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 HISTORICAL 
 
 POCKET LIBRARY : 
 
 IN SIX VOLUMES, / 
 
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 CONSISTING OP 
 
 I. HSATHEN MYTHOLOGY. | IV. ROMAK HISTORY. 
 
 JI. ANCIENT HISTORY. \ T. AND TI. HISTORY OF 
 
 III. GRECIAN HISTORY. \ ENGLAND. 
 
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ELEMENTS 
 
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 ANCIENT AND UNIVERSAL 
 
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 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THE MOST BEMARKABLE EVENTS WHICH HATE OCCURREB 
 DURING THE LITES OF DISTINGUISHED 
 
 AVARRIORS, KINGS, 1EGIS1AT0RS> 
 AND PHILOSOPHERS, 
 
 RECORDED IW 
 
 SACRED AND PROFANE HISTORY. 
 
 ^ Yonth should early be taught to know the Mannei-s, the Jforalsj 
 and the Talents of those great Men, who have changed the face 
 of Empires and of Republicks." — Ahhe deMabley, 
 
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 PUBLISHED BY MUNROE & FRANCIS, NO. 4, CORNHILL 
 AND DAVID FRANCIS, NO. 90, NEWBURY-STREEr. 
 
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I3 5-« 
 
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PIlEFAC/tX 
 
 vw 
 
 In a work tliat professes to treat, in a 
 compendious manner of the leatling features 
 of Ancient a?ul Universal History? we ara 
 obliged to be particularly careful in the se- 
 lection. It has been our aim to choose the 
 most popular empires and states^ that dis- 
 tinguish Sacred and Profane History, either 
 as they relate to religion, politics, or clas- 
 sical learning. 
 
 With re2:ard to the manner in which the 
 several subjects are treated, we have adopt- 
 ed the only mode which we think could have 
 afforded that information, and in which we 
 iiave imitated the most voluminous works 
 of this nature. To render the grand out- 
 lines of Universal History as distinct and 
 discriminate as possible, we have divided 
 our small compendium into six books, each 
 containing the separate histories of the most 
 distinguished empires and kingdoms which? 
 
 a2L. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 have existed in ancient and inferestins: Pe- 
 riods of the Imman race. Having traced 
 the origin of each nation, we have next de- 
 tailed the successions of the different dynas» 
 ties, or races of kings, with the chronoh)gy 
 ot their reigns and the memorahle actions 
 or revolutions which distinguished their gov- 
 ernments. We have thus traced every exten- 
 sion, diminution, or revolution of empire in 
 the regular order in which they occurred, 
 and to render it more impressive on the 
 memory, the history is given under the sue- 
 cession of character and chronology. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 WXi 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Containing a succinct History of the Jews, with the History of 
 Palestine and Egypt. 
 
 Pbevious to entering upon the biographic- 
 al part of this history, it will be proper to 
 give a short detail of the priniupal events 
 relative to the Jews, from the creation until 
 their destruction as a nation. 
 
 According to the chronology of the Jews, 
 which is esteemed the most ancient in ex- 
 istence, the world was created about 4004 
 years before the birth of Christ. Adam and 
 Eve were then formed, and a posterity fol- 
 lowed, who, dispersing themselves, are rep- 
 resented to have first peopled the various 
 parts of Asia, then Africa, and Europe. 
 After the world had existed 1656 years, its 
 inhabitants were destroyed by an univer- 
 sal deluge, which left only Noah and his 
 family to repair this devastation of the hur 
 
8 HEBREWS* 
 
 man species. From this stock arose 
 Abram, (afterwards Abraham,) who was 
 born at Ur, in Chaldea, 1996 years befora 
 Christ. As he was the founder of the Jew- 
 ish nation, and consequently the most con- 
 siderable character amona: the Jews for ma- 
 ny ages, we shall present our readers with 
 a few particulars conccrnin,^ him : accord- 
 ing to the Old Testament, which is tlie best 
 historical authority we can follow, God cov- 
 cnanted with Abraham and commanded him 
 to depart from Haran for the land of Ca- 
 naan, 1921, B. C This covenant was af- 
 terwards renewed. To distinguish the de- 
 scendants of Abraham from tl)e rest of man- 
 kind, circumcision was instituted by the 
 express command of God. This patriarch 
 attempted to sacrifice his son Isaac, 1863, 
 B. C. to evince his faith and obedience to 
 Uie Almighty, His posterity, the family of 
 Jacob, were impelled by famine to go to 
 Egypt, 1705, B. C. where they sojourned a 
 considerable time, and were distinguished 
 as the children of Israel. The king of 
 Egypt, to prevent their increase, ordered 
 the midwives to destroy all the male chil- 
 dren as soon as they were born, 1574, B. C. 
 INfot being obeyed, he ordered them to be 
 thrown into the river. Moses, who was 
 secreted, by his mother, among some bull- 
 rushes on the river's brink, was saved by 
 Pharaoh's daughter, 1571, B. C. The 
 Egyptians having thus offended God, their 
 
HEBREWS. 9 
 
 iirst born were all slain by an angel in one 
 night. The destroying angel, agreeably to 
 the divine covnmandj passed over the doors 
 of tlie Israelites. To commemorate this 
 clemency in their favour, the Jews have 
 ever since perpetuated its memory by an 
 avinual feast, which they call their passover. 
 This happened 1491, B. C. In the same 
 year, they left Egypt and passed over the 
 Red Sea, in which Pharaoh and his army, 
 who pursued them, were drowned. 
 
 Miriam's song on this occasion has been 
 versified by a modern poet, 
 
 SouTVD the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea ! 
 Jehovah has triumph'd — his people are free. 
 Sing — for the pride of the Tyrant is broken. 
 
 His chariots, his horsemen, all splendid and brave, 
 Norvain was their boast<ng! — the Lord hath but spoken^ 
 
 And chariots and horsemen are sunk in the wave.* 
 Sound the Joud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea ! 
 Jehovah has triumph'd — his people are free. 
 
 Praise to the Conqueror, pra se to the Lord, 
 
 His word was our arrow, his breath was our sword !" 
 
 Wiio shall r»^turn to tell Egypt the story 
 
 Of tiiose she sent forth in the hour of her pride ? 
 For the Lord hatii look'd out from his pillar of glory, 
 
 And all her brave thousands are dash'd in the tide. 
 Sound the loud timbiel o'er Egypt's dark sea ! 
 Jehovah has triumph'd — his people are free. 
 
 * " I will sing unto the Lord, for he hath triumphed 
 gloriously ; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into 
 ihe sea." 
 
1€ HEBREWS. 
 
 To ^Moses were ^iven the ten command-' 
 mcnts, and, about the same period, the tab- 
 ernacle was erected and instituted as the 
 sanctum sanctorum of this people. They 
 next passed the river Jordan, and entered 
 the land of Canaan, under tlie guidance, 
 protection, and command of Joshua, 1451 
 E. C. Six years after, this fertile land was 
 divided amons: them for their inheritance. 
 Moses, Aaron, and Joshua, their chief lead- 
 ers, being dead, the Jews sunk into the 
 most abominable and superstitious idola- 
 tries, and endured eight years' servitude, 
 from 1413 to 1405, B. C. under Cushan- 
 rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia. They 
 were delivered from this oppression by 0th- 
 niel, the first judge of Israel. From this 
 gera, tliey were governed by judges a con- 
 siderable time, which they spent chiefly in 
 idolatry and slavery. Tired of the suffer- 
 ings whi( li they experienced under the au- 
 thority of their judges, they prayed to God 
 for a king; In compliance with their re- 
 quest, he gave them Saul, who was anoint- 
 ed their first monarch. This king redeem- 
 ed them from tljeir captivity under tlie Phi- 
 listines, wlio had tyrannized over them for- 
 ty years. Their king Rehoboam, refusing 
 to redress their grievances, caused ten of 
 the tribes to revolt against him, and his 
 kingdom to be divided, part under his own 
 government, and part under that of Jerobo- 
 am. That, under Rehoboam, at Jerusalem.^ 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
HEBREWS. 11 
 
 was called the kingdom of Judali, and tliat, 
 under Jeroboam, at Samaria, was called tlie 
 kingdom of Israel. This happened 975 
 B.C. Samaria was taken after three years' 
 siege by Salmanazar, king of Assyria, who 
 carried, with him, the ten revolted tribes 
 into captivity ; thus ended the kingdom of 
 Israel, 254 years after its separation from 
 Judah, and 721, B. C. The same fate at- 
 tended the kingdom of Judah, when Jerusa- 
 lem was taken and destroyed by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, king of Babylon, and tlie tribes ^ 
 Benjamin and Judah were carried into cap- 
 tivity, 588, B. C. in which state they re- 
 mained seventy yeai^s, until Cyrus, king of 
 Persia, conquering Babylon, permitted 
 them to return to Jerusalem. To commem- 
 orate this captivity, the fifth month in eve- 
 ry year is held as a fast. From the time of 
 their deliverance, they have ever been dis- 
 tinguished by the name of Jews from the 
 tribe of Judah. In the twentieth year of 
 tlie reign of Artaxerxes, Nehemiah, a Jew, 
 and the king's cup-bearer, was appointed 
 governor of Judea. He rebuilt the walls of 
 Jerusalem, 455, B. C. At this time began 
 the seventy weeks of Daniel before the pas- 
 sion of Christ, and here ends tlie scriptural 
 history of this remarkable people. From 
 this period Josephus, and the Roman histori- 
 ans, give the best account of their vicissi- 
 tudes. They became tributary to the Ro- 
 mans; 63, B. C. and were governed by an 
 
12 HEBREWS. 
 
 aristocracy formed of five councils, one in 
 each capital city, 53 B. C. Their final 
 destruction, as a nation, happened A. D. 70, 
 Jerusalem being again taken, pillaged, 
 burnt, and entirely rased to the ground by 
 Titus, the Roman general, under the empe- 
 ror Domitian. 
 
 Haring given this summary account of 
 the rise, progress, and decline of the Jews, 
 we now proceed to the different characters 
 who have distinguished the history of this 
 singular people, either by their exploits, 
 abilities, or legislation. 
 
<%. ■*% W%-VVX W\>W\'W\'W\'VV\'VV\ 'WVWX'Wl'WX 'VV\A/V\iW\ %l\i*. 
 
 PALESTINE. 
 
 wv 
 
 AS no part of ancient liistory is more inter- 
 esting to the christian, or more necessary 
 to the scholar, than that which relates to 
 the Old Testament, it may be necessary in 
 this place to give a concise biographical 
 account of the most distinguished charac- 
 ters ; judges, captains, kings, princes, and 
 high priests, that are to be found in the 
 history of Palestine. 
 
 In conforming to our system, already 
 stated, we shall rank them in regular suc- 
 cession, that being the most natural, as 
 well as the most edifying method : and we 
 recommend to our readers, as an indispen- 
 sable prerequisite, to imprint the substance 
 of the several articles firmly in their memo- 
 ries, as by this means alone they can ac- 
 quire a competent knowledge of Universal 
 History. 
 
I^ 
 
 JUDGES OF TH£ 
 
 A. M. 
 
 2454... 
 
 I. MOSES. 
 
 '^Vhen Pliaraoli was informed, by an E2;yp- 
 tian priest, that a Hebrew should be born 
 who would be the plague of liis whole na- 
 tion, lie issued positive orders to destroy all 
 tlic male children of the Israelites. Moses, 
 after being secreted by his motlier three 
 montbs, was exposed to the mercy of the 
 waves, on tlie banks of the river Nile. He 
 liad not been long in that situation before 
 he was found bv Pharaoh*s daui;-hter. Ther- 
 mutis, among the biiU-rusIies which grew 
 on the brink of the waters. Moved with the 
 beauty and weeping of the babe, sho;* know- 
 ing it to be one of the Ilehiew children, re- 
 solved to adopt it as ii child of her own. 
 His sister Miriam, pi'obably about 10 or 1? 
 years of age, was waitiji^- at a little dis- 
 
HEBREWS. 15 
 
 t^iice to observe tlie fate of lier brother ; 
 and wben Pharaob's daiigbter resolved to 
 preserve it, sbe asked leave to procure a 
 nurse, wbicli beini^ granted, slie brougbt 
 Jocbebed tbe cbild's motber, to wbom he 
 was delivered, witb orders to take the 
 greatest care of him. Pharaoh's daughter 
 called him Mosbeh, (Moses,) because she 
 drew him out of the waters. Arriving at 
 years of maturity, he was chosen by God as 
 the person who was to receive the com- 
 mandments for the religious conduct of the 
 Hebrews. Obtaining these from God, he 
 instituted them among his people as the sys- 
 tem of their religion. Having thus founded 
 their faitli^, he devised laws as their legisla- 
 tor. He performed many miracles in order 
 to prove his mission from God, and to ob- 
 tain confidence among tliose he was born to 
 rescue from the bondage and idolatry of 
 the Egyptians. Although he was the con- 
 ductor of the children of Israel from Egypt 
 through the wilderness, yet he never had the 
 happiness of entering Canaan ; but after 
 approaching it so near as to obtain a view 
 of it, he died on Mount Sinai, 1451, B. C. 
 after governing Israel 4 1 years. 
 
 2494. II. JOSHUA, 
 
 An Ephraimite, was the first who settled the 
 Hebrews in the land Qf Canaan, He gov- 
 erned 33 years. 
 
IG HEBREWS. 
 
 2526. III. OTHNIEL, 
 
 of Judab. He delivered the Hebrews from 
 the Mesopotamians. 
 
 2530. IV. EHUD, 
 
 the Benjamite. He rpsrued the Hebrews 
 from Eglon, king of Moab. 
 
 2610. V. DEBORAH, 
 
 a prophetess, discomfited the host of Jab in, 
 king of the Canaanites. 
 
 2656. VI. GIDEON, 
 
 a Manassite, ransomed the Hebrews from 
 the Midianites, and governed 40 years. 
 
 2690. VII. ABIMELECH, 
 
 was the natural son of Gideon, and governs 
 ed 3 years. 
 
 2693. VIII. TOLA, 
 
 of the tribe oflssachar, governed 23 years,. 
 
 2719. IX. JAIR, 
 a Gileadite, governed 22 years. 
 
 2760. X. JEPIiTHAH, 
 
 was likewise a Gileadite, and redeemed 
 the Hebrews from the Ammonites. 
 
HEBREWS. 
 
 17 
 
 2766. XI. IB SAN, 
 of Bethleliem, governed 7 years. 
 
 9.77^. XII. ELON, 
 a Zebiilonite, governed 10 years. 
 
 £783. XIII. ABDON, 
 a^n Ephraimite, governed 8 years. 
 
 I 
 
 Willi. 
 '"jiirT^..r^i. 
 
 w.miuiiHimtwti} 
 
 JB t 
 
is 
 
 JUDGES OF THE' 
 
 ,^^r"'i y"?^r-3»!,, 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 XIV. SS^MSON. 
 
 
 When MaJioalf' was prc.n;3inr.t with Sam- 
 son, an anarel appeared, and forbad her to 
 drink any wine or stronj^ drli-k, or to feat 
 any unclean thi!!2:s, lest she should dehili- 
 tate the child t'lat was destined to destroy 
 tlie Pjiilistines. Samson, ai'i'iving- at matu- 
 rity, destroyed a lion with as much ease as 
 he would have rent a Ivid. Bein^^' married 
 to one of the daughters of the Philistines, 
 and finding she had betrayed the secret of 
 a riddle he had propofuided to tiiirty of 
 them, he slew" thirtv others, and takins; their 
 garments gave them as the forfeit he had 
 lost to th(^se who had explained tlic riddle. 
 His wife ^yas jriven bv her fatlser to a younc: 
 man whom Samson had treated as his most 
 intimate friend^ he therefore burnt the 0I7 
 
HEBREWS, 19 
 
 ives, vineyards, and standi ns^ corn of tlie 
 Philistines, by tying fire-bands to the tails 
 of three hundred foxes. Being* taken and 
 bound by the Philistines who came to a- 
 vcnge this injury, he burst asunder his 
 bonds, and with the jaw-bone of an ass slew 
 one thousand of them. Having an intrigue 
 with a harlot, the Philistines encompassed 
 him, and laid wait for him to kill him, but 
 when he awoke in the morning he took the 
 gates of the city upon his shoulder to the 
 top of a neighbouring hill. He next was 
 betrayed into the hands of the Philistines 
 by Delilah, to whom he had attached him- 
 self. He was immediately blinded, bound 
 with fetters of brass, and put to the hard 
 labour of grinding in the prison. Taken 
 from his confinement to aff*ord sport to the 
 Philistines, he pulled down the pillars of the 
 house in which three thousand were assem- 
 bled, who were ail thus buried with Samson 
 in the ruins. 
 
 2590. XY. ELI, 
 
 the high-priest. In his time the ark was p 
 
 taken by the Philistines ; upon the news of 
 which he fell back, and brake his neck. b 
 
20 
 
 J'UDGES OF THE 
 
 A. M. 
 
 2349. 
 
 XVI. SAMUEL. 
 
 Samuel, the prophet, of the tribe uf E- 
 phrainj, was the son of Elkanah by Han- 
 nah. He was born about the same time with 
 Samson; and as his motlicr, after lonsj bar- 
 renness, obtained him by earnest prayer, 
 she devoted him to the service of God as ii 
 Nazarite from h^s infancy. After he was 
 weaned, his mother assigned him to Eli the 
 liij^h -priest, to brings; him up in the service 
 of the tabernacle. Samuel becoming* a great 
 priest and judjj;e of Israel, the people re- 
 sJsrned themselves entirely to his a-overn- 
 ment. By his prayers, a considerable army 
 of the Philistines who came to attack the 
 Israelites were dispei'sed and mostly de- 
 stroyed with thunder and tempest. In 
 commemoration of this victory, Samuel e- 
 
HEBREWS, 21 
 
 reeled a stone or pillar, wliicli lie called 
 Ebenezer, the Stone of JJely, because the 
 Lard had helped them. This success de- 
 terred the Philistines from attacking the Is- 
 i»aelites during* the administration of Samu- 
 el. The government thus settled and pre- 
 served from liostility, Samuel, for the great- 
 er ease of his people, and the more regular 
 dispeasation of justice, made a tour, every 
 year, through the principal parts of his do- 
 minions : but in the latter end of his gov- 
 ernment, the people became weary of the 
 command of the former rulers, and desired 
 a king to go in and out before them like 
 other nations. He was the last judge of Is- 
 rael. He ruled twenty-one years, and ar 
 nointed Saul, first king of Israel, 
 
VV\<VVV'VV>iVV%iVVWVX>VV«iV%A/VWVVWWV%^\iWVVVWWV«A>V«A< 
 
 KINGS OF THE HEBREWS/ 
 
 W«l 
 
 A. M. 
 
 2878, 
 
 I. SAUL 
 
 was of the tribe of Benjamin. He was the 
 first king of th? Hebrews, and i-ejected by 
 God for his disobedience. Being deputed 
 to the government of the Jews, in conse- 
 quence of their requesti^ig a king, he began 
 his reign, which he continued with excessive 
 cruelties. Among these, one of the most 
 singular acts of his merciless disposition 
 was his attempt to kill his own son, for hav- 
 
HEBREWS. 23 
 
 in^ take« a drop of honey, contrary to the 
 order he had given his people, not to take 
 any refreshment until the evening. He was 
 prevented from perpetrating this unnatural 
 act by the interference of his subjects. But, 
 amidst these cruelties, he distinguished 
 himself by his successful wars with the Mo- 
 abites. Ammonites, Edomites, and the Ara- 
 bians of Zobah. After a tyrannical reign 
 of seventeen years, he slew himself on 
 mount Gilboa, amidst the universal execra- 
 tions of his nnuch injured people. A, M. 
 
24 
 
 KINGS OF THE 
 
 A. M. 
 
 28P0, 
 
 II. DAVID, 
 
 the son of Jesse, oftiieti'ihe of Judati. Hav- 
 ing experienced manv dangers and dis- 
 tresses in his private situation, he was, at 
 last anointed king by Sainiiel. His first 
 memorable action was slaying Goliah. 
 Saul, when tormented with an evil spirit, 
 sent for David to charm it away with the 
 melody of his harp, by wliich service David 
 was raised to considerable command. But 
 Saul, becoming jealous of his virtues, threw 
 appear at him while he was playing the 
 harp before him. He masried ^lichal, 
 daughter of Saul, as a reward for vanquish- 
 ing 600 Philistines. Saul attempted again 
 to kill him, but David was iiappily preserv- 
 ed by his wife Michal. David then retired 
 to SamueL David assembled an army witii 
 
HEBREWS. 25 
 
 which he could have slain Saul in a cavern 
 where he had surprised him, hut he gener- 
 ously contented himself with only cutting a 
 piece of this tyrant's mantle. Saul having 
 taken away his wife Michal, David married 
 Abigail, the widow of Nabal. David again 
 surprised Saul, sleeping in his tent, and on- 
 ly took away his vase and javelin. Al- 
 though Said was his mortal enemy, yet he 
 experienced the greatest affliction when he 
 and his son Jonathan died. He was the 
 most victorious king of the Hebrew nation. 
 He took Jerusalem, defeated the Philistines, 
 subdued the Syrians, garrisoned Idumea, re- 
 moved the ark to mount Sion, committed a- 
 dultery with Bathsheba, whom he after- 
 wards married, and was reproved by Na- 
 than. He died in the seventieth year of his 
 age, and the fortieth of his reign. He 
 was an inspired poet as well as mighty war- 
 rior. The book of Psalms, written by Da- 
 vid, has been the admiration of all succeed- 
 ing generations, breathing the purest devo- 
 tion in the most sublime language, 
 
 VOL. IIj— G 
 
26 
 
 KINGS OF THE 
 
 A.M. 
 
 2930. 
 
 III. SOLOMON, 
 
 the son of David. When arrived at man- 
 hood, his father caused him to be anointed 
 and recognized as king". His brother Ad- 
 onijah aspiring to the throne, received the 
 generous pardon of Solomon : but when Ad- 
 onijah attempted to marry Abishag, Solo- 
 mon caused him to be killed. After this, 
 he married the daughter of Pharaoh king 
 of Egypt, and he received the gift of wis- 
 dom from the hand of God, which he par- 
 ticularly exemplified in deciding the quarrel 
 of the two harlots respecting one of their 
 children. He built the most magnificent 
 temple in the world in the small space of 
 seven years. He built, likewise, a royal 
 palace for his queen, and a superb throne 
 for himself. Profusely splendid and sump^ 
 
HEBREWS. %1 
 
 tuous in his palaces and mode of livin,^, lie 
 sent a fl^ot to Ophir, and to other places, 
 in search of i^old p.nd silver ; by which 
 means he rendered -h se metals exceeding- 
 ly plentiful at Jerusalem. His fleet, wliich 
 was managed by Tyrian mariners, brought 
 him, once in three years, as much as 
 was worth about nine millions of dollars. 
 He was honoured by a visit from Nicau- 
 lis, queen of Egypt and Ethiopia. Such 
 was his love for women, that he had seven 
 hundred wives, and three hundred concu- 
 bines. By the persuasiim of some of his fe- 
 males he became an idolator ; forwiiich he 
 was threatened with a heavy chastisement 
 from God. He was, however, possessed of 
 great wisdom and morality, wliich are dis- 
 played in every page of the Proverbs, bear- 
 ing his name ; Ecclesiastes ; and the truly 
 valuable Song of Songs. Whilst reading 
 his excellent writings, we can scarcely be- 
 lieve their author's imperfections. 
 
 Of his works we have room only for a 
 version of the 8tli chapter of his Song : 
 
 Ob that thou wert like him who drew 
 Life from the same maternal breast, 
 
 No crimson should my cheek imbue, 
 When I thy lips in secret prest. 
 
 Home I'd persuade thee to return. 
 
 With me domestic bliss to prove, 
 W here from my mother I would learn. 
 
 To keep thee, all the lore of love. 
 
 Thy lip should rich delic'ous wine. 
 My own pomegranate vintage, taste ; 
 
KINGS OF THE HEBREWS! 
 
 On thy left hand my head recline. 
 And thy right arm enfold my waist, 
 
 IV hen such a heaven of bliss we share, 
 Should sleep exhausted nature seize, 
 
 Maids of Jerusalem, forbear 
 To wake my love until he please. 
 
 What stranger from the wilderness 
 Comes leaning on her love ? the maid 
 
 Whom once I rais'd with chaste caress 
 Beneath the citron's spreading shade. 
 
 Within that consecrated grove 
 Thy parent first embraced her child,. 
 
 Theie first the pledge of virtuous love 
 Gaz'd on her mother's face and smil'd. 
 
 Set me a signet on thine arm, 
 
 And on thy heart my image lay, 
 The spell would drive, with potent charm^ 
 
 The fiend of jealousy away. 
 
 The cruel fiend, greedy as death. 
 No art can soothe, no flattery tame ; 
 
 Whose eyes are burning coals, whose breath 
 A scorching, all devouring flame. 
 
 Love ever clear and constant burns, 
 No floods can quench his heavenly light ; 
 
 No wealth corrupt him, for he spurns 
 The soi-did miscreant from his sight. 
 
 Our little sister sweet and fair. 
 
 Her bosom like the infant rose, 
 Waits till the gentle vernal air 
 
 Swell the soft buds, and they, unclose. 
 
 BOSTON ANTU/ 
 
V\IVW\iW\>VWVWVWVV\.W\iVWVV\(VWW*'W*/VWVWV%'VVW' 
 
 KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 vw 
 
 A. M. 
 
 sen. 
 
 I. REHOBOAM, 
 
 Was the son of Solomon, and bej^an the race 
 of the kings of Judah. Because he refused 
 to grant a petition whicli the Hebrews pre- 
 sented to him, ten of the tribes revolted un- 
 der the conduct of Jeroboam, who withdrew 
 with the ma!- ontents from Jerusalem, and 
 settled anotlier kingdom at Samaria. Thus 
 began the distinction of Judah and Israel. 
 Tliose under the government of Rehoboam, 
 and his immediate successsors, were called 
 the kingdom of Judah, and those under Jer- 
 oboam, the kingdom of Israel. Rehoboam, 
 governed Judah, as the first of its kingS;i 
 17 years. 
 
 o 2 
 
30 KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 2988. II. ABIJAH, 
 
 Ibc son of Rehoboam, reigned 3 years. 
 He married fourteen wives, bv wiiom he 
 had twenty sons and sixteen daughters. 
 Once he took the field with 400,000 men, 
 against Jeroboam with 800,000 : he was 
 quickly surrounded ; but, applying to the 
 Lord for assistance, he cut off 500,000 of 
 the enemy, and obtained a complete victory. 
 
 2991. III. ASA, 
 
 son of Abijah, vanquished the numerous 
 host of Zerach, king of Ethiopia. 
 
 5013. IV. JEIIOSHAPIIAT, 
 
 the son of Asa. He considerably reform- 
 ed the civil and ecclesiastical polity of his 
 sxaxe. 
 
 3056. y. JEHORAM, 
 the son of Jehosliaphat, reigned 8 years. 
 
 3064. VI. AliAZIAH, 
 
 the son of Jehoram, by Athaliah, his wife, 
 sister of Ahab, king of Israel. 
 
 3065. VII. ATHALIAH, 
 
 the daughter of Omri and sister of Ahab, 
 destroyed the regal house of David, and u« 
 sjyrped the kingdom T years. 
 
KINGS OF JUDAIL 5J 
 
 50r2. VIII. JOASH, 
 
 the only survivin,^ Iieir of the house of 
 David, was restored to tlie throne of his an- 
 cestors, hy Jehoiada, the higli-priest. He 
 reigned 40 years. 
 
 3112. IX. AMAZIAH, 
 
 the son of Joash, was vanquished by Jo- 
 ash, king of Israel, after a breach had been 
 made in the walls of Jerusalem. He reign=- 
 ed 29 years. 
 
 3141. X. AZAHIAII, 
 
 the son of Amaziah, was called TJzziah, 
 He was smitten with a lepi*osy, whicli contin- 
 ned until his death. He reigned 51 years. 
 
 3192. XI. JOTHAM, 
 
 the son of Uzziah, or Azariali, reigned 16 
 years. 
 
 3208. XII. AHAZ, 
 
 son of Jothara. In his reign, the kingdom 
 of Damascus was ruined by Tiglath Piieser, 
 king of Assyria, and the tribes on the far- 
 ther side of Jonlan were led into captivity. 
 He governed 16 years. 
 
 3224. XIII. HEZEKIAH, 
 
 son of Ahaz, was a prince distinguished 
 for his piety and morality. In his leign^ 
 
^ KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 tlie kingdom of the ten revolted tribes was 
 destroyed by the Assyrians, and the Assyr- 
 ians by the Babylonians, from whence arose 
 the kingdoms of Nineveh, and of the Medes. 
 
 S253.- XIV. MANASSEH, 
 
 the wicked son of the good king, Hezeki- 
 ah, restored idolati-y and put to death the 
 prophet Isaiah for reproaching his religions 
 principles and conduct. His reign, which 
 continued 55 years, was peculiar for en- 
 chantment and blood-shed. 
 
 3308. XV. AMON, 
 
 son of Manasseh, and equally vicious, hav- 
 ing disgusted his household, was slain by a 
 conspiracy of his domestics, in the 3d year 
 of his reign. 
 
 3310. XVI. JOSIAH, 
 
 son of Anion, retrieved the cliaractcr of his 
 family by his own exemplary virtue. He 
 was, however, unfortunately slain by Pha- 
 raoh Nechoh, king of Egypt, at the battle 
 of Megiddo, in the 31st year of his reign. 
 
 3341. XVIII. JEHOAHAZ, 
 
 son of Josiah, having reirnel only three 
 months, was deposed and sent prisoner, by 
 Pharaoh Nechoh, to Riblah, in the land of 
 Pamath, since called Antiocjiia. 
 
KINGS OF JUDAH. ^ 
 
 3341. XVIII. JEHOIAKIM, 
 
 son of Josiah, and brother-in-law to Jeho- 
 ahaz, was raised to the throne by Nechoh, 
 who changed his name from Eliakim to Je- 
 lioiakim. His reign was 11 years. 
 
 3351. XIX. JEHOIAKIM or JECHO- 
 
 NIAH, 
 
 son of Jehoiakim, having reigned only 5 
 months, was, witli his wives, mother, and 
 cliief officers of the realm, led captive to 
 Babylon, by Nebiichaduezzar. 
 
 3341. XX. ZEDEKIAH, 
 
 another son of Josiah, was made king of 
 Judah, by Nebuchadnezzar, instead of his 
 dethroned brother. His name was changed, 
 from Mattaniali to Zedekiah. But, contra- 
 ry to the advice of the prophet Jeremiah, he 
 rebelling against his benefactor, w^as, in the 
 eleventh year of his reign, taken prisoner, 
 Jerusalem destroyed, the temple demolish- 
 ed, and the people led captive to Babyloiv 
 where they remained seventy years. 
 
 Fallen is thy throne, oh Israel ! 
 
 Silence is o'er thy plains ; 
 Thy dwellings all lie desolate, 
 
 Thy children weep in chains. 
 
 Where are the dews that fed thee 
 
 On Ethom's barren shore ? 
 That fire from Heav'n which led tliee^ 
 
 Now lights thy path- no more. 
 
^4 KINGS OF JITDAH. 
 
