny, after a long reign of some forty years, 
 but little of which is known to the historian. 
 
 ETHELBALD.— The second son of Ethelwolf, and com- 
 monly reckoned the third king of England. In his father's 
 absence on a pilgrimage to Rome, he assumed the govern- 
 ment, and was proclaimed king of England. It is probable 
 that he was led to this by the circumstance of his elder 
 
238 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_ETH 
 
 brother's death taking place in the time of his father's ab- 
 sence, (See Athelstan.) On the return of Ethel wolf, he 
 found the nobility much divided between himself and his son. 
 Unwilling to involve the nation in a bloody war, he resolved 
 to divide to kingdom, and to retain the eastern part, giving 
 Ethelbald the west, which was then considered the better 
 part. (See Ethelwolf.) This division was continued, by 
 will of Ethelwolf, after his death, Ethelbald retaining the 
 western part of the island, while Ethelbert, a younger 
 brother, governed the eastern. Ethelbald was a profligate 
 prince, and married the widow of his father ; but was obliged 
 to divorce her. He died Dec. 20th, 860, near four years 
 after the death of his father, after which his brother Ethel- 
 bert succeeded to the government of all England. (See 
 Ethelbert, fourth king of England.) 
 
 ETHELBERT.— Earl of Mercia under the reign of Ed- 
 ward the Elder, whose sister Ethelfleda he married. It is 
 probable that he died young, as his wife administered the 
 government for many years after his death. (See Eth- 
 elfleda.) 
 
 ETHELBERT.— A governor of Mercia, under Alfred 
 the Great. He was allied to that monarch by the ties of 
 affinity, having married his sister Ethelfleda. He bore the 
 title of' earl of Mercia. 
 
 ETHELBERT.— The eighteenth king of Northumber- 
 land: He was a son of Mollo, the usurper, and the second 
 one of his sons who sat on that unstable throne. His death 
 was violent. Not long after this, Northumberland yielded 
 to the victorious arms of Egbert, the great king of Wessex, 
 and became a part of the kingdom of England. 
 
 ETHELBERT.— The fifth king of Kent. He was the 
 son and successor of Hermenric, who associated him with 
 himself in the government sometime before his death. Af- 
 ter the death of his father, he revived the military character 
 of his family, which had long languished. In his first wars, 
 he was unsuccessful, and was twice defeated by Ceaulin,king 
 of Wessex. At length an association was formed against 
 Ceaulin, whose ambitious aims had become so manifest as to 
 excite the fears and indignation of the whole heptarchy, and 
 Ethelbert was placed at the head of the allied forces. He 
 was successful, and the ambitious CeauHn was forced to be 
 content in his own proper dominions. Soon after this, Eth- 
 elbert succeeded in reducing all the princes of the heptarchy, 
 
ETH.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 239 
 
 except Northumberland, to strict dependence on him, and 
 even established himself on the throne of Mercia, which 
 was the most extensive of the Saxon kingdoms. This, how- 
 ever, he was led to resign to Webba, the rightful heir, though 
 on such terms as made Webba little more than his viceroy. 
 His reign is illustrated by his own conversion to Christianity, 
 though the instrumentality of his christian wife, Bertha, who 
 was the only daughter of Caribert, king of Paris. This 
 laid the foundation for the conversion of all the Saxons, and 
 also for the future influence of the church of Rome in the 
 island. (See Augustine.) Ethelbert was a wise and great 
 prince. He died in 616, after an illustrious reign of 50 
 years, and was succeeded by his son Eadbald. 
 
 ETHELBERT or EDELBERT.— The thirteenth king 
 o& Kent. He was of the royal blood, but what relation he 
 sustained to Widred, the last of the regular succession, is 
 not certainly known. He seems to have commenced his 
 reign in conjunction with Eadbert, whom he either supplant- 
 ed or survivedjfes we find him reigning alone after the latest 
 accounts of that prince. 
 
 ETHELBERT.— This is sometimes written Ethelered. 
 The seventh king of East Anglia. He seems to have as- 
 cended the throne in 654. Whether or not he was of the 
 blood royal is uncertain, as is every thing connected with the 
 latter part of the history of that monarchy. He is thought 
 to have reigned about five years. 
 
 ETHELBERT.— This is the name of the tenth and last 
 regular king of East Anglia. It is probable that he as- 
 sumed the title of king about 750, and reigned some two 
 years. He was treacherously murdered by OfTa, king of 
 Mercia, in 792, and his monarchy absorbed in that of 
 Mercia. (See OfTa.) 
 
 ETHELBERT. — This name seems to designate an 
 eleventh king of East Anglia. He is thought to have reign- 
 ed conjointly with Beorne, who outlived, or supplanted him, 
 and became sole monarch, (if that word may be applied,) of 
 Anglia. 
 
 ETHELBERT.— The fourth king of England. He was 
 the third son of Ethelwolf. His brother Ethelbald having 
 forced their father to divide the kingdom and surrender to 
 him the western part, held on to that part during his life. At 
 Ethelwolf's death, he confirmed the division by will, leaving 
 Ethelbald still in possession of the west, and bequeathed his 
 
240 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ETH. 
 
 own part to Ethelbert. In less than four years after this 
 Ethelbald died, and Ethelbert became king of all England, 
 and had a happy and prosperous reign of five years more, 
 with the ezception of repeated incursions of the Danes, 
 which greatly afflicted the nation. He died in 866, after 
 wearing the crown nine years. 
 
 ETHELBURGA.— Wife of Edwin, second king of Nor- 
 thumberland. She was the daughter of Ethelbert, king of 
 Kent. The history of this princess bears a striking resem- 
 blance to that of her mother, Bertha. Like her, she was a 
 christian ; — like her, she gave her hand to a heathen prince ; 
 like her, she stipulated in the conditions of her marriage the 
 full toleration of her religion, and like her, she succeeded in 
 converting her husband and establishing Christianity among 
 his subjects. On going from Kent to Northumberland, she 
 took her domestic chaplain, a learned bishop, Paullinus, as 
 did her mother, on coming from Paris into Kent. (See 
 Bertha, and Augustine.) The influence of her personal ex- 
 ample, together with that of the learned arguments of Paul- 
 linus, prevailed over the king, and he received christian bap- 
 tism, which was soon after followed by the general conver- 
 sion of his subjects, from which, however, they apostatised 
 after his death, and Ethelburga, together with Paullinus, then 
 archbishop of York, returned to Kent. 
 
 ETHELBURGA.— The queen of Ina, twelfth king of 
 Wessex, and sister to Adelard, his successor. 
 
 ETHELFLEDA.— A sister of Edward the Elder, and 
 wife of Ethelbert, earl of Mercia. After her husband's 
 death, she continued to administer the government of Mercia, 
 in subordination to her brother, to whom she rendered very 
 important service during his stormy reign. 
 
 ETHELRED.— The Seventh king of Mercia. He was 
 the brother and successor of Wolfhere. He is said to have 
 been, at all times, the advocate of peace, though by no 
 means ignorant of the arts of war. He made one success- 
 ful expedition into Kent, and repulsed the king of Northum- 
 berland, who had invaded his dominions. At the close of 
 this war, he showed his magnanimity by seeking to be recon- 
 ciled to the prince whom he had defeated, and paying him a 
 large sum of money as a compensation for the loss of his 
 brother, whom he had slain in battle. After a prosperous 
 reign of 30 years, he resigned his crown to Kenred, son of 
 Wolfhere, and retired into a monastery. He died in 705. 
 
ETH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 241 
 
 ETHELRED.— The twelfth king of East Anglia. He is 
 thought to have reigned, or borne the title of king, about 29 
 years. 
 
 ETHELRED.— The fifteenth king of Northumberland. 
 He was the son of Mollo, the usurper, and hence not of the 
 royal blood. He came to the throne in 774, and was ex- 
 pelled by his subjects in 779, having reigned five years. 
 . ETHERED.— The fourth son of Ethelwolf, and fifth king 
 of England. He was crowned immediately after the death 
 of his elder brother, Ethelbert, in 866. He was constantly 
 harassed by the Danes who, at that time, had become a con- 
 stant annoyance to the whole island. His brother, Alfred, 
 nobly seconded all his efforts by his military talents. He 
 died in 871, after a reign of five years, of a wound received 
 in one of his battles with the Danes. Under him, all Eng- 
 land was restored to one monarchy. It had been divided, by 
 his father, to prevent a civil war with his brother, Ethelbert, 
 and had remained two kingdoms until the accession of Eth- 
 ered. 
 
 ETHELRED.— Fourteenth king of England. He was 
 son of King Edgar and Elfrida, and came to the throne in 
 979, when but eleven years old. He may be said to have 
 waded to the throne through the blood of his half brother, 
 Edward the Martyr, who was cruelly murdered by Elfrida, 
 on the 18th of March, to make room for her own son., 
 (See Edward the Martyr.) Ethelred was a weak and 
 contemptible prince, and although his mother's ambition 
 was gratified in seeing him king, she had little cause for 
 pride. Being greatly harrassed by the Danes, he frequently 
 paid them large sums of money to quit the kingdom, but 
 never took up arms to repel them. At one time, he became 
 so discouraged that he retired from the kingdom, and meanly 
 sought a retreat in Normandy, while Sweyn, the Dane, was 
 proclaimed king. After the death of Sweyn, he returned to 
 his kingdom, but evinced the same low and craven spirit as 
 before. At length, death came to his relief, and to the re- 
 lief of the nation. He died on the 24th of April, 1016, 
 after an inglorious reign of thirty-five years. 
 
 ETHELSW1THA.— The wife of Alfred the Great, and 
 mother of Edward the Elder. She was the daughter of a 
 Mercian earl. The little which it is known of her, makes it 
 probable that she consulted the true dignity of her sex by 
 
 11 
 
242 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [eTH. 
 
 aspiring only to be a devoted wife and " a joyful mother of 
 children." 
 
 ETHELWALD.— The eighth king of East Anglia. No- 
 thing can be certainly said of him, only that such man ex- 
 isted, and that he reigned from 659 to about 664 — some five 
 years. 
 
 ETHELWALD.— A son of King Ethelbert, who disputed 
 the title of Edward the Elder to the throne, and perished in 
 battle while contending for the crown. His history is in- 
 volved in that of Edward. (See Edward the Elder.) 
 
 ETHELWARD.— The third son of Alfred the Great. 
 He inherited his lather's passion for letters, and lived a pri- 
 vate life. 
 
 ETHELWOLD.— A bishop of Winchester, under the 
 reign of Edgar. He was one of the creatures of the famous 
 St. Dunstan, and stood very high in the esteem of the king. 
 Dunstan, Oswald, and Ethelwold, bishops of London, Wor- 
 cester, and Winchester, were the privy counsellors of this 
 monarch, and were really, more than himself, the adminis- 
 trators of the government. 
 
 ETHELWOLF.— The second king of all England. He 
 was the son and successor of Egbert. Having, by his mili- 
 tary talents, assisted his father in subjugating the states of 
 the heptarchy, he became his successor on the throne. He 
 received holy orders, in the course of his father's reign, and 
 was called from the bishopric of Winchester to the throne of 
 England. He had but little of the talents of his father. Be- 
 ing constantly harassed, however, by the Danes and other 
 northern tribes, who had commenced their incursions in the 
 island, even as early as in the time of Brithric, and had re- 
 peatedly required the military talents of Egbert for their ex-" 
 pulsion, Ethelwolf was forced to take up arms, and was even 
 successful to some extent ; but in the midst of these troubles, 
 he took time to make a pilgrimage to Rome, whither he car- 
 ried his favorite son, Alfred, then only six years old. After 
 spending some twelve months in devotion there, he returned 
 to England, when to his great astonishment, he found that 
 his second son, Ethelbald, had assumed the government. 
 The nobility were divided between the father and son, and a 
 bloody war was prevented only by the former consenting to 
 surrender the western, and far the better part of the king- 
 dom, which was agreed to, and they henceforth reigned as 
 friendly neighbors until the death of Ethelwolf, which hap- 
 
ETT.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 243 
 
 pened only two years afterwards, January 13th, 857. Du- 
 ring his reign, the claims of the priesthood were much re- 
 garded, and large appropriations made for the building of 
 churches, endowing of monasteries, and sustaining the 
 clergy. Under this prince's reign, the practice of tithing 
 was introduced, and with it, many sad abuses which the 
 church was afterward called to mourn. 
 
 ETHILFRID or ADELFRID.— The first prince, proper 
 of Northumberland, as the two petty kingdoms of Bernicia 
 and Deiri were united, under him, in the kingdom of Nor- 
 thumberland. He was crowned in 593. He was grandson 
 to Ida, th^ founder, and first king of Bernicia, and married 
 Acca, daughter of iElla, king of Deiri, whose infant 
 brother, Edwin, he expelled from his just inheritance — the 
 throne of Deiri. Thus the two crowns of Deiri and Ber- 
 nicia were united in Northumberland. Ethilfrid was one of 
 the most warlike of all the Saxon princes. The Scots and 
 Picts on the north, and the Welsh, on the west, were made 
 to feel the force of his victorious arms, and he extended, on 
 all sides, the bounds of his dominions. Having laid siege to 
 Chester, the Britons marched out to meet him, attended by 
 1250 monks from the monastery of Bangor, who stood at a 
 short distance from the battle field. The king, observing 
 them, made enquiry who they were, and being told that they 
 had come to pray against him, "Then," said he, "are they 
 as much our enemies as those who intend to fight against us;" 
 and ordering a detachment of soldiers to dispatch them, the 
 whole body of ecclesiastics were cut off, excepting fifty, who 
 escaped by flight. The prince, Edwin, whom he had expell- 
 ed, oncoming to manhood, made war against him, having 
 obtained assistance from Redwald, king of East Angles. In 
 a decisive battle, Ethilfrid was slain, and Edwin established 
 on the throne of Northumberland. Ethilfrid is thought to 
 have reigned about 24 years. (See Edwin, second king of 
 Northumberland. ) 
 
 EU.— -Count D'Eu, was concerned in a conspiracy 
 against William Rufus, about 1096. The object of the con- 
 spiracy was to dethrone William, and to advance Stephen, 
 count of Aumale, nephew to the Conqueror, to the govern- 
 ment o(' England. The secret, however, was revealed, and 
 the conspirators placed under arrest. Eu denied the concur- 
 rence in the plot, and to justify himself, according to the 
 custom of the times, fought a duel with Geoffrey Bainard, 
 
244 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [ EU »- 
 
 his accuser, in the presence of the court. Being worsted in 
 the combat, the conclusion was unavoidable, that he was 
 guilty, and he was condemned to be castrated, and have both 
 his eyes put out. 
 
 EUMER. — An assassin employed by Cuichelme, king of 
 Wessex, to destroy Edwin, the famous prince of Northum- 
 berland. (See Edwin.) 
 
 EURE, Col. — An officer in the Cromwell army, sent, in 
 1648, to Newport, to seize the person of Charles I, and car- 
 ry him to Hurst Castle, for safe keeping. We know very 
 little of him ; but judging from the importance of the trust 
 committed to him in this case, we should conclude that he 
 stood high in the confidence of the revolutionists. 
 
 EUSTACE. — Count of Boulogne. This name inciden- 
 tally appears in the history of England. Having made a 
 visit to Edward the Confessor, on his return he passed by 
 Dover. Here one of his retinue was denied admittance to 
 a lodging which had been assigned him. He attempted to 
 force his way, and in so doing, wounded the master of the 
 house, which was instantly avenged by the death of the in- 
 truder. The count and his train then took up arms against 
 the citizens, and some twenty persons were killed on each 
 side. The count was overpowered, and forced to flee. He 
 hurried back to court, and complained to the king, of the 
 treatment which he had received. Edward was greatly in- 
 censed, that his noble visitor should have been so treated, 
 and gave orders to Earl Godwin, in whose jurisdiction Dover 
 lay, to proceed at once, to the place, and punish the citizens 
 for the outrage. But Godwin had long been disgusted and 
 indignant at the king's partiality for strangers, and abso- 
 lutely refused to obey the royal order, alleging that the count 
 and his attendants had been more to blame than the people 
 of Dover. This led to the first outbreak between the crown 
 and Godwin, for the particulars of which see Godwin — 
 Eustace afterwards appears among the nobility who united 
 with the duke of Normandy in the invasion of England, but 
 was among the first to become dissatisfied with the tyranny 
 of William after the conquest. He also appears among the 
 noble conspirators against William Rufus, soon after the cor- 
 onation. 
 
 EUSTACE.— Eldest son of King Stephen, It was Ste- 
 phen's intention that he should succeed him in the govern- 
 ment of England; and to insure his succession, the arch- 
 
EVR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 245 
 
 bishop of Canterbury was ordered to annoint him, in his 
 father's life ; but the primate refused to obey, and to escape 
 the king's vengeance, fled beyond the sea. Soon after this, 
 Eustace died, which doubtless made Stephen more ready to 
 treat with Matilda, in favor of her son Henry. 
 
 EVANS. — A Romish priest who fell a victim to the dis- 
 simulation of Charles II. Finding the whole nation strongly 
 prejudiced against Romanism, and reports of Romish conspi- 
 racies constantly engaging the public attention, Charles con- 
 sented to sacrifice a few priests for the purpose of removing 
 the impression of his having any sympathy with Romanists. 
 Evans was one of the unfortunate ones. He was playing at 
 tennis when the warrant for his immediate execution was 
 notified to him. On hearing it, he is said to have sworn, 
 that he would "play out his set first." It is probable that he 
 was an object of much popular odium ; though there ap- 
 pears no evidence of his having ever entered into any con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 EVERARD. — The Scotchman to whom Fitzharris ap- 
 plied to assist him in drawing a libel against Charles II and 
 the duke of York, that he might have the honor and emolu- 
 ment of its discovery. Everard was a spy of the " exclu- 
 sionists," and an informer concerning the " popish plot," 
 and it is probable that Fitzharris intended to involve him, at 
 the same time that he benefitted himself. Everard feigned 
 assent ; but placed two or three men behind the hangings, 
 to see and hear all that should pass, in drawing the plot. 
 Some of it, he wrote himself, but got Fitzharris to do most 
 of it ; and then, before there had been time to make any use 
 of it, disclosed the matter, as a libel gotten up by Fitzharris. 
 (See Fitzharris.) 
 
 EVERARD. — A soldier of the Cromwell army, who, 
 after being dismissed from service, turned " Leveler," and 
 preached that the time had now come when the community . 
 of goods should be renewed among christians. He led out 
 his followers to " take possession of the land," and on being 
 taken before an officer, to answer for his conduct, he refused 
 to salute him, alleging that he was his equal, and that no 
 one man had more authority than another. As he was but 
 one, among many, of that sect, it is not probable that he was 
 punished. 
 
 EVREUX, William d\ — One of the principal nobility of 
 
246 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [EYK. 
 
 Normandy who enlisted under William the Conqueror in his 
 invasion of England. 
 
 EVERS, Sir Ralph. — A military character, under the 
 reign of Henry VIII. We find him, in 1542, making an 
 incursion into Scotia ad, -.under the earl of Norfolk ; but very 
 unexpectedly, they met with a total defeat, and Evers, with 
 several others, was made prisoner. Two years after, he 
 made another incursion, co-operating with the earl of Here- 
 ford, in which he was far more successful. Stimulated with 
 this success, he begged the king to permit him to make an- 
 other incursion in the following year, 1545. Permission 
 was granted, and in the battle of Melross, he was defeated, 
 and slain. 
 
 EVERS, Lord. — Supposed to be the same with Sir Wil- 
 liam Evers. Most, probably a son of the above. We find 
 him, in 1569, engaged in military service, under Elizabeth, 
 quelling a northern rebellion ; but we do not learn that he 
 ever distinguished himself by any great deeds. If he is the 
 same with Sir William Evers, he had the misfortune to incur 
 the displeasure of the queen, — no small matter, — by paying- 
 a private visit to the king of Scotland without her permission. 
 
 EVERTZ. — A Dutch admiral who was killed in an en- 
 gagement with Sir John Harman in the great sea fight of 
 four days, in 1666. (See Harman, Sir John.) 
 
 EWES, Sir Simon d'. — An active and noisy member of 
 the long parliament. Some of his speeches have been pre- 
 served ; but the most important fact to be gathered from them 
 is, that there was such a man as Simon d' Ewes ; and per- 
 haps we may venture to add, that "He was born, lived, and 
 died." However, he has had his panegyrists. 
 
 EXETER, Marquis of.— (See Courtney.) 
 
 EXETER, Marchioness of.— (See Gertrude.) 
 
 EXETER, Earl of.— (See Holland, Henry.) 
 
 EXETER, Earl of.— (See Huntingdon, earl of, half 
 brother to Richard II.) 
 
 EXTON, Sir Piers. — One of the guards under whom 
 Richard II was left, after his deposition. It was long the 
 prevailing opinion that Exton, and some of the other guards, 
 dispatched him with their halberts, in the castle of Pomfret, 
 .where he was confined, though it has since been more gen- 
 erally believed that he was starved to death. 
 
 EYNSFORD, William d\— A military tenant of the 
 crown, -under Henry II, who held possession, in some way, 
 
FAI.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 247 
 
 of a living, claimed, indirectly, by the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. Thomas a' Becket, then primate, presented another 
 man, of the name of Lawrence, to the living, whom Eyns- 
 ford violently expelled. Becket at once issued the sentence 
 of excommunication against him. He complained to the 
 king, who sent orders to the primate to absolve him, but re- 
 ceived a haughty answer, followed, however, some time after, 
 by a reluctant compliance. 
 
 F 
 
 FAG, Sir John. — A member of the parliament of 1675, 
 under Charles II. He was engaged in a suit in chancery 
 against one Dr. Shirley. Shirley was cast, and preferred a 
 petition of appeal to the house of peers. The lords received 
 it, and summoned Fag to appear before them. The lower 
 house espoused his cause, and sent up their opinion, that a 
 member of their body could not be summoned before the 
 peers, in any case. Moreover, they took the ground that the 
 peers could receive no appeal from any court ; and they 
 farther ordered Shirley to prison. A high-handed measure. 
 
 FAGIUS. — A continental protestant, who came into Eng- 
 land, under the reign of Edward VI, with Martin Bucer, 
 and many others, at the invitation of Archbishop Cranmer. 
 After the accession of Queen Mary, his bones were ordered 
 to be dug up from the grave, and burned by the executioner, 
 about the same time with Bucer's. Such was the cruelty of 
 the Romanists, that even those whom death had placed be- 
 yond their reach, were carried through the forms of execu- 
 tion, as nearly as could be. (See Bucer, Martin.) 
 
 FAIRFAX, Edward. — A poet of considerable promi- 
 nence under the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. His most 
 valued production was a translation of Tasso, which posseses 
 an elegance and ease that are remarkalle lor his times. 
 He was an amiable, modest, and benevolent, man, and devo- 
 ted most of his 1 life to literary pursuits. He died in 163*2, 
 respected, and loved by all classes of people. 
 
 FAIRFAX, Lord Ferdinando. — Father of Thomas Fair- 
 fax. At the commencement of the civil wars of Charles I, 
 he took .decided ground for the parliament, and was placed 
 in command of a body of troops in the north of England. 
 He was totally routed at Atherton Moor, in 1643, and his 
 
248 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ FAI « 
 
 army dispersed. After this, he seems to have lived in re- 
 tirement. 
 
 FAIRFAX, Lord Thomas.— Son of the above. With 
 his father, he connected himself with the parliamentary 
 movement, against Charles I, and became commander in 
 chief of the parliamentary forces. After contributing more, 
 perhaps, than any one man, for the liberties of England, and 
 for restraining the prerogatives of the crown, he became dis- 
 gusted with the violent and extreme measures of the revolu- 
 tionists, and set himself in opposition to their measures. He 
 opposed the trial and execution of the king, and even con- 
 ceived the design of rescuing him, by force of arms. Crom- 
 well and Ire ton, on hearing of this intention, hastened to 
 sign the death-warrant of Charles, but concealed it from 
 Fairfax. In the meantime, they endeavored to convince 
 him, that the lord had rejected the king, and exhorted him to 
 seek, by prayer, some direction from heaven, on this impor- 
 tant occasion. Harrison was appointed to join him in prayer; 
 and by agreement with Cromwell, he contrived to prolong 
 his "doleful cant," until intelligence arrived that the fatal 
 blow had been struck. On rising from their knees, Harri- 
 son assured him that this was a miraculous answer to their 
 prayer, and should be understood as fully expressive of the 
 divine will. So disgusted was he at the murder of his king, 
 whom it had been his intention only to check, and hold 
 within the bounds of law, that he immediately resigned his 
 office, as commander in chief of the army, and the office was 
 conferred on Cromwell. Fairfax was, in many respects, one 
 of the greatest men of his time. His natural love of mili- 
 tary glory had caused him to leave the university of Cam- 
 bridge, when very young, to enlist in the service, in Nether- 
 lands. He was eminent for his courage and humanity; and 
 although somewhat infected with the fanaticism of his times, 
 could never be induced to abandon the great principles of 
 morality and virtue in which he had been educated. In 
 common with all his family, he was a strict presbyterian. 
 He lived to see the restoration of Charles II, and contribu- 
 ted all of his influence, both in the field and in council, to the 
 accomplishment of that result. He possessed some poetic 
 genius, and wrote a few poems of considerable merit. He 
 was born in 1611, and died in 1671, in the sixtieth year of 
 his age. (See Fairfax, lady.) 
 * FAIRFAX, Lady— Wife of Lord Thomas Fairfax. 
 
FAL.J • BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 249 
 
 She was a daughter of Horace Lord Vere, and a woman 
 altogether worthy of her noble extraction. At the trial of 
 Charles I, when her husband's name was called, as one of 
 the judges, to which he failed to answer, a voice was heard 
 from among the spectators, "He has more wit than to be 
 here." When the charges were read against the king, "In 
 the name of the people of England," the same voice ex- 
 claimed, "Not a tenth part of them." Orders were then is- 
 sued for the guards to fire into the box whence these insolent 
 speeches came, when it was made known that Lady Fairfax 
 was there, and that the "insolent speeches" had come from 
 her. She had seconded her husband's zeal against the royal 
 cause ; but was now, as well as he, struck with abhorrence 
 of the fatal and unexpected consequences of his many vic- 
 tories. 
 
 FAIRFAX, Col.— Most probably a member of the same 
 family with Lord Thomas Fairfax. He seems not to have 
 figured largely in the civil wars, but rendered active service 
 in those measures which led, immediately, to the restoration 
 of Charles II. An amusing anecdote is told, by Mr. Hume, 
 of his going to take possession of Hull, when Overton, the 
 governor, a violent fifth-monarchy man, made known that 
 he had made up his mind to "keep possession of that for- 
 tress until the coming of King Jesus." As soon, however, 
 as the authority, of parliament was produced, sustained by 
 sufficient military force, he decided that he would surrender 
 it to Col. Fairfax. 
 
 FALCONBERG, Lord.— After the death of Lord Fitz- 
 walter, at Ferrybridge, Edward and Warwick sent Lord 
 Falconberg to recover the post which had been lost. He 
 passed the river Are some miles above Ferrybridge, and 
 falling unexpectedly on Lord Clifford, defeated and slew him. 
 (See Fitzwalter, Lord.) 
 
 FALKLAND, Lord — Viscount Falkland. — Well known 
 as secretary to Charles I. For several years previous to his 
 being made secretary, he was a member of the house of 
 commons, when the wise and moderate character of his 
 counsels, though opposed to the prevailing violence of that 
 body, always commanded respect. It was he who, assisted 
 by the king in person, drew up the famous memorials of the 
 royal party. He is said to have adorned the purest virtue 
 with the richest gifts of nature, and the most valuable ac- 
 quisitions of learning. When the civil wars broke out, he 
 
 11* 
 
250 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FAR. 
 
 took decided ground on the side of royalty, though he enter- 
 tained moderate views of the royal prerogative. From this 
 time, he was sad, and sighed for peace. So melancholy 
 were his apprehensions for the future fate of his country, 
 that he even became neglectful of his dress, and the adorn- 
 ment of his person. On the morning of the battle of New- 
 bury, Sept. 20, 1643, he gave particular attention to his 
 dress, saying that he did not wish the enemy to find his body 
 in a condition unworthy of his high rank. "lam weary," 
 said he "of the times, and foresee much misery to my 
 country ; but believe that I shall be out of it ere night." 
 The result proved the truth of his apprehensions. He is 
 said to have been the author of the first written definition of 
 the English constitution, which was even recognized by au- 
 thority. Few purer men, or lovelier characters, have graced 
 the page of English history. 
 
 FALKLAND, Viscount. — (See Cary, Lucius.) 
 
 FALMOUTH, Earl of.— Killed in one of the naval bat- 
 tles of Charles II with the Dutch, 1665. He was killed by 
 the same shot with Lord Muskerry and Mr. Boyle, all three 
 of whom were standing so near the duke of York, — after- 
 ward James II, — that he was covered with their brains and 
 gore. All pains to ascertain the proper name of Falmouth 
 have been unsuccessful, and the author cannot say whether it 
 is in this work or not. 
 
 FANSHAW, Sir Richard. — We read of his being sent, 
 by Charles II, ambassador to Spam, in 1665, for the purpose 
 of forming an alliance against Holland and Denmark. The 
 mission, we learn, was wholly unsuccessful, and Fanshaw 
 met with treatment so cold as to make him very willing to 
 return. Not that Spain was, at that time, particularly un- 
 friendly toward England, but that she was embarrassed and 
 depressed by other troubles, and not disposed to involve her- 
 self in any more wars. 
 
 FARLEY.— One of the violent cabal of Wallingford 
 House, against Richard Cromwell. He had been one of 
 the supporters of the Cromwell administration; but, like 
 many others of that class, had progressed in his ideas of lib- 
 erty until he had come to the conclusion, that there should be 
 no laws, but the laws of God, and that every man should be 
 at liberty to interpret them as he might think best. 
 
 FARMER. — One of the converts of James II to papacy. 
 He was proved to have been a man of base character, and 
 
FAW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 251 
 
 to have practised the lowest and most scandalous of vices. 
 Nevertheless, soon after his profession of the Romish reli- 
 gion, James nominated him to the presidency of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, and when the fellows refused to confirm the 
 nomination, an ecclesiastical commission was sent down, for 
 the purpose of punishing their contumacy. The investiga- 
 tion, however, disclosed such scandalous vices in his charac- 
 ter as well as an utter want of qualification for the office, 
 that the commissioners dismissed the prosecution and Par- 
 ker was forced upon the college. — (See Parker.) 
 
 FASTOLFFE, Sir John.— An English general of some 
 notoriety in time of Henry VI. He had part of the command 
 before Orleans in France, and at the village of Patay, set the 
 example of an inglorious flight before the girl, Joan of Arc, 
 causing great destruction of his men. For this cowardice 
 the order of the garter was taken from him. 
 
 _ FAUCONBERG,— Viscount or Lord.— (See Wentworth, 
 Sir Thomas, earl of Stafford,) 
 
 FAWKES, Guy. — The celebrated desperado who was ap- 
 pointed, by the Roman catholics, to execute the famous 
 " Gun-powder plot," under the reign of James I. He was 
 an officer in the Spanish service in Flanders, at the time of 
 the inception of the plot ; and being celebrated for his re- 
 ligious zeal, his daring hardihood, and his brutal cruelty, 
 which enabled him to perform the most dangerous exploits, 
 and the most shocking butcheries, without remorse or quail- 
 ing, was sent for, to execute the fatal conspiracy. When it 
 was discovered that a plot was going on, some officers, at a 
 late hour of the night, waited at the door of the vault, for 
 the egress of any one who might be within. About mid- 
 night, Fawkes appeared, and was instantly arrested. He 
 had, in his pocket, several matches, and every thing ready 
 for setting fire to the train. On examination, thirty-six 
 barrels of power were found in the basement, or cellar, of 
 the parliament house, covered over with billets of wood, and 
 every thing in readiness to blow up the house, on the follow- 
 ing day, when the king, queen, and most of the royal 
 family, with both houses of parliament, should be assembled. 
 At first, he showed not the least concern, and regretted, 
 only, he said, that he had not applied the match at the very 
 moment of his arrest, that he might have revenged his death 
 by that of his enemies. Before the council, he showed the 
 same firmness, and scorned to answer any questions put to 
 
252 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FEL. 
 
 him. A few days solitary confinement, however, had the 
 effect to soften him, and when but shown the instruments of 
 torture, he yielded, and consented to disclose the whole se- 
 cret, and to make known all the parties concerned. He met 
 the penalty due to his crime with all the brute courage and 
 devilish philosophy which might have been expected of such 
 a character. 
 
 FEATHERSTONE, Sir Timothy.— A zealous royalist, 
 who, with many others, was taken prisoner by the republi- 
 cans at the battle of Worcester, and inhumanly put to death. 
 As if, to engage in the service of his king, in a regular and 
 lawful military organization, were to be regarded as a 
 crime ! " O ! the manners ! O, the times ! " 
 
 FELIX. — -Bishop of Urgel, in Catalonia, known only by 
 the heretical doctrines which he taught, and which were af- 
 terward condemned by the council of Frankfort. He taught 
 that Christ, as man, was not the natural, but the adoptive son 
 of God. He appears incidentally in English history by the 
 circumstance of king Offa sending Alcuin to the emperor 
 Charlemange to oppose his heresy. 
 
 FELTON. — The man who assassinated George ViUiers, 
 duke of Buckingham. He was a man of good family, and 
 had served under the duke, in the army, in the capacity of 
 lieutenant. His captain being killed, he had applied for that 
 office, and being disappointed, he had resigned his station, 
 and abandoned himself to resentment toward the duke, as 
 the cause of his disappointment. Soon after, finding the 
 duke engaged in conversation with several gentlemen, at 
 Portsmouth, he boldly entered the circle, and stabbed him, 
 over the shoulder of some other gentlemen. The duke only 
 exclaimed, " The villian has killed me," and fell down dead. 
 At first it was not known who had done the deed, as there 
 were many persons present. But a hat was found near the 
 the place, inside of which was pasted a paper declaring 
 Buckingham an enemy to the kingdom. At once, it was 
 concluded that the owner of the hat was the assassin. Just 
 at this moment, Felton was seen walking bareheaded. At 
 once some one exclaimed, " Here is the fellow who killed 
 the duke !" He coolly avowed the act, and declared it to 
 be his own deed, and that no other person had suggested the 
 idea to him. His mind had been fully made up, to sell his 
 life at this price, and he met his fate with all the eoolness of 
 the philosopher. 
 
FEN,~| BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 253 
 
 FELTON, John. — Claimed as a Romish martyr, under 
 the reign of Elizabeth. The pope, Pius V, had issued a bull 
 of excommunication against Elizabeth, depriving her of all 
 title to the crown, and absolving her subjects from allegiance 
 to her. Felton affixed this bull to the gates of the bishop of 
 London's palace, for the purpose of giving to it as much as 
 possible, the air of defiance, and of papal authority. He 
 scorned to fly, or to deny what he had done ; and as it was 
 clearly an act of treason, setting forth the authority of a for- 
 eign potentate, over the crown of England, he was executed. 
 He is said to have been a Romish fanatic, who had long 
 courted the crown of martyrdom. 
 
 FENELON. — Embassador of France at the court of 
 Queen Elizabeth. Immediately after the great French mas- 
 sacre of St. Bartholomew's, in which some ten thousand 
 Huguenots were destroyed, Fenelon was ordered, by Charles, 
 of France, to ask an audience with the queen, and to de- 
 clare that it was a matter of necessity, to prevent the exe- 
 cution of a conspiracy of the Huguenots against the crown. 
 He abhorred the deed, and scrupled not to declare, that hence- 
 forth, he should be ashamed to bear the name of French- 
 man. Yet, in obedience to orders, he sought an interview. 
 When admitted, he found all the courtiers and ladies dressed 
 in deep mourning, and no one gave him the least look, or 
 sign, of recognition, or favor. All was silent and sad as the 
 house of death, until he came into the presence of the queen, 
 who propounded to him such questions as drew from him the 
 message sent by his master ; and he retired disgusted with 
 his own nation and the service which he had just performed. 
 After this, in 1582, he was sent to Scotland, for the purpose 
 of renewing the ancient league between France and that 
 country. James VI ordered him a public dinner, but the 
 clergy, — stern old covenanters, — appointed, a fast on the 
 very day. In consequence of a white cross which he wore, 
 as the badge of his order, — knight of the Holy Ghost, — he 
 was declared to be Anti-Christ, and made but a short stay in 
 the kingdom. 
 
 FEN WICK. — One of the Jesuits who were convicted, on 
 the testimony of the infamous Titus Gates, Bedloe, and 
 Dugdale, of participation in a popish plot, under the reign 
 of Charles II. The testimony was altogether contemptible, 
 and the whole story ridiculous, as it was vague and indefi- 
 nite. Nevertheless, Fenwick, with several others, was con- 
 
254 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. L FER " 
 
 victed, and led to execution. So nervous was the court of 
 England on the subject of popish plots, ever since the cele- 
 brated gunpowder treason, under James I, that no story of the 
 kind, could be too ridiculous for belief. (See Whitebread.) 
 
 FERGANT, Alan. — A son of Hoel, count of Brittany, 
 at the time of the Norman conquest. Hoel seconded the 
 views of William, and sent his son, Alan Fergant, with a 
 body of five thousand Bretons to assist in the invasion of 
 England. Fergant afterward married Constantia, daughter 
 of the conqueror. 
 
 FERGUSON, — One of the conspirators in the famous 
 rye-house plot, under Charles II. He was one of the better 
 order of the lower class of those concerned, and was one of 
 the most active in this class, as was proved, on the trial. It 
 is probable that he was executed within a few days after the 
 discovery of the conspiracy. 
 
 FERRAR, Robert. — Bishop of St. David's under the 
 reign of the Bloody Mary. He was a native of Halifax, 
 and was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, and made 
 bishop through the influence of archbishop Cranmer, to 
 whom he was, for some time, chaplain. Being favorably 
 disposed towards the protestant doctrines, he was burned in 
 1555, and thus became one of "the noble army of martyrs." 
 
 FERRARS, Lord. — One of the English adventurers who 
 enlisted under the standard of Edward Baliol, in his attempt 
 on Scotland for the recovery of his crown. (See Baliol, 
 Edward. ) 
 
 FERRARS, Lord.— Of Chartley. One of the support- 
 ers of Richard III. He fell with his royal master in the 
 battle of Bosworth, and a bill of attainder was passed against 
 him, after his death, by order of Henry VII. 
 
 FERRARS, Lord— Of Chartley. — Most probably, a son 
 of the above. A young nobleman who accompanied Henry 
 VIII in his military expedition into France in 1512.. We 
 do not learn that he entered into any very important move- 
 ments, in this expedition; but in the following year, he ac- 
 companied Sir Edward Howard in his naval enterprise on 
 the coast of France, and took command of one of the galleys 
 which attacked admiral Prejeant, near Brest. When How- 
 ard perished, in the heat of the action, Ferrars retired, and 
 thus left the victory to the French. (See Howard, Sir Ed- 
 ward.) In 1544, we find him again, accompanying Henry 
 in a French expedition ; — perhaps, more as a part of the 
 
FIE. 3 BIOGRAPHICAL, INDEX. 255 
 
 pageant than for real service. He had the honor of being 
 classed among what were reckoned the flower of the nobility. 
 
 FERERS, Robert de. — One of the barons who united 
 with the earl of Leicester in his famous rebellion, under the 
 reign of Henry III, 
 
 FERERS, Earl of. — Name not certainly known. We 
 hear of h 7 's uniting himself with Richard, earl of Cornwall, 
 against his brother, Henry III, in 1227, for the purpose of 
 securing Richard in the possession of certain property from 
 which he had ejected the rightful owner. Several peers 
 were concerned in the movement, and the king was obliged 
 to yield the point in dispute. 
 
 FERRES, Robert de. One of the northern nobility who 
 opposed and defeated David, king of Scotland, at the battle 
 of the Standard under the reign of King Stephen. 
 
 FETHERSTONE.— One of the three Roman catholics who 
 were executed under Henry VIII, in 1540, in company with 
 three protestants. The former, for denying the king's su- 
 premacy over the church of England, the latter, for denying 
 the Romish theology. Henry was, in nearly every respect, 
 a Romanist, with this exception, that he would be pope him- 
 self. (See Abel.) The chief complaint of Fetherstone, 
 and his fellow sufferers, was, that they were coupled, in suf- 
 fering, with protestant heretics. 
 
 FEVERSHAM, Earl of. — Lewis Duras, as shown by re- 
 ference to the peerage tables. The name of Duras does not 
 appear in Hume. One of the creatures of James II, both 
 before and after his accession to the crown. So offensive 
 was he to the English people, in the life of Charles II, that 
 he was obliged to dismiss him from court. James, however, 
 as soon as he came into power, fully restored him ; and he 
 was chief in command at Sedgemoor, against the duke of 
 Monmouth. Immediately after the battle he proceeded to 
 hang the prisoners, and had already dispatched about twenty 
 victims, when the bishop of Bath and Wells warned him that 
 such conduct could not possibly be distinguished from murder, 
 and he desisted. He was of French birth, and had no sym- 
 pathy with the English people. All his ambition was to 
 assist James in breaking down the protestant religion. 
 
 FIELDING, Colonel. — Succeeded Sir Arthur Aston as 
 governor of Reading, in 1643, the latter having been 
 wounded in the course of Essex's siege. The king, 
 (Charles I,) advanced, with forces, for the purpose of obli- 
 
266 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FIN 
 
 ging Essex to raise the siege ; but not being able to accom- 
 plish his purpose, and the garrison being in great distress, 
 Fielding consented 10 yield the town, on condition that he 
 should bring off all the garrison with the honors, of war, only 
 delivering up deserters. The last article was thought so ig- 
 nominious, and at the same time, so prejudicial to the royal 
 cause, that Fielding was trkd in a court martial, and con- 
 demned to lose his life. The sentence, however, was after- 
 wards remitted by the king. 
 
 FIENNES, William. — One of the committee of six, sent 
 by the two houses of parliament to accompany Charles I into 
 Scotland in 1641. Their ostensible mission was to see that 
 the articles of pacification were executed by Scotland ; but 
 their real object was to act as spies on the king's person, as 
 the result fully proved. At this time, he acted with the pres- 
 byterian party ; but soon after, connected himself with the 
 most violent of the independents, and contributed his full 
 share of influence to the ruin of Charles. After the resto- 
 ration of Charles II, strange as it may appear, he was re- 
 stored to royal favor, and made lord privy seal and lord 
 chamberlain. Thus did Charles often promote his worst 
 enemies, and neglect his best friends. 
 
 FIENNES, Nathaniel.— Son of William Fiennes. His 
 career was very nearly the same as his lather's, only that 
 he engaged, for a short time, in military life. While gover- 
 nor of Bristol, he yielded, as was thought, too readily, to the 
 arms of Prince Rupert ; and for this offense, was condemned 
 to lose his head. The influence of his father, however, pro- 
 cured his pardon, and he became one of the privy council, 
 under the protectorate of Cromwell. After the restoration, 
 he retired to private life, and died in 1669. 
 
 FINCH, Sir John, and afterward Lord Finch. — Speaker 
 of the house of commons, in the parliament of 1621. When 
 a remonstance was framed against Charles I levying tonnage 
 and poundage, Finch refused to put the question, alleging 
 that he had been instructed from the king not to do so, and 
 rose and left the chair. The whole house was in an uproar, 
 and he was pushed back into his seat, and forcibly held, 
 until the bill had passed by acclamation. This conduct of 
 Finch was taken up> in the long parliament, and declared to 
 be a " breach of privilege." He had then been promoted to 
 the honor of lord keeper, and was one of Charles' chief in- 
 struments of oppression. On hearing that an impeachment 
 
FIS.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 257 
 
 was in contemplation, he hastened to prostrate himself before 
 the parliament, and to plead his cause, rather as a suppliant, 
 than as one conscious of having done right. His submission, 
 however, availed him nothing. An impeachment was re- 
 solved on ; and he saved himself by a timely flight into Hol- 
 land. It has been supposed that his escape was connived at 
 — the parliament regarding him as less criminal than many 
 others. 
 
 FINCH, Sir Heneage, or Lord Finch. — Earl of Notting- 
 ham. An accomplished scholar of Oxford, a profound jurist, 
 and one of the most eloquent orators of his day, He was 
 solicitor general to Charles II, also attorney general, and 
 finally, lord keeper and earl of Nottingham. He was a 
 staunch supporter of the rights of the crown and of the 
 church of England ; and yet, strange as it may appear, re- 
 mained popular with the great mass of the people. He took 
 an active part in all the measures which led to the invasion 
 of England by the prince of Orange, and his voice was 
 heard in all the deliberations which were so important in set- 
 tling the form of government under that prince. Few char- 
 acters in English history are more to be envied than his. 
 
 FISHER, John. — Bishop of Rochester in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. He was the only English bishop who did not 
 consent that the king's marriage with Catharine of Arra- 
 gon, was unlawful, and hence, the only one who opposed 
 his marriage with Anne Boleyn. He also violently opposed 
 the doctrine of the king's supremacy over the church ; and 
 for this service he was rewarded by the pope with the hon- 
 ors of cardinal. He was, also, an ardent opponent of Lu- 
 ther; — in short, of everything tending to promote the Ref- 
 ormation. At one time, he very narrowly escaped poison- 
 ing, by one Rouse, who threw poison into the meal which 
 was intended for him. Fortunately, he did not eat of it ; 
 but two of the servants died of it, and some fifteen others 
 barely recovered, after having suffered the most dreadful 
 sickness. Henry would never permit his cardinal's hat to 
 be brought into the kingdom; and after confining him in 
 prison for several months, caused him to be tried, con- 
 demned, and executed, for high treason, He was beheaded 
 on the 22d of June, 1535, in the seventy-seventh year of his 
 age. He was a native of Yorkshire, and for many years, 
 was at the head of Queen's College, Cambridge; and has 
 
258 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FIT. 
 
 ever been regarded as a man of great learning, and remark- 
 able force of character. 
 
 FITTON. — Appointed chancellor of Ireland, by James II. 
 He was taken from jail, to enter on his high and responsi- 
 ble function, and had been convicted of forgery, and many 
 other scandalous vices. For all his moral delinquencies, 
 however, he made full compensation by being a violent and 
 headlong zealot in the Romish religion. Soon after reach- 
 ing Ireland, he declared, from his official bench, that the 
 protestants were all rogues, and that there was not one of 
 them, among forty thousand, that was not a traitor, a rebel 
 and a villian. It is probable that he remained there until 
 the fall of James, and then fell into the obscurity which he 
 deserved. 
 
 FITZ. — One of the lawless cabal of Wallingford House, 
 which succeeded in forcing the resignation of Richard Crom- 
 well, He was like most of this cabal, a violent "Fifth mon- 
 archy" man, and opposed to all laws, save the law T s of God ; 
 and even to these, unless permitted to construe them in his 
 own way. 
 
 FITZ- ALAN, William.— One of the barons who de- 
 clared for the empress Matilda on her landing to claim the 
 crown of England. (See Matilda, empress, daughter of 
 Henry I.) 
 
 FITZ- ALAN, Thomas.— Earl of Arundel. He was 
 brother to the primate, (Fitz-Alan,) and not less than he, 
 opposed to the court and administration of Richard II. For 
 some time, he cost the king much concern, as by his connec- 
 tion with some of the most powerful peers of England, he 
 was able to menace the throne. At length he was seized by 
 order of Richard, tried, condemned, and executed. 
 
 FITZ-ALAN, Henry.— Earl of Arundel. Son and suc- 
 cessor of the above. He was, not less than his father, op- 
 posed to the administration of Richard II, and was one 
 among the first to attach himself to the interests of Henry 
 IV, on his first attempt on the crown. He remained firmly 
 attached to the Lancastrian interest until his death, in 1435. 
 He rose to great military distinction, and at last fell in battle, 
 in the continental wars of Henry VI. 
 
 FITZ-ALAN. — Archbishop of Canterbury, and chancel- 
 lor of England, in the minority of Richard II. His removal 
 from the office of chancellor was. one of the first acts of 
 Richard's administration, after assuming the government, 
 
FIT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 259 
 
 himself, in 1389. Soon after this, he was impeached by the 
 commons, banished, and his temporalities sequestered. He 
 seems to have been a disloyal subject, and to have used his 
 priestly authority for political purposes, even excommunica- 
 ting all who dared to oppose the duke of Gloucester in his 
 violence against the crown. 
 
 FITZ-ARNULF, Constantine.— The ring leader of a riot 
 in London, under the reign of Edward III. He was arrest- 
 ed and brought before the justiciary, Hubert, when he boldly 
 justified his conduct. The justiciary proceeded against him 
 by martial law, and ordered him to be hanged, without trial 
 or form of process. 
 
 FITZ-COUNT, Brian.— A powerful baron under the 
 reign of King Stephen who took sides with the Empress 
 Matilda. (See Matilda, Empress, daughter of Henry I.) 
 
 FITZ-GARRET.— Lieutenant of "the band of pension- 
 ers," under Elizabeth. We read of his executing the office 
 of sheriff, in the arrest of the duke of Norfolk, in 1569. 
 What his ordinary duties were, or what his general charac- 
 ter, we know not. 
 
 FITZ-GERALD, Maurice.— A Welchman who co-ope- 
 rated with Robert Fitz- Stephens in his enterprise in Ireland. 
 (See Fitz-Stephens, Robert.) 
 
 . FITZ-GERALD, Thomas.— Earl of Kildare and deputy 
 of Ireland. When the famous Lambert Simnel, who had 
 conceived the design of passing himself off for Richard, duke 
 of York, second son of Edward IV, and hence, heir to the 
 crown, presented himself before the Irish people, as their 
 true and lawful sovereign, Fitz- Gerald was fully persuaded 
 of the truth of the story, and gave all his influence in sup- 
 port of his claim. The effect was to kindle a general enthu- 
 siasm in Ireland, and the whole island was ready to draw the 
 sword in favor of the pretender. Some time after this, under 
 the reign of Henry VIII. he was accused of some violences 
 against the family of Osory, his hereditary enemies, and 
 thrown into prison, where he soon died. 
 
 FITZ-GERALD.— Son of the above. When his father 
 was thrown into prison, he took up arms for his rescue, and 
 after connecting himself with several Irish chiefs, proceeded 
 to commit many outrages, and even murdered the archbishop 
 of Dublin, and laid siege to that city. Forces were sent over 
 from Enghnd, and after an obstinate resistance, Fitz-Gerald 
 was forced to surrender and was carried to London, where 
 
260 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FIT. 
 
 he was publicly executed, with several of his coadjutors. 
 The generous sentiment of filial affection was noble ; but it 
 was badly directed. 
 
 FITZGERALD. — A low Irishman who, in company with 
 six others, of about the same stamp, came over to England in 
 1681, for the purpose of testifying of the "horrid and damnable 
 Irish plot." Notwithstanding, as Mr. Hume has said, "they 
 possessed neither character sufficient to gain belief, even to 
 to the truth, nor sense to invent a credible falsehood," they 
 were caressed, rewarded, supported, and recommended by 
 the earl of Shaftesbury. It is probable that after the popu- 
 lar humor for such stories had been regaled, they al^return- 
 ed home, about as contemptible as they were before. 
 
 FITZHARRIS, Sir Edward. — A zealous royalist, though 
 an Irishman and Roman catholic, under the reigns of Charles 
 I and Charles II. It does not appear, however, that he took 
 much part in the civil wars, or ever rendered very important 
 service, in any way ; though his bold and fearless avowals of 
 attachment to the crown made him an object of much inte- 
 rest with Charles II. 
 
 FITZHARRIS. — Son of the above. ^He seems to have 
 been characterized by great meanness of soul, which brought 
 him to an untimely end. He had conceived the design of 
 gaining a livelihood by collecting all the gossip of England, 
 particularly whatever could be construed into a libel against 
 the court, — and carrying it to the duchess of Portsmouth. 
 For services of this kind, he received, at one time, two hun- 
 dred and fifty pounds. He fixed his eye on one Everard, a 
 well known enemy of James II, then duke of York, and re- 
 quested him to write a libel against the duke of York. 
 Everard feigned assent, and appointed a day to meet him for 
 that purpose, but took the precaution to conceal, behind the 
 curtains, a magistrate, and two or three other witnesses, to 
 hear, and see, all that might pass. Everard wrote some of 
 it, but got Fitzharris to dictate it, and to write the greater 
 part of the article. Fancying that he had completely en- 
 traped his victim, he set off for court, but before he had pro- 
 ceeded far, was arrested, and easily convicted, as the author 
 of the libel He was ensnared in his own trap. The evi- 
 dence was conclusive against him ; and with all the interest 
 of court in his favor, he was, soon after, publicly executed. 
 
 FITZ-HAMMON, Robert.^-A warm supporter of Wil- 
 liam Rufus against the intrigues of those barons who, at 
 
FIT.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 261 
 
 different times, conspired to dethrone him. He is said to 
 have done much to restrain the cruelty of the king to- 
 ward those conspirators who fell into his hands. Af- 
 ter this, we find him devoted to the interests of Henry I, 
 when his brother, Robert, having returned from Palestine, 
 hastened over to England to claim the crown, which was 
 justly his ; and his influence is said to have contributed 
 largely to the treaty which put an end to the war, and for- 
 ever deprived Robert of his just inheritance. 
 
 FITZ-HUGH, Lord.— Brother-in-law of the famous earl 
 of Warwick, the king-maker. Not much is known of him. 
 We read of his being leader of an insurrection in the north, 
 to which the attention of Edward IV was directed at the 
 time of Warwick's landing in England for the purpose of 
 restoring Henry VI. Perhaps the insurrection had been 
 gotten up for the purpose of diverting attention in this way. 
 
 FITZ-JOHN, William. — One of the barons who declared 
 for the empress Matilda, soon after her landing in England 
 to claim her crown. — (See Matilda, empress.) 
 
 FITZ-JOHN, John. — A strong ally to the earl of Lei- 
 cester, in his rebellion against Henry III. He commanded 
 one division of Leicester's army, at the battle of Lewes, 
 May 14, 1264. Of his farther history, we are left in some 
 uncertainty. 
 
 FITZ-OSBERNE, William.— Count of Breteuil. A 
 principal supporter of William the Conqueror in his first 
 movements towards the invasion of England, After the con- 
 quest, when William returned to the continent to receive the 
 congratulations of his Norman subjects, he left the adminis- 
 tration in the hands of Fitz-Osborne and Odo, bishop of 
 Baieux. Whether their government were wise or not, it 
 gave great dissatisfaction, and was a plea for the insurrec- 
 tions which broke out in almost every part of the kingdom. 
 FITZ-OSBERT, William.— Commonly caUed Long- 
 beard. A lawyer of London under the reign of Richard I, 
 who distinguished himself as the advocate of all the low and 
 the vicious, and the enemy of law and of all good citizens. 
 Under his influence, murder and burglary were daily com- 
 mitted with impunity ; and when the justiciary summoned 
 him to answer for his conduct, he came so well attended, 
 that no one appeared against him. At another time, when 
 an attempt was made to arrest him, he killed an officer and 
 fled to the church of St. Mary le Bow, where he defended 
 
262 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FIT; 
 
 himself for a time, but was, at last, forced from his retreat, 
 condemned and executed. His gibbet was stolen by the pop- 
 ulace and preserved as a holy relic. 
 
 FITZ-PETER, Geoffrey.— Chief justiciary of England, 
 under the reigns of Richard I and John. He first appears 
 as one of the executive council appointed by Richard on the 
 eve of his sailing for the holy land, for the purpose of re- 
 straining the violent conduct of Longchamp,'the regent, who 
 between the times of Richard's departure from England and 
 his embarkation from Marseilles, had excited the indignation 
 of a great part of the kingdom. After Richard's return, 
 Fitz-Peter became one of his most favored ministers, and 
 filled the office of justiciary until after his death, when he 
 took a decided stand in favor of John, and was continued in 
 the office of justiciary under his reign. 
 
 FITZ-RICHARD, Robert.— A Norman governor of 
 York, appointed by William the Conqueror, soon after the 
 conquest. He was killed in a popular rebellion of the in- 
 habitants of the city. 
 
 FITZ-RICHARD, Thomas. The seditious mayor of 
 London who, under the reign of Henry III, gave the sanc- 
 tion of his authority to some of the worst outrages ever com- 
 mitted in England. He united his influence with Leicester, 
 in his great rebellion, and at the battle of Evesham, had ac- 
 tually, marked out a large number of the principal nobility of 
 London for destruction. When forced to submit to the royal 
 authority, he was punished with fine and imprisonment. (!) 
 
 FITZ-ROBERT, John.— One of the twenty-five barons 
 who composed the council under King John. 
 
 FITZ-ROBERTS, Maurice.— One of the allies of Der- 
 mot, king of Leinster, in Ireland, whom that prince engaged, 
 in England, to assist him in recovering his dominions, from 
 which he had been expelled. Proceeding from England, 
 Fitz-Roberts landed with ten knights, thirty esquires, and 
 one hundred archers. After uniting these forces with those 
 of Fitz-Stephens, they presented an army which, strange as 
 it may seem, nothing in Ireland was able to resist. Dermot 
 was restored to his possessions, and enabled to treat with his 
 enemies on his own terms, — though from this time, he was 
 little better than a vassal of Henry II, of England ; this 
 being, in fact, the condition on which he had obtained Eng- 
 lish succor. 
 
 FITZ-STEPHENS, Robert.— A constable of Abertivi, 
 
FIT.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 263 
 
 in Wales, whom Dermot, the Irish prince, engaged in his 
 cause while seeking succors in England, to enable him to 
 recover his kingdom, from which he had been expelled. Fitz- 
 Stephens landed in Ireland with thirty knights, sixty esquires, 
 and three hundred archers. Soon after landing, he began 
 the siege of Wexford, a town inhabited by Danes, which 
 readily yielded to his victorious arms. After this, .the whole 
 glory of the enterprise is monopolized by Richard Strong- 
 bow, and Fitz-Stephens thrown into the back ground. (See 
 Dermot, and Fitz-Roberts, Maurice.) 
 
 FITZ-STEPHENS, Thomas.— The captain of the vessel 
 with which Prince William, son of Henry I, perished at sea. 
 (See Wrlliam, son of Henry I.) His intemperance is said 
 to have led to the disaster, he, and all his seamen, being in 
 a state of intoxication at the time of their sailing from Bar- 
 fleur. The butler, the only one on board who escaped, stated 
 that Fitz-Stephens succeeded in getting hold of the mast, 
 with himself, but that on learning the fate of the prince, he 
 declared he would not survive the disaster, and immediately 
 threw himself into the sea. 
 
 FITZ-URSE, Reginald. — One of the four who assassin- 
 ated Thomas a Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury. For 
 this violent deed, he suffered, in common with the other 
 three, the penalty of excommunication, to escape which he 
 made a pilgrimage to Rome, and threw himself at the feet 
 of the pope, where, after submitting to severe penance, he 
 obtained absolution, after which he returned to his posses- 
 sions, and even recovered the countenance and approbation 
 of the public. Such, at that time, was the influence of the 
 papacy over public sentiment. 
 
 FITZ- WALTER, Lord.— An able general of the York 
 party, under Edward IV. When Queen Margaret had 
 made herself strong in the North, Henry and the earl of 
 Warwick, the king-make?', hastened to meet her. On reach- 
 ing Pomfret, they dispatched a body of troops, under Fitz- 
 walter, to secure the passage of Ferrybridge over the river 
 Are, which lay between them and Margaret. He took his 
 post; but on being attacked by superior force, under Lord 
 Clifford, was driven back, defeated, and slain. 
 
 FITZ- WALTER, Robert.— The general chosen by the 
 confederated nobles to lead their forces against King John, 
 for the purpose of forcing him to grant the deed of magna 
 charta. The fact of his promotion to this office, by the 
 
264 BIOGRAPHICAL I5TDEX. ["FIT. 
 
 principal barons of England, is sufficient evidence of his 
 high character and military talents. He was also one of the 
 conservative council of twenty-five barons, whose business it 
 was to see that none of the articles of the great charter were 
 violated. 
 
 FITZ-WARIN. — One of the English adventurers who 
 enlisted under Edward Baliol, in his invasion of Scotland for 
 the recovery of his crown. (See Baliol, Edward.) 
 
 FITZ- WATER, Lord. — One of those noblemen who favor- 
 ed the claims of Perkin Warbeck, the pretender, in the reign 
 of Henry VII. It is not probable that he had any belief in 
 the truth of Perkin's story, but, being greatly disgusted with 
 Henry, he was willing to encourage any scheme which gave 
 the least promise of relief. He was soon arrested, with 
 many others, and while several were executed, he was sent 
 over to Calais, for perpetual imprisonment. On being de- 
 tected in an effort to escape from prison, he was publicly 
 executed. 
 
 FITZ WATER, Lord.— Perhaps, a son of the above, as 
 Henry VIII restored the family honors of many who had 
 perished under attainders, during the reign of his father. 
 We know but little of him. He accompanied the earl of 
 Shrewsbury in his enterprise against France, in 1513, but 
 the part which he acted is not certainly known. 
 
 FITZ- WILLIAMS.— The recorder. When the duke of 
 Buckingham and the mayor of London had called an assembly 
 for the purpose of obtaining a proclamation of Richard III, 
 Buckingham harangued the people on his title to the crown, 
 and his many virtues, and then asked whether or not they 
 would have him for king, expecting to hear the popular cry, 
 " God save king Richard !" All were silent. He then 
 turned to the mayor, and asked him the cause of the silence. 
 The mayor replied that perhaps they did not understand him. 
 He then repeated the harangue, with the same result. " I 
 now see the cause," said the mayor ; " the citizens are not 
 accustomed to be harangued by any but their recorder, and 
 know not how to answer a person of your grace's quality." 
 Fitz-Williams was then commanded to repeat the substance 
 of the duke's speech. He complied, but took particular care 
 to have it understood that he spoke nothing of himself, but 
 only as the organ of the duke of Buckingham. Still the au- 
 dience was silent, and only a few of the lowest people, at 
 last, fell in with Richard's and Buckingham's servants in 
 
FLA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 265 
 
 the feeble cry " God save King Richard !" This was all the 
 "popular voice," which was regarded as the voice of God 
 calling Richard to the throne. 
 
 FITZ- WILLIAMS, Sir William.— Earl of Southampton. 
 High admiral under Henry VIII. We read of his accom- 
 panying the duke of Bedford in some continental expedi- 
 tions, but do not learn that any very important consequences 
 resulted from the movement ; nor do we learn that he ever 
 gained much distinction. 
 
 FITZ- WILLIAMS, Sir William.— Supposed to have 
 been a son of the earl of Southampton. He was nominated 
 to the people of Berkshire to a seat in the first parliament of 
 of Edward VI ; but as the nomination came from court, and 
 in the king's name, his election did not necessarily follow ; 
 nor are we prepared to say any thing more of him. 
 
 FITZ- WILLIAMS, Sir William.— Lord deputy of Ire- 
 land under the reign of James I. In consequence of the 
 great prejudice of the Irish against the English, and par- 
 ticularly against the functionaries of the English government, 
 resident among them, he had a stormy time, and was little 
 to be envied in his high position. At what time he entered 
 on the duties of his office, and how long he remained, 
 might, perhaps, be ascertained from ancient records ; but 
 the object is not of sufficient importance to justify the labor. 
 
 FLAMBARD, Ralph. — A bishop of Durham under the 
 reign of William Rufus. He seems to have devoted most 
 of his time and attention to the concerns of the state, to the 
 neglect of his spiritual functions, and to have been the chief 
 instrument of that prince's oppressions. Henry I, soon af- 
 ter his coronation, degraded him, as is said, because it was 
 a measure calculated to increase his own popularity. 
 
 FLAMMOC, Thomas. — The main instigator of the great 
 Cornish insurrection of 1497, under Henry VII. He was a 
 lawyer, and had become something of an oracle in his neigh- 
 borhood. He urged that the tax of which the people com- 
 plained, was wholly illegal, and that all they had to do was 
 to send a petition to the crown, and enforce it by such an ar- 
 my as would command respect. He was chosen one of the 
 generals, and doubtless felt himself a great military chief- 
 tain, for the time. With 16,000 men, though poorly armed, 
 he appeared before the gates of London, and demanded a 
 redress of grievances. Very soon, they were attacked by 
 
 12 
 
266 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |*FLE. 
 
 the royal forces and totally defeated. Flammoc, with near- 
 ly all the leaders of the movement, was taken and executed. 
 FLEETWOOD. — An active member of the house of 
 commons under the reign of Elizabeth. In the parliament 
 of 1571, we find him advocating the prerogatives of the 
 crown, on several different occasions, from which we con- 
 clude that he was a steady supporter of the doctrine of the 
 "divine rights of kings." 
 
 FLEETWOOD, Colonel.— A celebrated fanatic of the 
 order of Independent Puritans. His talents were entirely 
 of the military order, and hence, just suited to the times in 
 which he lived. So bravely did he conduct himself at the 
 battle of Worcester, that Cromwell proposed to knight him 
 on the field, but was dissuaded by his friends from an act so 
 decidedly royal. Alter the settlement of the commonwealth, 
 and at the death af Ireton, who had married a daughter of 
 the protector, Fleetwood married his widow, and was imme- 
 diately appointed governor of Ireland. When it was pro- 
 posed to declare Cromwell king of England, Fleetwood, 
 with several other family connections, took decided ground 
 against it, and informed his father-in-law, that in such an 
 event, he should be unable to render him any farther service. 
 He was entirely opposed to every thing bearing the least re- 
 semblance to monarchy, and is said even to have favored the 
 fifth monarchy theory, which would dispense with all human 
 laws, and have none other government than that of Christ 
 among his saints. After the death of the great Oliver, and 
 the accession of Richard Cromwell, he became decidedly 
 hostile to the commonwealth, and contributed, in no small 
 degree, to the circumstances which caused Richard's resig- 
 nation. He had regular meetings of the discontented offi- 
 cers of the army, at his own apartments, in Wallingford 
 house, whence the cabal took its name. On the revival of 
 the long parliament, in 1658, he was appointed lieutenant- 
 general of the army, but the commission was soon after va- 
 cated, and he became but one, of a council of seven, for the 
 government of the army. He was essentially a weak man, 
 in every respect but that of bravery ; and when his private 
 soldiers would misbehave, he would always kneel down be- 
 fore them, and engage in long prayers, complaining that 
 " the Lord had spitten in his face, and would not hear him." 
 FLEETWOOD, Mrs.— Wife of Colonel Fleetwood. She 
 was the eldest daughter of the protector, Cromwell, and was 
 
FLE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 267 
 
 first married to Ireton, and after his death, to Fleetwood. 
 She* had so fully imbibed the dislike of power, that she was 
 shocked at every instance of it, even in her own father. 
 
 FLEMING. — One of those who united under Thomas, 
 earl of Lancaster, in his rebellion against Edward II. He 
 fell into the hands of the royalists at the same time with the 
 earl, and after a legal trial, was condemned and executed. 
 (See Thomas, earl of Lancaster.) 
 
 FLEMING, Lord. — A Scottish nobleman who was taken 
 prisoner by the forces of Henry VIII at the rout of Solway, 
 1542. He was sent to London, with many other illustrious 
 prisoners, but soon released, on a promise to exert his influ- 
 ence in favor of the marriage of Prince Edward VI to the 
 princess, Mary, of Scotland. After this, he occupies but 
 little space in English history. 
 
 FLEMING. — Solicitor- general for the crown, in the pro- 
 secution of the earl of Essex. He followed the attorney- 
 general, Coke, but while he showed, equally, the disposition 
 to secure the ruin of Essex, he was, compared with Coke, 
 quite harmless. It is not, however, to be inferred, that he 
 was a contemptible officer, in any sense. 
 
 FLEMING. — A Scottish pirate who was cruising in the 
 English channel at the time of the appearance of the Spanish 
 armada. Immediately on perceiving it, he set sail to inform 
 the English admiral of their approach. 
 
 FLEMING, Lord. — A Scottish nobleman, of the order 
 of covenanters, or presbyterians, who took decided ground 
 against Charles I, until the victory of Montrose at Kilsyth. 
 From this time, finding the Scottish army completely broken 
 up, and supposing the success of the royalists almost certain, 
 he took side with the royalists. What became of him when 
 the royalists were, at last, defeated, and their king butchered, 
 we are not now prepared to say. 
 
 FLETCHER, Richard, D. D.— Dean of Peterborough, and 
 afterward Bishop of London. When Mary, queen of Scots, 
 was notified that her death-warrant had heen signed, and 
 that she must die next morning, at eight o'clock, she re- 
 quested that her confessor, (a Romish priest,) might be per- 
 mitted to visit her. She was told that Dr. Fletcher, " a man 
 of great learning," would attend her, and instruct her in the 
 principles of true religion. She refused, however, to have 
 any interview with him, alleging, that as she had lived, so 
 should she die, in the faith of the Roman catholic church* 
 
268 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |"FOR. 
 
 He attended, however, at her execution, and did himself but 
 little credit by the many arguments which he pressed upon 
 her, in her last moments, against popery. After this, he 
 was made bishop of Bristol, whence he was translated to 
 the see of Worcester, and thence to that of London. Queen 
 Elizabeth became greatly displeased with him on accouut of 
 his making a second marriage, with a lady of great beauty, 
 and caused him to be suspended, for a time, from his episco- 
 pal functions. He died, suddenly, of apoplexy, in 1596. 
 He was the father of John Fletcher, the famous dramatic 
 poet. 
 
 FLETCHER, of Salton. — A Scotchman of fine genius 
 and noble character, who united in the rebellion of the duke 
 of Monmouth against James II. He bid fair to be of great 
 service to the duke ; but getting into a quarrel with a gen- 
 tleman who had recently joined the army, he shot him, 
 dead, with a pistol. This obliged him to seek for safety by 
 leaving the camp ; and thus Monmouth was deprived of the 
 services of the gallant Fletcher. 
 
 FLORENCE.— Earl of Holland. One of the many 
 competitors for the crown of Scotland, after the death of 
 Margaret of Norway, when John Baliol was the successful 
 aspirant. (See Baliol, John.) 
 
 FORD, Lady. — Taken prisoner by James V, of Scotland, 
 in 1513, when, in his incursion into the north of England, 
 against Henry VIII, he took possession of the castle of Ford, 
 and several other strongholds. She is said to have been a 
 fatal prize to the king, as she so gained on his affections 
 that he wasted in pleasure, the critical time which, during 
 the delay of: his enemies, he should have employed in push- 
 ing his conquests. The consequence of this delay was, that 
 James perished, a few weeks after, in the battle of Flouden. 
 
 FOREST. — One of the three ruffians employed by Sir 
 James Tyrrel to suffocate the infant princes, Edward V and 
 the duke of York. 
 
 FOREST. — A Scotch martyr of the Reformation. He 
 was a convert of the noble Patrick Hamilton, who perished 
 a little before him. (See Hamilton, Patrick.) After he 
 had been condemned to the flames, while the priests were 
 deliberating on the place of his execution, a bystander is 
 said to have advised them to burn him in a cellar ; for that 
 the smoke of Hamilton had infected all those on whom it 
 blew. There was more philosophy in this remark than 
 
FOR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 269 
 
 might, at first sight, appear ; though we do not learn that the 
 suggestion was acted upon. 
 
 FOLLIOT. — Bishop of London under the reign of Henry 
 II. He seems to have been a minion of the crown, and to 
 have done but little to sustain the dignity of his office. 
 When Becket was convicted of a want of fealty to the 
 crown, and his property confiscated, all the bishops, except 
 Folliot, became his sureties, — he preferring to subserve the 
 interests of the crown, rather than of the primate. Becket 
 avenged himself, while at Rome, by procuring his excom- 
 munication, which he formally pronounced against him, on 
 returning to England. 
 
 FORTESCUE, Sir Adrian.— A gentleman of noble 
 birth, who was attainted, in a most unjust and illegal man- 
 ner, at the same time with Sir Thomas Dingley and the 
 countess of Salisbury, — Lady Pole. The countess was re- 
 prieved, but Fortescue and Dingley were executed. (See 
 Dingley, Sir Thomas. ) 
 
 FORTESCUE, Anthony. — Nephew, by marriage, to 
 Cardinal Pole, having married his brother's daughter. About 
 all that we know of him is, that he united with Arthur Pole, 
 and some others, in a plot for declaring Mary, of Scots, 
 queen of England. The plot, being detected, was deemed 
 treasonable, and all the parties known to be concerned in it 
 were tried and condemned, but received a gracious pardon 
 from Elizabeth. They alleged that they had no idea of pro- 
 claiming Mary, within the life of Elizabeth, but intended it 
 in case of her surviving her. (See Pole, Arthur.) 
 
 FORTESCUE, Sir John.— Elected a member of the par- 
 liament of 1604, under James 1. Sir Francis Goodwin had 
 first been elected, but being rejected by the chancellor, on the 
 ground that he was an outlaw, a writ was issued for a new 
 election, which resulted in Fortescue being returned. The 
 house complained of abuse of executive prerogative, and- re- 
 stored Goodwin to his seat. This became a subject of vio- 
 lent and angry contest between the king and the commons, 
 and was finally settled by the withdrawal of both members, 
 and the election of another. 
 
 FORTESCUE, Sir Faithful— Had raised a troop of 
 horse for the Irish wars of Charles I, when he w T as pressed, 
 by the parliamentary army, into its service. At the battle 
 of Edgehill, October 23, 1642, he was posted on the left 
 wing, commanded by Ramsay. As soon as the royal army 
 
270 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FOX. 
 
 drew near, he ordered his men to fire their pistols into the 
 ground, and hasten to put themselves under the command of 
 Prince Rupert. The effect of this was to throw the whole 
 of the left wing into confusion, and it was pursued for two 
 miles, with great slaughter. But for the imprudence of Sir 
 John Biron, who had command of the king's body of reserve, 
 this would have secured for the royalists a brilliant victory. 
 
 FOULIS, Sir David. — All that we know of him is, that 
 in 1633, when the court of star chamber had fearfully ex- 
 tended its authority, under Charles I, he was fined five thou- 
 sand pounds for dissuading a friend from compounding with 
 the commissioners of knighthood. 
 
 FOX, Richard. — Bishop, successively, of Exeter, Bath and 
 Wells, and Durham. He Avas a zealous supporter of Henry 
 VII, before his accession to the throme, and was soon after 
 made a member of the privy council and privy seal, and then 
 created bishop. During the life of Henry, he mingled 
 freely in the business of state, perhaps more than was con- 
 sistent with a proper discharge of his episcopal functions ; 
 and on the accession of Henry VIII, was made secretary 
 and privy seal, in which offices he was able to restrain, for 
 some time, the dissipation and extravagance of the yonng 
 prince. It was he who first introduced the famous Cardinal 
 Wolsey to the consideration of Henry ; though he soon 
 found himself, in a great degree, supplanted by the aspiring 
 views of his protege, and after a lime, resigned his offices, 
 as secretary and privy seal, and devoted himself ' wholly to 
 his ecclesiastical duties. He died, December 14, 1528, hav- 
 ing been, for several years, very infirm, and totally blind. 
 He was remarkable as a scholar and statesman, and is said 
 to have been unbounded in his charities. He did not live to 
 encounter the storm of the reformation. 
 
 FOX, Edward. — Bishop of Hereford under the reign of 
 Henry VIII. A native of Gloucestershire, and educated 
 at Eaton and Cambridge. His early development of talents 
 arrested the attention of Cardinal Wolsey, by whom he was 
 iutroduced to the king, and, first employed, with Gardiner, 
 as embassador to Rome, for the purpose of obtaining the 
 pope's consent to the king's divorce from Catharine of Ar- 
 ragon. From this time, he became an active supporter of 
 the Reformation, in which he is said to have acted a part 
 scarcely less praiseworthy than that of Cranmer. He died 
 in 1538, having been bishop of Hereford only three years. 
 
FKA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 271 
 
 FOX, George. — Celebrated as the originator of the sect 
 of friends, or quakers. He was born in Lancashire, in 
 1624, of poor parents; and as soon as old enough, bound to 
 a shoemaker, who is said, however, not to have taught him 
 that trade, but to have employed him, most of his time, in 
 keeping sheep. Very soon, however, he left his master, and 
 went about the country clothed in a leathern doublet, which 
 he seems to have preferred alike for its cheapness and its 
 singularity. He broke off all connections with society, and 
 passed most of his time in the woods, and in hollow trees, 
 having no companion but his Bible. Gradually, he fancied 
 himself approaching a state of moral exaltation which made 
 even that Holy Book, unnecessary to him, and his internal 
 luminations quite sufficient to guide him into all truth. As' 
 the monarchy was now broken down, and the commonwealth 
 of Cromwell in full operation, it was not difficult for him to 
 resolve that he would " Call no man lord," and he made it 
 a matter of conscience to address no man by his title, but 
 to approach all classes of people, from the lowest to the 
 highest, with the simple address of " Friend." In conse- 
 quence of the prevailing fanaticism of the times, out of 
 which all his own notions had sprung, he found very little 
 difficulty in gathering around him a good number of disci- 
 ples ; and very soon, his sect was far from being inconsider- 
 able. What added greatly to his influence was the perse- 
 cution which followed him, from the time of his becoming a 
 public preacher. Not less than nine different times was he 
 shut up in prison, in all of which he seemed to rejoice that 
 he was accounted worthy thus to suffer for Christ. He trav- 
 eled extensively, over England, Scotland, and Ireland, and 
 on the continent, and visited even the American colonies, and 
 those of the West Indies. His name is held in great vener- 
 ation among his disciples, who are, everywhere known by the 
 appellation of Quakers. 
 
 FOX, Sir Stephen. — Paymaster to the parliament of 
 Charles II. By a statement of his, made to the commons 
 in 1679, it was made to appear that great abuses had sprung 
 up, and vast sums of money been wasted in unjust and un- 
 lawful pensions. 
 
 FRANCIS HOWARD.—Countess of Essex. She was 
 daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and very soon after the ac- 
 cession of James I, when only thirteen years old, was mar- 
 ried to Robert Devereux, jun., earl of Essex, then but four- 
 
272 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [FRA. 
 
 teen. By the advice of friends, they remained separate 
 four years, during which time he was on the continent. On 
 his return, to claim his bride, he found her exceedingly beau- 
 tiful ; but though she had been actually married to him four 
 years previous, she was now entirely estranged from him, 
 and professedly in love with Robert Carre, — Viscount Ro- 
 chester. All the devotion of an ardent young husband, and 
 all the tenderness of love, were insufficient to win her ; and 
 it soon became apparent that her attachment to Rochester 
 could never yield to any sense of duty. She petitioned for 
 a divorce from Essex, which she finally obtained, but in" the 
 meantime, was indulging in all the pleasures of love with 
 her paramour. After her marriage with Rochester, she re- 
 solved on the destruction of Sir Thomas Overbury, who had 
 opposed her divorce ; and by the assistance of her husband, 
 and a few others, succeeded in Carrying him off by poison. 
 After some years, the evidence of this foul murder came to 
 light, and she and her husband were capitally convicted, but 
 received the king's pardon, while several accessories were 
 executed. After some years' imprisonment, they were re- 
 stored to liberty, and received a pension, with which they 
 retired to private life, and languished out old age in infamy 
 and obscurity. Their guilty loves were turned into the most 
 deadly hatred ; and they passed many years together, in the 
 same house, without any intercourse or correspondence with 
 each other. (See Carre, Robert.) 
 
 FRANCES BRANDON.— Marchioness of Dorset. She 
 was daughter of Charles Brandon, by his marriage with 
 Mary, queen dowager of Louis XII, of France, and also 
 sister of Henry VIII, of England. By the will of Henry, 
 she was made fourth heir to the crown : that is, in the event 
 of Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth, all dying childless, she 
 was next heir. It is not very probable, however, that she 
 lived until the death of Elizabeth ; at least, we find no men 
 tion made of her claims, at that time, and James VI, of 
 Scotland, took possession of the crown of England by almost 
 universal consent. 
 
 FRANCIS. — A Benedictine monk, who was recommend- 
 ed by James II to the university of Cambridge for the degree 
 of master of arts. In view of the great number of Roman 
 Catholic favorites who constantly thronged the court of 
 James, and considering that every master of arts was enti- 
 tled to vote in the university, the masters determined to reject 
 
FRI.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 273 
 
 the nomination, and thus protect the university against papa 
 domination. For this offence, all the functionaries of the 
 university were summoned to appear before the court of 
 ecclesiastical commission, and the vice-chancellor was sus- 
 pended. It is needless to say that such conduct as this did 
 not long precede the fall of the haughty monarch. 
 
 FRANKLIN. — One of the accomplices of Viscount 
 Rochester, (Robert Carre,) in the murder of Sir Thomas 
 Overbury, He was convicted, at the same time with Roch- 
 ester and his wife, and several others, and soon after, pub- 
 licly executed. See Overbury, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 FRAZER.— Bishop of St. Andrews, Scotland, at the 
 time of the great commotion by the numerous competitors 
 for the crown, in 1291. When it was agreed that Edward 
 I, of England, should be chosen umpire, Frazer was sent, 
 with other deputies, to notify him of their determination. 
 History has not preserved very much of him. 
 
 FRASER, Sir Simon. — A Scottish nobleman who acted 
 an important part in resisting the authority of Edward I, and 
 contributed, in no small degree, to the success of the Scot- 
 tish arms against the English. He was, at length, so unfor- 
 tunate as to fall into the hands of Edward, who immediately 
 ordered his head to be stricken off. 
 
 FREDERIC. — Elector palatine of Bohemia, and son-in- 
 law to James I, of England, by marriage with the princess 
 Elizabeth. He was father of the princes, Rupert and Mau- 
 rice, who so distinguished themselves in the wars of Charles 
 I. He was an unfortunate prince, and lost most of his pos- 
 sessions. 
 
 FRENA. — A military officer of the domestic Danes at 
 the time of the invasion by Sweyn and Olave. Frena, 
 Frithegist, and Godwin, had command of the English forces 
 assembled to resist the foreign Danes and Norwegians : 
 but either from cowardice, or a friendly disposition toward 
 the invaders, these officers, all of Danish descent, shame- 
 fully fled in the commencement of the action. (See Ethel- 
 red.) The perfidy of these officers contributed largely to 
 the Danish conquest. 
 
 FRIAR, Sir Thomas. — A colonel in the army of Charles 
 I. We know very little of him. He was at Portsmouth at 
 the time of the assassination of George Villiers, sen., duke 
 of Buckingham, and was in conversation with the duke when 
 Felton, the assassin, reaching over his shoulder, plunged a 
 
 12* 
 
274 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [fUL. 
 
 knife into the heart of his victim. (See Villiers, George, 
 sen., and Felton.) 
 
 FRION. — A secretary of Henry VII, who, from some 
 cause, deserted his master, and went into France. We 
 learn that he was particularly active in representing the claims 
 of the famous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, to the French 
 court, believing that any attention shown him there would 
 strengthen his cause in England. It is probable that he had 
 incurred the displeasure of Henry, in some way, and seized 
 upon this occasion to gratify a feeling of revenge. 
 
 FRITHEGIST.— (See Frena.) 
 
 FROBISHER, Sir Martin.— A native of Yorkshire, and 
 one of the most accomplished navigators that England had 
 ever, then, produced. A great part of his life, and energies, 
 was directed to the subject of discovering a northwest pas- 
 sage to China; and he made not less than three perilous 
 voyages for that purpose, in the course of which he endured 
 incredible hardships, and gave names to many of the islands, 
 seas, channels, bays, and gulfs, of the northwestern waters ; 
 among them the straits bearing his own name. After aban- 
 doning these enterprises, he served in Sir Francis Drake's 
 expedition to the West Indies, and in 1588 was chief in 
 command against the Spanish Armada, after which he was 
 knighted, on board his own ship, for his gallant services. 
 After performing much other service, he was, at last, de- 
 stroyed by a ball received in his hip, on the 7th of November, 
 1594, in a naval action near Brest. It has been generally 
 believed that his life might have been preserved, but for the 
 awkwardness of his surgeon, in leaving the wadding not 
 extracted, which caused exhausting suppuration and death. 
 
 FUENTES. — A Spanish governor of the Netherlands 
 who proposed to bribe the physician of Queen Elizabeth, 
 (Lopez,) to destroy her by poison. As he was not under 
 the queen's jurisdiction, he escaped, while Lopez was exe- 
 cuted. (See Lopez, Roderigo.) 
 
 FULK. — Count of Anjou, and father of Geoffrey Plan- 
 taganet. He figures but little in English history, save in his 
 altercation with Henry I, which finally resulted in the mar- 
 riage of his son Geoffrey to the empress, Matilda. 
 
 FULK. — A curate of Neuilly, under the reign oi Rich- 
 ard I. He was a zealous preacher of the crusade, from 
 which he stood high in the king's estimation. He is said, 
 on one occasion, to have reproached Richard for his many 
 
GAG. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 275 
 
 vices, and to have urged him to rid himself of his pride, 
 avarice, and voluptuousness, which he called the king's three 
 favorite daughters. To this Richard is said to have replied, 
 " You council well ; and I hereby dispose of the first to the 
 Templars, of the second to the Benedictines, and of the 
 third to my prelates." 
 
 FULTHORPE.— An inferior justice, under Richard II. 
 He was one of the jurist swho decided against the validity of 
 the commission of Gloucester, and declared it injurious to the 
 royal prerogative. This was commonly known as the extra- 
 judicial opinion of Nottingham. It is probable that Ful- 
 thorpe was expelled to Ireland, as this was the merciful 
 commutation of the sentence of death, at first passed upon 
 all of them. 
 
 G 
 
 GAGE. — One of the commissioners employed by He. ry 
 VIII to inspect the monasteries, and to observe the conduct 
 of the friars. As the object of the king was to exterminate 
 all the monastic orders, it is not improbable that these commis- 
 sioners reported many abuses which had, in fact, no existence, 
 — though, doubtless, the truth would have been bad enough. 
 
 GAGE, Sir John. — Appointed by Henry VIII a member 
 of the executive council, and comptroller, during the minority 
 of his son, Edward VI. When Protector Somerset had ar- 
 rogated to himself all the authority, Gage readily united with 
 most of the other members of the council in throwing off his 
 authority, and appealing to the king. After the death of 
 Edward, he seems readily to have accommodated himself 
 to the views of Mary ; for at the^ime of the execution of the 
 unfortunate Lady Jane Grey, we find him constable of the 
 tower, and obliged, in the discharge of his office, to lead her to 
 execution. An affecting anecdote is told of his asking of her 
 some small present, which he might preserve as a memorial 
 of her, when she gave him her table-book, in which she had 
 just written three verses, in English, Latin, and Greek, 
 suggested by seeing the headless body of her husband, a few 
 moments before, drawn back, in a cart, from the place of 
 execution. 
 
 GAGE, Robert. — One of the Roman catholic noblemen 
 who engaged in the famous Babbington conspiracy for the 
 
276 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [gAH. 
 
 purpose of assassinating Queen Elizabeth, and placing Mary, 
 of Scots, on the throne of England. As the plot was dis- 
 covered, and most of the conspirators executed, it is probable 
 that Gage suffered the same fate. (See Babbington, An- 
 thony.) 
 
 GAGE. — A gentleman of some note who was employed 
 as ambassador of James I at the court of Rome, for the pur- 
 pose of obtaining the papal influence in favor of the mar- 
 riage of Prince Charles I, with the infanta, of Spain. Be- 
 yond this, we know very little of him. 
 
 GAILLART, Lewis. — Bishop of Tornay under the reign 
 of Henry VIII, who had possession of this part of France. 
 When elected to this bishopric, he refused to take the oath of 
 allegiance to Henry, as he did not regard him as the lawful 
 sovereign of that country. Henry, in return, refused to ad- 
 mit him to his episcopal office ; and Cardinal Wolsey was 
 appointed to administer the bishopric. Wolsey was pleased 
 with such an opportunity of extending his authority ; and not 
 content with the situation of a locum tenens, he applied to 
 the king of France to confer on Gaillart some other see, of 
 equal value, so as to secure his resignation of Tornay, that 
 he might come fully in possession of it. This was declined 
 by Francis ; and Gaillart, on making application to the pope, 
 procured a bull for his settlement in the see of Tornay. In 
 England, Henry had become independent of papal authority ; 
 but in France, he was obliged to yield. 
 GALLOWAY, Lord of.— (See Baliol.) 
 GALLOWAY, Lord of.— (See Alan.) 
 GALYTHLY, Patrick. — One of the pretenders to the 
 crown of Scotland, after the death of Margaret of Norway. 
 His claim was set aside, with ten others, and John Baliol 
 adjudged the rightful heir. 
 
 GAMBOA, Sir Peter. — Captain of a body of Italian 
 harquebusiers who co-operated with the English against the 
 Scots, at the battle of Pinkey, under the reign of Edward 
 VI, 1547. 
 
 GARDINER, Stephen. — Bishop of Winchester in reigns 
 of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Queen Mary. He was a 
 natural son of Lionel Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, brother 
 to Lady Elizabeth Woodville, who while widow of Sir John 
 Grey, captivated Edward IV, and became his queen. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, and became one of the most 
 accomplished scholars of his times. He was indebted, for 
 
GAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 277 
 
 his ecclesiastical preferment, to Cardinal Wolsey, who first 
 entrusted him with the negotiation of the matter of Henry's 
 divorce from Catharine, then going on. He made, perhaps, 
 more than one visit to Rome, for the purpose of procuring 
 the pope's consent to the divorce, and although unsuccessful, 
 his services were remembered, and he was soon after raised 
 to the honors of the mitre. From this, he continued to enjoy 
 the favor of the king, in constantly holding to the Romish 
 faith, but opposing the papal authority, in England, until a 
 little before Henry's death. The king had become dissatis- 
 fied with his last wife, Catharine Par, on account of her at- 
 tachment to the protestant doctrines. He applied to Gardi- 
 ner for advice, who advised him, by all means, to have her 
 brought to the flames for heresy. By a timely discovery of 
 what was going on, the queen succeeded in appeasing the 
 king, and by her address and skill, succeeded in turning the 
 whole of the royal displeasure against Gardiner. On the 
 accession of Edward VI, his position was exceedingly un- 
 enviable, as the protestants had no confidence in him, and 
 he was committed to the tower, where he was detained for 
 some years. On the accession of Mary, he was again re- 
 stored to his diocese, and even promoted to the office of 
 chancellor of England, and first minister of state. From 
 this to the time of his death, some two years, he acted the 
 part of a butcher more than of a bishop ; and no inconsider- 
 able part of the horrors of this bloody reign was attributable 
 to his fiendish influence. Apart from his religious bigotry, 
 which knew no law, he was amiable and humane ; and has 
 been said to have possessed the attribute of gratitude to ben- 
 efactors, in a good degree. He remained the firm friend of 
 Wolsey, in his decline, and when deserted by Henry, and 
 even treated with gross injustice, he is said never to have 
 uttered an unkind word against him. He died on the 12th 
 of November, 1555. He wrote but little, and the world is 
 but little better, or wiser, for his having lived : — except it be 
 by the lesson, set forth in his history, that religious bigotry 
 can transform a man, naturally amiable, into a demon. 
 
 GARDINER. — Recorder of London in the early part of 
 the reign of Charles I. Charles nominated him for speaker 
 of the parliament of 1642 ; but although it had been the 
 custom to regard the king's wishes, in this matter, the nomi- 
 nation of Gardiner was wholly rejected, and Lenthal, an in- 
 ferior man, placed in that high position. 
 
278 BIOGRAPHICAL, INDEX. [GAT. 
 
 ^GARNET. — Superior of the order of Jesuits in England, 
 at the time of the celebrated gunpowder plot, under James I. 
 It was he who met the only scruple of the Romanists, — that 
 some of their own people would be involved in the catastro- 
 phe, — by telling them that it was necessary to the support of 
 the true interests of religion, that the innocent should, in 
 some cases suffer with the guilty. After the discovery of the 
 plot, he was arrested, with most of the conspirators, and with 
 them, perished at the hands of the executioner. The Rorfian 
 catholics of Spain, have, ever since, regarded him as a mar- 
 tyr ; and long after his death, miracles w T ere said to be 
 wrought by his blood, some of which was preserved on his 
 clothing, and kept, as sacred. 
 
 GASCOIGNE. — Chief justice under the reign of Henry 
 IV and V. It is said that a riotous companion of the disso- 
 lute prince, Henry V, was once indicted before Gascoigne. 
 Young Henry was not ashamed to appear with him at the 
 bar, hoping thereby to awe the judge. Not succeeding in 
 this by his presence, he proceeded to insult him on his tribu- 
 nal, whereupon the justice ordered him to prison for contempt 
 of court. For this noble act, Gascoigne is said to have re- 
 ceived the thanks and commendations of the father, Henry 
 IV. When Henry V came to the throne, Gascoigne natu- 
 rally trembled as he approached the royal presence. On the 
 first meeting, however, the noble-minded prince took occa- 
 sion to thank him for his boldness in the execution of law, 
 and exhorted him to go on in the same impartial course 
 which he had formerly pursued. 
 
 GASCOIGNE, Sir Thomas.— A very aged gentleman in 
 the north of England who was charged with having some- 
 thing to do in a popish plot, amid the general cry of popish 
 plots, in the reign of Charles II. He was indicted on the 
 testimony of two servants whom he had dismissed for dis- 
 honesty, and for a wonder, in those times, was acquitted. 
 
 GATES, Sir John. — A zealous protestant under the reign 
 of Edward VI, and most probably a supporter of the claims 
 of Lady Jane Grey. Soon after the accession of Queen 
 Mary, he was seized at the same time with the duke of Nor- 
 thumberland, convicted of treason, and publicly executed. 
 He suffered at the same time with Northumberland and Sir 
 Thomas Palmer. 
 
 GATES, Sir Thomas.— A gentleman who, in 1609, 
 came to the colony of Virginia, with a large number of em- 
 
GAU.] BIOGRAPHICAL ItfDEX. 279 
 
 
 
 igrants. He started in company with Sir George Somers, 
 who became separated from him by contrary winds, and was 
 driven on to the Bermudas. Whether Gates remained in 
 Virginia, or returned to England, the writer is not prepared 
 to say. The name of Gates appears in the early history of 
 the colony. 
 
 GATHA, on GITHA.— Wife of Earl Godwin, and 
 mother of King Harold. It is probable that she was daugh- 
 ter of Canute the Great, as it is certain that he gave his 
 daughter in marriage to Godwin, and it is not known that 
 Godwin ever married a second wife. After the battle of 
 Hastings, she received the dead body of her son, Harold, by 
 permission of the Conqueror ; but this regard for her ma- 
 ternal feelings did not reconcile her to the Norman govern- 
 ment. Under her influence the inhabitants of Exeter re- 
 fused to admit a Norman garrison. On William appearing 
 before the walls, and ordering the eyes of one of their hos- 
 tages to be put out as an earnest of that severity which they 
 had to expect in case of perseverance in their revolt, all sur- 
 rendered, and Githa escaped, with her treasures to Flan- 
 ders. 
 
 GAUDON, Dr. — An English clergyman of the time of 
 Charles I and the commonwealth. It was always contend- 
 ed by the puritan party, that he was the real author of the 
 " Icon Basilike," a work published a few days after Charles' 
 death. This charge, if true, would make Gaud on to be one 
 of the most accomplished scholars and geniuses of the age, 
 but a most corrupt man, in that he had passed off his own 
 production for that of the king. Upon the whole, the evi- 
 dence seems to be decidedly in favor of the genuineness of 
 the production, and Gaudon was, most probably, appointed 
 by the dying monarch to superintend the publication of this, 
 his last production. The Icon was a work of such merit and 
 power, and so extensively popular, even in the time of the 
 puritan domination, that it passed through fifty editions 
 within the first twelve months. It has been commonly be- 
 lieved that this production of the ill-fated Charles, contribu- 
 ted, in no small measure, to the restoration of monarchy. 
 Milton says that it acted on the English "as when Anthony 
 read Caesar's will to the Romans." 
 
 GAUNT, Mrs. — An anabaptist lady in the time of James 
 II, noted for hospitality and benevolence to all classes of 
 people. At the time of the defeat of Monmouth, at Sedge- 
 
280 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |^GEL: 
 
 moor, when his men were scattered, in every direction, one 
 of them sought protection in her house, and enjoyed her 
 hospitalities. Soon after, however, when a proclamation 
 was issued, offering rewards to all who should discover 
 criminals, the infamous creature gave information that Mrs. 
 Gaunt had harbored a rebel — meaning himself. For this 
 service he received a recompense, as well as a pardon for 
 the part which he had acted in the rebellion, while Mrs. 
 Gaunt was burned alive, for her charity. 
 
 GAUSEL, Sir Nicholas. — One of the English nobility 
 who perished in the bloody battle of Shrewsbury. Two 
 thousand three hundred noblemen are said to have fallen on 
 that day:- — a dear-bought victory to Henry. 
 
 GAVAN. — A Jesuit who was executed under the reign 
 of Charles II, on a charge of being, in some way, connected 
 with a popish plot against the government. He was con- 
 victed with some others, of the same order, on the testimony 
 of Titus Oates, Bedloe, and Dugdale : or rather, on a pop- 
 ular rumor of such a plot, of which no clear or definite ac- 
 count could ever be given. There is much reason to fear 
 that these men perished unjustly, and more on account of 
 general bad odor than of any clear evidence of guilt. 
 
 GAVASTON, Piers.— The chief, and most offensive fa- 
 vorite of Edward II. He was the son of a Gascon knight; 
 had rendered some service to Edward I, and had been 
 admitted into the family of the prince of Wales, where he 
 became such a favorite, and acquired such an ascendancy 
 over the prince, that after his coronation, the chief object of 
 his reign seemed to be the promotion of Gavaston. The 
 barons were indignant, and forced the king to banish him. 
 Soon after, when the popular feeling had a little abated, he 
 recalled him. Again his conduct was such as to excite the 
 indignation of all the nobility. A combination was formed 
 against him. Edward fled with him to the fortress of Scar- 
 borough, where he left him, as he supposed, in security. 
 The castle was beseiged, and Gavaston forced to capitulate. 
 Soon after this, he was violently wrested from the garrison 
 under which he had been left in custody, and without regard 
 either to law, or the terms of his capitulation, his head 
 stricken off by the executioner. 
 
 GELL, Sir John. — A parliamentary officer who rendered 
 considerable service in the civil wars of Charles I. We 
 have not, however, much information as to what service he 
 
GEO.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 281 
 
 performed. We read of his encountering the earl of North- 
 ampton, near Stafford, in 1643. In the early part of the 
 action, Northampton got a very decided advantage ; but 
 being killed, his troops fell into disorder, and Gell was vic- 
 torious. 
 
 GEOFFREY. — Archdeacon of Norwich at the time of 
 the excommunication of King John. He thought it unsafe 
 to serve under an excommunicated king, and immediately 
 resigned his office. John ordered him to be seized and 
 thrown into prison, and to have a leaden cope bound on his 
 head. By these, and other like severities, he was soon 
 killed, which gave him the character of a martyr, and it is 
 probable that this circumstance contributed not a little to the 
 rum of that monarch. 
 
 GEOFFREY.— Third son of Henry II. He was be- 
 trothed, by his father, while in infancy, to the infant daughter 
 of Conan, duke of Brittany. Henry claimed this duchy 
 through his brother Geoffrey, who had obtained possession of 
 it by popular election, a little before his death. Conan was 
 the rightful possessor, but being unable to resist the armies 
 of Henry, he consented to yield the province, and marry his 
 daughter to the infant Geoffrey, with the understanding that 
 the duchy should descend to him, (Geoffrey,) at Conan's 
 death, which occurred soon after. Henry, being the natural 
 guardian of his son, became duke of Brittany during his 
 minority. After the consummation of Geoffrey's marriage, 
 he claimed the duchy independent of his father, and being 
 dissatisfied with the delay, fled to the continent, as did his 
 brothers, for a like cause, and attempted hostilities on Eng- 
 land. The particulars of this domestic war need not be 
 given here. He at length, gained, in some sort, possession 
 of Brittany. Not content with this, however, he demanded 
 the annexation of Anjou to his possessions, and on meeting 
 with a refusal, fled to the court of France, and proceeded to 
 levy forces against his father. Just at this time he was 
 killed in a tournament at Paris, which freed Henry from any 
 farther trouble from this, the most undutiful of all his undu- 
 tiful sons. Soon after his death, his wife was delivered of a 
 son, (Arthur,) who became his successor in the duchy of 
 Brittany. 
 
 GEOFFREY. —Brother to Henry II. When Henry 
 went into England to take possession of his dominions, Geof- 
 frey set up pretensions to the provinces of Anjou and Maine, 
 
282 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [GEO. 
 
 and got possession of a great part of them. On hearing of 
 this, Henry returned to the continent, whereupon the people 
 returned to their allegiance, and Geoffrey resigned his claim 
 for an annual pension of a thousand pounds. After this, he 
 was elected count of Nantz, and soon after, died. 
 
 GEOFFREY. — An archbishop of York under the reign 
 of Richard I, to whom he was natural brother, being a son 
 of Henry II by the Fair Rosamond. He became bishop of 
 Lincoln in his father's life, and either a little before, or soon 
 after his death, was transferred to the diocese of York. In 
 the time of Richard's absence in Palestine, Geoffrey was 
 seized by Longchamp, the chancellor, and thrown into prison, 
 which excited such general indignation that Longchamp was 
 forced to quit the kingdom. Of the farther history of this 
 primate, little is known to interest the general reader. 
 
 GEOFFREY,— One of the favorites of the court of 
 Henry III. He was half brother to that prince, being a son 
 of Queen Isabella by her marriage with the count de la 
 Marche, after the death of King John, He was forced to 
 flee the kingdom, as were his three brothers, to escape the 
 violence of the barons, who were instigated by the earl of 
 Leicester to " drive the foreigners from court." 
 
 GEOFFREY. — Son of the infamous Roger Mortimer. 
 After the destruction of the earl of Ketu, Mortimer seized 
 the estate for this son, Geoffrey. Little is known of him, 
 but we should hardly expect anything good of the son of such 
 a father. (See Mortimer, Roger.) 
 
 GEORGE. — Duke of Clarence, and brother to Edward 
 IV. After the marriage of Edward with Elizabeth Gray, 
 and the promotion of her family, Clarence united with the 
 earl of Warwick, whose daughter he had married, in a 
 rebellion against the king, whom they had both labored so 
 faithfully to place on the throne. He raised an army, but 
 becoming discouraged, disbanded his troops and fled into 
 France. Edward found means, however, of regaining his 
 affections, or in some way inducing him to desert the Lan- 
 castrian party, and they were reconciled to each other. Soon 
 it became manifest, however, that he had not the confidence 
 of the king, and to this was added the misfortune of his in- 
 curring the displeasure of his younger brother, the duke of 
 Gloucester, (Richard III.) Combinations were formed 
 against him. Some of his chief favorites were put to death 
 in order to provoke him to some rash act which might be 
 
GER.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 283 
 
 taken hold of. This was successful so far as to cause him 
 to express an opinion against the verdict of the court. For 
 this expression he was arraigned, tried, and condemned. 
 Being permitted to choose his mode of death, he chose to be 
 strangled in a butt of malmsey. His cruel treatment has 
 been referred to a prophecy of some soothsayer, that the 
 king's sons should be murdered by some one whose name 
 began with the letter G. Edward, alarmed at the report, is 
 said to have determined on the destruction of this brother, 
 George, thinking, he might be the one whom the fates had 
 fixed upon. This, however, may be a story of more modern 
 times. They were, however, murdered by Gloucester, 
 which fulfilled the prophecy, with only this mistake of the 
 soothsayer, — the title was mistaken for the name, which 
 begun with R, — Richard III. (See Edward V.) 
 
 GEORGE. — Prince of Denmark. He had married Anne, 
 daughter of James II, of England, and was in the service 
 of his father-in-law at the time of the invasion of England 
 by the prince of Orange. He availed himself of the first 
 good opportunity to desert the king, and attach himself to 
 the interest of Orange. In the settlement of the succession 
 of the English crown, he was left out ; though his wife was 
 made successor of William and Mary, and will long be dis- 
 tinguished, in history, as "the good Queen Anne." (See 
 Anne, Queen.) 
 
 GERTRUDE.— Marchioness of Exeter, and wife of Court- 
 ney, marquis of Exeter, in the time of Henry VIII. She 
 was charged with co-operating with the countess of Salis- 
 bury, and others, in a scheme of rebellion; and being con- 
 victed, on very slight evidence, was attainted, and condemned 
 to death. All the others were executed, but she received a 
 gracious pardon. 
 
 GERARD.-^The leader of a small body of religious fa- 
 natics who came into England from Germany, toward the 
 latter part of the reign of Henry II. They were all pro- 
 foundly ignorant, and unable to give any account of either 
 the origin or nature of their peculiar tenets, but were wil- 
 ling to suffer for them. After being whipped and branded 
 in the forehead, they were turned out naked, and all perished 
 of hunger and cold. They are said to have been the first 
 who ever suffered in England for heresy. This is Mr. 
 Hume's account of them. It may be proper here to remark 
 that both the character of the fanatacism and the name of 
 
284 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ G *B. 
 
 its leader agree with a sect of anabaptists of the sixteenth 
 century. It is not, however, supposable that a mistake of 
 four centuries would be made in fixing the date of even an 
 obscure sect. 
 
 GERARD. — Sir Thomas. — A gentleman of repute who 
 favored the scheme for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth, 
 and the placing of Mary, of Scots, on the throne of Eng- 
 land. After this, however, when the great Spanish Arma- 
 da entered the English channel, he was among those gen- 
 tlemen who boldly ventured out with their own ships to assist 
 the admiral in repelling the common enemy. In this noble 
 service, he is said greatly to have distinguished himself, and 
 to have earned the reputation of a noble patriot and an able 
 commander. 
 
 GERRARD, Sir Gilbert.— United with Sir Ashley Coo- 
 per, earl of Shaftesbury, in presenting the duke of York, — 
 James II, — to the grand jury of Middlesex for indictment 
 as a popish recusant. Being unsuccessful in this, they af- 
 terward united with the duke of Monmouth in his first 
 scheme of rebellion, a little before the death of Charles II. 
 After this, we hear no more of him. Whether he suffered 
 for his intended rebellion, or whether he fled, as did Shaftes- 
 bury, is not certain, (See Cooper, Sir Ashley.) 
 
 GERRARD. — A zealous protestant in the time of Henry 
 VIII, who suffered martyrdom at the same time with Dr. 
 Barnes. (See Barnes. Dr.) 
 
 GERRARD.— An exceedingly licentious royalist who 
 commanded a strong military force in the west of England, 
 and in Wales, during a great part of the civil wars of Charles 
 I. After the establishment of the commonwealth, he Avas 
 charged with having threatened the life of Cromwell, in con- 
 nection with Vowel. As juries did not always give satisfac- 
 tion to the protector, he erected, for their trial, a high court, 
 by which they were readily convicted, and executed. Thus 
 were the laws of England set aside, on all occasions, by the 
 will of Cromwell. 
 
 GEYNEVILLE, Geoffrey de.-~ Mareschal of England 
 under Edward I, who appointed him in place of Roger Bi- 
 god, earl of Norfolk. 
 
 GIBBONS. — An influential presbyterian who entered, 
 with several others, into a plot against the republic of Crom- 
 well, and was condemned, with all the others, and executed. 
 Their trial took place before Cromwell's high-court, in which 
 
GIF,"] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 285 
 
 there were no jurors. This dangerous tribunal was about in 
 character with the courts of the infamous Jeffries, of more 
 recent date. 
 
 GIBSON. — A violent preacher of Scotland in the time of 
 James VI, before his accession to England. He had a re- 
 markable dislike for the Episcopal church, as we may infer 
 from some extracts of one of his sermons: " Captain James 
 Stuart, (meaning the earl of Arran,) and his wife, Jezebel, 
 have been deemed the chief persecutors of the church ; but 
 it is now seen that the king, himself, is the great offender : 
 and hence he shall suffer the curse which fell on Jereboam ; 
 shall die childless, and be the last of his race." This pre- 
 diction, however, was not fulfilled. 
 
 GIFFARD, Walter. — One of the nobility who, on the re- 
 turn of Duke Robert from the holy land, invited him to 
 make an attempt on England for the recovery of his crown, 
 usurped by Henry, and promised their assistance. (See 
 Robert, Duke.) 
 
 GIFFARD, Walter.— Archbishop of York at the time of 
 the accession of Edward I. The young prince being absent 
 at the death of his father, on a crusade to Palestine, a coun- 
 cil was appointed to act as guardians of the realm, until he 
 should return. Giffard was one of that council. 
 
 GIFFARD. — One of the coadjutors of Thomas, earl of 
 Lancaster, in his rebellion against Edward II. He was for- 
 mally tried, condemned, and executed, with several others, 
 not long after Lancaster. (See Thomas, earl of Lancaster.) 
 
 GIFFARD, Geoffrey. — One of the principal of the Nor- 
 man nobility who enlisted under William the conqueror in 
 his invasion of England. 
 
 GIFFORD, John. — One of those barons whom Leicester 
 attempted to crush, after his success in the battle of Lewes. 
 Many were seized and incarcerated in prison, but Gifford, 
 being sensible of his danger, fled from London, and took 
 shelter in Wales. 
 
 GIFFORD. — A seminary priest who became the chief 
 spy by which the famous Babington conspiracy against Queen 
 Elizabeth, and in favor of Mary, of Scots, was brought to 
 light. By professions of great zeal in the cause of the Scot- 
 tish queen, he succeeded in winning the confidence of Bab- 
 ington, Ballard, and the rest of their party, and was employ- 
 ed in carrying letters to, and from, the royal prisoner, Mary, 
 then in the tower. All this correspondence, however, passed 
 
286 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [OIL. 
 
 through the hands of Walsingham, one of Elizabeth's min- 
 isters, and was carefully copied, until the whole conspiracy 
 was fully understood. What remuneration GifTord received 
 fo£ this service, we are not prepared to say. (See Babing- 
 ton, Anthony.) 
 
 GIFFORD, Dr. — One of the priestly favorites of James 
 II. He was titular bishop of Madura, when James nomi- 
 nated him to the fellows of Magdalen college for president, 
 in the place of Parker, recently deceased ; and his rejection 
 was one of the many causes of mortification which pre- 
 ceded the fall of James. It has been said that this short- 
 sighted monarch even nominated him for the see of Oxford, 
 about the same time. Such was his determination to thrust 
 Roman catholics into all the offices of government, that even 
 the most ordinary prudence seems to have been forgotten. 
 
 GILBERT, Sen. — Earl of Gloucester under the reigns 
 of Henry III and Edward I. He united with the earl of 
 Leicester in his rebellion against Henry, and commanded a 
 body of troops in the battle of Lewes, where he, in person, 
 took Henry prisoner. After this, he was ill treated by Lei- 
 cester, and retired from his parliament. He then entered 
 into a correspondence with the royal party, and plotted and 
 assisted to secure the escape of the young prince, Edward I, 
 by furnishing him with a horse of great fleetness, by which 
 he was able to distance those of his keepers. Soon after 
 this, feeling that his services had not been sufficiently appre- 
 ciated, he again rebelled against the crown, and was bound 
 to keep the peace under a heavy bond. When Prince Ed- 
 ward went on his crusade to Palestine, he thought it safe to 
 the government to take Gloucester with him. After his re- 
 turn, he married Edward's daughter, and the last we hear of 
 him, Edward had thrown him into prison for some violent 
 conduct, and released him only on the payment of a fine of 
 ten thousand marks. 
 
 GILBERT, Jr.— Earl of Gloucester. Son of the above. 
 He had an important command in the army of Edward II, 
 at the battle of Bannockburn, where he was slain. Impelled 
 by the ardor of youth, he rushed on to the attack without 
 precaution, and fell into some covered pits which Bruce, the 
 Scottish commander, had prepared for their reception, and 
 was slain before he had time to extricate himself. 
 
 GILBERT, Sir Humphrey.— Half-brother of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh, and scarcely less prominent than he at the court of 
 
GIL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 2S7 
 
 Elizabeth. He was born in 1539, and was educated, first at 
 Eaton College, whence he went to the university of Oxford. 
 Though intended for the law, he early discovered a taste for 
 more daring enterprises, and at his earnest request, was sent 
 in the expedition against Havre, in 1563. After this, he 
 was sent into Ireland to suppress the rebellion of James 
 Fitzmorris, and for his noble services, was raised to the chief 
 command in the county of Munster, and received the honors 
 of knighthood. On his return to England, he married a 
 wealthy heiress, by which he increased his fortunes, already 
 very liberal, to great opulence. In 1571, he was chosen 
 member of parliament from Plymouth, and in this position, 
 took ground higher, and more decided, it is said, than any 
 other member. Such was his manliness and boldness of 
 speech, that while neither the noisy puritan, nor the stately 
 courtier, was satisfied with him, both were bound to respect 
 and honor him. In 1572, he was sent, with some forces, to 
 the aid of Colonel Morgan, in Flanders, where he did not 
 long remain, being seized, about that time, with a mania for 
 discovering a northwest passage to India. In 1576, he pub- 
 lished a book on this subject, the effect of which was to start 
 Frobisher in that direction, before he had procured his outfit 
 for the enterprise. Being thus deprived of the glory of exe- 
 cuting his own enterprise, he resolved, in 1578, on making 
 more complete discoveries on the coasts of North America, 
 and accordingly, sailed for Newfoundland. His first expe- 
 dition was wholly unsuccessful ; but in a second one, he suc- 
 ceeded in taking formal possession of the harbor of St. 
 Johns, in the name of the queen. From Newfoundland, 
 he proceeded southward, on a coasting expedition, in which 
 he soon lost one of his vessels, and a great number of men. 
 Being now left with but two vessels, one good ship and a 
 very small craft, he determined on hastening home, to inform 
 the queen of the result of the enterprise. Very soon, how- 
 ever, he was overtaken by a violent storm. He was on 
 board the smaller vessel. Being urged to go on the larger 
 one for his own safety, he replied that he was as near 
 heaven, dying on water, as on land, and that he would never 
 abandon his seamen. Amid the fury of the storm, while 
 the large ship led the way, and the small one lay in her 
 wake, the lights of the latter were observed suddenly to dis- 
 appear. She had gone down, with every soul on board. 
 The last that was seen of Sir Humphrey, he was sitting at 
 
288 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [GLE. 
 
 the stern of his ship, with a book in his hand. He is said to 
 have been a man of deep and fervent piety, and almost every 
 manly accomplishment. This enterprise of his was taken 
 up by his brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, and finally resulted in 
 the colonizing of North Carolina and Virginia. 
 
 GILLESPY. — A clergyman of the presbyterian coven- 
 anters in Scotland in the time of Charles I. When Charles 
 visited Scotland, 1641, he found Gillespy one of the most 
 popular and influential of the Scotch clergy ; and, for the 
 purpose of regaining the confidence of the Scotch, he be- 
 stowed a pension, and some other preferment upon him. 
 Several other Scotch clergymen received like favors, at the 
 same time. 
 
 GISLA.— Wife of Rollo, the great conqueror and founder 
 of Normandy. She was daughter to Charles the Simple, 
 king of France. This name is but incidentally connected 
 with English history. 
 
 GLAMORGAN, Earl of.— (See Herbert, Lord.) 
 
 GLANVILLE, Ralph de. — A famous justiciary, under 
 the reigns of Henry II and Richard I. He also appears, at 
 one time, in a military capacity, commanding the royal forces 
 against William, king of Scots, who had invaded the north- 
 e n parts of England. 
 
 GLANVILLE. — An eminent lawyer in the time of 
 Charles I, who had the misfortune, in some way, to give 
 offence to the crown, and was forced to abandon his profes- 
 sion, and accept a situation in the navy. What the nature 
 of his offence was is not certain. There is some reason for 
 believing that he was a member of parliament of 1625-6 ; 
 if so, it is not improbable that he used too much freedom of 
 speech ; for Charles had not, at that time, yielded to the de- 
 mands of parliament, nor ceased to exercise the ancient 
 prerogatives of kings. 
 
 GLENDOUR, 0,ven. — Sometimes written Glendourduy. 
 A Welch chieftain who gave great trouble to Henry IV. He 
 had been much attached to Richard II, by which he had be- 
 come rather unpopular among his own people. Lord Gray, 
 who lived on the marches of Wales, seized on this circum- 
 stance to appropriate to himself all his estates. Glendour 
 flew to arms, and recovered possession of his lands. Henry 
 then sent assistance to Gray, thereby giving his royal sanc- 
 tion to the robbery. The Welch then flew to the assistance 
 of Glendour, and after committing many depredations, and 
 
GLY.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX; 289 
 
 even taking some noble prisoners, they retired to their moun- 
 tain fastnesses. For more than fourteen years he contiuued 
 to harass the English borders ; nor did he ever acknowledge 
 the authority of Henry, but strenuously insisted that he was 
 an usurper, and the murderer of Richard II. He died in 
 1415, in the sixty-first year of his age. 
 
 GLENHAM, Sir Thomas. — A royalist of some note, in 
 the civil wars of Charles I. We find him, in 1644, in pos- 
 session of the town of Newcastle, which was besieged by 
 the Scotch. Such had been his forecast, however, that it 
 was well fortified, and bade defiance to the enemy. A com- 
 bination of untoward circumstances, however, made it neces- 
 sary, soon after, for him to abandon this position, and retire 
 to York, which he was soon obliged to surrender ; though he 
 marched out his forces with the honors of war. In the fol- 
 lowing year, we find him bravely defending Carlisle against 
 a violent siege ; but was, at last, obliged to surrender. 
 What became of him after the fall of Charles, we are not 
 prepared to say, with certainty. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, Earl of.— (See Gilbert, Sen.) 
 GLOUCESTER, Earl of.— (See Gilbert, Jun.) 
 GLOUCESTER, Duke of— (See Richard III.) 
 GLOUCESTER, Earl of.— (See Robert, natural son of 
 Henry I.) 
 
 GLOUCESTER, Earl of.— (See Thomas, fifth son of 
 Edward III.) 
 
 GLOUCESTER, Earl of.— (See Spenser, Lord.) 
 GLOUCESTER, Duke of.— (See Humphrey, son of 
 Henry IV.) 
 
 'GLOUCESTER, Duke of.— (See Henry, youngest son 
 of Charles I.) * 
 
 GLYN. — An influential gentleman who, in the civil wars, 
 favored the parliamentary, or presbyterian, party, against the 
 more violent independents. He was a member of parlia- 
 ment, for some time aft£r the prostratian of Charles ; and 
 when the military encroachments on the civil authority begun, 
 he was firm in his opposition to it, and was named by the 
 army, as one of eleven members who were designated as 
 evil counsellors, and guilty of treason. When it was strenu- 
 ously urged that they should be thrown into prison, and tried 
 for treason, as Archbishop Laud and the earl of Strafford 
 had been, they consented to retire from parliament, which 
 gave satisfaction, for a time. Soon after this, however, the 
 
 13 
 
290 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [GOD. 
 
 charge of treason against them was revived, and they were 
 all obliged to retire beyond the sea for safety. When an- 
 other " rising " of the royalists called the attention of the 
 army from London, the parliament reversed its vote permit- 
 ting these members to resign their seats, and invited them to 
 return. Glyn, among the others, resumed his seat ; and af- 
 ter this, we hear no more of him. It is probable that he 
 retained his place until the violent movement of Colonel 
 Pride, by which all the presbyterians were expelled. 
 
 GODFREY. — Count of Bouillon and prince of Brabant. 
 A prominent leader in the great crusade under William 
 Rufus. After the success of the expedition, and the expul- 
 sion of the infidels, he was, by general consent chosen king 
 of Jerusalem. Such a crown was not worth wearing. 
 
 GODFREY, Sir Edmundshury. — A very noted justice of 
 the peace under the reign of Charles II. When Titus 
 Oates presented himself as a witness of the popish plot, 
 Godfrey received his testimony, on oath, and a few days 
 after, was found dead, lying in a ditch, with Ins own sword 
 in his body. The evidence, however, was not in favor of 
 his having committed suicide ; and as his jewels and money 
 were still upon him, it was concluded that he had been de- 
 stroyed by the papists, for taking Oates' testimony. At 
 once, the popular mind was inflamed, and as his body was 
 carried^ through all the principal streets of London, a war of 
 extermination was threatened against the papists. It has 
 hardly ever been questioned that he was murdered by the 
 papists ; but although the murderer was never detected, as a 
 body, they more than suffered the penalty due the offence : 
 for this foul murder tended so to settle the popular mind in 
 the belief of a popish plot, that scarce anything else was 
 heard of for several years, and many an innocent papist lost 
 his life under mere suspicion. 
 
 GODFREY. — An influential gentleman who readily con- 
 sented to enter into terms with the prince of Orange, at the 
 time ©f his invasion of England. He appears, however, 
 but incidentally, and we know but little of him. 
 
 GODFRID.— A son of Sithric, and brother to Alaf. His 
 early history is found under the article Athelstan. On his 
 expulsion from England, he retired into Scotland, where he 
 found protection under Constantine, the Scottish king. Ath- 
 elstan fearing that he might, at some time, be troublesome, 
 labored both by promises and menaces, to induce Constan- 
 
GOD. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 291 
 
 tine to deliver him up. At length he consented, but at the 
 same time, gave notice to his guest of the danger he was in. 
 GodfSd fled, and after some years, subsisting by piracy, 
 freed the king of England from all farther concern, by his 
 death. The generous conduct of Constantine toward him, 
 in permitting him to escape, gave such offense to Athelstan 
 as caused him to invade Scotland, and, as English historians 
 say, force the Scottish prince to do homage to him. 
 
 GODOLPHIN, Sir William.— A royalist of some note 
 in the civil wars of Charles I. He commanded a division in 
 the battle of Stratton, on the 16th of May, 1643, where he 
 is said to have acted his part well. After the restoration of 
 Charles II, he was made prominent at court, and appointed 
 privy seal. 
 
 GODOLPHIN. — Most probably a son of the above. He 
 was prominent at the court of James II, and was chamber- 
 lain to the queen. When the prince of Orange invaded 
 England he was appointed commissioner, with Halifax and 
 Nottingham, to treat with him. The commission, however, 
 failed ; and we here lose sight of him. 
 
