UN 78 .114 fipp. Copy 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 027 272 320 5 78 14 *. >py 1 TO SOCIOLOGY OR THE SCIENTIFIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY, GOVERNMENTaPtpPEEpT. UPON THE PRINCIPLES OF The individuality or separateness of ownership, the equal- ity or equalness in quantity and the perpetuity or entailment of the private ownership of life, manhood, government, the Home- stead and the whole product of labor, by organizing all nations into states and townships of SELF-GOVERNED HOMESTEAD DEMOCRACIES, SELF-EMPLOYED in farming and mechanism combined, giving all the liberty and happiness to be found on earth. By LEWIS'MASQUERIER. INSCRIBED TO JNO. A. L.ANT, A WORKER IN THE CAUSE^OF TRUE REFORM. NEW YORK: Published by the Author. 1884. Alcln^s, Lewis Masqueiler. 99 Java St.. Brooklja, (E.D.) New York. 44 J 45" ^ d IS* 3 £• PI 52* SOCIOLOGY, AND ANALYZED BIGHTS AND WBONGS. RIGHTS. (h'ders. Qmeras Body. % 73 p-t _ Specie$. ( Peace, •J Personal Security, ( Health. Vitality or Life. ■a Mobility, Industry, or Labor. Mentality, Volition, or Sovereignty. Limbs. Reproduction. Manhood. Locomotion. Democracy, or Peopledom. A ality y or \ manity. 1 Morality \ Humanity. t f^ Homestead or Mansionry. I Public Prop'ty for Common Use. 'Land or Nat- j ural Elements, \ Improvements or Farm. Public Grounds) and Buildings, j Ighways or J tRoads. j { Produce. ( Potency, •< Skilfulness, ( Virility. ' Paternity, Maternity, Monogamy. Self -ownership, Self- employment, Citizenship. Personal Liberty, Exercise, Emigration. Township Commune National u International " Opinion, Reputation, Philanthropy. Soil, Minerals, Water, Air,Li^it, Electricity Dwellings, Barn, Shop, Store, Garden, Field, Orchard, Forest, Fishery, Poultry. Parks, Squares, School, Museum, Town-Hall, Wharfs, Common Roads, Railroads, Bridges, Depots. Foods, Materials, Tools. Moveables or Products. Fabrics. Currency. Clothing, Ornaments, Furniture. Specie, Equitable Exchange N-te. SOCIOLOGY. AND ANALYZED BIGHTS AND WBONG8. WRONGS. Orders. Qeneras. Homicide. Species. ( Aggressive War, •J Murder, ( Capital Punishment Violence or Battery. Mutilation. ( Mayhem, ■J Emasculation, ( Maiming. t-i l-l Ph r tu3 S3 £ D2 a Natural wants demand the right of all human beings to an equal, perpetual and individual share of soil for homesteads, giving the power of self-employ raent; and also power of self-gov- ernment by direct vote for law in organized townships throughout all nations. The Earth is ^^ and sojourn - the common ^4$^%11 erswith me. — mother of all, ^fr«fl^ Lev. xxv. 23. for she is just. A^ IVSl ^^S * set cut ou —Apolonins. (T ^Tm a **"S ground, The Land/J^ ^^x^V pose to be self- shall not bef " ^V ii/fcl / evident, the sold for ever ; , > Egg^J %^\ Earth belongs for the Land is A^=- ^%B@p> jn usufruct to Mine, and ye ' |V ™*^& the living — are strangers Jefferson. The most undone being in the limits of Judea, had still a bold in the land. His ruin could not be final, for in the last extremity he could not be scorned as one whose birthright was extin- guished.— Croly's Jubilee. Harvest fields are waving signals Telling man true paradise * Is a life-owned farming homestead That no debt can sacrifice. — [l.. m. THE THOROUGH PRINCIPLES OF RIGHTS AND WRONGS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SOCIETY. Our bodies and external world of soil and appurtenant elements of air, water, light, etc. are the only true founda- tions of all our natural wants and rights. That the or- gans of bodies may have intercourse with surrounding things, the great organizer, Nature, has cunningly in- terwoven the human body with five great systems of organs— the osseous, vascular, reproductive, muscular (with the jointing of the bones), and the nervous. These organs elaborate respectively the great properties of form or shape and support for other systems, that of vitality, or life ; that of generation, or continuance of the species; that of mobility, motion, industry and labor, and that of mind, emotion and volition. These organs, then, withj their properties, are the true foundation of the five great personal wants and rights of manhood or form, of life, of offspring, of locomotion or labor, and of mind, voli- tion, sovereignty or power of government. 4 OFFIOERY OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT." These rights, with the two great rights to property— that to a share of the soil and appurtenant elements, and that to movables or products of labor, make up the seven great orders of wants and rights belonging to every hu- man being. Npw, the violation of these five personal wants and rights perpetrates the wrongs or crimes of the extinction of manhood, of life or murder, that of mutilation, that of chattel and hireling slavery, and of the usurpation of volition,, sovereignty, or the power of government belong- ing to every human being in proper person, and not by the absurdity of a so-called delegation. Then the viola- tion of each human being's two natural wants— an equal, perpetual and individual right to a share of the soil, by its monopoly, and also to the product of labor or move- ables, constitutes the two great classes of wrongs or crimes against property. But this enumeration of rights and wrongs is not suffi- cient for the perfect understanding of their science. For there are three great principles or laws that must co- operate and run through or permeate each of them. They are > first, that of individuality, isolation, or sepa- rateness, to keep them and all things from a chaotic confu- sion. For Nature aims at making all individualities stand out in bold relief, else there would be no identity of things. A commixture or communism of things, therefore, vio- lates the individuality of rights and ownership of pro- perty, and tempts the workers to shift the duty of labor upon their co-communists. But the proper principle is to put each human being upon his or her individual ownership, with the sublime freedom of self -direction, self -employment, and stimulus to do their duty, and to generate no more offspring than the homestead* or farm can support, so as not to burden themselves or the town- ship people too much. Now, again, as each human being's natural wants are so nearly equal, they must command. an equal share of property for the means of subsistence and exist3nce. Equality, proportion, or equalness of quantity, is there- fore the second great principle of the ownership of pro- perty and the exercise and enjoyment of all personal rights. This principle shows that the monopoly of the soil is a great violation of the means of subsistence and existence, ending in pauperism and misery. None should own more than their share of soil, and labor for "THE WRONG OF LAiSDUOUBRY. KfcJteiAbrE ANU 5 the means of living. Nature provides only an easy com- petence for each. The third great principle; of rights is that of inaliena- ti&n, perpetuity, entailment, ©r continuance throughout life of an equal share of home or homestead ; all should perform an equal share of labor with their own hands, and sl&euld also vote direct for law fey naeaias of township divisions throughout a state, and not attempt to do it through the absurdity of a supposed or charlatanic dele- gate. The usurpation of sovereignty, or the power of government is violated by a vicegerent, by a substitute, or a