 Lord! thou didst love Jerusalem ;— =' 
 
 Once she was all thy own ; 
 Her love thy fairest heritage.* 
 
 Her power thy glory's throne.f 
 TilJ evil came and blighted 
 
 Thy long loved olive tree ;]: 
 And Salem's shri^e!^ were lighted 
 
 For other-gods than thee • 
 
 Then sunk the star of Solyma ; 
 
 Then pass'd her glory's ray, 
 Like heath ! that in the wildernessfj 
 
 The wild wind whirls away. 
 Silent and waste her bowers. 
 
 Where once the mighty trod, 
 And sunk those guilty towers, 
 
 Where Baal reigu'd as god, 
 
 *' Go", — said the Lor.i, — " ye conquerors I' 
 
 Steep in her blood your swo.ds. 
 And raze to earth her battlements ;^ 
 
 For they are not the Lord's ! 
 Till Zioii's mournful ddughter, 
 
 O'er kiudreti bones sball tread. 
 And Hinnom'? vale of slaughter,!! 
 
 Shall hide but iialf her dead 1" 
 
 ■* " I have left mine heritage, I have given thee dearly 
 beloved of my SOU! into the hands of her enemies." Jer. 
 XI. 16. 
 
 + " Do not disgrace the throne of thy glory." Jen 
 xiv. 21. 
 
 J " The Lord hath called thy name a Green Olive Tree ; 
 fair and of goodly fiuit," &c. xi. 16. 
 
 II " For he shall be like the heath in the desert." Jer. 
 xvii. 6. 
 
 § " Take away her battlements, for they are not the 
 Lord's." Jer. v. 10. 
 
 H " Therefore, behold, the oays come, saith the Lord, that 
 it shall no more be called luphet, nor tue valley of tiie 
 Son of Hinnom, but the valley ot Slaughter ; for they shall 
 bury in Topbet till tnere be no place." Jer. vii. 3% 
 
KINGS OF JUDAH. sh 
 
 Cyrus conqiieringBabyloii, permitted Ihem 
 to return to their own country, and rebuik^ 
 their city and temple of Jerusalem. Hi is 
 work being performed by the assistaiicc o«* 
 Ezra, Nehemiah, and Zerubbabel, and the 
 nation again settled, they were governed by 
 their high-priests, and tlie council of the 
 elders, which they called the Sanhedrim. 
 Their high-priests had the highest dignity 
 and extent of authority. AVe, therefore, 
 subjoin accounts of those wlio thus govern- 
 ed the Jews from their return to Jerusalem 
 until the Maccabees began to rule them as 
 priests and princes, and they were subject- 
 ed to the Romans. 
 
KINGS OF ISRAEL. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 54 o*?- 
 
 L JEROBOAM, 
 
 Was the son of Nebat of the tribe of E- 
 phraim. Having caused ten of the Hebrew 
 tribes to revolt and withdraw themselves 
 from their king Rehoboam, in consequence 
 of liis having refused to redress certain 
 grievances of which they complained ; he 
 was constituted king of the revolted tribes. 
 He withdrew with them from Jerusalem to 
 Samaria, where he established a separate 
 Hebrew sovereignty, called the kingdom of 
 Israel, according to the prophecy of x\bi- 
 jah. 
 
 2993. II. NADAB, 
 
 /he son of Jeroboau), reigned 3 years. 
 
KINGS OF ISRAEL. ^ 
 
 A. M. 2995. III. BAASHA, 
 
 of the tribe of Issachar, slew Nadab, and 
 usurped his throne 24 years. 
 
 3019. IV. ELA, 
 the son of Baasha, reigned 2 years* 
 
 3021. V. ZIMRI 
 
 murdered Ela, and, after a reign of only 7 
 davs, killed himself. 
 
 VL OMRI, 
 
 captain of the host, who removed the regal 
 seat from Tirzah to Samaria, reigned 7 
 years. 
 
 3029. VII. AHAE, 
 
 son of Omri, and the husband of Jezebel., a 
 riioenician princess. 
 
 3051. VIII. AHAZIAK, 
 
 ^on of Aliab, reigned 2 years, 
 
 3053. IX. JEHOMAM, 
 
 brother of iVhaziah, reigned 12 years. 
 
 3065. X. JEHU, 
 
 the captain of the. host. He vanf|uished 
 and slew Jehoram* and usurped his tluoufe 
 428 years. 
 
 VOL, II.-" P 
 
38 KINGS OF ISRAEL. 
 
 3093. XL JEHOAHAZ^ 
 
 son of Jehu, reigned 17 years. 
 
 3110. XII. JOASH, 
 son of Jelioahaz, reigned 16 years. 
 
 3126. XIII. JEROSOAM, 
 second son of Joasb, reigned 41 years. 
 
 3178. XIV. ZECHARIAH, 
 
 son of Jeroboam II. after an interregnum 
 succeeded to the throne of his father, and 
 was slain by Shallum 6 months after. 
 
 XV. SHALLUM 
 
 was slain by Menahem, the month after he 
 had himself slain Zechariah. 
 
 S178. XVI. MEHANEM, 
 
 son of Gadi, reigned 10 years. 
 
 3188. XVII. PEKEHIAn, 
 
 son of Menahem, was slain by his succes- 
 sor. 
 
 3190. XVIII. PEKAH, 
 
 son of Remaliah, having slain Pekehiah, 
 and possessed his throne 20 years, was him- 
 self slain by 
 
 XIX. IIOSHEAH, 
 
 son of Ela. Having reigned five years, 
 Salmanassar, king of Assyria, after a siege 
 of three years, took Samaria, destroyed the 
 kingdom of Israel and led the greater part 
 of them into captivey. 
 
39 ] 
 
 V'VCW\IVW''-'V% VWWV VWWVVWWX; WVVWVW l<V\.'VV\^A/\ vvr> 
 
 HIGII-PRIESTS OF THE JEWS. 
 
 AFTER TKEIK CAPTITITX. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 I. JOSHUA 
 
 was the first bigli-pricst of t!ic Jews after 
 their captivity. He was the son of J szailak 
 or Jesederh. Returninii^ to Jenisaleiii, he 
 assisted Zerubhabel in rebuiidin^^ the teoi- 
 pie, which he did not live to see ccmpleted. 
 Zechariah saw him represented as standing 
 before the Lord in filthy garments, and Sa- 
 tan standing at his right hand to accuse and 
 resist him ; but Jehovah rebuked the devil, 
 and arrayed Joshua in pure raiment. Not 
 long after, Zechariah was directed to make 
 a golden crown for him. 
 
^0 HIGH-PRIESTS 
 
 A. M. 3530. 11. JOIAKIM, 
 
 saicl to be the son of Joshua. In his reign^ 
 the temple was finished, and the worship of 
 God r-^stored by the assistance and diligence 
 of Ezra and Nehemiah. 
 
 S580. III. JONATHAN, or JOHANAN, 
 
 reigned 30 years. 
 
 3610. IV. JADDUS, or JADDUA, 
 
 was the son of Jonathan. Josephus tells us, 
 tha* Alexander the Great, when besieging 
 Tyre, demanded some assistance from Jad- 
 dus ; but he, in a very respectful manner, 
 begged to be excused, as he had sworn fidel- 
 ity to Darius the Persian. Alexander, be- 
 irg disappointed, was highly incensed a- 
 gainst Jaddus, and declared he would be re- 
 venged on the whole of the Jews. After the 
 taking of Tyre, he accordingly bent his 
 inarch towards Jerusalem with that view. 
 The Jews, dreading his power, applied to 
 God, who never fails to assist those who call 
 upon him in sincerity and truth, by fasting and 
 prayer, and Jaddus and his fellow priests, 
 directed of the Abnighty, met Alexander in 
 their robes. Struck with the appearance of 
 the high-priest, he, instead of reproaching 
 him, fell at his feet, and embraced him : and 
 shortly after, at the request of Jaddus, he 
 eased the Jews of their tribute. Jaddus 
 reigned 20 years. 
 
OF THE JEWS. 41 
 
 A. M. 3630. V. ONIAS 
 
 succeeded Jaddus, as Jaddiis had Jona- 
 than, not bj birth, but by the choice of the 
 people. 
 
 3651. YI. SIMON, 
 surnamed Justus, I'eigned 9 years. 
 
 3660. VII. ELEAZER, 
 
 brother of Simon, reigned 32 years. 
 
 3692. Vlil. MENELAUS, 
 brother of Eleazer and Simon, succeeded^ 
 
 3718. IX. ONIAS 11. 
 reigned 14 years. 
 
 3732. X. SIMON II. 
 reigned 10 years. 
 
 3742. XI. ONIAS III. 
 
 son of Simon II. next succeeded. 
 
 3787. XII. JASON, 
 brother of Onias the Third. 
 
 3789. XIII. MENELAUS 11. 
 
 was the brother of Jason. In his reign, tlie 
 Syrians shockingly profaned the temple by 
 the command of Antiochus Epiphanes. 
 
 3794. XIV. ALCIMUS. 
 
 Under the government of this priest, the 
 Maccabees began to defend their country 
 and religion, by succeeding to the high- 
 priesthood. At this time, Alexander the 
 
 • n 2 
 
^2 JEWISH HIGH-PRIESTS. 
 
 Great being dead, the Jews began to be 
 greatly harassed by the kings of Egypt and 
 Syria. Their country was laid waste, their 
 cities were ransacked, their people slaugh- 
 tered, their property plundered, and them- 
 selves were obliged to eat forbidden meats, 
 and to sacrifice to id<?ls. At last they were 
 resisted by Matathias ; and his five sons, 
 in the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes, king 
 of Syria, who undertook to protect the peo- 
 ple, and obtained several conquests overthf 
 Syrians. Their success caused the Jews t 
 choose Judas, the elder of five brothers, foi 
 their prince and governor. Thus began 
 
4S 
 
 J 
 
 THE MACCABEAN PRINCES OF JEWRY, 
 
 A.M. 
 
 3799. 
 
 I. JUDAS MACCABEUS 
 
 was one of the nine worthies. He distin- 
 guished himself by his conquests of the great 
 and powerful armies of the Syrians. Be- 
 tween the cities of Moresa and Odolla, he 
 vanquished Gorgias who commanded a very 
 formidable Syrian army. Of the spoils tak- 
 en, he sent 10,000 drachms of silver, to be 
 offered as a sacrifice for the victory he had 
 gained. Having conquered two other lead- 
 ers of the Syrians, ApoUonius and Seron, he 
 fortified Roboam, and caused a sepulchre, 
 built on seven marble pillars, to be erected 
 for the burial of himself and his family, the 
 Maccabees, in the city of Modin, the place 
 of their nativity. He was the first of the 
 Maccabsean race who reigned as Prince of 
 Jewry. 
 
44 PRINCES OF JEWRY. 
 
 3805. II. JONATHAN, 
 
 brother of Judas, vanquished the forces of 
 Bucchides and Alciinus, captain of Deme- 
 trius, kiii,^ of Syria. But after many such 
 gallant exploits of war, in which he was 
 generally victorious, he was treacherously 
 murdered by Tryphon, who aspired, at the 
 same time, to the crown of Syria.. 
 
 3823. III. SIMON, 
 
 the brother of Judas and Jonathan, subdued 
 the cities of Gaza, Joppa, and Jamnia. He 
 next cleared Judea of the Syrians, and was, 
 afterwards, basely murdered, in the midst 
 of his successes, by his son-in-law Ptolemy. 
 "When he expelled the Syrians, lie restored 
 the worship of God ; and from this time for- 
 ward the Jews began once again to be their 
 own masters, and to give laws to the neigh- 
 bouring princes. His reign was 8 years. 
 
 3831. IV. JOHANNES IIYRCANUS, 
 
 third son of Simon, while his two brothers 
 were in the power of Ptolemy, succeeded to 
 the government. He desti'oyed the tem})Ie 
 on mount Gerizzim, conquered Alsauiaria, 
 and subd^ied the Idumteans, whom he com- 
 pelled to be circumcised. He transferred 
 the seat of war from Jerusalem to Syria, 
 and, dying, left the sovereignty to his cld« 
 est son. Aristobulus. 
 
45 
 
 MACCABiEAN KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 A. M. 3862. I. ARISTOBULUS 
 
 caused himself to be crowned, and was the 
 first king of Jiidah after the Babylonian 
 captivity. He starved his mother, and slew 
 his brother Antigen us. 
 
 3863. II. ALEXANDER, 
 
 brother of Aristobulus, considerably ex- 
 tended the kingdom of Jewry, by the con- 
 quest of all Itursea, and some parts of Syria, 
 But he degraded this by his great tyranny. 
 Without the least cause, he occasioned fifty 
 thousand of his own subjects to be slain in 
 battle, and commanded 800 of his enemies 
 to be murdered in his presence. He left 
 two sons ; Hyrcanus, who was slahi by 
 Herod, and Aristobulus, the father of Alex- 
 ander and Antigonus. Alexander was the 
 father of another Aristobulus, the most 
 beautiful prince of his day, and of Mariam- 
 ne, the wife of Herod, by whose command 
 they were most treacherously murdered. 
 
 3890. HI. ALEXANDER, 
 
 by some called Salome, the wife of Alex- 
 ander. Obeying the counril of her husband 
 Just before his death, she committed herself 
 
46 MACCABiEAN KINGS OF JUDAH 
 
 and her children to the Pliarisees, wlio then 
 possessed .^reat power and credit a nonj^ the 
 people. By this conduct, she obtained the 
 kingdom for herself, and, afterwards, for 
 her children, whose disagreement effected 
 the ruin of this distinguished family. 
 
 3899. IV. HYRCANUS, 
 
 eldest son to Alexander, a weak and indo- 
 lent prince. He was at first interrupted in 
 his succession by his younger brother, Aris- 
 tohidus : but was, however, firmly estab- 
 lished in his throne by Pompey, who carri- 
 ed AristobulHS, and his sons, Alexander and 
 Antigoniis, captives to Rome. Alexander, 
 escaping, disturbed the quiet of Jewry, un- 
 til he was surprised by Gabinius, and slain 
 by Scipio, two captains under Pompey. 
 Antigonus, assisted by the Parthians, de- 
 throned Hyrcanus, and cut off his ears. 
 But this cruel conduct was soon revenged, 
 Antigonus himself, being very soon after 
 slain by Mark Antony, and his kingdom 
 bestowed on a stranger. Hyrcanus, the 
 unfortunate, but rightful heir to tlie throne, 
 remained prisoner with the Parthians, for a 
 considerable time, until Antigonus being 
 dead, he returned to Jewry, where he lived 
 contented under the government of Herod, 
 of whose greatness he bad laid the founda- 
 tion, and by whom he was most basely and 
 ungratefully murdered. 
 
E 47 
 
 IDUM^AN KIXGS AND PRINCES OF JEWRY. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 3940. 
 
 I. HEROD. 
 
 Herod, the Ascalonite, and surnamed the 
 Great, was the son of Antipater, an Idu- 
 msean. He was created kinj^ of Jewry by 
 Mark Antony, and confirmed in his regal 
 possession by Augustus. He was disqual- 
 ified to hold the double office of high-priest 
 and king, as the Maccabees had for some 
 ages done : he therefore made Ananel Iiigli- 
 priest ; but quickly turned him out to make 
 way for Aristobulus, the brother of his wife 
 Mariamne, to whom the high-priesthood 
 more rightly belonged ; but the Jews loving 
 him too w^cil, Herod, about a year after, 
 caused him to be drowned in a bath. Un- 
 der his reign, the kingdom of Jewry was 
 more enlarged, and possessed more splendor 
 
48 IDUM^AN KINGS 
 
 than in the time of David. He was a prince 
 distinguished equally for his vices and his 
 magnificence. In his reign the sceptre hav- 
 ing departed from Judah, Jesus Christ, the 
 Messiah, was born, A. M. 4004. His birth 
 greatly troubled Herod and the principal 
 Jews, who now became apprehensive of new 
 wars. Finding out the place of his hirth, he 
 resolved to murder him while he remained 
 in infancy ; and under the pretence of wor- 
 shipping him. he desired the wise men to 
 inform him of the exact spot where he lay, 
 and the signs by which he might know him. 
 But in this treacherous design he was frus- 
 trated ; for the wise men were ordered to 
 go to their homes, and not to return to Her- 
 od. Highly enraged at this disappointment, 
 he commanded his soldiers to murder every 
 child in and ahout Bethlehem, who was un- 
 der two years old, that he might be sure of 
 the Messiah among the rest : but herein he 
 was mistaken ; for the Messiah was remov- 
 ed to Egypt. 
 
 A. D. 6. II. ARCHELAUS, 
 
 eldest son of Herod, when he succeeded to 
 the title of king, possessed only a tetrarchy 
 or fourth part of the kingdom of Jewry. 
 The rest of this country was divided into 
 three more tetrarchies, which were those of 
 Galilee and Petrse a, possessed by Herod An- 
 tipas ; that of Itursea, possessed by Philip 
 another son of Herod's ; and that of Abi- 
 
OF JEWRY. 49 
 
 iene, possessed by Lysanias, wlio, beiii.^ af- 
 terwards banished into France, had his te- 
 trachy made a province of the Roman em- 
 pire, and governed by Pontius Pilate. 
 
 A. D. 16. III. HEROD II. 
 
 surnamcd Antipas, tetrarcli of Galilee and 
 Petrjca, on the banishment of Arclielaus, 
 succeeded him as chief of the Herod ian fam- 
 ily. He espoused Herodias, the wife of 
 Philip his brother. For this incestuous 
 marriage he was reproved by John the Bap- 
 tist ; whereupon he ordered John to be cast 
 into prison. Some time after he was great- 
 ly pleased with the dancing of Salome, the 
 daughter of Herodias, and swore he would 
 giv^e her any thing she asked; instructed 
 by her mother, she requested the head of 
 John tlie Baptist. This request astonished 
 Herod ; yet, that he might not violate his 
 oath, he ordered hiai to be beheaded in pris- 
 on, and his head to be brought in a charger 
 and presented to Salome. In his time Christ 
 performed his mission upon earth, forgiv- 
 ing sins, raisi]]g the sick and the dead,- and 
 casting out evil spiiils ; and in his .reign 
 Christ was also crucified, arose from the 
 dead, and ascended into heaven, A. D\ 3a 
 
 A, D. 40. IV. HEROD III. 
 
 snrnamed Agrippa, in honour of Agrippa, 
 the son-in-law and trustv favourite of Au- 
 
 VOL. II. U 
 
50 IDUMiEAN KINGS 
 
 gustus Csesar. He wa.s nephew to Herod 
 the Great. Caligula invested him with the 
 tetrarchy of his uncle Philip, and conferred 
 on him the title of king. He was honoured 
 with the remaining tetrarchies. This is 
 the king of Jewry who caused St. James to 
 be martyred, St. Peter to be imprisoned, 
 and who was himself smitten by an angel, 
 and devoured by worms. 
 
 A. D. 47. V. AGRIPPA MINOR, 
 
 son of Herod Agrippa, was the last king of 
 Jewry. It was before him St. Paul pleaded 
 in defence of the gospel : in his time, the 
 city of Jerusalem was, about A. D. 70, be 
 sieged, and after it had been invested a con- 
 siderable time, amidst the horrors of fac- 
 tion, famine, and despair, it was taken. A 
 bout 1,100,000 people are said to have per- 
 ished in this place ; and to sucli distress 
 were tliey reduced by famine, that tliey wei-e 
 obliged to destroy their children for food. 
 The Jews suffered greatly in other parts of 
 Jewry, and their country being made a Ro- 
 man province, they were dispersed over the 
 face of the earth, and have ever since been 
 a wandering people. 
 
 " Hush'd is the voice of Judah's mirth — 
 And Judah's minstrels too are gone ; 
 
 The harps that told Messiah's birth^ 
 Aire hung on Heaven's eternal throne. 
 
OF JEWRY. 51 
 
 lied is the bright and shining throng, 
 That swell'd on earth the welcome strain 
 
 And lost in air, the choral song, 
 That floated wiM on David's plain. 
 
 For dark and sad is Bethlem's fate, 
 Her vallies gush with human blood ; 
 
 Despair sits mourning at her gate, 
 And murder stalks in frantic mood. 
 
 At morn the mother's heart was light, 
 Her infant bloom'd upon her breast, 
 
 At eve 'twas pale and wither'd quite. 
 And gone to its eternal rest. 
 
 Weep on, ye childless mothers weep ! 
 
 Your babes are hush'd in one cold grave ! 
 In Jordan's stream their spirits sleep. 
 
 Their blood is mingled with the wave." 
 
 In this abstract history of Palestine, we 
 have traced the succession of the different 
 governments with the most accurate precis- 
 ion. Where there was not even more tlian 
 the name, the years of the reign, and the 
 chronoh)gy to be specified we have mention- 
 ed them, in order to prevent any chasm in 
 this period of ancient history ; for we con- 
 ceived that, by this minute detail of t!ie va- 
 rious governments in sacred history, the 
 Old Testament would be elucidated. We 
 have, therefore, formed this part of our 
 work with the hope aii-d intention of render- 
 ing it the companion of those who read tlie 
 Scripture, and wish to be informed of th-e 
 various si>ecies of government, the periods 
 iii which they commented and termin-ated. 
 
52 IDUMiEAN KINGS OF JEWRY. 
 
 the different rulers, tlie memorable events, 
 and the chronology of the civil jurisdiction 
 of Palestine from Moses, their first law- 
 giver, till the time of Agrippa Minor, with 
 whose reign Jewry, as a nation? w?.s clfc^ 
 stroyed by the l^onrans. 
 
 I 
 
53 
 
 iVV»'X>V*VV\'VV\'VX/\"VV"\,'VVV'VVViX/V\'V^/\<W*'V*.A'W%'W\'VV\'W\'W1i 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 We are now to treat of a country wliich 
 has always borne a disting-iiished rank 
 in history, and which was once celebrated 
 above ail others for its antiquities, learning, 
 opulence, and fertility ,* but, such is the mu- 
 tability of all sublunary things, its learning 
 is changed into ignorance, its opulence into 
 poverty, and its fertility to barrenness^ 
 The Egyptians are a very ancient people, 
 though not as ancient as their priests rep- 
 resent, when they give us a catalogue of 
 their princes, some of whom, according to 
 their calculations, reigned before the crea- 
 tion of the world. Without doubt Egypt 
 was one of the must early planted countries 
 after tiie deluge : but the history of its an- 
 cient state is much enveloped in obscurity, 
 
 , or disguised by fables. 
 C2 
 

 54 
 
 j^VWWV/W 
 
 •WXpVWV^/VVW vwvw vwv\ wwvw vwvww* vk^ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 PHARAOITS, OR KINGS OF EGYPT, 
 
 vw 
 
 r.GTPriAN RACE. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 ISlC. 
 
 MIZRAIIM 
 
 was son of Ham, the secoiid .son of Noali, 
 and without doubt, tlic first kiiio: of the E- 
 J53ptians. He was called by the, Greeks 
 Osiris, and was, under this name, a subject 
 for their idolatry. In his time Abraliam 
 went into Ei^ypt. Concerning Mizraim, 
 Herodotus informs us, that tlie E;^yptian 
 priests acquainted him^ that tiiis Mizraim 
 
KINGS OF EGYPT. S5 
 
 (or Mencs) was the first king that reigned 
 in the world, and that before his time all 
 Egypt, except Thebes, was one great mo- 
 rass. The priests also informed the same 
 historian, that t]iis king founded a magnifi- 
 cent temple to Vulcan, and that lie institut- 
 ed the worship of the gods, and the ceremo- 
 nies of the sacrifices. From Ludin, son of 
 Mizraim, Lybia is said to have been peo- 
 pled. From his sons Caolohim and Caph- 
 torim, the Philistines derived their origin, 
 under the title of Peleseh, who held the [s- 
 raelites in subjection 150 years, until they 
 were first weakened by Samson and Sam- 
 uel, and afterwards were obliged by David 
 to suffer the yoke of subjection tliemselves. 
 
 in. ORUs, 
 
 son of Mizraim, was restored to his king- 
 dom after the usurpation of Typhon, by his 
 uncle Lehabim. 
 
 2207. lY. AMASIS, THEMOSIS, or 
 
 AMO^ 
 
 
 In the year 2276, Joseph, who was only 17 
 years old, was sold to the Ishmaelites and 
 ■ Midianites, who resold him to Potiphar, an 
 officer of the Egyptian army. lie was af- 
 terwards raised to great honours, and his 
 brethren had occasion to go into Egypt to 
 buy corn, by reason of the famine in' their 
 9wn country. In 2298 Jacob and till lii^ 
 
56 
 
 KINGS OF 
 
 familj/ retired into Egypt, and were nour- 
 ished and supported by Jose])h. 
 
 2335. XL AMENOPTHIS II. 
 
 reiarned thirty-one years. Between Amasis 
 and Amenopthis reigned six kiiigs or Pha- 
 raohs, 
 
 2366, XII. ORUS II. i 
 
 the Biisiris of the Grecians, was arriieland 
 sanguinary tyrant, and the king who order- 
 ed the male children of Israel to be slain. 
 He reigned 37 years. 
 
 2403. Xlil, ACENCHERES, 
 
 according to othei's Thernintis, daughter of 
 Amenopthis IL preserved M)ses. 
 
 2449. XVI. CENEIIRE3, 
 
 by some called Arenasis, and Borchoris by 
 others. This was the Pliaraoh who perse- 
 cuted the children of Israel? who pnrsaed 
 them after a reign of sixteen years, to the 
 Red Sea, and who was there drowned with 
 all his host. From Acencheres to tidsyng 
 ix^i2:ned Rathosis and Acencherus, 
 
 5472. XIX. ARMAIS, or DANAUS. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 o/ 
 
 A. M, 
 
 2961 
 
 feMENDES OR SESOSTRIS. 
 
 This king was'thc Shisliak of the scriptures. 
 He made war upon Rehoboam, the son of 
 Solomon. Some conceiv^e him to have been 
 the Sesostris mentioned by Herodotus, and 
 other ancient writers. He is, by Sir Isaac 
 Newton and others, said to be the same as 
 Bacchus, Osiris, and the Egyptian Hercules, 
 and perhaps the Beius of tlie Chaldeans, and 
 Mars or Mavors of tlic Thracians, Eeing 
 a king of great power, he subjugated all the 
 neighbouring princes, whom he is said to 
 have compelled to draw, alternately, his 
 chariot. One of these princes happening 
 to look many tiuies aside on the wheels, 
 Smendes demanded the cause of this behav- 
 iour. The captive prince replied, " Tlie 
 falling of the lowest spoke, Avhich was but 
 the last moment the highest, reminds me of 
 that instability of forturvo, w hich has rcduc- 
 
63 KINGS OF 
 
 ed mc from tlie pinnarle of grandeur to the 
 lowest state of servility." The king being 
 struck with the truth and aptness ol the an- 
 swer, never suffered himself afterwards to 
 be thus drawn by his royal captives. He 
 was the first who encountered in battle the 
 Scythians, they, repulsing his army, pursu- 
 ed it until they could proceed no further from 
 their ignoi*ance of the passes of the fens, 
 Avhich were only known to the Egyptians. 
 Sesostris extended his empire from the 
 Ganges to the Danube : and Herodotus saw 
 monuments of his yictories in Asia Minor, 
 from one sea to the (ther. He rendered 
 Ethiopia tributary, and conquered Lybia. 
 It was his custom to set up pillars in every 
 count'.'y he conquered, with this inscription : 
 " S'^sostris, king of kings, and lord of lords, 
 su'j hied this country by the power of his 
 sword." 
 
 SABACON, 
 
 the fifty-third Pliaraoh, begpji his reign in 
 Egypt, A. M. 3229. This great monarch 
 reigned over the Ethiopians : Biit, contra- 
 ry to the degrading principle of his country, 
 which was to neelect the cultivation of the 
 mind, he not only delivered Ethiopia from 
 the tyranny of the Assyrians, but extended 
 his conquests to Egypt, which kingdom he 
 obtained after ha> iijg taken and burnt their 
 king, Bochoris. Being charmed with the 
 learning and refinement ot Egypt, he sub- 
 
EGYPT. 5<^ 
 
 mitted liimsclf most willingly to the laws of 
 a people whom lie admired and revered, 
 even while lie liad subdued them. He lis- 
 tened, with the greatest respect, to tlie ad- 
 monitions which it was customary the sov- 
 ereigns should hear every morning. These 
 had such a happy effect on his mind, that 
 being excited to a love of jsjstice, he restor- 
 ed the crown lip had usurped, to its natural 
 heir, 
 
 ANYSIS, 
 
 and afterwards returned to his own country, 
 where he enjoyed that peace and glory his 
 actions so greatly merited. A. M. S236, 
 Anysis was succeeded by 
 
 SETHON, 
 
 who was not only king of Egypt, hut a priest 
 of Vulcan. It was in the reign of this king 
 that Sennacherib king of Assyria, invaded 
 Egypt, and committed great depredations, 
 till his whole army, according to tlie Sacred 
 Writings, was destroyed by an angel of the 
 Lord, perhaps some fiery pestilence. Her- 
 odotus- s narrative of the ruin of Sennache- 
 rib's army near Felusium, on the north-east 
 of Egypt, as if, by the god Vulcan's influ- 
 ence, swarnjs of rats had eaten all their 
 bow-strings in the nigiit, and this disquali- 
 fied them for war, deserves no credit ; and 
 
GO KINGS OF 
 
 surely liimself could expect notliiug* but a 
 fabulous account from the priests of that 
 
 dcitv. 
 
 THARACA 
 
 succeeded Sethou, and reigned eighteen 
 years ; after whose death, tiie Egyptians 
 divided their whole country into twelve dis- 
 tricts, and elected a king to reign over each 
 division. These twelve- kings contracted 
 the strongest alliances by mutual intermar- 
 riages, and reciprocally covenanted to con- 
 tinue in perpetual amity, without irjvading 
 the particular territories belonging to each 
 other. This duodecemvirate, or govern- 
 ment of twelve kings, lasted only 15 years j 
 for 
 
 PSAM^IATICHIS, 
 
 who ruled near the sea coast, having grown 
 opulent by crjmmerce, and contracted some 
 alliances with foreign ])owers, became at 
 length so formidable, that, v»'iih the asi^ist- 
 ance of the Carians and lonians, he con- 
 quered the other eleven kings, and reduced 
 the w^hole country beneath his sway. Psam- 
 matichus was a g^j'cat king, and reigned 
 with much wisdom and maq^iificence. liv 
 heaping gifts and honours upon the lonians 
 and Carians he disgustetl his subjects, and. 
 caused about 200,000 of them to revolt/ 
 These made a settlement in Ethioj/ia, imder 
 the protectiot of the king of that, countiy. 
 
