.^•^ -% .^^■^ ^^ v-^' \ ^ ••* ^0. V- .H -r^ ^^ -^c* »^' -^^ PREFACE, . The prominent position now occupied by Missouri among the States of the Republic, renders an apology for writing its history unnecessary. Its astonishing progress in population, wealth, and intelligence, as well as its prospective importance, are such as to fully justify, it is believed, not only a record extending from its first discover}' down to the time of its purchase by the United States, but also a recital of its "Territorial career, and of its advance- ment as a State since its admission into the Union, in 1820. Much care and labor have been given to each of these periods. In them were enacted scenes and incidents of thrilling interest. Great pains have been taken, in detailing these events, to present only such as are authentic and reliable. To this end, information has been sought for at every available point, and drawn from the most trust-worthy sources; yet such only has been retained as, upon careful consideration and the closest scrutiny, has been found weighty and significant. At the same time, it has been attempted to embody facts in the narrative, in a manner to avoid crudeness on the one hand, and a dry chronological recital on the other. It will be seen that the topography and geology, as well as the geography of the State, have received that attention which their importance demands. Manufacturing, commercial and agricultural interests have also a prominent place. Missouri's mineral deposits, especially those of iron, coal and lead, have been dwelt upon. The richness of some of them is indeed marvelous! They form a basis of wealth, limited only by the extent of their development. IV I'ltKKACE. Sketches of the rise, progress, and presei^t condition of the vari- ous religious denominations of Missouri form a conspicuous feature of the hook. In addition to these, a history is given of the puhlic- school system of the State, and also an account of the institutions of learning, of which the Commonwealth is justly so proud. Therein is shown how a rapidly increasing and intelligent people keep pace, in all that concerns religion, morality and learning, with older communities, iji other portions of the Union. A distinguishing characteristic of this work is its county sketches. In them the reader is hrought into close relation with each particular part of the State. The advantages of these are obvious, embracing, as they do, narratives of pioneer life, descrip- tions of interesting localities, and personal reminiscences. The staple products of each county, the quality of its soil, its market facilities, the course and size of its various streams, its educational advantages, — all these items of interest, and many others, are largely dwelt upon. The first settlement, too, of each county; its organization; its internal improvements; the location and progress of its principal towns; its suffering, or exemption from the ravages of civil war; its area and statistics; its natural resources; — these are some of the many subjects to which the attention of the reader is called. A considerable space has been yielded in the book to biographies of leading and prominent men, living and dead, who have borne an active part in the various enterprises of life, and who have become closely identified with the history of Missouri. The acts of those living must not be forgotten; nor nmst the memories of those who have passed away be allowed to perish. Such men, in fact, constitute the State. It is the imperative duty of the histo- rian to chronicle their public and private efforts to advance the great interests of society. The deeds of these men are to be re- corded for the benefit of those who follow them. Their successful lives add to the glory of the Commonwealth. In the present rapid progress of civih'zatioii and refinement, PREFACE. V speculation is far mor'^ readily attracted to the future than to the past — onward toward t. it which is to come, rather than backward to what is finished. Notwithstanding this, the history of the State must be carefully studied to rightfully appreciate its present great- ness, or to forecast what is to follow. Besides, it is certainly befit- ting and proper to pay a due regard to the generations that have preceded us, upon whose labors we have entered, and the fruit of which we now enjoy. W. B. D. St. Louis, December, 1876. ■Jo HISTORY OF MISSOURI. COI^TEKTS. CHAPTER I. SPANISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES. De Soto discovers the Mississippi — He advances to tlie Nortliweat — Win- . ters in Missouri — Object of the Expedition — Hardships and Discour- agements — Death of Dc Soto — Tlie French in search of the Great River — Marquette and Joliet discover it June 17, 1673 — They journey southward to tlie mouth of the Arkansas — Marquette returns to his Mission and Joliet to Quebec — Sensation in Canada at the news of the Discovery — Death of Marquette — Robert Cavalier de La Salle — Hennepin sent to explore the Upper Mississippi — Voyage of La Salle to the Sea — He takes formal possession of Louisiana — He returns to France — Organizes a Colony for Louisiana — Sails from Roclielle — Dis- astrous Voyage — Lands in Texas — Deserted by Beaujeu — La Salle de- parts for Canada — Is Murdered — Count de Frontenac — Settlements in New France — D'Iberville in Bay of Mobile — Enters the Mississippi — Tonty's Letter to La Salle — D'Iberville goes to France — M. De Bien- ville — Collision with the English — D'Iberville