 GODWIN, Earl of Wessex, Kent and Sussex. — A pow- 
 erful nobleman who flourished under the reign of Canute and 
 the three following reigns. He first appears, is history, as 
 the commander of a strong military force which accompanied 
 Canute into Denmark, soon after he had become well estab- 
 lished on the throne of England. The object of the force 
 was to chastise the Swedes for some late outrages. In this 
 service Godwin so distinguished himself that Canute highly 
 commended him, and gave him his daughter in marriage. 
 In the controversy between Harold Harefoot and Hardica- 
 nute, he was the friend and advocate of the latter. Soon, 
 however, he was won by Harold, who promised to marry his 
 daughter, and he even acted as was generally believed, an 
 infamous part in the murder of prince Alfred. (See Al- 
 fred. ) During Harold's life, he was ever at his bidding ; 
 but to his eternal shame be it told that he was the instru- 
 ment of Hardicanute in that unnatural and brutal deed of 
 twice disinterring the dead body of his brother Harold and 
 throwing it into the Thames. (See Hardicanute.) When 
 Prinze Edward appeared and preferred an accusation against 
 him for the murder of Alfred, Godwin, in order to appease 
 the king, made him a magnificent present of a galley with 
 a gilt stern, rowed by eighty men, each wearing a gold 
 
292 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fGON. 
 
 bracelet on his arm weighing sixteen ounces, and armed and 
 equipped throughout in the same costly style. This superb 
 present had the effect intended : — the king was pleased ; and 
 on Godwin's swearing to his innocence, the prosecution was 
 dismissed. After the death of Hardicanute, when the Eng- 
 lish had determined on throwing off the Danish dynasty 
 and establishing Edward the Confessor on the throne, the 
 consent of Godwin had to be obtained, which he readily 
 granted on Edward's consenting to espouse his daughter Edi- 
 tha. This marriage was a cause of much vexation, as 
 Godwin more frequently claimed the prerogatives of the fa- 
 ther than exercised the submissions of the subject. After 
 many disputes arising out of Norman influence in court, he* 
 declared war, and mustered a strong force against the royal 
 authority. At first he was unsuccessful, and compelled, with 
 three of his sons, to retire into Flanders. Not long after this, 
 however, he returned, entered the Thames, and appeard be- 
 fore London, with a strong fleet, throwing everything into 
 confusion and consternation. A treaty, however, was en- 
 tered into — the government yielding to some of his de- 
 mands, — expelling the Normans from court — and he giving 
 hostages for his future good conduct. Soon after this he 
 died suddenly while sitting at the table with the king, which 
 put an end to his ambitious career. His influence, however, 
 .did not cease at his death. His family had become so 
 powerful that his son Harold, with but little difficulty, moun- 
 ted the throne, on the death of Edward the Confessor, not- 
 withstanding the royal will in favor of the duke of Norman- 
 dy, and held his position until overthrown by the conquest. 
 
 GODWIN,— (See Frena.) 
 
 GODWIN. — One of the three sons of Harold, who, after 
 the battle of Hastings, retired into Ireland, whence they 
 afterward returned and attempted an invasion of England. 
 (See Brian.) 
 
 GOLD. — One of the accomplices of the famous Elizabeth 
 Barton, the holy maid of Kent. He was executed at the 
 same time with her and several others, — all priests, — who 
 had resolved to use her fanaticism, — if it may be called by 
 so gentle a name, — for party purposes. (See Elizabeth 
 Barton. ) 
 
 GONDOMAR. — A Spanish ambassador who resided at 
 London in the reign of James I. He is said to have been 
 remarkably artful, under the appearance of great frankness 
 
GOO,] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 293 
 
 and sincerity. When James had failed of obtaining the 
 hand of the infanta of Spain for his son, Charles, Gondomar 
 proposed the second daughter of the Spanish monarch, and 
 for some time amused himself with the vain hopes of James 
 and Charles, of affecting such an alliance. 
 
 GOODENOUGH— An under sheriff of London in the 
 reign of Charles II. He entered largely into the plot of 
 Shaftesbury and Monmouth, known as the rye-house plot. 
 After the battle Sedgemoor, in which Monmouth was de- 
 feated and ruined, Goodenough was taken prisoner, when, 
 to save himself, he united with Colonel Rumsey in charging 
 Cornish, the sheriff. Cornish was executed on their testi- 
 mony ; but the perjury of the witnesses appeared, soon after, 
 and they were condemned to perpetual imprisonment. 
 
 GOODMAN.— A Jesuit who was a subject of much vio- 
 lent agitation in the reign of Charles I. Under the* opera- 
 tion of the anti-papal laws, he was condemned to capital 
 punishment, but Charles hesitated to sign his death warrant. 
 This caused great dissatisfaction among the people, and the 
 house of commons expressed much resentment. On hearing 
 that he was a cause of so much anxiety to the king, Good- 
 man sent a petition, praying that he might be executed, 
 rather than prove a source of contention between the king 
 and the people. He escaped, however, with his life, — 
 rather, it has been thought, because he was forgotten, than 
 because of any feeling of pity toward him. 
 
 GOODWIN. — A puritan preacher in the time of the pro- 
 tectorate. He seems to have been one of the religious coun- 
 sellors of Cromwell, who, a little before his death, approach- 
 ed him with the question whether it were true, that the elect 
 could never fall from a state of grace, so as to perish eter- 
 nally ? " Nothing more certain," replied the preacher. 
 '• Then I am safe," replied the protector, " for I am certain 
 that I was once in a state of grace." 
 
 GOODWIN, Sir Francis. — Chosen a member of parlia- 
 ment from the county of Bucks, in 1604. When his name 
 was returned, the chancellor refused it, on the ground that 
 he was an outlaw ; and issued writs for a new election, 
 which resulted in the election of Sir John Fortescue. As 
 soon as parliament met, however, the commons proceeded to 
 reverse the chancellor's decision, and Goodwin took his seat. 
 This led to much altercation between the crown and the 
 commons, and the difficulty was finally settled by Goodwin 
 
294 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [GOR. 
 
 and Fortescue, both, yielding their claims, and a third one 
 being elected. (See Fortescue, Sir John.) 
 
 GORDON, Lord.— Son of the earl of Huntley. At the 
 commencement of the civil wars of Charles I, he was pre- 
 vented from engaging in them, being detained by his uncle, 
 the earl of Argyle. In 1645, however, he broke from his 
 restraint, and with his brother, the earl of Aboine, hastened 
 to join the earl of Montrose, who was then performing prodi- 
 gies of valor in Scotland. His military career, however, 
 was short, for he was slain in his first battle with Bailly and 
 Urey. He expired amidst the shouts of victory, and the re- 
 flection that two of the king's worst enemies were defeated, 
 sweetened the bitterness of death. 
 
 GORDON, Nathaniel. — Perhaps a brother of the above. 
 He was taken prisoner by the parliamentarians at the defeat 
 of Montrose by Lesley, in 1646, and, with many others, in- 
 humanly executed ; — for no other reason than that he had 
 conscientiously defended what he conceived to be the rights 
 of an injured monarch. 
 
 GORGES, Sir Ferdinando.—One of the accomplices of 
 Essex in his fatal Drury- House plot. He proved an unfaith- 
 ful ally, and after divulging the secret, abandoned Essex, 
 and hastened to court, to make his submissions. After the 
 accession of James I, he performed a part of about the same 
 character. He was placed in command of a ship sent by 
 James to assist the king of France against Rochelle ; but 
 after getting to sea, resolved not to proceed, and returned to 
 England. Whether this movement resulted from unmitiga- 
 ted cowardice, or whether it was prompted by principle, is 
 not certain. After this, he took an active part in the coloni- 
 zation of New England, and received a patent for a large 
 tract of land to which he gave the name of Maine, after the 
 queen, Henrietta, who held, as her estate, the province of 
 Maine, in France. His colony, however, did not prosper 
 within his life, and he died in 1647. 
 
 GORGES, Sir Thomas. — In some way, connected with 
 the court of Elizabeth. His name seldom appears in his- 
 tory, and Hume speaks of him but once, as the person ap- 
 pointed by the queen to inform Mary, of Scots, then a pris- 
 oner in England, that the Babington conspiracy had been 
 discovered, and all the accomplices arrested. He chose the 
 time for giving her this intelligence when she was mounted 
 on horseback, to go on a hunting excursion. Previous to 
 
GOU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 295 
 
 this, she had not been permitted to have the least whisper of 
 the discovery of the plot; and the fatal intelligence must 
 have come to her as " the bolt of heaven from a cloud- 
 less sky.'' (See Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 GORING, Lord George. — Earl of Norwich. More com- 
 monly known as General Goring. Known, for the most 
 part, in connection with the civil wars of Charles I. Being 
 very dissolute in his early habits, so as, in a few years, to 
 spend an estate of 8,000 pounds, he went to the continent, 
 hoping, by rigid economy, to improve his fortunes. Soon 
 after leaving England, he took the profession of arms, and 
 obtained a command in Flanders. In this profession, he 
 greatly distinguished himself, and in one aetion, was severely 
 wounded. On returning home, he was made governor of 
 Portsmouth, then one or the best fortified places in England. 
 At the commencement of the war, he was supposed to favor 
 the parliament, but after much dissimulation, at length de- 
 clared himself a royalist. Portsmouth was invested by the 
 parliamentary troops, and he made no defence, but capitu- 
 lated, with the condition that he should quit the kingdom. 
 After a short absence, he returned, and obtained a command 
 in the royal army, and was soon promoted to the grade of 
 general of the horse, under Prince Rupert. He evinced 
 very decided talents, but was so erratic as really to do the 
 royal cause more harm than good. After obtaining almost 
 absolute control of the army, he became dissatisfied, and 
 without permission, went into France, whence he never 
 returned. After this, there is no certainty concerning his 
 history. Dugdale says that he joined the Spanish army, 
 and for some offence, was put to death. 
 
 GORMANSTONE, Lord.— One of the leaders of the 
 great Irish rebellion in 1641, under Charles I, by which 
 some 40,000 English protestants are said to have been 
 massacred. 
 
 GOSNALD. — A celebrated judge of law under the reign 
 of Edward VI.. When the patent of Edward, just before 
 his death, for settling the crown on Lady Jane Grey, was 
 presented to the chancellor for his signature, he refused to 
 sign it until all the judges had done so. It was then pre- 
 sented to Gosnald, for signature, but he hesitated long, and 
 yielded only to the menaces of Northumberland. Although 
 an able jurist, he has not made himself prominent in history. 
 GOURDON, Bertrand de,- — The famous archer who 
 
296 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [GOU. 
 
 killed Richard I at the castle of Chalus. The commander 
 of the garrison had offered to surrender, but Richard replied 
 that since he had been at the trouble to beseige them in per- 
 son, he would take the castle by force, and would hang 
 every one of them. On that same day as he was making 
 observations on the castle preparatory to the seige, Gourdon, 
 taking deliberate aim, shot an arrow into his shoulder. The 
 wound was not considered dangerous, at first, but from the 
 unskillfulness of the surgeon in extracting the arrow, infla- 
 mation was induced which terminated in mortification. Af- 
 ter taking the castle, all were hanged but Gourdon, who was 
 brought into the presence of the dying monarch, who ad- 
 dressed him thus: — " Wretch, what have I ever done to you 
 to oblige you to seek my life ? " " What have you done to 
 me?" coolly replied the prisoner ; "you have killed, with 
 your own hands, my father, and my two brothers ; and you 
 intended to have hanged myself; I am now in your power, 
 and you may take revenge by inflicting on me the most se- 
 vere torments ; but I shall endure them all with pleasure, 
 provided I can think that I have been so happy as to rid the 
 world of such a nuisance." Richard, in view of the near 
 approach of death, felt the force of the reply, and ordered 
 him to be dismissed, with a sum of money: but Marcadee, 
 the Brabancon leader, who was present, seized the helpless 
 Gourdon, flayed him alive, and then hanged him. 
 
 GOURDON, Adam de. — One of the barons who co-op- 
 erated with Leicester in his great rebellion against Henry 
 III. After the victory of Evesham, in which Leicester was 
 s!ain, and the royal authority restored, Gourdon still persisted 
 in his rebellion, and sustained himself in the forests of 
 Hampshire until Prince Edward led a body of troops against 
 him. On attacking his camp, Edward leaped over the wall 
 and encountered him in single combat. For some time, the 
 contest was doubtful, but at length the prince threw him from 
 his horse, and took him prisoner. He had no right to expect 
 anything better than death; but Edward granted him his 
 life, and that evening introduced him to the queen. Soon 
 after, he received the pardon of the king, and ever after- 
 ward was his faithful subject. 
 
 GOURNAY..— One of the ruffians who kept, and basely 
 murdered, Edward II. He and Mautravers, who had, for 
 some time, practiced every kind of indignity to the king's 
 person, only because he was placed in their power, as jailors. 
 
GRA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 297 
 
 could not better act out their true character, than by the 
 savage mariner in which they at last destroyed him. (See 
 Edward II.) As soon as the barbarous deed was committed, 
 they were held in universal detestation, and soon after 
 forced to flee into France. 
 
 GOURNAY, Sir Richard. — Lord mayor of London in 
 the reign of Charles I. He is said to have been a man of 
 great moderation, and for a long time, to have controled the 
 popular feeling, in London, against the king. 
 
 GRAHAM, of Fintry. — A Roman catholic nobleman of 
 the time of Elizabeth, who forfeited his life by entering into 
 a conspiracy with Philip, of Spain, against the government 
 of England. Being detected, he was immediately tried, and 
 executed. 
 
 GRAHAM, Sir Richard. — Master of horse to George 
 Villiers, Sen., duke of Buckingham. We learn that he was 
 sent by James I, with the young prince, Charles I, and 
 Buckingham, on their perilous and unwise visit to Madrid, 
 to see the infanta. (See Cottington, Sir Francis.) 
 
 GRAHAM, James. — Earl, duke, and Marquis of Mon- 
 trose. One of the noblest and most daring characters that 
 appears in the civil wars of Charles I. He was of distin- 
 guished birth, and strictly loyal, at heart, from the begin- 
 ning. At the commencement of the war, he tendered his 
 services to Charles ; but in consequence of certain insinua- 
 tions thrown out by some who envied him, his proposals were 
 treated coolly. Disgusted with such a reception, he imme- 
 diately accepted a commission in the Scottish army, and em- 
 ployed all his energies in those measures which were intend- 
 ed to lower the pretensions of the crown. In an interview 
 with the king, however, when he waited on him officially, at 
 Berwick, all his disgust was removed, and he resolved to 
 throw his influence in his favor, and accordingly opened a 
 correspondence with him. One of his letters being intercep- 
 ted and carried to the Scottish general, Leven, he readily 
 avowed it, and declared himself, though high in military 
 rank, the friend of the king. His bold and magnanimous 
 behavior protected him against danger ; — though he was, for 
 some time, detained in prison. On being released, he has- 
 tened to the king and proposed the most daring measures. 
 As his own country, (Scotland,) was all up in arms against 
 the king, he proposed to draw forces from Ireland, and with 
 these, to cause such troubles in Scotland as would have the 
 
 13* 
 
298 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [gra: 
 
 effect to draw the Scottish forces out of England, and thus 
 give, to the royal forces better prospect of success. On be- 
 ing joined, in the Highlands, by his Irish troops, not more 
 than 1,100 foot, poorly armed, he declared for the royal 
 cause. This was in 1645. In his first engagement, he de- 
 feated Lord Elcho, and signalized his victory by such hero- 
 ism as could not have failed to arrest universal attention. 
 Soon after this, he defeated Lord Burleigh ; and almost im- 
 mediately after, routed the forces of the earl of Argyle, 
 many of whose troops deserted to his standard. Next, he took 
 and plundered Dundee, then defeated Urey and Baillie, and 
 finally gave a powerful overthrow to the whole army of cov- 
 enanters in the memorable action of Kilsyth. Thence pen- 
 etrating into England, through the negligence of his scouts, 
 he was surprised by David Lesley, and entirely defeated. 
 This was regarded as the fatal blow to the hopes of Charles. 
 After this, he retired to the continent, spent some time in 
 France, traveled in Germany, and commanded the admira- 
 tion of the great, wherever he went. On hearing of the 
 tragical death of the king, and receiving a letter from the 
 young prince, Charles II, he hastened to raise forces, in 
 Germany, and material aid from many of the states of Eu- 
 rope, and sailed for Scotland, hoping to be able, even yet, to 
 crush the puritan domination, and place young Charles on 
 the throne of his father. The hope, however, was vain. 
 The whole nation was now at peace, and all its energies 
 were directed against him. He was defeated, and made 
 prisoner. On being brought before the chancellor, he main- 
 tained the same dignity and urbanity of manner which had 
 ever characterized his life ; avowed his principles, repented of 
 his early folly, and welcomed the offices of the executioner. 
 Sentence was passed against him, — " that he should, on the 
 next day, be carried to Edinburgh Cross, and there hanged 
 on a gibbet thirty feet high for the space of three hours : 
 then be taken down, his head be cut off upon a scaffold, 
 and affixed to the prison ; his legs and arms to be stuck up 
 in the four chief towns of the kingdom: his body be 
 buried in the place appropriated for common malefactors; ex- 
 cept the church, upon his repentance, should take off his ex- 
 communication." In vain did the clergy gather around 
 him to induce him to make a confession of his crimes, and 
 prepare for another world. He told them that he had acted 
 on strictly moral and religious principles, throughout, and 
 
GRA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 299 
 
 that he had nothing to repent of save the frailties common 
 to man. He trusted in the atonement of Christ, and ex- 
 pected to be saved, in the steady entertainment of the same 
 political principles and notions of duty to a sovereign mon- 
 arch by which he had been actuated through his whole life. 
 He regretted that he had not limbs enough to be set up in 
 every city in Christendom, that the world might know how he 
 had suffered for the best interests of his country. He suf- 
 fered according to the sentence. Thus perished, — some one 
 has said, — " the greatest man that England ever saw," 
 Cardinal De Retz, who made his acquaintance in France, 
 celebrates him in his memoirs as " one of those heroes, of 
 whom there are no longer any remains in the world, and who 
 are to be met with, only in Plutarch." 
 
 GRAHAM, Captain — Also known as Viscount Dundee. 
 Employed by Charles II in the inglorious work of suppress- 
 ing the conventicles of Scotland. We learn of his attacking 
 a large assembly on Loudon Hill, who had taken the pre- 
 caution to arm themselves. They were too strong for his 
 force, and he was defeated with the loss of thirty men. This 
 was followed up by violence on both sides, and had like to 
 have resulted in a regular war. 
 
 GRANARD, Lord. — A protestant justice of the peace, or 
 perhaps, chancellor of a higher court, in Ireland, under the 
 reign of James II. We learn of him, only, that notwith- 
 standing he was continued in office, he was really superceded 
 by Talbot, whose Romish prejudices controled the whole of 
 the Irish jurisprudence. (See Talbot.) 
 
 G-RANDISON, Lord. — Commanded a party at the siege 
 of Bristol on the 25th of July, 1643, in which he was mor- 
 tally wounded, and died soon after. Charles I had occasion 
 to rejoice in the result of this enterprise, — though not with- 
 out sadness, in view of the many brave officers who had 
 perished. 
 
 GRANT.— One of the conspirators in the famous " gun- 
 powder plot," in the reign of James I. According to the 
 arrangement, Sir Everard Digby, Rookwood, and Grant, 
 were, on the fatal day, to assemble their friends on pretense 
 of a hunting match, but really, for the purpose of imme- 
 diately seizing the princess, Elizabeth, and proclaiming her 
 queen. It is probable that he perished, among the other 
 conspirators. 
 
 GRANVILLE, Sir Richard.— Of the time of Charles I. 
 
300 BIOGRAPHICAL IXDEX. |"gRA. 
 
 For saying, of the earl of Suffolk, that he was a " base 
 lord," (and the proof of this exceedingly lame,) he was 
 compelled to pay a fine of 8,000 pounds, one half to the 
 earl, and the other half to the king. After this, he was one 
 of the king's most active and zealous supporters, through the 
 civil wars, until he became an object of so much abhorrence 
 to the parliament, that Charles was obliged to consent to his 
 exile. It has been thought that he returned, towards the 
 ^.ose of the commonwealth, and contributed to the restoration 
 of monarchy. 
 
 GRANVILLE, Sir Bevel. A gentleman of Cornwall, 
 who, with a few others, in 1643, raised an army at their own 
 expense for the purpose of supporting the tottering throne of 
 Charles I. He commanded a division of the royal forces at 
 the battle of Stratton, on the 16th of May, of that same year, 
 where he greatly distinguished himself. He perished in the 
 battle of Landsdown, on the 5th of July following. 
 
 GRANVILLE, Sir John. — Distinguished, next to Gen- 
 eral Monk, as the great mover in the restoration of Charles 
 II. He opened a correspondence with Monk on the subject, 
 some time before it was known that any such scheme was in 
 view ; and it was he who brought the king's letter into par- 
 liament, informing that body that he was ready to return. 
 As soon as the necessary steps had been taken for re-organ- 
 izing the government, the commons voted five hundred 
 pounds to buy a jewel for Granville, as a testimonial of their 
 high appreciation of the service which he had rendered the 
 nation. 
 
 GRATIAN. — A Roman general who, in the reign of 
 Valentinian III, held military jurisdiction over a part of the 
 island of Britain, and was colleague of Constantine, another 
 general who sustained a similar relation to the empire. Both 
 these officers assumed the purple in Britain. They left about 
 the time of: Attila's invasion of Rome, and both perished in 
 their unsuccessful attempts on the imperial throne. 
 
 GRAY, John de.— Bishop of Norwich under the reign of 
 King John. At the death of Archbishop Hubert in 1205, 
 Gray was elected to the see of Canterbury, but the election 
 not being approved by the pope, he was never installed. 
 (See Langton.) 
 
 GRAY, Sir John.—Of Groby. First husband of Eliza- 
 beth, wife of Edward IV. He was slain in the second battle 
 of St. Albans, fighting on the side of Lancaster, and little 
 
GRE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 301 
 
 dreaming, as we may suppose, that after his death and the 
 ruin of his party, his widow would become queen of Eng- 
 land. (See Elizabeth Woodville, queen of Edward IV.) 
 
 GRAY, Lord. — Of Rugemont. A strong advocate of 
 the Lancastrian interest. After the accession of Edward 
 IV, an act of forfeiture and attainder was passed against 
 him, as one of the chief enemies of the house of York. 
 This is about all that history has preserved of him. 
 
 GRAY, Sir Richard.— A half brother to Edward V, 
 being a son of Queen Elizabeth Woodville, by her marriage 
 with Sir John Gray. He was in the retinue of his brother 
 Edward, from Ludlow castle to London, and was arrested at 
 Stony Stratford, and put under guard at the same time when 
 the unfortunate prince was seized by Gloucester. From 
 Stratford, he was hurried to Pomfret castle, where he was 
 soon after executed, or basely murdered. 
 
 GRAY, Sir Thomas. — Another son of Elizabeth, by her 
 first marriage. This young man was the subject of the first 
 general quarrel between Edward IV and the powerful house 
 of Nevil. Lord Montague, of the Nevil family, was treat- 
 ing of a marriage between his son and one of the king's 
 nieces, when Gray became his successful competitor. 
 
 GRAY, Lord. — Warden of the east and middle marches 
 of Scotland, under the reign of Elizabeth. He was placed 
 in command of the queen's land forces against the French, 
 who had invaded Scotland, in 1559, and in this expedition, 
 showed very decided talents for war. After this, he was 
 made deputy of Ireland, and was in command of the Eng- 
 lish forces at the taking of the Spanish fort of San Josepho, 
 at Kerry, in 1580. Here he did an act unworthy of the 
 true soldier. Being encumbered by the great number of 
 Spanish and Italian prisoners which he had taken at the sur- 
 render of the fort, he caused them all to be put to the sword, 
 and hanged about fifteen hundred of the Irish : a cruelty 
 which gave great offence to Elizabeth. 
 
 GREEN, Sir Thomas. — A gentleman of some notoriety 
 under the reign of Henry VII. We find him, at one time, 
 laboring under the royal displeasure, and even confined, for 
 a short time, in prison: but the nature of his offence is not 
 well known, nor have we much information concerning him. 
 
 GREEN, Sir Henry. — One of the ministers of Richard 
 II. When the duke of Lancaster entered Bristol, he found 
 Green, with several of the ministers of Richard, whom he 
 
302 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [gRE. 
 
 made prisoners, and ordered to execution. (See Henry, 
 duke of Lancaster.) 
 
 GREEN. — Tried and executed as one of the murderers 
 of Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey. (See Godfrey, Sir Edmunds- 
 bury.) He suffered at the same time with Hill and Berry. 
 The evidence against them was far from being conclusive, 
 and but for Green and Berry being connected with a popish 
 chapel at Somerset house, it is not probable that charges 
 would ever have been preferred against them. 
 
 GREGORY. — A lawyer who was speaker of the house 
 of commons, in 1679, under Charles II. His election was 
 under circumstances a little peculiar. It had been the cus- 
 tom for the king's wishes to be consulted in this matter. 
 This year, Charles requested that the choice might fall on 
 Sir Thomas Meres. The request, however, was disregarded, 
 and Seymour, speaker of the preceding parliament, was 
 chosen, by a unanimous vote. Charles withheld his sanc- 
 tion, and a violent altercation ensued. At length, the diffi- 
 culty was met by a proposal, that both should be dropped, 
 and a third person elected. This was acceded to, and 
 Gregory was chosen. Beyond this, we know but little of 
 him. 
 
 GRENTMESNIL, Hugh de.— One of the principal no- 
 bility who enlisted under the standard of William the Con- 
 queror in his invasion of England. After the conquest, he 
 was promoted to great power, and exerted no small share of 
 influence in the administration of the government. At 
 length, however, he became weary of the responsibilities of 
 office, and, perhaps, not less of the despotic rule of William, 
 and asked permission to quit the kingdom and retire into 
 Normandy. At his request, he was dismissed from the ser- 
 vice, but punished for his desertion with the confiscation of 
 all his estates. 
 
 GRENTMESNIL, Yvo de.— One of the principal nobil- 
 ity who, soon after the accession of Henry I, sent an invita- 
 tion to Duke Robert to make an attempt on England in de- 
 fense of his rights, and promised him the assistance of all 
 the principal nobility. The project, however, never suc- 
 ceeded. 
 
 GRESHAM, Sir Thomas. — A celebrated London mer- 
 chant of the time of Elizabeth. It was he who first influ- 
 enced the London merchants to loan money to the crown. 
 Previous to this, all loans had been effected at Antwerp, the 
 
GRE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 303 
 
 Londoners standing security for payment. Gresham justly 
 argued that it was as well for them to loan the money as for 
 them to be responsible for its payment, abroad. The result 
 was satisfactory ; and from that time, England has seldom 
 sent abroad for money, Gresham was, also, the builder of 
 the famous royal exchange, a magnificent fabric, built at his 
 own expense, for the reception of merchants from abroad. 
 When it was nearly completed, it was visited by Elizabeth, 
 and from her received its name. 
 
 GREY, Reginald de. — Tutor to Edward II. He was 
 employed by Edward I to assist the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury in this office. 
 
 GREY, Sir Thomas.— Of Heton. Executed by Henry 
 V under a charge of having corresponded with the earl of 
 Cambridge on the subject of recovering to him, (Cambridge,) 
 his right to the crown, he being second son to the late duke 
 of York. 
 
 GREY, Lord. — Of Ruthin. He commanded the van of 
 the forces of Henry VI at the battle of Northampton, in 
 1460. In the heat of the action, however, he deserted to the 
 York party, and went over to the earl of Warwick. This 
 spread a general consternation among the royal tioops, and 
 very soon determined the fortunes of the day against them. 
 He was afterwards created earl of Kent, and married the 
 Lady Anne, sister to Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. 
 
 GREY, Sir Henry. — Marquis of Dorset and duke of 
 Somerset. Celebrated as the father of the unfortunate 
 Lady Jane Grey. As soon as it was determined that his 
 daughter was to inherit the crown, by will of Edward VI, 
 he was appointed to command the army in defence of her 
 pretensions. The command, however, was taken by Noth- 
 umberland, Grey's capacities for such an enterprise being 
 doubted. He was kept in command of the tower ; but see- 
 ing how the struggle must terminate, he threw open the gates 
 of the tower, and declared for Mary. He was arrested, 
 however, with most of the other supporters of his daughter, 
 but being regarded as contemptible, for his weakness, was 
 immediately released." Had all stopped at this, it is probable 
 that he might have saved his own life, if not that of his 
 daughter. But he united with many others in the rebellion 
 of Sir Thomas Wiat, in a desperate effort to overthrow Mary, 
 and still to place Lady Jane on the throne. Being closely 
 pursued, he disbanded his forces, and sought concealment, 
 
304 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [GRE. 
 
 but was detected, brought to trial, and executed. He would 
 have had much more sympathy had his ambition not led to 
 the death of his daughter. (See Jane Grey, Lady.) 
 
 GrREY, Lord Leonard. — Brother to the marquis of Dor- 
 set. He was appointed by Henry VIII, deputy of Ireland, 
 in 1534, which office he filled with much dignity. In 1540, 
 he was convicted of treason, and beheaded ; but we know 
 very little concerning the ground of his prosecution, or the 
 nature of his offence. 
 
 GREY, Lord. — Of Wilton. We learn that he accompa- 
 nied Henry VIII in his expedition against Calais, in 1544, 
 as part of his retinue. He afterwards did good service for 
 Edward VI, in 1549, in suppressing the insurrections of De- 
 vonshire and Norfolk. Soon after this, he fell under the 
 displeasure of the court, and was thrown into prison; but 
 the nature of his offense is not certainly known, nor do we 
 have much farther account of him. 
 
 GREY, Lord. — Of Groby. A violent puritan, of the 
 order of Independents, who figured in the civil wars of 
 Charles I. One instance of his violence is given in his 
 commanding the movement of Colonel Pride, by which all 
 the presbyterian members of parliament were seized and 
 thrust into the cellar, leaving the entire business in the hands 
 of a few of the most violent of the Independents. Thus 
 were the presbyterians, who had largely assisted to dethrone 
 their monarch, now driven from the high places of power, 
 and the destinies of the nation committed to a military 
 despotism. 
 
 GREY, Lord. — A violent enemy of the duke of York, 
 (James II,) for some years before the death of Charles II, 
 and not less so after his accession to the throne. He united 
 with the earl of Shaftesbury, (Lord Ashley Cooper,) in pre- 
 senting James to the grand jury for indictment as a popish 
 recusant, and also in the ryehouse plot. For his participa- 
 tion in the latter, he was arrested, but made his escape. He 
 then held himself in readiness for the first opportunity to 
 gratify his feeling of revenge on James, and connected 
 himself with Monmouth, in his unfortunate rebellion. In 
 this, however, he showed himself an unmitigated coward, 
 and contributed largely, as has been generally believed, to 
 the defeat of the enterprise. Whether he was executed 
 among these rebels, the writer is not prepared to say, with 
 certainty. 
 
JGR1.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 305 
 
 GRIFFIN. — By reference to the article Lewellen, prince 
 of Wales, it will be seen that the youngest son of that 
 prince, Griffin, attempted a rebellion against his father, 
 which caused him to seek protection under the crown of 
 England. After the death of Lewellen, his successor, 
 David, succeeded in arresting his brother Griffin, and deliv- 
 ering him into the hands of Henry III, who committed him 
 to custody in the tower. In attempting to escape from the 
 tower, he lost his life. 
 
 GRIFFITH. — A prince of Wales who married the daugh- 
 ter of Algar, duke of East Anglia. He long distinguished 
 himself as the leader of Welch parties of marauders who 
 were accustomed to infest the western borders of England. 
 Though less powerful than the Danes, their mode of attack 
 was similar, and so frequent as to keep the western frontier 
 in a constant state of alarm. At length the name of Grif- 
 fith became so terrible to the English that Harold, in his 
 eager purpose of winning the confidence of the nation, de- 
 termined on making an expedition against him. He pre- 
 pared some light-armed foot to pursue the natives into their 
 mountain fastnesses, some cavalry to scour the open country, 
 and a squadron of ships to attack the coast. By this means, 
 he soon reduced the enemy to such distress that they con- 
 sented to purchase peace at the sacrifice of their prince. 
 Accordingly, the head of Griffith was cut off by his own 
 subjects, and sent to Harold, and they consented to be gov- 
 erned by princes appointed by the king of England. 
 
 GRIMSTONE.— A member of the parliament of Charles 
 I, in 1640. About all that we learn of him is, that he was 
 a violent puritan. In speaking of Sir Francis Windebank, 
 the king's secretary, who was suspected of being a papist, 
 he declared that he was n the very pander and broker of the 
 whore of Babylon." 
 
 GRIMSTONE, Sir Harbottle.— - Speaker of the house of 
 commons at the time of the restoration of Charles II. He 
 had acted in connection with the late parliament, but was 
 always regarded as a man of moderation, and he was be- 
 lieved to have a strong preference for royalty. Hence his 
 election to the speakership shows that the mind of the par- 
 liament, at the time of its meeting, was in favor of the resto- 
 ration. 
 
 GRIND AL, Edmund. — Archbishop of Canterbury under 
 the reign of Elizabeth. He was born in 1519. After dis- 
 
306 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |"gUA. 
 
 tinguishing himself as a preacher, he was made chaplain to 
 Bishop Ridley, of London, and afterward to Young Edward 
 VI. On the accession of the Eloody Mary, he fled to the con- 
 tinent, and there remained until after her death. Soon after 
 his return, he was made bishop of London, in the place of 
 Bonner, and was thence translated to York, and afterward 
 on the death of Archbishop Parker, to Canterbury, in 1575. 
 He did not, however, long enjoy his high position. He fa- 
 vored the Puritan notions, in many things, which so offended 
 the queen that he thought it prudent to resign his see, and 
 died a few weeks after, in July, 1584, in the sixty-fourth 
 year of his age. He was distinguished by rare talents, su- 
 perior erudition, and deep piety, but has been supposed de- 
 ficient in firmness and steadiness of purpose. 
 
 GROVE. — One of the many who, under the reign of 
 Charles II, were executed for being concerned in popish 
 plots. According to the evidence, Grove and Pickering 
 were employed by Jesuits to shoot the king with silver bul- 
 lets. Grove was to receive fifteen hundred pounds for this 
 service. They went to execution protesting their innocence, 
 and there is but too much reason to apprehend that they suf- 
 fered unjustly. 
 
 GROVES. — A royalist who, in 1655, in the full strength 
 of the commonwealth, united with a few others in an in- 
 surrection. They expected large accessions to their number, 
 but were disappointed. After taking a sort of military pos- 
 session of Salisbury, they were defeated, and all the leaders 
 put to death, Groves among them. The others were sold 
 and transported, for slaves, in Barbadoes. — (See Penrud- 
 doc and Jones.) 
 
 GUADER, Ralph de.— Earl of Norfolk, under William 
 the Conqueror, against whom he led a revolt, in conjunction 
 with the earl of Hereford. (See Roger, earl of Hereford.) 
 By the action in which most of the conspirators were made 
 prisoners, Guader was completely ruined in his prospects of 
 success, and barely escaped with his life, first to Norwich, 
 and thence to Denmark, whence he soon after departed to 
 Brittany, where he had large possessions. As soon as Wil- 
 liam had sufficiently punished the conspirators at home, he 
 hastened over to Brittany for the purpose of avenging him- 
 self on Guader. On reaching there, however, he found 
 him supported by the earl of Brittany and the king of 
 France. After besieging him for some time in Dol, he was 
 
GUN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 307 
 
 obliged to abandon the enterprise, and concluded a peace 
 with those princes, in which Guader was included. 
 
 GUALO. — A Roman legate, who attended the corona- 
 tion of Henry III. When Louis, of France, made an 
 attempt on England, Gualo denounced all his adherents as 
 excommunicate, and at the close of the war, when the barons 
 were received into favor, those clergymen who had disre- 
 garded his sentence were forced to purchase the papal pardon 
 at so high a price that Gualo is said to have amassed im- 
 mense treasure. 
 
 GUIDO. — Legate of the pope to England in 1664. He 
 was sent over to excommunicate, by name, the three earls, 
 Leicester, Gloucester, and Norfolk, and all others who should 
 concur in the oppression of the king, Henry III. Leicester 
 menaced him with death, if he set foot on English soil. He 
 succeeded, however, in sending the pope's bull by some Eng- 
 lish bishops, himself remaining in France. The ship was 
 boarded off the coast of England, and the bull tore in pieces 
 and thrown into the sea- Leicester then appealed from 
 G-uido to the pope, in person, but before his appeal reached 
 Rome, the former pope was dead, and the papal chair filled 
 by Guido, under the title of Urban IV. The result hardly 
 need be told, 
 
 GUILDERES, Count of.— (See Reginald.) 
 
 GULGACUS. — This name appears among the military 
 chieftains of the ancient Britons. Perhaps he was a petty 
 prince of one of the states. He appears as commander in 
 chief in a decisive battle with the Romans under Julius Agri- 
 cola, in which he was completely routed, and after which no 
 considerable resistance was ever offered to the Roman arms. 
 
 GUNILDA. — A sister to Sweyn, the king of Denmark, 
 afterward, king of England. She was involved in the gene- 
 ral massacre of the domestic Danes, under Ethelred. (See 
 Ethelred.) She had married Earl Paling, and had em- 
 braced Christianity; but by the advice of Edric, earl of 
 Wilts, was seized and condemned to death by the king. 
 Before her death, however, she was forced to look upon the 
 butchery of her husband and children. In the agonies of 
 despair, she foretold that her murder would soon be avenged 
 by the ruin of the English nation. Never was prophecy 
 more completely fulfilled : for immediately after this, her 
 brother Sweyn invaded the island, and never stopped until 
 he had established himself on the throne of England. 
 
308 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. | 
 
 GUT. 
 
 GURTH. — A son of Earl Godwin. He was active in 
 his father's rebellion, and retired with him into Flanders, 
 when it became necessary to flee the country. After this, 
 little is known of him until the battle of Hastings. He 
 there showed, not only great personal bravery, but a degree 
 of fraternal affection which strikingly contrasted with the 
 conduct of his brother Tosti. (See Tosti.) He used many 
 arguments to prevent his brother Harold from exposing his 
 person in the action, and not being able to prevail, deter- 
 mined, at least, to share with him the dangers of the day. 
 Accordingly he and his brother Leofwin placed themselves 
 beside him at the commencement of the battle, and both 
 nobly perished on the same field with their royal brother. 
 
 G-UTHRED. — A governor of Northumberland under the 
 reign of Alfred the Great. He seems to have been of Dan- 
 ish descent, and being found devoted to the government and 
 cause of Alfred, was appointed to Northumberland in order 
 to compose the unruly Danes who had settled in that country 
 in great numbers. 
 
 GUTHRUM. — A famous Danish king, or chief, who in- 
 vaded England in 875. After ravaging the country along 
 the coast, to a great extent, on the east, west, and south, he 
 was, at last, defeated by Alfred the Great, shut up in a for- 
 tification, and forced to surrender. Alfred nobly spared his 
 life, and afterward prevailed on him to take the vows of alle- 
 giance to his government, and become a citizen. A condi- 
 tion of this, however, was that he should embrace the 
 christian religion. To this, he, and his whole army, readily 
 consented, and it is to be feared, without much serious 
 thought, or intention, o,f a christian reformation, all received 
 baptism. Alfred answered for Guthrum at the font, and 
 gave him the christian name of Athelstan. It does not ap- 
 pear that Guthrum ever violated his vows of allegiance to 
 the English government, — though after his death, at the 
 time of the great incursion of Hastings, nearly all his 
 colony, who had settled with him, united with the Danes, 
 and assisted them in their work of plunder. 
 
 GUTHRY, Andrew. — A son of the bishop of Murray 
 who enlisted under the banner of Montrose. When Mon- 
 trose was defeated by Lesley, Guthry was made prisoner, 
 and immediately led to execution. As the victors were all 
 violent covenanters, it is not improbable that not the least 
 part of his crime consisted in being the son of a bishop. 
 
HAD. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 309 
 
 GUTIJRY. — A seditious preacher, of the order of cove- 
 nanters, in Scotland, in the reign of Charles II. By some 
 personal insult offered to the king", he rendered himself ob- 
 noxious, and was marked as a victim, and is generally be- 
 lieved to have been executed. This, however, we are in- 
 clined to doubt, as seven years after we find just such a 
 character in Scotland, of the same name,— -and hence, con- 
 clude that he was the same man. Still, it is possible for 
 two men of the same name to have been very similar in 
 their character. 
 
 GUY. — A son of Isabella, the queen dowager of King 
 John, by her marriage with the Count de la Marche, after 
 the death of John. (See Isabella.) He with his three 
 brothers, William, Geoffrey, and Aymer, was among the 
 most obnoxious favorites of the court of Henry III, and was 
 forced to flee the kingdom to escape the violence of the ba- 
 rons. 
 
 GUY. — Earl of Warwick in the time of Edward II. He 
 entered into a conspiracy with the earl of Lancaster against 
 Piers Gavaston, one of the chief and most odious of the fa- 
 vorites of Edward's court. When Gavaston had fallen into 
 the hands of the earl of Pembroke, and was deposited in 
 the castle of Deddington, Guy, most probably, in concert 
 with Pembroke, attacked the castle, took Gavaston out, and 
 removed him to the castle of Warwick, where his head was 
 struck off by the hands of the executioner. 
 
 H 
 
 HACKER. — Commander of the guards on the occasion 
 of the execution of Charles I. On the restoration of Charles 
 II, he was convicted of treason, and executed, with many 
 others. 
 
 HADDOCK, Sir Edward. — Captain of the vessel on 
 which the earl of Sandwich commanded, and lost his life, in 
 the memorable battle of Solebay, in 1672. When six hun- 
 dred men, out of the thousand on board, lay dead on deck, 
 and a large fire-ship, sent from the Dutch, had fastened upon 
 his ship, Haddock informed Sandwich of his danger, and 
 urged him to make his escape ; but he preferred to seek, in 
 death, a shelter from the ignominy of defeat. (See Mon- 
 tague, earl of Sandwich.) 
 
310 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [hAL. 
 
 HAINES. — One of the legion of candidates for execu- 
 tive favor, who constantly pressed the protector, Richard 
 Cromwell. Being, at last, disappointed and indignant at the 
 success of his more fortunate rivals, he united himself .with 
 the military opposition which caused the protector to resign 
 his office. Such was the intensity of the individualism of 
 that period, that all moved, and acted, on the principle, better 
 that the whole body suffer than a single member. 
 
 HALAM. — Co-operated with Sir Francis Bigot in a 
 "rising," or popular rebellion, in the north of England, in 
 1537. Their intention was to surprise the garrison of Hull ; 
 but in this, they were unsuccessful, and entirely defeated. 
 The fate of Halam is not certainly known ; though it is alto- 
 gether probable that he was executed, as this was the com- 
 mon mode of treating insurrectionists. (See Bigot, Sir 
 Francis. ) 
 
 HALDENE. — A Danish chief who, in 875, came into 
 England under the three princes — Guthrum, Oscitel, and 
 Amund. They first touched at Repton, but finding that so 
 large a body of men could not obtain subsistence, they sepa- 
 rated, and a part of them, under command of Haldene, pro- 
 ceeded to Northumberland. But little more is known of him. 
 
 HALE, Sir Matthew. — Born November 1st, 1609, and 
 educated at Oxford. His father was strongly attached to the 
 puritan theology, and he grew up with a preference for it, 
 which continued until he' had reached the meridian of life. 
 While in college, however, he fell into vicious company, 
 abandoned his studies, and resolved on attaching himself to 
 the army of the prince of Orange. By some fortunate cir- 
 cumstance, he fell in company with Sergeant Granville, who 
 perceived in him many of the qualities suited to the bar, and 
 prevailed on him, at once, to enter on the studies necessary 
 to that profession. From this time, he entirely changed his 
 habits, and became one of the most indefatigable of students, 
 devoting, it is said, on an average, about sixteen hours of 
 each day to his books. Having suffered himself, early in 
 life, to indulge in excesses in the use of wine, he now 
 resolved to abandon that pleasure, forever, and henceforth 
 refused to drink, on ony occasion. Deeply sensible of the 
 obligations of religion, such was his devotion to its duties 
 that he was able to say, in the latter part of his life, that for 
 thirty-six years, he had never, a single time, been absent 
 from public worship. This was referable, partly, to his piety, 
 
HAL. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 311 
 
 and partly to his perfect system and punctuality in all his 
 pursuits. He entered on the practice of his profession about 
 the commencement of the civil wars of Charles I. In this 
 unhappy strife, he took but little part, and never committed 
 himself to either party. He appeared as advocate for the 
 earl of Strafford, archbishop Laud, the duke of Hamilton, 
 and the lords, Holland^ Capel, and Craven. After the fall 
 of Charles I, on the establishment of the commonwealth, he 
 took the oath of engagement, and was appointed on the 
 committee to revise the laws. Soon after this, he was ap- 
 pointed judge of the court of common pleas, and was after- 
 wards returned a member of parliament. In all these posi- 
 tions, he was deeply sensible of great irregularities ; but ar- 
 gued that those irregularities could not be prevented, for the 
 present, and that it was best to keep as many wise men in 
 public stations as possible. On the restoration of Charles II, 
 he was appointed lord-chief-baron ; and afterwards, received 
 the honors of knighthood. After acting as chief-baron for 
 eleven years, he was made chief justice of the court of king's 
 bench. This office, however, he was able to fill but about 
 four years, when the infirmities of age caused him to resign 
 that high office. After this, he rapidly declined, suffering 
 much from asthma and .dropsy ; and on Christmas day, 1676, 
 expired, and was buried in the church-yard of Alderly, 
 among his ancestors. To Sir Mathew Hale the common 
 law of England is largely indebted, and Blackstone drew, 
 according to his own confession, the most valuable material 
 of his commentaries, from his many able productions. To 
 his vast research, he added the experience and observation 
 of a long life, in which he saw the fall of monarchy, the ex- 
 periment and failure of a commonwealth, the reign of 
 anarchy, and the restoration of monarchy. This experience 
 thoroughly disgusted him with experiments, and after full 
 trial, he settled firmly down on the laws and institutions of 
 England, as they had ever been since the reformation. 
 
 HALES, Sir Robert. — Treasurer under Richard II. He 
 was murdered at the same time with Sudbury, the primate, 
 and others of the nobility, by a party of the followers of Wat 
 Tyler. 
 
 HALES, Sir James. — A noble-minded judge, under the 
 reign of Edward VI. When it was determined, a little be- 
 fore Edward's death, to change the succession in favor of 
 Lady Jane Grey, and the patent was presented to him far 
 
312 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAL; 
 
 signature, he absolutely refused, notwithstanding the menaces 
 of Northumberland. His simple reason was, that Mary was 
 the rightful heir ; and although, himself, a protestant, he pre- 
 ferred to see a Romish queen rather than a violation of the 
 laws. After the accession of Mary, she had so little appre- 
 ciation of his conduct as to cause him to be thrown into 
 prison, where he was treated with such severity, that he fell 
 into frenzy and killed himself. 
 
 HALES. — A gentleman who published a book against 
 the title of Queen Mary to the throne. It is probable that 
 the book did not appear until after Mary's death ; or at 
 least, its author was not known. Soon after the accession 
 of Elizabeth, however, the author was revealed, and severely, 
 if not capitally, punished, by order of the queen. At first 
 sight, it may appear somewhat strange, that Elizabeth should 
 be offended with anything opposed to her sister, who was her 
 worst enemy. The arguments, however, against Mary's 
 title, were equally against Elizabeth's; and whatever set 
 aside the claims of one of these princesses must equally 
 affect the other. Hence the severity of Elizabeth against 
 Hales. 
 
 HALES. — A young nobleman of Kent who, in the time 
 of the civil wars of Charles I, raised an insurrection in his 
 own county for the purpose of resisting the parliament. 
 This was in 1648, in which year a great many insurrections 
 of the kind, in different parts of the kingdom, caused the 
 parliament to resolve on renewing negotiations with the king. 
 The people had now become more dissatisfied with the op- 
 pressions of the parliament than they had ever been with 
 those of the crown; and these insurrections were the true 
 indices of the popular feeling. 
 
 HALES, Sir Edward. — A proselyte of James II from 
 the protestant, to the Roman catholic church. For this ac- 
 commodation of his views to those of the king, he received 
 the appointment of colonel, and the privilege of being his 
 master's humble servant. When James found it necessary 
 to escape from England, in the night, Hales was the only 
 person that attended him. 
 
 HALFAGAR, Harold. — A king of Norway who united 
 with Tosti in a piratical expedition on the coast of England 
 preparatory to the invasion of William the Conqueror. 
 Tosti, it will be borne in mind, was the mortal enemy of 
 his brother Harold, and made haste to tender his services to 
 
HAM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX* 313 
 
 William, as soon as his designs on England were known? 
 He was advised to form an alliance with Halfagar, whose 
 disposition to engage in an enterprise of this kind was 
 already well known. They entered the Humber, and were 
 first opposed by Morcar and Edwin, earls of Northumber- 
 land and Mercia, whom they put to flight, but were soon 
 after, met by King Harold, in person, by whom they were 
 defeated and slain. ' 
 
 HALIFAX, Marquis of.-^Sir George Saville. Privy 
 seal under Charles II, though a violent enemy to the duke 
 of York, (James II.) His capacities are said to have been 
 superior to those of any other minister of court ; but he be- 
 longed to that class of statesmen commonly denominated "trim- 
 mers," which greatly lessened the influence of his talents. 
 On the accession of James II, notwithstanding the deadly 
 animosity that existed between him and Halifax, he caused 
 his enemy to be made president of the council, and contin- 
 ued keeper of the privy seal. Soon after, however, the privy 
 seal was taken from him, and given to one of James' 
 Roman Catholic favorites. On the flight of James, at the in- 
 vasion of the prince of Orange, Halifax was elected speaker 
 of the house of peers, which shows the high estimation 
 in which he was held. He had not been firm, however, on 
 the question of inviting the prince of Orange into Eng- 
 land, and by his " trimming," is thought to have delayed 
 that movement for some time. On the accession of Wil- 
 liam and Mary, he was again entrusted with the privy seal, 
 which office he filled until the trials of Russell, Sidney, and 
 others, when he resigned his office, and retired to private 
 life. He died in April, 1695, in the sixty-fifth year of his 
 age. 
 
 HAMBDEN, Sir Edmond. — One of the five gentlemen 
 who on being committed to prison by Charles I, for refusing 
 the loans required by the crown, boldly protested against the 
 violence which they had received, and demanded their re- 
 leasement, not as a favor, but as their due. 
 
 HAMBDEN, Sir John. — An illustrious patriot who fig| 
 ured in the civil wars of Charles I. He was born in 
 1594, and educated in the university of Oxford. When 
 twenty-seven years old, he first took his seat in the house of 
 commons, where for many years, he was regarded as one 
 of England's wisest and purest legislators. As soon as 
 Charles began to enforce his measures for loans, tonage, 
 
 14 
 
314 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAM. 
 
 poundage, &c, Hambden stood up against him, and very 
 soon found himself fully identified with the revolutionary 
 party. His nature, however, was too mild and amiable to 
 admit of violence, when it could be avoided, and he resolv- 
 ed, in 1637, to quit his native country, and join the puritan 
 colony in New England. He had already gone on board 
 the ship that was to bear him from his native land, as had, 
 also, his cousin, Oliver Cromweil, when orders were issued 
 to detain them. Little did Charles foresee, at that time, that 
 these two men whom he was detaining were to be the chief 
 instruments of his ruin. Soon after this, Hambden became 
 exceedingly popular, and all eyes were turned to him, as 
 the great champion of English liberty. On a heavy tax be- 
 ing assessed upon him, he refused payment, and resolved on 
 litigation ; not that he expected, in this way, to escape the 
 tax, but he hoped by this means, to procure for his princi- 
 ples a fair hearing, and thus to expose to the world the na- 
 ture of the prerogatives claimed by the crown. For twelve 
 days, the suit was in the exchequer chamber, and was ar- 
 gued by the first talents of the nation. Of course, it was 
 decided against him ; but he had fully gained his point in 
 thus bringing out the policy of the court. From this time, he 
 seems to have felt himself the champion of his party, and to 
 have regarded himself as fully in the arena of strife : and it 
 is sad to have to indulge the opinion, that from this time, he 
 was governed, in no small measure, by motives of ambition. 
 When Charles determined on going into Scotland, Hamb- 
 den was appointed one of the committee to attend him, 
 professedly, to see that the articles of pacification were 
 executed by Scotland, but really, to act as spies on all his 
 movements. After acting a prominent part in the councils 
 of the parliament, and making himself really its chief sup- 
 port, he was called to the field, in the battle of Lansdown, 
 on the 5th of July, 1643, and entered into the thickest of the 
 battle, Before the action was over, he was observed to ride 
 off the field, his head hanging down, and his hands resting 
 on his horse's neck. It was his intention to ride to the house 
 of his father-in-law, which was near, but the road being ob- 
 structed by the royal troops, he turned aside and rode to 
 Thame. Next day word came, that he had received a brace 
 of bullets in his shoulder. Charles was deeply afflicted at 
 hearing of this misfortune to his noble enemy, and desired 
 to send his own surgeon to his assistance. He lived about 
 
HAM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 315 
 
 a week, and expired. He was attended in his last hours 
 by a clergyman of the church of England, and by an inde- 
 pendent minister, and died full of the hope and trust of the 
 christian. 
 
 HAMBDEN, John. — Grandson of the above. Being ex- 
 tremely disgusted with James II, he entered into the conspi- 
 racy of the duke of Monmouth, and like him, fell into the 
 hands of the merciless and unrelenting king. On his trial, 
 however, the crown lawyers labored, in vain, to find, in his 
 conduct, anything of the nature of treason. He was, there- 
 fore, indicted, simply, for misdemeanor, and fined the exor- 
 bitant sum of forty -thousand pounds. To this ruinous impo- 
 sition, he quietly submitted, but was among the first to unite 
 in a petition to the prince of Orange to come over and assist 
 the English to recover the laws and liberties of their country. 
 HAMILTON, Sir William. — A Scottish nobleman who 
 assisted the French in resisting the lawless invasion of 
 Henry VI. He was slain in an action during the siege of 
 Crevant. It was no uncommon thing, previous to the union 
 of the English and Scottish crowns, for Scotland and France 
 o be united for mutual defense against English invasions. 
 
 HAMILTON, Sir Stephen. — Suspected of being con- 
 cerned in some of the northern insurrections in time of 
 Henry VIII, (1537.) After much vexation from these many 
 revolts, Henry became greatly enraged, and ordered Norfolk 
 to execute martial law wherever he might think proper. 
 Under this order, Hamilton, with many others, was seized 
 and thrown into prison, and soon after, publicly executed. 
 
 HAMILTON, James.— Earl of Arran and duke of Chat- 
 elrault. Had James V, of Scotland, died without issue,. 
 Hamilton would have been heir to the crown, by his grand- 
 mother, who was daughter of James III. James, however, 
 had left an infant, Mary, — unfortunate Mary ! — who was 
 his heir ; and in her minority Hamilton was appointed gov- 
 ernor, or head of regency. Very soon, however, he proved 
 so inefficient, and so wholly without energy, that he was 
 easily controled by every faction that arose. At first he 
 was known to favor the protestant religion ; but finding an 
 unconquerable enemy in Cardinal Beaton, the Romish Pri- 
 mate, he even consented to court his favor by an open pro- 
 fession of the Romish religion. This lost for him, the con- 
 fidence and respect of the whole nation, and the queen dow- 
 ager, the earl of Lenox, and several prominent persons set 
 
316 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAM. 
 
 him wholly at defiance, and his administration was sustained 
 only by the influence of the cardinal now in his interests. 
 Being prevented by the nobility from marrying the princess, 
 Mary, to Edward VI, of England, and finding himself gen- 
 erally regarded as the enemy of the protestant party, he 
 tamely consented to become a creature of France, and re- 
 ceived a pension, with the title of duke of Chatelrault. 
 Wearied, at length, with the difficulties of his position, he 
 resigned his authority as regent, to the queen dowager, 
 with the stipulation, that in case of the early death of the 
 princess, Mary, he should succeed her. Soon after this, 
 having no farther use for Cardinal Beaton, he abandoned 
 the Romish religion, and joined the " Congregation of the 
 Lord" — -the protestant covenanters, — which lost him the af- 
 fection of the Romanists, and did not regain the confidence 
 of the protestants. He was greatly displeased at Mary's 
 marriage with Lord Darnley, whose father, the earl of Le- 
 nox, had been from the first, his mortal enemy ; and united 
 with the nobility, at Stirling, for the purpose of raising an 
 insurrection. Being unsuccessful in this, he fled to England, 
 where his reception was so cold that he returned with the 
 other lords, and presented himself at the feet of his own 
 princess, who consented to pardon him on condition that he 
 would retire to France. After this, we find him in Eng- 
 land, causing some disturbance in consequence of the im- 
 prisonment of Queen Mary ; but he soon abandoned his 
 schemes for her restoration ; and we hear very little more 
 of him. 
 
 HAMILTON, Patrick. — An interesting character among 
 the protestant martyrs of Scotland. He was a young man 
 of noble family, nearly related to James V. Being created 
 abbot of Feme, he went abroad, in 1527, in order to com- 
 plete his education. Soon after leaving home, however, he 
 fell in company with some continental protestants, whose in- 
 fluence was such as gradually to turn his attention to the 
 subject of the great Reformation, then going on. In 1541, 
 he returned, very ill disposed toward the Romish communion. 
 Such was the ardor of his nature that he could not, long, con- 
 ceal his sentiments ; and soon he was cited to appear before 
 an ecclesiastical tribunal to answer for his new opinions. 
 Not being able to establish his position to the satisfaction 
 of the court, he was condemned to be burned for heresy. 
 The people, who compassionated his youth, his virtue, and 
 
HAM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 317 
 
 his noble birth, were greatly moved by his constancy. Camp- 
 bell, however, the Dominican prior, who had been the means 
 of his apprehension, continued to insult him, even at the 
 ^stake. Hamilton, in the most solemn manner, in his last 
 moments, cited him to appear at the judgment seat of Christ, 
 to answer for his conduct : and soon after his spirit had de- 
 parted, the unhappy prior, goaded by remorse, lost his reason, 
 and was seized with a fever, of which he soon after died. 
 (See Campbell.) 
 
 HAMILTON.— Archbishop of St. Andrews, Scotland, in 
 the time of Elizabeth. He was a bigoted Romanist ; and as 
 the principles of the Reformation were, in his time, taking 
 deep root in the Scottish mind, most of his time was em- 
 ployed in the prosecution of heresy. Some idea ot his 
 character may be formed by reference to the article, Mill, 
 Walter. When the popular mind was so shocked at the 
 horrid deed, that r.o one would sell a rope to bind Mill to 
 the stake, the primate furnished that implement himself. 
 
 HAMILTON, Lord Claud.— A zealous supporter of 
 Mary, queen of Scots, during her confinement in England. 
 She even appointed him regent of Scotland, in her absence, 
 which she vainly hoped would be temporary, and advised 
 him to seize the person of her infant son, James VI, and 
 place him with the pope, or the king of Spain, whence he 
 was never to be delivered but on condition of his becoming 
 a catholic. It does not appear, however, that Hamilton's 
 regency ever amounted to anything more than a mere name ; 
 and after this, we hear but little of him. 
 
 HAMILTON, James. — Marquis and duke of Hamilton, 
 and also, earl of Cambridge. Though a Scotchman, he was 
 well known at the court of Charles I, by whom, at the com- 
 mencement of the civil wars, he was sent to Scotland to treat 
 with the covenanters. He labored, however, in vain, to 
 effect a compromise ; and on his return to England, was 
 sent, with an army and navy, by water, for the purpose of 
 making a diversion, while Charles should march his main 
 army into Scotland. A treaty being entered into, Charles 
 returned, as did Hamilton, whose conduct had excited a sus- 
 picion in the king's mind of insincerity. He was thrown 
 into prison by Charles, and detained for some months, after 
 which he returned to Scotland, and obtained consent of the 
 Scottish parliament to raise an army and march into Eng- 
 land to assist the king. Soon after his departure, the gene- 
 
31S BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAM. 
 
 ral assembly of the church decided that the king should not 
 be " honored before Christ," and that no assistance should 
 be rendered him until he had consented to sign the "League 
 and Covenant." Hamilton would not permit the royalists to 
 join him, lest he should offend the covenanters, yet he prom- 
 ised them everything which they could desire, in case of the 
 success of his enterprise. By this course, he lost the confi- 
 dence of the presbyteriars, as much as of the independents, 
 and at the same time, by refusing the services of the royalists, 
 kept himself weak, and unable to accomplish anything. His 
 whole enterprise failed, and he fell into the hands of Crom- 
 well ; and a few days after the execution of Charles, he was 
 tried, as an English peer, (earl of Cambridge,) and con- 
 demned for treason. The sentence of death was executed 
 on him, upon a scaffold before Westminster Hall. His fate 
 was a hard one, and he can never be regarded as infamous. 
 
 HAMILTON, Earl of Laneric, and duke of Hamilton. — 
 Brother to the marquis of Hamilton, and secretary of Scot- 
 land in the time of the civil wars of Charles. Like his 
 brother, whom he succeeded in title, he belonged to the pres- 
 byterian party, as did most of the Scots ; and after exerting 
 all his influence against the violence of the Cromwell party, 
 was forced to flee, with Prince Charles, (II,) to the conti- 
 nent. When the covenanters invited young Charles from 
 the continent, to declare him king, Hamilton returned with 
 him; but as soon as he landed, was denounced, as an " en- 
 gager*" separated from the king, and forced to retire to his 
 house, where he ever after lived in private, without trust or 
 authority. 
 
 HAMILTON, Sir Frederic— An officer of Charles I, 
 employed in the Irish service. We know but little of him, 
 save that in 1643, he gained several victories over the Irish, 
 though laboring under great disadvantages, in respect both 
 to numbers and situation. He seems, however, to have been 
 but a subaltern officer, under Lord More. 
 
 HAMMOND.— A servant of the duke of' Somerset, 
 (Sir Edward Seymour,) who was arrested at the same time 
 with his master, it being the policy of the rapacious North- 
 umberland to involve in the prosecution every one who was, 
 in any way, attached to the duke, or likely to offer any oppo- 
 sition to his ruin. Although many of Somerset's friends 
 were executed about the same time with himself, we have no 
 account of the execution of Hammond. Perhaps the object 
 
HAM. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 319 
 
 was only to confine him until his master's death should be 
 accomplished. 
 
 HAMMOND, Henry, D. D.— The favorite, chaplain. o£ 
 Charles I. He was born, August 18, 1605, and educated 
 at the university of Oxford, in which he also obtained a fel- 
 lowship. After taking holy orders in 1629, he was made 
 rector of Penshurst, in Kent, and in 1643, archdeacon of 
 Chichester. Being greatly devoted to the king, he became 
 exceedingly obnoxious to the puritan party, which caused 
 him to 'retire to Oxford. In 1645, the king bestowed on 
 him a canonry of Christ's church, and<made him one of his 
 chaplains in ordinary. On the fall of Charles, he was de- 
 prived of his preferments, and even placed in restraint,, for 
 some months, though not absolutely confined to prison. He 
 was greatly affected by the tragical death of his sovereign, 
 against which he had prepared a protest, of great strength ; 
 but being, for the most part, gently treated by even the pu- 
 ritans, who generally entertained great respect for him, he 
 gradually recovered from the shock, and again applied him- 
 self to his literary labors. During the protectorate of the 
 commonwealth, he was proscribed ; but on the restoration of 
 Charles II, was restored to his cures, and was on the very 
 eve of being made bishop of Worcester, when he was seized 
 by a violent n\of gravel, which carried him off in a few 
 days. (1660.) His death was regarded as a public calam- 
 ity ; and he has been generally regarded as one of the most 
 learned, active, and pious men of his times. He wrote sev- 
 eral valuable works, and was, at the time of his death, pro- 
 gressing with a commentary on the holy scriptures, but had 
 finished only the psalms, and a part of the proverbs of Sol- 
 omon. 
 
 HAMMOND. — Nephew of Dr. Henry Hammond, and 
 governor of the isle of Wight. When Charles I had given 
 up all idea of maintaining his cause by force of arms, and 
 had in fact, been for some time, a prisoner of the parlia- 
 ment, he found means to escape to the isle of Wight, hoping 
 to receive protection from Hammond, until he should be able 
 to effect his escape to France. In this, however, he was 
 disappointed. Hammond had married a daughter of Sir 
 John Hambden, who was cousin of Cromwell, and was 
 wholly dependent on Cromwell for his office, and for all his 
 authority. In this helpless condition, he determined to sac- 
 rifice principle, and hospitality to interest ; and notwithstand- 
 
320 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [hAR. 
 
 ing" Dr. Henry Hammond had accompanied the king, he 
 caused him to be confined, and gave notice to the parliament 
 that the king was in his possession, and subject to their 
 order. So it might be truly said, that Hammond determined 
 the fate of Charles. 
 
 HARBORD.— Member of the parliament of 1678, and 
 one of those charged with having received money from Bar- 
 illon, the French minister, in the way of bribe. (See Har- 
 ley, Sir Edward.) 
 
 HARCLA, Sir Andrew.— Earl of Carlisle. We learn 
 that he made a successful resistance to the Scots, when they 
 besieged Carlisle, soon after the battle of Bannockburn. It 
 was he who defeated, and made prisoner, the famous earl of 
 Lancaster, (Thomas,) and delivered him to the king; and it 
 was for this heroic service that he obtained the earldom of 
 Carlisle, which he soon after forfeited, with his life, for a 
 treasonable correspondence with the king of Scotland. 
 
 HARCOURT, Geoffrey de.— A Norman by birth. In 
 the early part of his life, he made a considerable figure in 
 the court of France, and was greatly esteemed for his per- 
 sonal valor and merit. Being persecuted by Philip, he fled 
 into England, and became a great favorite of Edward III, 
 whom he afterward assisted in an expedition against Nor- 
 mandy, in 1346. He was appointed one of. the mareschals 
 of the army, and seems, though a traitor to his own coun- 
 try, to have been altogether worthy of the confidence of Ed- 
 ward. 
 
 HARCOURT. — A Jesuit who was convicted of treason 
 on the testimony of Oates, Bedloe, and Dugdale, under the 
 reign of Charles II, when all England was supposed to be 
 endangered with popish plots. Harcourt was executed, per- 
 sisting to the last breath, in the most solemn, earnest, and 
 deliberate protestations of his innocence. Four other Je- 
 suits were convicted, and executed, at the same time with 
 him. It is sad to apprehend, that they were innocent ; yet 
 such was the general state of feeling on the subject of po- 
 pish plots, that the slightest evidence was sufficient to con- 
 vict a Jesuit. 
 
 HARDICANUTE.— The nineteenth king of England. 
 He was the son of Canute, the Dane, by his Norman wife, 
 Emma. Canute, in his treaty with Richard, duke of Nor- 
 mandy, had stipulated that his children by Emma should 
 succeed to the crown of England. Hardicanute was the 
 
har:] biographical index. 321 
 
 only fruit of the marriage, and of course was entitled to the 
 crown under this treaty. He was, however, made king of 
 Denmark in the life of his father, who, at his death, ap- 
 pointed Harold Harefoot to succeed him in England. For 
 the result of this, see the article Harold 1. The nobility, to 
 prevent a civil war, forced the aspirants to consent to a 
 division of the kingdom. Hardicanute took all south of the 
 Thames, this having almost entirely an English population. 
 Yet being, at that time, in England, it was agreed that his 
 mother, Emma, should take possession of his dominions until 
 he should arrive from the continent. Soon, however, after 
 she had arrived at Winchester, and fixed her authority m the 
 name of her son, a plot was devised, of which Harold and 
 Earl Godwin were supposed to be the authors, for the assas- 
 sination of Emma and her two son,*, Alfred and Edward, 
 sons of Ethelred, who had made her a visit from Normandy. 
 Alfred fell into their hands, but Emma and Edward escaped. 
 Harold then took possession of the whole kingdom. Hardi- 
 canute, on hearing this, at once collected a strong fleet, and 
 was preparing for a powerful descent on England when in- 
 telligence arrived of the death of Harold. On hearing this, 
 he sailed immediately to London, and was received in tri- 
 umph, and acknowledged alike by the English and Danish 
 population as king of England. The first act of his govern- 
 ment was to order the body of Harold dug up and thrown 
 into the Thames as an expression of his vengeance against 
 his late conduct, not only in usurping his throne, but also, in 
 basely murdering his brother Alfred. Soon it was found by 
 some fishermen, and buried in London, Again it was disin- 
 terred and thrown into the river, and when fished up again, 
 it was buried in secrecy and left to repose in the grave. 
 After this, it would be needless to say that he was a fierce 
 and implacable character. He soon lost the affection of the 
 whole nation, and died in a fit of inebriation, at the nuptials 
 of a Danish lord, about two years after his accession, (1041.) 
 (See Godwin, Earl.) 
 
 HA RLE Y, Sir Edward. — Member of the parliament of 
 1678, when the French minister was distributing gold, for 
 the purpose of controling votes. Harley was one of those 
 who ingloriously bargained the interests of England for the 
 gold of France. Such, at least, is the testimony of Baril- 
 lon, the French minister. There have, however, always been 
 two sides to this question. 
 
 14* 
 
322 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAR. 
 
 HA RLE Y, Sir Robert. — Appointed by the puritan par- 
 liament of 1640, to remove all the altars, crosses, &c, from 
 the churches. He performed this office with great zeal, and 
 removed, also, the crosses, and such like superstitions, from 
 the streets, markets, &c, not even permitting any two pieces 
 of loose timber to lie at right angles with each other, when 
 it could be prevented. Notwithstanding this extreme fanat- 
 icism, he was not an independent, but a presbyterian, and 
 was one of the eleven presbyterian members of parliament 
 who were forced, by the army, soon after, to resign their 
 seats in parliament, and retire to the continent. At the re- 
 volt of the royalists, however, by which the attention of the 
 army was diverted from parliament, they all returned, and 
 most probably, held their seats until Colonel Pride "purged" 
 the parliament of all presbyterians. (See Pride, Colonel.) 
 
 HARLOTTA.— Mother of William the conqueror. She 
 was the daughter of a tanner of Falaise. (See William 
 the Conqueror.) 
 
 HARM AN, Sir John. — An English naval officer who 
 greatly distinguished himself in the sea fight of four days, in 
 1666, in the war with Holland. 
 
 HAROLD I. — Commonly called Harefoot from his great 
 swiftness on foot. The eighteenth king of England. He 
 was son and successor to Canute the Dane. He was not the 
 son of Emma, but of Alfwen, daughter of the earl of 
 Hampshire. His elevation by the will of his father was 
 unjust, as it was stipulated at the marriage of Canute with 
 Emma that the fruit of the marriage should succeed to the 
 throne on his death. She had borne him Hardicanute, but 
 he had been appointed king of Denmark in his father's life, 
 and as Sweyn, the eldest son, was then king of Norway, 
 Harold was appointed successor to the crown. The will 
 was, of course, pleasing to the Danish part of the nation, 
 but the Saxons cried out against the injustice, and called for 
 Hardicanute, the son of Emma, to sit on the throne of Eng- 
 land. This led to a division of the kingdom, the nobility 
 preferring a division to a civil war. Harold retained every 
 thing north of the Thames, together with London; and Har- 
 dicanute was called from Denmark, to take possession of the 
 southern part of the island. It does not appear, however, 
 that he arrived from the continent until after the death of 
 Harold. (See Hardicanute.) The name of Harold has but 
 few pleasing associations. He died April 14th, 1039, after 
 
HAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 323 
 
 a reign of four years, little regretted by his subjects. His 
 death left the throne undisputed to Hardicanute, 
 
 HAROLD II. — Twenty-first king of England. He was 
 the second son of the famous Earl Godwin. It is not under- 
 stood that he made any pretensions to the throne on the 
 ground of hereditary title, although his mother was, in all 
 probability, a daughter of Canute, the Dane. His elevation 
 seems to have been entirely the result of his father's influ- 
 ence, and his own personal bravery and ambition. During 
 his father's life, he appears to have had no higher authority 
 than that of duke of East Anglia. He engaged, with all 
 his brothers, in the rebellion of his father against Edward 
 the Confessor, and when flight became necessary, retired 
 with his brother Leofwin into Ireland, where he collected a 
 strong squadron with which he soon after joined his father 
 at the Isle of Wight, whence they proceeded to enter nearly 
 all the southern harbors, and at last, entering the Thames 
 and appearing before London, forced the king to treat with 
 them. (See Godwin.) After Godwin's deatn, he was suc- 
 ceeded by Harold in the government of Wessex, Sussex, 
 Kent, and Essex, and also in the stewardship of the royal 
 household, a place of great power. In this position his 
 modest deportment soon won for him a large share of the 
 confidence, not only of the king, but of the whole nation. 
 Many circumstances conspired to increase his power until it 
 was manifest that he had intentions on the crown. One ob- 
 stacle, however, was necessary to be overcome before he 
 could proceed with his ambitious designs. Godwin, at tl^.e 
 time of his treaty with Edward, had given hostages. fpr^Ki^ 
 good behavior, among which were a son and .a [grandson. 
 These, Edward had sent into Normandy for, safe keeping 
 where they were still retained after tji$ 4|?ft SoP^^Mff^ 
 a check on the ambition of his family* Harold ; had the ad- 
 dress, however, to obtain Edward's consent to their .release, 
 and proceeded, with a numerous retinue,; to tpaep continent 
 for the purpose of; bringing themi, home,: .He, was drive^, by, 
 a tempest, on tO: the, coast of Gruy, r and detained as a prisoner; 
 by the count of JPpntlueu.,,, William,; however, afterward. ,tjiq 
 Conqueror,, then, dukg;pfV Nprmanid^J^ring pfr his detei> 
 tiori) ordered^ his 4'e{e^se,;f n^J^d J$Jn[ .conducted to Ms£Our-i : 
 
 At that time, ^ilUajo^i^^ .^^kPI^fl^W^4 ! P^ ^ e 5?ffli^^b 
 W^ii^p,pi9ijn|ir^g hi^^j^cc^s^ifiilpugki \vas not. gener- 
 ally known in England, nor does Harold appear, at that 
 
324 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [hAR. 
 
 time, to have received the least intimation of it. But the 
 duke was fully informed of Harold's designs, and deter- 
 mined to avail himself of that opportunity to free himself 
 from so dangerous a rival. So he disclosed to him all his 
 own designs, together with the will of Edward, and desired 
 Harold's assistance in carrying out the scheme. Harold, 
 sensible of the danger of non-compliance, professed the most 
 unfeigned satisfaction, and promised all his influence in the 
 execution of the will. To all this, William made him swear, 
 and to give to the oath a still more binding character, he 
 caused the relics of some the most revered martyrs to be 
 placed secretly under the altar on which he swore, which, 
 after the oath had been administered, he < showed to Harold, 
 and admonished him to observe, religiously, an engagement 
 which had been ratified by so tremendous a sanction. Har- 
 old, however, felt but little obligation to observe an oath 
 which had been forced at the peril of his life, and as soon as 
 released, determined, more than ever, on prosecuting his 
 Own ambitious schemes. Not long after his return from the 
 continent, Edward died, when, by almost universal consent, 
 he mounted the throne of England, the title of 'Edgar Athe- 
 ling being little spoken of, while the royal will in favor of 
 William was altogether unheeded. Few monarchs ever 
 commenced their reign under more prosperous auspices, so 
 far as domestic circumstances were concerned. But the 
 duke of Normandy was not to be thwarted in his purpose. 
 He proceeded to England, with a powerful army, and at the 
 battle of Hastings, Harold was slain. (See William the 
 Conqueror. ) 
 
 HAROLD. — A young Danish prince, son to kingSweyn, 
 who accompanied his uncle, Osberne, in an incursion into 
 England, soon after the conquest, for the purpose of assist- 
 ing the English against the Normans. (See Canute and 
 Osberne.) 
 
 HARPER, Sir George. — One of those who united with 
 Sir Thomas Wiat in his rebellion against Queen Mary, soon 
 after her accession to the crown. On the failure of the en- 
 terprise, he was thrown into prison, and there detained until 
 after the queen's marriage with Philip, of Spain. After 
 Philip's arrival in England, knowing of the general antipa- 
 thy against him, he resolved on an affectation of popularity 
 by releasing a great number of prisoners, of whom Harper 
 
HAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 325 
 
 was one. After this, we hear very little of him. (See 
 Wiat, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 HARRINGTON, Sir Walter. — Somewhat prominent in 
 the York and Lancaster wars, on the York side. He fought 
 with Richard III, in the battle of Bosworth, and was, but a 
 few days after, attainted by parliament, with many others, 
 for having devoted himself to his rightful, (though not his 
 righteous,) sovereign ( ! ) Whether he was capitally executed, 
 or whether he had perished in the battle of Bosworth, pre- 
 vious to the act of attainder, or whether he saved his life by 
 flisrht, has been questioned. 
 
 HARRINGTON, Sir James.— Brother to the above. 
 What may be said of one may, so far as we are informed, 
 be said of the other. Both were attainted immediately after 
 the battle of Bosworth, 
 
 HARRINGTON— Suspected of favoring the claims of 
 Lady Jane Grey, and hence, thrown into prison by order of 
 Mary. He remained in confinement until after the mar- 
 riage of Mary with Philip, of Spain, who, knowing of his 
 general bad odor in England, determined on an affectation 
 of popularity, by releasing a great number of prisoners, of 
 which Harrington was one. Beyond this, history has but 
 little note of him. 
 
 HARRINGTON, Lord.— A nobleman of high repute 
 under the reign of James I, as we may infer from the fact 
 that James committed to him the education of his daughter, 
 the princess Elizabeth. She was at his house at the time of 
 the concerting of the famous gunpowder plot ; and hence 
 Digby, Rookwood, and Grant, had engaged to assemble 
 their friends in the neighborhood of Harrington house, on 
 pretense of a hunting match, that they might seize the princess, 
 immediately after the blowing up of the parliament house. 
 Notwithstanding his high character, at that time, he seems 
 not to have sought to make himself conspicuous ; nor does he 
 figure very much in history. His obscurity may have been 
 caused, in part, by an unhappy pecuniary embarrassment 
 under which he labored, through a great part of his life, not- 
 withstanding he was in possession of an ample estate. 
 
 HARRINGTON, Lord John.— Eldest son of the above. 
 In very- early life he was distinguished for the extent, vari- 
 ety, and accuracy of his learning ; and although he died at 
 at the age of twenty-two, he had really become known to 
 fame, as a classical scholar, and master of modern Ian- 
 
326 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAR. 
 
 guages. At the death of his father he came in possession 
 of the paternal estate, and by his prudence and economy, 
 paid off all his father's debts, and freed the estate from em- 
 barrassment. His death is supposed to have been caused 
 by a slow poison given him by the Jesuits, while he was 
 traveling in Italy, where he gave much offense to that order 
 by his great zeal for the protestant religion, and his undis- 
 guised dislike for the Romish church. He died in 1613. 
 
 HARRINGTON. — One of the most ultra class of refor- 
 mers at the time of the establishment of the protectorate of 
 Cromwell. He was of the deistical school, and sought noth- 
 ing short of that personal liberty which admits of no legal 
 barrier to the wishes of the individual man. The preva- 
 lence of his views must have resulted in the most lawless 
 anarchy that ever disgraced savage life. 
 
 HARRIS. — An alderman of London who has been re- 
 garded a victim of Henry VII. A little before the king's 
 death, he was occasionally visited by fits of remorse for his 
 past violence, between which, however, he was even more 
 savage than in his earlier, and happier, days. In one of 
 these violent moods, he became offended with Harris, for 
 some fancied, or real wrong, and caused him to be indicted, 
 and thrown into prison. The unhappy man was so grieved 
 with his disgrace, or outraged by his injuries, that he died 
 of vexation before the issue of his trial. 
 
 HARRISON, Colonel. — One of the most furious enthu- 
 siasts in the Cromwell army. He was the son of a butcher, 
 and in every way fitted to succeed his father. When the 
 noble-spirited Halifax had resolved, if possible, to prevent 
 the execution of the king, Cromwell and Ireton urged him 
 to " seek the will of the Lord by prayer," and Harrison was 
 appointed to "lead the devotions." By agreement with 
 Cromwell, he contrived to prolong his doleful cant until in- 
 telligence arrived that the fatal blow had been struck. Then, 
 rising from his knees, he assured Fairfax that this was a 
 miraculous and providential answer from heaven to their de- 
 vout supplications. Having acted as one of the judges in 
 the king's trial, he was obliged to believe that all was right, 
 and being a fifth monarchy man, he eagerly looked to the 
 time when King Jesus would appear, and assume the gov- 
 ernment of England. In this expectation, however, he was 
 sadly disappointed when he saw Cromwell declared protec- 
 tor, and henceforth was his declared enemy, and suffered, 
 
HAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 327 
 
 not a little, under his displeasure. During the protectorate, 
 we hear very little of him ; but after the restoration of 
 Charles II, he was tried, with several others of the judges, 
 convicted of treason, and publicly executed. He was, per- 
 haps, one of the worst, and most dangerous, fanatics that 
 England ever produced. 
 
 HARVEY, Roger. — An officer of Queen Elizabeth who 
 rendered important service in suppressing the Irish rebel- 
 lions of 1601. This rebellion, encouraged by large num- 
 bers of Spanish troops, and inflamed by a religious fanati- 
 cism, had become a serious matter, and caused much con- 
 cern to England, when a series of successful movements on 
 the part of the English, reduced them, and restored order. 
 
 HARVEY, Gavin. — 'Brother and coadjutor of the above. 
 Beyond what has been stated, we know very little of either 
 of them. 
 
 HARVEY, William, M. D.— Celebrated as the discov- 
 erer of the true principle of arterial action, and the circula- 
 tion of the blood. He was born on the 2d of April, 1578, 
 and after obtaining a liberal education, traveled on the con- 
 tinent of Europe, and studied medicine at Padua. On re- 
 returning to England, he settled himself in the practice of 
 his profession, in London, and in 1615, was appointed lec- 
 turer in anatomy and surgery. After setting forth his novel 
 theory, his practice greatly declined, such was the prejudice 
 against it ; and it has been asserted that no plrysician then 
 forty years old, ever adopted his views of physiology. 
 Charles I, however, gave him his warmest support, and ap- 
 pointed him one of his own physicians. Being a zealous 
 royalist, he suffered greatly in popular estimation ; and as 
 he did not live to see the restoration of monarchy, he never 
 had an opportunity of appearing to advantage. In 1654, 
 however, he had so risen in public estimation that he was 
 appointed president of the college of physicians ; but his 
 sun of life had then so far declined that he was incapable of 
 filling that honorable post. He died on the 3d of June, 
 1657, leaving a reputation not less enviable than that of Hip- 
 pocrates. 
 
 HAR WOOD, Sir Edward. — Supposed to have been a 
 member of parliament about the commencement of the reign 
 of Charles I. We hear very little of him, save that he pro- 
 duced a memorial, the object of which was to show how 
 
328 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [hAS. 
 
 wretchedly the kingdom would be exposed, in case of a for- 
 eign invasion, at that time. 
 
 HASTINGS. — A famous Danish chief who led one of 
 the strongest fleets of Danish pirates that ever afflicted the 
 island of* Great Britain. Having ravaged the coast of 
 France, all along the Loire and Seine, until absolutely forced 
 to retire in consequence of the general dearth which he had 
 produced, he appeared in 893 off' the coast of Kent, with a 
 fleet of 330 sail. With part of this he entered the Thames, 
 while the balance of his forces were distributed along the 
 coast, as was thought best. He was ably resisted by Alfred 
 the Great, and at length defeated by a bold attempt of the 
 English on his fortification at Bamflete. His garrison was 
 overpowered, and his wife and two sons carried off. Alfred 
 soon afterward restored the trophies to Hastings on condition 
 that he would quit the kingdom ; and there is reason to be- 
 lieve that he immediately departed and never returned af- 
 terward. 
 
 HASTINGS, Richard de. — Grand prior of the templars 
 at the council of Clarendon, under Henry II. When the 
 constitutions of that council were presented for the signa- 
 tures of the bishops, Thomas a Becket, alone, withheld his 
 consent, contrary to the advice of all the barons, until Hast- 
 ings threw himself on his knees before him, and with tears, 
 entreated him, as he valued his own safety, and the interests 
 of the church, not to provoke the indignation of so great and 
 powerful a monarch, who would certainly take full revenge 
 on all who dared to oppose him. To this the primate reluc- 
 tantly yielded, and signed the constitutions. 
 
 HASTINGS, John.— Earl of Pembroke. He married 
 the princess Margaret, fourth daughter of Edward III. Lit- 
 tle is known of him, as he fills but little space in history. 
 
 HASTINGS, John. — One of the pretenders to the crown 
 of Scotland at the same time with Baliol and Bruce. While 
 they contended, each one, for the whole of Scotland, Hast- 
 ings insisted that it should be divided between the three 
 daughters of the earl of Huntingdon, or their heirs, i. e. 
 between Baliol, Bruce, and himself. 
 
 HASTINGS, Lord.— Chamberlain to Edward IV, and 
 also to his son, Edward V. He united himself with the 
 duke of Buckingham, and many others of the principal no- 
 bility, against the dowager queen and her relations, particu- 
 larly the earl of Rivers, who had become objects of general 
 
HAT."| BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 329 
 
 dislike ; but when urged by the duke of Gloucester — after- 
 wards Richard III — to co-operate with him against the crown, 
 and to dethrone the young prince, Edward V, he refused. 
 Gloucester determined, at once, on his ruin, and soon after, 
 caused him to be seized by armed men, in the midst of a 
 council held in the tower of London, and without law or cere- 
 mony, beheaded on a timber log which lay in the yard. 
 The ostensible charge was that he had aided and abetted one 
 Jane Shore, who was said to be a witch, and by her incan- 
 tations, to have caused the flesh to shrink on the duke's arm. 
 He perished in 1482. 
 
 HASTINGS, Lord.— Earl of Huntingdon, A young 
 noblemen of whom Mr. Hume speaks as attending Henry 
 VIII in his expedition against France in 1513. We do not 
 learn that he ever acted any very prominent part, in either the 
 army or the cabinet: and even in this expedition, he seems 
 to gone, like many others, rather to grace the royal retinue, 
 than for real service. It is probable that he was one of those 
 wealthy peers who generally gave themselves but little con- 
 cern about the affairs of government. Some of his family 
 were more active than he. 
 
 HASTINGS, Sir Edward. —Brother to the earl of Hunt- 
 ingdon. He received a commission from the council to raise 
 forces for the lady Jane Grey ; but when he had raised four 
 thousand, he went over to Mary, and declared in favor of 
 her authority. Whether he was actuated by fear, or really 
 preferred the claims of Mary, might not be easy to deter- 
 mine, at this time. 
 
 HASTINGS, Lord.— Son of the earl of Huntingdon. 
 When Northumberland, who had succeeded the unfortunate 
 Somerset, as protector, in the minority of Edward VI, had 
 prevailed on the dying monarch to make his will in favor of 
 the Lady Jane Grey, he easily promoted the prospects of his 
 own family by making her the wife of his son, Lord Guil- 
 ford Dudley, and at the same time, married his daughter to 
 Hastings. All this sagacity, however, was lost, on the fail- 
 ure of Lady Jane, and the accession of Mary. What be- 
 came of Hastings, on the accessi3n of Mary, is not certainly 
 known. 
 
 HATCHER, Thomas. — A zealous royalist in the civil 
 wars of Charles I. He was one of the commissioners sent 
 by Charles, to Scotland, in 1643, to propose a closer union 
 and confederacy between the crown and the Scottish people, 
 
330 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAW, 
 
 for the purpose of more effectually resisting the aggressions 
 of the English parliamant. A solemn league and covenant 
 was entered into, and both parties pledged themselves to use 
 all their influence for the extirpation of " popery and pre- 
 lacy " in Scotland, and for the establishment of the churches 
 of England and Ireland "on the soundest and most scriptural 
 basis." The Scots understood, by this, that presbyterianism 
 was to be the religion of England and Ireland, as well as of 
 Scotland. This, however, was not the understanding of the 
 English commissioners; and when their construction of it 
 came to be known, the covenant was dissolved. 
 
 HATTON, Lord. — A Scottish nobleman, brother to the 
 earl of Lauderdale, of whom we know but little, save the part 
 which he acted in procuring the conviction of Mitchel, the 
 fanatic. (See Mitchel.) 
 
 HATTON, Sir Christopher. — Vice- chamberlain of Eliza- 
 beth, and one of her chief favorites. His influence at court 
 was such as to excite the jealousy of many of the nobility ; 
 and very strangely, their influence was exerted to procure 
 his elevation to the position of chancellor, hoping that his 
 attention to the business of chancery would so remove him 
 from the presence, of the queen as to lessen his influence at 
 court. He had never studied law, and his education is said 
 to have been extremely limited ; yet such was his natural 
 sense and depth of judgment, that his judicial decisions were 
 not found deficient, either in point of equity, or judgment. 
 He was clear in his perceptions, and eloquent in 'expression, 
 as appears in a speech of his to Mary, of Scots, urging her 
 to vindicate her character by submitting to the trial, which 
 resulted so fatally to her. 
 
 HAUKES, Thomas. — One of the "noble army of fpro- 
 testant] martyrs," under the fiery reign of Queen Mary. 
 When conducted to the stake, by order of the infamous Bon- 
 ner, he agreed with his friends, that if he found the torture 
 of fire at all tolerable, he would make them a signal in the 
 midst of the flames. His zeal for the cause in which he 
 suffered so supported him, that he stretched out his arms, — • 
 the signal agreed on, — and in that position, expired. The 
 effect of this heroism is said to have been to encourage many 
 others to brave death. 
 
 HAWKINS, Sir John. — A celebrated naval officer, born 
 at Plymouth in 1520, and regularly brought up to "a life on 
 the ocean wave." Until forty- two years old, he was em- 
 
HAY.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 331 
 
 ployed in the trade between England and Spain, Portugal, 
 and the Canary islands. In 1562, he led the way in the 
 infamous, though lucrative, traffic in slaves, from the coast 
 of Africa to South America, at which he amassed a large 
 fortune. Strange as it may seem, he employed, not only 
 his own vessels, but several ships of the royal navy, in this 
 infamous trade ; nor did this employment have the effect to 
 excite any prejudice against him. On the breaking out of 
 the wars with Spain, he was appointed treasurer of the navy, 
 and at the time of the approach of the great Spanish Ar- 
 mada, acted, in person, as rear admiral. For his gallant 
 conduct on this occasion, he was knighted by Elizabeth, and 
 received the compliments of the whole nation. After this, 
 he performed no very considerable feats, and was rather the 
 object of envy among seamen than of interest with the 
 nation. He built a hospital at Chatham, for poor and indi- 
 gent seamen, and was, several years, a member of parlia- 
 ment from Plymouth. He died on the 21st of November, 
 1595. He was, in many respects, one of the greatest men 
 of his age ; but his character is tarnished by the part which 
 he acted in a traffic at which nearly all Christendom has long 
 been disgusted. His constitutional vice is said to have been 
 avarice. 
 
 HAWKINS, Richard.— Son of Sir John Hawkins. Like 
 his father, he was brought up to a sea-faring life ; and we 
 learn that in 1594, he procured a commission from Eliza- 
 beth, and sailed for the South Sea, with three ships. After 
 passing the straits of Magellan, (Cape Horn,) he turned 
 north, and landed on the coast of Chili, where he was taken 
 prisoner, and the enterprise proved a total failure. 
 
 HAWLEY, Sir Francis. — Assisted the Marquis of Hert- 
 ford in raising an army to sustain Charles I against the 
 aggressions of the parliament. The enterprise failed, 
 however, and we hear but little more of him. 
 
 HAY. — Lord of Errol. A Scottish nobleman who was 
 slain in the battle of Erne by Edward Baliol. He fills so 
 little space in the history of England as to claim very little 
 attention at our hands. 
 
 HAY, Lord. — Viscount of Doncaster, and earl of Car- 
 lisle. One of the Scottish favorites of James I, on whom he 
 conferred the above titles, soon after his accession to the 
 crown of England, causing great disgust to his English sub- 
 jects. It was he who afterwards introduced another Scotch 
 
332 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HAY. 
 
 candidate for favor, Robert Carre, who rose higher at court 
 than he had ever done, or could expect to do. (See Carre, 
 Robert. ) 
 
 HAY, Sir Francis. — An ardent royalist who associated 
 himself with the earl of Montrose in defense of Charles I, 
 and. after his death, still continued to urge the claims of his 
 son, Charles II. At the final defeat of Montrose, he fell 
 into the hands of the covenanters, and a few days after the 
 execution of the earl, suffered a like fate with him. (See 
 Graham, James, earl of Montrose.) 
 
 HAYMAN, Sir Peter. — Was one of those persons whom 
 Charles I was wont to punish by sending on duties abroad, 
 after they had made themselves offensive to him by any re- 
 fractory conduct at home. Hayman, for no offense but that 
 he refused to grant the loans demanded by the crown, was 
 sent to the palatinate on a service which had no honors, and 
 little emoluments. Soon after his return, he was made a 
 member of parliament, and on some violent measures pass- 
 ing the commons, in which he, most probably, bore his part, 
 he was seized, with several others, and thrown into prison ; 
 but was soon after released. After this, we hear no more 
 of him. If he lived until the civil wars, it is probable that 
 he became a violent revolutionist : at least, he had enough 
 to make him so. 
 
 HAYNES. — One of the witnesses on whose testimony 
 College was convicted. (See College.) 
 
 HAYWARD. — A justice of the peace, in the time of 
 Charles I. While engaged in the duties of his office, he was 
 wounded by a man ot the name of James, who was dis- 
 tracted. The matter was wholly unimportant, in itself, 
 but James, happening to have been a Roman catholic, 
 when sane, it was, at once, declared to be an instance of 
 Romish rebellion, and great alarm seized the people and the 
 parliament, lest they should all be murdered by the catholics! 
 The thing would have been ridiculous, in the extreme, had it 
 not been for the apology which it had in the late " gunpowder 
 plot," not yet forgotten. 
 
 HAYWARDE. — Lord Bacon tells that he (Haywarde,) 
 once wrote a book, which he dedicated to the earl of Essex, 
 while he lay under the displeasure of the queen. Elizabeth 
 was greatly offended that such a compliment should be paid 
 to one under her displeasure, and resolved, if possible, to 
 punish the offense. The book was carefully examined by 
 
HEA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 333 
 
 Bacon, to ascertain if it contained nothing of treason. Bacon 
 replied, tbat he could find nothing in it of treason, but very 
 much of felony. This greatly excited the curiosity of her 
 majesty, who was anxious, at once, to know the felony. To 
 this, Bacon quaintly replied, " Theft ; he has taken almost 
 every sentence from Cornelius Tacitus, translated it into 
 English, and set it forth as his own." " Then let him be 
 racked," said the queen, " to tell his author." "Nay, 
 madam," replied Bacon, " do not rack his person, but rack 
 his style: give him pen, ink, paper, and books, and enjoin 
 him to continue the story where it breaketh off, and I will 
 undertake, by collating the styles, to judge whether he were 
 the author." 
 
 HAZLERIG, Sir Arthur. — A famous puritan of the time 
 of the civil wars of Charles I. He was to have sailed for 
 New England, m company with Oliver Cromwell, Sir John 
 Hampden, and others, but was prevented, as were they, by 
 the king's order. Soon after this, he was made a member 
 of the house of commons, in which he was impeached by 
 the crown. We do not learn, however, that the impeachment 
 ever took effect, or deprived him of his seat. After the 
 establishment of the commonwealth, he was created Lord 
 Hazlerig, but declined the honor, in accordance with the 
 fashionable humility of the times, and chose to occupy his 
 seat in the house of commons. He was, also, named, as 
 one of the council of State, but does not appear to have 
 served in that capacity. Mr. Hume says, that he was 
 " haughty, imperious, precipitate, vain-glorious ; without ci- 
 vility, without prudence ; qualified only by his noisy, pertina- 
 cious obstinacy to acquire an ascendent in popular assem- 
 blies." 
 
 HEATHE, Nicholas. — Archbishop of York in the reign 
 of Queen Mary. We find him, at the accession of Edward 
 VI, Bishop of Worcester, and most decidedly opposed to the 
 reformation. Being reluctant to take the oath of allegiance 
 to the young protestant monarch, he was deprived of his see, 
 and another put in his place. Immediately on the accession 
 of Mary, however, he was restored to his diocese, and soon 
 after, translated to the archiepiscopal see of York, and made 
 keeper of the seals. The professed object of the elevation 
 of a bishop to the seals was, that there might be the greater 
 facility in prosecuting the protestant heretics. Before the 
 death of Mary, however, he was made chancellor, and in 
 
334 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [HEN. 
 
 that official relation, had to announce to parliament the death 
 of Mary, and the accession of her protestant sister, Eliza- 
 beth. A little more than a year after this, he died at Cob- 
 ham. [1560.] 
 
 HE ATHE.— Attorney-general of Charles I, at the time 
 of the commitment of the five gentlemen, Sir Thomas Dar- 
 nel, Sir John Corbet, Sir Walter Earl, Sir John Hevening- 
 ham, and Sir Edward Hambden, for refusing the loans re- 
 quired by the crown. Heathe urged the court to enter a 
 general judgment, that no bail could be granted upon a com- 
 mitment by the king, or council. The judges, however, re- 
 fused to comply, and thus vindicated the laws against the 
 prerogatives of the crown. (See the articles under the 
 above five names.) 
 
 HEDIE, Alexander. — One of the strong supporters of 
 the Lancastrian interest in the war of the Roses. After the 
 prevalence of the York party, an act of forfeiture and at- 
 tainder was passed against him, and his estates were vested 
 in the crown. 
 
 HEMESHAM, Walter de.— Was elected to the primacy, 
 as the successor of Archbishop Langton ; but as the king 
 refused to confirm the election, and the pope, at his desire, 
 annulled it, he was never consecrated. 
 
 HENDERSON. — A prominent presbyterian clergyman 
 of Scotland on whom Charles I bestowed a pension, and 
 some preferment, at the time of his visit to Scotland in 1641. 
 Two years after, he was sent into England, with other com- 
 missioners, for the purpose of effecting a mediation between 
 the crown and the parliament. It was his business, however, 
 to press the king on the subject of religion, and to urge upon 
 him the presbyterian model of doctrine and church-govern- 
 ment. Charles begged them to be satisfied with the liberty 
 secured to them of exercising their own views on the subject 
 of religion, in Scotland, and to leave him to his own sense of 
 duty in England. Before he left, he was challenged, by the 
 Oxford divines, to a public disputation, but declined. He is 
 said to have been a very popular and intriguing man, and to 
 have exerted vast influence in Scotland. 
 
 HENGIST and HORSA.— These two brothers stand so 
 intimately connected in the Saxon invasion, as well as by 
 the ties of consanguinity, that the historian has never at- 
 tempted to dissociate them, or to speak of either only in 
 conjunction with the other. For more than four centuries 
 
HEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 335 
 
 Britain had been in subjection to imperial Rome, when in 
 the commencement of the decline of that mighty empire, she 
 was suddenly released from all foreign allegiance, and thrown 
 on her own resources for protection against the Scots and 
 Picts of the north of the island, who had long been the ter- 
 ror of the Roman colony, and were now ready, on the de- 
 parture of the garrisons, to break on the defenseless Britons 
 with barbarous ferocity. (See iEtius.) In reply to the ear- 
 nest entreaties of the Britons that they might not be aban- 
 doned to their merciless foe by those who had disqualified 
 them by long continued oppression, for self-defense, they 
 were told that they must arm for themselves. This was 
 thought impossible. The spirit of the Britons was broken, 
 the flower of the youth were removed to the continent, and 
 were then engaged in the imperial service, and Britain pre- 
 sented but a mournful wreck of what it was on the landing 
 of Csesar, 500 years before. At this critical moment, they 
 sent a deputation into Germany to invite over the Saxons 
 for their protection. The call was promptly responded to, 
 and Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon princes of noble birth, 
 who were reputed as the great-grand-sons of Woden, who 
 was worshiped among the northern nations as a god, soon 
 landed in Britain with an army of 1600 men. The barba- 
 rians were immediately expelled, and the happy islanders 
 applauded their own wisdom in calling to their aid so mighty 
 a people. This easy victory over the Scots and Picts, proved, 
 however, to the Saxons, how easily they might make them- 
 selves masters of the whole island. New supplies were sent 
 for ; an alliance was formed between the Saxons and those 
 tribes whose expulsion had been the great object of their 
 mission; recruits poured into the island from Germany, and 
 soon it was apparent to the Britons that their German allies 
 were more to be feared than were the Scots and Picts them- 
 selves. They were now forced to take up arms : and it is 
 admitted, even by Saxon analists, that they fought with a 
 bravery of which none had thought them capable. In the 
 battle of Eaglesford (Ailsford,) Horsa was slain. Hengist 
 proceeded with the work of slaughter, in which he spared 
 neither age, sex, nor condition. Bishops, priests, and no- 
 bility shared the fate of the plebeian. Other tribes poured in 
 from the north of Germany, and soon the Saxon Heptarchy, 
 or seven kingdoms, was reared on the ruins of ancient Brit- 
 ain. Hengist laid the foundation of the kingdom of Kent, 
 
336 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 HENi 
 
 comprehending the counties of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and 
 part of Surrey. He fixed his royal seat at Canterbury, where 
 he governed about 40 years, and died A. D. 488, leaving 
 his dominions to his posterity. 
 
 HENRIETTA.— -Queen of Charles I. Daughter of 
 Henry IV, of France. Though born to such a high destiny, 
 her life was checkered with sorrow, to which was contributed 
 the mournful reflection that she was the innocent occasion of 
 many of her husband's troubles, if not, indeed, of his ruin. 
 Educated in the doctrines of the church of Rome, she natu- 
 rally preferred that system of religion after her marriage, 
 and employed, about her person, confessors and priests of 
 the Romish order. This, being exceedingly offensive to the 
 protestant temper of England, not only subjected her to much 
 popular censure, but also involved Charles in the suspicion of 
 sympathy with the Romish religion. Such was the general 
 dislike to her French attendants, that she was obliged to dis- 
 miss them, a step which, doubtless, required great sacrifice 
 of feeling and inclination. In addition to this, she had, at 
 one time, the affliction of believing that her princely hus- 
 band's affections were, in a degree, estranged from her. 
 This grief, however, was of short duration ; her beauty, her 
 admirable sense, and her wife-like devotion re-asserted and 
 maintained their proper influence, and to such an extent was 
 she mistress of Charles' affections that he was able to «end 
 her this consoling assurance, the evening before his execu- 
 tion: " I have never, for one moment, even in thought, been 
 otherwise than faithful to you." A tribute honorable alike 
 to him who uttered, and to her who received it, especially 
 when one considers the prevailing licentiousness of the times. 
 She did everything m her power to sustain his fortunes, in 
 their decline ; though, unhappily, the assistance she procured 
 him was known to have come from the Romanists, which 
 circumstance tended greatly to increase the discontent and 
 displeasure of the nation. She was menaced with impeach- 
 ment, to escape which, she withdrew into Holland, whence 
 she still forwarded supplies to her royal husband. Her solici- 
 tude for his cause was such, however, that she soon ventured 
 to rejoin him at Oxford, with reinforcements. This so in- 
 flamed the popular mind that the commons proceeded, at 
 once, to impeach her, and she fled to France for safety. 
 After the fall of her husband, she resided in Paris, with her 
 children, where she was suitably provided for, until after the 
 
HEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 337 
 
 death of Louis XIII, when she received but slender civilities 
 and a very inadequate support. A moderate pension was, 
 indeed, assigned her, but it was so poorly paid, and her 
 credit ran so low that Cardinal Retz mentions visiting her, 
 when she informed him that her daughter, the princess Hen- 
 rietta " was obliged to lie in bed for want of fire to keep her 
 warm" ! After the restoration of her son, Charles II, Hen- 
 rietta had the happiness of visiting his palace, and of seeing 
 him on his father's throne. Her stay was short, however. 
 A country so fatal to her husband, to her own happiness, and 
 to all her early hopes, could offer no charms to her. Her hus- 
 band's blood seemed to cry from the ground, and she hastened 
 back to France, where, after a sad interval of a few years 
 more, she found a release from her sorrows, and slept with 
 her kindred. Thus mournfully was obscured, and thus un- 
 timely closed a destiny so bright with early promise, and, to 
 all human anticipation, so affluent in happiness and renown. 
 
 HENRIETTA.— Youngest daughter of Charles I. She 
 was born in 1644, and hence was but four years old, at the 
 time of her father's death. She remained with her mother, 
 in Paris, during her extreme poverty, and endured most of 
 the hardships commonly met with in the humblest walks of 
 life, being obliged to lie in bed in the day time, to avoid 
 suffering from cold. A little after the restoration of Charles 
 II, however, she was happily married to the duke of Orleans, 
 brother to the French king. Some years after this, she met 
 with her royal brother at Dover, where she passed ten days 
 in his company, urging him to unite with France for the 
 purpose of crushing the states of Holland, and also, to intro- 
 duce the Romish religion into England. She also, at this 
 time, (shame!) made him a present of a French mistress, 
 the famous Louise Querouaille, whom Charles, soon after, 
 created duchess of Portsmouth. "O, the manners; O, the 
 times." 
 
 HENRY I. — Sometimes called Beau Clerk, because of his 
 polite learning. Fourth son of William the Conqueror. His 
 father's will left him nothing save his mother's possessions 
 in Flanders, though it is said to have been a dying prediction 
 of the father that he should, at some time, surpass all his 
 brothers in power and opulence. It was stipulated by treaty 
 between William Rufus and his brother Robert, that in case 
 of the early death of the former, the latter should succeed 
 him. William died, however, while Robert was absent in 
 
 15 
 
338 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HEN. 
 
 the Holy Land, which gave Henry an opportunity to seize 
 upon the throne. This was looked upon in England as a 
 base usurpation, and Robert was invited by a number of the 
 nobility to make an attempt on England for the recovery of 
 his rights ; but the enterprise was unsuccessful, and Henry 
 was soon confirmed in the government. In addition to this, 
 he even invaded Normandy, deposed Robert, and carried 
 him prisoner to England, where he detained him in custody 
 the balance of his life, and united Normandy to his own 
 dominions. He was distinguished only by his cruelty, and 
 died in 1135, after a reign of thirty-five years. 
 
 HENRY II. — First of the Plantagenet kings of England. 
 He was son of the empress, Matilda, daughter of Henry I, 
 by her second marriage with Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of 
 Aniou. When his mother had been supplanted by Stephen, 
 young Henry determined on making an effort at least to 
 secure his own lights. Accordingly he invaded England, 
 and forced Stephen into a treaty stipulating that at his death 
 Henry should succeed him. In less than a year after this 
 treaty, Stephen died, and Henry came to the throne without 
 opposition. The Norman interest favored him, because he 
 was the grandson of a Norman king, — Henry I, — and the 
 son of a Norman earl, and the little Saxon feeling which still 
 remained, hailed him as a prince of the ancient Saxon line. 
 He ascended the throne in 1154, and pursued a course of 
 administration which commanded the respect and admiration 
 of the world. He reformed many of the abuses of former 
 reigns, and restored order and regularity by the strict appli- 
 cation of law throughout the kingdom. His reign was dis- 
 tinguished by the conquest of Ireland and its annexation to 
 the crown of England, while his possessions on the continent 
 were kept in the most perfect security. The life of this 
 great prince was, however, embittered by some heavy afflic- 
 tions. His unhappy quarrel with Thomas a' Becket, the 
 primate, (See Becket,) was, to him, a cause of deep and 
 painful solicitude, and required of him some concessions 
 which must have been exceedingly humiliating to his high 
 and manly spirit. But the worst affliction of his life was in 
 his domestic troubles. His sons, instigated by their mother, 
 as also by their relation, the king of France, demanded their 
 several patrimonial estates in his life time, and even engaged 
 in the most unnatural rebellions because their demands were 
 not yielded to. He died of a broken heart, after a glorious 
 
HEN. J BIOGRAPHICAL INBEX. 339 
 
 reign of thirty-five years, the greatest prince of his time. 
 (1189.) 
 
 HENRY III. — Succeeded his father, King John, in 
 1216. At that time, he was but nine years old, and hence 
 could not assume the government. For several years, it 
 was administered by the earl of Pembroke, as guardian of 
 the realm. Henry was a prince of amiable dispositions, but 
 of feeble judgment, and disgusted the barons by his par- 
 tiality for foreign favorites ; and his want of economy in the 
 expenditures of government caused him to become very un- 
 popular among the people. Montfort, the earl of Leices- 
 ter, his brother-in-law, conceived the design of usurping the 
 government. Accordingly he entered into a league with the 
 barons, and compelled Henry to delegate nearly all the regal 
 power into the hands of twenty-four of their number. The 
 people were indignant at such usurpation of power, and, 
 assisted by the knights, a few of whom had been admitted 
 into the parliament as the representatives of the commons, 
 determined to restore the royal authority. Young Edward 
 evinced great courage in defense of his father's rights, but 
 the powerful army of Leicester prevailed at the battle of 
 Lewes, in Sussex, and both the king and prince were made 
 prisoners. Henry was then forced to ratify the authority of 
 the usurper by treaty. Leicester became regent, assembled 
 the parliament, and for the purpose of composing the popular 
 feeling, summoned two knights from each county, and also 
 deputies from the principal boroughs. This was the first 
 appearance, in any regular form, of the English house of 
 commons. The young prince was released. Soon after 
 this, he took the field against the usurper, and at the battle 
 of Evesham, overcame and slew him, by which his father 
 was restored to his kingdom. Henry died in 1272, in the 
 sixty-fourth year of his age, and the fifty-sixth of his reign, 
 and was succeeded by his son, Edward I. 
 
 HENRY IV. — Sometimes called Bolingbroke, from the 
 place of his birth. He was the first English monarch of the 
 famous house of Lancaster, and came to the throne by injus- 
 tice and violence. He was son to John of Gaunt, duke of 
 Lancaster, v vho was iourth son to Edward III, and hence 
 was not entitled to the crown even at the death of Richard 
 II, Edmund Mortimer being the rightful heir. Henry ap- 
 pears, at different times, under the several titles of earl of 
 Derby, duke of Hereford, duke of Lancaster, and king of 
 
340 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ^HEN, 
 
 England. At the death of his father, he succeeded him in 
 the title and possessions of Lancaster; but being, at that 
 time, in banishment for some violent conduct, Richard II, the 
 then reigning monarch, most unwisely determined on not 
 putting him in possession of the estate of his father. This 
 gave mortal offence to the nobility, and on Richard going 
 into Ireland, Henry embarked for England, placed himself 
 at the head of a formidable army, and after getting posses- 
 sion of the king's person, forced him to abdicate, and then 
 caused him to be basely murdered. Soon after this he made 
 known his in ten tions on the crown. There was not even the 
 color of title, and many of the nobility opposed his ambitious 
 measures. Combinations were formed against him of suffi- 
 cient force, had all been brought to act in concert, to have 
 crushed him. Fortunately for him, however, his opponents 
 were never united, and hence he was able to crush them all 
 singly. He was possessed of very rare military talents, and 
 had he gone honorably to the throne, would have ranked 
 among the great English monarchs. As a subject, he was 
 extensively popular, but as sovereign, he became generally 
 odious, and ruled his subjects entirely by arbitrary force. It 
 was under his reign that the practice of burning heretics 
 originated in England ; the law was aimed directly at what 
 was considered the heresy of John WicklifT. Henry died 
 in 1413, in the forty-sixth year of his age, and the thirteenth 
 of his reign. 
 
 HENRY V. — Son and successor of the above. He be- 
 came distinguished very early in life, by some displays of 
 military talent. These indications of talent caused his father 
 much concern, and led to his recall from every post where it 
 was possible for him to distinguish himself. The effect of 
 such restraint was to vex the ardent spirit of the youthful 
 Henry, and drive him to habits of dissipation. At one time, 
 when a riotous companion of his had been indicted before 
 the chief justice, Henry appeared at the bar with him, 
 hoping, by his presence, to overawe the court; and not suc- 
 ceeding in this, he openly insulted the magistrate, who, be- 
 ing a man of great determination, ordered him to prison. 
 Henry, with all his vices, had the magnanimity to submit, 
 and afterward commended the magistrate for his decision. 
 (See Gascoigne.) After the death of his father, he assem- 
 bled all his associates, and informed them of his intention of 
 reformation, at the same time urging them to a like course, 
 
HEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 341 
 
 and forbidding their appearance at court until they had done 
 so. Not long after his accession, he revived the old claim of 
 England to the crown of France, and taking advantage of 
 the disorders in that kingdom, invaded it with an army of 
 15,000 men, with which he defeated the French with 60,000 
 strong, at the ever memorable battle of Agincourt. After 
 this, he was declared regent of France during the life of the 
 then reigning king, (Charles VI,) who was subject to fits of 
 insanity, and after the death of Charles," whose daughter, 
 Catherine, he espoused, heir to the crown of France, which 
 should ever after be united with England under the same 
 king, and be a part and parcel of the English empire. Soon 
 after this, he died, (1422,) in the thirty-fourth year of his 
 age, and the tenth of his reign. He was one of the most 
 brilliant of the monarchs of England, and his short reign is 
 marked by heroism and military enterprise which are seldom 
 equalled : — though it must be owned that his conquests were 
 of no real value to his people. 
 
 HENRY VI. — Son of the above. He succeeded to the 
 throne of his father when only nine months old, and was 
 immediately proclaimed king, both of England and France, 
 Henry V having, just before his death, been declared regent 
 of France, and heir to the crown. The education of the 
 infant Henry was entruste.1 to Cardinal Beaufort, brother to 
 Henry IV, who was, at that time, bishop of Winchester ; 
 and his uncles, the dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, were 
 appointed protectors, or guardians, of his dominions, the 
 former of France, and the latter of England. Bedford was 
 unfortunate in France, and before Henry had come to man- 
 hood, the young Charles VIII had well nigh freed his coun- 
 try from the English. Even Guiemie, which had been under 
 the crown of England since the time of Henry II, was lost, 
 and when the young prince was declared of sufficient age 
 to assume the government, he found his jurisdiction confined 
 strictly to England. Henry was a prince of the lowest ca- 
 pacity, and really but a titular monarch, his influence being 
 scarcely felt in the government, only as his name was the 
 subject of a violent controversy between the parties of Lan- 
 caster and York. His grand -father, Henry IV, was admit- 
 ted to have been an usurper, as he first dethroned the rightful 
 monarch, Richard II, and then, by popular violence, seated 
 himself on the throne, when Edmund Mortimer was known 
 to be the true heir, being descended from Lionel, third son 
 
342 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HEN. 
 
 of Edward III, whereas Henry was the son of John of 
 Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III. Had Henry VI, however, 
 possessed the talents of his father and grand-father, this 
 controversy might not have arisen under his reign. But 
 after the death of his uncle, Gloucester, who had been pro- 
 tector of the realm, the family of Lionel began to assert 
 their rights, and Richard, the duke of York, was forced by 
 the nobility, to lay claim to the crown. The white rose be- 
 came the motto (ft his party, and the red rose of the party 
 of Lancaster, the party then in power. Henry was subject 
 to periodical fits of insanity, which, joined to his natural 
 imbecility at all times, placed him completely at the mercy 
 of his enemies. Margaret, his queen, who was a woman 
 of great force, took up arms, and rallied the strength of the 
 Lancastrian party. Many battles were fought. More than 
 once, Henry was made prisoner. At length York was slain, 
 which was fatal to Henry ; for his place was immediately 
 filled by his son, Edward IV, who was far more energetic 
 than his father had been. He soon after got possession of 
 Henry's person, threw him into the tower, and mounting the 
 throne, declared himself king of England. The following 
 year was one of terror. Even a suspicion of attachment to 
 the Lancastrian interest was fatal. Queen Margaret, with 
 her youthful prince, Edward, had retired to the continent, 
 and every thing indicated that the house of York was 
 securely established on the throne. One struggle more, 
 however, served to raise the hopes of Henry, for a short 
 time. The earl of Warwick, the chief supporter of the York 
 interest, taking offense at Edward, abandoned him, and at- 
 taching himself to the Lancaster party, raised a powerful 
 army, and declared his purpose of restoring Henry. Such 
 was the celerity of his movements that Edward was forced 
 to flee the kingdom. Henry was brought out of the tower, 
 where he had lain for six years, and again proclaimed king. 
 This, however, was a short triumph. Edward soon returned, 
 and in a general engagement defeated and slew the earl of 
 Warwick. Henry was again thrown into the tower, where 
 he died a few days after, as was generally believed, by 
 assassination. Here ended the glory of Lancaster, as an 
 independent branch of the royal family ; though it was after- 
 ward united with York in the house of Tudor. 
 
 HENRY VIL— The first of the Tudor princes. He was 
 the son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Marga- 
 
HJMT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 343 
 
 ret, of the house of Lancaster. Soon after the accession cf 
 the infamous Richard III, he conceived the design of revil- 
 ing the Lancastrian claim to the crown, of which but little 
 had been said since the death of Henry VI. He was assist- 
 ed by Charles VIII of France, and the duke of Brittany, 
 and invaded England. The battle of Bosworth, in which 
 Richard was defeated and slain, left him in peaceable pos- 
 session of the throne ; the crown was taken from the head 
 of his fallen rival, and on the field of his fame, Henry was 
 proclaimed and crowned king of England, (August 22, 
 1485.) His reign was characterised by wisdom and manly 
 fortitude. He greatly reduced the authority of the nobles, 
 and although exacting and arbitrary, made the condition of 
 the common people easier than it had ever been. His con- 
 stitutional weakness was an inordinate love of money, which 
 became more his ruling passion until death. His peace 
 was disturbed by the impostors, Lambert Simnel and Perkin 
 Warbeck, which see. His reign may be said to form a new 
 period in English history, as it introduces us to a new stale 
 of things. His marriage with the princess Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of Edward IV, the only remaining heir of the house of 
 York, had the effect of uniting the interests of the two roses, 
 (York and Lancaster,) and thus putting a stop to the civil 
 wars which for the last hundred years, had deluged Eng- 
 land in blood. He died April 22, 1509, in the fifty-third 
 year of his age, and the twenty-fourth of his reign. One 
 of the greatest of princes, though his haughty and arbitrary 
 temper had made him generally unpopular ; and the nation 
 even rejoiced at his death, and hailed with infinite delight, 
 the accession of his son, Henry VIII. 
 
 HENRY VIIL— Son and successor, of Henry VII. He 
 ascended the throne in April, 1509, in the eighteenth year 
 of his age. At first, "the youthful, handsome, and accom- 
 plished, Henry," gave great satisfaction to the nation, which 
 had long groaned under the oppressions of his tyrannical 
 father. His early development of talent was the wonder of 
 the world, but his love of pleasure and ostentation was mat- 
 ter of deep regret among all the graver and more thoughtful 
 ministers of his court. Arbitrary and capricious, he soon 
 discovered the tyrant, and gave fearful presage of what his 
 people had to expect as time should harden his charac- 
 ter, and develop the stronger attributes of his nature. 
 Very soon, he engaged in a military enterpise against 
 
344 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HEN. 
 
 France, in conjunction with his father-in-law, Ferdinand, of 
 Spain ; and although he found himself sought by Ferdinand 
 as a mere tool for the accomplishment of his own purposes, 
 he contrived so to manage the war as to make it a matter of 
 honor and emolument, and retired from it with money 
 enough, obtained by treaty, to sustain him in his extrava- 
 gance for many years. When Luther began to arrest at- 
 tention, as a German Reformer, Henry, who was well versed 
 in scholastic divinity, took up his pen and wrote a book 
 against him, which gave such satisfaction to the pope as 
 caused him to confer, on " the king of England" the title 
 of " Defender of the Faith." Soon after this, however, he 
 became dissatisfied with his wife, Catharine, of Arragon, 
 being persuaded, as he professed, of the illegitimacy of his 
 marriage, on the ground that she had been, previously, the 
 wife of his brother, Prince Arthur, (See Arthur.) He applied 
 to the pope for a divorce, or rather, for a decision against the 
 validity of the marriage ; but his holiness being, at that time, 
 a prisoner of Catharine's brother, Charles V, of Spain, 
 could not grant him his request ; and after much vexatious 
 delay, he was advised to disown the authority of the pope, 
 and lay the question before the learned universities of Eu- 
 rope, to be settled by them w T ith strict reference to Scrip- 
 ture and canon law. The decisions of the universities were 
 generally to his mind, — that a man should not marry the 
 widow of his brother, and that such marriages were invalid, 
 and wholly null and void. Upon these decisions, the convo- 
 cation of 1531 decided that Catharine was not, in fact, his 
 wife ; and farthermore, that the pope had no jurisdiction in 
 England, but that the king was, ex-officio, head of the 
 church. This led to the great reformation of the English 
 church. Henry, it is true* never ceased to entertain the 
 doctrinal dogmas of the church of Rome ; but he threw off 
 the papal authority, and consented to the dissemination of 
 the Scriptures in the English language, and also, to the con- 
 ducting of divine service in the people's own tongue. During 
 his life, there was but little change, either of doctrine or 
 morals, in the church of England, and many protestants 
 were burned for not subscribing to the Romish doctrine of 
 transubstantiation. A great point, however, was gained by 
 •the rejection of the papal authority, and the distribution of 
 the Scriptures ; and this matured, under the reign of his son, 
 Edward VI, into the thorough reformation of the church. 
 
HEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 345 
 
 Henry was most unhappy in his domestic relations. His 
 first marriage, with Catharine, widow of his elder brother, 
 Arthur, was forced upon him by his father, when he was a 
 mere boy. Arthur had lived in wedlock with her but a few 
 months, at the time of his death. The royal father, Henry 
 VII, was anxious to preserve the connection between his 
 own family and that of Arragon, and hence, urged -his 
 younger son, Henry, to accept the young dowager princess 
 for his wife. Henry is said to have remonstrated against it 
 with tears, and to have yielded only to parental authority. 
 We do not learn, however, that the marriage was unhappy, 
 or that he evinced any concern as to its validity, until he had 
 lived with her eighteen years ; and there is much reason for 
 believing that his concern, then, was prompted, wholly, by 
 an attachment to Anne Boleyn, who was maid of honor to 
 the queen. A few days after the convocation declared his 
 marriage with Catharine to be invalid, he married Anne, 
 and for a time, seemed happy. Soon, however, he fixed 
 his eye on another favorite, and Anne was brought to the 
 scaffold on an unfounded charge of adultery. The very next 
 day after her execution, he married Jane Seymour, who 
 died in about a year, in childbed. Next, he contracted a 
 marriage with Anne of Cleves, whom he had never seen, 
 only as she was represented to him by a flattering picture. 
 On coming to see her he was greatly displeased to find her 
 corpulent and homely, and withal, unable to speak in any 
 but the Dutch language. Disgusted with her person and 
 manners, he called her " a great Flanders mare," and swore 
 that he would never admit her to his bed. A divorce was 
 easily procured, and he soon after married Catharine How- 
 ard, who perished on the scaffold ere the nuptial festivities 
 were fully ended, on a charge of adultery. That she was 
 guilty of wounded honor, both before, and after, her mar- 
 riage with the king, seems satisfactorily proved. Last of all, 
 he married Catharine Par, widow of Lord Latimer, who 
 narrowly escaped the stake, under a charge of heresy, and 
 survived him. ( See Catharine Par. ) Henry died on the 
 28th of January, 1547, in the fifty-seventh year of his age 
 and the thirty- eighth of his reign. 
 
 HENRY. — A bishop of Winchester under the reigns of 
 Stephen and Henry II. He was brother to Stephen, and 
 rendered hirn great assistance in securing his coronation be- 
 fore the arrival of Matilda. Soon after this, he received a 
 
 15* 
 
346 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fHEJT. 
 
 legatine commission from the pope, which he exercised 
 greatly to his brother's annoyance, and under which he, at 
 length, cast his influence in favor of Matilda. Under Henry 
 II, we find him still in great authority, but forced, by that 
 prince, to pronounce sentence against Thomas a Becket, 
 notwithstanding the particular intimacy between those 
 prelates. 
 
 HENRY. — Lord of Hastings, and son-in-law to the earl 
 of Huntingdon. He was the father of John Hastings, who 
 became a pretender to the Scottish throne at the same time 
 with Baliol and Bruce. Little is known of him. 
 
 HENRY. — Duke of Somerset. A strong supporter of the 
 Lancastrian interest in the war of the two roses. He com- 
 manded a strong force in the battle of Touton, and was 
 again defeated in the battle of Hexham, and fell into the 
 hands of the enemy, who immediately tried and beheaded 
 him by martial law. 
 
