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 ALASKA BOUNnARY QUESTION 
 
 ARTICLES in 
 
 "THE NATION" 
 
 THOMAS WILLING BALCH 
 ROBERT WALKER SHANNON 
 ARTHUR .JOHNSTON 
 WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 
 
 1901-1902 
 

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May 30, 1 901] 
 
 Tlie IN"atioii. 
 
 435 
 
 fession will remain the official and ju- 
 dicial standard. Yet it is apparent that 
 it cannot long remain so, in practice, 
 after the new creed gets into use. It 
 is the latter which, in effect, and with 
 the hearty assent of the great body of 
 Presbyterian laymen, will come to be 
 taken as the authorized expression of 
 Presbyterian faith; and the Confession, 
 having visibly waxed old as doth a gar- 
 ment, will more and more tend to van- 
 ish away. 
 
 Whatever the merits of the controver- 
 sy between the New York Yacht Club and 
 Mr. Lawson, every one is glad that the 
 Independence is to meet the Constitution 
 for the honor of defending the America's 
 Cup. The public wants to see the best 
 boat win, and most sportsmen will agree 
 with the public that the battle of techni- 
 calities that has run on for some months 
 has been a good deal of a bore. The pro- 
 fession of sea-lawyer is little in honor 
 among yachtsmen, and it is hard to see 
 how either Mr. Lawson or the Club is to 
 be held wholly clear from that reproach. 
 More unlucky than the controversy has 
 been the publicity given to the incom- 
 plete negotiations. Much of the discus- 
 sion has been absolutely unfair and dam- 
 aging to the Club, while Mr. Lawson 
 comes out of the whole affair rather more 
 compromised by the friends, than loved 
 for the enemies, he has made. The pub- 
 lication of the complete correspondence 
 was most unfortunate for the owner of 
 the Independence, and little advantage- 
 ous to the Club. Suppose that every- 
 body had kept quiet, and that Mr. Law- 
 son's letter of Saturday, offering to put 
 his boat in the hands of a member of the 
 New York Yacht Club, had been the only 
 document of record, it is easy to see how 
 the press would have rung with Mr. 
 Lawson's praises, and it is hard to 
 imagine that the Club, through taking 
 such a course, would have suffered in 
 popular estimation. The least said the 
 soonest mended in these cases. If it has 
 not been a very pretty quarrel, fortu- 
 nately it has ended well. The Boston 
 boat will be entered in the trial races, 
 and we shall know that the Cup Is de- 
 fended by the better boat. That is the 
 main thing, and, for the rest, sportsmen 
 should be the readiest to let bygones be 
 bygones. 
 
 Mr. Carnegie's donation of $10,000,000 
 to the Scotch universities In a lump sum 
 seems at first to have taken away the 
 breath of the British public by its mag- 
 nitude. Now that they have had time to 
 think it over, the expression of opinion is 
 conflicting, not as to the generosity of the 
 donor, but as to the ultimate effects of 
 the donation. Nobcxly has hitherto 
 shown a keemr perception than Mr. Car- 
 negie of the n.axims of political econ- 
 omy on the subject of pauperizing the 
 poor with gifts. In this case the ques- 
 tion Is raise*! whrther he is not in one 
 
 sense pauperizing the rich, seeing that 
 he proposes to pay the tuition fees of all 
 students in the universities of his native 
 country, without reference to their own 
 pecuniary resources. The grave question 
 comes up, also, whether he is not doing 
 harm to other institutions of learning 
 which compete with the four universi- 
 ties in the work of educating the youth 
 of Scotland, and which depend uiKin 
 fees in whole or in part for their suste- 
 nance. Is it on the whole helpful to 
 education to remove or weaken this ele- 
 ment of competition? These and other 
 questions are rife in the British press, 
 and will probably be discussed at the ap- 
 proaching jubilee of Glasgow University 
 and on other platforms. In a matter of 
 such far-reaching importance, it may be 
 assumed that no hasty conclusion will 
 be accepted. The Scottish educators are 
 among the first in the world. They will 
 undoubtedly act in a way to promote 
 both sound learning and self-help. That 
 Mr. Carnegie will cooperate with them 
 to the end of making his benefaction 
 most useful to his fellow-countrymen 
 may also be taken for granted. 
 
 While it is not likely that the Salis- 
 bury Government means to do anythnig 
 serious for popular education, jeceni 
 discussions in Parliament have brought 
 out strikingly the backwardness, in this 
 regard, of England, as compared with the 
 rest of the civilized world. England re- 
 leases the school-child earlier, and at 
 best educates him fewer years, than any 
 other nation of the first class. An Eng- 
 lish child may leave school at the age 
 of twelve, and is no longer entitled to 
 free education after the age of fifteen. 
 In Germany, on an average for the dif- 
 ferent provinces, children must attend 
 school till sixteen; in the United States, 
 till fifteen. That is, the American or 
 German child has an advantage over the 
 English child of from two to three years 
 of school. At the other end the dis- 
 parity is even more striking. In Ger- 
 many all children may claim the privi- 
 lege of free education two years longer 
 than in England; in the United States, 
 five years longer. In France, as every- 
 body knows, education is absolutely free, 
 from the primary school to the univer- 
 sity. In 1868 Matthew Arnold ventured 
 the prophecy that within a quarter of a 
 century there would be a Minister of 
 Education in England, and free second- 
 ary education. He was too hopeful. The 
 problem remains about what it was in 
 his time. England has rested content 
 with partial measures for primary educa- 
 tion, while other nations, and Scotland 
 even, have steadily advanced towards a 
 well-ordered e<iucational system. There 
 is a triumph in store for the Ministry 
 which will do as much for England; but 
 that Ministry is not Lord Salisbury's. 
 
 Germany adopU tardily the policy of 
 withdrawal from Pekln. and falls in 
 
 tacitly with what history will probably 
 call the American leadership. German 
 diplomacy was committed to the other 
 policy. The contingent was to hold 
 Pekin with the other Powers until the 
 court should return from the interior 
 and negotiate with the conquerors face 
 to face. This was to deal with the im- 
 perial yamen a little as if it were not 
 only fugitive, but captured. There was 
 talk of the pusillanimity of withdraw- 
 ing, and the German attitude got some 
 recognition as heroic. But as it be- 
 came clearer that the Chinese court 
 was better practised in the waiting 
 game, the German attitude became un- 
 comfortable and a little ridiculous. This 
 tbey have had the grace to see. Mean- 
 while unnecessary delay has complicat- 
 ed the affair sadly. That this tardy 
 action of Germany is the complete vin- 
 dication of Secretary Hay's view of the 
 case need hardly be pointed out. Where 
 no trust is reposed there is no treason, 
 says Dante. Secretary Hay early saw the 
 disastrous results of withholding trust 
 from the Chinese, which was not only 
 good morals, but high diplomacy. The 
 assumption of a peculiar kind of Orien- 
 tal perfidy in the Chinese has proved to 
 te the worst possible basis of negotia- 
 tions. It is encouraging that Germany 
 now chooses, even though reluctantly, 
 the better part. 
 
 Admiral Cervera's fear lest the politi- 
 cal agitation in Spain lead to a break-up 
 of the country, reflects the stubborn way 
 in which local rights and privileges are 
 still asserted in various parts of Spanish 
 territory. In spite of an apparently cen- 
 tralized and military government at 
 Madrid, regionalism remains an enor- 
 mous power in the political life of Spain. 
 What control from the capital can do in 
 the way of securing a Cortee of the de- 
 sired color, the recent elections have 
 shown again. As always, the Govern- 
 ment wins. Its majority is what it 
 chooses to make it. Sagasta gets a "vote 
 of confidence" from the country, just as 
 his rival, Silvela, would have done if he 
 had remained at the head of the Ministry 
 and kept his hand on the electoral ma- 
 chinery. Spaniards themselves laugh at 
 the farce of these so-called elections. But, 
 with all its appearance of arbitrary and 
 unchecked power, the Government can- 
 not ride over local prejudice too rough- 
 ly. The Basque provinces would flame 
 into rebellion if their old fueros were 
 infringed upon; the Carlists are as stout- 
 ly insistent upon theirs as they were at 
 the time of the Peace of Vergara; and 
 the turbulent Republica.ns of Catalonia 
 fiercely resent too open an appearance 
 of dictation from Madrid. But Sagasta 
 is too old a hand at the game to make It 
 probable that he will force matters so as 
 to bring on an open conflict, with possi- 
 ble disruption. Cervera appears to have 
 been making an over-rhetorical and 
 alarmist plea for a new navy. 
 
436 
 
 The Nation. 
 
 [Vol. 72, No. 1874 
 
 THE DECISION, AND AFTER. 
 
 It is unfortunately true that the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States has 
 not for some years enjoyed its old re- 
 spect. In saying this we are but echo- 
 ing the unconcealed opinion of lawyers 
 who practise before it, and who are 
 competent to pass upon its judicial rea- 
 soning. The thing speaks for itself. 
 In nearly all the important cases from 
 the income-tax decision down, the Court 
 has been almost evenly divided, the 
 prevailing opinion has not been writ- 
 ten with the majestic march of logic 
 which convinces the understanding 
 while it settles the law, and the dissent- 
 ing justices have expressed themselves 
 with heat and almost with passion. 
 This does not argue a happy personnel. 
 The Court appears to be without a large 
 and luminous mind like Marshall's, or 
 the late .Justice Miller's, to seize upon 
 preat principles and state them in such 
 a way as to compel the assent of its 
 associated and feebler intellects. The 
 result is the divisions, we had almost 
 said the wranglings, which have of late 
 marked and marred the decisions of 
 our highest court. 
 
 Monday's appearance of the Supreme 
 Court, in passing upon many of the so- 
 called insular eases before it, was cer- 
 tainly not of a sort to heighten either 
 legal or general respect for it. This is 
 confessed even by those who are pleased 
 with the majority opinion. When two 
 judges like Justice Brown and Justice 
 White arrive at the same conclusion 
 from openly and violently antagouistic 
 premises, the lay mind may well think 
 the course of reasoning tortuoiis. "I 
 agree with you," said Justice White, 
 "but your arguments are contused and 
 wholly unconvincing, and your princi- 
 ples are in direct conflict with the true 
 ones." This may be consistent with 
 judicial dignity, but it does not make 
 the bench dignified. Then there was 
 the extraordinary realignment of the 
 judges in the different cases — now dis- 
 sent, now agreement, now this side, now 
 that, but somehow a majority of one 
 always preserved for the main conten- 
 tion of the Government. Old Thomas 
 Fuller said that the only kind of logic 
 he knew or cared about was that which, 
 whatever the premises, brought out the 
 praise and glory of God in the conclu- 
 sion. So the majority of the Supreme 
 Court have the inevitable air of having 
 determined to uphold the Administra- 
 tion, no matter from what or how con- 
 tradictory premises they started. 
 
 But while all this is regrettable, and 
 while we should have maintained that 
 it is, even if the judgment of the Court 
 had been one that we did not regret. 
 the law of the land has now been judi- 
 cially determined. Five justices of the 
 Supreme Court \iphold the power of 
 Congress to govern newly acquired terri- 
 tory as to Congress seemeth good. One 
 of the five, Justice Brown, arrives at 
 
 his judgment by a course of reasoning 
 which Justice White pronounces, with 
 the concurrence of Justices Shiras and 
 McKenna, to be mistaken and perni- 
 cious. Yet these three concur in the find- 
 ings which they say are absurdly 'based. 
 Justice Gray concurs for still other rea- 
 sons of his own. Thus the apparently 
 hopeless fusion of opposing opinions 
 was accomplished, and "the judgment of 
 the Court" placed on record to the ef- 
 fect that the Porto Rican Tariff Act is 
 Constitutionally valid. 
 
 That is tor the present the law. But 
 does it affect the question of the expe- 
 diency or the morality of a colonial 
 policy? Not in the slightest degree. Jus- 
 tice Brown himself admits that the great 
 questions about our island possessions 
 are to be "finally decided" (then not 
 yet decided) by "the American people," 
 and distinctly foreshadows the possibil- 
 ity that the decision may l)e to permit 
 our new-caught sullen peoples to "form 
 independent governments." And in one 
 respect the decision of the Court may 
 yet help on the cause of Philippine in- 
 dependence. By asserting the absolute 
 power of Congress to "dispose" of ter- 
 ritory, it stops the mouths of those who 
 have been saying that the Philippines 
 are ours, and that there is no way of 
 alienating them. But the Court's opin- 
 ion knows nothing of a power which is 
 absolute to acquire but impotent to 
 alienate, and plainly points the legal 
 way to permitting. In territory now un- 
 der control of Congress, the formation 
 of "independent governments." That 
 Is a judicial platform good enough for 
 the advocates of Philippine indepen- 
 dence to stand upon. 
 
 As for the main and prevailing opin- 
 ion of the Court, so strangely arrived 
 at — a wedding of contradictories — we 
 believe that Justice Brown was uncon- 
 sciously predicting its future in what he 
 said of the Dred Scott case. In that 
 opinion, he remarked, "the country did 
 not acquiesce," and he added, "Changes 
 in judicial as well as public sentiment 
 seriously impair the authority of that 
 case." Similar changes may yet sweep 
 away the authority of Monday's deci- 
 sion of the Supreme Court. But the im- 
 mediate duty is, while accepting it as 
 law, to make it tributary to liberty. 
 Congress has full power to do what it 
 will with the islanders, says the high- 
 est couri. Very well, let us see to it 
 that Congress does nothing inconsis- 
 tent with humanity, with justice, with 
 our broadest and proudest American 
 traditions. Public sentiment is above 
 Congress and courts. An aroused and 
 jealous democracy may easily brush 
 away, if it will, all these miserable lim- 
 itations upon the rights of man. 
 
 The appeal now lies to the spirit of 
 fair play and of freedom. If we are not 
 compelled to extend the privileges and 
 guarantees of the Constitution to our 
 helpless wards, all the more reason for 
 
 doing so voluntarily. The Supreme 
 Court, it is true, in its apologetic and 
 halting majority opinion, affirms that 
 the fundamental provisions of the Con- 
 stitution respecting life, liberty, and 
 property do tacitly control Congress in 
 legislating for dependencies. But, as 
 the Chief Justice pointedly said in his 
 dissenting opinion, if you grant unlim- 
 ited power to tax, you grant unlimited 
 power to dispose of property, liberty, 
 yes, of life itself. If you take away the 
 means of life, you take away life. No, 
 it is idle to pretend that, under thib 
 decision of th'e Supreme Court, the isl- 
 and men have any rights which Con- 
 gress is boun.l to respect. But what is 
 the inference which lovers of liberty 
 and of their kind should draw from 
 that? Despair, or silent acquiescence in 
 tyranny under the forms of law? Not 
 for a moment. What they must seek 
 to do, without hesitation or wavering, 
 is to create an invincible body of public 
 opinion which will ask, not what may 
 we legally do, but what must we do as 
 honest and consistent Americans, loyal 
 io the principles of 1789. 
 
 RELATIONS WITH CANADA. 
 
 The Prime Minister of Canada, in re- 
 ply to a question on Thursday, said that 
 he had reason to tjelieve that the Joint 
 High Commission between Great Brit- 
 ain and the United States would resume 
 its meetings at an early date. It may 
 be assumed, therefore, that there is 
 some prospect of a settlement of the 
 questions which the Commission was 
 unable to solve when the previous con- 
 ference was held. The principal diffi- 
 culty then was the Alaskan boundary 
 dispute. If that question had been dis- 
 posed of satisfactorily, everything else 
 could have been easily managed. We 
 might not have reached a treaty of 
 reciprocity at that time, but we should 
 have been in a fair way toward it. 
 
 The Alaskan boundary is still an ob- 
 stacle of some magnitude. The opinion 
 prevails in Canada that the X'nited 
 Slates contention that the true boun- 
 dary runs parallel to the indentations of 
 the coast, is contrary to all contempo- 
 raneous testimony and understanding; 
 that the three Governments of Great 
 Britain. Russia, and the United States 
 understood that it followed the general 
 contour, and not the small indentations 
 of the seaboard; and that no different 
 interpretation would ever have arisen 
 if gold had not been discovered in the 
 Klondike. However this may have been, 
 the opposite opinion is now so generally 
 held among us that any claim to the 
 possession of the headwaters of the 
 Lynn Canal by Canada, if "i-ut forward 
 as a matter of right, wou'd be rejected 
 at once. On this point even those most 
 friendly to Canada woivld agree. This 
 is not. however, the \-Jft word on the 
 subject. There may bfe means of sat- 
 
May 30, 1901"] 
 
 The ^N'ation. 
 
 427 
 
 isfying all the commercial wants of 
 Canada without surrendering sovereign- 
 ty over American territory. There may 
 be a fair exchange of property, not In- 
 consistent with the rights of the citi- 
 zens of Skaguay or any other Ameri- 
 can town or settlement. The boundary 
 dispute may, by mutual agreement, be 
 referred to arbitration. 
 
 If the boundary dispute were amica- 
 bly disposed of, the w^ay would be open 
 to better trade relations between the 
 two countries. There can be no doubt 
 that the Dominion Government was 
 earnestly desirous of effecting a com- 
 mercial agreement two years ago. The 
 Liberals came into office pledged to do 
 their utmost to obtain entrance to the 
 markets of the United States for Cana- 
 dian products. The majority of the 
 people of Canada were in favor of this 
 policy, but the manufacturing interests 
 were not. In Montreal, one of the 
 strongholds of the Liberals, the Board 
 of Trade, when invited by the Govern- 
 ment to give an expression of senti- 
 ment upon the arrangement through 
 the Joint High Commission for nego- 
 tiations for closer commercial relations 
 ■with the United States, replied that it 
 was opposed to reciprocal trade between 
 Canada and the United States in manu- 
 factured articles and daiiv products, un- 
 til the preferential tariff with Great 
 Britain had been in force a sufficient 
 time to demonstrate the results of its 
 provisions. It is evident that lumber, 
 coal, fish, and general agricultural 
 products barred the way to an agree- 
 ment on the part of the United States 
 Commissioners, and that manufactured 
 articles barred the way for the Cana- 
 dian Commissioners. 
 
 In Canada the results of the preferen- 
 tial tariff with Great Britain have been 
 a surprise, inasmuch as the imports 
 from the United States have very large- 
 ly increased, while the imports from 
 Great Britain have remained nearly sta- 
 tionaix Therefore, the opposition of 
 the Montreal Board of Trade may be 
 considered disix)sed of. It Is noteworthy 
 that the preferential tariff with Great 
 Britain was a factor of no mean value 
 in Canada's position during the nego- 
 tiations through the Joint High Com- 
 mission; as also that the Dominion Gov- 
 ernment is now sounding the other pos- 
 sessions of Great Britain upon the ad- 
 visability of forming a commercial com- 
 bination with Great Britain. The object 
 of these moves is obvious. If they shall 
 fail to induce the United States to agree 
 to closer commercial relations, they will 
 offer the alternative of enlarged trade 
 with other countries. 
 
 Since the last session of the Commis- 
 sion, some changes have taken place on 
 our own side, affecting the attitude of 
 the United States and Canada toward 
 each other. The extraordinary growth 
 of our export trade has made protection 
 look like small business. The evident 
 
 intention of President McKinley to push 
 the pending reciprocity treaties to a con- 
 clusion will bring reciprocity with Can- 
 ada to the front. It would be a trifle in- 
 congruous to compass sea and land in 
 order to procure reciprocity with France, 
 and at the same time to disregard it with 
 a country separated from us only by an 
 imaginaiy line. 
 
 As the situation between the two 
 countries now stands, there is an extra- 
 ordinary flow of capital and enterprise 
 from the United States into Canada, and 
 the probabilities are that the flow will 
 steadily continue. This is introducing 
 into Canada a colonizing influence by the 
 United States that must build up a con- 
 tinental policy north and south of the 
 boundary. If the Joint High Commis- 
 sion reassembles and arrives at an agree- 
 ment satisfactory to Congress and the 
 Dominion Parliament, this policy will 
 rapidly gather strength. But even if an 
 agreement for closer commercial rela- 
 tions be not made at the present time, the 
 weakening of the protectionist sentiment 
 in the United States, due to the astonish- 
 ing growth of our export trade, will 
 eventually open the door to freer trade 
 with Canada, so far as it depends upon 
 our volition. When that time comes, the 
 farmers, the lumbermen, the miners, and 
 the fishermen of Canada will compel the 
 opposing interests to yield. 
 
 THE TARIFF AND THE TRUSTS. 
 
 In the May number of the Quarterly 
 Journal of Economics Mr. Charles 
 Beardsley discusses the question of the 
 tariff in its relation to Trusts, or com- 
 binations formed for suppressing com- 
 petition. He considers that the McKin- 
 ley tariff of 1890 was the first great 
 incitement to the formation of Trusts, 
 for the Standard Oil Trust, although 
 earlier in point of time, was not de- 
 pendent on any tariff, and stood alone 
 in the field for many years. The con- 
 centration of industry in large estab- 
 lishments was already taking shape, 
 but the law of competition was in force 
 generally. Directly after the passage 
 of the McKinley tariff, however, the ar- 
 ticles of sugar, starch, linseed oil, lead, 
 whiskey, tobacco, and envelopes were 
 made the subjects of monopoly, or at- 
 tempted monopoly, under the protecting 
 duties given to the producers. From 
 that time to the present. Trusts and 
 combines have multiplied in the land, 
 and a new branch of industry has grown 
 up, that of the promoter of combina- 
 tions. Mr. Beardsley is of the opinion 
 that the movement is inevitable, and 
 he is not disposed to condemn it. On 
 the contrary, he thinks that "It should 
 be welcomed as an important step for- 
 ward in the evolution of industry," but 
 that it does not need to be helped for- 
 ward by acta of Congress and ought not 
 to be. 
 
 Mr. Beardsley gives a list of the prin- 
 
 cipal existing Trusts, with the rates of 
 duty on competing articles imported 
 from abroad, and the amount of such 
 articles actually imported during the 
 fiscal year 1900. Thus it appears that 
 the American Steel and Wire Trust is 
 protected by an average duty of 40.22 
 per cent., and that the importation of 
 competing articles was $174,816 for the 
 year. The Tin-Plate Trust has a duty 
 of nearly 47 per cent., and the importa- 
 tion was $4,.?91,800. Of course the 
 American tin plate was sold, or might 
 have been sold, 47 per cent, higher here 
 than it was offered in the world's mar- 
 kets, although the steel billets from 
 which it is made in Wales are in part 
 produced in the United States. Window 
 glass is protected by a duty of 66 per 
 cent, average, and the importation was 
 $1,530,037. This is also made by a Trust. 
 Table glass, a separate concern, has 60 
 per cent. The National Salt Company 
 has a duty of 89 per cent, on salt in 
 bulk, the Starch Company 73 per cent., 
 the Carbon Company 115 per cent, for 
 electric-lighting carbons, the Distilling 
 Company 123 per cent, protection 
 against Scotch whiskey. 
 