so-called representative, who only votes his own identical will for law. It is a hoary-aged error to legis- late by the will of another. It is bad enough when both people and their supposed representatives are equally ignorant of the true principles of rights. But how much purer would legislation be if done by township divisions, and not by officers and office-holding government. But this view of the subject is too novel yet to be heeded for several generations. The stupid people will still suffer these parasitic officers — mere incubuses and dead-heads, — to dupe them with rack taxes and rents ; and when they attempt revolution and a redress of grievances, will muster halt the ignorant people into standing armies to slaughter the balance. It is ignorant rulers misruling the ignorant people. To aid the application of this view of rights with their principles, the land of the earth should be surveyed into states, townships and homesteads, with the cardinal points of latitude and longitude. The capital ©f each state should be situated as near as possible at the inter- section of the odd-numbered degrees, and both be named phonetically, the state latitude north five from the equa- tor, and longitude east one from the meridian of Lon- don, then LA-Nb-Fa-LD-e-wu. The townships should be surveyed and numbered from that point exactly by the initials and figures of north, south, east and west, — thus, N2el, Nle2, and N2W1, N1W2, and so on by the other two cardinal points until they cosae out at the even numbered degrees of latitude and long&ttde, which will become the boundaries of every state. And then each township six miles square should be subdivided into five hundred and seventy-six homesteads of forty acres each, and be numbered and nanaed with 6 OFFIGBKY OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. the cardinal points on the same principal as the town- ships— thus : north two, east one ; north one, west tw© ; south two, east one, and south one, we»t t^e. And when spelled phonetically and abbreviated would be Nb-Tu-e-wu, ^d-wu-we-tu, and so on. Again each of these forty acre homesteads may be divided into ne nw sb and sw homesteads of ten acres yfhen population demands it. And still the four central forty-acre tracts, if the ground is suitable, should be laid off in each township as its village, and should be the property of the town- ship people. On its central public square the town-hall, college, mart, etc., should be located, while all the rest of the lots should be used by manufacturing companies and individuals, so long as they use them without paying any rent. The companies must be composed of persons who, while part of the family, must still cultivate and live on their homesteads, must all work with their own hands, as there are to be no hirelings, only an exchange of labor. The town's people must build, manufacture, etc., for each other by contract, and avoid the degradiag servility of hire and wages. The main streets should run and be named by the cardinal points, as North, South, East and West streets ; and the cross streets by their numbers, as First, Second, Third, etc., from the central square. The lots enlarge toward the suburbs, giving different sizjgs for different manuf actories. The natural right of every person to a share of the soil adequate to their support was agitated by George ft. fivans, thirty-five years ago, as the first Gracchus or the nineteenth century, and resulted in granting homesteads on our public lands, but not making the titles inalienable, soon became alienated again. The writer of this labored under Evans' lead, furnished these diagrams for the sci- entific division of the territory of the earth as above mentioned, and urged the division of sovereignty, or pow- er of government in equal sufferage among the people by townships in proper person, as well as that of soil by Evans. This monopoly of the soil and usurpation of sovereignty must ultimately be abolished when man- kind come to understand it. The second agitation of homes for all, is that which has been agitated by the' leaders of the Land League in Ireland. But as it is agi- tated by both a Catholic and Protestant population, with popes and priests denouncing the so-called republics, and THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AND 7 the exercise of even private opinion, but little reform can be the result, asr yet. The above mentioned scientific division of the earth is illustrated by the following: Diagrams of the four central townships subdivided into homesteads, as a part of a state, with a plan for their villages. Now, as the above explanation of the principles of rights and plan can be slowly adopted in practice, sliding measures will have to be used to accomplish this thorough reform of society and nations. One of them may be thtft, where the people in any locality in any nation, may be- come sufficiently intelligent, they may survey all town- ships six miles square with the lines of the cardinal points ; and counting from the equator and principal me- ridian, can name them by the numbers of their position near enough to agree with "the numbers of other -t(Avn- 8 OFFICERY OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. ships when the whole earth becomes thus subdivided, into states, townships and homesteads. Another measure would be to equalize ownerships of each one's share of forty or ten acres, as population would demand. This could be done by requiring all hav- ing about that share to keep it from alienation as much as possible, and those having more than their or their children's share, to sell off other shares to landless per- sons — though the principle is wrong to sell land, which should only be exchanged. The overplus lands must be sold, but at a moderate price, and the money received by the claimants so demoralized, that it would outrage their foolish covetousness, and thus avoid all forcible agrarian division of property, which is such a big bug- bear to the aristocrat. This was the plan of Geo. Henry Evans, and is more practicable than that of Skidmore, who proposed an in- ventory of all property and of auctioning off each one's share ; or of O'Brien, who proposed the nationalizing of the soil in these huge landlord office-holding govern- ments, with no check upon their piling up ground rents. But it is the author who generalized and applied JEvans' developments of an equal and perpetual owner- ship of a share of the soil, to the five great personal properties, wants and rights of manhood, life, reproduc- tion, mobility or labor, and of opinion, volition or sov- ereignty. That if each one's share of soil should not be alienated by traffic, debt, tax, mortgage, will, etc., nei- ther should manhood be degraded into a chattel, life into death-punishment or a hired soldiery, the reproductive power into prostitution, the right of mobility into im- prisonment, or labor be degraded by the servility of hire- age, and the right of volition, sovereignty or the power of government, be usurped and violated by the institu- tion of a class of persons called officers, acting as so- called vicegerents or representatives. The people them- selves must self -live and self -reproduce, hence the power of self -employment, and have the power of self -thinking and of self-government in proper person. And for this purpose I have proposed