 HENRY. — Earl of Derby and duke of Lancaster. Cou- 
 sin to Edward III, by whom he was sent into Guienne for 
 the defence of that province. In this expedition he was 
 singularly successful, so that his victorious arms spread terror 
 through all France. At this time, he had only the earldom 
 of Derby. Soon after, however, he received that of Lan- 
 caster, and as this was about the time of the introduction of 
 the title of duke into England, he is afterwards known as 
 the duke of Lancaster. He is said to have been the most 
 accomplished prince in the court of Edward III, and has 
 even been suspected of having intentions on the crown ; 
 though it does not appear that he was ever otherwise than 
 sincerely devoted to the interests of Edward. 
 
 HENRY. — Commonly called Henry d'Allmaine. A son 
 of Richard, the titular king of llome. He joined the party 
 of Leicester against Henry III, but was afterwards gained 
 to the royal cause by the influence of Prince Edward, and 
 had an important command in the royal army at the battle of 
 Lewes. The kings of England and Rome being taken 
 prisoners, it was required by Leicester that Prince Edward 
 and Henry d'Allmaine should surrender themselves prison- 
 ers, as pledges, in lieu of the two kings, — the sons for their 
 fathers. The proposal was acceded to, and the princes were 
 sent, under a strong guard, to Dover castle. Here Henry 
 was detained until released by the payment of a ransom. 
 Henry was afterwards assassinated, in Italy, by Leicester's 
 
HEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 347 
 
 two sons, Simon and G-uy, while actually endeavoring to pro- 
 cure their reconciliation to the king* and recall from banish- 
 ment. 
 
 HENRY.— Eldest son of Henry II. His father, in dis> 
 tributing his possessions among his sons, bequeathed to him 
 the crown of England, the duchy of Normandy, and the 
 counties of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. Unfortunately 
 for his own happiness and the peace of England, he was 
 betrothed, when but five years old, to the infant Margaret, 
 daughter of Lewis, king of France. Instigated by his 
 father-in-law, the young prince demanded, at least, a part of 
 his dominions, independent of his father. This demand was 
 the more difficult to resist, because that the parental pride of 
 his father, together with his great anxiety lest the succession 
 might not be preserved in his family, had caused him to be 
 crowned when very young. Supported by Lewis, he even 
 made war against his father for the purpose of forcing him 
 to surrender to him a part of his patrimony. In the midst 
 of his intrigues, he was seized of a fever of which he died 
 after a few days illness. In his last hours, he was struck 
 with remorse for his undutiful conduct toward his father, and 
 sent to him a request that he would visit him in order that he 
 might obtain his pardon before he died. The king, however, 
 suspected him of having feigned sickness for the purpose of 
 getting an advantage of him, and did not go: but when he, 
 soon after, received intelligence of his death, he is said to 
 have fainted, reproached his own hardness of heart, and 
 lamented that he had deprived his dying son of the last op- 
 portunity of making atonement for his former offenses by 
 pouring his contrition into the bosom of a reconciled father. 
 
 HENRY, Prince of Wales.— Eldest son of James I. 
 He died in his eighteenth year, (1612,) lamented by the 
 whole nation. Even at that tender age, he is said to have 
 had more dignity, and to have commanded more respect, 
 than his father ever did. Free from all the vices most com- 
 mon to youth, he had so applied himself to the study of 
 business, as to have arrested the attention of all who knew 
 him. He had conceived a great affection for the unfortunate 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, who had long been confined in the 
 tower, and was used to say, " Sure no king but my father 
 would keep such a bird m a cage." The general impression 
 has ever been, that if he had lived, he would have made one 
 of England's greatest monarchs. It may be questioned, 
 
348 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HEP. 
 
 however, whether any man could, at the time of Charles I, 
 have passed for a great king in England. His death was 
 long believed to have resulted from poison, and even his 
 father was unjustly charged with the foul deed. A post 
 mortem examination, gave no evidence of anything of the 
 kind. 
 
 HENRY. — Duke of Gloucester; third son of Charles I. 
 He was born in 1641, and was but a child at the time of his 
 father's execution. The evening before, Charles was per- 
 mitted to take him on his knee, when he addressed him thus : 
 " Now they will cut off thy father's head." At these words, 
 the child looked intently in his father's face, as if not fully 
 comprehending what was said. The king repeated, "Mark, 
 child ! what I say : they will cut off my head ! and perhaps 
 make thee a king : but mark what I say : thou must not be 
 a king as long as thy brothers, Charles and James, are alive. 
 They will cut off thy brothers' heads, when they can catch 
 them ! And thy head, too, they will cut off at last ! There- 
 fore I charge thee, do not be made a king by them !" The 
 child sighed deeply, and then replied, " I will be torn in 
 pieces first !" So determined an answer, from one of such 
 tender years, filled the king's eyes with tears of joy and ad- 
 miration. On the restoration of Charles II, the parliament 
 voted a present of five thousand pounds to Henry. This, 
 however, although gratifying to him, was of little service, as 
 he died, soon after, of small pox. He is said to have been 
 a youth of rare accomplishments, and to have combined all 
 the sprightliness of his brother Charles with the application 
 and industry of James. Being, withal, strongly attached to 
 the protestant religion, his death was regarded as a national 
 calamity; and Charles II is said never to have been so sad, 
 on any occasion, as on the death of this, his younger brother. 
 
 HEPBURN, James, Earl of Bothwell. — Commonly known 
 by his title, and as the third husband of the unfortunate 
 Mary, queen of Scots. He first distinguished himself as the 
 supporter of the French in Scotland , against the army of the 
 protestant association, called the " Congregation of the 
 Lord." Many of the Scottish nobility were engaged in the 
 same interest, in consequence of their attachment to the 
 Romish religion. Not long after the arrival of Mary in 
 Scotland, he succeeded in working his way into her confi- 
 dence, and became one of her chief favorites. This soon 
 became a cause of great scandal, as he was known to be a 
 
her:] biographical index. 349 
 
 man of profligate manners. In addition to this, after Mary's 
 marriage with Darnley, it very soon became manifest that 
 Bothwell had more influence with her than had her husband ; 
 and when Darnley was destroyed by the blowing up of his 
 house, the opinion was commonly expressed that Bothwell 
 was concerned in it. The earl of Lenox, Darnley's father, 
 urged this charge, and called for an investigation. A trial 
 was instituted, but conducted with so little fairness, that, al- 
 though it resulted in his acquittal, it by no means satisfied the 
 public mind of his innocence. Soon after this, while the 
 whole country yet resounded with anathemas against Both- 
 well, as the murderer of the late king, parliament met ; and 
 after doing everything within its power to protect his char- 
 acter, openly recommended him, although he had a wife 
 then living, as a fit person to be the next husband of their 
 queen. Mary feigned opposition, or, at least, indifference ; 
 but not long after, while riding, with but few attendants, she 
 was violently arrested by Bothwell and an armed force, and 
 carried to the castle of Dunbar, where she was detained until 
 he procured a divorce from his wife, and proceeded to es- 
 pouse the queen. This was most probably the commence- 
 ment of Mary's ruin, as it had the effect to confirm all sus- 
 picions concerning the death of Darnley, and at the same 
 time to involve her in the same censure. A little after his 
 marriage, he prevailed on his royal wife to promote him to 
 the honor of earl of Orkney, and he even aspired to admin- 
 ister the affairs of Scotland by virtue of his marriage. The 
 popular mind, however, was too much disgusted with him to 
 allow his usurpations, and he fell into universal contempt. 
 Finding his position in no way improved by his marriage, 
 he soon became unamiable and brutal toward the queen, and 
 in the bitterness of disappointment, left the country and re- 
 tired to the Orkneys, where he remained a short time, sub- 
 sisting by piracy, and thence fled to Denmark, where, after 
 being thrown into prison and becoming a raving maniac, he 
 died in 1577, ten years before the execution of the unfortu- 
 nate Mary. 
 
 HERBERT.— Earl of Pembroke. He received this title 
 after the forfeiture of Jasper Tudor. When the people of 
 Yorkshire refused to pay the usual tribute for the support of 
 the hospital of St. Leonard's, and rose in rebellion against 
 the authorities, (see Hulderne, Robert,) Herbert was ordered 
 by Edward IV to march against them at the head of a body 
 
350 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HEE. 
 
 of Welch troops. He first succeeded in making some pris- 
 oners, among whom was Sir John Nevil, their leader, whom 
 he put to death without the form of legal trial. This en- 
 raged the rebels, and they soon after defeated the Welch, 
 and having seized Herbert, proceeded to take immediate re- 
 venge on him for the death of their leader. (1469.) 
 
 HERBERT, William.— Eari of Huntingdon. We learn 
 that he married Mary Woodville, one of the sisters of Eliza- 
 beth, wife of Edward IV, and that this marriage secured to 
 him the earldom of Huntingdon. 
 
 HERBERT, Sir Walter.— When the earl of Richmond, 
 (Henry VII,) was about to strike for the crown, Herbert 
 and Sir Rice ap Thomas were intrusted with Richard's au- 
 thority in Wales, to resist him. When Henry landed at 
 Milford Haven, in Wales, Sir Rice immediately deserted to 
 his standard, and Herbert made but a feeble resistance, and 
 yielded. Whether he went over to Henry's interest, or re- 
 mained in the service of Richard, is not certain. 
 
 HERBERT, Lord.— Earl of Worcester, and chamber- 
 lain of Henry VIII. He was appointed a member of the 
 council of Henry immediately on his accession to the crown. 
 At the time of Henry's invasion of France, Herbert com- 
 manded a body of six thousand men, and was attended by 
 some of the chief of the nobility. Assisted by the earl of 
 Shrewsbury, he formed the siege of Touraine, a town sit- 
 uated on the borders of Picardy, and was, most probably, 
 present at the " battle of the spurs." On returning from 
 this war, he was made earl of Worcester, as a tribute to his 
 valor. 
 
 HERBERT, Sir William.— Earl of Pembroke. Re- 
 markable for the facility with which he accommodated his 
 views to the different monarchs of his time. He seems to 
 have acted on the maxim, " all things to all men." Being a 
 favorite of Henry VIII, he received from the crown several 
 large grants of Abbey lands, and license to retain thirty 
 persons in his livery, beside domestic attendants. This inti- 
 macy with the king was increased by Henry's last wife, 
 Catharine Par, being a sister to Herbert's wife ; and at the 
 kings death, he appointed him a member of the privy coun- 
 cil of his son, Edward VI, and one of the executors of his 
 will. During the minority of Somerset, he was ever with 
 him, and on his fall, and the promotion of Northampton, he 
 was not less at his service. He favored the project of pro- 
 
HER.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 351 
 
 claiming the lady Jane Grey ; and encouraged it by marry- 
 ing his son, Lord Herbert, with her sister, Catharine Grey. 
 Finding the whole scheme impracticable, however, he 
 assembled the lords at his own house for the purpose of pro- 
 claiming Queen Mary, and seconded the views of Arundel 
 with oaths and threats, and an able speech. On the acces- 
 sion of Mary, he was placed in command of the royal forces, 
 and was employed in suppressing Wiat's rebellion. During 
 this reign, he was as good a Romanist as he had been a pro- 
 testant, and on the accession of Elizabeth, was again, a zeal- 
 ous protestant. Under three reigns, he was a member of 
 the privy council, and was always on the side of the crown. 
 He died, 1570, in the 63d year of his age. He possessed 
 great military talents, which often rendered much service to 
 the crown, both in domestic troubles and foreign wars. 
 
 HERBERT, Lord Henry.— Earl of Pembroke, eldest 
 son of Sir William Herbert, whom he succeeded in his title. 
 We do not learn that he ever rose to much prominence. 
 When his father was in favor of proclaiming Lady Jane 
 Grey, he saw proper to testify his sincerity by marrying this 
 son to her sister, Catharine Grey. On the failure of that 
 project, however, he testified his opposition to it by divorcing 
 them. After this, he made two other marriages, first with 
 Catharine, daughter of the earl of Shrewsbury, and secondly, 
 with Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Sidney. Over her 
 grave, beside his, in Salisbury, is the inscription so much 
 admired : 
 
 " Underneath this marble herse, 
 
 Lies the subject of all verse; 
 
 Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother : 
 
 Death, e'er thou hast slain another, 
 
 Wise, and fair, and good as she, 
 
 Time shall throw a dart at thee." 
 
 Herbert died at Wilton, January 10, 1600. 
 
 HERBERT, Henry. — Known as a minister, or agent, of 
 Queen Elizabeth, frequently sent to France and Holland on 
 the subject of the Spanish war of 1660. He stood high in 
 the confidence of Elizabeth, and seems to have been a man 
 of commanding talents. 
 
 HERBERT, Lord Edward. — Of Cherbury, born in 
 Wales, in 1581, and when twelve years old, sent to the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. At the age of fifteen, he married an 
 heiress of his own name and blood, the daughter of Sir 
 William Herbert, she being six years older than he. In 
 
352 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [~HER. 
 
 1600 he eame to London, and obtained a favorable introduc- 
 tion to the queen. At the coronation of James 1, he was 
 made knight of the bath, and ever afterward, as he states in 
 his autobiography, made it a point to miss no opportunity of 
 challenging to mortal combat any one who, in the least of- 
 fended him, or his friends. He traveled extensively on the 
 continent of Europe, lived in Paris, and served in the army 
 of the prince of Orange, where, if we are to believe his 
 own story, he performed prodigies of valor. He boasts that 
 more than one great personage had stealthily obtained his 
 picture, and is most happy in the belief that he is an object 
 of universal admiration. At the commencement of the civil 
 wars of Charles I, he sided with the parliament, and had 
 his castle demolished by the king's troops. This most vain 
 and egotistical of men died in London in 1648. All that 
 the world knows of him is what he wrote himself; and they 
 do not know half of this to be true. 
 
 HERBERT.— Attorney General of Charles I. He en- 
 tered the house of peers in 1642, and in the king's name, 
 preferred an accusation of treason against five members of 
 the house of commons, for having encouraged rebellion and 
 insurrections. As soon as this was known in the lower 
 house, an impeachment was sent up against Herbert for hav- 
 ing obeyed his master's orders. The part which he acted 
 in the revolution that followed is uncertain. 
 
 HERBERT. — Earl of Corrington and high-admiral of 
 England. Son of the attorney general of Charles I. He 
 became attached to the naval service about 1665, and rapidly 
 rose from one grade of honor to another, until he reached the 
 proud distinction of lord-high-admiral. He rendered much 
 service on the Mediterranean, in suppressing the piracies of 
 the Algerines ; and in encountering their large corsairs, per- 
 formed some of the most daring feats recorded in history. 
 After accomplishing, all that was required in the Mediterra- 
 nean, he returned home, when James II appointed him mas- 
 ter of the robes. This position, however, he did not long 
 continue to occupy. He was greatly opposed to some of the 
 measures of the crown, particularly the repeal of the Test 
 Act, the object of which appeal was to raise Roman Catho- 
 lics to the same footing with protestants ; and by his firmness 
 on this question he drew upon himself the displeasure of the 
 king, and was soon displaced. He entered, with great zeal, 
 into the project of inviting the prince of Orange to invade 
 
HER. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. . 353 
 
 England, for the purpose of checking the usurpations of the 
 crown, and went over to Holland, where he held a personal 
 interview with the prince. On the whole plan being ma- 
 tured he took command of the fleet which brought William 
 and his forces to England, and after the flight of James, and 
 the establishment of the government under William and 
 Mary, was continued in his office of admiral. After this, 
 he was employed against France, and conducted himself no- 
 bly, in several engagements, until he came to be regarded, 
 justly, as one of the greatest of seamen. Very soon, how- 
 ever, after the accession of Orange, complaints began to be 
 urged against his conduct in the victualing of the navy ; and 
 many, actuated more from envy than from any real concern 
 for the interests of the navy, or the comfort of the seamen, 
 joined in the complaint. Indignant at the treatment which 
 he had received, he resigned the office of first commissioner 
 for executing the functions of lord-high-admiral, but retained 
 that of commander-in-chief of the fleet. Soon after this, he 
 was ordered to attack the French under circumstances most 
 disadvantageous, and altogether contrary to his own judg- 
 ment. He promptly obeyed, however, but under a convic- 
 tion of duty, took such precautions, in order to save his fleet 
 from ruin, as drew upon him much popular censure. The 
 complaint was founded on ignorance, as has since been gen- 
 erally admitted, yet such was the general clamor against his 
 conduct, that he resigned his high office, and retired to pri- 
 vate life. He died at a very advanced age, in April, 1716. 
 HERBERT, Lord.— Earl of Glamorgan in the time of 
 the civil wars of Charles I. In 1643, he raised forces in 
 Wales, and took his position near Gloucester, where he was 
 attacked by Sir William Waller, of the parliament, five hun- 
 dred of his men killed, and about a thousand taken prison- 
 ers, while he, himself, escaped, with some difficulty, to Ox- 
 ford. Three years after, he was sent into Ireland, with in- 
 structions to confer with Ormond, the lord lieutenant, and 
 make arrangements for raising forces to assist the king 
 against the usurpations of parliament. Being a violent Ro- 
 mish bigot, however, he proceeded, without consulting Or- 
 mond, to enter into arrangements with the titular archbishop 
 of Tuam, and entered into a peace with the Irish rebels, al- 
 lowing to them everything which they desired, provided they 
 would arm ten thousand men in the king's cause against the 
 parliament. This transaction being discovered by accident, 
 
354 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HER. 
 
 the king was obliged to disclaim it. He admitted that he 
 had sent Herbert to raise forces in Ireland ; but that he had 
 authorised any concessions to the rebels, or permitted any ac- 
 tion independent of Ormond, he denied. The parliament, 
 however, willing to believe the worst, were slow to admit the 
 king's disclaimer ; and this silly movement of Herbert's did 
 the king immense injury. It is probable that Herbert was 
 dismissed from the royal service for this offense, as we hear 
 no more of him. 
 
 HERBERT. — An attendant of Charles 1, in his last mo- 
 ments. Whether he was of the noble family of Pembroke- 
 or a more obscure personage, is not certain: the latter, how- 
 ever, is most probable. We learn that on the morning of 
 the king's execution, he rose early, and calling Herbert, 
 bade him employ more than usual care in dressing his mas- 
 ter this, the last time, as he was, that day, to be present at a 
 great and joyful solemnity. A sad office was his. 
 
 HERBERT, Sir Edward.— Chief justice in the time of 
 James II. He was a man of eminent virtue, and thoroughly 
 versed in the principles of English law. When James re- 
 solved on the exercise of the dispensing power, in favor of 
 the Romanists of England, four of the inferior judges were 
 displaced, and Herbert, being retained, because he concurred 
 with Sir Edward Coke in supporting the doctrine of the dis- 
 pensing power, was exposed to great and general reproach. 
 
 HEREFORD, Earl of.— (See Bohun, Humphrey de..) 
 
 HEREFORD, Duke of.— (See Henry, cousin of Ed- 
 ward III.) 
 
 HEREWARD. — An East Anglian nobleman who long 
 distinguished himself by his determined resistance to the 
 Norman conquerors. Soon after the battle of Hastings, he 
 assembled his followers, and retiring into the Isle of Ely, 
 made frequent inroads into the neighboring country, causing 
 constant trouble to the Norman settlers. Here he remained 
 for some three years, in which time he was deserted by most 
 of his allies, but joined by Morcar, of Northumberland. At 
 last, William surrounded the Isle with flat- bottomed boats, 
 and made a causeway through the morasses to the extent of 
 two miles, whereby he obliged all to surrender except Here- 
 ward, who forced his way, sword in hand, through the ene- 
 my, and long after continued his hostilities by sea, until 
 William, from admiration of his valor and patriotism, re- 
 ceived him into favor and restored him to his possessions. 
 
HEW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 355 
 
 HERMENRIC. — This is the name commonly given by 
 historians to the fourth king of Kent, though some have con- 
 ferred upon the Kentish monarch of that state the name of 
 Ymbrick. Such was the darkness of the age that even the 
 names of its kings are difficult to determine. Doubtless 
 much of the difficulty in rendering the proper names of that 
 period in modern English has resulted from the barbarous 
 orthography of the Saxons. Nothing is known of the char- 
 acter of Hermenric. He died in 568. (See Ethelbert.) 
 
 HERNE. — A broken tradesmen who identified his inter- 
 ests with those of Perkin Warbeck, the famous pretender, 
 under Henry VII. Heme, Skelton, and Astley, were all of 
 the same order of Perkin's adherents, and were among his 
 principal advisers. Perhaps they were about as fit for such 
 work as for anything else. 
 
 HERON, John. — One of the Lancastrian supporters 
 against whom the act of forfeiture and attainder was passed 
 soon after the prevalence of the York party. His estates 
 fell to the crown. 
 
 HERREIS, Lord — John Maxwell. — A Scottish nobleman 
 who appears in English history, only as the personal friend 
 and advocate of Mary, queen of Scots, after her failing into 
 the power of Elizabeth. He labored to obtain, for his mis- 
 tress, a personal interview with Elizabeth, and did every- 
 thing within his power to vindicate her against the charges 
 which had been circulated affecting her character, but seems 
 never to have been able to render any very material aid to 
 the unfortunate queen. 
 
 HERTFORD, earl of.— (See Seymour, Sir Edward.) 
 
 HERTFORD, earl of.— (See Seymour, eldest son of Sir 
 Edward Seymour.) 
 
 HEVENINGHAM, Sir John.— One of five gentlemen 
 who were imprisoned by Charles I for refusing to loan 
 money to the crown, and encouraging others to a like course. 
 They had spirit enough boldly to defend their liberties, and 
 to demand their releasement, not as a favor, but as their due, 
 under the laws of England. It was urged that the command 
 of the king and council was sufficient reason for their con- 
 finement, which was not admitted by the commons. This 
 was one of the arbitrary measures of Charles which, at 
 last, provoked the free spirits of the times into revolution. 
 
 HEWS ON, Colonel.— Rose from the humble profession of 
 cobbler to a high rank in the Cromwell army. When, in the 
 
356 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HIL. 
 
 latter days of the commonwealth, a popular movement was 
 gotten up in London in favor of a free parliament, he was 
 employed to resist it by military force, and thus, after fight- 
 ing for the people's liberties, practically opposed every form 
 of legislation, or government, save martial law. The crown- 
 ing act of his military life, however, was his marching a reg- 
 iment of soldiers to London to destroy all the bears, so as to 
 prevent the amusement of bear-baiting. This daring ad- 
 venture is supposed to have given birth to the fiction of Hu- 
 dibras. 
 
 HEYDON, Sir John. — Commander of the artillery of 
 Charles I at the commencement of the civil wars, in 1642. 
 He was in the battle of Edgehill, on the 23d of October, 
 and conducted himself with great dignity and propriety. 
 How long he continued in this service is not certainly known 
 to the writer. 
 
 HI ALAS, Peter. — An ambassador of Ferdinand and Is- 
 abella, of Spain, sent to the court of Henry VII for the pur- 
 pose of negotiating the marriage of the Infanta, Catharine, 
 their daughter, with Prince Arthur. He is said to have 
 been a man of learning and address, and very soon ac- 
 complished the object of his mission. While in England, 
 Henry employed him as mediator with Scotland, for the pur- 
 pose of terminating an unhappy war which had long been 
 going on between him and James IV. In this mission, 
 however, he was not successful. 
 
 HICKFORD or HIGFORD.— Secretary of the duke of 
 Norfolk under the reign of Elizabeth. He was in the se- 
 cret of Norfolk's correspondence with Queen Mary, of Scots, 
 which, being ascertained, he was examined and tortured un- 
 til he discovered the whole plot. (See Howard, Thomas, 
 fourth duke of Norfolk. ) 
 
 HILL, Sir Roger.— One of the inglorious list of mem- 
 bers of parliament who, under the reign of Charles II, are 
 said to have been bribed by French gold. (See Sydney, 
 Algernon. ) 
 
 HILL. — Convicted and executed with Green and Berry, 
 under the reign of Charles II, for the murder of Godfrey. 
 (See Godfrey.) 
 
 HILSEY. — 'Bishop of Rochester in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. When the great question arose, whether or not Eng- 
 land should remain in subjection to the pope, he took decided 
 ground in favor of the reformation. He went much farther 
 
HOB."] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 357 
 
 than the king was in favor of; for not only was lie in favor of 
 throwing off the papal authority, but of a thorough reforma- 
 tion of the whole ecclesiastical system. As a specimen of 
 his zeal, he went to Boxley, in Kent, where was kept a mar- 
 velous crucifix called the " rood of grace," the head, eyes, 
 and lips, of which had often been seen to move on the ap- 
 proach of its votaries. Hilsey carried it to St. Paul's Cross, 
 and broke it to pieces before a vast multitude of people, and 
 shewed to them the wheels and springs by which it had been 
 caused to move, in obedience to the will of the priests. 
 
 HINGUAR. — A Danish chief who lead a marauding ex- 
 pedition into the interior of Mercia, in the reign of Ethel- 
 red. (See Hubba.) 
 
 HOBART, Sir Miles. — A very zealous parliamentarian 
 of the time of Charles I. He was a member of parliament 
 in 1629, when he used such freedom of speech as gave 
 great offense to the crown, and for which, with several others, 
 he was committed to prison. The charge was " tumult in 
 the house." The house was very indignant at this violence 
 done to the freedom of debate, and after much delay, the 
 offending members were released. What part he acted in 
 the civil war that followed, we know not. 
 
 HOBBES. — An author of some considerable note in the 
 age of the Charleses and the commonwealth. He is distin- 
 guished by great clearness and perspicuity of style, but was 
 an avowed enemy of religion, and his ethics are thought to 
 favor the worst of licentiousness, while his politics fully 
 involved the theory of despotism. In his own character, 
 he is said to have been strictly virtuous ; but in his last days, 
 was so tortured by the fear of death as to be most deeply 
 miserable. He died in 1679, aged ninety-one. His death 
 bed is said to have been one of the most fearful scenes ever 
 witnessed, showing, most conclusively, that with all the bold- 
 ness with which he had stated his infidel sentiments, he was 
 insincere, or at least, not satisfied with the views which he 
 had entertained, and which he had so strongly urged on 
 others. 
 
 HOBLEY, Sir Edward. — A member of parliament in 
 the time of Elizabeth, who spoke in such terms as caused 
 great offense at court. He afterwards complained, that what 
 he had said had been misunderstood, or misrepresented, 
 which had caused him to be reprimanded, and asked that 
 some member should be appointed to go and explain his 
 
358 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HOL. 
 
 views. This led to the passage of a vote, that henceforth, 
 no one should reveal the secrets of the house. 
 
 HOEL. — Count of Brittany at the time of the Norman 
 invasion. He even sent his eldest son, Alan Fergant, to 
 serve under William, with a body of five thousand Bretons. 
 
 HOLBORNE. — An able general of Cromwell, who was 
 sent, in conjunction with Lesley, to resist the famous earl of 
 Montrose. Their mission was entirely successful, and in 
 their first encounter, the noble Montrose was defeated, and 
 made prisoner. Soon after this, he became fully identified 
 with the Scots in their project of placing Charles II on the 
 throne ; and on encountering Lambert, was defeated, and 
 put to rout with great slaughter. We might infer from his 
 hasty somerset, that he was greatly deficient in steadiness of 
 purpose. 
 
 HOLGATE. — Archbishop of York under the reign of 
 Edward VI. The date of his consecration is not certainly 
 known to this writer. On the accession of Queen Mary, he 
 was displaced from his see, and sent to prison, because of 
 his protestant views, while a violent Romanist was thrust 
 into his place. He was imprisoned at the same time, and 
 place, with Coverdale, Ridley, Hooper, and Latimer; but by 
 some means, escaped the fires of martyrdom. 
 
 HOLLAND, Sir Thomas. — It is sufficient to say that he 
 was the first husband of Joan, called the " fair maid of 
 Kent," who afterwards became the wife of the Black Prince, 
 and mother of Richard II. 
 
 HOLLAND, Henry. — Duke of Exeter. He had married 
 the sister of Edward IV, and hence was expected to co-op- 
 erate with him against the Lancaster party. In this, how- 
 ever, he disappointed his friends, and although he bore no 
 very active part in the war, was known to be in favor of the 
 Lancastrian interest. After the battle of Touton, in which 
 the Lancastrians were completely defeated, and Edward 
 placed on the throne, Holland retired into Scotland, and an 
 act of forfeiture and attainder was passed against him. 
 
 HOLLIS, Lord Denzil. — A prominent leader of the pres- 
 byterian, or parliamentary, party under Charles I, — rather 
 over him. In the parliament of 1629, when Sir John Elliot 
 framed his remonstrance against the king's levying of ton- 
 nage and poundage, without the consent of parliament, the 
 speaker, Sir John Finch, refused to put the question, and 
 left the chair, whereupon Hollis and Valentine seized, and 
 
HOL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 359 
 
 violently thrust him back into, bis seat, and held him there 
 until the remonstrance was passed by acclamation. For this 
 offence, Hollis was fined a thousand pounds, and ordered 
 to be imprisoned during the king's pleasure. After this, we 
 hear but little of him until 1642, when he was impeached by 
 the crown for violent conduct, and for invasion of the royal 
 prerogatives. In 1648, he moved, in parliament, that all 
 the military officers of the crown should be declared traitors, 
 and treated accordingly. After the establishment of the 
 commonwealth, he became thoroughly disgusted with the ex- 
 periment, and with the oppressions of Cromwell, and was 
 among the most zealous supporters of General Monk in 
 effecting the restoration of Charles II. Soon after the resto- 
 ration, Charles rewarded his services by raising him to the 
 peerage. After this, he was a faithful supporter of the 
 crown, and was employed in several important trusts, as am- 
 bassador to France and Holland. It is asserted that he 
 united with Sidney, and others, in the French intrigue, but 
 admitted, on all sides, that he never accepted any bribes, as 
 did many of the others. 
 
 HOLLO WAY. — A merchant of Bristol who entered into 
 the famous rye-house plot against Charles II. On the dis- 
 covery of the plot, he fled to the West Indies, and was out- 
 lawed. In less than a year, however, he was arrested and 
 brought back. He confessed that he had been concerned in 
 a conspiracy for an insurrection, and even admitted that the 
 assassination of the king had been talked of, but denied that 
 he had ever approved it. He was executed, persisting in 
 this denial. 
 
 HOLLOWAY. — One of the judges who were displaced 
 by James II for refusing to sustain his views in relation to 
 the bishops who had refused to publish his indulgence to 
 Roman catholics. This was one of the last of James' rash 
 acts. A few weeks more, and he had ceased to be king of 
 England. Whether Holloway was restored, after the fall of 
 James, we are not prepared to say. 
 
 HOLMES, Sir Robert. — A famous admiral of Charles 
 II. In 1664, he expelled the Dutch from Cape Corse, on 
 the coast of Africa, and also from Cape Verde and the Isle 
 of Goree. Not far from the same time, if not in the same 
 year he sailed to New York, then known as Nova Belgia, 
 and took possession of it, though it had been settled by the 
 Dutch. At this, Charles affected great displeasure, and 
 
360 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ("hOO. 
 
 threw the admiral into the # tower, but soon released him. 
 After this, he acted an important part in the Dutch wars of 
 Charles, and took many valuable prizes. Some of his con- 
 duct is thought not to have been very honorable, nor calcu- 
 lated to reflect much glory on the nation that endorsed it. 
 Charles found it necessary to disavow some of his actions, 
 but generally availed himself of whatever advantages were 
 gained by them. 
 
 HONE. — One of the conspirators concerned in the famous 
 rye-house plot against the life of Charles II, in 1683. He 
 was a man of low order, as were many others concerned. 
 He suffered the death penalty at the same time and place 
 with Rouse, another of the conspirators, and at his execu- 
 tion, freely confessed his guilt, and the justice of his death. 
 
 HONORIUS. — An archbishop of Canterbury in the age 
 of the Heptarchy. It was he who instituted parishes in 
 England, in the seventh century. 
 
 HOOKE. — A philosopher of some note in the time of 
 James II. He devoted a great part of his life to the study 
 of animalcula, by the use of the microscope. It is not pro- 
 bable, however, that he arrested a great deal of attention in 
 his day, as that branch of science has never, even now, ar- 
 rested the attention of the multitude : yet he may have con- 
 tributed his part to the cause of science. It is by the single- 
 handed efforts of individuals that the sciences have been 
 brought to what they are. 
 
 HOOPER, John. — Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, 
 at the time of the great storm of the English reformation. 
 He was born in Somersetshire in 1495, and received his 
 education in the university of Oxford. Soon after receiving 
 his degree, he attached himself to the order of white friars, 
 called Cistercians, but soon became disgusted with them, and 
 returned to the university. About this time, his attention 
 was turned to the subject of the reformation, then in its in- 
 cipiency, and a thorough examination of the subject led to 
 his open profession of the protestant doctrines. This, of 
 course, drew upon him a great deal of popular odium, and 
 as a matter of prudence, he resigned his situation in the 
 university and sought a retreat in the family of Sir Thomas 
 'Arundel, as his chaplain. Finding himself still pursued, he 
 retired into France ; but not being very well pleased with 
 the views of the French protestants, he returned to England, 
 and lived in the house of a gentleman of the name of Saint- 
 
HOP.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 361 
 
 low. Soon, however, he was discovered, and barely escaped 
 by assuming- the garb of a sea captain. He spent several 
 years in Switzerland, whither he was heartily welcomed by 
 Zuingle, Bullinger, and others, of the continental protestants. 
 While here, he carefully applied himself to the study of the 
 Scriptures and of the Hebrew language, and also, violated 
 the rules of the Romish church by becoming " the husband 
 of one wife." On the death of Henry VIII, and the acces- 
 sion of Edward VI, he returned to England, and commenced 
 openly preaching against the superstitions of the Romish 
 church. Very soon, his zeal, talents, and learning, arrested 
 the attention of court, and in 1550, he was made bishop of 
 Gloucester, and soon after, of Worcester, and in these two 
 dioceses, labored most indefatigably, preaching, once, twice, 
 and often three times a day. The death of Edward, how- 
 ever, and the accession of the Bloody Mary, put a stop to his 
 labors, and he was cited to appear before the council. For 
 eighteen months, he was kept in prison, in which time he 
 was frequently brought before the council, and urged, alike 
 by threats and arguments, to abandon his protestant doc- 
 trines. Finding him firm in his principles, Gardiner and 
 Bonner set forth a report that he had recanted, which went 
 abroad, and was generally believed. Being informed of the 
 report, he wrote letters and sent them forth, declaring the 
 falsehood of the story, and openly professing his continued 
 attachment to the protestant doctrines. On finding their in- 
 famy thus exposed, Bonner and Gardiner resolved, at once, 
 on his death, and he was stripped of his clerical character, 
 and sent to Gloucester to be burned. Many of his friends 
 urged him to save his life by a recantation; but he refused, 
 saying that he was willing to suffer for Christ. On the 9th 
 day of February, 1555, in the presence of a great concourse 
 of people, he was burned at the stake, the queen's pardon 
 lying before him, if he would recant. His sufferings were 
 very great, the wood being green ; and he did not expire for 
 three-quarters of an hour after the fire was kindled, and his 
 lower extremities were entirely destroyed before he was 
 dead. 
 
 HOPKINS. — A Carthusian friar who is said to have en- 
 couraged the duke of Buckingham, (Stafford,) in the belief 
 that he would one day sit on the throne of England. This 
 fond conceit prompted the duke to use such means for his 
 elevation as finally cost him his life. So much for the silly 
 
 16 
 
362 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HOT. 
 
 predictions of the priests of those times. (See Stafford, 
 duke of Buckingham.) 
 
 HOPTON, Sir Ralph. — An active supporter of Charles 
 I in his civil wars. He co-operated, a great part of the time, 
 with the marquis of Hertford, and made Wales and Corn- 
 wall the chief field of his operations. He had a command 
 in the battle of Stratton, on the 16th of May, 1643, and in 
 the battle of Lansdown, on the 5th of July, following, was 
 dangerously wounded by the accidental blowing up of his 
 powder magazine. In the following year, he assembled an 
 army of 14,000 men, and attempted to break into Sussex 
 and Kent, but was met by Waller, the parliamentary gene- 
 ral, and badly defeated. His last effort was at Torrington. 
 The town of Exeter being completely surrounded by the en- 
 emy, he advanced to its relief with an army of 8,000 men, 
 but was met at Torrington by a strong parliamentary force, 
 and completely defeated. From this, he retired, with his 
 cavalry, into Cornwall ; and as this was about the last fight- 
 ing of the civil war, we have no more certain account of him. 
 HORACE. — Commonly known as Lord Vere. Father- 
 in-law of the famous Lord Fairfax, so well known as the 
 leader of the parliamentary forces of the civil wars. Horace 
 was decidedly a royalist, as w T e might infer from the high 
 tone of his daughter. (See Fairfax, Lady.) It does not ap- 
 pear, however, that he ever took any very decided part in 
 the civil wars. 
 
 HORTON, Colonel. — Commander of the forces against 
 the presbyterian insurrection in Wales, after the fall of 
 Charles I. Many of the conservative presbyterians, being 
 indignant at the military usurpations of Cromwell, rose about 
 this time, 1648, in different parts of the kingdom, for the 
 purpose of restoring the supremacy of parliament. Lang- 
 horn, Poyer, and Powel, had, in this year, raised a strong 
 insurrection in Wales. These were entirely defeated by 
 Horton. 
 
 HOTHAM. — One of those members of parliament who 
 are said, in 1678, to have accepted bribes from Barillon, the 
 French minister resident in England. If this story be true, 
 it should stamp the name with lasting infamy. It rests on 
 the authority of Barillon's dispatches, sent home at different 
 times, and now on file in the secretary's office at Paris. Of 
 Hotham's general character, we know nothing. 
 
 HOTHAM, Sir John. — A gentleman of ncient family 
 
HOU."] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 363 
 
 and ample fortune, who has considerable prominence in the 
 civil wars of Charles I. A member of parliament in 1640, 
 he took decided ground against the oppressive measures of 
 the crown, for which he was summoned before the council to 
 give an account of his conduct. Refusing, however, to an- 
 swer any questions he was committed to prison. How long 
 he remained in confinement is not certain, but in the follow- 
 ing year we find him again in parliament, and actively en- 
 gaged in the impeachment and trial of Strafford. In 1642, 
 he was appointed, by the parliament, governor of Hull, in 
 which, for a time, he rendered good service. At length, 
 however, he became dissatisfied with the course pursued by 
 the revolutionary party, and entered into correspondence with 
 the earl of Newcastle, for the surrender of Hull. The cor- 
 respondence was discovered, and he was taken to London, 
 where, with his son, he was executed, as a traitor. 
 
 HOUGH, Dr. — President of Magdalen college, in the 
 university of Oxford in the reign of James II, and perhaps, 
 under that of William and Mary. Quite a royal scene oc- 
 curred in connection with his election, At the death of his 
 predecessor James sent a mandate for the election of Far- 
 mer, a man of vile character, but a new convert of James 
 to the Romish religion. The fellows of the college made an 
 humble request that he would recall the mandate, alleging 
 that Farmer was, in no way, fit for the office. Before they 
 received an answer, the day came for the election, and they 
 elected Hough, a man of high character, and every way 
 suitable for the office. A commission was sent down to in- 
 quire into the matter, and to punish the contumacy. As the 
 investigation showed Farmer's bad character, and utter want 
 of fitness, another Romanist was nominated, of the name of 
 Parker, who was no more fit for the place, than was Far- 
 mer. The fellows replied that they were sworn to abide by 
 the statutes of the college, and hence, could not displace 
 Hough, who had been duly elected. At once, the arm of 
 power was uplifted, and by a royal mandate, Hough, and all 
 the fellows, except two who had submitted, were ejected, and 
 Parker was installed, as president. This, however, was 
 among the last acts of James' administration. Very soon it 
 was known that the prince of Orange was on his way to 
 England with a strong force, and that the best part of the 
 nation was ready to enlist under his banner. On hearing 
 this, a mandate was immediately sent, causing Hough, and 
 
364 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HOW, 
 
 all the expelled fellows, to be reinstated. All was now right 
 in the college ; but it was too late for it to avail James any- 
 thing. The die was cast. His days were numbered, as 
 king of England, and a few weeks more saw him an exile 
 beyond the waters. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord John.— Duke of Norfolk in the reign 
 of Richard III. During the reign of Edward IV, he had 
 been very efficient, as a medium of communication between 
 England and France, and was, in every respect, an able 
 and faithful courtier. When Richard came to the throne, 
 though it was through the blood of Edward V and the young 
 duke of York, Howard still felt it his duty to obey " the 
 powers that be ;" and fully devoting himself to the service of 
 the usurper, was made earl-marshal of England, and lo rd- 
 admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine, for life, as well 
 as duke of Norfolk, with immense estates. He did not, 
 however, long enjoy these high honors. When the earl of 
 Richmond, (Henry VII,) resolved on a desperate effort for 
 the crown, Howard remained firmly attached to the interests 
 of Richard, and accompanied him to the fatal field of Bos- 
 worth, where he and his royal master perished together, Au- 
 gust 22, 1485. The night before his starting, he was warn- 
 ed of his danger by an anonymous couplet set on his gate, — 
 
 " Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold, 
 For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold." 
 
 On the seventh of November following, he was attainted, in 
 parliament, of high treason, for fighting against the king of 
 England, though Henry was not even de facto, king, until 
 after the battle of Bosworth. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord Thomas.— Earl of Surrey and duke of 
 Norfolk. He was son of lord John Howard, duke of Nor- 
 folk, and was made earl of Surrey by Richard III at the 
 same time when his father received the dukedom of Norfolk. 
 As he engaged in the service of Richard, and was in the 
 battle of Bosworth, where he commanded the archers, he was 
 thrown into the tower, by Henry VII, and there detained for 
 three years and a half, and was attainted at the same time 
 with his dead father. Being informed by the lieutenant of 
 the tower, that he was at liberty to retire, he refused, until a 
 permit was sent him by the king, alleging that it would be 
 unlawful to depart without the royal authority. This evi- 
 dence of respect for authority so pleased the king that he 
 immediately made him a member of his privy council, made 
 
HOW. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 365 
 
 him his treasurer, and restored him to his title of earl of 
 Surrey, of which he had been deprived after the battle of 
 Bosworth. On the commencement of troubles on the north- 
 ern borders, he was sent, by Henry VIII, to suppress them, 
 where, by his daring feats, he gave such offense to the king 
 of Scotland that he challenged him to mortal combat. How- 
 ard declined the challenge, on the ground that his life was 
 then devoted to the king's service, and hence, that he had no 
 right to stake it in a private quarrel; but assured his majesty 
 that as soon as he should be released from such obligations, 
 he should be at his service. Soon after this, he was made 
 duke of Norfolk. After filling many of the highest stations 
 within the gift of the crown, he begged permission to retire 
 from public duty, and died, May 21, 1524. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord Thomas. — Also earl of Surrey and 
 duke of Norfolk. He received the office of treasurer on 
 the resignation of his father, December 4th, 1522. As the 
 reformation was now about its commencement, he favored 
 the king's divorce from Catharine, of Arragon, but enter- 
 tained all the Romish dogmas, and was a violent persecutor 
 of the protestants, always taking care, however, to preserve 
 a tolerable harmony with the views of the king. He was 
 the inveterate enemy of Cranmer, and did every thing in 
 his power to ruin him, for which he received a salutary rep- 
 rimand from the king. Having distinguished himself, both 
 in the military and naval service, and having married two of 
 his nieces to the king, and the king's natural son, the duke 
 of Richmond, having married his daughter, he was, almost 
 of necessity, one of Henry's most influential courtiers. From 
 some cause, however, Henry began to suspect him of inten- 
 tions on the crown ; and in 1547, he ordered him and his 
 son, the earl of Surrey, to be thrown into the tower. His 
 wife being a woman of violent temper, and wholly without 
 affection for him, became one of the chief witnesses against 
 him, and the parliament, then in session, passed a bill of 
 attainder against him and his son, Surrey. The latter was 
 executed, without delay. Norfolk was notified to prepare 
 for death , and had made all his arrangements accordingly ; 
 but the night before the day appointed for his execution, 
 Henry, himself, paid the last debt of nature ; and the exe- 
 cution did not proceed. The sentence of attainder, however, 
 stood against him during the reign of Edward VI ; but on 
 the accession of Mary, it was reversed, and his release 
 
366 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HOW. 
 
 granted, and he was one of the first to recommend her mar- 
 riage with Philip, of Spain. On the breaking out of Wiat's 
 insurrection, though more than eighty years of age, he was 
 sent to suppress it; but being deserted by most of his troops, 
 he was forced to retire to London. A few months after this, 
 (1554,) he died. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord Thomas. — Fourth duke of Norfolk, and 
 also earl of Surrey ; was eldest son of Henry Howard, earl 
 of Surrey, who was beheaded by Henry VIII. He was 
 made duke of Norfolk under the reign of Mary, but on the 
 accession of Elizabeth, readily took the oaths of allegiance, 
 and soon rose high in her estimation. On the invasion of 
 Scotland by France, in 1560, he was sent to assist in repel- 
 ling the invasion ; and after this was appointed lieutenant- 
 general of the north. When Mary, queen of Scots, had 
 been forced to flee into England, and became the prisoner of 
 Elizabeth, he heartily espoused her cause, and consented to 
 entertain a suggestion of the earl of Murray that he would 
 marry her. Finding the suggestion agreeable to the Scottish 
 queen, he resolved on it, and proceeded to obtain the consent 
 of France and Spain to the match. Unfortunately he did 
 not consult Elizabeth, knowing her to be the mortal enemy 
 of Mary. Soon, however, the secret came to her ears, and 
 she hinted to him that she had knowledge of his intentions. 
 He denied it, and denounced the report as a slander, The 
 queen, however, was satisfied of the truth of the report, and 
 caused him to be thrown into the tower. After a short con- 
 finement, he was released, on a pledge that he would dismiss 
 the matter and think no more of it. In this, however, he 
 was not sincere, and almost immediately renewed his corre- 
 spondence with Mary ; and knowing that Elizabeth would 
 always stand in the way of his schemes, he entered into a 
 conspiracy with the duke of Alva against her. This was, of 
 course, intended to be conducted with the utmost'secrecy ; 
 but in some way, it came to be known, and he was tried, 
 condemned, and executed. Elizabeth evinced great unwil- 
 lingness to sign his death warrant, and yielded, only when 
 urged by the parliament. At the time of his execution, he 
 declared the justice of his fate, but insisted that his conspir- 
 acy was not founded on any disloyal intentions, or any dis- 
 position to injure, in any way, the person or authority of 
 Elizabeth, but only to obtain her consent to his marriage 
 with the queen of Scots. Norfolk was, at that time, the 
 
HOW.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 367 
 
 only peer that enjoyed the highest title of English nobility, 
 and the splendor of his family, the opulence of his fortune, 
 and the extent of his influence, had rendered him, without 
 comparison, the first subject of England. 
 
 HOWARD, Thomas.-— Erother to the third duke of Nor- 
 folk. All that we learn of him is, that he formed the design 
 of marrying Margaret Douglas, niece to Henry VIII, by 
 his sister, the queen of Scots, and Archibald Douglas, earl 
 of Angus. Howard, as well as the young lady, was com- 
 mitted to the tower, where he died ; and an act of attainder 
 was passed against him after death. This led to the passage 
 of an act making it treason to marry, without the king's con- 
 sent, any princess related to the crown in the first degree. 
 It may here be remarked, that Mr. Hume is, probably, in 
 error as to the christian name, — as the duke of Norfolk was, 
 himself, named Thomas ; and it is hardly probable that he 
 had a brother of the same name. 
 
 HOWARD, Henry.— Earl of Surrey. Son of the third 
 duke of Norfolk. He greatly distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Flouden, and gave early presage of greatness. His 
 race, however, was short. From some cause, Henry VIII 
 conceived a violent dislike for him, as well as for his father, 
 and caused them both to be arrested and bills of attainder 
 passed against them by parliament. He was executed on 
 Tower Hill in 1547, leaving his father in full expectation of 
 soon sharing the same fate ; though the timely death of the 
 king saved him. The charge alleged against Surrey was. 
 that he had aspired to the crown by soliciting the hand of the 
 princess, Mary. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord Edward. — Second son of the third duke 
 of Norfolk. He was a celebrated admiral of Henry VIII, 
 and for a time, did much to raise the naval glory of Eng- 
 land. His race, however, was short. After defeating and 
 killing the famous Scotch pirate, Barton, he was sent against 
 France. He encountered the French admiral, Prejant, be- 
 fore Brest. Coming alongside Prejant's ship, he fastened to 
 it and leaped aboard, calling upon his men to follow. Scarce- 
 ly had he set foot on deck, however, when his cable gave 
 way, and his own ship fell back. For some time, he was 
 seen fighting with great gallantry, but finally, was pushed 
 overboard by the enemy's pikes. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord Edmond.— -Brother of Edward, being 
 the third son of the duke of Norfolk. We know very little 
 
368 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [iIOW. 
 
 of him, save that he was marshal of the horse, and com- 
 manded the right wing of the English forces at the great 
 battle of Flouden, in 1513. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord William.— Earl of Nottingham. One 
 ot the great Howard family who was appointed admiral of 
 the English navy under Elizabeth. He seems to have ac- 
 quired some distinction in the time of Mary, if not under 
 Edward VI, as he was charged with the duty of conveying 
 Philip, of Spain, into England, at the time of his marriage 
 with Mary. When the Spanish armada made its descent 
 on England, he commanded the English naval forces ; and 
 to him is England indebted for her success in resisting that 
 enterprise ; for Elizabeth was, at one time, so fully persuaded 
 of the abandonment of it by Spain, that she even ordered 
 most of the ships to be laid up. Howard thought the danger 
 was not past, and took the liberty of disobeying the order 
 and nothing but this disobedience of his could have saved 
 them. After the dispersion of the armada, Howard took 
 command of a fleet against Cadiz, which place he took and 
 plundered. On his return from this enterprise, he. was 
 created earl of Nottingham. 
 
 HOWARD, Philip. — Earl of Arundel, and son of Lord 
 Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk. Being a zealous 
 Romanist, as were nearly all the Howards, he was accused 
 of having entered into secret correspondence with Mary, 
 queen of Scots, and was, for a time, confined to his house. 
 It does not appear, however, that he ever suffered under crim- 
 inal prosecution. It was this man who introduced into Eng- 
 land the fashion of building brick houses. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord William. — Uncle of Queen Catharine 
 Howard. A bill of attainder was passed against him and 
 his lady, for misprision of treason, they having had know- 
 ledge of the violated honor of Lady Catharine before her 
 marriage, and having failed to make it known to the king. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord of Escric. — A powerful baron under 
 the reign of Charles I. He was appointed by Charles, one 
 of sixteen commissioners to treat with the Scots at Ripon, 
 on the 29th of September 1640, by which a temporary peace 
 with Scotland was secured. He was chosen for this service, 
 not because he was in favor of the prerogative claimed by 
 the crown, (for he was strictly a parliamentarian,) but be- 
 cause in common with all the commissioners, he was known 
 to be on the popular side, though conservative, and was 
 
HUB.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 369 
 
 likely, therefore, to be acceptable to the Scots, He was, 
 also, a member of the Long parliament, and was one of the 
 commissioners sent with Charles into Scotland, professedly, 
 to see that the articles of pacification were executed, but 
 really, to act as spies on. the king's person. 
 
 HOWARD, Lord. — 'First known as one of the cabal of 
 six, under the reign of Charles II. He afterwards became 
 one of the principal witnesses against Lord Russell, Alger- 
 non Sidney, and Hambden. His testimony is said not to 
 have been sustained by any very strong circumstances, but 
 has, nevertheless, been generally believed to be true. We 
 cannot, however, regard with much respect, the man who, 
 after entering into a conspiracy, and finding himself in dan- 
 ger, will seek to protect himself by turning state's witness. 
 The cabal consisted of Monmouth, Russell, Essex, Howard, 
 Sidney, and Hambden. 
 
 HOWE. — One of the many thousands who came to Exe- 
 ter for the purpose of welcoming the prince of Orange into 
 England, as the liberator of the nation. The spirit of free- 
 dom was now fully roused, and all the elements of the coun- 
 try were in activity. 
 
 HUBBA. — A Danish chief, who, in conjunction with 
 Hinguar, his brother, led a marauding expedition into the 
 interior of Mercia. They took up their winter quarters at 
 Nottingham, where they fortified themselves so strongly as 
 seriously to threaten all that part of the island. They were, 
 however, soon driven from this position, whence they re- 
 tired into Northumberland. After causing much distress in 
 this part of the island, we find them carrying on their depre- 
 dations in Wales and other parts of the west. Hubba was 
 at last slain by the earl of Devonshire, by whom the fa- 
 mous Reafen, or enchanted standard, of the Danes was 
 taken possession of. — (See Oddune.) 
 
 HUBERT. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the reigns 
 of Richard I and John. He first appears under the reign 
 of Richard as chief justiciary, but at the time of the acces- 
 sion of John, in the character of primate. He died in 1205, 
 and was succeeded by Langton, 
 
 HUBERT. — 'Commonly known, when living, as French 
 Paris. He was a servant of the earl of Bothwell, and was 
 executed for the murder of Henry Darnley. At the time of 
 his execution, he confessed his guilt, — at least, that he was 
 one concerned in the murderous plot, — but insisted that the 
 
 16* 
 
370 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HUE. 
 
 queen, Mary, was accessory to the criminal enterprise. His 
 dying testimony was generally considered strong evidence of 
 Mary's participation in the murder. 
 
 HUDA. — A governor of Surrey under the reign of king 
 Ethelwolf. A large body of Danes having established 
 themselves in the Isle of Thanet, Huda and Ealher, gover- 
 nor of Kent, ventured to attack them. In the beginning of 
 the action, they had a good prospect of success, but were 
 at last defeated and both slain. 
 
 HUDSON, Dr. — A particular friend and adviser of 
 Charles I, if not one of his chaplains. We learn of his 
 being much in secret conclave with the king during his con- 
 finement in Oxford in 1646, and that he accompanied him 
 in his stealthy flight out of the city, by night, when he set 
 out to Scotland. Of the character of Hudson, we have but 
 little information, save that he was a zealous royalist and 
 churchman. 
 
 HUDSON, Lord. — 'Appointed speaker of the house of 
 lords in 1647, when the parliament had resolved on making 
 a desperate effort to resist the encroachments of the army of 
 Cromwell. From this, we perceive that he was a moderate 
 reformer, about equally opposed to the usurpations of the 
 crown and the violence of the revolutionary army. He is 
 said to have been a man of great administrative talents'; but 
 his talents could avail nothing. The sceptre had then passed 
 alike from the crown and from the parliament. Laws were 
 then trampled under foot, and the ambition of military aspi- 
 rants was the governing element of the nation. 
 
 HUET, Dr. — A clergyman of great reputation in the 
 time of Cromwell's protectorate : — most probably of the pres- 
 byterian order. Having entered into some plot for reducing 
 the prerogatives of the protector, if not for a general revo- 
 lution, he was detected, with many others, and publicly be- 
 headed. He is said to have been a great favorite with Mrs. 
 Claypole, daughter of the protector, and his untimely end, 
 together with the reflection that her father, alone, was re- 
 sponsible for it, was generally believed to have broken her 
 heart. 
 
 HUET, Sir George. — A minister of James II who de- 
 serted him as soon as the arrival of the prince of Orange 
 was known. He was on his way to London, with the king, 
 as was also Prince George of Denmark, the king's son-in- 
 law, also the duke of Ormond, and some other persons of 
 
HUM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 371 
 
 distinction, when, having stopped to spend the night at An- 
 dover, they all deserted him in the night, and went over to 
 the camp of the prince. 
 
 HUGH EARL. — A Norman who was made governor of 
 Exeter through the influence of Queen Emma. Through 
 his negligence, or treachery, Exeter fell into the hands of 
 the Danes, in 1003, at the time of the last and great inva- 
 sion of Sweyn. 
 
 HUGH. — Earl of Chester under the reign of William the 
 Conqueror. History has preserved but little account of him. 
 When Odo, bishop of Baieux, natural brother to William, 
 conceived the design of buying the papacy, and for this pur- 
 pose, was remitting all his wealth to Italy, Hugh favored 
 his designs by applying his means in the same way, in hope 
 of preferment when Odo should mount the papal throne. 
 From this, we should take him to be a man of weak judgment. 
 HUGH. — Earl of Shrewsbury under the reign of William 
 Rufus. In the eleventh year of this reign, a descent was 
 made on the Isle of Anglesea by Magnus, king of Norway, 
 who was repulsed by Hugh. Besides this military perform- 
 ance, little is known of him. 
 
 HULDERNE, Robert. — A celebrated leader of a rebel- 
 lion, in 1469. The hospital of St. Leonards had, ever since 
 the time of King Athelstan, claimed the right to levy a 
 tribute on the plowland of the country around York, for the 
 support of the institution. The country people complained 
 that the revenue was not expended for the relief of the poor, 
 but consumed by the managers. At length they refused 
 payment, for which their goods were distrained, and their 
 persons thrown into prison. A great body rose in rebellion, 
 fell upon, and killed, the officers of the hospital, and then 
 marched to the gates of York, in a body of fifteen thousand 
 strong, under the command of Hulderne, who was taken by 
 Lord Montague in a skirmish, and immediately led to exe- 
 cution. (See Herbert, earl of Pembroke.) 
 
 HUME, Lord. — A Scottish peer who first signalized him- 
 self in English history by a sort of marauding war on the 
 northern borders of England, in the time of Henry VIII. 
 His object seems to have been to avenge the death of Barton 
 the famous Scotch pirate, who was killed by Lord Howard 
 Henry having refused to make any satisfaction for what he 
 deemed an act of justice. (See Barton.) After this, he 
 had a command in the great battle of Flouden in 1513. 
 
372 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HUM." 
 
 After this battle, in which the Scottish king was slain, Hume 
 proposed to send to France for the duke of Albany, who was 
 son to a brother of James III of Scotland, and to make him 
 regent during the minority of the prince, James V. After 
 some opposition, the measure was adopted; but when Albany 
 arrived, he happened, first, to fall into the embrace of Hume's 
 worst enemies, who very quickly succeeded in impressing 
 him with the belief that Hume was his most inveterate and 
 dangerous foe. Hume was, accordingly, seized and thrown 
 into prison. After this, however, the matter was compro- 
 mised, and he was released ; but soon after, so strong were 
 the duke's suspicions, that he was again committed to cus- 
 tody, tried, condemned, and executed, with his brother. 
 
 HUME, Lord. — Most probably a son of the above. We 
 find him pretending to support the waning fortunes of James 
 V, against the English, in 1542, but refusing, with most of 
 the nobility, to prosecute an aggressive war. After this, we 
 hear but little of him until the battle of Pinkey, in 1547, in 
 which he was dangerously wounded. Ten years after this, 
 we find him among the most violent movers against Mary, of 
 Scots, and her last husband, the earl of Bothwell. He is 
 thought to have contributed as much, perhaps, as any one 
 man, to the breaking down of the authority of Mary, by 
 which she was forced to quit the country and place herself 
 undef the fatal protection of Elizabeth. 
 
 HUME, Lord. — A Scottish peer who was made a mem- 
 ber of the privy council of James I. What sort of minister 
 he made does not appear. After the accession of Charles I, 
 we find him, in 163S, acting with the phief of the Scottish 
 nobility in a violent combination to resist the liturgy, which 
 Charles was about introducing into Scotland. Immediately 
 after the royal proclamation, a protestation was presented 
 by Lords Hume and Lindesey, which was supported by such 
 a popular influence as to bid defiance even to royalty itself. 
 
 HUME, Sir George. — Earl of Dunbar. Of the same 
 family with the above. He was among the Scottish favorites 
 of James I, and was made a member of the privy council, 
 and soon after, raised to the peerage. This partiality for 
 his kinsmen caused James much vexation, as it naturally had 
 the effect to excite the jealousy of the English, and thus to 
 perpetuate all the old animosities of the two nations. Sir 
 George Hume, however, is said to have continued a royal 
 favorite to the day of his death, and to have been one of the 
 
HUN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 373 
 
 wisest and most virtuous of all whom the king ever honored 
 with his friendship. 
 
 HUME, Sir Alexander. — Ambassador of James VI, (af- 
 terwards James I of England,) to Elizabeth. We know but 
 little of him, save that he occasionally carried messages from 
 Edinburgh to London, and vice versa, and that he had the 
 confidence of his royal master in a high degree. 
 
 HUME, Sir Patrick. — A Scottish gentleman of mild and 
 amiable disposition who, under the short reign of James II, 
 was so outraged by ill treatment that he found it necessary 
 to flee into Holland for safety. About the time of Mon- 
 mouth's rebellion, he connected himself with the earl of Ar- 
 gyle, and returned to Scotland, for the purpose of making a 
 desperate effort to throw off the despotism under which his 
 country groaned. Argyle was, however, defeated and exe- 
 cuted, and Hume narrowly escaped with his life. As soon 
 as it was known that the prince of Orange had yielded to 
 the call of the English people, and was about to invade Eng- 
 land, Hume hastened to join him, and was among the most 
 zealous supporters of the new administration. 
 
 HUMPHREY.— Duke of Glouces* er. Brother of Henry 
 V, by whom he was appointed at his death, regent of Eng- 
 land during the minority of the prince, Henry VI. The 
 parliament changed the title into guardian during the ab- 
 sence of his elder brother, the duke of Bedford, who was 
 then in France. Soon after this, he attempted a precipitate 
 marriage with the countess of Hainault, which led to serious 
 consequences, and ultimately to his death, as it involved him 
 in a quarrel with the clergy, who accused him of treason, 
 and threw him into prison, where he was soon after assas- 
 sinated, (1447;) though he had never married the countess. 
 
 HUNGERFORD, Lord.— A strong supporter of the 
 Lancaster party in the war of the roses. He was taken at 
 the battle of Hexham, and immediately condemned and be- 
 headed, by martial law. 
 
 HUNGERFORD, Sir Walter.— One of the first to at 
 tach himself to the earl of Richmond, (Henry VII,) on hh 
 landing in England. Richmond's success depended, wholly, 
 on such accessions as this, as without the prominent men of 
 the nation, he could not expect to command the masses ; and 
 as he had brought only about 2,000 men from Normandy, it 
 was matter of the greatest importance that he should very 
 quickly gather force enough to make himself feared. It is 
 
374 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [hUS. 
 
 probable that Hungerford was in the battle of Bosworth. Be- 
 yond this we know nothing of him. 
 
 HUNSDON, Lord.— One of the Carey family which flour- 
 ished at the time of Elizabeth, and was, in some way, con- 
 nected with the royal family. He was father of George Ca- 
 rey, who frequently bore messages to and from Scotland. 
 He was commonly employed at court to entertain and intro- 
 duce ambassadors. In 1569, we find him in military ser- 
 vice, employed in suppressing some northern rebellions, and 
 in 1588, when the Spanish invasion of England was pro- 
 jected by Philip, he was placed in command of the main 
 army, consisting of thirty-four thousand foot, and two thou- 
 sand horse. As the Armada never landed, however, we do 
 not find that he ever had an opportunity of displaying his 
 valor to much advantage. 
 
 HUNTER.— One of the martyrs of Queen Mary. He 
 was a young apprentice, but nineteen years of age. Hav- 
 ing been drawn into a dispute by a priest, he incautiously 
 denied the doctrine of transubstantiation. Sensible of his 
 of his danger, he immediately escaped ; but Bonner caused 
 his father to be arrested and threatened with the greatest se- 
 verities if the son were not produced. On hearing of this, 
 the generous young man hastened back to stand his trial, 
 and was soon after burned at the stake for his heresy. 
 
 HUNTINGDON, Earl of.— (See David, father-in-law to 
 the famous Robert Bruce, of Scotland.) 
 
 HUNTINGDON, Earl of.— (See Herbert, William.) 
 
 HUNTINGDON, Earl of.— (See Hastings.) 
 
 HUNTINGDON, Earl of .—A half brother of Richard 
 II. He was a great personal favorite of the king, and was 
 advanced to the title of duke of Exeter, but deprived of that 
 honor by Henry IV. Enraged at this, he united with sev- 
 eral other noblemen, who had suffered a like privation, and 
 got up a conspiracy for seizing the king's person. Being 
 detected in their conspiracy, they were met by a strong royal 
 force, defeated, made prisoners, and executed, after which, 
 according to the barbarous custom of the times, they were 
 " drawn and quartered." The name of this peer I have not 
 been able to ascertain, with certainty. 
 
 HUNTINGFIELD, William de.— One of the twenty- 
 five barons who composed the executive council under the 
 great charter of King John. 
 
 HUSSEY, Lord. — Found guilty as an accomplice in the 
 
HYD.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 375 
 
 great insurrection of Lincolnshire in 1537, under Henry 
 VIII, and summarily executed. Sometime after his death, 
 a bill of attainder was passed against him in parliament. 
 
 HYDE, Sir Nicholas. — An obsequious courtier of Charles 
 I who was made chief justice on the displacement of Sir 
 Randolph Crew, who was esteemed unfit for the purposes of 
 court. The great question had arisen, whether the judges 
 might grant bail to any person who had been committed to 
 prison by the king, or council. Crew, being found to favor 
 the affirmative, was displaced, and Hyde raised to the office, 
 he being known to favor the negative. There are some 
 things in his farther history which seem to favor the idea 
 that he afterwards became less obedient, and even opposed 
 some of the pretensions of the crown. 
 
 HYDE. — Father of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon. 
 To his high and manly virtues the world is infinitely indebt- 
 ed for the noble character of his son. When the youthful 
 Edward was about entering on the study of law, his father 
 is said to have urged upon him, with great earnestness, this 
 salutary lesson : " Shun the practice, too common in that 
 profession, of straining every point in favor of prerogative, 
 and perverting so useful a science to the oppression of liber- 
 ty." This short, but most important charge was reiterated 
 by the anxious father, immediately after which he was 
 stricken by apoplexy, and expired in his son's presence. The 
 lesson sunk deep into the breast of the son, and was never 
 forgotten by him in his future life. 
 
 HYDE, Sir Edward.— Earl of Clarendon. A writer of 
 considerable merit under the reign of Charles II. He was 
 always the friend of liberty and of the constitution ; but at 
 the commencement of the civil wars ot Charles I, devoted 
 himself to the king's service, in consequence of which he 
 was pursued with the most unrelenting animosity by the 
 Long parliament. He shared all the fortunes, and directed 
 all the councils of Charles II, in his exile, and was made 
 secretary of state and lord chancellor immediately after the 
 Restoration. His counsels are said to have been wise, and 
 his influence to have gone very far both to the re -establish- 
 ment of monarchy and to restrain the violence of the royal- 
 ists. Even previous to the Restoration he had become al- 
 lied to the royal family by the marriage of his daughter, 
 Ann Hyde, to the duke of York, James II, and is said to 
 have been greatly concerned, lest so great an elevation might 
 
376 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [HYD. 
 
 be followed by a great fall. Soon his fears were realized. 
 Not having taken extreme ground, nor fully identified him- 
 self with either party, he had but their partial confidence, 
 and had much of the ill will of both. In 1667, he was im- 
 peached in the house of peers by the earl of Bristol, after 
 which his credit with the king rapidly declined, and he was 
 dismissed from the office of chancellor. Finding his life in 
 danger from the impeachment, he fled into France, after 
 which an act of banishment was passed against him. In 
 his exile, he suffered much violence, but wrote his valuable 
 " History of the Rebellion," with several other works, which 
 have served to immortalize his name. He died December 
 9, 1674, aged sixty-six. (See Ann Hyde.) 
 
 HYDE, Henry.— Earl of Clarendon, being the eldest 
 son, and successor, of Sir Edward Hyde. His first service 
 at court was that of chamberlain to the queen of Charles II, 
 but such was his disgust at the ill treatment received by his 
 father, that he was neither amiable nor popular at court. At 
 the death of his father he was raised to the peerage, and 
 took his seat in the house of lords as earl of Clarendon. At 
 first, he was in bad odor, in consequence of his father's late 
 misfortunes ; but on the introduction of the bill which was 
 to exclude the duke of York, (James II,) from the throne, 
 he took such decided ground against it as raised him, at 
 once, to royal favor, and in 1680, he was made a privy coun- 
 sellor, and afterwards, on the accession of James, sent as 
 viceroy to Ireland. In common with most protestant cour- 
 tiers, however, he was soon called on to abandon his faith 
 and profess the Romish religion, and on refusing, was dis- 
 placed from office. On the accession of William and Mary, 
 he refused to take the oath of allegiance, insisting that James 
 II, though unjust, tyrannical, and even in exile, was the 
 true sovereign. For his contumacy, he was thrown into the 
 tower, and after some months' confinement, on being re- 
 leased, retired to his country residence, where he died in 
 1709, aged 71. He wrote a volume of ". State Letters," 
 "Diary," and some other works, which appeared many years 
 after his death. 
 
 HYDE, Laurence. — Earl of Rochester. Second son of 
 Sir Edward Hyde. Being brought up at court, he entered, 
 very early, on the duties of public life. After acting as am- 
 bassador to several foreign courts, he was raised to the peer- 
 age. After tins, he was made president of the council and 
 
IDE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 377 
 
 lord treasurer, and being brother-in-law to the duke of York, 
 (James II,) he rose to the most prominent position at court. 
 When the famous exclusion bill, which was to prevent the 
 duke of York from inheriting the crown, was brought before 
 the peers, he warmly opposed it, and pressed the claims of 
 the duke. On the death of Charles, and the accession of 
 James, he was called upon to declare himself a Roman 
 Catholic; and on his refusing, was dismissed from the office 
 of treasurer. In common with most of the nobility he hear- 
 tily embraced the plan of inviting the prince of Orange to 
 invade England, and contributed all his influence to place 
 him on the throne. Soon after this, he was appointed lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, where he conducted himself with so 
 much dignity, and evinced so much of administrative talent, 
 that on the accession of Queen Anne, he was again made 
 president of the council, which place he filled until very near 
 the time of his death. He died in 1711, and has been gen- 
 erally regarded as one of the wisest and best of statesmen. 
 
 I 
 
 IBARRA. — A Spanish governor of Holland in the time 
 of Elizabeth. He united with Fuentes, his associate gov- 
 ernor, in bribing Roderigo Lopez, the physician of Elizabeth, 
 to destroy her by poison. At least, such was the testimony 
 of Lopez at his execution, (See Lopez, Roderigo.) 
 
 IDA. — Commonly called the first king of Northumberland, 
 though he assumed the crown under the title of king of Ber- 
 nicia. Nearly 100 years before, — soon after the landing of 
 Hengist and Horsa, — a great number of Saxons had been 
 planted in Northumberland, but such had been the violence 
 of the opposition from the natives that none had dared to as- 
 sume the title of king. Ida landed in 547, with a strong 
 military force, and after subduing all the county now called 
 Northumberland, together with the bishopric of Durham and 
 some of the southeast counties of Scotland, he established 
 the kingdom of Bernicia. This was soon afterward united 
 with the kingdom of Deiri, of which iElla was the founder, 
 and the two united took the name of the kingdom of North- 
 umberland. (See iElla.) 
 
 IDEN. — The gentleman of Sussex who killed the infa- 
 mous John Cade. (See Cade, John.) 
 
378 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ["iNG. 
 
 INA. — The twelfth king of Wessex. He was a warlike, 
 but prudent and virtuous prince. He subjugated many of 
 the Britons in the western parts of the island, but showed to 
 them a degree of lenity not before shown by the Saxons to 
 any of the natives, admitting them to the privileges of citi- 
 zens and placing them on the same level with the Saxons. 
 His reign of 37 years is generally regarded as one of the 
 most glorious in the history of the Heptarchy, and terminated 
 in 726. In the decline of his life, he made a pilgrimage to 
 Rome, and after returning, shut himself up in a cloister, 
 where he died. 
 
 INCHIQUIN.-— An Irish chief of the time of Cromwell, 
 who had great authority over the protestants of Munster. 
 He co-operated with the commonwealth against the Spanish 
 and papal influence, and contributed, in no small measure, 
 to preserve the authority of the English government. He 
 took sides, however, with Ormond, in favor of royalty, and 
 against the usurpations of Cromwell, but was soon over- 
 borne, and all his efforts made unavailing. 
 
 INGILD. — Brother to lna, twelfth king of Wessex. 
 
 INGLEFIELD, Sir Francis. — A zealous friend and sup- 
 porter of Mary, queen of Scots, during her confinement in 
 England, and an active operator in the Babington plot, which 
 had for its object the assassination of Elizabeth and the ele- 
 vation of Mary to the throne of England. The letters of 
 Mary, which were intercepted by Walsingham, and which 
 proved so fatal to the Scottish queen, were addressed to 
 Mendoza, Paget, Inglefield, and others. Whether Ingle- 
 field escaped punishment is not certain. 
 
 INGOLDSBY, Colonel Richard. — An enterprising officer 
 of Cromwell's army, and one of the judges of Charles I. 
 When Richard Cromwell had given offense by making cer- 
 tain promotions among those not esteemed " godly," among 
 the more devout, he is said to have pointed to the colonel, 
 saying, " Here is Dick Ingoldsby, who can neither pray nor 
 preach ; yet will I trust him before ye all." A little after 
 this, he heartily united with G-eneral Monk in his plan for 
 restoring Charles II ; and was ever after, so far as we learn, 
 a peaceable subject. 
 
 INGHAM, Lord. — One of the council of regency during 
 the minority of Edward HI. We know very little of him. 
 
 INGRAHAM, Lord. — Another of the council of regency 
 during the minority of Edward III. 
 
ISA.'I BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 379 
 
 INOIOSA. — A Spanish ambassador who resided at the 
 court of James I. He seems to have entertained the kind- 
 est feelings toward James, as appears in an honest and 
 disinterested effort which he made to convince him of the 
 mischief which was likely to result from the influence of 
 George Villiers, duke of Buckingham. 
 
 IRELAND, Father. — One of the great number of Jes- 
 uits who were executed on the testimony of Oates and Bed- 
 loe, under the reign of Charles II. He clearly proved an 
 alibi, notwithstanding he had been deprived of the use of 
 his pen during his confinement, and protested his innocence 
 even in his last moments. Nevertheless, he was found 
 guilty ; and there is great reason to apprehend that he was 
 a victim of mere prejudice. 
 
 IRELAND, Duke of.— (See Vere, Robert de.) 
 
 IRETON. — Son-in-law of the protector, Cromwell, and 
 one of his most enterprising and daring generals. The racy 
 pen of Hume describes him as '• a man who, having grafted 
 the soldier on the lawyer, the statesman on the saint, had 
 adopted such principles as were fitted introduce the severest 
 tyranny, while they seemed to encourage the most un- 
 bounded license in human society. Fierce in his nature, 
 though probably sincere in his intentions, he purposed by 
 arbitrary power to establish liberty, and, in the prosecution 
 of his imagined religious purposes, he thought himself dis- 
 pensed from all the ordinary rules of morality, by which 
 inferior mortals must allow themselves to be governed." He 
 was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and was killed at 
 the siege of Limerick, November 26, 1651. 
 
 IRONSIDE.— (See Edmond Ironside.) 
 
 ISABELLA. — Mother of Robert Bruce, the famous pre- 
 tender to the crown of Scotland at the same time with John 
 Baliol. 
 
 ISABELLA. — Second wife of King John. She was 
 daughter of the count of Angouleme, and had been, for 
 some years betrothed to the count de la Marche, and was 
 even consigned to his care, though by reason of her tender 
 years, the marriage had not been consummated. To this ob- 
 stacle was added that John's former wife was still living ; but 
 a divorce was easily obtained, and the count was induced to 
 carry off his daughter from the house of her affianced hus- 
 band and marry her to the king of England. After the 
 death of John, she was married to the count de la Marche, 
 
380 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [iSA. 
 
 and bore him four sons, Guy, William, Geoffrey, and Ay- 
 mer, who became great favorites in the court of Henry III. 
 
 ISABELLA. — Daughter of King John and wife of the 
 emperor Frederic II. 
 
 ISABELLA.— Wife of Edward II. She was daughter 
 of Philip, king of France, and was affianced to Edward in 
 a treaty between Philip and Edward I some ten years before 
 the death of the latter. She united with the barons against 
 her husband in the Spenser controversy, and went over to 
 Paris, ostensibly for the purpose of composing certain diffi- 
 culties between Edward and her brother Charles, but really 
 for the purpose of plotting her husband's ruin. While here, 
 she contracted a criminal intimacy with Roger Mortimer, 
 with whom she afterward lived in open adultery until the 
 time of his death. After betrothing her son, Prince Edward, 
 to the countess of Holland, she succeeded in landing forces 
 enough in England to compel the king's abdication and es- 
 tablish the young prince in his stead, though she and Morti- 
 mer were really the administrators of the government. (See 
 Mortimer, Roger.) Immediately after the execution of 
 Roger, she was placed in confinement in her own house in 
 Risings, near London, and her revenue reduced to 4,000 
 pounds a year. Her son, Edward III, paid her a visit once 
 or twice a year during the remainder of her life, but her base 
 adultery with Mortimer, her conspiracy against her husband, 
 and the general impression that she was privy to his murder, 
 had fixed a stain on her character which time could never 
 remove. 
 
 ISABELLA, — Second wife of Richard II. She was 
 daughter to Charles VI of France, and at the time of her 
 espousal to Richard, who was then a widower, was only 
 seven years old. Richard's object in so unequal a marriage 
 was to engage the interest of France in his behalf against 
 his own barons. After his death, Isabella returned to her 
 father. 
 
 ISABELLA.— Eldest daughter of Edward III. She was 
 married to Ingelram de Coucy, earl of Bedford. 
 
 ISLE, Brian d'. — One of the Barons who refused to re- 
 sign their castles into the hands of Henry III, when required 
 to do so by Herbert, the justiciary, after the pope had de- 
 clared the prince of full age, and no longer under the re- 
 gency. They even formed a conspiracy, and twice marched 
 
JAM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 381 
 
 to London, but finding the king well prepared for tbeir re- 
 ception, attempted no further violence. 
 
 IVEY. — One of the Irish witnesses sent over to England 
 in the time oL' Charles II, to testify against the duke of Or- 
 mond. Mr. Hume says of him as of all the other witnesses, 
 " they possessed neither character sufficient to gain the be- 
 lief for the truth, nor sense to invent a credible falsehood." 
 
 JAMES I.— Of Scotland, second son of Robert III. The 
 duke of Albany, Robert's brother, had assumed the govern- 
 ment of Scotland, being possessed of talents superior to 
 Robert, and determined on destroying his brother's children 
 and securing the crown to his own family. David, the eld- 
 est son, was starved to death in prison, and James escaped 
 only by a hasty shipment for France. The vessel, however, 
 which bore him beyond the reach of his uncle, fell into the 
 hands of the English, and, though only nine years of age, 
 he was carried a prisoner to London, where he was detained 
 during the life of Henry IV. Henry V carried him into 
 France, and forced him, though a prisoner, to issue a procla- 
 mation forbidding the Scotch to assist the French in resisting 
 the English invasion. At length, after a tedious detention 
 of eighteen years, when the duke of Albany had become 
 heartily tired of his ill-gotten authority, the exiled prince was 
 restored for a ransom of forty thousand pounds, and proved 
 one of the most illustrious princes of Scotland. He was 
 murdered in 1437 by his traitorous kinsman, the earl of 
 Athoie, in the forty- fourth year of his age. 
 
 JAMES II. — King of Scotland, son of James I. He 
 inherited the throne at the death of his father when only 
 six years old, (1437.) After coming to man's estate, he 
 conceived the idea of recovering those places which the 
 English had formerly wrested from the Scottish crown. The 
 York and Lancaster war, then going on in England, afford- 
 ed a favorable opportunity, and in 1460 he laid seige to Rox- 
 burgh. He had provided himself with a small train of ar- 
 tillery for the enterprise which proved fatal to him. One of 
 his miserably constructed cannon burst as he was firing it, 
 and put an end to his life, in the 30th year of his age. He 
 
382 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [jAM. 
 
 is said to have been severe toward his nobles, but kind and 
 humane toward the common people. 
 
 JAMES III. —Of Scotland. Son of James II, whom he 
 succeeded at his death in 1460, being then only six years 
 old. He was a weak and contemptible prince, and per- 
 ished in battle in the 35th year of his age, (1488.) He 
 appears in English history only in consequence of the as- 
 sistance rendered by Edward IV in a rebellion against him. 
 
 JAMES IV. — King of Scotland. Succeeded his father, 
 James III, in 1488, at the age of 16. He took care to pre- 
 serve friendly relations with France/and assisted her against 
 England in the time of Henry VIII. His hostility to Eng- 
 land cost him his life, as he was slain in the battle of Flou- 
 den in 1513. He was a spirited and energetic prince, and 
 his death was generally regarded as a public calamity. 
 
 JAMES V. — King of Scotland. Succeeded his father, 
 James IV, when only eighteen months old. During his 
 minority, the kingdom was administered by his mother, Mar- 
 garet, of English birth. When seventeen, he assumed the 
 government for himself, and became a good, though not a 
 great prince. He was careful to maintain the institutions of 
 religion, though he was several times engaged in foreign 
 wars. He died December 13, 1542, leaving an only child, 
 Mary Stuart, — the unfortunate Mary, — then but eight davs 
 old. 
 
 JAMES VI. — Of Scotland; better known as James I 
 of England. Only son of the ill-fated Mary, queen of 
 Scots, by her second husband, Lord Henry Darnley. Born in 
 1566, and but a child at the time of his mother's falling into 
 bad odor at home, and into the hands of Elizabeth, of Eng- 
 land. Although nominally king of Scotland from that time, 
 by virtue of his mother's resignation, he was never really 
 free until the death of Elizabeth, when he was called to the 
 throne of England (1603.) His early partialities for the 
 Scotch was a cause of great jealousy among the English, 
 and his attachment to the protestant religion determined the 
 Roman Catholics to destroy him, and all his court, with both 
 houses of parliament by gunpowder. (See Fawkes, Guy. ) 
 His constitutional cowardice is thought to have prevented 
 the success of his plot, though the effect of it was to make 
 him, even afterwards, a greater coward, perhaps, than he 
 would otherwise have been. From this, or perhaps from a 
 love of the arts of peace, he cultivated the most friendly re- 
 
JAM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 383 
 
 lations with all the neighboring nations, wrote books, found- 
 ed colleges, disputed with priests, prated loudly about the di- 
 vine rights of kings, complained of his parliament, but yield- 
 ed almost everthing asked, and thus prepared the way for the 
 revolution, which resulted so fatally to his son, Charles I. 
 His greatest weakness, perhaps, showed itself in his choice 
 of unworthy favorites, such as George Villiers, Robert Carre, 
 and others about equally unworthy. He died on the eighth 
 of April 1625, aged 59, and in the twenty-second year of 
 his reign. He is generally regarded as a good prince, but 
 contained, in his nature, very little of " the stuff that kings 
 are made of." 
 
 JAMES II. — 'Succeeded his brother, Charles II, on the 
 throne of England. He was born on the 14th of October, 
 1683, and until the death of Charles, was known by his title, 
 duke of York. He was scarcely arrived at manhood when 
 his father, Charles I, was led to the scaffold, and he was 
 forced to fly into France, where he remained during the pro- 
 tectorate, exercising himself in some of the French wars. 
 On the restoration of his brother, he was made admiral, and 
 greatly distinguished himself in the Dutch wars. As Charles 
 had no legitimate sons it was generally apprehended that 
 James, in case of his surviving his brother, would become 
 his successor. This was greatly deprecated, in consequence 
 of his being a violent Romanist ; and a bill of exclusion, in- 
 tended to deprive him of this inheritance, passed the house 
 of commons, though it was lost in the peers. The worst 
 fears were realized. Charles died suddenly, and James took 
 up the sceptre of England. At once, he conceived the wild 
 design of introducing the Romish religion, and employed the 
 most tyrannical measures for its accomplishment. Quickly 
 the fears and the prejudices of the nation were roused. The 
 prince of Orange, his son-in-law, was invited by the people 
 to invade their country for the protection of their laws and 
 their religion. At first, he seemed insensible of danger; 
 but when the truth was forced upon him, that Orange was in 
 England, with a powerful army, and that nearly all England 
 had rallied under his banner, the truth was no longer con- 
 cealed from him, that the sceptre had departed from him; 
 and he fled to France for safety. On hearing that William 
 and Mary were seated on his throne, he gathered a few 
 forces, and proceeded to Ireland, hoping, by the Roman 
 catholic influence, in that country, to raise an army, and re- 
 
384 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. f JAM. 
 
 turn to his throne. But the effort was fruitless. He retired 
 to France, and died on the 16th of September, 1701, aged 68. 
 
 JAMES. — Eldest son of James II, and among the Ro- 
 man catholics, commonly called James III. In consequence 
 of his father's expulsion, however, or rather, his resignation, 
 the young prince never became anything more than a mere 
 pretender. He died in Rome in 1766, from which we may 
 infer that he fully inherited the Romish religion of his father. 
 A religion, the violence of which had cost them their crown, 
 should certainly have given them support in the hour of death. 
 
 JAMES. — Steward of Scotland, and father of the royal 
 house of Stuart. He was governor of the castle of Rox- 
 burgh when Scotland was invaded by Edward I, and surren- 
 dered that castle to Earl Warren. Although he was then 
 forced to swear fealty to Edward, we afterwards find him in 
 arms against him, and he was chief in the Scottish command 
 at the battle of Falkirk. 
 
 JAMES, Dr. — 'Physician to Queen Elizabeth. If we 
 judge of his merits from the position which he occupied, we 
 must conclude that he stood high in his profession. 
 
 JAMES , Lord. — Earl of Murray. Natural son of James 
 V, of Scotland, and one of the chief ministers of his sister 
 Mary, queen of Scots, during her short and unhappy reign. 
 He became greatly dissatisfied, however, at her marriage 
 with Lord Darnley, and evinced great uneasiness lest the 
 influence of the house of Lenox should operate against his 
 own interests. He joined the conspiracy of malcontents at 
 Stirling, and thence proceeded to London to lay his griev- 
 ances before Elizabeth. After declaring, before the Spanish 
 and French ambassadors, that Elizabeth had taken no part 
 in the affair at Stirling, which she well knew to be false, she 
 drove him from her presence, calling him an unworthy traitor. 
 After the fall of Mary, and during her confinement in Eng- 
 land, he used every means in his power to effect her utter 
 ruin by representing her as certainly accessory to the murder 
 of her husband. During most of this time, he was regent 
 of Scotland, Mary having resigned the crown to her son 
 James, and he being still a minor. He was assassinated in 
 1570, by a gentleman of the name of Hamilton, for having 
 seduced his wife. His unnatural violence to his half-sister, 
 Mary, has ever been supposed to have proceeded wholly 
 from motives of ambition, it being his chief aim to place 
 himself on the throne of Scotland. 
 
JAN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 385 
 
 JAMES. — A madman who wounded Justice Hayward 
 while in the exercise of his office, in the reign of Charles I. 
 As James was known to be a Romanist, when in his senses, 
 the act was, at once, construed into an ecclesiastical move- 
 ment, and declared to be the breaking out of a " popish plot;" 
 and the whole country was, for -some time, in a general fer- 
 ment. The "gunpowder plot" had left the nation exceed- 
 ingly nervous on the subject of popish plots. (See Hayward. ) 
 
 JAMES. — Duke of Monmouth and earl of Orkney. Nat- 
 ural son of Charles II, by Lucy Walters, He was born in 
 1649, and gave early indications of genius. His royal 
 father showed him many attentions, and gave him prominent 
 positions in the army. For a time, he promised well; but 
 ambition was the poison of his destiny. He desired nothing 
 short of the crown ; and knowing that it could never descend 
 to him by inheritance, he even formed a conspiracy for de- 
 throning his father. For this offense, he received the par- 
 don of the king. But he was not yet satisfied. He retired 
 into Holland, and after the accession of James II, attempted 
 a regular invasion of England. He was defeated at Sedge- 
 moor, and taken before the king, of whom he earnestly 
 craved pardon. The heart of James, however, was never 
 touched by penitence. Monmouth was found guilty of trea- 
 son, and on the 25th of July, 1685, was beheaded under cir- 
 cumstances so appalling as to wring the heart of the whole 
 nation. His death, however, was just, and doubtless, 
 necessary. 
 
 JANE. — Wife of David Bruce, king of Scotland, and 
 daughter to Edward II, of England. Her marriage was 
 negotiated by Mortimer, after the death of her father, and 
 in the minority of Edward III. 
 
 JANE. — Countess of Hainault. She was mother-in-law 
 to Edward III, of England, and being sister to Philip, king 
 of France, was successful in settling, or restraining, a seri- 
 ous quarrel between those two monarchs. 
 
 JANE. — Second wife of Henry IV. She was daughter 
 of the king of Navarre, and, at the time of her marriage 
 with Henry, widow of the duke of Brittany. 
 
 JANE. — Eldest daughter of King John. She was mar- 
 ried to Alexander, king of Scotland. 
 
 JANE LANE. — Sister of Colonel Lane, who protected 
 Charles II after his final defeat at Worcester. On leaving 
 the house of Lane, the king was conducted by Jane, as her 
 
 17 
 
386 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [jA 
 
 N. 
 
 servant, to the house of her relrtive, Mrs. Norton, near 
 Bristol, where he was introduced as the son of a poor farmer. 
 (See Pope, the butler.) After the restoration of Charles, 
 she received some presents from him. 
 
 JANE SHORE.— A favorite mistress of Edward IV. 
 She was born of respectable parents in London, was well 
 educated, and married to a substantial citizen. The match, 
 however, proved unfortunate, and she soon yielded to the crim- 
 inal proposals of her royal lover. During Edward's life, she is 
 said to have exerted a good influence with him, and to have 
 done much to soften the asperities of his temper. After his 
 death, his brother, (Richard III,) brought an accusation 
 against her of having bewitched him by sorcery. She was, 
 accordingly, brought to trial ; but not being convicted, Rich- 
 ard ordered her to be tried before the ecclesiastical court for 
 adultery ; and she did penance in a white sheet in St. Paul's, 
 before a large assembly of people. After this, she was 
 abandoned by all her former admirers: none had the hu- 
 manity to bring her the least consolation or relief, and she 
 dragged out a miserable existence in solitude and the most 
 extreme poverty. 
 
 JANE GREY. — Of sad memory. She was daughter of 
 Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by Frances Brandon, dow- 
 ager of France, who was sister of Henry VIII. With this 
 color of title to the crown, and the great unwillingness of 
 the dying king, Edward VI, to have his sister Mary suc- 
 ceed him, he issued letters patent, just before his death, ap- 
 pointing the Lady Jane Grey his successor. She was then 
 but sixteen years old, and had recently married Lord Guil- 
 ford Dudley. When informed that she was to be queen, she 
 received the intelligence with indifference, and when, at the 
 death of Edward, she was forced to submit to the ceremony 
 of coronation, she passed through the pageant with sadness, 
 and consented to wear the crown of England, only in com- 
 pliance with the earnest entreaties of her father, father-in- 
 law, and husband. Her regal honors were of short duration. 
 In a few days, it became manifest that the mind of the na- 
 ion had decided in favor of the " Bloody Mary." Lady 
 Jane cheerfully resigned the crown, and all her friends de- 
 serted her. Soon she saw many of them, including her 
 father and her husband's father, led to the scaffold, and in 
 about three months, suffered, with her husband, the same 
 sad fate. She and her husband were not executed together, 
 
JAQ.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 387 
 
 it being their request that they might not, as the effect might 
 be to weaken their religious purpose. She saw her husband 
 passing to the scaffold, and Irom the window of her cell, gave 
 him her last token of recognition ; and soon alter, saw his 
 headless body drawn back in a cart. When led to execu- 
 tion, she confessed her crime in having consented to receive 
 the crown, but insisted that she had erred less through ambi- 
 tion than filial affection. Deeply imbued with the spirit of 
 the protestant religion, she died in full hope of salvation 
 through the -atonement of Christ. Her education was most 
 thorough, considering her age, and she wrote with facility in 
 French, Italian, Latin, and Greek, and read the Hebrew, 
 Arabic, and Chaldee. She died February 12, 1554. 
 
 JANE SEYMOUR.— Third wife of Henry VIII. She 
 was daughter of Sir John Seymour, and maid of honor to 
 the queen, Anne Boleyn, in which situation she won the 
 heart of the king. Henry had, but one mode of gratifying 
 his passions ; and that was by marriage. He would never 
 resort to adultery. This was too much for his conscience ; 
 but he scrupled not to bring an innocent wife to the block ojf 
 the executioner in order to obtain another more to his mind. 
 In. consequence of his passion for J^ady Jane, Anne was 
 charged with adultery, and the infant princess, Elizabeth, 
 torn from her bosom, after which she was led to the scaffold, 
 and died, as all have testified, in spotless innocence. Henry 
 testified his deep affliction on the occasion by marrying Jane 
 Seymour the next day. This marriage was crowned by the 
 birth of the noble young prince, Edward VI ; but the queen 
 mother died in childbed on the second day after the birth of 
 her son. She was greatly in favor of the protestant religion, 
 and while she lived, rendered great service to Archbishop 
 Cranmer in advancing the work of the reformation. 
 
 JANE SEYMOUR.— Daughter of Protector Somerset. 
 She was married to Lord Dudley, son of the earl of War- 
 wick, soon after her father's abject submission, by which he 
 obtained his release and restoration to the council. We know 
 but little of her. 
 
 JAQUELINE. — Countess of Hainault and Holland. She 
 was espoused to the duke of Brabant, but having made this 
 choice from motives which usually govern the marriages 
 of princes, she soon became dissatisfied. She was a woman 
 of masculine spirit and remarkable force, while her husband 
 was of a sickly complexion and weak mind. She applied 
 
388 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [jEF. 
 
 to the pope to dissolve the marriage, but he refused. She 
 then flew to England, and asked the assistance of Hum- 
 phrey, duke of Gloucester. He became, at once, her admirer, 
 and entered into matrimonial engagements with her ; but the 
 pope, still refusing to dissolve her former marriage, and even 
 declaring that in case of her husband's death, it should never 
 be lawful for her to marry the duke ol Gloucester, the scheme 
 was abandoned. (See Humphrey, duke of Gloucester.) 
 
 JAQUELINE.— Of Luxembourg. Second wife of John, 
 duke of Bedford, and afterward, wife of Sir Richard Wood- 
 ville, and mother of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. Her 
 marriage to the duke of Bedford is said to have given great 
 offense in France,^ of which he was then regent in the 
 minority of Henry VI, and to have contributed, in no small 
 degree, to alienate the French people, and cause them to 
 return to their own rightful sovereign. After the death of 
 Bedford, she espoused Sir Richard Woodville, afterwards 
 known as the elder earl of Rivers, by which marriage she 
 became the mother of Elizabeth, who, without any preten- 
 sions to noble birth, was unexpectedly raised to the throne of 
 England. (See Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV.) 
 
 JEFFRIES, Sir George. — Recorder of London in the 
 time of Charles II. He was an ardent supporter of the pre- 
 rogatives of the crown, and exerted all his influence against 
 the right of the people to call for a parliament. In 1680, the 
 parliament petitioned the king against him, which so alarm- 
 ed him that he resigned his office, and was succeeded by Sir 
 George Treby, a great leader of the popular party. 
 
 JEFFRIES, Lord. — Chief justice of king's bench and 
 chancellor, under the reign of James II. He appears, first, 
 as recorder of the city of London, under the reign of Charles 
 II. In this position, he soon arrested the attention of the 
 court, and was made solicitor to the duke of York, after- 
 wars James II. On the accession of James, he became one 
 of the chief instruments of his oppressions. Having acted 
 a most sanguinary part in the trial of Sidney, m which he 
 seems to have gotten the scent of blood, he was prepared, 
 henceforth, for the bloodiest work of which despotism could 
 conceive. His conduct as judge, on the trials of those who 
 had entered into Monmouth's rebellion will ever be remem- 
 bered with abhorrence. For this work, however, he received 
 a peerage from the king. Soon after this, he was appointed 
 a member of James' court of high commission ; but being 
 
JEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 389 
 
 required to embrace the Romish religion, he declined, and 
 retired from public life. On the invasion of the country by 
 the prince of Orange, he disguised himself with the intention 
 of escaping from the country, but was recognized in a beer 
 house by some one who had good reason to remember him. 
 Immediately the intelligence flew around the lower circles, 
 and a mob assembled, by whom he was seized and beaten 
 so severely that he died in a few days. He was possessed 
 of superior talents, and but for the ferocity of his temper, 
 and his utter want of moral principle, might have been one 
 of the great men of his times. As it is, his name will go 
 down to posterity only to perpetuate the memory of one of 
 the most brutal characters the world has ever known. 
 
 JENKINS, Judge.— One of the favorites of Charles I. 
 It is probable that he assisted in the oppressions so loudly 
 complained of, by giving such constructions to law as to fa- 
 vor the king's theory of government. In 1648, the parlia- 
 ment demanded a bill of attainder and banishment against 
 him ; Charles absolutely refused compliance, but consented 
 to his being exiled for a limited time. After this we lose 
 sight of him. 
 
 JENKINS, Sir Leoline. — A statesman of much promi- 
 nence under the reigns of Charles II and James II. He 
 was born in 1623, and educated in the university of Oxford. 
 At first, he was remarkable only for his scholarship, and as 
 an accomplished teacher. At the time of the civil wars, 
 however, he showed so much zeal for royality, that he was 
 regarded as dangerous to the popular party, and obliged, on 
 the fall of Charles .to retire to the continent. At the Resto- 
 ration he returned, and was amply rewarded for his zeal in 
 the royal service. For several years, he was a member of 
 parliament, and after filling many offices with much credit, 
 was made secretary of state. As a member of parliament, 
 he opposed the " exclusion bill ; " but by his opposition to 
 certain measures of the court was obliged to retire to private 
 life. On the accession of James II, he was made a mem- 
 ber of the privy council ; but soon after, finding himself 
 sinking under the infirmities of age, he retired from public 
 life, and died in 1685. 
 
 JENNINGS. — A gentleman who, in the reign of Charles 
 I, was committed to prison, with Pargiter and Danvers. 
 Bail, or releasement, was insisted on under the " petition of 
 right," which had been previously admitted by Charles. The 
 
390 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [jEB. 
 
 detention of these men in prison was generally regarded as 
 a violation of the "petition of right," and great excitement 
 prevailed throughout the country. 
 
 JENNISON. — A Jesuit, charged by Titus Oates with 
 being concerned in the "popish plot" of 1678. He was 
 represented as having said that there were 20,000 catholics 
 in London who, in case of a general insurrection, could 
 easily cut the throats of 100,000 protestants, in one night. 
 He was arrested on Oates' testimony, but whether executed, 
 or not, does not appear, with certainty. If he escaped, it 
 was a marvel, for those times. 
 
 JEPHSON, Colonel. — An obsequious flatterer of Crom- 
 well. Soon after the establishment of the protectorate, he 
 moved, in parliament, that Cromwell be appointed king of 
 England. Soon after this, the protector asked him, in af- 
 fected displeasure, what had induced him to make such a 
 motion. To this Jephson replied, as if with a mighty effort 
 of manliness, " As long as I have the honor to sit in parlia- 
 ment, I must follow the dictates of my own conscience, 
 whatever offense I may be so unfortunate as to give you!" 
 At this, the protector gave him a gentle blow on the shoulder, 
 saying, " Get thee gone, for a mad fellow as thou art !" 
 
 JERMYN. — A principal officer in the parliamentary 
 army who was opposed to the violence of the malcontents, 
 and in favor of more freedom for the parliament. Being 
 persuaded that the soldiers were generally disgusted with 
 certain preferences which had been shown to the Scotch, he 
 undertook to arrange matters with them, so as to keep an 
 army at the door of parliament, and thus effectually to re- 
 strain the violence of certain members. The measure met 
 the approval of the king, but was never carried out. He 
 was equally opposed to the abuses of executive prerogative 
 and to the violence of faction. Many prominent officers 
 were concerned in this movement. 
 
 JERNEGAN, Sir Henry. — One of those who, immedi- 
 ately on the death of Edward VI, took decided ground in 
 favor of Mary, against the Lady Jane Grey. On the 
 breaking out of Wiat's insurrection, he accompanied the 
 duke of Norfolk against them. Their troops deserted them, 
 and they were forced to retire to London. After this, we 
 hear no more of him. 
 
 JEROME. — One of the " noble army of martyrs " in the 
 cause of the reformation. He was committed to the flames 
 
JOA."] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 391 
 
 at the same time with Dr. Barnes and Gerrard: also, with 
 the three Romanists, Abel, Fetherstone, and Powel. The 
 three former were burned for not believing in the Romish 
 doctrines, the latter for believing in the papal supremacy. 
 Henry held the doctrines of the Romish church, but claimed 
 supremacy for himself, and would admit of no other jurisdic- 
 tion in England. 
 
 JOAN. — A daughter of Edward I. She was first mar- 
 ried to the earl of Gloucester, and afterward to Ralph de 
 Monthermer. 
 
 JOAN. — Commonly called the "Fair Maid of Kent." 
 She was daughter to the earl of Kent, wife of the celebrated 
 Black Prince, and mother of Richard II. Previous to her 
 marriage with the Black Prince, however, she had been mar- 
 ried to Sir Thomas Holland, a gentleman of noble birth. 
 (See Holland, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 JOAN. — Second daughter of Edward III. She was be- 
 trothed to Alphonso, king of Castile, but died before the con- 
 summation of her marriage. 
 
 JOAN. — Youngest daughter of Henry II. She was 
 married to William II, king of Sicily, after whose death 
 she was superceded in the government, and even confined, 
 by Tancred, until her brother Richard's arrival on his way 
 to the Holy Land, when she was set at liberty, and accom- 
 panied him as the companion of his wife, Berengaria, on 
 the crusade. 
 
 JOAN OF ARC— Commonly known as the " Maid of 
 Orleans." Henry V had conceived the design of annexing 
 France to his dominions, and at his death, had appointed the 
 duke of Bedford regent of France during the minority of his 
 son, Edward VI. For many years the country was in a de- 
 plorable condition, and the prospect was, that it must ulti- 
 mately be made a part of the British empire. When all 
 hopes were crushed, and the spirit of the nation broken, 
 Joan, a servant of a small inn, who had been accustomed to 
 tend the horses and ride them without saddle to the watering 
 places, made known that she had received a commission 
 from heaven to free her country from foreign oppression. 
 She professed to have direct communication with heaven, to 
 see visions, and to be inspired with celestial understanding. 
 She soon succeeded in rousing the superstitions of the com- 
 mon people, which was encouraged by the nobility, as the 
 last element of hope to the nation. She was clad in full 
 
892 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_J0H. 
 
 armor, mounted on a charger, and placed, ostensibly, at the 
 head of the armed forces of France, though really under 
 the watchful eye of able generals. The troops were in- 
 spired with new courage, the English were driven from their 
 strongholds, and the rightful prince, Charles VII, was raised 
 to the throne. Not only the French, but the English, re- 
 garded her with a superstitious veneration, and trembled as 
 she threatened them with the vengeance of heaven in case 
 they did not immediately evacuate the kingdom. After the 
 coronation of Charles, she declared her commission dis- 
 charged, and asked permission to retire, but was urged to 
 remain until things were better settled. She consented, but 
 soon after fell into the hands of the English, and was cruelly 
 burned for sorcery. Although she renounced, before her 
 death, all pretension to divine inspiration, such was the cru- 
 elty of her treatment that her death is said to have done 
 more for her country than had even the active services of 
 her life. She was only twenty-four years old at the time of 
 her death, (1431.) 
 
 JOAN BO CHER. — Commonly known as Joan of Kent. 
 Burned for heresy in the reign of Edward VI. She was 
 one of the two martyrs of that reign. She had denied that 
 Christ was incarnate of the Virgin Mary, and insisted that 
 although human, to appearance, he had, in reality, nothing 
 of outward humanity. Young Edward was greatly opposed 
 to her execution, and signed her death warrant in tears. 
 
 JOHN. — Earl of Holland. For the purpose of strength- 
 ening his cause on the continent, Edward I married his 
 daughter Elizabeth to him. He figures, however, but little 
 in English history. 
 
 JOHN. — Infant son of Edward I, born at Acre, while 
 Edward was on his crusade to the Holy Land. The prin- 
 cess Eleanor, with her infant, returned home before the 
 king, and Edward, while in Italy received intelligence of the 
 death of his child, at the same time that he was informed of 
 the death of his father, Henry III. 
 
 JOHN. — Duke of Brabant. Known in English history 
 only by his connection with the royal family. He es- 
 poused the princess Margaret, daughter of Edward I. 
 
 JOHN. — Earl of Cornwall, youngest son of Edward IL 
 He died very young. 
 
 JOHN OF BRET AGNE.— Earl of Richmond and neph- 
 ew to Edward II. He commanded a military expedition, 
 
JOH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 393 
 
 sent by Edward into Guienne. The commission was most 
 probably founded on his relation to the royal family, more 
 than on any superior talents or fitness for the place. 
 
 JOHN. — A cardinal of the pope, resident in England in 
 the reign of William the Conqueror. We learn that he as- 
 sisted the legate, Ermenfroy, in the trial and degradation of 
 Stigund, archbishop of Canterbury. (See Stigund.) 
 
 JOHN. — Mareschal of the exchequer under Henry II. 
 When Henry had determined on humbling Thomas a Becket, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, he engaged John to sue him in 
 the archiepiscopal court on account of certain lands, part of 
 the manor of Pageham, and to appeal from the decision of 
 that tribunal to the king's court. This was the commence- 
 ment of open hostilities between Henry and the primate. 
 (See Becket.) 
 
 JOHN. — Constable of Chester. One of the barons who 
 refused to surrender their castles to Henry III on his being 
 declared of full age, and no longer subject to the regency. 
 He yielded only when threatened with excommunication. 
 
 JOHN. — Third king of the Plantagenet line ; some- 
 times called Lacland, because his father left him no ter- 
 ritory. He was the fourth son of Henry II, and had no 
 better title to the crown than the mere fact that he had out- 
 lived all his brothers, and was able to supplant prince Arthur, 
 son of his brother Geoffrey, who was the rightful heir at the 
 death of Richard I. As soon, however, as Richard was 
 dead, John availed himself of some popularity which he had 
 won in the kingdom during his brother's absence in the cru- 
 sade to mount the throne. Young Arthur was soon disposed 
 of. Being surprised by John he was taken prisoner, and 
 soon after disappeared under circumstances which have ever 
 since stamped John with the infamy of having secretly de- 
 stroyed him. His weakness was too well known to Philip, 
 of France, to admit of his long enjoying his kingdom in 
 peace. That monarch invaded, and soon stripped him of 
 nearly all his dominions on the continent. Soon after this, 
 he had the misfortune to incur the displeasure of the pope. 
 An interdict was laid on the whole kingdom. The services 
 of religion were suspended, the churches were closed, the 
 living were without the sacraments, and the dead were buried 
 without funeral rites. This not having the desired effect, 
 the pope issued a sentence of excommunication against him, 
 and soon after declared the subjects of John absolved from their 
 
 17* 
 
394 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. L J0H « 
 
 allegiance to him ; and last of all, deposed him, and formally 
 gave his kingdom, then declared to be without a sovereign, 
 to the king of France, who proceeded, at once, to prepare 
 for an invasion of England. John assembled a great army 
 to oppose him, but his men shuddered at the thought of fight- 
 ing for an excommunicate king, — especially against a nation 
 which had just been authorized by the pope, the vicegerent 
 of God on earth, to come and take possession of the king- 
 dom. In the last extreme of helplessness, John consented 
 to do homage to the pope for his crown and kingdom. He 
 cast himself at the feet of Pandolf, the pope's legate, and 
 did homage as a vassal under the feudal laws : laid before 
 him a large sum of money which the legate trampled under 
 his feet in expression of contempt, resigned all his domin- 
 ions to God, to St. Peter and St, Paul, and to Pope Inno- 
 cent and his successors in the papal chair, and agreed to hold 
 his dominions as a feudatory under the pope by an annual 
 payment of a thousand marks. Thus in the thirteenth century 
 was the English church, by its unfortunate connection with a 
 weak and time-serving monarch, prostrated beofre the papal 
 court, and made a dependency of the church of Rome. The 
 fallen monarch being now contemptible before all men, the ba- 
 rons determined on requiring some relaxation of a govern- 
 ment which, with all its weakness, had been rather oppressive. 
 The pope defended him against the unreasonable exaction, 
 but he was forced in the midst of a dangerous war with his 
 own barons, to sign the act of magna charta, or the great 
 charter by which the executive power passed virtually, from 
 the crown to the barons of the realm. Soon after these con- 
 cessions, John made known his determination not to be 
 bound by an instrument which he had signed under compul- 
 sion. The pope released him from all obligation to observe 
 the charter, and he called foreign forces into England for the 
 purpose of reducing the barons. The barons called on Phil- 
 ip, of France, for aid. The people renounced their king 
 and swore allegiance to Philip, whose forces were thrown 
 into England in sufficient numbers to crush the feeble and 
 ruined monarch. At this critical period John died, (1216,) 
 in the seventeenth year of his inglorious reign. 
 
 JOHN. — Of Mountfort, duke of Brittanny ; he married 
 the princess Mary, third daughter of Edward III. He ap- 
 pears but seldom in English history. 
 
 JOHN OF GAUNT.— So called from the place of his 
 
JOH."| BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 395 
 
 birth, Gaunt, or Ghent. Duke of Lancaster. He was the 
 youngest son of Edward III; but from him sprang that branch 
 which afterwards possessed the crown. He accompanied 
 his brother, the Black Prince, into Spain, for the purpose of 
 restoring Peter, king of Castile, who had lately been de- 
 posed by his brother. After accomplishing the object of their 
 mission, John espoused the daughter of the Castilian mon- 
 arch, whereby he obtained the empty title, and claimed the 
 succession of that sovereignty. He did not, however, press 
 his claim, but resigned it to his daughter, whom he after- 
 ward married to the heir apparent to the crown of Castile ; 
 and in lieu of the crown, received an honorable pension, for 
 life. His son, Henry IV, succeeded to the crown of Eng- 
 land on the death of Richard II, and was the first of the 
 house of Lancaster. John is remarkable for being among 
 the first who favored the cause of the protestant reformation, 
 and for the protection which he gave to the famous John 
 Wicliffe, who has been justly denominated the father of 
 the Reformation. He was, also, brother-in-law to Chaucer, 
 the earliest of English poets, to whom he extended a liberal 
 patronage. He died in 1399, in the 59th year of his age. 
 
 JOHN. — Duke of Somerset. Grand-son to John of 
 Guant by a spurious branch, but legitimated by act of parli- 
 ament. He was father of Margaret, wife of Edmond Tu- 
 dor, earl of Richmond, and hence the maternal grandfather 
 of Henry VII. Little is known him. 
 
 JOHN. — Duke of Bedford. Second son cf Henry IV. 
 He was prominent in the court of his brother, Henry V, and 
 at the death of that prince received from him the appoint- 
 ment of regent of France, Henry having conceived the de- 
 sign of adding that country to his dominions. After the 
 death of Henry, the parliament saw proper to appoint him 
 protector, or guardian of England during the minority of 
 the young prince, Henry VI. In this high position, -all 
 England was at his command — and without the title of king, 
 he was really one of the most powerful princes of his times. 
 His influence was likewise extensively felt in France, as 
 well as at home ; and in the exercise of his regency, he even 
 caused prince Henry VI to be crowned at Paris, and many of 
 the chief nobility of France to take the oaths of fealty to him, 
 as their lawful monarch. This, however, amounted to little 
 more than a ceremony, England was slow in sending him 
 the necessary supplies, and desertions were frequent. The 
 
396 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [jON. 
 
 famous Maid of Orleans, (Joan of Arc,) had roused alike 
 the spirit and superstition of the French nation, and led them 
 to many victories ; and although she at length fell into his 
 hands, and was cruelly burned for heresy and witchcraft, the 
 influence oi her death was not less potent than that of her 
 life and presence. The French people returned to their own 
 monarch, and English affairs every day went more and more 
 to decay, until all was lost, and soon after, the duke of Bed- 
 ford died at Rouen, (1435.) He was a prince of rare abili- 
 ties, and of many virtues ; and but for his barbarous execu- 
 tion of the Maid of Orleans, his memory would have been 
 unsullied. (See Joan, of Arc.) 
 
 JOHN. — Earl of Oxford, and father of Aubrey de Vere. 
 Being detected soon after the accession of Edward IV, in a 
 correspondence with Queen Margaret, dowager of the late 
 Henry VI, he was condemned and executed under martial 
 law. 
 
 JOHN. — Earl of Lincoln. Son of John de la Pole, duke 
 of Suffolk. A man of superior talents and lawless ambition, 
 who caused much trouble to Henry VII by the part which he 
 acted in the famous rebellion of Lambert Simnel. It has 
 been generally understood that it had been the intention of 
 his uncle, Richard III, in case he died childless, to make 
 John his successor. Finding his hopes blasted, he was 
 ready to enter into any measure which promised disturbance 
 to Henry. He was killed at the battle of Stoke, in 1487. 
 
 JOHNSTONE, Sir Archibald.—Of Warriston. An ac- 
 tive parliamentarian during the civil wars of Charles I } and 
 largely concerned in the king's death. On the restoration 
 of Charles II, he was attainted, and fled to France ; but was 
 seized about two years after, brought home, and executed. 
 
 JONES, John. — A gentleman of some note who entered 
 into the famous Babington conspiracy for the assassination of 
 Queen Elizabeth, and the establishment of Mary, of Scots, 
 on the throne of England. (See Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 JONES, Colonel Michael. — A parliamentary officer of 
 much distinction in the civil wars of Charles I. He had 
 been a lawyer, previous to this; but such was the ardor of 
 his patriotism that he now chose to proceed by force of arms 
 rather than according to law. Being sent into Ireland, he 
 was made governor of Dublin, and after performing prodi- 
 gies of valor, died in 1649. 
 
 JONES, Colonel John. — Perhaps a relation of Colonel 
 
JON. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 397 
 
 Michael Jones. We find him in military service in Ireland 
 at the time of Richard Cromwell's resignation, and threaten- 
 ing Henry Cromwell, deputy of .Ireland, if he did not re- 
 sign, also. 
 
 JONES. — A persevering royalist who entered into a con- 
 spiracy against the authority of Cromwell, after the estab- 
 lishment of the commonwealth. The intention was to have 
 a general rising of the royalists, throughout the kingdom ; 
 but when the day came, such had been Cromwell's vigilance 
 that it had broke out only at Salisbury. About two hundred 
 horse, commanded by Jones, Groves, and Penruddoc, en- 
 tered the city and broke up the court of assizes, then in 
 session. Soon after this, they were routed, and the leaders 
 of the movement put to death, — Jones among them. 
 
 JONES, Judge. — Impeached by the pailiament, under 
 Charles II, for having expressed the opinion that many of 
 the first reformers were fanatics. The impeachment, how- 
 ever, was not sustained by the peers, and he held his office 
 until after the accession of James II, by whom he was dis- 
 placed for the purpose of obtaining a judiciary that would 
 better sustain the crown's construction of law, 
 
 JONES, Inigo, — Master of the king's buildings in the 
 time of Charles I. He was employed, as architect, in the 
 rebuilding of St. Paul's, and in obedience to the order of 
 council, pulled down some buildings to make room for it. 
 For this, he was prosecuted by the parliament, under the 
 protectorate. 
 
 JONES, Sir William. — For some time attorney general 
 under Charles II, After resigning this office, he was elected 
 a member of parliament, where he distinguished himself by 
 the great zeal with which he defended the exclusion bill 
 against the succession of the duke of York, — James II. He 
 also displayed great talent and legal lore in the prosecution 
 of Strafford, and has been supposed to have contributed his 
 full share of influence toward the ruin of that noble peer. 
 
 JONES, Sir Theophilus. — A royalist resident in Ireland 
 at the time of the restoration of Charles II. When General 
 Monk sent information into that country of an intention of 
 an effort to restore monarchy, Jones eagerly embraced it, 
 and co-operated with Lord Broghill and Sir Charles Coote 
 in taking possession of the government, to the exclusion of 
 Ludlow, who had been, previously, in authority. 
 
 JONSON, Benjamin. — Commonly known as Ben Jon- 
 
398 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fjOY. 
 
 son. Born in 1574, and thrown into life under all the dis- 
 advantages of a hard and grinding poverty. His early ed- 
 ucation seems to have been limited, but he early discovered 
 genius, and resolved on employing his pen for a subsistence. 
 Pressed, however, by extreme poverty, he was, for a time, 
 driven to the stage, in hope of better and readier remuner- 
 ation. Very soon he found that he could never excel as an 
 actor ; and in deep anguish of soul, he set about writing 
 plays. At first, his success in this work was such as to sink 
 his spirits, and drive him to the very borders of madness. 
 Through the influence of Shakespeare, however, his plays 
 were brought into notice, and from this, he gradually rose to 
 eminence, and was, by James I, appointed poet laureate, 
 at a salary of 100 pounds a year, which, in addition to the 
 sales of his plays, made his circumstances more easy than 
 they had ever been. Still, however, he remained poor, and 
 died in 1637, in the sixty -third year of his age. 
 
 JORDAN, Sir Joseph. — A naval officer of considerable 
 prominence in the Dutch wars of Charles II. When the 
 brave Sandwich was killed in the memorable battle of Sole- 
 bay, in 1672, Jordan succeeded him in command, and acted 
 his part so nobly as to command the admiration of the whole 
 fleet. 
 
 JOYCE.— -First a tailor, but raised to the rank of cornet, 
 and one of the most active agitators in Cromwell's army. An 
 anecdote of him will give some idea of his character. Soon 
 after Charles I had been delivered up by the Scots, and 
 while he was kept at Holdenby, Cromwell formed his mili- 
 tary parliament, from which orders were issued in accord- 
 ance with the wishes of the army. One order was for Joyce 
 to go and take the king to the army. Soon after, Joyce ap- 
 peared before the king, having passed the guards, with a re- 
 spectable body of troops, telling him that he must immedi- 
 ately go along with him. "Whither?" asked the king. 
 " To the army." " By what warrant?" was asked. To this 
 he replied by pointing to his soldiers, and displaying his pis- 
 tols. Resistance was out of the question, and in a few 
 hours, Charles was in the camp. The army were surprised. 
 It was Cromwell's movement ; but Joyce was certainly a fine 
 actor. 
 
 JOYE. — A coadjutor of Tyndal in the work of the Ref- 
 ormation. When seriously threatened by Henry VIII, at 
 home, these two men, with some others, fled to Antwerp, 
 
jul:"] biographical index. 399 
 
 where they were protected, and carried on the work of trans- 
 lating the Scriptures and writing protestant books, which 
 were sent into England, and exerted a vast amount of influ- 
 ence. 
 
 JUDITH. — Queen of Ethelwolf, second king of all Eng- 
 land. She was a daughter of Charles the Bald, then king of 
 France. Being much younger than Ethelwolf, after his 
 death, she was espoused by his son, Ethelbald, but afterward 
 divorced at the urgent entreaty of Swithun, the archbishop 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 JUDITH. — Wife of the magnanimous, but ill-fated, Wal- 
 theof. She was a niece of William the conqueror, by whom 
 she had been married to this noble Englishman, most proba- 
 bly for the sole purpose of engaging his influence in his 
 favor ; the prevailing prejudices of the English being still 
 a serious barrier to the ultimate success of William's enter- 
 prise. Judith is said to have formed other attachments, and 
 hence when her husband made known to her his having been 
 unsuspectingly drawn into a conspiracy against the king, by 
 the Norman barons, instead of encouraging his manly pur- 
 pose of disclosure, or concealing his error, she at once com- 
 municated it to the king, with every conceivable circumstance 
 of aggravation to her husband's guilt, and was content only 
 when he had been condemned and executed ; his timely dis- 
 closures by which the conspiracy was broken up, notwith- 
 standing. Soon after the execution of her husband, she in- 
 curred the king's displeasure, and, abandoned of all the 
 world, passed the remainder of her days in contempt, re- 
 morse, and misery. (See Woltheof.) 
 
 JULIUS FRONTINUS.— - A military governor in Bri- 
 tain under the Roman emperor Vespasian. He succeeded 
 Cerealis, and was succeeded by Julius Agricola. Beyond 
 this, little is known of him. 
 
 JULIUS AGRICOLA. — A bold and enterprising Roman 
 governor who held mrlitary possession of Britain under the 
 emperors, Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. He received his 
 commission about A. D. 86. Previous to the commencement 
 of his administration, the Roman authority in Britain had 
 been rather nominal than real, the spirit of the Britons hav- 
 ing never yielded to the Roman yoke. This great com- 
 mander, however, formed a regular plan for subduing the 
 country, and rendering the acquisition useful to the conquer- 
 ors. He penetrated the interior, defeated the natives in 
 
400 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [jUX. 
 
 every encounter, reduced all the southern states to subjection, 
 and carried his victorious arms north even into the forests and 
 mountains of Caledonia. He established a line of garri- 
 sons between the friths of Clyde and Forth, and thus pro- 
 tected the Roman provinces of the island from the incursions 
 of the more barbarous tribes of the north. During these 
 military enterprises, he neglected not the arts of peace. He 
 introduced laws and the arts of civilization, encouraged the 
 pursuits of agriculture, and instructed the Britons in letters 
 and science, thereby reconciling them to the Roman language, 
 and spared no pains to render the chains which he.had forged 
 both easy and agreeable. By the terror of his arms, the 
 rigors of the Roman law, and the benevolence of his own 
 character, he completely overcame the spirit of the British 
 states, who now acquiesced in the dominion of their masters, 
 and were gradually incorporated as a part of the Roman 
 Empire. Thus the name of Julius Agricola is distinguished 
 as the first real conqueror of Britain. 
 
 JUSTUS. — The first bishop of Rochester after the plant- 
 ing of Christianity among the Saxons by Augustine. He is 
 thought to have been established in the see of Rochester 
 about the year 605. In the general apostacy which soon 
 after took place, he became discouraged and deserted his 
 post. (See Eadbald.) 
 
 JUXON, William. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the 
 reign of Charles II. He was first made bishop of Hereford, 
 but before his consecration, translated to London. Soon 
 after this, he was created lord treasurer, by which he was 
 fully identified with the ministry. It is not a little remarka- 
 ble, that through the whole storm of the revolution, he suf- 
 fered no violence, while Archbishop Laud and his royal 
 master were both brought to the scaffold. After the death 
 of Charles, however, he was called upon to make known the 
 meaning of the king's last words, as just before laying his 
 head on the block, he had turned to him and said, " Remem- 
 ber !" This mystery he refused to solve ; and for this ob- 
 stinacy he was thrown into prison. After the restoration of 
 Charles II, he was raised to the see of Canterbury. He 
 died on the 4th of June, 1665, aged 81. 
 
KEN.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 401 
 
 K 
 
 KARNE? Sir Edward. — A courtier of Henry VIII, sent 
 with Bonner to the pope, as " excusator " for the king' refusal 
 to plead before the papal court, in the case of his divorce 
 from Catharine, of Arragon. 
 
 KEILING. — A salter of London who took some violent 
 measures in arresting the mayor at the suit of Papillon and 
 Dubois, the noted sheriffs, and soon after, connected himself 
 with the ryehouse plot. Having gotten into its secrets he 
 resolved on reconciling himself to the court and canceling 
 his former offenses, by divulging the plot. By this piece of 
 bad faith, he accomplished his object, and, perhaps, saved 
 he life of Charles II, but destroyed many other valuable lives. 
 