 The conclusions reached by Mr. 
 Beardsley are that this condition of 
 things cannot last, and that It ought 
 not to last. He holds that the tariff on 
 goods of any sort of which the cost 
 of production, including a fair profit, is 
 no higher in the United States than in 
 foreign countries, should be little or no- 
 thing. All duties above this are an in- 
 citement to monopoly and are sure to 
 run into monopoly. Most iron and steel 
 products, he contends, can now be pro- 
 duced in the United States as cheaply 
 as anywhere else in the world, "if not 
 more cheaply than anywhere else," yet 
 they are protected by an average duty 
 of 37 per cent, ad valorem. The paper 
 industry is another in which we can 
 compete with any nation on equal terms. 
 In fact, our exports of paper exceed our 
 imports, yet the duty on imported paper 
 and manufactures of paper is equal to 
 29 per cent, ad valorem. It should be 
 borne in mind, too, that imported arti- 
 cles must pay ocean and inland freights 
 and other charges, which are in the na- 
 ture of additional protection to the home 
 producer, 
 
 Mr. Beardsley would not lower the tar- 
 iff in a spirit of hostility to combinations, 
 or for the purpose of crushing them out, 
 but merely to correct monopoly abuses. 
 He thinks, however, that the rapid prog- 
 ress of consolidation among the tariff- 
 protected Trusts has made revision of 
 the tariff necessary, and that it cannot 
 be long delayed. The consolidation of an 
 industry, he says, is no reason, of itself, 
 for withdrawing protection, but the 
 existing rates are In some cases so ex- 
 cessive, and the prices charge<i to the 
 home con.sumer so oppressive, that the 
 present condition may be described as 
 dangerous. The facts collected in Mr. 
 
4:28 
 
 The K"ation. 
 
 [Vol. 72, No. 1874 
 
 Beardsley's paper make it an important 
 contribution to tlie literature of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Tlie discussion of Congressman Bab- 
 coclt's proposition to repeal the duties 
 on iron and steel continues in the West- 
 ern newspapers in a fitful way, showing 
 that it is not to be put down by a sneer, 
 or to be 8tanii>ed out as a heresy in 
 the Republican party. In fact, all signs 
 point to a new political issue growing 
 out of this question, not necessai'ily be- 
 tween the Republicans and the Demo- 
 crats, but rather dividing both parties. 
 The issue will come first between the 
 moderates and the extremists in the Re- 
 publican ranks, counting among the for- 
 mer such men as Mr. Kasson, Congress- 
 man Babcock, Senator CuUom, Senator 
 Allison, and l^resident McKinley himstlt, 
 and, on the other hand, the Boston Home 
 Market Club, the tariff-protected Trusts, 
 Senators Lodge and Frye, the ship-sub- 
 sidy crowd, and all who apprehend that 
 any change of the tariff, even in the form 
 of a reciprocity treaty, will open the 
 whole question and bring in wholesale 
 reductions. 
 
 The original theory of tariff protec- 
 tion as formulated by Hamilton, that it 
 was intended merely to give manufac- 
 turing industries a chance to start, to be 
 restricted to such as were not already es- 
 tablished, and to be abandoned as soon 
 as they were well going, has been lost 
 sight of. Even Senator Hoar appealed 
 the other day to "the doctrine of the 
 great economic school which Hamilton 
 founded," oblivious of the fact that 
 Hamilton considered the iron and steel 
 industry already established here in 
 1790, although he was willing to recom- 
 mend temporary duties on those articles 
 as high as 7% and 10 per cent. Such ana- 
 chronisms and such misconceptions 
 cannot hold the ground much longer in 
 the Republican party, or in any group 
 of thinking men. 
 
 THE HAWAIIAN UNHAPPY FAMILY. 
 Meagre press dispatches have given 
 only bare hints of the quarrels by which 
 people in the Hawaiian Islands are now 
 rent asunder. The political smoke and 
 lava-flow are as If Mauna Loa were in 
 eruption. Our cheerful Imperialists, 
 however, pay no attention to these 
 things. To annex an island they will 
 throw themselves into a noble rage and 
 defy the world; but to govern it well — 
 faugh! such plodding work is not for 
 them. They are after another island 
 by that time. Who does not remember 
 the intimate knowledge of Hawaii dis- 
 played some years ago by every annex- 
 ationist in this country? Why, the very 
 children in the streets knew all about 
 the wicked "monarchists" in Honolulu, 
 and the heroic "patriots" who risked 
 all In order to give away their coun- 
 try. But that was before we got the 
 islands. Now that they are ours, we 
 
 care nothing for them. There is some- 
 thing in the Bible about compassing sea 
 and land to make one proselyte, and his 
 turning out, when made, twofold more 
 the child of — well, the Imperialists 
 are mighty in the Scriptures, and it is 
 not necessary to complete the citation. 
 The bitterest controversy in the Ter 
 ritory of Hawaii is that which is rag- 
 ing between the Legislature and Gov- 
 ernor. Under the terms of the organic 
 act, the regular session of the Legisla- 
 ture expired by limitation on May 1. 
 But It had not passed the necessary ap- 
 propriation bills, and there were many 
 other matters of legislation which had 
 failed. Accordingly, a joint resolution 
 was passed requesting Gov. Dole to ex- 
 tend the session. A petition to the same 
 effect was laid before him by a com- 
 mittee of "Home Rulers," but the Gov- 
 ernor "turned to them with a smile." 
 and said that he should refuse to do 
 anything of the kind. He added: 
 
 "The time of the session has been wasted 
 by the law-makers, and the public funds 
 have been dissipated without accomplishing 
 any good results. 
 
 "I have It on good authority that the mem- 
 bers of the Legislature have disregarded 
 their oaths to such a degree as to have been 
 guilty of taking bribes in consideration of 
 their individual efforts in the interests of 
 certain measures which came before them. 
 I have this information on such excellent au- 
 thority that it would be a dereliction in duty 
 tor me to hesitate in this matter, and I 
 therefore deny the petition and refuse to 
 extend the session as requested." 
 
 The leader of the "Home Rulers" 
 "drew a deep breath" when he heard 
 this, and "gasped with surprise." Then 
 he told the Governor that it was a most 
 serious charge which he had made 
 against the Legislature, and one "that 
 every man of honor among us wants to 
 see proved." He probably meant dis- 
 proved, unless he was an Irishman, like 
 that other Celt who went to a lawyer 
 to complain that so and so had called 
 him a liar: "And I propose to make him 
 prove it." Gov. Dole, however, declin- 
 ed to prove his charges, though, as he 
 has served long on the bench and knows 
 what legal evidence is, and is not a man 
 given to impetuous utterance, it is prob- 
 able he has something pretty definite 
 to go upon. 
 
 But the Legislature took a glorious 
 revenge. It adopted an address to Pres- 
 ident McKinley praying him to "remove 
 from his high office" the Governor of the 
 Territory. This offlcial's high crimes 
 and misdemeanors seemed a little vague 
 in the specifications, it must be con- 
 fessed. It is asserted that he lias "lost 
 the confidence of the majority of the 
 people"; that he "has not their best in- 
 terests at heart," and that he is "try- 
 ing to take from its rightful owners, to 
 give to a few, the heritage of the peo- 
 ple." Those are even more serious 
 charges than the ones made by Gov. 
 Dole against the Legislature, but It is 
 clear that, as they stand, it Is impossible 
 to prove them, however much men of 
 honor may want to see them proved. 
 
 But what the Legislature really desires 
 is to have the President order Gov. Dole 
 to extend the session. "We know," they 
 remark innocently, "that it is a matter 
 out of your real sphere, yet a sugges- 
 tion from you will be suflicient to accom- 
 plish the end." But as Mr. McKinley 
 will scarcely make even a suggestion 
 out of his real sphere, it is safe to say 
 that the Legislature will be called, as 
 Gov. Dole proposes, only in special ses- 
 sion to pass appropriation bills, and to 
 do nothing else. 
 
 The whole thing is plainly a disgust- 
 ing political squabble. A set of immi- 
 grant promoters and schemers have 
 seen their plans go wrong, and are 
 filled with fury against Gov. Dole. 
 Americans that they are, they speak of 
 "his infamous republic" which he got 
 the United States to annex, and actual- 
 ly go so far as to. advocate a "revolu- 
 tion" against him. It is the Honolulu 
 Itepublican, the organ of the smart and 
 pushing crowd that has gone to the isl- 
 ands since annexation, which calls for 
 this new Hawaiian revolution against 
 a "pliant and weak Executive who would 
 suck the life-blood out of this fair land." 
 But Gov. Dole has received the en- 
 dorsement of the Republican Central 
 Committee of Hawaii, and appears to 
 have the support of the great majority 
 of conservative citizens, so that he will 
 probably continue to suck blood as be- 
 fore. 
 
 Even Federal officials in Hawaii do 
 not find themselves living in a happy 
 family. The United States District At- 
 torney recently made a savage arraign- 
 ment of a jury which had refused to 
 convict a man on the clearest evidence, 
 and Judge Estee remarked from the 
 bench that he "heartily endorsed" what 
 District Attorney Baird had said of 
 the repeated miscarriages of justice, 
 and incontinently discharged the jury 
 for the term. The thing was done, said 
 the District Attorney, to "save the Unit- 
 ed States Government" the disgrace of 
 such travesties of justice as had been 
 witnessed in that court. Like truthful 
 James, we but state the facts as we find 
 them in the Hawaiian newspapers. We 
 have no interpretation of them to insist 
 upon, but we think the Imperialists and 
 Annexationists ought to have one. At 
 any rate, they ought not to be so silent 
 about the Hawaii that they have got, 
 and scream so loudly about some other 
 islands that they want to get. 
 
 ART FOR THE CITY. 
 The Municipal Art Society differs 
 from similar New York organizations 
 in taking the city just as it finds it. 
 While many organizations tacitly as- 
 sume that the city should do things 
 which it now leaves undone, or that it 
 should undo what It has done already, 
 the Municipal Art Society assumes that 
 the broad lines of public expenditure 
 
Jan. 2, 1902] 
 
 The USTation. 
 
 11 
 
 tinental position, this would be easy to ac- 
 complish, even i£ opposed by the whole 
 power of Great Britain. The seacoast 
 States could defend themselves while the 
 Interior States were overruuing Canada; 
 but if the time should come when Great 
 Britain was not able to maintain all of its 
 possessions, the annexation of Canada 
 could be made peaceably." 
 
 A Canadian might say with Parson Wil- 
 bur — 
 
 — "thet all this big talk of our cJcstlnU's 
 Is half on It ign'ance, on' t' other half rum ; 
 
 but what is your opinion of it, sir, you who 
 print the above without comment and with- 
 out protest? We are accustomed to menace 
 and insult from such papers as the New 
 York Sun and from such demagogues as 
 Bourke Cockran. Do you think a wide- 
 spread repetition of their sentiments In 
 respectable quarters can fail to produce 
 deep resentment here? 
 
 The improved tone of the American press 
 of late towards England has led to a more 
 friendly feeling in Canada for the United 
 States, but there can be no cordiality on 
 our part without a great change in your at- 
 titude towards us. We prize our liberty 
 and autonomy as highly as any people that 
 ever lived; we are firmly loyal to the Brit- 
 ish crown; and we are determined to build 
 up a great independent and self-governing 
 British Power on the north of this conti- 
 nent — a free community within a world-en- 
 circling empire. 
 
 American policy towards Canada has 
 hitherto aCforded a striking example of 
 how a little mind may go with great pos- 
 sessions. The last thing we expect from the 
 United States is magnanimity, yet that is 
 the first essential towards genuine and 
 permanent good feeling between us and our 
 neighbors. R. W. Shannon. 
 
 Ottawa, Caxada, December 'i4, 1901. 
 
 [Our opinion is, that our correspon- 
 dent "P. J." was addressing a military 
 argumentuvi ad hominem to the cham- 
 pions of colonial expansion; further, 
 that he would not be found to be in fa- 
 vor of the use of force to attain that 
 fusion of Canada and the United States 
 which he might, in a perfectly friendly 
 and neighborly spirit, believe to be nat- 
 urally inevitable. But we do not hold 
 ourselves responsible for the views of 
 our correspondents. — Ed. Nation.] 
 
 CANADA AND ALASKA. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: A short time since, the Toronto Olobe 
 printed a rumor from Ottawa that Canada 
 was about to press again her recent claim 
 to a portion of Alaska, and a second time 
 to urge the United States to submit this de- 
 mand to the arbitration o( foreigners for 
 settlement. But there is nothing in this 
 dfmand to arbitrate. 
 
 Russia and England, after protracted ne- 
 gotiations, agreed by treaty. In 1825. upon a 
 line to divide their respective North Ameri- 
 can possessions. This frontier was drawn 
 from the Arctic Ocean, along the meridian 
 of HI degrees west longitude to Mount Saint 
 Ellas, and then was to follow the crest of 
 the mountains running parallel to the coast, 
 to the head of the Portland canal, and down 
 that sinuosity to the ocean In fifty-four de- 
 grees forty minutes north latitude. But 
 
 it at any point the crest of the mountains 
 proved to be at a greater distance than teu 
 marine leagues from the shore, then the 
 frontier should run parallel to the sinuosi- 
 ties of the coast at a distance of ten marine 
 leagues inland, but never further than that 
 from the shore. 
 
 This gave to Russia a strip of territory, or 
 Usiirc, from Mount Saint Ellas to the Port- 
 land canal of sufficient width to entirely ex- 
 clude the British Empire from any access 
 to tide water above fifty-four degrees forty 
 minutes. And that England was so ex- 
 cluded from contact with the sea north of 
 fifty-four degrees forty minutes, the Eng- 
 lish and the Canadian Governments recog- 
 nized, both on their maps and by the acts of 
 their officials. This strip of territory, or 
 lisiiir, became ours when we bought Alaska 
 in 1867 from Russia, and we succeeded to all 
 her rights of sovereignty. 
 
 If the claim of Canada — that she is en- 
 titled to many outlets upon tide water above 
 fifty-four degrees forty minutes — were sub- 
 mitted to arbitration, and the judges decid- 
 ed anything in favor of Canada, it would be 
 a clear gain for her. And if the judgment 
 gave Canada but a single port, like Pyramid 
 Harbor or Dyea on the Lynn Canal, for in- 
 stance, the present and future value to the 
 United States of the Alaskan liKiirc would 
 be greatly impaired. The evidence in the 
 case is all in favor of the United States, and 
 shows that they are entitled, by long, unin- 
 terrupted occupancy and other rights, to an 
 unbroken strip of territory on the mainland 
 frcm Mount Saint Ellas down to the Port- 
 land Canal. There is no more reason for 
 this country to agree to refer its right to 
 the possession and sovereignty of this un- 
 broken Alaskan Jisiirc to the decision of for- 
 eigners, than would be the case if the Eng- 
 lish Empire advanced a demand to sover- 
 eignty over the coast of the Carolinas or the 
 port of Baltimore, and suggested that the 
 claim should be referred to the judgment of 
 the subjects of third Powers. Whether 
 the frontier should pass over a certain moun- 
 tain or through a given gorge is a proper 
 subject for settlement by a mutual survey. 
 But by no possibility has Canada any right 
 to territory touching tide water above fifty- 
 four degrees forty minutes. The United 
 States should not consent to submit such a 
 proposition to arbitration. T. W. Balch. 
 PuiLADELriiiA, December -27, 1901, 
 
 BYRON, COLERIDGE, AND DON JUAN. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: Mr. Prothero, in the fifth volume of 
 his excellent edition of Byron's 'Letters 
 and Journals,' gives the following note at 
 page 243: "D. Juan Tenorio of Seville was 
 the hero of the Spanish mystery-play, the 
 Alheista Fulminalo (see Coleridge's 'Bio- 
 graphia Literaria,' vol. 11., pp. 262 seqq.). 
 The mystery was dramatized by Gabriel 
 Tellez, i. e., Tirso de Molina," etc. 
 
 The existence of such a Spanish mystery- 
 play has long been denied by the best for- 
 eign critics, but they have not explained the 
 origin of the Idea. Putbusque, In his 'His- 
 toire Compar^c dcs Lltt^ratures Espagnole 
 et Francaise' (1843), first spread this story 
 in Europe. He makes the same statement 
 as that glTBD above (vol. II., pp. 239, 467), 
 and quotes as his authority "Coleridge, 
 commentator of Byron's complete works," 
 whose note he saw In the French transla- 
 tion of B. Laroche. Pulbusque evidently 
 
 mistook an illustrative passage from the 
 'Biographia Literaria' for an editor's note. 
 He gives plausibility to his statement by 
 quoting scenes from this alleged "Ateista 
 Fulminado." 
 
 Coleridge makes his original statement 
 (in the 'Biog. Lit.') in the criticism on 
 Bertram. He mentions "an old Spanish 
 play entitled Athcista FuJminato, formerly, 
 and perhaps still, acted in the churches and 
 monasteries of Spain, and which, under va- 
 rious names (Don Juan, the Libertine, etc.), 
 has had its day of favor in every country 
 throughout Europe." Later he quotes parts 
 of different scenes, apparently his own 
 translation from this Spanish play; and, 
 several pages farther on, he speaks of Shad- 
 well's "Libertine," "an adaptation of the 
 Athcista Fulminato to the English stage in 
 the reign of Charles the Second." But 
 what Coleridge does not state is that the 
 scenes which he quotes are nothing but 
 extracts from "The Libertine," word for 
 word! Moreover, the statement about the 
 Spanish "Atheista" Is apparently nothing 
 but a confused reminiscence of the follow- 
 ing sentence from Shadwell's preface to his 
 play: "And I have been told by a worthy 
 Gentleman, that many Years agone (when 
 first a Play was made upon this Story in 
 Italy), he has seen It acted there by the 
 name of Atheisto Fulminato, in Churches on 
 Sundays, as a Part of Devotion," etc. This 
 religious play was, of course, subsequent, 
 not prior to, the Spanish drama said to be 
 by Tellez. 
 
 We see that the whole myth about an 
 early Spanish mystery-play is based on a 
 strange perversion of Shadwell by Cole- 
 ridge, who did not see that fulminato is 
 Italian, not Spanish. Pulbusque, in repeat- 
 ing the error, gave the word its Spanish 
 termination, which served to strengthen 
 the roots of the legend. S. G. Morlbt. 
 
 1I.VRVABD tTMYERsiTY, December 1(J, IVOI. 
 
 COMPLAINT AND REPLY. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: In the review of the 'Queen's Com- 
 rade,' which appears In your paper of the 
 14th inst., there Is one sentence which, 
 more than all others, is quite unjustifiable. 
 Your critic says that such history as the 
 volumes contain "treats chiefly of things 
 that either never happened at all, or, hav- 
 ing happened, were of little account." As 
 to the first part of this sentence, any read- 
 er will see that authorities are given for 
 every statement made; and, as for the 
 second, the downfall of James, the Revo- 
 lution, the reigns of William and Mary and 
 Anne, are of some little account. As your 
 reviewer's remark, which is neither true 
 nor Just, is calculated to Injure the sale of 
 the book, I hope you will have the kind- 
 ness to insert this correction in your pages. 
 Faithfully yours, 
 
 Fitzgerald Mollov. 
 
 iW POBTBDOW.S ICi'AD, I.ONliuX W., 
 
 NoTcmber 2K, IWOl. 
 
 [Our meaning was, that of the history 
 which the book contains, much, like all 
 history of intrigue, cabal, and conspiracy, 
 had, of necessity, to do with many things 
 which never came to pass, or, having 
 come to pass, were of little account. We 
 never, of course. Intended to refer to 
 
12 
 
 The ISTation 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1905 
 
 faits accomplis like the Revolution and 
 the events of the reigns preceding and 
 following it, but to the workings of the 
 under world and the back-stairs, with 
 which the present volumes have very 
 properly to do. — Ed. Nation.] 
 
 "TO CHANCER." 
 To THE Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: In the 'Century Dictionary' we 
 read: 
 
 " Chancer, i'. f. [Formed from charicert/.] To 
 adjust according to principles of equity, as would 
 be done by a court of chancery : as, to chancer a 
 forfeiture, ^fass. Prov. /.awa." 
 
 And in the 'Oxford Dictionary": 
 
 "Chancer, v. rare, [f f. Chancery.] trans. To 
 ' tax ' (an account or bill of costs)." 
 
 The editors of the Century content them- 
 selves with a vague reference; Dr. Mur- 
 ray gives but a single quotation (trom an 
 American work, dated 1708); and in both 
 dictionaries to chancer is regarded as cer- 
 tainly or probably formed from the noun 
 chancery. Of the fact that to chancer is 
 ultimately derived trom the noun chancery, 
 there can be no doubt; but it appears, 
 from a work only recently published, that 
 there was formerly a verb, the existence 
 of which does not seem to have been sus- 
 pected, namely, to chancery. There are 
 many examples of this verb in the work 
 first quoted below: 
 
 " The deffend' desiring a chancery the plantiff 
 Gonn & not to be found The Court ordered a 
 respit of y execution till the 9 of October next to 
 wch time this Court Adjournd themselues [& 
 chanceried the daniage Additional} to 40« only ] 
 . . . The plaintilT desired his bond mi^ht be 
 chanceried Tlxe Court hauing heard the plaintiff 
 & defend's pleas as to the Chancering of the bond 
 did chancery it to sixty-eight pounds fiue shilling" 
 & tenn penc mony & Costs of Courts two poimds 
 sixteen shillings tt sixe pence. ... In answer 
 to the motion of Joseph Helljer The Court chan- 
 ceried his bond to one hundred & eight pounds 
 money & Costs of Courts," 1674, :6(M, 1685, A'e. ords 
 of the Court of Assistants, Mass. (1901), pp. 21, S61, 
 28T. 
 
 ^* And it is hereby further enacted . . . 
 
 "That there be a high court of chancery within 
 this province, who shall have power and authority 
 to hear and determine all matters of equity, . . . 
 provided, nevertheless, that the justices m any of 
 the courts aforesaid, where the forfeiture of any 
 penal bond is found, shall be and hereby are im- 
 powred to chancer the same unto the just debt and 
 damages." 1693. Acts (C Resolves of tlie Prov. of 
 Mass. (1869), i. 75. 
 
 •• Be it enacted . . . That in all cases brought or 
 to be brought for tryal in the superiour court of 
 judicature, . , . where the forfeiture or penalty 
 annexed unto any articles, . . . shall be foimd by 
 verdict of jury, . . . the justices of the said courts 
 respectively where the tryal is had are hereby im- 
 powred and authorized to moderate the rigour of 
 the law, and on consideration of such cases, ac- 
 cording to equity and good conscience to chancer 
 the forfeiture, . . . and enter up judgement for 
 the just debt and damages, and to awar 1 execution 
 accordingly." 1698, do., i. 356. 
 
 " Upon the humble petition of William Collins, 
 of Newport, tanner, to this Assembly, for the 
 chancerizing of two bonds, one of thirty six pounds, 
 flveshillings, and oneof twenty-flve pomids; . , . 
 
 "This Assembly considering the matter, do order 
 and enact, that the said bonds be by the Governor 
 and council truly chan^erized to the principal and 
 interest, and entered on said bonds, signed by the 
 recorder." nU7, Rhode Island Col. Becords ^1S59). 
 iv. 26. 
 
 "The case being called, . . . judgment was 
 given for the appellee, in that the bond should be 
 chancerd; and tliatthe costs and damages allowed 
 
 the appellee should amount to £15 01 «." 1709, do., 
 
 iv. m. 
 
 " Upon the petition of Lt. Charles Whiting, 
 praying that an arbitration bond . . . might 
 be chancered: This .\sserably hath considered that 
 the said Watson shall recover by virtue of the 
 judgment of said superiour court given upon said 
 bond, the sum of four pounds seventeen shillings 
 and five pence, and no more, and the said bond is 
 hereby chancered and reduced to that sum . ' 1719, 
 Connecticut Col. R cord's, (1872), vi , 127. 
 