the foregoing scientific division and nomenclature of the earth ; so that every human being of both sexes can vote in town-hall direct in prop- er person for the very little law needed when all are equally established in their rights, and their votes count- ed by township and state secretaries, and the law pub- THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AND 9 lished in a state paper, and sent to every family in a state, and its subscription to go to the support of the sec- retaries, as the only tax upon the people in addition to the twenty -five cents poll tax to keep the township roads and public buildings in repair. And then disputed cases may be Settled by referees appointed by the disputants, who should act gratuitously with no fees of any kind to be paid to any but the secretaries. The dwellings, shops, and barns to be built 150 feet apart on the dividing line of every homestead, will make them near enough to constitute a rural city of the whole earth — leaving the present cities of jamed-up houses to fall into ruins. Fences will not be needed on good farming lands, as stock will be raised as a specialty far off on hilly, timber-growing lands. But each home- stead, besides its row t>f fruit trees on its boundary, will also grow a grove of forest trees on the higher part of its grounds. The lower and richer soil should be used for vegetable plants. A tank, with wind-wheels pumping up water for irrigation, would thus secure against drouth and the owner be independent of either rain or provi- dence. This reformation of all the institutions of. the earth, is the only thorough, check that can be given to the present conspiracy of the landlord legislature and cabinets to monopolize land and the governing power, so as to keep the masses, by rack-taxes and rents down to the point of pauperism, so as to fill their places, with cheap servants, their factories with hirelings and their barracks with soldiers to suppress reform at home and to depredate up- on weaker nations abroad. The British, Russian, and French rulers are steam shipping oceans, ca*aling istmus- es between seas, railroading and telegraphing through seas and countries, with the hypocritical pretense of pro- tectorates, and to force the production of new materials for their factories, so as to make their countries the work-shops of the world, while they are turning their lands into pasturage, parks and hunting grounds. They are now exterminating the poor Irish for this purpose, by eviction, famine and emigration. But the above statement of the baleful consequences of the monopoly of the soil and- its products with the usurpation of the people's sovereignty or power of gov- ernment, by a class called officers, does not show the whole of their progressive phases, modifications or ram- 10 OFFICERY OR . OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. fied wrongs and evils. The production and distribution of products or movable things, have increased, perhaps ten-fold during the last half century. But the increased improvements in machinery and architecture, have kept pace with the growth of population, and perhaps, about nine-tenths of the producers will be eventually thrown out of employment — leaving the remaining one-tenth to pay for the support of society. The improvements in steam-ship navigation, rail-road- ing ramified over continents and canaling between seas and rivers, though they facilitate emigration, the cros- sing of races and knowledge of rights and wrongs ; yet they increase the monopoly of production and distribu- tion. The quicker returns of fares and freights than the profits of other investments, stimulate the speculative propensities to increase these instruments of distribution until like other institutions, they will monopolize beyond what humanity can bear, and then will have to submit to an entirely new phase of revolution. For they will at length distribute too much and at too'great a jost to the wants and productive powers of the soil. The trans- portation of carbonized and nitrogenized constituents of food from one country to another, robs them, and their soils become unable to support their animals with man, and hence famines and plagues will abound. The Eng- lish agriculturists have been taught this and are return- ing all ordure as food for their plants. This will at length teach man everywhere that he must produce his food and fibrous substances direct from the soil and not ex- port them to other countries and lose all the ordure from them. Animals as well as vegetables must be cultured and fed upon the soil and return the ordure or food back to it. But to transport food, fibres and other products to large cities, with all their refuse matters run off by sew- erage into seas and rivers poisoning their waters and rob- bing the plants and animals of their food, ought to be considered as a criminal practice. But the great power of wealthy capitalists to purchase and freight the products of cultivation and manufacture as well as to^ transport passengers in over-growing cities, and to forestall for higher prices, will, it is to be hoped, teach the producers their natural right to a share of the soil, and cause them to seek refuge to it. With every one attached to an entailed homestead, with central vil- lages containing only the town buildings and manufac- THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AND 1 1 tories, with the dwellings, barns and shops on each one's home, will, whether on a forty or ten acre tract, consti- tute a rural city of the whole earth. This will leave the present overgrown jamed-up cities of all nations, to fall into ruins or use their materials to build these rural cities, TOWNSHIP DIAGRAM. \_L___ — , "\7 ' ■ Y\ V e Mile rkand I t£z~ The ownership of these permanent homes will eve*" improve the industry and taste of all, that they will ridge up graveled walks and roads all around their farms, clump forest trees all around their boundaries, with smaller trees for fruit next to them — leaving the central ground for fields and gardens. This will leave a clear space for stationary steam-ploughs to break them* up ev- ery spring, so that they can be cultivated by the spade the balance of the season. Thus wood for fire and build- ings can be raised by every farmer with all kinds of food. In the lower grounds wells can be dug and seldom fail to strike water, which can be pumped up by aNwind 12 GFFICEftY OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. whesl into a tank or pond, high enough to run the water through pipes to the Jdtehen and to all the farm, to irri- gate m ary seasons, when the skies refuse rain. Fish may be reared in the pon4s and creeks ; while sheep, cat- tle and a few horses, may be reared as a specialty on grounds unsuitable for farming, so that the great cost 6t fences can be dispensed with. Express wagon carriers can transport all surplus products for trade or ex6hange, and thus save the expense of each farmer keeping a horse and vehicle of any kind that has to lie out of use so much. VILLAGE DIAGRAM. To aid, therefore, in establishing these thorough prin- ciples of rights in a new form of society, the soil of the earth must be divided into states, townships and farm- steads, with plainly marked corners and lines with cen- tral' villages, where all can vote and govern without offi- cers and their salaries ; with the aid only of committees and referees, but paid secretaries to keep records, while the distributors of the mails will receive their pay from the postage or betters. .a.. THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAG-E AND ] ! ENTAILED HOMESTEAD THE TRUE REM EDY OF LAND MONOPOLY. AIR— No Place Is Like Home. 1 Equal Homestead entailed giv^s the power to save From rack-rent age, evictions, #om fatp*»es--*the grave. Hfqual Farmstead life-owned, as seeded by entail, Saves from taxage and debt, from all purchase and sale. Chorus— Hemestead, equal Farmstead entailed, equal Farm- stead entailed, Saves from tax> rent and debt, from all purchase and sale. 2 A just law of entailment would ever secure, Equal Farmsteads to all ; none would ever be poor ; J-or the need of this law first applied to all rights, Poor producers are starved by tax-governing wights. 