EGYPT. 61 
 
 To repair this loss Psammatichus applied 
 himself to the encouragement of commerce, 
 and opened his ports to all stranj^ers. He 
 reigned 54 years, twenty-nine of which he 
 consumed in the siege of Azotus, in Syria, 
 before he could reduce that great city. This 
 is the longest siege mentioned in Jiistory. 
 He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 PHARAOH NECHOH, 
 
 as it is recorded in Scripture, or Necus, 
 who began to cut a canal between the Nile 
 and the Red Sea, which Darius the Persian 
 afterwards finished. Nechoh is said to have 
 sent a fleet down the Red Sea, with orders 
 to prosecute their voyage all along the coast 
 of Africa ; which they did, and doubling 
 the Cape of Good Hope, they sailed north- 
 wai'd till they arrived at Hercules' Pillars, 
 w hen, entering the Mediterranean Sea, they 
 sailed eastward till they arrived at the 
 mouth of the Nile in Egypt. Tliis was a 
 vast undertaking for the time, asul ^Yas ex- 
 ecuted with as great success. The Scrip- 
 ture tells us, that Pharaoh Nechoh, king 
 of Egypt, went up against the king of Assy- 
 ria to the river Euphrates | and that Josiah, 
 king of Judea, not choosing that he should 
 pass through his dominions, went out against 
 him, and he (Nechoh) slew Josiah, at Me- 
 giddo. The Valley of Megiddo in the 
 Scripture is the same as the Plains of Mag- 
 dolus in Herodotus. Nechoh, animated by 
 vol.. II. r 
 
62 KINGS OF 
 
 this victory, continued his march towards 
 the Euphrates, where he defeated the Bahy- 
 lonians, and took Carchemish, a great city 
 in those parts. Here he left a strong gar- 
 rison, and after three months returned again 
 towards Egypt : hearing in his way, that 
 Jehoahaz, the son of Josiah, had taken the 
 title of king of Judah without his consent, 
 he sent for him to Riblath in Syria, and ou 
 his arrival caused him to he put in chains, 
 and sent prisoner into Egypt, where he di- 
 ed. He reigned 16 years, and was succeed- 
 ed by his son, 
 
 PSAMMIS, 
 
 who reigned only 6 years, and left the king- 
 dom to his son, 
 
 APRIES, OR PHARAOH HOPHRA, 
 
 as he is called in the Sacred Writings. He 
 reigned with great prosperity, took Sidon, 
 and reduced all Phoenicia and Palestine ; 
 after which he concluded an alliance with 
 Zedekiah, king of Judah ; he declared him- 
 self the protector of Israel, and promised to 
 deliver it from the tyranny of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, who soon after destroyed Jerusalem, 
 and carried away Zedekiah captive to Bab- 
 ylon. Some time after Apries sent an ar- 
 my against the Cyrenians ; but it was de- 
 feated, and the greater part of them were 
 slain. The Egyptians now became dissat- 
 isfied, and some of them revolted. Here- 
 
EGYPT. 63 
 
 upon Apries sent Amasis, an officer of his 
 court, to appease the insuri^ents ; but when 
 he began to remonstrate, they put a helmet 
 on his head and proclaimed him king. 
 Amasis accepted the dignity, and joined the 
 revolters. Apries was shortly after obliged 
 to fly into Upper Egypt, where he main- 
 tained himself several years, while Amasis 
 held all the rest. The king of Babylon 
 took advantage of the intestine commoti(?ns 
 of Egypt, and invaded the country. He 
 soon made himself master of that pait which 
 was situated between Migdol and Syene, 
 that is, from one end of the kingdom to the 
 other. He made a miserable ravage and 
 devastation wherever he came ; killed a 
 great number of its inhabitants ; and made 
 such dreadful havock in the country, that the 
 damage could not be repaired in forty years. 
 Having loaded his army with spoils, and 
 conquered the wh«)le country, Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, came to an agreement with Ama- 
 sis, whom he left as his viceroy and return- 
 ed to Babylon. After Nebuchadnezzar had 
 left Egypt, Apries hired an army of Cari- 
 ans, which he employed against Amasis ; 
 hut being defeated, he was taken, and car- 
 ried to Sais, where he was strangled in his 
 own palace. Thus were fulhlled, in a re- 
 markable manner, the prophecies of Ezekicl 
 and Jeremiah. 
 
S4 KINGS OP 
 
 AMASIS, 
 
 who became sole monarch of Egypt, A. M. 
 3435, was a native of Sinph in the province 
 of Sais. He was a worthy king, and an 
 excellent legislator. In his time Egypt was 
 happy in the fecundity of the Nile, and is 
 said to have contained 20,000 populous ci- 
 ties, tov/ns, and villages. He built the spa- 
 cious and magnificent temple of Isis at 
 Memphis. Cambyses now entertained the 
 design of invading Egypt, but, when he ar- 
 rived on the borders of that kingdom he re- 
 ceived intelligence of the death of Amasis, 
 who died after a reign of 44 years. He 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 PSiVMNITES, OR PSAMNITICUS, 
 
 A. M. 3479. Having reigned only 6 months 
 he was conquered by Cambyses, the second 
 monarch of Persia, who thus united Egypt 
 to the Persian empire, under which power 
 it continued until Darius, the sixth king of 
 the Medes and Persians. In the eleventh 
 year of whose reign, Egypt revolted, and 
 restored itself to its former sovej*eignty. 
 
 After this restoration of Egypt to their 
 former government reigned several kings, 
 but none of note until Nectanebos II. who 
 ascended the throne, A. M. 3600. He was 
 the last potentate of the natural Egyptian 
 race, that governed Egypt by the title of 
 king ; for in the eighteenth year of his 
 
EGYPT. 65 
 
 rei2;ii, Ocliiis, tlic eighth emperor of Persia, 
 again recovered the dominion of this coun- 
 try hy his valour. And Alexander the 
 Great, having conquered Darius, came, and, 
 without a single battle, won this fertile king- 
 dom, which submitted itself entirely to his 
 authority. He derived a yearly revenue 
 from this regal acquisition of six thousand 
 talents. Alexander dying, Egypt devolv- 
 ed to Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, and from 
 whom all the succeeding kings of this coun- 
 try were called Ptolemies. We have relat- 
 ed these particulars under the head of Nec- 
 tanebos, as, in his reign, began the great 
 revolution of the dominion of Egypt, which 
 finally transferred it from their native kings 
 to those of Persia. This is said, hv the 
 chronologers, to have happened about the 
 year of the world 3608, and in the reign of 
 the seventy-first Pharaoh, or native prince. 
 
<k.V^V^/VW\i\AA>VVVW\JV'WWWWW\lVWVWVWVWVWWWW 
 
 SECOND DYNASTY. 
 
 PTOLEMIES OF EGYPT. 
 
 A. M. 3641. I. PTOLEMY, 
 
 or Ptolemy Soter, the reputed son of Lagus, 
 and one of those captains who assisted Al- 
 exander the Great in his conquests. Many 
 authors hare supposed him to be a son of 
 Philip of Macedon, and, consequently, a 
 natural brother of Alexander. He govern* 
 ed Egy])t during forty years. 
 
 3681. IL PTOLEMY PHILADELPHUS, 
 
 was the son of Ptolemy Soter, by Berenice. 
 He enriclied the library of Alexandria with 
 700,000 volumes, and caused the Bible, or 
 Old Testament, to be translated by seventy- 
 two interpreters. He married Arsinoc, the 
 daughter of Lysimaclius. From this king 
 reigned seven more, until 
 
 3922. X. PTOLEMY DIONYSIUS, 
 
 called the younger, reigned with Cleopatra, 
 his wife and sister, three years. In the last 
 year of his reign, Pompey, who came to so- 
 
PTOLEMIES OF EGYPT. 67 
 
 licit the aid and assistance of Ptolemy, was 
 barbarously slain on the shores of Egypt, 
 by the command of Achilles, the g'oveinor 
 of the young king, who declared, at the in- 
 stigation of Theodotus, the king's precep- 
 tor, that sucli a measure would not onh 
 make Caesar their friend, but would prevent 
 Pompey from doing them any harm as an 
 enemy. He was slain afterw ards himself 
 in tlic Alexandrian tumult against Julius 
 Cjesar. 
 
6g PTOLEMI0S 
 
 A. M. if miWl^^3r\ 3925. 
 
 XI. CLEOPATRA. 
 
 This queen was the wife and sister of Dio- 
 nysius. Ciesar, captivated by her charms, 
 her spirit and understanding, restored her 
 to her kingdoms, which she governed with 
 the greatest pomp and splendor, 19 years. 
 She restored the library of Alexandria, by 
 adding to it that of Per'gamos. Having 
 made a complete conquest of Marc Antony, 
 by the power of her beauty and wit, she ex- 
 erted her fascinating wiles so powerfully 
 over his affections as to entirely alienate 
 them from his wife and dominion. Shak- 
 speare has given us a lively description of 
 her meeting with Antony, on the river 
 Cydnus ; 
 
 The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne, 
 Burnt on the water : the poop was beaten gold ; 
 Purple the sails, ai»d so perfum'd, that 
 The winds were love-sick with them : the oars were 
 silver; 
 
OF EGYrT. h 
 
 Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made 
 The water, which they beat, to follow faster. 
 As amorous of their strokes. For her own person, 
 It beggar'd all description : she did lie 
 In her pavillion, (cloth of gold, of tissue,) 
 O'er-picturing that Venus, where we see 
 The fancy out-work nature : on each side her, 
 Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids, 
 "With diverse-colour'd fans, whose wind did seem 
 To glow the delicate cheeks which ihey did coolj, 
 
 And what they undid, did 
 
 Her gentlewomen, like the Nere des. 
 So many mermaids, tended her I'tbe eyes. 
 And made their bends adornings : at the helm 
 A seeming Mermaid steers; the silken tackle 
 Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands. 
 
 In one of their entertainments she is said 
 to have dissolved a pearl, valued at 50,000^. 
 in vinegar, and to liave swallowed it. She 
 had a taste for polite leariii.ng and the sci- 
 ences, and understood seveial lang;- Mcres. 
 She omitted no means to keep Aunjikj m 
 her chains ; and he entered AiexaRidria in 
 triumph, dragging at his chariot wheels the 
 king of Ai'menia, laden with chains c.f gold, 
 and presented him in tiiat condition to Cleo- 
 patra, w ho was pleased to see a captive king 
 at her feet. The queen, w hen discomfited, 
 ■with Antony, hy the forces of Octavius Cae- 
 sar, had the vanity to depend on the powder 
 of her charms for a conquest of young Oc- 
 tavius ; But, finding her allurements disre- 
 garded, she, either through the mortifica- 
 tion of disappointment, or the dread of re- 
 
70 PTOLEMIES OF EGYPT. 
 
 ceiviii]^ no lenity from the conqueror, pois- 
 oned herself hy the bite of an asp, which 
 she applied to her breast, SO yeai'S bcf re 
 Christ. To alleviate the pain of Anto- 
 ny's absence, she studied philosophy, in 
 which she made .^reat proficiency. Egypt 
 then became a Roman province. On the 
 decline of the Roman empire, the caliph 
 Omar, one of the successors of Mahomet, 
 sent an army to invade Ej^ypt, about the 
 middle of the seventh centuj'V, under the 
 command of Amru, who penetrated into the 
 heart of the country, and took Mesr, the 
 ancient Memphis, which was treacherously 
 delivered up to him by tlie Coptic governor, 
 whose name was Mokawkas. The Egyp- 
 tians threw off the Saracen yoke in the ninth 
 century, during the reign of Ahmed Abul 
 Abbas, and founded a caliphate of their own, 
 Ahmed Ebn Tolun, who ascended the 
 throne. A, D. 870, was the first of the new 
 race of caliphs. Tonombeius II. ascended 
 the throne, A. D. 1517, but being vanquish- 
 ed in the first year, by Selim, emperor of 
 the Turks, his territory became a province 
 of the Turkish empire, and has remained 
 so ever since. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORr. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OP ASSYRIA AND CHALDEA> 
 
 ASSYRIA. 
 
 As Assyria was formed into the first groat 
 empire of the world, by Nimrod and his 
 successors ; we shall begin our biography 
 with a brief account of the personages who 
 distinguished themselves during the exist- 
 ence of that government. 
 
7^ 
 
 KINGS OP 
 
 A.M. 
 
 1684, 
 
 NIMROD, 
 
 the son of Cusli, was the first who foiiiicled 
 the empire of Assyria, We are told, Gen- 
 esis X. that Nimrod was a mighty hunter 
 before the Lord ; and either rendering him- 
 self famous by the killing of wild beasts, or 
 hy violer/c oppressing of his neighbours, he 
 procured himself a kingdom. Having sub- 
 dued the petty princes, who were the de- 
 scendants of Noah, and possessed this conn- 
 try and >Icsopotamia, he built in Chaldea 
 the cities of Babylon and Chalne ; in As- 
 syria, Nineveh, Rhesein, and Calach ; and 
 in Mesop(»tamia, Rchoboth. By these 
 strong citadels, he curbed the insurrections 
 of the natives and secured his own assumed 
 power. He was the first who destroyed the 
 paternal authority by which society was 
 generally regulated. He united in himself 
 the government of several nations who were 
 
ASSYRIA. 73 
 
 before independent of each otber. He made 
 Babylon his imperial city, where the foun- 
 dation of a state was laid that extended from 
 the Mediterranean Sea unto the river Indus. 
 The world, being div ided into petty states, 
 was deficient of that power and policy which 
 could alone preserve it f-oni the usurpation 
 of such an irresistihle aaibition as actuated 
 Nimrod and his successors. He built the 
 tower of Babel, that striking monument of 
 the presumptive power of human beings, 
 when uncontrolled by a due. sense of their 
 dependence on the eteinal wisdom for the 
 perfection as well as the existence of all 
 their efforts. JSimrod reigned 114 years, 
 and left Belsis, his son, as his successor. 
 He died A. M. 1798. 
 
 BSLUS. 
 
 This son and successor of Nimrod v/as call- 
 ed Jupiter Babyh)nicus, and worshipped by 
 the old idolaters under the name ot* Bel or 
 Baal. He spent most of his time in drain- 
 ing the low lands and marshes round Baby- 
 lon. He was the first man vvho was deified. 
 Having invented astronomy, a certain stone 
 was dedicated to iiim, and called Oculus 
 Beli, the Eye of Belus. He was worship- 
 ped by the Sidonians aiid Phcoiicians. His 
 son, Ninus, erected to him an image which 
 he caused the people to worship. In it was 
 said to be a devil that gave specious an- 
 swers like other oracles ot old, that seemed 
 
 yOL, II— G *' 
 
74 KINGS OF 
 
 to speak the truth purposely to deceive those 
 who consulted them. He commenced a war 
 against Sabatius, king of Armenia, and 
 th«ise parts of Scythia whicli Berosus calls 
 Scythia Saga ; but he was obliged by death 
 to transfer its prosecution unto his son Ni- 
 nus. He died A. M. 1845, and left Ninus 
 his successor. 
 
 NINUS 
 
 was the tlnrd monarch of Assyria. The 
 blessings of peace having been cultivated, 
 and the kingdom greatly improved in its 
 accommodation and fertility by his father 
 Belus, he directed his attentions to war. 
 He conquered Armenia, Syria, Media, Bac- 
 tria, and the Persian provinces. He then 
 removed the imperial seat from Babylon to 
 Nineveh, which city he considerably enlarg- 
 ed and embellished. He conquered Zoro- 
 aster the magician, and monarch of Bactria, 
 and made Barsanes, the son and successor 
 of Sabatius, king of Armenia, his subject 
 and tributary. He married Semiramis, and 
 while she was taken for Venus, he was tak- 
 en for Mars. He died A. M. 1907, and 
 left his queen Semiramis his successor, af- 
 ter he had reigned 52 years. 
 
ASSYRIA, 
 
 lb 
 
 A.M. 
 
 1907. 
 
 SEMIRAMIS 
 
 succeeded, in the Assyrian throne, her val- 
 iant husband Ninns. She subdued the Ara- 
 bians, but, invading the Indians next, she 
 was slain by their king, Sturobates. Of 
 this extraordinary female, it is said that 
 she was born at Ascalon in Syria, where 
 she was immediately exposed to the fury of 
 wild beasts. But being destined not to die 
 so ingloriously, she was found, nursed, and 
 educated by shepherds, who presented her 
 to the Syrian Viceroy. He gave her his 
 only son in marriage. Accompanying her 
 husband to the wars, she became acquaint- 
 ed with Ninus, who, conceiving an aftection 
 for her spirit and beauty, married and shar- 
 ed with her his empire. At her request, he 
 granted to her the sole command of the 
 government for five days. She no sooner 
 obtained it, than she caused lier fond hus- 
 band to be killed. Having thus possessed 
 
76 KINGS OF 
 
 herself of the Assyrian throne, she exerted 
 lier talents for the extension of the empire. 
 She led an army, consisting of 100,000 
 chariots of war, 3,000,000 foot, and 500,000 
 cavalry. Havinsi; subdued great part of 
 Asia, built many cities, and completely fin- 
 ished the superb city of Babylon, she was 
 slain, as above related, in the 42d year of 
 her reign, A. M. 1959. 
 
 NINUS II. 
 
 son of Semiramis, succeeded to i\\e throne. 
 By his lieutenants, he subdued the Arians, 
 Bactrians, and Caspians. He was much 
 addicted to luxury and effeminacy. 
 
 BELUS II. 
 
 succeeded Ninus, and recovered that country 
 which was afterwards called Judaea. He 
 joined it to the Assyrian empire, from which 
 it had revolted during the reign of his pre- 
 decessor, and subdued other nations. 
 
 BOLOCHUS PRISCUS, 
 
 the tenth king, is reported to have been the 
 inventor of Auspicium, or tlie art of foretell- 
 ing events by the flying of birds. 
 
 MANITUS, 
 
 the thirteenth king, revived again the an- 
 cient discipline which was corrupted by the 
 
ASSYRIA. fl 
 
 indolence and effeminacy of some of liis 
 predecessors. He held, the Egyptians un- 
 der the greatest awe. 
 
 ASCATAOES, 
 
 the eighteenth king, was more absolute in 
 Syria, and the western ])art of this monar- 
 chy than any of the former kings. 
 
 e 2 
 
78 KINGS OF 
 
 A. M. ff T!^^^^»^ 1959 
 
 SARD ANAP ALUS, 
 
 the last king of this rare, was so excessive- 
 ly effeminate and incapable of governing 
 this great and extensive empire, that he ex- 
 cited the rebellion of Arbaces, his lieuten- 
 ant in Media. This generous and spirited 
 warrior, disdaining to obey the mere name 
 of a king, resolved to know what Sardanap- 
 alus was doing in liis almost inaccessible 
 palace. Having found him sjiinning among 
 his concubines in the habit of a woman, he 
 roused the troops with t!ie disclosure of this 
 disgraceful situation and employment of 
 their monarch. Belochus, governor of 
 Babylon, associated witb him in the design 
 of dethroning this effeminate sovereign, in 
 order to re-establish the vigour of an ener- 
 vated government. The king was imme- 
 diately besieged in his city of Nineveh, and 
 being reduced to the gi'eatest extremities, 
 he gathered al Ihis treasures^ which he cast, 
 
ASSYRIA. 79 
 
 with his wives and himself, on a funeral 
 pile he had previously caused to be enkin- 
 dled for the purpose. The treasure, thus 
 consumed, amounted to one hundred mil- 
 lions of talents of gold, and a thousand mil- 
 lions of talents of silver, which were all 
 equal to 89,000,000,000 dollais. The fa- 
 mous city of Nineveh remained in the pos- 
 session of Arbaces and the Medes, who, 
 from that time began a new dynasty, which 
 restored the empire of Assyria to its former 
 glory and efficiency of government. This 
 happened about one thousand years after its 
 commencement, in the 20tli year of the reign 
 of Sardanapalus, A. M. 3126. 
 
w\j vvT.<vv» w/\ wwwvvw w* vw vwvwvwvwi wvwx. wvvw 
 
 THE NEW DYNASTY OF 
 
 ASSYRIA AND CHALDEA. 
 
 vw 
 
 I. PHUL BELOCHUS 
 
 was the first of this new monarchy, or race 
 of sovereigns, A. M. 3146. 
 
 II. PHUL ASSUR 
 
 destroyed Galilee and suhdiied the kingdom 
 of Damascus. He was called Tiglath Pil- 
 cser in Scripture. He reigned A. M. 3194» 
 
 III. SALMANASSAR, or SHALMAN- 
 
 ESER, 
 
 succeeded next, and destroyed Samaria, ru- 
 ined the kingdom of Israel, and carried the 
 ten tribes who revolted from the house of 
 Judea into captivity. This is the same 
 monarch who is called by the chronologers 
 Nabonassar. He reigned about A. M. 3227. 
 
 IV. SENNACHERIB, 
 
 the next, is related in Scripture to have heen^ 
 with his blasphemous host, vanquished 
 
ASSYRIA AND CHALDEA. 81 
 
 by arij^pls from heaven. His two sons, 
 Adramelech and Sharezer, were his parri- 
 cides, A. M. S29.7, 
 
 V. ASSERHADON, 
 
 another son of Sennacherib, sucreeded, and 
 reverii^ed the murder of his fatlier on his 
 unnatural brothers. He was deposed by 
 his deputy (governor of Chaldea, who trans- 
 ferred the rei^al seat from Nineveh to Bab- 
 ylon, A. M. 3233. 
 
 VI. MERODACH BALADAN, 
 
 governor of Babylon, sucreeded his royal 
 master. He is thought to have been the 
 Mardocempades of Ptolemy. Others imag- 
 ine him to be the king who, by Iiis captain 
 Holofernes, so greatly infested Judea, 
 A. M. 3243. 
 
 VII. BEN MERODACH, 
 
 son of Mei'odach Baladan, sucreeded him 
 and reigned 21 years, A. M. 3283. 
 
 VIII. NABOPULLASAR 
 
 succeeded next, and vanquished Pharaoh 
 Nechoh, king of Egypt. He reigned 25 
 years, A. M. 3304. 
 
82 
 
 ASSYRIA AND CHALDEA. 
 
 IX. NEBUCHADNEZZAR. 
 
 \ 
 
 This kins: was called Nebuchatljiezzar the 
 Great. H was by some called the Hercu- 
 les of the Citst. He conquered Ej^ypt dur- 
 ing the life of his father, with whom he 
 reigned many years. The city of Babylon 
 lie considerably enlarged, and afterwards 
 joined with Astyagos, king of Medea, in 
 subverting the proud city of Nineveh. In 
 the eighteenth year of his reign, he destroy- 
 ed Jerusalem, and carried the two remain- 
 ing tribes of Judah and Benjamin into cap- 
 tivity. But in the last seven years of his 
 reign he was so distracted, that he lived 
 like the beasts of the field, with whom he 
 herded, according to the prophecy of Dan- 
 iel. During this degraded situation, his 
 son Evil Merodach, his daughter Niocris, 
 Niglissat her husband, and their son Labo- 
 rasoradach governed his empire as protec- 
 tors. They are therefore by some writers, 
 
KINGS OF 83 
 
 classed among the Assyrian monarchs. 
 But Nebuchadnezzar, having recovered his 
 senses, was again restored to his throne. 
 He died A. M. 3339, after a reign of 44 
 years. 
 
 X. EVIL MERODACH, 
 
 his son, scceeded him. After a reign of 26 
 years he was slain, A. M. 3385, by Asty- 
 ages, king of Medea. Nebuchadnezzar en- 
 tertained an idea, that his son Merodach 
 would become a great prince ; but herein he 
 was mistaken, for he turned out a fool : 
 hence his name, Evil Merodacli, i. e. Fool- 
 ish Merodach. 
 
 XI. BALTHASSAR,orBELSHAZZAR, 
 
 son of Evil Merodach, was the next 
 king. He was cruel and dissolute in his 
 manners. In his father's time, through 
 envy, he slew a gallant young man who 
 should have married his sister. His envy 
 was excited at seeing him kisl two wild 
 beasts, at which he had thrown his javelin 
 in vain. His cruelties caused many to re- 
 volt from his government. During his 
 reign, he performed no action of mei'it 
 worth recording. Being both weak and 
 pusillanimous, he suffered perpetual en- 
 croachments on his kingdom with impunity. 
 But, amidst the most imminent dangers, he 
 continued to feast, until he died by the 
 hands of those whom he had so greatly in- 
 jured during his father's reign. At a feast, 
 probably in honour of the idol Sheshach, he, 
 
84 ASSYRIA AND CHALDEA. 
 
 beiii^^ somewhat heated with wine ordered 
 the vessels of the temple which had been 
 taken at Jerusalem, to be brought, and he 
 and his courtiers profaned the sacred ves- 
 sels. Mene, tekel, upharsix, was writ- 
 ten on the wall by an angel. The prophet 
 Daniel interpreted the writing ; and in- 
 formed the king, that his days were num- 
 bered, that he was weighed and found want- 
 ing, and that his kingdom was given to the 
 Medes and Persians. Balthassar assailed 
 by Cyaxares, the son of Astyages (whom the 
 Scriptures call Darius Med us) ajid by Cy- 
 rus the Persian, who slew him in the seven- 
 teenth year of his reign, amidst his riotous 
 festivities. \Vith him ended the empire of 
 Babylon and Assyria, by the monarchy be- 
 ing transferred to the Medes and Persians. 
 Thus was terminated the most ancient and 
 extensive empire of the world. The fate ot 
 the Assyrians and Chaldees was afterwards 
 such as caused them to be the successive 
 slaves of the Medes, Persians, Macedoni- 
 ans, then of the Persians again, next of the 
 Saracens and Turks, unto whom they are 
 now subject. During this state of mutable 
 slavery, they never attempted by war to 
 recover their ancient rights and reputation. 
 Having been originally under a most des- 
 pf)tic government, they had no liberties to 
 retrieve, and therefore they tamely suffer- 
 ed themselves to be won, lost, and fouglit 
 for by their quarrelsome and ambitious 
 task- masters. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 vw 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OP MEDEA AND PERSIA. 
 
 MEDEA AND PERSIA. 
 
 These kin^^doms were so imited in their 
 political vicissitudes as to form one of the 
 four great monarchies : we shall there- 
 fore class til em together. 
 
 The inhabitants of Medea were the pos- 
 terity of Madai, the third son of Japheth. 
 The country which he peopled is now call- 
 ed Aderbeitzan, and is a mountainous dis- 
 trict on the south-west of the Caspian Sea, 
 east of Armenia, north of Persia, and west 
 
 VOL. II. H 
 
S6 KINGS OF 
 
 ofParthia and Ilyi ajiia. After a consid- 
 erable time, they formed themselves into 
 several tribes, and were subject to the pow- 
 er of petty kings from their first plantation. 
 They were then under the dominion of the 
 Assyrians, who diminished the regal power 
 of the Medes to that of being merely titu- 
 lary or rather provincial deputies. Great- 
 ly oppressed by the Assyrians, they sub- 
 mitted themselves to the Persians, under 
 whose government they continued, until 
 
MEDEA AND PERSIA. 
 
 87 
 
 ARBACKS. 
 
 This Persian governor, perceiving the ef- 
 feminacy of Sardanapalus, king of Persia, 
 resolved with Belochus to possess the regal 
 government. Encouraged by the weakness 
 of the king, and perhaps stimulated by their 
 own ambition, Arbaces and Belochus at- 
 tacked with success, (as we have before ob- 
 served) Sardanapalus in his palace at Nin- 
 eveh. They then divided the empire be- 
 tween them. Belochus took Assyria, with 
 the provinces west of the Tigris, while Ar- 
 baces contented himself with Media and the 
 neighbouring provinces. Arbaces was dis- 
 tinguished as an amiable and ])atriotic 
 prince. Contrary to the general disposi- 
 tion of usurpers, he governed more by his 
 lenity than his authority. He established 
 the Persian Satraps in their former gov- 
 ernments, and contented himself with the 
 title of sovereign. Having founded the 
 Median monarchy, he died, A. M. 3146. 
 
is KINGS OF 
 
 From Arbaces until Deioces the sixth 
 monarch of the Medes, the kinj^s effected 
 nothing memorable, and their government 
 was more subject to the licentiousness of the 
 people than to their soverei.gn authority. 
 Not having any efficient system of laws, the 
 Medes continued from A. ^I. 3146, until 
 A. M. 3292, a period of 146 years, in a 
 state of anarchy, when 
 
 S292.VI.DEIOCES,orARPHAXAD, 
 
 the founder of Ecbatana, and the legislator 
 of Media, by his wise laws, brought the 
 people to a complete system of regal govern- 
 ment. 
 
 A. M. 3309. yil. PliRAORTES 
 
 distinguished himself by his courage and 
 good fortune. He was very successful in 
 wajiike achievements, till he was himself 
 conquered by the Scythians. His reigu 
 was 62 years, 
 
 A. M. 3331. Vni. CYAXARES 
 
 united to his empire the Saracens and Par- 
 thians. He was also so much overpower- 
 ed by the Scythians, that he was scarcely 
 more than their steward, whom they deput- 
 ed to collect their revenues. Being weary 
 of this indignity, which he endured for two 
 years, he communicated to his nobles the 
 design of extirpating them from his domin- 
 
MEDEA AND PERSIA. 89 
 
 ions. This confederacy being formed, lie 
 invited the Scythians to a banquet, at which, 
 havinj^ intoxicated them with wine, he mas- 
 sacred the greater part, and permitted the 
 remainder to return to their own country. 
 He was the first who divided Asia into prov- 
 inces. He reigned 40 years and was co- 
 temporary with Josiah, king of Judah. 
 
 B 2 
 
9.0 
 
 KINGS OF 
 
 A.M. 
 
 3371. 
 
 IX. ASTYAGES, 
 
 son of Cyaxares, married his daughter 
 Mandane to Cambyses, the tributary kiu;^: 
 of Persia, In consequence of a dreani 
 which alarmed him, he commanded Harpa- 
 gas, a nobleman, to kill the first born son 
 of this uni<m. Abhori'ing so inhuman an 
 act, he committed the iiifunt as soon as it 
 was born, to Mithridates, the king's herds- 
 man, who preserved, educated, and na?ned 
 him Cjrus. He possessed himself after- 
 wards of Persia, and, abhorring the cnsel 
 design of his grandfather, he n^t only de- 
 throned him, but banished lum into a prov- 
 ince of Persia, called Hyrcania, where As- 
 tyages had reigned 35 years. A. M. 3406. 
 Thus was Medea in turn submitted to the 
 Persians, who had been before made triiui- 
 tary to the Medes by Pjiraortcs about 103 
 years. 
 
MEDEA AND PERSIA. 9J 
 
 A. M. 3406. X. CYAXARES II. 
 
 called in scripture Darius Med us, was the 
 son of Astyages, and succeeded his father 
 when 52 years old ; for Cyrus, havini^ no 
 resentment to his uncle, resigned to him the 
 throne of Medea, and preserved to himself 
 the title and authority of sovereign of Per- 
 sia, without any other alteration in the state, 
 except relieving the latter from the tribute 
 they were by Phraortes obliged to pay to 
 the Medes. Although the empire of the 
 Medes and Persians was thus divided, the 
 interests of both were strongly cemented by 
 Cyaxares, who married I) is daughter to Cy- 
 rus, according to a farmer stipulation. Thus 
 joined in family compact, they united their 
 forces to conquer their rivals and neigh- 
 bours, which they effected by taking Baby- 
 lon, slaying Balthassar, and destroying en- 
 tirely the empire of the Chaldeans. These 
 conquests were ascribed by the writers of 
 Holy Writ to Darius Medus, i. e. Cyaxares, 
 while the Greeks attribute them solely to 
 Cyrus. Upon this conquest Cyaxares ap- 
 pointed three rulers over the affairs of his 
 kingdom, of whom Daniel the prophet was 
 one. On Daniel's marvellous deliverance 
 from the lions, he published an edict, that 
 all his subjects should mark a reverential 
 regard for tlie God of the Jews. Cyaxares 
 dying, Cyrus, agreeably to the will of his 
 uncle, succeeded to Medea, and, finally, 
 joined it to his own empire of Persia. 
 
 VOL. IJ. 
 