 " The appellant and appellee being duly heard, 
 this .Vssembly do adjudge and decree, that the 
 judgment of the General Court of Trials . . . 
 be, and it is hereby chancerized down to twenty 
 shillings." 1722, R. I Col. Rec, iv. ;)20. 
 
 "Whereupon it is resolved, that the aforesaid 
 note is chancerable, and said judgment is hereby 
 chancered to the sum given by the said arbitra- 
 tors." 1726, Ct. Cnt. Rec, vii. 71. 
 
 " It is not easily to be accounted for, how E g- 
 land, France and Holland, have tacitly allowed 
 their several American Colonies; by Laws of their 
 several I'rovinces, by Chancerings in their Courts 
 of Judicature, and by Custom; to depreciate from 
 Time to Time, the value of their original Denomi- 
 nations, to defraud their Principals and Creditors 
 in Europe.'' 1740, W. Douglass. ZHscoiirse Con- 
 cerniTirj the Currenc es of the British Plantations 
 iji America, p. 7. 
 
 " Voted that Messrs. Peter Gillraan, Jotham Odi- 
 orne & Mr. Hunking Wentworth be a Comittee 
 of this House to joyne such as the Hon^'''" the Coun- 
 cil shall appoint to ascertain tlie valine of money 
 & E.xch" for chancering the valine of the bills of 
 Credit." 1742. New Hampshire Prov. Papers 
 (1871), V. 159. 
 
 "Resolved by this Assembly, that the bond re- 
 cited in said petition, on which the judgment of the 
 superior court referred to was rendered, be chan- 
 cer'd down to the sum of sixty-two pounds lawful 
 money." 1761, Ct. Col. Rec, xi. 547. 
 
 "Upon the memorial of Caleb Turner . . . 
 showing . . , That it so happened that said 
 Peletiah's business required him to go to sea, and 
 the stamp-act being about to take place he incau- 
 tiously went to sea, so that the said bond became 
 forfeited &c ; praying that the sum might be 
 chancered down &c., as per memorial on file: Re- 
 solved by this Assembly, that the said bond of 
 recognizance be and the same is hereby chancered 
 and abated down to the sum of twenty pounds 
 lawful money only." 17l»8, do., xiii. 110. 
 
 Ot the six words which appear in these 
 extracts, no fewer than five — chancerable, 
 chancering, chancerize, chancerizing, and to 
 chancery — have tailed to obtain recognition 
 in the dictionaries. Mr. John Noble, the 
 editor of the work first quoted, tells me 
 that to chancer is still heard in Massachu- 
 setts, though the verbal noun chancering 
 is more common. On the other hand, from 
 a Philadelphia lawyer I learn that he is 
 not familiar with these words. Is it pos- 
 sible that the entire group of words is re- 
 stricted to New England? Perhaps some of 
 your readers learned in the law can give 
 some further information. 
 
 Albert Matthews. 
 
 Boston, Duceniber 17, 1901. 
 
 THE KAIBEL CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 To the Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: The writer has been asked to make 
 known through the medium of your paper 
 that the library of the late Dr. Kalbel, Pro- 
 fessor of Greek and Latin at the University 
 of Gottingen, will be offered for sale in its 
 entirety, and that a manuscript catalogue 
 in a tew copies is being prepared, to be 
 sent to libraries tor inspection. Applica- 
 tions should be made to Prof. Dr. Carl 
 Dziatzko, Unlversitats-Blbliothekar, Got- 
 tingen, Germany. The library contains about 
 
 4,000 bound volumes In good condition, and 
 some 3,000 to 4,000 pamphlets, and is par- 
 ticularly rich in periodicals, reproductions 
 of inscriptions, and reprints. 
 
 Aksel G. S. Josephson. 
 
 •lOIIN <'KEK.\R LiBKAKY. ClllC.iOO, 
 
 Dcceml)er 21, mui. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Howard AVilford Bell (London and New 
 York) is engaged in a novel enterprise 
 styled "The Unit Library," which is to con- 
 sist of reprints of classic works (ancient 
 and modern) in a uniform size of 4>4 by 
 6% inches, edited by Wiiriam Laird Clowes 
 and A. R. Waller. The print will be clear 
 without display or ornament, and the price 
 will be based on the "unit" of 25 pages, 
 plus paper or cloth or leather binding. 
 The first hundred books already announced 
 lead off with Bunyan's 'Pilgrim's Progress" 
 and end with Rousseau's 'Confessions.' The 
 experiment will be watched with interest. 
 
 Another "unit" system is to be employed 
 by the New England Historic Genealogical 
 Society of Boston in undertaking the pub- 
 lication of the vital records of towns in 
 Massachusetts (some 190 in number) 
 whose Records are not already printed or 
 on the way to be. Each town is estimated 
 to require an average of 150 printed pages, 
 octavo; and subscriptions to the series will 
 be received at the rate of one cent a page, 
 which includes binding. This is expected 
 to meet the cost of 600 copies. The Rec- 
 ords will not be brought down beyond 1845, 
 after which date duplicate copies were filed 
 with the Secretary of the Commonwealth. 
 Communications should be addressed to 
 Henry Ernest Woods, editor. No. 18 Somer- 
 set Street, Boston. 
 
 Benjamin H. Sanborn & Co., Boston, have 
 in preparation an 'Atlas of the Geography 
 and History of the Ancient World,' in forty- 
 eight maps and plans. 
 
 'Deutschland in China, 1900-1901," Is the 
 title of an elaborately illustrated work, to 
 be published under Government supervi- 
 sion and the general editorship of Count 
 Waldersee, in the near future, and intend- 
 ed to be practically the permanent and 
 semi-official record of the German expedi- 
 tion to China. The letterpress itself con- 
 sists of thirteen chapters from the pens 
 of official participants, and the illustra- 
 tions (published by the house of .-August 
 Bogel.Diisseldort) have been prepared by or 
 under the direction of the battle painter 
 Roscholl, who himself took part in the ex- 
 pedition. The volume will cost thirty marks, 
 and will not be obtainable through the 
 regular book trade until the participants 
 in the expedition and the various libraries 
 have been supplied. 
 
 Among the novelties of the ever youth- 
 ful Almanach de Gotha. tor 1902, in its 
 139th year (Gotha: Perthes; New York: 
 Lemcke & Buechner). 1« a calendar of 
 princely and noble birthdays which editors, 
 court officials, and others, it is suggested, 
 may find handy. There is also a new 
 list of orders. The King and Queen of 
 Italy, and Prince George, the ruler of Crete, 
 furnish three of the tour regulation por- 
 traits. Under Holland is given the per- 
 sonnel of the new Hague International Ar- 
 bitration Tribunal, and mention of this 
 leads the editors to remark with uncon- 
 
 
Jan. i6, 1902] 
 
 The DSTation 
 
 51 
 
 rate some Important persons among them, 
 did not really wish to stamp out the in- 
 surrection, whose continuance gave them 
 opportunities of enriching themselves 
 through extra pay and through contracts 
 for military stores and supplies of various 
 kinds. It this be true, these officers over- 
 played their game with a characteristic 
 want ot foresight, for any one might have 
 predicted from the beginning ot 1897, if not 
 earlier, that foreign intervention was ap- 
 proaching. It is. at any rate, clear, that, it 
 the Spanish officials really wished to sup- 
 press the insurrection, there must have 
 been extraordinary Incapacity and probably 
 a great deal of corruption among them, 
 tor the balance ot military strength was al- 
 together In their favor, and a large part 
 of the population was always on their side. 
 During the last tew months Cuba — that 
 is to say, the intelligent part of the Cuban 
 population, and especially those who have 
 something to lose or to gain — has been agi- 
 tated by two questions: the promised de- 
 parture of the American administrators and 
 the promised arrival of Sir William Van 
 Home, the Canadian railway magnate, who 
 has underlal;en a large scheme for the con- 
 struction of a trunk line through the east 
 and east-central parts ot the island. These 
 two events are intimately connected, for 
 with the withdrawal of American adminis- 
 tration a new chapter in Cuban history will 
 open, and no one knows what sort of gov- 
 ernment will be created, what sort of or- 
 der will be kept, what sort ot facilities for 
 agricultural and commercial development 
 will be provided. Yet it is largely upon 
 these things that the success of railway 
 schemes must depend. Whatever opinions 
 any one may hold as to the need for Amer- 
 ican intervention In 1898, or as to the pol- 
 icy which Congress and the Executive have 
 followed since then, there ought not to be 
 any difference ot opinion as to the admira- 
 ble spirit in which Gen. Wood and his prin- 
 cipal subordinates have discharged their 
 difficult task, or as to the substantial value 
 of the work they have done for Cuba. But 
 these topics are too large to be entered 
 on at the end ot a letter. 
 
 Oon-espondenee. 
 
 CANADA AND ALASKA. 
 To THE Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: Your correspondent, T. W. Balch, 
 states that there Is nothing to arbitrate 
 in the dispute between Canada and the 
 United States over the boundary between 
 Alaska and our northwest territories. Whe- 
 ther this is so may be learned from the 
 notes exchanged between the United King- 
 dom and the United States upon the sub- 
 ject up to and Including those of October 
 20, 1899, fixing a provisional boundary. 
 Here it will be found that the problem 
 at issue involves the Interpretation of a 
 treaty made between England and Russia 
 In 1S25, whose terms are ambiguous, re- 
 quiring for their true construction a consid- 
 eration of the state of geographical know- 
 ledge at the time the document was sign- 
 ed, a reference to the correspondence which 
 led up to It, and the application ot well- 
 known principles ot International law. 
 
 Article III. of the treaty provided that, 
 from a certain point at 66 degrees north 
 
 latitude, "the line ot demarcation shall fol- 
 low the crest ot the mountains situated 
 parallel to the coast, as far as its point of 
 intersection with the 141st degree ot west 
 longitude." The whole region is highly 
 mountainous, and the question arises, what 
 are the mountains whose crest is to be 
 followed? 
 
 Article Iv., section 2, provides that 
 where the crest ot the mountains is more 
 than ten miles from the shore, the line 
 shall be drawn parallel to the sinuosities 
 of the coast, but never to be more than 
 ten marine leagues from it. Upon this 
 ground the United States raises the con- 
 tention that the boundary is Intended to be 
 throughout not less than thirty miles from 
 the ocean, whereas the language of the 
 document is "not more than." 
 
 Further, the question arises, what Is the 
 "coast" spoken of? In the negotiations 
 which preceded the treaty ot 1825, the Rus- 
 sian plenipotentiaries distinguished be- 
 tween the "coast" ot the main ocean and 
 the shores ot inlets. Canada takes her 
 stand upon the sense in which the term 
 was used by those who drew up the treaty. 
 Is that position so clearly wrong that it is 
 not even open to argument? 
 
 Your correspondent says: "The evidence 
 in the case is all in favor ot the United 
 States, and shows that they are entitled, 
 by long, uninterrupted occupancy and other 
 rights, to an unbroken strip of territory 
 on the mainland from Mount St. Elias 
 down to the Portland Canal." Why, then, 
 is the United States unwilling to submit 
 its claims to an impartial tribunal? 
 
 Canada sought to have this frontier ascer- 
 tained in 1872, shortly after the purchase 
 of Alaska by the United States, but without 
 success, although Hamilton Fish, the Secre- 
 tary of State, was favorable. In 1892 an In- 
 ternational survey commission was appoint- 
 ed to ascertain facts and data, and the com- 
 mission made a joint report on December 
 31, 1895, accompanied with elaborate maps 
 and photographic views. Up to this time 
 Vancouver's maps, made in 1792, were the 
 standard and only original authority, except 
 that the shores of the Lynn Canal had been 
 surveyed in 1881. In 1898-99 the British del- 
 egates to the International Commission, in- 
 cluding Lord Herschell, offered certain terms 
 to the United States, and, in the event of 
 these not being acceptable, they expressed 
 their willingness to refer the whole question 
 to arbitration on the lines of the Venezuela 
 boundary treaty. That treaty provided that 
 adverse holding for fifty years should make 
 a good title, and also that such effect should 
 be given to occupation for less than fifty 
 years as reason, justice, the principles of 
 International law, and the equities of the 
 case required. The United States Commis- 
 sioners refused both otters, making, howev- 
 er, a counter-proposal that, in the event of 
 their consenting to arbitration. It should be 
 provided beforehand that the settlements on 
 tidewater made on the authority of the 
 United States should continue to bo .\meri- 
 can territory, even though they might prove 
 to be on the British side ot the line. In 
 other words, they demanded that Canada 
 should yield her rights as a preliminary con- 
 dition to having those rights determined. 
 
 The claims put forward by Canada are 
 made In good faith, and based upon grounds 
 which, If disputable, are none the less solid. 
 The Issue Is precisely of the kind to which 
 
 arbitration is suitable. Yet the United 
 Slates, which insisted upon arbitration in 
 the Venezuela boundary difficulty, refuses It 
 here, acts as judge and advocate in its own 
 cause, and decides that there Is "nothing to 
 arbitrate." R. W. Shannon. 
 
 Ottawa, Canada, .January II, 1902. 
 
 STERNE'S INFLUENCE IN FRANCE. 
 To the Editor of The N.*.tion: 
 
 Sir: In reviewing last week (January 9) 
 the December meeting of the Modern Lan- 
 guage Association. "N. M." says: "Pro- 
 fessor Baldwin showed that the influence 
 of Sterne's works upon French literature 
 had been much underestimated." This con- 
 clusion would hardly be possible, in view 
 of the studies of M. Texte. At any rate, 
 my point was. that the influence of Sterne 
 in France, being the influence almost ex- 
 clusively ot 'Tristram Shandy.' and lead- 
 ing only to a certain kind of imitation, 
 could hardly be called literary. Of Sterne's 
 best art, the "Sentimental Journey,' the 
 only direct literary influence known to me, 
 in spite of the many French translations, 
 is the 'Voyage autour de ma Chambre" of 
 Xavier de Maistre. Instead of "underes- 
 timated," therefore, the word should be 
 inisiHltrprcted. I shall be obliged by this 
 correction — the more, it it lead to any sug- 
 gestion of further evidence for or against 
 my actual conclusion. 
 
 Charles Sears Baldwin. 
 
 Valk Univkrsitv, .lauiiary 11, 190'.2. 
 
 IS'otes. 
 
 Mr. Clarke Conwill. The Elston Press, 
 Pelham Road, New Rochelle, N. Y., will 
 publish directly 'The Art and Craft of 
 Printing," by William Morris, being a com- 
 plete record ot Morris's speeches and writ- 
 ings on this theme and his work at the 
 Kelmscott Press, with reproductions of 
 many ornaments and sample pages. Mr. 
 Conweli also announces as in press Mor- 
 ris's 'Some Notes oti Early Woodcut 
 Books." 
 
 A study of Robespierre, by Hilaire Bel- 
 loc; 'The Apostles' Creed: Its Origin, Its 
 Purpose, and its Historical Interpreta- 
 tion,' by Dr. Arthur C. McGlffert; and 
 ■Through Science to Faith,' by Dr. Newman 
 Smyth, are forthcoming from Charles Scrib- 
 ner's Sons. 
 
 D. Appleton & Co. open, this month, their 
 "World Series" with 'Britain and the British 
 Seas.' by H. J. Macklnder; and will also have 
 ready 'Financial Crises and Periods of In- 
 dustrial and Commercial Depression,' by 
 Theodore E. Burton. 
 
 The Life of a Century: 1800 to 1900.' by 
 Edwin Hodder (London: Newnes; New 
 York: Charles Soribner's Sons), Is a popu- 
 lar compilation, occupied mainly with the 
 history and development ot the British Em- 
 pire during the period which it covers. Its 
 record of mechanical progress takes a wider 
 range, including even an account of the 
 Bieel skyscrapers of New York. The book 
 makes no pretension to philosophical or 
 litirary value, but it Is likely to answer 
 well enough Us purpose of supplying "a 
 readable narrative," and It is. in the main, 
 accurate, though not quite free from politi- 
 cal partisanship. It contains over five hun- 
 dred lUustratloos. 
 
52 
 
 The IS'atiorL 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1907 
 
 The second volume of Mr. Rhees's docu- 
 mentary History ot the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, of which we recently noticed volume 
 1., has appeared. It contains papers con- 
 nected with the Fiftieth to the Fifty-fifth 
 Congresses. 1887-1899, and forms a volume 
 of more than 800 pages, closing with a list 
 of the official members of the "Establish- 
 ment" and a copious index. Among the mat- 
 ters treated, ot especial public interest 
 are the establishment of the National Zo- 
 ological Park and the Astrophysical Ob- 
 servatory. Altogether the two volumes 
 preserve in convenient form a mass of in- 
 formation as to the inception and growth 
 of a unique scientific institution, which will 
 be of permanent value to those interested 
 either in the functions of our Government, 
 the attitude of public men towards science, 
 or the evolution of scientific agencies. 
 
 'The Latin Quarter' is the title by which 
 the translators seek to represent Miirger's 
 'Scenes de la vie de BohSme' (Doubleday, 
 Page & Co.). The inevitable disappearance, 
 in translation, of much ot the characteristic 
 humor and wit serves to emphasize the sor- 
 did side of the life depicted; here and there 
 familiar expressions have been misunder- 
 stood. At the opening of chapter xiii., 
 CoIIine was eager to see his speculations 
 en caractire Ciciro, that is, in the special 
 type so called; the phrase has no reference 
 to the Ciceroiiic quality of CoUine's style, 
 as the translator puts it. Musette's pro- 
 jected marriage draws from Rodolphe the 
 natural exclamation, "Centre qui, Sei- 
 gneur?" feebly and incorrectly rendered in 
 "To whom, my lord?" Mr. Arthur Sy- 
 mons's introduction is not indispensable. 
 
 Translations of Alphonse Daudet's 'Let- 
 tres de Mon Moulin' and 'Contes du Lundi' 
 have been added to the series of "Little 
 Masterpieces" (Boston: Little, Brown & 
 Co.). In the former it may be noted that 
 "II les perdait toutes de la raeme facon" 
 docs not mean "He lost them in all kinds 
 of Moi/s" (p. 18). Again, by the sot who 
 "si souvent secouait les puces k sa pauvre 
 Clairon," Daudet colloquially describes a 
 wife-beater, not a man who ungallantly 
 "shook his fleas on his poor Clairette." 
 The introduction to the 'Contes' contains 
 a few questionable literary statements, such 
 as that "Daudet was, in a n^rtaiii sense, 
 the pioneer of the modern Short Story in 
 France." 
 
 To the discussion ot university reorgani- 
 zation, in its bearings on the substitution 
 ot modern languages for the classics, M. 
 Gustave Lanson contributed several arti- 
 cles in the Figaro, now collected in book 
 form, under the title, 'L'Universitfi et la 
 SoclSte Moderne' (Paris: Armand Colin). 
 The question being practically settled, the 
 chief interest of this little volume rests 
 rather on the clear common-sense views of 
 Its author than on its value as a factor in 
 the decisions. But, tor unconvcntionality 
 ot opinion, M. Lanson is certainly remark- 
 able among the disputants. He does not 
 hesitate to tell his countrymen ot the bias 
 given to French culture through excess ot 
 literary training; and he also insists that 
 modern languages, in order to Justify their 
 presence among higher studies, must reject 
 scholastic, for strictly practical, methods. 
 
 A second attempt this season to improve 
 on Mother Goose^ 'Mother Goose's Menag- 
 erie,' by Carolyn Wells, with colored illus- 
 trations by Peter Newell (Boston; Noyes, 
 Piatt & Co.), proves equally futile with the 
 
 first. Miss Wells's ear for rhythm is insuf- 
 ficient tor her ambitious metres, and her 
 Jests are often much above her audience. 
 Mr. XewcU's designs are narrowly man- 
 nered, but have some drollery and are bet- 
 ter than the Jingles. 
 
 Dodd, Mead & Co. issue in pamphlet form 
 a 'Bibliography ot the First Editions in 
 Book Form ot the Works ot Alfred. Lord 
 Tennyson.' The limitation expressed in the 
 title is, we think, regrettable, tor a little 
 more diligence would have added to the list 
 the place ot first publication ot every poem 
 ot Tennyson's. But perhaps it was too 
 much to expect that both the student ot lit- 
 erary history and the collector should be 
 regarded in a work of this character. Bib- 
 liographically, the work seems to be thor- 
 oughly done, being more complete than any 
 previous work in this field. The descrip- 
 tions are full and accurate, and the title- 
 pages ot the most notable issues are repro- 
 duced. The primary object ot the work is 
 to describe accurately a complete series ot 
 Tennyson first editions which Dodd, Mead 
 & Co. have gradually brought together and 
 now offer tor sale. But since the list grew 
 to be, for collectors' purposes, a complete 
 bibliography ot Tennyson, it is issued in 
 two editions ot 250 and 56 copies respec- 
 tive!" 
 
 We cannot praise the technical quality ot 
 Professor Du Bois's "Select Bibliography of 
 the American Negro, tor General Readers," 
 one of the Atlanta University publications. 
 "Explicit suggestions and criticisms are in- 
 vited" on the title-page, and we will remark 
 that the classification is quite erratic, the 
 sub-arrangement neither alphabetical nor 
 geographical, the typographical errors too 
 numerous — "F.J.May" for Samuel J., "Nich- 
 olay and Hay" for Nicolay — the references 
 far too vague, e. g., "Nation, xxviii." Why 
 should Olive Schreiner's 'Trooper Peter Hal- 
 ket in Mashonaland' be found here? Why 
 should works on fugitive slaves and the 
 Underground Railroad be classed under 
 "Emancipation," being ante-bellum in 
 theme; and the Life of Garrison be placed 
 under the same rubric and not under the 
 preceding one, "Abolition Movement?" This 
 well-meant little pamphlet betrays inexpe- 
 rience and a mind not orderly. 
 
 The "Annual List" of new and important 
 books added to the Boston Public Library 
 contains 206 pages of titles classified under 
 22 subjects. It makes a handy reference 
 chronicle of the English literature of the 
 past year on nearly every conceivable topic. 
 In addition to the synopsis ot classification, 
 there is an index ot biographies arranged al- 
 phabetically by subjects. 
 
 The London Publishers' Circular for De- 
 cemljer 21, 1901, contains a complete expos- 
 ure of the latest Bacon-Shakspere cypherer, 
 viz., Mrs. E. W. Gallup. This lady, having 
 found the key, has extracted a prose transla- 
 tion of Homer's Iliad hidden in cypher by 
 Bacon in Burton's 'Anatomy of Melancholy.' 
 Mr. R. B. Marston, editor ot the Circular, 
 shows, with the aid ot the deadly parallel 
 column, that Bacon relied, then, mainly on 
 Pope's translation nearly a century before 
 it was published. This beats the feat of 
 Shaksperizing all hollow. True, however, to 
 his old instinct ot concealment, Bacon al- 
 tered Pope's "thirty sable vessels" into 
 "thirty sable shippes," and "Messe tor silver 
 doves renowned" into "Messeis, renowned for 
 silver doves"; yet took all the risks of pro- 
 phetic plagiarism when he followed Pope in 
 
 numberless divergences from Homer ot in- 
 sertion and omission. But perhaps he an- 
 ticipated that posterity might adopt Mr. 
 Marston's charitable view that "Pope must 
 have discovered the key to his cypher, and 
 cribbed his translation." Mr. Marston ad- 
 mits that Mrs. Gallup's "bilateral cypher" 
 imposed upon him at first, from the samples, 
 as it did upon the cynical W. H. Mallock. 
 