returns to Louisiana — Takes Possession of the Country anew — Tlie French ascend the Miss- ouri . .1 CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OP THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Louisiana reduced to Embarrassing Condition — Friendship established between the French and Indians — Settlements in the Illinois Country — Land Titles — Louisiana granted to Crozat — Extent of Louisiana — First Laws — Crozat relinquishes his patent to the King — Condition of the Colony — Transfer of Louisiana to the Company of the West — Its Privileges and Powers — Extravagant Expectations of the Company — Fort Charlies — New Settlements — Mining Operations — Mines St. Fran- cois and Potosi discovered — Spanish Expedition from Santa F6 against the Missouris — Slaughter of the Spaniards — Fort Orleans erected on the Missouri — Destruction of the Fort — Massacre of the French — End of the Mississippi Company — First village established on the Missouri River — St. Louis Founded — Manners and Customs of earlv French Settlers. 8 VIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. SPANISH DOMINATION IN UPPER LOtHSIANA. Treaty of Fontainebleau — Extent of English Acquisitions — Secret Treaty between tlie Frencli ami Spanish Kings — Louisiana ceded to Spain — She defers Jurisdiction — M, D'Abadie^ — Arrival of General D'Ulloa in New Orleans with Spanish troops — Hostility of the Inhabitants — D'Ulloa required to leave the Country — Arrival of Count O'Reilly in 1769 — Severe measures to obliterate French Supremacy — Rios in St. Louis — St. Ange acting Governor — Departure of Rios with his Troops for New Orleans — Pontiac — His Assassination — Don Pedro Piernas — End of French Domination — Piernas Policy — His Popularity — Pros- perity of St. Louis — Immigration — Death of St. Ange — His Will — Caroudelet founded — Crozat Succeeds Piernas — Fernando de Leyba — George Rogers Clark — St. Louis attacked by Indians — Treachery of Leyba — His Removal from the Command — Crozat placed in Autliority — Leyba's Death — End of Crozat's Administration — His Successors — Expansion of Settlements — Revival of Trade in St. Louis — Close of Trudeau's Official Career — Charles Dehault Delassus — Arrival of Spanish Troops — Retrocession of Louisiana to Prance. • • 21 CHAPTER IV. ST. LOTUS FROM 1803 to 1820. French Settlers — Missionaries — Anecdote related of a Missourian — Streets and Houses — Log Houses — Log Church — Government House — Chouteau Mansion — Madam Chouteau's Residence — Fort St. Charles — Pain Court (short bread) — Number and Character of Houses— Names of principal Merchants and Traders— The Fur Trade— Prices of Goods— Increase of Population — New Buildings— Postoffice estab- lished — First Paper west of the Mississippi — St. Louis incorporated — Missouri Fur Company formed — Trading Posts established— Company Dissolved— First School established — Bank of St. Louis — Bank of Missouri incorporated — Population of St. Louis in 1815— Arrival of first Steamboat— First Steamboat on the waters of the Missouri— First Board of School Trustees — John Jacob Astor — Missouri Fur Company revived. 33 CHAPTER V. RETROCESSION OF J.OUISIANA TO FRANCE AND ITS PURCHASE BY THE UNITED STATES. Treaty of St. Ildefonso — Spain cedes Louisiana to France— Purchase of the Territory by the United States— Sum of Pay-nent, $15,000,000— Duration of French Sovereignty— General Wilkiason in command of CONTENTS. IX the United States Troops — Spanish Troops embark for Havana — Cere- mony of French Deliverj' to the United States — Amos Stoddard — Lou- isiana divided — Placed undtr Jurisdiction of Governor and Judges of Indiana — Extent of Upper Louisiana — Popuhition— Meriwether Lewis and William Clark conduct Exploring Expedition— Prepara- tions for the Undertaking — Objects Achieved — First Courts of Justice — District changed to Territory of Louisiana, March 3d, 180") — James Wilkinson appointed Governor — Aaron Burr — Fort Bellefontaine es- tablished — Meriwether Lewis Governor — Embargo of 1807 — Its intlu- ence on St. Louis — Incident of Personal Prowess — Governor Lewis' Successors — Steamer New Orleans -The Great Earthquake — New Ma- drid destroyed. • ■ 43 CHAPTER VI. MISSOURI TERRITORY. 1812—1820 Louisiana to be called Missouri — Territory advanced to second grade of Government — Counties laid oft" — First Election — House of liepresenta- tives convenes December 7th, 1S12 — Members — Oath of office — First Business — Council appointed — Proclamation of Governor Bates — Will- iam Clark succeeds to the oflBce of Governor — Meeting of the General Assembh' — Laws passed — Boundaries of Counties Defined — Enumera- tion of Inhabitants — Kufus Easton elected to Congress — First Session of second General Assemblj', December 5, 1814 — Number of Represen- tatives under new apportionment — Indian Troubles — Fort Bellevue attacked — Governor Clark instructed to establish a Garrison at Prairie du Chien — Fort commenced — Governor Clark returns to St.^Louis — Sends a Force to preserve the Post from attack by the Indians — Ter- mination of the Expedition — Legislature of 1816 — Acts pas,sed — Leg- islature of 1818— Counties formed — Application to Congress for au- thority to Organize a State Government. 