■52 
 
 KINGS OF 
 
 CYRUS 
 
 was the son of Ca?nbvscs, by j^Iandf^ne, 
 (laughter of Astyagcs. This youvjg king 
 having hf'cn preserved and educated as be- 
 fore mentioned, iiiiited the Medes iind Per- 
 sians, conqnercd Ci-eesJis, and his kini^'dom 
 of Lvdia, took Babylon, and was the first 
 emperor of Persia, the second prii'.cipal 
 monarrhy of the world, wjiich continued 
 207 years, until it was conquered l)y Alex- 
 ander the Great. Cvrus is tliesame wliose 
 name and power were predicted in Isaiah 
 xlv. 1. one hundred years before he was 
 horn, ^i^^^ was remarkably hjindsoinc, sen- 
 sible, and liberal. His memory was so ex- 
 cellent, that S?)?3nus relates, lie coidd call 
 every man in Ids armv by name. Bcino: 
 desirous of extending bis con'juests, he was 
 slain by Tomyris, queen of the Scythians. 
 She caused his head to be cut oif, and 
 
MEDEA AND PERSIA. 93 
 
 thrown into a vessel full of blood, with this 
 rej)roach : " Sate thyself with blood for 
 which thou hast thirsted." Others relate 
 that he escaped alive from battle, died in his 
 own kingdom, and was buried at Pasas^an- 
 da, a town of Persis. Xenophon has be- 
 stowed the same praise on Cyrus, as Virj^il 
 did on ^neas, and Homer on Ulysses. He 
 began the Persian monarchy, A. M. 3435, 
 and before Christ, 536, and reigned 29 
 years. 
 
 3434. II. CAMBYSES, soi^r or cyrus, 
 
 havingsubdued Psamniticus, king of Egypt, 
 united this country to the empire of Persia. 
 Cambyses made himself master of Pelusi- 
 um, now Damietta, by a singular strata- 
 gem. He drove a great number of those 
 animals which the Egyptians adored, before 
 the van of his army ; these were oxen, cats, 
 &;c. The Egyptians perceiving such a num- 
 ber of those animals whom they venerated, 
 "Would not shoot a single arrow, lest they 
 should wound a god. Consulting with his 
 lawyers whether there w^as any law that 
 could sanction his marrying his own sister, 
 they told him they knew of no such law ex- 
 isting, but there existed a law which author- 
 ized the Persian monarchs to do what they 
 pleased. He is said to have been punished 
 by a miserable death for having despoiled 
 several noble temples. 
 
94 
 
 MAGI 
 
 INTERREGNUM OF THE MAGL 
 
 CAMBYSES, 
 
 going against Egypt, deputed Paticithes 
 one of the Magi, his viceroy. He had no 
 sooner heard of the king's death, than he in- 
 A ested his son Smerdis with the rogal pow- 
 er, and pretended that he was the brother 
 of Cambyses. The nobles suspecting that 
 the real Smerdis was slain, desired Otanes, 
 to enquire of his daughter, who was one of 
 the king's chief concubines, w]ien the king 
 next came, whether he liad any ears ; for 
 Cambyses in some of his cruel moments had 
 caused the cars of this Magus to be cut ckfF, 
 She accordingly examined, ami found him 
 to be an impctstor. The seven ])rinces in- 
 formed of this, caused the false Smerciis to 
 he slain. The princes now resolved to 
 
OF PERSIA. 95 
 
 choose a kirij^ from amoiij^ themselves ; and 
 as Smerdis had received his mortal wound 
 from Darius Hystaspis, he was immediate- 
 ly requested to take the reins of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 3443. m. DARIUS HYSTASPIS. 
 
 He made an expedition asrainst the Scvthi- 
 ans, and transported a numerous army over 
 the Istu hy a hrid,^e v, liich he erected for 
 the purpose. Being obliged to leave Scy- 
 thia with a considerable loss, he left Mega- 
 byzus in Europe with 80,000 men to reduce 
 Thrace and other maritime places. Tiiis 
 service being effected, he sent Otanes with 
 another armv, with which tlie cities of Chal- 
 eadon and Byzantium, with the island Lem- 
 nos were reduced. He dissolved all the ty- 
 rannies in Ionia, and restored the govern- 
 ment to its former democracy. He took 
 the island of Thasiis a?id reduced other parts 
 of Macedonia. Coasting along mount A- 
 thos, a storm arose and destroyed 300 of his 
 vessels, and above ^20,000 of his men, whicli 
 disaster oblis:ed him to return home with his 
 shattered fleet and the remains of his arm v. 
 These losses rather incensing than alarming 
 Darius, he resolved to endeavour to conquer 
 all Greece entirely. He sent, tlierefore, to 
 demand from every Grecian city, the hom- 
 age of eai-th and water. The Lacedemoni- 
 ans and Athenians threw his messengers in- 
 to deep pits, telling them there was earth 
 
96 KINGS OF 
 
 and water to carry to their master. Darius 
 immediately levied an army of 100,000 foot 
 and 10,000 horse, which was conquered by 
 the Athenian general Miltiades, who had 
 only 10,000 men. This memorable battle 
 was fought on the plains of Marathon; 
 Having raised another considerable army 
 against Greece and Egypt, he died and left 
 the prosecution of the design, to liis son 
 Xerxes. 
 
PERSIA. 97 
 
 3479. IV. XERXES, 
 
 in order to revenge the overthrow at Mar- 
 athon, recommenced war with the Greeks, 
 whom he endeavoured by all the forhes he 
 could collect, to subdue. Xerxes having 
 taken up his winter quarters at Sardis, he 
 sent into Greece to demand again earth and 
 water. Taking a view of his army, he wept 
 while he reflected, that not one of so many 
 thousands would be alive an hundred years 
 after. His bridge which he had caused to 
 be laid over the Hellespont for the trans- 
 porting of his army, being broken down by 
 a tempest, he ordered the sea itself to be 
 whipped for rebelling against its sovereign, 
 and cast a pair of fetters into it as a token 
 of its subjection. He afterwards made two 
 bridges of gallies tied together and anchor- 
 ed, with which he safely transported all his 
 army into Europe in the space of seven days 
 and nights. Herodotus reckons his forces 
 to have been 2,500,000, beside an equal 
 
 VOL. II.— —I 
 
98 KINGS OF PERSIAr 
 
 number of women, eunuchs, slaves, and oth- 
 er attendants. To this numerous armv was 
 opposed Leonidas, who disputed the passage 
 of the Persians so bravely at the pass of 
 Thermopylae, that 20,000 Persians were 
 slain in various assaults, though the adverse 
 party consisted of but 6,000 men. A treach- 
 erous native at length shev/ed the Persians 
 the way up the mountain which commanded 
 the strait. Leonidas now judged it would 
 be impossible to defend the pass, and there- 
 fore determined to die upon the spot : he 
 accordingly dismissed all his troops except 
 three hundred, who chose to share the fate 
 of their leader. These de3peradoes were 
 all slain except one man. He then attack^ 
 ed and conquered the Athei ians in a sea 
 fight at Artemisium. But attacking this 
 people afterwards again at sea, he was com- 
 pletely conquered by Themistocles at the fa- 
 mous naval battle of Salamis. He had a- 
 bove 200 of his gallies sunk, besides the re- 
 mainder being either taken or dispersed, 
 while the Athe^iians only tost forty of their 
 ships. Xerxes observed of this battle, that 
 the women fought like men and the men 
 like women. Sucli a reverse of fortune at- 
 tended this arrogant monarch that he was 
 obliged to fly, from the pursuit of Themis- 
 tocles, in a private boat. He, who covered 
 the ocean with his boats, and pretended to 
 shackle the winds and waves, was obliged 
 to make this obscure and precipitate retreat. 
 
KINGS OF PERSIA. 99 
 
 He reigned 21 years, in a scene of riot and 
 debauchery. 
 
 5500. V. ARTAXERXES LONGIMA- 
 
 NUS 
 
 sent Esdras to rebuild the temple of the 
 Lord, and received Thcmistocles when he 
 was banished from Athens. 
 
 S565. VII. ARTAXERXES II. 
 
 In his time happened the famous retreat of 
 Xenophon, with a handful of Grecians, 
 through most of the provinces of this extent 
 sive empire. It was this act which con- 
 vinced the Macedonians how easily the Per- 
 sian empire was to be conquered. 
 
 3599. VIII. OCHUS, 
 
 notwithstanding his valour, was a great ty- 
 rant. He recovered Egypt which had re- 
 volted, subdued Syria, Cyprus, and some 
 part of India. He was at last slain by Ba- 
 gaos, one of the eunuchs of his chamber, 
 whom he had favoured. 
 
 3629. X. DARIUS III. 
 
 governor of Armenia, was by Bagaos, made 
 sole monarch of Persia. He was vanquish- 
 ed by Alexander the Great, in the three fa- 
 mous battles of the Granicus, Cilicia, and 
 Arbela, when the Persian empire was trans- 
 ferred to the Greeks, A. M. 3635. The 
 
 ILofC. 
 
100 KINGS OF PERSIA. 
 
 property whicli he lost loaded ten thousand 
 mules, and five thousand camels. 
 
 The Persian monarchy being thus de- 
 stroyed by the Grecians, remained under 
 foreign sway five hundred and thirty-five 
 years, eighty -three of which was under the 
 dominion of the Syrian successors of Alex- 
 ander, and the other four hundred and fifty- 
 two years under the Arsacidon kings of 
 Parthia. 
 
t.'VVVWWW'WVWVWVWWVVWWVWlVW-.^ »<VWVWW'VWV 
 
 PARTHIAN KINGS OF PERSIA. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 3718. 
 
 I. ARSACES, 
 
 a Parthian nobleman, perceiving tlie dis- 
 cord which reigned among the Macedonian 
 kings, who became possessed, by the death 
 of Alexander the Great, of all Persia, per- 
 suaded the Parthians and the rest of the 
 Persians, to revolt from the Grecian ycke, 
 by which they were oppressed. He assiim- 
 f d the title of king of Persia, and invested 
 himself with the diadem, A. M. 3718. The 
 Persians, though relieved from the Greek 
 power, only changed the name of their ty- 
 rants. For the Parthian princes were 
 
102 PARTHIAN KINGS 
 
 equally as absolute, and oppressed Persia 
 as much as their ancient race of kings or 
 those of Syria. From Arsaces, all his race 
 assumed tlie title of Arsaces, in the same 
 manner as the Pliaraolis and Ptolemies of 
 Egypt, and the Caesars of Rome. Their 
 usual style was to call themselves Rex re- 
 gum. King of kings. They also called 
 themselves the brethren of the sun and moon, 
 the chief objects of their idolatry. They 
 were, however, great princes, and opposed 
 the encroaching ambition of the Romans 
 with more success than any other powder. 
 
 3741. II. MITHRIDATES, or ARSA- 
 CES II. 
 was attacked by Antiochus Hagnus, with 
 an army of 120,000. The Roman general 
 proved unsuccessful, notwithstanding tlie 
 great number of his army. He was how- 
 ever defeated by Sylla, next by Lucullus, 
 and a third time by Pompcy. He used to 
 eat poison, and being completely overcome 
 by the Romans, he would have poisoned 
 himself, had not the drug lost its p<ivrer 
 from his frequent use of it. Finding no poi- 
 son would effect his death, he caused him- 
 self to be slain. He possessed admii-able 
 talents, and had so singular a memory tliat 
 he retained and spoke twenty-two languages. 
 Such was his valour, that he was dreaded 
 bv all his enemies. At the time of his im- 
 prisonnaent, the majesty of his countenance. 
 
OF PERSIA. lOS 
 
 SO intimidjited the executioner, that he was 
 scarcely able to execute his orders. 
 
 3783. V. MITIIllIDATES IL 
 
 after subduing the Medes, extended his em- 
 pire to the river Euphrates. 
 
 3903. X. HERODES 
 
 conquered his brother Mithridates, and 
 caused him to he murdered in his presence. 
 He vanquished Crassus, and slew 20,000 
 Romans. Crassus being* remarkably covet- 
 ous, he caused molten gold to be poured 
 down his throat. He lost his son, Paecrus, 
 soon after in a battle gained by Yentidius, 
 one of the lieutenants of Mark Antony. 
 Herod es was afterwards slain by his sou 
 Phraates. 
 
 IX. PHRAATES, 
 
 of execrable character, was however val- 
 iant. Being attacked by Mark Antony 
 with an army consisting of sixteen legions, 
 he resisted it with such intrepidity, that 
 scarcely six of them returned to Rome in 
 safety. He afterwards submitted himself 
 and his kingdom to Augustus, to whom he 
 restored *::ie Roman ensigns, and fi'eed the 
 captives taken when Hcrodes vanquished 
 Crassus. The Partiiiar.s, in ordor to shew 
 their subjection to Rome received their 
 kings agreeably to the appointment of the 
 senate and emperors. But this dependence 
 on Rome did not long contiiiue. 
 
104 PARTHIAN KINGS. 
 
 PHRAATES IV. ORODES II. VO^ 
 NON, and TIRIDATES, 
 
 were tlie last kings of the Arsacidse, who 
 reigned in Persia. Tiridates was slain hy 
 Artahanus, of whose line succeeded twelve 
 kings. Chosroes was the eighth of this 
 race. From him Trajan acquired Armenia 
 and Mesopotamia, which he added to the 
 Roman empire, to which power they re- 
 mained subject until they were regained by 
 Sapores the ninth king of this second race 
 of the Parthian kings of Persia. 
 
 ARTABANUS XII. 
 
 
 and last king of the Artabanian race, bein 
 vanquished by Alexander, caused the em- 
 pire of Persia to return unto its native prin- 
 ces, after it had remained under the govern- 
 ment of the Parthians four hundred and 
 seventy years. 
 
 r2 
 
PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 lOo 
 
 ARTAXERXES. 
 
 Antonius Caraccalla, the Roman emperor, 
 having sent to negociate a marriage with 
 the daughter of Ai'tabaniis, and leaving 
 Rome with a cliosen army, under the pre- 
 tence of going to solemnize the nuptials, he 
 was met by the king of Pei'sia, his daugh- 
 ter, and his nobles, most sumptuously attir- 
 ed in honour of the expected union. But 
 the Roman emperor no sooner perceived 
 Artabanus approaching, than he command- 
 ed his soldiers, on a certain signal, or 
 watch-word, to put the whole to the sword. 
 This cruel order was obeyed so strictly, 
 that the king himself escaped the general 
 massacre with the greatest difficulty. Ca- 
 racalla dying soon after, and being succeed- 
 ed by Macrinus, the Persians to revenge this 
 breach of national confidence, raised a con- 
 siderable army and attacked the Romans. 
 
106 PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 The battle, after continuing three days with 
 the greatest obstinacy on both sides, was 
 ended by the Parthians hearing that Cara- 
 calla had been slain by Macrinus. The 
 Parthians were, however, so weakened by 
 this battle, that they found themselves inca- 
 pable of defending their own empire. Ar- 
 taxerxes, a brave and noble Persian, per- 
 ceiving this, embraced it as the most favour- 
 able opportunity of delivering his Persian 
 countrymen from the yoke of Parthia. He 
 immediately attacked Artabanus whom he 
 slew, and thus restored his country to their 
 native government, of which he possessed 
 himself. This conquest was, however, not 
 obtained but with a great conflict, which 
 lasted tliree days, and with considerable 
 loss to the army of Artaxerxes : so difficult 
 was it to vanquish even the broken forces 
 of the Parthians, who were never conquer- 
 ed while their armies were entire. Artax- 
 erxes, elated with his success, instantly sent 
 an embassy to Alexander Severus, then em- 
 peror of Rome, demanding peremptorily all 
 those provinces formerly taken by thatp>w- 
 er from the Persians. Instead of granting 
 this request, Severus immediately marched 
 with a numerous army, whicjj he divided 
 into three parts, and sent one into Medea, 
 another into Persia, and a third he led him- 
 self between the two detachments. His two 
 armies being chiefly destroyed by the Per- 
 sians, he, \\ith the greatest difficulty, re- 
 
PERSIAN KINGS. lOJ 
 
 turned back to Rome with the third. This 
 success was soon followed by the establish- 
 ment of the Persians under the government 
 of the race of Artaxerxes. Having next 
 vanquished Yalerianus, the Roman emperor, 
 who w as taken prisoner by Sapores, the im- 
 mediate successor of Artaxerxes, the Per- 
 sians became so formidable that Constan- 
 tino the Great removed many of the colo- 
 nies and garrisons from the northwest to the 
 east of the Roman empire, and removed his 
 throne from Rome to Constantinople, in or- 
 der to be nearer the Persians, whose power 
 began to recjuire the most immediate resist- 
 ance. 
 
 Having thus traced the re-establishment 
 of the Persian em])ire under its native prin- 
 ces, we have only to notice, that this resto- 
 ration happened, A. D. 228, and that it con- 
 tirjued in a regular succession of twenty- 
 eight kings, until A. I). 634, when Hormis- 
 du, the last of this race, was vanquished by 
 Haumar, the Saracen, who finally entomb- 
 ed the glory and monarch.y of this renown- 
 ed em])ire : for it has ever since remained 
 subject to the Saracens, who govern it by a 
 deputy, whom they call a Sultan : next to 
 the Turks, from A. D. 1030 to 1198 ; next 
 to the Tartars, from A. D. 1260 to 1317 j 
 next to Armenia, from A. D. 1472 to 1506 ^ 
 and finally to the Sophian race, from A. D. 
 1505 to 1585. Since the Sophian race as^ 
 ccnded the throne of Persia^ there have beeu 
 
108 PERSIAN KINGS. 
 
 i^reat contentions for the diadem. Some of 
 the princes of this race have been remarka- 
 ble for their tyranny and inebriety. Shah 
 Sefi destroyed his queen In a fit of intoxica- 
 tion, and at last fell a martyr to repeated 
 excesses. His son and successor Shah Ab- 
 bas, like his father destroyed himself by 
 liard drinking. 
 
 The present government of Persia, we 
 have only to observe, in addition to our 
 brief statement, is more lenient than 
 any other part of the Mahometp.n empire. 
 The subjects are protected ant? encouraged, 
 the nobility revered and maintained, and in- 
 dustry is fostered and rewarded. So that, 
 although the Persians are infei'ior in power 
 and treasure to the Turks and Tartars, yet 
 they are better accommodated with the ne- 
 cessaries, and even elegancies of life than 
 either. 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 vw 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 JBpi«f Histories of the Kingdoms of Phoenicia, Tyre, and Syria, or 
 
 Damascus. 
 
 PHOENICIA. 
 
 The kingdom of Phoenicia is of very great 
 antiquity, and was one of the three provin- 
 ces of Syria. It was situated on the Levant 
 or eastern parts of tlie Mediterranean sea, 
 and on tlic confines of Palestine. Some 
 geographers affirm it to have heen a part of 
 Palestine. It >vas particularly famous for 
 its two cities, Tyre and Sidon, wliich were 
 the first maritime powers we find recorded 
 in either sacred or profane history. Al- 
 though the r2^.arinci'*s compass was not thea 
 discovered, such was their l^nowledgc and 
 practice of navigation, that they planted col- 
 
 VOl,. TI. K 
 
HO PHCENICIA. 
 
 onies in Spain and Africa, beyond Hercu- 
 les' pillars, or the straits of Gibraltar. 
 They were likewise the founders of Car- 
 thage. The Phoenicians were descended 
 from the Canaanites, and. like them, were 
 under the dominion of tlie cliieis of their fam- 
 ilies, whom they honoured with the title ot 
 sovereii^nty. IMost of the kings of Canaan 
 were subdued by Joshua Agenor, a man of 
 consummate valour and pi'udence. He was 
 one of the chiefs who ruled Phcsnicia ; but 
 perceiving it impossible to resist a formida- 
 ble rival, he solicited aid from Egypt. Ob- 
 taining it, and likewise the assistance of the 
 Philistines, he secured the territories and 
 sea-coasts of Phoenicia, by immediately for- 
 tifying Sidon, Tyre, Acre or Ptolemais. 
 He not only thus preserved it from the dan- 
 gers with which his territoi'y was tlieu 
 threatened, but secured its possession to his 
 successors. Neither S -1 )mon, David, nor 
 any of the kings of Israel dared to attack 
 him. 
 
 Cadmus, the eldest son of Agenor, going 
 into Greece to seek his sister Kuropa, wiio 
 is related to ha\ e been ravished by Jupiter, 
 left his younger brother Phoenix, to succeed 
 his father in the government of Phoenicia, 
 which seems, as some affirm, to have deriv- 
 ed its name from this king. The kings, 
 who immediately succeeded Plioenix, are not 
 sufficiently ascertained by the ancient or 
 modern historians, for us to insert in a 
 
PHCENICIA. Ill 
 
 work, wherein we are desiroiis of omitting' 
 every particular tiiat is not supported jy 
 the most authentic testimonies. 1 iic most 
 probable opinion is, that Phoenicia was not 
 under the sole dominion of one sovereign ; 
 and it is likely there were, besides the king 
 of Sidon, where Agenor reigned, ot er per- 
 sons who ruled as kings of Phoenicia ; for 
 such was the power ot this country, that one 
 of tlieir cities defended itself tnirteen yeais 
 against Nebuchadnezzar ; and Alexanuer 
 spent more time in recovering lyre than in 
 the conquest of all Asia. Of these kings 
 we read of Cerniras, Taphus, and Pygma- 
 lion who had their regal seat at iiiblis. 
 These extended their government to the isl- 
 and Cyprus, over which Belus likewise 
 reigned. At the time Troy was coriquered 
 by the Greeks, we read of Phasis, a king 
 of Phenicia ; but not of any other king m 
 this country, until its conquest by the iiab- 
 ylonians. The kings of Tyre being of the 
 greatest repute, and probably those who 
 subjugated the rest of Phenicia to their ju- 
 risdiction, claim our first attention. 
 
vvvvv\ivvvva>vvvvvvvv%i%>\/wvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvyM^ 
 
 KINGS OF TYRE. 
 
 vw 
 
 I. ABIBALUS, 
 
 er Abemalus, was cotemporary with Samu- 
 el. He is supposed to have been the same 
 that the son of Sirach mentions, Eccles. 
 xlvi. 18. 
 
 II. SARON, 
 
 the son of Abibalus, whom David, as Euse- 
 bius observes, compelled to pay tribute. 
 
 III. HIRAM, 
 
 the son of Saron, confederate with David, 
 to whom he sent cedars with masons and 
 carpenters towards building Jerusalem after 
 he had exp^llei' thence the Jebusites. He 
 sent, likewise, the same assistance to Solo- 
 mon towards the buildinj^ of his temple. 
 He reigned 53 years, and died A. M. 2931. 
 
 IV. BALEASTARTUS, 
 
 or Bazorus, succeeded Hiram. He reigned 
 7 years, and died A. M. 2955. 
 
 V. ABDASTARTUS, 
 
 son of Baleastartus, was slain by the four 
 sons of his own nurse, after he had reigned 
 nine years. The eldest of these rigicides 
 usurped the kingdom 12 years, A. M. 2974. 
 
KINGS OF TYRE. * 113 
 
 VI. ASTAREUS, 
 
 brother of Abdastartus recovered the king- 
 dom from its state of usurpation. After a 
 reign of 12 years, he died, A. M. 2986. 
 
 VII. ASTORTIUS, 
 
 or Athobinus, the younger brother of Astar- 
 tus, reigned 9 years, A. M. 299 5» 
 
 VIII. PHELLES, 
 
 the brother of these three kings, and the 
 youngest son of Baleastartus, reigned 8 
 months only, A. M. 3004. 
 
 IX. ITOBULUS, 
 
 called Ethbaal, son of Astorinus, slew his 
 uncle Phelles, and thus regained the throne 
 of his father. Before this, he was high- 
 priest to the goddess Astaroth or Astarta ; 
 tliis was next to the regal digjiity. He was 
 the father of Jezebel, the wife of Ahab, so 
 frequently mentioned in Scripture. He 
 reigned 32 years, and died A. M. 3036. 
 
 X. BADEZAR, 
 
 or Bazer, son of Ethbaal, reigned 6 years, 
 A. M. 3042. 
 
 XI. MELTIMUS, 
 
 by some called Matgenus, so i of Bad^zar, 
 and father of Eliza, whom Virgil hus ren- 
 dered iiii nortal under the name of Dido, 
 queen of Carthage, 3043. 
 
 K2 
 
114 KINGS OF TYRE. 
 
 XII. PYGMALION 
 
 Was the son of Meltimus. He slew Sicheus, 
 the husband of his sister Eliza, in order to 
 possess himself of his riches. But when 
 Eliza flew into Africa with her brother, 
 Barca, who was the founder of the noble 
 Barcine family, the ancestors of Hannibal, 
 he was disappointed of his object. Here 
 they built Carthage with the riches of Si- 
 cheus. He was called Pygmalion from the 
 smallness of his stature. He excelled in 
 painting and statuary. Visiting Cyprus, 
 and being disgusted with the manners of the 
 females, he is described bv the fabulists of 
 his day, to have dedicated himself to soli- 
 tude, where he determined to live without 
 any commerce with women. In his retire- 
 ment, he is said to have formed a most beau- 
 tiful woman of ivory. Being particularly 
 charmed with the graces and perfections of 
 this statue, he became so enamoured with 
 his own workmanship, that it is related he 
 prayed to Venus to bestow on it animation. 
 His petition being granted, the dealers in 
 fiction assert he lived with this ivory image, 
 as a wife, and by her had several children. 
 But the most probable state of this story is, 
 that he had secluded himself with some 
 fair nymph from the rest of society, and, in 
 order to secure her fame and his t)wn hon- 
 our, he made a statue of considerable excel- 
 lence, and having shewn it to some of the 
 few visitors he admitted to his presence, he 
 
KINGS OF TYRE, U5 
 
 either removed or destroyed it, and pre- 
 tended afterwards that it was chanj^ed into 
 the nymph, with whoii he lived hy the pow- 
 er of Venus. He reigned 47 years, and 
 died A. M. 3090. 
 
 XIII. ELUL.^US, 
 
 descended from a son of Pygmalion, over- 
 thi'ew^ tlie fleet of Saimanasar, the Assyrian, 
 in the port of Tyre. 
 
 XIV. ETHOBALES, or ETHBAAL II. 
 
 He hoasted himself to he as wise as Daniel 
 and to know all secrets. But he was not 
 however wise enou,^h to preserve his king- 
 dom from Nebuchadnezzar, who, after a 
 siege of thirteen years, took Tyre, and sub- 
 jected it to the Assyrian empire. 
 
 XV. BAAL, 
 
 the son and successor of Ethbaal II. He 
 was a tributary to tlie Babvlonians, and the 
 last king of the Syrians, who were after- 
 wards governed by such judges and titular 
 kings as w^re sent from Babylon. 
 
 Althougli Tyre and Sidon somewhat re- 
 covered themselves by the fall of the Baby- 
 Ionian empire, and the unsettled state of the 
 Persians, yet being of the Persian faction, 
 and depending on that crown, Alexander 
 
116 KINGS OF TYRE. 
 
 deemed them unworthy to continue. He 
 therefore deposed Strato, king of Sidon, and 
 destroyed the city of Tyre. 
 
 After this Phoenicia heg'an to he reckon- 
 ed as a part of Syria, and shared in all its 
 vicissitudes of government. It then hecame 
 suhject to the Syrian kings of the house of 
 Seleucus, before it was made a Roman prov- 
 ince. It was next subject to Constantino- 
 ple, until the Sai'acens subdued it, in the 
 fatal year 636. The Turks, Christians, 
 and Mamulucks of Egypt alternately pos- 
 sessed it, when it was finally united, by Se- 
 lim:js the first, to the Turkish empire. It 
 then became subject to the Emar of the 
 Drusians, commonly called the Emar of 
 Sidon. 
 
 Such was the ancient greatness and com- 
 mercial consequence of Phoenicia, that it 
 founded Thebes and Sephyra in Boeotia, 
 Nola in Italy, Gades in Spain, Utica, Lep- 
 tis, and Carthage in Africa. And accord- 
 ing to Bochartus, there was not an island 
 or sea-coast in the Mediterranean or on the 
 Cantabrian, Gallick, or British ocean, 
 which had not a Phoenician factory or colo- 
 ny. They were not only the first iiaviga- 
 tois, but the first ship-Wi ights, the first in- 
 ver.tors of letters, the first who reduced as- 
 tronomy to a system, and the first makers 
 
 1-1.. 
 
KINGS OF TYRE. U? 
 
 of glass. Jfrhey were however amidst all 
 this excellence of genius and polish of so- 
 ciety, gross idolaters, and worshipped a 
 goddess whom they call Astaroth. Once a 
 year, they sacrificed some of their sons to 
 Saturn, whom, in their language, they call- 
 ed Moloch. 
 
 The human sacrifices of the Gauls and 
 Britons seem to owe their origin to this 
 practice of the Phoenicians, who then pos- 
 sessed the most considerable trade in those 
 parts of Europe, which, by their frequent 
 visits, they ennobled with their arts, and 
 degraded by their religious errors. | 
 
VV\«VVVVV%VVV>VVVVVVVVVVVVVV\rVV\lVV\rVVV\/\'VVVVVVVVVVV'VV 
 
 k\vv> 
 
 KINGS OF 
 
 SYRIA, OR DAMASCUS. 
 
 <vv\ 
 
 Syria, and especially its principal city, 
 Damascus, was much celebrated in sacred 
 and profane writings : it is situated in 
 Asia Minor, and was known to the Hebrews 
 by the name of Aram, or Padan-Aram, i, e. 
 the Pliwns of Aram. It is now a Turkish 
 province, and is called by them Soune or 
 Souristan. The dispensers of justice in 
 Souristan are said to be extremely mercena- 
 ry. We shall liere give a biographical 
 view of its kings, omitting those whose ac- 
 tions were trivial, and consequently not of 
 sufficient importance for a place in this 
 compendium. We may here observe, that 
 the city of Damascus was in being in the 
 days of Abraham. 
 
lilNGS OF SYRIA, 'H^ 
 
 I. ADAD, 
 
 according to Nicolas Damascenus, was the 
 first who reigned as king of Syria or Da- 
 mascus. He was the ally and friend of 
 Adad-czer, king of Sobah or Zobah, and 
 assisted the latter when he was attacked by 
 Da\id, losing in his cause 22,000 men. 
 Adad's spirit and forces being broken, Da- 
 vid was permitted to garrison the first cities 
 of Damascus. Thus were tiie Syrians so 
 subjected, that they submissively brought 
 presents to David, and, at the same time, 
 offered themselves to become his servants. 
 Adad however, stiil attaching himself to the 
 fortunes of Adad-ezer, or Hadarezer, he 
 was at last slain in that battle recorded in 
 the second book of Samuel, x. 18. where it 
 relates, that the Israelites slew of the Syri- 
 ans the men of 700 chariots, and 40,000 
 horsemen. This conquest was the cause of 
 
12fl KINGS OF SYRIA. 
 
 the Syrians never daring again to assist 
 the Ammonites in their contest with the 
 children of Israel. 
 
 II. REZIN, 
 
 who, as the Scriptures relate, when David 
 slew those of Sobah, fled from Adad-ezer 
 his lord, and gathered an army, with which 
 he possessed himself of Damascus, where 
 he reigned as its sovereign. 
 
 III. AD AD II. 
 
 was an Idumsean, and supposed to be of the 
 family of Adad-ezer. Fearing David, be 
 fled into Egypt where he married Taphnei, 
 the queen's sister. Hearing that both Da- 
 vid and Joab were dead, he returned again 
 into his own country, wliere he expelled 
 Rezin from Damascus, and reigned himself 
 as king. 
 
 VII. BEN-HAD AD II. 
 
 twice invaded Israel, in the reign of Achab. 
 The first time he was repulsed by a sally 
 of 700 at the siege of Samaria, and at last 
 he was taken prisoner, and his army rout- 
 ed at Alphec. 
 