3 E$ual Homes should be private and never be sold ; Skould be only exchanged for each other — not gold. They should never be taxed ; as all own the same lands, Taxing products could pay all that ruling demands. 4 The class rule of a few landed owners and rings, Have usurped and grasped most all earth's better things. Landlord rule is rack-renting, evicting, unawed, Poor starved tenants and by mankind should be outlawed, 6 To reform all mankind, now made tyrants and fools, They must organize townships with Nature's just rules; Enact laws that no taxes and rents should be paid ; So that nothing could ever the farmstead invade. 6 Without officery -holding and sinecure elves, The good people by townships can govern themselves. Office-holders have cursed through all ages poor man, Until forced to invent tjiis self-governing plan. H OFFICERY OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLES OF RIGHTS AND WRONGS. AIR— There Is no Place Like Home. 1 There is nothing but man and all things, that surround, And that act-on his organs, through fbdd, light and sound, fienee a natural want and a*right must arise, From this intimate connection with soil, air and skies. Chorus— Behold ! this is the natural foundation and might, Guaranteeing to all entailed freedom and right. Behold how the lungs and the stomach combine, To digest air and food, to give growth, life and mind ; So, if these are shut off, we will dwindle' and die; There is nothing besides on which life can rely. Any law that entails not the owning and use Of a share in the soil, will create an abuse. To monopolized Farmstead or rentage belongs More than half of man's vices, his crimes and his wrongs. But the rest is produced by an officer's rule Of the people he makes his electoral tool, To be taxed and made paupers, pimps, soldiers and slaves, Go to war at the bidding of cabinet knaves. Office-holders are nothing but parties and rings ; k The good people themselves are the only true kings. Thii& the people at last are fast learning the cause Of their wrongs, and by townships will vote better laws. Yes, the people by township democracies learn That few officers living on taxes discern, That mistaken self-interest, is ever a blind To most all from perceiving the rights of mankind. THE WRON-3- OF LANDLORDRY, HIRE AGE AND 15 THE OUT EAGE OF BRITISH RULERS. AIR— Battle Cry of Freedom. O^j these plundering British rulers, rack-tax the land- lords' land, Who add it to the rents oi -tenants, With more yet for their own living — a parasitic band; While tenants shift it to the hirelings. Chorus: Rulers make men paupers and depredate abroad. Bown with officers, men, rule yourselves. For you can not rule through others by any delegate, But only in your personality. Oh ye office-holding rjilers, you really tyranize, And cause more wrong and vice than virtue. But you do it all — not knowing, wherein the evil lies, I?or right and wrong are yet a chaos. Yet unconscious barbarous rulers, make ignorant tools of all, To labor, swet and bleed in warfare. Mad for wealth and lawless power, they seldom see their fall ; Until the dagger stops their outrage. The mad English and the Russian, are thirsting to divide Between themselves, the Asian nations. But a Homestead owning people, could stop a Caesar's pride And his unconscious lust for conquest. The arch-felon British rulers, are snatching every crown ; Outrage, all weak and and peaceful nations ; Shoot Hindo patriots from their cannon, burn Egypt's city down, For owing borrowed, unpaid money And who loaned it for the purpose, their way of giving bribes, Pretending false protectoraties, Like robed, conquered India and Siam, with other help- less tribes ; While groaning under British taxes. But such rulers with their armies, should be by all out- lawed, For wanton murdering' brother heathens. Thus, they pirate on aU nations, and tramp down all rough shod. And make them "pay for heating poker/' THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIRE AGE AND 17 STRUGGLE FOR HOMES FOR ALL AGAINST LANDLORD RULERS. AIR— Battle Cry of Freedom. 1 May the Land League agitation, from Ireland expand, Until all gain their shares of farmstead. For it gives the means of living upon their own freed land, Instead of begging work from bosses. Chorus— The Farmstead saves from famine gives self-employment; Stop all land-grabbing, strike for a Home. All must share in soil and farming, for it secures their rights A true inalienable Homestead. 2 Go for something more substantial than emblematic flag, And shout for private, equal farmstead. Come, men, rally round the farmstead instead of but a rag, And claim inalienable homestead. 3 The reform of Homestead owning by Evans' years of toil, Is taking root from Irish famine. All reformers now are seeing that all must share in soil ; For nothing else relieves starved tenants. 4 See how Davitt braves with Egan the British jail and rage, And Dillon, Brennan, George & Parnell ; [this age While Devyr, Duganne and Ingalls are first Gracchies of With Evans, Julian and Masquerier. 5 Patriot Evans, world reformer ! thy soul will ever teach, All must have life-owned shares of farmstead. By thy philanthropic reasons, now yearly famines preach That all must partly live by (honest) Farming. 6 But curst famines yet are coming, to learn us all far more, Than ages past of falsely thinking, [men poor. Still, law makers, like the landlords, rack-tax and make Reducing them to hirelings and soldiers. 7 Yes, all officers in ruling, rack-taxes properties, The same as landlords in rack-renting, With the power of increasing, unchecked their salaries, Just as the landlords raise their rentage. 1 8 THE WRONG OF LANBLORDRY, HIREAGE AND GEORGE HENRY EVANS AND OTHER ADVOCATES OF LAND REFORM. Air— Battle Cry of Freedom. 1 In these modern times came Evans — th' Columbus of the Discovering homes far every person ; [age, Saw that grasping soil and ruling had reached a latef With landlords, hirelings, and tenants. [stage, Chorus — Perpetual homes are ignored by rulers and the laws : Strike down landlordry, farm your own soil ; Be no servile voting lackies for office-holding clubs, "Who live by taxing useful workers. 2 Some disciples Evans rallied worked hard witti zealous mind : Windt, Tread well, Commerford, and Greeley, With Walsh, Ryckman, Smith, and Gregory, McKenzie, Price and Pyne, With Hunt, found homes in hearts of brethren ! 