59 CHAPTER VII. ORGANIZATIOX OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Receipt of application by Congress for authority to Organi/x* a State Government — The "Missouri Question" — A Political Storm — Excite- ment in Missouri — Compromise Effected — Missouri to decide whether Slavery Allowed or Rejected — Election for Members of Convention to Frame a Constitution — Meeting of Convention — Members — Consti- tution signed 19th of July, 1820— Alexander M'Nair Elected Governor — Amendment to Constitution — Boundaries of Missouri — Collision be- tween Missouri and Iowa — Military Force appealed to — Questions of DispHte referred to the United States Court — Conditions of the Consti- tution — General Summary 69 X CONTENTS. CHAPTEK VIII. ADMISSION OK MISSOUKI INTO THE UNION — ADMINXSTKATIOK OK GOVERNOR ALEXANDEll M'NAIR. 1820-1824. Opening of the First Legislature— Message of the Governor and his Recommendations— Election of United States Senators — New Counties Formed — Location of State Capital — Further Congressional Action on the Admission of Missouri — Reception of Missouri into the Union Complete — Failure of Bank of Missouri — Stay and Relief Laws — Special Meeting of the Legislature— Solemn Public Act— Legislative Session in November— First Directory published in St. Louis — Govern- ment Grist-mill— St. Louis incorporated as a City — Rocky Mountain Fur Company — Missouri Fur Company — Fatal Duel between Barton and Rector — Election of 1827 — Frederick Bates elected Governor — Con- vening of the Legislature — Governor M'Nair's Closing Message — Governer Bates' Message 77 CHAPTER IX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREDERICK HATES, ABRAHAM .1. WILLIAMS AND JOHN MILLER. 1824-1828. Bill in Reference to Duelling — Veto of the Governor — City of St. Louis — Its Mayor — Street improvements — Arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette — Enthusiasm of the Inhabitants — General Atkinson's Expedition — Treaties with the Kansas and Osage Indians— Survey of Santa F6 road — Death of Governor Bates — Abraham J. Williams acting Governor — Election to Fill Vacancy — John Miller Successful Candidate — In- dustrial Pursuits— General Assembly Meet at new Seat of Govern- ment — Election of United States Senators — Immigration — Financial Aftairs— Productiveness of Lead Mines— Removal of Indians from the State • ■ . 89 CHAPTER X. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR .TOHN MILLER. 1828-1832. Quadrennial Election for State Officers— John ^Miller Re-elected Govern- or — Presidential Electors — Legislative Session in November, 1829 — Governor Miller's Message and Recommendations — Hostilities of the Indians- Militia called out by the Governor — Branch Bank of the United States established at St. Louis— Judge J. H. Peck — Arrest of L. E. Lawless — The Salt Question — Speech of Senator Benton on the CONTENTS. XI Salt Tax — Re-election of Spencer Pettis to Congress — Duel between Pettis and Major Biddle — United States Census, 1830— Steamboat on the Upper Missouri — Black Hawk War — Re-charter of the United States Bank — President Jackson's Veto — Excitement Among the People — Indignation Meetings — Election for State Officers — Cholera in St. Louis 95 CHAPTER XL ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEI, DUNKLIN AND LILBURN W. BOGG8. 1832-1836. Legislative Session — Governor's Message and Recommendations — Coun- ties Organized — State Penitentiary ordered Built — Population in 1832 — State Finances — The Mormons in Jackson County — Fears of the Citizens — Removal of the Mormons — Cholera at St. Charles, 1833 — Accounts of Famine at Mouth of the Yellowstone — General Assembly, 1834 — Dr. Lewis F. Linn Elected United States Senator — Immigration — Eight Steamboats Arrive in St. Louis — Railroad Mania — Destructive Fire in St. Louis — National Road Enterprise — Public Meeting — Quad- rennial Election for State Officers — L. W. Boggs elected Governor- Texas Revolt — Presidential Electors — Vote for Martin Van Buren. 104 CHAPTER XII. ADMINISTH.VTION OF GOVERNOR IJI,BURN W. BOGG8. 1836-1840. Ninth General Assembly — Governor's Message — Stale Debt — Vote for Governor — L. W. Boggs declared Elected — Banks Chartered — Expul- sion of Foreign Bank Agencies — Money Panic — Bank Failures — Sus- pension Specie Payment — Death of David Barton — Seminole War — State House Burned, 17th November, 1837 — Mornnm Difficulties — Military Assistance called — Peace Restored — Mormons leave the State — Tenth General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Message and Recommendations — Important enactments — Thomas H. Benton Elected United States Senator— William Clark died— Fur Trade of 1838— Election, 1839— Special Election in October — Nominations for Governor and Lieu- tenant-Governor — Immigration to Missouri — Thomas Reynolds elected Governor Ill CHAPTER XIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND .M. .\I. MARMADUKK. 1840-1844. Eleventh General Assembly — Governor Boggs' Recommendations — Ad- journment of Legislature — Important Laws Passed— Death of J. B. C. Xll CONTENTS. Lucas — Missouri's Finances — Legislature Re-elect Lewis F. Linu United States Senator — Died October, 1843 — David R. Atchison ap- pointed to fill Vacancy — Impeachment Trial of John D. Leland — Iron Mountain — Lead Mines — Governor Reynolds Suicides — Democratic State Convention — John C. Edwards, Nominee for Governor — Death of Ex-Governor Daniel Dunklin — State Election — Whigs Refuse to Nominate Candidates for Congress — Their Opponents divided — " The llards" and "The Softs" — Thomas H. Benton Re-elected United States Senator — Edwards Elected Governor — Majority Vote to Ckll a Constitutional Convention 119 CHAPTER XIV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN C. KDWARDS. 