 KEITH, Lord. — One of the Scottish nobility who fell in 
 the great battle with Edward Baliol on the banks of the 
 Erne. He occupies but little space in the history of England. 
 
 KEITH, Sir William. — He was placed in command of 
 the Scottish garrison at Berwick for its defense against Ed- 
 ward III, of England. He was shut up in this place for two 
 months, when he engaged to capitulate, or surrender, in case 
 he did not receive assistance within a few days. While this 
 treaty was pending, Douglas gave battle to the English at 
 the memorable battle of Halidown Hill, in which the Scots 
 were totally defeated, and Keith immediately surrendered. 
 
 KEITH, Edward. — 'Earl mareschal of Scotland under the 
 reign of David Bruce. He was slain in the memorable bat- 
 tle of Neville's cross, in 1346. (See Philippa, Queen.) 
 
 KEITH, Sir William. — A gentleman of the bed-chamber 
 of James VI, of Scotland, (afterward James I, of England,) 
 sent by his royal master to Queen Elizabeth, on hearing 
 that sentence of death had been pronounced on Mary, queen 
 of Scots, to remonstrate against so great an outrage. Keith 
 was faithful to his trust, and ably represented the filial inter- 
 est of James for his mother. The labor, however, was vain : 
 Elizabeth was inexorable. 
 
 KELSEY. — At first, a zealous supporter of Cromwell; 
 but finding himself wholly eclipsed by the glory of the pro- 
 tector, he united with Fleetwood, and others, in a military 
 cabal against the commonwealth, for which he was cashiered. 
 
 KEN, Thomas. — Bishop of Bath and Wells in the reign 
 of James II. He had been chaplain of Charles II, by 
 whom he was appointed bishop, but his consecration did not 
 
402 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [KEN. 
 
 take effect until after Charles' death. When called, upon by 
 James to favor the establishment of Romanism, he refused, 
 with great decision. On the accession, however, of William 
 and Mary, he refused to take the oath of allegiance, and 
 was displaced from his diocese. After this, he lived in re- 
 tirement, and devoted his time to the writing of several 
 works which have since been regarded valuable. 
 
 KENDRED. — The eighth king of Mercia. He was the 
 son, though not the immediate successor, of W T olfhere, his 
 uncle Ethelred having, in some way, — perhaps by will of the 
 father, — detained the crown, which, after a prosperous reign 
 of thirty years, he resigned to Kendred. Although he was 
 the rightful heir, according to the law of succession, he 
 seems to have regarded the gift as wholly a matter of favor, 
 and not of justice, and hence, after wearing the crown three 
 years, he resigned it to Ceolred, a son of Ethelred, and 
 making a pilgrimage to Rome, passed his life there in pen- 
 ance and devotion. 
 
 KENEDY, Gilbert.— Earl of Cassilis. Made prisoner, 
 with many other Scottish noblemen, by Henry VIII. They 
 vvere all liberated by leaving hostages for tKeir return. When 
 called for, Kenedy was the only one who had the honor to 
 return. Henry was so much pleased with his manliness, 
 that he made him many large presents, and sent him home, 
 with his two brothers, who had been left as hostages. 
 
 KENELM. — The fourteenth king of Mercia, if, in fact, 
 he can be said ever to have been king, at all. He was 
 minor heir apparent to the crown at the death of his father 
 Kenulph, but was murdered in the course of that year, — 
 819, — by his sister Quendrade, who had conceived the design 
 of assuming the government. 
 
 KENESWITHA.— Wife of Offa, king of Essex. She 
 was a Mercian princess, daughter to Penda. She was aban- 
 doned of her husband, who made a vow of chastity, went on 
 a pilgrimage to Rome, and shut himself up in a cloister for 
 life. . 
 
 KENNETH. — A Scottish prince, cotemporaneous with 
 Egbert, of England. He was a warlike prince, and was 
 the first who effectually subdued the Picts, and brought them 
 in subjection to the Scotch monarchy. (See Egbert.) 
 
 KENNETH III.— King of Scotland of the same date 
 with Edgar, of England. When Edgar obliged eight tribu- 
 tary princes to row him in a barge, Kenneth is said to have 
 
KEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 403 
 
 been one of them. This, however, is denied by the Scottish 
 historians. (See Edgar. 
 
 KENRIC. — The son and successor of Cedric, and hence 
 the second king of Wessex. He came over from Germany 
 in company with his father, and assisted him in subjugating 
 the Britons and gaining military possession of the territory 
 of which they were afterwards, both kings. In one of the 
 hardest-fought battles, it is said that victory was determined 
 on the side of the Saxons only by the desperate courage of this 
 prince, his father having been well nigh defeated in the early 
 part of the action. Under the reign of Kenric, the king- 
 dom, begun by his father, was fully established, and the 
 foundation laid for its future greatness among the states of 
 the heptarchy. He died in 560, after a reign of twenty-six 
 years. (See Cedric.) 
 
 KEN RID. — The eighth king of Northumberland. He 
 was of the royal family but a usurper of the throne, which 
 he obtained by murdering young Osred, and thus staining 
 his character with the crime of regicide. After enjoying 
 the crown which he had so dearly purchased one year, he 
 shared the same fate with his unhappy predecessor. 
 
 KENT, earl of.— (See Burgh, Hubert de.) 
 
 KENT, earl of.— (See Edmund, son of Edward I.) 
 
 KENT, earl of.— (See Ruthyn, Lord.) 
 
 KENT, earl of.— (See Godwin, Earl.) * 
 
 KENTWIN.— The tenth king of Wessei. He came to 
 the throne at the death of Escwin, in 676, and reigned nine 
 years. 
 
 KENULPH or CENOLF.—The thirteenth king of 
 Mercia. He is said to have been a descendent of the royal 
 family, but his pedigree is not certainly known. He is dis- 
 tinguished only by his cruelty to Egbert, the king of Kent, 
 whom having taken prisoner in war, he treated with the 
 most barbarous cruelty, cutting off his hands and putting out 
 both his eyes, and adding to this the outrage of placing his 
 own brother Cuthred on the throne of Kent. He was killed 
 in attempting to quell an insurrection of the East Angles, 
 over whom the kings of Mercia had held a sort of jurisdic- 
 tion ever since the murder of Ethelbert, their last king, and 
 the usurpation of their throne by Offa. (See Offa.) He 
 seems to have reigned from 795 to 819; — twenty-four years. 
 
 KENWALCH.— The eighth king of Wessex. Not much 
 is known of him. He is thought to have died in 672, and 
 
404 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [KIL. 
 
 to have left the succession so much disputed that his widow 
 held the crown until her death, which was about two years. 
 (See Sexbmga.) 
 
 v KENWULPH or CENULPH.— The sixteenth king of 
 Wessex. His predecessor, Sigebert, governed so ill that his 
 people rose in a popular insurrection and dethroned him, 
 crowning Kenwulph in his stead, (756.) He reigned twen- 
 ty-eight years. He was murdered by Kynehard, brother to 
 the deposed Sigebert. 
 
 KER. — One of the leaders of the Scottish party of pro- 
 testers, who labored to effect the breaking down of Crom- 
 well's authority, but would not consent to unite with the ma- 
 lignants, or royalists, in any measure. As they would co- 
 operate with neither party, they accomplished nothing. 
 
 KER, George. — Brother to Lord Newbottle, of Scotland. 
 He was entrusted with certain communications between some 
 of the Scottish nobility and Philip of Spain, the object of 
 which was to establish the Romish religion in Scotland. He 
 fell into the hands of the English, on his way to Spain, and 
 thus the whole plot was brought to light. Whether he was 
 punished is not certain. 
 
 KET. — A tanner who led the rebellion of 1549, under 
 Edward VI. After playing the general for a few weeks, he 
 was defeated by the earl of Warwick, and taken and hanged 
 at Norwich Castle, with many of his followers. 
 
 KEYMIS, Captain.- — The man who is said to have de- 
 ceived Sir Walter Raleigh into the the belief of a mine of 
 great value in South America. On the truth of this repre- 
 sentation, Raleigh, in fact, staked his life. On taking St. 
 Thomas, in which Raleigh lost his son, Keymis declared that 
 they were within two hours' march of the mine ; but instead 
 of hastening to it, he went into the cabin of his ship and put 
 an end to his own life, leaving the unfortunate Raleigh to 
 perish under the hand of the executioner. 
 
 KILDARE, Earl of.— (See Fitzgerald, Thomas.) 
 
 KILLEGREW, Sir Henry.— A courtier of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, employed, for the most part, in conducting her business 
 with Scotland. 
 
 KILLIGREW, Sir William.— An officer of Charles I in 
 his civil wars. As far as we hear of him, he commanded a 
 troop made up of the servants -of all the officers. This, at 
 first, may sound contemptible ; but when we recollect that 
 the flower of the nobility of England was in the royal army, 
 
■&IR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 405 
 
 and that their wealth was almost boundless, we shall not be 
 surprised on being told that this was one of the most impor- 
 tant regiments in the service. 
 
 KIMBOLTON, Lord.— Earl of Manchester. A mode- 
 rate man of the popular party under Charles I. In view of 
 his wisdom and prudence, Charles made him a member of 
 his privy council. In this position, however, he sided so far 
 with the malcontents that Charles most imprudently caused 
 him to be impeached. This has been generally regarded as 
 the fatal step of this ill-fated monarch. Immediately on re- 
 tiring from court, he accepted a command in the parlia- 
 mentary army, where, by his high character and military 
 talents, he contributed almost as much as any other one man 
 to the ruin of the monarchy. 
 
 KINLOSS, Lord. — A Scottish nobleman who was a mem- 
 ber of the privy council of James I. He had been an am- 
 bassador of James to England, in the time of Elizabeth, and 
 had so faithfully represented the interests of his master as to 
 merit his particular attention after his elevation to the Eng- 
 lish throne. 
 
 KIRBY. — The chemist of London who first approached 
 Charles II with the story of a " popish plot to destroy the 
 king's life." On examination it was found, that Kirby and 
 Titus Oates were intimately associated, and that Oates was 
 the witness of all that Kirby had declared. Great excite- 
 ment, and fearful loss of life followed. There is reason for 
 believing that it was a regularly concerted plot with these two 
 men and a few others, to make money by raising a story of a 
 popish^ plot. 
 
 KIRKALDY, Lord. — Of Grange. A Scotch nobleman 
 of great authority in the time of Mary, queen of Scots. He 
 was greatly opposed to the queen's marriage with Darnley, 
 and still more to her alliance with Bothwell ; and his influ- 
 ence was thrown against her until after her confinement in 
 England. He was then made governor of the castle of Ed- 
 inburgh, where he openly declared for her against the re- 
 gency. Soon after this her cause began to decline, and fall- 
 ing into the hands of her enemies, he was put to death. 
 
 KIRKE, Colonel. — One of the blackest characters in Eng- 
 lish history. He was a man of fortune, but, fond of arms, 
 enlisted in the service of Tangiers, and acquired all the bar- 
 barity of the Moors. He was employed by James II in 
 suppressing the rebellion of Monmouth. After subduing 
 
406 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |~KNE. 
 
 the enemy and taking many prisoners, he amused himself 
 with hanging men up by dozens, while he drank the health 
 of the king, the queen, Lord Jeffries, and others; and as 
 he saw their feet trembling in the struggle of death, caused 
 the drums to be beat, that they might have " music to dance 
 by." One story of his treachery is enough to stamp his 
 name with eternal infamy. A girl applied to him for the 
 life of her brother. Being remarkably beautiful, he consent- 
 ed to grant her request, if she would share his bed that night. 
 Sisterly affection prevailed over virtue and honor. But in 
 the morning, as the sun rose, he showed her, from their win- 
 dow, a gallows on which was still hanging the lifeless corpse 
 of her brother (!) 
 
 KIRKPATR1C, Sir Thomas.— The Scottish gentleman 
 who dispatched John Cummin, the royalist. Bruce had 
 fully roused the spirit of his countrymen, and the chief bar- 
 rier to his elevation to the throne was in Cummin, who still 
 urged the obligation of their oaths to England. Fearing his 
 influence, Bruce determined to destroy him, and following 
 him into a cloister of the Gray Friars, he ran him through 
 the body, and left him for dead. On his return, Kirkpatric 
 asked whether the traitor were slain, to which Bruce replied, 
 "I believe so." " And is that a matter to be left to con- 
 jecture ?" cried Kirkpatric; " I will secure him." And upon 
 this he drew his dagger, and proceeding to the spot, stabbed 
 him to the heart. From this the family of Kirkpatric took 
 the crest of their arms : a hand with a bloody dagger, encir- 
 cled by the motto, " I will secure him." 
 
 KITCHEN. — Bishop of Landoff in the reigns of Henry 
 VIII and Edward VI. He -was opposed^to.lhe- reformation, 
 though at the accession of Edward, he consented to take the 
 oath of allegiance, and to comply with all the measures of 
 court. Yet, not being supposed cordial in his obedience, he 
 was threatened with displacement, and escaped, only by 
 sacrificing a great part of his revenue to the crown. 
 
 KITE. — Bishop of Carlisle in the time of Henry VIII. 
 He was a zealous Romanist, and opposed every measure of 
 the reformation, — even Henry's divorce from Catharine of 
 Arragon ; — though he dared not take any decided measures 
 against it. 
 
 ^ KNEVET, Sir Thomas,— Master of horse under Henry 
 VIII. In 1512, he was sent to the coast of Brittany with a 
 
KYN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 407 
 
 naval force ; but the enterprise proved wholly unsuccessful, 
 and after this, we hear very little of him. 
 
 KNIGHT. — Secretary to Henry VIII. He represented 
 his royal master at Rome in his first application for a divorce 
 from Catharine of Arragon. 
 
 KNOLLES, Sir Robert. — An able general who rendered 
 important service in the French wars of Edward III. We 
 find him, also, in active service under the reign of Richard II. 
 
 KNOLLES, Sir Francis. — A member of the privy coun- 
 cil of Elizabeth. For some time, he filled the office of vice- 
 chamberlain, and executed many embassies of importance 
 for the court, — particularly in Scotland. He was raised to 
 the council purely on the ground of his religion, being a de- 
 cided protestant ; but after a few years, he discovered such 
 attachment to the puritan views, or at least, such sympathy 
 for them, as gave great offense to the queen, and henceforth, 
 limited his influence at court. 
 
 KNOLL YS, Sir William. — Comptroller under the reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth. We know nothing remarkable in his 
 life, and therefore, shall write nothing. 
 
 KNOX, John. — Generally known as The Great Reformer 
 of Scotland. His early education was preparatory to the 
 priesthood in the Romish church. After embracing the pro- 
 testant doctrines, he traveled into Germany, for the two-fold 
 object of escaping persecution at home, and of becoming 
 better acquainted with the views of protestants abroad. On 
 returning, he was made chaplain to the king of England, 
 Edward VI, and might have obtained a mitre, but for his 
 opposition to the liturgy. On the accession of Queen Mary, 
 he retired from England, and again traveled on the conti- 
 nent, making the acquaintance of Calvin, and many others 
 of the continental protestants. He took decided ground 
 against Mary, queen of Scots, because of her Romish reli- 
 gion, and often treated her with a degree of rudeness that 
 would have been deemed insulting even to a private lady. 
 Altogether, he was an able, learned, and great man ; but his 
 good qualities are greatly obscured by his coarseness of man- 
 ner and roughness of temper. He was well calculated for 
 the times in which he lived. He died on the 24th of No- 
 vember, 1572, aged 67. 
 
 KYNEGILS. — The seventh king of Wessex. He came 
 to the throne in 611. He embraced Christianity under the 
 influence of Oswald, king of Northumberland, who had 
 
408 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LAC. 
 
 married his daughter, and had risen to a very great ascend- 
 ant in the Heptarchy. 
 
 KYNEHARD.— A brother of Sigebert, the fifteenth king 
 of Wessex. He avenged what he thought to be the injuries 
 of Sigebert, by the assassination of Cenulph, who had ob- 
 tained the crown. (See Sigebert.) This murderous act, 
 however, did not go unpunished ; on the following day, the 
 nobility and principal people, rising in arms, put Kynehard, 
 and every one who had been concerned in the assassination, 
 to the sword, thereby avenging the murder of their king. 
 (See Cenulph.) 
 
 KYRIEL, Sir Thomas. — An able general who signal- 
 ized himself in the French wars of Henry VI. At the 
 commencement of the York and Lancaster war, he took 
 sides with the former, and at the commencement of the 
 second battle of St. Alban's, in company with Lord Bonville, 
 had charge of the person of Henry VI, who was then pris- 
 oner in the hands of the Yorkists. As the Lancaster party 
 prevailed in that action, the royal prisoner again fell into the 
 hands of his friends, and with him, the keepers of his per- 
 son, who were both, by order of Queen Margaret, immedi- 
 ately beheaded. The most aggravating circumstance in this 
 h eartless murder was that both the keepers might have es- 
 caped, but were assured by the king of good treatment. 
 
 LACY, Walter de. — A powerful baron under the reign of 
 William the conqueror who opposed the earl of Hereford in 
 the great revolt of the baron's. (See Royr, earl of Here- 
 ford.) 
 
 LACY, Roger de. — One of the conspirators who united 
 with Robert Moubray in his scheme of dethroning William 
 Rufus and elevating Stephen, count of Aumale, to the throne 
 of England. What became of Lacy is not certainly known. 
 Some of the conspirators were hanged, some maimed, and 
 others imprisoned for life. 
 
 LACY, Ilbert. — One of the northern nobility who, in 
 1137, opposed David, king of Scotland, at the battle of the 
 Standard. 
 
 LACY, John de. — One of the party which opposed the 
 proclamation of Henry III as king, and insisted on the gov- 
 
LAM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 409 
 
 ernment remaining under the guardianship of the earl of 
 Pembroke. He even united in a conspiracy to surprise Lon- 
 don, but finding the young king prepared for its defense, was 
 obliged to abandon it. 
 
 LA FARIA. — One of the witnesses associated with Ti- 
 tus Oates to prove the existence of a popish plot. What he 
 had seen, heard, or knew, is not certain. There was a pop- 
 ular demand for testimony concerning the plot, and such wit- 
 nesses as these found it a good business to meet that demand. 
 
 LAFRANC. — The archbishop of Canterbury who suc- 
 ceeded Stigand, the primate whom William deposed soon 
 after the conquest. Lafranc was a Milanese monk much 
 celebrated for his learning and piety. After his promotion 
 to the primacy he became a devoted supporter of the papacy, 
 and contributed, in no small degree, to bring the English 
 church into subjection to that of Rome. He placed the crown 
 on the head of William Rufus, and during his life, is said to 
 have exerted a good influence on that monarch. 
 
 LAKE. — Bishop of Chichester in the reigns of Charles 
 II and James II. In common with many of his brethren, 
 he fell under the displeasure of James by refusing to publish 
 his de claration of indulgence to dissenters, the object of 
 which was to encourage the Romish religion in England. 
 
 LAMBE, Sir John. — Distinguished in the reign of 
 Charles I as a great Puritan-hater. He always insisted that 
 while they would not swear, get drunk, nor violate the Lord's 
 day, they would lie, cozen, and play the hypocrite. In short, 
 according to him, the cavaliers had the sins of men, and the. 
 puritans the sins of devils. 
 
 LAMBERT. — A schoolmaster of London who was burn- 
 ed, under the reign of Henry VIII, for denying the Romish 
 doctrine of transubstantiation. He was brought to trial, main- 
 ly by the influence of Dr. Barnes, (See Barnes, Dr.,) and 
 on being required to recant, appealed to the king. Henry, 
 anxious to show his own learning, entered into a public dis- 
 putation with him ; but finding him unyielding, ordered him 
 to be burned. He was burned in a slow fire, until his legs 
 were consumed; when some of the soldiers lifted him on 
 their halberts, and dropped him into the flames, where he 
 quickly expired, exclaiming, " None but Jesus ! none but 
 Jesus !" 
 
 LAMBERT, Colonel. — Figures largely as a parliament- 
 ary officer m the civil wars of Charles I. He suffered much 
 
 18 
 
410 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LAN. 
 
 vexation, however, by not having the entire confidence of 
 Cromwell, and avenged himself by warmly opposing the plan 
 of making him king. In his irritation, he said, and did, 
 many offensive things, which led to his removal from office. 
 After the death of Oliver Cromwell, he again entered the 
 army, and formed an association against the parliament. 
 After this, his whole public life was a scene of excitement 
 and turmoil. On the restoration, he was excepted from the 
 general act of indemnity, and was condemned to death ; but 
 in consequence of his contrition, received a reprieve. After 
 this, he lived near thirty years, confined to the island of 
 Guernsey, forgetting all his past schemes of ambition, and 
 entirely forgotten by the nation. Strange as it may seem, 
 after all his religious, antipapal fanaticism, he is said to have 
 died a Roman Catholic ! 
 
 LA MOTTE. — A French ambassador to Scotland in 
 1513. He assisted th« Scots in the famous battle of Flou- 
 den, and had his advice been taken, it is believed that the 
 fortunes of that day might have been turned in favor of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 LANCASTER, Earl of. — The proper name of this noble- 
 man is not certainly known. He was brother to the notori- 
 ous Thomas, earl of Lancaster, who was beheaded for treason 
 under the reign of Edward II. During his brother's life, 
 he was earl of Leicester, but at his death, inherited his 
 estates and title. He united with the infamous Queen Isa- 
 bella against her husband, Edward II, and it was he in 
 whose charge the king was placed for safe keeping, until he 
 began to be suspected of generous intentions toward him, 
 whtn he was removed and placed in the hands of the ruf- 
 fians by whom he was finally destroyed. Lancaster was also 
 appointed guardian of the young king, Edward III, and pro- 
 tector of his person. In this place he soon incurred the 
 jealousy of the unprincipled Mortimer, and was thrown into 
 prison , where it is probable that he remained until the death 
 of Mortimer, which was soon after. 
 
 LANCASTER, James. — A celebrated navigator of the 
 time of Elizabeth. His first great enterprise was 1594, 
 when, with but three ships and a pinnace, supplied him by 
 the merchants of London, he boldly ventured out in pursuit 
 of the Spanish fleet, and having taken thirty-nine prizes, 
 even dared to attack Fernambouc, in Brazil, which he took 
 by storm, and returned to England, laden with the fruits of 
 
LAN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 411 
 
 his expedition. In 1600, he took command of the East India 
 Company's ships, and made a most successful voyage. From 
 this time, he needed nothing more to establish his reputation 
 as a navigator. 
 
 LANCASTER, Earl of.— (See Edmond, son of Henry 
 III.) 
 
 LANCASTER, Earl of.— (See Thomas.) 
 
 LANCASTER, Earl of.— (See Henry.) 
 
 LANCASTER, Duke of.— (See John of Gaunt.) 
 
 LANCASTER, Duke of.— (See Henry IV.) 
 
 LANDAIS, Peter. — A favorite of Francis II, duke of 
 Brittany, who, sensible of his own incapacity for govern- 
 ment, resigned himself wholly to the direction of Landais. 
 This so outraged the nobles that they seized, tried, and put 
 to death the obnoxious minister. He was a man of mean 
 birth, and hence his elevation could not be borne. His death 
 occurred in 1488, in the reign of Henry VII, of England. 
 
 LANE, Sir Richard. — A lord keeper of the privy seal 
 under the reign of Charles I. He seems to have been the 
 last one who filled this office before the fall of that ill-fated 
 prince. We know but little of him. 
 
 LANE, Colonel. — A zealous royalist who lived at Bently 
 in the time of the civil wars. After Charles II's defeat at 
 Worcester, he was in imminent danger of falling into the 
 hands of the enemy. After remaining as long as he dared 
 to do at the house of Penderell, (see Penderell,) he ventured 
 to the house of Lane, and made himself known. Lane 
 proved altogether worthy of the confidence of the fa'len 
 prince, and provided means for his escape to Bristol, and 
 thence to sea. 
 
 LANERIC, Earl of.— Of the family of Hamiltons, in 
 Scotland. He was brother to the famous Duke Hamilton, 
 which, see. He attended his brother to Oxford, professedly 
 to tender his services to Charles I ; but the king, not having 
 confidence in their professions, threw them both into prison. 
 Laneric, however, soon escaped and fled to Scotland, after 
 which we hear no more of him. 
 
 LANGDALE, Lord. — Governor of Hull in the reign of 
 James II. He was a violent Roman catholic, and hence, 
 greatly devoted to the king. When the prince of Orange 
 invaded England, Colonel Copel, who was deputy governor, 
 seized Langdale, and threw him into prison, and thereby 
 turned the strength of the fortress in favor of the revolution. 
 
412 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LAN. 
 
 LANGDALE, Sir Marmaduke. — An able general of 
 Charles I. He commanded part of the royal forces at the 
 decisive battle of Naseby, in 1645. After this, however, 
 he raised forces in the north, and performed some daring 
 feats ; but it was too late : the royal cause was ruined. A 
 little before Charles' death, he was required to sign a bill 
 for Langdale's attainder and banishment, but he nobly re- 
 fused, and gave his consent only to his banishment for a 
 limited time. It is probable that he never returned from this 
 banishment. 
 
 LANGHORNE. — An eminent lawyer in the time of 
 Charles II. According to the testimony of Titus Oates, 
 Langhorne was appointed by the pope, and the society of 
 Jesuits, attorney general of England. Having discovered 
 that all England, m consequence of its heresy, had fallen to 
 the pope, he had declared it subject to the papal authority, 
 and had proceeded to appoint all the functionaries of govern- 
 ment. That such disposition existed at Rome, and among 
 the Roman catholics generally, is not questioned ; but all the 
 stories of Oates are, nevertheless, contemptible. Langhorne 
 was tried, condemned, and executed for treason. 
 
 LANGHORNE. — One of a great number of the moder- 
 ate presbyterians who, in 1648, being disgusted with the 
 violence of the puritan army, and anxious to restore the au- 
 thority of parliament, took up arms for the fallen monarch. 
 The movement, however, was unsuccessful, and perhaps has- 
 tened the fate of Charles. 
 
 LANGrLAND, Robert. — Cotemporary with Chaucer, or 
 
 thereabout. He claims a place among English poets ; though 
 
 his productions are hardly worthy of the name. He wrote 
 
 a satire against the professions, called the " Vision of Pierse 
 
 Plowman." Its poetic excellence consists in having a great 
 
 many words in a line begin with the same letter. 
 
 " I found there 
 A hall for a high king, a household to holden, 
 With broad boards abouten, y-benches well clean : 
 With windows of glass wrought as a church, 
 And chambers with chimneys, and chapels gay/' 
 
 Such is his description of a monastery. 
 
 LANGTON. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the reign 
 of King John. He succeeded Archbishop Hubert, who died 
 in 1205. The circumstances of his promotion to the primacy 
 are remarkable. When the king issued his conge d'elire for 
 election, he made known to the canons of Christ church that 
 
LAT.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 413 
 
 he should be much pleased should they see proper to elect 
 John de Gray, then bishop of Norwich. The suggestion 
 was attended to, and Gray was elected. The sui'ragan 
 bishops, however, objected, and as the matter must go to 
 Rome for confirmation, sent an agent to present their pro- 
 test, while the canons sent a deputation of twelve monks to 
 support the election of Gray. The pope, regardless of both, 
 ordered the twelve monks, as the representatives of the 
 canons of Christ church to elect Langton. This they were 
 obliged to do, and Langton was forced upon the English 
 church by the papal authority, regardless of its rights and 
 privileges. John refused to acknowledge him, and this was 
 the commencement of his unhappy war with the papal court, 
 which ended in his base submission to the legate and the en- 
 tire prostration of the English church before the papacy. 
 Langton was of English birth, but was educated in France. 
 After his establishment in the primacy, he seems to have 
 espoused the cause of his country, and to have contributed 
 largely to restrain the lawless conduct of John, by the act 
 of magna charter. Upon the whole, he seems to have been 
 objectionable to Englishmen only because of his having been 
 forced upon them by a foreign court. 
 
 LANVALAY, William de.— One of; the twenty-five ba- 
 rons who composed the council under king John. 
 
 LASCELLES. — The first informer against the licentious 
 manners of Catharine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII. 
 This information was first given to archbishop Cranmer. 
 Lascelles stated that his sister had been servant in the family 
 of the old duchess of Norfolk, with whom Catharine had 
 been educated, and that she had given him particular accounts 
 of her conduct. He was an obscure man, but his story was 
 proved to be true. 
 
 LASS ELS, John. — A member of the household of Henry 
 VIII who was burned for heresy at the same time with 
 Anne Ascue. (See Anne Ascue.) 
 
 LATIMER, Lord. — One of the chief ministers of Ed- 
 ward III. In the latter years of that prince, Latimer was 
 impeached in parliament, and to use the words of Mr. Hume, 
 " fell a sacrifice to the authority of the commons." It was 
 about this time that the commons began to be of some impor- 
 tance in England. 
 
 LATIMER, Nicholas. — One of the Lancastrian nobility 
 against whom the act of forfeiture and attainder was passed 
 
414 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LAU. 
 
 immediately after the accession of Edward IV. The crime 
 was that he had been faithful to his party. 
 
 LATIMER, Hugh.— One of « the noble army of mar- 
 tyrs." Born in 1470, and educated at Cambridge. At first, 
 he was a zealous opposer of the Reformation, then going on 
 in Germany; but gradually, he abandoned these prejudices, 
 and became a warm and determined advocate of them. Such 
 was his eloquence and power in their defense that he arrest- 
 ed the attention of Henry VIII, and was made bishop of Wor- 
 cester. About the time of his consecration, he is said to have 
 remarked that the time was near when the cure of a bishop 
 would not be a bed of roses. The prediction proved, alas, 
 too true. The parliament of 1539 passed the famous " six 
 articles," called the " bloody statutes," under w T hich he re- 
 signed his bishopric ; and for six years before the death of 
 Henry he was confined in the tower. On the accession of 
 Edward VI, he was invited to his diocese, but declined, pre- 
 ferring retirement, and spent most of this reign assisting 
 Cranmer in his noble work of translating the Scriptures, re- 
 vising the Liturgy, and setting forth the homilies. On the 
 acccession of Mary, he was immediately arrested, and. 
 thrown into prison, whence, after much violent treatment, he 
 was led to the stake, and burned, with Bishop Ridley, 1554. 
 At the stake, he encouraged Ridley, who was more timid, 
 saying, " Be of good cheer, brother Ridley; we shall this 
 day kindle such a fire in England as I trust in God will 
 never be extinguished." 
 
 LATOUN, Sir Brian. — A military character under the 
 reign of Henry VIII. He was employed, chiefly, in the 
 wars against Scotland, and perished in the same battle with 
 Lord Evers, in 154-5. (See Evers, Lord Ralph.) 
 
 LAUD, William. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the 
 reign of Charles I. He was born in 1573, and educated at 
 the university of Oxford. After occupying the highest posi- 
 tions in the university, and passing through many grades of 
 ecclesiastical preferment, he was, in 1621, made bishop of 
 St. Davids. In 1626, he was advanced to the see of Bath 
 and Wells, in 162S, raised to that of London, and after the 
 death of Abbot, made archbishop of Canterbury. Two years 
 after this, he was made chancellor of Oxford, which position 
 he ably filled, and contributed, more largely, perhaps, than 
 any one man had ever done, to elevate the character of that 
 university. At the commencement of the troubles of Charles 
 
LA.U.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 415 
 
 I, he took decided ground against the parliament and the pu- 
 ritans, and advocated the most unpopular theories of both 
 church and state. As a churchman, he was generally be- 
 lieved to favor the Romish theory ; and even the pope seems 
 to have regarded him as an ally, and once tendered him a 
 cardinal's cap. In this, however, there is no doubt that he was 
 misunderstood. In* opposing the fanaticism of the puritans, 
 he unconsciously went toward the opposite extreme, and took 
 positions which would not, now, be tolerated by the most ul- 
 tra advocate of episcopacy; but there is no evidence of his 
 having ever intended to countenance any peculiarity of the 
 papal system. As a statesman, he advocated the most ex- 
 treme theory of the "divine rights of kings," and would yield 
 nothing to the spirit of the times. At length, the impression 
 became general, that his influence was one of the chief 
 causes of Charles' obstinacy, and on the 1st of March, 1640, 
 he was seized and thrown into the tower. After three year's 
 confinment, he was brought to trial for his connection with 
 the Star Chamber. Although he ably defended himself, he 
 was not able to turn the current of popular sentiment, and a 
 bill of attainder was passed against him. On the tenth of 
 January, 1645, he was beheaded on Tower Hill. Doubtless 
 he was a great and good man, but deficient in prudence : — 
 perhaps, in judgment. 
 
 LAUNDE, Sir Thomas. — Prominent in the great rebel- 
 lion of 1470 against Edward IV. He was taken prisoner 
 by the king, in battle, and immediately beheaded. 
 
 LAUSON. — A naval officer of much distinction under the 
 commonwealth. He performed important service against 
 Holland, and would have had the glory of a great republican, 
 but, becoming disgusted with the violence and disorder of the 
 country, he declared for monarchy, and used all the power of 
 his fleet to effect the Restoration. 
 
 LAURENTIUS. — The successor of Augustine in the 
 archbishopric of Canterbury. It is probable that some time 
 elapsed between the death of Augustine and the arrival of 
 Laurentius, as the latter, on his accession, found the chris- 
 tian worship wholly abandoned, and the people returned to 
 idolatry. Meilitus and Justus, who had been consecrated 
 bishops of London and Rochester, had abandoned the king- 
 dom, and Laurentius himself was on the eve of departure to 
 France in order to escape the mortification of preaching the 
 Gospel in vain, when he conceived the design of making a 
 
416 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LEA. 
 
 last effort to reclaim the apostate king, (Eadbald,) hoping 
 thereby to restore the whole nation to the religion which 
 they had deserted. Accordingly he appeared before that 
 prince, threw off his vestments, and exposed his body all 
 bruised and lacerated with scourges. The king, astonished 
 that any one should have dared to treat in that manner a 
 person of his rank, was assured by Laurentius that when he 
 had secretly resolved on deserting his charge because of the 
 prevalence of idolatry, St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, had 
 appeared to him in a vision, severely rebuked him for his 
 unfaithfulness, and inflicted the violence which then appeared, 
 as a salutary chastisement, bidding him to return to his post 
 of duty. The king was so moved by the exhibition that 
 he at once renounced the sin which had led to his apostacy, 
 and returned to the faith. (See Eadbald.) 
 
 LAUZ1N, Count. — A great favorite of the court of 
 France who was in England at the time of the flight of 
 James II. Rather, he left a few days before the king, in 
 charge of the queen and the infant prince, whom he con- 
 ducted safely into France. 
 
 LAWRENCE. — A gentleman who, in time of Henry 
 VIII, was condemned for misprison of treason in not expos- 
 ing certain criminal speeches of Elizabeth Barton, the "Holy 
 maid of Kent." (See Elizabeth Barton.) 
 
 LAWSON, Sir John. — A famous English admiral under 
 the reign of Charles II. He was employed, most of his 
 time, against the Dutch, and was killed in 1665. He was a 
 man of great bravery, and much foresight and statesmanlike 
 sagacity. 
 
 LAYTON. — One of the commissioners employed by 
 Cromwell, earl of Essex, under Henry VIII, to examine into 
 the conduct of the friars and monasteries. As the object 
 was to find occasion for breaking up these establishments, it 
 is not wonderful that the. commissioners reported many shock- 
 ing abuses. Doubtless, the truth was bad enough. 
 
 LEARMONT. — A Scotchman who was placed, with 
 Wallace, in command of the volunteer army raised to resist 
 the establishment of episcopacy by Charles II. He had pre- 
 viously served, as a subaltern officer, in the regular army, 
 but had none of the qualities to mark him for a general. 
 His troops gradually abandoned him, and when he was for- 
 ced into an engagement, with the king's forces, he, and all 
 his men, broke and fled after the first charge. 
 
LEI. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 417 
 
 LEE, Rowland. — First, bishop of Coventry, and after- 
 wards, archbishop of York. He officiated at the marriage 
 of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn while yet a presbyter, but 
 was soon after raised to the honors of the mitre. Alter his 
 elevation to the see of York, he became decidedly opposed 
 to the whole scheme of reformation. 
 
 LEE, Henry. — A particular friend of Robert Devereux, 
 Sen , earl of Essex. Through him, Essex carried on much 
 of his secret correspondence with Scotland, as well as with 
 many of the nobility of his own country. 
 
 LEE. — Concerned in the rye-house plot against Charles 
 II. He was one of the satellites of the party, and seems to 
 have had very little to do in directing the matter. Whether 
 he escaped punishment does not appear. 
 
 LEE. — One of those who entered into the conspiracy of 
 1659 for the restoration of Charles II. This was their ob- 
 ject ; though in their declaration, they professed only to be in 
 favor of a free parliament. The enterprise was unsuccess- 
 ful, and most of the conspirators severely punished. These 
 unsuccessful movements, however, were not without their ef- 
 fects, as they gradually prepared the way for the restoration 
 of monarchy. 
 
 LE FEVRE. — A Roman Catholic said to have been in- 
 volved in the rumored popish plot of 1679, under Charles II. 
 One Prance testified that Le Fevre had bought an old sword 
 of him ; and had, moreover, given it as his opinion that it 
 would be better for the laboring classes if the Romish reli- 
 gion were established. Astounding! 
 
 LEG. — A gentleman who accompanied Charles I in his 
 flight from Hampton Court to Lichfield, and contributed all 
 in his power to effect his escape beyond sea. 
 
 LEICESTER, Earl of.— (See Montfort, Simon de.) 
 
 LEICESTER, Earl of.— (See Dudley, Lord Robert.) 
 
 LEICESTER, Earl of. — (See Lancaster, earl of, brother 
 of Thomas.) 
 
 LE1GHTON.— Convicted, in 1630, under Charles I, of 
 having written libels against the king, the queen, the bish- 
 ops, and the whole court. He was thrown into prison, where 
 he remained for ten years, when he was released ; the pop- 
 ular feeling having so far prevailed, and the royal dignity so 
 declined, that to write a libel against the king, was no longer 
 regarded a crime. 
 
 LEIGHTON. — An ambassador of Queen Elizabeth on 
 
 18* 
 
418 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. fliEO. 
 
 several occasions. His chief service, however, was in carry- 
 ing communications to Mary, queen of Scots, about the com- 
 mencement of her troubles, and while Elizabeth was yet 
 kindly disposed toward her. 
 
 LENOX, Earl of.— (See Scott, Walter.) 
 LENOX, Earl of. — (See Aughbigney, Count de.) 
 LENOX, Earl of. — (See Stuart, Matthew.) 
 LENTHAL. — Elected speaker of the commons in 1640, 
 in opposition to Gardiner, who had been nominated by the 
 king, Charles I. He was a lawyer of some note, but by no 
 means fitted for this high office. In 1647, after having pre- 
 sided in the house for seven years, although he had ever 
 favored the moderate presbyterian, and not the independent, 
 or military party, he strangely took his mace, and other in- 
 signia of authority, and, going to the army, asked its pro- 
 tection. After this, he was always with the party in power, 
 whether it were royalist, presbyterian, or independent. He 
 continued to occupy the chair, whenever parliament was in 
 session, during the commonwealth, and when Monk came to 
 announce his intention of restoring monarchy, he thanked 
 him for his services. The question may be asked, Why was 
 so contemptible a man kept, so long, in so high an office ? 
 For the obvious reason, that the most manageable men, in 
 those times, were deemed the best officers: it being an es- 
 tablished principle, that the masses should govern, and the 
 officers obey. 
 
 LEOFBIC. — A famous duke of Mercia. The greatest 
 part of his history is involved in that of Si ward, of North- 
 umberland. (See Siward.) After Godwin, these were the 
 two most powerful earls under the reign of Edward the Con- 
 fessor. It was the intention of Edward to raise up, in the 
 family of Leofric, a rival to Harold, but in this, as in most of 
 his schemes, he was not successful. 
 
 LEOFWIN. — A son oO Earl Godwin. He assisted his 
 father in his rebellion, and when flight became necessary, 
 fled, with his brother Harold into Ireland. Little is known 
 of him from this until the great battle of Hastings where he 
 nobly perished with his two brothers. (See Gurth.) 
 
 LEOLF. — Some names become classic by infamy. Leolf 
 was a notorious robber. He was sentenced by Edmund, the 
 ninth king of England, to banishment. Soon after this, he 
 had the boldness to appear at the dining table among the 
 king's guests at a public festival. Edmund ordered him to 
 
LES.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 419 
 
 quit the room, and on his refusing to obey, leaped upon him 
 and seized him by the hair, when the ruffian drew a dagger 
 and stabbed him to the heart. (946.) 
 
 LESLEY. — Earl of Leven. A Scottish covenanter who 
 exerted vast influence in the wars against Charles I. He 
 received his peerage after the commencement of hostilities ; 
 but instead of becoming less hostile, he became more violent, 
 and was one of the most efficient generals in the Scottish 
 army. After getting possession of the king's person, he 
 surrendered him to the parliamentary commissioners for a 
 price, and thus secured the ruin of royalty. 
 
 LESLY, David. — A Scottish general of some notoriety in 
 the civil wars of Charles I. It was he who first defeated 
 the earl of Montrose at Philip-haugh in the forest. After 
 the fall of Charles, he commanded the Scottish army against 
 Cromwell, for the restoration of Charles II, but on making 
 an imprudent attack, was totally defeated. It is due to him 
 to remark that the attack was against his judgment, and at 
 the earnest solicitation of the clergy, who had quite as much 
 to do in the covenanters' army as had the generals, 
 
 LESLY, Norman. — Son of the earl of Rothes, in Scot- 
 land. He connected himself with the volunteer service, in 
 1545, against the English, and exerted great influence in 
 raising the spirits of his depressed countrymen. Two years 
 after this, we find him in the party which assassinated Car- 
 dinal Beatoun. (See Beatoun, Cardinal.) 
 
 LESLY, John. — Bishop of Ross, in Scotland, in the un- 
 happy reign of Mary, queen of Scots. He was born in 
 1527, and educated at Aberdeen, and studied, also, in seve- 
 ral universities on the continent. Being a zealous Romanist, 
 he exerted great influence against the presbyterian move- 
 ment in Scotland, by which he commanded the highest marks 
 of esteem from the Romanists of all Europe. When his 
 queen fell into the hands of Elizabeth, he went to York, and 
 afterwards to London, to plead her cause. In this service 
 to his royal mistress, he gave great offense to the English 
 queen, who caused him to be thrown into the tower, where 
 he was detained some five years. After procuring his re- 
 lease, he fled to the continent, and labored, in vain, to effect 
 an alliance of France and Spain for the rescue of the Scot- 
 tish queen. After some years' residence in France, he was 
 made sufragan bishop of Rouen, and last of all, was nomi- 
 
420 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LEW. 
 
 nated bishop of Constance. This, however, he declined, and 
 retired to a monastery, where he died in 1596. 
 
 LESTER. — One of the messengers sent to the prince of 
 Orange to invite him to invade England, for the purpose of 
 restoring its laws and religion which had been violated by- 
 James II. 
 
 LEVEN, Earl of.— (See Lesley.) 
 
 LEVISON, Sir Richard.— A celebrated admiral of the 
 time of Elizabeth. He was employed, with a large fleet, in 
 crushing the Irish rebellion of 1601, and afterwards, against 
 the Spanish, who had been the chief movers in the Irith in- 
 surrection. He performed some daring feats, and took some 
 prizes of great value. One Spanish cari«ack which he took 
 was estimated at a million of ducats. 
 
 LEVISON, Sir John. — A gentleman of some promi- 
 nence in London in the time of Elizabeth. We have but 
 little account of him, however. When the earl of Essex 
 made his last desperate effort to raise an insurrection in the 
 city, the citizens turned out, under Levison's command, to 
 preserve order. It has been surmised that he had rendered 
 service in the Spanish wars. It may have been so. 
 
 LEW ELLEN. — Prince of Wales under the reign of 
 Henry III. He was the first Welch prince who ever con- 
 sented to hold his authority in vassalage to the crown of Eng- 
 land, although they had been really reduced to a depend- 
 ency ever since the time of Henry II. In 1237, Lewellen, 
 declining in years and broken with infirmities, but still more 
 harrassed by the rebellion and undutiful behavior of his 
 youngest son, Griffin, had recourse to the protection of Henry, 
 and consented to subject his principality to vassalage. The 
 proposal was accepted, and his successor, David, renewed 
 the homage. 
 
 LEWELLEN. — Grandson of the above. He was son 
 of the rebellious Griffin, who had forced his father to ask 
 protection of England. On assuming the principality, after 
 the death of his uncle, David, he was obliged to renew the 
 homage made by the two late princes, but soon after con- 
 ceived the design of freeing his country from such vassalage. 
 Accordingly he entered into a confederacy with the earl of 
 Leicester, and proceeded to invade England. After several 
 years of unsuccessful hostilities, during which several trea- 
 ties were entered into, but all broken, Lewellen was slain in 
 
LIL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 421 
 
 an engagement with some .English forces, by whom he had 
 been surprised in the fastnesses of his own mountains. 
 
 LEWIS, Dr. — A Welch physician who had access to the 
 dowager queen, Elizabeth, of Edward IV, and who carried 
 to her the proposal of the marriage of her daughter to the 
 earl of Richmond, (Henry VII,) as the only means of uni- 
 ting the interests of the houses of York and Lancaster. He 
 obtained her consent. It is probable that he was her physi- 
 cian. 
 
 LEWIS, Sir William. — One of the eleven members of 
 parliament against whom the army most loudly complained, 
 and whose expulsion was insisted on. To remove all strife, 
 these members voluntarily retired, and went beyond sea. A 
 little before the restoration, however, when the army became 
 embarrassed, and the parliament more free, they were all 
 recalled, and resumed their seats. Lewis was always a 
 moderate presbyterian ; and as soon as measures were taken 
 for the restoration of Charles II, became a most zealous ad- 
 vocate of royalty. •> 
 
 LEYBOIJRNE, Roger. — One of the lords marchers, or 
 barons, who lived on the borders of Wales, whom Prince 
 Edward won from the Leicester party to the cause of Henry 
 III. He afterwards fell into the hands of Leicester at the 
 battle of Lewes; but his fate is not certainly known. 
 
 LIDINGTON.— Secretary. (See Maitland.) 
 
 LILBURNE, Lieutenant Colonel. — Prosecuted before 
 the star chamber for circulating seditious pamphlets. When 
 called upon to swear that he would answer all questions that 
 might be asked him, even though they might lead him to ac- 
 cuse himself, he refused. For this contempt of court, he was 
 ordered to be whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned. While 
 being whipped at the cart, and while standing on the pillory, 
 he violently declaimed against the chief functionaries of 
 government, and threw from his pockets pamphlets directed 
 against the church and state. He was then ordered to be 
 gagged, but when he could no longer speak he exposed his 
 abhorrence for kings, bishops, and star-chambers by violently 
 stamping and gesticulating, which was really about as ex- 
 pressive as language could have been. He was then thrown 
 into prison, where he remained for ten years, until libels 
 against the king had become so popular as to be no longer 
 regarded criminal. After the breaking out of the civil wars, 
 he was made lieutenant colonel ; but he had not yet learned 
 
422 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*LIO. 
 
 good manners ; and for the same old vice of stirring up se- 
 dition, he was thrown into prison by order of the parliament. 
 Twice he was tried for sedition ; but although clearly guilty, 
 no jury could be found to report against him. He was a 
 genuine specimen of frantic puritan, and was wholly re- 
 gardless of law. 
 
 LILLA. — An officer of Edwin, king of Northumber- 
 land, who saved his master from the assassin at the expense 
 of his own life. (See Edwin.) 
 
 LINCOLN. — A broker of London in the time of Henry 
 VIII. He united with Dr. Bele, a seditious preacher, in 
 1517, in a general insurrection for the purpose of expelling 
 all the foreign artificers from the city. After committing 
 many outrages, he was taken by the duke of Norfolk, and 
 with thirteen others, publicly executed. 
 
 LINDESEY, Lord. — A stern covenanter of Scotland in 
 the time of Mary Stuart. He was a violent opposer of the 
 queen's masses, being persuaded with John Knox, that " one 
 mass was more dangerous to the country than ten thousand 
 armed men thrown on their shores.'' He gave his hearty 
 assent to the assassination of David Rizzio, stoutly revenged 
 the murder of Darnley, labored to procure the queen's resig- 
 nation in favor of her son, James VI, and assisted to tree 
 the young monarch from the influences of his Roman catho- 
 lic advisers. He was a man of great spirit and determina- 
 tion, and acted strictly in conjunction with the protestant 
 party, in everything. 
 
 LINDESEY, earl of.— The first we hear of him is when 
 he is sent by Charles I to the relief of Rochelle, which was 
 lying under a French seige. In this he was wholly unsuc- 
 cessful. Soon after this, we find him among the Scottish no- 
 bility who protested against the introduction of the liturgy. 
 Still, he was the enemy of royality ; for on the 23d of Octo-. 
 ber, 1642, we find him commanding the king's body of re- 
 serve, in the battle of Edgehill, in which he was mortally 
 wounded and taken prisoner. 
 
 L1NDSEY, Lord. — One of the Scottish nobility who per- 
 ished at the battle of the Erne, in which Edward Baliol, by 
 the assistance of the English, succeeded in raising himself to 
 the throne of Scotland. (See Baliol, Edward.) 
 
 LIONEL. — Duke of Clarence. Second son of Edward 
 III, and hence brother to Richard II. When the deposition 
 of Richard, and the exclusion of his family, were determin- 
 
LIS.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 423 
 
 ed on by parliament, it was due to Lionel, as the next elder 
 brother, that the crown should descend to his posterity, (he 
 being then dead,) but having left only one daughter, it was 
 conferred on the duke of Lancaster, (Henry IV,) who was 
 son to John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III. The fam- 
 ily of Lionel, however, was not forgotten, but after the 
 tedious and bloody war of the roses, finally prevailed over 
 the house of Lancaster, and was established on the throne in 
 the person of his great grand-son, Edward IV, duke of 
 York. Lionel died in Italy in the life of his brother Richard. 
 LISLE, Lord, or Viscount. — (See Dudley, John.) 
 LISLE, Viscount. — (See Brandon, Sir Charles.) 
 LISLE, Lord. — One of the regicides, or judges of Charles 
 I. After the restoration, he fled to Lauzanne, in Switzerland, 
 where he was soon after assassinated by two Irish ruffians, 
 who hoped to make their fortunes by this contemptible piece 
 of service. 
 
 LISLE, Lady. — Wife of the above. She was strictly 
 loyal, and greatly lamented the part taken by her husband in 
 the murder of the king. During the reign of Charles II, 
 she lived in quiet; but at the time of Monmouth's rebellion, 
 the day after he was defeated at Sedgemoor, two of his sol- 
 diers went to her house, and obtained refreshments. Her 
 son had been in the royal service against them ; but she had 
 no knowledge who they were, and hence treated them kind- 
 ly. For this, she was brought to trial by the infamous Jef- 
 fries. Twice the jury reported in her favor, but were sent 
 back with such threats as forced them to find a verdict against 
 her ; and she suffered the death penalty. It was afterwards 
 ascertained that James had promised Jeffries not to pardon 
 her, in case of her conviction. 
 
 LISLE, Sir George. — When the parliamentary army had 
 ravaged all England, and became an object of almost uni- 
 versal abhorrence, many of the conservative presbyterians 
 resolved, in 1648, on an effort to restore the authority of the 
 fallen monarch. Lisle was of that number. The effort 
 proved, however, unavailing. Being besieged in Colchester, 
 and reduced to the very borders of starvation , he was obliged 
 to surrender at discretion. Immediately he and Sir Charles 
 Lucas were ordered to be shot. (See Lucas, Sir Charles.) 
 Lucas was shot first, himself giving me order to fire, with 
 as much alacrity as if he had been commanding a platoon 
 of his own soldiers. Lisle instantly ran and kissed the dead 
 
424 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [LLO. 
 
 body, and then presented himself for a like fate. Thinking 
 the soldiers that were to shoot him too far off, he called them 
 to come nearer, One of them replied, " I'll warrant you, 
 sir, we'll hit you." " Friends," replied he, " I have been 
 nearer to you when you have missed me." They fired, and 
 Sir George Lisle was no more. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, Colonel— In the service of James II. 
 His regiment decided against the measures of the king; and 
 when called upon, in his majesty's presence, to say whether 
 they would cheerfully act for, or against him, not more than 
 three or four men of the whole regiment chose the latter. 
 
 LITTLETON, John.— One of those who acted in con- 
 nection with the earl of Essex in his Drury house plot, for 
 the purpose of " settling a new plan of government." He 
 was found guilty, but pardoned by the queen, on the ground 
 that he had been drawn into the conspiracy by the influence 
 of Essex, without any revolutionary intentions of his own. 
 
 LITTLETON. — Lord keeper of the seal under the reign 
 of Charles I. When the king began to be involved in seri- 
 ous troubles with the parliament, and removed his residence 
 to York, Littleton sent the great seal, and immediately has- 
 tened to that city, that he might be still in the presence of 
 his majesty. For this, he was impeached by the commons, 
 and all acts of the king which passed the seals at York de- 
 clared void. He resigned his office, or was displaced, a little 
 before the fall of his royal master. 
 
 LIVESEY, Sir Michael. — One of Cromwell's satellites. 
 When, in 1648, the parliament resolved on treating with the 
 fallen Charles, for the purpose of breaking down the military 
 despotism, and restoring the supremacy of law, Livesey 
 was sent to Kingston, with a strong detachment, where he 
 defeated the earl of Holland, and made him prisoner. Sev- 
 eral other defeats to the royalists and conservatives, about 
 the same time, discouraged their enterprise, and made the 
 military rule absolute. 
 
 LIVINGSTONE, Lord.— A steady friend and supporte 
 of Mary, queen of Scots. He accompanied her to France 
 previous to her marriage with the French king ; and aftei 
 her ruin in Scotland, when she was a prisoner of Elizabeth 
 attended the investigation of the charges against her, as the 
 instigator of the murder of her second husband, Lord Darn- 
 ley. His influence, however, was not sufficient to save her. 
 
 LLOYD, William. — Bishop of St. Asaph in the time of 
 
LOL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 425 
 
 James II, afterward, of Lichfield and Coventry, and lastly, 
 of Worcester. He was born in 1627, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, and stands deservedly high among the prelates of Eng- 
 land. Being violently opposed to the papal measures of 
 James, he gave all his influence in favor of the revolution, 
 and was hearty in his allegiance to the prince of Orange. 
 Three years after, he was translated to Lichfield and Cov- 
 entry, and soon after that, to Worcester, where he remained 
 until his death, in 1717, in the 91st year of his age. 
 
 LOCKHART. — A Scotchman of abilities who married a 
 niece of Oliver Cromwell. He was, at the end of the civil 
 war, sent ambassador to the couit of France. After the 
 battle of the Dunes, by which Cromwell came in possession 
 of Dunkirk, he was appointed governor of that fortress. 
 When active measures were being taken for the restoration 
 of monarchy, he expressed himself entirely in favor it, but 
 insisted that as he had received his commission from a par- 
 liament, so he could lay it down only by order of parliament. 
 
 LOCKIER. — A prominent leader of the class called lev- 
 elers, under the protectorate of Cromwell. He went, with 
 four others, with a remonstrance, before the general and 
 council of war, and was cashiered by the court martial. 
 After this, he continued his leveling measures to such an ex- 
 tent that he was ordered to be shot. The effect of this rigor- 
 ous measure, however, did not stop the agitations which he 
 had gotten up: more than a thousand of his comrades boldly 
 went to his funeral, and testified their grief by wearing 
 badges of mourning. 
 
 LOCKTON. — Sergeant-at-law under the reign of Rich- 
 ard II. He was one of the lawyers who, in compliance 
 with the request of Richard, decided against the legality of 
 the commission of Gloucester. 
 
 LOFTUS. — Lord chancellor of Ireland in the reign of 
 Charles I. For many years, he filled that station with great 
 honor to himself and to the crown of England. At length, 
 however, he took sides with the popular party, when he was 
 removed from office. Whether he took any part in the civil 
 wars, that followed soon after, does not appear. 
 
 LOLLIUS URBICUS. — A Roman governor- general in 
 the island of Britain under the emperor Antoninus Pius. 
 History records nothing important in his administration ex- 
 cept the building of a wall, or rampart, across the island 
 where Agricola had previously established his garrisons, — 
 
426 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*LON, 
 
 from the frith of Clyde to the frith of Forth. (See Agri- 
 cola. ) This wall was about seventy miles farther north than 
 the wall of Adrian, which extended from the frith of Solway 
 lo the mouth of the Tyne. The object of both was to pro- 
 tect the Roman provinces in the island from the incursions 
 of the Scots and Picts of the north. 
 
 LONDON. — A gentleman who suffered great injustice 
 under the administration of Allen, one of Cardinal Wolsey's 
 judges in his famous legatine court. For this, he prosecuted 
 Allen, and convicted him of " iniquity and malversation." 
 After this, London, (supposed to be the same,) was appoint- 
 ed one of the commissioners of the crown to examine into 
 the conduct and condition of all the monasteries. 
 
 LONG. — A member of parliament of Charles I in 1629. 
 Being concerned in a tumult in the house, he was committed 
 to prison. Sureties were offered for bail, but he refused 
 them, saying that his friends should not be responsible for 
 his conduct. He was then offered his release on condition 
 that he would petition for it ; but he declined, saying that he 
 could never ask as a favor, for what was his, ot right. 
 
 LONG. — It it is difficult to say whether he is not the 
 same as the above ; as the character, however, is somewhat 
 different, we cannot think it the same. He was a member 
 of parliament in 1647, and was one of the eleven conserva- 
 tive presbyterian members whose expulsion was demanded 
 by the army, on the ground that they were the "very leaders 
 of the presbyterian party." (See Clotworthy, Sir John; 
 also Holly s, Harley, and Glyn.) 
 
 LONGCHAMP.— Bishop of Ely under the reign of Rich- 
 ard I. He was associated with Hugh Pazas, bishop of Dur- 
 ham, in the administration of the government during Rich- 
 ard's absence in the Holy War. The two prelates were, 
 most probably, placed in equal power ; but scarcely had the 
 king crossed the channel when Longchamp began to assert a 
 superiority, and the quarrel between them was such as threw 
 the whole kingdom into a state of excitement. Though a 
 foreigner, and of mean birth, a legatine commission which 
 he bore from the pope, added to the high place which he oc- 
 cupied in court, made him forgetful of his true position as 
 an English subject. He even arrested his colleague and 
 forced him to resign his title as earl of Northumberland. 
 When the king, yet at Marseilles, ordered him to rescind the 
 act, he refused to obey, and proceeded to administer the gov- 
 
lor:] biographical index. 427 
 
 eminent alone. He became the most haughty man in the 
 kingdom, and never traveled without a strong cavalcade of 
 fifteen hundred foreigners and many knights and nobles. 
 Even royality, itself, could not have been more ostentatious. 
 Richard, not yet departed from Europe, sent orders for a 
 council to be appointed, without whose concurrence Long- 
 champ should take no important measure in the administra- 
 tion of the government : but such was the dread of his power 
 that the archbishop of Rouen and the earl of Strigul, by 
 whom the royal mandate was sent, dared not produce it. 
 Soon after this, he even seized the archbishop of York and 
 threw him into prison, which so aroused the resentment of 
 the whole nation that he was obliged to quit the kingdom in 
 disguise. Even while on the continent, however, he long 
 continued to annoy the English by the exercise of his lega- 
 tine commission. 
 
 LONGESPEE, Richard, or Richard Longsword.— So 
 called from the long sword which he usually wore. Natu- 
 ral son of Henry II by the Fair Rosamond. 
 
 LONGLAND, John. — Bishop of Lincoln in the reign of 
 Henry VIII, from 1521 until his death in 1547. He is said 
 to have advocated ihe king's divorce from Catharine, but to 
 have been opposed to all reformation of the church farther 
 than a mere denial of the papal authority. It is probable 
 that he agreed very nearly, with his royal master. 
 
 LOPEZ, Roderigo. — A Jew who was domestic physician 
 to Queen Elizabeth. His love of money so far prevailed 
 over his sense of duty, that he accepted a bribe of certain 
 Spanish officials to poison her. On being imprisoned, he 
 confessed the fact, but declared that he had never any inten- 
 tion of committing the act, but only intended to " cheat the 
 Spaniards out of their money." The explanation, however, 
 was not satisfactory, and he was led to execution. 
 
 LORNE, Lord. — Son of the earl of Argyle, in Scotland, 
 in the reign of Elizabeth. He stands prominent as a leader 
 of the body of covenanters, known, at first, by the denomi- 
 nation of their own choosing, " the congregation of the 
 Lord." It is probable that he was a man of talents and high 
 character ; but most of his life seems to have been devoted 
 to religious controversy, which, with all his good qualities, 
 makes him appear unamiable. 
 
 LORNE, Lord.— Earl of Argyle. Son of the earl of 
 Argyle who perished immediately after the restoration of 
 
428 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. j^LOT, 
 
 Charles II. According to the fashion of the times, the father 
 had taken one side, in politics, and the son the other ; so 
 that in case of attainder against either, the other might retain 
 the estate. In this case, Lome had preserved his loyality 
 through the revolution, and under the protectorate : and when 
 the attainder was passed against his father, the forfeiture 
 was immediately presented to him, as a gift. Not long after 
 this, he was found guilty of leasing-making, and condemned 
 to die; but Charles was greatly offended at the sentence, and 
 granted him a pardon. Again he was condemned for the 
 same offense, when, fearing that executive clemency might 
 not save him as before, James II being now on the throne, 
 he escaped to Holland. He encouraged Monmouth in his 
 rebellion, and soon after, undertook an invasion of Scotland 
 for the recovery of his estates, which had been confiscated. 
 In this, he was wholly unsuccessful ; and after being desert- 
 ed by most of his men, was taken and executed under the 
 sentence which had been previously passed upon him. 
 
 LOUDEN, Lord. — One of the chief of the Scottish cove- 
 nanters in the reign of Charles I. On the interception of a 
 treasonable letter of his to the king of France, he was arrest- 
 ed and thrown into prison at London. Soon after this, how- 
 ever, he was released, and sent home, and when Charles 
 made his visit to Scotland in 1641, he conferred on him the 
 title of earl. Whether this new honor had the effect to make 
 him more respectful toward the crown does not appear, as 
 we afterwards hear very little of him. 
 
 LOUISE de QUEROUAILLE.— Duchess of Portsmouth. 
 A favorite mistress of Charles II. She was a French lady 
 and was introduced to him by his sister Henrietta, the duch- 
 ess of Orleans. She was a woman of great beauty and ac- 
 complishments, and commanded Charles' affections, much 
 more than did his wife. He had several children by her, 
 and as he had none legitimate, she is said to have enter- 
 tained the hope, for many years, of raising some one of her 
 children to the throne. 
 
 LOTHAIRE. — The ninth king of Kent. He was son of 
 Ercombert and brother of Egbert. He was believed to have 
 been accessory to the murder of the sons of Erminfrid, and 
 to have had an eye, even then, to his own elevation to the 
 throne, not doubting that after the death of the Egbert, 
 he should be able to overcome his son Edric. Accord- 
 ingly? soon after the death of the bloody Egbert, who had 
 
LOV."| BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 429 
 
 been principal in the murder of the young princess for the 
 sole purpose of securing the crown to his son, Lothaire took 
 possession, and by associating his son Richard with himself 
 in the government, hoped to fix the succession in his own 
 family. Young Edric, however, had recourse to the king of 
 Sussex, who readily supported him, and a battle soon after 
 followed in which Lothaire was defeated and slain, and his 
 son Richard forced to flee to the continent. Lothaire reigned 
 from the year 673 to 684, — 11 years. (See Edric and 
 Richard.) 
 
 LOUTHER, Sir Gerard. — Chief justice of Ireland under 
 the reign of Charles I at the same time when the earl of 
 Strafford was governor. He was impeached at the same 
 time with Strafford ; though the impeachment was never 
 acted on by the peers ; doubtless because it was found that 
 there was no ground of action. 
 
 LOVE. — An active presbyterian who entered into a con- 
 spiracy, with many others, against the commonwealth and 
 the protectorate of Cromwell. For this offense, they were 
 all condemned and executed. 
 
 LOVEL, Lord. — Commonly known as Viscount Lovel. 
 One of the early favorites of Richard III. He seems to 
 have been a man of great influence, which Richard has been 
 supposed to have courted for his own safety, 
 
 LOVEL, Lord, also Viscount. — Perhaps a son of the 
 above. He assisted Richard III in the battle of Bosworth, 
 for which a sentence of attainder was passed against him by 
 Henry VII. He took sanctuary, however, in Colchester, 
 where he remained until the breaking out of the rebellion for 
 Lambert Simnel, with whom he ably co-operated. He was 
 in the battle of Stoke in 1487 ; and as he was never more 
 heard of, is supposed to have perished in the action. 
 
 LOVEL, Sir Thomas. — A member of the privy council 
 of Henry VIII, at the commencement of his reign. He 
 was also made master of the wards and constable of the 
 tower, and was regarded as one of the strongest men of the 
 nation. How long he continued in the service of court does 
 not appear. 
 
 LOVELL, Ralph. — A powerful baron who declared for 
 the empress, Matilda, soon after her landing in England. 
 
 LOVELACE. — To this name belongs the unenviable dis- 
 tinction of having determined the fortunes of the day at the 
 second battle of St. Albans. He had command of a body 
 
430 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [lUM. 
 
 of Yorkists, and in the heat of the engagement, withdrew 
 from the combat, which decided the victory in favor of Queen 
 Margaret. 
 
 LOVELACE. — A prominent member of parliament, 
 who, in 1643, deserted the parliamentary party, and went to 
 Oxford to join himself to the king. This was soon after the 
 taking of Bristol by the royalists, when every thing looked 
 promising for the crown and threatening to the parliament. 
 Many changes took place in the king's favor, just at this 
 time ; whether from principle or from interest may be ques- 
 tioned. 
 
 LOVELACE, Lord. — Had a military command in the 
 royal army at the time of the invasion by the prince of 
 Orange. He had united, however, with most of the nobility 
 in an invitation to the prince, and attempted to join him on 
 his first landing in England, but was intercepted and taken 
 prisoner. His confinement, however, was short, and he was 
 among the most loyal of subjects under the sovereign. 
 
 LUCIE, Sir William. — A nobleman of the Lancastrian 
 party who was slain at Northampton in the first action after 
 the landing of Warwick from the continent. 
 
 LUCY, Richard de. — An English nobleman whom Henry 
 II appointed guardian of the realm of Northumberland. He 
 made a successful resistance to the king of Scotland, after 
 which he marched south to oppose an insurrection headed by 
 the earl of Leicester and Hugh Bigod. In this, he was also 
 successful, and the insurrectionists were mostly put to the 
 sword. 
 
 LUCY WALTERS.— An early mistress of Charles II, 
 and mother of the unfortunate duke of Monmouth, who was 
 born out of wedlock about ten years before the restoration. 
 A story was extensively circulated of an engagement, or 
 pledge of marriage, on which an effort was made to estab- 
 lish Monmouth's legitimacy, to the exclusion of the duke of 
 York, James II ; but Charles gave to the story a public con- 
 tradiction which forever excluded the claim of Monmouth. 
 
 LUDICAN. — The seventeenth king of Mercia. Like 
 his predecessor, Beornulf, he is thought to have been a 
 usurper, not being of the royal family; and like him, he was 
 slain by his own subjects, after a reign of two years, — from 
 S23 to 825. 
 
 LUMLEY, Lord. — Soon after the accession of Henry 
 IV, a conspiracy was formed against him. Lumley was one 
 
MAC.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 431 
 
 of the conspirators. One of them, (the earl of Rutland,) 
 proved treacherous, and communicated the matter to the king, 
 which defeated the measure. Many of them fell into the 
 hands of the royalists, and were executed. This was the 
 sad fate of Lumley. He was beheaded in Bristol at the 
 same time with Lord Spenser, (1400.) 
 
 LUMLEY, William. — One of the leaders of an insur- 
 rection in 1537, in the reign of Henry VIII. He was 
 arrested at the same time with Aske, and others, and most 
 probably, executed the same day. 
 
 LUMLEY, Lord. — One of the most zealous advocates of 
 the revolution at the fall of James II. He seems to have 
 been in command of some of the royal forces at the time of 
 the invasion of England by the prince of Orange, and to 
 have brought all his forces into the service of the prince. 
 
 LYTTLETON, Sir Thomas. — A member of the parlia- 
 ment of Charles II in 1681. When the " exclusion bill," for 
 the exclusion of the duke of York, (James II,) was under 
 consideration, Lyttleton advocated the measure of Ernley. — 
 that the duke should be banished five hundred miles from 
 England, and after the death of Charles, be nominally king, 
 but the next heir be appointed regent, with regal power. 
 The measure, however, was not adopted. The bill of exclu- 
 sion passed the house, but was lost in the peers. 
 
 M 
 
 MAC ARTY, Florence. — An Irish chieftain who exerted 
 much influence in fomenting rebellions among his country- 
 men against the English government in the time of Eliza- 
 beth. He was taken prisoner by Sir George Carew in 1601, 
 and sent over to England, after which we hear no more of 
 him. 
 
 MAC-BARON, Arthur. — An Irish chieftain, brother to 
 the famous Tyrone, who long waged incessant war against 
 the English, under the reign of Elizabeth. He co-operated 
 with his brother, and their fortunes failed together. 
 
 MACBETH. — A Scottish nobleman of great power under 
 the reign of Duncan I. He was nearly allied to the crown, 
 and aspired to the government. Duncan was a gentle 
 prince, and possessed not the talents necessary to the govern- 
 ment of a turbulent people. Hence Macbeth succeeded in 
 
432 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |~MAC. 
 
 his treasonable designs so far as to put him to death, and 
 even chased his son, Malcolm Kenmore, into England, where 
 his cause was embraced, and Siward of Northumberland or- 
 dered to march into Scotland, where he defeated and slew 
 the ambitious Macbeth. 
 
 MACOAIL. — One of the Scottish insurgents who suffer- 
 ed under the reign of Charles II. Impelled by an honest 
 fanaticism, which is more to be pitied than blamed, in com- 
 mon with many others, he laid himself liable to prosecution 
 as a disturber of the peace, or a violator of law. Really, 
 his crime consisted in resisting that most unjust and arbitrary 
 law of Charles' against conventicles. Perhaps it was not in- 
 tended to take his life. He was submitted to torture, in 
 which he died, contrary to expectation. His last words were 
 those of christian triumph, and he died more like a martyr 
 than a criminal. 
 
 MACGILL, Sir James. — Appointed by the parliament of 
 Scotland, in 1571, to treat with Queen Elizabeth on the 
 question of restoring Mary, then prisoner in England, to the 
 throne of Scotland. He urged that Mary's resignation, in 
 favor of her son, should be considered lawful, while Eliza- 
 beth affected a disposition to restore the fallen queen to her 
 throne. 
 
 MACKEREL, Dr.— Prior of Barlings in the time of 
 Henry VIII. Being greatly attached to the Romish reli- 
 gion, he got up an insurrection in Lincolnshire, in 1536, for 
 the purpose of forcing the king to protect the monasteries. 
 He wore the disguise of a mean mechanic, and took the 
 name of Captain Cobler. He soon fell into the hands of the 
 royalists, and was publicly executed. 
 
 MACNAMARA.— There were two Irishmen of this 
 name who came to England, in 1681, as witnesses of a cer- 
 tain ' k popish plot." Several others appeared at the same 
 time. None of them, as Mr. Hume has justly said, "pos- 
 sessed character sufficient to gain belief even for truth, nor 
 sense to invent a credible falsehood." It was well known, 
 moreover, that they had come purely for pecuniary reward] 
 Yet, strange as it may seem, several persons of good char- 
 acter lost their lives by this testimony. Among them was 
 Plunket, the titular primate of Ireland. 
 
 MAC-LURLEY. — An Irish chieftain who made himself 
 prominent in the rebellions of the Irish against the govern 
 ment of Elizabeth. He co-operated with Tyrone in 1601, 
 
MAI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 433 
 
 when he was assisted by Alphonso Ocampo, the Spaniard. 
 
 MADERTY, Lord. — A Scottish peer who favored the 
 parliamentary cause until after Montrose's victory at Kilsyth, 
 when he came to his standard, with many other noblemen, 
 and declared for the crown. He has been suspected of a 
 design to be on the side of victory, rather than of right. 
 
 MAGDALEN. — Daughter of Francis I, of France, and 
 wife of James V, of Scotland. She had long been in feeble 
 health, and died soon after her marriage. 
 
 MAGNUS. — One of the three sons of King Harold who. 
 after the battle of Hastings, sought a retreat in Ireland, 
 whence they returned soon after with the intention of invad- 
 ing England, but on being repulsed in several engagements, 
 abandoned the project. 
 
 MAGNUS. — King of Norway of the same period with 
 William Rufus. In the eleventh 3^ear of William's reign, 
 Magnus made a descent on the island of Anglesea, but was 
 repulsed by the earl of Shrewsbury. This is said to have 
 been the last attempt made on England by the northern na- 
 tions. 
 
 MAGUIRE. — An Irish chieftain in the time of James I. 
 When told by the English lord deputy that an English sher- 
 iff was to be sent into some one of the counties, he replied, 
 " Let me know, beforehand, his eric, or the price of his head, 
 so that if my people cut it off, I may levy the money upon 
 the county." After this, he was one of the chief movers of 
 the great Irish massacre of 1641, under Charles I. He was, 
 however, taken prisoner at Dublin at the very commence- 
 ment, and most probably put to death. 
 
 MAHONE. — One of the chief of the Irish conspirators in 
 the great massacre of the English settlers in 1641. He was 
 in Dublin with More and Maiuire, when the plot was first 
 suspected, and on being seized, discovered the whole con- 
 spiracy. The intelligence, however, was obtained too late 
 to do any good out of Dublin ; and the massacre that fol- 
 lowed has scarcely a parallel in savage warfare. 
 
 MA1T LAND, of Lidington. — Secretary of Scotland in 
 the reign of Mary Stuart. He first appears a zealous mem- 
 ber of the protestant association, and was sent, by that body, 
 to ask assistance of Elizabeth against the French. After 
 being made secretary to the queen, he devoted himself 
 wholly to her interests, and is said to have committed suicide 
 
 19 
 
434 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [mAL. 
 
 when he found that he could no longer render her any ser- 
 vice. 
 
 MALCOLM I. — King of Scotland. This name scarcely 
 need to appear in the present work, — though it stands inci- 
 dentally connected with the reigns of Edmund and Edred. 
 The former having conquered Cumberland from the Britons, 
 conferred it on Malcolm, on condition that he would do hom- 
 age to the crown of England, and henceforth protect the 
 north from the incursions of the Danes. The latter forced 
 him to renew this homage as an acknowledgment of his de- 
 pendence on him for the territory which he held in England. 
 
 MALCOLM II. — This prince became embroiled with 
 Ethelred, who had imposed a tax on all England, for the 
 purpose of purchasing peace with the Danes. The imposi- 
 tion extended to Cumberland, which was then held by Mal- 
 colm, who replied that he was able to resist the Danes 
 himself, and that he would neither buy a peace of them, nor 
 pay others to resist them. Ethelred, enraged at this re- 
 ply, undertook an expedition against him, but never succeed- 
 ed in humbling him. Canute, on coming to the throne of 
 England, required him to acknowledge himself a vassal to 
 to that crown for Cumberland. At first he refused, but was, 
 at length, forced to do homage through his grandson, Dun- 
 can, whom he had put in possession of Cumberland. 
 
 MALCOLM III, Kenmore. — This prince was indebted 
 to Siward, of Northumberland, for his crown. His father, 
 Duncan, was slain by Macbeth, and he, forced to flee into 
 England for his life. Siward was ordered by the English 
 monarch to espouse the cause of the family. Accordingly, 
 he invaded Scotland, slew Macbeth, and established Mal- 
 colm on the throne of his father. Under William the con- 
 queror, Edgar Atheling and his two sisters fled to Malcolm 
 for protection, who received them kindly and married Mar- 
 garet, the elder sister. By this marriage the Saxon line was 
 preserved, and afterward restored in England. In 1093 
 Malcolm invaded England, and was slain in an action near 
 Alnwick. 
 
 MALET, William de.- — A member of the executive 
 council under the act of magna charta in the reign of King 
 John. 
 
 MALLET, William. — A Norman who was placed in 
 charge of the castle of York soon after the conquest. When 
 Fitz- Richard, the governor of the place, was put to death in 
 
MAN.] |BI0 GRAPHICAL INDEX. 435 
 
 a popular insurrection, Mallet was besieged in his castle 
 For some time, he defended himself with great bravery, but 
 in the midst of the siege, many Danish troops were thrown 
 into the city, by which the castle was taken, and all the gar- 
 rison, to the number of ten thousand, put to the sword. Mal- 
 let was included in the general slaughter. 
 
 MALLET, Robert de. — One of the nobility who invited 
 Duke Robert, on his return from Palestine, to make an at- 
 tempt on England for the recovery of the crown which, in 
 his absence, had been assumed by Henry I. The treaty at 
 last agreed upon stipulated that the adherents of both should 
 be pardoned. This, however, was violated by Henry, and 
 most of the advocates of Robert's claims, Mallet among 
 them, were banidhed, and their property confiscated. 
 
 MALLET. — Chaplain to the princess Mary, before her 
 accession to the throne. Her obstinacy in refusing to sub- 
 mit to the reformed liturgy, was referred, in a great mea- 
 sure, to his and Berkeley's influence. (See Berkeley.) 
 For this, they were both thrown into prison ; but how long 
 they were confined does not appear. 
 
 MALLORY. — A member of the parliament of James I 
 in 1621. Being a refractory member, and strongly inclined 
 to liberal views, he was, at the close of the session, thrown 
 into prison ; but how long he was detained does not appear. 
 
 MALVERER, Sir Robert. A member of the parlia- 
 ment of Charles II in 1680. He belonged to the court party, 
 and hence became very unpopular in the commons. Com- 
 plaints were laid against him, and an impeachment sent to 
 the peers ; but whether it was acted on does not appear. 
 
 MANCHESTER, Earl of.— (See Kimbolton, Lord.) 
 
 MANDEVILLE, Lord. — High treasurer in the reign of 
 James I. He was appointed in 1618, and resigned the of- 
 fice in 1621. 
 
 MANDUBRATIUS.— An ally of Caesar at the time of 
 his second invasion of the island of Britain. 
 
 MANNEY, Sir Walter.— Said, by Mr. Hume, to have 
 been "one of the bravest captains of England" under the 
 reign of Edward III, to whom he rendered important ser- 
 vice in his continental wars, — particularly in the siege of 
 Calais. 
 
 MANNING. — Distinguished as the advocate of royalty 
 long after the fall of Charles I. He kept up a regular cor- 
 respondence with Charles II, and other members of the royal 
 
436 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |jMAR, 
 
 family, until he was detected, and punished with death. His 
 death was regarded as a great misfortune to the royal party. 
 
 MANNOC. — A servant of the duchess of Norfolk who 
 was one of the criminal paramours of Catharine Howard, 
 fifth wife of Henry VIII. It was made to appear, on trial, 
 that she had been in the habit of admitting him to her bed, 
 previous to her marriage with the king. (See Catharine 
 Howard.) 
 
 MANSEL, John. — Chaplain to Henry III. He was 
 computed to have held, at once, seven hundred livings. It is 
 probable that he was one of the Italian clergy against whom 
 we hear so much complaint in that reign. He was impris- 
 oned by the earl of Leicester for publishing the pope's bull, 
 which absolved the king and the whole kingdom from the ob- 
 ligation of observing the provisions of Oxford. 
 
 MANSFELDT.— A general of Charles I, sent in 1625, 
 to the relief of Frederic, palatine of Bohemia, who was 
 brother-in-law of the king. He seems, however, to have 
 accomplished very little in this enterprise, and beyond this, 
 we know nothing of him. 
 
 MANWAR1NG. — Bishop of St. Asaph in the time of 
 the civil wars of Charles I. He took decided ground, though 
 not then a bishop, in favor of the royal prerogative, and ad- 
 vocated the doctrine of the " divine rights of kings." This 
 drew upon him the displeasure of the commons, and an im- 
 peachment was made out against him and sent to the peers. 
 It had been argued by him, in his sermon which had given 
 such offense, that all property, though lodged in the hands of 
 the subject, really belonged to the crown, and might be called 
 for at any time ; and hence the demand of Charles for 
 " loans" was perfectly legal. The peers ordered him to be 
 imprisoned during the pleasure of the house, to pay a fine of 
 a thousand pounds, to make acknowledgments for his offense, 
 to be suspended from his ministry for three years, and to 
 have his sermon publicly burned. Scarcely had the sentence 
 gone forth, when Charles granted him an entire pardon, and 
 as a reward for his services, made him bishop of St. Asaph. 
 Alter this, we hear very little of him, and the writer is not 
 prepared to say how he got through the struggle that followed. 
 MARCADEE. — A famous leader of the Braban^ons 
 employed by Richard I to assist him in some of his difficul- 
 ties with his rebellious subjects. When Richard was mor- 
 tally wounded by Gourdon, the archer, he summoned him 
 
MAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 437 
 
 into his presence and demanded a reason why he had singled 
 him out for destruction. To this, he received so magnani- 
 mous an answer that he granted to his destroyer, not only a 
 pardon, but a sum of money, as the reward of his magnanim- 
 ity. After he was dismissed, however, Marcadee, without the 
 king's knowledge, seized the unhappy man, flayed him alive, 
 and then hanged him. (See Gourdon.) 
 
 MARCHE, Count de la. — He had espoused the princess 
 Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, when she 
 was admired and sought by John, king of England. The 
 marriage, in consequence of her tender years, had not 
 been consummated, although she was in the possession of 
 Marche. She was stolen from her intended husband by her 
 father, and married to John. For this injury, Marche fully 
 avenged himself by exciting commotions among John's sub- 
 jects on the continent, which cost him no small trouble. After 
 the death of John, he renewed his proposals of marriage to 
 the queen, (Isabella,) and she became his wife, and the 
 mother of his four sons, Guy, William, Geoffrey, and Ay- 
 mer, who were among the most offensive favorites of the 
 court of Henry III. 
 
 MARCHE, Earl of. —(See Mortimer, Edmund de.) 
 
 MARCHE, Earl of.— (See Edward.) 
 
 MARE, Peter de la. — The first speaker of the house of 
 commons. His election occurred in the year 1377, the same 
 year of the accession of Richard II. This house had long 
 been increasing in power, particularly in the latter part of 
 the late reign of Edward III, but had never had a presiding 
 officer before. Mare had been distinguished for many 
 years as a leading liberalist, and had even been imprisoned 
 by Edward for his freedom of speech in attacking his minis- 
 ters and exposing his licentiousness. 
 
 MARESCHAL, William.— Earl of Strigul under the 
 reign of Richard I, by whom he was appointed one of the 
 counsellors to Longchamp in the absence of the king in the 
 crusade. At the death of Richard, he became the warm 
 supporter of John, from whom it is probable that he obtained 
 xhe additional title of earl of Pembroke. 
 
 MARESCHAL, William.— Earl of Pembroke, son and 
 successor of the above. He was one of the twenty-five 
 barons who formed the executive council under the Great 
 Charter of King John, and vvarmly opposed the unwise 
 measures of that monarch, although he had married his 
 
438 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. | MAR. 
 
 daughter, Eleanor. At the time of John's death, he was 
 mareschal of England, which military position, at that time, 
 really placed him at the head of the government. No one, 
 however, could have been more worthy of the power with 
 which he was invested. Although he had opposed his fath- 
 er-in-law, it had been from principle, and not from any dis- 
 loyal or rebellious purpose, and now he determined to sustain 
 the young prince, (Henry III,) until he should come to man- 
 hood. Accordingly, he caused the ceremony of coronation 
 to be performed, and himself appointed protector of the 
 realm during the prince's minority. He caused the Great 
 Charter to be renewed and confirmed, by which means he 
 composed the turbulent barons, and restored the nation to 
 general tranquillity. He expelled the French, who had, for 
 some time, held possession of Lincoln, and after seeing the 
 fruit of his labors in the general prosperity of the nation, 
 and the young prince well nigh come to manhood, died, al- 
 most universally beloved and lamented. 
 
 MARESCHAL, William.— Son of the protector. He 
 was among the most violent of the barons against King John, 
 but under the wise administration of his father, during the 
 minority of Henry III, became reconciled to the government. 
 
 MARESCHAL, Richard. — Brother and successor of the 
 younger William Mareschal. He was among the barons 
 who were most violent against the favorites of Henry III. 
 When summoned to attend parliament, they came with an 
 armed force and required the king to dismiss his foreign 
 favorites. About this time, however, they became disunited 
 among themselves, and the royalists in the ascendant. Rich- 
 ard was chased into Wales. Thence he withdrew into Ire- 
 land, and there was treacherously murdered by the contriv- 
 ance of Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester. 
 
 MARGARET.— A daughter of Edward, son of Edmond 
 Ironside. She was born in Hungary, but came to England, 
 with her father, a little before the death of Edward the con- 
 fessor. .( See Edward. ) After this she is known in history 
 as the queen of Scotland, being the wife of Malcolm III. 
 It was through this princess that the Saxon line was preserv- 
 ed, and afterward restored in her great grand-son, Henry II. 
 
 MARGARET.— Second wife of Edward I. She was 
 sister to Philip, king of France. This marriage was nego- 
 tiated, or recommended, by the pope, for the purpose of com- 
 
MAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 439 
 
 posing some unpleasant strife between those two monarchs. 
 She was the mother of the earls of Norfolk and Kent. 
 
 MARGARET.— A daughter of the earl of Huntingdon 
 and wife of Alan, Lord of Galloway. She was grand- 
 mother to John Baliol, king of Scotland. 
 
 MARGARET.— Daughter of Edward I. She was mar- 
 ried to John, duke of Brabant. 
 
 MARGARET.— Daughter of Eric, king of Norway, 
 and heir-apparent to the throne of Scotland, her mother 
 being daughter to Alexander III. She died in her minority, 
 on her way from Norway to Scotland. 
 
 MARGARET.— Fourth daughter of Edward III. She 
 was married to John Hastings, earl of Pembroke. 
 
 MARGARET.— Wife of Prince Henry, eldest son of 
 Henry II. She was a daughter of Lewis, king of France, 
 and was betrothed when in her cradle to the prince, then but 
 eight years old. The object of the alliance on the part of 
 the English monarch was so to engage the interests of 
 France that he might have nothing to fear from her inter- 
 ference in his ambitious schemes. The marriage, however, 
 became a cause of Henry's deepest affliction. In the midst 
 of his unhappy quarrel with Becket, the primate, he caused 
 the young prince to be crowned by the archbishop of York. 
 Lewis complained that the princess Margaret had not receiv- 
 ed the royal unction at the same time. The ceremony was 
 repeated by the archpishop of Rouen, when Margaret was 
 associated with her husband. Immediately after this, Lewis 
 persuaded his son-in-law that he should have immediate pos- 
 session of his sovereignty, independent of his father ; and 
 this led to a scene of domestic trouble which ended only with 
 the prince's death. 
 
 MARGARET.— Duchess of Burgundy. Sister of Ed- 
 ward IV, and wife of the duke of Burgundy, commonly 
 called the Bastard. In consequence of cool treatment which 
 she received from her English relatives, particularly Henry 
 VII, she determined on revenge, and for this purpose, in- 
 structed and sent forth the famous pretender, Perkin War- 
 beck, who caused much trouble to Henry. (See Warbeck, 
 Perkin.) 
 
 MARGARET. — Daughter to John, duke of Somerset in 
 the time of Henry VI. It was alleged against the unfortu- 
 nate duke of Suffolk, when his ruin had been determined on, 
 that he intended to marry his son, John de la Pole to this 
 
440 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MAR. 
 
 lady for the purpose of acquiring for him a title to the crown. 
 The charge was wholly unfounded. 
 
 MARGARET.— Daughter of Henry III, of England, 
 and wile of Alexander III, ol Scotland. 
 
 MARGARET.— Daughter of Alexander III, king of 
 Scotland, and wife of Eric, king of Norway, 
 
 MARGARET DOUGLAS.— Daughter of Queen Mar- 
 garet, widow of James. IV, of Scotland, by her marriage 
 with Archibald Douglas, earl of Angus. A marriage was 
 agreed on between her and Thomas Howard ; but as the 
 permission of the king, Henry VIII, had not been asked, 
 they were thrown into the tower. He was never released, 
 but she recovered her liberty. After this, she was married 
 to Mathew Stuart, earl of Lenox, and became the mother of 
 Lord Henry Darnley. 
 
 MARGARET.— Queen of Henry VI. She was daugh- 
 ter of Regnier, titular king of Sicily, Naples, and Jerusa- 
 lem, descended from the count of Anjou, brother of Charles 
 V. This prmcess was considered the most accomplished of the 
 age, and it was fondly hoped that she might supply the defects 
 and weaknesses of her husband. The first violent movement 
 in which she was supposed to be concerned was the murder of 
 the duke of Gloucester, which, although there be no positive 
 proof of the fact, is the worst stain that ever attached to her 
 character. Not long after this, the duke of York began to 
 assert his rights, assisted by the powerful earl of Warwick. 
 She raised an army in the north, and in the battle of Wake- 
 field defeated and slew him, and afterwards caused his head 
 to be cut off and fixed on the gates of York bearing a paper 
 crown. Not long after, she suffered a defeat at Mortimer's 
 Cross by the young duke of York, (Edward IV.) After 
 this, in the second battle of St. Alban's, she defeated the 
 .earl of Warwick, and regained the person of her husband, 
 who had been some time a prisoner in the hands of the 
 Yorkists. Soon after, she was completely routed at Touton, 
 after which she fled into Scotland, where she tried, in vain, 
 to engage the prudent James in her interest; — though she 
 was reinforced by many volunteers from that country. Next 
 she applied' to France for succor, but obtained very small assis- 
 tance. Again she was defeated at Hexham, where she lost 
 many of her chief supporters. From this she fled into a forest, 
 where she was beset during the night, by robbers who, either 
 ignorant or regardless of her quality, despoiled her of her 
 
MAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 441 
 
 jewelry, and treated her with great indignity. A quarrel 
 ensued among them in dividing the booty, in the midst of 
 which she escaped from them. When exhausted by fatigue 
 and hunger, she saw another robber approaching her with a 
 naked sword: finding no way of escape, she determined on 
 casting herself on his generosity. So, advancing toward 
 him with her child, she called out to him, " Here, my friend, 
 I commit to your care the safety of your king's son." The 
 ruffian was touched by her confidence, and at once swore to 
 protect them both. After spending some time in the forest, 
 she ventured to the sea-coast, whence she made her escape 
 into Flanders, and rejoined her father. Six years after this, 
 she entered into a league with the earl of Warwick, who had 
 then forsaken the Yorkists, and was willing to cast his influ- 
 ence in favor of the deposed monarch. For the purpose of 
 making this alliance secure, she married her son, Prince Ed- 
 ward, to Lady Anne, daughter of Warwick. Warwick set 
 out for England, and by rapid movements forced Edward, 
 (then on the throne,) to flee to the continent. After this, 
 he took Henry out of the tower and caused him to be pro- 
 claimed king. Margaret, being informed ot the good for- 
 tune of her husband, set out for England, but did not land 
 until the same day of the battle of Barnet, at which War- 
 wick was defeated and slain. This was on Easter Sunday, 
 (April 14, 1471.) On the 4th of May, following, occurred 
 the battle of Tewkesbury, at which Margaret was completely 
 defeated and taken prisoner, with her son, Edward, then 
 eighteen years old, who, for daring to assert his right as the 
 son of Henry VI, was inhumanly murdered in the presence 
 of the victorious Edward. Margaret was detained in cus- 
 tody four years, when she was ransomed by Lewis, king of 
 France, at fifty thousand crowns, and sent home to her rela- 
 tions. She lived seven years in retirement, and. died in 
 1482. An admirable princess, but more remarkable for her 
 daring in adversity than her moderation in prosperity. 
 
 MARGARET.— Mother of Henry VII. She was daugh- 
 ter of the duke of Somerset, and wife of the earl of Rich- 
 mond, who was half brother to Henry VI. She is remark- 
 able for her noble birth, and the noble line of kings who 
 descended from her. 
 
 MARGARET.— Queen of Scotland. She was the eld- 
 est daughter of Henry VII, of England, and married James 
 IV, of Scotland. By this marriage, the connection was 
 
 19* 
 
442 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MAR. 
 
 formed between the royal families of England and Scotland, 
 whirh brought the Stuarts to the throne of England, and 
 finally led to the union of the two nations. After the death 
 of James, Margaret was married to Archibald Douglas, 
 earl of Angus. As she was then regent in the minority of 
 her son, James V, Angus aspired to hold the reins of gov- 
 ernment, which caused domestic trouble, and she procured 
 a divorce from him. (See Douglas, Archibald.) After 
 this, she made a third marriage, with a Scottish nobleman, 
 of the name of Stuart, and lived to a good old age. 
 
 MARGERY JORDAN.— Of Eye. A woman who was 
 executed for with witchcraft under the reign of Henry VI. 
 It was pretended that she and Sir Roger Bolingbroke, to- 
 gether with the duchess of Gloucester, were found in posses- 
 sion of a waxen figure of the king, which they melted in a 
 magical manner before a slow fire, with the intention of 
 causing Henry's force and vigor to waste away by like insen- 
 sible degrees. Margery and Bolingbroke were both con- 
 victed and executed; the duchess was condemned to do 
 public penance, and to suffer perpetual imprisonment. 
 
 MARKHAM, Sir Griffin. — Concerned in the plot for 
 supplanting James I, and elevating the Lady Arabella 
 Stuart to the throne. He was convicted of high treason, 
 and sentenced to death, but pardoned after he had laid his 
 head on the block. 
 
 MARKHAM, Sir George. — All that we know of him is 
 the following anecdote. Lord Darcy's huntsman was exer- 
 cising his hounds in a chase, when Markham joined in. As 
 he kept nearer to the dogs than was thought proper, the 
 huntsman, besides other rudeness, " gave him foul lan- 
 guage," which Sir George returned with a stroke of his 
 whip. The fellow threatened to complain to his master, 
 when the knight replied, " If your master should justify such 
 insolence, I would serve him in the same manner." For 
 this offense Markham was summoned before the star cham- 
 ber, and fined ten thousand pounds. This was early in the 
 reign of Charles I, about 1634. 
 
 MARNEY, Sir Henry. — More frequently known as 
 Lord Marney. Prominent in the court of Henry VII, and 
 member of the privy council of Henry VIII. Said to have 
 been a profound statesman. 
 
 MARRE, Earl of.— (See Donald.) 
 
 MARRE, Earl of. — Name somewhat questionable, He 
 
MAR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 443 
 
 succeeded Mathew Stuart, earl of Lenox, in the regency, 
 James VI being still a minor. Soon after his appointment 
 to this office, the party of Queen Mary became so strong 
 that he was obliged to enter into a truce with them, and soon 
 after died of melancholy on account of the distracted state 
 of the country. 
 
 MARSHALL. — A puritan clergyman of the time of 
 Charles I. In 1642, he and Burgess, another of the same 
 order, were appointed to preach before the parliament, when 
 they entertained that body by sermons seven hours in length. 
 Marshall was a politician, as well as a divine, and entered 
 largely into the strife of the times. 
 
 MARTEL, Charles.— One of the principal of the nobil- 
 ity who enlisted under the standard of the duke of Nor- 
 mandy in his invasion of England. He is said to have 
 commanded the second line of the Norman army at the bat- 
 tle of Hastings. 
 
 MARTIN. — A papal nuncio who came into England in 
 the reign of Henry III, with full powers of suspending and 
 excommunicating all clergymen who might refuse to comply 
 with his demands for money. 
 
 MARTIN. — One of the most ultra revolutionists in the 
 history of the civil wars. He set out with the views of the 
 parliament; but by a rapid progression, soon reached the 
 extreme position of the fifth-monarchy party ; or if not their 
 very theory, at least, one equally beyond the -experience of 
 all civilized nations. He appears to have been a man of de- 
 cided talents, and under circumstances of less excitement 
 might have made a wise statesman. He was a particular 
 favorite of Cromwell, and these two dignitaries, when pro- 
 ceeding to sign the death warrant of Charles, are said to 
 have amused themselves by throwing ink into each other's 
 faces. 
 
 MARTYR, Peter. — A Lutheran protestant who came 
 into England by invitation of Cranmer, under the reign of 
 Edward VI, to escape the persecutions of the continent. He 
 came at the same time with Martin Bucer, and many others, 
 was appointed professor of divinity at Oxford, and by his 
 piety and learning, rendered much service to the English 
 reformers. After the accession of the "Bloody Mary," 
 when he saw the storm of persecution gathering, he left 
 England, and retired to his own country, which had then be- 
 come peaceable. After the death of Mary, he was invited 
 
444 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [°MAR. 
 
 back to Oxford, but declined, and spent the remainder of his 
 life at Zurich. He died in 1562, aged 63. 
 
 MARVEL, Andrew. — A good writer of the age of the 
 commonwealth and Charles II. He was born about 1620, 
 and after obtaining a thorough education at Cambridge, 
 spent several years in traveling abroad. He was, for some 
 time, associated with the famous poet, Milton, as Latin Sec- 
 retary to Cromwell, and afterwards, became an influential 
 member of parliament. Charles II greatly admired him, 
 and even proposed to him any office within his gift ; but he 
 declined to accept it, alleging that its effect would be to place 
 him under obligations to the crown, which would lay re- 
 straints upon him that he was not willing to bear. He died 
 in 1678. 
 
 MARY. — A daughter of Edward I, who took vows of 
 celibacy and retired to the nunnery of Ambresbury. 
 
 MARY DE BO HUN.— First wife of Henry IV and moth- 
 er of Henry V. She was daughter of the earl of Hereford. 
 MARY. — Third daughter of Edward III. She was mar- 
 ried to John of Mountfort, duke of Brittany. 
 
 MARY WOODVILLE.— Sister to Elizabeth, queen of 
 Edward IV. She was married to William Herbert, earl of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 MARY. — Second daughter of Henry VII. She was first* 
 married to Louis XII of France, who lived but about three 
 months after the marriage. Soon after this, she made a 
 second marriage with Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, 
 who was a great favorite of Henry VIII, her brother. 
 
 MARY OF GUISE.— Queen of James V, of Scotland, 
 and mother of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. Pre- 
 vious to her marriage with James, she had been married to 
 the duke of Longueville, but was left, a young widow. Eight 
 days after the birth of her daughter, James died, and she 
 was made regent during the minority of the princess. The 
 earl of Arran, however, was her competitor in that office 
 part of the time, and caused her great trouble. After much 
 anxiety, in consequence of the religious factions in Scotland, 
 she was forced by the " Congregation of the Lord," — the 
 presbyterians, — to resign the regency. She died in 1560, 
 and was universally regarded as a woman of superior capaci- 
 ties and amiable virtues. 
 
 MARY. — Queen of England: commonly known as 
 11 Bloody Mary." She was 'daughter of Henry VIII by his 
 
MAR. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 445 
 
 first wife, Catharine of Arragon. Notwithstanding this 
 marriage had been declared invalid, and she illegitimate, 
 Henry, a little belore his death, caused her to be declared 
 legitimate, and second heir to the crown. She seems always 
 to have been indignant at her mother's divorce ; and as it 
 was connected with her father's reformation measures, she 
 entertained the deepest hatred for the protestant religion. 
 During the short reign of her brother, Edward VI, she re- 
 fused to conform to it, and was seriously threatened with 
 punishment. At the death of Edward, the nation was 
 greatly agitated. The violence of her temper was well 
 known, and the protestants trembled at the idea of seeing 
 her in possession of the reins of government. Hence the 
 fruitless effort to supercede her by the ill-fated Lady Jane 
 Grey. For the purpose of allaying all apprehensions, she 
 issued a proclamation, declaring her intention to continue 
 all the laws of her brother Edward on the subject of religion, 
 and declaring that her protestant subjects should have noth- 
 ing to fear. On this assurance, all opposition ceased, and 
 she became the queen of England as by acclamation. Almost 
 immediately, however, she married Philip, of Spain, whose 
 bigotry was more fiendish than human; and from the day of 
 . her marriage, all her pledges were forgotten. Immediately 
 the fires of Smithfield were lighted, and the work of destruc- 
 tion began. To be suspected of the least tendency toward 
 the protestant religion was fatal, and every instrument of 
 cruelty which was known to the Spanish inquisition was 
 brought into requisition. Happily for England, her reign 
 was short. She died on the 7th of November, 1558, in the 
 42d year of her age and the 6th of her reign, " unwept, 
 unsung." 
 
 MARY STUART.— Queen of Scots : the only child of 
 James V, of Scotland, and Mary, of Guise. She was born 
 in 1552, and proclaimed queen when but eight days old, her 
 mother being regent. Almost immediately, Henry VIII, of 
 England, conceived the design of uniting the two kingdoms 
 by the marriage of his son, Edward VI, to the Scotch prin- 
 cess. The proposal, however, was not acceeded to, and she 
 was soon after betrothed to the dauphin of France, and sent 
 to that country to be educated. Two years after her mar- 
 riage found her a widow, and she soon after left the " sunny 
 south," to take possession of her patrimonial inheritance in 
 Scotland. Her education, however, had wholly disqualified 
 
446 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MAR. 
 
 her for administering the government of Scotland. All her 
 tastes and feelings were French — light, playful, and pleas- 
 ure-loving ; and withal she was a zealous papist, while the 
 puritan temper had generally taken possession of Scotland. 
 Her religion was so very offensive that she was obliged to 
 submit to many indignities, and often to open insult. In or- 
 der to strengthen her position, she was advised to make a 
 second marriage, and accordingly she gave her hand to Lord 
 Henry Darnley, of the house of Stuart. This proved an un- 
 fortunate marriage. He was weak, jealous and sensitive ; 
 and their early love soon passed into mutual hatred. He 
 was despised at court, and at length, destroyed by the blow- 
 ing up of his house with gun-powder. Mary was charged 
 with being accessory to the murder ; and this impression was 
 strengthened by her marriage, soon after, to the earl of Both- 
 well, who was generally believed to have done the deed. 
 Soon after this, a popular rebellion was formed in the king- 
 dom, and after falling into the hands of her enemies, she 
 was forced to resign her crown in favor of her son, James 
 VI. For a time, she was detained prisoner in Lochleven 
 castle, but found means to escape, and fled to Stirling, where 
 she was joined by a strong volunteer force. These, however, 
 were not able to resist the regular forces of the earl of Mur- 
 ray ; she was defeated and obliged to fly into England and 
 throw herself on the protection of Elizabeth. At first, she 
 received assurances of kind treatment; but after placing her- 
 self within the power of the English queen, she was told that 
 she could not be admitted into her presence until she had 
 cleared herself of the charge of having contributed to the 
 murder of Darnley. After a thorough investigation, no evi- 
 dence of guilt had been found ; but still she was detained a 
 prisoner, under various pretences. After eighteen year's 
 confinement, during which she projected several plans for 
 her escape, she was brought to trial on a charge of hav- 
 ing secretly favored a plot for the assassination of Queen 
 Elizabeth and for her own elevation to the throne of Eng- 
 land. She disdained the authority of the court, and refused 
 to plead in her defense. Sentence of death was passed 
 against her, and on the 8th of February, 1587, she was led 
 to the scaffold. She met death with coolness and christian, 
 resignation, and died imploring forgiveness for her murder- 
 ers. This cruel deed will ever be a dark stain on the name 
 of the " Great Elizabeth." 
 
MAS.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 447 
 
 MARY. — Daughter of Charles I, and wife of the prince of 
 Orange. She was born in 1631, and died a little after the 
 restoration of her brother, Charles II. She had come to 
 England to partake of the joy attending the restoration of 
 her family, and while there contracted a disease of which 
 she died in a few weeks. 
 
 MARY. — Queen of England, and wife of William III, 
 prince of Orange. She was daughter of James II, and was 
 married some time before her father's accession to the throne. 
 When her father abdicated, she and her husband were 
 crowned king and queen of England, February 13, 1689. 
 She was not a woman of great talents, but was a meek, quiet, 
 and wife-like character, which made her an object of gen- 
 eral interest. She died of small-pox on the 28th of Decem- 
 ber, 1694, leaving no children. 
 
 MASON, Sir John. — An ambassador sent by the council 
 of regency in the minority of Edward VI, to the court of 
 France ; 1550. We know but little of him, only that he is 
 said to have been an able statesman. 
 
 MASON.— One of the Fleetwood, or Wallingford-House 
 cabal, by whose intrigues Richard Cromwell was forced to 
 resign the protectorate. — (See Fleetwood.) 
 
 MASSEY, Sir John. — An English gentleman who fell at 
 the battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, between Henry IV and 
 Henry Piercy, assisted by the earl of Douglas. Massey was 
 on the side of the former. (See Piercy, Harry.) 
 
 MASSEY. — Prominent in the parliamentary service, in 
 the civil wars of Charles I. We first find him governor of 
 Gloucester when it was besieged by the royalists in 1643. 
 In this, he conducted himself with great courage and true 
 dignity ; when relief came, he had but one barrel of pow- 
 der, and other provisions low in proportion. With all this 
 fidelity, however, he never entertained any extreme notions 
 of government, nor could he ever harmonize with the Crom- 
 well party. As a member of parliament he was so conserva- 
 tive as to be one of the eleven whose expulsion was demanded 
 by the army. After the fall of Charles, he connected him- 
 self with the Scotch presbyterians for the restoration of 
 Charles II, and was made prisoner at Worcester. He was 
 foremost in all the movements for the restoration of mon- 
 archy, until it was accomplished. 
 
 MASTERS, Richard. — A priest who, in the time of 
 Henry VIII, espoused the cause of Elizabeth Barton, the 
 
448 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [MAT. 
 
 " Holy Maid of Kent," He carried the imposture so far as 
 to arrest the attention of parliament, and he and the " Holy 
 Maid," with several others of her paramours, perished to- 
 gether. (See Elizabeth Barton.) 
 
 MATILDA.— Wife of William the Conqueror. She 
 was a daughter of Baldwin, earl of Flanders, and became 
 the mother of princes Robert, Richard, William and Henry. 
 She landed in England soon after the battle of Hastings, and 
 was crowned by the archbishop of York. 
 
 MATILDA.— Wife of Henry I. She was daughter to 
 Malcolm III, of Scotland, by Queen Margaret, sister of Ed- 
 gar Atheling, and hence her marriage with Henry united 
 the interests of the Norman and Saxon lines, and after- 
 wards led to the establishment of the powerful house, of Plan- 
 tagenet. Previous to her marriage she had worn the veil, 
 which caused a grave question to arise, whether she had not 
 taken vows which would forbid her marriage. This was ex- 
 amined in a council, where it was made to appear that she 
 had never taken vows of celibacy, and that she had worn 
 the veil, as did many English ladies, only as a protection to 
 her chastity against the Normans. Hence she was free to 
 marry. 
 
 MATILDA. — Commonly called Maud. Only daughter 
 of Henry I, and after the death of her father and brother, 
 entitled to the crown. She was first married to the emperor 
 of Germany, Henry IV, and after her father's death came to 
 England to claim her crown. Stephen, however, being in 
 England, had gotten possession before her arrival, but he 
 was defeated, and she took possession of her inheritance. 
 By a popular movement, however, Stephen was released 
 from prison and placed on the throne, while she fled the 
 kingdom. Her son, however, Henry II, by her marriage 
 with Geoffrey Plantagenet, succeeded to the throne some 
 thirteen years before her death ; the first of the "noble house 
 of Plantagenet." She died in 1167, aged sixty-seven. 
 
 MATILDA.— Wife of King Stephen. She was daugh- 
 ter and heir of Eustace, count of Boulogne. This marriage 
 brought to Stephen not only great possessions, both in Eng- 
 land and France, but also connected him with the royal fam- 
 ily of England, Matilda's mother being a daughter of Mal- 
 colm, king of Scotland, by Margaret, who was sister to Ed- 
 gar Atheling. This united the Saxon and Norman interests, 
 for the time ; and had Stephen's title been good, would, 
 
MAU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 449 
 
 doubtless, have fixed him and his family on the throne of 
 England. 
 
 MAUCLERE, William de —An agent of King. John 
 whom he sent to the pope with an appeal against the vio- 
 lence of the barons. 
 
 MAUD.— (See Matilda.) 
 
 MAUD. — Eldest daughter of Henry II. She was mar- 
 ried to the duke of Saxony, and seldom afterward appears 
 in English history. 
 
 MAUD. — A Roman catholic priest, engaged by Sec- 
 retary Walsingham, under the reign of Elizabeth, as a spy 
 on the famous Babbington conspiracy. He traveled all the 
 way to Paris" for the purpose of watching the movements of 
 Ballard. This was a very remarkable instance of the prev- 
 alence of pecuniary interest over even the love of party. 
 The conspiracy was a Roman catholic movement, through- 
 out ; and yet, one of the priests of that party, for the mere 
 love of money is found conducting a system of espionage 
 against them. 
 
 MAULEON, William de. — An English nobleman who 
 ^eerns to have been an adviser of King John about the time 
 of the act of magna charta. We learn that his influence 
 with the king prevented him from hanging all the garrison 
 of Rochester : — not, however, on principle, but on the 
 ground that such cruelty, at that time, would be impolitic. 
 
 MAULEON, Peter de. — One of the violent barons who 
 united with the earl of Albemarle in resisting the authority 
 of Hubert, the regent, in the minority of Henry III. He 
 seems to have been a lawless character, though he is said to 
 have yielded very tamely to the sentence of excommunica- 
 tion pronounced against him by Pandulf. 
 
 MAURICE. — Bishop of London at the time of the acces- 
 sion of Henry I. That no time might be lost in gaining 
 possession of the kingdom, Henry did not delay the corona- 
 tion until the primate could be present to officiate, according 
 to the custom of the nation, but prevailed on Maurice to 
 place the crown on his head. 
 
 MAURICE, Prince. — Son of Frederic, the elector pala- 
 tine of Bohemia, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I, of 
 England. He came to England with his brother Rupert, 
 about the commencement of the civil wars of Charles I ; 
 and having acquired some celebrity in foreign wars, was 
 placed in command of a body of cavalry in the west, where 
 
450 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [MEA. 
 
 he did good service. After the fall of Charles, he engaged 
 in naval enterprise, and perished by shipwreck on the West 
 Indies. 
 
 MAUTRAVERS.— One of the murderers of Edward II. 
 He and his associate in that savage deed were ever after- 
 ward held in just abhorrence, and soon after were forced to 
 quit the kingdom. (See Gournay.) 
 
 MAXIMILIAN. — King of the Romans and emperor of 
 Germany, cotemporary with Henry III of England, He ap- 
 pears in English history by an alliance which he formed with 
 Henry against France. He appears in this enterprise, howev- 
 er, purely as a hireling, and received pay for all his services. 
 Still worse did his mercenary views appear when, after con- 
 tinuing in this service a short time, he entered into an al- 
 liance with France and became an enemy of England. He 
 died in 1519. 
 
 MAXWELL, Lord. — A chief general of James V of 
 Scotland in his war of 1542 against England. He entered, 
 with most of the nobility, into a mutiny, and resolved not to 
 attend James into England , but to confine their operations to 
 the Scottish border, and act only on the defensive, For this, 
 James deprived him of his commission. Just at this time, 
 and when they were on the eve of disbanding, they were at- 
 tacked by the English, and Maxwell, with many others of 
 the nobility made prisoners. He was detainsd, however, but 
 a short time, being released on a pledge that he would exert 
 all his influence in favor of a marriage between prince Ed- 
 ward VI and the princess Mary, of Scots. 
 
 MAYNARD, Sir John. — A member of parliament in 
 time of the civil wars of Charles I. He was a conservative 
 presbyterian, and had the proud distinction of being one of 
 the eleven members whose expulsion was demanded by the 
 army. 
 
 MAYNARD, Sergeant. — An eminent barrister who as- 
 sisted in the prosecution of Viscount Stafford in 1680. 
 There is some reason to apprehend that his brilliant talents 
 were, on this occasion, sadly misapplied. 
 
 MEAUTYS.— An agent of Henry VIII, sent into 
 France to make observations on the person of the duchess 
 dowager of Longueville, whom Henry was disposed to 
 marry. The report was wholly satisfactory ; but as she was 
 already betrothed to James V, of Scotland, Henry's propo- 
 sals could not be acceded to. 
 
MJEL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 451 
 
 MEGLA. — Brother of Bleda, and son of Porte. (See 
 Porte. ) 
 
 MELLITUS.— The first bishop of London after the es- 
 tablishment of the Saxon church in the island, by Augustine. 
 He seems to have been consecrated about 605. In the gen- 
 eral apostacy under Eadbald, king, of Kent, he became dis- 
 couraged and deserted his post, as did Justus, the bishop of 
 Rochester. (See Eadbald.) 
 
 MELVIL, Robert. — A Scottish ambassador, sent, at dif- 
 ferent times, to the court of Elizabeth. We observe, with 
 sadness, his last application, in the name of his master, 
 James VI, for the life of Queen Mary, who was then under 
 sentence of death. He delivered his message in such terms, 
 and with such warmth, as gave great offense to the haughty 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 MELVIL, Sir James. — A minister of the unfortunate 
 Queen Mary, of Scots. He first appears as an ambassador 
 to the court of Elizabeth in 1564, for the purpose of com- 
 posing some personal differences between the two queens. 
 It is amusing to read his observations on the vanity of Eliza- 
 beth, made during this visit, and how he flattered her by tell- 
 ing her of her beauty and her accomplishments. After ma- 
 king a thorough analysis of her character, he came home and 
 reported to his mistress that she could never repose confi- 
 dence in any of Elizabeth's professions. After this, he was 
 sent to Elizabeth to notify her of the birth of the prince, 
 James VI, when he again amused himself with her peculi- 
 arities. He was generally an attendant on the person of 
 Mary, and was with her at the time of her arrest by the earl 
 of Bothwell. He seems to have been a man of penetrating 
 mind and sound practical sense ; and was every way worthy 
 of the honorable position which he occupied at the court of 
 Mary. 
 
 MELVIL, James. — The chief assassin of Cardinal Bea- 
 toun. (See Beatoun, Cardinal.) 
 
 MELVIL, Sir Andrew. — Steward of Queen Mary, of 
 Scots. He was, most probably, a brother of Sir James 
 Stuart, and like him, gave most of his attention to the queen's 
 person. When Mary was led to execution, she met him in 
 the hall, when, throwing himself before her, he exclaimed, 
 " Ah ! madam ! unhappy me ! what man was ever before the 
 messenger of such heavy tidings as I must carry, when I re- 
 turn to my native country, and shall report, that I saw my 
 
452 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MER. 
 
 gracious queen and mistress beheaded in England?" Here 
 his tears prevented farther utterance. The queen was great- 
 ly moved, and wept bitterly; but after bidding him carry her 
 last testimony of maternal love to her son, she kissed him, 
 saying, " and so, good Melvil, farewell: once again, fare- 
 well, good Melvil ; nnd grant the assistance of thy prayers 
 to thy queen and mistress." 
 
 MENDOZA. — A Spanish ambassador to the court of 
 Elizabeth who entered into, or favored, a conspiracy against 
 the government, and waa dismissed from court. He was a 
 tool of the Jesuits, and his object was to dispose of Eliza- 
 beth, and place Mary, of Scots, on the throne. 
 
 MENNEVILLE. — A French ambassador sent to the 
 court of James VI in 1583, for the purpose of tendering 
 their master's friendship to the young king, and confirming 
 the ancient league between France and Scotland. He also 
 desired to make some arrangement between James and his 
 mother, that she might still be, in some sense, queen of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 MERCIA, Earl of.— (See Ethelbert.) 
 
 MEREDITH.— A justice of Charles I who acted under 
 Ormond, the governor of Ireland. He did not, however, 
 1 long continue in this office. His views, and his administra- 
 tion, were found unfavorable to the king's authority, and he 
 was dismissed. 
 
 MERES, Sir Thomas,— Nominated by Charles II to the 
 speakership of the commons in 1679, but rejected by that 
 body. It had ever been the custom for the king to signify 
 his wish in the election of a speaker, and for the house to 
 elect accordingly. At this time, however, the spirit of lib- 
 erty had become too decided to admit of such prerogative, 
 and Charles was obliged to yield. (See Gregory.) 
 
 MERIC. — An associate in the fatal treason of Robert 
 Devereux, Sen., earl of Essex. He was tried, condemned 
 and executed, but a few days after Essex. 
 
 MERLESWAIN.— One of the English nobility who uni- 
 ted with Edgar A the ling in resisting the Normans. 
 
 MERTON, Walter de.— Chancellor of England under 
 the reign of Henry III. He was appointed to that office by 
 the crown, instead of Nicholas d'Ely, whom the king had 
 displaced. 
 
 MER WIN. — A vice-admiral in the reign of James I. He 
 seems to have been employed, for the most part, in protect- 
 
MID.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 453 
 
 ing the East India trade, and inflicted some severe chastise- 
 ments on the Dutch for outrages committed on the ships of 
 the company. 
 
 MEOTAS, Sir Peter. — A captain of Protector Somerset, 
 in the reign of Edward VI. He commanded a company of 
 harquebusiers in the battle of Pinkey, in 1547. 
 
 MEUTAS. — A Frenchman resident in London in the 
 reign of Henry VIII. He was a merchant, and as a' popu- 
 lar clamor had been gotten up against foreign merchants 
 and tradesmen, he was an object of great antipathy. "When 
 the mob was gotten up in 1547, by the seditious sermons of 
 Dr. Bele, Meutas' house was broken open, his goods de- 
 stroyed, and some of his servants killed. 
 
 MICHAEL, Joseph.— A farrier of Bodmin, in Wales, 
 who co-operated with Thomas Flammoc in stirring up the 
 people to insurrection under the reign of Henry VII. He 
 was a noisy, prating fellow who, by thrusting himself for- 
 ward, and being loudest in every complaint against the gov- 
 ernment, had gotten a good share of popular influence. 
 (See Flammoc, Thomas.) 
 
 MICHEL, Sir Francis. — A speculator who procured, un- 
 der the reign James I, a patent for licensing inns and ale- 
 houses, and also for the manufacture of gold and silver lace. 
 This patent he abused by exercising the most exhorbitant 
 rapacity on all persons desiring such license, and punishing, 
 most extremely, all who dared to open, or continue such 
 business without his license. His conduct was, at length, 
 reported to parliament, and. he was condemned to perpetual 
 imprisonment for life. Sir Giles Mompesson was associated 
 with him, as was, also, Sir Edward Villiers. (See Mom- 
 pesson, Sir Giles.) 
 
 MICHELSON. — A fanatical woman in Scotland who, in 
 the time of Charles I, fancied herself under supernatural 
 influences, and really inspired. She was much such a char- 
 acter as the famous Elizabeth Barton, the " Holy Maid of 
 Kent." The chief difference being, that one was a papist 
 and the other a presbyterian. There is, also, evidence of 
 Michelson's sincerity, while the maid of Kent was proved to 
 be of vile character. 
 
 MIDDLEMORE.— An ambassador of Queen Elizabeth, 
 on some occasions, to Scotland. He seems to have been a 
 faithful messenger ; but it does not appear that he ever had 
 the reputation of a great man. 
 
454 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MIL. 
 
 MIDDLETON, General. — Also created earl of that 
 name. At the commencement of the civil wars of Charles 
 I, he took sides with the popular party, and did good service 
 for the parliament. As the violence of the party increased, 
 however, and he saw not the restraining, but the complete 
 subversion, of the monarchy to be the end contemplated, he 
 abandoned the cause, and connected himself with the royal- 
 ists. After the death of Charles, he offered to co-operate 
 with the Scotch in favor of Charles II, but was rejected on 
 the ground that he did not belong to the " Congregation of 
 the Lord ;" in other words, to the covenanters. After the 
 restoration, he was raised to the peerage, and appointed 
 commissioner to Scotland, His administration, however, was 
 arbitrary and violent, and Charles found it necessary to re- 
 move him from the office. 
 
 MIDDLETON, Sir Thomas. — An energetic royalist in 
 the civil wars of Charles. We do not learn that he perform- 
 ed any important service, in the army, but after the abdica- 
 tion of Richard Cromwell, he entered into the conspiracy of 
 1659, for the restoration of monarchy, and pledged himself 
 to raise forces in North Wales. After the defeat of that en- 
 terprise, we hear no more of him. 
 
 MIDDLETON, Sir William.— Most probably a brother 
 of the above, as we find him, at or near the same time, rais- 
 ing forces in North Wales, and connecting himself with Sir 
 George Booth, at Chester, for the purpose of demanding a 
 free parliament. (See Booth, Sir George.) 
 
 MILDMAY. — A notorious monopolist, under the reign of 
 Charles I. He was a member of parliament in 1640, when 
 the house proceeded to expel all monopolists, it being true, as 
 a general thing, that they were decided royalists, and hence 
 had procured their patents. Mildmay, however, had the sa- 
 gacity to connect himself with the popular party, and so was 
 allowed to retain his seat, his monopolies notwithstanding. 
 
 MILDMAY, Sir Walter. — An able minister of Queen 
 Elizabeth. The office which he filled is uncertain : his duty 
 was to communicate between the queen and parliament, and 
 also to make proclamation of the royal mandates. 
 
 MILL, Walter. — A Scottish martyr in the age of the re- 
 formation. He was a . priest of the Romish church, of irre- 
 proachable character ; but having embraced the doctrines of 
 the reformation, he was seized by Hamilton, the primate, 
 condemned for heresy, and burned at the stake. Such was 
 
MIL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 455 
 
 the popular indignation, that no merchant would sell a rope 
 to tie him to the stake, and the primate, himself, was obliged 
 to furnish one. He died firm in his principles, and as be- 
 came a martyr. After his death, the people erected a stone 
 monument on the place where he suffered ; and though the 
 priests caused it to be pulled down, it was rebuilt, and thus a 
 perpetual memorial of the shocking tragedy preserved. This 
 was the last instance of capital punishment for heresy, by the 
 Romanists, in Scotland. 
 
 MILLER, Tom. — One of the Watt Tyler mutineers un- 
 der the reign of Richard II. Like most of the leaders of 
 that rebellion, he assumed a name calculated to express his 
 low origin. (See Watt Tyler, Hobb Carter, and Jack 
 Straw.) The true names of these personages are not 
 known. 
 
 MILO. — A gallant nobleman who embraced the cause of 
 the empress Matilda in opposition to King Stephen. He pro- 
 tected her for some time after her landing, and was one of 
 her sureties for the faithful fulfilment of her treaty. 
 
 MILTON, John. — Celebrated as one of our finest Eng- 
 lish poets. Born December 9, 1608, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. His father intended him for the ministry ; but he 
 discovered an early aversion for the ecclesiastical profession, 
 and devoted himself to the pursuit of literature. When thir- 
 ty years old, he commenced traveling, and spent several 
 years at Paris, Leghorn, Pisa, Rome, Nice, and other parts 
 of Southern Europe and Western Asia. At the commence- 
 ment of the civil wars of Charles I he hastened home, and 
 so identified himself with the liberal party as very soon to 
 become one of its most prominent and able advocates. Af- 
 ter the establishment of the protectorate, he was appointed 
 Latin secretary to Cromwell, which office he filled until the 
 death of the protector. On the downfall of the common- 
 wealth, he retired to private life, and at the Restoration, was 
 so exposed, in consequence of his active devotion to the re- 
 public, that he thought it prudent to conceal himself. He 
 was, however, included in the act of amnesty, and permitted 
 again, to appear in company. He was, moreover, offered 
 the situation of Latin secretary under Charles II, but de- 
 clined it, on the ground that he could not, consistently, en- 
 gage in the service of a government which he had so long 
 opposed. From this time he applied himself to the greatest 
 of his works, — " Paradise Lost," — which he completed about 
 
456 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [lIOH. 
 