 VIII. HAZAEL, 
 
 captain of the host to Ben-hadad, was 
 anointed king of Syria, by the prophet Eli- 
 sha, whom God appointed to this office, that. 
 
itliVGS OF SYRIA. 121 
 
 by his means, he might avenge himself on 
 Ben-hadad, whom Hazael slew. But he 
 proved as ill a neighbour to the kings of Is- 
 rael as those before him. He also attack- 
 ed Judah, in the time of Joash. But, being 
 bribed with the treasures of the temple, he 
 withdrew his forces. 
 
 XIII. REZIN II. 
 
 the last king of Damascus joined Pecah, 
 king of Israel, against Ahaz of Judah, 
 whom he forced to call to his aid Tiglath 
 Pileser, king of Assyria, by \vhom Rezin 
 was taken and beheaded, and the city of 
 Damascus gained. Thus was the kingdom 
 of Syria united to the Assyrian empire. 
 
 Syria became, afterwards, subject to the 
 following kings of Macedon : 
 
 V.01, U.— -0. 
 
MACEDONIAN KINGS OF SYRIA. 
 
 vw 
 
 I. SELEUCUS NICANOR 
 
 was the first king of tliis dynasty. He 
 reigned 31 years, and died A. M. 3654. 
 
 II. ANTIOCHUS 
 
 was memorable only for haA-ing incestuoiis- 
 ly married liis father's wife daring his fath- 
 er's life-time, A. M. 3656. 
 
 VI. ANTIOCHUS li. 
 
 sjirnamed Magnus, the younger son of Cal- 
 linichus. He attempted many great actions, 
 and was fortunate in his successes bevond 
 Euphrates, he harassed the Jews, and lost- 
 all Asia Minor unto ihQ Romans. 
 
 XV. ANTIOCHUS VII. 
 
 surnamed Sedctes, brot]-er of Demetrius, 
 having connuercd and slain Tryphon, h« 
 succeeded him in the throne. He eraim^d 
 several victories o^er the Fartliians, whtj 
 afterwards overcame and slew him. De- 
 metrius Nicanor was immediately restorf:^! 
 to his throne, which, enjoyiiig some years, 
 he was again dispossessed of it and slain by 
 Alexander Vlli. A. M. 3845. 
 
 XX. PHILIP AND DEMETRIUS III. 
 suruamed Eucuserus, younger mms of Gry- 
 
MACEDONIAN KINGS OF SYRIA. 12S 
 
 phus, were jointly kings of Syria. Deme- 
 trius, intending to dethrone his brother, 
 was himself vanquished and forced to fly 
 into Parthia ; leaving the whole kingdom 
 to Philip. During these civil wars, Sy- 
 ria was invaded, and in pait contjuered by 
 Arctas, king of Arabia, and Alexander, 
 king of the jews. 
 
 XXI. TIGRANES, 
 
 king of Armenia, during the contentions in 
 Syria, was, by the inhabitants, chosen their 
 king, in hopes that they might be delivered 
 from the attacks of the Jews and the Ara- 
 bians. He was the most powerful prince 
 that reigned in Syria, since Antiochus the 
 Great ; for he was king of Syria by elec- 
 tion, of Armenia by succession, and of Me- 
 dia by conquest. But joining Mithridates, 
 ■whose daughter he had married, against the 
 Romans, he was vanquished by Lucullus, 
 who, with the loss of five, and one hundred 
 Wounded, is said to have slain of this com- 
 bined army 100,000. Tigranes being again 
 conquered by Lucullus, he surrendered him- 
 self to Pompey. He only retained Arme- 
 nia, and resigned all Syria to the Romans. 
 Thus, after Tigranes had reigned eighteen 
 years, all Syria became a Roman province, 
 
 Syria, after having been the seat of vari- 
 ous contentions, fell under the power of the 
 Saracens, which caused the following race 
 of Turkish kings of Damascus. 
 
*'*A/VVVVVVV\<'V».VVVVVVVVVVVVV^V»/VVV\;\,-VVVVWVVVVVVVVVVV% 
 
 TURKISH KINGS OF DAMASCUS, 
 
 I. MELECH AXD DUCAT, 
 
 the first Turkish kings of Damascus, by the 
 gift of Axon, the second sultan of the Turks 
 in Persia, added to their dominions all the 
 rest of Syria, part of Cilicia, and some 
 neighbouring provinces in the Lesser Asia. 
 A. b. 1075. 
 
 II. SULTAN OF DAMASCUS. 
 
 He reigned at the time the western Chris- 
 tians conquered the Holy Land. Against 
 these combined princes he defended strong- 
 ly the city and territory of Damascus. And 
 in a set battle he conquered and slew Roger, 
 the Norman, prince of Antiocli. 
 
 III. NORADIN, 
 
 the son of Sanquin, general of the armies, 
 and son-in-law to the former king, whom 
 he succeeded. He was a noble prince, And 
 memorable for his magnanimous answer to 
 those of his commanders, who persuaded 
 him to take the advantage of attacking Je- 
 rusalem while the Christians were employed 
 
TURKISH KINGS OF DAMASCUS. 125 
 
 in solemnJzing the funeral of Baldwin III. 
 ** Not so," said he : " Regard and compas- 
 sion is due to the just sorrow of those Chris- 
 tians, who have lost a king that cannot he 
 equalled in the world." A. D. 1146. 
 
 V. SALADIN, 
 
 the Turkish sultan of Egypt, having van- 
 quished the Persians and Parthians, and, 
 coming under the conduct of Cacobed, un- 
 cle to Mclechsala, to restore that prince to 
 his estate, remained king of Damascus. By 
 the puissance of his arms, he recovered all 
 Syria, the Holy Latid, and the city of Je- 
 rusalem from the Christians, A. D. 1176. 
 
 VIII. SAPHRADIN, 
 
 the brother of Saladin, lm\ ing barbarously 
 murdered eight of tlie sons of Saladin, pos- 
 sessed himself of the kingdom of Damascus, 
 which he left at his death to his son or ne- 
 phew Corradin. 
 
 IX. CORRADIN, 
 
 son or nephew to the tyrant Saphradin, was 
 by him left, at his death, sultan of Damas- 
 cus, to which all Syria and Palestine were 
 tlien made provinces. But the murders and 
 treacheries of Saphradin having excited the 
 greatest discontent and desire of vengeaiice, 
 Haalon the Tartar, A. D. 1262, after tak- 
 
 L 2 
 
ne TURKISH KINGS OF DAMASCUS. 
 
 ing the king of Damascus prisoner, brought 
 him before the walls of the city and threat- 
 ened to kill him in the presence of the in- 
 habitants if they did not deliver it into his 
 possession. The citizens refusing, the 
 wretched king was torn in pieces, Damas- 
 cus taken by assault, and the kingdom con- 
 ferred upon Agab, son of Ilaalon. Thus 
 ended the Seljukiau family of the kings of 
 Damascus. 
 

 UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 VISTORT OF THE STATES OF GREECS^ 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 This country being divided into many small 
 states, and each forming a portion of histo- 
 ry deserving the notice of the classical and 
 historical student, we are necessarily oblig- 
 ed to be as brief as possible in each particu- 
 lar, in order to afford room sufficient to give 
 some idea of all the governments, with the 
 characters who most distinguished them^ 
 [jelves as soldiers or legislators. 
 
VVVV^XiVWWVVWWVWVWVVWVW .'V%iVWVWV.%/«iVWVWVVX 
 
 SIC YON. 
 
 As Sicyon was the most ancient city and 
 government of Greece, we bej^'in with it 
 this portion of our Unive^'sal History. 
 
 I. iEGILAUS 
 
 was the first king of Sicyon. He reigned 
 within 150 years of the dehige, and 200 be- 
 fore the death of Noali. Ancient liistoriaTis 
 describe this to have been the first petty 
 kingdom of Greece. ^Egilaus was the son 
 of Phoroncus, and iiaving governed this part 
 of Peloponnesus, he reigned over Ai'gis, 
 and left the kingdom of Achaia to sojourn 
 in Egypt. From him Peh)|>onnesus was 
 anciently called ^^orialia. This kinii' couM 
 boast of governing the most ancient city or 
 state in the world, excepting those of As- 
 syria and Eg^^pt. From him a race oC 
 kings governed Peloponnesus, until they 
 were rivalled by the supei'ior strength and 
 fortune of the kings of Argjs, another p^tty 
 kingdom of Greece. 
 
 VI. .EGINUS, 
 
 from whom ^gina derived its name, in 
 consequence of this king causing it to be 
 built. He reigned A. M. 2055. 
 
SICYON. 129 
 
 XIII. MARATHON, 
 
 li*om whom the famous fields of Marathon 
 are supposed to have derived their name. 
 A. M. 2421. 
 
 XVII. EPOPEUS, 
 
 founded a temple to Minerva, in which he 
 placed his trophies, and caused to be erect- 
 ed his monument. A. M. 2526. 
 
 XIX. SICYON 
 
 considerably repaired and enlarged the city. 
 A, M. 2601. 
 
 XXV. PELASGUS, 
 
 ft'om whom the Greeks derived their name 
 of Pelasgi. 
 
 The intermediate kings we have avoided 
 specifying, as not being sufficiently memor- 
 able to deserve particular notice in this 
 compendium. 
 
%:wvwv\/wwwww«^w%<wvv'Wt/vvw\w\iwvvw .vvvwvv^ 
 
 SPARTA 
 
 was first governed by Eurotas, and ceased 
 with the thirteenth king of this dynasty, 
 who was Tisaniines, son of Orestes and Hcr- 
 mione. 
 
 The next race who ruled in Sparta, were 
 the Heraclidie, descendants of Hercules ; 
 the first of whom was Aristodemus, who di- 
 vided the kingdom between his two sons 
 Eristhencs and Procles, A. M. 2848. Ihose 
 of the elder race were called Agidce, and 
 those of the younger Euripontidse. In the 
 former reigned thirty kings, and in the lat- 
 ter twxnty-six. Cleomcnes, the last of the 
 Agidse, having slain Einidami(!as, the last 
 of the Euripontidie, was soon after vanquish- 
 ed by Antigouiis of Maccd;>!iia, and being 
 foi'ccd to iiv his country, with iiis wife and 
 child len, the gavcrument of the Hera- 
 clidse, and the kingdom of 8])ai'ta end- 
 ed, A. M. 3714, about nine Ijuudred years 
 after its first establisluni'ut. 
 
 Among the famous characters wbirli 
 Sparta or Lacedeuionia Ijas prodiiccii, wc 
 have selected the following as thcprin ioal : 
 
SPARTA, 
 
 J 31 
 
 LYCURGUS. 
 
 Lyciirgus was the son of Eunomus, the 
 ibiirth king of tlie younger branch of the 
 lieraclidee, who was slain by the common- 
 alty rising against his government. He 
 succeeded to the throne on the decease of 
 his brother. The queen, his sister-in-law, 
 proving j)rcgnaiit, and having proposed to 
 destroy the birth if Lycurgus would marry 
 ber, he dissembled and prudently smothered 
 his resentment of tlic unnatural offer, ex- 
 pressing seeming approbation, but saying 
 he would take care ol" the oflspring. Being 
 delivei'cd of a boy, it was presented to Ly- 
 curgus while he was at supper with the 
 magistrates, he took it, named it Charilaus, 
 and hailed it king of Sparta. Lycurgus 
 still continued the regency as guardian to 
 the young king, until, about eight months 
 after, finding that neither his justice, hu- 
 manity, nor generosity were sufficient to 
 
132 SPARTA. 
 
 screen him against the resentment of the 
 queen he had rejected, he diverted the im- 
 pending storm by travel. With this reso- 
 lution, he sailed to Crete, and other coun- 
 tries, surveyed minutely their constitution, 
 extracted the best and wisest of their laws, 
 and thus returned fraught with prudence, 
 wisdom, policy, and experience to new 
 model the commonwealth of Sparta. Find- 
 ing the people were become too powerful for 
 the welfare or administration of any state, 
 he availed himself of the minority of his 
 nephew, Charilaus, to new model the gov- 
 ernment, and what he could not effect by 
 persuasion, he enforced by arms ; for his 
 nephew, arriving at age, and opposing bis 
 measures, was obliged by him to seek ref- 
 uge in the temple of Juno. Having ordain- 
 ed his laws, and settled his new constitution, 
 he avoided the jealousy of such a hold iinio- 
 vation, by obtaining k'avo to depart from 
 Sparta, in order to travel for fiirthcr im- 
 pi-ovement in legislation. But, although 
 this was a wise precaution, yet he directed 
 it to a most patri'jtic puj'pose ; for, before 
 he left Sparta, he enjoined, by oath, the 
 citizens and their successors to observe his 
 laws until he should return. To prevent 
 their being released from this sarred injunc- 
 tion, he caused his ashes to he thrown into 
 the sea. Thus his laws continued in force 
 and uninfringed, during a period of seven 
 hundred years, which time was the most 
 prosperous Sparta ever experienced. 
 
SPARTA. 133v 
 
 LYSANDER 
 
 was a great general among the Spartans, 
 who reduced Athens under his command. 
 Although he was related to the family of the 
 Hcraclidie, he had suffered much hardship 
 from the respect with which he observed 
 and practised the severe discipline and man- 
 ners of his country. He was brave and as- 
 piring, and, like his countrymen, sacrificed 
 all ftiorts of pleasure to ambition. Such was 
 his sedateness of temper, that he bore all 
 conditions of life with the greatest equanim- 
 ity. But to contrast these perfections, he 
 was crafty, and so designing, that he made 
 his interest the only test of truth and false- 
 hood. He averred, that he would observe 
 neither, nor even an oath longer than they 
 were subservient to his purpose. His con- 
 stant apothegm was You must wear the 
 
 skin of the fox when that of the lion will 
 not prevail. He was therefore, compared, 
 
 VOL. I£, M 
 
13i SPARTA. 
 
 very justly, by Plutarch, to the Roman Syl- 
 la. This deceitful temper accompanied, 
 and, consequently, tarnished every action 
 of his life. It was said of him, that he 
 cheated children with foul play, and men 
 with perjury. But such was his couraj^e, 
 that, with all these known and avowed 
 vices, he was chosen by the Spartans as 
 a commander to oppose Alcibiades, admii-al 
 of the Athenian navy. Bein^^ equipped 
 with a fleet, he defeated that of Athens left 
 by Alcibiades to the care of his vice-admi- 
 ral Antiochus who was slain in the contest. 
 Alcibiades returning from Phocea to Samos 
 would have renewed the fight, but Lysan- 
 der was too wise to accept a challenge that 
 might have risqued all the advantages ob- 
 tained by his former victory. Callicratides 
 being sent to succeed Lysander whose year 
 was expired, ** I deliver up my fleet to you," 
 said the latter, *< which by my victory rides 
 sovereign of the seas.'' ** I'll allow it you," 
 replied Callicratides, " if you will coast 
 from Ephesus to the left of Samos where 
 the Athenian fleet lies and resign it at Mi- 
 letus." Lysander answered, he would not 
 whilst another commanded. The Spartan 
 fleet being afterwards defeated, Lysander 
 was again solicited to take command, which 
 he immediately did. Meeting with the 
 Athenians at Lampsacus, he avoided coming 
 to action for several days, until a favoura- 
 i ble opportunity offered, which happened at 
 
SPARTA. J35 
 
 ^gos-Potamus where lie conquered the 
 whole fleet, and returned in triumph to 
 Lampsacus with three thousand prisoners, 
 who w^ere all executed except Adeniantus, 
 one of the admirals, who is supposed to have 
 been saved for having betrayed the Atheni- 
 an fleet. After this success, he spent some 
 time settling his conquests by land. Find- 
 ing numbers of the Athenians had sought 
 refuge in their garrisons on shore, he com- 
 maiided all, on pain of death, to repair to 
 Athens. His design was, that by throng- 
 ing the city, he might reduce it by famine, 
 if not by the sword. The vanquished Ath- 
 enians being deprived of their shipping 
 were obliged to obey his orders. They 
 therefore returned to Athens, where tliey 
 resolved to defend themselves to the last ex- 
 tremity. Lysander immediately commenc- 
 ed his intended siege. The Athenians fail- 
 ing in pi'o visions, v/cre obliged to sue for 
 peace. They offered to agree to a long 
 peace on condition, that the long walls of 
 the PirfC'is, should be dcm(;lished ; that 
 they should deliver u]> all, except twelve, of 
 their shipping ; that they woulii restore their 
 exiles ; that they shoidd make a kiigue of- 
 fensive and defensive v,^ith the Lacedemoni- 
 ans, and serve them in iill their sea and land 
 expeditions. Tlie Athenians accepting of 
 these hard conditions iVojn the greatest ne- 
 cessity, but stiii deferring tlie demolition of 
 their favourite walls, Lysander went up the 
 
1S6 SPARTA. 
 
 Piraeus and levelled them with great solem- 
 nity of music, and other demonstrations of 
 joy, as if he seemed thus to have founded 
 and dated the libeity of Crreece. He lived 
 A. M. 3550, 
 
 5<K 
 
SPARTA. 
 
 137 
 
 LEONIDAS, 
 
 was a noble Spartan or Lacedemonian kinp^ 
 and captai'i!, who kept the straits of Tlier- 
 mopylse with 300 men against Xerxes and 
 his army of 1,000,000. Tiiey fought three 
 clays to the great loss and vexatioi! of the 
 Persia]]s, who, at la>-t, discovering a pass 
 through the mountains, Lecnidas nobly dis- 
 missed his alliesj and determined that he 
 and his few chosen soldiers should fall in its 
 defence. The Fersiav.s attacked this small 
 force of Sparta, andLeonidas encouraged Itis 
 men to fight, by saying, this night we shall 
 sup with our friends in EJys:- ai. lie de- 
 fended the pass until histjself ai^d his few 
 brave soldiers were kit breathless on the 
 field. Panites, who deserted from the Spar- 
 tans, was treated with such contemnt bv his 
 fellow countrymen, and was so sensible of 
 the scorn artd reproach wjiich they put up- 
 on him, that he, covvard-iike, put an end to 
 M 2 
 
us SPARTA. 
 
 his own existence. Tlie body of Leonidas was 
 found, and nailed to a cross ; but his memory 
 was sufficiently immortalized by the poets 
 and historians of those times, who thought 
 this might pass for a victory on the side of 
 the Grecians, as well in respect to the ac- 
 tion itself, wherein the Persians lost 20,000 
 men, as to the influence it afterwards had 
 on the affairs of Greece. Herodotus says, 
 « This defeat of the Spartans was more 
 glorious than any victory that the Grecians 
 afterwards obtaijied.'^ 
 
SPARTA. 139 
 
 AGESILAUS. 
 
 After the death of Ai^is, Lysander con- 
 tributed to place on the throne Agesilans, 
 the younger brother of the deceased king. 
 This prince united qualities which seem 
 incompatible. Tliougli ambitious and brave, 
 he was yet mild and amiable. Valour and 
 pride, in him, were combined with goodness. 
 His love for his country was such, that he 
 preferred its interests to his own personal 
 safety and tranquillity. His virtues alarm- 
 ed the ephori, and they condemned him to 
 a fine because "he had too much conciliated 
 the affection of the people. 
 
 There existed between Agesilaus and 
 Lysander a coolness, produced by jealousy. 
 The king made rather a harsh use of the 
 superiority of his rank, with respect to the 
 general ; but the latter yielded without de- 
 grading himself: and these two great men, 
 
140 SPARTA. 
 
 who were not formed to be enemies, con- 
 tinued to act in concert for the honour of 
 their country. 
 
 The Lacedsemonians were defeated in the 
 plains of Leuctra, and suffered a loss un- 
 exampled in the history of thoir republic. 
 When the news of this reached Sparta, the 
 .gymnastic solemnities were celebrating'. 
 Tlie ephori would not interrupt the festival, 
 but only sent to the dilTerciit families the 
 names of the persons belon^^inj^ to them 
 who had been killed. The magnanimity 
 of the Spartans then shone fortli in all its 
 lustre. The parents and relativ es of tliose 
 who had been slain mjitually embraced and 
 con^gratulated each other, while the rela- 
 tions who survived dared not shew them- 
 selves ; or, if they were obliged to appear, 
 were seen with their arms folded, tlieir 
 eyes fixed on the ground, and exhibiting all 
 the sio'ns of 2:rief and shame. Those who 
 had fled from the field were degraded from 
 their employments, condemned never to 
 appear in public, except in motley dresses, 
 and with their beards half sliaved ; and to 
 bear without resistance the insults, and evesi 
 blows, of any person who might meet them.* 
 
 * The execution of this sentence conformably to the 
 laws of Lycurgus caused considerable embarrassment. 
 Agesilaus was appointed dictator, with power to make 
 such regulations on the occasion as he should judge proper. 
 He appeared in the assembly of the people, and, with a 
 word, dispelled the fears of the fugitives, yet preserved to 
 the institutions of Lycurgus all their authority : "Let the 
 laws," said he, '* sleep for this day, and resume their aU'- 
 tiiorlty to-morrow." 
 
SPARTA. \ HI 
 
 Sparta having conquered the Ilelots, La- 
 oonians, Messenians, and Athenians, began 
 to decline in their successes. Attacking 
 the Boeotians, who were covertly assisted 
 by the Athenians, and openly by the Per- 
 sians, they were in imminent danger of ru- 
 in by Epaminondas, the Theban, defeating 
 them at the battles of Leuctres and Manti- 
 Ilea, Engaging afterwards with the Pho- 
 cians in the holy war, Philip of Macedon 
 terminated this contest in such a mannei*, as 
 entirely subjected the Spartans to his pow- 
 er and pleasure, although he was not admit- 
 ted into the city as their conqueror. This 
 honour was left for Antigonus Doson, king 
 of Macedon, who, having vanquished Cleo- 
 menes, entered Sparta, as its victor. They 
 then became the abject slaves of Machani- 
 dus and Nabi, from wliom being freed, they 
 were subject to the Romans. And finally 
 they became so impotent in state and cour- 
 age, that they could not resist the most in- 
 significant enemy. Thus the famous city 
 of Sparta has degenerated to the small bor- 
 ough of Misithra. 
 
 The next state of Greece to be noticed is 
 that of Argos, the principal city of Argolis, 
 a province of Peh)ponnesus. We shall no- 
 tice only tlie most distinguished kings of 
 Argos and Mycena;. 
 
i^/wvw^'^'^ vv\ vwvw wvvvx>wvvwvwvv\pXa/vvwwv www 
 
 KINGS OF ARGOS AND MYCEN^. 
 
 vw 
 
 A. M. 2063. I. INACHUS, 
 
 the supposed father of lo, whom Jupiter 
 deceived, and from whom the Greeks are 
 frequently distinguished by the name of 
 Inachii. 
 
 A. M. 2243. III. APIS, 
 
 son of Jupiter and Niohe, daughter of Pho- 
 roneus, who left Greece, and went to Egypt, 
 where he was worshipped under the form of 
 an ox : from his having taught them agri- 
 culture. 
 
 A. M. 2238. IV. ARGUS, 
 
 son of Apis. He was the founder of Argos. 
 In his time, the Greeks began their tillage, 
 and from him they were called Argives. 
 
 A. M. 2363. VI. PHORBAS, 
 
 the son or brother of Criasus. In his reign. 
 Atlas and Prometheus are said to have ex- 
 isted. He reigned 35 years, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
ARGOS AND MYCEN^. 143 
 
 A. M. 2398. VII. TRIOPAS, 
 
 who enjoyed the throne 46 years, and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 A. M. 2444. VIII. JASUS. 
 
 His daughter was the famous lo, whose sto- 
 ry has been much celebrated by the ancient 
 poets ; but she must not be confounded with 
 another of the same name, who was the re- 
 puted daughter of Inachus. 
 
 A. M. 2475. X. DANAUS, 
 
 brother of ^gyptus, who drove him from 
 Egypt. Arriving at Argos, be was chosen 
 king by the consent of the people. From 
 him the Grecians were called Danai. 
 
 A. M. 2606. XIV. ACPJSIUS, 
 
 father of Danae, being told by an oracle that 
 he should be murdered by her son, be im- 
 prisoned her in a brazen tower ; but Jupi- 
 ter corrupted the guards with gold, and ob- 
 taining admittance, begot the f?.n>oiJS Perse- 
 us, who has been so much the theme ©f the 
 ancients. 
 
Tf4 WYCENIANS. 
 
 PERSEUS 
 
 \^as the son of Jupiter and Danae. He was 
 no sooner born, than liis grandfather, fear- 
 ing him to be the son by whom the oracle 
 had foretold he should be murdered, expos- 
 ed him to the mercy of the sea. Being mi- 
 raculously preserved. Mercury gave him a 
 sword and impenetrable buskins. From 
 Minerva, he received a brazen shield, cov- 
 ered with the goat's skin called ^gis. 
 Thus equi])ped, his first cnteri^rize was a 
 voyage against the Gorgons, who were 
 three sisters, Medusa, Stenio, and Euryalc ; 
 they liad snakes instead of hair, and one 
 eye among the whole. Whoever they look- 
 ed upon, they turned to stone. But, look- 
 ing on the ^gis or shield of Perseus, pre- 
 served every person fi'om tliis fatality. 
 Killing the Gorgons in their sleep, he took 
 , their head and placed it upon his shield. 
 
MYCENIANS. ,14'6 
 
 ' ! r 
 
 with which he turned Atlas, king of Maurita- 
 nia, into stone, for refusing to entertain him. 
 
 Here Atlas reigir d of more than human size, 
 And in his kingdom the world's limit lies. 
 Here Titan bids his weary coursers sleep. 
 And cools the burning axle in the deep. 
 The mighty monarch, uncontroll'd, alone, 
 His sceptre sways ; no neighb'ring states are knowo. 
 A thousand flocks on shady mountains fed, 
 A thousand herds o'er grassy plains were spread. 
 Here wond'rous trees their shining stores unfold, 
 Their shining stores too wond'rous to be told ; 
 Their leaves, their branches, and their apples, gold, 
 
 - . In vain the hero f»r one night entreats ; 
 
 Threat'ning he storms, and next adds force to threats. 
 
 By strength not Perseus could himself defend, 
 For who in strength with Atlas could contend ?— 
 ' But since, short rest to me thou wilt not give, 
 A gift of endless rest from me receive.' — 
 He said, and backward turn'd, no mor* conceal'd 
 The present, and Medusa's head reve&rd. 
 
 Soon the high Atlas a high mountain stood ; 
 His locks, and beard, became a leafy wood: 
 His hands, and shoulders into ridges went, 
 The summit-head still crown'd the steep ascent : 
 His bones a solid, rocky hardness gain'd : 
 He thus immensely grown, (as fate ordain'd) 
 The stars, the heav'us, and all the gods sastain'd, 
 
 Perseus delivered Andromeda from the mon- 
 ster, with which she was perpetually threat- 
 ened to he devoured, and married her him- 
 self. The cause of the fable of Medusa's 
 head, is said to be from Perseus having 
 beheaded a womaji of such exqui^^te beauty, 
 
 V^OL'. tr. N 
 
U6 MYCENIANS. 
 
 that she could not look on any without be- 
 reaving^ them of their senses, so as to fix 
 them like statues before her. He restored 
 Acrisius to his throne, from which he had 
 been deposed by his brother Prieus. But, 
 as the oracle was to be fulfilled, he ignor- 
 antly killed Acrisius, which caused him to 
 remove to Mycenje, where he reigned many 
 years witli his son Sthcnelus, about A. M. 
 2637. 
 
 A. M. 2645. XVI. EYRYSTHEUS, 
 
 son of Sthenelus, is e^reatly mentioned by 
 the ancient poets and his^brians as being 
 the person who enjoined twelve labours to 
 Hercules in order to gratify the resentment 
 of Juno. 
 
 2688. XVII. ATREUS AND THYESTES 
 
 were both infamous for their murders and 
 adulteries. Thyestes abused the bed of 
 Atreus, who, in revenge, feasted him with 
 the body of his own son, whom he had slain 
 and prepared for the purpose. 
 
MYCENIANS. 
 
 liT 
 
 XVIII. AGAMEMNON. 
 
 He was the eighteenth king of the Argives 
 and Mycenians. In the war of Troy, he 
 was chosen commander general of the 
 Greeks, in which siege there engaged 69 
 kings, and 1224 ships. Being warned by 
 Cassandra, the daughter of Priamus, of his 
 death, he returned home to his wife Clytem- 
 ncstra, who, with lier paramour, ^gisthus, 
 ,slew him at a banquet. Orestes being ar- 
 rived at age, slew his mother and the adul- 
 terous murderer of his father. 
 
 A. M. 2768. XIX. iEGISTHUS, 
 
 son of Thycstcs, having defiled Clytemnes- 
 tra, and murdered Agamemnon, her hus- 
 band, on his return from Troy as above re- 
 lated, immediately usurped the kingdom of 
 Argo and Mycense, which he held during 7 
 years, until Orestes, the subject of our next 
 article, arrived from Phocis, and avenged 
 the death of his father Agamemnon, 
 
14S 
 
 MYCENIANff. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 2779. 
 
 XX. ORESTES, 
 
 returning from Phocis where he had been 
 secretly conveyed, he slew both TEgisthus, 
 his mother Clytemnestra, and Helena their 
 daughter. He thus became possessed of 
 his right, the kingdom of Mycenae, although 
 not without being opposed by the Argivens. 
 The story of his being tormented by the fu- 
 ries, relates to his remorse of conscience for 
 having killed his mother ; for which fact 
 he is said to have been tried and acquitted 
 by the Areopagus at Athens ; the suffrages 
 for and against him being equal, judgment 
 was pronounced, according to the custom of 
 that tribunal, in favour of the defendant. 
 This and other expiatory acts ended the 
 abominable vices which had long disgraced 
 his family, and he afterwards enjoyed a 
 long reign with a great extent of dominion. 
 Orestes, by the assistance of the Phocians, 
 
MYCENIANS. 149 
 
 who were his constant friends, made him- 
 self so entirely master of Argos, that he en- 
 joyed considerably more dominion than 
 either his father, or any of his predecessors. 
 Thus was the kingdom thought to have been 
 re-united about 140 years after its three- 
 fold division between Anaxagoras, Mclam- 
 pus, and Bias. Besides this, he had an ac- 
 cession of the kingdom of Sparta on the 
 death of liis uncle Menclaus, whose daugh- 
 ter Hermione he had married. He also ob- 
 tained great part of Arcadia next to Argos, 
 w here he died after a reign of 70 years. 
 Some ascribe to him the planting of a colo- 
 ny of Eolians in Asia. But his son Pen- 
 thilus was ratlier the autlior and promoter 
 of this expedition. Orestes left two sens, 
 Tisamenus by Hermione, and Penthilus by 
 Erigone daughter of ^gisthus. 
 
 A. M. 52803. XXI. PENTHILUS, 
 
 son of Orestes, was the last of this line, by 
 his being deprived of liis kingdom by the 
 Bores and Heraclidse, who had possessed 
 themselves of all Peloponnesus, until they 
 were conquered by the Macedonians. 
 
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 KINGS OF ATHENS, 
 
 vw 
 
 From the first peopling of Attica until the 
 time of king Ogyges, we have no account 
 of any thing that passed there ; hut there 
 are several kings mentioned as reigniilg in 
 Attica between the time of Ogjges and Ce- 
 crops ; these, however, are rejected by very 
 ancient historians, and, therefore, not de- 
 serving of notice : consequently, we must 
 ascribe the foundation of Athens to 
 
 A. M. 2394. I. CECROPS, 
 
 by some supposed to be a native of Greece> 
 by others to be an Egyptian, iirst made 
 Jupiter a god, and, according to Pausanias, 
 caused sacrifices to be made to him as a 
 divinity, by which a sort of religion was es- 
 tablished in Greece. He then divided his 
 dominions into four tribes, for the better 
 administration of justice ; these were call- 
 ed, Cecropis^ Autocheon, Actsea, and 
 Paralia. 
 