1844-1848. Session of Thirteenth General Assembly — Governor's Message — United States Senators Elected — Auditor of Public Accounts Report — The Vote for Presidential Electors — State Census Taken— Rapid Increase of Population — The Great Flood — Rivers Overflow their Banks — Inhabi- tants Flee from their Homes — Adjournment of Legislature — Exultation at News of Texas Annexation — Boundary Dispute between Iowa and Missouri — Constitutional Convention — New Constitution Proposed — Volunteers for Mexican War — Second Requisition for Men — Election — Constitution Rejected by Vote of the People — Congressmen — Four- teenth General Assembly — Message of Governor Edwards — His Recom- mendations — Resolutions Regarding Executive Expenditures — "Tart and Bitter" reply of the Governor — Laws Passed — Memorials to Con- gress — Legislature Adjourns February 16th, 1847. .... 126 CHAPTER XV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR AUSTIN A. KING. 1848—185'.?. Fifteenth General Assembly convened 25th of December, 1848 — Senate Resolutions regarding Congressional action on Slavery Question — Laws passed — Northern Boundaries Questions settled in favor of Iowa — "St. Louis Republican" on the Situation — Presidential Election — Cass Electors receive Majority vote — Destructive fire in St. Louis — Tvventy-thrci! Steamboats Consumed— Valuable Cargoes lost — Buildings Blown up — The Lives lost — Value of Property destroyed — Insurance — Re-appearance of Cholera — General Assembly, 1850 — State Treasury Receipts — State Expenditures — State Debt — Henry S. Geyer United States Senator for six years — St. Louis and Pacific Railroad — State Aid — Election of 1852 — Sterling Price elected Governor — Called Session of tlie Legislature — Exciting contest for Speaker of the House — Gov- ernor King's Message — Laud Grants by Congress. .... ^34 CONTENTS. Xlll CHA.PTER XVI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STERLING PRICE. 1853—1856. Legislature of 1852 — Governor King's Annual Message — Growing Pros- pects of tlie State — March Onward and Upward — Sterling Price Inau- gurated Governor January, 1853 — State Capitol — State Luuaiic As3'lum — Railroads under Construction — Session of Eighteenth General As- sembly — Bills approved and signed by the Governor — Two Houses meet in joint Convention to elect United States Senator — Unsuccessful Balloting — Action postponed — Legislature adjourned to first Mon- day in November — Death of Lieutenant-Governor Wilson Brown. • 140 CHAPTER XVII. ADMINISTRATIONS OP GOVERNORS TRUSTEN POLK, HANCOCK JACKSON AND ROBERT M. STEWART. 1856—1860. Nineteenth General Assembly convened 29th of December, 1856 — Govern- or's Message — Revenue of the State — Trusten Polk's Inaugural Message — Meeting of two Houses Legislature to elect United States Senators — James S. Green elected to fill Vacancy, and Trusten Polk for six years — Adjourned Session of Legislature — Governor Polk resigns the office of Governor — Succeeded by Hancock Jackson — Twentieth General Assembly — Governor's Message and Recommendations — Adjourned Session of Legislature — R. M. Stewart, Governor — His views on Rail- road Enterprises — Third Special Session of Legislature — State Election — Claiborne F. Jackson received majority vote for Governor — Seven Members of Congress Elected. 144 CHAPTER XVIII. ADMINISTRATIONS OK GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, HAMILTON R. GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 1860-1864. First Session of Twenty-first General Assembly — Inauguration of Governor Jackson — Election of Delegates to State Convention — Meet- ing of Conventicm 28th February, at the Capitol — Adjournment — Ad- journed to Meet in St. Louis 4th of March — Proposals of Georgia for Missouri to Join the Soutliern Confederacy — She Decides Against it — News of the surrender of Camp Jackson — Great Excitement in the Legislature — Military Bill Passed — Military Placed under Command of the Governor — Telegrapli Taken Possession of^Ringing of Bells and Shouts of Men — Midnight Session of the Legislature — 13,000 Kegs XIV CONTENTS. of Powder sent into the Country — State Treasure removed — City of St. Louis, Scene of Great Excitement — General Lyon in Possession of the Arsenal — General Frost Sunemltrs his Command to Lyon — Riot in St. Louis — Twenty-five Killed and Wounded — Legislature Adjourned until September — General Harney — Interview between Government Officers and State Authorities — Governor Jackson Calls for 50,000 State Militia — Proclamation by General Lyon — Movement of Government Troops — Arrival at the Capital — Offices of the State Government — General Lyon near Booneville — Governor Jackson at Syracuse — Union Citizens Plundered — Government Force, 10,000 men — State Treasurer, Auditor and Land Registrar Return to Jefferson City and Take the Oath of Allegiance — The Home Guard of the Capital Under Direction of Colonel Boerstein — General J. C. Fremont in Command of the Depart- ment of the West — Engagement at Carthage — Battle at Wilson's Creek — Attack on Monroe Station by Confederate Troops — General Pope in Command in Northern Missouri — State Convention at Jefferson City, July 22 — State Offices Vacated b}' Convention — H. R. Gamble Chosen Governor — General Fremont's Emancipation Proclamation — Fremont Superceded — General Hunter in Command — Convention of Southern Sympathizers at Neosho- — General Price in Southern Missouri — General