 1665. Soon after this, appeared his " Paradise Regained ;" 
 a work which he is said to have regarded as far superior to 
 the former. The literary world has, however, long since, 
 reversed his decision ; and while the "Paradise Lost" is uni- 
 versally regarded as one of the finest specimens of English 
 verse, his " Paradise Regained" has fallen into comparative 
 obscurity. It is hardly to be expected, — perhaps hardly pos- 
 sible, — that the genius so perfectly at home in the horrible 
 as was his, should excel in the bright and joyful theme of 
 " Paradise Regained." His prose writings are exceedingly 
 voluminous, and generally very fine, while his Latin produc- 
 tions are the finest of modern times. The early part of his 
 married life was unhappy. His wife, being a zealous roy- 
 alist, while his whole soul was in the republican cause, be- 
 came disgusted, and deserted him, but a month after their 
 marriage. Immediately he began to write in favor of di- 
 vorce, and at the same time made his addresses to another 
 lady. This had the effect to stir the jealousy of his wife, 
 and she returned, and was reconciled to him. After her 
 death, he made a second marriage, which seems to have been 
 a happy one. About the commencement of the war, he lost 
 his sight, and ever afterward did his writing by amanuenses. 
 He died in November, 1674. 
 
 MITCHEL. — A desperate fanatic of Scotland in the 
 reign of Charles I. He attempted to assassinate Archbishop 
 Sharpe, and fired a pistol at him as he was sitting in his 
 coach. The bishop of Orkney, however, being in the act of 
 stepping into the coach, received the ball in his arm. Mitch- 
 el walked off and disappeared in the multitude of people 
 who thronged the streets. Some years after Sharpe observed 
 some one eyeing him with great intensity, and ordered him 
 to be seized and examined. It proved to be Mitchel; and in 
 his pockets were found several pistols, which gave good rea- 
 son for suspicion that he had not yet abandoned the design of 
 assassinating the primate. He was promised his life on con* 
 dition that he would confess the crime. He frankly confessed. 
 He was then told that to save himself, he must expose alibis 
 accomplices. He denied that he had any ; and after several 
 years' confinement, was executed at Edinburgh, 1678. He 
 may have been worthy of death; but the bad faith of the 
 council can never be excused. 
 
 MOHUN, William. — One of the barons who declared 
 for the empress, Matilda, soon after her landing in Eng- 
 
M0N.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 457 
 
 land to claim her crown. We know but little of him. 
 
 MOHUN, Lord. — An active royalist and able general in 
 the civil wars of Charles I. He commanded a division of 
 the royal army in the battle of Stratton on the 16th of May, 
 1643, in which he greatly distinguished himself. After this, 
 we hear but little of him. 
 
 MOLINEUX. — A member of parliament who, in 1566, 
 under the reign of Elizabeth, made a violent effort to compel 
 the queen to declare her successor. As she was then calling 
 on the parliament for supplies, he urged that the question of 
 supply and that of successor should go hand in hand. His 
 measure, however, did not prevail: though all were anxious 
 to settle the point of succession. On this point, Elizabeth 
 was sensitive unto the day of her death. 
 
 MOLINS, Lord. — One of the secret advisers of Edward 
 III in the conspiracy against Roger Mortimer. 
 
 MOLLO. — The thirteenth king of Northumberland. He 
 was not of the royal family, and most probably rose to royal 
 honors in a popular movement. He reigned six years, and 
 perished by the treachery of Ailred, a prince of the blood 
 royal, who became his successor. 
 
 MOLLO. — A famous Saxon general of the kingdom of 
 Wessex. He was brother to Ceadwalla, the eleventh king of 
 Wessex, and was slain in a skirmish while commanding his 
 brother's forces in a war against Kent. (See Widred.) 
 
 MOMBEZON, Roger de. — A member of the executive 
 council appointed under the act of magna charta. 
 
 MOMPESON, Sir Thomas. — A member of parliament 
 in 1681, under Charles II. He was a warm supporter of 
 Ernley's substitute for the exclusion bill — that the duke of 
 York, James II, should never live within 500 miles of Eng- 
 land, but should, nevertheless, be titular king of England. 
 T,his substitute, however, was not admitted, and the exclusion 
 bill passed, though it was lost in the peers. 
 
 MOMPESSON, Sir Giles.-— Associated with Sir Francis 
 Michel in the monopoly of inn and ale-house license, and in 
 the silver and gold lace business, in the reign of James I. 
 They were convicted of abuse of patent at the same time, 
 and both sentenced to perpetual imprisonment for life. 
 Mompesson, however, broke prison and escaped. (See 
 Michel, Sir Francis.) 
 
 MONK, General George. — Duke of Albemarle. Born 
 of £ocd family, and enlisted, when very young, in the ser- 
 
 20 
 
458 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [iKON. 
 
 vice of Holland, where he acquired an excellent military ed- 
 ucation. At the commencement of the civil wars of Charles 
 I, he took ground for the parliament, and rendered most im- 
 portant service in England, Ireland, and Scotland. After 
 the death of Charles, he accepted a situation in the navy, 
 and greatly distinguished himself in the Dutch wars. After 
 the death of Cromwell, when he saw the commonwealth in 
 ruins, and anarchy everywhere in the ascendant, he resolv- 
 ed. on a desperate effort for the restoration of monarchy, be- 
 lieving it to be the best form of government for England. 
 Accordingly, without consulting more than two or three con- 
 fidential friends, but being well informed as to the general 
 feeling of the nation, he marched a strong military force 
 into London, dissolved the parliament, called a new one, 
 one, and then wrote to Charles II, then in Spain, to hasten 
 to Holland. After sounding the parliament, and fully satis- 
 fying himself of the general feeling of the people, he wrote 
 to Charles to come to Dover ; and then gave information to the 
 parliament that their king was ready to obey their summons. 
 Thus, by a decidedly military movement, in opposition to a 
 long-standing military despotism, was monarchy restored, to 
 the infinite joy of the nation. Immediately after the resto- 
 ration, he was loaded with honors, titles and pensions. He 
 was made duke of Albemarle, earl of Torrington, privy 
 counsellor, knight of the garter, master of horse, first lord 
 of the treasury, baron monk, &c. Great wealth was, also, 
 lavished upon him, and he became one of the most influen- 
 tial peers of the realm. He died January 3d, 1671. 
 
 MONK, Dr. Nicholas. — Brother to General George 
 Monk. He was sent by Sir John Granville, to General 
 Monk, with some communication on the subject of the res- 
 toration of monarchy, in which the General and Granville 
 had a mutual understanding. When he arrived, he found 
 that his brother was holding a council of officers, and was 
 not to be seen for some hours. In the meantime he was re- 
 ceived and entertained by Price, the general's chaplain, a 
 man of probity, as well as a partisan of the king. Having 
 entire confidence in him, the Dr. communicated the nature 
 of his mission. When the general came in, it was a happy 
 meeting of the brothers. After a few moments, the message 
 was delivered. Without making any answer, the question 
 was asked, " Have you spoken to any one on the subject? " 
 " To no one," replied the Dr., " save Mr. Price, in whom 
 
MON.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. • 459 
 
 we both have entire confidence." Immediately the manner 
 of the general was changed. He refused to converse on the 
 subject ; and on the first opportunity the Dr. was sent home. 
 After the Restoration, he was made bishop of Hereford. He 
 died in 1661. 
 
 MONK. — Duke of Albemarle. Son and successor of 
 General George Monk. He never distinguished himself. 
 He was sent, by James II, to resist the duke of Monmouth, 
 but finding his men strongly inclined to sympathise with the 
 duke, he retired, and did not come to any engagement. It 
 is probable that he died young, as he is said to have been the 
 last of the family. 
 
 MONMOUTH, duke of.— (See James.) 
 
 MONRO. — A military character among the Scottish cov- 
 enanters, who, after the prostration of Charles I, exerted all 
 his influence to restore him. He co-operated with Hamil- 
 ton, Langdale, and the earl of Laneric, and like them, acted 
 with great bravery. He was, however, defeated by the vic- 
 torious arms of Cromwell, and forced to surrender. 
 
 MONSON, Sir William. — Vice admiral in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. He had the reputation of an accomplished sea- 
 man, and rendered important service in the Spanish wars. 
 
 MONTACUTE, Lord.— One of the advisers and confi- 
 dential friends of young Edward III, when he conceived the 
 design of subverting the infamous Roger Mortimer. 
 
 MONTACUTE,— Earl of Salisbury. An ardent sup- 
 porter of Richard II against the usurpations of the parlia- 
 ment. He was also one of the conspirators against Henry 
 IV, in 1400. After the discovery of the plot, he fled to 
 Cirencester, where he was seized by the citizens, and the 
 next day beheaded without ceremony. 
 
 MONTACUTE, Lord.— Sometimes called Montague. 
 Brother to the famous earl of Warwick, the " king maker." 
 (See Nevil, Richard, earl of Warwick.) He was a strong 
 supporter of his brother in the York party, and contributed 
 very largely to place Edward IV on the throne. He opposed 
 and defeated Queen Margaret at Hexham, gained a com- 
 plete victory over the insurgents in the insurrection in York- 
 shire, and was soon after created Marquis. After this, when 
 his brother, Warwick, had abandoned the Yorkists, and en- 
 tered into terms with Queen Margaret, Montacute became 
 his secret ally, and by inducing his men to change sides, and 
 espouse the Lancaster cause, forced Edward to flee the king- 
 
460 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [mON. 
 
 dom. His farther history is uncertain, though it is probable 
 that he fled to the continent on the final defeat of the Lan- 
 castrians, there being no certain account of his death. 
 
 MONTACUTE, Lord.— Henry de la Pole, brother to 
 Cardinal Pole. Executed in the reign of Henry VIII for 
 entering into a treasonable correspondence with the cardinal 
 after his expulsion from England. 
 
 MONTACUTE, Lord.— Opposed an extreme bill of 
 Elizabeth against Roman Catholics. From this it might be 
 inferred that he was of that order ; though we afterward find 
 him assisting in repressing the Irish rebellions, 
 
 MONTAGUE, Lord and Marquis.— A member of the 
 powerful house of Nevil. We learn that he became embroil- 
 ed in a quarrel with Edward IV in consequence of the par- 
 tialities shown to the relations of the queen. After this, 
 however, he showed great courage and decision of character 
 in resisting the Yorkshire insurrection. He seized the leader 
 of the rebels, Robert Hulderne, and ordered him to be led 
 immediately to execution. From this time he seems to have 
 been on good terms with the king, who, not long after, con- 
 ferred on him the title of Marquis by the same name. 
 
 MONTAGUE, George.— Son of the above. At the 
 same time when his father was created marquis, he was 
 made duke of Bedford, and Edward even declared his inten- 
 tion of marrying him to his eldest daughter, Elizabeth, after- 
 wards queen of Henry VII. 
 
 MONTAGUE, Richard.— Bishop of Chichester, and af- 
 terward of Norwich. Was born in 1577, and educated at 
 Cambridge. He was chaplain to James I, and continued in 
 the same relation to Charles I until promoted to the Episco- 
 pate. He was a man of extensive erudition-, and wrote sev- 
 eral polemical works against Romanism. He gave great of- 
 fense, however, to the Puritan party, by allowing that a 
 virtuous Romanist might be a true christian. For this he 
 was prosecuted by the commons, and obliged to give bail for 
 his appearance at trial : though we do not learn that the trial 
 ever took place. He died in 1641. 
 
 MONTAGUE, Sir Edward.— One of the executors ap- 
 pointed by will of Henry VIII to administer the government 
 during the minority of Edward VI. He was, at the same 
 time, appointed chief justice of the common pleas, which of- 
 fice he held during the life of Edward. He united with 
 mo?fc of the nobility against the protector, Somerset ; and at 
 
MOET.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 461 
 
 last, concurred with the king in fixing the succession in favor 
 of Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 MONTAGUE.— Earl of Sandwich. A celebrated ad- 
 miral in the time of the commonwealth and of Charles II. 
 For several years, he was employed in the Baltic, for the 
 preservation of peace among the northern nations. On 
 hearing, however, of a movement of Sir George Booth, for 
 the restoration of monarchy, he hastened home, hoping to be 
 able to render assistance in an enterprise which he now deem- 
 ed of the greatest importance. On reaching home, however, 
 he found that the enterprise had failed. Soon after this, he 
 and General Monk in conjunction, were placed in command 
 of the fleet ; and in their intimacy, they doubtless discussed 
 the project soon after executed by Monk, of restoring the 
 monarchy. When all things were in readiness, Montague 
 was sent to Holland for the king, and his own ship delivered 
 the royal passenger at Dover. Immediately after the Resto- 
 ration, at the same time when Monk was made duke of Al- 
 bemarle, Montague was created earl of Sandwich. After 
 this he continued in the naval service, until the great battle 
 of Solebay, when he perished amid the flames of his gallant 
 ship, prefering to die, rather than live after a defeat. 
 
 MONTAGUE.— An ambassador of Charles II at the 
 court of France. Being elected a member of the house of 
 commons, while in Paris, he came home without permission 
 from the king, and took his seat. After the opening of par- 
 liament, he exposed certain correspondence which had passed 
 between the kings of England and France, through him, 
 that caused great dissatisfaction in England. The truth is 
 undeniable, that Charles, about this time, entertained the de- 
 sign of sacrificing the liberties, — at least the religion, — of 
 England for French gold. 
 
 MONTAGUE. — A judge who, under the reign of James 
 II opposed the doctrine of the king's right to dispense with 
 any statute. For this, he was displaced from office, and the 
 place filled by one known to favor the king's views. This 
 was among the last outrages committed by James. 
 
 MONTCHESNEY, William de.— One of the officers of 
 Leicester who commanded in the battle of Lewes. 
 
 MONTEAGLE, Lord. — In some way connected with 
 Devereux, earl of Essex, in his fatal treason. He was found 
 with him at Essex House, but on making a full confession of 
 the whole secret, as far as it was known to him, was spared. 
 
462 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MON. 
 
 Two years after this he received the letter, giving informa- 
 tion of the gunpowder plot, by which the treason was dis- 
 covered, and its execution prevented. For making known 
 this letter, and thus saving the nation from a dreadful ca- 
 lamity, he received a large donation of lands, and a liberal 
 pension, for life. 
 
 MONTEAGLE, Lord.— (See Stanley, Edward.) 
 
 MONTFITCHET, Roger de.— A member of the execu- 
 tive council under the charter of King John. 
 
 MONTFORT, Simon de:— The Elder. Father of Simon 
 Montfort, earl of Leicester, who married the daughter of 
 King John. He is known in history only as the leader of 
 a crusade against the Albigenses, in which he was equally 
 brave and cruel. 
 
 MONTFORT, Simon de.— Earl of Leicester. He mar- 
 ried Margaret, daughter of King John, after the death of 
 her former husband, the earl o£ Pembroke, and by this con- 
 nection with the royal family, acquired a great ascendancy 
 in the court of Henry III. He united with the barons 
 against the crown, and was placed at the head of the council 
 of twenty-four, chosen by the parliament of Oxford to regu- 
 late the affairs of government. He soon became turbulent 
 and troublesome ; imprisoned all the bishops who dared to 
 publish the papal bulls, encouraged the prince of Wales in 
 his incursions, and levied war upon the king himself. An 
 arbitration of the matter in dispute was proposed, before 
 Lewis, of France, but he would not abide the decision. War 
 followed, and he defeated the royal forces at the battle of 
 Lewes, in Sussex, and took the king prisoner, but per- 
 mitted him, after complying with all his demands, to re- 
 turn to his family, by placing his son, Prince Edward, in 
 his stead. Having, now, the entire concern of government 
 in his own hands, he became exceedingly haughty and odi- 
 ous throughout the kingdom. At length he was defeated 
 and slain at the battle of Evesham, the royal authority re- 
 stored, and the nation freed from a tyrant who had come to 
 be generally abhorred. 
 
 MONTFORT, Henry.— Son to the earl of Leicester. 
 He was active in the rebellion of his father, and perished 
 with him in the battle of Evesham. 
 
 MONTFORT, Guy.— A son of the earl of Leicester who 
 ^assisted his father in his rebellion against the crown. After 
 the restoration of the royal authority by the death of Leices- 
 
MON.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 463 
 
 ter, this young man, with his mother, who was sister to the 
 king, and his brother Simon, weie expelled the kingdom. 
 This, however, "was not the end of their violence. F.ive 
 years after, while at Viterbo, in Italy, they assassinated their 
 cousin, Henry d'Almaine, who, at that very time, was en- 
 deavoring to make their peace with the king. They fled 
 and took refuge in the church of the Franciscans, and thus 
 escaped the penalty due to so enormous a crime. 
 
 MONTFORT, Peter.— Another son of the earl of Lei- 
 cester, who was also very active during his father's rebellion. 
 The time and place of his death are not certain. 
 
 MONTFORT, Simon.— Another son of the earl of Lei- 
 cester. He was expelled, with his brother Guy, after the 
 death of his father. (See Montfort, Guy.) He was, per- 
 haps, the most talented of the four sons of Leicester. 
 
 MONTFORT, Richard.— One of the sons of the famous 
 Simon Montfort, earl of Leicester. We learn only that he 
 assisted his father in his famous rebellion against Henry III. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, Roger de.— One of the principal of 
 the nobility who enlisted under William the Conqueror in 
 his invasion of England. In the battle of Hastings, he is 
 said to have oommanded the first line of^he Norman army. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, Arnulf de.— An English or Norman 
 nobleman under the reign of Henry I. He was brother to 
 the earl of Shrewsbury, with whom he united in extending 
 an invitation to Robert, to make an attempt on the crown of 
 England, pledging himself to join him with all his forces, as 
 soon as he should land. The treaty between Henry and 
 Robert stipulated that the adherents of both should be par- 
 doned ; but scarcely had Robert returned to the continent, 
 when Henry commenced proceedings against Shrewsbury 
 which led to his banishment from the kingdom and the con- 
 fiscation of his estates. His brother, Montgomery, was in- 
 volved in his ruin. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, John.— Charged, soon after the acces- 
 sion of Edward IV, with having entered into a treasonable 
 correspondence with Queen Margaret. He was tri^d, with 
 some others, before a court martial, convicted and executed, 
 and his estates forfeited. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, Colonel.— Of the Scotch covenanting 
 army who, after the death of Charles I, made a desperate 
 effort to restore Charles II to the throne. We hear but little 
 of him ; it is probable that he was in the battle of Worces- 
 
464 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MOR. 
 
 ter, and shared its defeat, as we find him in the army but a 
 few days before. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, Lord.— A zealous Romanist at the 
 time of the abdication of James II. Being at Hull, at the 
 time of the revolution, and being suspected of a disposition 
 to oppose the movement, he was thrown into prison by Colo- 
 nel Copel. It is not probable, however, that he was long 
 kept in suspense, as the storm of the revolution blew over in 
 a few days. 
 
 MONTHERMER, Ralph.— The second husband of 
 Joan, daughter of Edward I. She was first married to the 
 earl of Gloucester. Monthermer fills but little place in 
 history. 
 
 MONTROSE, Earl and Marquis of. — (See Graham, 
 James. ) 
 
 MOORE, Sir John.— Mayor of London in 1682. Quite 
 a scene occurred in the election of sheriffs, that year. Ac- 
 cording to an ancient custom, it was in order for the mayor 
 to nominate one of the sheriffs and the people the other. He 
 nominated North. This was objected to by the people : and 
 when he opened the poll, they insisted on voting for both 
 sheriffs. He urged that North was already elected, by his 
 nomination, and tfiat they had to elect but one. Upon this, 
 they opened a polr separate from his ; and although they had 
 far more voters than he, his candidates were sworn in, and 
 became the sheriffs. From this we conclude he was a man 
 of much nerve, and great strength of will. 
 
 MORCAR. — A duke of Northumberland under the reign 
 of Edward the Confessor. He was raised to this office by an 
 election over Tosti, whose tyranny had provoked a popular 
 rebellion against him. Harold, who was then in great power, 
 marched into Northumberland with a strong army, for the 
 purpose of reducing the usurper and re-establishing his 
 brother Tosti in the government, but on learning the partic- 
 ulars, became convinced of the justice of the rebellion, and 
 returning to the king, asked, and obtained the confirmation 
 of Morcar's election, and also, the appointment of his brother 
 Edwin, who had co-operated with him in the rebellion, to 
 the government of Mercia. Harold also married the sister 
 of Morcar. These two brothers were defeated on the Hum- 
 ber by Tosti and Harold Halfgar, who had commenced pi- 
 ratical incursions under the direction of the duke of Nor- 
 mandy preparatory to his invasion. After the battle of Has- 
 
MOB.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 465 
 
 tings they retired to London, and united with some of the 
 p rincipanobility in a vain attempt to raise Edgar Atheling 
 to the royal dignity. After this they consented to swear 
 fealty to William as their sovereign, (as did most of the no- 
 bility of England,) and soon after accompanied him to the 
 continent. After their return, however, they headed a re- 
 bellion in the north of England which was quelled only by 
 the most energetic movements of the Conqueror. Morcar 
 took shelter in the isle of Ely with the brave He reward, 
 where they long defended themselves against the Normans. 
 When forced to surrender, he was thrown into prison, where 
 he remained until William, in his dying moments, ordered 
 his release. 
 
 MORCAR. — -A Mercian nobleman who was treacher- 
 ously murdered by Edric. (See Edric.) 
 
 MO RD AUNT, Lord. — A Roman Catholic peer who 
 failed to come to the parliament at the time of the gunpow- 
 der treason. As it was not discovered until the night before 
 the meeting of parliament, and as most of the other mem- 
 bers had assembled at London, it was suspected that he was 
 in the secret. So strong was the suspicion, that he was in- 
 dicted before the star chamber, and fined 10,000 pounds. 
 
 MORDAUNT, Lord. — Concerned in a conspiracy against 
 Cromwell, and narrowly escaped with his life, while several 
 were executed. He was acquitted by a court which had 
 stood for several hours, with an equal number for, and against 
 him ; and but a few moments after his acquittal, another 
 member stepped in who had resolved to vote against his life. 
 Rather animated than daunted by this "hair-breadth 'scape," 
 he soon after united in a movement for the restoration of 
 monarchy, which was prostrated by the bad faith of Sir 
 Richard Willis. No lives were lost, however, by this failure. 
 He lived to rejoice in the restoration, saw the reign of Charles 
 II, mourned over the follies of James II, and gave all the 
 weight of his influence in favor of the prince of Orange. 
 
 MORE, Sir Thomas. — Speaker of the house of commons 
 in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII. After the 
 fall of Cardinal Wolsey, he was made keeper of the great 
 seal, and was an able minister. He was, however, a zeal- 
 ous Romanist ; and hence, when Henry declared against the 
 supremacy of the pope, he resigned. He also refused to 
 take the oath prescribed by parliament for the succession of 
 the crown, as it set aside the princess Mary, on the ground 
 
 20* 
 
466 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*fOR. 
 
 of illegitimacy, alluding to the invalidity of Henry's marriage, 
 with Catharine. For his firmness on this point, he was in- 
 dicted and thrown into the tower, though it is not probable 
 that this offense, alone, would have been fatal to him, had he 
 stopped here. Soon after this, he was required, by act of 
 parliament, to acknowledge the supremacy of the king over 
 the church. This he refused to do ; and for this he was 
 convicted of high treason, and executed. This act of 
 severity is said to have been as painful to Henry as it was 
 unjust to More, who was one of his chief favorites. But 
 for his bigotry, as shown in his treatment of James Bain- 
 ham, we should pronounce Sir Thomas More one of the 
 loveliest characters in English history. (See Bainham, 
 James.) 
 
 MORE, Roger. — An Irishman of small fortune, but an- 
 cient family, who has the unenviable distinction of having 
 gotten up the great Irish rebellion and massacre of 1641, 
 under the reign o{ Charles I. It is due to him, however, to 
 remark, that after getting all the elements into activity, he 
 became greatly shocked at the cruelty and savage character 
 of the war, and did everything in his power to restrain it. 
 Not being able to lay any restraints on the barbarity of the 
 Irish, he left them, in disgust, and retired to Flanders, where 
 he most probably spent the remainder of his life. 
 
 MORE, Lord. — Employed by Charles I in the Irish ser- 
 vice. He was an able general, and produced a mighty 
 impression in Ireland. 
 
 MORE. — A member of the Scottish parliament in the 
 time of Charles II. Having a great respect for English 
 customs, he moved to adopt the rule of the English parlia- 
 ment, that no bill should pass except after three readings. 
 The Scottish prejudices were, at once, aroused, and More 
 was sent to prison for so grievous an offense. 
 
 MORETON, Sir Albertus.— Secretary of State in the 
 reign of James I, and also of Charles I. We know but little 
 of him. 
 
 MOREVILLE, Hugh de. — One of the four assassins of 
 Thomas a Becket, the primate. After this foul murder, he 
 suffered the penalty of excommunication until he made a 
 pilgrimage to Rome and cast himself at the feet of the pope, 
 when he received absolution and returned to his former 
 position among the nobility of the country. 
 
MOR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 467 
 
 MORGAN, Colonel.— Employed by Elizabeth m the 
 Spanish service. He makes but little figure in history. 
 
 MORGAN, Thomas. — A violent bigot of the Roman 
 catholic church, who, for some acts of violence, was obliged 
 to flee from England. While at Paris, he met with the 
 fanatic, William Parry, who had been persuaded by the 
 Jesuit, Palmio, to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. To this, 
 Morgan gave all possible encouragement, and thus sealed 
 the fate of Parry, who, on being detected, was publicly exe- 
 cuted. After this, Morgan came in to share the glory of 
 the Babington conspiracy, which not only failed, but hastened 
 the execution of Mary, queen of Scots. 
 
 MORGAN, Colonel. — A zealous parliamentary officer in 
 the civil wars. We have but little account of liis military 
 achievements, save that he defeated Lord Astley, and took 
 him prisoner, which was considered the closing of the war. 
 (See Astley, Lord.) Toward the close of the common- 
 wealth, we find him in a sort of conspiracy against the 
 army, and in favor of a free parliament. 
 
 MO RLE Y, Lord.— Father of Lord Monteagle, who re- 
 ceived the communication concerning the gunpowde'r .treason. 
 
 MORLEY. — Was fined ten thousand pounds, by the star 
 chamber, for reviling and striking Sir George Theobald, one 
 of the servants of Charles I. After this, he occupied a high 
 position in the army, but never ceased to advocate the free 
 parliament ; and after the death of Cromwell, when the par- 
 liament had ceased to sit, he turned his arms to good account, 
 and contributed all his influence to the restoration of that 
 body. 
 
 MORRICE. — Was chancellor of a duchy, and member 
 of parliament in 1593, under Elizabeth* He introduced a 
 bill for restoring the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts, 
 The queen, on hearing of the matter being under discussion, 
 sent for the speaker, took the bill from him, and ordered him, 
 henceforth, to admit nothing of the kind. Morrice was 
 seized in the house, broken of his office of chancellor, dis- 
 qualified for the practice of law, and confined in prison for 
 several years. 
 
 MORRICE. — A royalist or perhaps a Piesbyterian, who, 
 after the prostration of Charles I, and but a little before his 
 execution, united with many of the principal jiobility in a 
 last effort to restore, if not the authority of the Icing, at least 
 the sovereignty of parliament and of law. Of course, the 
 
468 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MOR. 
 
 attempt was unsuccessful. The iron heel of a military des- 
 potism was then on the nation, and resistance was vain. 
 
 MORRICE. — The first person to whom General Monk 
 communicated his plan for the restoration of monarchy. He 
 was a gentleman and scholar, and altogether worthy of the 
 confidence of the general. Sir John Granville was second 
 in the secret. 
 
 MORTIMER, Roger de.— An English baron under the 
 reigns of Henry III, and Edward I. Being an extensive 
 property-holder, he suffered greatly in the Leicester rebellion, 
 during which he was a very decided royalist. Twice, at 
 least, his lands were laid waste, and at length he was forced, 
 in consequence of the ill fortunes of his prince, to quit the 
 kingdom, but returned in time to act an important part in the 
 release of Prince Edward, and the preparations for the bat- 
 tle of Evesham, by which Leicester was slain, and King 
 Henry restored to his lawful authority. After the death of 
 Henry, he rendered important service to Edward I in lead- 
 ing a military expedition against Wales. He surprised, de- 
 feated, and slew the prince, and put two thousand of his fol- 
 lowers to the sword. This was ihe last struggle of Wales 
 for her independence. 
 
 MORTIMER, Roger de. — Was very active against the 
 Spenser favorites of Edward II, which drew upon him the 
 royal displeasure. He was forced to make submissions to 
 the king, and was condemned for treason, but received a 
 pardon, or commutation of his punishment to perpetual im- 
 prisonment. He bad, however, the good fortune to escape 
 from the tower, and sought refuge in France. Here he 
 made the acquaintance of Queen Isabella, who was absent 
 from England, on a visit to her brother, the king of France. 
 Being a man of high birth, and also good personal address, 
 he quickly won upon the affections of the queen, and finally 
 induced her to sacrifice to her passion all the noble senti- 
 ments of honor and connubial fidelity. He united with her 
 in a scheme for dethroning her husband, was privy to his 
 murder, and became chief minister in the court of her son, 
 Edward III. Here he acted so important a part as to dis- 
 gust the whole nation. While living in open adultery with 
 the queen dowager, he aspired to rule the destinies of the 
 nation, and to control the council of regency on all occasions. 
 At length the young prince, when arrived at the age of eight- 
 een, ventured to enter into a secret conspiracy against him. 
 
MOR.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 469 
 
 It was true that he had been prematurely raised to the throne 
 by the intrigues of Mortimer, but this untimely honor, which 
 he never sought, had cost the life of his father, and in addi- 
 tion to this, his uncle, the earl of Kent, had fallen a sacrifice 
 to his lawless ambition, nor was it possible to foresee the end 
 of his sanguinary career. Mortimer and the queen lodged 
 in the castle of Nottingham. The gates were bolted, but the 
 governor of the castle was in the conspiracy. A party was 
 admitted by a subterranean passage, and he was seized and 
 dragged from the castle in deal of night. A parliament was 
 summoned to try him, and he was condemned, and hanged 
 on a gibbet at the Elms, in the neighborhood of London. 
 
 MORTIMER, Edmund.— Earl of Marche. Son-in-law 
 to Lionel, duke of Clarence, and hence grand-father of Ed- 
 ward IV. Notwithstanding his connection with the royal 
 family, he figures but little in history. 
 
 MORTIMER. — Earl of Marche. Son and successor of 
 Roger Mortimer, earl of Marche, who was designated by 
 Richard II as his successor. After his death, the parliament 
 did not hesitate to declare young Mortimer the lawful suc- 
 cessor of his father, both in the earldom of Marche and in 
 the throne. At the accession of Henry IV, he was a boy 
 of only seven years old, for which reason his friends thought 
 it most prudent to say nothing of his title. Henry, however, 
 aware of his claim, threw him into an honorable custody at 
 Windsor Castle, where he remained until the death of the 
 kihg. Henry V, on his accession, released him, and re- 
 ceived him into his presence with great courtesy. This mag- 
 nanimous treatment had its desired effect, and he became so 
 attached to Henry as never to cause him any concern. 
 When the earl of Cambridge attempted to revive the claim 
 of Marche, Mortimer was convicted of having given his ap- 
 probation to the conspiracy, but was immediately pardoned 
 by the king : perhaps not guilty. 
 
 MORTIMER, Roger.— Earl of Marche. One of the 
 council of nine appointed by parliament to administer the 
 government during the minority of his cousin, Richard II. 
 Richard is said, toward the latter part of his reign, to have 
 declared him his successor. Soon after this, the duke of 
 Gloucester proposed to give him immediate possession of the 
 throne by deposing Richard ; but he rejected the proposal 
 with disdain. He was slain in a skirmish in Ireland ; and 
 it was to revenge his death, that Richard was absent in Ire- 
 
^470 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MOR. 
 
 land when Henry IV landed in England and proclaimed war 
 against the crown. 
 
 MORTIMER, Sir Edward.— Brother to Roger Morti- 
 mer, earl of Marche, who was declared by Richard II to be 
 entitled to the throne at his death. After the death of Roger, 
 we find Edward supporting the young earl of Marche, 
 son of the elder, and assiting him against Owen Glendor, 
 the Welch chief , by whom they were both made prisoners 
 and carried into Wales, where they were long detained, 
 Henry IV being unwilling to ransom one whom he knew to 
 be his rightful competitor. It was in behalf of these princes 
 that Harry Piercy, assisted by the earl of Douglas, made 
 war on Henry, alleging that no prince should allow his sub- 
 jects to pine in captivity. How long they remained in the 
 hands of the Welch is not certain. 
 
 MORTIMER, Sir John.— A man charged before parli- 
 ament with high treason, sentenced to death and executed, 
 under the reign of Henry VI. Much has been said of the 
 informality of his trial, and some have, thought him innocent, 
 though Mr. Hume has no doubt of his guilt, and thinks it 
 only an instance of summary justice, such as was common in 
 those times. The famous John Cade, many years after, 
 attempted to pass himself for a son of Mortimer. — (See 
 Cade, John.) 
 
 MORTIMER, Hugh.— When Henry II dismissed the 
 mercenary troops who had been employed by Stephen, and 
 caused those castles which had long been the sanctuaries of 
 freebooters to be demolished, Hugh Mortimer, with some 
 others, were inclined to make resistance, and submitted only 
 on the approach of the royal forces. It is probable that he 
 was rather a lawless character. 
 
 MORTIMER^ Sir Hugh.— An English gentleman of 
 note who perished in the battle of Shrewsbury between 
 Henry IV and Henry Piercy, 1403. He was on the side of 
 Henry. 
 
 MORTON, John.— Bishop of Ely. Under the reign of Ed- 
 ward V, he was committed to the tower, where he remained 
 until the accession of Richard III, when he was released by 
 the influence of the duke of Buckingham. It was he that first 
 suggested the wise and happy idea of uniting the interests 
 of the houses of York and Lancaster, by the marriage of the 
 young earl of Richmond (Henry VII,) and the princess 
 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King Edward IV. After the 
 
MOU.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 471 
 
 defeat and death of Buckingham, which seemed, for the 
 time, to defeat the scheme, Morton fled to the continent, 
 where he remained until after the accession of Henry VII, 
 after which he was restored to his bishoprick, and a few 
 years later, promoted to the -see of Canterbury. He was, 
 also, created cardinal ; and while he became the confident of 
 Henry, had, also, a good share of influence in the papal 
 court. 
 
 MORTON, Earl of.— One of the heads of the Scotch 
 reformers. He was among those who first moved for the 
 organization of the " Congregation of the Lord," afterward 
 called " Covenanters." He was appointed chancellor of 
 Scotland, under the reign of Mary Stuart, which office he 
 held for several years. An impression having gotten on his 
 mind, that he was likely to be displaced to make room for 
 David Rizzio, he gave all his influence in favor of the assas- 
 sination of that favorite, and was, perhaps, the chief cause 
 of his tragical end. He took an active part in procuring the 
 resignation of "Mary in favor of her son, James VI, and 
 took, in his name, the coronation oath, James being yet but 
 a child. When Elizabeth called the Scotch to account for 
 their conduct toward their queen, he was one of the com- 
 missioners sent to justify their violent measures, and in the 
 execution of this trust, did every thing in his power to con- 
 vict Mary of having been accessory to the murder of her 
 husband, Lord Darnley. After the death of the earl of 
 Marre, he was appointed regent. In the midst of this pros- 
 perity, the Count d'Aubigny, earl of Lenox, caused him to 
 be arrested as an accomplice tn the murder of Darnley. To 
 the astonishment of all Christendom, he confessed that he had 
 been privy to it ; though he denied having been an active 
 participator in the deed. He was condemned, and soon after 
 executed. 
 
 MOSS. — A sort of military fanatic who appears in the 
 confusion of the ruined commonwealth, just before the resto- 
 ration of Charles II. He seems to have been opposed to a 
 parliament at one time, and in favor of it at another, and 
 wholly without any settled principles, of any kind. 
 
 MOUBRAY, Robert de.— Earl of Northumberland. He 
 was one of the barons who conspired to dethrone William 
 Rufus soon after his coronation. Nine years after this, he 
 appears at the head of a powerful combination for the avow- 
 ed purpose of dethroning William and placing in his stead 
 
472 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [MOU. 
 
 one Stephen, count of Aumale, nephew to the conqueror. 
 He was taken prisoner, attainted, and thrown into confine- 
 ment, where he died about thirty years after. 
 
 MOUBRAY.— Earl of Nottinghim, duke of Norfolk, and 
 mareschal of England under the reign of Richard II. He was 
 one of the five great peers who opposed themselves to Rich- 
 ard, and obtained from parliament the act commonly known 
 as the commission of Gloucester, really depriving the king of 
 all authority and placing the executive energy in a council 
 of fourteen peers of their own choosing. In the parliament 
 of 1397, he was not only reconciled to the king but advanced 
 to the title of duke of Norfolk, by which he is ever after- 
 ward known. After this he became the open enemy and 
 accuser of all those peers who had been his associates in 
 rebellion, and with the most unblushing effrontery charged 
 them with the very crimes of which he was well known to 
 be guilty himself. At length the duke of Hereford charged 
 him with having secretly, to him, spoken slanderous things 
 against the king. He denied the charge, and offered to 
 maintain his innocence by duel. The challenge was accept- 
 ed, and they met for mortal combat, but the king was pres- 
 ent, and caused both the champions to be arrested and ex- 
 pelled the kingdom, — Hereford for ten years and Norfolk for 
 life. 
 
 MOUBRAY, William de. — One of the executive coun- 
 cil appointed to assist in the administration of the gov- 
 ernment under the act of magna charta, in the reign of king 
 John. 
 
 MOUBRAY, Roger de. — A powerful baron under the 
 reigns of Stephen and Henry II. He first appears among 
 the northern nobility who opposed and defeated David, king 
 of Scotland, at the battle of the Standard. At the close of 
 the war between Stephen and the empress, Matilda, he en- 
 listed in the crusade, then preached in England by St. Ber- 
 nard. About twenty-five years after this, we find a Roger 
 de Moubray, supposed to be the same, in arms against 
 Henry II, but at last yielding, and throwing himself on the 
 clemency of that monarch. 
 
 MOUNT, Christopher. — A messenger sent by Henry 
 VIII to a congress of German protestants held at Bruns- 
 wick in 1538, for the purpose of proposing some terms of co- 
 operation between them and the English reformers. The 
 mission, however was unsuccessful, and Mount returned with 
 
MOU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 473 
 
 discouraging accounts of their " German obstinacy." The 
 truth is, they had reformed to a very great extreme, while 
 Henry had reformed very little, beyond the mere rejecting of 
 the papal authority. 
 
 MOUNTFORT, Edmond.— A prominent leader of the 
 Lancastrian party in the war of the roses. After the acces- 
 sion of Edward IV, an act of forfeiture and attainder was 
 passed against him. 
 
 MOUNTFORT, Sir Simon.— A gentleman of high birth 
 in the time of Henry VII who espoused the cause of Perkin 
 Warbeck. He was tried on a charge of treason in having 
 attempted to subvert the kingdom, and was condemned and 
 executed. 
 
 MOUNT JOY, Lord.— Treasurer under Edward IV until 
 after the marriage of the king, when he was displaced to 
 make room for the earl of Rivers, father of the queen. 
 
 MOUNTJOY, Lord. — A nobleman of great prominence 
 in the court of Henry VIII. He seems to have been one of 
 the very few who enjoyed Henry's favor, without much inter- 
 ruption, through most of his life ; though he dared to do 
 what no other man did, — to find fault with, and openly to 
 protest against a law which was passed at the king's request. 
 How he escaped, after such temerity, is difficult to guess. 
 
 MOUNTJOY, Lord.--Charles Blount. Was sent to Ire- 
 land by Elizabeth, in the place of Devereux, earl of Essex. 
 He proved himself an accomplished officer. The Irish rebels 
 fled before him into the woods and morasses ; the Spaniards, 
 who were fomenting the rebellion, were reduced to the great- 
 est extremity, and Tyrone, the great leader of rebellion, was 
 taken prisoner. 
 
 MOUNTNORRIS, Lord.— An officer in the Irish ser- 
 vice under the earl of Strafford, in the reign of Charles I. 
 He is said to have been a man of infamous character ; yet 
 he became one of the occasions of complaint against Straf- 
 ford, and had his full share of influence in effecting his 
 ruin. For some improper conduct, Strafford had him tried 
 before a court-martial, which condemned him to lose his 
 head. Strafford immediately informed him that he need 
 have no fears of the execution of the sentence, as he would 
 sooner lose his right arm than execute a sentence so unjust. 
 Accordingly, he procured from the king a full pardon for him. 
 This, however, was soon after alleged against Strafford as 
 
474 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [mUR. 
 
 an instance of maladministration, and no apology could set 
 it aside. 
 
 MOWBRAY, Philip de.— Governor of the castle of Ber- 
 wick when it was besieged by Robert Bruce. After an 
 obstinate defense, he was obliged to capitulate. About this 
 time occurred the battle of Bannockburn, after which Mow- 
 bray does not appear in history. 
 
 MOWBRAY, John de.— Lord of Gower. The estate 
 was settled on him by his father-in-law, but as he entered 
 upon it without the formality of taking livery and seizin 
 from the crown, and as the younger Spenser, chief favorite 
 of Edward II, wished to possess the estate, he induced Ed- 
 ward to claim it, as escheated to the crown, and to confer it 
 on him. This produced a civil war which was fatal to both 
 the Spensers. 
 
 MOYER. — Speaker, pro tern, of the Praise-God-Bare- 
 bone parliament of Cromwell. Rouse, the speaker, with 
 most of the members, had gone and surrendered their legis- 
 lative authority to Cromwell : but about twenty members re- 
 mained, with Moyer in the chair, for the purpose of drawing 
 up protests against many abuses. It was at this time, that 
 Colonel White, with a party of soldiers, came to the door 
 and asked them what they were doing. " We are seeking 
 the Lord," they replied. " Then you may go elsewhere," 
 said he, " for to my certain knowledge, he has not been 
 there these many years." Upon this, they left the house, 
 and thus ended the authority of parliament. 
 
 MOYLE. — A general of condition and great abilities, 
 belonging to the royal party, who perished in the seige of 
 Bristol — on the 26th of July, 1643. This seige, though 
 successful was a serious matter with Charles, as it cost him 
 some of the best men of his army. 
 
 MURDAC. — Son of the duke of Albany, and his suc- 
 cessor in the regency of Scotland in the absence of James I, 
 who was detained a prisoner in England for eighteen years. 
 Murdac is said to have been a prince of feeble judgment 
 and indolent disposition, and not able to govern even his 
 own sons, much less a great nation. He soon became hear- 
 tily tired of his honors and cheerfully consented to pay a 
 ransom of forty-thousand pounds for the restoration of the 
 king. Few feeble persons have been so conscious of their 
 own weakness. 
 
 MURRAY, Sir Andrew. — Regent of Scotland in the 
 
MUS.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 475 
 
 minority of David Bruce. He seems to have been a man of 
 great personal bravery and military prowess. He was suc- 
 cessful against Edward Baliol when supported by England, 
 and with other assistance, expelled him the kingdom after 
 he had seated himself on the Scottish throne. 
 
 MURRAY, William.— Son of the earl of Tullibardine. 
 He was one of the active supporters of Montrose, and in 
 the famous battle of Kylsyth, where Montrose was defeated, 
 fell into the hands of the covenanters, who caused him to be 
 immediately executed. 
 
 MURRAY, Sir Robert. — A Scottish gentleman of the 
 time of Charles II who was greatly devoted to the service of 
 the crown, and hence exceedingly odious among his own 
 people. In the Scottish parliament of 1668, it was agreed 
 to designate, by ballot, twelve men, who without charge or 
 accusation, should be forever incapable of holding any office 
 in the government. Murray was one of that number. 
 Charles refused to give his sanction to the procedure, and 
 soon after placed Murray in charge of most of his business 
 in Scotland. 
 
 MURRAY, Lord Charles. — A Scotch peer who gained 
 for himself a little distinction under the reign of James II, 
 by his abject servility to an arbitrary master, and his vio- 
 lence against Argyle, who labored, in vain, to rouse the spirit 
 of freedom in Scotland. 
 
 MURRAY, Earl of.— (See Randolf.)* 
 
 MURRAY, Earl of.— (See' James, Lord.) 
 
 MUSGRAVE. — Leader of an insurrection in 1537, un- 
 der Henry VIII. He beseige-d Carlisle with 8,000 men, 
 but was repulsed by the city, and soon after, encountered by 
 the duke of Norfolk, who put them to flight. Musgrave es- 
 caped, but most of his accomplices were taken prisoners and 
 put to death by martial law. 
 
 MUSGRAVE, Sir Philip.— An efficient officer in the 
 royal army during the civil wars of Charles I. After the 
 fall of Charles, he retired into Scotland and co-operated with 
 the covenanters against the military despotism of Cromwell. 
 After some months' devotion to this service, he was made 
 prisoner by the English, and carried south. What became 
 of him is uncertain. 
 
 MUSKERRY, Lord.— A naval officer of Charles II who 
 was killed in the engagement of 1665, with the Dutch. He, 
 the earl of Falmouth, and Mr. Boyle, were all killed by one 
 
476 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |^NAZ. 
 
 cannon shot, standing beside the duke of York, (James II) 
 who was literally covered with their blood and brains. 
 
 N 
 
 NANTON.— Secretary of State under James I. He 
 succeeded Sir Ralph Winwood, and was succeeded by 
 Calvert. 
 
 NAPIER, Lord.— Of Merchiston. Son of the famous 
 inventor of logarithms. Soon after the breaking out of the 
 civil wars of Charles I, he declared for the crown, and con- 
 nected himself with the earl of Montrose ; but what part he 
 acted in the war is not certainly known. 
 
 NAPIER. — Son of the above. He, also, co-operated 
 with the earl of Montrose, and gained for himself much dis- 
 tinction, by his bravery and military skill. 
 
 NAU. — A Frenchman, secretary to Mary, queen of Scots, 
 during her confinement in England. On the discovery of 
 the famous Babington conspiracy, which proved so fatal to 
 Mary, he was arrested and thrown into prison. He readily 
 turned state's witness against his mistress, and declared that 
 he had written certain intercepted letters, under instructions 
 from Mary, the object of which was to secure the assassina- 
 tion of Elizabeth. On his testimony, together with that of 
 Curie, her Scotch secretary, the queen of Scots lost her life. 
 (See Curie.) 
 
 NAYLOR, James. — A quaker who, in the time of the 
 commonwealth, fancied himself the Savior of the world. He 
 endeavored to imitate all the actions of Christ. He was 
 "ministered unto" by women, entered Bristol mounted on 
 an ass, — a horse, — and his disciples, as he entered, spread 
 their garments before him crying, " Hosanna to the son of 
 David ! Hosanna in the highest !" When carried before the 
 magistrates, he gave no other answer than " Thou hast said." 
 After ten days' debate, the parliament ordered him to be pil- 
 loried, whipped, burned in the face, and to have his tongue 
 bored through with a red-hot iron. All this he bore with a 
 patience worthy of the martyr. But when sent to Bride- 
 well, confined to hard labor, fed on bread and water, and cut 
 off from all communication with his friends, his visions dis- 
 sipated, and he censentei to come out an ordinary man. 
 
 NAZAN-LEOD,— An ancient British chieftain distin- 
 
NEV.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 477 
 
 guished by his able resistance to the Saxons in the southern 
 part of the island. In 508, a desperate battle was fought, 
 in which he commanded the British forces against a power- 
 ful Saxon army commanded by Cedric and his son Kenric, 
 assisted by the Saxon general, Porte, and his sons. In the 
 beginning of the action, Nazan-Leod was victorious, and 
 put to rout the wing of the Saxon army in which Cedric 
 commanded in person ; but Kenric, who had prevailed in the 
 other wing, brought timely assistance to his father, and re- 
 stored the battle, which ended in a complete victory in favor 
 of the Saxons. Nazan-Leod perished, with 5,000 of his 
 countrymen, in this desperate engagement. 
 
 NEILE. — Bishop of Lincoln in the reigns of James I 
 and Charles I. He was always a zealous supporter of the 
 royal prerogative, and in the civil wars of Charles, was one 
 of the chief objects of puritan antipathy. He is said to have 
 embraced, in a good degree, the Arminian tenets, which, in 
 the reign of James, were imported into England by the 
 emigration of great numbers of Arminian protestants from 
 the continent. 
 
 NELL GWIN.—A mistress of Charles II. She followed 
 the profession of actress, but was supported out of the royal 
 bounty, as was Davis, another favorite of Charles. (See 
 Davis.) 
 
 NERO. — The 6th Roman emperor. Almost every vice of 
 which human nature is capable attached to his character, 
 with few of its virtues. He appears in British history only 
 in the invasion of the island of Mona, or Anglesey, by his 
 general Suetonius Paulinus, the cruelty of which was in 
 character with him. See Suetonius Paulinus.) He was 
 a pupil of the philosopher Seneca, to whom he showed the 
 singular kindness of allowing him to choose the mode of his 
 death. 
 
 NEUDIGATE— A servant of Protector Somerset. He 
 was seized and thrown into prison, as were most of the per- 
 sonal friends of the protector, a few days before the final 
 ruin of his master. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir John.— Of Hornby. One of the few to 
 whom Edward III communicated his design of throwing off 
 the infamous Mortimer, and assuming the government him- 
 self. (See Mortimer, Roger.) 
 
 NEVIL. — Archbishop of York under the reign of Rich- 
 ard II. Though not of the Gloucester party, he was ap- 
 
478 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [NEV. 
 
 pointed by the parliament one of the council of fourteen by 
 which the government was to be administered. He seems, 
 however not to have been nattered by the appointment, as 
 he became soon after, one of the chief objects of Glouces- 
 ter's displeasure. It is probable that he was a man of de- 
 cided character and christian fidelity. 
 
 NEVIL, Ralph. — Earl of Westmoreland. After receiv- 
 ing the earldom from Richard II, he became one of his 
 worst enemies, and was among the first to attach himself to 
 the interests of Henry IV on his landing in England. He 
 seems to have remained a decided Lancastrian until his death; 
 notwithstanding some of that powerful house were equally 
 attached to the York party. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir John. — Brother to the earl of Westmoreland, 
 with whom he was slain by the victorious arms of Edward 
 IV at the battle of Touton, 
 
 NEVIL, Lord. — One of the powerful house of Nevil. 
 He was one of the many against whom the act of forfeiture 
 and attainder was passed after the accession of Edward IV, 
 in consequence of the active part which he had taken in 
 support of the Lancaster party. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir Humphrey. — Another member of the same 
 powerful family. He was a strong supporter of the Lancas- 
 trian interest, and was in the battle Hedgly-more, where he 
 fell into the hands of the Yorkists, and was immediately 
 beheaded. 
 
 NEVIL, Lord Latimer.— One of the same family. He 
 was the first husband of Catharine Par, last wife of Henry 
 VIII. He seems not to have had much prominence. He 
 died young. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir Henry. — A son of Lord Latimer. Though 
 of noble birth, we find him leading the great rebellion of 
 1469, in Yorkshire. He was taken prisoner by the earl of 
 Pembroke, and immediately executed, without even the form 
 of trial. 
 
 NEVIL, Richard. — Earl of Warwick, commonly known 
 as the King-maker, because of his influence having first 
 placed the duke of York on the throne, and afterward re- 
 moved him, and restored the duke of Lancaster, Henry VI. 
 He inherited the possessions and title of Warwick, by his 
 wife, Anne, daughter of Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. 
 He distinguished himself by his early gallantry in the field, 
 and afterward by his high and manly bearing, and singular 
 
NEV.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 479 
 
 magnanimity of character. No less than thirty thousand 
 persons are said to have lived, daily, at his board, in the 
 different manors and castles which he possessed in England. 
 The people loved him, the military characters of the nation 
 admired him, and he was, at the same time, not only the 
 last, but the greatest of those mighty barons who so long 
 overawed the crown, and rendered the people incapable of 
 any regular system of government. In the early part of the 
 reign of Henry IV, he showed himself loyal, and having re- 
 ceived the appointment of governor of Calais, where he had 
 command of the strongest military establishment of the na- 
 tion, his influence might have been altogether formida- 
 ble to the York party. He took sides with Y ©rk. His 
 first movement was unsuccessful, as the forces which he 
 brought from Calais deserted to the royal party. A second 
 attempt, however, proved successful, he entered London, 
 amid the acclamations of the populace, after the battle of 
 Northampton — in which the king (Henry VI,) was made 
 prisoner, assembled a parliament in the king's name, and 
 attempted to procure the immediate coronation of the duke 
 of York. While the matter was debated, however, Queen 
 Margaret assembled an army of 20,000 strong, in defense 
 of her husband, and a battle was fought in which the duke 
 -of York was slain. Soon after, she defeated Warwick, and 
 Henry was restored to liberty, for a short time. Edward IV, 
 the young duke of York, being proclaimed, found his main 
 support in Warwick, but mistreating him, by his marriage, 
 he had the misfortune to make him his mortal enemy, and 
 drive him forever from his court. He raised an army for the 
 purpose of resenting the injury, and after uniting his inter- 
 ests with the Lancastrian party, which he had so recently 
 put down, he soon drove the young Edward from England, 
 and bringing Henry from the tower into which he had thown 
 him, caused him to be again proclaimed king. Soon after 
 this Edward returned, and in a pitched battle, the great 
 Warwick was defeated and slain. It is a singular fact, that 
 while he had made two kings, he had never aspired to roy- 
 ality himself. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir Henry. — A member of parliament from 
 Berkshire in the reign of Edward VI. After this, we hear 
 nothing more of him until after the accession of Elizabeth, 
 when he was made keeper of the tower, and afterward min- 
 ister resident at Paris. His ambition seems to have prompt- 
 
480 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [NEW. 
 
 ed some acts of disloyality, and the earl of Essex, just be- 
 fore his death, charged him with being a partner in his 
 treason. For this he was long confined in prison ; though 
 it has been generally thought that he was guilty only of be- 
 ing in the secret, without any active participation. 
 
 NEVIL. — One of the deistical class of politicians in the 
 time of the puritan commonwealth. These men were about 
 as lawless as were the fifth-monarchy men. While one 
 would have no laws but the laws of God, the other would 
 have none but the laws of nature. They agreed in setting 
 aside all human laws. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir George. — One of the great Nevil family who 
 allowed himself to be so far imposed upon, or misled, by pre- 
 judice, as to espouse the cause of the pretender, Perkin 
 Warbeck. Whether he were sincere, or whether he only 
 proposed to give trouble to Henry VII, it would be difficult 
 to say. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir Edward. — Brother to Lord Abergaveny. 
 He was convicted of treason, and executed, with many 
 others, for entering into a correspondence with Cardinal 
 Pole, after his expulsion from England. It was generally 
 fatal to any man to be on terms of intimacy with an enemy 
 of Henry VIII. 
 
 NEVIL, Sir John. — Headed a rebellion in Yorkshire in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. He was taken, with most of the 
 other leaders of the movement, and executed. 1551. 
 
 NEVILLE, Ralph de. — Bishop of Chichester under the 
 reign of Henry III. He was elected archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, on the death of Richard in 1231, but the election not 
 being confirmed by the pope, he was never consecrated. 
 
 NEVIL, Judge. — Displaced by James II because he did 
 not sustain the views of the crown on the subject of the dis- 
 pensing power. James wished to dispense with the reli- 
 gious test oath, for the purpose of placing Roman catholics 
 on the same footing with protestants. A question arose 
 whether the crown had the power to dispense with a law. It 
 was to be decided by the court of law ; but before the time for 
 trial, James removed all the judges who were adverse to his 
 views, and supplied their places with such as were committed 
 to them. 
 
 NEWBOTTLE, Lord..— A Scottish peer in the time of 
 Elizabeth. His family name was Ker, and he was brother 
 
NIC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDE&. 481 
 
 to George Ker, which, see. We hear but little of him in 
 English history. 
 
 NEWPORT, Captain Christopher.— A naval officer in 
 the time of James I, who brought over the colony of 1606-7, 
 to Jamestown, .Virginia. He is said to have been a cele- 
 brated navigator, in his day. 
 
 NEWPORT, Lord. — Prominent in the conspiracy of the 
 royalists in 1659, after the deposition, or abdication, of Rich- 
 ard Cromwell. The movement was suppressed, and the 
 rump parliament, then in session, immediately expelled by 
 the military power. We hear no more of Newport, after 
 this. 
 
 NEWTON, Sir Isaac. — The' name of this, most illustri- 
 ous of philosopher's, has only to be mentioned, and his whole 
 character rises, like a pyramid of light, before the mind. It 
 would be unjust to so great a man to attempt anything like 
 a biography of him in an article so brief as this must neces- 
 sarily be. He was born on the -25th of December, 1642, 
 and educated at Cambridge, where he made such astonish- 
 ing proficiency in the mathematics as arrested the attention 
 of all who knew him. After the resignation of his teacher, 
 Dr. Barrow, he was elected to his chair, as professor of 
 mathematics, which place he occupied for three years. Then- 
 retiring to his own house, (for he had an estate, being born 
 of good family,) he applied himself to the study oi those 
 problems the solution of which has made his name immortal. 
 His well-established and clearly-demonstrated theories of 
 colors and of gravitation, together, with his chronology, and 
 his commentary on the Bible, consisting of five quarto vol- 
 umes, still proclaim the power and discipline of his mind, the 
 depth and vastness of his researches, and the sincerity of his 
 piety. He died, March 22, 1727, aged 85. His name 
 illustrates four reigns, — James II, William and Mary, Queen 
 Anne, and George I. 
 
 NICHOLAS, Sir Edward. — One of the eleven members 
 of parliament designated by the army as evil counsellors, 
 and required to be expelled. (See Stapleton, Sir Philip, 
 and Clatworthy, Sir John.) After his expulsion from par- 
 liament, he was made secretary of state by Charles I, which 
 office he held until the king's fall ; and after the restoration 
 of Charles II, was immediately appointed to the same office. 
 Soon after, however, he had a new enemy in Mrs. Palmer, 
 a favorite mistress of Charles, who succeeded in procuring 
 
 21 
 
482 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [NOR. 
 
 his removal from office, and Sir Harry Bennet, his avowed 
 enemy was placed in his stead. 
 
 NISBET, Sir Philip.— An officer under the earl of Mon- 
 trose, who fell into the hands of the covenanters at the time 
 of Montrose's defeat by David Lesly. With many other 
 noble prisoners, Nisbet was immediately led to execution. 
 
 NIX.— Eishop of Norwich in the time of Henry VIII. 
 He was among those bishops who took decided ground against 
 the reformation. 
 
 NORFOLK, Earl of.— (See Bigod, Roger.) 
 NORFOLK, Earl of.— (See Thomas, son of Edward I.) 
 NORFOLK, Duke of.— (See HoWard, Lord John.) 
 NORFOLK, Duke of.— (See Howard, Lord Thomas.) 
 NORFOLK, Duke of.— (See Howard, Thomas.) 
 NORFOLK, Duchess of. — Grandmother of Catharine 
 Howard ; executed for being privy to her crime. 
 
 N ORRIS, Sir Henry. — An ambassador of Elizabeth res- 
 ident at Paris. He afterward assisted his brother John in 
 a military command in Brittany. (See Norris, Sir John.) 
 NORRIS, Henry. — Groom of the stole under the reign 
 of Henry VIII. He was one of those accused oC unlawful 
 affection for Queen Anne Boleyn. Being an intimate 
 friend and particular favorite of the king, his life was offer- 
 ed him if he would confess his crime and accuse the queen; 
 but he rejected the offer with a noble disdain, declaring that 
 he believed her innocent, and that he would rather suffer a 
 thousand deaths than calumniate an innocent person. 
 
 NORRIS, Sir John. — A naval officer of some celebrity 
 in the time of Elizabeth. He was associated with Sir Fran- 
 cis Drake in that most romantic expedition of 1589, for the 
 placing of Don Antonio on the throne of Castile. Of course, 
 no glory was gained in that enterprise. After this, he was 
 sent into Brittany, in command of a land force, auxiliary to 
 the king of France, against Spain, We do not learn, how- 
 ever, that'he performed many great deeds there ; and he was 
 thence called to Ireland, to resist Tyrone. After much la- 
 bor and ill success, he became disgusted, and died of vexa- 
 tion and discontent. He seems, early in life, to have earned 
 a very fine naval reputation, but in what service, the author 
 is not prepared to say. 
 
 NORRIS, Lord.— Sheriff of Oxford at the time of the 
 trial of College, (See College.) He had been previ- 
 ously tried at London, and acquitted by a jury selected by 
 
NOT.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 483 
 
 the country party, to which College belonged. When 
 brought to Oxford, the Sheriff being of the court party, easily 
 found a jury for the purpose, and College was sacrificed. 
 Thus did the sheriffs hold in their hands " the issues of life 
 and death." 
 
 NORWICH, Earl of.— (See Goring, Lord George.) 
 NORTH, Sir Edward. — One of the sixteen executors ap- 
 pointed by Henry VIII to act in the minority of his son, 
 Edward VI. He was chancellor of the court of augmenta- 
 tions, a.nd so far as we are informed, was an able and faith- 
 ful minister, 
 
 NORTH, Lord.— Of the time of Elizabeth. He formed 
 a part of the splendid retinue of the earl of Leicester when 
 he went to Holland in 1585, at the head of the English 
 forces. He seems to have gone, more to adorn ihe pageant 
 than for real service. 
 
 NORTH, Sir Francis. — Privy counsellor and chief jus- 
 tice in the reign of Charles II. He became very odious 
 with the parliament, in consequence of his devotion to the 
 crown, and the commons even voted an impeachment against 
 him, but there was found no ground for action. He seems to 
 have been a man of great force, and a very able minister. 
 
 NORTH. — The Levant merchant nominated by Sir John 
 Moore, mayor of London, for one of the sheriffs. (See 
 Moore, Sir John, Box, Dubois, and Papillon.) 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, Earl of.— (See Cospatric.) 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, Duke of.— (See Dudley, John.) 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, Earl of.— (See Piercy, Lord.) 
 NORTHUMBERLAND, Earl of.— (See Piercy, Henry.) 
 NORTON. — A relative of Colonel Lane, near Bristol, a 
 whose house Charles II found protection for a short time 
 after the defeat of Worcester. Lane contrived to send him, 
 in company with his sister to Norton's, under the disguise of 
 a servant. While there, he was detected by the butler, who, 
 however, did not expose him. From Norton's, he was con- 
 ducted to another station by Colonel Windham. (See 
 Windham, Colonel.) 
 
 NORTON. — One of the conspirators concerned in the 
 Rye-House plot against Charles II. Whether he ever suf- 
 fered for his treason is not certain. (See Ferguson, Hone, 
 and Rumsey, Colonel.) 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, Earl of.— (See Mowbray.) 
 NOTTINGHAM, Earl of.— See Mowbray, the younger. 
 
484 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [OAT, 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, Earl of.— (See Howard, Lord Wil- 
 liam, of Effingham.) 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, Earl of.— (See Finch, Sir Heneage.) 
 
 NOY. — A verj active parliamentary leader in the- early 
 part of the trouble of Charles I. He seems, however, not 
 to have lost the king's confidence, as in 1630, we find him 
 filling the office of attorney general, by appointment of the 
 crown. 
 
 NYE. — A puritan clergyman of great influence, — politi- 
 cal as well as religious, — in the time of the civil wars of 
 Charles I. He was sent by the parliament, for the purpose 
 of effecting a closer union between the English puritans and 
 the Scotch covenanters against Charles. 
 
 O 
 
 OATES, Titus. — One of the most infamous characters 
 known in history. From the best information that we can 
 collect, he was born about 1619, and at an early period in 
 life, entered the clerical profession in the church of Eng- 
 land, contrary to the wishes of his parents, who were ana- 
 baptists. Soon after his ordination, he w T as made chaplain 
 on board a man of war, but was soon dismissed in conse- 
 quence of unnatural and debasing practices. After this, he 
 embraced the doctrines of the Romish church, and seems to 
 have attached himself to the order of Jesuits, but soon fell 
 into contempt among his brethren, and was even violently 
 chastised for his conduct. Upon this, he abandoned them, 
 and returning to the church of England, proposed to reveal 
 a popish plot against the life of the king, Charles II, and 
 against the government. At first, his story was not regard- 
 ed ; but a popular mania, at that time, against Romanism, 
 had created a demand for such stories, and he was gradually 
 brought into notice. He scrupled not to charge many of the 
 best people of England, (Roman catholics,) with being 
 concerned in the plot, and many innocent persons were 
 convicted and executed on his testimony. He was taken 
 under the protection of court, and even received a pension for 
 his services, beside the privilege of residing at the palace. 
 Charles had no confidence in him, nor respect for him, but 
 was overborne by his council and by the popular furor. Du- 
 
o'co.j BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 485 
 
 ring most of the life of Charles, he kept up his credit; hut 
 on the accession of James II, an investigation of his charac- 
 ter and late conduct was called for, and proof positive ob- 
 tained, of his perjury and generally infamous character. He 
 was sentenced to be whipped and pilloried. He lived in ob- 
 obscurity and contempt until 1602, thirteen years after the 
 abdication of James. Among all his vices, we find not one 
 to give him a respectable position even among villians ; he 
 had not character enough to prompt a manly vice, nor will 
 the world ever consider him worthy of a serious anathema. 
 
 OBDAM. — A Dutch admiral who opposed the duke of 
 York, (afterward James II,) in 1665. He lost his life in an 
 engagement on the 3d of June, by the blowing up of his 
 ship, which was immediately followed by a brilliant victory 
 for the English. 
 
 OBRIAN-— -An officer of the guards of Charles II. The 
 only memorable performance of his life, of which we have 
 any definite account, was the part which he acted with 
 Sands, and few others, in "setting a mark" on Sir John 
 Coventry. (See Coventry, Sir John.) 
 
 OCARROL. — An Irish nobleman of the time of Henry 
 VIII. He distinguished himself in 1534, by a violent move- 
 ment in defense of the earl of Kildare, deputy of Ireland, 
 and by the part which he acted in the murder of Allen, the 
 archbishop of Dublin. He was, soon after, made prisoner 
 and carried over to England, where he was brought to public 
 justice. (See Kildare, earl of.) 
 
 OCHILTRY; Lord. — A Scottish peer of the protestant 
 party in the time of the unfortunate Mary. About the com- 
 mencement of her reign, he received large donations of 
 lands from her. When her marriage with Lord Darnley 
 was determined on, he became alarmed, lest Darnley's influ- 
 ence, being ""Roman Catholic, should deprive him of these 
 lands, and united in the rebellion of Stirling. Being defeat- 
 ed, he fled to England, and sought protection under Eliza- 
 beth. Being coolly treated, however, at the court of Eliza- 
 beth, he returned, and soon after, united with Darnley and 
 the Douglases in the assassination of David Rizzio. What 
 became of him, we are not able to say. 
 
 O'CONOLLY. — An Irish protestant whose timely dis- 
 covery of the plot for a general massacre of the English, 
 under Charles I, (1641,) prevented the surprise of the castle 
 of Dublin. This was an instance of religious affinity pre- 
 
486 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [oDO. 
 
 vailing over national animosity. He had been entrusted 
 with the secret, but his sense of duty toward the English 
 urged him to a discovery of the plot. The discovery, how- 
 ever, came too late to save the English, generally. 
 
 OCTA. — This is the name of a Saxon general who was 
 brother to Hengist, the conqueror of Kent. As soon as the 
 purpose of Hengist to subjugate the island was known, the 
 spirit of the Britons was roused to the highest pitch of indig- 
 nation, and such was the spirit and resolution with which 
 they opposed his movements that he was forced to import 
 fresh recruits from Germany. These came under command 
 of Octa and his son, Ebissa. This Octa is to be distin- 
 guished from King Octa, who was the grandson, and not the 
 brother of Hengist. 
 
 OCTA. — The third king of Kent. He was son and suc- 
 cessor of Escus. Little is known of him. In the Course of 
 his administration, the kingdom of Essex was established, 
 by which the provinces of Essex and Middlesex were dis- 
 membered from him, and his territory reduced to the single 
 county of Kent and a small part of Surrey. He was a weak 
 prince. He died in 534, after an obscure and uninteresting 
 reign of 22 years. 
 
 ODDUNE. — The earl of Devonshire who, m the time of 
 Alfred the Great, when nearly all England was overrun by 
 the Danes, and the king, himself, assumed the habit of a 
 common peasant to escape the pursuit of his enemies, roused 
 the spirit of his nation by a sudden and unexpected victory. 
 Hubba, the Dane, had landed in Devonshire, and disem- 
 barked a great body of troops. Oddune and his followers 
 had taken shelter in the castle of Kinwith, where they were 
 ill supplied with provisions and water. Hubba laid siege to 
 the castle, and threatened to starve the entire garrison, or 
 force it to surrender. Rather than submit, they determined 
 on a desperate battle, and accordingly, one morning, before 
 sunrise, when the Danes little expected such a movement, 
 they broke from the castle, and falling upon them, put them 
 completely to rout. Hubba, himself was slain in the action. 
 (See Hubba.) 
 
 ODO. — Archbishop of Canterbury at the time of Edwy's 
 accession, and for some time after his death. He was a 
 vulgar-minded and cruel tyrant, and was the tool of Dunstan. 
 His principal notoriety was gained by his infamous conduct 
 toward the unhappy Elgiva. (See Elgiva.) 
 
OFF.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 487 
 
 ODO. — -A bishop of Baieux, and uterine brother to Wil- 
 liam, the Conqueror; whose ambitious scheme of conquest 
 in England he seconded, and exerted all his influence, which 
 seems to have been considerable, for the encouragement of 
 the enterprise. After the conquest, when William returned 
 to Normandy to receive the congratulations of his Norman 
 subjects, he left the government of England in the hands of 
 Odo and William Fitz-Osberne. During the king's ab- 
 sence, England was agitated by rebellions such as called 
 forth the strongest talents of the regency, and on his return, 
 he rewarded Odo's fidelity by creating him earl of Kent, and 
 promoting him to immense power and riches. Soon after 
 this, he conceived the ambitious design of aspiring to the 
 papal throne, and commenced a series of intrigues among 
 the barons of England, and also sending large sums of 
 money into Italy, hoping to have everything in readiness by 
 the time of the then reigning pontiff's death, an event for 
 which he confidently looked, according to the predictions of 
 an astrologer, although Gregory was then a young man. 
 William, hearing of his intrigues, seized him and sent him 
 into Normandy, where he confined him in custody until, in 
 his dying moments, he was prevailed on to release him. 
 After William's death, we find Odo heading a conspiracy 
 in favor of Robert, duke of Normandy, against William 
 Rufus. This being unsuccessful, it is probable that he 
 shared the common fate of the rebels, — confiscation of prop- 
 erty and banishment from the kingdom. 
 
 ODO GH ARTIE. — An Irish chief who raised a popular 
 rebellion against the English government in Ireland, in the 
 reign of James I, (1612.) The insurrection, however, was 
 easily extinguished, and we hear no more of Odoghartie. 
 
 OFFA. — The eleventh king of Mercia. He was of the 
 royal blood, being a remote kinsman of Penda, the fourth 
 Mercian king. He is thought to have reigned about thirty- 
 nine years. His reign is distinguished by some military en- 
 terprise. He defeated Lothaire, king of Kent, in a bloody 
 battle, and reduced the kingdom to a state of dependence. 
 He also gained a decisive victory over the king of Wessex, 
 and annexed the counties of Oxfordshire and Gloucester to 
 his dominions. But no talents, however brilliant, can remove 
 from his character the reproach of having treachorously mur- 
 dered Ethelbert, the last king of East Anglia. This prince 
 is said to have possessed great merit. He had sought the 
 
488 BIOGRAPHICAL, INDEX. [OFF. 
 
 hand of Elfrida, daughter of Offa, and was invited with all 
 his retinue, to Hereford, to the celebration of the nuptials ; 
 but amid the joy and festivity"of the occasion the happy 
 bridegroom was seized by Offa and secretly beheaded. The 
 royal family of East Anglia being then extinct, Offa hesitated 
 not to incorporate it with his own dominions. Soon after 
 this, the perfidious and hypocritical Offa, for the purpose of 
 regaining the confidence of the world, or it may be to quiet 
 the reproaches of his own conscience, began to pay court to 
 the clergy,, and to practice all the devotions of the monastic 
 life. He gave the tenth of his goods to the church, be- 
 stowed large donations on the cathedral of Hereford, and 
 made a pilgrimage to Rome. While there, he engaged to 
 pay a yearly tribute for the support of an English college at 
 Rome. This tax, though at first voluntary, was afterward 
 demanded by the papal court, and was levied on all England. 
 It afterward took the name of Peter pence, and became a 
 subject of much ecclesiastical controversy. Offa even feign- 
 ed to have been led by a vision from heaven to the discovery 
 of the relics of St. Alba, the martyr of Verulam, which led 
 him to found a monastery there. But all his strategems 
 failed, and his name is handed down through successive ages 
 stained with the foul murder of the prince of Anglia. He 
 died in 794. 
 
 OFFA. — All historians agree that this was the name of 
 one of the kings of Essex, but such is the darkness which 
 hangs over this monarchy during the last hundred years 
 before its absorption into the kingdom of Wessex that even 
 the succession of its kings is very hard Xo trace with certain- 
 ty. Through this difficult period, we cannot do better than 
 to fallow Mr. Hume, and hence shall set down Offa as the 
 ninth king of Essex. He was of the royal family, but 
 whether the son of his immediate predecessor, or not, is not 
 easy to determine. He mairied a daughter of Penda, king 
 of Mercia, but partaking of the the monastic spirit of that 
 age, which attached great sanctity to chastity, he took vows 
 of perpetual abstinence from all the pleasures of marriage. 
 Soon after this, he resigned his crown, made a pilgrimage to 
 Rome, and shut himself up, during the remainder of his life, 
 in a cloister. The time of his reign and the date of his res- 
 ignation cannot be determined with accuracy. It must have 
 been between 690 and 700. 
 
 OFFARRELL. — An Irish chief who caused great trouble 
 
OLA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 489 
 
 to the English, by repeated insurrections in the time of 
 Cromwell's protectorate. He was, at last, defeated by Inch- 
 iquin, another Irish chief, who had formed an alliance with 
 the English. 
 
 OGILVY, Sir Thomas.— Son of the earl of Airly. He 
 united, with his father, in the enterprise of Montrose against 
 the covenanters of Scotland, and in defense of Charles 1. 
 How long he continued in this service, and with what results, 
 is uncertain. 
 
 OGILVY, Sir David.— Brother of the above. He co- 
 operated with his father and brother under the earl of Mont- 
 rose ; but we know very little of his movements. One of 
 these brothers, we cannot say which, known as Lord Ogilvy, 
 continued in arms until after the defeat of Charles II at 
 Worcester, when he was found, with several other Scottish 
 noblemen, taking measures for raising a new army. While 
 engaged in council en this subject, they were surrounded by 
 Colonel Alured, and made prisoners; and after this we hear 
 no more of Ogilvy. 
 
 OKEY, Colonel. — A prominent officer of Cromwell, during 
 the civil wars, and one of the judges of Charles I. After 
 the establishment of the protectorate, however, he became 
 dissatisfied with the absolute power of Cromwell, and be- 
 came so refractory that he was broken of his commission in 
 the army. After the death of Cromwell, he united himself 
 with the cabal of Wallingford House against Richard Crom- 
 well, From this time, he seems to have been unsteady, at 
 sometimes sustaining the parliament, and at others, the ar- 
 my. After the Restoration, he was arrested in Holland, 
 brought home, convicted of treason as a regicide, and exe- 
 cuted. At the place of execution, he prayed for the king, 
 and declared his intention, had his life been spared, of sub- 
 mitting to his authority. In view of his penitence, his body 
 was given to his friends to be buried. He had risen from 
 the position of a chandler in London, and he seems to have 
 been a man of many amiable qualities, if not of high and 
 honorable principles. 
 
 OLAVE. — The Norwegian king who accompanied Sweyn 
 in his first incursion into England. (See Ethelred.) After 
 the payment of sixteen thousand pounds, which was the con- 
 dition of their departure, Olave made a visit to Andover, the 
 residence of king Ethelred, where he received the right of 
 confirmation from an English bishop, and also many rich 
 
 21* 
 
490 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [OLI, 
 
 presents from the king, He made a promise at that time, 
 never again to invade England, which promise he is thought 
 to have kept. His name is found on the calendar of the 
 church of Rome, and he is commonly called St. Olave. 
 
 OLAVE. — A son of Harold Halfagar, king of Norway, 
 who accompanied him in his piratical invasion of England 
 in conjunction with Tosti. When his father was slain, he 
 fell into the hands of Harold, but was permitted to return to 
 Norway with twenty vessels. 
 
 OLDCASTLE, Sir John. — Commonly known as Lord 
 Cobham. He made himself prominent as a leader of the 
 sect of the Lollards, by which he drew upon him the dis- 
 pleasure of the hierarchy. He was indicted for heresy by 
 Arundel, the archbishop of Canterbury, and sentenced to be 
 burned. Before the time for execution arrived, however, he 
 escaped from the tower, and after conferring with most of 
 his party, made a bold and treasonable attempt to seize the 
 person of the king, (Henry V,) and put all their persecutors 
 to the sword. He was not arrested until the end of four 
 years after this, when he was hung alive in irons, and life 
 destroyed by a fire built under the gallows, which slowly con- 
 sumed him. He had adopted some of the tenets of Wick- 
 lifFe, and was violently opposed to the church of Rome, but 
 certainly had not the true spirit of the reformation. 
 
 OLGAR. — Earl of Devonshire, and father of Elfrida, the 
 wife of King Edgar. • (See Elfrida.) 
 
 OLIPHANT, Lord. — A Scottish peer who engaged in 
 the war against Henry VIII in 1542. He fell into the 
 hands of the English, and was carried prisoner to London. 
 About this time was born the unfortunate Mary, of Scots; 
 and as Henry was exceedingly anxious to effect a union of 
 the two kingdoms, he released Oliphant, with all the other 
 prisoners, on a promise that they would exert all their in- 
 fluence to effect a marriage between their princess and young 
 Edward VI. How far the pledge was observed, we are not 
 able to say. 
 
 OLIVA, De. — General of the order of Jesuits in the 
 time of Charles II. According to the story of Titus Oates, 
 the pope, having discovered that he was justly entitled to 
 England, had appointed De Oliva his viceroy, and empow- 
 ered him to take possession of it and administer its govern- 
 ment. 
 OLIVER. — One of four lawyers to whom the earl of 
 
o'ne.J biographical index. 491 
 
 Southampton, while chancellor, or keeper of the seal, in the 
 minority of Edward VI, committed the duties of his office. 
 This was objected to, not on the ground of unworthiness in 
 the men, but that it was a violation of the prerogative of the 
 office, to commit the seal to commissioners. The judges so 
 decided, and Southampton was broken of his office, fined, 
 and placed in custody. (See Wriothesely, earl of Southamp- 
 ton. 
 
 ORDMER, Earl. —The father ol King Edgar's first wife, 
 and hence the maternal grand-father of Edward, the martyr. 
 
 O'NEALE. — An Irish chief who united with the son of 
 the earl of Kildare in an insurrection, and participated in 
 the murder of Allen, archbishop of Dublin. The whole 
 movement was soon suppressed, and the principal actors, 
 O'Neale among them, taken over to England and executed 
 by order of Henry VIII. (See Kildare, earl of.) 
 
 O'NEALE. — Perhaps an Irishman by birth, a member of 
 parliament in the reign of Charles I. He united, in 1641, 
 with Piercy, Goring, and several other prominent members, 
 in a measure for employing the influence of the army to re- 
 strain the more violent part of the parliament. The measure, 
 however, was soon found impracticable, and abandoned. 
 These men seem to have been governed, not so much by at- 
 tachment to the crown as by disgust with the violent mea- 
 sures of the parliament. 
 
 O'NEALE, Shan. — Commonly known among the Irish 
 as O'Neale the Great, because head of the great O'Neale 
 clan. He flourished in the reign of Elizabeth, and distin- 
 guished himself by his animosity toward the English. When 
 Elizabeth talked of conferring on him the title of earl of 
 Tyrone, he disdained it and proclaimed himself king of Ul- 
 ster. When some of his people proposed to introduce bread 
 into Ireland, he put them to death, because it was " an in- 
 vention of the English." In 1560, he raised a rebellion, 
 but on making some apologies, was received into favor, 
 promising more dutiful conduct in time to come. Seven 
 years after, however, he renewed his hostilities, and when 
 pressed by the English, retired into Clandeboy, and deliver- 
 ed himself to the Scotch, who soon after put him to death. 
 He was a noble specimen of barbarian. 
 
 O'NEALE, Phelim.— Of the same clan of the great 
 Shan. He was, in many respects, the mover of the great 
 rebellion and massacre of 1641, under Charles I. More 
 
492 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ORM. 
 
 was, perhaps, the originator of the idea, but O'Neale very 
 soon became the ruling element, and gave character to the 
 whole movement. Such was the violence and ferocity of 
 his sanguinary temper, and so shocking the cruelties which 
 he exercised, that More became disgusted, and retired from 
 the bloody scene. (See More.) After the fall of Charles, 
 and the establishment of the protectorate of Cromwell, Ire- 
 ton was sent into Ireland with a powerful army to chastise 
 the outrage, when O'Neale was most justly brought to the 
 gibbet. 
 
 O'NEALE, Owen. — Of the same clan. He first ap- 
 pears in a conspiracy against the English government with 
 Rinuccini, a papal legate, sent into Ireland to administer its 
 spiritual interests, but who very soon aspired to administer 
 the civil government of the country. This being checked, 
 he. entered into correspondence with the parliamentary gen- 
 erals, evidently more intent on his own personal safety than 
 the liberties of the country. Cromwell, however, had no 
 confidence in his gentle lejters and fair proposals, but pro- 
 ceeded effectually to humble him by military force. He 
 was less respectable than most of his family, because less 
 sincere in his patriotism. 
 
 O'NEALE, Hugh. — Earl of Tyrone. Nephew to the 
 Great Shan O'Neale, whose son he murdered, that he might 
 be head of the clan. He had no taste for luxuries, but re- 
 joiced in the freedom and lawlessness of barbarous life. He 
 was not less hostile to the English than his illustrious uncle, 
 and far more successful in arms. After continuing his sav- 
 age war against England for several years, in which he even 
 gained some victories, he was proclaimed "Deliverer of his 
 country, and patron of Irish liberty." For several years the 
 earl of Essex, (Robert Devereux,) labored, in vain, to hum- 
 ble him, and left the country in despair. He succeeded in 
 interesting the Spanish in his cause, and waged a war that 
 was truly formidable. He was, however, at length, defeated 
 by Lord Mountjoy, and surrendered himself a prisoner, and 
 strange as it may appear, after a whole life of rebellion, he 
 ceived the queen's pardon ! 
 
 ORMESBY. — Justiciary of Scotland while it was held as 
 a dependency under Edward I of En gland. Warrenne was 
 left governor, and on his retiring to England for his health, 
 the government devolved onOrmesby. He proved so tyran- 
 nical as to rouse the spirit of the Scots, and prompt a des- 
 
ORM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 493 
 
 perate determination to throw off the English yoke. Just at 
 this time, the famous William Wallace began to arrest 
 attention, and every day brought fresh accounts of his daring 
 deeds, until it was known that he was about lo attack 
 Ormesby, who, having few tooops, fled into England. 
 
 ORMOND, Earl of.— President of Munster, in Ireland, 
 under the reign of Elizabeth. We know but little of him, 
 save that when San Josepho, the Spaniard, came into Ire- 
 land and built a fort at Kerry, Ormond and Lord Gray, the 
 deputy of Ireland, besieged him, and committed most 
 unheard of cruelties against him, putting nearly all the 
 Spanish and Italian prisoners to the sword, merely because 
 they did not wish to be encumbered with so many prisoners. 
 
 ORMOND, Earl, Marquis and Duke of.— Well known 
 as the lord lieutenant of Ireland in the reigns of Charles I 
 and II. He entered on his duties just at the. commence- 
 ment of the parliamentary troubles, and had gained several 
 brilliant victories, when it was resolved, in parliament, to 
 withhold all supplies. Indignant at the treatment which he 
 had received, he began to exert all his influence against the 
 parliament, and in favor of his injured monarch. He even 
 made peace with the Irish rebels, and engaged many of 
 them in the royal service against the parliamentary usurpa- 
 tions. After Charles had fallen into the hands of the par- 
 liamentarians, when they urged him to surrender all his for- 
 tresses to their generals, in hope of appeasing them, he com- 
 plied, and instructed Ormond to surrender Dublin, and all 
 his important posts. He obeyed ; and coming over to Eng- 
 land, was admitted into the presence of the king, then a 
 prisoner, and received his thanks for his devotion. Being 
 banished, however, to a distance from the city, he retired to 
 France, whence he afterward sailed to Ireland, and made an 
 attempt on Dublin. Failing in this, he came to England 
 and attempted a conspiracy, with many others, against 
 Cromwell, who was now protector. On the failure of this, 
 it is probable that he again retired to France until after the 
 restoration. Immediately after the restoration of Charles 
 II, he was made duke of Ormond, and steward of the royal 
 household, and was soon after restored to his old situation of 
 lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he remained, most of the 
 time, until after the accession of James II, who changed the 
 whole administration of Ireland in favor of the Roman 
 catholics. Upon the whole, the duke of Ormond, though an 
 
494 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [oSB. 
 
 Irishman by birth, is to be regarded as one of the highest 
 order of English cavaliers. 
 
 OSBALDISTONE. — A schoolmaster who wrote certain 
 letters to Williams, bishop of Lincoln, in which he spoke of 
 " a little great man," " a little urchin," &c. These papers 
 were found in Williams' study, and were construed to apply 
 to archbishop Laud. For receiving and concealing such let- 
 ters, Williams was fined 8,000 pounds, and Osbaldistone five 
 thousand, and condemned, moreover, to have his ears nailed 
 to the pillory in sight of his school. He escaped the penalty 
 by flight, leaving a note in his study, in these words, (i I 
 have gone beyond Canterbury." 
 
 OSBEC— (See Warbeck.) 
 
 OSBEC, Peterkin.— (See Warbeck.) 
 
 OSBERNE.— The eldest son of Siward of Northumber- 
 land. He was slam in the action by which his father de- 
 feated and killed Macbeth, the usurper of the Scottish throne. 
 This battle, although it added greatly to the authority of Si- 
 ward, while living, was fatal to his family, as he had no 
 other son of sufficient age to succeed him in the government. 
 
 OSBERNE. — A brother to King Sweyn, the Dane. He 
 landed in England soon after the Norman conquest, in com- 
 mand of a powerful armament of three hundred vessels, pre- 
 pared to assist the English against their new masters. He 
 was also accompanied by Harold and Canute, two sons of 
 Sweyn. At first, he assisted the English in their resistance 
 to the Norman government, but William soon engaged him, 
 by large presents, and by permitting him to plunder the 
 coast, to retire and leave the English to their fate. 
 
 OSBORNE, Sir Thomas.— Earl of Danby. Treasurer 
 under the reign of Charles II. He is said to have raised 
 himself to this high position, and to the peerage, wholly by 
 his own talents while a member of the house of commons. 
 He was a violent opposer of Romanism, exerted all his influ- 
 ence to give character to the stories of Titus Oates, and even 
 caused them to be laid before the house of peers, for the 
 purpose of obtaining the sense of that body. On Montague's 
 hasty return from Paris, he produced papers showing that 
 Osborne, in his chracter as treasurer, had committed some 
 gross outrages on the government, in proposing to sell its 
 honor " for value received." Articles of impeachment were 
 passed against him in the house, but the peers did not find 
 anything of the nature of treason, as the king avowed the 
 
OSO.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 495 
 
 transaction as having his sanction. Parliament was dis- 
 solved ; but the next one renewed the impeachment, and the 
 peers concurred so far as to order his arrest. At first he fled 
 the kingdom, but returned, and was thrown into the tower, 
 where he remained until the accession of James II, who 
 caused him to be released — at the same time with many 
 "popish lords," who had been confined in the reign of 
 Charles. Osborne, however, did not appreciate the service, 
 believing that his release was granted merely to give respect- 
 ability to the release of the papists ; and he was one among 
 the first to favor the project of inviting the prince of Orange 
 to invade England. 
 
 OSBRICHT. — This is the name of a Northumbrian prince 
 who perished in defense of the city of York against the 
 Danes under the reign of Ethered about 870. 
 
 OSCITEL. — A Danish prince who came over to Eng- 
 land in company with Guthrum and Amund. (See Guth- 
 rum and Amund. ) 
 
 OSFRID.— A son of King Edwin, of Northumberland. 
 He was slain at the same time with his father, in battle with 
 Penda, of Mercia, and Cssdwalla, a British chief, who had 
 formed an alliance against Northumberland. He died 
 young, and little is known of him. 
 
 OSMER. — When Edmond Ironside engaged the Danes 
 in the battle of Scoerston, and had nearly prevailed, the infa- 
 mous Edric, the traitor, who was then in command of the 
 Danish forces, to which side he had lately deserted, cut off 
 the head of Osmer, who was known to bear a striking re- 
 semblance to King Edmond, and carrying it in view of the 
 English in triumph, called aloud, " Behold the head of your 
 king! it is time to fly!" The effect was that of general 
 consternation, and had well nigh caused a defeat to the Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 OSORY, Earl of. — Commonly known as Lord Osory. A 
 son of the duke of Ormond. When his father's life had 
 been attempted, Osory, suspecting the duke of Buckingham 
 as being concerned in it, addressed him in the king's pre- 
 sence : " My Lord, I know well, that you are at the bottom 
 of this late attempt upon my father : but I give you warn- 
 ing, if, by any means, he come to a violent end, I shall 
 not be at a loss to know the author. I shall consider 
 you as the assassin: I shall treat you as such; and wher- 
 ever I meet you, I shall pistol you, though you stood be- 
 
496 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [OSW. 
 
 hind the king's chair ; and I tell you in his majesty's pres- 
 ence, that you may be sure I shall not fail of performance." 
 After this, he served in the royal navy, under Prince Rupert, 
 where he established for himself a good reputation. When 
 his father's conduct, as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, was made 
 a subject of discussion by the earl of Shaftesbury, (Ashley 
 Cooper,) young Osory stood up in his defense with a degree 
 of courage and ability that did honor, alike to his head and 
 heart. 
 
 OS RED I. — Son of Alfrid. He was made seventh king 
 of Northumberland at the death of his father. He succeed- 
 ed to the throne when but a boy, eight years old. He reign- 
 ed eleven years, and was murdered by Kenrid, a relation of 
 his, who usurped the throne. 
 
 OSRED II. — The seventeenth king of Northumberland. 
 He was a nephew of Celwold, and succeeded him in the 
 government. He had a short reign of one year — from 789 
 to 790. 
 
 OSRIC. — A cousin-german of Edwin, the second king 
 of Northumberland. At the death of Edwin, when his 
 kingdom was dismembered, and Eanfrid, the son of Ethil- 
 frid took possession of Bernicia, Osric seated himself on the 
 throne of Deiri against the prior claims of the sons of Edwin, 
 whom he forced to seek safety by flight. He became a no- 
 torious idolater, and caused his subjects to apostatize from the 
 christian faith. He perished in battle with Csed walla, the 
 Briton. 
 
 OSRIC. — The ninth king of Northumberland. He suc- 
 ceeded Kenrid and was succeeded by Celwulph. He is 
 thought to have died in 730, after a reign of twelve years. 
 He is so enveloped in the darkness of his times that little is 
 known of him. 
 
 OSTORIUS SCAPULA.— A Roman general under the 
 reign of Claudius, who led the first successful invasion of 
 the western part of the island of Britain. It was he who 
 defeated, took prisoner, and sent to Rome, the famous prince 
 Caractacus, whose noble conduct won for him the esteem and 
 admiration of the emperor, and procured his restoration to 
 authority in his own country, as a subordinate of the Roman 
 empire. (See Caractacus.) 
 
 OSWALD. — A young prince who opposed the preten- 
 sions of Adelard, of Wessex. — (See Adelard.) 
 
 OSWALD.— The third king of Northumberland. At 
 
OTH.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 497 
 
 the death of his father, Ethilfrid, this prince, with his two 
 brothers, was carried into Scotland. After the death of 
 Edwin, when the kingdom was dismembered, they returned, 
 and Eanfrid, the eldest of them, took possession of his pa- 
 ternal part, Bernicia, while Osric, a cousin of Edwin, took 
 Deiri. After the death of both these princes, Oswald suc- 
 ceeded in again uniting the two crowns, and became king of 
 Northumberland in 634. He restored the christian religion 
 in his dominions, defeated Caedwalla, the Briton, in a bloody 
 engagement, (which was the last struggle of the ancient 
 Britons against the Saxons,) and was, himself, slain in bat- 
 tle with Penda, king of Mercia, after a reign of nine years. 
 He has been mucrfcelebrated by the monkish historians for 
 his sanctity of character. (See Eanfrid.) 
 
 OSWALD. — A bishop of Worcester, who succeeded the 
 famous St. Dunstan. It is probable that Dunstan resigned 
 the see of Worcester for no other purpose than that he might 
 be promoted to the better and more lucrative one of London. 
 Oswald was one of his creatures, and a very fit character for * 
 gathering up the honors thrown off by his dictator. He was 
 in high favor with King Edgar. 
 
 OS WIN. — Son of Osric, who was the last king of Deiri. 
 He was slain by Oswy, fourth king of Northumberland, for 
 the purpose of extinguishing forever, the royal family of 
 Deiri. (See Oswy.) 
 
 OSWOLF.— The twelfth king of Northumberland. He 
 was the -son and successor of Eadbert, and was slain in a 
 sedition a year after his accession. Died in 759. 
 
 OSWY. — The fourth king of Northumberland. He was 
 third son of Ethilfrid, and succeeded his brother Oswald. 
 His character is stained by the murder of Oswin, son of 
 Osric, whose hereditary claim to the crown of Deiri threat- 
 ened the kingdom of Northumberland with another dismem- 
 berment. By this murderous deed he extinguished the royal 
 race of Deiri, and made himself secure in his position. He 
 reigned ten years, — from 643 to 653. 
 
 OTHO. — A Roman legate sent by the pope into England 
 in 1240 to collect a tenth part of all the ecclesiastical reve- 
 nues. Addressing the clergy as a body, he did not succeed, 
 but on calling upon them separately, and using intrigues and 
 menaces, he obtained large sums, and on leaving, is said to 
 have carried more money out of the kingdom than he left 
 in it. 
 
498 BIOGBAPHICAL INDEX. [OVE. 
 
 OTWAY, Thomas. — A dramatic writer of very high 
 order under the reign of Charles II. He was born in 1651, 
 and educated at Oxford. He first engaged in military life, 
 but being displeased with it, returned to London, and applied 
 himself to the pursuit of letters. He turned off many fine 
 productions, and was regarded as one of the most heart- 
 stirring poets of his age. His life, however, was embittered 
 by extreme poverty, and he died, literally, of hunger, — or 
 what was worse. When almost in a state of starvation, he 
 left his wretched hovel, and going out, begged for a shilling'. 
 The gentleman to whom he applied gave him a guinea. 
 With this he hastened to a shop and bought a roll, with 
 which he was " choked to death at the first mouthful." 
 
 OUGHTRED, William. — A celebrated mathematician 
 under the reign of Charles I and the commonwealth. He 
 was a clergyman of the church of England, and had the 
 living of Oldbury, until ejected by the puritan reign. Dur- 
 ing the time of the protectorate, he applied himself to the 
 study of mathematics, though he was often interrupted by 
 the inquisitors, and narrowly escaped violence. On hearing 
 of the act of parliament by which Charles II was restored 
 to the throne of his father, he is said to have died in a trans- 
 port of joy. He died in 1660, aged 86. Several of his 
 mathematical works were afterward adopted as text books in 
 the university of Cambridge, his alma mater. 
 
 O VERBURY, Sir Thomas.— A faithful minister of James 
 I, and particular friend and adviser of Robert Carre, earl of 
 Somerset. When informed, by Carre, of his intention of 
 marrying the countess of Essex, he dissuaded him. This 
 drew upon him the displeasure of the countess, and from 
 that time, she resolved on his ruin. He was thrown into the 
 tower, and kept in close confinement for some six months, 
 and then destroyed by poison. At first, the evidence was 
 not clear; but afterward, the whole secret came out, and 
 several of the subordinate operators were executed. (See 
 Carre, Robert, and Frances Howard.) 
 
 OVERTON. — An officer of Cromwell who made himself 
 somewhat prominent by his opposition to what he called 
 " one-man power," alleging that there was but one king, — 
 Jesus Christ. On this principle, he opposed the protectorate, 
 and was broken of his commission in the army. After the 
 death of Oliver Cromwell, he became a violent opposer of 
 Richard, and after his abdication, became governor of Hull. 
 
PAG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 499 
 
 When General Monk began to take measures for the resto 
 ration, he sent Colonel Alured to take possession of that post. 
 Overton replied that he had made up his mind to retain the 
 command of it until the coming of King Jesus. A strong 
 force, however, soon changed his mind, and he surrendered 
 the position. 
 
 OWEN, Sir Roger. — A patriotic member of parliament 
 under the reign of James I. He gravely called in question 
 the right of the crown to levy tax without the consent of par- 
 liament. This doctrine, an important element of liberty, 
 was not fully developed until in the following reign, though 
 it was fast taking possession of the popular mind in the 
 reign of James. 
 
 OWEN, Sir John. — A zealous royalist in the civil wars 
 of Charles I. He was wounded in the siege of Bristol, in 
 1643. After the death of Charles, he was tried by Crom- 
 well's court, and condemned to death, but received a pardon. 
 
 OXFORD, Earl of.— (See Vere, Robert de.) 
 
 OXFORD, Earl of.— (See John.) 
 
 PACE, Richard. — At one time, secretary to Cardinal 
 Bam bridge, and afterward, secretary of state under Henry 
 VIII, who also employed him as ambassador to several of 
 the courts of Europe. He was a man of talents and pro- 
 found statesmanship. 
 
 PACK. — Alderman of London, and a member of Crom- 
 well's parliament in 1656. He moved, in parliament, to 
 invest Cromwell with the title of king. Many of the pro- 
 tector's best friends opposed it, and a great part of his ene- 
 mies favored it. The motion prevailed ; but Cromwell, 
 wisely judging it safer to consult the candor of his friends 
 than the treachery of his enemies, declined the regal honors. 
 
 PACKER. — An officer of the Cromwell army whom the 
 protector suspected of improper motives, and displaced from 
 office. What the nature of the accusation against him was, 
 we are not informed. 
 
 PAGANELL. — A powerful English baron who cast his 
 influence in favor of the empress Matilda against Stephen. 
 Beyond this, little is known of him. 
 
 PAGET, Sir William. — One of the sixteen executors, and 
 
500 BIOGRifPHICAL INDEX. [PAL. 
 
 secretary of state, appointed by will of Henry VIII in the 
 minority of- Edward VI. He was a firm friend and supporter 
 of Protector Somerset, and remained attached to his interests 
 when every other prominent man in England, save Cranmer, 
 had deserted him. He seems to have been a man of high 
 principles and great stability of character. 
 
 PAGET, Lord. — Chancellor of the duchy of Somerset in 
 the reign of Edward VI. He was greatly devoted to the 
 protector, (Somerset,) for which he was fined 6,000 pounds, 
 with loss of office, and degradation from the order of the gar- 
 ter. After this, we hear no more of him until in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, when he appears among the staunch friends of 
 Mary of Scots, laboring to effect a Spanish alliance for her 
 rescue. What became of him we are not able to say. 
 
 PAGET, Charles. — An active friend and supporter of 
 Mary, of Scots, during her confinement in England. His 
 correspondence with her was clearly proved, on her trial, and 
 it was generally believed that he was engaged in a plot with 
 Spain for the invasion of England, for the purpose of placing 
 Mary on the throne, or at least, of humbling the haughty 
 Elizabeth. This was one of the chief and fatal accusations 
 against Mary. What became of Paget is not certainly 
 known. As we have no certain account of his trial or ex- 
 ecution, it is probable that he fled the kingdom. 
 
 PAGET, Lord. — One of the commissioners sent by 
 Charles I, in 1640, to treat with the Scots, and prevent their 
 farther advance on England. He is said to have been of the 
 popular party in England, as were nearly all the commission- 
 ers sent on this occasion, and hence very likely to be accept- 
 able to the Scots, who agreed with the English puritans on 
 most points, until after the fall of Charles. 
 
 PAGITER. — Said to have suffered under Charles I's vio- 
 lation of the " petition of right," by being refused bail, or 
 releasement, after his commitment to prison. Complaints of 
 this kind were so common in the reign of Charles, that we 
 cannot attach much importance to them. 
 
 PALING, Earl.— (See Gunilda.) 
 
 PALMER, Sir Thomas. — Was active in the wars of Pro- 
 tector Somerset in Scotland, in the minority of Edward VI, 
 and for his devotion to the protector, suffered a tedious con- 
 finement. On the death of Edward, he took decided ground 
 for the Lady Jane Grey, for which he was executed at the 
 same time with the duke of Northumberland. 
 
 
PAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 501 
 
 PALMER, Sir Henry. — A naval officer of some note in 
 the reign of Elizabeth. We do not learn, however, that he 
 ever rose to any great distinction. If we have not con- 
 founded two men, he lived until the commencement of the 
 troubles of Charles I, when he was distinguished as a devot- 
 ed royalist, but disapproved many of the measures of the 
 king, as injudicious. 
 
 PALMER, Mrs.— Duchess of Cleveland. The favorite 
 mistress of Charles II. She is said to have been a woman 
 prodigal, rapacious, dissolute, violent, and revengeful: and 
 such was her influence with the king, that she was able to un- 
 dermine and supplant any courtier who became the object of 
 her dislike, or to elevate any one of her favorites. The 
 shame of her prostitution was heightened by the fact of her 
 husband, the earl of Castlemaine, being still alive at the 
 time of her royal amours. 
 
 PALMIO. — The Jesuit of Milan who first suggested to 
 William Parry the idea of assassinating the queen, (Eliza- 
 beth.) (See Parry, William.) 
 
 PANDOLF. — The Roman legate sent by the pope to re- 
 duce King John. He began by representing to him that his 
 own people had combined against him, that he was entirely 
 at the mercy of the pope, that a powerful French armament 
 was ready to fall upon him, — in short, that he had no safety 
 but in the most unqualified submission to the papal authority. 
 He finally succeeded in' obtaining all he wished. The king 
 consented, in his extremity, to resign his crown, and ever 
 afterward to hold it in vassalage to the pope. He did 
 homage to Pandolf, threw himself on his knees before him, 
 lifted up his joined hands and put them in those of the legate, 
 swore fealty to the holy see forever, and at the same time, 
 paid him a sum of money suitable to the occasion. (See 
 John.) After so brilliant a triumph, Pandolf returned to 
 Rome to receive the approbation and applause of his spirit- 
 ual sovereign. Early in the following reign, we find him 
 again in England, exercising the office of legate, and active 
 in enforcing on the discontented barons of Henry III all the 
 articles to whiclr John had subscribed. 
 
 PAPILLON. — Elected, by the country party, one of the 
 sheriffs of London, in the reign of Charles II, As the elec- 
 tion, however, was irregularly conducted, it was declared 
 null, and he was not sworn in. (See Dubois.) 
 
 PARHAM, Sir Edward. — Concerned in the plot for de- 
 
502 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PAR. 
 
 posing James I, and placing Arabella Stuart on the throne. 
 He was of the order of " free-thinkers," who united with 
 the papists and puritans in that mysterious movement. We 
 know but little of him. 
 
 PARIS, Van. — The Dutch boy who was executed under 
 the reign of Edward VI for having adopted the Arian 
 heresy. For this instance of cruelty, as well as for the exe- 
 cution of Joan Bocher, (called Joan of Kent,) Cranmer has 
 ever been held responsible. Van Paris suffered with so 
 much satisfaction, that he even embraced and caressed the 
 fagots which blazed around him. 
 
 PARKER, Matthew. — Commonly reckoned the second 
 protestant archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer being first. 
 He was born in 1504, and educated at Cambridge, where he 
 became greatly distinguished as a scholar and preacher. He 
 was made chaplain to Henry VIII, and to Queen Anne Bo- 
 leyn, and after the accession of Edward VI, was made dean 
 of Lincoln. On the accession of Mary, he was stripped of 
 his ecclesiastical honors, because of his attachment to the 
 protestant doctrines. On the accession of Elizabeth, he was 
 made archbishop of Canterbury. His consecration was long 
 declared by the Roman catholics to be irregular, being per- 
 formed, they declared, not by bishops, but by laymen, or 
 presbyters, and was commonly denominated the " Nag's 
 Head consecration." The records of the university of Ox- 
 ford, however, place this matter beyond all question, and 
 throw the " Nag's Head" story into contempt. Oe was con- 
 secrated by four bishops who had been in exile during the 
 bloody reign of Mary, viz., Barlow, Coverdale, Scory, and 
 Hodgkins. After his consecration, he acted with great spirit 
 and manly firmness, and planted the principles of the refor- 
 mation throughout the kingdom. He died on the 17th of 
 May, 1575, aged 72. 
 
 PARKER, Samuel. — Bishop of Oxford and president of 
 Magdalen college in the reign of James II. He was born 
 in 1640, and brought up in the puritan faith, Being ambi- 
 tious, however, he gradually espoused the most ultra high 
 church theory, and was, at length, reported one of the prose- 
 lytes of James to Romanism. For this evidence of piety 
 and merit, he was elevated to the see of Oxford, and forced 
 into the presidency of the college against the remonstrances 
 of the fellows, and even in the face of another election. 
 (See Hough, Dr.) When James was made sensible of his 
 
PAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 503 
 
 danger by the report of the invasion of England by the 
 prince of Orange, he reversed his order, and caused Parker 
 to be removed from college ; but it was then too late to repair 
 the mischief. After this, Parker's hypocrisy was so apparent 
 that he fell into universal contempt, notwithstanding he re- 
 mained in the communion of the church of England. He 
 died March 20, 1687, " Unwept, unsung." 
 
 PARSONS, Sir William. — A justice sent into Ireland by 
 Charles 1. He is said to have been a man of small abilities, 
 though we hear no account of his being other than faithful 
 to his trust. His good fortune enabled him to discover the 
 plot of the great Irish massacre of 1641 in time to save 
 Dublin. At the commencement of the civil wars, he favored 
 the parliament, and was removed from office. 
 
 PARRY, William. — A Roman catholic under the reign 
 of Elizabeth, who was persuaded by some Jesuits of Italy 
 and France to assassinate the heretical queen. He then 
 came over to England for the purpose of executing his 
 bloody purpose, but on his communicating it to some of his 
 own party, the secret got abroad, and he was thrown into 
 prison. When brought to trial, he confessed the design and 
 was executed according to law. 
 
 PARRY, Sir Thomas. — A member of the council of 
 Queen Elizabeth. We know but little of him, save that he 
 favored the protestant religion, which made him very obnox- 
 ious to the Romanists who constituted a minority of the 
 council. 
 
 PARRY, Father. — A Jesuit who was represented by 
 Fitzharris as concerned in a popish plot against the life of 
 the king, (Charles II,) and the liberties of England. But 
 little credit can be attached to the story. 
 
 PARSONS. — A Jesuit, sent by the pope into England, in 
 the time of Elizabeth, to qualify a sentence of excommuni- 
 cation against the queen. The bull had absolved the Roman 
 catholics from all allegiance to Elizabeth, and as many were 
 about proceeding to act accordingly, Parsons came to inform 
 them, that although it was forever binding on them it was not 
 to be acted on until such time as the pope should designate. 
 
 PARTRIAGE, Sir Miles.— A favorite of 'protector 
 Somerset, (Sir Edward Seymour,) who was arrested the 
 next day after the protector, and executed soon after. Great 
 injustice is said to have been done him on his trial, and his 
 
504 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. | PAti. 
 
 unhappy fate has elicited quite as much sympathy as that of 
 his patron. 
 
 PASTON, Lord.— r-Belonging to the party called abhor- 
 rers, in the reign of Charles II, because of their abhorrence, 
 of certain popular doctrines — particularly the doctrine that 
 the people had a right to demand a parliament at any time 
 when they thought proper. For his opposition to these no- 
 tions, Paston became an object of great abhorrence with the 
 commons, and complaints were lodged against himr 
 
 PAULET, Sir William. — Commonly known by his title 
 of Lord St. John. A great favorite of Henry VIII. He 
 1 accompanied his royal master on his expedition into France 
 in 1544, and through Henry's whole life, managed to retain 
 his confidence and esteem. At Henry's death, he appointed 
 him one of the executors of his will, and a member, of the 
 privy council of his son, Edward VI. He made an able 
 minister, but was among the chief opposers of protector Som- - 
 erset. (See Seymour, Sir Edward.) 
 
 PAULET, Sir Amius. — One of the keepers of the per- 
 son of Mary, of Scots. The earl of Shrewsbury had been 
 thought too indulgent, and Paulet and Drury were placed in 
 charge of her, they being men of more severity of disci- 
 pline, though gentlemen of distinction and honor. From 
 this time, she was watched with the utmost vigilance, though 
 we have no account of either of these keepers ever disre- 
 garding her rank. Paulet took leave of her as she passed 
 to the scaffold, and caused two of his guards to support her. 
 (See Drury, Sir Drue.) 
 
 PAULET, Lord.— Sent by Charles I on the same mis- 
 sion with Lord Paget, and others, to treat with the Scotch 
 about the commencement of the civil wars. At this time, 
 he was of the popular, or puritan- party ; but gradually, as 
 the war progressed, and the demands of the parliament be- 
 came more exorbitant, he became disgusted with the party, 
 and at last, devoted himself to the service of the king. What 
 became of him, we are not able to say. The last that we 
 hear of him, he was assisting the marquis of Hertford in 
 raising an army in the west ; unless, as some have under- 
 stood, he be the same Lord Paulet whom we find in 1689, 
 encouraging the invasion of England by the prince of 
 Orange, and laboring to secure the abdication of James II. 
 
 PAULLINUS. — A learned bishop who accompanied Eth- 
 elburga, the wife of Edwin of Northumberland, from Kent, 
 
PEA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 505 
 
 as her domestic chaplain, and by whose influence that prince 
 and his subjects were converted to Christianity. He became 
 the first archbishop of York, but on a general apostacy oc- 
 curring in Northumberland he returned to Kent, 
 
 PA VIE, Aimery de.— An Italian who discovered much 
 bravery in the continental wars of Edward III. Edward, 
 having confidence in him, made him governor of Calais. 
 Soon, however, he showed his utter want of all moral prin- 
 ciple by engaging to deliver it to the French for twenty 
 thousand crowns. The news reached England. Edward 
 sent for him. He went into the presence of the king, not 
 supposing that the secret had reached his ears. Edward pro- 
 posed to spare his life on condition he would turn his perfidy 
 to the destruction of the enemy. To this he readily agreed, 
 and a strong force was prepared to receive the French at the 
 opening of the gates. Pavie, at the time appointed, went 
 and received the money, and then threw open the .gates, 
 when, to the astonishment of the French, Edward himself, 
 with a strong force, broke from their concealment, and 
 charged upon the enemy so furiously that very few had the 
 fortune to make their escape. 
 
 PAW. — A pensionary of Holland, sent to London in 
 1652, in time of the commonwealth, to tender the apology 
 of the states for an attack lately made by the Dutch fleet 
 upon the English. Through him, they disclaimed the whole 
 deed, and begged the parliament to accept their apology. 
 The explanation, however, was not satisfactory, and war 
 soon followed. 
 
 PAZ AS, Hugh de. — Bishop of Durham, under the reign 
 of Richard I. When Richard, to raise funds for the prose- 
 cution of the crusade, exposed many of the offices of govern- 
 ment to sale, Pazas became the purchaser of that of chief jus- 
 ticiiary, and also of the earldom of Northumberland. On the 
 king's departure he left Pazas, in conjunction with Long- 
 champ, bishop of Ely, guardian of the realm. He seems to 
 have been contemptible in the eyes of Longchamp, who, 
 soon after the king's departure for Palestine, forced him to 
 resign the earldom of Northumberland, and assumed the en- 
 tire government himself. 
 
 PEADA. — Fifth king of Mercia. He was the son and 
 successor of Penda. His father was slain in battle with 
 Oswy, king of Northumberland, by which Oswy became, to 
 a great extent, disposer of the Mercian crown. His wis- 
 
 22 
 
606 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PEM. 
 
 dom and generosity, however, would not permit him to vio- 
 late the law of succession, so he immediately placed Peada, 
 the rightful heir, on the throne, gave him his daughter in mar- 
 riage, and kept him under his constant protection. Through 
 the influence of his wife, Peada embraced Christianity. He 
 came to a violent death in 659 after a reign of three years. 
 
 PECKHAM, Sir Edmund. — One of the counsellors ap- 
 pointed by will of Henry VIII to assist the executors in the 
 minority of his son, Edward VI. Beyond this, we know 
 very little of him. 
 
 PELAGIUS. — A British monk of the fifth century, 
 whose heresies, for a time, agitated the whole christian 
 world. He was a native Briton, and perhaps unknown be- 
 yond his own island, until known to the general church as a 
 heretic. What his real sentiments were is not certainly 
 known, as we have them only through his enemies. He is 
 said, however, to have taught that the posterity of Adam was 
 in no sense affected by his sin. That every child is born 
 with the same nature, and sustaining just the same relation 
 to God which our first parents did when they came from the 
 hands of their Creator. That it is possible for every man, 
 by the exercise of his natural faculties, and without any in- 
 ternal grace whatever, to live wholly without sin, and that 
 suffering and death are not the consequences of sin, but 
 necessarily result from the physical organization of man. 
 All grace, he taught, was external, consisting in the teach- 
 ings of the Word, and not in the internal monitions and di- 
 rect agency of the holy spirit. Pope Zozimus was won by 
 his arguments, and for some time was known as the head of 
 that party ; though he afterwards recanted. The third gen- 
 eral council of Ephesus, condemned the doctrine of Pela- 
 gius as heretical, and the emperor Honorius, a. d. 418, pub- 
 lished an edict expelling all its leaders from Rome and send- 
 ing their followers into exile. 
 
 PELHAM, Henry. — Elected speaker of the house of 
 commons in 1647, after the displacement of Lenthal, whose 
 measures were not sufficiently violent to suit the views of 
 the dominant party. Pelham was of the independent mili- 
 tary order of reformers. 
 
 PEMBERTON, Sir Francis.— An able lawyer of the 
 time of James II. He was one of the counsel for the 
 bishops who were prosecuted by the crown for refusing to 
 publish the king's declaration of indulgence to dissenters ; 
 
PEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 507 
 
 — to Roman catholics. Thi3 being a question of the utmost 
 moment to the nation, (one in which was involved the ques- 
 tion whether kings could set aside the legal enactments of 
 parliament,) of course, none but the best talent of England 
 was employed. 
 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Mareschal, Sir William, 
 Sen.) 
 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Mareschal, Sir William, 
 Jun.) 
 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Valence, Aymer de.) 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Tudor, Jasper.) 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Herbert, Sir William.) 
 PEMBROKE, Earl of.— (See Hastings, John.) 
 PEN. — A celebrated naval officer in the time of the pro- 
 tectorate of Cromwell. He was believed to have sympa- 
 thised with the king, and still to have a preference for mon- 
 archy; notwithstanding, he remained inactive service, co-op- 
 erating with admiral Blake and other able seamen, until 
 1655, when his unsuccessful attempt on St. Domingo gave 
 such offense to Cromwell, that he threw him into the tower. 
 After this, we hear but little of him. 
 
 PENDA. — Fourth king of Mercia. He was the son, but 
 not the immediate successor of Webba. By reference to the 
 article Webba, it will appear that that prince was placed on 
 the throne of Mercia by Ethelbert, king of Kent, to whom 
 he was really in subjection all the remainder of his life. At 
 his death, Ethelbert claimed the right to determine who 
 should succeed him. Penda was the lawful heir, but fearing 
 his fierce and unmanageable spirit, he appointed Ceorl, a 
 kinsman of Penda, to the throne. Thus Penda was depri- 
 ved of his lawful inheritance until after the death of Ceorl — 
 about nine years. On coming to the throne he very soon 
 showed that the fears of Ethelbert were not groundless. He 
 became the terror of the whole Heptarchy, Three kings of 
 East Anglia perished successively in battle with him, as did 
 two of the greatest princes of Northumberland. At length 
 Oswy, king of Northumberland, defeated and slew him, and 
 thus relieved the island of a sanguinary tyrant. He reigned 
 31 years. 
 
 PENDERGAST, Maurice de.— An ally of Fitz-Ste- 
 phens in his defense of the rights of Dermot, the Irish 
 prince. It is probable that he was a nobleman, or chief, of 
 Wales. (See Fitz-Stephens, Robert.) 
 
508 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PER. 
 
 PENDERELL. — A farmer of Boscabel House who pro- 
 tected Charles II in his flight from the defeat of Worcester. 
 He and his four brothers devoted themselves to the king's 
 service, and for several days, kept him in the tree, since 
 called the " King's Oak," and at night, lodged him in 
 places of greatest security, until they were able to conduct him 
 to the house of Colonel Lane, at Bentley, whence he escap- 
 ed to Bristol, and thence to the sea. After the restoration 
 of Charles, he conferred on the family several handsome 
 presents. 
 
 PENNINGTON.— A naval officer of Charles I. He 
 commanded a fleet, in 1625, the year of Charles' accession, 
 to France, ostensibly to co-operate with that nation against 
 Genoa. On reaching the coast of France, however, a sus- 
 picion arose among his sailors, that the expedition was di- 
 rected against the Huguenots; and in spite of Pennington's 
 asseverations to the contrary, nearly all his men went ashore 
 and deserted him. 
 
 PENNINGTON. — An alderman, and afterward, mayor, 
 of London, and member of parliament under Charles I. He 
 presented to the commons a petition from 15,000 puritans, 
 asking for the abolition of episcopacy, and urging, as one 
 reason for it, that the bishops had given their consent to the 
 publishing of u Ovid's Art of Love." Aftei this, he became 
 one of the most violent of the parliamentary party, and was 
 always particularly mad on the subject of the people's right 
 to petition. 
 
 PENRUDDOC.— A bold cavalier who, in time of the 
 commonwealth, entered into the conspiracy (1655) for re- 
 storing monarchy. Being detected by Cromwell, the enter- 
 prise failed, and but one rising occurred in the country, 
 which was at Salisbury. That place was entered by a troop 
 of horse under the command of Penruddoc, Groves and 
 Jones. As most of the leaders of the conspiracy were put 
 to death, it is probable that Penruddoc shared their fate. 
 
 PERCI, Richard de. One of the executive council un- 
 der the great charter of King John. He is thought to have 
 been one of the most powerful barons of his day. 
 
 PEREGRINE. — Commonly known by his title of Lord 
 Willoughby, Commander of the English forces in Holland 
 in the reign of Elizabeth. He succeeded the earl of Lei- 
 cester, who had been displaced for the bad faith in which he 
 had acted. After this, we find him in command of a strong 
 
PET.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 509 
 
 force sent by Elizabeth to the assistance of Henry IV, of 
 France, against the Roman catholics. We do not learn that 
 he ever gained for himself any great notoriety. 
 
 PERROT, Sir John. — Lord deputy of Ireland in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. Being greatly troubled by incursions of 
 the Scottish islanders, he put arms and ammunition into the 
 hands of the native Irish of Ulster, to enable them to defend 
 themselves against these incursions. This was soon found 
 to have been an imprudent measure, as the Irish, from that 
 time, were more formidable to the English than they had 
 ever been before. 
 
 PERROT, Sir James. — A member of parliament in the 
 reign of James I. In 1621, he took so active a part in de- 
 fense of liberal principles as gave great offense to the crown, 
 for which he was compelled to go into Ireland on business 
 pertaining to the government. This was a punishment not 
 unfrequently inflicted by the crown, in those times, on disor- 
 derly members of parliament. 
 
 PET. — A member of parliament in the early part of the 
 reign of Charles II. He had been appointed a commis- 
 sioner for some purpose a few years before, in which he had 
 failed to obey orders. This was brought up against him in 
 1668, and he was expelled the house, and articles of im- 
 peachment passed against him. These, however, were never 
 acted upon. 
 
 PETER. — A cardinal of the papal court who assisted 
 and co-operated with Ermenfroy, the first Roman legate 
 ever in England, at the council of Winchester, soon after 
 the Norman conquest. It was before this council that Sti- 
 gand, the archbishop of Canterbury was arraigned and de- 
 graded. (See Stigand.) 
 
 PETER. — A hermit of Pomfret who foretold that king 
 John should lose his crown in the very year in which he 
 actually did homage to the Roman legate. He was impris- 
 oned in Corfe castle until the fulfillment of his prophecy, 
 and then tried as an impostor. In vain he pleaded the ful- 
 fillment of his prophecy. This only aggravated his guilt. 
 He was convicted and hanged on a gibbet at Warham. 
 
 PETER the HERMIT.— The originator, and one of 
 the leaders of the Holy Wars against the infidels of Pales- 
 tine. Pie was a native of Amiens, in Picardy. Being of a 
 religious turn of mind, he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 
 in which he, of course, suffered many hardships and priva- 
 
510 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PET. 
 
 tions. Under these, he became deeply impressed with the 
 importance of a crusade for the purpose of recovering the 
 land in which the Savior of mankind wa3 born, lived and 
 died, — and especially the Holy City, — from a nation of un- 
 believers, not only because it was hallowed, but that christian 
 pilgrims might visit the Holy Sepulchre without molestation. 
 The idea was not entirely new, having been proposed many 
 years before by Gregory VII. Peter exhibitted a letter 
 purporting to have been written in heaven, urging all be- 
 lievers to an enterprise of the kind. The pope favored it, 
 as did a council assembled at Placentia, and the fanaticism 
 spread rapidly through Europe and the British islands. It is 
 not certain that Peter ever visited England in person, but 
 his influence was extensively felt, and England was largely 
 represented among the champions of the Holy Cross. Peter 
 led one division of the army, which perished, for the most 
 part, before reaching the scene of conflict. The time and 
 manner of his death are not certainly known. 
 
 PETER. — Of Savoy. Commonly called Earl Warrenne. 
 He was a near relation of Eleanor, queen of Henry III, and 
 received the earldom of Warren at the same time when 
 many foreigners were in favor at the court of Henry. Being 
 ardently attached to the royal cause, he was the last one of 
 the barons to subscribe the provisions of Oxford, which vir- 
 tually removed the executive power from the hands of the 
 king, and gave it to the twenty-four barons. During the 
 Leicester war, he was firmly attached to the interests of the 
 crown, and acted a prominent part in the battle of Lewes, 
 whence he fled beyond the sea in consequence of the defeat 
 of the royal forces. Soon after the accession of Edward I, 
 when a commission was appointed to inquire into all en- 
 croachments on the royal demesne, and the tenures by which 
 estates were held, on his being called upon to show his titles 
 to the earldom of Warrenne, he drew his sword and replied 
 that William the bastard, (the Conqueror,) had not con= 
 quered the kingdom for himself alone. This bold reply put 
 a stop to all inquiries of this nature. After this, he com- 
 manded in a military expedition in Scotland, and on the 
 defeat of John Baliol, who was carried prisoner to London, 
 was appointed governor of Scotland. Under the reign of 
 Edward II, we find him, though an old man, among those 
 barons vvho were most clamorous for the expulsion of Gav= 
 aston. 
 