8 Those still urging farmstead owning, are Ingalls and Devyr, Rowe, Drury, Hacker, Barr and Smalley, [rier, With McClatchey, Beeny. Tabor, Buganne and Masque- Were pioneering land reformers. Cowen, Hall, Devoy and Wallace, Kinsella, Weekes and Newberry, Cotton,. Hume atfd Godwin, [Bay, With Green, Ingersoll and Youmang, Sell, Underwood Denounce class laws and pious evils. [and Bray, 5 Monroe, Seaver, Graves and Menduna, have stood life- guard for all, With Jamisen, Bradlaugh and Tyadall, As man's true and wise Salvatsrs, to rescue them from To find on earth their only heaven. [thrall, 6 Ladies Underwood and Wix®n, Howe, Colby, Rase and Lant, With Stanton, Slenker, Burnz and Gibson : Also Anthfrfiy, Stone and Parnells, with Thompson and Besant, Are man's help-mates securing homesteads. OFFIGEBY, OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 19 7 The departed friends in congress, who struck the landed Are Sumner, Wilson, Hale and Stevens ; [foe, But the leaders Julian and Holman, with Kelly, Cox and Still fight for homesteads for all people. [Grow, 8 The next greatest agifcation since Evans found for all A home, is that in fnartyred Ireland, There land leaguers fend salvation is only in the soil ; The truest Savior from famine, 9 There, the leaders most heroic, with Pavitt at their van, Are Dillon, Brennan, George and Parnell, With Quinn, Egan, Sexton, Meehaa and Healey, Sheridan, Have suffered in the British bastiles. 10 Redpath, Post, Lant and Blissert all zealously contend With Nulty, McGlynn and Hanson, And Paepe, Reynolds, Hugo, Rochfort, rouse workmen to defend Their natural rights to soil and labor. 11 But with ignorant priests denouncing the people's govern- And independent private thinking, [meat, No complete land reformation, can get some priests' con- Because it makes men too frss-thoughted. [sent, 12 This galaxy of reformers, seen now through cloudy sky, Will yet blaze out in wisdom's glory ; The electric lights of nineteenth era, whose naniR> will never die, Because they start the thorough doctrine Of equal homes for every person. 13 Paine gave use of soil to people— states living on "ground rents," While. George gives property in common ; Evans gave to all a homestead, still cursed by [office- holding] governments, While Ma^querier givers farms and ruling, By voting law by all the people Bjr/febwB^Siips throughout every nation — Hiills olHeers as well as landlords. 20 THE WRONG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AND *PLAN OF FARMSTEADS WITH WIND AND ELECTRIC POWER MILLS. (Inscribed to Frederick Law Olmstead.) With farms bounded by roads and crses, the wind will sweep through the vistas, be strongest at the corners of them, and become good sites for wind and electric power mills. They are the cheapest of all motive powers, even that of water, and is sufficient for farming purposes, which do not require so much steadiness. The barn and mill can be combined in the same build- ing and be built upon the exact southeast corner of every farmstead. A deep cellar, shallow subseller and tunnels should extend from every side of them with divisions be- tween, to store different kinds of vegetables beyond the reach of frost. The first and second stories above ground, should be used for all kinds of cereals that must be kept dry. The wind-mill shaft should reach down its south- east corner to the cellar to grind the fruits, while the grains should be ground on the first floor. Boxes holding a certain number of bushels can be run on wheels upon the graveled or macadamized roads around all the farms, right to the cellars beneath and floor above, and convey all its products from the ground where grown, with wheel-barrows for shorter distances. These mills may not only manufacture all kinds of ce- reals for bread-stuffs, but can be used to grind and press ijit the juices of all fruits, as well as the stalks and fibrous plants, such as flax, hemp, cotton, etc., for their lint and spun or felted for bedding, clothing or stuffing purposes. Wells may be sunk under the wind-mills, and water pumped up high enough to flow by gravity to the kitch- ens or to nil tanks or ponds forpisiculture and irrigation. The domestic fowls may be raised, fed and have a roost in the upper part of a shed built against the side of the barn with shelves for nests and hatching beneath, Sheep, cows, horses, etc., may be raised in hilly, mountainous and lake regions, remote from better cultivatable lands. This will dispense with the costly fencing of arable soils, and at least to fence with thorny shrubbery. The cottages should stand 100 feet back from the south road and on the division line of the two halves, with the same series of rooms and all on the ground floor, with the attic used only for lodging. The east half should be owned by the man and the west half by the woman, so that in case of disagreement, either could fortify against OFFICERY, OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 21 the other and carry on the half of the farm. The south- west corner of the farmstead should ha^e a &hm> or store building, so that a trade or merehandi&i&g Gedrcl f e followed by all or part of each family. The Village iotg are to be the common property, as well as the roads ©f the township people ; so that companies or single indi- viduals could establish manufactories without paying rent, and should ever keep their families on their home- stead — so that those working on them might lodge there only. The late development of electric light could be given to the buildings of all these Farmsteads and Township villages, by suspending the wires upon the branches of the forest trees surrounding all of them. Wind or water power will afford a sufficiently steady lig ht, as well as for the transmission of the electric power f&r use ako. The most valuable forest nut-feearing tre$s &Ja$uld fee clumped along the boundary of each farm Wi#li sM ktef§is of fruit trees bordering them — shrubbery next &&d Iffe grain-fields and vegetable patches in their een#4i ]g$f- tions. This would give a wild-wood appearance ef me whole of each state. In perigrinating along tit* roai^, glimpses of delightful landscaped f&rms could be selSk through the opening of the forests. As Mr. Frederick Law Olmstead ija pla*&k&g' ©enteal and Prospect Parks, stands f ©rem® sit in the &feM and taste of landscaping. I herein call his atieiatioft to nay- proposed plan for parking both country a&d city coi^fei- ned — making a rural city of the whole world, inf&egwf ®i these piled-up houses, burning up by acres aiad often with their inmates. I suggest that an enterprising or individual c@nig a»y might take an eighty acre piece of we#dland &e#r ifeW York, clear out the central portien and landacajie it ac- cording to the plan here suggested, or tkey i»igbt im- prove a mile square into sucn farmsteads, or an improv- ed one upon it. It would give instruction as w$li as amusement to the thousands who visit it. It w#iald give thinkers something like a heaven on @«rfch. S^ellfcg humanity could be lefi to see that the toil of %e g^th could be surveyed off into states, Q&vm®*& aa*d M$£ae- steads, so as to facilitate the attainment ©£ every k«ma»t being to their natural individual, equal a^d perpe#iaal j§£ entailed right to a share of Farmstead wi4k me power &f voting by Townships for their law and geve&&n&e»t, sm& thus abolish the curse of oMce-holding rulers, as well as landlords. TME WRiM @F LAN'BLtKDRY, MISEAOE AND 22 THE PARK-LIKE FARMSTEADS OF THE NEW FORM OF SOCIETY. AIR— Equal Farms Entailed. 