Curtis moves with Federal Force to Southern Missouri — — Appointment of United States Senators — General Schotield in Mili- tary Command — State Convention June 3d — Convention of Emanci- pationists — Election for Members of Congress — Legislature meets December 29, 18C2— Sta'te Officers to Retain their Offices until Close of 1864 — A convention called on the 15th of July, to Consider Plan of Emancipation — General Curtis Removed, and General Schofield Ap- pointed — Convention Passed Ordinance of Emancipation — Differences between the State and Enrolled Militia — Convention to Revise the Organic Law of the State — Immigration — Adjourned Session of the Legislature, November 10th, 18G3 — B. Gratz Brown elected United States Senator — Important Laws Passed 152 CHAPTER XIX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEKNOR THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 1864-1868. Annual Election — The Vote for President Lincoln — Union Ticket for State Offices Elected — Session of the Twenty-third General Assembly — Statistics of Enlistments — State Finances — Cessation of Military Dis- turbances — Common Schools — Governor Fletcher Inaugurated — Meet- ing of Constitutional Convention — Ordinance of Emancipation Passed — How the News was Received in St. Louis — New Constitution — Diffi- culties as to the Right of Possession of the Supreme Court Judges — The Test Oath and Difficulties Connected with its Enforcement — Arrest of Attorneys, Teachers and Clergymen — State Statistics — CONTENTS. \V Railroads — Pulilic Schools — Legislative Proceedings — Efforts to Modi- fy the Test (.)uth — Close of the War — The Test Oath brought before Supreme Court, and the United States Supreme Court — Declared Un- constitutional — Elections — The Registry Law — Claim on Federal Gov- ernment — Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment concurred in by State Legislature — Twenty-fourth General Assembly Convened Janu- ary 2d, 1867 — Governor Fletcher's Message — His Recommendations for Repeal of Test Law — Trial by State Senate of Judge Walter King for alleged Misdemeanors — Election of United States Senators — Con- dition of State Finances — Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company — Ad- journed Session of Twenty-fourth General Assembly, January 7, 1868 — Democratic and Republican State Conventions — Election for Governor and State officers — J. W. McClurg, Governor — State Resources — State, Penal, and Benevolent Institutions — Educational Affairs — University of Missouri — Monument Erected to Memory of Thomas H. Benton — In- crease of Population — Taxable Property of the Commonwealth. . 188 CHAPTER XX. ADMINISTR.VTION OF GOVERNOll JOSEl'U W. M'CLUUG. 1868-1870. . Session of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly -J. W. McClurg Declared Elected Governor — Inaugural Message — Amendment to the State Con- stitution Recommended — Other Recommendations — Carl Schurz Elect- ed United States Senator — Adjournment of Legislature to January, 1870 — Assessed Valuation of Taxable Property — State Debt — Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Commenced — Railroad Enterprises — Charitable and Penal Institutions — Adjourned Session of Legislature — Laws Passed — Legislature of 1870-71 — Amendments to the Constitution Sub- mitted to a Vote of the People — Republican State Convention — Lack of Harmony — Governor McClurg re-norainated — 250 Delegates With- draw from the Convention — A New Ticket — B. Gratz Brown Nomi- nated for Governor by Withdrawing Delegates — Exciting Campaign — Liberal Party Triumphant at the Election — Federal Census 1870 — Missouri Advanced from Eighth to Fourth Position Among the States, since 1860 — St. Louis Risen to Rank of Fourth City in the Union. . 303 CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. (illATZ BROWN. 1870-1872. Twenty-sixth General Assembly — Message and Recommendations of (jrovernor Brown — Joint Convention to Elect a United States Senator — New Registration Law — Financial Condition of the State — Executive Mansion — Institution of the Blind— Geological Survey — Adjourned XVI CONTENTS. Session of tlie Legislature — Message and Recommendations of the Governor — State Bonds — Re-districting tlie State — Amendments of the Constitution Submitted to Voice of the People and Ratified, November, 1871 — "The Gunn City Tragedy" — "Liberal-Republican" Movement — Convention at State Capitol — Republican and Democratic Conventions — John B. Henderson nominated by Republicans for Governor — Silas Woodson, nominee of Democrats and Liberal Republicans, Elected. 209 CHAPTER XXII. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 1872-1874. First Session Twenty-seventh General Assembly — Recommendations of Governor Brown in Closing Message — Governor Woodson Inaugurated — Vote of the Two Houses of the Legislature separately for United States Senator — Joint Combination — Exciting Contest — Lewis V. Bogy Declared Elected— Investigation upon Charges of Bribery — Bogy Ex- onerated — Important Convention in St. Louis— Interesting Statistics as to the Mineral Resources of Missouri — Special Session of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, 7th of January, 1874 — Recommendations of Governor Woodson — Important Laws Passed — Special Message of Governor, relating to Lawlessness — Act Providing for Secret Service Force- "People's Party" Inaugurated— Election, 3d November— Suc- cess of Democratic Ticket 215 CHAPTER XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 1874-1876. Regular Session of Twenty-eight General Assembly, convened 6th Janu- ary, 1875 — Valedictory Message of Governor Woodson to the Leg- islature— Boud^ of the State Matured— Funding Bonds Issued— Reduction of Indebtedness of the State— Seminary and University Funds — The Centennial Exposition — President Grant's Policy toward Louisiana Denounced — Educational Institutions of Missouri — Schools in Prosperous Condition — Joint Convention of the Legislature to Canvass Votes for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor — Charles H Hardin, Governor elect. Sworn to Administer the Duties of the Office — Inaugural Message — Recommendations — Laws Passed— Session of the Legislature closed, March 2i)th, 1875— Extra Session called— Railroad Commissioners appointed— State Convention to Revise Constitution — New Constitution prepared — Measure Accepted by Vote of People, October 30lli, 1875— Southern Pacific Railroad Convention in St. Louis —Number of Delegates— Resolutions Adopted — Conspiracy to Defraud the Government of the Revenue on Whisky— Distilleries Seized— Subsequent Developments. ... - 222 CONTENTS. XVll CHAPTER XXIV. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OP MISSOURI. Position — Boundaries — Navigable Waters — Bold Springs— Sulphur and Petroleum Springs — Varieties and Species of Timber — Grandeur and Beauty of tlie Forests — Climate — Rocks and Useful Minerals — Geologi- cal Ages — Division of Soils — Staple Products — Fruits — Domestic Ani- mals — Coal Measures — Iron Deposits — Lead Mines — Copper and Zinc Ores — Marbles and Granites — Mineral Paints — Water Power produced by Springs. . . - CHAPTER XXV. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Earliest Protestant Church — Rev. David Green — Log Meeting-house — Organized Existence of the Baptist church in Missouri — Associations — Number of Cliurches — Membership — Congregational church — First Missionaries — First Preaching in St. Louis — First Congregational church Organized, in 1852 — Second Congregational church in the State — Pilgrim Church — Rapid Growth — Home Missions — Other Churches Organization — Number of Churches in the State — Christian Church — First Preachers in Missouri — Church at Fultou — Organized Churclies in the State — Cumberland Presbyterian Church — First Presbytery — Present Number of Presbyteries — Number of Synods — Ministers — Members — Methodist Episcopal Church — Introduction of Methodism into Missouri— Rev. John Clark — Missouri Circuit — Posperity of the Church — Church Houses in 1876 — Church Membership — Sabbath Schools — Presbyterian Church — First trace of Presbyterian Preach ing in Missouri — First Protestant Church in St. Louis — Division of Church — Protestant Episcopal Church — First Services held in the Territory, 1819 — Christ Ciiurch Erected — Bishop Kemper — Congre- gations in 1836- -Rev. Cicero S. Hawks made Bishop of Missouri — Progress of the Church — St. Luke's Hospital Established — Bishop Hawks died — Rev. Charles F. Robertson his Successor — Roman Cath- olic Church — Catholic Missionaries — Town Established — History of the Church to the Present Time — United Presbyterian Church — Its His- tory in Missouri — Unitarian Church — First Church Founded in 1834 — Church Membership — Church of the Unity — Prosperous Condition 246 CHAPTER XXVI. EDUCATION. History of the Public School System — Particular Institutions — Their Organization and Location — Desiug and Scope — Vicissitudes en- countered — Prosperity enjoyed — Denominational Connection — Health- fulness and Advantages of Location — Endowments — Donations — Ad- vancement since the War — Prospective Development. . 278 XVIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVII. COUNTIES OF MISSOURI. Situation — First Settlements— Organization — Physical Features — Soils — Staple Products — Market Facilities— Course and Size of Streams— Caves — Mounds — Indian Relics — Traces of Ancient Cities — Ancient Races — Climate — Educational Advantages — Internal Improvements — Tim- ber Supply — Varieties of Same — Rocks and Useful Minerals — Coal Beds — Description of Interesting Localities, and Personal Reminis- censes — Narratives of Pioneer Life — Location and Progress of Principal Towns — SnflFering or Exemption from Ravages of Civil War — Munici- pal Townships — Area and Statistics — Natural Resources — County Seat — Location and Progress of Principal Towns 313 CHAPTER XXVIII. BIOGKAPHY. Personal Sketches of Leading and Prominent Men, Living and Dead. 463 APPENDIX. Record of Territorial and State Offices, Judges of Supreme Court, United States Senators and Representatives to Congress 621 633 Il^J'DEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. ^Adams, Washington 132 /Allen, De Witt C 346 yAlverson, Iverson B 390 ^assett, Charles C 320 /Bingham, George C 470 •Birch, James H 100 .