PEV.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. «>11 
 
 PETERS, Hugh. — A celebrated puritan preacher who 
 
 nourished on both sides of the Atlantic in the time of Charles 
 I and the commonwealth. He was born in 1599, and at the 
 commencement of the troubles which led to the civil wars, 
 took side with the parliament. Being discouraged by the 
 aspect of affairs, he abandoned his native country, and in 
 1635, came to America, and took charge of a church in 
 Salem, Massachusetts. Ke was eminently popular, and suc- 
 cessful, as a pastor, though he was, at the same time, en- 
 gaged in secular pursuits, and entered largely into politics. 
 After six years' residence in America, he returned to Eng- 
 land and exerted all his talents and zeal against the king, 
 and when Charles became a prisoner, directed all his ener- 
 gies to procure his capital punishment. But for him, it has 
 been generally believed that the arnry would never have 
 demanded that bloody deed, and had the army never called 
 for it, it is most probable that the life of Charles had been 
 spared. After the restoration, Peters was executed among 
 the regicides. He is said to have been a man of good tal- 
 ents, and capable of usefulness, had he avoided questions 
 foreign to his ministerial fnnctions. 
 
 PETERS, Lord. — According to the story of Titus Gates, 
 when the pope gave England to the charge of d'Olivia, 
 the Jesuit, Peters was appointed lieutenant-general of the 
 papal army. As the whole story was, most probably, a fab- 
 rication of Gates, it may be questioned whether Peters ever 
 heard of his honors until it was announced in the famous 
 story of Oates. 
 
 PETERS, Father. — A Jesuit, confessor to James II, who 
 made him also a member of his privy council, and submit- 
 ted himself almost wholly to his influence. Unfortunately 
 for James, Peters had none of the caution and prudence 
 which generally characterize that order. Against the ear- 
 nest remonstrances of nearly all his courtiers, and even of 
 the pope, himself, Peters constantly urged him onto the 
 most desperate measures, until his ruin was inevitable. 
 
 PETRE, Sir William. — One of the commissioners, or in- 
 quisitors, of Henry VIII, employed to inspect the monaste- 
 ries and report abuses. At the death of Henry, he was 
 appointed counsellor and secretary of state in the minority 
 of Edward VI, and became an active minister during this 
 short and happy reign. 
 
 PEVERELL, William,— A Norman captain whom Wil- 
 
512 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ P ^ A - 
 
 liam the Conqueror placed in charge of the castle of Not- 
 tingham for the purpose of suppressing the insurrections of 
 that district. 
 
 PEYTO. — A friar who, while preaching before Henry 
 VIII, had the assurance to tell him, that " many lying proph- 
 ets had deceived him, but that he, as a true Micajah, warned 
 him that the dogs would lick his blood, as they had done 
 Ahab's." The king took no notice of the insult. Dr. Cor- 
 ren, on the following Sunday, pronounced Peyto a rebel, a 
 slanderer, a dog, and a traitor: and when Elston, another 
 friar, stopped him, and proposed to justify all that Peyto had 
 said, Henry ordered both the friars to appear before the 
 council. It is supposed that they received nothing more 
 than a reprimand. After this, Peyto became confessor to 
 Queen Mary, and received from the pope the appointment 
 of legate, in the place of Cardinal Pole, who had fallen into 
 bad odor at Rome. The queen, however, would never allow 
 him to exercise his legatine commission in England, and the 
 pope was obliged to restore Pole. 
 
 PLANTAGENET, Geoffrey.— Earl of Anjou. He 
 married the empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I, who had 
 been the wife of the emperor, Henry V, of Germany. This 
 was the origin of the Plantagenet line of English monarchs, 
 of which Henry II, son of Plantagenet and Matilda, was 
 first. Henry I, at his death, had disposed of his crown in 
 favor of Matilda, without making any mention of her hus- 
 band, as has been said, from a dislike which he entertained 
 for him. He seems never to have made any pretentions to 
 the crown of England, and was little more than a spectator 
 to the controversy between his wife and Stephen, which re- 
 sulted in the treaty in favor of his son Henry. 
 ^ PLANTAGENET, Edward.— Earl of Warwick, son of 
 George, duke of Clarence. Having a title to the crown 
 superior to that of Richard III, he was thrown into prison, in 
 which condition he was found after the accession of Henry 
 VII. As his title did not stand in the way of Henry, and 
 as he was a mere lad, all supposed that Henry would cause 
 him, at once, to be released. Strangely, however, he threw 
 him into the tower, where he kept him, in close confinement, 
 for fourteen years, and then caused him to be cruelly be- 
 headed. A report having once gotten abroad of his having 
 escaped from the tower, several efforts were made to person- 
 ate him, and Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck were able 
 
PHI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 513 
 
 to get up no small excitements by spreading abroad the 
 rumor that they were, each in his turn, the real Plantagenet. 
 
 PLAUTIUS.— An able Roman general who, A. D. 43, 
 was sent by the emperor, Claudius, in command of a strong 
 military expedition against the Britons. His force was suffi- 
 cient to command the respect of the natives, and he is said 
 to have made some considerable progress toward the civili- 
 zation of those tribes who fell under his immediate influ- 
 ence. All this, however, was labor worse than useless, and 
 resulted in the ruin of the Britons without strengthening the 
 empire. 
 
 PLAYER, Sir Thomas.— Chamberlain of Charles II. He 
 took great interest in the thousand stories, rife in his day, of 
 popish plots, and is said to have made the remark that it was 
 most important to barricade the streets of London every 
 night, as without such precaution, there was great danger ot 
 all the people getting up some morning with their throats cut ! 
 
 PLUNKET, Oliver. — Titular primate (Roman catholic) 
 of Ireland. He was charged with being concerned in some 
 of the thousand reported popish plots in the time of Charles 
 II, and publicly executed. The witnesses on whose testi- 
 mony he suffered were of the lowest order of Irish, who had 
 come over to England for no other purpose than to " pur- 
 chase the reward of iniquity." 
 
 PHILIP II. — Of Spain; known in English history as 
 the husband of the Bloody Mary. He was the son of 
 the emperor, Charles V, and Isabella, of Portugal. He was 
 king of Naples and Sicily, as well as of Spain, and by his 
 marriage with Mary, became titular king of England. Be- 
 ing a notorious bigot and persecutor, of the Romish church, 
 he was well received by the protestant portion of England ; 
 nor did his future conduct tend to reconcile the English peo- 
 ple to him. A great part of the violence and persecution of 
 Mary's reign has always been referred to his influence, and 
 it has been truly said, that from the day of his marriage, 
 there was a Spanish inquisition in England, in full and 
 steady operation. After the death of Mary, he made pro- 
 posals of marriage to her sister Elizabeth, which were re- 
 jected with disdain; and from that time, he was the avowed 
 enemy of England. He even formed a plan for its inva- 
 sion, and in 158S, fitted out his Invincible Armada, consist- 
 ing of more than three hundred ships, for the purpose of 
 crushing the English nation. This, however, was almost 
 
 22* 
 
514 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [*HI. 
 
 entirely lost, and the enterprise was a signal failure. He 
 lost a great part of his authority in the Low Countries, and 
 so abused his victories in France as to make them of little 
 value to him. After a life of much turmoil and anxiety, he 
 died on the 13th of September, 1598, aged 72. He was 
 not without talents, of a high order; but he was cowardly, 
 cruel, and unprincipled, and England will always remember 
 him with indignation. 
 
 PHILIPPA. — Queen of Edward III. She was daughter 
 of the count of Holland and Hainault. Edward was affi- 
 anced to her when very young, by his mother, the infamous 
 Isabella, at the time when she was plotting the ruin of her 
 husband. Unworthy, however, as were the influences by 
 which the marriage was brought about, Philippa showed her- 
 self worthy of a royal husband. During Henry's absence 
 in his continental wars, when England was invaded by the 
 Scots, she not only acted wisely in the executive, but raised 
 1 an army of twelve thousand men, marched against them in 
 person, defeated them in a pitched battle, and carried their 
 king prisoner to London. Not long after this, Edward re- 
 duced the town of Calais by siege, and consented to spare it 
 only on condition that six of the principal citizens should 
 present themselves in his camp, bearing the keys of the city, 
 bareheaded and barefooted, with ropes about their necks. 
 The six men presented themselves, and laid the keys at his 
 feet, whereupon he ordered them to be led to execution. But 
 at that moment the entreaties of Philippa in their behalf pre- 
 vailed, and the noble burghers who had thus thrown them- 
 selves on his magnanimity, were spared. Thus the influence 
 of Philippa saved the name of her husband from infamy. 
 
 PHILIPPA. — Daughter to John of Gaunt, duke of 
 Lancaster. She was married to the king of Portugal in the 
 time of her father's stay in Spain, contending unsuccessfully, 
 for the crown of Castile. About 1390. 
 
 PHILIPPA.— Second daughter of Henry IV. She was 
 married to the king of Denmark. 
 
 PHILIPS, Sir Robert. — A member of parliament in the 
 reign of James I, in which he so distinguished himself as 
 the advocate of popular doctrines that he was committed to 
 the tower, with Sir Edward Coke, and others. After the 
 accession of Charles I, he again appeared as one of the 
 leaders of the liberty party, until Charles, becoming alarmed 
 at his influence, nominated him for sheriff of a county, to 
 
PIE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 615 
 
 get clear of his influence in parliament. This office, how- 
 ever, he filled but a short time, and returning to his seat in 
 parliament, became one of the stormiest elements in the rev- 
 olution. 
 
 PHILPOT. — Archdeacon of Winchester in the time of 
 Edward VI and the commencement of Queen Mary's bloody 
 reign. The early part of his public life was characterized 
 by great violence against the Arians, and he is said on one 
 occasion even to have spit in the face of an Arian, to show 
 his abhorrence for his doctrines. Being a zealous protes- 
 tant, he was, immediately on Mary's accession, marked as 
 a victim of papal wrath, and soon after, perished in the fires 
 of Smithfield. 
 
 PICKERING, Sir William. — A gentleman greatly es- 
 teemed for his personal merit, but not prominent in public 
 life, who aspired to a marriage with Queen Elizabeth. It 
 is probable, that as with most of her suitors, she played the 
 coquette with him as long as she could thus gratify her own* 
 vanity, and then declined his proposals. 
 
 PICKERING.— Reported by Dr. Tongue, Kirby, and 
 Titus Oates, to have engaged to shoot Charles II with a sil- 
 ver bullet. For this service, he was to receive thirty thous- 
 and masses, while another man, Grove, was to have, in case 
 he should perform the noble deed, 1500 pounds sterling. 
 The evidence was contemptible, yet Pickering, with several 
 others, Jesuits and Roman Catholics, was led to execution. 
 
 PIERCY Harry. — Earl of Northumberland. Commonly 
 known as Hotspur, from his daring and impetuosity in war. 
 He was connected with the royal family, and was one of the 
 princes who first complained of the partialities of Richard II, 
 and refused to submit to his ministers. A mortal antipathy 
 had long existed between the families of Piercy and Doug- 
 las, of Scotland, and in 1388, the latter made an incursion 
 on the northern borders of England. Piercy met him at 
 Otterberne, or Chevy Chase, and slew 'him with his own 
 hands, but was, on the same day, made prisoner by the 
 Scots. Being released from captivity, he was ready to 
 take an active part in favor of Henry IV, and was prin- 
 cipal in dethroning the unfortunate Richard. Soon after 
 Henry was seated on the throne, Piercy began to make 
 large demands on him, and did not fail to remind him of the 
 fact that but for him, he had never sat on the throne of Eng- 
 land. Henry conferred on him the office of constable for 
 
516 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PIE. 
 
 life, but this did not satisfy him. He entered into a corres- 
 pondence with Glendor of Wales and the earl of Douglas, 
 and prepared to dethrone the monarch whom he had so re- 
 cently elevated. Being taken ill, however, he could not pro- 
 ceed with his army, and his son took the command, but was 
 defeated and slain, which put an end to this enterprise. 
 After this, he made submissions, and was pardoned, but not 
 having confidence in Henry's amnesty, he again attempted a 
 rebellion, and was again defeated. He then fled into Scot- 
 land and soon after, with Lord Bardolf , made an incursion 
 on the frontier, but was met by the sheriff of Yorkshire, de- 
 feated and slain. He was brave, but deficient in moral 
 principle : hence his ruin. 
 
 PIERCY. — Son of Hotspur. He w T as engaged in the 
 alliance with Glendor and Douglas, and on his father falling 
 sick, a little before the battle of Shrewsbury, he took the 
 command of the forces. The manifesto which he sent to 
 Henry the evening before the battle shows him to have been 
 a man of no ordinary capacity, and the glory of the well- 
 fought battle of Shrewsbury, in which he perished, will for- 
 ever preserve his name among the bravest of soldiers. 
 
 PIERCY, Thomas, — Earl of Worcester. He was brother 
 to the famous Hotspur Piercy, of Northumberland, and like 
 him, abandoned his king-, Richard II, and assisted to place 
 the usurper, Henry IV, on the throne. He held some im- 
 portant military commands in Gascony, under Henry, and 
 contributed, in no small degree, to secure the allegiance of 
 that people. When his brother, however, became disaffect- 
 ed toward Henry, he was with him, and engaged in the al- 
 liance with Glendor and Douglas. He was in the battle of 
 Shrewsbury, and falling into the hands of Henry, was imme- 
 diately beheaded. His fate, like that of his brother, was 
 hard, though just. 
 
 PIERCY, Lord. — One of the council of regency during 
 the minority of Edward III. He also commanded the forces 
 of Edward, or rather of his intriped queen, Philippa, at the 
 famous battle of Neville's Cross, in which the Scots were 
 wholly defeated and their king taken prisoner. 
 
 PIERCY, Henry de. — One of the warm supporters of 
 Henry III during the Leicester war. He has no great 
 prominence, however, in history. 
 
 PIERCY, William. — One of the northern nobility who 
 
PIE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 517 
 
 opposed David, king of Scotland, under the reign of Ste- 
 phen, and defeated him at the battle of the standard. 
 
 PIERCY, Sir Robert. — One of the nobility who perished 
 in the battle of Bosworth on the side of Richard III. 
 
 PIERCY, Lord Henry. — Earl of Northumberland. Does 
 not appear very prominent in history. When Henry VIII 
 had resolved on disposing of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, 
 he determined, also, to have her daughter, Elizabeth, de- 
 clared illegitimate ; and for this purpose, attempted to prove 
 that Anne had, previous to her marriage with him, been en- 
 gaged to Lord Piercy, who was well known long to have 
 been her admirer. Piercy denied it on oath, and on that 
 oath received the holy sacrament. He was a man of great 
 authority, and was the sixth earl of Northumberland. He 
 died June 29, 1537, and the earldom was thence diverted for 
 a time, to the family of Dudley. 
 
 PIERCY, Lord Henry. — Eighth earl of Northumberland. 
 Second son of Thomas Piercy, who was attainted for his 
 connection with Aske's rebellion. He rendered much ser- 
 vice for Elizabeth in the Scottish troubles ; but being warmly 
 attached to Queen Mary, of Scotland, he fell under suspi- 
 cion, and was thrown into the tower, where he soon after 
 committed suicide by shooting himself. The general impres- 
 sion was, that he had so far entered into a conspiracy for the 
 release of the Scottish queen, that he feared investigation, 
 and chose to dispose of himself in this way. 
 
 PIERCY, Henry. — Ninth earl of Northumberland. He 
 succeeded his father immediately on his death, which was 
 on the 21st of June, 1585, and never brought disgrace on his 
 noble family. Decidedly martial in his character, he was 
 ever ready for any emergency in war, and never lacking in 
 efficiency. At the time . of the descent of the Spanish ar- 
 mada, he fitted out several ships of his own, which he com- 
 manded in person, and greatly distinguished himself. At 
 the time of the gunpowder plot, he was suspected of being 
 concerned in it, chiefly because his relative, Thomas Piercy, 
 was the chief actor, and because he was known to be a zeal- 
 ous Romanist. He was thrown into the tower, and long 
 kept in confinement, but finally acquitted. After this, he 
 rendered much service to his country, and died November 
 5th, 1632, in the eighth year of the reign of Charles I. 
 
 PIERCY, Sir Thomas.— Brother to the earl of North- 
 umberland. Engaged in Aske's rebellion, and attainted for 
 
518 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PIS. 
 
 treason. He is afterward spoken of as not inheriting the 
 title of Northumberland, at the death of his brother, because 
 of his attainder, from which we might infer that he was still 
 alive. It may be, however, that this has reference merely 
 to his family disability ; and as we are assured that nearly 
 all the adherents of Aske were executed, it is, perhaps, fair 
 to give it this construction. As John Duelley, however, who 
 received the earldom in his place, soon forfeited it, Queen 
 Mary, soon after, conferred it on his son, Thomas Piercy, 
 and afterward, it was inherited by a younger son, Henry, 
 which, see. 
 
 PIERCY, Sir Richard. — Placed in charge of the garri- 
 son of Elizabeth in Kinsale, Ireland, where, in 1600, he 
 was threatened by a strong Spanish force under Don John 
 d'Aquila, and forced to retire. 
 
 PIERCY,- Thomas. — Famous as one of the main actors 
 in the gunpowder plot of James I. He was of the illustri- 
 ous family of Northumberland, but in what way, or of what 
 branch of the family, we are not well informed. On the 
 discovery of the plot, he hastened to join his comrades, who 
 all resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. He and 
 Catesby were both killed by one shot. (See Catesby.) 
 
 PIERCY. — Associated himself with Jermyn, O'Neale, 
 Goring, and others, in 1641, for the purpose of engaging 
 the army in the service of the king, (Charles I,) against the 
 parliament. This was some time before the commencement 
 of the civil wars, and was an ill-judged measure of the party, 
 as although it was never carried out, it suggested the idea of 
 resorting to arms, which was readily laid hold of by the pu- 
 ritan party. It is proper to observe that Piercy, and the 
 other advocates of this measure, were far from being zealous 
 royalists, and the question has been raised, whether the 
 movement were not intended to justify the parliament in a 
 resort to arms, rather than to benefit the king. 
 
 PILKINGTON.— A sheriff of London in the time of 
 Charles II. He belonged to the country party, and in the 
 exercise of his office, — selecting jurors for the trial of po- 
 pish plotters — was the cause of many innocent persons being 
 capitally punished. He was a violent and lawless man, and 
 for certain abusive words which he indulged against the 
 duke of York, was ordered to pay a fine of 100,000 pounds. 
 
 PISTOR. — A member of parliament in 1571, under the 
 reign of "Elizabeth, who distinguished himself by his zeal 
 
POL. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 619 
 
 against religious ceremonies. He was scandalized, he said, 
 that affairs of such infinite consequence as kneeling at the 
 communion and making the sign of the. cross in baptism 
 should be permitted to pass unrebuked by the parliament. 
 His zeal, however, availed but little under Elizabeth ; had 
 he lived in the time of Charles I, he would, most probably, 
 have been a great luminary. 
 
 PITTAROW, Lord. — A Scottish peer who distinguished 
 himself by his violent opposition to the marriage of Queen 
 Mary with Lord Henry Darnley. 
 
 POINET. — A protestant bishop in the time of Edward 
 VI. We learn that he co-operated with Cranmer and Rid- 
 ley in behalf of the princess Mary, whose obstinacy in the 
 papal religion was so very grievous to the young Edward, 
 that he was disposed to resort to violence. By the entreaties 
 of these pious bishops, she was permitted to exercise her own 
 mind on the subject of religion. Poinet seems never to 
 have had much prominence. 
 
 POINTZ, General. — A presbyterian officer in the par- 
 liamentary army in the civil wars of Charles I. He greatly 
 distinguished himself as a general, but was quite too mod- 
 erate in his views to suit the popular feeling of the times. 
 About the close of the war, his troops mutinied against him, 
 and demanded an officer of the Cromwell stamp. He retired 
 to private life in Scotland. 
 
 POLE, Michael de la. — Earl of Suffolk and chancellor 
 under Richard II. He was the son of an eminent merchant, 
 and had greatly distinguished himself in the wars of Edward 
 III, whose confidence he had so won as to be held in great 
 esteem. But his humble birth could not be borne, and he 
 was impeached by parliament, at the instigation of the duke 
 of Gloucester, and the king reluctantly forced to abandon 
 him ; although no charges were ever proved against him. 
 
 POLE, John de la. — Earl of Lincoln, and brother to the 
 earl of Suffolk. Richard III is said to have fixed his eye 
 on this nobleman as his successor, in case he should die 
 childless. Soon after the accession of Henry VII, Pole be- 
 gan to plot a scheme of rebellion, in connection with the cel- 
 ebrated Lambert Simnel, and took command of the rebel 
 forces. He was slain at the battle of Stoke in 1487. 
 
 POLE, Edward de la. — Earl of Suffolk in the reign of 
 Henry VII. Having killed a man in a fit of passion he 
 was obliged to apply to the king for a pardon. The request 
 
520 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. | POL. 
 
 was granted ; but as he was of the York party, and Henry was 
 little disposed to grant favors in that quarter, he required him 
 to appear in open court to plead his cause. Pole refused to 
 appear, and fled to Flanders. On good assurance of for- 
 giveness, however, he returned, plead his cause, and received 
 his pardon. Again he retired into Flanders, and began to 
 plot some scheme of rebellion. Henry required of the king 
 of Castile, then in possession of Flanders, that Pole should 
 be surrendered to him. The demand was complied with, on 
 a promise of Henry to spare his life. As soon as he reached 
 England he was thrown into the tower, where he remained 
 until after the accession of Henry VIII, who caused him to 
 be beheaded, as he declared, in compliance with the dying 
 request of his father, who had expressed the opinion, that 
 there could be no safety to the English crown while Pole was 
 living. 
 
 POLE, Richard de la. — Brother of the earl of Suffolk. 
 He attempted to revive the York claim upon the crown, 
 which is supposed to have been the true reason of Henry 
 VIII for beheading Suffolk. The project was utterly ridicu- 
 lous, because wholly impracticable, as the union of the two 
 houses, by Henry VII's marriage was satisfactory to the na- 
 tion, which had fully settled down on that compromise. Pole 
 by particular request of the king of France, in whose ser- 
 vice he had enlisted, was banished the kingdom and lived on 
 a French pension. 
 
 POLE, William de la.— Brother of the earl of Suffolk. 
 While Suffolk was plotting his rebellion against Henry VII, 
 William was arrested, with several others who were supposed 
 to be privy to the scheme, and thrown into prison. How 
 long he was detained, or what became of him, we are not 
 able to say. 
 
 POLE, John de la. — A son of Edward de la Pole, earl 
 of Suffolk. Suspected of having intentions on the crown 
 about the close of the French wars of Henry VI. The 
 charge originated in a violent quarrel between the earl and 
 the commons, and was intended to criminate the father rather 
 than the son. 
 
 POLE, Henry de la. — (See Montacute, Lord.) 
 
 POLE, Reginald de la. — Commonly known as Cardinal 
 Pole and archbishop of Canterbury. He was of noble birth, 
 being a son of Lord Montague, who was cousin of Henry 
 VII, by a daughter of George, duke of Clarence. Born in 
 
POL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 521 
 
 1500, and educated at Oxford; and when very young, ad- 
 mitted to orders and made prebendary of Salisbury and dean 
 of Exeter. When Henry VIII resolved on divorcing Cath- 
 arine. Pole opposed him, and thus incurred his displeasure 
 to such a degree that he was obliged to quit the kingdom, 
 and a bill of attainder was passed against him. He was 
 created cardinal, by the pope, and sent to Flanders, and 
 also to France, but such was Henry's fear of his influence, 
 that he prevailed on those countries to dismiss him. On the 
 death of Paul III, Pole was twice elected pope, but declined. 
 After this, he spent most of his time in a monastery, until 
 the accession of Queen Mary, when he was made legate to 
 England, and returned, to reconcile his native country to the 
 papal court. After the death of Gardiner, he was made 
 archbishop Canterbury, which office he filled until the time 
 of his death, which occurred on the 18th of November, 
 1558. He was an accomplished scholar, and a mild and 
 amiable character; and although obliged to sanction the 
 bloody measures of Mary and her court, ever evinced the 
 strongest aversion to their cruelty. Had he lived in better 
 times, he would doubtless have been one of the brightest 
 luminaries of Christendom. 
 
 POLE, Lady. — Countess of Salisbury, and mother of the 
 famous Cardinal Pole. In consequence of her devotion to 
 the interests of her son, after his expulsion from England, 
 she was called to account, and condemned to lose her head. 
 For a long time, however, the sentence was suspended, until 
 hearing of some new movement on the part of the cardinal, 
 Henry VIII ordered her to execution, Here a scene occur- 
 red at which the heart sickens. She refused to lay her head 
 on the block, but told the executioner that if he would have 
 it, he must win it the best way he could. Accordingly, stro- 
 king her venerable gray locks, she ran about the scaffold, 
 and the executioner followed with his axe, making many 
 fruitless blows at her ne^k, before he was able to give the 
 fatal stroke. This woman was considered the last of the 
 line of Plantagenets. 
 
 POLE, Sir Geoffrey de la.— Brother of Cardinal Pole. 
 He was executed by Henry VIII for entering into a trea- 
 sonable correspondence with the cardinal, after his expulsion 
 from England. 
 
 POLE, Arthur. — A nephew of Cardinal Pole. With 
 several others of his family connection, he conceived the de- 
 
522 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PON. 
 
 sign of obtaining French aid to proclaim Mary, of Scots, 
 queen ot England, and himself duke of Clarence, — the title 
 of his great-grand-father, George, duke of Clarence. The 
 plot was detected, and all the parties brought to trial. They 
 plead that they had no idea of their scheme taking effect in 
 the queen's life, but wished to have all things ready before 
 her death, which an astrologor had assured them would take 
 place in that year. They were all condemned to death, but 
 pardoned by Elizabeth. 
 
 POLLARD. — One of the leaders in the movement of 
 1659 for the restoration of monarchy. According to the ar- 
 rangament, Pollard and a few others were to get possession 
 of Plymouth and Exeter, while other important posts in the 
 kingdom were secured by other leaders, and Charles II was 
 then to be recalled from the continent The infidelity of Sir 
 Richard Willis, however, discovered the plot, and the whole 
 enterprise failed. 
 
 POLLARD. — One of the half parliamentarians, half 
 royalists, who suggested the idea, in 1641, of engaging the 
 army on the side of Charles I. (See Piercy. ) 
 
 POLLEXFEN. — A celebrated lawyer of the time of 
 James II. The best evidence of his professional distinction 
 appears in the fact that he was employed in nearly all the 
 great contests of the people with the crown, and particularly 
 in the great case of the bishops, who were prosecuted for 
 refusing to publish James' famous proclamation of indul- 
 gence to dissenters — Roman catholics. In this case, he was 
 associated with Sawyer, Pemberton, Treby, and Somers, 
 (which see.) 
 
 POLLY. — A notorious spy of Queen Elizabeth, or 
 rather, of her Secretary, Walsingham. He rendered great 
 service in detecting the famous Babington conspiracy, the 
 object of which was to assassinate Elizabeth, and place 
 Mary, of Scots, on the throne. (See Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 POMMERAYE.— An ambassador of Francis I, of 
 France, sent to London, after the marriage of Francis' 
 daughter, Magdalen, to James V, of Scotland, to apologise 
 for having consummated the marriage without having con- 
 sulted Henry. The offense, however, was so grevious that 
 Henry refused to see him, or to hear the apology. 
 
 PONTEFRACT, Robert de.~One of the nobility who 
 united in extending an invitation to duke Robert to invade 
 
POfc.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 523 
 
 England for the purpose of recovering his throne, which 
 Henry I had assumed in his absence. 
 
 POOLE, Mathew. — A presbyterian clergyman in the 
 reign of Charles II, who greatly distinguished himself by his 
 learning and zeal. He was born in 1624, and educated at 
 Cambridge. Several works of his are still extant, among 
 which we find the " Annotations on the Bible," a work of 
 much merit. According to the story of Titus Oates, he was 
 marked by the pope for assassination. Although the whole 
 story of Oates was contemptible, he became alarmed at the 
 report, and fled to Holland, where he died in 1679. 
 
 POPE. — Butler in the house of Mr. Norton, with whom 
 Charles II spent some time, in his flight from Worcester. 
 He was introduced into the family by Mrs. Lane, as the 
 son of a farmer, sick of ague, and wished to remain in his 
 room. Pope, however, had seen the prince before ; and 
 when he went in to attend him, tendered to him his obe- 
 dience, as his king. Charles was greatly alarmed to find 
 that even the servant of the house knew him ; but he made 
 him promise that he would keep the secret from every hu- 
 man being ; and we learn that the honest butler kept his 
 engagement. (See Jane Lane.) 
 
 POPHAM. — A chief justice under the reign of Eliza- 
 beth. We know but very little of him. A man of the same 
 name appears in the cabinet of Charles II, fifty-nine years 
 after the last notice of the chief justice. If it were the 
 same, he must have been very young when first made jus- 
 tice, and lived to a great age. 
 
 PORTE. — A Saxon general who figured in the military 
 operations which led to the establishment of the kingdom of 
 Wessex. Cedric, on his first landing on the island, met 
 with so violent a resistance from the natives, that he was un- 
 der the necessity of calling upon his countrymen of Kent 
 and Sussex for assistance, and also of importing other forces 
 from Germany. These were commanded by Porte and his 
 two sons, Bleda and Megla. Nothing is known of Porte, 
 or of his sons beside their military services rendered in this 
 war. (See Cedric and Kenric.) 
 
 POPSTER, Endymion. — Gentleman of the bed-chamber 
 
 under the reign of James I. He and Sir Francis Cotting- 
 
 ton attended the prince, Charles I, on his childish visit to 
 
 Madrid to see the Infanta. (See Cottington, Sir Francis.) 
 
 PORTLAND, Earl of.— -(See Weston, Sir Richard.) 
 
524 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [POW. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, Duchess of. (See Louise Que- 
 
 rouaille.) 
 
 POT. — When the lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen 
 in London, some dissented, and among them Pot, who was 
 a vintner's boy, Next day he was set in the pillory, and both 
 his ears cut off. 
 
 POWEL. — One of the three Romanists, Abel, Fether- 
 stone, and Fowel, who were burned by Henry VIII with the 
 protestants, Barnes, Gerrard, and Jerome. The Romanists 
 are said to have complained, not at being burned, but at be- 
 ing burned in company with protestants. The protestants 
 were burned for denying the papal doctrines, and the papists 
 for affirming the papal authority in England. 
 
 POWEL. — A patriot of the presbyterian order, who co- 
 operated with Poyer and Langhorne, in Wales, to restore 
 the authority of parliament and of law. (See Langhorne 
 and Poyer.) 
 
 POWEL. — A judge of the court of James II who favor- 
 ed the bishops, prosecuted by the crown for not reading the 
 king's proclamation of indulgence to dissenters. For not 
 sustaining the views of the crown, he was abruptly removed 
 from office. This was one of the last official acts ever per- 
 formed by James. 
 
 POWIS, Lord. — According to the story of Titus Oates, 
 he was to command an army of Roman catholics for the sub- 
 jugation of England, and was to be treasurer of the papal 
 government under De Olivia, the Jesuit, who was to be 
 the pope's viceroy. A sentence of attainder was passed 
 against him, but he fled the kingdom until after the acces- 
 sion of James II, when the attainder was reversed, and he 
 was made a member of the privy council. He was a pru- 
 dent counsellor, and opposed the hasty measures of James 
 for establishing the Roman religion. Happy had it been 
 for James if he had followed his advice. 
 
 POWLE, Henry. — One of the members of parliament 
 who, in the reign of Charles II, were said to have been 
 bribed by French gold to sell the liberties of England to 
 France. He was, also, a member of Charles' new council, 
 but what sort of a minister he made, or what part he acted, 
 we are not informed. He was among those who first united 
 in a petition to the prince of Orange to invade England for 
 the recovery of its liberties. After this we hear no more of 
 him. 
 
PRI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 525 
 
 POYER. — An able military officer of the parliament in 
 the wars of Charles I. He was of the presbyterian order ; 
 and being greatly disgusted with the military despotism 
 which every where prevailed, after the prostration of Charles, 
 he united with many others of his own order, in an effort to 
 sustain the parliament and the laws, and if possible, even to 
 restore the authority of the king. The movement, however, 
 was unsuccessful; and these noble-minded patriots were 
 forced to yield. 
 
 POYNINGS, Sir Edward. — Sent into Ireland by Henry 
 VII for the purpose of quelling the York partisans of that 
 country. He assembled an Irish parliament, and succeeded 
 in establishing the authority of English laws on a firmer 
 basis than they had ever had before. On the accession of 
 Henry VIII, he was made a member of the council, and re- 
 ceived the office of comptroller. 
 
 PRAISE-GOD BAREBONE.— Perhaps this name was 
 the invention of some poet, or wag, to designate a member 
 of the parliament of Cromwell in 1653. He was a leather- 
 seller in London, and was noted for his long prayers and 
 sermons, as well as for his profound ignorance. Such being 
 very much the general character of this parliament, it has. 
 ever since, been known as Bare-bone's parliament. 
 
 PRANCE. — A silversmith of London, charged by Bedloe 
 with being an accomplice in the murder of Justice Godfrey. 
 On being thrown into a loathsome dungeon, he confessed his 
 guilt, and also gave a great deal of information concerning 
 the many popish plots then the main topic of conversation. 
 On going before the king and council, however, he denied 
 all; but when again thrown into prison, he re-asserted what 
 he had formerly declared. It is questionable whether all his 
 confession was not false, and intended solely to make favor 
 at court. What became of him is not certainly known. 
 
 PRESTON. — A native Irishman of Kilkenny, in the 
 time of the commonwealth, who seems to have had some 
 notoriety ; but we cannot tell in what his greatness consisted, 
 nor even whether he favored the English government, or the 
 Irish rebellions. It is probable, however, that he was head 
 of a clan, and encouraged resistance to the English. 
 
 PRICE. — Appointed by Henry VIII, or rather, by his 
 minister, Cromwell, to inspect the monasteries and report 
 abuses. 
 
 PRICE.— Chaplain of General George Monk, while in 
 
526 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [PRY. 
 
 Scotland. All that we know of him will be learned by refe- 
 rence to the article Monk, Dr. 
 
 PRICE, Colonel. — Governor of Hereford in the time of 
 the civil wars of Charles I. On being besieged by Waller, 
 a parliamentary general, he turned coward and surrendered 
 the town, which was a great blow to the royal cause. 
 
 PRIDE, Colonel. — Rose from the- position of a drayman 
 to high military distinction. "Colonel Pride's Purge" will 
 ever be a classic phrase in English history. When Charles 
 I had been entirely prostrated, the independent, or military, 
 part of the puritans, determined to purge the parliament of 
 all its presbyterian members, and for this purpose, sent 
 Pride with two regiments of soldiers, who seized all the 
 presbyterians and put them into a cellar, which he called 
 hell. After this, he was a violent partisan, and exerted all 
 his influence against the proposal that Cromwell be pro- 
 claimed king. He had learned that his prospects were bet- 
 ter under a republic than under a kingdom. 
 
 PRIDEAUX. — A gentleman of Devonshire in the reign 
 of James II who was thrown into prison for some pretended 
 offense of the nature of which he could never get any infor- 
 mation. The infamous Jeffries being then in authority, 
 there was no hope of escape, and he consented to purchase 
 his release at 15,000 pounds. This was Jeffries' mode of 
 replenishing the treasury. 
 
 PRYNNE. — A puritan barrister of the time of Charles I 
 who wrote a violent book against stage-plays, comedies, in- 
 terludes, music, dancing, Christmas-keeping, bonfires, may- 
 poles, and almost every amusement and religious ceremony 
 known in England, The book being supposed to be directed 
 at the king and queen, as well as many other noble charac- 
 ters, he was indicted before the star chamber for libel, and 
 sentenced to be " put from the bar," to stand in the pillory 
 in two places, and to lose an ear at each place, to pay a fine 
 of 5,000 pounds, and to be imprisoned for life ! After suf- 
 fering all the other parts of his penalty, he was sent to 
 Jersey for perpetual imprisonment. After seven years, 
 however, when things had taken a different turn, and the 
 parliament had begun to dictate to the crown, he was re- 
 leased and brought home, when, for a time, he was a far 
 greater man than he could ever have been had no such per- 
 secution befallen him. (See Bostwick and Barton.) 
 
QUE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 527 
 
 PUCKERING.— Lord keeper of the seal in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. Very little is known of him. 
 
 PULTNEY, Sir William. — Distinguished in the reign of 
 Charles II by the violence with which he advocated, in par- 
 liament, the famous exclusion bill, which was to prevent the 
 duke of York, (James II,) from succeeding Charles. 
 
 PURBECK, Viscount.— (See Villiers, Sir Edward.) 
 
 PYM, John. — One of the most active, and chief, of the 
 leaders of the parliamentary party against Charles I. To 
 attempt a full account of his public life would not be consis- 
 tent with the plan of this work. For many years he was a 
 member of parliament, always on the popular side, and his 
 principles so well known, that no one could ever be at a loss 
 to know how he would act on any great question. Such was 
 his devotion to the cause of liberty, that he never looked to 
 his private interests, and when he died, in 1644, at a good old 
 age, the parliament felt itself obliged to pay his indebted- 
 ness. There is no character, perhaps, in the whole history 
 of the civil wars, toward which the world looks with more 
 respect than to his. Firm, undaunted, and uncompromising, 
 he commanded the respect of all who knew him, and was the 
 terror of despots. If, in some cases, he went to extremes, 
 it is certainly not to be wondered at, in consideration of the 
 violence of the times in which he lived. 
 
 PYNKENI, Robert de. — One of the many pretenders to 
 the crown of Scotland at the same time with Baliol and 
 Bruce. It is not supposed that there was any good founda- 
 tion for his claim, or that he, or his friends, had, in fact, any 
 serious idea of his ever being raised to the throne of Scot- 
 land. - 
 
 QUICELM.— (See Cinigsil.) 
 
 QUENDRADE.— A daughter of Kenulph, the thirteenth 
 king of Mercia. She appears in history only as the mur- 
 derer of her minor brother Kenelm, who was heir apparent 
 to the crown at the death of his father. She had conceived 
 the ambitious design of assuming the government, which led 
 to the murderous deed. She was not successful, however, 
 in her unholy enterprise, as she was immediately supplanted 
 by her uncle, Ceolulf, who assumed the government and be- 
 came the fifteenth king of Mercia. 
 
528 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [rAL. 
 
 R 
 
 RADNOR, Eari of.— (See Roberts, Lord.) 
 RAE, Lord. — Rather an obscure peer of the time of 
 Charles I, We learn that he charged Duke Hamilton with 
 having entered into a conspiracy against the king. For the 
 report, however, Charles showed his contempt by taking 
 Hamilton into his bed chamber, the next time he came to 
 court, and passing the night with him. 
 
 RALEIGH, Sir Walter.— This illustrious scholar and 
 statesman was born in 1552, and educated in the university 
 of Oxford. Early in life, he entered the army, and spent 
 several years in France, and, as Hooker has said, " was 
 trained, not part, but wholly, gentleman, wholly soldier." 
 After this, he went into the service in Netherlands, but in 
 1578, left the army, and accompanied his half-brother, Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert, in a voyage of adventure to Newfound- 
 land. On his return, he was sent to Ireland under the earl 
 of Ormond, for the purpose of suppressing certain rebellions 
 among those barbarous people. Soon after returning from 
 Ireland he had the good fortune to arrest the attention of 
 " the maiden queen," Elizabeth, which at once gave him 
 prominence at court. About 1583, he attempted a second 
 voyage to Newfoundland, with his brother, but sickness on 
 board his ship caused him to return, in a few weeks. Soon 
 after this, he fitted oui two ships, which he sent to the West 
 Indies and to the coast of Florida, and took possession of 
 Virginia and Carolina in the name of the queen. Another 
 expedition which he executed to Virginia, in person, was re- 
 warded with the honors of knighthood. In 1584, he became 
 a member of parliament, where he gained for himself great 
 distinction. This, however, was too tame a life for him, and 
 he could not refrain from naval enterprises in the West 
 Indies and South America, while he was not neglectful of a 
 colony which he had planted on Roanoke Island in the Albe- 
 marle Sound, North Carolina. In 1600, he was appointed 
 governor of Jersey, which position, however, he did not long 
 occupy. Soon after the accession of James I, he is said to 
 have united wi'h several prominent persons in a scheme for 
 the deposition of James, and the elevation of the lady Ara- 
 bella Stuart, which has ever since been known as "Raleigh's 
 Plot." He denied the charge, but on being convicied, did 
 not murmur. For twelve years, the sentence of law being 
 
RAN.} BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 529 
 
 over him, while he lay in the tower, employing his time in 
 literary and scientific pursuits, and in writing several works 
 of much value. In 1615, he was released, — not pardoned — 
 to enable him to discover a land of gold in South America, of 
 which he had long spoken with confidence. The enterprise 
 failed, and he returned to England in time to find the mind 
 of James fully turned against him. Spanish influence had 
 gotten into court, and his fate was sealed. As soon as he 
 landed, he was thrown into the tower, and soon the dreadful 
 sentence, which had been so long suspended, was ordered to 
 be executed. On the morning of the 29th of October, 1618, 
 he was led to the place of execution, and at two blows, his 
 head was severed from his body. It has been well said of 
 him, that " he was one of the chief glories of an age 
 crowded with towering spirit." Doubtless he had his foibles, 
 but there is reason to believe that envy had much to do in 
 procuring his ruin. 
 
 RALEIGH. — Son of Sir Walter. He accompanied his 
 father on his last expedition to South America to find the 
 "Land of Gold." On reaching the mouth of Oronoco, Ra- 
 leigh sent him, with several vessels, up the river, to the 
 small tower of St. Thomas, while he remained at the mouth. 
 As they landed, the Spaniards fired on them. Young Ra- 
 leigh called out to his men, that this was the true mine, and 
 ordered them to advance. The Spaniards retreated, but fired 
 back on their pursuers, and Raleigh fell, pieced with a shot, 
 and instantly expired ; — more fortunate than his afflicted fa- 
 ther, whose hard fate was yet to be met. 
 
 RALPH. — Eaai of Chester. An able supporter of the 
 empress, Matilda. At one time, he seemed to have ren- 
 dered very important service. He allowed himself to be be- 
 sieged by Stephen, in the castle of Lincoln until the earl of 
 Gloucester might arrive. The result was a general engage- 
 ment in which Stephen was made prisoner. Important how- 
 ever, as this advantage appeared, at the time, it led to no 
 good results. 
 
 RAMSAY. — A Scotchman who held a high military rank 
 in the" army of the parliament against Charles I. 
 
 RANDALL. — An Irish chief who, in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, engaged in rebellion against the English government ; 
 and being supported by Spanish troops under Alphonso 
 Ocampo, caused great trouble. They were, however, all 
 defeated by the deputy, and sued for peace. 
 
 23 
 
530 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX* [RAY. 
 
 RANDOLF. — Earl of Murray. The companion of the 
 intrepid Robert Bruce in all his victories, and the guardian 
 of his son during his minority, or until the time of his death, 
 when he was succeeded in the regency by the earl of Marre. 
 RANDOLPH, Sir Thomas.— A faithful ambassador of 
 Queen Elizabeth. A great part of his life was employed in 
 negotiating affairs between England and Scotland. Camden 
 says that in 1581, he was at the head of the post office de- 
 partment. This, however, must have been an unimportant 
 charge, at that time, as it is well known that very few post- 
 routes or post-houses, were established until the time of 
 Charles I. 
 
 RANSBOROW. — A zealous parliamentary officer in the 
 time of the civil wars of Charles I. He seems to have di- 
 vided his time between the army and navy. At one time, 
 he marched the army into London, for the purpose of awing 
 the parliament into subjection, and even expelled several 
 members who were not sufficiently subservient to the army. 
 In 1648, when a general movement was made to restore the 
 king, he was in the navy. Most of the officers and marines 
 were in favor of the movement ; and as he was in the way, 
 they quietly put him ashore, and placed themselves under the 
 command of the prince of Wales. 
 
 RATCLIFF, Sir Richard. — One of the most infamous 
 minions of Richard III, and the instrument through whom 
 he executed his most bloody purposes. He perished with 
 his master on the field of Bosworth. 
 
 RATCLIFF, Robert. — Convicted of treason, and exe- 
 cuted, under the reign of Henry VII, for promising aid and 
 assistance to the famous pretender, Perkin Warbeck. 
 
 RATCLIFFE, Sir George. — Engaged in the Irish ser- 
 vice in the reign of Charles I, under the earl of Strafford, 
 with whom he was on terms of particular intimacy. He 
 was accused of high treason, sent home to England, and 
 placed in confinement ; but no charge was ever prosecuted 
 against him. It has been generally believed that the object 
 of the commons was simply to deprive Strafford of the only 
 witness which could be of any service to him in his trial, 
 which was then determined on. Such were the tactics of the 
 times. 
 
 RAY. — In the early part of the reign of Charles I, he 
 gave offense to the court by exporting fuller's earth, contrary 
 to the royal mandate. For this offense he was condemned, 
 
REG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 531 
 
 in the star chamber, to stand in the pillory, and to pay a fine 
 of 2,000 pounds. 
 
 RAYMOND.— One of the retinue of Richard Strongbow 
 in his expedition into Ireland in the reign of Henry II. 
 Raymond went before Richard with a force consisting of ten 
 knights and seventy archers. With these, he landed near 
 Waterford, and defeated a body of three thousand Irish who 
 ventured to attack him. 
 
 READ. — An old alderman of London who refused to 
 contribute in the way of benevolence to Henry VIII, and 
 for this affront, was compelled to serve on foot in the Scot- 
 tish wars, where he was taken prisoner, and suffered many 
 hardships. Such were the prerogatives of kings, in those 
 times. 
 
 RED VERS, Richard de. — A powerful baron who gave 
 his support to Henry I when threatened by his brother Rob- 
 ert, after his return from the Holy Land. By his influence, 
 and that of a few other barons, the half-disappointed army 
 of Henry was kept in his service until the settlement of the 
 treaty which established Henry on the throne of England. 
 
 REDWALD.— The third king of East Anglia. He was, 
 probably, the son of Titillus, and grandson of Uffa, the foun- 
 der of the monarchy. His character is illustrated by the 
 generous protection which he gave to the young prince Ed- 
 win, who had been unjustly dispossessed of the crown of Deiri 
 by his brother-in-law, Ethiifrid. He not only protected him 
 in his minority, but so far espoused his cause as to march intc 
 Northumberland with a strong military force and establish 
 him in his kingdom. This cost him the life of his own son, 
 Regner, which, however, was avenged by the death of Eth- 
 iifrid. After this, his own subjects conspired against him, 
 put him to death, and tendered his throne to Edwin, to the 
 exclusion of his son. Edwin, however, from a sense of 
 gratitude to his benefactor, obliged them to submit to Earp- 
 wold, the rightful heir of the crown, and thus the succession 
 was continued in the family of Redwald. (See Edwin.) 
 
 REGINALD. — A Northumbrian petty prince who was a 
 cause of much trouble in the time of Edward the Elder, by 
 whom he was ultimately expelled the kingdom. The strife 
 between him and his rival, Sidroc,t ogether with the general 
 rebellion which they constantly encouraged against the gen- 
 eral government of England, kept the Northumbrians in a 
 constant state of excitement until they were both expelled. 
 
532 BIOGRAPHICAL IHDEX. [REG. 
 
 REGINALD. — More commonly known by his title of 
 Lord Cobham. Little is known of him. He was father-in- 
 law to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, and it was his daugh- 
 ter, the duchess of Gloucester, who was prosecuted for 
 witchcraft. (See Margery Jordan.) 
 
 REGINALD. — . Commonly known as Lord Gray, of 
 Ruthyn. Soon after the accession of Henry IV, Gray, who 
 had been his zealous supporter, conceived the design of 
 taking possession of the estate of Owen Glendour, a Welch 
 prince on the marches adjoining him. Glendour, provoked at 
 the injustice, as well as the indignity, recovered possession 
 by the sword. Henry sent assistance to Gray, but the 
 Welch flew to the assistance of Glendour. Thus a serious 
 war resulted from the open injustice of Gray, assisted by an 
 unjust monarch. 
 
 REGINALD. — At the death of Archbishop Hubert, in 
 1205, some of the monks, or canons of Christ- Church, Can- 
 terbury, who had a right of voting in the election of primate, 
 met clandestinely, the same night, and without any conge 
 d'elire from the king, elected Reginald, their sub-prior, and 
 actually installed him into office before midnight. Having 
 enjoined strict secrecy, they then dispatched him to Rome in 
 order to solicit a confirmation of the election. As soon as 
 he had crossed the channel, however, his vanity began to 
 prevail over his prudence, and he introduced himself as- pri- 
 mate elect of all England, and publicly revealed the object 
 of his journey to Rome. It is needless to add that the elec- 
 tion was not confirmed. (See Langton.) 
 
 REGNER. — This was the name of a son of Redwald, 
 king of the East Angles. When Edwin, the heir apparent 
 to the throne of Deiri, was expelled by his brother-in-law, 
 Ethilfrid, who united the crowns of Bernicia and Deiri in 
 himself, he applied to Redwald for assistance. Redwald and 
 Edwin marched into Northumberland and gave battle to 
 Ethilfrid, whom they defeated and slew. Regner accompa- 
 nied his father, and was slain in this battle, as some think, 
 by the hand of Ethilfrid, before he fell. 
 
 REYNEL, Walter de. — 'Archbishop of Canterbury under 
 the reign of Edward II. He is said to have favored the 
 measures of the infamous Queen Isabella in dethroning her 
 husband, — though it is probable that he, with many others, 
 was deceived as to the extent of her design, not supposing 
 
RIC.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 533 
 
 tbat anything more was intended than the expulsion of the 
 Spensers. (See Spenser.) 
 
 REYNOLDS. — The ringleader of an insurrection in 
 Northamptonshire in 1607, — in the reign of James I. The 
 alleged ground of their complaint was, that the land-owners 
 had inclosed their lands, so that the peasantry had no pastur- 
 age. The chief violence of this mob consisted in throwing 
 down fences. For this, some of the leaders were pun- 
 ished, — Reynolds among them, — though none of them 
 capitally. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Colonel. — An enterprising officer of Crom- 
 well, in the time of his protectorate. He rendered service 
 in England, Ireland, and Flanders, but with what success, 
 we are not very well informed. It is certain, however, that 
 he stood high in the estimation of the protector. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Edward. — Bishop of Norwich in the reign 
 of Charles II. During the civil wars of Charles I, he favored 
 the puritans, and was intimately connected with Baxter and 
 Calamy. Soon after the restoration, he was made bishop, 
 but never ceased to be a firm Calvinist in his theology. He 
 died in 1676, aged 81. 
 
 RICE, Sir, ap Thomas. — A Welch prince to whom Rich- 
 ard III entrusted most of his authority in Wales, at the time 
 when he apprehended an invasion by the earl of Richmond, 
 (Henry VII.) On the landing of Henry at Milford Haven, 
 in Wales, Rice immediately deserted to him, and thus threw 
 all the weight of his authority in favor of the invader. 
 
 RICH, Sir Richard. — A member of the couj^il appointed 
 by will of Henry VIII to assist his executors iWhe minority 
 of Edward VI. Soon after the death of Henry, he received 
 the title of baron, and was created chancellor. He was 
 among those who took decided ground against Protector Som- 
 erset, and seems to have been truly patriotic. 
 
 RICH, — A Roman catholic fanatic, if nothing worse, who 
 associated himself with the famous Elizabeth Barton, " the 
 Holy Maid of Kent," and was executed at the same time 
 with her. (See Elizabeth Barton.) 
 
 RICH, Lord. — .A volunteer under the earl of Essex 
 against Spain in 1597. This is about all that we know of 
 his lordship. 
 
 RICH, Sir Nathaniel.— A member of parliament under 
 the reign of James I. In 1621, he indulged in such liberty 
 of speech as gave great offense, for which he was, with 
 
534 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [mC. 
 
 several other members equally offensive, sent into Ireland on 
 some service. This was, in those times, a common mode of 
 punishing noisy members of parliament. If it answered no 
 other purpose, it removed them from parliament, and thus 
 destroyed their influence. 
 
 RICH, Lord. — Son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, and an 
 active officer in the army of the commonwealth. He is said, 
 like most of Cromwell's relatives, to have been opposed to 
 his arbitrary power. 
 
 RICH. — A sheriff of London in the reign of Charles II. 
 He was elected, with North, by the court party, in 1682, 
 while the country party voted for Papillon and Dubois. (See 
 Dubois, Papillon, and Box.) 
 
 RICH. — Earl of Holland. A favorite of James I. A 
 story is told of him, that one day, while the king was stand- 
 ing in company with a number of his courtiers, a porter 
 passed by, carrying a bag of money. Rich was observed to 
 whisper to one who stood near him, whereupon James in- 
 quired what he had said, and was told that Rich had merely 
 said, " How happy would that money make me !" Immedi- 
 ately James gave it to him, — some 3,000 pounds, — saying 
 that he was more happy in giving to a worthy man than 
 Rich could be in receiving it. It is said that, like most of 
 James' favorites, Rich's chief excellency consisted in being 
 a fine looking fellow. 
 
 RICHARD I.— Third duke of Normandy, son of William 
 I, and grandson of the great Rollo. He was the father of 
 Emma, the, wife of the two English monarchs, Ethelred and 
 Canute. TjMs name is introduced, like many others, by a 
 merely inciaental connection with English history. 
 
 RICHARD II. — Fourth duke of Normandy, and brother 
 to Queen Emma. He was son and successor to Richard I. 
 
 RICHARD III.— The fifth duke of Normandy ; son and 
 successor of Richard II. After a reign of two years he 
 died childless, and left the duchy to his brother Robert. 
 
 RICHARD. — Son of Lothaire, ninth king of Kent. At 
 the time of his father's accession to the throne, Richard was 
 associated in the government for the purpose of fixing the 
 succession in that family ; but when Edric, having obtained 
 assistance from the king of Sussex, defeated and slew Lo- 
 thaire in battle, Richard escaped to the continent and died in 
 Tuscany. (See Lothaire.) 
 
 RICHARD. — Second son of William the conqueror. He 
 
RIC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 535 
 
 was killed by an infuriated stag in the royal hunting grounds 
 while engaged in the favorite amusement of princes of those 
 times — pursuing the chase. As he never came to manhood, 
 he never inherited any part of his father's dominions, and 
 fills but little space in history. 
 
 RICHARD. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of 
 Henry II. He succeeded Roger, who was the immediate 
 successor of Thomas a Becket. An anecdote of him may 
 enable us to form some idea of his character. In 1176, the 
 pope sent a legate to London, who summoned a meeting of 
 the bishops and clergy. Richard, of Canterbury, and Roger, 
 of York, contended for the privilege of sitting at the legate's 
 right hand ; and as arguments could not settle the question, 
 the monks and retainers of Richard fell upon Roger and 
 beat him until his life was in danger. This outrage was 
 pardoned by the legate on Richard paying him a large sum 
 of money. 
 
 RICHARD. — Earl mareschal under Henry III. He had 
 succeeded to that office on the death of his brother William ; 
 but such was the number and influence of the imported 
 barons that the natives were unable to resist them, not being 
 well united among themselves. Richard was forced to flee 
 for his life. He first fled to Wales, and thence into Ireland, 
 where he was treacherously murdered by the contrivance of 
 the bishop of Winchester, who was one of the lately imported 
 nobility. 
 
 RICHARD. — -Earl of Gloucester under the reign of 
 Henry III. He first engaged in the rebellion of Leicester 
 against the crown, but not being in favor of the extreme 
 measures of most of the barons, he became dissatisfied with 
 their scheme, and finally abandoned it and returned to the 
 royal service. 
 
 RICHARD I. — (Commonly called Cozur de Lion, because 
 of his personal bravery.) Second son and successor of 
 Henry II, whose first intention was that he should have pos- 
 session of the duchy of G-uienne and the county of Poictou, 
 while his elder brother, Prince Henry, should inherit the 
 crown of England. Henry's early death, however, made 
 Richard heir apparent to the crown, and at his father's death 
 he took possession of the throne of England without opposi- 
 tion. Almost immediately after his coronation, he made 
 known his intention of engaging, personally, in a crusade 
 against the infidels. Accordingly he placed the government 
 
536 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [rIC. 
 
 in the hands of a regency, and connecting himself with the 
 king of France, (Philip Augustus,) proceeded to the Holy 
 Land. The princes first took Acre, or Ptolemais, soon after 
 which Philip returned to France, leaving to Richard the un- 
 divided glory of defeating the heroic Saladin in'the battle of 
 Ascalon. He never succeeded, however, in getting posses- 
 sion of Jerusalem, his own ofneers, and also those from 
 other parts of Europe, being seized, when in sight of the 
 city, with a general panic, which determined them to return 
 to their homes. He succeeded, however, in obtaining a 
 truce, by which christian pilgrims, for three years, were per- 
 mitted to enter the Holy City unmolested. After this, he 
 started homeward. Being shipwrecked, he was thrown on 
 shore, and obliged to pass through Germany. In his jour- 
 ney, he was seized and detained a prisoner by the emperor, 
 Henry VI, until ransomed by his own people. After an 
 absence of several years, he at length reached his delighted 
 people, and for the purpose of making the occasion of his 
 return as memorable as possible, was crowned a second time. 
 Not long after this, while storming the castle of one of his 
 rebellious vassals, he received an arrow in his shoulder which 
 caused his death. (1199.) (See Gourdon.) Richard was 
 remarkable for his prowess rather than for his wisdom or 
 benevolence as a ruler ; and but for his expedition into Pal- 
 estine might never have arrested much attention. 
 
 RICHARD II. — Succeeded his grandfather, Edward III, 
 in the year 1377, being only eleven years old. He was son 
 to Edward the Black Prince, who, had he survived his father, 
 would have sat on his throne. The late king had not taken 
 the precaution to establish a form of government for the 
 minority of his grandson, and hence it became the business 
 of parliament to supply one. The house of commons, which 
 had just then begun to claim some importance in the govern- 
 ment, took the lead, and being seconded by the house of 
 lords, a council of nine was appointed to administer the gov- 
 ernment and superintend the education of the young prince. 
 The chief influence was that of his uncles, the dukes of 
 Lancaster, Gloucester, and York, who undertook to prosecute 
 the wars which their father had left unsettled with France 
 and Scotland. This led to heavy taxation, which caused 
 great dissatisfaction among the people, and led to the rebel- 
 lion so well known in connection with the name of Watt 
 Tyler, the blacksmith. At the age of twenty-three, Richard 
 
RIC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 53? 
 
 assumed the government himself, having, until this time, 
 been entirely controlled by his uncles and by parliament. 
 He showed himself, however, a weak, indolent and undigni- 
 fied prince, wholly incapable of commanding the respect of 
 his barons, or controlling the stormy elements of the nation. 
 He was suspected, with good reason, of having been privy 
 to the murder of his uncle, the duke of Gloucester, which, 
 at once, exposed him to all the powerful influence of Lan- 
 caster. This trouble, howevei, might have been composed, 
 but the death of Lancaster occurring soon after, his son 
 Henry demanded immediate possession of his father's es- 
 tates. This the unwise Richard denied him. The injustice 
 excited universal indignation, and Henry was very soon at 
 the head of a powerful army. The king fell into his hands, 
 was deposed by parliament, and ordered to close imprison- 
 ment for life, while Henry was raised to the throne under 
 the title of Henry IV. Not long after this, the deposed 
 monarch was cruelly murdered, or perhaps starved to death, 
 in prison. He died in the thirty-fourth year of his age, 
 (1399.) This was the commencement of the unhappy con- 
 tention between the houses of Lancaster and York. 
 
 RICHARD III — The last English monarch of the house 
 of York. He was brother to Edward IV, at whose death 
 he was appointed protector during the minority of young 
 Edward V. He solemnly pledged himself to a dying brother 
 that he would see the young prince educated and secure in 
 the throne of his father ; but scarcely had the funeral cere- 
 mony of his brother closed when he began to discover his 
 own schemes of ambition. All the nobility whom he re- 
 garded as opposed to his promotion, he contrived to remove, 
 among whom was Lord Hastings, whom he caused to be 
 executed without trial. He next proceeded, through the duke 
 of Buckingham, to cause a few of the very dregs of society 
 to proclaim him king. This he easily construed into a pop- 
 ular movement, and having set forth a report that young 
 Edward was not the son of his brother Edward IV, (a report 
 wholly without foundation,) he proceeded, with much affect- 
 ed reluctance, to take possession of the crown, (1483,) and 
 very soon after this the youthful Edward V, then but thirteen 
 years of age, with his younger brother, the duke of York, 
 were smothered to death in the tower. The perfidy of 
 Richard, however, soon found an avenger in Henry, earl of 
 Richmond, the only surviving heir of the house of Lancas- 
 
 23* 
 
538 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [rIC. 
 
 ter. He was on the continent at the time of Richard's as- 
 sumption of the crown, but soon after this, raised an army 
 of foreigners and sailed for England. The two armies met 
 at Bosworth, where a desperate battle was fought, which, in 
 consequence of Lord Stanley's desertion to Richmond, re- 
 sulted in Richard's defeat and death, August 22, 1485, after 
 a short reign of two years and two months. The crown was 
 immediately placed on the head of Richmond, and he was 
 proclaimed king under the title of Henry VII. This put an 
 end to the civil wars of York and Lancaster, as Henry unit- 
 ed the interests of both houses by his marriage with Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Edward IV, she being the only represent- 
 ative of the family of York, as he was of Lancaster. 
 
 RICHARD. — Duke of York, and son of the earl of 
 Cambridge. He was first appointed successor to the duke of 
 Bedford in the regency of France, which was then nomi- 
 nally in possession of the English. On reaching Paris, he 
 found the French generally disaffected towards the English, 
 and affairs manifestly declining. He resigned the govern- 
 ment to the earl of Warwick, who died soon after, and 
 Richard again resumed it. Soon after, however, he was re- 
 called by the intrigues of the duke of Somerset, and sent 
 into Ireland to suppress a rebellion. Here he had the ad- 
 dress to attach to himself and his family all the Irish nation. 
 About this time, his claims on the crown began to be talk- 
 ed of. All the males of the house of Mortimer were ex- 
 tinct ; but Anne, sister to the last earl of Marche, having 
 married the earl of Cambridge, beheaded in the reign of 
 Henry V, had transmitted her claims to this, her son, 
 Richard, who now stood plainly in the order of succession 
 before Henry, who was derived from the third son of Ed- 
 ward III, while Richard was from the second. Nor was the 
 justice of his claim the only influence in his favor. Henry 
 had married Margaret, of France, whose father was known 
 to be the enemy of England, and many dreaded her influ- 
 ence at court. The popular feeling soon became manifestly 
 in his favor, and he was, at length, emboldened to assert his 
 claims. Strong influences operated on both sides. At 
 length he ventured to raise an army, and demanded a re- 
 formation of government. London closed her gates against 
 him, and nothing was done. Soon after this, Henry became 
 insane, and Richard was appointed by the council lieutenant 
 of the kingdom, with power to open and hold parliaments. 
 
RIC.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 539 
 
 Next he was appointed by parliament, protector during plea- 
 sure. Again Henry was proclaimed. Again Richard call- 
 ed for a reformation, assembled an army, and -soon followed 
 the first battle of St. Albans, in which the York party pre- 
 vailed. The time had now fully come for him to take pos- 
 session of the throne, but he hesitated, and even entered into 
 a formal reconciliation, and retired into Ireland, but return- 
 ed and presented his claim to parliament. Nothing but his 
 moderation prevented his taking immediate possession of the 
 crown, as Henry was in custody, a prisoner, and parliament 
 in his favor. Still he hesitated; and just at this time Queen 
 Margaret, consort of Henry, appeared in the north with 
 twenty thousand men. He hastened to meet her, and in the 
 battle of Wakefield, was defeated and slain, leaving his son, 
 Edward IV, to wear the crown so justly his. 
 
 RICHARD.— Son of Edward IV. He inherited the 
 title and possessions of duke of York ; but was suffocated in 
 the tower when but a child, at the same time with his elder 
 brother, Edward V. (See Edward V.) 
 
 RICHARD. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the reign 
 of Henry III. He succeeded Archbishop Langton in the 
 jrear 1228. The monks of Christ church had elected Walter 
 de Hemesham, one of their own body, but Henry refused to 
 confirm the election, and the pope annulled it, and imme- 
 diately appointed Richard, who was then chancellor of Lin- 
 coln, without waiting for a new election. But little is known 
 of the character of this primate. 
 
 RICHARD. — A natural son of Duke Robert. He was 
 admitted into the royal family and treated with the consider- 
 ation due to a son of the duke of Normandy. He never 
 rose, however, to perfect manhood. While engaged one 
 day in the eager pursuit of the chase, he is said to have en- 
 countered an enraged stag, and to have been instantly killed. 
 It is not a little remarkable that his uncle Richard, brother to 
 his father, lost his life in the same forest, and in the same 
 way. Soon after this, William Rufus lost his life in the 
 same forest, which led many to conclude that the vengeance 
 of heaven was visited on the injustice which had expelled the 
 peasantry to convert those forests into hunting grounds. 
 
 RICHARD. — Second son of King John, and brother to 
 Henry III, who, soon after his accession, conferred on him 
 the earldom of Cornwall. After this, for a slight offense, 
 he associated himself with some of the violent barons, and 
 
540 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [RIN. 
 
 assembled an army which the king was so entirely unable to 
 resist, that he was forced to make concessions. Not long 
 after, the pope offered him the crown of Sicily, which he de- 
 clined, but when urged to become a candidate for the impe- 
 rial crown, he went over to Germany and spent most of his 
 vast estate on the election, but succeeded only so far as to be 
 chosen king of Rome. This, he fondly hoped, would insure 
 his succession to the empire at some future time ; but his 
 fortune once wasted, he soon lost cast among the German 
 princes, and returned to England little elated with his splen- 
 did titles. After this, he* devoted himself to the interests of 
 his brother, and fell, with him, into the hands of Leicester 
 at the battle of Lewes. After this he remained in custody 
 until the battle of Evesham, in which Leicester was slain, 
 and the royal forces victorious. He never attained to the 
 imperial dignity, and died about seven months before his 
 brother, Henry III. 
 
 RICHMOND, Earl of.— (See Henry VII.) 
 RICHMOND, Earl of.— (See John de Bretagne.) 
 RIDLEY, Nicholas. — Bishop of Rochester and London, 
 and one of " the noble army of martyrs," under the bloody 
 reign of Mary. He was born in 1500, and educated at 
 Cambridge, in which university he held a fellowship ' for 
 many years. Being particularly intimate with Archbishop 
 Cranmer, he was, through his influence, made bishop of 
 Rochester in 1547, and three years after, was translated to 
 London. During the life of Edward VI, he rendered great 
 service in the work of the reformation, and was regarded as 
 one of the strong elements of the English church. On the 
 death of Edward, he took decided ground in favor of the 
 lady Jane Grey, which, together with his protestant religion, 
 marked him as an object of royal displeasure. Mary order- 
 ed him to appear at Oxford to dispute with some Roman 
 catholic divines ; and as he evinced great firmness in his re- 
 ligious principles, he was sentenced to be burned for heresy. 
 He suffered in company with the venerable Bishop Latimer 
 in 1555, bearing his hard fate with all the resignation of a 
 primitive martyr. 
 
 RINUCCINI. — An Italian nuncio sent by the pope into 
 Ireland in the time of the commonwealth. His commission 
 empowered him to direct the religious concerns of Ireland ; 
 but on finding the people most profoundly ignorant of all the 
 arts of civil government, he aspired to direct the business of 
 
ROB.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 541 
 
 the nation. He even declared war against England, and 
 called on the Irish, on pain of eternal damnation, to rally- 
 around his standard, and throw off the protestant rule. For 
 a time, all Ireland was in a flame of patriotism ; but very 
 soon the arms of Cromwell brought them to their senses, the 
 nuncio fled, and order was restored. 
 
 RISBY. — One of the associates of the contemptible 
 Elizabeth Barton. He perished at the same time with her. 
 (See Elizabeth Barton.) 
 
 RIVERS, Earl of.— (See Woodville, Sir Richard.) 
 
 RIVERS, Earl of.— (See Woodville, Anthony.) *. 
 
 RIZZIO, David. — A native of Piedmont, who was intro- 
 duced to Mary, queen of Scots, soon after her arrival in 
 Scotland. He was, at first, engaged by the queen as a mu- 
 sician, but being familiar with the French language, she 
 soon made him her French Secretary, and raised him to the 
 position of a royal favorite. Such was the rigid austerity of 
 the Scottish ecclesiastics, about that time, that his easy access , 
 to the queen's person soon became a cause of public scandal, 
 and even the pulpits proclaimed " the adulteries of Jezebel." 
 Darnley. the husband of Mary, being a weak man and jeal- 
 ous husband, listened to the rumor, until, driven to madness, 
 he consented to co-operate with a number of noblemen in 
 the assassination of Rizzio. Accordingly, one evening, 
 while the queen and Rizzio were at tea, Darnley and a num- 
 ber of the chief men of the kingdom, entered the room, and 
 stabbed him in the queen's presence. This was the first in- 
 timation of dishonor to Mary, and from this time, the most 
 unwarrantable liberties were taken with her name. 
 
 ROACH. — Thrown into prison by Henry VIII for refus- 
 ing loans to the crown. Being a wealthy man, the money 
 was demanded of him, as a loan, and his refusal to grant it 
 was construed into a crime, which had to be canceled by the 
 payment of a large sum, not as a loan, but as a debt. Roach 
 is said to have obtained his release by the payment of an im- 
 mense sum, — even more than had been asked as a loan. 
 
 ROBERTS, Lord. — First distinguished by his refusal to 
 sign the protest against the plan of Goring, Piercy, Wilmot, 
 and others, for having the royal army petition the parlia- 
 ment. The protest was signed by all the. commons, and by 
 all the peers, except Roberts and the earl of Southampton. 
 At the commencement of the civil wars, he took a command 
 in the parliamentary army. Being of the moderate presby- 
 
542 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ROB. 
 
 terian party, however, he soon became disgusted with the 
 Cromwell administration, and threw all his influence in favor 
 of the restoration of monarchy. Like most of the presbyte- 
 rian party, his object had not been to destroy, but only to re- 
 strain, the monarchy. 
 
 ROBERTS, Lord.— Earl of Radnor. I find myself at a 
 loss to determine whether this be a different man from the 
 above, or the same. The former, however, appears most 
 probable, as it w^s not until the end of nineteen years after 
 the restoration, that Radnor was made a member of the 
 privy ' council of Charles II; and two years after that, suc- 
 ceeded the earl of Ormond in the government of Ireland. 
 Most probably, he was a son of the former. 
 
 ROBERSART.— Father-in-law of Lord Robert Dudley, 
 ear^ of Leicester. He seems never to have appeared in 
 public life, nor do we hear much of him. (See Dudley, 
 Lord Robert. ) 
 
 ROBERT. — Surnamed Gambaron, or Courthouse, from 
 the shortness of his legs. The last reigning duke of Nor- 
 mandy, all, afterward, being but titular dukes. He is com- 
 monly called Robert II, though he was the third of that 
 name, as the great Rollo was baptized in the christian name 
 of Robert. He was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, 
 and succeeded his father as duke of Normand} and Maine. 
 According to the laws of primogeniture, he was entitled to 
 the throne of England at his father's death : but many cir- 
 cumstances determined William not to make him his succes- 
 sor in England. When he had first received the submissions 
 of Maine, it had been with the understanding that Robert 
 should be their prince, and before his expedition against 
 England, he had renewed the promise that Robert should 
 succeed him in Normandy. Immediately after the conquest, 
 Robert demanded the duchy, but William told him that he 
 never intended " to throw off his clothes till he went to bed." 
 From this time, Robert became impatient of restraint under 
 his father, and jealous of his brothers, William and Henry. 
 He even declared war against his father, and caused him no. 
 small trouble, but this was settled, and William took him with 
 him to England, and even entrusted him with some important 
 military commands. After the death of the Conqueror, Wil- 
 liam Rufus succeeded to the throne of England, and Robert 
 took possession of his dominions on the continent. Quairels 
 and hostilities* between them led to an agreement that on the 
 
ROB. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 543 
 
 demise of either, without issue, the other should inherit his 
 dominions. Soon after this treaty, Robert enlisted in the 
 crusade, and to raise money for the expedition, sold his do- 
 minions to William for ten thousand marks. He performed 
 prodigies of valor in Palestine, and is said to have been 
 elected king of Jerusalem, but declined in consequence of 
 his brother William's death which, occurring just at that 
 time, made him, according to treaty, king of England. He 
 hastened home, but found, on his arrival, that his younger 
 brother, Henry I, had assumed the government.- He made 
 an attempt to recover his rights, but after some hostile move- 
 ments on both sides, it was agreed that he should return to 
 Normandy, and abandon all idea of ever wearing the crown 
 of England. After this, he abandoned himself to dissolute 
 pleasures and voluptuous ease, until his barons came to re- 
 gard him with contempt, and invited Henry to invade Nor- 
 mandy. He was energetic in resisting the invasion, but was 
 defeated in battle, made prisoner, (some say his eyes were 
 put out,) and carried to England, where he was detained in 
 the castle of Cardiff until his death, which was about twenty- 
 eight years after. 
 
 ROBERT II, of Normandy. — Brother and successor of 
 Richard III, and father of the illustrious William the Con- 
 queror. He was the last of the six great dukes of Normandy, 
 before the conquest of England. 
 
 ROBERT. — An archbishop of Canterbury under the 
 reign of Edward the Confessor. He was one of the many 
 Norman favorites who, under this reign, so much excited the 
 jealousy of the English, and ultimately led to the rebellion of 
 Godwin. He is said to have possessed talents of a superior 
 order, and to have been altogether worthy of the high esteem 
 in which he was held by the king. He was dismissed, with 
 most of the Norman favorites, on the return of Godwin. His 
 influence is said to have suggested to Edward the idea of 
 making William his successor, and on his departure from 
 England, he received a commission to inform the duke of 
 Edward's intentions in his favor. 
 
 ROBERT. — Earl of Gloucester. He was a natural son 
 of Henry I, and became the main support of his sister, Ma- 
 tilda. He accompanied her into England, commanded her 
 forces, overpowered Stephen in battle, and took him prisoner. 
 Soon after, however, he fell into the hands of the royal 
 forces, and was redeemed by his sister consenting to ex- 
 
544 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [ROC . 
 
 change Stephen for him. After this, he went into Norman- 
 dy and induced Geoffrey Plantagenet, the husband of Ma- 
 tilda, to allow his son Henry, then very young, to visit 
 England and appear at the head of his partisans. This, 
 however, led to no immediate results, and even Robert's 
 most brilliant victories over Stephen produced but little gen- 
 eral impression. He died before the treaty was agreed upon, 
 which raised Henry II to the throne. 
 
 ROBERT.— Earl of Mortaigne. A maternal brother of 
 William the Conqueror — who co-operated with his brother 
 Odo, bishop of Baieux, in a formal conspiracy against Wil- 
 liam Rufus, in favor of Duke Robert. Many of the most 
 powerful of the barons were engaged in the conspiracy, who 
 generally suffered banishment and the confiscation of prop- 
 erty. 
 
 ROBERT. — Of Artois. An unworthy favorite of Ed- 
 ward III. He was descended from the royal family of 
 France, but expelled the kingdom for forgery, and outlawed. 
 He fled to England, and sought protection under Edward, 
 which was readily granted him, contrary to the earnest re- 
 monstrance of the French court. This was the commence- 
 ment of Edward's continental wars. 
 
 ROBERT. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of 
 Henry III and Edward I. He performed the coronation 
 ceremony of Edward in 1274. Our knowledge of him is 
 exceedingly meager. 
 
 ROBINS. — An accomplice of Allison in the slander of 
 the archbishop of York, in the reign of Charles I. He 
 suffered the same penalty, or one equally severe. (See 
 Allison. ) 
 
 ROBINSON. — A member of the parliament which was 
 sitting at the time when General Monk entered London. 
 He was sent by the parliament, professedly to congratulate 
 the general on his present prospects, but really as a spy, to 
 ascertain the object of his movement, which he had not yet 
 declared. The information was soon obtained, when Monk 
 gave orders that the present parliament should be dissolved, 
 and a free one assembled. 
 
 ROCHES, Peter des. — Bishop of Winchester, under the 
 reign of Henry III. At the death of the earl of Pembroke, 
 who had acted as guardian of the realm in the prince's mi- 
 nority, he was succeeded by Roches and Hubert de Burgh. 
 The latter became justiciary of England, but on his most 
 
ROD.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 545 
 
 unjust expulsion, was succeeded by Roches, who became 
 prime minister and chief counsellor of Henry. His influ- 
 ence is said to have been principal in bringing to court the 
 swarms of unworthy favorites from abroad, which so much 
 offended the barons and embittered the life of Henry. 
 
 ROCHESTER, Viscount.— (See Carre, Robert.) 
 
 ROCHESTER, Earl of.— (See Hyde, Laurence.) 
 
 ROCHEFORD, Lord.— (See Boleyn.) 
 
 ROCHEFORD, Viscountess of.— Wife of Lord Rocheford, 
 who was brother of Queen Anne Boleyn. It was mainly 
 on her testimony that her husband and the queen were con- 
 victed of adultery, she being of a jealous, or rather, devilish 
 temper. On the discovery of Queen Catharine Howard's 
 infamy, Lady Rocheford was proved to have conducted most 
 of her secret amours, and to have been partner in her infa- 
 my. She was, accordingly beheaded at the same time with 
 the queen, and died without sympathy, it being generally 
 believed that she had previously been the cause of bringing 
 an innocent queen to the scaffold. 
 
 RODERIC— Prince of Wales under the reign of Ed- 
 ward I. Being supplanted by his brother, Lewellen, in the 
 principality, he applied to Edward for assistance. This gave 
 a favorable opportunity to the English to renew their hostili- 
 ties against the Welch, and Edward forced the haughty 
 Lewellen, not only to do justice to his brother, Roderic, but 
 to renew the homage formerly paid to the crown of England, 
 and to make other large concessions. Roderick was one of 
 the last princes of Wales who were of Welch blood, as it 
 was about this time that Edward entered into the arrange- 
 ment with them which has ever since given to the eldest son 
 and successor of the English monarch, the title of prince of 
 Wales. 
 
 RODOLPHI. — A Florentine merchant who resided at 
 London in the time of Elizabeth. Being a zealous Roman 
 catholic, he espoused th£ cause of Mary, queen of Scots, 
 and engaged in a conspiracy, with Howard, duke of Nor- 
 folk, for her restoration. His plan was to get the consent of 
 the pope and of the king of Spain, and to have the duke of 
 Alva invade England at the same time with a popular insur- 
 rection among the Roman catholics. He went, in person, 
 to Rome, and procured the pope's consent, as also the appro- 
 val of the Spanish monarch. But before they had gotten 
 
546 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. \jROQ. 
 
 ready for operations, the plot was detected, and Norfolk ex- 
 ecuted for treason. 
 
 ROGER le BRABANCON.— Chief justiciary of Edward 
 
 I. Through him, the king addressed the Scottish parliament 
 at the castle of Norham, previous to entering on the arbitra- 
 tion of the crown. (See Baliol, John.) 
 
 ROGER. — 'Archbishop of York under the reign of Henry 
 
 II. When, in the midst of Henry's quarrel with Becket, the 
 primate, he determined on having his son, Prince Henry, 
 crowned as his associate in the government, Roger officiated. 
 For this infringement of the rights of the primate, he apol- 
 ogized, but was answered with a sentence of suspension from 
 the pope. He was, however, restored to his functions soon 
 after. 
 
 ROGER. — The archbishop of Canterbury who succeeded 
 Thomas a Becket. He was prior of Dover previous to his 
 elevation to the primacy. 
 
 ROGER. — Earl of Hereford, and son and heir of Fitz- 
 Osborne, who was a chief favorite of William the conqueror. 
 Having determined to marry his sister to the earl of Norfolk, 
 Roger thought it his duty to inform the king, and ask his 
 consent to the marriage. The haughty William withheld his 
 consent, but the marriage was nevertheless consummated. 
 Apprehending that they had incurred the royal displeasure, 
 the two earls at once determined on a revolt. Amid the 
 gayety of the marriage festival, the design was made known 
 to the barons who were present, and generally acceeded to. 
 Before they were ready for operation, however, the matter 
 was divulged by Earl Waltheof , and after several unsuccess- 
 ful attempts, the whole enterprise was abandoned, and nearly 
 all the conspirators, save Norfolk, fell into the hands of the 
 king's forces. Many of them were hanged, some had their 
 eyes put out, and some their hands and feet cut off. But 
 William, according to his usual practice of showing greater 
 mercy to the leaders than the followers in revolts, punished 
 Hereford only with forfeiture and imprisonment. 
 
 ROGER. — Earl of Shrewsbury and Arundel. One of 
 the nobility at one time concerned in the conspiracy against 
 William Rufus. The king succeeded, however, in detaching 
 him from the others, and engaging him in his service, 
 
 ROGER.-^-Bishop of Salisbury at the time of King Ste- 
 phen's accession. As soon as the bishop of Winchester, who 
 was brother to Stephen, made application to Roger, and 
 
ROG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 547 
 
 asked his influence for the coronation of his brother, he gave 
 his consent, notwithstanding he had received large advance- 
 ments from Henry, whose will, in favor of the empress Ma- 
 tilda, would be violated by the promotion of Stephen. He 
 applied to the primate, and used his utmost influence to pro- 
 cure the coronation of Stephen, regardless of every princi- 
 ple of right. 
 
 ROGER. — Son of Milo, of Gloucester. Little is known 
 of him, only that when Henry II, for the more rigorous exe- 
 cution of law, caused all the newly erected castles to be de- 
 stroyed, he was among those who resisted the measure, and 
 yielded only when the king approached with his forces. It 
 is probable that he was possessed of a castle, which had 
 been built by his father, in the former reign. 
 
 ROGER. — Earl of Lancaster. He was brother to the 
 earl of Shrewsbury, and was involved in the same ruin with 
 him under the tyranny of Henry I. (See Belesme, Robert 
 de.) 
 
 ROGERS, John.— The first martyr of Queen Mary. He 
 was a clergyman of the church of England, eminent for 
 piety and learning, and it was hoped that his execution, or 
 iecantation, would have the effect to bend other protestants 
 .to submission. Having a wife and ten children, he was 
 urged to conform to the Romish religion for their sakes ; but 
 he refused, saying that he was ready to suffer for the gospel 
 of Christ. Such was his serenity, after sentence was passed 
 upon him, that the jailor awoke him from a sound sleep, at 
 the hour of execution. When he requested to see his wife 
 before he died, Gardiner insulted him by telling him that 
 he was a priest, and as such, could have no wife. His wife 
 and children, however, followed him to the stake, and saw 
 his fearful end. He died in the confidence and trust of the 
 christiari, 1555. Some years after his death, his wife and 
 children removed to America, and settled in Connecticut, and 
 many of his descendants are now in the United States, 
 
 ROGERS, Sir Edward. — A member of the privy council 
 of Queen Mary, and also of Elizabeth, who made him comp- 
 troller of the royal household. Though a zealous Romanist, 
 he seems to have been greatly devoted to the protestant 
 queen, and to have been a good minister. 
 
 ROKESBY, Sir Thomas.— Sheriff of Yorkshire at the 
 time of the last rebellion of Hotspur Piercy, assisted by Lord 
 Bardolf. On learning of their intended incursion, he levied 
 
548 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ROL. 
 
 some forces, attacked them at Bramham, and gained a com- 
 plete victory, in which both Piercy and Bardolf were slain. 
 
 ROLLES. — A London merchant, and also a member of 
 parliament in 1629, about the commencement of the troubles 
 of Charles I. He made a grievous complaint in parliament 
 because some of his goods had been seized by the crown, for 
 no other reason than that he had refused to pay the duty ! 
 This was deemed a great "breach of privilege." 
 
 ROLLO. — 'The founder and first duke of Normandy. He 
 was a petty prince or chieftain, of Denmark, whose early 
 manifestations of talent engaged the attention of his coun- 
 trymen, and exposed him to the jealousy of the Danish mon- 
 arch, who attacked him in his little principality, and endeav- 
 ored to reduce him to subjection. The bravery and skill of 
 Rollo, however, were sufficient to resist the proud encroach- 
 ments of his enemy, who, at last, treacherously murdered his 
 brother and principal officers, and forced him to fly for safety 
 into Scandinavia. Here he was rejoined by many of his 
 subjects, who rallied around his standard, and declared their 
 willingness to follow him in any enterprise in which he might 
 embark. Instead of attempting to recover his paternal do- 
 minions in Denmark, he determined on a life of piracy on 
 the southern coasts of Europe. His first descent was upon 
 England in the time of Alfred the Great, but finding that no 
 important advantage could be gained over such a prince, he 
 turned his attention to the coast of France, and in the times 
 of Eudes, the usurper, and Charles the Simple, committed 
 such havoc, as to force the French nation to allow him a set- 
 tlement in their country. Accordingly, the country then 
 called Neustria, was set apart for them, resolved into a duchy, 
 and placed under the government of Rollo. For this, he 
 reluctantly consented to do homage to Charles, as tfce lawful 
 monarch of that country, under whom he held his dukedom. 
 Charles gave him his daughter in marriage, and also made 
 him a present of considerable territory beside what had been 
 first ceded. For this latter present he was again requested 
 to do homage, or at least make suitable acknowledgments of 
 the king's bounty. He replied that he had rather decline 
 the. present; though he afterward consented to do it by one 
 of his captains. The officer commissioned for this purpose, 
 bowing before Charles, caught him by the foot, and raising- 
 it up, as if to kiss it in token of submission, threw the king 
 on the ground in the presence of his courtiers, The French 
 
HOP.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 549 
 
 found it necessary to overlook the insult. His territory, lying 
 in the north, on the English channel, took the name of Nor- 
 mandy. He was a wise prince, and from him descended, by 
 a regular line of princes, the great William, the conqueror 
 of England. 
 
 ROLLO. — A popular preacher of the order of presbyte- 
 rian covenanters in the time of Charles I. Strangely, he 
 allowed himself to be carried away by the silly visions, or 
 affectations, of the contemptible Mrs. Michelson. Such was 
 his veneration for her, that he would not consent to speak, or 
 even to pray, in her presence, when she was being moved by 
 the spirit of prophecy, always alleging, that it was ill man- 
 ners for him to speak while his master, Christ, was speaking. 
 ROLLO, Sir William. — An officer of the famous earl of 
 Montrose. He was made prisoner by the covenanters at the 
 time of Montrose's defeat by Lesly, 1646, and immediately 
 led to execution. 
 
 ROLSTONE. — A zealous supporter of Mary, queen of 
 Scots. He entered into a conspiracy, soon after her first 
 confinement in England, for her release and restoration. 
 The scheme, however, was detected, and soon came to nought. 
 ROME, King of.— (See Richard, earl of Cornwall.) 
 ROOKWOOD. — One of the conspirators in the gunpow- 
 der plot, in the reign of James I. According to the arrange- 
 ment, he, with Digby and Grant, was to get up a party, on 
 the fatal day of blowing up the parliament house, on pre- 
 tence of a hunting match, for the purpose of seizing the 
 princess Elizabeth, who was not to be involved in the catas- 
 trophe. He fell into the hands of the sheriff, and after con- 
 fessing his participation in the plot, was executed, with 
 several others. 
 
 ROOS, Lord. — One of the Lancastrian nobility against 
 whom, after the accession of Edward IV, an act of forfeit- 
 ure and attainder was passed. Doubtless, a party measure. 
 ROOS, Lord. — Of the time of Charles II. He comes 
 before us but incidentally. He obtained a divorce from his 
 wife on the ground of adultery, but had, still, to apply to 
 parliament for permission to marry again. Claries is said 
 to have taken great interest in his case, which induced the 
 general impression that he was looking to some such meas- 
 ure himself, his wife being childless. 
 
 ROPER, Sir Anthony. — A wealthy landholder who was 
 fined 4,000 pounds, in the reign of Charles I, for enclosing 
 
550 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ROS. 
 
 his lands and converting them into pasture. It is not prob- 
 able that its object was to vindicate the rights of the poor, 
 as was pretended, but merely to raise money, of which the 
 crown stood greatly in need. 
 
 ROSAMOND. — Commonly distinguished as " The 
 Fair." A daughter of Lord Clifford. By her Henry II had 
 two natural sons, viz: Richard Longespee and Geoffrey y 
 who became bishop of Lincoln, and afterward, of York. 
 Rosamond's Well and Rosamond's Tower, have been ren- 
 dered classic by Scott in his immortal " Woodstock." 
 
 ROSEWELL. — A presbyterian clergyman who nearly 
 lost his life in the reign of Charles II, under a charge of 
 having spoken treasonable things in a sermon. The story 
 was gotten up by three women of bad character, who all de- 
 posed that they had heard him utter precisely the same 
 words, — giving a long sentence, in which they differed not in 
 a single iota. Rosewell proved that he had ever been a roy- 
 alist, even in time of the protectorate, and that he had never 
 ceased to pray for the king. The women were not able to 
 remember a single word, nor idea, in the offensive sermon, 
 but this one sentence, nor could they give any good evidence 
 of their having been at church on that day. Even old Jef- 
 fries found no cause for crimination ; but strangely, the jury 
 brought in a verdict against the prisoner. The whole thing, 
 however, was so ridiculous that the king granted a pardon, 
 and Rosewell was released. 
 
 ROSS, Robert de. — One of the executive council under 
 the great charter of King John. 
 
 ROSS, Robert de. — One of the competitors for the crown 
 of Scotland at the same time with Bruce and Baliol. 
 
 ROSS, Lord. — A member of the council of regency in 
 the minority of Edward III. Whence he came, or whither 
 he went, we know not. 
 
 ROSSETTI. — An [Italian who resided at London in the 
 reign of Charles I. He frequented the court, and was said 
 to have great influence with the queen. He had a sort of 
 legatine commission from the pope, and was generally be- 
 lieved to be concocting a plan for the establishment of the 
 Romish religion. This gave great offense, and he was 
 obliged to leave England. 
 
 ROSSITER. — A parliamentary officer in the civil wars 
 of Charles I. We do not learn that he ever greatly distin- 
 
R0U,] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 551 
 
 guished himself, though he occupied a respectable military 
 grade. 
 
 ROTHERHAM. — Archbishop of York at the time of 
 the death of Edward IV. He innocently urged the queen 
 dowager, who had taken refuge in the church of Westmin- 
 ister, with her children, to deliver them up to the duke of 
 1 Gloucester. The primate, archbishop Bourchier, was of the 
 same mind, and the two prevailed : but the result proved that 
 her fears were better founded than was their confidence in 
 the good intentions of the duke. (See Edward V.) 
 
 ROTHES, Lord. — President of the Scottish council in 
 the reign of Charles II, and also lord keeper and treasurer. 
 When the commissioner, Middleton, had become unpopular 
 by his violence and many vices, Rothes was, also, appointed 
 commissioner, in his stead. By his prudence and gentle- 
 ness, the episcopacy ceased to be so offensive in Scotland, as 
 it had been, and but for the odious " law against conven- 
 ticles," might have been pretty generally adopted in the 
 nation. 
 
 ROUMARA, William de. — A partisan of the Empress 
 Matilda. He was half-brother to the earl of Chester, whom 
 he assisted in surprising the castle of Lincoln. (See Ralph, 
 earl of Chester.) 
 
 ROUSE. — A member of parliament in the reign of Charles 
 I, He was of the popular party, and a specimen of his 
 speeches shows him to have been a philosopher, however 
 rude and fanatical he may have been. " If a man meet a 
 dog alone, the dog is fearful, though ever so fierce by nature : 
 but if the dog have his master with him, he will set upon that 
 man from whom he fled before. This shows, that lower na- 
 tures, being backed by higher, increase in courage and 
 strength ; and certainly man, being backed by Omnipotency, 
 is a kind of omnipotent creature. All things are possible to 
 him that believes; and when all things are possible, there is 
 a kind of omnipotency. Wherefore, let it be the unanimous 
 consent and resolution of us all, to make a vow and covenant 
 henceforth to hold fast to our God and our religion ; and then 
 shall we henceforth expect, with certainty, happiness in this 
 world." He was, afterward, speaker of the famous Bare- 
 bone parliament. 
 
 ROUSE. — One of the inferior order of conspirators in the 
 rye-house plot against Charles II. He was convicted, and 
 executed for treason. He confessed his guilt, at the place 
 
552 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [rUP. 
 
 of execution, and thus fully confirmed the report of the plot, 
 which, but for such confessions, would always have been 
 doubted by many. 
 
 RO VENA. — A daughter of Hengist, the Saxon conqueror. 
 Welch historians ascribe the success of the Saxon invasion 
 to an unfortunate love of their prince, Vortigern, for this 
 woman, which Hengist encouraged for the purpose of blind- 
 ing the Britons. (See Vortigern.) 
 - RO WALL AN, — A Welch prince who united with Edric, 
 the Forester, in an attempt to repel the Normans, who, soon 
 after the conquest, had begun to commit such outrages as 
 goaded the English to desperation. . It is needless to say 
 that the effort was unsuccessful. (See Edric, the Forester. ) 
 
 ROWLES, Sir Francis. — Engaged in the conspiracy of 
 Shaftesbury and Monmouth, in 1683. The whole enterprise 
 failed, and we are not informed what became of Rowles. 
 
 RUMBALD. — One of the lower order of conspirators in 
 the Rye-House plot against Charles II. After this, he fled 
 to Scotland, and connected himself with the earl of Argyle 
 in the rebellion against James II. He fell into the hands of 
 the royalists at the same time with Argyle, and they were 
 executed together, or nearly so, 
 
 RUMSEY, Colonel. — A republican officer of Cromwell, 
 who distinguished himself in Portugal. After the restora- 
 tion of Charles II, he was recommended to him as a worthy 
 officer. He showed himself, however, a very dangerous 
 subject. He entered into the Rye-House plot against Charles, 
 and then turned state's witness against Lord Russell, and 
 others, to save himself. Again he entered into Monmouth's 
 rebellion, in the reign of James II, and then, after the de- 
 feat at Sedgemoor, hastened to testify against Cornish, the 
 sheriff of London. In this, he was, also, successful, and 
 Cornish was executed without ceremony, while Rumsey, so 
 far as we learn, escaped the retribution which he so justly 
 deserved. 
 
 RUPERT, Prince. — Son of Frederic, king, or elector 
 palatine, of Bohemia, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I, 
 of England. About the commencement of the civil wars of 
 Charles I, he came to see his royal uncle, and as he had al- 
 ready acquired some experience in arms, he was entrusted 
 with some of the most important commands. Generally, 
 throughout the war, he behaved with great bravery and wis- 
 dom, — though at one time, Charles was displeased with him, 
 
RTJS.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 553 
 
 and bade him leave the country. During- the protectorate, 
 he was at home, in his father's dominions; but on the resto- 
 ration of Charles II, returned, and was placed at the head 
 of the navy, in which he greatly distinguished himself 
 against the Dutch. He died in 1682. 
 
 RUSTAND. — A Roman legate sent into England under 
 the reign of Henry III for the purpose of collecting a large 
 sum of money which had been assessed on the English 
 church. At first the bishops and abbots positively refused to 
 comply, but on being threatened with excommunication, were 
 obliged to submit to the exaction. 
 
 RUTHAL, Thomas, LL. D. — A member of the council 
 of Henry VIII. He seems never to have become prominent 
 as a courtier. 
 
 RUTHERFORD.— Placed in command of Dunkirk by 
 Charles II. He seems to have been unskillful in a financial 
 point of view, as he raised the expense of the establishment 
 to such a pitch that Charles was advised to sell it. From 
 that time, Dunkirk has not been in possession of England. 
 
 RUTHVEN, Lord. — One of the contrivers, and main 
 operators, in the assassination of David Rizzio. (See Riz- 
 zio, David.) 
 
 RUTHVEN. — A Scotchman who went into England in 
 the time of the civil wars, joined the parliamentary party, 
 and was made governor of Plymouth. We find him, in 
 1643, commanding a strong force in the west, and engaging 
 the royalists on Bradoc Down, where he was wholly defeated, 
 and obliged to fly to Plymouth for safety, 
 
 RUTHVEN.— Earl of Brentford. Another Scotchman 
 who came into England about the same time with the above, 
 but attached himself to the royal party. Charles raised him 
 to the peerage, and gave him the military grade of general, 
 but we are not well informed as to the service which he ren- 
 dered. 
 
 RUSSELL, Lord John. — First earl of Bedford. He was 
 introduced to the court of Henry VII about 1505, and ap- 
 pointed one of the gentlemen of the king's privy chamber. 
 On the accession of Henry VIII, he became a great favorite 
 at court, and in a short time, greatly distinguished himself as 
 an ambassador, and as a land and naval commander. In 
 1541, he was constituted lord-admiral, and in 1543, keeper 
 of the privy seal. At the coronation of Edward VI, he pre- 
 sided as high steward, and soon after, was made earl of Bed- 
 
 24 
 
554 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [rUS. 
 
 ford. During the life of Edward VI, we hear but very little 
 of him. The last public service in which he engaged was in 
 escorting Philip, of Spain, to London, just before the cele- 
 bration of his nuptials with Mary. He died, March 14, 
 1555 — not so great a man as some of his family, but alto- 
 gether worthy of the noble ancestor of a noble line of peers. 
 
 RUSSELL, Lord Francis.— Second earl of Bedford, He 
 was the only child of the above, and at the time of his 
 father's death, was twenty-seven years old. He took sides 
 with Mary, against the Lady Jane Gray, and during her 
 life was a good and zealous subject, and rendered much ser- 
 vice in her husband's French wars. On the accession of 
 Elizabeth, he was sworn one of her privy council, and made 
 a good and faithful minister. He was employed in several 
 foreign embassies, and had the honor of being sent to Scot- 
 land to stand God-father to the young prince, James VI. He 
 died July 28, 1585, aged 58. 
 
 RUSSELL, Lord William.— Was the third son of 
 William, fifth earl of Bedford, and was born in 1639. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, and traveled abroad for the pur- 
 pose of perfecting his knowledge of the philosophy of gov- 
 ernment. He represented the county of Bedford in several 
 parliaments; but it was not until he was thirty-five years 
 old, that he attempted to speak. He was among those mem- 
 bers who were pressed by Barillon with French gold, to be- 
 tray their country ; but he refused, with a noble indignation, 
 saying that he was not the representative of the court of 
 France. When the bill for excluding the duke of York, 
 (James II,) was introduced into the commons, he seconded 
 it ; and this laid the foundation for his ruin. Soon after this 
 the bill having failed in the peers, he associated himself with 
 the dukes of Monmouth and Argyle in a secret plot for the 
 purpose of excluding James from the succession. The plot 
 was discovered and he was brought to trial. After sentence 
 of death was passed upon him, he spent a week in solemn 
 preparation, bishops Burnet and Tillotson being his spirit- 
 ual advisers. The evening before his death, he took a 
 last leave of his children, and supped, for the last time, with 
 his wife. After tea, he affectionately kissed and took leave 
 of her, saying, alter she had left the room, " Now the bitter- 
 ness of death is past." He met his fate with christian resig- 
 nation, and sleeps among the truly great men of England. 
 
 JRUSSELL. — Lord admiral in the time of James II. We 
 
SA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 555 
 
 know but little of him, save that he was cousin german to 
 the unfortunate Lord William Russell, who perished under 
 Charles II for his opposition to James. The admiral, how- 
 ever, was able, in some degree, to avenge his cousin's death. 
 In the exercise of his function, as admiral, he kept up the 
 communication between England and the prince of Orange, 
 until the plan of operation was agreed upon, and then brought 
 the whole navy to the support of the revolution. 
 
 RUSSELL, Lady r — Wife of the unfortunate Lord Wil- 
 liam Russell. She was the second daughter of Thomas 
 Wriothesley, earl of Southampton, and was first married to 
 Francis Lord Vaughan, who soon died ; and a few years 
 after, she became the wife of Lord Russell. She attended 
 him on his trial, and acted as his secretary ; vainly applied, 
 in person, for his pardon, — remained with him in prison 
 until the evening before his execution, and commanded his 
 affections aitd homage in his last moments, She survived him 
 forty years, and died on the 29th of September, 1723. Her 
 counsel was commonly sought by Queen Anne in affairs of 
 state, and the ablest statesmen of England sought to confer 
 with her in difficult questions, while, as a wife and mother, 
 she has ever been the admiration of the world. 
 
 RUYTER De. — A celebrated Dutch admiral of the time 
 of Charles II. He did more to sustain the naval glory of 
 Holland than any man in his time, or, perhaps, of any other 
 time. England regarded him, for many years, as her most 
 formidable foe, and the talents of Admiral Blake and Prince 
 Rupert were never more severely tried than by this powerful 
 competitor of the ocean. He was, at last, killed in 1675, 
 while assisting the Spaniards against the French, and his 
 death was regarded, in France, as equivalent to a great vic- 
 tory. 
 
 S 
 
 SA, Don Pantaleon. — Brother to the Portuguese ambas- 
 sador at the court of Cromwell, and in some way, connected 
 with his brother, as ambassador. Fancying himself insulted 
 by some one, he armed himself and servants, and sallying 
 forth, met with an innocent person, whom he mistook for the 
 offender. At once, he fell upon him and cut him to pieces. 
 He then took refuge in the house of his brother, and claimed 
 
556 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SAD. 
 
 the protection due to an ambassador. Cromwell, however, 
 regardless of such courtesies, caused him to be seized, and 
 brought to trial : and notwithstanding the protestations of the 
 ambassador, he was executed on Tower Hill. 
 
 SACKVILLE, Nigel de. — One of the many who suffered 
 excommunication on the return of Thomas a Becket, after 
 his absence from England. It is probable that he had assist- 
 ed at the coronation of Prince Henry, wherein the archbishop 
 of York officiated, and thus gave mortal offense to Becket, 
 who claimed the exclusive right to crown the princes of 
 England. 
 
 SACKVILLE, Lord Thomas.— (See Buckhurst, Lord 
 Thomas, earl of Dorset.) 
 
 SACKVILLE, Robert. — Son of the above. He remained 
 at court during the life of his father ; but seems never to 
 have distinguished himself by any remarkable pe/formance. 
 He rendered some assistance in discovering the treason of 
 Essex, under the reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 SACKVILLE, Colonel. — A member of parliament in the 
 reign of Charles II, at the time when all England was in 
 consternation on the subject of popish plots. For venturing, 
 on one occasion, to speak lightly of the stories of Titus 
 Oates, Bedloe, and others, he was expelled the house. 
 
 SADLER, Sir Ralph. — Very prominent in the reigns of 
 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Elizabeth. He was born in 
 1507, and by the influence of Cromwell, earl of Essex, 
 placed in the way of promotion, He was first employed by 
 Henry in the work of suppressing the monasteries, and re- 
 ceived a liberal share of the spoils, — that is, of the monastery 
 lands which were confiscated. On the death of Henry VIII, 
 he was made a counsellor in the minority of Edward VI ; 
 and being a very zealous protestant, he made an efficient 
 minister. On the accession of Mary, he retired to private 
 life, and in the utmost seclusion and silence, found his only 
 safety, in the midst of papal persecution. The accession 
 of Elizabeth, however, called him from his retirement, and 
 he was sent, as ambassador, into Scotland, which had been 
 the scene of his most active operations under Henry and Ed- 
 ward, and he became the chief instrument in establishing 
 the protestant religion in that country. A few years before 
 the death of Queen Mary, of Scots, she was placed under 
 his custody ; but being fully persuaded of her innocence, he 
 treated her with such tenderness as gave offense to the court 
 
SAN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 557 
 
 of Elizabeth, and she was taken from under his charge, and 
 committed to sterner keepers. After her death, his influence 
 was required as ambassador to Scotland, to dissuade her son, 
 James VI, from engaging in war with England. Sadler 
 committed one great error in private life. Instead of an 
 honorable marriage, he seduced the wife of Matthew Barre, 
 and by her, raised a family of children who had to be legiti- 
 mated by act of parltament. He died on the 30th of March, 
 1587. 
 
 SALISBURY, John. — One of the judges who, under the 
 rejgn of Richard II, signed what were called the extrajudi- 
 cial opinions of Nottingham. In other words, declared the 
 opinion that the commission of parliament placing the execu- 
 tive power in the council of fourteen, instead of the king, 
 was unconstitutional and unlawful. For this opinion, he was 
 tried for high treason, condemned, and executed in 1387. 
 
 SALISBURY, Thomas.— Concerned in the Babington 
 conspiracy for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth and the 
 elevation of Mary, of Scots, to the throne of England. Ac- 
 cording to the plot, Salisbury was to co-operate with Babing- 
 ton, and several others, in attacking the guards of Mary, as 
 she should be taking her morning ride, on horseback, and 
 thus release her from captivity just at the time when Eliza- 
 beth's assassination should take place. It is probable that 
 Salisbury perished, with thirteen others, who were detected 
 in the plot, and put to death with great barbarity. 
 SALISBURY, Earl of.— (See Montacute.) 
 SALISBURY, Earl of.— (See Nevil.) 
 SALISBURY, Countess of.— (See Pole, Lady.) 
 SALISBURY, Earl of.— (See Cecil.) 
 SANDWICH, Earl of.— (See Montague, Admiral.) 
 SAMSON. — Bishop of Coventry in the reign of Edward 
 VI. He is said not to have been in favor of the reforma- 
 tion, although he took the oath of allegiance to the protestant 
 long. His sincerity, however, was questioned, even then, 
 and he was obliged to satisfy the ministry by very considera- 
 ble sacrifices. 
 
 SANDERS. — A noble protestant martyr of the time of 
 Queen Mary. He was burned at Coventry, in 1555, about 
 the same time with Bishop Hooper, John Rogers, and many 
 others. A pardon was offered him if he would recant, and 
 embrace the Romish faith; but lie rejected it with disdain. 
 
558 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SAN. 
 
 exclaiming, " Welcome cross of Christ ; welcome everlasting 
 life!" 
 
 SANDILANDS, Sir James. — Prior of the monastery of 
 St. John, in Scotland, about the time of the arrival of Mary, 
 of Scots, to take possession of her kingdom. He seems to 
 have fallen in with the popular party, as we find him, a little 
 before the queen's arrival, going over to France to ask her 
 concurrence in the measures of the Scottish parliament, by 
 which the papal authority was abolished, and presbyterianism 
 established. 
 
 SANDS. — An officer of the guards of Charles II. He 
 and Obrian were the perpetrators of the horrible outrage on 
 Sir John Coventry. (See Coventry, Sir John.) 
 
 SANDYS, Lord. — Known, for the most part, as the friend 
 and adviser of the earl of Essex, in his fatal treason. He 
 accompanied the earl at his house until the day of his arrest, 
 and advised him to the most extreme and violent resistance. 
 SANDYS, Colonel. — A parliamentary officer of the civil 
 wars of Charles I, who was killed in an action with Prince 
 Rupert in 1642, near Shrewsbury. 
 
 SANDYS, Sir Edwin. — A prominent member of parlia- 
 ment in the reigns of James I and Charles I. It was on his 
 motion, that the commons, in 1607, first begun to keep any 
 regular journal of its proceedings. From this time, he was 
 so active a member, and so zealous for the rights of the 
 commons, that in 1621, James caused him to be imprisoned, 
 which operated greatly to the disadvantage of the crown in 
 both that, and the following reigns. On the accession of 
 Charles I, we find Sandys among the most active and promi- 
 nent members of parliament, and in conjunction with Sir 
 Edward Coke, leading off in the great cause of liberty. He 
 was one of the most prominent and most valuable men of his 
 time. 
 
 SANQUHIR, Lord. — A Scottish nobleman who basely 
 assassinated an ' English fencing master of the name of 
 Turner, in the time of James I. Many petitions were 
 poured in, asking' for his pardon, while the English were 
 equally loud in demanding his punishment. James' feelings 
 were all on the side of his brother Scotchman. All, how- 
 ever, could not save him, and Sanquhir suffered the penalty 
 due to the murderer. 
 
 SANSON. — One of the contemptible set of Irish witnesses 
 sent over to England in 1781, for the purpose of proving the 
 
SAW. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 559 
 
 existence of a popish plot in Ireland. (See Ivey, Dennis, 
 and Macnamara.) 
 
 SAUTRE, William. — Said to have been the first person 
 ever burned in England for heresy. He was rector of St. 
 Osithes in London. Being charged and convicted by the 
 convocation of having adopted the heresy of John WicklifT, he 
 was turned over to the civil magistrate, and after the sentence 
 had been certified by the house of peers, burned according 
 to a statute passed by request of Henry IV. This occurred 
 in 1401. 
 
 SAVAGE, Sir John.— Led the left wing of Henry VII's 
 army at the battle of Bos worth in 1485. 
 
 SAVAGE, John. — A man of desperate courage who pro- 
 posed to execute the plot of the famous Babington conspiracy 
 for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth. He was not will- 
 ing to share the glory of thus serving the pope with any other 
 person, but insisted on being the sole operator, himself. 
 Clothes were given him by which his appearance should be 
 made sufficiently respectable to gain admission into the 
 queen's presence, when the bloody plot was to be executed. 
 On the discovery of the conspiracy, he was executed, with 
 most of the others, — fourteen in all, — with great barbarity. 
 
 SAVILLE, Sir George.— (See Halifax, Marquis of.) 
 
 SAVILE, Sir John. — A powerful and influential member 
 of the house of commons in the reign of James I. The 
 most remarkable incident in his history is, that in the midst 
 of his opposition to court, he was raised, by the king, to the 
 position of comptroller of the royal household, privy counsel- 
 lor, and baron. From this, we may judge that his talents 
 and influence were considered worth purchasing. On the 
 accession of Charles I, we find him among the popular no- 
 bility, and while acting, for the most part, in conjunction 
 with the court, manifestly wishing well to the commons. He 
 was frequently used by Charles I for the purpose of negotia- 
 ting with the parliament, and also with the covenanters of 
 Scotland, and was even made a member of the privy council. 
 
 SAVILEE, Sir Henry. — Most probably a brother of the 
 above, and perhaps, his successor in parliament. At least, 
 we find him an active member of parliament very soon after 
 the removal of Sir John Savilee to court. 
 
 SAWYER, Sir Robert.— One of the lawyers for the 
 bishops who were prosecuted by James II for refusing to 
 publish his declaration of indulgence to papists. As this 
 
560 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SCO. 
 
 was a question in which the whole nation took the deepest 
 interest, it is fair to conclude that Sawyer was one of the first 
 advocates of his times. (See Pemberton, Pollexfen, and 
 Treby.) 
 
 SAY, Geoffrey de. — One of the twenty-five barons who 
 composed the executive council under the great charter of 
 King John. 
 
 SAY, Lord. — Treasurer under Henry VI. When the 
 infamous John Cade came to London with his rebel forces 
 and sent in his list of grievances, he required, among other 
 things, that Say should be punished for malversation. The 
 unfortunate man soon fell into his hands. Cade, it has been 
 thought, had no wish to put him to death, but, such was the 
 violence of his rabble army that he was forced to it. Cromer, 
 the sheriff of Kent, was sacrificed at the same time. 
 
 SAY, Lord.- — Of the family name of Fiennes. Made a 
 member of the privy council of Charles I, as a concession to 
 the popular party. lie was made master of the wards, and 
 discharged his duty to general satisfaction, as long as he held 
 the office, though he was, through the whole of the civil wars, 
 decidedly a presbyterian, — not an independent. After the 
 restoration of Charles II, he was made privy seal, and was a 
 faithful minister. 
 
 SCALES, Lord.' — A warm supporter of Henry VI, under 
 whose reign he was, for some time, governor of the tower of 
 London. 
 
 SCHOMBERG, Count, or Mareschal.— A French officer 
 employed by Charles II in his Dutch war in 1673. After 
 this, he had him employed, with other prominent Roman 
 catholics, in command of his guards, for the purpose of sup- 
 pressing popular rebellions at home'. Great indignation was 
 felt throughout England at the employment of foreigners to 
 control the English, and Charles was obliged to dismiss him. 
 
 SCOT, Walter.— Earl of Lenox. The ally of James IV 
 of Scotland against the authority of the earl of Angus, who 
 had possession of the king, then in his minority. He was, 
 for some years, a stormy element in Scotland ; but his his- 
 tory is involved in some obscurity. He was succeeded in the 
 earldom of Lenox by Mathew Stuart. 
 
 SCOT, Thomas.— -One of the judges of Charles I. He 
 was a member of parliament at the time when General 
 Monk entered London for the purpose of restoring the free 
 parliament; preparatory to the restoration of monarchy. He 
 
SCR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 561 
 
 and Robinson were sent a committee, ostensibly to congratu- 
 late him, but really, to ascertain what project he had in view. 
 A little before this, he had declared, in parliament, that he 
 desired no other epitaph to be inscribed on his tombstone 
 than, " Here lies Thomas Scot, who adjudged the king to 
 death.'*' He was one of the six judges who were executed 
 immediately after the restoration. (See Harrison, Carew, 
 Clement, Jones, and Scrope.) 
 
 SCROGGS, Sir William.— Chief justice in the reign of 
 Charles II. He presided at the trials of Grove, Pickering, 
 and several other unfortunate -Roman catholics who were ex- 
 ecuted in 1678 on the contemptible testimony of Oates and 
 Bedloe. Throughout the whole of these trials, he acted the 
 part of an inquisitor, or an executioner, more than of a 
 judge of law. His character was scarcely- less odious than 
 that of the infamous Jeffries ; the chief difference being that 
 his antipathies were directed, for the most part, against the 
 papists, while Jeffries was mainly against the puritans. 
 
 SCROPE, William-— Created earl of Wiltshire by the 
 parliament of 1397. He was a warm supporter of Richard 
 II, and became prominent at his court. When Henry, of 
 Lancaster, (Henry IV,) had succeeded in winning the duke 
 of York, and his army, the whole force marched to Bristol, 
 where several of the king's ministers were known to be. 
 They soon obliged the place to surrender, and Scrope, with 
 several other chief personages, fell into their hands, and was 
 led to execution without even'the form of a trial. 
 
 SCROPE, Lord.— Of Masham. The earl of Cambridge, 
 having married a sister of the earl of Marche, conceived the 
 design of recovering to him the crown to which he was en-» 
 titled, but which had been unjustly seized by the house of 
 Lancaster, and was then on the head of Henry V. He 
 consulted with Scrope and some others, as to the best means 
 of success. The conspiracy was discovered. Scrope and 
 Cambridge were first convicted by a jury of commoners. 
 They pleaded the privilege of their peerage. So a court of 
 eighteen barons were* assembled, over which the duke of 
 Clarence presided, and on the oath of the constable of South- 
 amton castle, that they had both confessed their guilt to him, 
 they were condemned and executed without a word in their 
 defense, without examination, or even being produced in 
 court. 
 
 24* 
 
562 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SED. 
 
 SCROPE, Sir Henry le. — One of the council of regency 
 in the minority of Richard II. 
 
 SCROPE, Lord. — Warden of the marches on the fron- 
 tiers of Scotland in the time of Elizabeth. When Mary, 
 queen of Scots, had fled to Sterling to escape the violence 
 of her rebellious subjects, Scope, living in the vicinity, was 
 sent, with his lady, to attend her, as was, also, Sir Francis 
 Knolles, the vice Chamberlain. The professed object was 
 to protect her; but the true object of Elizabeth was to have 
 them study her character, and report what action was best 
 to be taken in her case. As they reported her sprightly, 
 buoyant, enterprising, and far from being crushed or dispirit- 
 ed, it was judged prudent to keep her in custody ; and hence 
 the treatment of Mary which followed. 
 
 SCROPE, Lady. — Wife of the above. She was a sister 
 of Thomas Howard, then duke of Norfolk. She assisted 
 her Jiusband in his attentions to the queen of Scots. 
 
 SCUDAMORE. — An ambassador of Charles I at Paris. 
 We know little of him, save that in obedience to orders he 
 withdrew himself from the communion of the Huguenots, or 
 French Protestants, on the ground that they had not the 
 episcopacy. This, although honest, consistent, and agreea- 
 ble with the largest charity, was generally regarded as im- 
 politic, and is said to have contributed greatly to inflame the 
 puritan party in England, and hence, to hasten Charles' 
 ruin. 
 
 SEBERT. — Third king of Essex. He was the son and 
 successor of Sleda. He was, also, nephew to Ethelbert, king 
 of Kent, by whom he was persuaded to embrace Christianity. 
 By this means most probably, Essex became a christian 
 state. He succeeded to the throne in 598, and reigned 
 about eighteen years. 
 
 SEDLEY, Mrs. — Countess of Dorchester. A favorite 
 mistress of James II. While James was employing all his 
 energies in proselyting to the Romish religion, it was urged 
 on him, by his confessors, that the knowledge of his adultery 
 would retard the glorious work in which he was engaged. 
 This becoming known to her, drew all her wit and sarcasm 
 against the priesthood, until they resolved on her removal. 
 After enduring great vexation and mortification, James was 
 obliged to dismiss her. 
 
 SEDLEY, Sir Charles.— Father of the above. He is 
 said to have been a man remarkable for his wit and ingenu- 
 
SEL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 563 
 
 ity ; but strangely, his pride was gratified when he saw his 
 daughter the mistress of a king. 
 
 SEGRAVE, John de. — When Edward I was prosecuting 
 his wars in Scotland, he gave to Segrave the appointment of 
 guardian of the realm in his absence. When John Cum- 
 min, the Scottish regent, broke into the northern counties, 
 Segrave opposed him, but suffered" himself to be surprised 
 and completely routed. 
 
 SEGRAVE, Sir Hugh. — One of the council of regency 
 in the minority of Richard II. 
 
 SEGRAVE, Nicholas de. — One of the military officers 
 of the earl of Leicester in his rebellion. He is said to have 
 been prominent in command in the battle of Lewes. 
 
 SELDEN. — An able member of parliament in the reigns 
 of James I and Charles I. He was a zealous parliamentari- 
 an, and has ever been regarded as one of the chief leaders 
 in the revolution. Several times he was imprisoned, by both 
 these kings, for what was called " abuse of the liberty of 
 speech." Such was his strength of character, however, 
 that these imprisonments tended only to increase his zeal, 
 and make him more formidable to the crown. 
 
 SELDEN, John. — One of the most learned writers of the 
 times of James I, Charles I, and the commonwealth. He 
 was born in 1584, educated at Oxford, and entered the pro- 
 fession of law when young. For several years, he occupied 
 a seat in parliament, and was a member of the long parlia- 
 ment. He has been generally represented as a moderate 
 man in politics, though he sided with the Independent party, 
 and was quite as much opposed to presbyterianism as to 
 episcopacy. He wrote several works, but most of them are 
 said to have had the radical fault of showing nothing but 
 the scholar. 
 
 SELRED. — The tenth king of Essex. He was the re- 
 lation, as also the successor of Offa, the anchorite: per- 
 haps he was his brother. He is admitted to have been of 
 the royal family of Essex. His date is not certainly known, 
 though it could not have been far from the year 700 when 
 he mounted the throne, and he is thought to have reigned 
 40 or 50 years. After him, Essex was a dependency of 
 Mercia. 
 
 SELY, Sir Benedict. — One of the conspirators against 
 Henry IV soon after his accession. He was taken prisoner 
 by the royalists and led immediately to execution 
 
564 BI0GRAPHICAL INDEX. [SEW. 
 
 SEMPLE, Lord. — 'Concerned with many of the Scotch 
 peers, in the rebellion of Sterling for the punishing of the 
 murderers of Lord Darnley and the protection of the person 
 of the young prince, James VI. He has very little promi- 
 nence in history. 
 
 SEMPLE. — A zealou^ preacher of the order of Covenan- 
 ters, in the time of Charles II. He had a great deal to do in 
 stirring up the popular mind of Scotland, in 1668, to a 
 proper indignation against the odious " law against convent- 
 icles." He and Guthry were the chief leaders in this pop- 
 ular movement. 
 
 SETON, Sir Christopher. — A Scottish nobleman who 
 fought under Bruce at the battle of Methven, in Perthshire. 
 The Scottish army being entirely defeated, he fell into the 
 hands of the English and was immediately ordered by Ed- 
 ward to be executed as a rebel. 
 
 SETON, Lord.; — A Scotch peer of no great prominence, 
 who, in 1542, connected himself with the earls of Arran and 
 Angus, against Cardinal Beaton, whom he violently arrested 
 and held in custody, while the subject of the marriage of the 
 princess, Mary, with Edward VI was under negotiation. 
 
 SETON, Lord. — One of the Scottish peers who, at the 
 commencement of the civil wars of Charles I, hesitated, or 
 rather sided with the covenanters, until after 'Montrose's vic- 
 tory at Kilsyth, and then declared for the crown. What 
 part he acted in the struggle that followed we are not in- 
 formed. 
 
 SEVERUS.— The 25th emperor of Rome. His eleva- 
 tion took place about A. D. 222. He visited the island of 
 Britain in person, carried his arms against the Scots and 
 Picts, severely chastised their outrages on his" British sub- 
 jects, and before leaving, made important additions to the 
 wall of Adrian. 
 
 SEWARD. — One of the two kings who were associated 
 in the fourth reign of Essex. These two brothers, Seward 
 and Sexted, were the sons and successors of Sebert, the 
 third king of Essex. (See Sexted.) They renounced 
 Christianity, which their father had embraced, and relapsed into 
 idolatry. We are informed h)' Bede that they both "wished 
 to taste the white bread which the Bishop, Mellitus, distrib- 
 uted in the Holy Communion," and that on his refusing to 
 gratify their wish unless they gave signs of penitence and 
 submitted to baptism, they expelled him from their dominions. 
 
SEY.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 565 
 
 They were both slain in battle against the West Saxons 
 about 623, after which, Sigebert, the Little succeeded to the 
 throne, 
 
 SEXBURGA. — The queen of Kenwalch, eighth king of 
 Wessex. At his death, the succession was much disputed, 
 and it was found difficult to determine who should succeed 
 him. In the midst of the confusion, Sexburga, being a 
 woman of great spirit and decision, seized the crown and 
 proclaimed herself queen of Wessex. She held the reins x>f 
 government until her death, — about two years. (See Ken- 
 walch.) 
 
 SEXBY. — An ardent supporter of Cromwell, until he as- 
 sumed the title of protector. From this time, he was as violent 
 an enemy as he had been a friend. He even went so far as 
 to enter into correspondence with Spain on the subject of an 
 invasion, for the restoration of monarchy. At the death of 
 Cromwell, however, we cease to hear anything of him. Most 
 probably, when he had spent his wealth, he fell into obscurity. 
 
 SEXTED. — One of the two sons of Sebert who reigned 
 in Essex in friendly equality from the death of their father, 
 in 616, to 623. (See Seward.) 
 