1 True Social Spionce will in future give A Home to ail in e%iaal bliss to live ; Sj/sctttfed forever with their Farms entailed, T^ic rights can never be again assailed ; W&hin raeir Farmsteads, they are fortified J^gaiingt land-g irabbing class on every side ; Lfeave crowded towns, where rents and poer abound; Persue some trade as well as till the ground 2 Nought but the tillage of the soil can give To ©'Very soul the surest means t© live, 'fke artfcaa^ may starve on hardest tail, Ifcut noiie who cultivate a sha#e of soil. To gam your Somes yeu m&&t the earth divide la townsandforty acre faFtns beside. T&ig gives to all an easy competence, Agailist all want and care a sure defence. 3 With. dwellings, barns and manufacturing shops Mid 'foras'ts, orchards and all kinds of crops, Would make a rural city of the earth, As if Fich nature bred a second birth ; Proclaiming she has worked through ages vast 4j*d now givesequal Farms to ail at last, With means to live, self-goverenment and free- In Townships— an eternal jubilee. 4 S&e how these farms with clumped wild-woods arise (With orchards bordering them of lower size,) 4eave openings to the skies and shade beneath Raised, curved and graveled roads as wi*h a wreath : A bowery vista where the skie's blue light Feeps in, While imrrow.©*! in the distant sight,* Enclow»| workshops, barns with fields arid meads And dwellings, gardens, yards with flower beds. 5 See where th,e useful herbs— kind nature's treat. Potatoes, turnips, cabbage, beets and wheat ; The silken-tassrfed, white-plumed fields of maizo Wave in the breeze and warmth of summer days. The golden-hued sunflowers face the sun, £8 OFFICEHY, OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT, While round their stems the clasping twiners run And hang like garlands with their seedy pods, Wreathed by Dame Nature from earth's richest sods, 6 From the centre of these forty acre farms, Behold the landscape's most esthetic charms. The lower herbs slope with the higher trees, That wave and glisten in the sun warmed breeze. Yes, round these central fields a charming scene With glittering leaves in every tint of green, And other hues beyond the painter's art, Enrapturing to the tasteful feeling heart. 7 Behold the region far and near that seems A mass of wild-wood rivaling poet's dreams. As you along these vistas muse and roam See through the trees the glimpse of happy home ! Farms, parks and woods with cottages combined, Entailed, landlords no more can curse mankind. With Farms and manufacturing shops for all Combined, man will no more degraded fall. O— SLIDING MEASURES FOR ATTAINING TO THOROUGH REFORM. It has been briefly stated how the whole land of the earth should be divided by the odd numbered degrees of latitude and longitude into States, and subdivided into townships and homesteads. At the intersection of these lines the State capitals should be situated, and at their crossing in the center of each six mile square township their villages or capitals should be located. Every quar- ter mile square of forty acres would become a farmstead, and as much as each family could cultivate with their own labor, and not with the servile and hireling labor of others. Four main roads running with the cardinal points and perhaps, with the intermediate points, should intersect each township with narrower roads around each forty acre farmstead, planted on each side according to the landscaped plan above mentioned. Now, then, let the owner of large tracts select his or her share of forty acres, or take one hundred and sixty acres, if the population of any county admits, and appor- tion fixe balance in proper shares to each of their heirs. If there is still more than these heirs need, it should go to some landless person, by paying three per cent, per OFFICER Y, OR OEFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 24 year until it amounts to the value of the improvements on it ; but never anything must be paid upon unimproved soil. Those having about the forty acre portion already of course, will select that part enclosed by the regular survey, and may compromise for improvements falling outside. But, it is the guaranteeing principle, not only of an individual and equal ownership, but of a perpetual or entailed one, that must be applied to these farmsteads, that will make them stay with each owner with only the right of an exchange of them for each other, that is the great clinching power of a perfect right of ownership. When we reflect how readily the large holders of land gave them up in the French revolution of 1789, why should not large landholders more willingly give them up in this more intelligent age ? Especially as rack-taxing, ty thing and rack-renting are now showing how they are producing pauperism, famine, disease and death. The people will vote in proper person by townships all through each State for the very little law and govern- ment needed, and will have it proclaimed in a weekly paper edited by five secretaries and sent to every family in each State ; and they will be supported by the sub- scriptions with limitations for other purposes — perhaps pay all other expenses of keeping buildings in repair, &c. These journals will be free to all communications on alii scientific, political and religious subjects. They will con- tain a record of every birth at the precise minute, so as- to know the oldest heir in the township, where no heir was left by the parents. The mails will be conveyed in long distances by the railroads, and in shorter distances in express wagons. Asi all regular work of farming and mechanism must be done ( in the forenoon, the afternoon must be used in sending! and receiving letters and papers, in trading in stores and shops, in visiting, attending meetings, reading-rooms, in wandering in pleasure grounds, and in reading under the vine-wreathed porticos. A WORLD'S CONVENTION OF MEN OF SCIENCE AND ART. 1 suggest that a convention of men of science and art (not politicians) should be held in Philadelphia or New York to take into consideration the ultimate or last for- mation or stage that nations can assume in the moral world. It is only men of genius and invention that can 25 THE WRONG OP LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AND be expected to advance reform. Politicians seldom pos- sess more than commonplace learaingand thinking, and just enough to electioneer and live by office. Let, then, men capable of original conception try to declare the second great Declaration of " Independence" and of rights and wrongs to that of ours in 1876. If they cannot proclaim more radical principles than those developed in this treatise, why not adopt them ? If they cannot dig to a deeper foundation and classification of rights and wrongs than that of the five great systems of organs in the human body — the osseus, vascular, geni- tal, motive and nervous, and to that of the two great divisions of the external world of immovable and move- able things, let them adopt these. If they can find that the properties of these organs are respectively those of Life, Manhood, reproduction, motive power, and men- tality with the division of the surrounding world as those of soil or homestead and products, with the natural wants arising from them