-Blair, Frauk P 10 /Bogy, Lewis Y 22 ^Bohart, James M 280 /Boone, Banton G 226 /Bottom, M. D., Montgomery 328 ''Broadhead, James O 34 -Chrisman, William 196 /Clifford, Benjamin P 418 ^Cockrell, Francis M 40 ''Colman, Norman J 46 X:;ollier, Luther T 393 X)rittenden, Thomas T 158 /Daniel, Henry Clay 338 ^Dcan, Benjamin D 95 - Dinning, Louis F 274 rDoniphan, Alexander W 498 /Dorman, Jerubal G 497 >©unn, George W 144 >Dunn, Lemuel 152 -Eads, James B 16 /Evens, John 507 Ewing, Ephraim B 70 /'Ewing, Robert C 510 'Flood, Joseph 188 ^Ford, Nicholas 314 >Oiddings, Napoleon B 513 -Guitar, Odon 176 'Halliburton, Wesley 202 'Hardin, Charles H 4 -Harris, John W 238 "Hays, William B 429 /Heryford, William 522 /Hicks, Russell 106 ^Hillman, William H 371 -Hill, Britton A 439 /Hockaday, John A 220 -'Houston, Thomas F 414 -Hughes, Charles J 530 Hutchins, Stilson 59 ^elley, Henry S 77 /Krekel, Arnold 95 Langdon, Edwin J 262 /Lathrop, LL. D., John H 536 /Major, Sr., Samuel C 376 Marshall, Hugh D 423 McCarty, Edward C 372 3IcGrath, Michael K 112 McCullough, Joseph L 367 , said: "Through these Alj)ine ranges De Soto riued with his chivalrous and untiring army, making an outward and inward expedition into regions which must have presented unwonted hardshijis and discouragements to the march of troops. To add to these natural obstacles he found himself opposed by iierce sav- age tribes, who rushed ujion him from every glen and detile. and met him in the o}»en grounds with the most savage energy. His own health finally sank under these fatigues; and it is certain that, after his death, his successor in the command. Louis de Moscoso, once more marched entirely through the southern Ozarks. and reaclu-d tlic ])uffalo jtlains beyond them. Such 1 2 AX ILLUSTKATKD energy and feats of daring had never before been displayed in Xortli America, and the wonder is at its lieight, after beliolding the wild and rongh mountains, cliffs, glens, and torrents over which the actual marches must have laid. Some t>f the names of the Indian nations encountered by him furnish conclusive evidence that the principal tribes of the country, although they ■ have changed their particular locations since 1542, still occupy the region. Thus, the Kapahas, who then lived on the Missis- sippi, above the St. Francois, are identical with the Quappas; the Cayas with the Kansas, and the Quipana with the Pawnees.'' Neither De Soto nor Moscoso had visited the country with a view to its colonization. The acquisition of gold was the absorb- ing idea. in the year 1673, the French government took steps to discover /die upper Mississippi and a passage to the South Sea; and Talon, the Intendant of Canada, was requested to give the sub- ject his attention. Louis Joliet was selected for the work^ to be accompanied by Father James Marquette, missionary. On the 17th of May, they embarked, in two frail bark canoes, from Michilimackinac, to explore the Mississippi river, with live men. On the 7th of June, they arrived at Clreen Bay. Here the party, adding to their number two Miami guides, passed up the Fo.\ river, to the portage, and, crossing the same to the AVisconsin, slowly sailed down its current, amid its vine-clad isles and its countless, sand-bars. No sound broke the stillness — no human form ap- peared; and, at last, after sailing seven days, on the 17th, they hapi)ily glided into the great river. Continuing their journey southward, they landed on the western side of the stream at a point where the city of Davenport, Iowa, now stands, where they were heartily received and entertained by the '' Illinois." Ilesuming their voyage, they reached the mouth of the Arkansas ris-er, near the 33d degree of latitude. Thus it will be seen that that portion of the Mississippi forming the eastern boundary of Missouri, was discovered by the last named French explorers, who were, it is believed, the iirst white men that had floated u})on the Mississippi for a i)eriod of one hundred and thirty years — or since the voyage homeward of Moscoso, with the remains of De Soto's expedition, in the year l.")-i3. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 3 Joliet and Marquette having discovered tliat the Mississippi did not discharire itself into the Pacific, hut took a southerly course, and having been disappointed in not finding an outlet to the ocean ; their provisions being scanty, and with few persons to prosecute their voyage; — they resolved on returning and com- municating to tlie Government the results of their discoveries. They journeyed homeward by the Illinois river, until they arrived at an Indian village near the site of the present City of Chicago. Joliet proceeded thence to Quebec by the upper lakes, and Mar- quette remaining among the Indians died in May, 1675, in the western part of the present State of Michigan, some distance south of the promontory called the " Sleeping Bear." The news of the discovery of the Mississippi created a g:'.eat sensation in the colony. The boundaries of the American conri- ncTit, comprising such a vast extent of country, were then known to extend toward the sea, and although they were satisfied as to the course which the Mississippi took, they did not doubt that they should find the ocean to the westward of the territories they had discovered. These researches had contributed to the glory of France; they had added lustre to the events of the reign of Louis XIV.; the cause of science had been greatly promoted by the exertions of its navigators; further scope had been afforded to the studies of its geographers and naturalists, yet the discov- eries were not complete. Until they had traced the course of the Mississippi, and liad re-commenced the voyage at the point where Joliet and Marquette abandoned it, and were satisfied that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, it coidd not be said that they had completed their task in the exploration of tlie great American Continent.