KINGS GF ATHENS. laX 
 
 A. M. 2453. III. AMPIIiCTYON, 
 
 son of Deucalion, and the uncle of that Am- 
 phictyon, who first instituted the supreme 
 court of Amphictyones, or the common 
 council of all Greece. 
 
 A. M. S463. TY. ERICTHONIUS, 
 the son of Vulcan. 
 
 A. M. 2513. y. PANDION, 
 
 father of Progne and Philomela, so distin- 
 guished by the pocLs of Greece and Rome. 
 
 A. M. 2668. IX. iEGEUS, 
 from whom the ^gean sea derived its name. 
 
152 
 
 KINGS OF ATHENS. 
 
 A. M. 
 
 2706. 
 
 X. TEE EUS, 
 
 son of ^Egeus, and companion of Hercules, 
 whose actions he imitated. Arrived at age, 
 he relieved his country from a great number 
 of robbers, with which it was infested. He 
 was near being poisoned by his father, who 
 did not know him until he shewed him the 
 sword he had left as a pledge w ith his moth- 
 er ^Egeus, threw down the poison, embrac- 
 ed him and publicly owned him for his son 
 and successor. This, exciting an insurrec- 
 tion, Theseus evinced his courage and con- 
 duct by immediately dispersing the rebels. 
 He then encountered and overcome, among 
 otlier monsters, the Marathonian bull,which 
 he brought alive in triumph through the 
 city and sacrificed to Apollo. His next 
 exploit was killing the Minotaur, a monster 
 kept by Miiios, king of Crete, in wliich he 
 was greatly assisted by Ariadne, daughter 
 
KINGS OF ATHENS. 153 
 
 of Minos, who, falling in love with him, gave 
 him a clue of thread which conducted him 
 through the labyrinths where the Minotaur 
 was kept. By this act he relieved his sub- 
 jects from the tribute of fourteen young men 
 and virgins annually sent to be sacrifi- 
 red at Crete. He next collected all the 
 inhabitants of Attica into one city, which 
 with Cecropia, the regal seat, he called 
 Athens. Theseus then dissolved all the dis- 
 tinct courts of justice, and built one com- 
 mon prytaneum, or council hall in the city. 
 To enlarge Athens, he invited all strangers 
 bv offering to them who settled there the 
 same privileges and protection as the na- 
 tives. To prevent confusion, he ranked 
 them into the three classes of nobles, hus- 
 bandmen, and artificers. The nobility he 
 appointed as the fountain of magistracy ; 
 but the choice belonged, in a great measure, 
 if not entirely to the people. To this first 
 rank, he committed the teaching and inter- 
 pretation of the laws and the care of relig- 
 ion. The whole was, in other respects, re- 
 duced to a sort of eqijality ; the nobles ex- 
 celled in honour, the husbandmen in profit, 
 and the artificers in number. 
 
 Theseus, having thus founded the city 
 and its government for the enjoyment of 
 peace and prosperity, in a manner divested 
 himself, according to his promise, of his 
 sovereignty, wliicli he might have as easily 
 extended as diminished. These actions 
 
154 KINGS OF ATHENS. 
 
 gained him the title of the second founder of 
 At!iens. He devoted the remainder of his 
 life in search of adventures with Hercules 
 and other heroes of his time. He instituted 
 the Isthmian games in honour of Neptune, 
 passing for his son among those who 
 could not otherwise account for his birth. 
 To his roving temper is ascribed his roman- 
 tic voyage to the Euxine against the Ama- 
 zons, from among whom he married his 
 wife Antiope, or as called by some Hyppo- 
 lita, which caused the Amazonian war. In 
 this war, the Amazons besieged Athens, en- 
 camped, and engaged the citizens even with- 
 in their walls, until a peace was concluded 
 by the mediation of Antiope. He contract- 
 ed, at a first interview, his celebrated 
 friendship with Perithous, son of Ixion. 
 Theseus, when fifty years old, joined with 
 him in stealing Helena, daughter of Tyn- 
 dareus, who afterwards falling to him by 
 lot, he committed her to the care of his 
 mother, at Aphidnse, until she was marriage- 
 able. Having agreed to procure another 
 wife for his friend, they went to Epirus, to 
 steal the daughter of Aidopeus, king of Mo- 
 lossi, who is called Pluto by some mytholo- 
 gists. The king being informed of their 
 design, he killed Peritlious and imprisoned 
 Theseus, until he regained his liberty by the 
 intercession of Hercules. In his absence, 
 it was insinuated that all his changes in the 
 government of Athens were only projects to 
 
KINGS OF ATHENS- 155 
 
 enslave them under the pretence of estab- 
 lishing^ their liberties. At this juncture it 
 happened that Castor and Pollux arrived at 
 Athens, in search of their sister Helena. 
 Not finding her there, they went to Aphid - 
 nse, took the tov^n, and recovered their lost 
 sister. When Theseus returned, he found 
 the affections of the people so alienated 
 from him as even to treat his person and 
 authority with contempt. Upon which he 
 sent his children into Kuboea, solemnlv 
 cursed the Athenians, and voluntarily ban- 
 ished himself into the island of Scvrus. 
 Here it is commonly reported, that kin.s; 
 Lycomedes led him to the top of a rock 
 under the pretence of shewing him the coun- 
 try, from whence he threw him down 
 headlong. Thus died Theseus, when he 
 had I'eigned 30 years, and had gained the 
 character of being tlie greatest king who 
 had ever governed Atliens. Although he 
 was abandoned by his Subjects, his tomb 
 was erected as a refuge for slaves, in mem- 
 ory of his care to redress grievances, and 
 to relieve the distressed. 
 
156 KINGS OF ATHENS. 
 
 A. M. 2860. XVil. CODRUS, 
 
 son of Melaiithiis,kiiig of Athens. He en,8;a- 
 gcd in war with thePeloponnesians. Being in- 
 formed by the oracle, that his enemies would 
 conquer if the king of Atliens was not kill- 
 ed, he, disguised as a peasant, entei'ed the 
 Peloponnesian camp, and there insulted the 
 enemy in such a manner as to cause them 
 to kill him. The enemy knowing the an- 
 swer of tlie oracle, and being informed they 
 had killed Codrus, king of Athens, despair- 
 ing of success, broke up their camp, 
 and returned to their own country. Thus 
 fell Codrus, and with him tJic title of king, 
 which had continued, without any interrup- 
 tion, 487 years, from Cecrops to Codrus, 
 The Athenians, relieved from the en- 
 emy by tlie brave sacrifice Codrus made 
 of himself to their preservation, thouglit no 
 king was Avortliy to be his successor. They 
 therefore chose governors for the term of life, 
 whom they called Archontes. Of these there 
 w^ere, from the first, who was Medon, to the 
 last, who was ^schylus, twelve. Weary 
 of this government, they limited the time of 
 each archon to ten years, and soon after 
 they chose them annually. This form of 
 the state continued 170 years, until Solon 
 changed it to a democracy, which was great- 
 ly assisted in its establishment by Pericles. 
 
 Among the most famous citizens of Ath- 
 ens, were 
 
IIEPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 157 
 
 MILTIADES, 
 
 wliojn the 15th yearof liis rcii:;n\vascho,seii 
 an Athenian genera?, descended IroniCodi-us, 
 His ancestors had retired dnrini;* the tyran- 
 ny of Pisistratus, and Jel't him governor or 
 king of the Tlsracian Chersonese. By Jjis 
 adviccjthe Persian messengers, who came to 
 demand the trihutc of earth and water, 
 were ihso\v]i into deep pits or wells, and 
 told they there \v(jidil isnd both to carry to 
 their master Darius. Being appointed a 
 commander in the Atlienian army sent 
 against the Peisians led hy Datis, he pro- 
 ceeded with it to tfie phiins of Maratlion, 
 ion miles distant from Athens. Arrivina; 
 There, each captain assigneci his day of com- 
 mand to Miltiades, which conferred on liim 
 the sole juitlioi itv. He, however, chose to 
 decide the coldest on his own day. Not 
 La iig a sufHcient number of men, he en- 
 
 VOL, II. O 
 
158 REPURLTC OF ATHENS. 
 
 camped his army at the foot of mountaiu 
 to prevent his being siirroundcd by a supe- 
 riority of numbers. The signal fr*r attack 
 was no sooner given, tlian Miitiades rushed 
 with his forces so furiously, that the Per- 
 sians rather lauarhed at hini as a madman, 
 than dreaded him as an enemy. They, 
 liovvever, soon experienced their error by 
 being vanquished in a manner that would 
 be almost fabulous to relate, were it not 
 supported by the united testimonies of the 
 most authentic and respectable historians, 
 Herodotus reckons there were 6,400 Per- 
 sians slain, with only the loss of 192 Gi*e- 
 cians. In this battle occurred the followinir 
 instance of persevering bravery : One Cyn- 
 aigirus with his rigiit hand held a galley 
 filled with Persians, to prevent their leaving 
 the shore. His right hand being cut off, he 
 seized it witii his left, which, sharing the 
 same fate, he seized the gal!cy with his 
 teeth, and thus ex])ired. Miitiades was re- 
 warded for this victory, with having a pic- 
 ture of tiie battle, whei'ein himself was paint- 
 ed giving orders at tl»j head of the ten cap- 
 tains. This picture was preserved many 
 ages in the gallery whei'e Zeno instituti'd 
 his school of phil(»sophy. Another mmiu- 
 ment of this victory was, a statue made by 
 Phidias, of tlie goddess Nemesis, wlio had 
 a temple near the iield of battle : and it 
 was rem aik able, that tiiis stitue was cut 
 out of a piece of marble brougiit by the Per- 
 
REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 159 
 
 sians for the purpose of erectiii.j^ a trophy 
 of the battle tliey had, with the g-reatest 
 confidence, expected to a,:ain. The State of 
 Athens next decreed Miitiades seventy gal- 
 lies to chastise the islands which had joined 
 the Persians. Several submitted, and the 
 rest ha reduced with the greatest ease. But 
 Paros refusing to grant a hundred talents, 
 he landed his men, harassed the couiitry, 
 and blocked up the city. A grove happen- 
 ing to take fire by night, Miitiades 
 supposed it was the Persian fleet coming 
 to the relief of the Parians ; he therefore 
 raised the siege, set fire to his works, and 
 returned home. He was no sooner arrived 
 at Athens than he was charged with being 
 in league with the Persians. As he was pre- 
 vented from answering this accusation by 
 confinement to his bed in consequence of a 
 fall he received at Paros, his friends ap- 
 peared for him, urged his many ser- 
 vices to the state, and begged they would 
 not forget that of Mai-athon. They how- 
 ever no farther prevailed than to get th.e 
 sentence of death changed for the fine of fif- 
 ty talents, which was the charge of fitting 
 out the fleet. He was imprisoned until the 
 fine was paid. But w hatever^ pretence the 
 Athenians used for his condemnation, it is 
 certain they were more influenced by their 
 fear of Miitiades, than his guilt. They 
 thought him too well practised in govern- 
 ment to lead a private life, especially after 
 
160 REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 Ills merit liad chained hhn such power iUid 
 interest as might be improved to tiic des- 
 truction of that liberty lie had always sup- 
 ported. Not less than an actual attack oi" 
 their liberties could justify persecuting a 
 man who had presei'ved their lives and tor- 
 tunes, and acquired their greatest honours. 
 For he first encouraged them to meet the 
 Persians, and convinced them, by his exam- 
 ple, that numbers are not proof against emi- 
 nent courage and discipline. Lying in 
 prison some time under this sentence, being 
 too poor to pay the exorbitant penalty, death 
 at last relieved him, by turning the bruise 
 in his thigh into a mortal gangrene. But 
 the Athenians carried their resentment so 
 far as to prevent his being buried, until the 
 fine was engaged to be paid by his son, Ci- 
 mon. Thus fell Miltiades, a victim to envy 
 and jealousy, a striking instance of the ca- 
 priciousness of fortune, and the proverbial 
 ingratitude of republics. We may observe, 
 that, after tSte battle (ff Marathon, an at- 
 tempt v/as n]ade by the Persian lleet to sur- 
 prise the city of AtbotS, before the forces 
 coukl arrive from that place : but as the 
 greater part of them returned soon enough 
 for its defence, this cnterprize was like- 
 wise frustrated* 
 
REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 161 
 
 CIMON 
 
 was not only the most illustrious, but one 
 of the richest citizens of Athens. His 
 riches were the fi'uit of fsis victories over the 
 Barbarians. He ("nnoi)lc(l his character by 
 spenciin,^ Ins wealth more honourably, if 
 possible, than he acquired it. He laid his 
 fields and gardens o})en for the necessitous 
 Athenians, and even strangers, to gather 
 whatever they wanted of their produce. 
 Every day he had a su])per prepared of the 
 most simple and wJioiesome nature, to which 
 the poor were invited, in order that, being 
 thus certain of nourishment, they might not 
 be under the necessity of dedicating that 
 time to themselves, which he thought might 
 be better employed for the republic. 
 
 When lie appeared in the streets, he was 
 always followed by a number of persons 
 whom he liad clotb.ed in the most respecta- 
 ble manner. And when he met a poor old 
 
162 REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 man indiffere^itly dressed, he filwajs s;?i\t 
 him a suit from those of his domestics. 
 Every poor citizen thought it the j^reatest 
 honour to partake of his liberal beneficence. 
 His attendants were provided with plenty 
 of money, which they secretly bestowed on 
 those they found worthy of relief. 
 
 Althou,^h he saw the greater part of other 
 governors of his time, enriched by the dis- 
 turbances they excited, and the depredations 
 they committed on tlie })ubiic, he alwiiys 
 preserved himself from their corruption, 
 and kept liis hands pure from the accept- 
 ance of a bribe, and fi-ee from aiding or 
 promoting domestic discord. 
 
 A Persian, named Roisaces, Iiaving quil- 
 ted tiie party of the Persian king liis mas- 
 ter, came to Athens with great riches. Kg 
 had no sooner entered the city, than seeing 
 himself the object of general calumny, and 
 fearing it might lead to dangerous suspi- 
 cions, he took refuge in the house of Cimon. 
 Entering the door, he placed two great 
 vases in the hall. The one was filled with 
 silver, the otiier witli gold. Cimon per- 
 ceiving this action, immediately asked him, 
 smiling, <* Which wouldst thou have me to 
 be— thy friend, or thy mercenaiy ?" •< Mj 
 friend," replied Rcesaces. " Well," an- 
 swered Cimon, "then you have only to take 
 away your gold and silver : for being tliy 
 friend, without doubt, both will be alvva\ 3 
 at my service whenever you find me so no- 
 cessityus as to want eithei'." 
 
REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 153 
 
 ARISTIDES 
 
 was an Athenian nobleman, distinguished 
 particularly for his justice. 
 
 Themistocles, Cinion, and Pericles filled 
 their city with proud battlements, porticos, 
 statues, and riches. But Aristidcs did 
 more. He filled it with virtue. This is 
 the acknowledgment Plato has made to his 
 glory. A stranger to all those afii^ctions 
 which render men slaves to vain ambition, 
 the love of order and good government was 
 the only object of his desires and pursuits. 
 The general persuasion which his fellow- 
 citizens had of his virtue and purity of zeal 
 for tlie interests of the state was publicly 
 manifested. One day a tragedy, written by 
 ^schylus, was performed, and the actor 
 having recited the following verse, which 
 
 contained the praise of Ampliiraus *< He 
 
 Mould not only appear a good and just man, 
 but he was so effectively,'^ the whole audi- 
 
164 REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 ence directed their eves to Aristides,w1to was 
 present ; and thus applied the compliment. 
 
 He frequently presided as arbitrator be- 
 tween those who differed. Being thus em- 
 ployed by two, one of them, in order to 
 prejudice him in his favour, said, that his 
 opponent had always been adverse to the 
 just and patriotic conduct of Aristides. 
 This equitable judge answered : *< Tell me, 
 friend, the injuries he has done thee ; for it 
 is thv cause not mine that I am to deter- 
 mine." 
 
 Tlic people of Athens, who pretended a 
 dread lest Aristides should have too great an 
 ascendency for the welfare of the state, ban- 
 ished him by means of the ostracism. On 
 this occasion, a peasant, who knew him not, 
 came and asked to be permittetl to write up- 
 on the shell^ the name of Aristides, who 
 perceiving it, said : — ^* Pray, good man, 
 has the person you would banish, done 3011 
 any wrong r" '• Not any," replied the peas- 
 ant, " but I cannot endure to hear him al- 
 ways callecl tlte just." Aristides, without 
 saying another word, took the shell and 
 wrote upon it his own name. He went into 
 exile, but not before he had prayed that the 
 gods would not permit iiis ungrateful coun- 
 try to receive any affliction that might cause 
 it to regret his absence and treatment. 
 
 This great man was y^i^vy soon recalled 
 
 * The oyster-shell, on which was written the names of 
 those the Athenians inteuded for banishun: ui; from wiiCiCe 
 this law was called Ostracism. 
 
REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 1&5 
 
 to dei'ciid Greece against the invasion of 
 Xerxes. The command of the troops being 
 confided to him, he performed prodigies by 
 liis valour. 
 
 Themistocles, who had solicited his exile, 
 being" himself in danger of banishment, 
 Aristides had the magnanimity to oppose 
 it, and declare himself in his favour, be- 
 cause he knew him to be an able and expe- 
 rienced commander. 
 
 The people of Athens evinced one day iu 
 a very extraordinary manner their confi- 
 dence in the abilities and virtues of Aristi- 
 des. Themistocles, having vanquished 
 Mardonius, general of the Persians, thought 
 to obtain for the Athenians the empire of 
 the sea, by burning the ships of the Grecian 
 allies that had retreated into the port of 
 Pegasus. Possessed of this idea, he an- 
 nounced in the public assembly that he had 
 to propose a matter of the greatest advan- 
 tage, provided the management of it was 
 kept entirely secret. Aristides was imme- 
 diately deputed as judge of the propriety of 
 the proposal. Having heard tlie intention 
 of Themistocles, he candidly declared that 
 the project would be the most advantageous 
 to the Athenians, but at the same time it 
 would be the most unjust to the Grecian 
 allies. The Athenians instantaneously and 
 unanimously forbid Themistocles from pro- 
 ceeding any further in liIs design. 
 
 Aristides, who had filled the most im- 
 
166 REPUBLIC OF ATHENS 
 
 portaiit offices of the Republic, died so poor 
 that he was obliged to be buried at the pub- 
 lic expense. Atkens,out of respect to his vir- 
 tues, portioned his daughters, and adopted 
 his son Lysimackus, who had no other in- 
 heritance than the brilliancy of his father's 
 glory, and the example of his father's vir- 
 tues to follow. 
 
 Themistocles one day observed, " That 
 tlie greatest talent a general could possess, 
 was, to foresee the designs of an enemy." 
 « Yes ;" said Aristides, " that is very 
 necessary ; but it is likewise necessary to 
 have clean hands, and to be above any 
 views of interest.'* 
 
rb:public of athens. 
 
 16; 
 
 TIIEMISTOCLES. 
 
 This famous captiiin defended Alliens froiri 
 the mighty and fosmidable power that 
 Xerxes had collected against it, in the bat- 
 tle of Salamis, where the Persian emperor 
 was defeated. He was soon after banished 
 in consequence of being suspected of having 
 formed a design against the state of Athens. 
 He was no sooner doonjed to exile, than he 
 Went to Xerxes, whom a little time before 
 he Jiad conquered. Xerxes sent him with 
 an army against the Athenians. But, con- 
 sidering it would be base to deceive Xerxes, 
 and his love for Ailieiis continuing as strong 
 as ever, notwithstanding her ingratitude, to 
 avoid pei-fidy to the Persian monarch as 
 well as attacking his native city, he poi- 
 soned himself, A. M. 3603. 
 
 Soon after Athens had been preserved by 
 Themistorle^>. it was given up to Xerxes, 
 being voluntarily dismantled and deserted 
 
158 REPUBLIC OF ATHENS. 
 
 by the Atlienians. The Persians returnii}.«:: 
 home, tlie citizens a,s;ain repaired its walls 
 with strong and defencible fortifications. 
 Pisistratus, a private citizen, usurped the 
 government and became its tyrant. His 
 son Hipparchiis, succeeding him, was slain 
 through revenge, by Harmodius and Aris- 
 togiton, who were tlicmselves slain in the 
 tumult it occasioned, 5i6, B. C. The 
 Athenians next submitted to tlie Spartans 
 in the Peloponnesian war, B. C. 403. 
 They were governed by thirty tyrants* and 
 afterwards were reduced to the Roman pow- 
 er, B. C 87. The Yenetians next became 
 their conquerors, A. I). 1204, and finally 
 the Turks, A. D. 1689. 
 
 Several Grecian works of ai't have lately 
 been transported from Athens to Great-Bri- 
 tain, by Lord Elgin, kc, and are thus apos- 
 trophised by a late English writer : 
 
 Are these the fraj^ments of the glorious prime 
 Of that great Empire, mibtress of the world. 
 Who, Queen of Nations, high in air ur.furl'd 
 
 Her »tandard, and outstretch'd her arm swblime ?-— 
 
 Yes! and they mock at all devourinjj; Time; 
 For oft, in anger, at yon fane he hurrd 
 
 His iron rod, but prostrate at the shrine 
 Of the great Goddess harmlessly it fell, 
 Till he, struck motionless, as with a spell, 
 
 Gaz'd wildly, and proclaim'd the power divine. 
 
 Phidias! thou hast immortaliz'd thy name 
 In these thy liardy-wo^-iis, ami they will tell 
 
 Loud as ten thousand thunderings thy fame 
 Wherever truth and beauty deign to dwell. 
 
'VVV'VV\X/V\'VVVVV\%^Vi/V'\'VV\>AAVViiVV'\nBV\'VVV'<^'\WV\'CC\H'VV* 
 
 KINGS OF MACEDON: 
 
 <wi 
 
 In this state of Greece, reigned twenty-four 
 kings from Caranus, A. M. 3155, unto Ai- 
 idjeus, A. M. 3535. Of this dynasty, thc^ 
 following are the most memorable ; 
 
 A.M. 3155. I. CARANUS, 
 
 who reigned first, was originally an Argi\ e< 
 and of the race of Hercules. By an oracle, 
 he was commanded to lead a colony into 
 this country, and to follow the first head of 
 cattle he saw before him. Arriving in a 
 tempestuous day, he perceived a herd of 
 goats fleeing from the storm. He followed 
 them into the town of Adessa, which by 
 covert of the darkness he entered, surpris- 
 ed and soon afterwards subjected entirely to 
 his power. 
 
 A. M. 3233. lY. PERDICCAS 
 
 built at ^ga, a superb burial-place for 
 himself and his successors, assuring his 
 subjects that while their kings were inter- 
 red in this sepulchre, the town would never 
 
 VOL. II. P 
 
170 KINGS OF MACEDON. 
 
 be subdued. His prediction seemed to be 
 true, by tbe kingdom of Macedon existing 
 until Alexander was buried at Babylon, 
 wben it was transferred to the sons of De- 
 metrius. 
 
 A. M. 3360. VII. EUROPAS, 
 
 in bis infancy, was carried in a cradle 
 against tbe Illyrians, his enemies, who were 
 conquered by his forces. 
 
 A. M. 3465. Till. ALEXANDER, 
 
 the son of Amvntas, rendered himself famous 
 by a noble exploit on the Persian ambassa- 
 dors, who being sent from Megabizus, re- 
 quested a sight of the Macedonian ladies. 
 Alexander sent instead of women, youths 
 dressed as maidens who slew the effeminate 
 Asiatics. He afterwards obtained that part 
 of Greece situated between Hsemus and 
 Olympus. 
 
 A. M. 3605. XXII. PHILIP IL 
 
 father to Alexander the Great, governed 
 first as guardian to Amyntus, son to Per- 
 diccas, his elder brother. He afterwards 
 deposed his nephew and usurped the king- 
 dom. To preserve his throne he murdered 
 the rest of his brethren, and destroyed all 
 who opposed his ambition. He was, how- 
 ever, in other respects, a man of approved 
 ability and character. He delivered his 
 
KINGS OF MACEDON. 17^ 
 
 country from the attacks of the lUyrians, 
 subdued Achaia, Thrace, and a great part 
 of Peh>ponnesus. He was, beside, chosen 
 general of the Greeks against the Persians. 
 But he had no sooner prepared himself for 
 this expedition, than he was slain by Pau- 
 sanias, a young gentleman whom he had 
 formerly abused. 
 
1>2 KINGS ©P MACEDON. 
 
 ALEXANDER the GREAT. 
 
 This distinguished character was the son of 
 Philip. Alexander, when at a feast with 
 his father and other great men, was mucli 
 disgusted at some reproach thrown upon his 
 mother, which was also a slur upon himself, 
 by Attains, one of his father's generals. 
 He resented the affront ; but Philip mistak- 
 ing the cause, was hastening to chastise his 
 vson, supposing him to have been the aggres- 
 sor. In his hurry, being lame, he fell 
 down, and the company interfered in the 
 affair. Upon observing his fall, Alexander 
 exclaimed, " The Macedonians are mighty 
 well fitted with a general to conduct them 
 out of Europe into Asia, who is not able to 
 go from one table to another, without dan- 
 ger of breaking his neck." Ascending the 
 throne of Macedon, he recovered those 
 parts of Greece, which from vain hopes of 
 fiberty, had^ on the death of his father, re^ 
 
KINGS OF MACEDON. 17S 
 
 voltcd. He subdued Darius, king of Per- 
 sia, Taxilcs and Perus, kings of India, 
 founded the monarchy of Greece, and, in 
 the heig'ht of his successes, was poisoned at 
 Babylon, by Cassander, one of his captains. 
 He be!2;an his wars when he was only twen- 
 ty years old, and had conquered the greater 
 part of the world before he was thirty-two. 
 His revenue amounted to above 300,000 
 talents annually. After liis deatli, his em- 
 pire was divided amon,^ his leaders, in con- 
 sef|uence of having* no lawful issue tlnd could 
 claiin liis throne. The title of kisjg was, 
 however, conferred on Aridffius, a natural 
 son of IMiilip, while Ptolemy acquired Egypt; 
 Laonsedon, Syria ; Philotus, Cilicia ; Py- 
 tho, Media ; Eumencs, Cappadocia ; Anti- 
 gonus, Pampljylia, Lyria, and Phrygia 
 Major ; Cassander, Caria ; Meander, 
 Lydia ; Leonatijs, Pojitus and Phrygia 
 Miaor ; Seleucus, Assyria ; Pcucestes, 
 Perses ; Lysiroachus, Thrace ; and Anti- 
 pater, Macedon. The other parts of the 
 Macedonian empire wcve retained by those 
 who had their governments while Alexander 
 was pursuing his conquests. But tliese 
 chiefs quarrelling among themselves for the 
 sole dominion, Macedon was governed by 
 a second race of kings, eleven in number, 
 and who reigned from A. M. 3648, to A. M. 
 
 Macedon then became a province to the 
 Eomaus, and has since been in the power 
 
 P2 
 
174 KINGS OF MACEDON. 
 
 of the Turks, who ^^overn it by a Sanziack, 
 under the Beglerbeg of Greece, So dimin- 
 ished is the revenue of Macedon, whicl' 
 amounted in the reign of Alexander to 
 300,000 talents, that it now only affords 
 eight thousand crowns. It is defended by 
 a force of one hundred horse, and keeps in 
 reaciiness four hundred more to be employ- 
 ed as the pleasure and necessity of the 
 Grand Seignior may command. 
 
 Having specified a fevf of the Grecian 
 states which we consider the most impor- 
 tant, we shall close this part of our volume 
 with only observing, that in the S3 1st year 
 of the Christian sera, Greece became sub- 
 ject to Constantine the Great, and continu- 
 ed under a succession of Eastern emperors 
 until the year 1195, when Alerius Angelus, 
 being dethroned by his uncle, occasioned 
 such revolutions, that the empire of the 
 Greeks was transferred to Nice, a city of 
 Bythinia, in Lesser Asia, by Theodorus 
 Lesarius. 
 
 The empire being again restored to the 
 Greeks, A. D. 1260, it began next w4th 
 Michael Dand, the seventeenth emperor, 
 and continued until Constantine Palseolo- 
 gus, the seventy-eighth, was trod to death, 
 after begging from door to door for his sol- 
 diers' subsistence, when Constantinople was 
 taken by Mahomet the Great, A. D. 1452, 
 
UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 BRIEF BISTORT OF THE SARACEX EMPIRE 
 
 SARACENS. 
 
 Having before traced the conquest of Egypt 
 by the Saracens, we think it necessary to 
 give an account of a people who, from the 
 basest and most humble origin, rose to be 
 the conquerors of a considerable part of the 
 w^orld. Before we enter upon the detail of 
 their sovereigns and caliphs, we shall give 
 the general character of this remarkable 
 people : They first inhabited Arabia Pe- 
 trsea, in Asia, and were distinguished for 
 their propensity to thieving, from which 
 ih,Qy are said to have derived their name 5 
 
176 **myik4RACEN EMPIRE. 
 
 Saracen, or Sarak, in the Arabic, si.i^nifies 
 to steal. They were neither to be feared as 
 enemies nor coveted as friends. Thev were 
 clothed as far as the middle with cassocks, 
 and they rode on camels and swift horses 
 both in war and peace. Not bein;^ addicted 
 to tillage, they wandered about the country, 
 with temporary huts, widch they pitclied as 
 the soil or their hopes of plunder might ex- 
 cite them. Lawless in tiieir manners, tliey 
 had no idea of refined policy. Like raven- 
 ous kites, they preyed upon all that fell in- 
 to their power. Venison, wild fowl, milk, 
 and herbs, formed tlieir chief sustenance. 
 The females, being as much addicted to 
 wandering as the males, were mari'ied in 
 one place, brought to bed in another, and 
 left their cliildren, wherever they happened 
 to be born, to the care of Providence. 
 
 The commencement of the Calipfjs of tlie 
 Saracens began A. D. G22, in the fifth year 
 of the Hegira or Mahometan »ra, and with 
 
 L MAHOMET. 
 