as the true foundation 1 rights, they should adopt and proclaim them, and their oposites, murder, war, slavery, officery, landlords and rentage asi crimes. But the organs of man's body, with their prop- erties, wants and rights arising from th$rn are all dis- tinct idealities, and must therefore be ©concentrated with each other and the external objects essential to their ex- istence. The attempt of holding t3aem in commeaa, gen- erates a chaotic confusion, and violates the principle of individuality. But the exercise and enjoy n&eaat of rights individually, are not dilfeetjlt. They B&«st also be held in ecjt&al a»d proportionate quantities as natoral objects, and not by tk« opposite evil principle of i&equ&lity that violates lie princrple of equiHiy. But still, the exercise: and enjioymeiftt of rights in separate individuality and kii eq&al &b4 proportionate cpmnti^s or si&e, are not ade- 1 qur&te. They eau^t also be heM in perpetuity or entail- ment sharing life, and in>t by the opposite evil principle! of a&tna&Ma, or monopoly or usurpation. These three! greet pria&eifites must be eomhined $md co-operate in thei production e£ a perfect right. But they have been fel&z-, ing &n4 their truth thpcHagh all ages without being heed- ed. L#fe i&s see how siowly we have all been in discov- ering them. The philanthropic Paine had a glimpse of them in his Agrarian justice, when he suggested that the State shouid own the soil mud be supported by a ground-rent, foreseeing that all should have fee use of a share of soil. OFFICERY, ©R OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 26 In declaring against the evil of primogeniture and entail- ment of large estates in producing monopoly of son anc lanoKordry, he overlooked the security, liberty and hap- piness that an entailment of an* equal share of soil con- fined to the lowest minimum for a family support would produce. In our declaration of Independence these great principles of rights and wrongs are so vaguely expressed that the phrase " inalienable rights " are not yet under- stood by the working masses, though the aristocracy oi Europe ha-s been practising them through all ages. Oh. the shameful ignorance of even the reformers of these evil institutions. Though the French revolutionists were the next that repealed the primogeniture and entailment of large estates, yet they failed to see the necessity of entailing the small estates into which they were divided and to limit the needful quantity to each, which since have become too small for a family support, and are be- coming monopolized by morgazing from excess of heirs. For eight years congresses of delegates from the work- ingmen's associations of different countries of Europe were held until broken up by the Franco-Prusiaii war. They discussed whether property should be held individ- ually and communistically without settling it. In 1S77 the author published his views on "Sociology. the Scientific Reconstruction of Society, Government and Property/' of which this work is an appendix. But public sentiment is too much stultified to heed the fact that offi- cers as well as landlords and profit-mongers can and will be abolished in time. Famines in Ireland and other countries are now coming to the aid of reason — still, too much blinded by the dogmas of a political and religious priesthood — living in idleness upon the producers of property, by means of rack-tax, rack-rents, rack-tythes and profits — paupering the masses into servants, soldiers, sailors and police. Then rouse, workmen ! and strike down landlordry ; strike for your natural right to a share of soil : strike down chattel and hireling slavery, and strike for the whole product of your labor by owning a share of the soil. And strike down the curse of officery and office- holding government — legislating for its own class only with the outrageous power of ever increasing their salar- ies and pensions, unchecked. Yes, strike for a Home- stead Democracy, exercised by means of voting direct for law and government by means of townships through- out all nations. 27 THE WItGN£ OF LANDLGRDRY, HIREAGE AND GEORGE HENRY EVANS. GEORGE HENRY EVANS Was born March 25, 1805, in Western England, and was brought by his parents when a child to New York. He learned the printing business, published reformatory works, joined the equal rights party with his co-labor- ers, Th. Skidmore and Wm. Leggett, in opposition to the banking system. Ignoring all party issues, he sought to abolish the evils of land monopoly. He first publish- ed a monthly "Radical" to give his land reforming views. In March, 1844, he issued a semi-weekly, "The People's Rights," "Weekly Workingman's Advocate," which he changed to "Young America," with the pro- gram, "The freedom of the public lands in a limited quantity to act lal settlers only, the exemption of the Homesteal and a limitation of the purchase of all other land." He agitated by pledging the candidates of all parties to his measure, and in refusal, nominated land reformers to hold the balance of power. This resulted OFFICER Y, OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 28 in the present Homestead Law, granting a quarter sec- tion after five years occupancy of the public lands. Evans was middle-sized, regular featured, even tem- }>ered, courteous, with no parade of oratory. He pub- ished his paper for five years, became worn out in health and means, and retired to his small farm in New Jersey, where his first wife died in 1850. He married again and died March 25, 1856 of a cold and nervous fever at the age of fifty-one, a most remarkable man, giving a turn- ing point to a new era of civilization. LEWIS MASQtTERIER. LEWIS MASQUE RIER Was born March 14, 1802, in Paris, Kentucky, of a Scotch-Irish mother and French English father. He learned to read, wri x e and cipher, while working on the farm, and made special study of grammar and geogra- phy. In 1818 he was carried by a step-father, with his mother, and other child en to the Boonslick settlement on the Missouri River. Soon after he returned to Paris 29 IJaJfi WR0NG OF LANDLORDRY, HIREAGE AISL> hoping to sell his interest in his mother's dower in a farm near there left by his father. At Park he learned the printing business, wrote verses, studied law, and settled in Quincy, 111., in its practice, which he neglect- ed and gave up to his thirst for promiscuous learning, with the buying and selling of lands and lots. In 1837 he emigrated to New York City to get facilities for the reform of orthography by publishing a small dictionary of Webster's with his pronunciation exhibited by re- spelling his words phonetically, with an alphabet con- taining the eleven vowels and twenty-two consonants, or touchings of the organs of the mouth, modifying them into syllables, rhymes and species. He next embraced G. H. Evans' development that ev- ery person's natural wants entitled them to an individ- ual and equal share of the soil, when he dropped Owens' dogma of communism and advocated individuality of ownership, as the true principle, and has added the prin- ciple of inalienation, perpetuity or entailment to that of his individuality and equality or equalness of quantity, to the personal properties of man's organs, and thereby abolish officers as well as landlords by dividing the land into states, townships and homesteads, so as to vote in