 SEYMOUR, Sir John.— Father of Jane Seymour, third 
 wife of Henry VIII. He makes but little figure in history, 
 
 SEYMOUR, Sir Edward. — Commonly known as Lord 
 Beauchamp, and also as earl of Hertford and duke of Som- 
 erset. Son of Sir John Seymour, and brother of Queen 
 Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII. He was an effi- 
 cient officer of Henry, and rendered much service, both in 
 his Scotch and French wars. On the death of Henry, he 
 was appointed one of the regency in the minority of Edward 
 VI, and was soon after chosen protector by the board of 
 regency. In this capacity, he proceeded to exercise authority 
 which none but kings were allowed to possess. His admin- 
 istration was bold and energetic, and foreign enemies had 
 cause to tremble before him. His domestic enemies, too, had 
 cause to fear him, and even his own brother, when he had 
 cabaled against him, was brought to the scaffold. Being a 
 zealous, and even a violent, protestant, he took the boldest 
 measures for suppressing monasteries and reforming the 
 church, and even pulled down churches, that he might build a 
 palace of the materials. At length, a conspiracy was formed 
 against him, and being deserted by most of his friends, he was 
 sent to the tower. On proper submissions, however, he was 
 
566 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SEY. 
 
 released, and restored to the council. Soon after this, the 
 duke of Northumberland, (John Dudley,) began to enter- 
 tain ambitious views, and resolved on Somerset's ruin, to 
 make way for his own promotion. Charges were prepared 
 against him, of treason and of an intention to assassinate 
 certain noblemen who were his enemies. The charge of 
 treason was not sustained, but certain heated expressions of 
 an intention to destroy his enemies, were proved, and he was 
 sentenced to lose his head. On the 22d of January, 1552, 
 he was executed, amid the tears of the nation. Many rush- 
 ed to the block to dip their handkerchiefs in his blood ; and 
 when Northumberland, one year after, was brought to the 
 block, these memorials were spread before him, to remind 
 him of the cruel part which he had acted in the death of 
 Seymour. (See Dudley, John.) 
 
 SEYMOUR, Lady.— Duchess of Somerset. Wife of 
 Sir Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset. She was placed 
 under arrest the next day after her husband ; but how long 
 she was detained, or what indignity she suffered, does not 
 appear. No crime was laid to her charge, of which we are 
 informed. 
 
 SEYMOUR, Lord Thomas.— Brother to Sir Edward 
 Seymour, the protector. He, also, was appointed one of the 
 council of regency in the minority of Edward VI, and was 
 created lord-admiral. After the death of Henry VIII, he 
 had married his widow, Catharine Par ; and after her death, 
 had addressed the princess, Elizabeth. Soon after his ap- 
 pointment to the admiralty, he got up a party in parliament 
 against his brother, the protector, but became alarmed, and 
 sought a reconciliation. He was, however, committed to the 
 tower, tried for treason, condemned, and executed. Although 
 the punishment was generally considered as just, the protector 
 was regarded as devoid of fraternal feeling, which caused 
 many to regard his own tragical end as a just retribution. 
 In point of talent, he is said to have been superior to the 
 protector, though he never enjoyed so great a popularity. 
 
 SEYMOUR.— Earl of Hertford, and eldest son of Pro- 
 tector Somerset. We hear very little of him save the story 
 of his marriage with Catharine Grey, and his treatment by 
 Queen Elizabeth. (See Catharine Grey.) 
 
 SEYMOUR, Lord Edward, Jr.— Second son of the pro- 
 tector. We hear but little of him. He assisted his father in 
 his Scottish wars, and afterward, in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 
SHA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 567 
 
 commanded a squadron stationed at Dunkirk to resist the 
 Spanish armada. 
 
 SEYMOUR, David.— A relative of the protector, Som- 
 erset, who was arrested at the same time with him, under a 
 charge of being, in some way, connected with him in crime. 
 As we hear nothing of his trial, it is fair to conclude, that he 
 was arrested only because he was one of the household, and 
 that nothing was known against him. 
 
 SEYMOUR, John. — Another relative of Somerset, ar- 
 rested at the same time, and under the same circumstances, 
 as the above. Neither of them makes much figure in history. 
 
 SEYMOUR, Sir Francis.— One of the most powerful 
 and influential members of parliament in the early part of the 
 reign of Charles I. Some of his speeches in parliament are 
 still preserved, which show the accomplished scholar and 
 gentleman, the sagacious statesman and the patriot whom 
 all the crowns of Europe could never have intimidated. 
 
 SEYMOUR, Lord. — Raised to the peerage some time 
 after the commencement of the troubles of Charles I. He 
 nobly defended the marquis of Strafford, on his trial before 
 the peers, and afterward assisted the marquis of Hertford 
 in raising an army for the unhappy king. All his well- 
 meant efforts, however, were unavailing. He was not on the 
 popular side, and he saw the failure of all his enterprises. 
 
 SEYMOUR, Sir Edward. — For some years speaker of 
 the eommons, under the reign of Charles II, until removed 
 by objections from the crown. It does not appear, however, 
 that the objection was personal, for but a short time after his 
 removal from this position, he was made a member of the 
 privy council, and after that ably opposed, in parliament, the 
 " exclusion bill," which was to prevent the duke of York, 
 (James II,) succeeding Charles. After the accession of 
 James, however, he was greatly dissatisfied with his admin- 
 istration, and was among the first to favor the invasion of 
 England by the prince of Orange. 
 
 SHAFTESBURY, Earl of.— (See Cooper, Sir Anthony 
 Ashley.) 
 
 SHAKSPEARE, William.— The peerless dramatist and 
 poet, was born on the 23d of April, 1564. Such was his 
 father's poverty, that his early education was almost wholly 
 neglected ; though he spent a short time in the free gram- 
 mar school of his own town, where he acquired a very im- 
 perfect knowledge of Latin. At the age of eighteen, he 
 
568 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 6HA.] 
 
 made what was thought an imprudent marriage, with a girl 
 eight years older than himself. No evidence of real attach- 
 ment ever appeared ; and although he surpassed all poets in 
 his delineations of the " tender passion," it is questionable 
 whether he had ever the least experience of it in his own do- 
 mestic relations. Some six years after his marriage, he 
 came to London, as has been said, to escape the penalty of a 
 "poaching scrape." Soon after reaching London, he dis- 
 covered capacities for the stage, and was engaged in some 
 of the lower parts of a play. Quickly, he rose to distinc- 
 tion, and from the position of the mere actor, soon began to 
 be known as one of the first dramatic writers of the times. 
 In fact, he did not advance to distinction by slow and mea- 
 sured steps, as most others have done, but at a single bound, 
 scaled the loftiest pinnacle of fame's proud temple. Beside 
 his thirty-six plays, he wrote several poetical pieces which 
 have commanded the respect ot the best of critics. From 
 the very first, his productions met with all the favor that could 
 have been desired, and the nobility of the land vied with each 
 other in the munificence of their donations. From the earl 
 of Southampton, (Henry Wriothesley) he received a present 
 equal, at this time, to $25,000, while several others scarcely 
 fell behind him in their liberality. The " maiden queen " 
 opened her treasury to him, and requested to see " FalstafF 
 in the character of a lover," which drew from his pen the in- 
 imitable play of the " Merry Wives of Windsor," and all 
 Europe was in extacies with the English dramatist. About 
 1613, he quitted London, and retired to his princely resi- 
 dence in Stratford, to repose on his laurels, and enjoy the 
 ample fortune which he had amassed. About three years 
 after this, on the 23d of April, 1616, the anniversary of his 
 birth, he closed his career of glovy, and on the 25th, ■ was 
 buried on the north side of the chancel of the parish church, 
 where a suitable monument was erected to his memory. His 
 wife survived him eight years. 
 
 SHARINGTON, Sir John. — A very corrupt man who, 
 in the reign of Edward VI, was in charge of the mint, at 
 Bristol. He attached himself to the interests of Lord 
 Thomas Seymour, in his fatal treason. A bill of attainder 
 was passed against him.; but his penitence or hypocricy, pro- 
 cured a reversal of it from parliament. He became a very 
 zealous protestant ; and Bishop Latimer said of him, " that 
 
S HA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. % 569 
 
 though he had been a most notorious knave, he was now so 
 penitent that he had become a very honest man. 
 
 SHARP, or SHARPS, James.— Bishop of St. Andrews, 
 Scotland, in the reign of Charles II. He was born in 1618, 
 and educated at Aberdeen. Early in life, he was a zealous 
 supporter of the presbyterian covenant ; but after the resto- 
 ration, embraced the royal and high church party, and was 
 elevated to the primacy. Immediately the covenanters made 
 war upon him, and an effort was made, in 1678, to assassi- 
 nate him. (See Mitchel.) In the following year, he was 
 waylaid by nine ruffians, in the neighborhood of St. An- 
 drews, and inhumanly murdered. He was riding in his 
 coach with his daughter, amid whose shrieks he was vio- 
 lently taken from his seat and despatched with 22 wounds. 
 
 SHARPE. — Perhaps a relative of the archbishop. He 
 was active in the war against the covenanters in 1668, and 
 was president of the military council by which great numbers 
 were executed for sedition and for violating the odious law 
 against conventicles. In the midst of his bloody work, a let- 
 ter came from the king, ordering the release of the prisoners, 
 but he saw proper to conceal it until he had satisfied the fe- 
 rocity of his nature by farther cruelties. 
 
 SHARPE Dr. — A clergyman of London who distinguish- 
 ed himself by his violent preaching against Romanism in the 
 time of James II. Orders had been issued against all vio- 
 lent, or controversial preaching; and for disobedience to 
 these orders, James ordered the bishop of London to sus- 
 pend Sharpe. The bishop replied that such discipline was 
 beyond his jurisdiction. In the mean time, he had advised 
 Sharpe to abstain from preaching until satisfaction should be 
 made. This, however, did not satisfy the crown, and prose- 
 cutions were ordered against both Sharpe and the bishop. 
 Soon after this occurred the king's abdication, and we hear 
 no more of the prosecution. 
 
 SHAW, Dr. — One of the minions of Richard III, a dis- 
 grace to the clerical profession. He was appointed, soon 
 after the death of Edward IV, to preach at St. Paul's on the 
 subject of the succession. He chose for his text, " Bastards 
 lips shall not thrive." He proceeded to show the illegitimacy 
 of Edward V, the heir apparent to the crown, (an infamous 
 slander,) and hence to argue the illegality of that arrange- 
 ment which had appointed him to the throne. He then 
 broke out in a panegyric on the duke of Gloucester, (Rich- 
 
570 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SHE. 
 
 aid III, (calling on the people to acknowledge, in him, the 
 true heir to the crown. It had been previously agreed that 
 Gloucester should enter the body of the church just at the 
 close of a certain nourish of the preacher, when it was hoped 
 the people would ah cry out for " King Richard !" Unfortu- 
 nately, however, Richard did not enter at the appointed time, 
 but coming in afterwards, the doctor was obliged to repeat 
 his rhetoric. The effect was to disgust the audience, and 
 both the preacher and the duke were deeply chagrined at the 
 ill success of the stratagem. 
 
 SHAW. — Brother of the above. Mayor of London at 
 the time of the assumption of the crown by Richord III. He 
 was a contemptible minion of power, and most probably 
 winked at the base murder of the infant prince, Edward V, 
 and the young duke of York. 
 
 SHAXTON. — Bishop of Salisbury in the time of Henry 
 VIII. He favored the reformation, and when the famous 
 " six articles," or " bloody statutes," were passed against the 
 protestants, resigned his bishopric. 
 
 SHE, Father Le. — This is Titus Gates' orthography of 
 Father La Chaise ; and the error of having omitted it at its 
 proper place causes us to insert it here. Doubtless, if Titus 
 Gates were looking for it, he would find it; whether any 
 other one will, remains to be seen. Chaise was a noted con- 
 fessor of the French king, Louis XIV, and according to the 
 story of Oates, was concerned in the popish plot of 1678 for 
 the assassination of Charles II and the establishment of 
 popery in England. Oates professed to know of his having 
 deposited 10,000 pounds in London, to be paid to the man 
 who should perform the meritorious deed of destroying the 
 king. The contemptible character of Oates, however, would 
 cause us to distrust the story, though it is well known that 
 Chaise exerted a vast amount of influence in England, all of 
 which was, of course, for the extension of papacy and 
 against the established government of the country. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, Lord Edward.— Raised to the peerage in 
 the reign of Edward VI, and soon after, sent to assist in 
 suppressing Ket's insurrection in Norfolk, in which he was 
 killed. 
 
 SHEPARD. — The man at whose house the meetings 
 were held for concocting the rye-house plot against Charles 
 II. On the discovery of the plot, he turned state's witness, 
 and his testimony went far to convict Lord Russell. 
 
SHU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ' 571 
 
 SHERBORNE.— Bishop of Chichester in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. He opposed the reformation, and distinguished 
 himself by the savage part which he acted in the conviction 
 and burning of protestants. Lambert, the schoolmaster, was 
 one of his first victims. (See Lambert.) 
 
 SHERFIELD.— Recorder of Salisbury in the reign of 
 Charles I. He distinguished himself by his opposition to all 
 religious ceremonies, and broke in pieces a painted window 
 of St. Edmund's church, in that city, boasting that he had 
 destroyed " the monument of idolatry." For this offense, he 
 was tried before the star chamber, fined 500 pounds, removed 
 from office, forced to make public acknowledgments, and 
 give security for his future good behavior. 
 
 SHIRLEY, Sir Hugh. — One of the Lancaster party who 
 fell in the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21st, 1403. 
 
 SHIRLEY, Sir Thomas. — A gentleman of much noto- 
 riety in the reign of Elizabeth, and also of James I. He 
 was, however, distinguished rather as a gentleman than as a 
 hero, or for any remarkable service rendered. He accompa- 
 nied the expedition of Elizabeth into Netherlands to assist 
 that down-trodden country against Spain, and perhaps, ren- 
 dered his share of service. In the reign of James, he was, 
 in some way, connected with the great controversy on the 
 question whether the crown had a right to imprison for 
 offenses not criminal, but of a private, or personal nature. 
 Whether he had been imprisoned, or was the cause of the 
 imprisonment of some other, is not clear. 
 
 SHIRLEY, Sir Anthony. — One of the principal com- 
 manders of the fleet of Queen Elizabeth, sent to the assist- 
 ance of Henry IV, of France, against Spain in 1591. We 
 know but little of him. 
 
 SHIRLEY, Dr. — Engaged in a chancery suit in the reign 
 of Charles II, 1675, with Sir John Fag, a member of the 
 house of commons. Being cast in court, he preferred a pe- 
 tition of appeal to the peers. The peers received the peti- 
 tion, and summoned Fag to appear before them. Fag 
 complained to the commons, and they espoused his cause, 
 and sent Shirley to prison. This led to a quarrel between 
 the two houses, so violent that the king was obliged to pro- 
 rogue the parliament. How long Shirley remained in prison, 
 we are not informed. 
 
 SHREWSBURY, Earl of.— (See Talbot, Lord.) 
 SHUTE.—A sheriff of London in 1681, under the reign 
 
572 * BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SID. 
 
 of Charles II. When the earl of Shaftesbury, (Lord Ashley 
 Cooper,) was committed for treason, Shute and Pilkington, 
 the two sheriffs, were careful to select such jurors as were 
 likely to favor the prisoner ; and to this precaution may, in 
 part, be referred the ready acquittal of Shaftesbury. 
 
 SIBBALD, Colonel. — A gentleman of high birth who 
 connected himself with the earl of Montrose, (James Gra- 
 ham,) in the service of Charles I. He fell into the hands 
 of the Covenanters at the same time with the earl, and suf- 
 fered the same penalty. 
 
 SIBTHORP, Robert. — A celebrated clergyman of the 
 church of England in the time of Charles I. He filled 
 several important stations and ecclesiastical preferments, all 
 of which were' taken from him by the puritan parliament, in 
 consequence of his devotion to the royal cause. After the* 
 restoration of Charles II, he was restored to his cures, and 
 lived until 1662. 
 
 SIBYLLA.— Wife of Duke Robert, and daughter of the 
 count of Conversana, in Italy. The duke married her on 
 his return from Palestine, and by lingering in the delightful 
 climate of Italy, even after the death of William Rufus, 
 when he should have been at home, he lost the crown of 
 England. But for this delay, it is said that Henry had not 
 supplanted him. 
 
 SIDNEY, Sir Robert. — An active and efficient ambassa- 
 dor of Queen Elizabeth. He distingnished himself by his 
 able representation of the court of England at several for- 
 eign courts, and generally gave great satisfaction, both at 
 home and abroad. He appears to have been, at one time, 
 engaged in the naval service against Spain ; though of this, 
 we have not much information. 
 
 SIDNEY, Sir Henry.— Father of the famous Sir Philip 
 Sidney. He was for eleven years, under the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, deputy of Ireland, and beside being connected with 
 one of the best families of England, was a man of rare tal- 
 ents and exalted virtues, and is said to have been the most 
 efficient deputy that had ever been in that country. He la- 
 bored under great disadvantages, however, though he made 
 a deep and lasting impression on the Irish nation. 
 
 SIDNEY, Sir- Philip. — Son of the above, and generally 
 regarded as the brightest star in the court of Elizabeth. He 
 was born on the 29th of November, 1554, and educated in 
 the university of Oxford, where his proficiency was such as 
 
SID.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 573 
 
 to make him a literary prodigy. After traveling on the con- 
 tinent for several years, he returned to London, where his 
 rare accomplishments, personal bearing, profound scholar- 
 ship, and statesmanlike sagacity, made him an object of such 
 general interest that the court, says one, " seemed maimed 
 without his company." He figured in many capacities, but 
 chiefly as ambassador to foreign courts, in all of which he 
 arrested attention, and won universal admiration. He pro- 
 jected several military and naval enterprises ; but such was 
 the queen's care for his personal safety, that she refused to 
 indulge him in any of them until she resolved on assisting 
 the Netherlands against the duke of Alva. In this enter- 
 prise, he took a deep interest, and she consented to make 
 him governor of Flushing, which brought him into military 
 operation. His first action, however, was fatal to him. Af- 
 ter conducting himself in such a manner as won for him the 
 admiration of both friends and foes, he received a shot in 
 the thigh, which, after a few days, terminated his earthly 
 existence. In his last hours, he shone not less gloriously 
 than in health and vigor. When a bottle of water was 
 brought him, as he lay on the bloody field, he saw a poor 
 wounded soldier near him to whom he immediately resigned 
 it, saying that the poor man's necessities were greater than 
 his. The courage of the hero, the calmness of the philoso- 
 pher, and the deep and fervent piety of the christian, gilded 
 the valley of death, and made it, for him, not less glorious to 
 die than to live. He died of his wounds on the 19th of Oc- 
 tober, 1586. 
 
 SIDNEY, Sir William.— All that we know of him is, that 
 he accompanied Sir Edward Howard in his attack on the 
 French admiral, Prejeant, before Brest, 1513. (See How 
 ard, Sir Edward.) 
 
 SIDNEY, Algernon. — Second son of Robert Sidney, 
 earl of Leicester, who was nephew of the renowned Sir 
 Philip Sidney. Algernon Sidney was born in 1622, and 
 when young acccmpanied his father to Paris, and afterward 
 to Italy, where he acquired a liberal education. As he was 
 destined for the military profession, he cultivated the love of 
 country, even while resident abroad, and this seems ever to 
 have been the ruling passion of his character. On his fa- 
 ther being appointed governor of Ireland, he was placed, 
 with his elder brother, Lord Lisle, in the Irish service, 
 where he greatly distinguished himself against the Irish 
 
574 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [SID. 
 
 rebels. At the commencement of the civil wars of Charles 
 I, he returned from Ireland, and though his father remained 
 loyal, attached himself to the popular party. He was placed 
 in command of a troop in the parliamentary army, and co- 
 operated with Fairfax and other generals of distinction. 
 Soon after the establishment of the commonwealth, he was 
 elected a member of the council of state, which position he 
 held until Cromwell, under the title of protector, threw off 
 the republican form of government, and usurped all the af- 
 fairs of state himself. This measure met with Sidney's un- 
 qualified censure, and he and the protector became from this 
 time, the most inveterate enemies. He retired to the conti- 
 nent, and never returned to his native country until 1677, 
 seven years after the restoration of Charles II. At the time 
 of the Restoration, he was urged to return, and was includ- 
 ed in the act of indemnity, but declined, saying that he still 
 entertained the same principles which had, at first, led him 
 to take up arms against the former Charles. During his 
 exile he resided in Italy, Flanders, Switzerland, and France, 
 studying the science of government. While in France, he 
 urged the king, Louis XIV, to invade England for the res- 
 toration of the commonwealth, which proposal, however, was 
 rejected, as we should naturally have expected. In 1677, 
 his father obtained a renewal of the act of indemnity in his 
 favor, and he returned to England, On reaching home, he 
 fell into a close intimacy with William Penn, the Quaker, who 
 exerted ail his influence to procure his election to parliament. 
 The royal party, however, was in the ascendant, and he was 
 not elected. Still, in private life, he wielded a mighty in- 
 fluence in opposition to the crown, and was charged, with 
 many others, with having received French gold for his ser- 
 vices. In 1683, he was charged with being concerned, with 
 Lord Russell, and others, in the Rye-house plot, for the as- 
 sassination of the king and the duke of York. Some man- 
 uscripts found in his study, in his own hand, were introduced 
 against him, and the bloody Jeffries did not hesitate to convict 
 him. On the morning of the 7th of December, 1683, he 
 was led to Tower Hill, and having kneeled down, after a 
 solemn and a*vful pause of a few moments, laid his head on 
 the block. Being asked by the executioner if he would rise 
 again, he replied in a firm and manly voice — " Not till the 
 general resurrection — strike on !" The order was obeyed, 
 and at a single blow, his head was severed from his body. 
 
SIG.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 575 
 
 Sidney may have carried his opposition to unlawful lengths ; 
 but the sincerity of his devotion to the cause of liberty, no 
 one will ever dare to question. 
 
 SIDNEY, Henry. — Brother to Algernon Sidney. Seems 
 not to have figured a great deal in public life. We learn 
 that he sympathized with his brother in most of his views, 
 and that he was among the first to invite an invasion of 
 England by the prince of Orange, in the time of James II, 
 for the restoration of English liberty. 
 
 SIDROC— (See Reginald.) 
 
 SIGEBERT.— Fifth king of East Anglia. He was the 
 half brother and immediate successor of Earpwold. He had 
 been educated in France, and hence came to the throne with 
 an open profession of Christianity, and was distinguished as 
 the advocate of learning. He is thought, by some, to have 
 been the founder of the university of Cambridge. He 
 reigned eight years, and perished in battle with Penda, of 
 Mercia, in 644. 
 
 SIGEBERT the Little.— Commonly reckoned the fifth 
 king of Essex — Sexted and Seward being reckoned as one, 
 inasmuch as they reigned conjointly. It is not improbable 
 that he was brother to the aforesaid princes, since some have 
 thought that he was associated with them before he became 
 sole monarch. He is called " the little " either from small- 
 ness of stature or from his inferiority to Sigebert the Good, 
 evidently for the purpose of distinguishing them. He is 
 thought to have died in 653, after a reign of 30 years. 
 
 SIGEBERT the Good.— Sixth king of Essex. He was 
 the successor, and perhaps the son, of Sigebert the Little. 
 His distinction, Good, was most probably founded on his 
 pious zeal in restoring Christianity into Essex, the country 
 having been mostly in idolatry since the apostacy of Sexted 
 and Seward, a period of some 30 years. He died in 655, 
 after a reign of two years, of which little is known. 
 
 SIGEBERT.— The fifteenth king of Wessex. He was 
 crowned in 755, but governed so badly that his subjects rose 
 in a popular insurrection, and dethroned him, placing Ce- 
 nulph in his stead. (See Cenulph.) Under the necessity 
 of quitting his own country, he fled to Duke Cumbrian, 
 governor of Hampshire, who gave him much good counsel, 
 at the same time v^ry decidedly condemning those unfortu- 
 nate acts of his past life which had led to his fall. This was 
 done in a spirit of the utmost kindness ; but the royal exile 
 
•576 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SIM. 
 
 was impatient of rebuke, and treacherously murdered his 
 protector. After this infamous deed, he was abandoned, 
 even by his friends, and wandering about in the wilds of 
 Hampshire, was discovered by a servant of Cumbrian's who 
 instantly avenged the murder of his master by putting him 
 to death. 
 
 SIGEFERT. — A Northumbrian freebooter who placed 
 himself at the head of a large body of Danes, and engaged 
 in an extensive piracy on the coasts of England. Being 
 well acquainted with the naval preparations of Alfred, he 
 framed vessels of a new construction, being higher and 
 longer, and much swifter than those of the English, But 
 Alfred showed his superior skill by building a number of 
 ships still higher, longer and swifter than his. With these 
 he fell upon the pirates on the western coast, took twenty of 
 their ships, and after trying the prisoners at Winchester, 
 publicly hanged them as the common enemies of mankind. 
 Whether Sigefert was included in this execution or not, is 
 not certainly known — though it is hardly probable that he 
 escaped. 
 
 SIGEFERT. — A Mercian nobleman who was treacher- 
 ously murdered by Edric. (See Edric.) The singular 
 beauty of his widow, who, after his death, was confined in a 
 convent by order of King Ethelred, afterward secured to her 
 the honors of royalty, as she became the wife of Edmond 
 Ironside. 
 
 SIGERED. — The thirteenth and last king of Essex. 
 Like the two who had next preceded him, he was not of royal 
 blood, and was really in subjection to Mercia. Not long 
 after his elevation to the throne, he began to feel the grow- 
 ing power of Egbert, the mighty prince of Wessex, to whose 
 victorious arms he at length yielded, and Essex, like all the 
 other states of the heptarchy, was absorbed in Wessex, 
 which became the kingdom of all England. 
 
 SIGERIC. — The twelfth king of Essex. Like his imme- 
 diate predecessor, Swithred, he held his sceptre by permis- 
 sion, if not under the protection of the king of Mercia. He 
 was not of the royal family. He is thought to have died 
 in 799. 
 
 SIGHERL— Eighth king of Essex. m He reigned 28 
 years, and died about 693. Beyond this, we know scarcely 
 anything of him. 
 
 SIMIER. — An agent of the duke of Anjou, sent over to 
 
SIM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 577 
 
 England to prosecute his master's suit for the hand of Queen 
 Elizabeth. Being admitted into the queen's presence, he 
 made such representations of the character, person, and de- 
 votion, of the duke, as arrested the attention of the "maiden 
 queen;" and while the suit was favored,, and even agreed 
 upon, Simier became for a time, one of the chief favorites 
 at court. Elizabeth came nearer being married this time 
 than ever before, or after. 
 
 SIMNEL, Lambert. — Son of a baker, but a youth of uni 
 derstanding above his years, and address above his cond— 
 tion. When fifteen years old, he was selected by Richard 
 Simon, the priest, (See Simon, Richard,) to personate a 
 prince of the blood royal, and thus to become a pretender to 
 the crown. Henry VII had but recently mounted the 
 throne, amid many jealousies and popular animosities, and 
 it was altogether probable that a fair pretender might cause 
 him trouble. At first, Simnel was made to personate 
 Richard, "the young duke of York, who had been suffocated 
 in the tower, with his brother, Edward V. When the story 
 began to prevail, that the duke was not dead, but had es- 
 caped, and was then in the country, much interest began to 
 be felt. Soon, however, Simon changed his plan, and re- 
 solved on having him personate the young earl of Warwick, 
 (Edward Plantagenet,) whom Henry had kept in the tower 
 ever since his accession. As much sympathy had been felt 
 in his case,, this report rapidly spread, and in a few months, 
 Simnel found himself surrounded by a strong army. On 
 meeting with the king's troops, a bloody battle was fought, 
 in which the pretender was defeated, made prisoner, and 
 carried to London. As he was quite too contemptible to be 
 an object of fear, Henry made him scullion in his kitchen, 
 whence he was afterward promoted to the rank of falconer. 
 
 SIMON. — 'Bishop of Norwich under the reign of Henry 
 III. He was seized by the earl of Leicester at the com- 
 mencement of his rebellion, as was the bishop of Hereford, 
 and thrown into prison, because he had published the 
 pope's bull, absolving the king and kingdom from their oath 
 to observe the provisions of Oxford. 
 
 SIMON, Richard. — A priest, resident in Oxford, who, 
 soon after the accession of Henry VII, conceived the design 
 of causing trouble by raising a pretender. Accordingly, he 
 met with the famous Lambert Simnel, whom he persuaded 
 to assume the character of the young earl of Warwick, then 
 
 25 
 
578 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SIW. 
 
 in prison. (See Simnel, Lambert.) On the defeat of the 
 enterprise, Simon was thrown into prison for life; his clerical 
 character protecting him against capital punishment. 
 
 SINCLAIR, Oliver. — A particular favorite of James V, 
 of Scotland. When James was waging war against Eng- 
 land, in 1542, Lord Maxwell, his general, became refractory 
 and disobedient, w T hereupon he was deprived of his office, 
 and Sinclair called from private life and placed in command. 
 
 SINCLAIR, Lord. — A Scottish peer who distinguished 
 himself in the court of James VI, when his mother, Mary 
 of Scots, was beheaded by Elizabeth. When intelligence 
 of the shocking tragedy reached Edinburgh, a meeting of 
 the council was called, at which all the courtiers appeared in 
 deep mourning, save Sinclair, who entered the council 
 chamber in full armor, saying that this was the proper mourn- 
 ing for the queen. Such indignation was worthy of a noble 
 peer. 
 
 S1NDERCOME. — An obscure man who undertook to 
 assassinate Oliver Cromwell. From various causes, the exe- 
 cution of the plot was delayed until the secret was discovered, 
 and he was brought to trial. So strong was the popular 
 feeling against the protector, that the accomplices of Sinder- 
 come could never be discovered, and it was with great diffi- 
 culty that a jury could be made to convict him, though the 
 evidence was clear. When everything was ready for his 
 execution, he was found dead in prison, supposed to have 
 destroyed himself by poison. 
 
 SIRICIUS. — An archbishop of Canterbury who advised 
 King Ethelred to pay to the Danish invaders ten thousand 
 pounds to induce them to quit the kingdom. This was one 
 of the first steps toward the ruin of that prince. 
 
 SITHRIC. — A Danish nobleman on whom King Athel- 
 stan conferred the title of king of Northumberland. (See 
 Athelstan.) 
 
 SIWARD. — A duke of Northumberland under Hardica- 
 nute and Edward the Confessor. Under the former of these 
 reigns, he co-operated with Earl Godwin and Leofric, of 
 Mercia, in the burning and pillaging of Worcester, because 
 of the people's resistance of the tax of danegelt. Under 
 the latter reign, he assisted the crown in resisting the rebel- 
 lion of Earl Godwin; and such was the vigor of his move- 
 ments, that Godwin was defeated, and, for a time, obliged to 
 quit the kingdom. After this, he gained much reputation by 
 
gLA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 679 
 
 his military operations in Scotland, in defense of his son-in- 
 law, King Duncan. When he found himself in the arms of 
 death, he caused his servants to clothe him in complete armor, 
 and, sitting erect on his couch, with spear in hand, declared 
 that in that position, the only one worthy of a warrior, he 
 would patiently await the fatal moment. 
 
 SKELTON. — A broken tradesmen of the time of Henry 
 VII who favored the pietentions of the famous Perkin 
 Warbeck. He visited Warbeck while he was in Ireland, 
 and induced him to venture over into Cornwall, where he 
 raised an army ; — all, however, to no purpose. 
 
 SKELTON. — Minister of James II at Paris at the time 
 of the popular outbreak which resulted in his abdication. 
 He took the liberty of urging the French king to remon- 
 state with the states of Holland against any invasion of 
 England. This had a bad effect; and James recalled Skel- 
 ton, and threw him into the tower, just before his leaving 
 England. 
 
 SKINNER. — A wealthy London merchant who, in 1668, 
 in the reign of Charles II, laid before the house of lords a 
 complaint of having received damages by the East India 
 Company. The lords entertained his petition, and ordered 
 the company to make restitution. At this, the house of com- 
 mcns took offense, alleging that the lords had acted in a ju- 
 dicial capacity; and after putting Skinner in custody, decreed 
 that, " whoever should be aiding or assisting in the execution 
 of the order or sentence of the house of lords against the East 
 India Company, should be deemed a betrayer of the rights 
 and liberties of the commons of England, and an infringer 
 of the privileges of the commons." Of course, Skinner 
 never collected his damages. 
 
 SKIPPON.— A brave general of the parliamentary army 
 against Charles I. He first distinguished himself at the 
 battle of Naseby in 1645, where he was badly wounded. On 
 being desired to leave the field, he declared that he would 
 remain as long as one man maintained his ground. After 
 this, he was actively engaged with Cromwell in maintaining 
 the military authority against the king. Of the time and 
 circumstances of his death, I am not prepared to speak, cer- 
 tainly. 
 
 SLANNING, Sir Nicholas. — A strong and determined 
 royalist, who, in the time of the civil wars of Charles 1, uni- 
 ted with a few other noblemen in Cornwall in raising an 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [gMI. 
 
 army for the king at their own expense. At first, he was 
 unfortunate, but in the battle of Stratton on the 16th of May, 
 1643, he and his associates achieved a brilliant victory. He 
 was killed, however, in the same year, in the assault of 
 Bristol. 
 
 SLATER. — One of the infamous associates of the infa- 
 mous Tyrrel in the murder of the infant princes, Edward V 
 and the duke of York. 
 
 SLEDA. — The second king of Essex. He was son and 
 successor of Erkinwin, the founder of the monarchy. He 
 succeeded to the throne in 587, and reigned 11 years. Little 
 is known of him. 
 
 SLINGSBY, Sir Henry. — Condemned and executed by 
 the high court of Cromwell, in 1658, under charge of hav- 
 ing entered into a plan of revolution. He was beheaded at 
 the same time with Dr. Huet. 
 
 SLINGSBY, Colonel Walter.— A devoted royalist who, 
 in the time of the commonwealth, was charged with having 
 entered into a conspiracy against the government. He re- 
 fused to plead before the high court of Cromwell, on the 
 ground of its being, in itself, an unlawful tribunal, and at 
 the same time made up of the most contemptible order of 
 men. He was convicted of treason, and executed. 
 
 SMETON, Mark.— Groom of the chamber ,of Henry 
 VIII. He was one of the occasions of Henry's jealousy of 
 his queen, Anne Boleyn. It was made quite apparent that 
 he had never been in the queen's chamber but twice, and 
 then only to play for her on the harpsichord. He was pre- 
 vailed on, however, by the vain hope of life, to confess a 
 criminal correspondence with her. This act of infamy avail- 
 ed him nothing, as he was immediately led to execution. 
 
 SMITH, Sir Thomas. — A special ambassador sent by 
 Elizabeth to the court of France, in 1567. Previous to this, 
 he had been professor in the university of Cambridge, and 
 subsequently, he was made secretary of state. Such patron- 
 age and promotion to men of letters was creditable to the 
 age. 
 
 SMITH.' — A contemptible fellow of the same stamp with 
 Titus Oates, and like him, employed in revealing popish 
 plots in the reign of Charles II. His stories were generally 
 heeded, because they agreed with the temper of the times. 
 
 SMITH, Aaron. — Said to have been sent by Algernon 
 Sidney to the earl of Argyle, Scotland, for the purpose of in- 
 
SOM.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 681 
 
 forming him of the progress of the rye -house plot, and ask- 
 ing his co-operation, (See Sidney, Algernon.) 
 
 SOLOMON. — King of Hungary, cotemporary with Ca- 
 nute, the great Danish monarch of England. It was through 
 his fidelity that the Saxon line was preserved, and afterward 
 revived, in the house of Plantagenet. On the accession of Can- 
 ute, which was by conquest, he had found two infant sons of 
 Edmond Ironside, whom he sent to the king of Sweden with 
 a request to have them destroyed. The Swedish monarch, 
 however, was too generous to comply with the i equest, and 
 secretly sent them to Solomon, who had them carefully reared 
 and educated. He married the elder of them, Edwin, to 
 his own sister, and to the other, Edward, he gave his sister- 
 in-law, Agatha, daughter of the emperor of Germany. 
 
 SOMERS, Sir George. — An enterprising gentleman who, 
 in 1609, set out from England with Sir Thomas Gates, both 
 having a colony for Virginia. Before reaching the Ameri- 
 can coast, however, the ships parted in a storm, and Somers 
 was driven on the Bermudas, which laid the foundation for 
 an English settlement in those islands. 
 
 SOMERS. — One of the five lawyers who appeared in be- 
 half of the bishops that had been prosecuted by James II 
 for refusing to publish his proclamation of indulgence to dis- 
 senters ; in other words, to Romanists, it being his object to 
 grant full toleration to that sect. 
 
 SOMERS, Lord.— Distinguished as the first patron of 
 Milton's Paradise Lost. About twenty years after the death 
 of the author, Somers caused a good edition of it to be pub- 
 lished, after which it came rapidly into notice. So much did 
 the reputation of literary works, in those times, depend on 
 the patronage of the great. 
 
 SOMERSET, Earl of,— (See Beaufort, Edmund.) 
 SOMERSET, Duke of.— (See Henry.) 
 SOMERSET, Duke of.— (See John.) 
 SOMERSET, Duke of.— (See Edmund.) 
 SOMERSET, Duke of.— (See Seymour, Sir Edward.) 
 SOMERSET, Duchess of.— (See Seymour, Lady.) 
 SOMERSET, Duke of.— (See Seymour, son of Sir Ed- 
 ward Seymour.) 
 
 SOMERSET, Earl of.— (See Carre, Robert.) 
 SOMERVILLE, Lord. — A Scottish peer who was made 
 prisoner by Henry VIII at the battle of Solway, in 1542, 
 Soon after the battle, Henry called Somerville, with the other 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SPE. 
 
 noble prisoners, into his presence, and agreed to release them 
 on condition that they would exert their influence in favor of 
 the marriage of his son, Edward VI, with their princess, 
 Mary, — the unfortunate Mary, — then an infant. They 
 readily consented ; and having given hostages for their fidel- 
 ity, were ail released. Somerville, however, never returned. 
 Whether his hostage suffered does not appear. 
 
 SOMERVILLE.— -A gentleman of the county of War- 
 wick, who, laboring under some mental derangement, and 
 hearing that the Romanists had declared it a most godlike 
 virtue to assassinate the queen, Elizabeth, came to London 
 for that purpose. His freedom of speech, however, soon dis- 
 covered his intentions, and he was thrown into prison, where 
 he destroyed his own life. 
 
 SOULES, Nicholas de. — One of the numerous pretenders 
 to the Scottish throne at the death of Margaret of Norway, 
 when Edward I, of England, was chosen umpire, and deci- 
 ded in favor of John Baliol. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, Earl of.— (See Fitz- Williams, Wil- 
 liam.) 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, Earl of.— (See Wriothesley. 
 
 SOUTHWELL, Sir Richard.— One of the twelve coun- 
 sellors appointed by will of Henry VIII, to assist the sixteen 
 executors to whom were intrusted the whole business of gov- 
 ernment during the minority of Edward VI. 
 
 SOUTHWELL. — One of four lawyers to whom the earl 
 of Southampton, keeper of the seals in the minority of Ed- 
 ward VI, assigned the duties of his office, when he might be 
 absent. This transfer of office was construed by the judi- 
 ciary into deprivation, and Southampton was deprived of the 
 office of chancellor, and placed in custody. The offense 
 seems to have been very unimportant, and but for the jeal- 
 ousies of the times, would, perhaps, never have been taken 
 notice of. No objection was urged to Southwell, save that 
 he was a canonist, and hence, might bring the common law 
 into discredit. 
 
 SPENCE. — One of the witnesses on whose testimony 
 Baillie was convicted under the reign of Charles II, 1683. 
 Spence and Carstares w T ere put to torture, which led them to 
 tesiify to the satisfaction of the court. But little importance 
 can be attached to testimony obtained under such circumstan= 
 ees. (See Baillie, aad Carstares.) 
 
 SPENCER, Lord — Earl ol Gloucester. A relative ol 
 
8PI.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 583 
 
 the two Spencers, (Le Despenser,) favorites of Edward II. 
 He succeeded, under the reign of Richard II, in procuring a 
 reversal of the attainder passed against his relations, long 
 since dead, and thus relieving their name from reproach. 
 After the accession of Henry IV, of Lancaster, he was de- 
 graded from the title of Gloucester, conferred on him by 
 Richard. Enraged at this, he entered, with many others 
 who hud been similarly dealt with, into the rebellion of 1400. 
 He fell into the hands of the royalists, and was immediately 
 beheaded. 
 
 SPENCER, Lord— Of the time of Charles I. Who he 
 was, what he was, or with which great party he sympathized, 
 we are not informed. Hume speaks of him as being a witty 
 peer. When the house of lords went in procession to church, 
 on a day of fasting and humiliation, the bishops being obliged 
 to give their place in the procession to the temporal peers, 
 Spencer remarked that the humiliation of that day seemed 
 confined to the prelates. 
 
 SPENCER, Hugh.— (See Despenser.) 
 
 SPENSER, Edmund. — One of the brilliant poets of the 
 Elizabethan age. He was born in 1553, and took his degree 
 of A. M. in Cambridge in 1576. Several early scintillations 
 of his genius served to arrest attention, and gave promise 
 of fame. About 1585, when Lord Grey of Wilton was sent 
 to Ireland as lord deputy, Spenser accompanied him as secre- 
 tary. After two years, he returned to London, but soon 
 after, in 1586, having obtained from the crown a liberal 
 grant of: land, which had been forfeited by the earl of Des- 
 mond, he went to Ireland, to reside on his estate. In his 
 castle of Kilcolman he wrote most of his poetry, and reared 
 his happy family. In the great rebellion of 1598, headed 
 by Tyrone, his castle was plundered and burned, and he and 
 his wife, with all their children, save one, narrowly escaped. 
 A young infant was left in the flight, which perished in the 
 flames. In the following year, January 16, 1599, Spenser 
 died in London, of a broken heart, and was buried with 
 much pomp, and a monument erected over him by Robert 
 Devereux, earl of Essex. 
 
 SPINOLA, Battista. — An Italian who led a body of Ital- 
 ian harquebusiers in the great Norfolk insurrection of 1549, 
 in the reign of Edward VI. He had been sent into Eng- 
 land by papal influence to assist the English Rorranists in 
 throwing off the protestant authority. It is probable that ho 
 
584 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [STA. 
 
 was executed, with most of the other leaders of the rebellion. 
 Better that he had remained in Italy. 
 
 SPOTSWOOD, John.— Archbishop of St. Andrews, Scot- 
 land, in the reigns of James I and Charles I. Bom in 1565, 
 and educated at Glasgow. Soon after James' accession to 
 the throne of England, he was made bishop of Glasgow, and 
 thence translated to St. Andrews, and made privy counsellor 
 and chancellor of Scotland. At the outbreaking of the civil 
 wars, he was obliged to resign his cure and retire to Eng- 
 land, where he soon after sunk under the painful contempla- 
 tion of his country's calamities. He died in 1639, and his 
 History of the Church of Scotland was published after the 
 restoration. 
 
 SPOTSWOOD, Sir Robert.— Son of the above. He was 
 a zealous royalist, and attached himself to the earl of Mon- 
 trose for the purpose of resisting the covenanters. At the 
 time of Montrose's defeat at Philip-haugh, he fell into the 
 hands of the enemy, and was immediately executed. He 
 was, at the time of his death, secretary of state in Scotland, 
 and was, perhaps, considered out of place on the field. 
 
 SPRAGUE, Sir Edward. — Was placed in command of a 
 garrison for the defense of Sheerness, when it was attacked 
 by the Dutch in 1667, under Charles II. He defended it 
 with great bravery, but was unsuccessful, and it fell into the 
 hands of the enemy. After this, in 1672, he was sent with 
 a squadron to attack the Dutch in the Mediterranean, but 
 with what success, we are not well informed. In 1673, he 
 had a naval command with the earl of Osory, under Prince 
 Rupert, and in the sea fight at the mouth of the Texel, when 
 he had been driven from two ships, and was going to hoist 
 his flag on a third, had his boat sunk by a shot, and was 
 drowned. Tromp, the Dutch admiral, was greatly affected 
 at his death, and bore high testimony to his valor. 
 
 STACEY, John. — A learned clergyman who, under the 
 reign of Edward IV, had the misfortune to be charged with 
 necromancy. The only foundation for the charge was, that 
 he was a good mathematician, for those times, and by the 
 application of this science to astronomy, was able to foretell 
 the lunar changes, eclipses, &c, &c, with an accuracy which 
 astonished the vulgar and excited their superstitions. This 
 was fatal to him, as he was the intimate friend of the duke of 
 Clarence, whose destruction Edward had determined on. He 
 
•TA.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 635 
 
 was brought to trial, condemned, put to the torture, and exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 STAFFORD, Sir Richard de.— One of the council of 
 regency in the minority of Richard II. This council con- 
 sisted of nine gentlemen, and was appointed by the house of 
 lords, in compliance with the special petition of the house of 
 commons, which was then rising into importance. 
 
 STAFFORD, Lord.— One of the English nobility who 
 espoused the cause of Edward Baliol, and assisted him in his 
 expedition into Scotland for the purpose of recovering the 
 crown of his father, which had been conferred on David 
 Bruce. 
 
 STAFFORD.— Earl of Devonshire. When the people 
 of Yorkshire rose in rebellion in 1469, Stafford was ordered, 
 with a body of five thousand archers, to co-operate with 
 Jasper Tudor, who had command of a large body of Welch, 
 against them. Stafford and Tudor quarreled about some 
 trifling matter, and the former returned home. Tudor was 
 defeated, made prisoner, and put to death by the rebels. 
 The king, Edward IV, ascribing the misfortune to Stafford's 
 desertion, caused him to be seized and executed in the same 
 manner Tudor had been, 
 
 STAFFORD, Sir Humphrey. — A zealous supporter of 
 Richard III. When Richard was defeated and slain at the 
 battle of Bosworth, Stafford took sanctuary in the church at 
 Colchester, but a bill of attainder was passed against him by 
 the parliament of Henry VII. Soon after, he withdrew 
 himself from the sanctuary, and raised an army against 
 Henry. This rebellion, however, was soon crushed, and 
 Stafford took sanctuary in the church of Colnham. On ex- 
 amination, it was found that this church had not the privilege 
 of giving protection to rebels, and he was taken thence, and 
 executed at Tyburn, 
 
 STAFFORD, Thomas.— Brother to Humphrey. He 
 was engaged, with him, in the battle of Bosworth, and in 
 the subsequent rebellion, with him, took sanctuary in the 
 churches of Colchester and Colnham. When they were 
 both removed from the latter sanctuary, he plead that he had 
 been misled by his brother and thus obtained a pardon. Af- 
 ter this, we hear no more of him. 
 
 STAFFORD, Edward.— Duke of Buckingham. Eldest 
 son of Thomas Stafford. He favored the cause of Henry 
 VII, and was freed by act of parliament, from the attainder 
 
 25* 
 
586 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [STA. 
 
 passed against his father's family, and restored to his for- 
 tune, which was very ample. After the accession of Henry 
 VIII, he was charged with having aspired to the crown ; and 
 although no overt act was proved against him, he was con- 
 victed of treason by Cardinal Wolsey, and executed on the 
 17th of May, 1521, amid the tears of a vast concourse of 
 people. He refused to ask the king's pardon, and died, 
 praying for his persecutors. " God have mercy on his soul !" 
 says the reporter of his trial, " for he was a most wise and 
 noble prince, and the mirror of all courtesy." 
 
 STAFFORD, Lord. —According to the story of Titus 
 Oates, Stafford was to be paymaster in the papal army which 
 was to invade England in the time of Charles II. (See 
 Oliva, De.) He was committed to the tower, and im- 
 peached for high treason. At the time of his execution, he 
 asked for a cloak to protect him from the inclemency of the 
 season, saying, " I may shake with cold ; but I trust in God, 
 not for fear." He solemnly disavowed the crime for which 
 he was to suffer, and prayed for the forgiveness of his mur- 
 derers. All were affected with a belief in his innocence, 
 and the executioner twice lifted, and dropped, his ax, before 
 he could summon courage to strike the fatal blow. His in- 
 nocence was generally believed, and this was the last blood 
 shed for " popish plots." 
 
 STAFFORD, Earl of.— (See Stamwood.) 
 
 STANHOPE, Sir Michael.— A favorite of the duchess 
 of Somerset. He was thrown into prison at the same time 
 with the duchess, which was the next day after the arrest of 
 the protector. No particular crime was alleged against him, 
 only that he was the friend of Somerset ; for this he was 
 condemned and executed, a few days after his master. (See 
 Seymour, Sir Edward, duke of Somerset.) 
 
 STANLEY, Lord Thomas.— Earl of Derby. Brother- 
 in-law to the famous earl of Warwick, the king-maker, and 
 step-father of Henry VII. He was united with Warwick 
 in the York cause, and unlike him, remained firmly attached 
 to that interest, until the close of the war, or until after the 
 death of Warwick and Henry VI. After the death of Ed- 
 ward VI he seems to have been devoted to his infant son, Ed- 
 ward V. At least it is manifest that the duke of Gloucester 
 dreaded his influence, as he threw him into prison about the 
 time when he began to manifest intentions on the crown, and 
 kept him in confinement, until he had mounted the throne 
 
STA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 587 
 
 under the title of Richard III. Fancying himself secure on 
 the throne, Richard then caused him to be released, and 
 Stanley, sensible of the danger in setting up an opposition to 
 the established government, feigned the most entire devotion 
 to Richard's interests. When the earl of Richmond, (Hen- 
 ry VII,) began to make arrangements for asserting his 
 claim, Stanley levied forces, professedly to assist Richard ; 
 but at the battle of Bos worth, chose his position near the 
 enemy's camp, and in the commencement of the action, 
 openly declared for Henry. This is thought to have deter- 
 mined the fortunes of the day. Soon after this, Henry 
 caused him to be created earl of Derby, 
 
 STANLEY, Sir William.— Brother of Lord Thomas 
 Stanley. He was associated with his brother in the com- 
 mand, at Bosworth, and with him, went over, at the com- 
 mencement of the battle, to the side of Henry VII. He is 
 said to have saved the life of Henry, when violently set upon 
 by Richard, in person; and after the battle, he brought the 
 crown of Richard from the field, and placed it on the head 
 of the conqueror. After this, Henry made him .his lord 
 chamberlain, and raised him to great distinction at court. 
 
 STANLEY, Sir Edward. — Commonly known as Lord 
 Monteagle. He distinguished himself in the Scottish wars 
 of Henry VIII, and acted an important part in the battle of 
 Flouden, in 1513.' It was for his gallant conduct on this 
 occasion that he was raised to the peerage under the title 
 of Lord Monteagle, his ancestors having commonly worn 
 the eagle on their breast. 
 
 STANLEY, William. — Of infamous notoriety in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. He was placed in command of twelve 
 hundred men, in charge of Deveuter, which trust he be- 
 trayed for a sum of money, to Spain, and deserted to the 
 Spanish service, with all his garrison. In extenuation of his 
 conduct it has been suggested that, being a Roman catholic, 
 he took alarm at the discovery of the Babington plot, and fled 
 for safety. This, however, can hardly be admitted, unless 
 it be on the supposition of his being concerned in it, which 
 would only enhance his guilt. 
 
 STANLEY, Sir Thomas.— A son of one of the earls of 
 Derby. He favored the cause of Mary, queen of Scots, 
 and consented to assist the earls of Northumberland and 
 Westmoreland in releasing her from her confinement and 
 carrying her to Scotland, or anywhere that she might desire. 
 
688 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [STE, 
 
 The project, however, was never consummated, nor do we 
 know what ever became of Stanley. 
 
 STANLEY, Sir Edward.— Brother of the above. He 
 stands connected with his brother in the same enterprise of 
 releasing the Scottish queen, and like him, is little known in 
 any other relation. 
 
 STAPLETON, Sir Philip.— Was a member of the com- 
 mittee appointed by parliament, in 1641, to attend Charles I 
 into Scotland, professedly to see that the articles of pacifica- 
 tion were executed by the Scots, but really to act as spies on 
 the king's person. After this, he became disgusted with the 
 plebeian domination of the army, and was one of the eleven 
 members whose expulsion from parliament was demanded. 
 (See Hollis and Massey.) 
 
 STAPLETON, Sir Bryan.— A prominent member of the 
 party of " abhorrers" in the reign of Charles II. The party 
 derived its name from its professions of abhorrence for the 
 doctrine that the subject had a right to petition the crown for 
 the calling and sitting of parliament. Stapleton and his 
 party were so obsequious to power that they abhorred this 
 doctrine. Complain's were lodged against them, as the ene- 
 mies of the country ; but how the matter terminated is un- 
 certain. (See Lord Paston and Sir Robert Malverer.) 
 
 STAYNER, Captain. — A naval officer of the time of the 
 commonwealth. He acted under Admiral Blake, and is said 
 to have been a good officer. 
 
 STEELE. — Appointed to assist Coke, as solicitor of the 
 people, in the prosecution of Charles I. It does not appear, 
 however, that he acted on the occasion. He was a man of 
 brilliant talents, and one of the first lawyers of his party, or 
 of the times. 
 
 STEPHEN.— Earl of Blois. He married the fourth 
 daughter of William the Conqueror, (Adela,) and became 
 the father of King Stephen Beyond this, he figures but 
 little in English history. 
 
 STEPHEN. — King of England: successor of Henry I. 
 The will of Henry was in favor of his only remaining legit- 
 imate child, the empress, Matilda. But Stephen, who was a 
 grandson of the conqueror by his daughter Adela, married 
 to Stephen, earl of Blois, hastened to England while Ma- 
 tilda was attending the funeral of her father, and succeeded 
 in making himself possessor of the crown by means of a 
 popular influence which he had previously gotten up in his 
 
STI.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 689 
 
 favor. He had received great kindness from Henry, and 
 even sworn fealty to Matilda as the lawful successor of her 
 father. These, however, were all forgotten by him, and 
 having induced the primate to perform the ceremony of his 
 coronation, he proceeded to the exercise of royal authority. 
 Matilda, assisted by her natural brother, the earl of Glou- 
 cester, invaded England, and succeeded in making Stephen 
 prisoner; but such was the strength and popularity of his 
 cause that she was, at last, forced to quit the kingdom. Soon 
 after this, however, her son Henry invaded England and 
 forced Stephen to treat with him. It was stipulated that 
 Stephen should reign during life, and that Henry should suc- 
 ceed him, Stephen died next year, (1154,) after an unpros- 
 perous reign of nineteen years, and was succeeded by 
 Henry II. 
 
 STEPHEN. — Count of Aumale. He was a nephew of 
 William the conqueror. Soon after the accession of Wil- 
 liam Rufus, Robert Moubray headed a conspiracy of the 
 barons with the design of dethroning him, and placing 
 Stephen in his stead. The conspiracy, however, was detect- 
 ed and promptly suppressed. It does not appear that he had 
 ever much influence in England. 
 
 STEPHENS.— A member of parliament in 1593, under 
 Elizabeth. When Peter Wentworth was committed to the 
 tower for introducing a bill settling the succession of the 
 crown, Sir Thomas Bromley was committed to Fleet prison 
 for seconding it, and Stephens and Welch for having previ- 
 ously known of the intention. 
 
 STIGAND. — Archbishop of Canterbury at the time of 
 the Norman conquest. Immediately after the battle of Has- 
 tings, he united with Edwin and Morcar, and many of the 
 English nobility, in proclaiming Edgar Atheling monarch of 
 England. Soon after this, however, finding it utterly impos- 
 sible to resist the growing power of William, he came and 
 tendered him homage, and afterward attended him, as did 
 many of the nobility, to the continent, He was still, how- 
 ever, an object of dislike to William, because he was of Eng- 
 lish birth, and had vast influence among his countrymen ; 
 and still more because he had been raised to the see of Can- 
 terbury by the expulsion of Robert, the Norman, on the 
 return of Godwin. For these reasons it was that he, though 
 primate of all England, was not permitted, according to the 
 custom of the nation, to officiate at the coronation of Wil- 
 
590 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [STO. 
 
 Ham, that honor being conferred on Aldred, archbishop of 
 York. So deep was William's animosity toward him that 
 he at length preferred accusations against him, for which, 
 notwithstanding their trivial nature, he was degraded from 
 his office and thrown into prison, where he spent the remain- 
 der of his life in the most extreme poverty and want, while 
 his estates were confiscated. 
 
 STILLINGFLEET, Edward.— Bishop of Worcester un- 
 der the reign of William and Mary. He was born on the 
 17th of April, 1635, and educated in Cambridge. Early in 
 life, he acquired a celebrity as the author of several contro- 
 versial works, and was so celebrated as the enemy of papacy 
 that he was said to have been particularly marked for assas- 
 sination in the "popish plots'' of the time of Charles II. 
 He lived but ten years after his elevation to the honors of 
 the mitre ; but such was his power as a controversialist that 
 before his death, he came to be reckoned among the first 
 polemical writers of the church of England. He died 
 March 27, 1699. 
 
 STILLINGTON.— Bishop of Bath under the reign of Ed- 
 ward IV. When the duke of Gloucester (Richard III) at- 
 tempted to prove the illegitimacy of Edward V , he asserted that 
 his father, Edward IV, had been privately married to Eleanor 
 Talbot by Stillington, some time previous to his marriage with 
 Elizabeth Gray, and hence that the latter marriage was not 
 valid, and the children of Elizabeth illegitimate. There was 
 not the color of truth in the allegation, and it is to be hoped, for 
 the sake of religion, that Stillington never gave his name to 
 so infamous a falsehood, — though he was declared, by Rich- 
 ard, to have made known the secret. It should be considered 
 that the story was never heard until after, the death of Stil- 
 lington. 
 
 STOKESLY.— Bishop of London at the time of the 
 commencement of the reformation under Henry VIII. He 
 was among those bishops who violently opposed the protestant 
 doctrines, and insisted on maintaining the papal authority. 
 
 STONORE, Sir John.— Chief justice of England under 
 Henry HI. He was displaced and imprisoned by the king 
 on his return from France, harrassed and vexed by ill for- 
 tune. The subjects of Henry always had occasion to dread 
 his ill fortunes. 
 
 STOREY. — 'One of the many conspirators against Crom- 
 well in 1658. On the discovery of the plot by Willis, Story, 
 
STR.j BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 591 
 
 with many others, was taken and hanged in one of the chief 
 streets of London. (See Ashton and Bestley.) 
 
 STOURTON, Lord.— A zealous Roman catholic of the 
 time of Edward VI. He is distinguished as the only tem- 
 poral peer who opposed the bill of attainder against Tonstal, 
 bishop of Durham. He and Cranmer stood alone in defense 
 of the injured and outraged prelate. (See Tonstal, bishop 
 of Durham.) 
 
 STOURTON, Lord.— Fined four thousand pounds for 
 being absent from parliament on the day when the gun- 
 powder, plot was to have taken effect. Being a Roman 
 catholic, his absence on that day induced the belief that he 
 was in the secret: but as nothing of the kind could be 
 proved, he was fined for absence. 
 
 STOWEL. — A prominent "abhorrer" of the time of 
 Charles II. When many of his party had been committed 
 by order of the commons, and the Serjeant at arms was about 
 to seize him in his seat,' (he being a member,) he refused to 
 obey the arrest, and boldly stood up in his defense, saying 
 that there was no law for his commitment. Finding him 
 unmanageable, the house yielded the point, and reported that 
 he was " indisposed," and could not be taken into custody. 
 (See Staple ton, Sir Bryan.) 
 
 STRAFFORD, Earl of.— (See Wentworth, Sir Thomas.) 
 
 STRANGE, Lord. — Eldest son of Thomas, Lord Stanley, 
 who, in the battle of Boswor,th, deserted Richard III and de- 
 clared for Henrry VII. Richard had suspected Stanley's 
 intentions, and hence had taken his son, Lord Strange, into 
 custody, hoping that so valuable a pledge might secure the 
 services of the father for a time. As the battle was about 
 commencing, Stanley's intentions became so apparent that 
 some advised Richard to take immediate revenge on Strange, 
 but he refused, alleging that it would be time enough when 
 the father had acted out his design. As Richard perished 
 in the battle, of course he never revenged himself on Strange. 
 
 STRATFORD.— Archbishop of Canterbury under the 
 reign of Edward III. He had the misfortune to incur the 
 king's displeasure at the time of his return from the conti- 
 nent, vexed and chagrined with his ill success in the French 
 wars. Many of the officers of the revenue were charged 
 with malversation, displaced from office, and thrown into 
 prison. Stratford happened to be from home at the time of 
 Edward's return, and therefore escaped the tempest at the 
 
592 BIOGRAPHICAL IKDEX* [sTU. 
 
 moment of its greatest violence. He had been charged with 
 the duty of collecting the late taxes, and as the royal coffers 
 were then empty, and the determination of the king was to 
 throw the blame on some one, and not to admit that it had 
 resulted from his ill-judged war, Stratford was charged -with 
 having been unfaithful to his trust. He repelled the charge 
 with indignation, and even menaced the king with excom- 
 munication, if he dared to infringe in any way, the rights of 
 the clergy or the great charter. When the parliament was 
 assembled, Stratford was summoned to attend. Soon after 
 this, however, he appeared before the gates in his pontifical 
 robes, and demanded admittance, which the king was, at last, 
 forced to grant. 
 
 STRAW, Jack.— This is the assumed name of one of 
 the leaders of the Watt Tyler insurrection. (See Tyler, 
 Watt.) 
 
 STREATER, Major.— An officer of Cromwell in the 
 civil wars. He did not, however, favor the aspiring views 
 of his general ; and when a council of officers was called to 
 discuss the subject of dissolving the Long parliament, he 
 showed much of wit, in the form of sarcasm. Harrison had 
 remarked that the general sought only to pave the way lor 
 the government of " Jesus and his saints." To this Streater 
 replied that " Jesus ought, then, to come quickly ; for if he 
 delayed it till after christmas, he would come too late, as 
 he would find his place occupied." He was so disgusted with 
 the ambitious views of the protector that he is said to have 
 withdrawn from public life as soon as possible. 
 
 STRICLAND. — A member of parliament in 1571, under 
 Elizabeth. He entertained puritanical views, and moved a 
 revision of the liturgy, for the purpose of abolishing the sign 
 of the cross in baptism. This gave such offense to the queen 
 that she ordered him to abandon his seat in parliament. The 
 authority of the queen,' however, was not sufficient to en- 
 force this arbitrary measure. Parliament was thrown into 
 great commotion, and Stricland was privately notified bj the 
 crown that he could resume his seat. The principle of lib- 
 erty, even then, was too largely developed to admit of such 
 high-handed measures. 
 
 STRICLAND. — A Roman catholic admiral in the time 
 of James II. In the midst of the king's general efforts to 
 establish Romanism in England, Stricland dismissed his pro- 
 testant chaplain, and established the mass on board his ship. 
 
ST. J.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 593 
 
 This caused a general mutiny among the seamen, and they 
 declared that they would not fight against the Dutch, whom 
 they regarded as their friends and brethren. After some 
 time, however, the admiral made such concessions as gave 
 
 STRIGUL, Earl of.— (See Strongbow, Richard.) 
 
 STRIGUL, Earl of.— (See Mareschal, William.) 
 
 STRODE. — A violent puritan in the civil wars of 
 Charles I. At the commencement of trouble in parliament, 
 he was imprisoned by the king for abuse of the liberty of 
 speech, which most probably made him more violent than he 
 would otherwise have been. Sometime after this, an effort 
 was made to convict him of treason, but failed, and we are 
 not informed what became of him. 
 
 STRONGBOW, Richard.— Earl of Strigul. This noble- 
 man was of the illustrious house of Clare. Having impair- 
 ed his fortune by extravagance, he consented to embrace the 
 cause of Dermot, the Irish prince, when he had applied to 
 Henry II for assistance against one of the petty princes of 
 Ireland. After sufficiently humbling the enemies of Der- 
 mot, he married his daughter, Eva, and at the death of that 
 prince, succeeded him in the government of his province. 
 Soon after this, he was created, by Henry, chief justice of 
 Ireland. From this time, the independence of Ireland stead- 
 ily declined, until the " Emerald Isle " became a part of the 
 English empire. 
 
 ST. JOHN, John. — A military officer sent by Edward I 
 into Guienne, for the purpose of defending it against the 
 French. 
 
 ST. JOHN, Lord. — One of the supporters of Queen 
 Margaret, just before the battle of Tewkesbury. But for 
 him, and a few others, that fatal battle had never been 
 fought. (See Margaret.) 
 
 ST. JOHN, Oliver. — Solicitor general under the reign of 
 Charles I. He was not the man of Charles' choice, but was 
 designated by the popular voice of the times. As the civil 
 war progressed, he developed great mind and firmness, and 
 soon became second only to Cromwell in the revolutionary 
 measures of the puritan party. After the establishment of 
 the commonwealth, he was prominent in the affairs of state, 
 and was commonly consulted by Cromwell in important mat- 
 ters. After the assumption of the protectorate by Cromwell, 
 
594 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, STU.] 
 
 we lose sight of him, nor am I prepared to say what became 
 of him. 
 
 ST. JOHN, Lord.— (See Paulet, Sir William.) 
 
 ST. LEGER, Sir William. — A military officer who serv- 
 ed in the Irish wars in the reign of Charles I. He is said 
 to hav r e been a brave and skillful officer, and to have render- 
 ed gool service. 
 
 ST. LO, Sir William. — Favored the protestant interest at 
 the time of the accession of Queen Mary ; and being sus- 
 pected of disloyalty, was thrown into prison until after 
 Mary's marriage with Phiiip of Spain, who caused him to be 
 released, with several others, as was believed, for the pur- 
 pose of making himself popular with the English people. 
 
 ST. PAUL, Sir John. — -Keeper of the privy seal of Eng- 
 land under Edward III. He was one of the many function- 
 aries of government who were displaced and imprisoned 
 during the very unamiable mood of Edward on his return 
 from his unsuccessful expedition against the French. 
 
 ST. PIERRE, Eustace de. — This name should never be 
 blotted from the page of history. When Edward III be- 
 sieged Calais, in France, and had reduced it to the last ex- 
 tremity, the governor proposed to surrender on condition that 
 the lives and liberties of his men should be spared. He was 
 told that the king of England was much incensed at their re- 
 sistance, and was determined to take vengeance on them. 
 Edward consented, however, to spare the city on condition 
 that six of the principal citizens would present themselves 
 before him with the keys of the city, themselves to suffer 
 for the offenses of all the others. The idea seemed, at first, 
 even more shocking than that of a general massacre. But 
 at length Eustace de St. Pierre stepped forward and pro- 
 posed to die for the good of the city. The noble example 
 was soon imitated by five others, and thus the number was 
 made up. (See Philippa, Queen of Edward III.) 
 
 STUART, Robert II. — King of Scotland. Nephew 
 to David Bruce. He figures but little in English history. 
 Suffice it to say that he was on terms of intimacy with 
 France, and hence not on good terms with Richard II o 
 England. 
 
 STUART, Matthew.— -Earl of Lenox. A Scottish no- 
 bleman, well known as the father of Lord Henry Darnley, 
 who was the second husband of Mary, queen of Scots. For 
 many years, he patronized the protestant party in Scot 
 
STU.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 595 
 
 land, and was the inveterate enemy . ol Arran, the gover- 
 nor. At the head of a strong force, he long menaced the 
 government, but was, at last, forced to abandon his enterprise 
 and fly to England. After the death of his son. Lord Darn- 
 ley, he claimed the regency, in the minority of his grandson, 
 James VI ; but although this honor was allowed him by 
 Elizabeth, of England, his old Scottish enemies remained, 
 and on the castle of Edinburgh declaring for Queen Mary, 
 he fell into the hands of that party, who instantly put him to 
 death; 1572. 
 
 STUART, Lord James. — Natural brother of Mary, 
 queen of James V, of Scotland. Though prior of St. An- 
 drews, he did not hesitate to take up arms in behalf of his 
 sister, and in some military enterprises, he gained much dis- 
 tinction. We know but little of him. 
 
 STUART, James.— Of Ochiltree. Earl of Arran, and 
 governor, or regent, of Scotland in the minority of Mary. 
 He was, at first, a zealous protestant, and even arrested and 
 threw into prison the famous Cardinal Beaton. When he 
 found a violent enemy in Matthew Stuart, earl of Lenox, he 
 renounced the protestant religion, and attached himself to 
 Beaton. At one time he forced Lenox to fly to England, 
 and for a long time waged war on the English "frontier. 
 Gradually, however, his authority declined, and he resigned 
 the regency to the queen dowager. After this, he turned 
 protestant, and attached himself to the " Congregation of the 
 Lord." He was greatly displeased with the marriage of 
 Mary to Lord Darnley, and entered into the conspiracy of 
 Stirling against her. Gradually his stormy spirit spent itself 
 in violent measures. He fled from Scotland to England, 
 and was ordered thence to France. What became of him, 
 we are not prepared to say. Some time before his death, he 
 fell under French patronage, and received the title of duke 
 of Chatelrault. 
 
 STUART. — This is the name of the third husband of 
 Queen Margaret of Scotland. After the death of her royal 
 husband, James IV, she had married Archibald Douglas, 
 earl of Angus. This marriage, however, proved to be an 
 unhappy one, and she obtained a divorce, after which we 
 learn that she married " a man of quality, of the name of 
 Stuart." Beyond this, I confess that 1 know nothing of him, 
 though doubtless, by a little trouble, more accurate informa- 
 
596 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [gUE. 
 
 tion might be obtained. It is not probable that he ever figured 
 much in public life. 
 
 STUART, Lord Bernard. — Commanded a troop of guards 
 made up of noblemen in the service of Charles I, in the 
 civil wars. This troop is said to have been one entirely of the 
 flower of the nobility, the wealth of which exceeded that of 
 both branches of the parliament which had voted at the com- 
 mencement of the war. Such an army would make a splen- 
 did pageant, but would not be likely to endure, long, the 
 hardships of real service, 
 
 STUART, Mrs. — A Scotch woman of beauty with whom 
 Charles II became greatly enamored. He is said to have 
 sought to gratify his passion for her by illicit embrace, but 
 finding her virtue impregnable, resolved on divorcing his 
 queen and marrying her. The earl of Clarendon, father-in- 
 law of James II, being anxious that James should inherit 
 the crown, and hence preferring that Charles should remain 
 childless, opposed this measure, and caused her to marry the 
 duke of Richmond. It has been said that Charles never for- 
 gave this disappointment. 
 
 STUART. — A Scotch lawyer who was banished for some 
 treasonable practices. After a time, he was pardoned, and 
 came to' England, when he became a chief instrument of 
 James II in the work of abolishing the " Test Act," and 
 raising the Roman catholics to influence in the kingdom. 
 
 STUART, Henry.— (See Darnley Lord.) 
 
 STUKELY.— An Irish fugitive who, in 1599, went to 
 Rome and persuaded the pope, Gregory XIII, to make his 
 nephew, Buon Compagno, king of Ireland. He immediately 
 accepted from the titular king the title of marquis of Leins- 
 ter, and thence visited Spain to obtain the assistance of 
 Philip in breaking down the English authority in Ireland. 
 Not meeting with the encouragement which he had expect- 
 ed, he retired into Portugal, and perished in the war of Don 
 Sebastian against the Moors. 
 
 SUDBURY, Simon. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the 
 early part of the reign of Richard II, or in his minority. 
 He was also chancellor at that time, and seems to have 
 acted an important in the government. He was murdered 
 in the tower by a party of the Watt Tyler rebels, who broke 
 into and committed several murders and many other out- 
 rages, in 138L 
 
 SUETONIUS PAULINUS.-A Roman general, sent 
 
SWE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 597 
 
 into Britain A. D. 59, by the emperor, Nero. His main 
 object was to subdue the island of Mona, since called Angle- 
 sia. This was the chief seat of the religion of the ancient 
 Druids, who were believed to be the most formidable element 
 in the British character. Suetonius executed his commission 
 with such courage and cruelty as led the emperor to recall 
 him, under the impression that such cruelty would rather in- 
 flame, than check, the patriotism of the Britons. 
 SUFFOLK, Earl of.— (See Pole, Edward de la.) 
 SUFFOLK, Earl of.— (See Pole, Michael de la.) 
 SUFFOLK, Duke of.— (See Brandon, Sir Charles.) 
 SUFFOLK, Duke of.— (See Gray, Sir Henry.) 
 SURIENNE, Sir Francis.— Governor of Mans, in the 
 province of Maine, while it was in the hands of Henry VI. 
 This being ceded to France by Henry, Surienne was ordered 
 to surrender the place to Charles of Anjou. Either ques- 
 tioning the genuineness of the order, or claiming the gov- 
 ernment as his own, he refused compliance. The place was 
 besieged by a French army. He made an able defense, and 
 yielded only when overpowered by superior force. 
 SURREY, Earl of.— (See Howard, Sir Thomas.) 
 SURREY, Earl of.— (See Howard, Lord Henry.) 
 SUSSEX, Earl of.— (See Godwin, Earl.) 
 SUSSEX, Earl of.— A son of Lord Mordaunt. 
 SUTTON, Sir John.— One of the favorites of Henry VI 
 against whom a petition was urged in 1451, praying that 
 they might be excluded forever from his court, and never to 
 approach within twelve miles. 
 
 SWART, Martin. — A German officer employed by Mar- 
 garet, of Burgundy, to lead a body of Germans into Ireland 
 and England to assist the pretender, Lambert Simnel, in 
 the reign of Henry VII. He perished in the battle of Stoke 
 in 1487, when Simnel was taken prisoner, and his prospects 
 forever blasted, (See Simnel, Lambert.) 
 
 SWEYN. — King of Denmark and commonly reckoned the 
 fifteenth king of England. For the manner and progress of 
 his invasion see Ethelred. After long-continued piratical in- 
 cursions with his Danish fleets, and levying heavy tributes on 
 the English, at different times, the payment of which he al- 
 ways made the condition of his departure, he at length boldly 
 proclaimed himself king of England, and required the nobili- 
 ty to take the oaths of allegiance to him, and to deliver hos- 
 tages for their fidelity. Ethelred, deserted by his subjects, 
 
598 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [SWI. 
 
 retired into Normandy ; and the king of Denmark, that 
 country of pirates and freebooters who had long been the 
 scourge of the British islands and the western coast of Eu- 
 rope, now sat on the throne of England, (1013.) Sweyn 
 did not long live to enjoy his new honors. Soon after his 
 establishment in the government, or after the departure of 
 Ethelred, he died, when his son Canute, not being accepta- 
 ble to the people, Ethelred was recalled from Normandy. 
 
 SWEYN.— The eldest son of Earl Godwin. He held the 
 title and authority of duke, or earl, in the counties of Ox- 
 ford, Berks, Gloucester, Hereford. He engaged, as did all 
 his brothers, in the rebellion of his father against Edward, 
 and with his father and two brothers, Gurth and Tosti, re- 
 tired into Flanders, when it became necessary that they 
 should flee the country. It is probable that he returned from 
 the continent with his father, and after the settlement of dif- 
 ficulties resumed his station in the government, as nothing is 
 known to the contrary. 
 
 SWEYN. — A king of Denmark in the time of William 
 the conqueror. When Edwin and Morcar headed the great 
 insurrection in the north of England for the purpose of 
 throwing off their Norman oppressors, they engaged the 
 services of Sweyn, and also of Malcolm of Scotland, and 
 Blethyn of Wales. As the insurrection was crushed in its 
 incipient stage, it is probable that Sweyn never landed his 
 forces, or if so, that he was not able to join the allies. 
 
 SWEYN. — Eldest son of Canute the Great. He seems 
 never to have aspired to the throne of England, having been 
 crowned king of Norway in his father's life. 
 
 SWITHELM.— The seventh king of Essex. Little is 
 known of him. He reigned 10 years, and is supposed to 
 have been a relation of Sigebert the Good, his predecessor. 
 He died in 665. 
 
 S WITHE RD.-— The eleventh king of Essex. He was 
 not of the royal family. The last of the blood royal had 
 perished with Selred. The sanctity attached, in those 
 times, to celibacy, or chastity, as it was called by the 
 priesthood, caused many kings and chief people to die child- 
 less: hence the vacancies which sometimes occurred in the 
 throne. Switherd was established on the throne of Essex by 
 the king of Mercia, to whom he was little better than a vice- 
 roy. His date must have been about 750, it cannot be de- 
 termined with accuracy. 
 
TAL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 699 
 
 SWITHUN. — An archbishop of Canterbury in the 
 ninth century. It was this ecclesiastic who prevailed upon 
 Ethelbald to divorce his mother-in-law, whom he had mar- 
 ried. Swithun succeeded in convincing 1 him that it was un- 
 lawful, or at ieast unnatural, that he should marry his father's 
 widow. 
 
 SYDENHAM. — A partizan and supporter of Oliver 
 Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, finding himself sup- 
 planted in the favor of Richard Cromwell, he, with many 
 others, turned against the protector, and exerted all his influ- 
 ence to procure his abdication. With all the noisy patriot- 
 ism of those times, the principle of individualism, was so 
 strong that the least personal affront was sufficient to change 
 a patriot into a rebel. 
 
 T 
 
 TAFFE, Lord. — Was placed in military possession of 
 Ross, by the parliament of the commonwealth. When the 
 army, however, determined on breaking down the authority 
 of the parliament, Cromwell presented himself before the 
 city, and TafFe was obliged to surrender. 1649. It is pro- 
 bable that he belonged to the moderate presbyterian party, as 
 most of the parliamentary officers were of that order, and 
 hence were nearly as offensive to the military independents 
 as were the churchmen themselves. 
 
 TALBOT, Lord. — One of the English nobility who en- 
 listed under Edward Baliol in his invasion of Scotland, for 
 the purpose of recovering his crown. He seldom appears in 
 history. 
 
 TALBOT, Sir John.— An able general of Henry VI who 
 commanded in the French wars. He had the misfortune to 
 encounter the famous ** Maid of Orleans," — Joan of Arc, — 
 and was taken prisoner at the battle of Patay. What be- 
 came of him, we cannot say. 
 
 TALBOT, Geoffrey.— One of the first of the English 
 barons who, in the controversy between Stephen and Ma- 
 tilda, declared for the empiess, and thus gave his influence 
 in favor of the treaty which led to the establishment of the 
 house of Plantagenet. 
 
 TALBOT, Sir Gilbert. — A famous military chieftain who 
 deserted Richard III and joined the forces of Henry VII 
 
600 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [tAY. 
 
 soon after his landing. He held an important command at 
 the battle of Bos worth, and contributed, in no small degree, 
 to the brilliant victory of that day, which forever united the 
 houses of York and' Lancaster. 
 
 TALBOT, Sir Gilbert.— Envoy of Charles II at the court 
 of Denmark in 1665. We hear of his concluding a treaty 
 with the king of Denmark, by which the two nations w r ere 
 united against Holland. But in this, Talbot was grossly de- 
 ceived, as at the same time, Denmark and Holland were 
 forming an alliance against England. 
 
 TALBOT, General.— Earl of Tyrconnel. One of the 
 chief minions of James II. Being a violent Romanist, he 
 was placed high in military rank, and intrusted with full au- 
 thority over Ireland. His conduct, however, was about as 
 silly as that of his master ;, and Lord Bellasis, himself a 
 zealous, though prudent, Roman catholic, once declared, with 
 an oath, " That fellow in Ireland is fool and madman enough 
 to ruin ten kingdoms." What became of him on the abdi- 
 cation of James, we are not informed. 
 
 TANEY, Luke de. — One of the captains of Edward I 
 in his expedition into Wales. 
 
 TARBAT, Viscount. — A Scottish nobleman who distin- 
 guished himself by his great activity against James II. He 
 co-operated with the marquis of Athole, and a few others, in 
 resisting the offensive mandates of the crown, and in the 
 popular movement for inviting the prince of Orange to in- 
 vade England for the recovery of its liberty. 
 
 TAYLOR, Sir John. — A gentleman of high birth and 
 accomplishments who favored the pretentions of Perkin 
 Warbeck, in the reign of Henry VII. He even made a 
 visit to him at Paris, for the purpose of tendering him his ser- 
 vices. Whether he really believed him to be the duke of 
 York, or whether he merely wished to encourage the story, 
 that he might give trouble to Henry, is not easy to determine. 
 
 TAYLOR. — Bishop of Lincoln in the reign of Queen 
 Mary. The date of his consecration, the writer is not pre- 
 pared to give : it may have been in the time of Edward VI, 
 or even as early as the latter part of the reign of Henry 
 VIII. It was he who first engaged the unfortunate school- 
 master, Lambert, in controversy, and afterward accused him 
 belore the ecclesiastical court. (See Lambert.) When 
 Mary celebrated her first mass before the two houses of 
 parliament, Taylor refused to kneel, for which he was se- 
 
TEM.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 601 
 
 verely handled. Whether he had come to favor the reforma- 
 tion, or whether he merely opposed the conduct of the queen 
 on political grounds, has been questioned. 
 
 TAYLOR. — A clergyman of Hadley who suffered by 
 fire under the reign of Queen Mary. As he was executed 
 in his own city, he was surrounded by his old friends and 
 parishioners. When tied to the stake, he rehearsed a psalm 
 in English, whereupon one of the guards struck him on the 
 mouth, and bade him speak Latin. Immediately after, 
 another gave him a blow on the head with his halbert, which 
 happily put an end to his torment. 
 
 TAYLOR.— One of the party of " abhorrers," of the 
 time of Charles II. He was greatly persecuted by the 
 popular party. For a definition of the word " abhorer," see 
 Stapleton, Sir Bryan. 
 
 TELIOL, Humphrey de. — A Norman baron who was 
 raised to great authority by William immediately after the 
 Conquest. He seems, however, with all his honors, to have 
 been uncomfortable amid the violence of English opposition, 
 or perhaps to have become disgusted with the arrogance of 
 the Conqueror, and after a short term of service, asked per- 
 mission, as did many of the barons, to retire into Normandy. 
 Permission was granted, but William punished the desertion 
 with the confiscation of his estates. 
 
 TEMPEST Nicholas. — ■ Concerned in the rebellions of 
 1537, under Henry VIII. He was arrested and thrown 
 into prison by the duke of Norfolk, and most probably put 
 to death, as this was the fate of nearly all the prisoners. 
 
 TEMPLE. — A justice, or counsellor, sent into Ireland by 
 Charles I to assist in the administration of the government. 
 As he favored the popular party, against the crown, he was 
 removed from office, and his place filled by one more devoted 
 to the royal service. 
 
 TEMPLE, Sir William. — A most accomplished ambassa- 
 dor of Charles II. Most of his public services were em- 
 ployed in Holland, where he conducted himself with so much 
 dignity and manly openness of character as commanded uni- 
 versal respect and confidence. So far was he above all court 
 trickery that Charles, when about to propose some dishonora- 
 ble measures in that country, was obliged to recall him, — 
 though he soon after restored him to the same responsible 
 post. He was, also, a writer of the very highest order of 
 his times, and has left several literary works which are still 
 
 26 
 
602 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [THI. 
 
 regarded with great respect by the learned. He died in 
 1698, in the seventieth year of his age, leaving what is 
 " betier than precious ointment." 
 
 TEMSE. — A member of the parliament of Henry VIII 
 in 1532. All that we know of him is that he moved an ad- 
 dress to the king, requesting him to abandon the idea of 
 divorcing his queen, Catharine of Arragon. This was a 
 bold movement for a commoner, in those times ; but very 
 strangely Henry met it with argument, and seemed more 
 grieved than displeased. 
 
 TERRY. — Fined two thousand pounds in the star cham- 
 ber, m the reign of Charles I for violating the law against 
 the exportation of gold. 
 
 TESMOND. — A Jesuit who flourished in England in the 
 time of Elizabeth and James I. He was one of the chief 
 actors in the Gun-powder plot. It was he who met the 
 scruple of many of the Roman catholics about blowing up 
 the parliament house, which must necessarily contain, at the 
 time, many Romanists, as well as Protestants. He argued 
 that it was consistent with the scheme of providence that 
 great good should be accomplished even by the suffering of 
 many innocent persons, along with the guilty. (See Gar- 
 net.) 
 
 THEOBALD. —Elder brother of King Stephen. He 
 succeeded his father Stephen, as earl of Blois. 
 
 THEOBALD. — Archbishop of Canterbury, at the time 
 of the contest between king Stephen and the Empress Ma- 
 tilda. He one was of the first to do homage to the empress 
 ter her arrival in England, and was her devoted adherent. 
 He received a legatine commission from the pope, under 
 which he exerted great influence in the country, but could 
 never raise Matilda to the throne. 
 
 THEOBALD, Sir George.— A servant of Charles I. 
 All that we know of him is incidentally given in the account 
 of Morley's conduct. Morley, it seems, challenged and 
 struck him, in the court of -Whitehall, for which violence he 
 was fined 10,000 pounds. 
 
 THEODORE. — The archbishop of Canterbury who, in 
 680, assembled the synod of Hatfield, consisting of all the 
 bishops of Britain, for the purpose of ratifying the decrees of 
 the Lateran council, recently held at Constantinople, against 
 the Monothelite heresy. 
 
 THIRLEBY.— Bishop of Ely in the time of Queen Ma- 
 
THO.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 603 
 
 ry. He was one of the commissioners sent to the pope, soon 
 after Mary's accession, to ask the admission of England into 
 the bosom of the Romish church. During that bloody reign, 
 he seems to have assented to all the cruelties practised on 
 the protestants, but seldom to have made himself active. He 
 assisted Bonner, however, in the degradation of Archbishop 
 Cranmer, just before his execution. 
 
 THIRLSTONE, Lord.— Secretary of James VI, while 
 he was yet in Scotland, before his accession to the throne 
 of England. We know but very little of him. He is said 
 to have been a skeptic in religion, and to have advised the 
 king, at one time, to give himself no concern about the af- 
 fairs of the church, for which he received a well merited re- 
 buke from his majesty. 
 
 THOMAS. — A Norman monk who was raised under the 
 reign of William the Conqueror, to the see of Canterbury. 
 Little is known of him. 
 
 THOMAS.— Of Brotherton. Second son of Edward I. 
 He was earl of Norfolk and mareschal of England. History 
 has preserved little of him save his inglorious sacrifice of 
 honor and paternal affection in uniting with the infamous 
 Queen Isabella against his brother, Edward II. (See Isa- 
 bella.) 
 
 THOMAS. — Earl of Lancaster, and cousin-german to 
 Edward II. He is said to have been the most opulent and 
 powerful subject in England, and to have possessed no less 
 than six earldoms. He was the most active of all the ba- 
 rons against Piers Gavaston, the favorite of Edward II, and 
 took upon himself the responsibility of ordering his execu- 
 tion. He refused to attend Edward on his Scottish expedi- 
 tion, and insulted his misfortunes after the defeat of Ban- 
 nockburn. After this, when the ministry was remodeled, 
 he was placed at the head of the council, where he was sus- 
 pected, not without good reason, of holding a secret corres- 
 pondence with the king of Scotland, and doing everything 
 in his power to disappoint and defeat the enterprises of his 
 country. As soon as the king's attachment to the Spensers 
 was known, Lancaster became quite as violent against them 
 as he had been against Gavaston, and being joined by sev- 
 eral of the most powerful barons, called upon him to dismiss 
 or confine them, which demand was accompanied with me- 
 naces and violence. After suffering much insult to himself 
 and family, the king assembled an army and proceeded to 
 
604 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [THO. 
 
 chastise the outrages. Lancaster then openly declared his 
 alliance with Scotland, and called for re-inforcements from 
 that country. He was defeated, however, by the royal 
 forces, and carried to the king. Being guilty of open re- 
 bellion, he was tried by a court martial, condemned and 
 executed. 
 
 THOMAS.— Of Woodstock.— Duke of Gloucester and 
 earl of Buckingham. Fifth son of Edward III, and brother 
 to the famous Black Prince. He had, in common with his 
 two brothers, the dukes of Lancaster and York, a sort of 
 guardianship over the young prince, Richard II, during his 
 minority, and being of a bold and turbulent temper, did not 
 fail to make his influence felt throughout the kingdom. The 
 effect of his bold and daring measures was greatly to vex the 
 king, until he even conceived the design of throwing off his 
 uncles and taking the government in his own hands. Glou- 
 cester procured the impeachment by parliament, of some of 
 the ministers. Next he succeeded in procuring the appoint- 
 ment of a council of fourteen, commonly known as the com- 
 mission of Gloucester, in whom was vested all the executive 
 authority of the nation ; and when the king attempted to 
 resist this measure, by which he was virtually dethroned, 
 Gloucester raised an army, defeated the royal forces, and be- 
 headed nearly all who had assisted the king. When Richard 
 had come to the age of twenty-three, and fully taken hold of 
 the reins of government, he caused Gloucester to be remov- 
 ed from the council, and on hearing, soon after, of his violent 
 intentions, had him arrested and sent over to Calais, in 
 France, where he was soon after assasinated, as was gener- 
 ally believed, by private orders from Richard. He was the 
 most powerful prince of his times, and his revenues exceed- 
 ed those of the crown itself. He died some time in July or 
 August, 1397. 
 
 THOMAS.— Duke of Clarence. Son of Henry IV. He 
 was appointed by his brother, Henry V, to preside on the 
 trial of Lord Scrope and the earl of Cambridge. He after- 
 wards accompanied his brother on an expedition into France, 
 where he was defeated in the battle of Bauge and slain by 
 Sir Allan Swinton, a Scotch knight, who had gone, with 
 many others of his countrymen, to assist the French against 
 an unlawful invasion. (1421.) 
 
 THOMSON. — A prominent demagogue of the party 
 called " levelers," in the time of the protectorate. At an early 
 
THR.] BIOGRAPHICAL tKDEX. 60& 
 
 period of his career, he was tried and condemned for trea- 
 son by a court-martial, but pardoned by Cromwell. In 1649, 
 he raised an army of 4,000 men for the purpose of resisting 
 the established government. He was easily checked, and 
 his rebellion suppressed, but whether he was capitally pun- 
 ished does not appear. 
 
 A-"on7ViO]Ni), Earl of. — -An Irish chief who, in 1570, 
 under Elizabeth, attempted a rebellion in Connaught, but 
 was obliged to fly into France before his designs were ripe 
 for execution. I am not prepared to give his proper name, 
 nor to tell anything more of him. 
 
 THOUARS, Aimeri de. — One of the nobility who enlist- 
 ed under the standard of William, duke of Normandy, (the 
 conqueror,) in his invasion of England. 
 
 THROGMORTON, or THROCKMORTON, Sir Nich- 
 olas.^ — Charged with having favored the pretension of the 
 Lady Jane Grey. He was brought to trial immediately after 
 the accession of Mary ; but there appearing only slight evi- 
 dence against him, the jury found a verdict in his favor. 
 For this, the queen was so enraged that sko imposed enor- 
 mous fines on several of the jurors and held Throgmorton 
 still in custody for several months, until after her marriage 
 with Philip, of Spain, "-ho, in his affectations of popularity, 
 released him, with many others, from prison. After this, he 
 lived through part of the reign of Elizabeth, spending most 
 of his time as ambassador to Scotland and France. Being 
 suspected of being in the seeret of the projected marriage of 
 the duke of Norfolk to Queen Mary, of Scots, Elizabeth 
 sent him to the tower, and never restored him to her confi- 
 dence. He died on the 12th of February, 1571, as was 
 generally believed, from poison, aged 58. 
 
 THOGMORTON, Sir John.— Brother of the above. He, 
 too, was charged with having favored the claims of Lady Jane 
 Gray ; and, on no better evidence than that brought against 
 his brother, was condemned and executed. The severities 
 exercised on the jurors after the former trial had secured the 
 effect intended. All writers agree, that while the Thogmor- 
 tons were zealous protestants, they had so much respect for 
 the laws of succession as could never have allowed them to 
 think of favoring the Lady Jane. Their protestant religion 
 was, most probably, the chief ground of Mary's violence to- 
 ward them. 
 
 THROGMORTON, Francis.— Executed for.treason on 
 
606 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [TIB. 
 
 account of a letter which he wrote to Queen Mary, of Scots, 
 in 1 584, which was intercepted. He at first confessed that 
 a plan was laid for an insurrection, but on his trial, declared 
 that the confession had been made in view of the rack, and 
 for the sole purpose of escaping torture. This, however, was 
 not admitted. 
 
 THURKESBY, Roger de.— One of the justice *c tr- -,- 
 III. When Henry began to practice the dispensing power 
 in his grants and patents, and pleaded in justification of the 
 practice that the pope had done so, and that he might follow 
 the example, Thurkesby is said to have exclaimed, " Alas ! 
 what times are we fallen into! Behold, the civil court is 
 corrupted in imitation of the ecclesiastical, and the river is 
 poisoned from the fountain." 
 
 THURKETILL. — A great Danish chief who made an 
 incursion into England in the time of Edward the Elder. 
 His stay in the island seems to have been short. He was 
 opposed by Edward with such energy that he retired into 
 France, where we afterward find him carrying on his depre- 
 dations with a fierceness and daring which little bespoke a 
 leader that had been eo recently vanquished. 
 
 THURKILL. — Duke, or earl, of East Anglia by ap- 
 pointment of Canute the Great. He was one of the many 
 Englishmen who were promoted by the Danish monarch for 
 the purpose of reconciling his English subjects to his gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 THURLOE. — Secretary of Cromwell. Such was his 
 vigilance, and so perfect "was his system of espionage, that 
 scarcely a thought could be breathed in England without 
 coming to the ears of the protector. He was a man after 
 Cromwell's own heart. 
 
 THWAITES, Sir Thomas.— A gentleman of high birth 
 and noble character who favored the claims of Perkin 
 Warbeck, the famous pretender, under the reign of Henry 
 VIII. For the interest which he took in this matter, he was 
 convicted of treason, and sentence of death passed upon him, 
 but afterward received a pardon. 
 
 TIBETOT, John.— Earl of Worcester in .the reign of 
 Edward IV. At the time of Edward's flight from the king- 
 dom and the restoration of Henry VI, by Queen Margaret 
 and the earl of Warwick, Tibetot, a zealous supporter of 
 Edward, attempted to conceal himself, but was discovered on 
 the top of a tree in the forest, whence he was taken to Lon- 
 
TIL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 607 
 
 don, tried, condemned, and executed. He is said to have 
 been a prodigy, in his time, for his remarkable attainments 
 in letters and science. 
 
 TICHBORNE. — Concerned in the Babington conspiracy 
 for the assassination of Elizabeth and the elevation of Mary, 
 of Scots, to the throne of England. Like Charles Tilney, he 
 was, at first, shocked at the idea of so bloody a deed ; but 
 when tho gcxiius of his religion, (Roman Catholic,) was in- 
 voked, he yielded, and consented to co-operate with the party 
 for removing a Protestant and placing a Romanist on the 
 throne. (See Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 TICHBURN. — A London Alderman who, in the pro- 
 tectorate of Richard Cromwell, influenced the militia to de- 
 clare against the government, and return to what they called 
 "the good old course." This resolution was soon followed by 
 Richard's abdication. 
 
 TICHELAER. — A barber of Dort who raised the ridic- 
 ulous story of Cornelius De Wit having attempted to bribe 
 him to poison the prince of Orange. The whole story was 
 contemptible ; but as De Wit had unjustly fallen under pop- 
 ular odium, it was received by the court, and the brave sea- 
 man was ruined. (See De Wit, Cornelius.) 
 
 TIDDIMAN, Sir Thomas. — A naval officer of some no- 
 toriety in the reign of Charles II. He co-operated with, or 
 rather, under the duke of York and the earl of Sandwich in 
 the Dutch wars. We are not well informed, however, as to 
 the amount of service which he rendered, nor what was the 
 success which attended his enterprises. 
 
 TIES, Waleran de. — After Richard, brother of Henry 
 III, had received the earldom, of Cornwall, it appeared 
 that there was a manor belonging to Ties which had former- 
 ly belonged to the earldom. Richard claimed it as a 
 part of his estate, and expelled the proprietor. Henry in- 
 formed him that it had been granted to Ties while the whole 
 earldom belonged to the crown, and hence that he had no 
 claim on it whatever. The earl replied that he would not 
 submit until the cause should be decided against him by the 
 judgment of his peers. Henry decided that the cause could 
 not be decided until he should restore Ties to the estate. 
 This controversy had well nigh led to a civil war. 
 
 TILBY. — One of the leaders of the great insurrection of 
 1537, under Henry VIII. He co-operated with Musgrave 
 and beseiged Carlisle with an army of 8,000 men. Being 
 
608 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ["TOM. 
 
 repulsed by the city they were immediately encountered by 
 the duke of Norfolk, and all the officers, including Tilby, 
 (Musgrave excepted,) taken and executed by martial law. 
 
 TILNEY, Charles.— One of the conspirators in the fa- 
 mous Babington plot for the assassination of Queen Eliza- 
 beth and the elevation of Mary, of Scots, to the throne of 
 England. He was the heir of an ancient and noble fam- 
 ily, and entertained such high notions of honor and right as 
 caused him, at first, to object to the plot. His religious prin- 
 ciples, however, were appealed to, and being a zealous Ro- 
 manist, he consented to co-operate. Whether he suffered 
 for the part which he acted, or whether he escaped does not 
 appear. 
 
 TIREL.— Baron of Kelly. An Irish chief who, in 1601, 
 co-operated with Alphonso Ocampo, the Spaniard, in an ef- 
 fort to throw off the authority of England and restore the in- 
 dependence of Ireland. As the insurrection was promptly 
 suppressed he did not have an opportunity to gather many 
 laurels. 
 
 TlTILLUS. — This seems to have been the name of the 
 second king of East Anglia. But little is known of him, 
 though he is supposed to have been the son of Uffa, the foun- 
 der of that monarchy. The best accounts seem to show that 
 he came to throne immediately after the death of Uffa in 
 578, and reigned 21 years. 
 
 TITUS, Colonel. — A violent enemy of Cromwell who 
 published a letter over the signature of "Allen," in which he 
 exhorted the friends of liberty to resort to assassination, as 
 their last hope, and insisted that killing a tyrant was no 
 murder. After the restoration of Charles II, he was made 
 a member of parliament, and was one of the strong suppor- 
 ters of the " exclusion bill," to prevent the duke of York, 
 (James II,) from inheriting the crown. To his infamy, it 
 must be said that he was among those members said to have 
 bargained the liberties of their country for French gold. 
 f! TOM. — A servant of the sub-prior of St. Andrews, in 
 Scotland, who, about the time of the reformation, observed 
 great excitement among the priesthood, in consequence of a 
 controversy as to whom the pater should be addressed, 
 whether to God or the saints. On learning the nature of 
 the controversy, he volunteered his opinion; — "To whom 
 sir, should it be said, but unto God ? " " But then," said his 
 master, " What shall we do with the saints ? " To this Tom 
 
TON.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 609 
 
 replied, " Give them aves and creeds enow, in the devil's 
 name ; for that may suffice them." The opinion of Tom 
 was highly applauded. 
 
 TOMKINS. — Brother-in-law to the famous Edward 
 Waller, of the time of Charles I. He fell in with the views 
 of Waller for organizing a party, consisting of peers and 
 citizens, for the purpose of restraining the violence of the 
 commons. Unfortunately, however, a conversation between 
 Waller, Tomkins, and Chaloner was overheard by a servant 
 of Tomkins, who reported it to Pym, and Tomkins and 
 Chaloner were both executed on gibbets erected before their 
 own doors. Thus were the most conservative elements of 
 the nation unceremoniously sacrificed by the violence of the 
 dominant party. Tomkins was a moderate presbyterian. 
 
 TOMLINSON, Colonel. — At the commencement of the 
 civil wars of Charles I, he was a zealous supporter of the 
 popular party. After the arrest of the king, Tomlinson was 
 placed in charge of him ; and the result was, that in a few 
 months, the amiable and christian deportment of the king 
 wrought an entire change in his mind. He remained, how- 
 ever, in charge of him, to the moment of his execution, and 
 the dying words of the king were particularly addressed to 
 him, as to a friend who would iully appreciate them. It has 
 often been remarked that those of the king's worst enemies 
 who were closest to his person at the time of his confinement, 
 became convinced of the honesty of his views and the purity 
 of his intentions. 
 
 TONGUE, Dr.— A divine of the church of England in 
 the time of Charles II. He is said to have been a man of 
 active and restless spirit, and void of ordinary judgment. 
 This, we should have inferred from the fact of his being the 
 first one to hearken to the stories of Titus Gates. Such was 
 the temper of the parliament, however, that he was immedi- 
 ately lionized, and recommended for the first church prefer- 
 ment that should be vacant. 
 
 TONSON.— Editor of an edition of "Milton's Paradise 
 Lost" some twenty years after the author's death. He speaks 
 of it, in his dedication, as a work just then beginning to be 
 known. 
 
 TONSTAL, Sir* Richard. — An ambassador of Henry 
 VII to France in 15S8. He accompanied Urswic, ths ab- 
 bot of Abingdon, for the purpose of settling a controversy 
 
 26* 
 
610 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [TOS. 
 
 I between France and the duchy of Brittany. The mission, 
 however, was unsuccessful. (See Urswic.) 
 
 TONSTAL, or TUNSTALL.— Bishop of London and 
 Durham, in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and 
 Queen Mary. This distinguished ecclesiastic was an ille- 
 gitimate son of Sir Richard Tonstal, and was born in 1474, 
 and educated at the university of Oxford. After leaving the 
 university he went abroad and spent some years among the 
 first schools of the continent. On his return, in the thirty- 
 fourth year of his age, he was presented to Henry VIII, and 
 rapidly rose through all the grades of ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ment, until in 1522, he was raised to the see of London, and 
 in the following year, made keeper of the privy seal. Not 
 long after this he was placed in possession of the see of Dur- 
 ham, which was, at that time, the most wealthy diocese in 
 England. Being the particular friend of Cardinal Wolsey, 
 he was opposed to the Reformation ; but to his credit it must 
 be said, that he never resorted to any sanguinary measures 
 for its suppression. In fact, toward to the close of the life 
 of Henry, he embraced very liberal views ; and but for his 
 constitutional weakness, which led him, generally, to act 
 with the king, there would have been very little persecution 
 in his diocese. On the accession of Edward VI, he disap- 
 proved of some of the measures of the protestant party, but 
 made no scruple of remaining in office. The cupidity of 
 Dudley, however, caused Jiim to be tried under some pre- 
 tense, and thrown into the tower, where he remained until 
 the accession of Queen Mary, who immediately caused him 
 to be released. During the storm which followed, he abso- 
 lutely refused to co-operate with Bonner and Gardiner in their 
 bloody work, and quietly devoted himself to the duties of his 
 diocese. On the accession of Elizabeth she nominated him 
 to some high honors, but he refused to take the oath of al- 
 legiance to a protestant sovereign, and retired from office. 
 As a proof of the high estimation in which he was held, 
 even by protestants, it was said that he passed several of the 
 last years of his life in the house of Archbishop Parker, and 
 died in his embrace. He died on the 18th of November, 
 1559, aged 85. 
 
 TORRINGTON.— Earl of. (See Monk, General George, 
 sen.) 
 
 TOSTL— A duke of Northumberland in the time of Ed- 
 ward the Conqueror and Harold II. He was a son of the 
 
TOW.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 611 
 
 famous earl Godwin, and hence, brother of Harold, and was 
 engaged with his father in his rebellion against the crown. 
 Previous to this he had married a daughter of Baldwin, earl of 
 Flanders, and this was, most probably, the reason why he, 
 with his father and two brothers, fled to that prince for pro- 
 tection when forced to quit their country. After the treaty 
 which restored the Godwin family, at the death of Si ward, 
 duke of Northumberland, Harold's influence obtained the 
 dukedom for his brother Tosti. He was, however, of so vi- 
 olent a temper and so very tyrannical in his disposition, 
 that the inhabitants rose in a general rebellion and forced 
 him to resign the government, and Morcar, a grandson of the 
 great Leofric of Mercia, was elected in his stead. Harold 
 hastened into Northumberland to restore his brother, but on 
 learning the facts of the case was so fully persuaded of the 
 justice of the complaints against him, that he returned to the 
 king, and reported favorably to the Northumbrians, and 
 begged him to confirm Morcar in the government to which 
 he had been elected by the people. Tosti in a rage, at such 
 desertion of his brother, departed the kingdom and took 
 shelter with his father-in-law in Flanders. Here he remain- 
 ed until after the succession of Harold to the throne, when 
 he began to fill the court of Baldwin with loud complaints of 
 his own ill treatment and of the great injustice of Harold's 
 whole course of conduct. He made a visit to Normandy for 
 the purpose of encouraging William in his scheme of con- 
 quest and of tendering his services. William encouraged 
 his personal animosity toward his brother, and advised him 
 to form an alliance with Harold Halfgar, king of Norway, 
 and to infest the seas and coasts of England with piratical 
 ships while he should be making arrangements for the inva- 
 sion' of the island. Accordingly, they entered the Humber 
 with some three hundred and sixty sail, and disembarking 
 their troops, began their depredations. Harold gave them 
 battle, and Tosti and Halfgar were both slain, and their forces 
 completely routed. The Norwegian fleet fell into the hands 
 of Harold and the victory was complete. 
 
 TOWNHEND, Sir Horatio. — A royalist, or presbyterian, 
 who, in 1658, entered into a conspiracy against the common- 
 wealth. According to the arrangement, he and Lord Wil- 
 loughby were to get military possession of Lynne, while 
 Lord Mordaunt, and others, should secure other important 
 posts. The scheme, however, was divulged by Sir Richard 
 
612 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [TRE. 
 
 Willis, and hence failed of success, at the time. Such move- 
 ments as this, however, although they seemed entirely fruit- 
 less, at the time, gradually laid the foundation for the break- 
 ing down of anarchy and the restoration of a regular govern- 
 ment. 
 
 TRACI, William de. — One of the four assassins of 
 Thomas a Becket, the primate. (See Fitz-Urse, Reginald.) 
 
 TRACY. — A particular friend of Robert Devereux, earl 
 of Essex. He accompanied the earl into London in his last 
 and desperate effort to form a party in his favor. When the 
 streets were barricaded and guards set, to prevent their 
 escape, they attempted to force their way out, when Tracy 
 was killed, and the earl escaped by way of the river. 
 
 TRAQUAIRE, Earl of. — Commissioner of Charles I in 
 Scotland. He seems to have been greatly devoted to the in- 
 terests of his royal master, but he was never able to control 
 the violent elements of the times, nor in the least, to restrain 
 the spirit of freedom which burned among the covenanters. 
 
 TRAVERS, John. — Engaged by Babington to assist in 
 attacking the guards and releasing Queen Mary, of Scots, 
 at the same time when Elizabeth should be assassinated. 
 The failure of the Babington conspiracy, however, rendered 
 his services unnecessary. He was a man of good family, 
 and a zealous Romanist. Whether he suffered for his par- 
 ticipation in the plot, is uncertain. 
 
 TREBY, Sir George. — Elected recorder of London in 
 1679, under Charles II, in the place of Sir George Jeffries. 
 He was a leader of the popular party, and in London, when 
 that party prevailed, could have been elected to almost any 
 office that he might have desired. He was, also, a member 
 of parliament, that year, and distinguished himself by the 
 ability with which he advocated the exclusion bill against the 
 duke of York, (James II.) Being a lawyer of great ability, 
 he appeared in nearly all the great cases between the people 
 and the crown. After the accession of James II, he grew 
 more bitter than ever before, and contributed, perhaps, as 
 much as any one man, to the downfall of that ill-fated prince. 
 
 TREGONEL. — A lawyer of some prominence in the 
 reign of Edward VI. He was one of the four in whose 
 hands the earl of Southampton placed the great seal, which 
 gave such offense. No objection was urged, that we learn, 
 to any of the commissioners ; but the right of an officer to 
 appoint substitutes was denied, and Southampton was de- 
 
THE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 613 
 
 prived of his office. (See Southwell and Oliver.) 
 
 TRELAWNEY. — A royalist, or presbyterian, who, just 
 after" the abdication of Richard Cromwell, as protector, en- 
 gaged in a plan for the restoration of monarchy. We know 
 but little ot him. 
 
 TRELAWNEY.— Bishop of Bristol in the reign of 
 James II. He was one of the six bishops prosecuted by the 
 crown for refusing to read the royal declaration of indul- 
 gence to all dissenters. The acquittal of these bishops was 
 quickly followed by James' abdication. 
 
 TREMAINE. — Imprisoned in the early part of the reign 
 of Queen Mary on suspicion of being opposed to the 
 court. He was among the prisoners released by Philip, soon 
 after his marriage with the queen. 
 
 TRENCHARD. — Concerned in the Shaftesbury con- 
 spiracy in the time of Charles II, (1683.) His delay in 
 getting things in readiness in the west, caused Shaftesbury 
 to become discouraged, and retire to Holland, which dis- 
 solved the whole plot. 
 
 TRENCHARD, Sir John. — A gentleman of much au- 
 thority in the county of Dorset in the reign of Henry VII. 
 When Philip, then king of Castile, in 1506, was forced by 
 a violent tempest, to take shelter in the harbor of Wey- 
 mouth, and come ashore, Trenchard assembled some forces, 
 and came to town for the purpose of resisting what he sus- 
 pected of being an invasion. On learning the circumstances, 
 he invited Philip to his house, and extended to. him all the 
 hospitality in his power ; at the same time, however, sending 
 information to Henry of the unexpected visit. This led to 
 Philip's invitation to the royal hospitalities of Henry, in 
 which great civilities were shown, but which made the royal 
 guest, for a time, much more a prisoner than he, at first, 
 supposed. 
 
 TRESILIAN, Sir Robert.— Chief justice of the king's 
 bench under Richard II. He was one of those who gave 
 their opinion against the commission of Gloucester, by which 
 the executive authority was vested in the council of fourteen. 
 For this, he was condemned by the peers, and publicly exe- 
 cuted. After the death of Gloucester, the parliament 
 reversed the act of attainder against him, and pronounced 
 the legal opinion which he and the other judges had given, 
 and for which they were executed, strictly correct and law- 
 ful. After the deposition of Richard II, and the accession 
 
614 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [tUD. 
 
 of Henry IV, this decision was reversed, and the sentence 
 of death and attainder again passed against them, some ten 
 years after their death. 
 
 TREVANNION.— One of six gentlemen of Cornwall who, 
 in 1643, raised an army at their own expense for the defense 
 of Charles I. In the battle of Bradoc Down, they were 
 eminently successful. So in the battle of Stratton, May 16, 
 he acted a prominent part, and again saw the triumph of the 
 royal arms. After this, he remained in arms until the siege 
 of Bristol, where he perished but a few moments before the 
 enemy capitulated. 
 
 TREVOR. — Secretary of Charles II. He was a man of 
 high honor, and had the confidence of the nation in a re- 
 markable degree. From some cause, he was slighted, at 
 one time, by the king, and left out of the committee of coun- 
 cil, which gave great offense to the people. 
 
 TROLLOP, Sir Andrew. — This able general came over 
 from Calais m command of a choice body of veteran troops 
 to assist the duke of York and the earl of Warwick, but de- 
 serted to the Lancastrians soon after landing. He was after- 
 ward strictly devoted to the Lancastrian interest, and perished 
 at the battle of Touton. 
 
 TROMP, Sen. — A celebrated Dutch admiral of the time 
 of the commonwealth. He was the rival, at sea, of Admiral 
 Blake, to whom, alone, if to any one, he was second. He 
 was killed in an engagement at sea, with General Monk, in 
 1653, being shot through the heart while bravely facing 
 the foe. 
 
 TROMP. Jun. — Son of the above, whom he succeeded in 
 the admiralty. In point of courage if not in skill, he was 
 the equal of his father ; though he had the misfortune to fall 
 under censure, and was removed from office when compara- 
 tively young. 
 
 TRUMBAL. — An envoy of James I in Holland. It was 
 he who first got possession of the evidence of the murder ©f 
 Overbury. An apothecary's apprentice, who had been em- 
 ployed in making up the poisons, had gone to Holland, 
 where, supposing there could be no danger, he had openly 
 spoken of the affair, and revealed all the parties concerned. 
 Trumbal, on hearing of it, gave information at home, and 
 the guilty parties were brought to trial. (See Overbury.) 
 
 TUDENHAM, Sir Thomas.— One of the many who were 
 convicted of treason, and executed, by Edward IV, only be- 
 
TUR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 615 
 
 cause of their having corresponded with the unfortunate 
 Queen Margaret, or some of her family. It is even ques- 
 tionable whether Tudenham had ever corresponded with the 
 queen at all, much more whether he had ever conceived the 
 idea of restoring her to the throne. He was tried by a court 
 martial, where little evidence was necessary, and after his 
 death, an act of attainder was passed against him, by which 
 his estates were forfeited. 
 
 TUDOR, Sir Owen. — A Welsh gentleman said to have 
 descended from the ancient princes of Wales. He married 
 Catharine, dowager of Henry V, and by this alliance ulti- 
 mately raised his family to the throne of England. He was 
 in the battle of Mortimer's Cross, where the Lancastrian 
 forces were commanded by his son Jasper, and where he 
 fell into the hands of the Yorkists, and was immediately be- 
 headed. 
 
 TUDOR, Jasper. — Earl of Pembroke, and duke of Bed- 
 ford. Son of the above by Catharine, widow of Henry V. 
 Hence he was half brother to the unfortunate Henry VI. 
 After rendering much service in the Lancastrian cause, he 
 was terribly defeated by the duke of York, at Mortimer's 
 Cross, with the loss of 4,000 men. After the accession of 
 Edward IV, an act of forfeiture and attainder was passed 
 against him ; though we find him, even some time after the 
 accession of Henry VII, rendering good service to the 
 crown, and by his military talents, suppressing domestic re- 
 bellions, and waging war in other countries. 
 
 TUDOR, Edmund. — Earl of Richmond. Another son of 
 Owen Tudor, by Catharine of France, widow of Henry V, 
 of England. He was, also, the father of Henry VII, and 
 hence, father and head of the royal house of Tudor. 
 
 TULIBARDINE, Lord.— A Scotch peer who entered 
 into the confederation at Stirling for the protection of the in- 
 fant prince, James VI, and the punishment of the murder- 
 ers of Lord Darnley. He seldom appears in English his- 
 tory. 
 
 TUNBRIDGE, Richard de.— One of the barons who 
 united with Robert Moubray in his great conspiracy against 
 William Rufus. The fate of Tunbridge is not certainly 
 known. Some of the conspirators were hanged, some 
 maimed, and some imprisoned for life. 
 
 TURBERVILLE.— One of those contemptible witnesses 
 who, with Titus Oates, Bedloe, and many others of the same 
 
616 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [TUB. 
 
 stamp, came forth to testify to the existence of popish plots, 
 under the reign of Charles II. Turberville had once served 
 a novitiate among the Dominican friars ; but having desert- 
 ed the convent, had enlisted a trooper in the French army ; 
 and being dismissed that service, had come to England and 
 engaged in a regular business of discovering " popish plots." 
 
 TURKETUL. — A chancellor who assumed a military 
 character in the time of Athelstan. The brilliant victory of 
 the English over the Danes, Scotch and Welch at Bruns- 
 bury, has been chiefly ascribed to the valor of Turketul. 
 (See Anlap.) 
 
 TURNER. — An English fencing-master who, in the time 
 of James I, was basely murdered by Lord Sanquhir, a Scot- 
 tish nobleman. The English, already irritated at the many 
 Scottish favorites of their Scottish king, were loud in their 
 demand for vengeance. There is no evidence, however, 
 that James needed to be urged to justice in the matter, as he 
 promptly avenged the death of Turner by causing the noble 
 lord to be executed as a common felon. 
 
 TURNER, Mrs. — Executed with several others, for the 
 murder of Sir Thomas Over bury. We are told that when 
 Sir Edward Coke was proceeding in her trial, he took occa- 
 sion to tell her that she was " guilty of the seven deadly 
 sins ; she was a whore, a bawd, a sorcerer, a witch, a papist, 
 a felon, a murderer." 
 
 TURNER, Dr. — Appears incidentally, as a member of 
 the parliament of Charles I in 1626. 
 
 TURNER, Sir Edward. — Speaker of the house of com- 
 mons in the parliament of 1661, in the reign of Charles II. 
 We know but little of him. 
 
 TURNER. — A Jesuit who was executed in England 
 under the reign of Charles II, on the testimony of the con- 
 temptible Titus Gates, who swore that Turner, and several 
 other Jesuits, were engaged in a popish plot. As they all 
 denied it under the gibbet, it is greatly to be feared that they 
 suffered unjustly. (See Oates, Titus.) 
 
 TURNER.— Bishop of Ely in the reign of James II, 
 and for some time before and after. He was one of the six 
 bishops prosecuted by the crown for refusing to publish the 
 king's " declaration of indulgence to dissenters." All the 
 bishops were kindly disposed toward protestant dissenters, 
 but suspected that this indulgence was intended solely as a 
 
TYL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 617 
 
 start toward the establishment of popery in England. The 
 suspicion was soon after proved to have been well-founded. 
 
 TURNER, Sir James.— Sent into Scotland by Charles II 
 in command of military forces to enforce the odious " law 
 against conventicles." His administration was violent ; and 
 doubly offensive from the fact that while he was laboring to 
 enforce religion, he was nearly always in. a state of intoxi- 
 cation. At length, the Scots rose in arms, and having sur- 
 prised him, made him their prisoner. The first intention 
 was to lead him, at once, to execution; but on happening to 
 find his commission, about his person, they observed that his 
 conduct had actually been less violent than his orders re- 
 quired. Upon this discovery they spared his life. 
 
 TWEDDALE.— A sort of viceroy of Charles II in Scot- 
 land. The precise nature of his function, we are not pre- 
 pared to give. He was, part of the time, associated with 
 Sir Robert Murray. 
 
 TYLER, Wat.— The leader of an insurrection in 1381. 
 A poll tax had been levied, which was thought to bear hard 
 on the common people. The collector came to a blacksmith's 
 shop and demanded payment for his family. A daughter of 
 the smith happening to be present, the officer claimed a tax 
 on her. The father replied that she was under the taxable 
 age. The officer proposed an indecent proof to the contrary, 
 at the same time, taking hold of the maid in a violent and 
 unbecoming manner. The smith, indignant at the treat- 
 ment, knocked out the ruffian's brains with his hammer. The 
 people generally applauded the act, and immediately flew to 
 arms, and the feeling of sedition spread until the counties of 
 Kent, Hertford, Surrey, Sussex, Norfolk, Cambridge and 
 Lincoln, were in a flame. The rebellion was headed by a 
 number of leaders who assumed the names of Watt Tyler, 
 Jack Straw, Hob Carter, Tom Miller, &c, &c, names in- 
 tended to denote the meanness of their origin. Not less 
 than a hundred thousand men assembled on Blackheath. 
 They broke into London, burned houses, cut off heads, and 
 insulted the best people of the city. At first, the king, 
 (Richard II,) sought refuge in the tower, but feeling inse- 
 cure, he resolved to go out among them and ask their de- 
 mands. He succeeded in satisfying those whom he met, by 
 liberal charters, and they disbanded. While this was going 
 on, however, a party of them broke into the tower, commit- 
 ted many murders, and renewed their ravages in the city. 
 
618 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [tYR. 
 
 Tyler was at the head of this party. As the king passed 
 Smithfleld, very slenderly guarded, he met with them, and 
 entered into a conference with Tyler, who, previous to 
 the commencement of the interview, had directed his forces 
 to remain a short distance' from him, until he should give the 
 signal, and then to advance and put all to the sword except 
 the king himself, whom they would detain prisoner. During 
 the conference, Tyler behaved with great insolence, continu- 
 ally handling the hilt of his sword and other weapons about 
 him in a menacing manner, until Walworth the mayor of Lon- 
 don, provoked with his insolence," drew his sword and struck 
 so violent a blow as brought him to the ground, when he was 
 instantly dispatched by others of the retinue. His men, at 
 first, prepared to avenge his death, but the presence of mind 
 and singular address of Richard composed and awed them 
 into subjection. 
 
 TYLEY. — One of the lower order of the conspirators in 
 the famous rye-house plot against Charles II. 
 
 TYNDAL, or TINDAL, William. — Prominent among the 
 noble protestants of England in the bloody period of the refor- 
 mation. He imbibed the principles of the reformation while 
 in the university of Oxford, and soon after conceived the de- 
 sign of translating the Scriptures into the English language. 
 That he might proceed without molestation, he retired to 
 Antwerp, where he published his version of the New Tes- 
 tament and the Five Books of Moses. These rapidly found 
 their way into England, and had the effect to spread the doc- 
 trines of the reformation far and wide. Very soon, how- 
 ever, he became sensible of many inaccuracies in his trans- 
 lation, and was anxious to publish a revised edition, but was 
 not able, until the bishop of London, (Tonstal,) for the pur- 
 pose of suppressing the work, sent and bought all the copies on 
 hand, and caused them to be publicly burned. This furnished 
 him the means of getting out his revised edition. After many 
 threats from the Romanists, he was at last seized by a party 
 of them, and strangled, after which his body was burned to 
 ashes. His work, however, was done, and he had kindled 
 such a light in England as no human power could extin- 
 guish. 
 
 TYRONE, Lord.— One of the victims of Titus Oates, 
 under the reign of Charles II. (See Oates, Titus.) 
 
 TYRONE, Earl of.— (See O'Neale, Hugh.) 
 
 TYRREL, Walter. —The archer who slew William Rufus. 
 
 / 
 
UFF.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 6l9 
 
 He was a French gentleman, and being remarkable for his 
 address in archery, was invited by the king to attend him on 
 a hunting excursion in the new forest. The king had dis- 
 mounted, when a stag suddenly started up before them. 
 Tyrrel, anxious to display his dexterity, let fly an arrow 
 which struck a tree, and glancing thence, struck William in 
 
 tened to the sea-shore and embarked in the crusade as a 
 penance for his involuntary regicide. The body was found 
 in the forest. 
 
 TYRREL, Sir William. — Said to have been detected in 
 a correspondence with Queen Margaret, sometime after the 
 accession of Edward IV. For this, he was tried by a court 
 martial, condemned and executed. Many others shared the 
 same fate about that time. Such was the jealousy of Ed- 
 ward, that he allowed no correspondence between the fallen 
 family and any of his subjects. 
 
 TYRREL, Sir James. — The heartless demon who accept- 
 ed the office of constable of the tower for one night, for the 
 purpose of effecting the destruction of the royal children, 
 Edward V and Richard, duke of York. Many years after, 
 under the reign of Henry VII, he had the coolness to testify 
 to the fact of the murder, for the purpose of setting aside 
 the claim of Perkin Warbeck, who had undertaken to per- 
 sonate the duke of York. He was at last executed by 
 Henry VII for some sort of connection with Edmond de la 
 Pole. The nature of the offense is not well known. (See 
 Windham, Sir James, and Pole, Edmond de la.) 
 
 U 
 
 UDAL. — -A puritan clergyman who, in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, gave offense by writing a book entitled " A Demon- 
 stration of Discipline," in which he inveighed against the 
 authority of bishops. Although the book was anonymous, 
 its author came to be known ; and as to attack the bishops 
 was considered about the same thing as to attack the crown, 
 Udal was put on his trial, convicted, and sentence of death 
 passed against him. He died in prison, however, before the 
 sentence was executed. " O temporal O mores!" 
 