 This extraordinary character was born at 
 Jathripp, then an obscure village in Medi- 
 na. His father, Abdalla, was a Pagan, and 
 liis mother, Hemina, a Jewess. They were 
 both equally bigotted to their religions. 
 Deprived of his parents when but two years 
 old, he was left to the care of an uncle, who 
 
SARACEN EMPIRE. 177 
 
 I 
 
 not beinj^ able or willing, to educate him, 
 sold Mahomet, at sixteen years of age, to 
 the Ishmaelites, by whom he was sold again 
 in the public market, to Abdulmutalif, a 
 wealthy merchant. Being sometime em- 
 ployed in the household drudgery of his 
 master, his great wit and comprehensive 
 understanding were found deserving a bet- 
 ter situation. His master was, therefore, 
 induced to send him as his factor, with his 
 camels and merchandize, into Persia, Syria, 
 and Egypt. He so well acquitted himself 
 in his new service, that he considerably in- 
 creased both the wealth of his master and 
 his own estimation. I Although of low sta- 
 ture, and rather scald-headed, yet being of 
 comely aspect and particularly conversant 
 in the business of his master, on the death 
 of Abdulmutalif, he paid his addresses to 
 his mistress Cadiga, and was afterwards 
 married to her. Being thus possessed of 
 all his mastei's wealth, he relaxed in his 
 application to business in favour of a more 
 contemplative avocation. His religion be- 
 ing then Paganism, he was induced by Ser- 
 gius, a Ncstorian monk, who had fled from 
 Syria, to avoid sliaring the persecutions of 
 his sect, by joining him, in concerting a 
 new religion. Mahomet, desirous of dis- 
 tinction, and possessed of a natural turn for 
 imposition, readily embraced a proposal he 
 felt equally agreeable to his ability and dis- 
 position. lAs ho was well acquainted with 
 
178 SARACEN EMPIRE. 
 
 the genius of his countrymen, he entertained 
 the most sanguine expectations of success : 
 he was aware that the Arabians were fond 
 of novelty, and that they were strongly ad- 
 dicted to ilhisions and enthusiasm. iThe 
 falling sickness with which he was aiflict- 
 ed, and his pretended knowledge of magic, 
 were his chief instruments in imposing his 
 new faith upon the ignorant and credulous 
 multitude. The fits of his disorder, he used 
 to aver, were only heavenly raptures, in 
 which he conversed with the angcl Gabriel. 
 And, by his magic, he taught a w hite pigeon 
 to feed at his ear ; this, he said, was the 
 Holy Ghost, who institucted him in the law 
 he was to publish.] The new faith he began 
 to promulgate, ^'lis, by the suggestion of 
 Sergius, calculated to unite the Christians, 
 Jews, and Gentiles in one faith common to 
 the whole. Having retired some time to a 
 cave, near Mecca, for the professed purpose 
 of meditation, Sergius, in the interval, pre- 
 pared the people for what they were to ex- 
 pect at the return of Mahomet, whose abili- 
 ties and principles were the perpetual theme 
 of his unbounded praise. Soon after, Ma- 
 homet appeared with his Alcoran, which he 
 had particularly adapted for the union of 
 the above three religions in one profession, 
 and at the same lime, to gratify the sensu- 
 ality of the Arabians. Finding it received 
 with all the encouragement he could possi- 
 bly have expected, to increase hi&'populari- 
 
SARACEN EMPIRE. 179 
 
 ty, he proclaimed liberty to all slaves, as 
 dictated to him by the command of God. 
 The natural liberty of mankind being* thus ex- 
 tended on a principle of religion, he was so 
 espoused and supported by the populace, 
 tliat he promulgated his Alcoran without 
 the least fear or reserve. He called it the 
 Alcoran, or Collection of Precepts, to dis- 
 tinguish it from the names of those books of 
 faith wliich he professed to unite. The ten- 
 ets of which were, 
 
 T. Every one ought to believe that God is a great God_, 
 and Mahomet his prophet. 
 
 II. Every man must marry to increase the sectaries of 
 Mahomet. 
 
 III. Every man must bestow his wealth to the poor. 
 
 IV. Every one must pray five times a day. 
 
 V. Every one must keep Lent one month in the year. 
 
 VI. Be obedient to thy parents. 
 
 VII. Thou shalt not kill. 
 
 VIII. Do unto others as thou vvouldst be done unto 
 thyself. 
 
 Tlie ignorant multitude, captivated with 
 the force of his language, devoted them- 
 selves entirelv to his will, and declared they 
 would sacrifice their all in defence of him 
 and his doctrines. He proposed to them, 
 that his system should extend over all the 
 neighbouring nations. The eastern Chris- 
 tians were at this crisis infected with the 
 heresy of Ariiis, and Egypt, as well as Ara- 
 
180 SARACEN EMPIRE. 
 
 bia, was filled with Jews, who had come 
 hither on account of the persecution of the 
 emperor Adrian : the other inhabitants of 
 these countries were Pagans. But howev- 
 er Mahomet was formed for a divine, his 
 arms were the chief arguments w'th which 
 he enforced and extended the reception of 
 his doctrines. Being joined and strength- 
 ened by the populace, he commenced a quar- 
 rel with the Jews, and assaulted Medina, 
 where they had a synagogue. In this at- 
 tack, he lost some of his fore teeth, by a 
 wound in his face. In the next onset, he 
 was more successful, and prevailed at the 
 battle of Bcdez, a town situated between 
 Mecca and Medina. He took the city and 
 converted the synagogue to his own pur- 
 poses. This so alarmed the nohility of 
 Mecca, that they rose, and drove him from 
 their territories, until he returned with 
 fresh forces, took the city, and made it his 
 chief residence. From this flight the Sara- 
 cens date their Hegira, (the word signify- 
 in^ flight,) which begun about A. D. 617. 
 Mahomet greatly enlarged the number of 
 his disciples at Medina ; he declared to 
 them, that there was one God, who created 
 the world, and governed all things in it ; 
 that he had sent several prophets into the 
 world, the most eminent of whom were Mo- 
 ses and Jesus Christ ; but as the endeav- 
 ours of these had not been attended with 
 success, God had now sent his last and 
 
SARACEN EMPIRE. 18i 
 
 greatest prophet, with a commission far 
 more full and extensive than what either 
 Moses or Christ had been vested. 
 The Saracens, about this period, revolting 
 from Ileraclius, the eastern emperor, join- 
 ed Mahomet, who, with their assistance, 
 immediately reduced the three Arabias to 
 his authoi'ity. To which, after defeating 
 the forces of the emperor, he joined some 
 parts of Syria and Egypt. In the course 
 of his military operations he took Kaibar, 
 one of the strongest towns belonging to the 
 Jews. Having taken up his residence at 
 the house of one of the ^arincipal citizens, 
 wimse name was Harem, among other 
 things a poisoned shoulder of mutton was 
 served up at table, of which the pi'ophet 
 ate, and was soon taken ill : proper reme- 
 dies were however applied, and his life 
 preserved, tliough the poison was never to- 
 tallv eradicated. Whi> committed this atro- 
 cious offence nobody knew, and it was not 
 the prophet's interest to complain much, or 
 busy himself about the matter : however, 
 after his death it was discovered, that Zai- 
 nab, daughter of fJareth, had given him 
 the poison, aud on tlm principle, that, if he 
 was the great prophet he pretended to be, 
 the poison could have no eOect on him. 
 Notwithstanding the many remedies appli- 
 ed for his relief, the poison still lurked in 
 his body, and he was iVe<|ueiitIy indisposed. 
 Returning afterwards to Mecca, he fpund 
 
 VOL. IX. H 
 
182 SARACEN EMPIRE. 
 
 his health much on the decline ; the poison, 
 that he had swallowed some years before, 
 novv operated with i^reater violence than 
 ever ; he perceived that his dissolution was 
 not far off, and took a formal leave of his 
 people in the last religious harangue he 
 made to them. On his return afterwards 
 to Medina, his illness considerably increas- 
 ing, he repaired to the house of Aieska, his 
 favourite wife, and there died at the age of 
 sixty-three. [His body was kept four days 
 in expectation of his resurrection, which he 
 had predicted wcuild happen three days af- 
 ter his deceaseJpBut his corpse growing 
 putrid, it was "^terred. 1 We have been 
 more particular in this slvetch of Mahomet, 
 as being one of the most extraordinary 
 characters mentioned in history, and his 
 having been tlie founder of a religion, that 
 is embraced by a very considerable portion 
 of Europe, Asia, and x\frica. 
 
 In the following succession, we shall 
 merely mention those Caliphs, and such 
 particulars of their history as will serve to 
 trace the extensive conquests the Saracens 
 have made in different parts of the world. 
 
■vv\x/v\%.v\.v\,'* (W\'WAiw\'w\<vv\ivv\'W» iw\iv\A/w\(W\*-W"f ivy\ 
 
 CALIPHS, OR EMPERORS OF THE 
 SARACENS. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 II. ABUBEKER, 
 
 father-in-law to Mahomet, was chosen to 
 succeed to the crown, Anno Hegira 11, in 
 opposition to Aii, son-in-law to Mahomet : 
 hut out of respect to the prophet, refused 
 the title of sovereign, and took that of Ca- 
 liph, which signifies successor. 
 
 A. D. 634. in. OMAR 
 
 succeeded to the government, A. H. IT, 
 He conquered Persia, Egypt, Palestine, 
 great part of Syria, and Mesopotamia. He 
 was assassinated. The circumstances of 
 which atrocious deed are as follow : A na- 
 tive of Persia, named Firouz, refusing to 
 emhracc Mahometanism, a tax was levied 
 
184 CALIPHS OF THE SARACENS. 
 
 Upon him : hereupon he complained to the 
 caliph, soliciting that the tax might be tak- 
 en off, at least mitigated, as he was incapa- 
 ble of paying it. " AVhat trade do you 
 follow ?" said Omar. " Three," replied 
 the other. *< Very well," said the caliph, 
 ^' then you are moderately taxed." Firou2>, 
 however, who possessed a most wicked and 
 vindictive spirit, entering the mosque a few 
 days afterwards while the caliph was there, 
 took an opportunity of stabl)ing him in three 
 different parts of his body with a knife. 
 Instantaneously the wretch was surrounded; 
 but he defended himself with the bloody in- 
 strument, and stabbed thirteen others, sev- 
 en of whom died in a few hours. Fresh ef- 
 forts, however were made to secure him ; 
 and the assassin discovering tliat he should 
 be at length overpowered, plunged the fatal 
 instrument into his own breast, and expired. 
 
 A. D. 647. IV. OSMYN, or OTHMAN, 
 
 succeeded Omar, A. H. 30. Having mar- 
 ried Zeriner, the eldest daughter of Ma- 
 homet, he was raised to tlie throne, and add- 
 ed all Barbary to the Saracen empire. Be- 
 sieged in his own house by the faction of 
 Ali, he slew himself in the tenth year of 
 his reign, and 87th of his age. 
 
 A. D. 660. VI. MUHAVIUS, or MIA- 
 
 WIYAH, 
 
 having murdered Ali, his son Hasem, and 
 eleven of Hasem's sons, assumed the gov» 
 
CALIPHS OF THE SARACENS. 185 
 
 eriimeiit, by right of tbe widow of Osoijii, 
 whom he niarricd, A. H. 43. He coiir|aer- 
 cd Rliodes, Cyprus, and a gTeater part of 
 Asia Minor. He was the founder of the 
 family of iiumeygs. 
 
 A. D. 685. IX. ABIMELECli, oa AB^ 
 
 DALMELEK, 
 A. II. 68, completed the conquests of Ar- 
 menia, and Mesopotamia, and died in the 
 22d year of his reig'n. 
 
 A. D. 707. X. ULIDOU ULIT. 
 
 A. II. 90. The Sai'acens or Moors, during 
 his government, conquered Spain. He 
 reigned 9 years. 
 
 A. D. 756. XX. MAKCMET II. 
 
 A. H. 138. He built the city of Bagdad, 
 which was the constant seat of his succes- 
 sors, until the period of their destruction by 
 the Turi-is. 
 
 A. D. 787. XXIII. AARON RASCIIID, 
 
 A. H. 169, compelled Irene, empress of 
 Constantinople, to pay him tribute. 
 
 A. D. 828. XXV. ABDALLA III. 
 
 A. 11. 198, took and despoiled Crete, Silicia, 
 Sardinia, and Corsica ; and conquered the 
 Greeks. He reigned 17 years. 
 
 A. D. 832. XXyi. MAHOMET IV. 
 
 A. II. 215, wasted Italy, burnt the suburbs 
 of Rome, and harassed Sicily, Sardinia, 
 and Corsica with continual wars. 
 
 Q 2 
 
186 CALIPHS OF THE SARACENS, 
 
 A. D. 863. XXXII. MOLADI BIL\, 
 
 A. H. 245, being dead, the Ej^yptians with- 
 drew themselves from the Babylonian Ca- 
 liph, and chose one for themselves. To 
 him, all the Mahometans in Africa and 
 Europe submitted. After this division, 
 twenty-one caliphs of the Sai'acens of Bag- 
 dad or Babylon succeeded from A. D. 870, 
 until A. D. 1258, when 
 
 MUSTAZEM, 
 
 the last of this succession who enjoyed the 
 pomp and power of a pi'ince or emperor of 
 the Saracens, was starved in his castle of 
 Bagdad, by Allan, or Haulon, the Tartar, 
 in the first year of his reign. 
 
 The Saracen empire being thus divided, 
 began rapidly to decline. The kings of 
 Oviedo and Navarre recovered from them 
 a great part of Spain ; the Genoese possess- 
 ed themselves of Sardinia and Corsica ; the 
 Normans took Naples and Sicily ; and the 
 Turks finally took the greater part of the 
 Saracen empire, except what the Tartars 
 obtained as their portion. But, although 
 the extensive territories of this people were 
 thus partitioned, the caliph^s office still ex- 
 isted* and is now transferred to the Mtifti, 
 or chief priest of the Turkish Mahometans. 
 The only remaining aioiety of this vast em- 
 pire is the kingdom of Fez and Morocca. 
 

 UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 
 
 BOOK Til. 
 
 A SHORT HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF INDIA. 
 
 Although Irjjlia was very little kiiowi], 
 except from tlie inestimable roinmoditles 
 which it produces, yet from the traffic in 
 these riches European avarice was roused ; 
 and many sordid adventurers have studied 
 an acquaintance with India sword in hand : 
 they have waded throsigh the blood of the 
 natives to glean riches ; and by that means 
 have furnished us with annals, tlie bare re- 
 cital of which would make humanity shud- 
 
188 INDIA. 
 
 der. To such a hcii^ht did tliey carry their 
 unbounded avarice and barbarity, that they 
 ripped up the bowels of the inbabitants in 
 quest of the riches contaified in the bavvels 
 of the earth. The richness of India has 
 been the greatest misfortune that could haA^e 
 befallen the natives : tlicir gold shines, and 
 their damonds blaze, only to invite robbers 
 to plunler them : and while tlie heat of the 
 climatt,' and the delicious fruits of tlit' earth, 
 lull the eiTemiaate people into the lethargic 
 slumbers of luxury, they become an easy 
 prey to those who are more sordid and bold, 
 and have less conscience than thejnselvcs. 
 The natural indolence of the Indians gave 
 rise to an ancient adage, which may be 
 thus translated : 
 
 " Better be silent than to talk ; 
 Better to sit by far than walk ; 
 Lying, you'll find w>ll better please 
 Tiian sitting, if you love your ease : 
 Better to sleep than lie awake ; 
 But best — ex:stence to forsake ; 
 For death concludes the cares and pains 
 Which busy, active life maintains : 
 Let rae be indolent or free 
 From living, bustling misery." 
 
 We shall now present our readers with an 
 account of the origin, and the various revo- 
 lutions of India, from the most early peri- 
 ods of its colonization. 
 
 The ancient inhabitants of India are gen- 
 erally supposed to have descended from the 
 
INDIA. ley 
 
 sons of Noah, before they left their eastern 
 territories for the unfortunate valley of Shi- 
 nar. Otherwise, it could not have been 
 found so well peopled by Semiramis, wife of 
 Niiius, when she had there an army com- 
 posed of upwards of four millions, if we arc 
 to credit Ctesias and Diodorus Siculus. 
 Although 'this was certainly the greatest 
 regular army that ever w^as raised, yet it 
 was encountered by a force more numerous, 
 composed of Indians that were commanded 
 by their king Staurobatus, who obtained 
 the victory in which Semiramis the Egyp- 
 tian queen was slain. This indisputable 
 fact could never have happened had India 
 possessed no other inhabitants, but those 
 sent from the tower of Babel. It is, there- 
 fore, presumed that India must have been 
 peopled before this famous structure was 
 begun. Indeed all the eastern pai'ts of 
 Persia, China, and both the Indies were 
 most probably peopled by those sons of 
 Shem who went not to the valley of Shinar. 
 Otherwise it is not likely that the posterity 
 of Japhet should colonize the greatest part 
 of Lesser Asia, and the whole continent of 
 Europe, beside its islands, and that tlie sons 
 of Ham or Cham should spread themselves 
 over Babylonia, Palestine, the three Ara- 
 bias, and the whole continent of Africa, 
 while Shem and his posterity were inclosed 
 in a corner of Greater Asia, scarcely so 
 large as one of the provinces possessed by 
 
 ( 
 
190 INDIA. 
 
 either of his other hrothers and adventurers. 
 Heylin thinks the sons of Jocktan, Havilah, 
 Chat-sarmavich, Saba, and Abemail were 
 certainly inhabitants of this part of Asia, 
 from several monuments being found of 
 their residence in India. 
 
 The next who invaded India after Semi- 
 ramis was Bacchus or Liber Pater, a per- 
 son who was, in those days of error and 
 superstition, supposed to be the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Semele. In this adventure, he was 
 accompanied by Hercules Egyptus. But 
 this invader not succeeding; by arms, had 
 recourse to other means. He won their fa- 
 vour and territory by teaching them the 
 use of wine, oil, and sacrifices, with the no- 
 ble art of architecture. Tempting them, 
 in this manner, to connect themselves and 
 associate in towns and cities, he was hon- 
 oured as a god. To Hercules is ascribed 
 the nation of the Pandioni, from his daugh- 
 ter Pandoea : the memory of both was 
 preserved by statues and pillars erect- 
 ed there to their honour. [See our system 
 of Mythology.] 
 
 This country remained afterwards unas- 
 sailed until Alexander the Great, who, 
 having completely conquered Persia, invad- 
 ed India with an army consisting of 120,000 
 .soldiers. He first attacked and subdued 
 Cleophe, queen of the Mazagse, a people of 
 Indo-Scythia. Being possessed of the per- 
 son and territory of this queen, he had by 
 
INDIA. 191 
 
 her a son called Alexander, who is said to 
 have alterwards possessed the dominions of 
 his mother. Alexander tiie Great next 
 passed over the river Indus, induced Taxi- 
 les or Omphis, who possessed a territory 
 lai-.£^er than Egypt, voluntarily to submit, 
 w hich he did by presenting Alexander with 
 a crown of gold and eighty talents in mo- 
 ney, at the same time offering his assistance 
 to promote his further con(iuests. Although 
 this king was welcomed, his money was re- 
 jected without even being seen. 
 
 So far was Alexander from accepting the 
 proffered gold of this submissive monarch, 
 that he gave him a thousand talents from 
 his own treasure. Encouraged by this roy- 
 al behaviour, Abiajares, another powerful 
 prince of the opposite interest to Taxiles, 
 submitted, and was as graciously and gen- 
 erously received. Porus, whose kingdom 
 lay on tlie other side of the river Hydaspis, 
 would not so be conquered. He therefore 
 collected his forces and repaired to the 
 banks of the river. But all his spirited 
 and strenuous efforts were in vain ; for he 
 w as conquered, although with much difficul- 
 ty, and taken prisoner by the victorious 
 Alexander, who, with great and liberal 
 magnanimity restored him again to his 
 kingdom. The conqueror, not being able 
 to persuade his soldiers to accompany him 
 further east, he erected here twelve altars 
 its high as towers, and celebrated many sol- 
 
192 IxVDiA. 
 
 cmn gamcF5 and sacrifices. Having sacri- 
 ficed to the rivers Hydaspes, Acesines, 
 and Indus, he sailed down the Indus towards 
 the Southern Ocean, having seen it at 
 a distance, and turned towards Gedrosia, 
 and thence to Babylon, where death ended 
 the career of his victories. It may be proper 
 also to mention, that Alexander built the 
 city of Nicsea, and caused another city to 
 be built in honour of his horse Bucephalus. 
 
 The conquests of Alexander in India may 
 be said to have been owing either to an ad- 
 miration of his transcendent qualities, or to 
 the exercise of superior force : Indians nev- 
 er betrayed him, but preserved their prom- 
 ises with tlie strictest honour ; and they ap- 
 pear, in ail the accounts we have of Alexan- 
 der's expedition to India, to have been a 
 people well governed, obedient to the laws, 
 and jealous of those advantages that were 
 the result of their respective constitutions 
 of government; which, duly considered, will 
 appear the highest character any people can 
 deserve. 
 
 After Alexander, Eumcnes retained great 
 part of India in subjection. But the Mace- 
 donians being engaged in a civil war, in- 
 duced one Androcottus to stimulate the In- 
 dians to attempt the recovery of their native 
 freedom. He first constituted himself their 
 captain, and, afterwards, assumed to him- 
 self the dignity of being their monarch. 
 Possessed of all that had been conquered by 
 the Greeks in India, he was encountered by 
 
INDIA. 193 
 
 Seleucus, who had then ohtairied the com- 
 mand of Asia. But Androc(!ttws meetino: 
 him with an army of 600,000 fightings; men, 
 the Grecian commander was induced to 
 make a friendly peace, which was enjoyed 
 by them and their successors witli the inter- 
 change of many friendly ollices. This peace 
 was still more connrnjcd by an interview^ 
 between Antiochus the Great and Sa])ha.a^a- 
 senus, a successor of Androcottus. At this 
 meetini^, Antioclius was })rcsented with one 
 hundred and fifty elephants, and a propaise 
 of treasure to be sent aft^r him. The pos- 
 terity of Ajjdrocottus were thus left in pos- 
 session until the Roman empire attained its 
 meridian splendour. To hold this potent 
 state on the most amicahie terms, the Indian 
 king sent aiuhassadors to Aag-ustus, and 
 they presented to him a number of tygei's, j 
 
 which iiot having been before krsown in J 
 Romo proved an acceptable present. But ^ 
 llic nsost agreeable gift was a piea;-;hig little 
 i)oy, born without ar^r^s. who with his feet 
 couid be!jj{ a bow, shoot, and play on wirid 
 iastruments, with as much dexterity and 
 excellence as otheis who were not unfortu- 
 nately deprived of these limbs. Tlve empe- 
 roj* Trajaji anxiously wished to visit India, 
 from which desire he was diverted bv mat- 
 ters inter\eningof more importance to him- 
 self and his oivn empire. The rjatives of 
 iiMlia. imoressed witli a 2:rea,t opinion of the 
 I'ame of Antonius, the lioman e:iiperor, sent 
 
 VOL. n. R 
 
194 INDIA. 
 
 a solemn embassy to him ; making lum luu- 
 pire in some controversies they had witli 
 the Bactria»?s ; from these ambassadors it 
 is probable, Ptolemy, the i^reat geographer, 
 who was then living, received his informa- 
 tion of the state of India. Thev seiit, like- 
 wise, ambassadors olfsr^'ing assistance to 
 Julian the Apostate, as soon as they heard 
 he had begun his expedition against Persia. 
 How tliey conducted themselves during 
 the reigns of Constantine and Justinian 
 mav be leai-ned i?i the m?.»re voluminous his- 
 torics of tliose ii-tcresting periods. After 
 tliese reigns, history is ratlicr silent with 
 iTspect to the alfaii-s of this people, except 
 an account of some conquests niaile on thc- 
 parts next to Persia by the caliphs of Sag- 
 dad, For aUhn(^!^'h there was a continual 
 traffic from tlie jlcd Sea to India, and be- 
 tween the Persian, Turkish, aiid Indian 
 mercliants for spices, 6cr. yet these traders 
 we!*e not ac(juai!»ted sufiiciently with such 
 authentic intoi'mation as niieht appear aar 
 
 O J. a. t 
 
 way vvorthy of recording. l\bc ca'.ise oC 
 this ignorance arose from the merchants, 
 instead of vis'ting i?je country, onlv meet- 
 ing tlse natives of India at Ormus 'srsome 
 other island, whei*e thev executed all their 
 tragic. 
 
 Oise of the first who was tlie means of 
 dispelling this soijrce of historical ignorance 
 was Sir John MauileviUe, w?5>, altho'tgh 
 deemed on iiis return to be the (greatest fab- 
 
INDIA. 195 
 
 uiist i}( imy traveller whatever, yet hrouj^ht 
 most essential information respecting India. 
 The cause of jiis heing discredited was, 
 that he related circumstances that were 
 only improbable because his readers never 
 thought any thing could be so rnagnilicent, 
 any country so abundant in treasure, or 
 any soil so productive of rarities as he de- 
 scribed India. But others were more 
 wise and prudent. They credited his re- 
 part and availed themselves accordingly* 
 Ketiring to a convent at Liege, he there 
 ended his travels and his existence, A. D. 
 1372. The friars of this monastery erect- 
 ed a monument as an honourable memorial 
 of his excellencies. 
 
 Many of the circumstances he related re- 
 specting India were afterwards found to be 
 true by the Portuguese, who, under Vas- 
 quez de Gaaia first discovered this country 
 by way of the Cape of Good Hope, A. D. 
 1499. For it happened that the Portu- 
 guese, having discovered all the coasts of 
 Africa, as far as Cape Verd, by the encour- 
 agement of Henry, duke of Vise, a younger 
 son of king John I. took means to obtain 
 that wealth which thev had heard India 
 really possessed. For this purpose, Vedroid 
 Cannanibla, and Alphonso de Fagua were 
 dispatched (»n a journey into the east part 
 of India, to learn the certainty of the spice 
 trade, and to make report of such other 
 commodities as they should find the country 
 
196 INDIA. 
 
 procliiced worthy attention. Ilavinp; reach- 
 ed, by long journies, the city of Calicut, 
 and tlierc satisiied themsehes with the in- 
 formation they wanted, they prepared for 
 their return to Portu.^al. But Paj^ua dying 
 on the journey, his collea.2;ue Cannanibla, 
 being determined by tlie Hebbassine empe- 
 ror, commonly called Prester John, sent 
 home an account of all they had discovered. 
 The expectations of king John were raised by 
 these accounts, and he sent immediately Bar- 
 tholomew Diaz, A. D. 1499, to find a way 
 into the Indies by the back part of Africa. 
 These adventurers went no farther than the 
 Cape of Good Hope before they returned 
 to Portugal. Ten years after, Yasquez de 
 Gama, above mentioned, doubled the Cape, 
 and sailing northward, arrived at the king- 
 dom of Melinde. The sovereign of this 
 state sent persons with Gam;i to conduct 
 him to Calicut, where he found all ti'uc that 
 Cannanibla had related. At the end of two 
 years and two months, he returned to Lis- 
 bon, where he wasieceived widi most licart- 
 felt joy, triumj)h, and gratitude. 
 
 xlbout two years aftci', which wa:^; A. D. 
 1502, Yasquez being supplied witJi thli'tecn 
 ships and three caravels, he sailed again for 
 India, and was joined tiie same yvi*.i' with 
 an addition of five ships comsnanded by Ste- 
 phen de Gama. By this girat shTiigth, he 
 tooli some poi'ts, and tiius laid the founda- 
 tion of tliat extensive power a;sd territory 
 
INDIA. 197 
 
 possessed by tlie Portuguese in India. We 
 have tliDii^lit pr;)j)er to relate this circum- 
 stance respectiii,^ Portugal to shew in what 
 manner the voyagf round tise Cape of Good 
 Hope to India was iii'st discovered, wliich 
 has been the origin of all those enormities, 
 cruelties, and depredations, which have 
 since been committed by the Eui'opeans on 
 the natives of India. Happy had it been 
 for these unfortunate Asiatics, if the reports 
 of Sir John Maude viile, respectiiig the 
 treasures and rarities of India, had alwavs 
 been rejected as having no existence, ex- 
 cept in the brain of a romantic and visiona- 
 ry traveller, for such was he deemed by the 
 generality of his countrymen ! Europe 
 would never iiave been dishonoured with so 
 many enormous crimes, nor debilitated with 
 Asiatic luxuries ; nor would India have been 
 the unoffiending subject of massacre, rapine, 
 and depredation ! 
 
 At the beginning of the eighth century, 
 the Arabs invaded India and subjected some 
 of its islands to their domini<;!i. But they 
 did not think proper to nsake any settle- 
 ments in the coup.try. 
 
 About the eleventh century, some barba- 
 rians from Chorassan, invaded the riortli 
 side of India, carried their ravages to Gu- 
 zurat, whence they returned with an im- 
 mense plunder. 
 
 In the next century, Ghengis Khan, with 
 a Tartarian force, invaded the western parts 
 
 R 2 
 
198 INDIA. 
 
 of India, and there made the emp^^ror for- 
 sake his capital. Tlie Pataiis aftei-wards 
 possessed the fine country of ilindostan. 
 
 Near the close of the thirteenth century, 
 Tamerlane from Tartai'v, aiipeared on the 
 north side of Ilindostan ; and havinj^ secur- 
 ed the northern provinces to himselt, he re- 
 sia^ned the plunder of the southern to his 
 officers. At tlie solicitation of the Chris- 
 tians, he was diverted from his intention of 
 suhduinjg; all India, by being' induced to at- 
 tack Bajazet, emperor of the Turks. Hav- 
 ing conquered and deposed him, TamerUuH-, 
 by his conquests, found himself possessed oT 
 tiiat vast ti'act of territory which extenjfs 
 from the coast of Smyrna on the Me«litci- 
 ranean Sea in the West, to the borders of 
 the Ganj^es in the East. 
 
 The history of Tamerlane's successors, 
 who rei/:>;ned more than three hundred and 
 fifty yeai's over this extensive territory with 
 little iiderruption, has been varifuisly relat- 
 ed. But it is generally agreed tiiat they 
 wTre powerful and despotic piinces, who. 
 committing their provinces to rapacious 
 governors, frequently reduced their empire 
 to a state of dreadful distraction. 
 
 Bahar, the sixth descendant of one of 
 Tamerlane's children, reigned in Snmar- 
 cand. He was dethroned hv the Usher 
 Tartars, and compelled to take refuge in 
 the Cahulistan ; where he was receiveci wirij 
 great kindness by the governor of the prov- 
 
INDIA. 199 
 
 ince, who furnislicd him with an armv of 
 soldiers, and addressed him in the following 
 manner : ** Let not thy resentment call thee 
 to the north. Gracious Heaven hath brought 
 thee to the sweet banks of the Ivjdus, that 
 thou mayest be auorned with one oTthe fair- 
 est diadems in the world. Let Hindostan 
 be thy object : that country, distracted by 
 continual wars, is in need of a new sove- 
 reign. To Hindostan then turn thine eyes : 
 there thou mayest erect a new monarchy, 
 and establisli a fame adequate to that of the 
 great Tamerlane, thine ancest )r." Bahar 
 admired the sentiments and advice of the 
 governor, wliose name was Ranguildas ; a 
 plan of conquest v»'as quickly foi*med, and 
 prosecuted with vigour. Success crowned 
 the vast undertaking; and thus a dethnm- 
 ed and fugitive prince was orilamed by Fate 
 to lay the basis of Wi*^, subsequent power and 
 authority of the Mogul Tartars. 
 
 Soon after his important conquest, Baliar 
 introduced a severe and military discipline; 
 but while he was bringing his subjects un- 
 der the yoke of despotism, be carefully con- 
 iined it witliin such narrow limits, as to pre- 
 vent his successors, though absolute, from 
 being unjust. The chief support of his pow- 
 er was a body of 4000 men, who, by Vv ay of 
 distinction, were stvled i\\^, iirst slaves of 
 the sovereign. From this body were cho- 
 sen the omrahs, who composed the councils 
 
200 , INDIA. 
 
 of the monarch, arid on ^vhom provinces and 
 considerable immunities were bestowed. 
 
 Tbe famous Aui'engzebe ascenj'ed tiie 
 throne of llindnstan in tlie vear 1667, after 
 havin^^ staiiied his bands and memory uith 
 the blood of bis father, of his brother, arid 
 of his nephews. Auren.e;zebe is considered 
 as the real founder ainl leg-islator oi the em- 
 pire. He was a powerful and ])olitic prince, 
 and was the first who extended the empire 
 hevond the neninsula ^vitiiin the Gan'i,cs, 
 He lived so late as the vear 1707. 
 