 In a review published in the Expository 
 Times, of Edinburgh, Prof. J. G. Tasker calls 
 attention to a curious slip in a recent bibli- 
 ography in the Theologische Rundschau. Un- 
 der the heading "History ot Israel" he 
 has found the following entry : "Lamb 
 (Charles), Essays ot Elia." "Let us hope," 
 comments Professor Tasker, "that the mis- 
 take has introduced some German student 
 ot the Hebrew prophet's life to the genial 
 English essayist." 
 
 By a kind of poetic justice, among the 
 very first undertakings ot the new Interna- 
 tional Association ot Academies ot Sci- 
 ences is to be a critical edition of the en- 
 tire literary remains ot the philosopher 
 Leibniz, as it was he who first advocated 
 the international union ot savants that has 
 only now been realized. The actual work 
 of preparing this edition is being done 
 Jointly by the Royal Academy ot Berlin 
 and the Paris Academy of Sciences, and 
 Academy ot Moral and Political Sciences, 
 the original proposal having emanated from 
 the last-mentioned. The phenomenal range 
 of learning and literary activity ot Leibniz 
 made it practically impossible for a single 
 Academy to produce this edition, the prep- 
 aration ot which requires the combined 
 efforts ot mathematicians, philosophers, 
 theologians. Jurists, and historians. The 
 edition will contain from 130 to 140 vol- 
 umes. 
 
 The extensive excavations which the 
 French Government has been making in 
 Delphi since 1892 are approaching comple- 
 tion. The most important work done re- 
 cently has been to lay bare the Pythian 
 Stadium, which is nearly 178 metres in 
 length and from 25 to 28 metres wide. 
 As the whole sacred district ot Del- 
 phi consists of rocky terraces, it was not 
 an easy task to build a hippodrome on the 
 very sides ot Parnassus. The vast expense 
 ot the work can bo Judged from the detail- 
 ed reports ot the costs, which are still ex- 
 tant. It has been found that, at the start- 
 ing-place, small depressions were dug out, 
 where those who participated in the races 
 were compelled to stand until the signal 
 was given. There are starting-places for 
 eighteen runners. That these took their 
 calling seriously is evident from an inscrip- 
 tion, dating probably from the fifth pre- 
 Christian century, which reads as follows: 
 "No wine shall be brought into the temple 
 of Eudromos [the god of the racers]; but 
 if it nevertheless be, then he tor whom it 
 is brought shall appease the god with a 
 sacrifice, and pay five drachmas, of which 
 the informer shall receive one-half." 
 
 A geological map of Saxony has recently 
 been completed tor the Government ot that 
 kingdom, consisting of no less than 123 
 separate sections, each covering about two 
 square miles of territory, and each repre- 
 senting a year's labor on the part of one 
 geologist at a cost ot preparation ranging 
 from thirty to forty thousand marks. It 
 has already proved useful in determining 
 the routes of new railroads, and especial- 
 ly in securing new water supplies for the 
 
Jan. 23, 1902] 
 
 The ]S"atioii. 
 
 69 
 
 bourg, turned the guns of Paris against the 
 royal troops, and saved Condfi. This ex- 
 ploit marked the end of the heroic part of 
 her life. 
 
 We hope that Arv6de Barine will soon give 
 us as interesting an account of the second 
 part of the life of this extraordinary person. 
 who, with all her folly and vanity, is. nev- 
 ertheless, worthy of some sympathy, and is, 
 at any rate, a very original figure. 
 
 CoiTespoiidence. 
 
 WH.'VT HAS TAiMED THE COLLEGES? 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: A newspaper item, lately noticed, re- 
 lates to the deportation of students from 
 Russian universities. Many scores, perhaps 
 many hundreds, having been concerned in 
 revolutionary demonstrations, have been 
 sent to the army to serve terms of various 
 lengths. The statement calls to mind the 
 fact that students, as a class, have been 
 rtstive under oppression. From the schools 
 ardent and enthusiastic young men have 
 sv.armed out to do battle for liberty; their 
 words and their worits have stirred us deep- 
 ly. When, just before the civil war, an 
 oration, entitled "Italia Resurgens," was 
 pionounced by one who afterwards com- 
 manded colored troops, he received such ap- 
 plause as had seldom been heard in the 
 college church; and later, when the stress 
 of the civil war was on us, self-surrender 
 for principle was striliingly illustrated by 
 the young men of the schools as singly, or 
 iu little groups, or, as in one ease, in a full 
 company, they entered the military service 
 •'to make men free." How fitting it would 
 be that some adequate record of those words 
 and d»Ad« should be made. 
 
 And now, when the "avowed object" of a 
 no. dless war is disregarded, when informa- 
 tion in regard to our "criminal aggression" 
 is denied to our people, in whose name the 
 war is carried on; when the national Ad- 
 ministration is adopting the measures of 
 Lord North and George IIL; and when 
 American principles are again treated with 
 Insolence, as in the days of American slav- 
 er}, it seems that some protest from the 
 colleges is needed. John Fiske. speaking of 
 the insignificant tax which was the occa- 
 .= ion of the Revolutionary war, says: "The 
 fflcct which a blow in the face would pro- 
 duce upon a barbarian, will be brought upon 
 a civilized man by the assertion of some 
 far-reaching legal principle, which only 
 m a subtle and ultimate analysis includes 
 tl'. possibility of a blow in the face." 
 What has tamed the student body? 
 What has silenced the teaching force' 
 
 January 17, 1902. 
 
 H. 
 
 THE PHILIPPINE SOLDIER'S RETURN. 
 To THE Editoh ok The Nation: 
 
 Sir: In your No. ISiOl, under "The Week," 
 appears a short article, concerning the sol- 
 dier In his relation to the service In the 
 Philippines, which shows such a marked 
 misapprehension of the subject that I can- 
 not but believe you wm allow yourself to be 
 set right. 
 
 The failure of soldiers to reenllst in the 
 opines, and their desire to "get home." 
 ot show "how utterly unattractive the 
 
 (H«M7ttr conditions are." It would be the 
 same under any conditions ot climate and 
 place. It is a well-known fact that soldiers, 
 especially the youngsters that have gone 
 into the ranks for the adventure of it ('.ike 
 most of those in the Philippines), like to go 
 back to their homes and friends to tell their 
 deeds. I have, in connection with the dis- 
 charge of the late volunteer regiments, and 
 of the regular soldiers being discharged at 
 this camp, seen the discharge certificates of 
 many thousand soldiers returned from the 
 islands, and scarcely one of them all has not 
 borne the names of one or more — usually 
 several— actions, under the head of "Battles, 
 Engagements, Skirmishes, and Expeditions," 
 in which the soldier had taKen part. Almost 
 every man has been under fire one or sev- 
 eral times, and he wants to go home and 
 talk about it. After discharged soldiers have 
 gone home and spent two or three months 
 with their friends and kin, a large propor- 
 tion of them are ready to "take on again." 
 And, further, the Department is experi- 
 encing no difficulty iu enlisting men for ser- 
 vice in the Philippines, although the same 
 cannot be said with respect to the compa- 
 nies of seacoast artillery serving in the 
 States. 
 
 It is, however, a pity that steps have not 
 been taken to induce soldiers to reenllst in 
 the Philippines. When the cost is consider- 
 ed of returning a soldier to the United 
 States, and giving him his pay and allow- 
 ances during the time consumed in the voy- 
 age, and the cost of recruiting a man to 
 take his place, transporting him to the isl- 
 ands, and paying him for all this time lost, 
 a bounty of say $500 would be a cheap price 
 to pay every soldier that would reenllst and 
 continue with his company in the islands — 
 without taking into account the fact that a 
 trained soldier would be gotten, instead of 
 a raw recruit that is only a burden to his 
 company and an expense to the Government 
 for at least his first six months. 
 
 M. F. Steele, 
 Captain Sixth Cavalry. 
 
 DisciiAKCE Camp, .Vnokl Islaxij, Cat. , 
 January s, 1.J02. 
 
 PRESIUEXT McKINLEY AND TitE WAR 
 WITH SPAIN. 
 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: A hundred times I have pronounced 
 the statement that the late President Mc- 
 Kinley was forced into the attack on Spain 
 against his will an absurdity. Now that it 
 has appeared In the .\alion, I am almost 
 compelled to doubt my sanity. For nearly 
 forty years now, the \ation has been to me 
 Holy Scripture. I have accustomed myself 
 seldom to confute, but always to under- 
 stand, what I read in it. But this I cannot 
 understand. It must bo at least conceiva- 
 ble, but to me it is still Inconceivable. 
 
 Did Mr. MoKinley say so? That would be 
 evidence that he thought so; but might he 
 not have been laboring under a delusion? 
 If the thing was impossible, he certainly 
 was; if It was possible, then I suggest that 
 we make it Impossible by Constitutional 
 amendment or otherwise, and that right 
 soon. If it was true, then his subsequent 
 conduct should be reconcilable with It; Is 
 It so? Let there be light. 
 
 Respectfully, Truthseeker. 
 
 liKAXvii.1.1!. (), January l.i. laoa. 
 
 [The most direct and positive evidence 
 
 on this question is the late Representa- 
 tive Boutelle's assertion that a bellig- 
 trcnt group in the House "held a stop- 
 watch over the President." This im- 
 plies that there was a time when he 
 v.as indisposed to go to war. His re- 
 fusal to submit the cause of the Maine's 
 destruction to arbitration— the last 
 straw of drowning peace— marked the 
 completeness of his surrender to the 
 v/r.r-makers, and also of his assumption 
 cr moral responsibility for the ensu- 
 ing hostilities. We will add our opin- 
 ion that he still posed as a friend of 
 peace after he had made up his mind 
 to succumb— thereby lulling into fatal 
 inactivity that part of the public which 
 was revolted by the mere thought of 
 war. — El). N.vTioN.] 
 
 FACTS ABOUT 
 
 THE ALASKAN 
 DARY. 
 
 BOUN- 
 
 To THE Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: As Mr. Balch, in common with al- 
 most all the writers and speakers in this 
 country who touch upon tlie matter, has 
 much befogged the real points at issue, I 
 earnestly hope that you will permit me, 
 through your columns, to give a brief state- 
 ment of the facts upon which Canada bases 
 her claim. They are as follows: 
 
 (1.) That the strait now called Portland 
 Channel, through which the United States 
 have run their line of demarcation, is not, 
 and cannot be, the Portland Channel re- 
 ferred to in the Anglo-Russian Convention 
 of 1825, upon which the title of the United 
 States to their Alaskan territory is found- 
 ed: and that, in consequence or this er- 
 roneous assumption. Canada has been de- 
 prived of a large extent of territory right- 
 fully belonging to her. 
 
 (2.) That, in running their line ot de- 
 marcation ten marine leagues from the 
 shores of every inlet that debouches from 
 the sea-coast, instead of from the sea- 
 coast Itself, the United States have violat- 
 ed the true intent of the treaty; these 
 inlets being, in tact, but narrow fjords, 
 only a few miles In width at their greatest 
 extension, and in no sense being a part 
 of the coast proper. 
 
 In support of the first contention, I would 
 refer to the words of the treaty Itself. In 
 laying down the line of demarcation, it 
 say s : 
 
 "A partir du point le plus mi^ridlonal 
 de rile dite Prince of Wales. Icquel point 
 so trouve sous le parallftle du 54me degrfi 
 40 minutes de latitude nord. et entre lo 
 131me et le ]33me dcgr6 de longitude ouest, 
 la dite ligne remontcra au nord le long 
 de la passe dite Portland Channel, jus- 
 qu'au point de la terre ferme ofl ello atteint 
 le 56me degr6 de latitude nord; de ce 
 dernier point la llgne de demarcation suivra 
 la Crete des montagn.s situdes parall^le- 
 ment j\ la cOte, jusqu'au point d'inter- 
 scctlon du 141me degrg de longltuae ouest, 
 etc." 
 
 Now I affirm that no unprejudiced person 
 who reads the above and afterwards con- 
 sults a map ot the territory Involved, can 
 say that they furnish sufficient evidence to 
 establish the claim of the United States. 
 
 By the terms of the treaty, the line ot de- 
 marcation Is to begin at the southernmost 
 point of the Prince of Wales Island; from 
 that point it Is to ascend to the north along 
 a strait called Portland Channel until It 
 
70 
 
 The Nation. 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1908 
 
 reaches a point on the mainland where it 
 attains the 56th degree of north latitude. 
 Does the line as laid down by the United 
 States do this? Not by any manner of 
 means! Instead of ascending to the north, 
 as the treaty says It shall do. it actually 
 descends, passing along a line a Utile south 
 of east, tor a distance of one hundred and 
 thirty miles! Then, and then only, it be- 
 gins to meander northward. 
 
 So far, it must be clear to the unpreju- 
 diced investigator that there is something 
 wrong either with the treaty or with the 
 American interpretation thereof. Let us 
 see, then, what other interpretation is pos- 
 sible and reasonable. 
 
 Turn again to the map, and place one end 
 of a ruler upon the southernmost point of 
 Prince of Wales Island, which, as we have 
 seen, is the place where the line of demar- 
 cation begins, the other end pointing 
 northward. It will be seen that it follows 
 very nearly the course of the eastern arm 
 of a channel marked upon some maps as 
 "Clarence Strait." This channel actually 
 terminates at the prescribed latitude of 56 
 degrees north, which the one now called 
 Portland does not. I say it will be found 
 that the ruler very nearly follows the 
 course of this channel: it does not quite, 
 for it cuts off some outlying edges of the 
 Island. It is this fact which furnishes one 
 of the strongest proofs of the correctness 
 of Canada's claim. Taken in connection 
 with a clause of the treaty which provides 
 "que I'ile dite Prince of Wales appartiendra 
 toute enti6re k la Russe," it shows almost 
 conclusively that this strait, and not the 
 one now so designated, was referred to in 
 the treaty by the name of "Portland Chan- 
 nel." 
 
 The only possible explanation of this 
 clause is that the line of demarcation as 
 laid down in the treaty, if strictly followed, 
 would leave some part of the island out- 
 side of the territory assigned to Russia, and 
 therefore this provision was inserted in 
 order that it might retain the whole. This 
 explanation accords with the hypothesis 
 that the line of demarcation was intended 
 to pass through the strait now called 
 "Clarence." and not the one now called 
 "Portland," for if the line ran through the 
 latter, there would be no need of a special 
 clause to preserve the whole island to Rus- 
 sia, for every part of it would be at least a 
 hundred miles inside the territory assigned 
 to that country. 
 
 With regard to the second contention 
 on behalf of Canada, the question turns 
 upon the true meaning of the word "sinu- 
 osities" which occurs in the treaty. Does 
 it mean, as is claimed it does by Canada, 
 that the line shall follow the coast prop- 
 er, or that it shall follow up every narrow 
 inlet, one of which at least runs into the 
 mainland for over a hundred miles, and the 
 upper part of which no more resembles the 
 sea-coast than do the Palisades of the Hud- 
 son? This second contention is also 
 strengthened by a clause in the treaty 
 which grants to Great Britain the right 
 to "free navigation" of all these inlets. 
 Of what use would this be did she not 
 own their upper reaches? 
 
 As to the first, it is not al all unlikely 
 that the name Portland Channel was an- 
 ciently applied to a different strait from 
 the one now known by that name. A sim- 
 ilar confusion occurred many years ago 
 when, in an attempt to delineate the boun- 
 
 dary line between the United States and 
 British possessions, the question arose as 
 to what was the stream referred to in the 
 Ireaty by the name of St. Croix River. The 
 dispute was settled to the satisfaction of 
 both parties. 
 
 Mr. Balch claims, as other writers and 
 speakers have done, that the United States 
 is "entitled by long uninterrupted occu- 
 pancy to an unbroken strip of territory 
 on the mainland, etc." If my memory 
 serves me aright, a similar claim was set 
 up on behalf of Great Britain in the Vene- 
 zuelan matter, which claim was received 
 with indignant remonstrance in this coun- 
 try as being an instance of British arro- 
 gance. .\merica of course is incapable of 
 arrogance. In any case this plea is beside 
 the question, for there happens to be a 
 clause In the treaty made to fit this pos- 
 sibility, which clause expressly denies pre- 
 scriptive rights to either party. 
 
 I am, Mr. Editor, respectfully yours, 
 
 Arthur Johnston. 
 s.\.NT.v Ana, Cal.. January 8, 190'.;. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Mr. John L.ane's spring announcements 
 include a two-volume edition of the poems 
 of Arthur Symons; a limited edition of 
 a three-volume edition of Shelley's 
 poems, uniform with. Keats's, print- 
 ed in the Vale type; 'A Garden in the 
 Suburbs,' by Mrs. Leslie Williams; and 
 'The Book of Bulbs.' 
 
 From Doubleday, Page & Co. we are to 
 have 'An Introduction to the Study of Eng- 
 lish Poetry,' by Prof. Mark H. Liddell; 'The 
 Life of James Madison,' by Gaillard Hunt; 
 and 'A Retrospect of Some Literary Im- 
 mortals,' by Francis W. Halsey. 
 
 A. C. McClurg & Co. will publish 'Ocean 
 to Ocean,' a narrative of a surveying trip 
 across Nicaragua, by Lieut. James G. 
 Walker, U. S. N.; and a new edition of 
 Sheldon's 'Notes on the Nicaragua Canal'; 
 'Nestlings of Forest and Marsh,' by Mrs. 
 Irene Wheelock; a volume of literary es- 
 says by William Morton Payne; 'Letters 
 to an Enthusiast,' by Mary Cowden Clarke; 
 a 'Selection of the World's Greatest Short 
 Stories,' by Sherwin Cody; and 'Right 
 Reading,' a body of counsel selected from 
 ten famous authors. 
 
 'The Ancient Catholic Church' (to a. d 
 451), by Dr. Robert Rainy, principal of the 
 New College, Edinburgh, and 'Philosophy 
 of Conduct,' by Prof. George T. Ladd of 
 Yale, are in the press of Charles Scribner's 
 Sons. 
 
 P. Blakiston's Son & Co., as American 
 agents, announce an important undertak- 
 ing to cover five years, namely, 'An Atlas of 
 Clinical Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology,' 
 which will be issued in quarterly parts — 
 eight to ten plates at a time — in connection 
 with the regular publications of the New 
 Sydenham Society. 
 
 D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, will issue di- 
 rectly Kenan's 'Souvenirs d'Enfance et de 
 Jeunesse,' annotated by Irving Babbitt, pri- 
 marily for college use, but also to the ad- 
 vantage of the general reader. 
 
 Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole is preparing a 
 revised bibliography of the translations or 
 other editions of the Rubaiyit of Omar 
 KhayySm. to be included in a new issue of 
 the "Multivariorum Edition " published by 
 
 L. C. Page & Co. He would be grateful for 
 any information regarding any editions, or 
 magazine articles containing longer or 
 shorter selections from the works of the 
 astronomer poet, whether in English or In 
 foreign languages. Letters should be ad- 
 dressed to him at Jamaica Plain. Mass. 
 
 'The Love Poems of Sir John Suckling' is 
 the latest issue in John Lanes "The Lov- 
 ers' Library." small, companionable vol- 
 umes takingly furnished with text printed 
 in one color (here green) and framed in an- 
 other (here violet), and as daintily bound. 
 We could have desired a modernizing of the 
 punctuation. 
 
 Lovers of Dicky Doylf will welcome tho 
 reprint of Thackeray's 'The Newcomes" 
 that comes to us from Macmillan with 
 that genial artist's illustrations, both iu 
 the letter-press and on the wrapper and 
 title-pages of the 1853 edition. They have 
 a certain affinity with Thackeray's own In- 
 genuous designs, but the author could not 
 have produced the hustings riot on page 
 745, nor given the same decorative charm 
 to the initial letters which introduce every 
 chapter. With 844 pages the volume Is still 
 not unduly bulky, nor is the print difficult 
 to read. 
 
 The useful "KUnstler-Monographien" 
 (Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; New York: 
 Lemcke & Buechner) are Increased by a 
 'Burne-Joncs' and a 'Hcrkomer,' truly a 
 strange pair to be assembled if only by the 
 hazard of a publisher's convenience. These 
 books contain, as is the custom of the se- 
 ries, each more than a hundred illustra- 
 tions. Ludwlg Pietsch celebrates the quali- 
 ties of Hubert Herkomer in terms of ex- 
 travagant appreciation; for It is not likely 
 that this versatile artist will ever be men- 
 tioned "among the greatest names which 
 have given to the art of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury its most illustrious renown." Herr 
 von Schleinitz discusses tne works of tha 
 late Burne-Jones in a more judicial spirit. 
 Either volume is commendable as a con- 
 venient collection of pictures otherwise 
 accessible only in far more expensive form. 
 
 The extraordinary alliance which sub- 
 sists between the republic of Franco and 
 the empire of Russia naturally raises eco- 
 nomic questions of great interest to the 
 French people. Some of these questions 
 are examined by M. J. Machat, in a study 
 entitled 'Le D^veloppcment feconomlque de 
 la Russie' (Paris: Aruiand Colin). There 
 is no doubt thai a considerable amount of 
 foreign capital lias lately been invested In 
 Russia; the protective tariff operating as a 
 bounty on such investments. M. Machat 
 determines statistically their extent and 
 their productiveness; but his aim is wider 
 than this. He takes, in the first place, a 
 comprehensive view of the resources of 
 Russia and the conditions of its develop- 
 ment, and then proceeds to examine spe- 
 cifically the mineral wealth and its ex- 
 ploitation, the agriculture, the manufac- 
 tures, the transportation, etc. The results 
 are certainly impressive, but we have no 
 confidence in the methods by which they are 
 obtained. Reliance is placed throughout 
 on the figures given in the reports of the 
 various bureaus of the Russian Govern- 
 ment. We know enough of the corruption 
 of that Government to make us doubt 
 whether its functionaries are competent to j 
 carry out statistical Inquiries with sclen- / 
 tific accuracy. There may be 33.000,000 ,' 
 horses and 75,000,000 sheep In Russia, but' 
 
Jan. 30, 1902] 
 
 The IST^atiorL. 
 
 91 
 
 long series stiown are of undoubted inter- 
 est and value, and tlie chance to compare 
 tbem with the pictures for which in some 
 cases they are the notes and sugRostions, 
 should prove of immense advantage to the 
 student. They are chiefly in sepia, bistre, 
 and pen-and-ink. Many are sketches of 
 places; ot Rome, which he knew so well; of 
 Civita Vtcchia and Genoa, which he must 
 have known better than is generally sup- 
 posed. For at Civita Vecchia, more particu- 
 larly, the tourist may still see, it he has 
 eyes, the stately piles ot architecture, the 
 broad quays, with their curving steps de- 
 econding to the water's edge, the towers, 
 the tall shipping, the splendor ot light in 
 the evening where the channel leads west- 
 ward, that occur in so many ot Claude's pic- 
 tures oi seaports. Other drawings are stud- 
 ies for paintings, always distinguished by 
 the same fine sense ot composition and love 
 of graceful form, and sometimes, in ar- 
 rangement, to the very groups ot dancing 
 nymphs, curiously suggestive ot Corot. Al- 
 together, I do not remember anywhere a 
 finer exhibition ot Claude, and it is fortunate 
 that the Academy, after the horrors it per- 
 petuates in the summer, should, in the win- 
 ter, give one some reason to be thankful for 
 Its exiblence. N. N. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 GERMAN AND AMERICAN SCHOOLS. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: Without wishing in a general way 
 to deny the soundness ot Professor Miin- 
 sterbcrg's, and his reviewer's, position in 
 regard to American school education. I 
 should like, with your kind permission, to 
 present a few phases ot the siibject neglect 
 of wiich might confirm some ot our most 
 earnest critics in their, as it seems to me 
 rather one-sided view. 
 