 UFFA.— The first king of East Angles. Of the mili- 
 tary operations which led to the establishment of this king- 
 
620 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. |_URR. 
 
 dom of the heptarchy, little is known. This much is pre- 
 served : — while the Saxons were establishing themselves in 
 the south of the island, large numbers, not only of Saxons, 
 hut also of Angles and Jutes, were establishing themselves 
 m the east. These all spoke the same language, had been 
 used to the same institutions, and when thrown together on 
 
 ttiv lola.ua, occiucu lvj uavc a. uumilUJli lUieieSl, cuICt S(JUU 
 
 blended, and were known under the common appellation, 
 sometimes of Angles, and sometimes of Saxons. All, im- 
 mediately on landing, declared war against the Britons, and 
 as soon as the necessary impression had been made by their 
 arms, proceeded to establish states and governments accord- 
 ing to the customs of the Saxon nations. UfFa assumed the 
 title of king in 675. His kingdom included the counties of 
 Cambridge, Suffolk and Norfolk. He is thought to have 
 died about 578. 
 
 UFFORD. — One of the confidential friends and advisers 
 of Edward III, when he determined on the subversion of the 
 infamous Roger Mortimer. (See Mortimer, Roger.) 
 
 ULF. — A Norman priest who came to England as one 
 of the chaplains of Edward the Confessor, and was after- 
 wards promoted to the see of Dorchester, in accordance with 
 the general policy of that prince, of conferring ecclesiastical 
 preferments on Normans. He was banished by the treaty 
 entered into between the government and Godwin, which 
 stipulated that all the foreigners should be dismissed. 
 
 UMFREVILLE.— Earl of Angus. When Edward I 
 was called upon to act as umpire in the question as to who 
 was entitled to the crown of Scotland, he began by requiring 
 of the governors of castles to surrender their fortresses to 
 him, alleging that until this was done, he could not proceed. 
 All consented except Umfreville, who refused to surrender 
 his charge without a formal and particular acquittal from 
 parliament. After this he appears as one of the warm sup- 
 porters of Edward Baliol, and one of the chief contributors 
 to his temporary elevation to the Scottish throne. 
 
 URREY, Colonel. — A Scotchman who, at the commence- 
 ment of the civil wars of Charles I, served in the parlia- 
 mentary army. In consequence of some disgust conceived 
 in the army he deserted, and tendered his services to the 
 royalists. After rendering service for a time, he returned to 
 Scotland, and connected himself with the covenanters. Du- 
 ring the remainder of the war, he remained active, and high 
 
tJVE.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 621 
 
 in military grade. After the death of Charles, however, he 
 became, again, favorably disposed to monarchy, and con- 
 nected himself with the earl of Montrose in defense of 
 Charles II. He fell into the hands of the covenanters about 
 the same time with Montrose, and was executed, perhaps, 
 on the same day. 
 
 URSWIC. — Abbot of Abingdon, and almoner to Henry 
 VII. He was, also, employed by Henry in the capacity of 
 ambassador, in some cases, and particularly when mediating 
 between France and Brittany in 1488. In this service, he 
 was associated with Sir Richard Tonstal. 
 
 USHER, James. — Archbishop of Armagh in Ireland. He 
 was born on the 4th of January, 1580, and educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin. He discovered, very early, a fond- 
 ness for the study of chronology, and when about twenty 
 years old, commenced his Annals, at which he assiduously 
 labored for eighteen years : a work for which the world will 
 ever be under obligation to his patience and perseverance. 
 In 1620, he was nominated by James I to the see of Meath, 
 and soon after was advanced to that of Armagh. He hap- 
 pened in England at the time of the breaking out of the civil 
 wars of Charles I, and was never permitted to return home ; 
 although the college of Dublin stood greatly in need of his 
 services. Such was his wisdom and bus devotion to Charles 
 I, that he was frequently consulted by that prince in the 
 course of the civil wars. Even Cromwell, although he had 
 suspended all the bishops of the kingdom, showed a gener- 
 ous disposition toward him, and granted him a pension. 
 This great man died on the 21st of March, 1655. Such 
 was his reputation, as a scholar, that he had invitations to 
 various positions on the continent, all of which he declined. 
 His works are numerous, and all of the heavy and masculine 
 
 UVEDALE, Sir William.— Sent by Charles I to the 
 parliament after the commencement of the civil wars, for the 
 purpose of agreeing on terms of pacification. He was re- 
 ceived with great coldness, and no good resulted from the 
 embassy. 
 
622 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [VAN. 
 
 V 
 
 VALENCE, William de.— Half brother to Henry III, be- 
 ing one of the four sons of Queen Isabella, by her mar- 
 riage with the Count de la March, after the death of her 
 former husband, King John. The great rebellion of Leices- 
 ter began in a quarrel with William, who was soon after 
 forced, with his three brothers, to quit the kingdom; though 
 he afterwards returned and acted an important part at the 
 battle of Lewes, whence, after the defeat of the royal 
 forces, he again fled the kingdom, and no more appears in 
 the history of England. 
 
 VALENCE, Aymer de.— Earl of Pembroke. He first 
 appears in command of the forces of Edward I at the battle 
 of Methven, in Perthshire, where the heroic Robert Bruce 
 was defeated. He united with the barons in calling for the 
 expulsion of Piers Gavaston ; and being still in command of 
 a strong military force, beseiged him in the castle of Scar- 
 borough and forced him to surrender himself prisoner. He 
 placed him in the castle of Dedington under a weak guard, 
 and is supposed to have acted in concert with those who af- 
 terward attacked the castle and exposed him to the violence 
 of his enemies. (See Gavaston, Piers.) 
 
 VALENTINE. — A member of the parliament of Charles 
 I in 1629. For his great liberty of speech against the 
 crown, he was summoned before the court of king's bench, 
 and condemned to be imprisoned during the king's pleasure, 
 and to pay a fine of 500 pounds. After eleven years con- 
 finement, he was released by the parliament. Such in- 
 stances of oppression as this contributed their full share of 
 influence to the ruin of Charles. 
 
 VANDYKE, or VANDYCH, Anthony.— A celebrated 
 painter of the time of Charles I. He was born at Antwerp 
 in 1599, and became a pupil of Rubens, one of the first 
 artists of the age. He traveled extensively in the south of 
 Europe, and finally made his home in England, where he 
 met with such patronage as soon raised him to immense 
 wealth. He was a great favorite of Charles I, and received 
 from him all the patronage which could have been desired. 
 He married a daughter of the earl of Gowrey, and in the 
 splendor of his - living rivaled the noblest families of Eng- 
 land. He died in 1641, aged 42, and was buried in St. 
 
VAN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 623 
 
 Paul's church, where a monument was erected to his mem- 
 ory which remained until the great conflagration of 1666. 
 
 VANE, Sir Ralph. — A military character of some noto- 
 riety in the reign of Edward VI. He rendered good ser- 
 vice at the battle of Pinkey in 1547, and was, from that 
 time, regarded as one of the steady friends and supporters of 
 the protector, Somerset. When Somerset began to fall into 
 bad odor, Vane was exposed with him, and was arrested, 
 tried, and executed, about the same time with that noble 
 statesman. 
 
 VANE, Sir Henry, Sen. — Secretary of Charles I. He 
 was born in 15S9 and so distinguished himself by his early 
 attachment to the royal family that he was knighted by James 
 I when but twenty-two years old. After the accession of 
 Charles I, he was confirmed in the office of secretary, in 
 which position he faithfully maintained the interests of his 
 master until the trial of Strafford, in which he took a deep 
 interest, and exerted a powerful influence. For his activity 
 in this impeachment, he was dismissed by Charles, and re- 
 tired to private life. He died in 1654, five years after the 
 execution of Charles. He was a man of rare abilities, and 
 but for the part which he acted against Strafford, would, in 
 all probability, have enjoyed the confidence of the royal 
 party to the last. But for his influence, it has ever been 
 questioned whether the act of attainder against Strafford 
 could ever have passed. Of the justice of this there have 
 ever been two opinions. Or even admitting its justice, it 
 may still be questioned whether Vane was governed more 
 by a love of justice or by wounded pride and personal ambi- 
 tion — Strafford having obtained a title of honor to which Vane 
 had aspired. 
 
 VANE, Sir Henry, Jun. — Son of the above, and one of 
 the most illustrious leaders of the revolution of Charles I, 
 He was born in 1612, and educated at Westminster school, 
 whence he went to the university of Oxford to complete his 
 course. After 'quitting Oxford, he spent a short time at 
 Geneva, where he fully imbibed those notions of civil and 
 ecclesiastical government for which he was, ever after, so re- 
 markable. On returning from Geneva, he found himself in 
 bad odor at court, nor could the immense influence of his 
 father prevail to give him position, such being the aversion 
 of the court party to his openly-professed views of govern- 
 ment and of religion. By consent of his father, he came 
 
624 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [VATJ. 
 
 over to New England in 1635, and was almost immediately 
 elected governor of Massachusetts, notwithstanding he had 
 scarcely entered his twenty-third year. This very soon 
 proved to have been an unfortunate election, as he evinced 
 scarcely any of the talents requisite in such a functionary. 
 Ardent and enthusiastic in his temper, he now adopted the 
 religious views of the most lawless antinomians, which gave 
 such encouragement to that sect, and so completely relaxed 
 the restraints of morality, that Mather declares "the church 
 and commonwealth had lilje to have perished." He filled 
 the office but one year, and then hastened back to England 
 to mingle in the civil wars, then about breaking out between 
 Charles and the parliament. On his return, his father suc- 
 ceeded in getting him the situation of assistant treasurer of 
 the navy. On the impeachment of Strafford, he united with 
 his father in urging the prosecution ; and their entire agree- 
 ment in this measure, while they utterly disagreed in poli- 
 tics, seemed to justify the opinion that they were actuated 
 more by personal dislike than by any love of justice. During 
 the war, he vied with Cromwell in zeal, but was opposed, as 
 now fully appears, to the murder of the king ; and soon 
 after, became so much dissatisfied with Cromwell's adminis- 
 tration that he openly avowed it, and was thrown into prison. 
 Gradually he lost position among the puritans ; and on the 
 restoration of Charles II, although strenuous efforts were 
 made to include him in the amnesty, he was excluded, and 
 on the 4th of June, 1662, brought to trial as a regicide. He 
 defended himself with great ability, but was convicted, and 
 on the 14th of the same month, executed on Tower Hill. 
 He was, doubtless, possesssd of a noble and generous nature, 
 but was deficient in judgment, as appears in his writings, 
 some of which are yet extant 
 
 VAN GHENT. — A celebrated Dutch admiral who was 
 killed in a naval engagement with the earl of Sandwich at 
 Solebay, in 1672, under the reign of Charles II. 
 
 VARENNE. — Seneschal of Normandy.- He was sent 
 over to England by Louis, king of France, in 1462, with a 
 small body of troops, to the assistance of the deposed Henry 
 VI. He got possession of the castle of Alnwick, but whether 
 he ever rendered any active service does not appear. 
 
 VAUCLER. — The deputy governor of Calais, left by the 
 earl of Warwick, the king maker, to fill his place, while he 
 engaged in the civil wars of the Roses. After the acces- 
 
VEN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 625 
 
 sion of Edward IV, he was confirmed in the government. 
 When Warwick had broken friendship with Edward, and 
 formed an alliance with Queen Margaret, he fled, after the 
 defeat of Welles, to Calais for protection, but was not ad- 
 mitted by Vaucler, who professed a strong attachment to his 
 cause, but thought he could render him more service by ap- 
 pearing his enemy. After the flight of Edward, however, 
 \\hen he saw Warwick again in prosperity and power, he 
 declared for him, and put the whole garrison in his livery. 
 He was a Gascon by birth, and seems to have been nothing 
 more than a low minion of power. 
 
 JAUGrHAN, — A member of parliament in 'the time of 
 James I. His seat was contested on the ground of his hav- 
 ings been out-lawed for debts. He proved, however, that all 
 his debts had been contracted by suretyship, and that most 
 of them had been honestly compounded. Hence he was al- 
 lowed to take his seat. 
 
 VAUGHN, Sir Thomas.— A minister of Edward IV who 
 held a considerable office in the royal household. He at- 
 tended the person of the young prince, Edward V, on his 
 way to London, and was arrested by order of the duke of 
 Gloucester, (Richard III,) at the same time with the earl of 
 Rivers, Sir Richard Gray, and others, in order to prevent 
 the coronation of the young prince. Little is known of him. 
 
 VAVASOR, Sir Thomas. — One of a great number of 
 English gentlemen who, as the Spanish armada entered the 
 channel, fitted out and manned vessels of their own, and 
 placed themselves in the service of the admiral. Vavasor 
 is said to have greatly distinguished himself on this occasion, 
 not only by his disinterested service, but by his prowess and 
 nautical skill. 
 
 VENABLES. — A military character of the time of the 
 commonwealth. He was, in 1649, sent by Cromwell to 
 assist in suppressing an Irish rebellion, and in 1655, accom- 
 panied a naval expedition to St. Domingo and Jamaica. At 
 the former of these islands, while on shore with his men, he 
 was attacked and a great part of his regiment cut to pieces. 
 For this misfortune, Cromwell caused him to be thrown into 
 the tower. 
 
 VENNER.— The leader of a body of fifth-monarchy 
 men, who refused to submit to " any authority but that of 
 God." Venner was a desperate enthusiast, and seems to 
 have wrought himself up into the belief that he was right. 
 
 27 
 
626 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [vEA. 
 
 After many efforts to assassinate Cromwell, he concentrated 
 all his forces, about the time of the restoration, and broke 
 out in the streets of London with the avowed purpose of* de- 
 stroying the king and all the functionaries of government. 
 After committing many violences, the whole party were sup- 
 pressed, and those who had not perished in the contest were 
 put to death. 
 
 VERE, Robert de.— Earl of Oxford. One of the chief- 
 favorites of Richard II. He was a man of noble birth, but 
 of dissolute manners, notwithstanding which he gained such 
 an ascendant over Richard as really to govern him with an 
 absolute sway. In addition to his hereditary title of ear^)f 
 Oxford, he created him marquis of Dublin, a title before un- 
 known in England, and afterward duke of Ireland, which 
 was confirmed by parliament. By this he obtained the abso- 
 lute sovereignty of the island for life. This so excited the 
 jealousy of the nobility that his removal from the high places 
 of power was loudly called for. Just at this time, parlia- 
 ment passed the famous commission of Gloucester, by which 
 the executive energy of the nation was taken from the king 
 and placed in the council of fourteen. Vere fled to Cheshire 
 and levied forces with which he advanced to relieve the king 
 from the violence of the nobles. The duke of Gloucester 
 encountered him in Oxfordshire with a greatly superior 
 force, routed him, dispersed his forces, and obliged him to 
 fly to the Lowlands of the continent, where he died in exile 
 a few years after. (1388.) 
 
 VERE, Hugh de.— Son of the earl of Oxford, (Robert 
 de Vere.) He had a command in the army of Edward I 
 in Guienne, and is said to have been a brave general. 
 
 VERE, Aubrey de. — When King Stephen had seized the 
 fortresses and imprisoned the persons of the bishops of 
 Salisbury and Lincoln, his brother, Henry, bishop of Win- 
 chester, being armed with a legatine commission from the 
 pope, assembled a synod at Westminster, in which the king 
 was gravely charged with having done violence to the rights 
 and persons of the ecclesiastical heads, and summoned to 
 appear before the synod in his defense. Instead of going 
 in person, or what had been far more to his honor, resenting 
 the insolence, he sent Vere to plead his cause before the as- 
 S3inbly. He justified the conduct of the king on the ground 
 that these bishops were guilty of treason and sedition. (See 
 Alexander, bishop of Salisbury.) 
 
VBR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 627 
 
 VERE, Aubrey de.— Son of John, earl of Oxford. The 
 father and son were both detected in a correspondence with 
 the unfortunate Queen Margaret, soon after the accession of 
 Edward IV. Whether they really entertained the design of 
 restoring- her to the throne is not certain. Suspicion, how- 
 ever, was fatal to them. They were tried by martial law, 
 condemned, and executed. 
 
 VERE, Robert de. — Earl of Oxford. One of the council 
 of twenty-five barons appointed to act under the great char- 
 ter of King John. 
 
 VERE.— Earl of Oxford in the time of Henry VIII. 
 Most probably of the same family with the above. We 
 learn that he accompanied Henry, as part of his retinue, 
 when he went over to France in 1544. He figures very 
 •little in history. 
 
 VERE, Sir Francis. — When Queen Elizabeth had juris- 
 diction over the cautionary towns of Holland, she appointed 
 Vere in charge of Flushing. (1596.) This was regarded 
 as a great distinction, and gave mortal offense to young 
 Devereux, earl of Essex, who, at that time, had aspired to 
 nothing higher than this position. In the following year, on 
 the commencement of war with Spain, he held an important 
 command in the expedition against Cadiz. 
 
 VERE, Lord Horace. — Called " the brave Sir Horace." 
 Employed. by James I, in 1620, in command of 2,400 men 
 to assist his (James') son-in-law, Frederick, of Bohemia, 
 against the Spaniards. The enterprise was unsuccessful. 
 Frederick was defeated at the battle of Prague, and forced, 
 with his family, to flee into Holland. 
 
 VERNEY," Sir Edmund.— Standard-bearer of Charles I 
 at the battle of Edgehiil, October 23, 1642. He was killed 
 an the action, and the standard taken, but afterward recovered. 
 
 VERULAM, Baron.— (See Bacon, Sir Francis.) 
 
 VERNON, Sir Richard. — One of the principal co-adju- 
 tors of Piercy, the earl of Northumberland, in his famous re- 
 bellion against Henry IV. He and the earl of Worcester 
 are said to have been the only ones in this rebellion whom 
 Henry did not pardon. He perished by the hands of the ex- 
 ecutioner. (1405.) That he co-operated with Northum- 
 berland was never denied; but that he was the great 
 mover of the rebellion, as alleged by Henry, no one ever 
 believed. Perhaps it was necessary that some one should be 
 punished capitally, and as the king dared not refuse his par- 
 
628 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [viL. 
 
 don to Northumberland, who was, doubtless, the prime mover, 
 he found it necessary to select a less dangerous victim. 
 
 VESCEY, William de. — One of the many pretenders to 
 the throne of Scotland at the same time with John Baliol 
 and Robert Bruce. His claim seems not to have been urged 
 in good earnest, and was soon set aside. 
 
 VESCEY, Eustace de. — One of the twenty-five barons 
 who acted under the great charter of King John. 
 
 VESCIE, Eustace de. — A delegate of the confederated 
 barons sent to Rome to represent their interests and ask the 
 interposition of the papal authority to oblige King John to 
 confirm their privileges. 
 
 VESPASIAN. — Some ancient histories give an account 
 of a Roman general of this name who was sent to Britain 
 as the colleague of Plautius by the Emperor Claudius. It is 
 not improbable that this is the same with the Emperor Ves- 
 pasian. This is rendered probable by the agreement of dates 
 and the well known military character of that emperor in the 
 early part of his life. 
 
 VILLIERS, George. — Duke of Buckingham under the 
 reigns of James I and Charles I. This interesting, though 
 unworthy, character made a deep impression on the age in 
 which he lived, and has secured for his name a prominent 
 place in history. He was born of respectable parents on the 
 20th of August, 1592, and at the age of eighteen, made his 
 appearance at the court of James I. James had visited the 
 university of Cambridge to witness the exercises of the stu- 
 dents, when Villiers, a fine looking boy, appeared in a Latin 
 comedy to such advantage as at once arrested his attention. 
 Immediately James resolved on " making a master-piece of 
 him, and moulding him to his own idea." Accordingly he 
 was brought to court, and in a short time, received the honors 
 of knighthood, was made gentleman of the bed-chamber, 
 baron, viscount, earl, marquis, and finally, duke of Bucking- 
 ham, and lord-high-admiral of England, with other offices of 
 the first importance. His pride and love of parade fully 
 corresponded with his promotion. Oldys, in his life of 
 Raleigh, says " It was common for Villiers, at an ordinary 
 dancing party, to have his clothes trimmed with great dia- 
 mond buttons, and to have diamond hat-bands, cockades and 
 earrings, to be yoked with great and manifold ropes and 
 knots of pearl; in short, to be manacled, fettered, and im- 
 prisoned, in jewels ; insomuch that on his going to Paris, in 
 
VI-L.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 629 
 
 1625, he had twenty-seven suits of clothes made, the riches, 
 that embroidering, lace, silk, velvet, gold, and gems, could 
 contribute ; one of which was of white uncut velvet, set all 
 over, both suit and cloak, with diamonds, valued at £80,000, 
 besides a great feather stuck all over with diamonds, as were 
 also his sword, girdle, hat-band, and spurs." To pursue his 
 whole career would far exceed our bounds. Suffice it to say, 
 that during the life of James, this unworthy favorite had 
 almost entire control of several of the departments of gov- 
 ernment, and even dictated to the king in the most grave and 
 importants matters, insomuch that a stranger at court might 
 easily have mistaken hiim for the sovereign, and James for 
 his minister. After the death of James, he was scarcely 
 less successful in gaining an entire ascendancy over Charles 
 I, and many of the boldest enterprises of this unhappy reign, 
 were at Buckingham's suggestions. Many of the most 
 ridiculous movements of both these reigns such as served 
 only to bring ridicule on the crown of England, were his; 
 and all, Europe smiled while they saw an upstart holding in 
 his hand the destinies of a great nation. On the morning 
 of the 23d of August, 1628, he was assassinated at Ports- 
 mouth by a man of the name of Felton. (See Felton.) 
 
 VILLIERS, George, Jun. — Duke of Buckingham. Son 
 of the above, and his successor in title. He was born on the 
 30th of January, 1627, and educated at Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge. He had barely risen to manhood when Charles I 
 came to his untimely end. He accompanied the prince, 
 Charles II, on his unsuccessful expedition into Scotland, and 
 afterward, for a time, shared his exile on the continent. 
 Soon after the establishment of the commonwealth, however, 
 he returned to England ; and after marrying a daughter of 
 Lord Fairfax, became somewhat active in the republic. Still, 
 however, he was conservative; and on the restoration of 
 Charles II, was raised to a high position. After this, he 
 engaged in several treasonable, or at least, criminal enter- 
 prises, and was sent to the tower as an insubordinate and 
 dangerous subject. He died on the 16th of April, 1688, 
 little regretted by the nation. Of his private character it 
 has been said, " He possessed not a single virtue." Still, he 
 possessed talents of a high order ; and though coarse and 
 sensual in his animal nature, rose to very considerable cel- 
 ebrity as a poet and philosopher : and the world is indebted 
 to him for a very fine defense of the christian revelation. 
 
630 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [VOR. 
 
 VILLIERS, Mrs. — Countess of Buckingham. Mother 
 of the elder George. Not only was the young favorite ele- 
 vated to distinction, but all his relatives, from the oldest to 
 the youngest, were titled, endowed, and pampered to their 
 entire satisfaction. His mother had skillfully managed the 
 first introduction of her son to the king ; and but for her 
 tact, it is questionable whether George Villiers might not 
 forever have slept in the obscurity in which he was born. 
 After the accession of Charles I, great complaint was raised 
 at court on account of Lady Villiers' religion, she being an 
 open and avowed Romanist. She seems, however, to have 
 maintained her position during her life, or as long as Charles 
 was able to extend any protection to her. 
 
 VILLIERS, Sir Edward. — Commonly known as Vis- 
 count Purbeck. Brother of George Villiers, sen. He re- 
 ceived a patent for the monopoly of gold and silver lace, 
 in conjunction with Michel and Mompesson. By abuse of 
 their patent, and the manufacture of an adulterated article, 
 the others were arraigned by parliament, and punished. 
 Villiers, by the influence of his brother, was permitted to 
 escape, as less criminal than they. 
 
 VOISEY. — Bishop of Exeter at the time of the accesion 
 of Edward VI. As he was violently opposed to the Refor- 
 mation, he was displaced from his see, and Coverdale placed 
 in his stead. On the accession of Mary, however, Coverdale 
 was ejected, and Voisey reinstated. 
 
 VORSTIUS. — A professor of divinity, a disciple of Ar- 
 minius, who, in 1611, was called from Germany to take 
 charge of a Dutch university. As James I had, at that 
 time, a sort of jurisdiction in Holland, he quickly called the 
 Armenian to account for his heresy. Vorstius was not able 
 to convince the theological monarch of the correctness of his 
 views, and hence was deprived of his chair. It is not a lit- 
 tle remarkable that James even suggested to the Dutch the 
 propriety of burning the "heretic." 
 
 VORTIGERN. — A powerful prince of Dumnonium, in 
 the southwest of the island of Britain. It is probable that he 
 occupied, properly, nearly the same territory now known by 
 the name of Wales, though he appears to have been a chief 
 among princes. He stood high among the princes of ancient 
 Britain, though it must ever be a stain on his reputation for 
 judgment and sound discretion, that he gave all the weight 
 of his influence in favor of inviting th© Saxons into the isl- 
 
WAK.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 631 
 
 and to defend them against the Scotts and Picts, seeing tha 
 this step was immediately followed by the complete subjec- 
 tion of the island, and the almost entire annihilation of the 
 ancient British character. When the purpose of the Saxons 
 to invade the island had been fully revealed, and the Britons 
 were forced to take up arms in their own defense, Vortigern, 
 because of his vices, and the unhappy result of his rash 
 counsel, was deposed, and his son Vortimer placed in his 
 stead. It has been stated by certain Welch authors that 
 Vortigern had fallen in love with Rovena, a daughter of 
 Herigist, by which influence he was led to sacrifice his coun- 
 try. They also state that he survived his son Vortimer, and 
 was afterward restored to authority by the Saxon monarch. 
 This, however, is thought to rest on uncertain authority. 
 
 VORTIMER.— (See Vortigern.) 
 
 VOWEL. — A zealous royalist who, in the time of the 
 commonwealth, connected himself with one Gerard for the 
 purpose of assassinating the protector. At least, he was 
 charged with it, and Cromwell's " high court " did not fail to 
 convict him. They were both capitally punished. 
 
 VUSCFRiEA.— The youngest son of Edwin of North- 
 umberland. At the death of his father and brother, (see 
 Osfrid,) his brother Eanfrid fled to Penda, king of Mercia, 
 by whom he was treacherously murdered, and Vuscf rsea, with 
 his nephew, Yffi, sought protection in Kent, among the rela- 
 tions of his mother. Soon, however, they learned, that they 
 were not safe there, and retired into France, where they en- 
 joyed the protection of King Dagobert during their lives. 
 
 W 
 
 WADE. — An ambassador of Queen Elizabeth to Spain. 
 We know very little of him. When Mendoza was dis- 
 missed from England on a charge of having favored some 
 conspiracy, Wade was sent to Madrid to apologize for the 
 dismission, and to ask for the appointment of another min- 
 ister. Philip would not, however, receive him into his pres- 
 ence, and he returned with much complaint of bad treatment. 
 
 WAKE, Lord. — One of the council of regency in the 
 minority of Edward III. We afterward find him among 
 the English supporters of Edward Baliol in his invasion of 
 Scotland for the purpose of recovering his crown, 
 
632 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, [WAL. 
 
 WAKEMAN, Sir George. — Physician to the queen of 
 Charles II. According to the story of Titus Oates, he was 
 engaged by the papists to destroy the king by poison, for 
 which he had received 5,000 pounds, and was to receive 
 10,000 more. He was prosecuted; but the evidence being 
 very uncertain, he was acquitted. His acquittal, however, 
 was not the end of his troubles. He found himself still sur- 
 rounded by enemies, and being threatened with assassina- 
 tion, prudently retired beyond the sea. 
 
 WALCOT. — A lieutenant-colonel in the time of the .com- 
 monwealth. After the restoration, he entered into the con- 
 spiracy commonly known as the rye-house plot. On being 
 arrested, he proposed, on a promise of life, to turn evidence 
 against his associates, but immediately repented of this, and 
 attempted to conceal himself. He was, however, brought to 
 trial, condemned, and executed. Moreover, his written pro- 
 posal was produced, and upon it, several of his accomplices 
 were also convicted. 
 
 WALL, Mrs. — A favorite maid of the duchess of Ports- 
 mouth, Louise Querouaille. 
 
 WALLACE, William. — Celebrated in Scottish romance 
 and song as the " Deliverer of his country." He was a man 
 of small fortune, though of a well-known family of the west 
 of Scotland. Edward I, of England, had placed John Baliol 
 on the throne of Scotland as a vassal of England. Baliol, 
 however, had renounced his allegiance, and Edward had then 
 invaded Scotland with a powerful army and compelled him 
 to abdicate the throne and resign the kingdom into his hands. 
 Scotland was placed under an English governor, and its for- 
 tresses were garrisoned by English troops. Wallace had 
 been provoked by the insolence of an English officer to put 
 him to death. For this, he was exposed to the severity of 
 the administration, to escape which he retired into the woods 
 and offered himself as a leader of all who had become the 
 enemies of the English, or who, like himself, had become 
 obnoxious to the English government. He was possessed of 
 great physical force and powers of endurance, and of heroic 
 courage. He soon found himself surrounded by a great 
 number of the ruder order of his countrymen, with whom 
 he ventured, first, on a small, and afterward, on a larger 
 scale, to attack the English. Every day brought to the peo- 
 ple fresh accounts of his successful attacks and brilliant 
 achievements. To him were turned the eves of all Scot- 
 
WAL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 633 
 
 land, and all were anxious to partake of his renown. At 
 length he resolved to attack the main body of the English, 
 and at the battle of Stirling, achieved a victory which history 
 will perpetuate forever. After this, he assumed the title of 
 governor, or regent, of Scotland, under Baliol, who was then 
 prisoner at London. This excited the jealousy of the Scot- 
 tish nobility, by which his party was greatly weakened. 
 Edward, who was then on the continent, hastened over with 
 a powerful army, and forced them to capitulate, with the 
 assurance that all should be pardoned except Wallace. Thus 
 the ' Deliverer of his country" was betrayed by his own peo- 
 ple. After this, he wandered, a fugitive, until betrayed into 
 the hands of Edward, who put him to death with every possi- 
 ble circumstance of cruelty and barbarous revenge. 
 
 WALLACE. — A Scotchman associated with Learmont 
 in command of the rebellion of 1668, against the odious law 
 of Charles II "against conventicles." Wallace and Lear- 
 mont had both served in the former wars of the covenanters, 
 and had gained some reputation. In this, however, they 
 were wholly defeated and cut to pieces. 
 
 WALLER, Sir Walter. — A gentleman of high birth and 
 many accomplishments in the time of Elizabeth. He accom- 
 panied the earl of Leicester in his military pageant into 
 Holland in 1585, as part of his retinue. Beyond this we 
 know but little of him. 
 
 WALLER, Edmond. — A celebrated poet of the time of 
 Charles I, the protectorate, Charles II, and James II. He 
 was born in 1605, and in his infancy left in possession of an 
 estate of 3,000 pounds a year. His mother was a sister of 
 the celebrated John Hambden. Early in life, he showed a 
 disposition to be " all things to all men," and was a royalist 
 or round head, as the times served ; and while he was witty 
 and accomplished, was cold and selfish, and destitute alike of 
 high principles and deep feeling. As soon as he became a 
 member of parliament, he took sides with the popular party, 
 but afterwards favored a plan for admitting the king's forces 
 into London. For this offense he was sentenced, by parlia- 
 ment, t© a year's imprisonment, and to pay a fine of 10,000 
 pounds. After his release from prison, he went to France, 
 where he passed some years in great splendor and luxury. 
 At length he obtained permission of Cromwell to return, and 
 at the death of the protector, wrote one of his finest effusions 
 in the form of panegyric. On the restoration of Charles II, 
 
 27* 
 
684 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WAL. 
 
 he greeted him with a congratulatory address, and was so 
 far as we know, a good and faithful subject. On the acces- 
 sion of James II, though eighty years old, he was still a 
 member of parliament, and, as much as any other member, 
 opposed the king's plan for undermining the church of Eng- 
 land. His wit and brilliancy made him at all times, the de- 
 light of parliament ; and his death, which occurred on the 
 21st of October, 1687, was regretted by the whole nation. 
 As a poet, he is characterized by fine versification, but little 
 depth of poetic soul. 
 
 WALLER, Sir William. — A military officer of great 
 ability, who for some time commanded the parliamentary 
 forces against Charles I. Notwithstanding his very decided 
 abilities, however, he was twice defeated by the royalists, 
 after which we hear no more of him. It is probable that his 
 ill success caused him to be superceded. 
 
 WALLER, Sir Hardress. — Concerned in the opposition 
 to the Cromwell dynasty. Though a zealous puritan, he had 
 become disgusted with the violence of the protectorate, and 
 its tyranical disregard of law. On the abdication of 
 Richard Cromwell, Waller and Colonel John Jones were in- 
 structed to inform Henry Cromwell, then deputy of Ireland, 
 and to require his resignation. They found him not very 
 ready to yield ; but on threatening him with violence, they 
 easily procured his resignation. 
 
 WALLER, Sir William. — A noted justice of the peace 
 in the reign of Charles II. We learn that when Fitzharris 
 attempted to entrap Everard, the Scotchman, by getting him 
 to write a libel, Everard arranged to have Waller concealed 
 in the room, so that the true author of the libel might easily 
 be made to appear. This cost Fitzharris his life. (See 
 Fitzharris and Everard.) 
 
 WALLIS. — An eminent mathematician of the time of 
 James II. 
 
 WALSINGHAM, Sir Francis.— This celebrated courtier 
 of Elizabeth was born about 1520, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. After leaving the university, he spent several years 
 abroad, for the purpose of perfecting his education and fit- 
 ting himself for usefulness to his country. As he discovered 
 an early attachment to the protestant religion, it was not 
 deemed prudent for him to return until after the death of 
 Queen Mary, in 1558. Immediately on the accession of 
 Elizabeth, he hastened home, and made the acquaintance of 
 
WAL,] BIOGKAPHICAL INDEX. 635 
 
 Secretary Cecil, who caused him to receive the appointment 
 of ambassador to France. In this position he gave such sat- 
 isfaction that in 1573, he was called home, and made one of 
 the principal secretaries of state. In this office, his chief 
 employment was in watching, detecting, and defeating, all 
 plots against the person and government of the queen. It 
 was by his activity and vigilant police that the famous Bab- 
 "ington conspiracy was detected, which resulted in the death 
 of Mary, of Scots. (See Babington, Anthony.) So perfect 
 was his system of espionage, both at home and abroad, that it 
 was a common remark, " the thoughts of all hearts are known 
 to Walsingham." He died in April, 1590, so poor, and so 
 much in debt, that he had to be buried in the night to pre- 
 vent his body from being attached. His extreme poverty had 
 resulted from his singular munificence in the cause of reli- 
 gion and education, he having endowed several churches and 
 professorships out of his own means. It has also been said 
 that his costly system of espionage, so necessary to the safe- 
 ty of the government, had all been borne by his own private 
 resources. He was regarded as one of the most accomplished 
 scholars of his age ; and although many of his ministerial 
 acts have been censured as inquisitorial and mean, he stands 
 among the great men of the age of Elizabeth. 
 
 WALTER. — Archbishop of Rouen. He was appointed 
 by Richard I, after his departure from England on his cru- 
 sade, one of the counsellors of the violent Longchamp. He 
 was, also, the bearer of the mandate which appointed that 
 council ; but on reaching England, feared to exhibit his com- 
 mission, as did also the earl of Strigul, his associate. After 
 this, we find him accompanying Queen Emma into Germany 
 with the money necessary to the ransom of Richard, who 
 had been arrested on his return from Palestine and detained 
 prisoner. 
 
 WALTHEOF. — Second son of the great Siward of 
 Northumberland. At the time of his father's death, he was 
 too young to succeed him in the government, and thus the 
 authority passed from the house of Siward. After the con- 
 quest, he accompanied William into Normandy, as did many 
 of the nobility of England, as trophies, or more probably, as 
 hostages, for the fidelity of the English in the absence of the 
 conqueror. After this, he engaged in a rebellion, but was 
 won by the king's assurances of pardon, and became promi- 
 nent among the nobility. Not long after this, however, he 
 
636 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WAR. 
 
 was unsuspectingly drawn into a revolt against the crown, 
 which proved his ruin. It originated with the Norman bar- 
 ons who had become dissatisfied with the arbitrary conduct 
 of William, and determined on throwing off his yoke. The 
 plot was first made known amid the festivities of a bridal 
 entertainment when all were heated with wine. All sub- 
 scribed to it, and pledged themselves to its support ; Waltheof- 
 among the others. Since his former rebellion, he had risen 
 high in the favor of the king, and had even been promoted 
 to the earldoms of Huntingdon, Northampton and Northum- 
 berland, and had also married Judith, niece to the king. 
 After leaving the company, he became alarmed for the con- 
 spiracy into which he had entered. He communicated it to 
 his wife, who at once informed the king, taking pains to rep- 
 resent it so as to secure her husband's ruin. Waltheof has- 
 tened into Normandy to inform the king, who received his 
 disclosure in time to prevent the success of the conspiracy, 
 but ordered him immediately to execution. 
 
 WALWORTH. — Mayor of London in the reign of Rich- 
 ard II. It was he who knocked down Wat Tyler at Smith- 
 field. (See Tyler, Wat.) 
 
 WARBECK. — Sometimes called Osbeck. Reputed fath- 
 er of the famous pretender, Perkin Warbeck. He was a 
 renegade, Jew of Tournay,and had gone to London, on some 
 business, in the time of Edward IV, when his wife is sup- 
 posed to have had criminal intercourse with the king, by 
 which her son, in after years, easily personated a son of 
 Edward. 
 
 WARBECK, Perkin.— The famous pretender to the 
 crown in the reign of Henry VII. Being possessed of sin- 
 ' dar facility and ease of manners, he was chosen by Mar- 
 jj et, duchess of Burgundy, to personate Richard, duke of 
 York "'• secon d s °n of Edward IV. No one had ever doubted 
 that th ? ^ u ^ e » with his brother, Edward V, had been de- 
 stroyed ^ Richard III. Now it was proposed, however, to 
 rare a re nort °^ having escaped from the tower, and be- 
 
 ;««. nnm J s "> claim the right of his birth. Warbeck was 
 ins come u . . ? , . , , . , . . , 
 
 ■nlaced under tramin &> an d alter suitable time, proclaimed by 
 
 f! orv,« «f Tk> chard Plantagenet. Soon he was invited to 
 
 the name ot iu , , . , ., ° ., -.. 3 
 
 France and treat ed wltil ail the consideration due to an Eng- 
 lish monarch. Thv * stor y rapidly gained, and many English 
 gentlemen hastened k to Pans to tender him their allegiance 
 and their services, '° n tiie restoration of peace between 
 
WAR.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 637 
 
 England and France, however, he was dropped by the 
 French court, and fled to Holland, where the duchess of 
 Burgundy succeeded in raising a strong influence in his fa- 
 vor. On receiving a good outfit, he proceeded to make an 
 attempt on England ; but though his cause seemed to be 
 gaining strength, he was not able to prevail. An unsuccess- 
 ful attempt was made on Ireland. Thence he proceeded to 
 Scotland, where he was favorably received by James IV, 
 who even gave him his kinswoman, Lady Catharine Gordon, 
 daughter of the earl of Huntley, in marriage. He accompa- 
 nied James in an invasion of England ; but on the restora- 
 tion of peace between England and Scotland, he was obliged 
 to quit Scotland. Thence, going to Ireland, he made a de- 
 scent on Cornwall, and was taken prisoner. At first, the 
 disposition seems to have been not to treat him harshly ; or 
 at least to spare his life : but after making some two or three 
 efforts to escape, he was ordered to execution. His wife 
 was taken under the protection of Henry, and kindly cared 
 for. Few pretenders have ever succeeded in making more 
 impression, or getting a stronger influence in their favor, than 
 did Warbeck ; and it may be truly said that he gained all 
 but success. 
 
 WARD, Sir Patience. — Mayor of London in the reign 
 of Charles II. Soon after the expiration of his. term of of- 
 fice, when the duke of York, (James II,) sued Pilkington for 
 slander, Ward appeared as witness for the defense. His 
 testimony was decided to be false, and he was saed for per- 
 jury, and condemned to the pillory. A general impression 
 has ever prevailed, that this was an outrage on all law and 
 justice. 
 
 WARHAM. — Archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of 
 the Henrys VII and VIII. The date of his birth is uncer- 
 tain. He was born of good family, and educated at West- 
 minister and Oxford. After passing through several grades 
 of ecclesiastical and academic preferment, he was, in 1502, 
 made keeper of the great seal. In 1503, he was made 
 lord-high-chancellor of England, and bishop of London, and 
 in 1504, raised to the primacy. After the accession of Hen- 
 ry VIII, he was, in part, eclipsed by bishop Fox, and finally 
 supplanted by Cardinal Wolsey, to whose arrogance he never 
 would submit. In 1515, he resigned the seals, and forever 
 retired from the trials and turmoils of court. Soon after this, 
 he sunk into dotage, so far that he was even carried away 
 
638 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WAfi. 
 
 by the silly raving of the " Holy maid of Kent." (See Eliz- 
 abeth Barton.) He was opposed to all the measures of the 
 Reformation, but was never violent in his opposition, his 
 whole character being marked by learning and moderation, 
 rather than by religious zeal. He died in 1532. 
 
 WARNER, Sir Edmond. — Confined, in the early part of 
 the reign of Queen Mary, on suspicion of having been fa- 
 vorably disposed toward the cause of Lady Jane Grey. He 
 remained in prison until after the queen's marriage with 
 Philip, who conceived the idea of overcoming English preju- 
 dices against him by releasing many state prisoners who 
 were known to be popular men. Warner was among them. 
 WARRENNE, William de.— One of the principal 
 nobility who enlisted under William the Conqueror in Iris in- 
 vasion of England. After the conquest, he received the ap- 
 pointment of justiciary, in which place he exerted much in- 
 fluence in the court. He is said, also, to have been a favor- 
 ite of William Rufus, but had the misfortune to incur the 
 displeasure of Henry I, and suffered banishment and confis- 
 cation. 
 
 WARRENNE, William de.— Most probably son of the 
 above. He appears among the nobility who enlisted in the 
 crusade preached in England in 1148, by St. Bernard. 
 
 WARRENNE, Reginald de.— One of the ministers of 
 Henry II, who, on the arrival of Becket, the primate, and 
 his announcement of the sentence of suspension against the 
 archbishop of York and the excommunication of the bishops 
 of London and Salisbury, sarcastically asked him whether 
 he meant " to bring fire and sword into the kingdom." The 
 bold reproof was, however, but little heeded by the primate. 
 WARRENNE, Earl of.— (See Peter, of Savoy.) 
 WARWICK, Sir Philip. — A personal friend and warm 
 supporter of Charles I, during his tedious confinement before 
 his execution. We have several instances on record of his 
 boldness in vindicating his master before his enemies, and of 
 his kindness to him in private. What became of him after 
 the death of Charles is uncertain. 
 WARWICK, Earl of.— (See Guy.) 
 WARWICK, Earl of. —(See Beauchamp.) 
 WARWICK, Earl of.— (See Nevil, Richaid.) 
 WARWICK, Earl of.— (See Plantagenet, Edward.) 
 WARWICK, Earl of.— (See Dudley, John.) 
 WARWICK, Earl of.— (See Dudley, son of John.) 
 
WJEL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 639 
 
 WATERVILLE, Robert de.~ When the infamous Isa- 
 bella, queen of Edward II, landed in England with the forces 
 which she had raised for the purpose of dethroning her hus- 
 band, Waterville was sent by the king to oppose her, but on 
 meeting her in Suffolk, deserted to her with all his forces. 
 
 WATSON. — One of the Romish priests who were accus- 
 ed of being the originators of the plot for deposing James I 
 and placing Lady Arabella Stuart on the throne. He was 
 executed, with Clarke, the other priest, about the same time 
 with Broke, who was brother to Lord Cobham. (See Clarke 
 and Broke.) 
 
 WATTS. — A Romish priest to whom William Parry 
 communicated his design of assassinating Queen Elizabeth. 
 Watts seems to have been a conscientious man, and did every 
 thing in his power to dissuade Parry from an enterprise 
 which he regarded as "criminal and impious." (See Parry, 
 William.) 
 
 WEIR. — A Scottish gentleman who, in the reign of 
 Charles II, was tried and condemned for keeping company 
 with some one who had been concerned in in a rebellion. 
 He plead that he did not know of the person having been in 
 rebellion, and therefore, was not culpable. The court deci- 
 ded, however, that no one could be concerned in a rebellion 
 without being exposed to suspicion: that being suspected, it 
 was to be presumed that each and every individual had heard 
 of the grounds of suspicion : that every man was bound to 
 declare to the government his suspicions ; and that to fail in 
 this was to participate in the treason. On this decision, 
 Weir was convicted. We learn, however that he obtained a 
 reprieve. Whether he was ever pardoned, is uncertain. 
 
 WELDON, Colonel. — A parliamentary officer in the 
 civil wars of Charles I. We find him, in 1645, driving the 
 royalists out of Staunton, and taking military possession of 
 the place. Soon after this, however, the city was invested 
 by a strong force of the royalists, and Weldon reduced to 
 great extremity. How he escaped, or what became of him, 
 we are not informed. 
 
 WELLES, Lord. — One of the Lancastrian nobility who 
 fell at the battle of Touton in 1461. An act of attainder 
 was passed against him after his death, and his estates were 
 confiscated. 
 
 WELLES, Lord.— When his son, Robert Welles, engag- 
 ed in and headed the Lincolnshire insurrection of 1490, he 
 
640 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [w£N. 
 
 gave no countenance to it, but fled to a sanctuary in order to 
 secure himself against the suspicion of having participated 
 in it. He was allured from this retreat, however, by a 
 promise of safety, but was soon after beheaded with some 
 others, by .order of the king, Edward IV, who seems not to 
 have been satisfied of his innocence. 
 
 WELLES, Sir Robert. — Son of the above. He headed 
 a rebellion in 1470 which arose in Lincolnshire and muster- 
 ed a force amounting to about thirty thousand. Trie king, 
 (Edward IV) fought a battle with the rebels, in which he de- 
 feated them, took Welles and Sir Thomas Launde, and or- 
 dered them to be immediately beheaded. 
 
 WELLS, Hugh de. — Chancellor under King John, who, 
 in the midst of his troubles, caused him to be elected bishop 
 of Lincoln. He asked permission to cross the channel in 
 order to receive consecration at the hands of the archbishop 
 of Rouen. Permission was granted ; but once on the conti- 
 nent, he joined himself to Langton, the primate of England, 
 who was then embroiled in a violent quarrel with the king, 
 and it has been questioned whether he ever returned. 
 
 WELSH. — A member of parliament in 1593, under the 
 reign of Elizabeth. When Peter Wentworth and Sir 
 Thomas Bromley had resolved on urging the queen to name 
 her successor, Bromley confided their project to Welsh and 
 Stephens, both of whom, for this offense, were sent to prison. 
 So sensitive was the " maiden queen" on this subject, that 
 she allowed no one to name it to her, in any way. 
 
 WENLOCK, Lord.— One of the generals of Queen Mar- 
 garet who fell in the battle of Tewkesbury, in which the Lan- 
 castrians were totally defeated. 
 
 WENTWORTH, Lord.— Chamberlain of the household 
 in the minority of Edward VI. In consequence of his hav- 
 ing favored the prosecution of Protector Somerset he receiv- 
 ed many large presents from the crown, or rather, from War- 
 wick, who then sat at the helm of government. The manors 
 of Stepney and Hackney were severed from the see of Lon- 
 don and given to him, which was generally regarded as a 
 great outrage on the church. 
 
 WENTWORTH, Peter.— A member of parliament in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. In 1571, when Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
 had made an able speech in favor of the prerogatives of the 
 crown, Wentworth denounced him as mean and contempti 
 ble, because disposed to " flatter and fawn on the prince, 
 
WEN. J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 641 
 
 and declared that he was like the chameleon, which can 
 change itself into all colors except white. Being decidedly 
 puritanical in his views, he frequently indulged in violent 
 speeches against executive patronage, and in favor of liber- 
 ty. For these liberties, he was, more than once, thown into 
 prison by the queen ; though we find no evidence of its hav- 
 ing ever, in the least, abated his ardor or relaxed the force 
 of his will. He was one of those towering spirits which, 
 just about that time, began to loom up, and which nothing 
 short of the largest liberty could satisfy. 
 
 WENT WORTH, Paul.— Brother of the above. He, 
 too, was a member of parliament in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 though not at the same time with his brother. He was, also, 
 a violent puritan, and succeeded in getting through the house 
 of commons a bill authorizing that body to appoint fasts, and 
 set prayers, independent alike of the church and of the crown. 
 For this the house received a severe reprimand from the 
 queen, and were forced to make submissions and rescind the 
 vote. 
 
 WENTWORTH, Sir Thomas.— Earl of Strafford. Dis- 
 tinguished in the reign of Charle# I, in both houses of 
 parliament, in the cabinet and in the field. He was of 
 an ancient family, claiming to have descended from John, of 
 Guant, duke of Lancaster. He was returned a member of 
 the commons from the county of York, a little before the 
 death of James I. After this, he filled the office of Sheriff 
 of that county, and after the accession of Charles I, was 
 again returned to parliament, when he took decided ground 
 with the popular party. In the course of a few years, how- 
 ever, he saw that the tendency of his party was not merely 
 to reform, as he had first understood, but to revolution. On 
 making this discovery he abandoned it, and concurred with 
 the king, which so exasperated the popular party that his 
 ruin was inevitable from that time. On the 22d of July, 
 1628, he was created Baron Wentworth, and on the 10th of 
 December following, promoted to the degree of Viscount 
 Wentworth. Soon after this he was made privy counsellor, 
 lord-lieutenant of York ; and president of the^north ; and 
 1632, was created lord-deputy of Ireland and) -earl of Staf- 
 ford ; next, he was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, m which 
 position he conducted himself with great dignity,,*, and ably rep- 
 resented the interests of the crown. But the popular party 
 had set a mark on him, and the parliament whicbjp'met on the 
 
642 BIOGRAPHICAL. INDEX. [WES. 
 
 3d of November, 1640, voted an impeachment against him, 
 and he was summoned home to trial. All parties agree that 
 no pains were spared by the parliament to deprive him of 
 such witnesses as were likely to subserve his interests, 
 many of them being impeached and thrown into prison, lor 
 no other purpose than to disqualify them as witnesses. The 
 impeachment was not sustained by the peers ; but by a vio- 
 lent movement, a bill of attainder was barely passed against 
 Mm, and on the 12th of May, 1641, he was led to the 
 •scaffold. He was the ablest supporter of the royal cause, 
 and his death sealed the fate of the unhappy Charles, who 
 hesitated long before he would consent to sign his death- 
 warrant, and yielded only when the magnanimous Strafford 
 had urged him to compose the stormy elements by so rich a 
 sacrifice. 
 WEST, Dr.— Dean of Windsor, in the time of Henry VIII. 
 Of his religious and theological character, we have little in- 
 formation; he figures chiefly as ambassador, or messenger, 
 of Henry to the court of Scotland. 
 
 WEST. — One of the subordinate operators in the Rye- 
 House plot against Charles II. He saved himself by turning 
 state's evidence against his accomplices. 
 
 WESTMORELAND, Earl of.— (See Nevil, Ralph.) 
 He seldom appears, however, under this title. 
 
 WESTON. — Gentleman of the bed-chamber of Henry 
 VIII in the life of Queen Anne Boleyn. When Henry had 
 conceived the infamous design of destroying Anne, that he 
 might indulge his passion for Jane Seymour, he charged her 
 with having indulged in criminal intercourse with Weston, 
 and several others, among whom was her own brother, Vis- 
 count Rocheford. Although much friendship and pleasantry 
 was proved to have been indulged between Weston and the 
 queen, no one, perhaps, has ever seriously entertained the 
 idea of crime. Weston, however, was executed, with nearly 
 all the others charged. 
 
 WESTON, Sir Richard.-— Earl of Portland, and treasu- 
 rer of Charles I, in the early part of his reign. As he was 
 suspected by the parliament of being concerned in the pro- 
 ject of " tonnage and poundage," he was seriously threatened, 
 in 1629, with impeachment, and escaped only by the hasty and 
 violent dissolution of the parliament. Many of his meas- 
 ures were exceedingly offensive, and had he lived until the 
 worst of the storm, it is not improbable that he would have 
 
WHI,] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 643 
 
 been numbered among its victims. Fortunately, however, 
 death came to his rescue, and he died before the breaking 
 out of the war. 
 
 WESTON. — One of the judges who favored the prerog- 
 atives of the crown in the reign of Charles II. An im- 
 peachment was sent up against him by the commons, for 
 having pronounced the advocates of popular rights fanatics. 
 Of course, the impeachment was not entertained by the 
 peers. 
 
 WHARTON, Lord. — A military character in the reign 
 of Edward VI. He committed great ravages on the west- 
 ern borders of Scotland about the time of the battle of 
 Pinkey, in 1547, which made him a terror to the whole 
 country. Six years after we find his two sons, the earls of 
 Bath and Sussex, among the people of Suffolk who heark- 
 ened to the pledges of Mary, that she would protect the pro- 
 testant religion, and on this assurance, gave her their hearty 
 support. 
 
 WHARTON, Lord.' — One of the sixteen commissioners 
 sent by Charles I to treat with the Scotch at Rippon, in 
 1640. All of these commissioners are said to have favored 
 the popular party, although there is reason to believe that 
 they were strictly conservative in their views. Wharton 
 does not figure largely in the revolution. A peer of the 
 same name, supposed to be the same, appears in the parlia- 
 mentary strife of 1677, after the restoration. So violent 
 was his conduct at this time that he was thrown into prison, 
 and released only on his making submissions. When the 
 conduct of James II had become such as to excite the indig- 
 nation of all England, Wharton, though old and infirm, 
 made a visit to the prince of Orange for the purpose of ten- 
 dering him his services, and inviting him to invade England. 
 
 WHARTON. — Perhaps a relative of the above. He 
 was among the first who, on the landing of the prince of 
 Orange, hastened to tender his services, and encourage the 
 revolution. 
 
 WHITE, Thomas. — A wealthy merchant of London who 
 in 1592, turned privateer, and succeeded in taking two Span- 
 ish ships, which, besides 1400 chests of quicksilver, contain- 
 ed 2,000,000 papal bulls of indulgences. These were worth 
 but little in England, though they had cost the king of Spain 
 300,000 florins, and would have sold, in the West Indies for 
 5,000,000. 
 
644 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WHI. 
 
 WHITE, Colonel. — On the breaking up of " Barebone's 
 Parliament," General Harrison, and about twenty others, re- 
 mained in the house for the purpose of drawing up certain 
 protests. In this employment, they were interupted by Col. 
 White, with a party of soldiers, asking what they did there. 
 " We are seeking the Lord," they replied. " Then you may 
 go elsewhere," replied he, " for to my certain knowledge, he 
 has not been here these many years." So have thought 
 many others. 
 
 WHITE. — Bishop of Peterborough under the reigns of 
 Charles II and James II. He was one of the six prelates 
 who were prosecuted by James for refusing to publish his 
 proclamation of indulgence to dissenters, — rather, to papists. 
 The acquittal of these bishops was quickly followed by the 
 invasion of England by the prince of Orange, and the abdi- 
 cation of James. 
 
 WHITEBREAD.— Provincial of the order of Jesuits 
 in England, in the reign of Charles II, and one of the vic- 
 tims of Titus Oates. He was charged with being concerned 
 in some " popish plot," and with four other Jesuits, executed 
 in 1679. (See Fenwick, Gavan, Turner, and Harcourt. ) 
 
 WHITGIFT, John.— Archbishop of Canterbury in the 
 reigns of Elizabeth and James I. He was born of good 
 family about 1530, and educated in the university of Cam- 
 bridge. His early indications of genius arrested general 
 attention ; and after leaving the university, he passed rapid- 
 ly through all the grades of scholastic and ecclesiastical 
 preferment, until he reached the highest position in the 
 church of England. Even before entering the university, 
 he had discovered a very decided predilection for the pro- 
 testant doctrines, which under Henry VIII, had made some 
 progress in England. While in St. Anthony's school, in 
 London, he boarded with his aunt, who, being a zealous 
 Romanist, labored, for a long time, to correct his heresies, 
 but finding him inflexible, at length dismissed him from her 
 house, saying that when he came to live with her, she 
 thought she •' had a saint in her house ; but she now per- 
 ceived that she had a devil." During the bloody reign of 
 Mary, he was in the university, where he was protected 
 from the papal inquisition by a Dr. Perne, who though a 
 papist, pledged his word to protect him. In 1577, he was 
 made bishop of Worcester, and in 1583, on the death of 
 Archbishop Grindal, was translated to the see of Canterbury, 
 
WIA.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 645 
 
 After reaching this high position, he showed great severity 
 toward all classes of dissenters ; and Romanists and puritans 
 had, alike, much cause of complaiiat, that they were denied 
 the rights of conscience. Soon after the accession of James 
 I, he was seized with a paralytic stroke, while walking from 
 the council chamber, and after a short illness, passed from 
 earth. The historian of his times can hardly fail to con- 
 demn much of his conduct toward the dissenting orders ; but 
 the christian and the philosopher will, perhaps, find most of 
 those severities referable rather to the spirit of the times and 
 to an over ardent zeal for what he conceived to be right, than 
 to any want of christian charity. 
 
 WHITLOCKE, Bulstrode.— A learned English lawyer 
 who was born on the 6th of August, 1605, and educated at 
 the university of Oxford. He left the university, however, 
 without his degree, and went to the Middle Temple, where 
 he commenced the study of law, and soon entered on the 
 practice of that profession. In 1640, he became a member 
 of parliament, and was chairman of the committee appointed 
 to conduct the impeachment of Strafford. At the very com- 
 mencement of Charles' troubles with parliament, Whitlocke 
 took decided ground with the popular party, and never 
 changed his position during his life : though he was far from 
 being of the most violent order of revolutionists. Even after 
 the commencement of the civil wars, Charles had great con- 
 fidence in him, and often asked his advice, in his greatest 
 difficulties. Cromwell, also, sought his counsel, and labored 
 to cultivate his acquaintance ; but it is a remarkable fact that 
 he never made any effort to become a particular friend of 
 the protector. When Charles was put on his trial, Whitlocke 
 was named one of the thirty-eight to diaw up the charges ; 
 but he refused to attend, nor did he ever approve the verdict 
 of that court. After serving the commonwealth until after 
 the abdication of Richard Cromwell, he retired to private 
 life, complaining that he had given his life to a party which 
 had never shown him the least gratitude. He was generally 
 believed to have corresponded with the royalists on the sub- 
 ject of the restoration of monarchy, though the evidence of 
 it was never clear. He died on the 28th of January, 1676. 
 His name will ever stand prominent among the scholars, 
 statesmen, and patriots, of his times. 
 
 . WIAT, Sir Thomas.— The leader of the famous " Wiat 
 insurrection " of 1554, under the reign of Mary. The ob- 
 
646 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WIC. 
 
 ject of the insurrection was to prevent the queen's marriage 
 with Philip of Spain. After entering Westminster, and 
 finding no men of prominence to join them, his followers 
 gradually deserted him, and he was made prisoner, and exe- 
 cuted, with 400 of his men. 
 
 WIBBA,or WEBBA.— The second king of Mercia. He 
 was the son and successor of Crida, the founder of the mon- 
 archy. Crida had created much alarm in the heptarchy by 
 his ambitious schemes, and Ethelbert, of Kent, became the 
 leader of a strong alliance against him, by which he was 
 overpowered. Soon after this, he died, and Ethelbert appro- 
 priated his dominions to himself. Fearing, however, lest a 
 dangerous alliance might be provoked against him, as had 
 been against Crida, he thought it prudent to resign the 
 crown of Mercia to Webba, who was the rightful heir. In 
 this way Webba succeeded to the throne, which he occupied 
 more as the viceroy of Ethelbert than as an independent 
 monarch. So manifestly precarious was his authority that 
 he must ever have stood low among the princes of the hep- 
 tarchy. He died in 616, after a reign of 21 years. 
 
 W1CKLIFF, John, D.D.— Commonly reckoned the first 
 mover in the reformation. He was born at WicklifT, in 
 Yorkshire, about A. D. 1324, and was educated in the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, where he afterward became professor of 
 divinity, and gained an enviable distinction by his abilities 
 and learning. He began to arrest attention in the latter 
 part of the reign of Edward III, by a controversy with the 
 begging friars. After this, he attacked the monastic system 
 in general, and soon after, as his researches continued, and 
 the light of the Gospel more clearly discovered to him the 
 original nature and design of Christianity, he boldly denied 
 the authority of the pope, and the truth of many doctrines 
 held by the Roman Catholic church. He denied that the 
 church had any right to temporal authority, denied the corpo- 
 real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucha- 
 rist, maintained that the Scriptures were the sole rule of 
 faith, and that many of the ceremonies of the Romish 
 church were hurtful to the cause of true religion. The no- 
 bility generally approved his doctrines, and he was openly 
 defended by John of Gaunt, the famous duke of Lancaster. 
 He was cited to appear befcre an ecclesiastical council at 
 Lambeth in 1377, to give an account of his doctrines. The, 
 duke of Lancaster appeared by his side, as did many of the 
 
WIL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 647 
 
 chief nobility. He was heard in defense, and acquitted. His 
 acquittal, however, gave great offense to Gregory XI, then 
 pope of Rome, who ordered him to appear at Rome to an- 
 swer before him in person. As he refused to appear, a 
 second council was assembled at Lambeth, and the nineteen 
 articles of his creed which the pope had condemned as 
 heretical called up. Such was his eloquence in their defense 
 that his ecclesiastical judges were overpowered and forced 
 to acquit him, charging him, however, to be strictly silent on 
 controverted points. He continued to preach, however, with 
 great effect, the doctrines for which he had been censured. 
 A third council was called by Courtnay, the archbishop of 
 Canterbury, in which his doctrines were condemned and the 
 thunders of Rome brought to bear against them. The fee- 
 ble monarch, Richard II, consented to a general prosecution, 
 but just at this time, (1384,) WicklifT died at Lutterworth. 
 Many of his disciples suffered violent persecution. One 
 hundred and thirty years after this, Martin Luther espoused 
 and nobly defended his doctrines. Wickliff translated the 
 Scriptures into the English language, and wrote several 
 works. About forty years after his death the council of Con- 
 stance, after ordering John Huss to be burned, caused the 
 bones of Wickliff to be dug up and burned. 
 
 WIDRED, or WITHDRED. — The eleventh king of 
 Kent. He was the son of Egbert, and brother to Edric, his 
 predecessor. Unfortunately for him, the succession had 
 been, for some time before his accession, much disjointed, 
 and faction had begun to prevail among the nobility. Soon 
 after his accession his dominions were invaded by Csed walla, 
 king of Wessex, and his brother Mollo, the latter of whom 
 was slain in battle with the Kentish forces, after which Wi- 
 dred had peace, and lived to see his kingdom restored to a 
 good degree of tranquillity. He died in 718, after a reign 
 of 32 years. 
 
 WIGLAFF. — The- eighteenth, and last, king of Mercia. 
 His lineage is not known, and it is probable that he was not 
 of the royal family. He mounted this unstable throne in 
 825, but was soon borne down by Egbert, of Wessex, who, 
 about that time, succeeded in reducing the entire heptarchy 
 and making himself king of England. (See Egbert.) 
 
 WILDE, Serjeant. — One of the prosecutors of Arch- 
 bishop Laud. He conducted the prosecution with great 
 energy, and closed his long speech in these words: "This 
 
648 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wit; 
 
 man, my lords, is like Naaman, the Syrian ; a great man, 
 but a leper:" — alluding to Laud's supposed predilections for 
 Romanism. 
 
 WILDMAN. — A violent republican of the deistical 
 school in the time of Cromwell's protectorate. He had 
 favored the measures of the parliament, and given his entire 
 sanction to the murder of Charles I ; but on the discovery of 
 Cromwell's intention to govern by absolute power, turned 
 against him, and did everything in his power to break down 
 his authority. 
 
 WILFORD. — A cordwainer's son who, encouraged by 
 the credit gained by Simnel and Warbeck, undertook to per- 
 sonate the young earl of Warwick, whom Henry VII had 
 long confined in prison. Some of the priesthood espoused 
 his cause, and even publicly recommended his claims to the 
 people. What became of him we are not informed. The 
 effect of his folly was to cause Warwick, soon after, to be 
 put to death. (See Plantagenet, Edward.) 
 
 WILFRID. — Bishop of Lindisf erne in the eighth century. 
 He was sole prelate in the kingdom of Northumberland 
 when the English synod held in Hertford, gave offense by 
 establishing some new bishopricks which trespassed on his 
 territory. He immediately appealed to the Roman Pontiff, 
 who was proud of such an appeal, glad of having an oppor- 
 tunity to exercise his jurisdiction in England, and according- 
 ly lost no time in making a formal decision in favor of the 
 appelant. This decision, Wilfrid insisted, was binding, as 
 the keys of the kingdom of heaven were given to St. Peter 
 and to his successors, — the popes of Rome, — and that none 
 could enter in but those whom they might admit. This is 
 said to have been the first appeal ever made from an Eng- 
 lish ecclesiastical decision to the papal court, and has been 
 generally reckoned the first step toward the final subjection 
 of the English church to the church of Rome. Wilfrid ac- 
 quired great renown with the court of Rome and with all 
 the Saxon churches, by expelling from Northumberland the 
 quartodeciman schism. 
 
 WILFRID. — Archbishop of York in the time of King 
 Alfred. He was twice condemned, in England, for some 
 offense, but appealed to the pope, who reversed the senten- 
 ces, and sent two nuncio's to execute his decree. On their 
 arrival in England, however, Alfred told them distinctly that 
 " a person twice plainly condemned by the whole council of 
 
WIL.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 049 
 
 England could not be restored upon a pope's letter." We 
 are equally ignorant of the offense and or' the penalty. This 
 incident serves to show that the papal authority in .England 
 was, then, but small. 
 
 WILKES, Thomas. — An ambassador of Queen Eliza- 
 beth to the court of Spain in 1579, — perhaps several years 
 before, and alter. We know but little of him. 
 
 WILKINS, John. — Bishop of Chester in the reign of 
 Charles II. He was born in 1614, and educated at Oxford. 
 On the commencement of the civil wars, he joined the pop- 
 ular party, and alter marrying a sister of Oliver Cromwell, 
 (Mrs. French,) was placed at the head of one of the col- 
 leges of the university of Oxford, and soon after made mas- 
 ter of Trinity college, Cambridge. After the restoration, he 
 was ejected from the college, but through the influence of 
 some of the n»bility, was reconciled to the court, and made 
 bishop of Chester. During the darkness of the protectorate 
 he had been the patron of science, and was chiefly concern- 
 ed in the organization of the Royal Society. He died Novem- 
 ber 19, 1672. He was more distinguished by his love of 
 science than as a bishop. 
 
 WILLIAM, the Conqueror.— Duke of Normandy, and af- 
 terward, king of England. He was an illegitimate son of 
 Robert, duke of Normandy, by Hariotta, daughter of a tan- 
 ner of Faiaise. Having lio legitimate issue, Robeit deter- 
 mined on making him his successor, and accordingly, when 
 on the eve of setting out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 
 assembled the barons and caused them to swear allegiance 
 to young William as his successor, in case he should never 
 return. The precaution proved a wise one, as he died on 
 the pilgrimage. Many of the princes of Europe showed a 
 disposition to take advantage of Duke William's youth, and 
 the king of France at once determined on restoring the ter- 
 ritory of Normandy to the French crown, from which it had 
 been dismembered by Rollo. Soon, however, William gave 
 signs oi very superior talents, and many of his enemies were 
 forced to treat with him on terms by no means disparaging 
 to him. As Edward, the Confessor, king of England, alter 
 a long and stormy reign, drew near his end, he felt the ne- 
 cessity of appointing a successor. He had no child. His 
 nephew, Edward, whom he had invited from Hungary to 
 succeed him had died soon after reaching England. The 
 only remaining heir of the Saxon line, was Edgar Athehng, 
 
 S>8 
 
350 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wiL, 
 
 son of Edward, who was altogether too weak a prince to op- 
 pose the decided talents of Harold, whose ambitious views 
 were already manifest, and who had gained an extensive 
 popularity with the English people. The aged Confessor 
 was not willing that his throne should be filled by one of the 
 greatest enemies of the Saxon dynasty. Looking around 
 him he saw no one so well calculated to fill his place, and 
 maintain his position against Harold, as William, of Nor- 
 mandy, to whom he stood related by his Norman mother, 
 Queen Emma. At first, the will was kept a profound se- 
 cret, and was first certainly known to Harold when by acci- 
 dent, he was thrown into the power of William and made 
 acquainted with the whole scheme under circumstances which 
 made it impossible for him to manifest the least dissatisfac- 
 tion. At the death of the Confessor, however, Harold took 
 possession of the throne of England, by almost unanimous 
 consent. But William was not to be so easily disposed of as 
 the English had supposed. He immediately equipped a 
 powerful army, which included many of the principal nobili- 
 ty of Europe, crossed the channel, and at the memorable 
 battle of Hastings, defeated and slew Harold, and took pos- 
 session of England by conquest, (1066.) The English did 
 not readily yield to the new government, and insurrections 
 were constantly breaking out in different parts of the king- 
 'dom, until William, who had shown at first, a disposition to 
 rule with a degree of mildness, was forced to adopt the most 
 cruel and tyrannical measures. Englishmen were excluded 
 from all places of trust and emolument, and the functiona- 
 ries of government almost to a man, were Normans. The 
 English language was excluded from court and the French 
 adopted ; French manners were introduced into all the fash- 
 ionable circles, and soon it became a reproach to be called an 
 Englishman. The English spirit yielded under the heartless 
 cruelties of the administration, and Normanism became the 
 spirit of the nation. After a reign of twenty-one years, 
 William died of an injury received by the starting of his 
 horse, which threw him violently on the pommel of his sad- 
 dle, 1087. 
 
 WILLIAM RUFUS.— Second son of William the con- 
 queror. He succeeded, by will of his father, to the govern- 
 ment of England ; his elder brother, Robert, having inherit- 
 ed the duchy of Normandy. The arrangement caused great 
 dissatisfaction among the barons, many of whom owned 
 
WIL.] BIOGKAPHICAL INDEX. 651 
 
 large possessions on both sides of the channel, and were not 
 willing to be subject to two sovereigns at the same time ; and 
 conspiracies were entered into to depose William, which, 
 however, were promptly suppressed. His reign amounted 
 to but u a dull career of despotism," distinguished by nothing 
 except the crusade, to which England contributed in some 
 degree. After a reign of thirteen years, he perished by ac- 
 cident, being shot while hunting in the new forest. (See 
 Tyrel, Walter.) 
 
 WILLIAM III. — 'Prince of Orange and king of Eng- 
 land. He was born November 14, 1650, and elected stadt- 
 holder of Holland in 1672. He evinced an early fondness 
 for military life, and greatly distinguished himself in the 
 wars of his country against France and Spain. So decided- 
 ly phlegmatic was his tempmerament that he was insensible 
 equally to danger and to safety, the only pleasure which he 
 ever evinced being that of gratified ambition. As his mother 
 was a daughter of Charles I, of England, and his wife, 
 Mary, a daughter of James II, he took a deep interest in the 
 affairs of England ; and when James had acted in such a 
 manner as to offend and disgust the whole nation, all eyes 
 were turned to William for assistance. At length, in 1688, 
 when the popular indignation had become so excited as to 
 call for a revolution, he was waited on by an English delega- 
 tion, and requested to invade the country for the restoration 
 of its laws and religion. Such was his ambition that he 
 needed but little persuasion, and accordingly, on the 4th of 
 November, that same year, landed in England with a small 
 force for the declared purpose of forcing James to restore 
 the ancient laws of England, or to resign the crown. All 
 England was in commotion. Thousands gathered to his 
 standard, and even a large part of the regular army of the 
 crown hastened to join him. After a few slight skirmishes, 
 James became alarmed and fled the kingdom, and on the 
 11th of April, 1689, William and Mary were crowned king 
 and queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Soon after 
 this, however, James returned, with a French army to Ire- 
 land, for the purpose of making a desperate effort to regain 
 his crown. William hastened to meet him, and a few days 
 after touching on the " Emerald Isle," completely defeated 
 his father-in-law, and made himself the undisputed sovereign 
 of England. As France had offended him by espousing the 
 cause of James, he next proceeded to chastise that interfe- 
 
652 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wiL. 
 
 rence, and by a few bold movements, although no very great 
 resu'ts followed, showed himself so consummate a general 
 as made him the terror of the French nation. He com- 
 manded, in a high degree, the respect of his English subjects, 
 but never their affections. He was cold, sullen, and calcula- 
 ting, and was, doubtless, better fitted for the field than for 
 the cabinet. Hence he is far more illustrious as the stadt- 
 holder and general of Holland than as the king of England. 
 He died on the 16th of March, 1702, of the effer.ts of a fall 
 from his horse. France had cause to rejoice in his early 
 death. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Archbishop of Canterbury under the reigns 
 of Henry I and Stephen. He was sent by Henry to the 
 court of Rome with a remonstrance against certain usurpa- 
 tions of the papacy over the English church. The pope ap- 
 pointed him his legate in England, and afterward renewed the 
 commission, from time to time, by which all collision between 
 Henry and the pope was avoided. At the death of Henry, 
 when Stephen hastened to seize the crown, before the coro- 
 nation of the empress Matilda, William was called upon to 
 give the royal unction. He had already sworn fealty to 
 Matilda, in her father's lifetime, and hence refused to crown 
 the usurper, until Hugh Bigod made oath that Henry had, 
 on his death- bed,, shown dissatisfaction with Matilda, and ex- 
 pres.ed a wish that the count of Bologna might succeed him. 
 Un this testimony, William consented to officiate. Beyond 
 this, we know little of him. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Only son of Henry I. Fearing that if his 
 son did not receive the homage of the nation before his 
 death, some unforseen event prevent his succession, Henry 
 determined to have him acknowledged king. For this pur- 
 pose, he took him over to Normandy, that he might receive 
 the homage of his subjects in that duchy. He was acknow- 
 ledged by the barons; and as he was already favorably re- 
 garded by the English, because of his maternal connection 
 with the ancient Saxon kings, his mother being a niece of 
 Edgar Atheling, all doubt seemed to be removed as to his 
 succession. On his return, the king set sail from Barfleur, 
 and was soon out of sight. The young prince, with many 
 of the nobility, on another ship, did not sail until dark. In 
 the course of the afternoon, the commander of the vessel, 
 and most of his seamen, became intoxicated, and soon alter 
 starting, ran the ship upon a rock, where she instantly went 
 
WIL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. C53 
 
 to pieces. The young prince had got into the long boat, and 
 was clear of the ship, when he heard the cries of the coun- 
 tess of Percha, his natural sister. He ordered the boat to 
 row back, in hopes of saving her, but on returning to the 
 ship, many moie crowded into the boat, which caused it to 
 sink, and the prince, and all his retinue, perished. (See 
 Fitz-Stephens.) 
 
 WILLIAM.— A friend and confidant of King Stephen. 
 He commanded the mercenary soldiers who had been kept 
 in the service of that monarch, and by whom many outrages 
 had been committed on the natives. It was one among the 
 first acts of Henry II, after his accession, to dismiss William, 
 and all the troops under his command. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Earl mareschal under the reign of Henry 
 III. He died early in the reign of Henry, and was suc- 
 ceeded in office by his brother Richard. Little is known of 
 him. 
 
 WILLIAM.— Of Wickham. Bishop of Winchester at 
 the commencement of the reign of Richard II, who confer- 
 red on him the high office of chancellor. The office had 
 been, for some time previous, filled by Fitz-Alan, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, who was displaced by Richard, as 
 were many of the old ministers, at the time of his assump- 
 tion of the government. 
 
 WILLIAM. — King of Scotland at the same time when 
 Henry II reigned in England. He seems to have been a 
 weak prince. Attempting to make war upon Henry, he 
 fell into his hands, a prisoner, and was forced to do homage 
 to him for his crown, and to have his barons and bishops 
 formally acknowledge the king of England for their superior 
 lord. This was the first great ascendant of England over 
 Scotland. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Son of King Stephen. The treaty which 
 secured the crown of England to Henry II, at the death of 
 Stephen, stipulated that William should inherit his father's 
 estate as count of Bologna. After this, he is no more known 
 in English history. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Earl of Cornwall. He was cousin german 
 to Henry I, but had the misfortune to fall under suspicion of 
 having sympathised with Duke Robert, for which he suffered 
 the confiscation of all his vast estates in England. 
 
 WILLIAM— Bishop of Durham at the accession of 
 WilUam Rui'us. He was one of the conspirators against 
 
654 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wiL. 
 
 that prince, in favor of duke Robert, and most probably suf- 
 fered, in common with the others, — banishment and confis- 
 cation. 
 
 WILLIAM.— Elder brother of King Stephen. In con- 
 sequence of a natural imbecility of mind he was wholly neg- 
 lected. 
 
 WILLIAM. — Son of Duke Robert, who was the eldest 
 son of William the Conquerer. When his father was thrown 
 into confinement by Henry I, he was but six years old. 
 Henry did not permit him ever to take possession of his 
 father's dominions as duke of Normandy. Much sensation 
 was created in Europe by the injustice, but no one was wil- 
 ling to encounter Henry in his behalf. He got possession of 
 Flanders, however, at the death of Earl Charles, having 
 claims by his grand-mother, Matilda, who was daughter of 
 Earl Baldwin, but perished in a skirmish with his competi- 
 tor soon after. 
 
 WILLIAM. — A Norman priest who came to England as 
 one of the chaplains of Edward the Confessor, and was after- 
 ward created bishop of London. He was one of the many 
 Norman favorites who so much excited the jealousy of the 
 English. He was dismissed, as were all the Norman func- 
 tionaries, on the return of Godwin. (See Godwin.) 
 
 WILLIAMS, Sir Roger. — Sent by Queen Elizabeth in 
 1591, to assist Henry IV of France against the violence of 
 his Roman catholic subjects. 
 
 WILLIAMS. — Executed for having entered into a con- 
 spiracy with Ibarra, a Spaniard, to poison Queen Elizabeth, 
 or in some way to destroy her. 
 
 WILLIAMS, John. — Archbishop of York in the reigns 
 of James I and Charles I. He was born on the 25th of 
 March, 1582, and by intense application to his studies, made 
 himself one of the most accomplished scholars of his times. 
 After occupying many high ecclesiastical positions, and 
 being, for some timej chaplain to his majesty, Charles I, he 
 was, in 1621, made bishop of Lincoln, which office he filled 
 until 1641, when he was translated to York. Previous to 
 his translation, he was made chancellor, in which position 
 he had to contend with violent enmities, and was even in- 
 dicted in the star-chamber, and fined 10,000 pounds, beside 
 suffering a tedious imprisonment. The chief cause of this 
 harsh treatment is to be found in the fact that he sympa- 
 thized with the popular party, or at least, was disposed to 
 
WIL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 65') 
 
 treat them kindly. Hence Laud, Buckingham, and several 
 of the nobility were opposed to him. With all his regard 
 for the people, however, he was greatly devoted to Charles; 
 and on hearing of his violent death, was completely over- 
 whelmed. He survived him but a short time, as he died 
 March 25, 1650 He was a great and good man ; and had 
 there been more such in power, the life of Charles might 
 have been spared. 
 
 WILLIAMS. — Speaker of the house of commons in the 
 reign of Charles II, about 1681-2-3. We learn that he was 
 prosecuted in 16S4, for having issued warrants in obedience 
 to orders from the house, without the consent of the crown. 
 
 WILLIS, Sir Richard. — A royalist of the time of Charles 
 I, greatly trusted by the king and his ministers. After the 
 fall of Charles, however, he meanly consented to act as a 
 spy for Cromwell against all who should be found opposed 
 to the new administration. He adroitly managed to conceal 
 himself, but was able by his base dissimulation, to thwart 
 every scheme of the royalists and presbyterians, by timely 
 reporting it to headquarters. One redeeming trait in him 
 should not be overloked : — in all his perfidy, he would never 
 consent to expose the person of an old and well-tried royalist, 
 but contented himself with merely exposing their schemes, 
 without discovering the authors. To the presbyterians, who 
 were equally opposed to the administration, he was less gra- 
 cious, and often involved them in personal ruin. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY. Lord.— A military officer of Henry 
 VI, stationed in Paris, in the French war, with a garrison 
 of only fifteen hundred men. He was expelled by a popu- 
 lar movement, when the people began to return to their own 
 king. He discovered much talent and pi esence of mind ; 
 but being overpowered, was forced to retire into the bastiie, 
 where he was invested and forced to deliver up the fortress, 
 stipulating only for the safe retreat of his troops into Nor- 
 mandy. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, Sir William.— -Created baron by the 
 executors in the minority of Edward VI. Beyond this we 
 know nothing of him. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, Lord.— Of Parham. We learn, but 
 incidentally, that he assisted in suppressing the great north- 
 em insurrection of 1569, under Elizabeth. 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, Lord.— Governor of Barbadoes at the 
 time of the fall of Charles I. In common with all the colo= 
 
G56 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WIN. 
 
 nies, excepting New England, Barbadoes was opposed to the 
 commonwealth, and Willoughby cousented to acknowledge 
 its authority, only when its ships were in his port. On re- 
 turning to England, he entered into the conspiracy of 1659 
 for the restoration of monarchy. What became of him after 
 this we are not informed. (See Wiliis.) 
 
 WILLOUGHBY,Lord Robert.-— More frequently known 
 as Lord Broke, which title was conferred on him by Henry 
 VII soon after the battle of Bosworth. He rendered impor- 
 tant service to Henry, in many of his military operations, 
 bo'.h at home and abroad, and had an important command in 
 the expedition of Henry VIII against France in 1512. 
 WILLUUGHBY, Lord.— (See Peregrine.) 
 WILMOT. — Governor of Kerry, in Ireland, in the reign 
 of Elizabeth. His government was decidedly military, and 
 by several victories which he gained over the Irish about 
 1601-2, he so reduced them as to put a temporary stop to 
 their insurrections. 
 
 WILMOT, Lord. — An able general of Charles I in the 
 civil wars. He commanded a strong body of cavalry, with 
 which he did good service for some months, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself in the battle of Roundway Down, July 
 13, 1643. After the fail of Charles I, he nobly seconded 
 the Scottish movement for restoring Charles II, and was in 
 the battle of Worcester. After this defeat, he wandered 
 about in the woods, for some days, with Charles, and agreed 
 with him on the plan of casting themselves on the loyalty and 
 hospitality of Colonel Lane, (See Lane, Colonel.) After 
 t'Js, we hear no more of Wilmot. 
 
 WILTSHIRE, Earl of— (See Scrope, William.) 
 WILTSHIRE, Earl of.— (See Boieyn, Sir Thomas.) 
 WIMBLETON, Viscount— (See Cecil, Sir Edward.) 
 W r INCHELSEY, Robert de.— Archbishop of Canterbury 
 uider the reigns of the Edwards I and II. He seems 
 a\v;iys to have consulted the pope of Rome before the crown 
 of. England. He procured, under Edward I, a papal decree 
 p -onioning all princes Jrom levying, withoui his consent, ai.y 
 t .xes upon the clergy, and all clergymen from submitting to 
 such impositions, under penalty of excommunication. When 
 t e general quarrel broke out amung the barons of Edward 
 ii, m consequence of Piers Gavaston, the favorite, Winchel- 
 sey was on the side of th© barons, and by his influence de* 
 
WIN.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 657 
 
 termined the clergy and the great body of the people against 
 the king and his favorite. 
 
 WINDBANK, Sir Francis.— Secretary of Charles I. 
 He was extremely odious to the people, and was suspected 
 of being, secretly, a papist. He was known to have granted 
 many indulgences to Roman catholics, and to have signed 
 warrants in the king's name for the pardon of priests who 
 had been convicted by course of law. For some years, he 
 was a subject of great complaint, and was, at last, obliged to 
 flee the kingdom. 
 
 WINDHAM, Sir James. — Executed under the reign of 
 Henry VII for some connection with Edmond de la Pole in 
 a sort of contempt for court. Windham and Sir James Tyr- 
 rel were executed together. The precise nature of their 
 offense does not appear. (See Pole, Edmond de la.) 
 
 WINDHAM, Colonel. — A zealous royalist in the civil 
 wars of Charles I. What part he acted, we are not inform- 
 ed. He appears particularly as the protector of Charles II 
 after his defeat at Worcester. When Charles had fled to 
 Bristol to find a vessel on which he could embark for the 
 continent, he was disappointed ; and, finding none, threw 
 himself on the hospitality of Windham. He remained sev- 
 eral days in this truly loyal family, and even after leaving, 
 was obliged to return. The aged mother of Windham, to- 
 gether with his wife and servants, shed tears of joy on the 
 occasion, and Charles, with all his levity, could never forget 
 their kindness. 
 
 WINDHAM, Sir Thomas.— Father of the above. While 
 Charles was in the house of Colonel Windham, he was told 
 that in 1636, the venerable father had, but a few days before 
 his death, called to him his five sons, and addressed them 
 thus : " My children, we have hitherto seen serene and quiet 
 times under our three last sovereigns : but 1 must now warn 
 you to prepare for clouds and storms. Factions arise on 
 every side, and threaten the tranquillity of our native coun- 
 try. But whatever happen, do you faithfully honor and obey 
 your prince, and adhere to the crown. I charge you never 
 to forsake the crown, though it should hang upon a bush." 
 " These last words of our father," said Colonel Windham 
 to Charles, "made such an impression on all our breasts, 
 that the many afflictions of these sad times could never efface 
 their indellible characters." 
 
 WINDSOR, Edward. — A gentleman of good family and 
 
 28* 
 
658 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [WIN. 
 
 position who entered into the famous Babington conspiracy 
 against the life of Queen Elizabeth, and for the elevation of 
 Mary, of Scots, to the throne of England. Whether he was 
 capitally punished, or whether he was ever arrested, is not 
 certain. (See Babington, Anthony.) 
 
 WINGFIELD, Sir Anthony. — Vice-chamberlain in the 
 minority of Edward VI. He was, also, by will of Henry 
 VIII, a member of the council of regency, consisting of 
 twelve men, whose duty it was, when called upon, to assist 
 the sixteen executors. 
 
 WINNINGTON, Sir Francis. — A member of parliament 
 in 1679, under Charles II. He distinguished himself by his 
 zeal and talents in defense of the ''exclusion bill," which 
 was to prevent the duke of York, (James II,) from succeed- 
 ing to the crown of Charles. In the same year, he took an 
 active part in the prosecution of Viscount Stafford, and con- 
 tributed all the influence of his powerful talents to secure the 
 ruin of that unfortunate nobleman. (See Stafford, Lord.) 
 
 WIN RAM. — Laird of Liberton, in Scotland. He was 
 sent by the m committee of estates" 10 France, to make pro- 
 posals to Charles II, and to inform him of the terms on which 
 the Scotch would consent to sustain him. This led to the 
 first treaty of Breda, which resulted in no immediate good. 
 
 WINRAM, Major.— An officer of Charles II, who as- 
 sisted the duke of York, (James II,) in his unholy admin- 
 istration as governor of Scotland. As James was a violent 
 papist, he was exceedingly vindictive against the Scottish 
 covenanters. Many persons were shot, hanged, and drown- 
 ed, for not consenting to abjure the covenant : and Winram 
 was even aciive in executing the cruel sentences of the duke. 
 One remarkable instance, we have, in the three women who 
 refused to renounce the covenant. One of them being but 
 thirteen years old, was dismissed, but the others, an elderly 
 woman and a young lady, were ordered to be drowned. 
 Winram tied them to stakes within the sea mark of low wa- 
 ter ; a contrivance which rendered their death lingering and 
 dreadful. The elderly woman was placed farthest, and by 
 the rising pf the tide, was first drowned. The younger, 
 partly terrified with the view of her companion's death, and 
 partly subdued by the entreaty of her friend was prevailed 
 with to say, u God save the king.". Immediately the specta- 
 tors called out, that she had submitted ; and she was loosed 
 from the stake. Winram, however, still required her to sign 
 
WOL.J UIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 
 
 G59 
 
 the objuration ; and upon her refusal, caused her instantly to 
 be plunged in the water and drowned, (1682.) 
 
 WINTER.— A navnl commander of Queen Elizabeth, 
 sent with a fleet of thirteen ships into the Frith of Froth to 
 assist the Scots in repelling a French invasion. Land forces 
 were sent at the same time ; and by their energetic co- 
 operation, the French were forced to treat with the ministers 
 of Elizabeth, and evacuate Scotland. 
 
 WINTER, Thomas.— Concerned in the "Gun powder 
 Plot," in the reign of James I. He went to Flanders for 
 Guy Fawkes, who was to execute the plot. Being found 
 among the conspirators, he was arrested, confessed his guilt, 
 and was executed. 
 
 WIN WOOD, Sir Ralph.— Secretary, of state in the reign* 
 of James I. We know but little of him. 
 
 W1SHART.— A celebrated protestant preacher of Dun- 
 dee, in Scotland, about the commencement of the reforma- 
 tion. He was a gentleman by birth, and exerted a vast 
 influence against the Romish church. As his preaching 
 could not be tolerated by the magistrates, he left Dundee, 
 and went into tie western parts of the island, where he- con- 
 tinued to exercise his ministry. Soon after his departure, 
 however, a plague broke out in the city, which was generally 
 believed by the common people, to be a judgment of heaven 
 for their treatment to him. Immediately on hearing of this 
 impression on the poj ular mind, he returned, and renewed 
 his efforts to turn the people to what he conceived to be the 
 truth of the Gospel. Alter preaching for some time with 
 great success, he was arrested by Cardinal Beatoun, and 
 committed to the flames for heresy. (See Beatoun.) 
 
 WITHERS, Sir Thomas. — A member of parliament in 
 1679, under Charles II. He took decided ground with the 
 party denominated abhorers, who opposed the doctrine of the 
 people's right to petition the crown ior the calling and sitting 
 of parliament. As he was in the minority, he was expelled 
 irom the house of commons. 
 
 WOLEY. — A secretary of Queen Elizabeth. We learn 
 that he possessed strong and commanding talents, and was 
 able, in the queen's name, on several occasions, to awe the 
 puritan parliament into obedience. 
 
 WOLFHERE.— Sixth king of Mercia. He was the son 
 and fuccessor of Peada. Nothing remarkable distinguishes 
 his reign, except that he reduced the kingdoms of Essex and 
 
660 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wOL. 
 
 East Anglia to entire dependence. He died in 675, after a 
 reign of 16 years. 
 
 WOLFHERE. — A governor under the reign of Ethel- 
 wolf. It is not certain over what part of the island he had 
 jurisdiction. It is stated by historians that " when the Danes 
 landed at Southampton, they were repulsed by Woifhere, 
 governor of the neighboring country.'' 
 
 WOLFNORTH. — A governor of Sussex under the reign 
 of Ethelred. He was father of the famous Earl Godwin. 
 (See Godwin.) At a time when all England was in con- 
 sternation from the Danes, and had assembled a strong navy, 
 consisting of some eight hundred vessels, Wolfnorth had com 
 mand of a part of the armament. At this critical moment, 
 when the whole nation should have been united against the 
 common enemy, the infamous Edric prevailed on his brother 
 Brightric to prefer an accusation of treason against Wolf- 
 north, who, knowing the source of the accusation, and the 
 powerful enemy with which he had to contend, found no 
 means of safety but in desertion to the Danes. He carried 
 with him twenty ships of their navy. Brightric pursued him 
 with a fleet of eighty sail, but meeting with a severe gale, 
 was stranded and disabled, and in this condition was sud- 
 denly attacked by Wolfnorth, and all his vessels burnt and 
 destroyed. The English navy being thus dispersed and 
 ruined, the Danes met with but little more resistance, and 
 soon after this, Ethelred retired into Normandy, while 
 Sweyn, the Danish conqueror, was proclaimed king of Eng- 
 land. (See Edric.) 
 
 WOLSEY, Thomas. — Commonly known as Cardinal 
 Wolsey. A celebrated minister and favorite of Henry VIII. 
 Was born at Ipswich, in Suffolk, in March, 1471. He was 
 the son of poor, but respectable, parents, who, by much 
 effort, succeeded in getting him into the university of Oxford, 
 where he took his bachelor's degree when only fifteen years 
 old. After passing through several grades of scholastic and 
 ecclesiastical preferment, he became chaplain to the king, 
 Henry VII, and was soon after made dean of Lincoln. In 
 1514, he was made bishop of Lincoln, and eight months 
 after, translated to the see of York. Soon after this, having 
 already arrested the attention of the papal court, he was ap- 
 pointed cardinal of the pope, and soon after made chancellor 
 of England. From his first appearance at court, he had dis- 
 tinguished himself by the extravagance of his equipage, and 
 
WOL.J BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 661 
 
 even more than royal splendor of his house, which was made 
 the young king's chief place of resort for pleasure and fash- 
 ionable entertainment. Such was his influence at court, and 
 so great his ascendancy over Henry, that it soon became 
 well known that the only way to favor or preferment was 
 through his influence ; so that those who sought favors of the 
 crown had first to ingratiate themselves with Wolsey. Not 
 long after his coming into power in England, he began to 
 aspire to the honors of the papacy, and at the death of Leo 
 X, confidently expected to succeed him. In this, however, 
 he was disappointed, notwithstanding a pledge of the em- 
 peror, Charles V, to nominate him to that honor. Again 
 Charles encouraged his aspirations by assuring him that on 
 the death of the new pope, Adrian VI, then an old man, he 
 should not be forgotten: Adrian died in about eighteen 
 months, but again Wolsey was disappointed, and Clement 
 VII raised to the papal throne. Still sensible of the. impor- 
 tance of Wolsey's influence at court, Charles continued to 
 encourage him in the hope that it was not too late for him to 
 expect the consummation of his ambitious views at the 
 death of Clement. Wolsey, seems, however, from the elec- 
 tion of Clement, not to have indulged much hope of ever 
 wearing the mitre of St. Peter, and from this time, he rap- 
 idly declined in favor with the king. When Henry applied 
 to the pope for a divorce from his first wife, Catharine, Wol- 
 sey endeavored to avoid committing himself either to the 
 king or to the pope. Henry, impatient of the delay, deter- 
 mined to abandon his minister. The seals were taken from 
 him in 1529, and impeachments issued against him for high 
 treason. The charge of treason, however, was not sus- 
 tained; but feeling the greatness of his disgrace, he retired 
 to a monastery, and fell into a bloody flux, of which he died 
 on the 29th of November, 1530. His death has been 
 attributed, by some, to poison which he took for the purpose 
 of terminating his sorrows. A little before his death, he ex- 
 claimed, " Had I served my God with the same zeal that I 
 have served the king, he would not have forsaken me in my 
 old age." Wolsey's devotion, however, had never been dis- 
 interested ; and few have been found to mourn his sad fate. 
 WOLSEY.— An officer of Richard Cromwell. He is 
 said to have had the protector's entire confidence, but not to 
 have possessed the military talent to render any very impor- 
 tant service to the declining fortunes of the Cromwell family. 
 
662 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I WOT. 
 
 He appears as a star of the least magnitude in his dark and 
 misty hemisphere. 
 
 WOODVILLE, Sir Richard.— Earl of River*. Father 
 of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. After the elevation of 
 his daughter, by her marriage with Edward, he was crea- 
 ted earl of Rivers, made treasurer in the room of Lord 
 Mountjoy, and invested in the office of constable, for life. 
 These honors, however, cost him his life. Many became 
 jealous of the growing influence of the family, and he and 
 his son John were seized by a popular mob in 1469, and 
 immediately executed. 
 
 WOODVILLE, John.— Son* of the above; which, see. 
 WOODVILLE, Anthony.— Earl of Rivers. Another 
 son, and successor, of Sir Richard Woodville. He was 
 charged with the education of his nephew, Edward V, and 
 was much devoted to him. For his fidelity to this charge, he 
 was basely murdered by the duke of Gloucester, ( Richard 
 III,) in the Pomfret castle. It was this nobleman who first 
 introduced the art of printing into England by engaging 
 William Caxton to come into the country lor that purpose. 
 
 WOODVILLE, Lord. — Another son of Sir Richard 
 Woodville. He became a prominent nobleman under the 
 reign of Henry VII, and was made governor of the Isle of 
 Wight. W T fien the French were engaged in war with the Bre- 
 tons, in 14SS, Henry seemed to take sides with the former, 
 but secretly permitted Woodville to raise a troop of 400 vol- 
 unteers, and go over to assist the Bretons. In an action 
 which took place at St. Aubin, Woodville and all his Eng- 
 lishman, together with a great number of Bretons, were put 
 to the sword. 
 
 WORCESTER, Earl of.— (See Piercy, Thomas.) 
 WORCESTER, Earl of.— (See Tibetot, John.) 
 WORCESTER, Earl of.— (See Herbert, Lord.) 
 WORSELEY, William.— Dean of St. Pauls, in the time 
 of Henry VII. He entered into the interest of the famous 
 pretender, Perkin Warbeck, and barely escaped capital pun- 
 ishment by a pardon from the king. 
 
 WOTTON, Sir Edward.— A member of the council of 
 regency, called the " sixteen executors," in the minority of 
 Edward VI. He was appointed to that office, as were all 
 the other members by will of Henry VIII. 
 
 WOTTON, Dr. — Dean of Canterbury in the reigns of 
 Henry VIII and Edward VI. He, also, was one of the six- 
 
WILE.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 663 
 
 teen executors or council of regency, in the minority of Ed- 
 ward VI. He lived through a great part of the reign of 
 Elizabeth, and became one of her ambassadors at the court 
 of France. As he was about equally active in the reigns of 
 Mary and Elizabeth, it is not probable that he entered much 
 into the religious controversies of the times. 
 
 WOTTON. — Nephew of the above. He accompanied 
 his unclfc Dr. Wotton, to Paris, when very young, under 
 the reign of Mary, and in that connection, acquired the arts 
 of dissimulation in so high a degree that Elizabeth chose 
 him for ambassador to Scotland, for the purpose of cajoling 
 the c.»urt of James VI. He is said to have been able, under 
 the appearance of a careless gaiety, to cover the deepest de- 
 signs and most dangerous artifices. It does not appear, 
 however, that he ever rendered much service to Elizabeth. 
 In fact, we know very little of him. 
 
 WREN, Sir Christopher.-VThe greatest of all England's 
 architects. He was born in East Knoyle, Wiltshire, on the 
 20th of October, 1632. His parents were of Danish origin, 
 and his father, Dr. Wren, was dean of Windsor. When 
 only fourteen years of age, he entered college in the univer- 
 sity of Oxford; at eighteen, received his bachelor's degree, 
 and soon after, became fellow of his college. He discov- 
 ered an early fondness for the sciences, and greatly distin- 
 guished himself in college by his proficiency in the mathe- 
 matics. He also entered very thoroughly into the science of 
 medicine, physiology, pathology, and anatomy, and has the 
 credit of many valuable discoveries. In 1657, he was cho- 
 sen professor of astronomy in Gresham college, London, 
 where he arrested much attention. At the death of Crom- 
 well, he found it prudent to retire from his professorship ; but 
 on the restoration of Charles II, he was made professor at 
 Oxford. In 1665, he went to Paris for the purpose of study- 
 ing some of the beiit models of architecture ; and as the 
 great fire of London occurred in the following year, an op- 
 portunity was offered, at once, for the exercise of his genius 
 in this art. Unfortunately, however, other, and more influ- 
 ential, persons prevailed in several of the great works, where 
 it has long since been admitted that his plans would have 
 been vastly more in accordance with true science. The 
 cathedral of St. Paul's, though not as he designed it, is, for 
 the most part, on his plan, and will doubtless long continue o 
 noble monument to his memory. To the shame of Engiax* 
 
664 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [wYC. 
 
 it must be said that his services were never appreciated while 
 he lived, and that his small salary of £200 per annum, while 
 engaged in building St. Paul's, was very irregularly paid 
 him. On the death of Queen Anne, German influences were 
 introduced into court, and Wren was displaced from the office 
 of surveyor-general. He retired to private life, and died 
 on the 25th of February, 1723, in the 91st year of his age. 
 He several times sat in parliament, but never arrested much 
 attention there. He was, also, a good translator of Latin 
 verse ; but is famous only as an architect. 
 
 WRIOTHESELEY.— Earl of Southampton. Chancellor 
 of Henry VIII and Edward VI. He greatly distinguished 
 himself in the trial and torture of heretics, and Romanists and 
 protestants had, alike, cause to tremble before his tribunal ; the 
 one for acknowledging the papal authority, the other for 
 rejecting the papal doctrines. He stood high in Henry's 
 favor, and by his will was made one of the sixteen executors 
 in the minority of Edward VI. In this relation, he aspired 
 to the protectorate, and stood in violent opposition to Protec- 
 tor Somerset. Finding himself overborne by a majority, he 
 yielded, and continued to exercise the office of chancellor, 
 until he committed the error of farming, or putting under 
 commission, the great seal, for which he was adjudged to 
 lose his office, and for a time, was expelled the council. 
 After his restoration to the council, he entered into a cabal 
 with the earl of Warwick against Protector Somerset, but 
 finding his scheme likely to be unsuccessful, retired to private 
 life, and died of vexation. 
 
 WULSTAN. — Bishop of Worcester at the time of the 
 Norman conquest. He is said to have been the only bishop 
 who escaped the general proscription of the conqueror, with 
 the exception of Aldred, archbishop of York, who had offi- 
 ciated at his coronation. 
 
 WYAT, Sir Henry. — A member of the council of Henry 
 VIII, on his first accession to the throne in 1509. Wyat 
 had long been accustomed to the business of court in the 
 reign of Henry VII, and hence was able to render important 
 service to the youthful monarch. How long he continued in 
 the council we are not certainly informed. Henry, and his 
 daughter Elizabeth, owed most of their greatness to the 
 practice of having wise and experienced counsellors. 
 
 WYCHERLEY, William. — A dramatic poet of no m n 
 grade, of the time of Charles II and James II. He was 
 
YFF.] BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, 665 
 
 born in 1640, and bred to the profession of law; though he 
 never came to the bar. He was a man of remarkably fine 
 person, and greatly devoted to the illicit pleasures of love. 
 He was one of the chief favorites of the abandoned duchess 
 of Cleveland, and as a natural consequence of his vicious 
 habits, degraded his muse by low and immoral subjects. His 
 poetry is said to have been characterized, mainly, by the 
 French and Spanish stage, and hence, its morals, say some 
 of his cotemporaries, were " those of Rochester." At the 
 age of seventy-five, he married a young girl, for the purpose 
 of defeating the expectations of his nephew. Ten years 
 after this, December, 1725, he died, leaving the world to 
 mourn a genius degraded and debased by a licentious 
 character. 
 
 YELVERTON. — For many years a member, and at one 
 time speaker of the house of commons in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth. He belonged to the popular party, and was decidedly 
 puritanical in his religious views. In the parliament of 1-571, 
 he ably seeonded the views of Carleton, (see Carleton,) on 
 the right of parliament to legislate in matters of an ecclesi- 
 astical nature, and demanded the restoration of Pistor, whom 
 the queen had forbidden to occupy his seat. (See Pistor.) 
 The speeches of Yeiverton and Carleton, with a few others, 
 had the effect to alarm even the great Elizabeth ; and Pistor 
 was allowed to resume his seat. 
 
 YEOMANS, Sir Robert. — A member of parliament in 
 in 1679, in the reign of Charles II. He was expelled for 
 saying that the story of Titus Oates was contemptible, and 
 that " there was no popish plot, but that there was a presby- 
 terian plot." Sir Robert Can was expelled at the same 
 time, and for the same offense. 
 
 YESTER, Lord. — A Scottish covenanter who came with 
 a great number of the Scottish nobility, to the assistance of the 
 English puritans against Charles I. What part he acted we 
 are not well informed. 
 
 YFFI.— A son of the ill-fated Osfrid. # At the death of 
 his father, and grandfather, Edvin, he fled in company with 
 his uncle, Vuscl'rsea, into Kent, and thence into France, 
 whexe he died (See Vuscl'rsea.) 
 
666 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. [ZUG 
 
 YIMBRICK.— (See Hermenric.) 
 
 YORK, Rolland. — Concerned in the wars of Elizabeth 
 against Spain in 1587. He was placed in command of a fort 
 near Zutphen, in Holland, where he was expected to do good 
 service. On hearing of the conduct of William Stanley, 
 however, in deserting to the Spaniards, York made haste to 
 imitate his example, and with a great part of his garrison, 
 proceeded to join the Spanish army. (See* Stanley, Wil- 
 liam. ) Soon after this, he fell into the hands of the Eng- 
 lish, and was executed as a traitor. 
 
 YORK,- Duke of.— (See Edmond, fourth son of Edward 
 III.) 
 
 YORK, Duke of. — (See Richard, son of the earl of 
 Cambridge.) 
 
 YORK, Duke of.— (See Edward, IV.) 
 
 YORK, Duke of.— (See Richard, son of Edward IV.) 
 
 YORK, Duke- of. —(See James II.) 
 
 YRIC. — An Englishman whom Canute the Great created 
 earl, or duke of Northumberland. Many appointments of 
 this kind were made under the reign of Canute, for the pur- 
 pose of reconciling the English to his government. 
 
 Z 
 
 ZOUCHE, Lord.< — A zealous supporter of Richard III. 
 He was in the battle of Bosworth, where he, most probably, 
 perished. The first parliament of Henry VII passed a bill 
 of attainder against him, at the same time with many others. 
 
 ZUGLESTEIN. — A messenger of the prince of Orange, 
 sent to congratulate James II of England on the birth of his 
 son. On his return to Holland, he bore to the prince many 
 petitions from the chief peers and gentlemen of England, 
 urging him to undertake the invasion of England for the res- 
 toration of its laws and its religion, which had been outraged 
 by James. This was soon followed by the invasion of Or- 
 ange, and the abdication of James II. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 -<•»- 
 
 SUCCESSIONS OF THE CROWN. 
 
 4 m • » * 
 
 The Saxon Heptarchy, or Seven Kingdoms, consisting of 
 Kent, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Northumber- 
 land, and Wessex, began soon after the landing of the Sax- 
 ons in 454, and remained until 827, when they were all ab- 
 sorbed in Wessex, under Egbert. 
 
 KENT. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 454. 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. Hengist 454 
 
 2. Escus, his son 488 
 
 3. Octa, his son , 512 
 
 4. Hermenric, his son 534 
 
 5. Ethelbert, his son 568 
 
 6. Eadbald, his son 616 
 
 7. Ercombert, his son 640 
 
 8. Egbert, his son 664 
 
 9. Lothaire, another son of Ercombert 673 
 
 10. Edric, son of Egbert 684 
 
 11. Widred, or Withdred, another son or Egbert 686 
 
 12. Eadbert and Ethelbert, sons of Edric, conjointly 725 
 
 13. Alric, son of Ethelbert 760 
 
 14. Egbert, perhaps an usurper 794 
 
 15. Cuthred, orCudred 799 
 
 16. Baldred, a son of Edric 805 
 
 fHe reigned 18 years, and was expelled by Egbert, of Wessex, in 823. 
 
 MERCIA. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 582. 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. Crida 582 
 
 2. Webba, his son 595 
 
 3. Ceorl, another son of Crida 616 
 
 4. Penda, a son of Webba 625 
 
 5. Peada, a son of Penda 656 
 
 6- Wolfbere, his son 659 
 
 7, Ethelred, another 6on of Peada. 675 
 
 8. Kendred, son of Wolfhere.,.,, . 704 
 
663 APPENDIX. 
 
 9. Ceolrel, eon of Efchetr-ad 709 
 
 lfl. Ethelbild, de eended from vvebba 716 
 
 11. OfFi. de-uendel from Webba 753 
 
 12. Egfrith. sot of »ffa ' 794 
 
 IS. Kenulph, descended fr an Webba 795 
 
 14. K'enelm, soncf Kenulph '. 819 
 
 1). Ce^lulf, son of Egfrith 819 
 
 18. Beornulf, perhaps an usurper 821 
 
 17. Ludecm, an usurper £23 
 
 13. Wigliff an usurper 825 
 
 [He re'gnei but a short time, and was expelled by Egbert, of Wessex, and 
 
 Mereia was added to Egbert's dominions.] 
 
 EAST ANGLIA. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 575. 
 Names of k'ngs. Began their reign. 
 
 1. U ft 575 
 
 2. Tifillus. his son 578 
 
 3. Rorlwald 599 
 
 4. Erpwald, his son 621 
 
 5. Si«rebe>t, another son of Kedwald 636 
 
 6. Fgric and Annas, usurpers 6-14 
 
 7. Kthelbert. or Ethelhere, an usurper 654 
 
 8. Ethelwald 659 
 
 9. Aldulf, or Adwnlf, an usurper 6^4 
 
 10. Elf wold, or Al-iwald, an usurper... 683 
 
 11. Beorne an4 Ethelbert 758 
 
 12. Ethelred 7«l 
 
 13. Er-helherfc TWO 
 
 [He reignel two yeirs, and was murdered by Offa, king of Mereia, in 792, 
 
 and this state attached to Mereia.] 
 
 ESSEX. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 527. 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. Frkinwin 527 
 
 2. Redaj h ! s son 587 
 
 3. Sebert-, his son.. £98 
 
 4. Sextedanl ^e^ard, his sons . 616 
 
 5. Filbert, the Litt'e. another son <f Sebert.. 623 
 
 6. Sige^ert the Good, s^n of Sigebert the Little 653 
 
 7. Sw'itheirn. s>n -f Sigebert the Go>l , 655 
 
 8. v i -heri. s m of Swithelm 6^5 
 
 9. Off t. son of Si^heri 690 
 
 in. Pelrel. son of Sigberi 700 
 
 It. S*irhrel, a usurper 7o0 
 
 12. iSigeric 70 
 
 13. Rise-e-l 799 
 
 [After a few re its. Sigered, unable to res'st the arms of Egbert, yielded 
 
 his sceptre, and Essex became a dependency < f Wessex.] 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND. 
 
 Composed of tho two petty kingdoms of Bernicia and 
 Deiri. 
 
 [Ida Ivcnmo king of Biroicia in 547. iEHa becarae king of Deiri fn 547, 
 
 Ida m vrried his grandson, EtniifricL to Acea, daughter of JSlla, and thus • 
 united the two crowns.] 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 669 
 
 Names of Kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. Etbilfrid 593 
 
 2. Edwin, son of Mid 6 ' 7 
 
 3. Oswald, son of Ethilfiid 6 »4 
 
 4. Oswy, another son of Ethilfrid ^1 
 
 5. Efefrid, son of Oswy 6o3 
 
 6. Alfrid, another son of O^wy °*5 
 
 7. <»sred i, ton of Alfrid 705 
 
 8. Kenrid, son, or grandson (.f Oswy 716 
 
 9. Osrie, another sou, or grandson of Oswy 7H 
 
 10. Celwulph, son of Kenrid 730 
 
 11. Eadbert, descended fio.n Oswy 7*8 
 
 12. Oswolf, son of Eadbert 758 
 
 13. Mullo, the Usurper 7; 9 
 
 14. Ailred, son of Eadbert 765 
 
 15. Ethdred, son of Mollo 774 
 
 16. Cslwold, descended from Eadbert 779 
 
 17. O-rel H, descended from O.-wy 7SJ 
 
 13. Echelbert, another eon of Mollo y0 " 
 
 [Ethelbert reigned but a few years, and after his death, Northumberland 
 became a dependency of Wessex, under Egbett.] 
 
 SUSSEX. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 491. 
 Names of Kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. M la 491 
 
 2. Onsa, his son.... 514 
 
 3. Chevelin; (hereditary hue discontinued; 5^0 
 
 4. Ceolwic . 592 
 
 5. Cedulph 597 
 
 6. Cimgsil and yuicelm..... 611 
 
 7. Canowalch 643 
 
 8. Adelwalch 648 
 
 [\delwalch was defeated ard slain by < eadwalla, king of Wessex. nnd 
 
 Sussex henceforth made a dependency of Wessex.j 
 
 WESSEX. 
 
 FOUNDED IN 519. 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. CeJrie 519 
 
 2. K nric, his son Ml 
 
 3. Ceaulin. his son 560 
 
 4. Cuichelme and Cuthwin, his sons 590 
 
 5. Cealrio, son of Ceaulin 592 
 
 6. Ceobald, perhaps a son of Cuthwin '-93 
 
 7. Kynegils, brother of Ceobald 611 
 
 8. Kenwalch, another brother 6-*3 
 
 9. Esc win, son of Kynegils 671 
 
 10. Kentwin, descended from Cuichelme 676 
 
 11. Cedwalla, son of Kenwalch 685 
 
 12. Ina, another son of Kenwalch :.... 6 V 9 
 
 13. Adelard, descended from Ceaulin 72iJ 
 
 14. Cad red, son of Cedwalla 741 
 
 15. Sijrebert, sor, or grand-on, of Kentwin 75> 
 
 16. Cenulph, son of Adelard 7^6 
 
 17. Brithric, descended from Ceaulin 781 
 
 18. Egbert, descended from Ina 800 
 
 [After subduing all the states of th<$ Heptarchy, he became the first king 
 
 of all England.] 
 
670 APPENDIX. 
 
 KINGS OF ALL ENGLAND. 
 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 1. Egbert 827 
 
 2. Ethelwolf, his son 838 
 
 3. Ethelbald, his son 856 
 
 4. Ethelbert, another son of Ethelwolf 860 
 
 5. Ethered, another son of Ethelwolf 866 
 
 6. Alfred the Great, aDOther son of Ethelwolf 871 
 
 7. Edward the Elder, son of Alfred 901 
 
 8. Athelstan, son of Edward the Elder 925 
 
 9. Edmund, another son of Edward the Elder 941 
 
 10. Edred, another son of Edward the Elder 946 
 
 11. Edwy, s;on uf Edmund . 955 
 
 12. Edgar, another son of Edmund 959 
 
 13. Edward the Martyr, son of Edgar., 975 
 
 14. Ethelred, another son of Edgar 979 
 
 15. Swevn, the Dane 1013 
 
 [The Danes conquered most of the Jsland, and Sweyn, the Dane, 
 ■was proclaimed, while Ethelred fled the kingdom. Canute, son of 
 Sweyn, attempted to succeed his father, but could never gain the 
 affections of the English. He retired to Denmark, and Ethelred 
 returned to his kingdom, but 6oon after, died.] 
 
 16. Edmond Ironside, son of Ethelred 1016 
 
 17. Canute returns after the death of Edmond Ironside 1017 
 
 18. Harold I, son of Canute 1035 
 
 19. Hardicanute, another son of Canute 1039 
 
 20. Edward the Confessor, another son of Ethelred 1041 
 
 21. Harold II, son of Earl Godwin 1066 
 
 NORMAN LINE. 
 
 22. William the Conqueror, 1066 
 
 23. William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror 1087 
 
 24. Henry I, another son of William the Conqueror 1100 
 
 25. Stephen, a grandson of William the Conqueror, being a son of Ste- 
 phen, earl of Blois, by Adela, daughter of William 1135 
 
 SAXON LINE RESTORED. 
 
 26. Henry II. descended from Edmond Ironside 1154 
 
 27. Richard I, son of Henry II 1189 
 
 28. John, another son of Henry II 1199 
 
 29. Henry III, son of John. 1216 
 
 30. Edward I, son of Henry III 1272 
 
 31. Edward II, son of Edward 1 1307 
 
 32. Edward III, son of Edward II 1327 
 
 33. Richard II, son of the Black Prince, who was son of Edward III .. 1377 
 
 HOUSE OF LANCASTER. 
 
 34. Henry IV, son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, who was 
 third son of Edward Hi 1399 
 
 35. Henry V, son of Henry IV 1413 
 
 36. Henry VI, son of Henry V .\ 1422 
 
 HOUSE OF YORK. 
 
 37. Edward IV, son of Richard duke of York, claimed the crown as 
 descendant of Lionel, second son of Edward III, the second son 
 having prior claims to the third 1461 
 
 38. Edward V, son of Edward IV 1483 
 
 39. Richard III, younger brother of Edward IV, destroys Edward V, 
 
 and usurps the throne 1483 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 671 
 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR, OR YORK AND LANCASTER UNITED. 
 
 Names of kings. Began their reign. 
 
 40. Henry VII. Son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Mar- 
 garet, of the house of Lancaster. He defeated and slew Richard 
 III in the battle of Bosworth, and was thus left in possession of the 
 crown. He then united the interests of the houses of York and Lan- 
 caster by marrying the princess, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.. 1485 
 
 41. Henry VIII, son of Henry VII 1509 
 
 42. Edward VI, son of Henry VIII 1547 
 
 43. Mary, eldest daughter of Henry VIII 1553 
 
 44. Elizabeth, second daughter of Henry VII 1 1553 
 
 HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 45. James I. He had reigned as James VI of Scotland, but as the 
 family of Henry VIII was extinct at the death of Elizabeth, and 
 as he was allied to the house of Tudor through his mother, Mary of 
 Scots, he was called to the throne of England in 1603 
 
 46. Charles I, son of James 1 1625 
 
 47. Charles II, eldest son of Charles I 1649 
 
 48. James II, second son of Charles I. 1685 
 
 40- William and Mary, eldest daughter, and son-in-law, of James II... 1689 
 
 50. Queon Anne, second daughter of James II. 1702 
 
 HOUSE OF GUELPH. 
 
 51. George I, elector of Hanover, was descended from James I. James 
 had married his daughter Elizabeth to Frederick, elector Palatine. 
 From this marriage was born Sophia, who was married to Ernest 
 Augustus, elector of Hanover, and George was of the fruit of this 
 marriage 1714 
 
 52. George II, son of George 1 1727 
 
 53. George III, grandson of George II 1760 
 
 54. George IV, son of George III 1820 
 
 55. William IV, third sen of George III 1830 
 
 56. Victoria, daughter of the duke of Kent, fourth son of George III... 1837 
 
 * <» * 4» ► ■ 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 10, Article Adelard, line 2, for Ethelberger read Ethelburga. 
 
 Page 10, Article Adelwalch. line 3, for Ceadwallar read Cedwalla. 
 
 Page 11, Article JElla, line 7, for Ethelfrid read Ethilfrid. 
 
 Page 11, Article Agelmare, line 2, for Algeric read Agelric. 
 
 Page 15., Article Aldred, line 4, for Stigund read Stigand. 
 
 Page 26, Article Anno Hastings, lines 3 and 6, for Zar read Czar. 
 
 Page 29, Article Anselm, line 37, for least read last. 
 
 Page 31, Article Archibald, line 10, for Piersy read Piercy. 
 
 Page 54, Article Fall, John, line 3, for purity read parity. 
 
 Page 61, Article Bealing, Sir Richard, line 8, for Pas read Paris. 
 
 Page 71, Article Berkley, Lord, line 3, for Mantravers read Mautravers. 
 
 Page 85, Article Bolinbroke, line 4, fer in melting read melted. 
 
 Page 101, Article Brown, Sir Anthony, line 1, for nobleman read gentleman. 
 
 Page 103, Article Bryan, Sir Francis, line 1, for nobleman read gentleman. 
 
 Page 128, Article Catharine, of Portugal, line 12, for Stewart's read Stuart's. 
 
 Page 129, Article Cave, line 3, for in read of. 
 
 Page 130, Article Cecil, Sir William, line 1, for Barleigh read Burleigh. 
 

 672 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 162, Article Crema, line 2, for Calixtas read Calixtus. 
 
 Page 17J, Article Djaie> line 1, for Dcares read Dacre-. 
 
 Pago 180, Article Devereux, Robert, line 18, for place read palace. 
 
 Page 181, Article Dillon, line 3, for Orrnand read Ormond. 
 
 Page H9, Article Doug as, line 10, for evn read ever. 
 
 Page 19i), Article DU L'i'ON, Colt, line 1, for DUX'iON, Colt read DUT- 
 TOS-COLT. 
 
 Page 200, Article Bad'oald, line 19, for Augustine read Laurentiu-. 
 
 Page 201, Article Eanfrid, line 16, for Caedwaller read Caid^alla. 
 
 Page 202, Article EJgar Atheling, line 16, for Stigund read Stigand. 
 
 Page 20 >, Article Edmund, line 22, f »r Scolf read Leolf. 
 
 Page 20S, Article Edric, line 3, for Lathaire read Lothaire. 
 
 Page 203, Article Edric, line 5, for Gmilda read Guui Ida. 
 
 Page 222, Article Elwy. line 35, for pla.-e read palace. 
 
 Page 221, Artieb Egfrid, line 6, for Pictt read Pict-». 
 
 Page 22 1, Article Egric, line 2, for Amas read Annas. 
 
 Page 237, Artie e Elizabeth, line 28, for strongly read strangely. 
 
 Page 271, Article Francis Howard, line 1, for Francis read Frances. 
 
 Page 281, Article Geoffry, line 6, for armies read arms. 
 - Page 307, Article Guilderes, line 1, f r Guilderes read Guildres. 
 
 Page 321, Article HardioanutJ, line 14, for Yet read He not. 
 
 Page 326, Article Harrison, line 4, for Halifax read Fairfax. 
 
 Page 382, Articb James Vt, line 15, for his real thi"3. 
 
 Page 3-<2, Article James VI, line 16, for even rear! ©ver. 
 
 Page 3') I, Article Joan of Arc, line 5, for Edward read Henry. 
 
 Pag j 393, Article John, line 4, f«»r Stigund read Stigand. 
 
 Page 3 'i*, Article Judith, line 19, for Woltheoi read Waltheof . 
 
 Page 403, Article Lacy, Hue 3, for Royr read Rog^r. 
 
 Page 413, Articb Lang'on, line 25, for charter read Charta. 
 
 Page 42 1, Article Litotifield, line 5, far latter read form<r. ' . 
 
 Page 429, Article Lothaire, li e 8, for ptincess read pri ;ces. 
 
 Page 451, Article Melvil, Sir Andrew, line 4, for she met him, read he 
 met her. 
 
 Page 432, Article Mac-Lurley, line 1, for Mac-Lurl y read Mac Surley. 
 
 Pag^ 452, Article Mennevdle, line 3. for their read his. 
 
 Page 46 i, Article Monfort. line 4, for fi.ur read five. 
 
 Page 479, Article Nevil, Richard, line 17, for Henry IV read Henry VI. 
 
 Page 488, Article Offa, line 19. for Offi read tyrant. 
 
 Page 516, Article Piercy, for Glend r read Glendour. 
 
 Page 545. Article Roderic, line 12, for and read or. 
 
 Pag) 566, Article Seymour, Sir Edward, line 24, for prepared read prefered. 
 
 Paga 583, Article Stanley, Lord Thoma?, line 7, for Edward VI read Ed- 
 ward IV. 
 
 Page 566, Article Thwaits, Sir Thomas, line 4, for Henry VIII read Hen- 
 ry VII. 
 
 • Page 616, Article Turketul, line 5. f<r Anlap read Anlaf. 
 Page 629, Article Villifrs,Ge< rge, line 25. f-r riches read richest. 
 
 Page 639, Article Welles, Lord, line 2. for 1490 road 1470. 
 Page 144, Article Clifford, Sir Thomas, line 13, insert, after the word ex- 
 cluded, th« word and. 
 Page 205, Article Edmond, line 6, iaaert, after the word Brittany, the 
 word they. 
 
 Pige 293, Article Goxlenough, line 4. after battle, insert of. 
 
 Page 373, Article Ireton, line 5, after fi ted insert to, 
 
 Pane 331, Article Ivey, line 4, after gain omit tbe. 
 
 Pag3 3S6, Article Jane Grey, line 2, after Brandon, insert, daughter of 
 
 M ary. 
 Page 470, Article Morton, Jobn, line 1, after the, insert, short. 
 Page 515, Article Philip II, line 7, after he was, insert not. 
 Page 596, Article Sudbury, Simon, line 4, after important insert part 
 
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