 After Aurcn,i^'zebe, the empire was dis- 
 sected by fiis descendants, who were most 
 of them slaves to their passioiss, dupes to 
 tijeir governoi's, or victims to the strirta- 
 gems of tJjeir rivals. I'hcy held their im- 
 perial sv ay but a short time, which vvas a 
 continual scene of strile ajui ci>nfusir,n. 
 Shah Jehan, being put in tra?iquil posses- 
 sion of the empire, enjoyed it but a ii^lie 
 time ; for he died in the year 1719. 
 
 His successor was a priiue of the Mogul 
 race, who called ]jims( If Mahor.imed Shah. 
 He kept possession a considerable time, 
 against powerful opponents, until, abandoii- 
 ing himself to tlie same fatal courses of his 
 predecessors, Nizam, his principal geiieial, 
 invited Nadir Bhah, otherwise Kouli Khan, 
 the usurper of Persia, to invade his ei.ipire. 
 Nadir Shah pi'oved victorious, ar^d carrid 
 immense treasures from Hindostan wiiii iii a 
 to Persia, A. D. 1739. This ntay be con- 
 
INDIA. 201 
 
 sldered as the terniiiiatioii to the e;reatncss 
 of the ^Ioe;ul empire as iirst rstablished by 
 the dynasty of Tamerl^jic. However, Na- 
 dir Shah, having ejirichcd himself, re-es- 
 tablisiied Mahommed Shah on the throne of 
 liindostau before he returned to bis ov/n 
 conntj'y. 
 
 Soon after the above circumstances, most 
 of the India provinces, unwilling to obey a 
 prince who was found too vindictive to de- 
 serve and too weak to enforce bis despotism, 
 revolted from the government of INIa- 
 hommed Shah. This caused another inva- 
 sion from Achmet Abdallah, treasurer to 
 Nadir Shah, who had been assassinated, 
 A. D. 1747. Achmet led a powerful army, 
 marched against Delhi, and being opposed 
 by prince Ahmed Shah, eldest son of the 
 Mogul, prosecuted the war with various 
 success. l^Iahommed Shah died before this 
 war ended. 
 
 His son, Ahmed Shah, next ascended the 
 imperial throne of Delhi. But he was too 
 weiik a prince to preserve the empire from 
 daily falling into dec ay, while Aclnnet Ab- 
 dallah established an independent kingdom, 
 which was bounded cliiefiy by the river 
 Indus. 
 
 Ahmed Shah reigned only seven years ; 
 and left his subjects of Hindostan exposed to 
 great confusion and calamity. 
 
 It may be proper here to notice that the 
 power of the Great IMoguL so called from 
 Tamerlane the Mongul or Mogul Tartar, is 
 
202 INDIA. 
 
 now little more than visionary. For tLc 
 Mog-nl, who styles himself GRAND MO- 
 GUL, EMPi^ROR OF lUNDOSTAN, 
 THE INVINCIliLE CONQUEROR OF 
 THE UNIVERSE. KING OF THE 
 WORLD, THE ORNAMENT OF TFiE 
 THRONE, &c. &c. &c. has heen compell- 
 ed to soli( it, in the most humiliating' man- 
 ner, the assistance of the Eng'lish au'ainst 
 the independent nabohs tiiat surround liim. 
 He is, therefore, in the most abject state of 
 suhordinatJon. 
 
 The following yqvv singidar petition from 
 the Great Mogul, ahich was (Uited from the 
 camp at Benares, November ^2, 1764, was 
 transmitted at that period to the Couiscil by 
 Major Hector Monro : 
 
 the htjimble petition of the graxd biogul, to the 
 preside:\t and councii- at BSNGAL. 
 If this cour.try is to lie kept, put one in possession of it, 
 and leave a small fietachinetu of troops witli me, to slie«r 
 that I aiii protected by the E!)glish, and ihey shall he at 
 my expense ; that if a.^y enemy roinesat any time aorainst 
 me, I uill make such conuexiun? in the country, that with- 
 iijy own troops and tlie forementioned small dttachmcnt, i 
 ■will defend itje r»!nntry without aiiy rtirtlier assistaiice 
 from the Ena;li«h; ai.d J ivill pan them out of the revenues uj 
 my coinitry, ic'iat sum they shall demand iiearly. If U>e Ena- 
 lish Will, contrary to their interest, !;jaKe j.eace wiJh the 
 viZir, 1 Will go to Delhi ; for I caiioot tliink of returnai!^ 
 aa;ain into the hands of a niao wdo has usrd me so ili. 1. 
 have no fne'.ris 1 deper-.d upon more than the Eni:^,li'h ; 
 tlieir former behav our to me Wiil miike me ever respett 
 ar.d regard th'^m. Now is tht ir time to be in jos^e-sicjo of 
 a rouoiry aboiuiriinj; with ricncs and tre;>sure : I shall he 
 safisfied with whatever share they please, of if. The Hohilias 
 were nlways enemies to the imperious vizir ; they are all 
 my frien(is. 
 
 This C'lehrated empii'e of th'^ Gi eat Mo- 
 gul, so iiiuch faiien from its aacicnt eai- 
 
INDIA. 203 
 
 iience of splendour and prosperity, and now 
 tributary to a company of En.^Hsh mer- 
 chants, forms the secorid i2,-i*and division ot* 
 India, incl'iding the peninsula within the 
 Ganges. It is two tliousand miles lonj^ and 
 iifteen hundred broad ; and is divided into 
 twenty-seven provinces, the principal of 
 which is Beng'al ; the tributary kini^doms 
 of the peninsula, which includes the rich 
 coasts of Coromandcl and iSIalabar, tlie fa- 
 mous Golconda, and the prosperous English 
 settlement of Madras. 
 
 "Where sacred Ganges pours along the plain, 
 And Indus roll^ to swell the eastern main, 
 What awful scenes the curious mind delight ; 
 What wonders bu*'st upon the dazzled sight ! 
 There giant palms lift high their tufted heads ; 
 The plantain wide his graceful foliage spreads ; 
 "Wild in the wood the active monkey springs ; 
 The chattering parrot claps her painted wings ; 
 'Mid tall bamboos lies hid the deadly snake ; 
 The tiger crouches in the tangled brake; 
 The spotted axis bounds in fear away ; 
 The leopard darts on his defenceless prey. 
 'Mid reedy pools and ancient forests rude. 
 Cool, peaceful haunts of awful solitude ! 
 The huge rhinoceros rends the crashing boughs, 
 And stately elephants untroubled browse. 
 Two tyrant seasons rule the wide domain, 
 Scorch with dry heat, or drench with floo'^'sof rain : 
 Now feverish herds run madding o'er the plains, 
 And cool in shady streams their throbbing veins 
 The birds drop lifeless from thes-Jent spray, 
 And nature faints beneath the fiery day : 
 Then bursts the deluge on the linking shore. 
 And teeming Pie^ityopeni all her store*. 
 
(X,WW\'VV\'VW WV\ "WX W\-W^<V%'k WX'WX'VAA 'W\'W\'W\'W\IVW» 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF AMERICA. 
 
 As this work could not in our prescribed limits contain a 
 complete history of America, and as our principal ob- 
 ject wi this part of it is briefly to connect ancient names of 
 celebrated kinjidoms with their modern appellations and 
 history, we siiall merely mention the periods of the settle- 
 ment of our own country, and proceed with our princip.il 
 design. 
 
 America, its settlements: Mexico was conquered by 
 Spain, A. D. 1521, and Peru by the same power in 1539. 
 Brazil was plaiileri by the Portujijuese, 1549. .Tobn Cabot, 
 an Englishman, settled >Jcwiound1and, the tir»t English 
 colory in America, 1498. Florida was ceded by the peace 
 of 1763 to the English. Louisiana was possessed by the 
 French, 1718. Eaitward of the Mississippi was ceded in 
 1763 to the English. Virginia, the tirst British settlement, 
 in North America, was planted by James T. 1607. New- 
 England was plaisted by the Plymo'jth company, 16'2(5. 
 Pennsylvania was settled by William Penn, the celebrat- 
 ed Quaker, 1681. Lord Uaitimore planted Maryia-id, 
 1633. Carolina was beetled by English merchants, 1670. 
 New-York, although settled by the Dutch, became the 
 possession of the Eiiglisli, iGal. Genr-al Ogletiiorpe was 
 the founder of Georga, 170'^. Sir VVillia n Alexander 
 settled Nova Scotia, iCr22. After being alternately in the 
 pn;ver of France and Engb.nd it was confirmed as the pos- 
 st»ion of the latter by the peace of 1748. Canada was 
 beitied by the French, 1534. But Qut^bec, being taken by 
 General Wolfe, it becan;e tiie possession of the English, 
 1759, and was ceued by the peate of 1763. The L'nited 
 States of America were declared independent, by Con- 
 gress, Julv 4, 1776: acknowledged by Fr.ince, Feb. 6. 
 1778; by Holland, i7o'2; by Great Britain, Jan. 20, 1783. 
 Louisiana, in 18U3, w;is ceded by France to the United 
 States i;f America, for lb rwiiiions of dollars. 
 
 Campeachy B\y, first settled hy the English log-wood 
 cutters, A.i>. 166 J. 
 
 Falklaxd Tsles discovered A. D. 166':?, posr^essed by 
 the Spaniards from lise English, 1770, and again restored 
 to England, 17'/ 1. 
 
 Utjdson's Bay, was first discovered ir. the reign of 
 Eli'/abeth. 15 j3. 
 
w%i WW vwwvvwwwwv^'Ww w-% vwwx vwwvvwt 
 
 A CONCISE DICTIONARY 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aborigines, the most ancient kingdom of Italy, wa>* 
 founded by Inachus, B. C. 131). 
 
 AcHAiA was founded by Achaeus, son of Euthus, B. C* 
 1080, and is now subject to the Turks. 
 
 Algiers was anciently Nutnidia, until it was reduced to 
 a Roman province, B. C. 44. It recovered its indepen- 
 dence ; but Barbarossa, a pirate, whom the inhabitants 
 invited to protect them from the Spaniards, subdued it to 
 his power, A. D. 1510. The Ottomans next reduced it to 
 their authority, under which it still nominally remains. 
 
 Amazons are of fabulous origin. The Scythians who 
 inhabit Cappadocia, are said to be their descendants. Their 
 husbands having been destroyed by those that were accus- 
 tomed to pillage, the widows established a female state, 
 and decreed that matrimony was a shameful state of ser- 
 vitude. To perpetuate, however, this race, they admitted 
 the embraces of strangers, and whatever male issue was 
 the consequence, they sent to the fathers. A queen of the 
 Amazons is said to have lived thirteen days with Alexan- 
 der the Great in hopes of issue by him. But she died soon 
 after returning home, about 330 JB. G. 
 vox,. II. s 
 
206 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Arabia. See p. 175. 
 Argos. See p. 142. 
 
 Armenia was part of the Median Empire, until B. C[ 
 224. It is now subject to the Turks. 
 Assyrian Empire. See p. 80. 
 Athens. See p. 150. 
 
 B. 
 
 BiTHYNiA was an ancient kingdom of Asia. It main- 
 tained its independence until it was conquered by CrcEsus, 
 king of Lydia, 560 B. C. It was next subdued by Alexan™ 
 der the Great, 332 B. C. It afterwards recovered its lib- 
 erty, which it maintained until the last king of Bithynia 
 bequeathed it to (he Romans, 40 B. C. All its conse- 
 quence in modern history, is, that the Ottoman Turks rose 
 from its destruction; for this power, having taken Prusa, 
 its capital, made it the seat of their empire, until they pos- 
 sessed themselves of Constantinople. 
 
 Bombay, in India, first possessed by the English, in con- 
 sequence of Charles II. receiving it as a portion with his 
 queen, the Princess Catherine of Portugal, A. D. 1661. 
 William III. granted it to the East-India Company, 1688. 
 
 Brazil was discovered and seized by Portugal, 1500. 
 
 British Isles, first inhabited by the Britons of the same 
 race as Gauls or CcHeb. They were first invaded by Julius 
 Caesar, 54 B. C. without obtaining any conquests. Their 
 conquests by the Romans were completed by Agricola, 
 in the reign of Domitian, A. D. 85. They remained under 
 this power until 410, when they were subdued by the Say- 
 ons, who divided it into seven petty kingdoms called the 
 heptarchy, which Egbert ended by uniting them under one 
 government, when he was crowned king of England, 829 
 [See our History of England.] 
 
 c. 
 
 Canary Islands were conquered and first possessed 
 by the Spaniards, 1490. 
 
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 207 
 
 Cape de Verd Islands were discovered by the Portu- 
 guese, 1474. They are inhabited by negroes. 
 
 Ceylon, the island of, was seized by the Dutch, 1656. 
 
 China, the empire of, is said to have been founded by 
 Fohi, about 9240 B.C. It has been governed ever since 
 A.D. 1645, by emperors of the dynasty of the Manchew 
 Tartars, who then conquered this country. 
 
 Corinth, city of, was built about 1500 B. C. The 
 Romans destroyed this famous kingdom of Greece, 146 B.C. 
 
 Crete, islanr^ of, was anciently inhabited by the Idaei, 
 Dactyli, and Curetes. It first became distinguished in the 
 reign of Minos its famous legislator, B. C. 1015. The 
 Romans subjected it to their power, B.C. 66. It was next 
 conquered by the Saracens, A.D. 812. The Venetians 
 afterwards possessed this island 1S04, with whom it remain- 
 ed until it was taken by the Turks, its present possessors, 
 A.D. 16G9. 
 
 Cyprus, island of, was exceedingly famous in ancient 
 history. The Greek empenrs possessed it from the reign 
 of Theodosius, A. D. 716, urtil Isaac Comnenus re- 
 duced it to hib power. Richard I. conquered and bestowed 
 it on Guy of Lusignan, from whom began the dynasty of 
 Cyprus, A.D. 1194, which continued ui til 1475^. The 
 Venetians next possessed it. But Selim II. taking it A.D. 
 ]571, it has remained ever since under the Ottoman em- 
 pire. 
 
 D. 
 
 Denmark was inhabited by the ancient Cimbri, who 
 settled in this country, A. M. 1797. it was inhabited by 
 the Goths, and little known until A.D. 714, when Gorujo 
 reigned. 
 
 E. 
 
 East Indies were^ discovered by the Romans, but in 
 what period has never yet been ascertained. Alexander 
 the Great made many conquests in this country, 327 B.C. 
 
208 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The English first began its commercial intercourse with 
 them in the reign of Elizabeth, 1591. This trade was 
 first chartered December 31, 1600. 
 
 Egypt. See p. 54. 
 
 England. See our History of Englaxd. 
 
 Epirus. This kingdom was rendered famous in history 
 by the valorous exploits of Pyrrhus, about B. C 900. It 
 became a republic B.C. 240. The Romans next subdued 
 it B.C. 167. Being afterwards conquered by Mahomet II. 
 A. D. 466, it became subject to the Ottoman empire, 
 under which power it has ever since remained. 
 
 Flanders. This was the country of the ancient Belgre. 
 It was conquered by Julius Caesar, 47 B. C. It was next 
 subjected to France, A.D. 412, and was governed by earls 
 deputed and created by this power from 864 to 1369. It 
 was next transferred by marriage to the house of Austria, 
 and afterwards yielded to Spain, 1556. It relieved itself 
 from this power 1572 ; and now forms part of the kingdom 
 of the Netherlands, 
 
 France was inhabited by the Gauls. About B.C. 200, 
 it was colonized by the Belgae. B. C. 25, it was conquer- 
 ed by the Romans. It was afterwards divided among the 
 Goth<!, Vandals, Alans, Suevi, and Burgundi, from A. D. 
 400 u .til 476, wien the Franks, (some German emigrants) 
 established it as the kingdom of France, under its first 
 sovereign Clons. Edward III. of England conquered it, 
 excepting Pans, between the years 1341 and 1359. Henry 
 V. completed the conquest A. D. 1420. Henry VI. lost it 
 again between the y«-ars 1434 and 1450. The combined 
 powers of Europe have recently conquered it from the 
 usurper. Napoleon, and placed Louis XVIII. as heredita* 
 ry king, on the throne, 1816. 
 
 G. 
 
 Genoa, was anciently inhabited by the Ligures, who 
 submUted to the Romans, 115 B.C. with which power it 
 continued until the establishment of its republic, A.D.950. 
 
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAV. m^ 
 
 Germaxy, was formed originally inlndependent 
 states, who about B.C. 25, greatly distingui themselves 
 by their resisting the Roman power, iroiy^i period, 
 until A.D. 290, when they entirely expelli,e forcess of 
 this ambitious people from this country. (It part of it 
 was conquered 432, by the Huns, who werljven from 
 China. Charlemagne conquered and begaiigovern the 
 whole, A.D. 802. It continued with Frahc^tii U>tha- 
 rius, losing France, but preserving Germanybiused the 
 separation. The German nobles chose Con\ as their 
 first Emperor, in 912. Rodolph of Hapsl'urglias chosen 
 Emperor, after an interregnum of twenty-twoWrs,A.D' 
 1273. He was the first of the house of Austria ^O'^overri- 
 ed the country. It continued in this family unU passed 
 to the house of Loraine, by the marriage of th^eness of 
 Austria, to Francis Duke of Loraine, who was elated tm- 
 peror, 1745. 
 
 IL 
 
 HoLLAXD, was part of the Belgssan territory, ^d con- 
 quered by the Remans, B. C. 47. Thierry, first fcuiit of 
 Holland, made it a sovereignity, A.D. 8t)8, which coituiued 
 until 1417, when it surrendejed to the Duke of Brgun- 
 dy. Being oppressed by the bishop of UtrecJit, itipeded 
 itseif to Spain, from whose tyraniiy it revolted, andform- 
 ed the Republic of the United Provinces, 15")D. The 
 Stadtholdership was made hereditary in the House of 
 Orange, not excepting females, 1747. The Stadthokler has 
 recently been created kiiig of the Netherlands, and the 
 provinces of Belgium incorporated with Holland, under 
 his government. 
 
 Hungary, was anciently called Pannouia, and was 
 subject to the Romans, B. C. 11 ; conquered by the Huns, 
 A. D. 37t) ; annexed to the German empire, under the 
 reign of Charlemagne ; became an independent kingdom 
 in 920; and was made the seat of a desperate contest for 
 it between the Turks and the Germans, from 1540 to IIBO- 
 s 2 
 
210 NIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 when it by the treaty of Belgrade, ceded to the 
 latter, un'^'hose power it lias since remained. \ 
 
 I. J. 
 
 Jetvs. e P* 7. 
 
 Indos* oJ" the Mogul Empire, was first entirely 
 
 subjected Jenghis Khan, a prince of Tartary, about 
 
 A.D. 15 Timer Beck was made, by conquest. Great 
 
 Mogul, .399. His dynasty, continued until Tamerlane 
 
 possesse'imself of it in the fifteenth century. The 
 
 power the Moguls was considerably diminished by 
 
 Kouli jan, the famous sophi of Persia. Since this time 
 
 many che rajahs and nabobs have become independent. 
 
 Irejvd. They are imagined to have been a part of 
 
 the Ce3. Being divided into several petty states, it was 
 
 coiiqucd by Henry II. A.D. 1172. Edward Bruce,king 
 
 of Scoind, having expelled the English, was proclaimed 
 
 king (Ireland in 1315. The Scots were, in their turn, 
 
 expetd by the English, in 1318. The English gained a 
 
 a fim and peaceable possession of it in 16L4. 
 
 L. 
 
 Ltoia, was a very ancient kingdom, and governed by 
 a loej dynasty, until its last king Cicesus was conquered 
 by Cyrus, 544 B.C. It remained under the Persian gov- 
 ernnent until it was conquered by Alexander the Great* 
 Fonning a part of the new kingdom of Pergamos, 283, 
 Ata'ms, king of Pergamos, bequeathed it to the Romans, 
 133 B.C. Tiie Turks finally conquered it A.D. 132d. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macedonian Empire. See p. 169. 
 
 Madeira, island of, was discovered by Machnn, an 
 Englibh sailor, who fled from England for an illicit amour. 
 
 Media. See p. 85. 
 
 Morocco, empire of. The ancient Mauritania. Nesac, 
 king of Egypt, conquered it, 1008 B.C. The Romans 
 possessed it, 25 B.C. and reduced it to a provinccj A.D.bQ. 
 
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 2J1 
 
 It suffered many revolutions until the dynasty of the A\~ 
 moravides was established ; Morocco was budt by the 
 second of this family. It was next j^overned by a Mahom- 
 etan sect, which began w ith Abdalla, 1116, and ceded 1212, 
 by the last sovereign of this dynasty being entirely defeat- 
 ed in Spain. The provinces of Fez and Tremecen then 
 became independent kingdoms. The kings of Fez next 
 settled Morocco. Mahomet's descendants finally subdued 
 and united the three kingdoms under the title of the Em- 
 pire of Morocco, about 1550, which is theii present state 
 of political existence. 
 
 NoRAVAV, was, including Sweden, the ancient Scandin- 
 avia. A princess of Denmark being, by marriage, queen 
 of Norway, caused it to be united to Denmark, A. D. 1375. 
 It was incorporated with Sweden in 1815. 
 
 o. 
 
 Ottoman Eatmre, is the sovereignty of the Turks. It 
 was founded at Constantinople, on the destruction of the 
 empire of the Eastern Greeks, by Othman I. AD. 1300. 
 
 In Asiatic Turkey is generally acknowledged to be the 
 spot called Paradise, which was enjoyed and forfeited by 
 our first parents Adam and Eve, and from its teeming boun- 
 ties and beauties mankind have derived that unquenchable 
 thirst after happiness, so hopeful to the wise, and so dan- 
 gerous to those who, like the Asiatics, sufiVr themselves t» 
 be bewildered in the mazes of an ardent and fickle imagi- 
 nation, or to sink into a degenerate effeminacy. 
 
 As a became again the nursery of the world after the del- 
 uge, whence the de-cer.dauts of Noah dispersed their vari- 
 ous colonies into all the other parts of the globe. It was 
 here the great and merciful work of our redemption was 
 accomplished by our blessed Saviour, and it was from hence 
 that the light of his glorious religion was carried with 
 amazing rapidity into all the known nations by his disci- 
 ples and followers. This was, in short, the theatre of al- 
 most every action recited lathe holv Scriptures. 
 
312 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The garden of Eden, or Paradise is supposed to have 
 been situated in Mesopotamia, now the TurJiish province 
 of Diarbekir. 
 
 P. 
 
 Phrygta Minor, is celebrated in ancient history for the 
 reigns of Priam and his ancestors, and for the taking of 
 Troy itscapttal. It was added to the L)dian empire, under 
 Croesus, 560 B.C. and shared his fate. 
 
 PicTs, a race of ancient Bntons, who were totally de- 
 stroyed by the Scots. 
 
 PoNTUs, the kingdom of, became independent of the 
 Macedonians, about 300 B. C. Under the dynasty of 
 Mithridates, it became famous, until the Romans totally 
 defeated Mithridates VII. 64 B. C. Alexis Comnenus 
 founded a new empire of the Greeks at Trebisond, A.D. 
 1204, which continued until destroyed by the Turks, A.D. 
 1459. 
 
 Portugal. Its ancient inhabitants were the Lusitani, 
 who submitted to the Romans, 230 B, C. From A.D. 409 
 to 711, it was inhabited successively by the Alani, Suevi, 
 and the Goths. It was then conquered by the Saracens. 
 Connt Henry expelled the Saracens ; and his son, Aloiizo, 
 conquering Lisbon, assumed the t>tle of king of Portugal, 
 in 1146. It was seized by Philip II, of Spain, in 1580, 
 and in 1640 it was recovered by the duke of Braj^anza, in 
 whose family it remains. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rhodes was peopled from Crete, 916 B. C. The cele- 
 brated Colossus of Rhodes, called one of the seven wonders 
 of the world, 70 cubits in height, was among its curiosities. 
 
 Russia, or Muscovy. Its first chief power was possessed 
 by Rurick, grand duke of Novogorod, A.D. 862. Wol- 
 dimer was the first Christian king, 981. In 1068 it was 
 conquered by the Poles. The foundation of Moscow was 
 laid by Andaey I. who began to reign 1158. It was con- 
 quered by tne Mogul Tartars, 1200, and was restored to its 
 
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 215 
 
 independency 1540, by John Basilowitz. The Russians 
 discovered and conquered Siberia, about the middle of 
 the sixteenth century. Peter I. made it an empire 1721. 
 A revolution was eftected without bioodshpd in favour of 
 Elizabeth, 1740. Another was efi'ected in favour of the era- 
 press Catherine II. in 176^2. The emperor John, an infant, 
 was deposed, imprisoned, and at last murdered, by the 
 officer of the guard preventing his being released, by some 
 who attempted thus to restore him to his kingdom. The 
 emperor Paul, who succeeded Catherine, was murdered by 
 some of his nobles. By conquest and cession, this empire 
 is probably the greatest that ever existed, beirg about 7000. 
 miles in length, 2,400 in breadth, and containing a popula- 
 tion of 46 millions, under its present emperor, Alexander. 
 
 s. 
 
 Savoy. A part of the ancient Gallia Narboiensis, 
 submitted to the Romans, 118 B. C. In 395 it was seized 
 by the Alemans, and in 4S8 by the Franks. It shared the 
 revolution of Switzerland in 1040, when it was given to 
 Hubert by the emperor of Germany. In 1713, Victor, 
 duke of Savoy, with the assistance of the English, took 
 Sicily, which he exchanged for Sardinia, and the title of 
 king. Thus the kings of Sardinia derive the title of 
 Duke of Savoy, which was the former possession of their 
 own ancestors. 
 
 Scotland, anciently Caledonia. Its inhabitants owe 
 their origin to the Celtae. It was little known until it 
 was subdued by the Romans under Agricola, A.D.85. The 
 inhabitants were divided into two classess, called the 
 Picts and Scots. The Romans left Scotland in 410. The 
 Picts are said to have been subdued by Kenith. II. the 
 first sovereign of the whole is«land, about 839. Alexander 
 III. dying, the crown was claimed by twelve candidates, 
 which being referred to Edward I. enabled him to con- 
 quer it. The Scots did not recover their kingdom until 
 1314. James VI. king of Scotland succeeded to the crown 
 
^14 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 of England, 1603, which caused afterwards the union of 
 the two crowns. In 1707, the two kingdoms w-ere united 
 under the title and government of Great Britain. 
 
 SiciLT, was anciently inhabited by the Secanii, and 
 the Etruscans. 
 
 Spain. Was anciently divided into several small states. 
 The Carthaginians settled in the south parts of it, 630 B.Q. 
 extended their conquests in the country by Hannibal, 209 
 B.C. The Romans possesrsed themselves of the whole 
 territory, 16 B.C. who were expelled A.D. 568 by the 
 Goths Its posse>^sors, until it was conquered by the Saracens 
 in 711. The counts of Castile became masters of Leon, 
 Oviedo, and Toledo, which had before been separate 
 kingdoms, 1080. By the marriage of Isabella, qneen of 
 Castile, to Ferdinand, king of Arragon, A.D. 1479, the 
 kingdoms of Castile and Arragon became united. Ferdin- 
 and, having conquered Navarre and Granada, entirely 
 destroyed the dominion of the Moors in this country, 1611. 
 Thus began tiie Spanish monarchy. 
 Sparta. See p. 130. 
 
 Sweden. Until the reign of Borneo, TIT. A.M. 1714, 
 the history of this country is very uncertain. Margaret, 
 queen of Denmark and Norway, was called to the throne 
 of Sweden, on Albert their iiing being obliged to resign, 
 A.D. 1387. It remained united to the Danish crown until 
 1525, when Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes. Eversince 
 it has been independent. In 1772, itv.as made an absolute 
 monarchy by Gustavus III. In 1792, he was assassinated 
 by x\nkerstrora,and succeeded by his son, then 14 years of 
 age, who, in 1800, abdicated the throne in favour of his un- 
 cle, the duke of Suderraania. On his death, in 1818, Ber- 
 nadotte ascended the throne, under the title of Charles 
 
 XIIL 
 
 Sw'iTZEKLAND, and Swiss Cantons. The Helvetii were 
 
 the ancient inhabitants. Julius Caesar defeated them, 57 
 B. C. It remained subject to the Romans until some Ger- 
 mans emigrated. The A lemans conquered it, A. D. 395. 
 
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 215 
 
 Clovls, king of France expelled them in 496. It was made 
 part of the kingdom of Biirj^undy in 1037. The last king 
 of Burgundy gave it to Conrad II. the last emperor of 
 Germany. It then became a part of the empire, and re- 
 mained until 1307, when a singular revolt established its 
 present independency, and the name of the Thirteen Can- 
 tons. Its government was then made a republic, 1315, and 
 it was confirmed by treaty with the other European pow- 
 ers, 1649. Seven of the Thirteen Cantons are Catholics, 
 the other six are Protestants. 
 Syria. See p. 119. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tartary. The famous Ghengis Khan was the first ac- 
 knowledged sovereign of this extensive country, A. D. 120G. 
 It was pos-?essed by his descendants until 1582, when the 
 Moguls revolted to the Manchew Tartars, whoretgnedin 
 China. The Eluths became independent about A. D. 1400, 
 in which state they remain at present. 
 
 Thebfs was called Cadma,from its founder Cadmus. It 
 was made a republic, SSO B. C. was dismantled by the Ro- 
 mans, 145, and is now in possession of the Turks. 
 
 Thrace was a very considerable portion of the ancient 
 Greece. Philip and Alexander conquered and annexed it 
 to the Macedonian empire, 335 B. C. Byzantium, on 
 whose ruins Constantinople was built, was the capital. 
 The Turks took it, A. D. 1453. 
 
 Troy was built by Tros, on mount Ida, about 1400 B. C, 
 His son Illus, named it Ilium, about 1381 B. C. The con- 
 federate Greeks, after a siege often year?, burnt it and des- 
 troyed its kingdom, 1184 B. C. The Arundel lan marbles 
 date its d'-struction, 1509 B. C. 
 
 Tunis and Tripoli. The former is situated very near 
 where the ancient Carthage stood. They both formed 
 great part of the Carthagenian state. The Romans des- 
 troyed thejn entirely after the third Punic war, 148 B C 
 Tripoli was taken by Dragut, a famous Turkish pirate, 
 A. D. 1551. Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, form the three 
 
216 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 piratical states of Barbary. Algiers and Tripoli are part- 
 ly su;»ject to the Ottomans, while the emperor of Morocco 
 governs Tunis. 
 
 Tyre. See p. 112. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vemce was anciently inhabited by the Veneti. The^ 
 Gauis having conquered it, made it a kingdom, 355 B. C. 
 Marcellus the Roman, conquered it, and slew the Gallic 
 king, 221 B. C. The islands on which Venice is built, was 
 first inhabited A. D. 4'21, by Italia/is who fled from the 
 Goths, and other barbarous nations, who ravaged Italy. 
 The republic was made independent, A. D. 803. It was 
 first governed by Doges, A. D. 697. It is now a part of 
 the Austrian territory. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wales was peopled by the ancient Britons, who fled 
 from the tyranny of the Saxons, A. D. 447. Thus Wales 
 remained until Henry I. subdued South Wales, in 1157 ; 
 and Edward I. entirely reduced the whole, and ended its 
 independence by the death of Llewellyn, its last prince, 
 1282. The Welch were not reconciled to this revolution 
 until the queen happened to be brought to bed at Carnar- 
 von, of a son, who was styled Prince of Wales, J284. 
 Wales was incorporated with England, by an act of par- 
 liament, 28 Henry VIII. 1536. 
 
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