 First ot all, as a matter ot fact, the elec- 
 tive system has not become an important 
 feature in the schools of this country below 
 the high school. The so-called introduction 
 ot the "kindergarten spirit and meth- 
 ods" into the primary grades has oc- 
 casionally been carried to excess by 
 well-meaning cranks, but Its influence 
 upon primary education has been, on 
 the whole, beneficial. In so far as It 
 has helped to discard many useless for- 
 malities and mechanical devices in teach- 
 ing and discipline. In the primary and 
 grammar grades the pupils are held to pre- 
 scribed courses of study, and in the high 
 schools tlie selection of studies is not with- 
 out restriction. It really amounts to a 
 choice among several courses which, 
 mutatis mulandis, differ from each other 
 very much like the curricula In the four 
 or live kinds ot secondary schools In Ger- 
 many. It is doubtful whether a complete 
 separation of pupils pursuing different 
 courses, by assigning to each section a spe- 
 cial building and a separate corps of teach- 
 ers, would be advantageous It It were fea- 
 sible. 
 
 In referring to the superior scholarship 
 ot German t.-achers, one shouiil always bear 
 In mind that the vast majority o( German 
 children do not enjoy the Instruction of 
 such scholars as constitute the teach- 
 ing force in the gymnasia and the other 
 •econdary schools of a high grade. Among 
 
 the 85,000 members ot the Deutscher Lehrer- 
 verein, for example, there are tew univer- 
 sity graduates. It we could strike the aver- 
 ago ot scholarship ot the teachers ot all 
 grades In Germany and compare it with the 
 scholarship ot the average American teach- 
 er, the advantage would still be on the Ger- 
 man side, but there would not appear the 
 wide difference of conditions assumed by 
 Professor MUnsterberg. As the American 
 public school combines the various classes 
 ot German schools (gymnasium, rcalschule, 
 etc., down to the volksschule), it Is not fair 
 to compare its teaching force witii that of 
 tile gymnasium alone, which has for gen- 
 erations been enjoying, more than any other 
 institution, the fostering care ot the Gov- 
 ernment. It differs from our high school 
 not only by its more extended course ot 
 study, but also by Its exclusive function as 
 a fitting school for the University. 
 
 Like Professor MUnsterberg, I had from 
 my early boyhood none but university grad- 
 uates tor instructors. For two years pre- 
 vious to my entering the gymnasium, I. to- 
 gether with one other boy, was taught by 
 a young theologian taken into the family 
 as a private tutor. I never had any fault 
 to find with him on my own score, and it 
 did not occur to me till many years after 
 that the other boy's nervous system and. 
 to some extent, his life were ruined by 
 that man's pedagogy and the mistaken 
 sense ot duty ot an ambitious, well-mean- 
 ing father. The theologian endeavored to 
 pound Latin and Greek into the little fel- 
 low, and the father upheld him in the at- 
 tempt. They had none of the indulgence 
 of American fathers and teachers. (The 
 mother and an aunt entreated the con- 
 scientious tutor to desist from using the 
 Spanish reed; he promised, but did not 
 keep his promise.) I have since been able 
 to recall a number of similar cases among 
 my comrades at the gymnasium less for- 
 tunate than myself. One boy, I remember, 
 whose case was a hopeless one, left the 
 gymnasium early, after a severe tussle with 
 an irascible teacher. He is now Com- 
 merzienrat and the head of one of the largest 
 banking firms in Hanover. That my experi- 
 ence in this respect is not exceptional, and 
 that the present conditions in the German 
 schools, though improved, are not alto- 
 gether changed, I infer from the reports 
 of others and from the manner in which 
 some recent German novelists have treated 
 the school question. On the other hand, 1 
 am firmly convinced, from what I have seen 
 ot American "schoolma'ams," that many 
 of them (college graduates, of course, and 
 good scholars in our modest sense ot tho 
 word) could have taught those boys — who 
 were not dunces— almost anything, not ex- 
 cepting Latin and Greek. 
 
 This letter has grown to such length that 
 I must leave it to those of your readers 
 who are interested In the matter to draw 
 their own Inferences from the above state- 
 ments. Allow me only to say, in conclud- 
 ing, that there seems to nie good reason 
 for hoping that, as the Germans are grad- 
 ually transforming thilr Inherited educa- 
 tional system into one of loss uniform 
 and rigid requlremenis, 90 the people of 
 the United States may evolve out ot the 
 as yet somewhat chaotic present condi- 
 tions a system ot popular Instruction and 
 education of their own, not yielding in 
 thoroughness and efficiency to any, but 
 
 superior to all hitherto known in the fuller 
 recognition ot the many-sidedness ot human 
 nature and ot the multiplicity ot ways 
 leading to human virtue and happiness. 
 That Professor MUnsterberg Is contributing 
 his generous share to the realization ot 
 such hope, nobody can effectually gainsay. 
 
 A. LODEMAN. 
 
 YesiLANTi, Mich , JsDuary 1«, 1902. 
 
 CHINESE EXCLUSION. 
 To THE Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: One would think, to Judge by the 
 newspaper press out here, that the whole 
 Pacific Coast was unanimous in favor of 
 Chinese exclusion, but I can assure you 
 that such is not the case by any means. 
 The fact is, the newspapers are pretty 
 much in the hands ot the Typographical 
 Union, and it is as much as their going 
 to press is worth to print anything Inimical 
 to the so-called cause of Labor; this so- 
 called cause being nothing else than a 
 concerted effort to raise the price of labor 
 and arbitrarily prevent any one else from 
 cutting it. This is legitimate enough it 
 carried on on legitimate lines, but it shows 
 the assurance ot its upholders when, as was 
 actually the case the other day In a con- 
 ference over a labor dispute, they actually 
 have the face to claim from employers the 
 recognition of unionism to the entire ex- 
 clusion ot non-unionism, on the ground that 
 the union enables them to raise wages! 
 
 Sentiment from this quarter, like the sen- 
 timent ot the consumer of high-protection 
 articles, is not voiced much; nevertheless, 
 there is much unspoken protest which will 
 come to a point some day. The salmon- 
 canners are at their wits' end to get Chi- 
 nese labor, and the serious hampering ot 
 this industry is imminent. Then, manyi 
 farmers and land-owners would be glad to 
 clear up and cultivate what is now waste 
 land, but they cannot possibly do so on 
 the basis ot the "high standard ot living" 
 that is demanded tor the whole working- 
 class. Last, but not least, the humble 
 home-keeper lives in dally terror lest she 
 find herself without help of any kind. White 
 help has always been scarce, but now Chi- 
 nese is Just as much so, and unless an 
 average good Chinese cook can get $35 or 
 so per month, he clears out and goes else- 
 where. 
 
 What is to be the result it is difficult to 
 see, but there Is no question that the 
 Coast is being very much kept back by the 
 scarcity ot ordinary labor, and a large- 
 sized vote ot thanks will be forthcoming 
 to any agency in the East that will help 
 us to get a fair-sized dose ot the "Yellow 
 Peril." W. J. B. 
 
 I'oRTL.vso, Oregon, January vi.', Iwri. 
 
 THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: Is It too much to ask that gentle- 
 men who propose to Instruct the public 
 as to the meaning and scope of an Inter- 
 national treaty shall first inform them- 
 selves as to the history and object ot that 
 treaty, and shall quote it without omitting 
 essential qualifying clauses? This ques- 
 tion Is suggested by certain recent corre- 
 spondence in your columns, especially a let- 
 ter signed Arthur Johnson In the issue 
 of January 23. The history of the treaty 
 
93 
 
 The :N'atioii 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1909 
 
 of St. Petersburg made in 1825 has been 
 fully set forth by the writer In 1889; and 
 more recently, from a study of the unpub- 
 lished documents, the Hon. John W. Foster 
 has given an account of the negotiations 
 which led up to it, the object insisted upon 
 by Russia and finally conceded by Great 
 Britain, and other details. This statement 
 has not been and cannot successfully be at- 
 tacked on the score of accuracy and fair- 
 ness. To this inquirers should be referred, 
 as neither your space nor my time per- 
 mits of an extended restatement here. 
 
 The so-called "claims of Canada" arose 
 from the fact that the exclusion of Great 
 Britain from the sea between Skagway 
 and Port Simpson, which was the effect of 
 the treaty, has become inconvenient to 
 Canada now that the hinterland of the 
 Northwest Territory is being developed. 
 This led some ill-informed individuals to 
 propose an interpretation of the treaty, 
 aided by some obscurity in its terms, which 
 interpretation, to obtain plausibility, re- 
 quires (1) the total ignoring of the his- 
 tory of the treaty, written and carto- 
 graphic, and of the mutual action of the 
 parties to it after it had been signed; (2) 
 that, when the treaty says Portland Chan- 
 nel, it must be assumed not to mean Port- 
 land Channel; (3) that when the treaty 
 purports to convey a continuous strip of 
 coast (lisiire de cote) it must be assum- 
 ed to mean broken patches of coast inter- 
 rupted by foreign territory; (4) that when 
 the treaty directs that a line shall follow 
 the sinuosities of the coast fparaUile mix 
 sinuosiUs de la cute) it shall be inter- 
 preted as meaning that the line shall be 
 drawn disregarding these sinuosities. 
 
 What, we may ask, is the value of any 
 treaty if it be subject to such interpre- 
 tations? I believe I am correct in stating 
 that the British Government has never 
 officially adopted these propositions, though 
 colonial politicians have used them tor 
 their own purposes; and, by constant reiter- 
 ation, it is probable that many well-mean- 
 ing but ill-informed persons may finally 
 come to believe. In defiance of the real 
 facts, that there is something reasonable 
 and even equitable in these hypothetic in- 
 terpretations. 
 
 In addition to hypotheses, Mr. Johnson Is 
 guilty of direct error in several instances 
 when it would be inferred he had the 
 treaty before him. He says that a clause in 
 the treaty "grants to Great Britain the 
 right to 'free navigation' of all these in- 
 lets," and asks. "Of what use would this 
 be did she not own their upper reaches?' 
 The truth is that the treaty grants this priv- 
 ilege for a term of ten years. It she "owned 
 the upper reaches" of the inlets, she could 
 hardly have been excluded from them at 
 any time. With regard to the name Port- 
 land Channel, or inlet, its history is short, 
 definite, and precise, and the contrary as- 
 sumption is utterly baseless. Its location and 
 character were settled by Vancouver, who 
 first mapped it, and have never been in 
 doubt since. Mr. Johnson also states that 
 there is a clause in the treaty "which ex- 
 pressly denies prescriptive rights to either 
 party." This is untrue. The only clause 
 which gives even a color of plausibility to 
 such a statement is one in which the con- 
 tracting parties agree not to make settle- 
 ments in each other's territory. In pursu- 
 ance of this, Russia made a settlement on 
 pne of the Gravina islands within a few 
 
 miles of Portland Inlet and the British post 
 of Fort Simpson, and her right to do so was 
 never questioned. When the Hudson Bay 
 Company tried to erect a post surreptitious- 
 ly on Wrangell Island, they were ignomini- 
 ously driven away by Russian naval forces. 
 But, we are asked, why are you not will- 
 ing to arbitrate this question if the case is 
 so clear? In the first place, we may well 
 wait until these preposterous hypotheses 
 are officially adopted by Great Britain be- 
 fore we consider arbitration as in question 
 at all. Secondly, arbitration, unfortunately 
 for the world's peace, has not of late up- 
 held the ideal character with which it was 
 formerly endowed. The result of the Dela- 
 goa Bay arbitration has been fitly de- 
 scribed as an international scandal. The 
 United States, secure in the possession of 
 her rights, may well wait until they are at- 
 tacked in good faith by more redoubtable 
 adversaries than colonial Jingoes. 
 
 Wm. H. Dall. 
 Washington, January 27, 1902. 
 
 PURCHASABLE FAME. 
 To THE Editor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: I have just seen the representa- 
 tive of a Boston firm engaged in the pub- 
 lication of a so-called history of one ot 
 our universities. He wished me, as a 
 graduate of the university in question, to 
 furnish a sketch of my life and my photo- 
 graph for reproduction, which, he repre- 
 sented, would be highly desirable to the 
 completeness of the work. The history is 
 to be edited by two well-known graduates, 
 and a long list assured me that many prom- 
 inent graduates have already furnished 
 similar biographical material. It soon 
 turned out, however, that I was to be in- 
 cluded in the great work only it I sub- 
 scribed to it in two volumes, at $15 each. 
 
 The "scheme" is an old one, often used 
 in the publication of county histories and 
 the like, and it can be "worked" anywhere 
 because the essential human vanity is every- 
 where present. The large scale on which 
 it can be attempted is shown by the an- 
 nouncement of a history of the "One Hun- 
 dred and Fifty First Families of the Unit- 
 ed States," admission to which costs fif- 
 teen hundred dollars. But it is humiliat- 
 ing to find that such methods can be applied 
 to one ot our great universities. 
 
 F. C. P. 
 iTtiiCA, N. v., January 25, 1902. 
 
 I^otes. 
 
 Dodd, Mead & Co. will shortly begin pub- 
 lication of a new monthly magazine, the 
 Jiihiiographer, edited by Paul Leicester 
 Ford. It will be freely illustrated with 
 photographic facsimiles of rare books, 
 MSS., etc. During July, August, and Sep- 
 tember the issue will regularly be suspend- 
 ed. The same publishers announce the sec- 
 ond volume of Austin Dobson's 'Miscel- 
 lanies'; a new volume of Essays by Mau- 
 rice Maeterlinck; the Autobiography of Sir 
 Walter Besant; and 'Paul Kelver,' a tale 
 by Jerome K. Jerome. 
 
 Francis P. Harper will publish next 
 month 'The American Fur Trade and the 
 Far West: A History of the Pioneer Trad- 
 ing-Posts and Early Fur Companies ot the 
 Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains, 
 
 and of the Overland Commerce with Santa 
 F6,' by Capt. Hiram Martin Chittenden. 
 
 Mr. Frank Stockton's new novel, in the 
 press of D. Appleton & Co., is entitled 
 'Kate Bonnet: The Romance of a Pirate's 
 Daughter.' 
 
 Ginn & Co. will soon issue 'Analytical 
 Psychology,' by Prof. Llghtner Witmer, and 
 'Northern Europe.' in the TouthS Com- 
 iianion series. 
 
 'Melomaniacs,' by James Huneker, and 
 Paulsen's 'Immanuel Kant, his Life and 
 Doctrine,' translated by G. E. Creighton and 
 Albert Lefevre, are promised by Charles 
 Scribner's Sons. 
 
 The Dodge Publishing Co., No. 40 West 
 Thirteenth Street, have nearly ready 'Favo- 
 rite Songs of Love," and 'For Every Music 
 Lover, or How to Know Music," by Auber- 
 tine Woodward Moore. 
 
 It is enough to say of 'Who's Who for 
 1902' (Macmillan) that it is more inclusive 
 of men and women of the time by 200 pages 
 than last year's issue — the present being 
 the fifty-fourth. As is well known, this most 
 convenient directory no longer confines 
 Itself to British or Anglo-Saxon person- 
 ages, but has a universal outlook. Ite 
 main value, however, is still British above 
 all. In the American portion we might 
 have expected to find our two governors 
 of dependencies. Gen. Leonard Wood and 
 Gov. Taft. 
 
 Mrs. Ady's 'Sacharissa' has needed less 
 than a decade to pass from its second to 
 a third edition (E. P. Dutton & Co.). No 
 revision has apparently been found neces- 
 sary, and we shall add nothing to our com- 
 ments on this work offered in 1894. It is 
 handsomely made, and has four historic 
 portraits, beginning with Dorothy Sidney 
 herself, and ending with Algernon Sidney. 
 
 Extremely attractive is the little two- 
 volume edition ot Bunyan's ■PiiErim's Pro- 
 gress' bearing George Newnes's London xm. 
 print (New York: Scribners). The print 
 is admirably clear, the binding in pliant 
 leather; and Mr. Edmund J. Sullivan's full- 
 page pen designs are often ornamental and 
 generally effective. 
 
 In the pocket "Temple Classics" of Dent- 
 Macmillan we have now Perrault's 'Tales 
 of Passed Times,' with twelve illustra- 
 tions by Charles Robinson, one in color. 
 The series has been eked out from the 
 Prince de Beaumont and from Mme. d'Aul- 
 noy. 
 
 Dr. Edward Everett Hale's 'In His Name' 
 has been translated Into French by Mary 
 Prince Sauveur, with the author's sanc- 
 tion (New York: William R. Jenkins), and 
 is offered as a text-book for schools. 
 
 Sir Richard Burton might well have pray- 
 ed to be delivered from his friends. The 
 process of publishing the rakings of his 
 desk-drawers goes merrily on; it is called 
 showing respect to his memory, and bring- 
 ing home to his countrymen what they 
 have lost in him. His memory stands fast, 
 and will stand fast, and his work was well 
 done when he died. But the "literary ex- 
 ecutors" continue their antics and refuse 
 to let his ashes rest. It the custom spreads, 
 the eighteenth-century Curll will have 
 found successors, and his new terror added 
 to death will be revived. This last instal- 
 ment, 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' 
 edited by W. H. Wilkins (Dodd, Mead & 
 Co.), consists of some eight lectures and 
 essays, descriptive, in a more or less popu- 
 
Feb. 6, 1902] 
 
 The ISTation. 
 
 109 
 
 ones?' -Fifteen or sixteen.' 'That's a 
 great many.' says Martin." Gooil plays! 
 there is the secret. Good actors will al- 
 ways be found, I venture to say, in France, 
 which seems to have a peculiar Kenius in this 
 respect, owing to centuries of peculiar cul- 
 ture. It is impossibli' not to be struck by 
 the fact that in the meanest little theatre,-, 
 or even music-halls of the capital, and cvou 
 of the large cities of France, you always dis- 
 cover some actor cr actress with a special 
 gift for acting. There is a whole populace 
 of "cabolins." of both sexes, always looltiu? 
 for employment, always trying to get an en- 
 gagement. It wouM be interesting, and 
 sometimes very painful, to describe the ca- 
 reer ot so many men and women drawn by 
 an irresistible calling to the hazardous life 
 of the theatre. We Icnow how difficult were 
 the beginnings ot some — of Rachel, for in- 
 stance, the most illustrious of all; but no- 
 thing can deter many thousands, I may say. 
 from the attraction of the stage. The de- 
 mand for actors will always be answered by 
 a supply. The same. alas, cannot be said 
 of the demand for really good plays. 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 CUBA AND IRELAND. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: While our statesmen at Washington 
 are debating what to do with Cuba, It will 
 not be inopportune to recall a tew well- 
 known facts from the history of another isl- 
 and dependency. 
 
 Two centuries or more ago, Ireland, dev- 
 astated by famine and war. lay at the 
 mercy of England. The little energy that 
 remained In her was turned to cattle-rais- 
 ing, which was as well suited to her by 
 nature as sugar-raising to Cuba. The Eng- 
 lish landowners took alarm, and, by the 
 18 Charles II., c. 2. prohibited the importa- 
 tion of Irish cattle into England. This 
 destroyed the rising trade. Ireland then 
 turned to wool; but. by the 10 and 11 Gul. 
 III., c. 10, this attempt was crushed by a 
 still more sweeping prohibition. Smuggling 
 began, and wool was carried to the manu- 
 facturers in France. Finally, the Irish 
 turned again to their ancient manufacture 
 of linen; but in vain, for the country had 
 been crushed. Her poverty was irremedia- 
 ble and her despair final. By these mea- 
 sures England destroyed a possible market, 
 stimulated her rivals, strengthened her en- 
 emies, blasted the hopes of a nation, and 
 sowed the seeds of hate around the world. 
 For those who rely on the adequacy of 
 free Institutions, It Is well to remember, 
 also, that the commercial Imperialism ot 
 the Whig ascendency was more grinding 
 upon the colonies ot England than the more 
 generous absolutism ot the Stuarts. 
 
 Yours truly, WiLlOAM P. Ge8t. 
 
 Mluox, Pa., Janunry SI), 11)02. 
 
 THE BEET-SUGAR CASE. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: The controversy between Cuban and 
 domestic sugar being now at its height. It 
 Is curious to note the actual condition ot 
 public opinion throughout the nation. It 
 must be admitted that the preponderance 
 of opinion expressed In the leading Jour- 
 nals can hardly be claimed as In favor of 
 
 the just demands of domestic sugar-pro- 
 ducers. There are several grave and ob- 
 vious errors in the argument that consti- 
 tutes the Cuban case, and the most impor- 
 tant reasons for the establishment of beet 
 sugar are not understood and are not pre- 
 sented—and perhaps never will bo. One er- 
 ror, that of extravagant prolits continu- 
 ously enjoyed by cold-blooded producers of 
 beet sugar, has now become less militant. 
 The popular idea as to these profits and 
 the cost of domestic sugar was an error, 
 and could have been disproved by an exam- 
 ination of books; but it had great weight, 
 and perhaps has now. 
 
 The claim is made every day that Cuban 
 sugar will destroy no industry, and it is 
 assumed that domestic sugar-producers in 
 this country have a proposition ot fixed and 
 reliable factors, which enable us to say 
 whether or not we can make money as the 
 seasons roll along with a precision that is 
 not possible to the foresight of mortal man. 
 Actually, there is not one single critic ot 
 the position taken by domestic sugar-pro- 
 ducers who is qualified to criticise their 
 acts, and who would not in the same cir- 
 cumstances take exactly the same position 
 that these producers do. 
 
 It is not true that the cost of sugar has 
 admitted of extravagant profits, but. on 
 the contrary, very little money has been 
 recovered by investors in beet sugar in 
 the way ot dividends. If any profits have 
 been made, they have been put back into 
 the plant. The prospectus printed in news- 
 papers all over the land, and scattered 
 broadcast by the Sugar Trust, has con- 
 veyed an impression quite incorrect, and 
 the result is simply a great mistake. Qual- 
 ifying conditions, such as droughts, floods, 
 and other misfortunes, have made the act- 
 ual conglomerate experience of beet sugar 
 widely diverse from the cheerful results 
 indicated. Beet-sugar people have under- 
 taken a task which involves a change in 
 the fundamental conditions of agriculture, 
 and the time and labor required have been 
 underestimated in such degree as to make 
 any prospectus appear absurd when check- 
 ed up with actual results. 
 
 In spite of the phrase "No industry de- 
 stroyed," the insincere motto of the Trust. 
 a victory for Cuba means an early extinc- 
 tion of all domestic sugar, either in Loui- 
 siana or the North. A victory for domestic 
 sugar means the gradual exclusion of for- 
 eign sugar till it forms an insignificant 
 fraction ot our consumption. The two are 
 antagonistic, and one or the other must 
 prevail. If we are beaten, the nation los- 
 es for ever its opportunity to secure In 
 rural districts which cannot get other in- 
 dustrial lite the most beneficent and valu- 
 able factor that we may ever know for 
 education, improvement of agriculture, 
 some degree of urban civilization, and fix- 
 ing on the soil the owner who tills his 
 own land. If we could now see clearly 
 what beet sugar may accomplish, there 
 would be no further discussion, and only 
 our Imperfect view of the future gives 
 the Cuban argument any standing what- 
 ever. We have nothing but good will for 
 the people ot Cuba, and are willing that 
 our Government shall make them any al- 
 lowance necessary for their support; but 
 we are not willing to build up their sugar 
 industry at the cost of our own. 
 