organized township in person, as exhibited by the diagrams in the preceding pages of this Appendix. JOHN A. LANT. Was born in Blairsville, Pa., December, 9, 1842. He absorbed the educational advantages of a small township school, and at thirteen began life in a printing office at Pittsburgh. Leaving the case in 1860 he joined the army and served throughout the war as a private soldier. His special acts of heroism and humanity were as marked as was his general disregard of the cockney discipline of the camp. At the second Fredericksburg he responded to a call for volunteers to scale the fortifications, and with three others, led them forward, life in hand, to the top, revealing through the morning light to the commanding officers on the plain below that the enemy had withdrawn to their inner works, when the troops were ordered up and a fierce battle fought and won. Soon after the war he es- tablished papers in Sharon, Pa., and Toledo, O. At the lat- ter city he started the land and labor agitation, organizing the Free Land League and other reforms in 1872. The pan- ic on, he rebuked the immorality of officery, church, state OFFlCERY, OR OFFICE-HOLDING GOVERNMENT. 30 and nation, invoking official enmity and wrath. The state Legislature was petitioned to suppress his paper, but par- tisan bigotry did not prevail; then Federal authority was summoned and he was convicted and fined. His office was seized in his absence by the Sheriff and sold at once Undaunted he sought to hire his paper printed, but could get no one to do the work. With one compositor he went to an abandoned printing office at Oak Harbor and issued two numbers under great mechanical and pecuniary em- barrassment ; then to Sandusky, O., where the Kinney Bros., who had just issued a Life of Captain John Brown, made him welcome and gave him the use of their office. There he issued five numbers, when he returned to Tole- do, and resumed his publication. He was again harrass- ed and threatened, and a complaint lodged that he was mailing copies of his paper to persons who had not sub- cribed for it ! The Government took this offense in hand, but it was never brought to issue. In the spring of 1875 he removed with his family, press and type, to New York, where he threw off copies of his Toledo Sun by thousands. It was refused admission at the post-office, but sold rap- idly among the people. Spies were on his track and he was arrested at the instance of one of them by two U. S. marshals, and put into prison. An enormous bail was de- manded, which, when furnished, was refused ! the U. S. attorney stating "if we admit this man to bail he will go on printing his paper, and that we are not going to per- mit." On appeal to. Judge Blatchford, three weeks later, the bail was accepted and the prisoner released to await the action of the Grand Jury. Meantime he was indict- ed without notification, and re-arrested on a bench war- rant on default of bond, a week before his bond was due ! This blunder was but a part of the infamous proceedings. Believing that he was meanly accused and basely mis- understood, two counsellors on the day of trial volunteer- ed to defend him, but the judge refused to adjourn the case. No U. S. prisoner at that time had the right to tes- tify in his own behalf, and Lant was obliged to silently submit to the merciless will of his licentious persecutors. He was instantly convicted in the face of numerous petitions from the people, and three weeks later was sentenced to fine and imprisonment in language both malig- nant and unjust, and wholly unbecoming the lips of an American judge. The court record is silent as to the specific nature of his offense, but the "pardon" which was handed him at the close of his year and a half's imprisonment, reads, "for transmit- ting unlawful matter through the mails." While a prisoner of war, Lant was sub- jected by the enemies of his country to less indignity an 1 cruelty than was heaped upon him by the vindictive officials and fanatical bigots who claimed to be its friends. His voice and pen have never been silent as the columns of his Labor and Indus- trial Liberator attest. For the past few years he has been engaged in the publica- tion of rerormatory books, and is at present active in the living reforms of the day.** LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 31 THE WRONG OF LANDLOKDRY, H MICHAEL DAVn e S™ ffl Of Conn ought, Ireland, has taken the x^«,^ *« «^„__ the natural right of every human being to an equal share of the soil, as the only thorough remedy of land monopoly, rack-rentage, evictions, pauperism, famine and crime. About five years ago, he was the most active in the organization of the "Land League" in Ireland, and addressed large mass meetings. But the brutal land mo- nopolizing and office-holding (usurping) government of England, became alarmed that they might lose their plunder, and he was imprisoned with other leaders for ex- ercising the liberty of speech in asserting man's natural rights. He had formerly suffered long and cruel im- prisonment for previousagitations, and when released, agitated again, and is now buried alive. These agita- tions for homes for all, are the next most .prominent, singe ours thirty-five years ago, here, in America, under the lead of Evans and others in the name of the "Land Reform Association" of the U. S., which was continued five years, until congress enacted the "Homestead" law, giving alternate quarter sections on the public lands to actual settlers. The "Land League" in Ireland has failed, it seems, by withdrawing the "pay no rent" manifesto. It is now merged in a "National League" which will only continue the present oligarchic republican forms of government. For all rulers, as well as people, are yet too ignorant of the thorough principles of rights to attain to them till another generation. Evans developed that it is the necessity of the natural wants that is the true foundation of every person's right to a share of the soil, in organized townships, leaving the curse of office-holding governments still in existence. But Masquerier proposes to abolish all kinds of office- holding governments as oligarchies, and to substitute in- dividual, equal and perpetual ownership of a Farmstead, and of the exercise of government in organized town- ships and states throughout all nations. He has devel- oped a thorough scientific system, by proposing that each forty acre Farmstead should be surrounded with clumped forest trees, with orchards inside, and their boundaries marked with roads and the central portions cultivated for food products. The winds sweeping through their vistas, can turn the wind wheel at one of the corners and grind out both food and electric light. Arouse, then, men and women, and with your farm-spangled banner secure the right of the husband to the east half of the Farmstead and the wife to the west half. Here, then, for the first time in the history of man, there can be a really free love between the sexes, while neither can enslave the other when raising a progeny proportioned to what their equal and entailed farmsteads can sup- port ; instead of breeding a supply of hireling slaves, soldiers and policeman, to mur- der each other in the wars of their barbarous usurpers of all rights of humanity 027 272 320 5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 027 272 320 5