 Yours truly, R. M. Allen. 
 
 .\ilK8, KiHRASKA, .Janiittry 27, Unvi, 
 
 OUR NEW BELONC-^yOS. 
 To the EIditor op The Nation: 
 
 Sir: It is interesting to note the variety 
 of terms employed in current newspaper 
 and magazine literature to designate the 
 territory acquired by the United States 
 through the Spanish war. Thus, the phrases 
 "our new possessions." "our island em- 
 pire," "our new territories," "our depen- 
 dencies," "our colonies," and the like, are 
 all in evcry-day use. None of these names 
 Is entirely satisfactory. For Instance, 
 (olonU'K smacks too much of Imperialism, 
 (lipciKlcticin appears out of harmony with re- 
 publican ideas, and so on through the list. 
 Even the Government term, "our insular 
 possessions," lacks greatly in precision, as 
 we have one insular possession no farther 
 away than across the East River. 
 
 In view of this, a specific name Is de- 
 sirable to describe the Philippines and 
 Porto Rico, and such a term seems to have 
 been provided for us by Judge Brown in the 
 Supreme Court decision. The distinction 
 between the different sections of the coun- 
 try he makes to hinge upon the clause 
 "territory appurtenant and belonging to" 
 the United States. Why not. then, assign 
 to the word "appurtenants" of the United 
 States the technical meaning intended? 
 Yours very truly, Jos. V. Collins. 
 
 217 Divisio.v St., Stevens Point, Wis , 
 .lanuary 2S, li«)2. 
 
 CANADA AND ALASKA. 
 To THE Editor of The N.vtion: 
 
 Sir: The present contention ot Canada 
 about the Alaskan frontier, which she 
 brought up at the Quebec Conference In 
 1898, is that she is entitled to many out- 
 lets upon tide-water above fifty-four de- 
 grees forty minutes north latitude; and 
 the possession ot even only one such outlet 
 on the Lynn Canal would serve her pur- 
 poses admirably well. The United States, 
 on the other hand, as Russia before them, 
 have always maintained that (by Articles 
 iii. and iv. ot the Anglo-Muscovite Treaty 
 of 1825), no matter whether the frontier 
 pass over a certain mountain top or 
 through a given gorge, yet it is at all points 
 far enough Inland to entirely cut oft the 
 British empire from all contact with tide- 
 water above the Portland Canal, which de- 
 bouches into the ocean at fifty-four degrees 
 forty minutes. And this view of the Unit- 
 ed States has been supported in the past, 
 and not so long ago either, by both the 
 British and the Canadian Governments. 
 
 In th? early course of the negotiations 
 between Russia and England in the years 
 1823 and 1824, Sir Charles Bagot fought 
 strenuously to keep open for Britain an 
 outlet upon tide-water as far up above fifty- 
 four degrees forty minutes as possible. But 
 to all his propositions, including his last 
 one that the frontier should pass from the 
 southern extremity of Prince of Wales Isl- 
 and up through Clarence Straits, which 
 wash the eastern shore of Prince ot Wales 
 Island, the Russians would not agree. And 
 fittally Englanil. represented by Stratford 
 Canning, yielded the point and agreed on 
 the Portland Canal as a boundary. As to 
 what sinuosity Count Nesselrode. M. de 
 Poletica, and Stratford Canning meant by 
 the Portland Canal, when they negotiated 
 and concluded the treaty of 1S25, may be 
 seen by looking at Vancouver's- chart, upon 
 
no 
 
 The nSTation. 
 
 which is marked clearlv "Portland Canal." 
 And the map of the "Northwestern Part of 
 the Dominion of Canada," published by the 
 Surveyor-General at Ottawa, in 1898, agrees 
 with Vancouvei and the United States as 
 to where is the "Portland Canal." 
 
 In 1872 Sir Edward Thornton, acting on 
 his instructions from the British Foreign 
 Office, which was serving as the interme- 
 diary for the Government of Canada, pro- 
 posed to Secretary Hamilton Fish the ad- 
 visability of having a survey made of the 
 territory through which the boundary ran, 
 so that the frontier could be located exact- 
 ly, and Mr. Fish thought well of the idea 
 and said that he would urge Congress to 
 provide funds for such a survey. At that 
 time no mention was made of Canada's 
 present claim, that she is entitled to the 
 upper part of many or all of the fiords or 
 sinuosities that cut into the mainland 
 above fifty-four degrees forty minutes. On 
 the contrary, the Surveyor-General of Can- 
 ada, J. S. Dennis, in a written communica- 
 tion in 1874 to the Minister of the Interior 
 of the Dominion, gave his opinion that it 
 would be sufficient at that time to deter- 
 mine exactly the points at which the fron- 
 tier crosses the "Rivers Skoot, Stakeen, 
 Taku, Isilcat, and Chilkaht." He added 
 further: "The United States surveys of 
 the coast could be advantageously used to 
 locate the coast line in deciding the mouths 
 of the rivers in question, as points from 
 whence the necessary triangulation sur- 
 veys should commence in order to deter- 
 mine the ten marine leagues back." In ad- 
 dition, a United States Coast Survey map, 
 certified to "January 10, 1878," by Surveyor- 
 General Dennis, was published in connec- 
 tion with this letter, with the boundary 
 line crossing the Skoot. Stickine, and Taku 
 Rivers, ten leagues back from the coast. 
 
 In 1877 the Canadian Government, through 
 the intermedium of the British Foreign Of- 
 fice, formally recognized that the liaiiye of 
 Alaska shut off Canadian territory from ac- 
 cess to salt water. The previous year, 
 while taking a prisoner named Peter Mar- 
 tin, who was condemned in the Cassiar Dis- 
 trict of British Columbia for some act 
 committed in Canadian territory, from the 
 place where he was convicted to the place 
 where he was to be imprisoned, Canadian 
 constables crossed the Stickine River. They 
 encamped with Martin at a point some thir- 
 teen miles up the river from its mouth. 
 There Martin attempted unsuccessfully to 
 escape, and made an assault on an officer. 
 Upon his arrival at Victoria, the capital of 
 British Columbia, he was tried and convict- 
 ed for his attempted escape and attack 
 upon the constable; and the court sentenced 
 him. Our Secretary of State. Hamilton 
 Fish, protested vigorously against this in- 
 fringement of the territorial sovereignty 
 of the United States in the Territory of 
 Alaska. After an investigation into the 
 facts of the case, the Dominion Govern- 
 ment acknowledged the justness of Secre- 
 tary Fish's protest by "setting Peter Mar- 
 tin at liberty without further delay"; and 
 thus recognized that the Canadian consta- 
 bles who had Martin in their charge when 
 they encamped on the Stickine thirteen 
 miles up from the mouth of the river, were 
 on United States soil, and so that Canada's 
 jurisdiction in that region did not extend 
 to tide-water. 
 
 A striking truth ol what the best offi- 
 cial geographers of the British Government 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1910 
 
 thought was the true boundary, Is "Ad- 
 miralty Chart No. 787" of the British Ad- 
 miralty, that gives the northwest coast of 
 America from "Cape Corrientes, Mexico, to 
 Kadiak Island." This was prepared in 1876 
 by F. J. Evans, R. N., published in 1877, and 
 corrected up to April, 1898, only a few 
 months before the opening of the Quebec 
 Conference. On this chart of the British 
 Admiralty, the frontier of the United States 
 descends the one hundred and forty-first 
 degree of longitude west from Greenwich 
 and .then, advancing on the Continent, but 
 passing around the sinuosities of the coast 
 so as to give a continuous lisidrc of ter- 
 ritory cutting off the Dominion of Canada 
 from all contact with any of the fiords or 
 sinuosities that bulge into the continent 
 between Mount Saint Ellas and the 
 Portland Canal, the frontier is drawn 
 to the head of the Portland Canal 
 at about fifty-six degrees, and then 
 down that sinuosity, striking Dixon's En- 
 trance at fifty-four degrees forty minutes. 
 Thus the Jiyitish Admiralty itstlf upltnlds tiw ttt- 
 riiorial claiina htld and rnainiained by both tht 
 Huiisiim mtd tht' Cnited Slates Governmeyits, 
 
 It is one thing to ask the United States 
 to agree, as Mr. Fish was willing to do in 
 1872, to have a joint survey to examine the 
 country in the interior In order to locate 
 exactly where the frontier runs. But it is 
 quite another thing to ask the United 
 States to submit to arbitration their right 
 to all the sinuosities of the coast in their 
 mitirety above fifty-four degrees forty min- 
 utes, and the unbroken strip of territory 
 round these sinuosities, which Great Bri- 
 tain recognized, from 1825 to 1867, as a part 
 of Russia, and, since then, until recently, 
 as a part of the United States. The more 
 the subject Is examined, the more evident 
 does it become that there is nothing in the 
 proposition of Canada and England which 
 the United States should refer to arbitra- 
 tion. T. W. Balch. 
 
 PHii.Aiit;i.riUA, January ^1, 11103. 
 
 LThe argument must close here.- 
 
 Nation.] 
 
 -Ed. 
 
 UNIFORM MUNICIPAL ACCOUNTING, 
 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: Our City Comptroller, Hon. James H. 
 Smith, has added Baltimore to the list of 
 cities that have taken up the important 
 subject of uniform municipal accounting. 
 In his report, just published, there Is a 
 schedule of the receipts and expenditures 
 of the city arranged according to the 
 scheme suggested by the National Munici- 
 pal League. This scheme distributes the 
 receipts and expenditures of the munici- 
 pality under the general heads of ordinary 
 and extraordinary. In the case of receipts, 
 the ordinary embrace income from taxes, 
 licenses, and so on; the extraordinary, in- 
 come from sales of property, issuing of 
 city bonds, and the like. Ordinary expendi- 
 tures embrace what are usually termed 
 operating or maintenance expenses. Extra- 
 ordinary expenditures are made for pur- 
 chases of property, erection of public 
 buildings, redemption of the public debt, 
 and so on. It is the request of the National 
 Municipal League that all city comptrollers 
 and auditors will, as an appendix to their 
 report, state the receipts and expenses of 
 their respective municipalities according 
 to the scheme suggested by the League, so 
 
 that by actual experience and a compari- 
 son of results a uniform schedule may be 
 adopted which will commend itself for use 
 in all municipal reports. 
 
 In order not to trespass too much upon 
 your space with an elaborate explanation. 
 It is proper to add that all who may be 
 interested in this important branch of mu- 
 nicipal government may obtain informa- 
 tion in detail from the Secretary of the 
 .Vatlonal .Municipal League. Mr. Clinton 
 Rogers Woodruff, North American Building, 
 Philadelphia. John H. Bi.At-Ki.or-K. 
 
 a:iri EiiniMii.K ni ii.Dixd, n»LTijioRE. 
 
 .lannary 27, ivm. 
 
 AN EARLY ALLUSION TO OMAR 
 
 KHAYYAM. 
 To THE Editor of The Nation: 
 
 Sir: All lovers of Omar KhayySm know 
 that his early fame In the West rested on 
 his ability as an astronomer rather than 
 on those wonderful quatrains which breathe 
 the Wfltschmerz of our modern age. The 
 burden of the song of the "tent-maker," 
 as FltzGera!d has given it to us, has be- 
 come part and parcel of our literature. 
 It becomes of Interest, then, to trace the 
 European knowledge of Omar as far back as 
 possible. FitzGerald's teacher. Prof. E. B. 
 Cowcll of Cambridge, supposed that the 
 earliest reference to our poet in the West 
 occurred in the well-known passage In 
 Thomas Hyde's 'Hlstoria Rellglonis Vete- 
 rum Persarum,' pages 498-500 of the first 
 edition (Oxford, 1700). Here almost cer- 
 tainly is the first Occidental publication of 
 any of his quatrains, the one which Fitz- 
 Gerald rendered, 
 
 "O Thou who buru'st iu Heart for those who burn." 
 
 There is, however, at least one allusion 
 to the poet which antedates the passage in 
 Hyde by more than a century. Here, too, 
 the reference is primarily to the astrono- 
 mer, but his poetic talent is altogether un- 
 noticed. The ancient calendar of the Per- 
 sians had fallen behind on account of faul- 
 ty intercalation, and a reform was neces- 
 sary, as was to be the case with the Grego- 
 rian reckoning in Europe five centuries 
 later. Accordingly, the old friend of Omar, 
 the Sultan Alp .\rslan, summoned to his 
 assistance the eight most eminent astrono- 
 mers of Persia, Including the poet himself. 
 Among AI-KhayyAmi's associates were two 
 whose names are familiar to all students 
 of the Orient, Avlcenna, the Arabic Aris- 
 totelian philosopher, and the chronologist 
 and historian of India. Al-Blrunl. The al- 
 lusion to the poet to which reference is here 
 made Is found In the work of the great 
 Dutch scholar, Joseph Scallger, 'De Emen- 
 datione Temporum.' page 304 of the Geneva 
 edition of 1629 (first edition, Basel, 1593), 
 and runs as follows in text and transla- 
 tion: 
 
 "In ilia autem forma vaga auni lezdegirdlcl 
 difficile est Id nssequl, tarn propter neglectum In 
 anno Perslco quadrautem, quam propter praegres- 
 slonem aequinoctionum ; ob earn rem. Imperator 
 Corasan, slue Mesopotamlae, conuocatls peritls- 
 slnils astrologiae viris curani noui annl institnendi 
 delegauit. linperatoris. qui id edixit et saDxit, 
 uomeu est, Albu .\rsalan Elselegeuki Elhuvvaraz, 
 Musclialii Sultan < 'ora.san. Conueuerunt ad cdio- 
 tum Kegium octo praestantisslmi viri. <J)mar EI- 
 haiamu, Abu Hali. Hasan fliius Haitbam, Elbiruni, 
 Abu Elvvapha, Elbuzgiani, Ellukarl, ludex iurls- 
 dictionia Elphakati, et Aben Sina, quem vulgo 
 Aulsenam vocant. Erat annus Christi Dionysianus 
 10T9." 
 
Oct. 2, 1902] 
 
 Tlie Nation. 
 
 257 
 
 askance at his doctrines and favored the 
 candidacy of another. While a business 
 man of excellent, reputation. Mr. Foss 
 \va3 not well enough known to have been 
 nominated in spite of these intluences 
 but for his platform. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, it seems fair to assume that 
 the verdict of the Eleventh Congres- 
 sional District of Massachusetts is in fa- 
 vor of revising the tariff along certain 
 lines. There is nothing surprising in 
 this, but, together with the other signs 
 of the times, it has its signiflcanca 
 
 Some important hints were thrown out 
 by Mr. A. B. Hepburn in his recent ad- 
 dress to the Bankers' Association of 
 Pennsylvania, touching the defects of 
 our currency system. He gave an ac- 
 count of the German system of "emer- 
 gency circulation," by means of which 
 the banks are allowed to issue notes in 
 excess of ordinary requirements on con- 
 dition of paying a tax at the rate of 5 
 per cent, per annum on the excess. Mr. 
 Hepburn thought that it would be safe 
 to allow national banks, in emergencies, 
 of the gravity of which the Secretary of 
 the Treasury should be the judge, to issue 
 notes not exceeding in amount one-half 
 of their capital stock, on condition of 
 paying a tax of 6 per cent, per annum 
 on such circulation. It was his opinion 
 that such issues not only would be safe, 
 but would relieve the b.inks of the ne- 
 cessity of issuing Clearing-house loan 
 certificates in times of panic. The lat- 
 ter system, although, under our present 
 methods, indispensable at times, tends 
 to weaken confldence in the banks which 
 T-^sort fo it. It should, therefore, be su- 
 perseded by a better method of meeting 
 such emergencies. Mr. Hepburn called 
 attention to the fact that ordinarily 
 banks in Germany are allowed to count 
 the notes of other specie-paying banks 
 as a part of their cash reserve against 
 circulating notes, but he did not recom- 
 mend that they be used as reserve 
 against deposits here. On the contrary, 
 he said: 
 
 "I cannot persuade myself that a bank- 
 note, as that term Is generally understood. 
 ought ever to be counted as reserve; but 
 our national banknotes, secured as they are. 
 are as good for reserve or for any other 
 purpose as any obligation In this country 
 can be." 
 
 That is quite true, but no "obligation" 
 should ever be counted as a bank re- 
 serve, except the demand obligations of 
 the Government, and the latter should 
 be dispensed with as soon as possible. 
 Under an ideal system, the bank re- 
 serves would consist only of gold coin 
 and bullion. 
 
 What constitutes proper supervision 
 of life-insurance companies was ably 
 set forth in the remarks of John A. Mc- 
 Call before the Insurance officials of 
 twenty-four different States, in session 
 at Columbus, O., last week. Mr. McCall 
 
 contended that the motive for most of 
 the restrictions was a legitimate desire 
 on the part of the SUte to protect the 
 public from irresponsible concerns 
 which wrought such havoc in this coun- 
 try twenty years ago. This point Mr. 
 McCall was peculiarly well qualified to 
 bring out. since the crusade inaugurat- 
 ed against fraudulent insurance com- 
 panies during his administration as 
 head of the New York Insurance De- 
 partment was of incalculable advantage 
 to policy-holders of this State. Not satis- 
 fled with sending the chief impostors 10 
 State prison, Mr. McCall promulgated 
 a series of rules governing the regula- 
 tion of insurance companies that have 
 since formed the basis for the most in- 
 telligent and rigorous supervision in 
 force anywhere. While Massachusetts 
 and New York have usually taken the 
 lead in such reforms, most of the impor- 
 tant States have corrected the old abuses 
 which sprang from an improper concep- 
 tion of the real function of such com- 
 panies. Chief among these reforms has 
 been the abandonment of the movement 
 against corporations of foreign coun- 
 tries doing business in certain Western 
 States. This warfare was waged for 
 years in the form of discriminating tax- 
 ation, until the business public became 
 aroused by the folly of restricting the 
 supply of available insurance by forc- 
 ing some of the strongest underwriting 
 corporations out of the field. Mr. Mc- 
 Call's utterances, on the whole, form a 
 valuable contribution to the literature 
 of State insurance supei-vision. They 
 should exert an important influence in 
 correcting the abuses of a necessarily 
 complicated system. 
 
 its funds would be spent to advantage." 
 This, be it observed, is both good sense 
 and sound Carnegie doctrine. 
 
 Professor Cattell of Columbia Univer- 
 sity points out, in Science, certain dif- 
 ficulties in the way of administering the 
 funds of the Carnegie Institution, and 
 makes some interesting, practical sugges- 
 tions. He discerns, in the plan of sub- 
 sidizing individual investigators or de- 
 partments of research in the present 
 universities, the danger that the uni- 
 versity may reduce correspondingly the 
 funds allotted to these purposes, while 
 private givers will be inclined to with- 
 draw their support. A similar disad- 
 vantage accompanies the purchase of 
 existing laboratories or experiment sta- 
 tions. In the case of the Marine Bio- 
 logical Laboratory at Wood's Hole, which 
 the Carnegie Institution is said to have 
 marked tor its own, the change of own- 
 ership would reduce greatly and perhaps 
 cut off the stated contributions which 
 that admirable institution receives from 
 scores of colleges. It would also nullify 
 whatever prospective benefactions the 
 laboratory may have In store. Accord- 
 ingly, Professor Cattell lays down the 
 general principle, "Should the Carnegie 
 Institution make an appropriation on 
 condition that it be duplicated locally. 
 
 Sir Michael Hicks-Beach's criticism of 
 the Balfour Ministry is worth more to 
 the Liberals than the winning of a 
 handful of by-elections. The late Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer practically ac- 
 cuses the Government of inefficiency In 
 the War Office and recklessness in the 
 Treasury. It is hard to see how the con- 
 demnation of a "khaki" Ministry could 
 be more complete. In other directions also 
 the Government has aroused deep dis- 
 content. If the Education Bill began a 
 year ago as a colossal bore, it has be- 
 come a political issue of the first mag- 
 nitude. By an inconsiderate application 
 of the Crimes Act in Ireland Mr. Balfour 
 has presumably alienated his National- 
 ist supporters of the bill, while, if he 
 pushes it through by a nominal majority, 
 its passage will be the signal for thou- 
 sands of Nonconformists and Liberals to 
 refuse to pay the rates. No Ministry could 
 survive in the face of wholesale arrests 
 of usually law-abiding citizen* who had 
 chosen to enter so drastic a protest 
 against Episcopal control of the public 
 schools. Mr. Balfour and others have 
 been deploring the lack of a vigorous op- 
 position. It looks as though the Irish 
 question and the school question would 
 quickly supply this need. In spite of his 
 large paper majority, the Premier will 
 reenter the Commons with prestige so 
 greatiy diminished that it is hard to see 
 how an appeal to the country can be 
 long deferred. 
 
 Germany is reaping the full fruits of 
 "protection" in the higk price and abso- 
 lute scarcity of meat. The Government 
 insists on keeping the food tariff — par- 
 ticularly that on animal products — at a 
 point which will permit the negotiation 
 of pending reciprocity treaties. The 
 Agrarians insist upon the original exces- 
 sive schedules of the new tariff bill. The 
 Government can better afford to be beat- 
 en on the bill than to yield, and the 
 Agrarians will not give way; so the 
 deadlock is complete. But it appears 
 that the protest of a country cruelly 
 mulcted for the benefit of the farming 
 class is making itself heard. There are 
 indications that the Agrarians are los- 
 ing strength, and there is some attempt 
 to unite the Liberal and Social-Demo- 
 cratic parties into a genuine Left. Such 
 a fusion of the liberal forces In Germany 
 is most devoutly to be desired. Once 
 effected, stranger things might happen 
 than that the Government should sei-k 
 support from the Left, thus repeatiug 
 more sensationally In an Empire the re- 
 cent parliamentary history of the Re- 
 public of Franco and the Kingdom of 
 Italy, in both of which the Government 
 has ruled with the aid of the Socialists. 
 
258 
 
 Th.e iNTation 
 
 [Vol. 75, No. 1944 
 
 COAL-MININQ BY RECEIVERS. 
 
 "The Coal Mines and the Public" is 
 the title of a pamphlet ol sixty-three 
 pages, in which the writer, Mr. Heman 
 W. Chaplin, seeks to show how the min- 
 ing of anthracite coal may be resumed 
 by judicial process. A suit has already 
 been instituted in Boston for a receiv- 
 ership of the principal coal-carrying 
 and coal-mining companies, in order to 
 accomplish this end. 
 
 Mr. Chaplin sets out with the proposi- 
 tion that real estate is never held by a 
 private owner by an absolute title, but is 
 subject to the right of the public, which 
 may either restrict the use of it or re- 
 quire from the owner affirmative action 
 in respect of it. About one-half of his 
 argument rests upon the rulings of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States in 
 the Munn case, where the owners of a 
 grain elevator in Chicago were required 
 to submit to a law passed by the Legis- 
 lature of Illinois which required all such 
 elevators to conduct their business in a 
 certain way and to take out licenses 
 which should be revocable for miscon- 
 duct, and which fixed a maximum sum 
 for the storage and handling of grain. 
 The owners of the elevator, which had 
 been built and put in operation before 
 the passage of the law, refused to com- 
 ply with it. They were prosecuted, con- 
 victed and fined. They took an appeal, 
 but the judgment of the lower court was 
 sustained, both in the Supreme Court of 
 Illinois and in that of the United States. 
 There are probably some lawyers who 
 still think that the decision in the Munn 
 case is unsound, but there are none who 
 expect ever to see it reversed. 
 
 Mr. Chaplin seeks to fit this decision 
 upon the corpus of the coal-carrying and 
 coal-mining companies of Pennsylvania. 
 The offence for which Munn was pun- 
 ished was that of disobaying a statute 
 which the State of Illinois was com- 
 petent to pass. There is no statute of 
 Pennsylvania requiring a railroad to car- 
 ry coal which has not been offered to it. 
 If there is one which requires a mining 
 company to mine coal at all, we have 
 never heard of it. Nor do we believe 
 that a law will ever be passed requiring 
 an owner of coal property to mine more 
 coal than he can. Certainly no court 
 •will ever seek to compel him to do so in 
 the absence of such a statute. The law 
 does not require impossibilities. The 
 decision in the Munn case does not fit 
 the corpus delicti. Whether the mine 
 owners are to blame or not, they are 
 not blamable in that way. Therefore, 
 the first half of- Mr. Chaplin's argument 
 Is wide of the mark. 
 
 If the second halt has any better foun- 
 dation than the first, it tells against the 
 striking miners rather than against the 
 mine owners. "Where a trust right in 
 the real estate of another exists," he 
 says, "a court of equity, in the absence 
 of a statute, can enforce that right." No 
 
 such trust right in coal lands having 
 been established or being fairly inferred 
 from the Munn elevator case, there is 
 nothing for a court of equity to do, ad- 
 versely to the possessors of the legal ti- 
 tle. Then Mr. Chaplin goes on to say: 
 
 "Where a claimant's right is a right to 
 active operations, a court of equity will, 
 where It is necessary, protect him in tlie 
 exercise of his right by injunction against 
 interference with him, or will, it more 
 convenient, exercise the right in his behalf 
 by appointing a receiver of the property 
 and putting such receiver in charge of the 
 property and having him operate it tor the 
 benefit of all concerned." 
 
 The first clause above quoted describes 
 the mine owner exactly. He is the claim- 
 ant who has a right to active operations 
 and to protection in carrying them, on. 
 He is the one who may properly ask 
 for an injunction against interference. 
 If a receivership is needed in the anthra- 
 cite region, it is needed as a shield and 
 guard against lawless individuals and 
 mobs who are stopping trains, dynamit- 
 ing railroad bridges, and murdering men 
 who are trying to earn an honest living 
 as miners and to relieve society from the 
 terror of a coal famine on the eve or 
 winter. Mr. Chaplin apparently would 
 put the coal carriers and operators in the 
 hands of a receiver in order to coerce 
 them; but if this is a case for coercion it 
 should be applied to the neck of the 
 other party. 
 
 An important witness to this purport 
 is Bishop Talbot of the Episcopal Church 
 of central Pennsylvania, whose diocese 
 embraces the entire anthracite region, 
 and who feels moved by the gravity of 
 the situation to issue a signed statement. 
 Although his sympathies are strongly 
 enlisted for the miners and their fam- 
 ilies, he says that the strikers went out 
 when no real grievances existed which 
 could not have been peaceably adjusted. 
 "It is now well known," he adds, "and is 
 even expressed by their leaders, that the 
 crux of the whole matter is the recog- 
 nition of the organization known as the 
 Miners' Union." This is exactly what 
 Mr. Hewitt said and what Mr. Mitchell 
 denied when, referring to Mr. Hewitt's 
 statement, he said there had been "no 
 formal demand" for recognition; by 
 which he wished the public to under- 
 stand that that was not one of the issues 
 at stake. Now Bishop Talbot says that 
 it is the crux of the whole matter, and 
 we believe him. We agree with him 
 also that to accede to this demand is 
 to pass the ownership of the property 
 over to the miners' organization. The 
 power to dictate who shall work in the 
 mines includes everything else. Bishop 
 Talbot passes judgment upon Mitchell 
 himself in his concluding sentence, 
 where he says that the miner "has been 
 wofully duped and unwittingly sacrific- 
 ed to the overweening and selfish ambi- 
 tions of his imaginary friends." 
 
 This statement helps us to form an 
 opinion of the value o£ a receivership 
 of the coal-carrying and coal-mining 
 
 companies by an order of court. Such 
 an order would put upon the judge grant- 
 ing it the immediate responsibility for 
 conducting a business of infinite detail 
 and complexity, which has cruslud and 
 disabled the most experienced men in 
 the world in times past, and has gone 
 more than once through bankruptcy. In 
 the event of a receivership the public 
 would at once look to the judge to sup- 
 ply them with coal "at a reasonable 
 price" — this is one of the demands most 
 strongly insisted upon by Mr. Chaplin. 
 Of course, this could not be done for a 
 long time to come — probably never un- 
 der that system of management. But the 
 miners would construe the receivership 
 as a decision of all disputed points In 
 their favor, and would strike against 
 the receiver if they were not granted. 
 That way of settling the difficulty is No 
 Thoroughfare. The right way to begin 
 is by restoring the reign of law in the 
 coal region, and this, Bishop Talbot 
 says, should be done in twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 THE ALASKA BOUNDARY. 
 A process of myth-making by reitera- 
 tion has for several years been in prog- 
 ress in Canada regarding the question 
 of the Alaskan boundary, and bids fair 
 to produce, sooner or later, serious con- 
 sequences. The subject is one on which 
 very few persons are well informed ; it 
 is difficult to obtain accurate informa- 
 tion about it, and partisan spirit may 
 expend itself on it under the mask of 
 patriotism with little fear of discovery. 
 It is unquestionable that the public in 
 Canada, including many of the morf 
 intelligent and influential classes, has 
 been for several years assiduously sup- 
 plied with articles on the boundary 
 which, notwithstanding their essential 
 falsity, have created a body of opinion 
 with which, mistaken as it is, it will be 
 difficult to deal. A somewhat similar 
 state of mind, exhibited by a less well- 
 informed body of Americans, was no- 
 ticeable in southeastern Alaska in 1899, 
 when the temporary boundaries of the 
 modus Vivendi were laid out near the 
 head of Lynn Canal. Such subjects offer 
 gold mines for the sensational press in 
 either country, and so the evil grows. 
 On the whole, the press of the United 
 States has been indifferent, occupied 
 with more timely matters, and the re- 
 iteration of the Canadian myth across 
 the border has passed unheeded here. 
 Congress, also, in ignoring for session 
 after session the settlement of a ques- 
 tion which was bound to produce inter- 
 national irritation as the Alaskan coun- 
 try became better populated, has in- 
 curred a grave responsibility. Our Ca- 
 nadian cousins have a just right to com- 
 plain of this, however wrong they may 
 be in some other matters. 
 
 An excellent example of the literature 
 above alluded to is a recent publication, 
 
Oct. 2, 1902] 
 
 The Nation. 
 
 259 
 
 In the Canadian Law Review for Sep- 
 tember, of an article by Thomas Hodg- 
 ins, K.C., of Toronto, which is also print- 
 ed in the Contemporary Review. It Is 
 •well written, gives evidence of much 
 familiarity with international law, and 
 of just enough acquaintance with the 
 facts not to disturb the flow of a grave 
 and apparently weighty argument. Re- 
 garded as the effort of counsel to repre- 
 sent the case of his client, it is admir- 
 able, and, with the Intelligent public 
 who cannot hear the argument for the 
 other side, it will necessarily be influen- 
 tial. Believing that in the interests of 
 truth, of the international relations of 
 the two countries, and of the speedy set- 
 tlement of this vexed question, it is emi- 
 nently desirable that both sides should 
 be heard, we propose to point out cer- 
 tain facts which Mr. Hodgins passes 
 without mention; to challenge certain 
 assumptions on which his whole argu- 
 ment rests, and which we believe to be 
 erroneous; and to say a few words on 
 the subject of arbitration, with which 
 the latter part of his article deals. 
 
 When the treaty of 1825 was made be- 
 tween Russia and Great Britain (of 
 which our treaty of 1867 is a replica in 
 its essentials) the Russian-American 
 Company maintained a fishery for sea- 
 otters in the archipelago of southeast- 
 ern Alaska which was the chief source 
 of the Company's revenue. Members of 
 the Imperial family and their court were 
 among the stockholders. The Hudson 
 Ray Company at that time had no posts 
 west of the Rocky Mountains and north 
 of the southern boundary of Alaska. The 
 country was regarded as a worthless 
 wilderness, valuable only for fur ani- 
 mals. The only official maps of the re- 
 gion were those of Vancouver, which 
 represented a non-existent solitary chain 
 of mountains extending continuously in 
 a general parallelism with the continen- 
 tal coast. This was the map-maker's 
 conventional sign for a mountainous 
 country, but the diplomats took it for an 
 actual range, as appears in the British 
 instructions cited by Mr. Hodgins among 
 the preliminaries to the treaty. This 
 hypothetical range was taken to carry 
 the boundary line in the treaty as agreed 
 upon, except that, when its summit prov- 
 ed to be more than ten marine leagues 
 from the coast, the boundary should bo 
 formed by a line parallel to the coast 
 and ten marine leagues therefrom. 
 
 The Russian Company and the court 
 desired to safeguard their sea-otters 
 from the Hudson Bay Company, which 
 was engaged in cxlendins; its trading- 
 posts into the iiitrrinr; and, while they 
 were willing to permit navigation of the 
 rivers by which the interior could be 
 reached, they determined to make them- 
 .selves secure against trading-posts on 
 the coast by which the sea-otter trade of 
 Russia might be depleted. This they 
 effected by obtaining a continuous strip 
 of coast (lisUVej which they hold for 
 
 years, later leased for a time to the Hud- 
 son Bay Company, and flnally sold to the 
 United States. Great Britain had the 
 free navigation of the rivers (fleuves, 
 which Mr. Hodgins mistranslates "wa- 
 ters"), and for a period of ten years 
 was also allowed to navigate the inlets. 
 The limitation of time in the latter case 
 disposes at once and for ever of the 
 lengthy arguments about territorial wa- 
 ters to which Mr. Hodgins and other 
 Canadian advocates devote so much 
 space. All the argument about "ocean" 
 and "mer," and territorial jurisdiction, 
 and boundary lines skipping across 
 navigable arms of the sea, sinks Into 
 ineptitude when confronted with the fact 
 that Great Britain accepted a limitation 
 of the right of navigation of the inlets 
 to ten years, and the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany afterwards paid an annual rent for 
 many years for the privilege. These 
 facts are sedulously ignored and left un- 
 mentioned by Mr. Hodgins and other 
 Canadian writers, who do not even quote 
 the part of the treaty in which the first 
 is set forth. 
 
 In the absence of a definite "summit of 
 the moimtains," the United States has a 
 right to fall back on the "ten marine- 
 league" line as a boundary. In the geo- 
 graphical uncertainty which obscured 
 the characteristics of the Usif're until 
 very recent surveys, the line was drawn 
 on our charts at ten marine leagues from 
 the sea. At only one known place in 
 Alaska is there a definite "summit" 
 which may be utilized in the sense of 
 the treaty, and that is at the head of 
 liynn Canal. Here the summit of the 
 White and other passes clearly should 
 be regarded as so defined, and has been 
 adopted in the line laid down in 1899 
 as a modus vivendi. Mr. Hodgins Is 
 therefore mistaken when, in this place, 
 he draws from an old chart the ten 
 marine-league line and states that here 
 it is "claimed by the United States." 
 That expression should be usod only 
 when a diplomatic claim to that effect 
 has been made, and none has been made 
 of the sort stated. To charge the Unit- 
 ed States or Canada with claiming all 
 the absurdities which have appeared on 
 maps in either country, is fair to neither. 
 
 Mr. Hodgins makes a strong appeal 
 for arbitration of the quest'on and it is 
 certain that, if the case should be deter- 
 mined on Its merits, as in law courts, 
 this would be best for the interests of 
 both parties. Certain phases of the case 
 are adapted for arbitration, others are 
 not. Unfortunately for international 
 peace, in three very important recent 
 arbitrations the arbitrators have seemed 
 to regard themselves as partisans, and 
 not impartial judges; and absolute fail- 
 ure of the proceedings has been averted 
 only by a decision which was privately, 
 if not publicly, admitted to be not based 
 on the merits of the case, but merely a 
 compromise to avoid war, in which the 
 weaker party was given the least that 
 
 would shut its mouth. In one case, that 
 of the Delagoa Bay arbitration, It Is ac- 
 knowledged that the result was a scan- 
 dalous miscarriage of justice, where the 
 outraged plaintiffs submitted on the 
 principle that a crust is better than no- 
 thing. 
 
 The United States will not submit th<) 
 Alaskan boundary to such a court. When 
 a little experience has been had of the 
 workings of the Hague Tribunal, It may 
 prove that justice, and not political in- 
 fluence, will be the guide of that body. 
 An international supreme court la sad- 
 ly needed, and this one, as yet untried 
 in any really momentous question, may 
 fill the rdle. If so, the boundary ques- 
 tion may be carried there with general 
 approval. Until then a masterly Inac- 
 tivity may be more prudent. At any 
 rate, some means should be taken of In- 
 forming the general public of the ascer- 
 tained facts without exception; a knowl- 
 edge of which in this, as in many other 
 cases, would do much to abate the bit- 
 terness of argument. 
 
 THE NEW MEDICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 If any department of applied science 
 has in recent years appeared to show 
 rapid and healthy growth, it is the de- 
 partment of medicine. The triumphs of 
 medical experts, particularly in such 
 lines as surgery, bacteriology, and sani- 
 tary science, are familiar wonders, while 
 the gifts of large endowments for such 
 institutions as the Harvard Medical 
 School and the Johns Hopkins Hospital 
 have seemed to stamp with approval both 
 the methods and the results of modern 
 medical work. It is somewhat startling, 
 therefore, to find Professor Barker, head 
 of the department of anatomy in the 
 University of ChloAgo, seriously ques- 
 tioning both the wisdom and the pro- 
 priety of much of the prevailing course 
 of medical instruction, and urging In- 
 stead the adoption of methods which 
 will doubtless seem to many members 
 of the profession not only revolution- 
 ary, but chimerical. Professor Barker's 
 standing, however, as one of the most 
 eminent American anatomists entitles 
 his opinions to great respect, and his 
 paper on "Medicine and the Universi- 
 ties," reprinted in pamphlet form, with 
 some changes, from a recent Issue of 
 .imcrican Medicine, haa already begun 
 to provoke discussion. 
 
 The history of medical education In 
 this country shows several types of 
 schools. The first, and the earliest in 
 point of time, is what Professor Barker 
 rails thi> "proprietary" medical school. 
 This is a school formed, usually, by a 
 group of medical men for the double 
 purpose of educating physicians and Im- 
 proving their own professional standing. 
 The curriculum, limited at first to a 
 single course of lectures, gradually ex- 
 panded, until now, in most schools. It 
 covers four years. For financial sup- 
 
Q60 
 
 The IN'ation. 
 
 [Vol. 75, No. 1944 
 
 port, dependence was had on the fees of 
 students, the surplus being divided 
 among the instructors at the end of the 
 term, while professional connection with 
 the School came to have so great finan- 
 cial value that practitioners were glad 
 not only to obtain appointments to 
 which no compensation was attached, 
 but even to pay a large price for the 
 sake of getting them. For clinical op- 
 portunities, resort was had to the char- 
 ity hospitals and such minor clinics as 
 the resources of the school allowed to be 
 held. 
 
 The growth of laboratory methods of 
 instruction in science, however, forced 
 the proprietary schools to a change of 
 method. The great cost of laboratory 
 work in physiology, histology, pathology, 
 and bacteriology could not be met from 
 fees, nor could the new instruction it- 
 self be given with the comparatively 
 small expenditure of time required un- 
 der the old system. The larger num- 
 ber of schools, accordingly, have form- 
 ed connections more or less close with 
 neighboring colleges or universities. 
 Rarely, indeed, has the university as- 
 sumed any financial responsibility un- 
 der the new arrangement beyond provid- 
 ing additional facilities for laboratory 
 instruction, but the gain to medical edu- 
 cation from the introduction of scientific 
 methods in the early part of the cun'icu- 
 lum has been, on the whole, very great. 
 Useful as has been the work of the 
 proprietary schools, however, their day, 
 in Professor Barker's judgment, is past. 
 What is now demanded is medical train- 
 ing fully on a par, in its methods, aims, 
 and conditions, with the best university 
 work in other lines. The nearest ap- 
 proximation to what is required is found 
 in the six or eight principal medical 
 schools in the United States, to which 
 Professor Barker gives the suggestive 
 name of "semi-university" schools. In 
 these schools the subjects of the first 
 two years are taught under the best sci- 
 entific conditions by instructors who do 
 not engage in private practice, and whose 
 only aim is to do the best possible sci- 
 entific work and give the best possible sci- 
 entific training. But this is as far as the 
 reform has gone. The subjects of the 
 last two years are taught by men in ac- 
 tive practice, not always of broad train- 
 ing, and appointed primarily because of 
 their success as practitioners. Further, 
 few universities own or control hospi- 
 tals, but must rely upon the charity 
 institutions, the majority of which are 
 etill, as we all know, subject to political 
 or personal influence. 
 
 The weakness of present-day instruc- 
 tion in medicine, in Professor Barker's 
 opinion, is the preponderating combina- 
 tion of teaching and private practice in 
 the personnel of our medical faculties. 
 What ho would have is a real university 
 school of medicine, in which the same 
 views of the professor's functions which 
 obtain in other departments shall hold 
 
 also for the medical faculty. It is gen- 
 erally understood that the professor of 
 mathematics, or chemistry, or political 
 economy shall give his whole time to 
 the business of instruction and research, 
 and not half of it to the university and 
 half to some commercial or manufactur- 
 ing enterprise. 
 
 "Imagine," says Professor Barker, "the 
 condition which would exist it the univer- 
 sity said to its professor of economics. "We 
 stiall be glad to have you as our professor 
 of this subject provided you are willing 
 to do the teaching we ask of you witliout 
 direct remuneration. Your position in the 
 university will make you so well and favor- 
 ably known that you will be able to secure 
 financial responsibilities in the city which 
 will give you a far larger income than we 
 could afford to pay you," or, it the Presi- 
 dent and trustees made a proposition to 
 the professor of chemistry that he be paid 
 $1,500 per year to take charge of the teach- 
 ing and investigation in the chemical lab- 
 oratories, it being pointed out to him that 
 the prestige of a university professorship 
 would enable him to secure lucrative posi- 
 tions as commercial chemist to four or five 
 manufacturing concerns in the city in 
 which he lives, or as analyst to baking- 
 powder companies and manufacturers of 
 pure-food preparations; some of the trus- 
 tees taking the stand that the intimate 
 contact thus gained with chemistry as 
 practically applied in the business world 
 is not only desirable for the professor, 
 but absolutely essential in order that his 
 influence upon his students may not be too 
 academic. . . . What, think you. would 
 be the rate of progress in original work 
 in the sciences of political economy and 
 chemistry in a university so constituted? 
 And yet, there is not a medical faculty in 
 a university anywhere in America where 
 this plan Is not followed, at least tor 
 some of the chairs." 
 
 Professor Barker writes throughout 
 with perfect courtesy and with cordial 
 recognition of the high aims and un- 
 selfishness which characterize teaching 
 physicians as a class, but his paper 
 is nevertheless a strong indictment of 
 American medical education as a whole. 
 Whether his contention is sound, or not, 
 is a question which nu layman is com- 
 petent to decide. That the reform for 
 which he contends will not be brought 
 about without much discussion is self- 
 evident, but if the course of scientific in- 
 struction in other departments is any 
 criterion, he has pointed the way along 
 which the medical education of the fu- 
 ture will proceed. The enormous cost of 
 a true university medical school, with 
 its highly paid staff and series of obser- 
 vational hospitals, is not the least obsta- 
 cle in the way. Most serious, however, 
 will be the opposition of the medical pro- 
 fession to a surrender of the time-hon- 
 ored notion that the best preparation for 
 teaching is a large private practice. 
 
 tMILE ZOLA. 
 
 A very bitter but a very sincere spirit 
 has passed away. A great and inde- 
 fatigable talent vanishes, leaving behind 
 it the memory of a discredited theory of 
 literature and the better remembrance of 
 a battle for truth and justice conducted 
 with that same impressive fanaticism 
 which gave the world the sordid epic of 
 the Rougon-Macquart family. It was 
 characteristic that Zola's first book of 
 
 criticism should have been called 'My 
 Hatreds' (Mes Baincs); it was not with- 
 out significance that he who later con- 
 demned his country for its cruelty to 
 Alfred Dreyfus, should have been che 
 ardent defender of that great but unap- 
 preciated genius, Eduard Manet. No (me 
 who has seen the man near at hand, has 
 marked the abruptness of his move- 
 ments and the settled gloom of his ex- 
 pression, has heard him speak tender 
 words to a body of mourners — as we 
 recall him at the burial of Alphonse 
 Daudet — with the air of berating a 
 hostile audience, could doubt that his 
 heart was torn with the swva indignatio 
 of a Swift — could fail to perceive all the 
 qualities and detects of a temperament 
 essentially fanatical. 
 
 Zola's activity may fairly be divided 
 into three periods: first, that of the hu- 
 man document, most signally represent- 
 ed by the Rougon-Macquart series of 
 no less than twenty volumes, written 
 from 1871 to 1893; second, that of grow- 
 ing idealism, exemplified in the three 
 cities, 'Lourdes,' 'Rome,' 'Paris' (1894- 
 1898), and culminating In the colossal 
 idyll, 'Fficondite,' 1899; third, the great 
 episode of 1898, the appeal to the con- 
 science of France, and the agitation 
 which resulted in the retrial of Al- 
 fred Dreyfus and the rout of the army 
 cabal. 
 
 Zola's theory of the "experimental 
 novel," as set forth in the book of that 
 name and as illustrated by the greater 
 part of his literary work, has had its 
 day and passed into the limbo of sus- 
 pended doctrines. Zola was never quite 
 consistently faithful to his own theory 
 of naturalism and the human document, 
 and in his later years he repudiated it 
 by his practice. He chose to speak of 
 himself as a "naturalist" rather than a 
 realist, because his plan was larger than 
 that of reproducing with minute fidelity 
 the details of life as observed. He de- 
 sired rather to make his books "cross- 
 sections of reality," in which the en- 
 vironment, heredity. Individual prepos- 
 sessions, personal, political, and indtis- 
 trial relations of a group, and the deeds 
 which sprung from these causes, should 
 all be contained. "I could wish to 
 imbed all humanity in my page, all 
 beings, all things — to create a work 
 which should be one vast repository." 
 Of the greatness of this enterprise there 
 can be no doubt. Its accomplishment in 
 the Rougon-Macquart series, however, 
 hardly corresponds to the amplitude of 
 the design. To study in a selected group 
 the entire course of modern French so- 
 ciety, to lay bare the symptoms of the 
 fever that led from the installation of 
 the Second Empire to Sedan— this was 
 his plan in pursuing to the impurest 
 depths the fortunes of the Rougons and 
 Macquarts. Hut Eiuilc Zola was no Balzac, 
 to plan a Gomidie Humaine of which 
 the minutest part should be an unend- 
 ing source of intellectual enjoyment and 
 
VOL. LXXII- 
 
 1874. 
 
 THURSDAY, MAY 30, 1901. 
 
 PRICE TEN CENTS. 
 
 The Macmillan Company Has Just Published 
 
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 THE CRISIS 
 
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 [Vol. 72, No. 1874 
 
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 Maryland, Baltimore. 122 and 124 W, Franklin St. 
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 / . ^ School for Girls— Siith year will t>epln September 
 26, 1901. Mrs. ][ P. Lefebvre. / ^.^ ,^^, 
 Mbs E. D. Huntley, s ^'"'-tpa's. 
 
 Mabtland. Catonsvllle. 
 C T. TIMO THTS SCHOOL for Girls re- 
 tj opens Sept. 20. 1900. Prepares for College. Heads 
 of S chool. MlBS M. C. Carter. Miss S. R C arter. 
 
 MASSAniiusETTs. Bostou. 
 OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. 
 Address the Dean, 
 Samuel C. Beknktt. 
 
 Massachusetts, Eastbampton. 
 JJ/ILLISTON SEMINAR Y.~Prepares 
 Vv boys for anv college or sclentlflc school. Library. 
 Physical, chemleal, biological laboratories; gymnasium, 
 et'.. New athletic field with >i-mile track. Opens Sep- 
 tember, 1901. Joseph H. Sawyer. M.A.. Princip al . 
 
 Massachusetts, Yarmouthport. 
 LDRIDGE HALL.^Select School for 
 
 Girls. Healthy location. Especial advantages for 
 
 music, modern languapea. domestic science, and Eng- 
 lish branches. For particulars address 
 MlBs Shove or FrSuleIn Grotb. 
 
 MiOHiGAN. Detroit. 73 StImson Place. 
 r)E TROIT HOME and DA V SCHOOL, 
 J_y 24th year. Prepares for all colleges open to wo- 
 men. 20 received In the school family. 
 
 The Misses Liggett, Principals. 
 
 B 
 
 E 
 
 A 
 S 
 
 New York, Manhattan Borough, Depot Lane. 
 SCHOOL for EX CEP TIONAL CHIL- 
 dren.— Expert educational home treatment. 
 Maximilian P. E. Groszmann. Pd.D., Director. 
 
 Oregon. Portland. Park and St. Clair Streets. 
 r. HELEN'S HALL. A School for 
 Girls. ^^8B Eleanor Tebbetts, Ph.D., Prin. 
 
 Pennsylvani*, Philadelphia, Germantown, 59 Higti St- 
 
 TVY HOUSE. 
 JL Preparatory tu Bryn Mawr and other colleges. 
 
 Address Miss Mary E. Stevens. 
 
 IC/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and'^ay 
 IVl School for Glrla. Established in! S4H. Circular on 
 application. Opened Sept. 27. 1350 Pine St., Phiia., Pa. 
 
 ]\/fISS REYNOLDS' School, 66 IV 4Sth 
 1 VJ. St., New York.— Special students admitted to reg- 
 ular classes. A few young girls received Into the family. 
 
 'the Gilman School 
 
 Also called 
 Ike Cambridge School 
 
 Pleasant home liie, trained teachers, small classes, 
 varied coQrsee, complete laboratories, healthful sar- 
 Foundings, ample playgroands, highest ideals. The 
 Manual describes the school. Introduction reqaired. 
 
 Arthur Gilman, A. M., Director, Cambridge, \Sai%. 
 
 For Girls 
 
 Miss Baldwin's Scliooi for Girls 
 Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College 
 
 Miss Florence Baldwin, Principal. ^Vitllin ten years 
 more than one hundred and twenty pupils have entered 
 Bryn Mawr College from this schnni. DIploniaB given In 
 butli General and Tollogc Prcparalnrv Courses. Fine 
 tire pmnf stone building. 25 acres beantlfiil grouDds. 
 For circular, address the Secretary. Bryn Mawr. 
 
 New York University 
 
 SUMMER COURSES. 
 
 SEVENTH YEAR. JULY 8-AUGUST 16, 
 
 Forty Courses in Fourteen Departments. 
 
 University Hel^rhts coinl>lnes the advauta;:res nf city 
 and country. For "Announcement " address Mar81L\ll 
 S. Brown . University Heights. New York City. 
 
 The Jones Summer School 
 
 Of Mathematics and the Languages. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH SESSION, JULY s-SEPT. 20. 
 
 Itjipld reviews for candidates for admission to COR- 
 NELL UNIVEUSITY and for conditioned students. 
 Address QEO. W. JONES, Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
 Educational. 
 
 Rogfers Hall School 
 
 F«>r Cirls. Certificate ndnilts to Smith, Vas- 
 
 sar, Wetlesk'V. and Wells. Four acres for out- 
 
 .door sports. Golf, Basket Ball. Tennis. Address 
 
 ' Mrs E. P. UNDERHILL. M.A.. Prio., Lowell, Mass. 
 
 National 
 
 Cathedral School 
 
 FOR GIRLS. 
 
 The Rt. Rev. HENRY YATES SATTERLEE, D.D., LL.D. 
 President of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 Fireproof building, the ^ift of Mrs. Hearst. 
 Park of 30 acres, overlooking tho National 
 
 Capitol. 
 Preparation for College. Unrivalled advan- 
 
 tnees in Music. 
 Individual teachiOK in every grade. 
 Instructors College Graduates. 
 Modern Gymnasium. Tennis, Basket-ball ami 
 
 Golf. 
 
 Miss BANGS and Miss WHITON, Principals. 
 Mount Si. Alban, VVashinslon, D. C. 
 
 \ 
 
 A/ 
 
 PORTLAND SUMMER SCHOOL, 
 
 Portland, Maine. 
 
 JULY 15 to AVGUST 23. 
 
 The Portland Smmni-r Scliool offers exceptional facili- 
 ties for learning III Kjieak forelBH lan^uaRi-e. Coursea 
 in Gernmn, Freurli. Si.anlsli. and Art. The morning 
 hours will be devoted In tIioroup:h and systematic 
 class worl(. At tahh- and all seln.oi ^'atlicriniis of any 
 nature Htudcnts will have the prlvlletre nf eonversin^' in 
 German or Freneh under tlie direetion of flieir rehpee- 
 tive Insiruetors. Board reasonahle. Tuition %\h OO, 
 For eir -ularsand further particulars, apply to AHNOLD 
 WERNEIl-SPANHOOFD. Central High Sebool. Wash- 
 IngtOD, D. C. 
 
 University of Michigan 
 
 SUMMER SESSION, 
 
 June 24— August 9, 1901. 
 
 Courses will be offered in all leading Academic 
 subjects, in Law and in Engineering. 
 
 For information and circulars address E. H. 
 Mensei, 721 Monroe Street, Ann Arbor, Mich. 
 
 Massachusetts, Coucord. 
 
 MIDDLESEX SCHOOL. 
 
 A new boardinp gchool fv>r boys. OnenB October 
 3d, 1901. Seven classes. Boys received into the four 
 lower classes only. 
 
 TRUSTEES: 
 
 Charles J. Paine, President. 
 
 Henry L. HIeelnson. Robert Wlosor. 
 
 LeBaron R. Brlggs. W. Cameron Forbes. 
 
 Address 
 
 FREPERICK WINSOR, Head Mast er. Co n oobd. Mass. 
 
 The Browne and Nichols School 
 
 Caiul>ri<lK<'- :>lns9. liUh year. Ci.urs.-, s years 
 Clasge' lliiiiieci to 15 Xo subordinate teachers; pupils 
 eontinuoustv under head teacher in eaeli department. 
 Exeeptlonal" facilities for iltting for Harvard, lllus* 
 trattjd catalogue. ^ 
 
 GEbRGE~SCHOOL. 
 
 rniliT (■«!■<■ Ml" I-'rlrml^. 
 
 Thorough Equipment. Ample Grounds. 
 
 327 Acres. 
 
 Addro.-*B 
 
 ■TOS. S. WA LTON. Prin.. George Sihonl. Bucks Co.. Ta. 
 
 Clinton Preparatory School 
 
 CLINTON, N.V. I' ml'<J./'i "11 I'l'c'it, ISKoFS. 
 6Teacbei^. Prepttre^ifuraii.v College. Bo>-»«10tol4 
 at lime of entrniice prelerreil. Keferences:— 
 
 BlSHOl^ nrNTlN<iT<»N, ItlSHOP WHITEHEAD, FOl'R 
 COLLKUK rBK91X)J£NTS. J. B.WEEELEIt, A.M.,l'rin. 
 
 // PRACTICAL OUTING. Vacation 
 /I Schoril for Bovs, O.vford. Me., Julvnnd AuRUBt. 
 rnttnKC I11HH. s. Stiiilv and recreation dfllKht fully ciim- 
 l.lnv.l. Wirklv cx.-nralons In KcoloRy, biitany. etc. 
 (M.mni;. swininilni;. hunting, llshln.l;. Coarlllnje trip 
 tliruugll the White .Mta. A F. Cm.iuvkll. A.M ■ I'rin. 
 
 Teachers, etc. 
 
 PROFESSORSHIPS VACANT. 
 
 Appllcatlnnawlin.eref.lv.-.l Tiy the un.lersiKned for 
 a Chair of ClasKleal (espe<l:illy Latin) Literature In 
 Queen's University, Klnusti.n, Cnnada, uo to .luly 27. 
 Also for a Chair In .Modern Languages (especially 
 French) .L »■ MclVER, 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 \V' 
 
 'ANTED— Gentlemen to teach French 
 
 and history In well-eatahllshed preparatory 
 Address, stating quallllcatlons, experience, and 
 
 school. ^ . 
 
 references. ■'Frkncii," this office. 
 
 AN EXPERIENCED TEACHER OF 
 ./l German, at preai'nt holding an Instructor-ahlp In a 
 leading Western unlverslly desires a position In the 
 East. Address II. B . care of yalion. 
 
The Nat: 
 
 J 
 
 VOL. LXXIV— NO. I 905. THURSDAY, JANUARY 2, 1902. PRICE TEN CENTS. 
 
 "A book of interest to the general reader, a veritable text book for the collector, and in 
 its magnificent illustrations an epitome of the history) and development of Colonial furniture. " 
 
 — Mail and Express. 
 
 COLONIAL FURNITURE 
 
 in AMERICA \ ^ 
 
 By LUKE VINCENT LOCKWOOD 
 
 300 illustrations including 12 artotypes 
 
 The NEW YORK TRIBUNE says : 
 44 A T once a study and a guide book; a volume calculated to interest the general reader, 
 and to be, moreover, of the most practical service to collectors whether the latter be 
 well inured to the difficulties of the chase after good examples, or be in the first stages of their 
 enthusiasm." 
 
 In one volume, a companion to IVIumford's "Oriental Rugs" 
 
 <^7.50 nel. {Tojiage GO cenU.) 
 
 EUGENE riELD 
 
 A STUDY IN HEREDITY AND CONTRADICTIONS 
 By SLASON THOMPSON, his friend aLnd fellow- worker. 
 
 CHICAGO POST — "A graphic presentment of a personality singularly varied and pic- 
 turesque." 
 
 .V. r. TIMES SATURDAY RE^IElV~"Fu\\ of good stories and entirely readable." 
 
 MAIL AND EXPRESS — " The story of a good sinner, a sincere citizen, an excellent family 
 man, a lover of pure fooling and of his kind." 
 
 BliOOKLl'N EAGLE — " A very realistic and convincing portrait, one that cannot tail to in- 
 crease our knowledge of the man and still further endear him to the regard ot those 
 who know him only through the medium of his delightful pages." 
 
 In two profusely illustrated volumes with many hitherto unpublished verses and many reproduc- 
 tions ot illustrations by Field, some of them in colors. 
 
 ^3.00 nel. I Tostage 30 cents.) 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, New York 
 
11 
 
 Th.e l^ation. 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1905 
 
 The JN^ation. 
 
 A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO 
 
 Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. 
 
 FOUNDED 1865. 
 
 Wntered at the New York City Post-office as second- 
 class mail-maUer, 
 
 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 
 
 The Wkkk l 
 
 Editobial Articles : 
 
 The Effectivcnoss of Subsidies 4 
 
 The Low Admiuistratlon 5 
 
 PnbUcIty cf Accounts Abroad (l 
 
 Clarence King 7 
 
 Bpkoial Cosbbbpondbnce: 
 
 M. BerthGlot 8 
 
 Review of Italian Fiction 9 
 
 CORBKSPONDKNOE : 
 
 Continental Expansion 10 
 
 Canada and Alaska 11 
 
 Byron. ColtTidKe. and Don Juan 11 
 
 Complaint and Reply *. 11 
 
 '■To Chanorr" 12 
 
 The Kalbel Classical Library 12 
 
 N0TK8 12 
 
 Book Fbvibws: 
 
 St'gantinl 15 
 
 Aictorian Prose Masters 17 
 
 Gtorge Whltedeld, M.A.. Field Preacher 17 
 
 The Mental FunotioDs of the Brain IS 
 
 Essays and Addresses 19 
 
 A Dictionary ef English and Welsh Surnames. 19 
 The Blessing of the Waters on the Eve of the 
 
 Epiphany 20 
 
 The Great Deserts and Forests of North 
 
 America 20 
 
 Great Epochs In Art History 20 
 
 Books of the Week 20 
 
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 Educational. 
 
 Delaware, Wllnilngtcn, Franklin Street. 
 ^pHE MIS:>ES HEBB'S 
 A Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are 
 prepared for college. 
 
 Mabylaxd, Baltimore. 18a and 124 W. Franklin St. 
 
 r^DGE WORTH BOARDING and DA V 
 
 I -J School for Girls— 39th year will begin September 
 
 29, 1901. Mrs H. P. Lefebvre, 
 
 Miss E. D. Huntley, 
 
 [ Principals. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTft, BOStOU. 
 
 IDOSTON UNIVERSITY Law School, 
 J-^ Address the Dean. 
 
 Samuel C. Bennett. 
 
 A/flSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day 
 1 VI School for Girls. Established In \ 848. Circular on 
 application. Opens Sept. 26. 1350 Pine St., Phila., Pa. 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Lawrence Scientific 
 School 
 
 Offers professional courses leading to the degree 
 of S.B. in Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical En- 
 gineering; Mining and Metallurgy; Architecture; 
 Landscape Architecture; Chemistry: Geology; Bi- 
 ology; Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (as a 
 preparation for medical schools* ; Science for Teach- 
 ers, ami a Course in General Science. Graduates 
 of colleges may be admitted to advanced standing 
 without examination. For information, address 
 J. L. Love. Secretary, 16 University Halt, Cam- 
 brid ge. Mass. N. S S HALER , Dean. 
 
 Royal Victoria College, 
 
 McGILL UNIVERSITY, 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 A residential College for the Women Students of 
 MeGlU University. For conditions of entrance, schol- 
 arships, ourses. degrees, terms of residence, and other 
 particulars, address THE WARDEN, Royal Victoria 
 College, Montreal. 
 
 WABAN 
 
 SCHOOL 
 
 FOR 
 
 BOVSl 
 
 WABAN. 
 
 J. 11. P 
 
 ILLSBl'RY, 
 
 M A . 
 
 Prin. '- 
 
 
 
 WINDSOR HALL FORGIRLSt 
 
 
 Masa. 
 
 
 Anna M 
 
 GOODNOW, B.A. 
 
 Assoc 
 
 Prln. 
 
 School Agencies. 
 
 ^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES 
 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co , Proprietors. 
 
 4 Asbburton Place, liiisron; 1505 Pa. Ave., WashlDfjIon; 
 
 1511 Fifth Ave Vew York; 414 Cent, Bldg., Minneapolis; 
 
 533 Cooper Bldt; . Denver; 4 Evans Bldg.; Oakoloosa; 
 
 203 Mich. Blvd.cliirHtfo: .v.ij ^^tlms'n Bk., Los Angeles; 
 420 Parriiti Building. San Francisco. 
 
 A LB A N Y TEA CHERS' A GENC K. 
 Zi 81 Chapel St., Albany, N.Y.— Provides schools of 
 all grades with competent teachers. Assists teachers in 
 obtaining positions. Rents and sells School Property. 
 Haelan P. French, Proprietor. 
 
 (TCHERMERHORN Teachers Agency. 
 ►^ Recommends best schools, tutors, governesses. 
 Udyssoon & Rockwell, Mgrs., 3 E. 14th St., N. Y. 
 
 Twelve Trains Daily Between 
 New York and the South 
 via Southern Railway. 
 
 The sunshine of popular favor has n(nv set 
 tied upon the Southern Railway; they have 
 made tlieir system one of the great steel 
 highways of the world. 
 
 The gratitude of tourists who appreciate 
 the acme of luxury in railroad travel is due 
 in no small measure to this system. Their 
 line of operation is the great nighway that 
 leads to and through the Southern States . 
 Year by year they have adopted every im- 
 provement tliat could add in any way to the 
 comfort of that army of visitors wlio make 
 their Winter home in the vast territory 
 covered by its network of Unes. 
 
 An example of the superb trains operated 
 by the company is the "Southern's Palm 
 Limited," which runs between New York 
 and St. Augustine every day. except Sunday, 
 during the ^Vinte^ months. This iimgnifl- 
 cent train, the most luxurious in the world, 
 runs through solid from New York to St- 
 Augustiue, excepting one drawing-room 
 sleeping-car, which is detached at Black - 
 ville, S. C, and runs to Augusta, for the 
 accommodation of travellers to this popular 
 resort, and Aiken, S. C. The train is com- 
 posed of Pullman compartment crtrs, draw- 
 ing-room sleeping cars, library, observation 
 and dining-cars. Other fast daily limited 
 trains are operated, carrying through Pull- 
 man drawing room sleeping-cars to New 
 York. Savannah, Jacksonville, Tampa. 
 Chirleston, Augusta, Asheville, Chattanoo- 
 ga, Nashville, Atlanta, Birmingham, Mem- 
 phis, New Orleans, affording excellent ser- 
 vice to Florida, Mexico, and the Pacific 
 Coast. Dining-car service on all through 
 trains. For further information call or ad- 
 dress New York Offices. 371 and 1185 Broad- 
 way. Alex S. Thweatt, E. P. A., 1185 Broad- 
 way, New York. 
 
 Travel. 
 
 OOINQ ABROAD on a BICYCLE TRIP? 
 
 Send for " Bicycling Notes for Tourists Abn>ud." 
 
 LEYLAND LINE 
 
 Sailing Regularly, 
 
 Boston — Liverpool— London 
 
 Immense new steamers. F'rst Cabin. $40, $45, 
 \jpwa.rds, depending on st^jamer. ' T'estrian." 
 Jan. S; " AVinifrediau,'' Jan. 15; "Devonian." Feb. 
 5; "Cestrian." Feb. 12; " Winifredian," Feb. lU; 
 '■Philadelphian," Feb. 20. 
 
 F. O. HOUOHTON & CO., Qen'I Agts.. 
 115 State Street, Boston. 
 
 A §luaker Experiment in Government, 
 
 ]ly ISAAC SJIARPLESS. LL.D., President of Haver/ord College. 
 
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 approached the popularity of this work. It has gone tlirough three editions 
 
 in as many years, and has received the weighty commendation of tlie learned 
 
 and critical as well as the appreciation of the reading puLlic. E.xtended by 
 
 addition of a later volume to include the Revolutionary period, it became a 
 
 complete History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania, and lias recently 
 
 been sold under this title. The present edition of this work, the beautiful 
 
 Haverford lidition, includes all the matter of earlier editions, together 
 
 with a special preface and an appropriate concluding chapter. Handsomely 
 
 illustrated with over forty full-page plates, beautifully printed on fine deckel-edged paper, 
 
 and luxuriously bound, it is an ideal Christmas gift for any Quaker or any Haverfordian, 
 
 or for any lover of fine books. Half Morocco, $7.^0 ; full Morocco, $10.00 ncl. 
 
 Np«/ CI 75 Pnniiint* PHiiinn Early in igoa we shall issue a new edition (the 
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 I'll I I.AUl'.LI'Hl A. 
 
The Nation 
 
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 i: 
 
 VOL. Lxxrv— NO. 1 907. 
 
 THURSDAY, JANUARY i6, 1902. 
 
 PRICE TEN CENTS. 
 
 T//E FIRST VOLUME l!V APPLETOATy WORLD SERIES 
 
 Britain and the British Seas 
 
 By H. J. Mackinder, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Reader in Geography in the University of Oxford, Princi- 
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 and Diagrams. 8vo. Cloth, J2.00 net; postage added. 
 
 Financial Crises 
 
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11 
 
 The IN'ation 
 
 [Vol. 74, No. 1907 
 
 The I^ation. 
 
 A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO 
 
 Politics, Literature, Science, and Art. 
 
 FOUNDED 1865. 
 
 Entered at the New York City Post-office as second- 
 class mail-matter. 
 
 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 
 
 The Week 41 
 
 Editoeial Articles : 
 
 Tbe Treasury Surplus 44 
 
 The Secretary of Commerce 44 
 
 Currency Reform in the Philippines 45 
 
 The Carnegie Institution 46 
 
 Popular Appreciation of Scientists 46 
 
 Special Corrkspondenck : 
 
 American Historical AssoelatlOD 47 
 
 The Economic Aasoclatlon In Washington 48 
 
 A Glimpse of Cuba 50 
 
 Correspondence : 
 
 Canada and Alaska 51 
 
 Sterne's Influence in France 51 
 
 Notes 51 
 
 Book Retiews: 
 
 Balfour: Stevenson: Ht'oley B4 
 
 School and College Education 55 
 
 Some Recent Books on Linear Perspective . . 56 
 
 Present Irish Questions 57 
 
 Books of the Week 58 
 
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 EdticationaL 
 
 Delaware, Wilmington, Franklin Street. 
 n^HE MISSES HEBB'S 
 J. Boarding and Day School for Girls. Students are 
 
 prepared for college. 
 
 Maryland, Baltimore. 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. 
 PnCE WORTH BOARDING and DA V 
 / ^ School for Girls- 39th vear will begin September 
 26. 1901. Mrs H. P.Lefebvre, { p,.incinalB 
 Miss E. P. Hpntley. i t'llnclpalB. 
 
 Massachusetts. Boston. 
 
 OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. 
 Addre&s the Dean. 
 Samuel C. Bennett. 
 
 l\/riSS AMABLE'S Boarding and Day 
 Irl School forGlrls. Establlshedln 1848. Circular on 
 application. Open8Sept.26. 1350 Pine St., Phlla., Pa. 
 
 harvard university. 
 
 B 
 
 The Lawrence Scientific 
 School 
 
 Offers professional courses leading to the degree 
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11 
 
 The !N"atioii. 
 
 [Vol. 75, No. 1944 
 
 The IN'ation. 
 
 A WEEKLY JOUUyAL DEVOTED TO 
 
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 FOUNDED IN 18G5 
 
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 Thk Week a55 
 
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 rnnl-MinIng by Receivers 258 
 
 Thp Alaska Itouniary 258 
 
 The New Medical Education 259 
 
 Emlle Zola 2(i() 
 
 SPBOIAL ConBESPONDKNOE: 
 
 I'okiD Two Yeara After the Siege 261 
 
 Flemish Painting: Primitive and lladern... 2ti2 
 
 Corbbspokdsnce: 
 
 The Ethics of the Wilderness 2ti-i 
 
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