^ In 1680, Robert Cavalier de La Salle fitted out an Exploring Expedition consisting of F'ather Louis Hennepin and M. Du Gay with six others to advance to the head waters of the Mississippi. Hennepin went as far north as the Falls, which he named St. Anthony in honor of his patron saint, St. Anthony of Padua. In his })ublished "Adventures,'' Hennepin gives an account of his journey south to the Arkansas river, of the trutli of which serious doul)ts are entertained by historians. 1 Hart's Hist, of Miss. Valley, p. 32. 4 AN ILLUSTRATED In 1882, La Salle made a tour of exploration through the val- ley of the Mississippi. To the '"great river," he gave the name of St. Louis, and to the country traversed by it, Louisiana, both in honor of the King of France; and to the Missouri river, the name of St. Philip. As the expedition proceeded down the river. La Salle took formal possession of the country at the mouth of the Arkansas, and at Xatchez. On the 6th of April it arrived at a place where the Mississippi divided into three channels, and the boats separated so as to explore them all. Tlie water soon became brackish as they advanced, and on the 9th, they reached the open sea. K procl-s verbal was tlien drawn up and signed by all the party; and amid a volley of musketry a a leaden plate, inscribed with the arms of France, and the names <•'{ those who had made the discovery, was deposited in the earth. Tlie expedition then ascended tire river to the Illinois, and La Salle dispatched Zenobe Membre, a triar, to France to lay au ac- count of his voyage before his government. The year following, La Salle returned tt^ France to make arrangements for colonizing Louisiana, which he accomplished by July. 1684, when his fleet of four vessels left Tlochelle. Arriviuo- ut St. Domino'o, he steered to the nurth-west, for the mouth of the Mississippi ; but, being ignorant of the coast, the fleet went too far westward, and landed at the Bay of IMata- gorda, (14th of February. 1685.) at a distance of one hundred and twenty leagues from the river they were in search of. The sub- sequent history of this unfortunate expedition is a lamentable one. Ditticulties arose between La Salle and Beaujeu, his associate. One of the vessels was shipwrecked, and on the 14th of March, the project of establishing a colony was abandoned by Beaujeu, who left La Salle without mechanical implements and other articles which were necessary to commence operations in an un- cultivated region, with one hundred and eighty ]>ersons', on an inhospitable shore, in a distant country, sui'rounded by sav- ages and exposed to the most imminent danger. \ fort was ei'ected to protect them on the Riviere aux Yaches, which was called St. Ijouis in honor of the French King. Farly in 1686, La Salle decided to returti to (^anada, taking with him seven- teen pers(»ns, and leaving twenty at Fort St. i.ouis, including ■■■■1^^ f4 -^ .M, GOVERNOK OF MISSOURI. HISTOItY OF MISSOUIII. O men, women and eliildren. Disasters still followed this unfortun- ate adventurer, and La Salle was assassinated by <»ne of his com- pany. The further account of the e.\])edition is not necessarv to be given. The student of American history owes a tribute of re- spect to the memory of this early explorer, who sacrificed his for- tune and his life to the cause of French colonization in America. The discovery of the Mississippi In- Marquette and La Salle, undertaken under authority of the French (Tovernmcnt. gave to France a claim to navigate the great river and its pi'incipal tribu- taries, and to occui)y and settle in the country traversed l)y them. The farther ex])loration of the lower Mississi]-)pi was interrupted by a war of the Iroquois Indians and British colonies against the Province of Canada from 1689 to 1696. This war, which was terminated by the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, engnjssed so much of the attention of the French that they made no further attempt to colonize either Texas (»r Lou- isiana; but several Frencli Canadians, attracted b}' the beauty and fertility of the country, had established themselves durino; this period along the shores of the Mississiiipi. and were the ances- tors of many of those wealthy ]>lanters and merchants who are now settled in the city of New Orleans and the surrounding country. They had founded establishments in that ])art of Louis- iana, and at Mobile, in order to be as near as possible t( » the Fi-ench West India islands, whithei' they resorted for pur})oses of com- merce. Settlements were also formed in the Illinois country, east of the Mississippi. As soon as peace was re-established on a solid and jiermanent basis, the French court bestowed its attention on the affairs of the New "World, and before the close of the century ''old Kas- kaskia" was known through not only all the Illinois, of which it ^vas for many years the capital, but throughout Canada; and the Catholic missions established had grown into parishes, so gi-eat was the tide of iramijrration and so fair the fame of the country. Count de Frontenac, Governor General of New France, was very active in promoting the occupation of the valley of the Mississippi, and in 1697, a number of colonies were located at various points, north and south, to secure the possession of this vast inland territory. At the beginning of the eighteenth century. b AN ILLI'JSTIIATED tlie settlements in Xew France were coniiiied to the eastern side of the Mississippi; but the reports made by a few wan- derin*^ oxplurei-s tliat both gold and silver were verv abundant in what is now Missouri and Arkansas, induced the French to turn theii- attention to the country to the west. Ac- cordingly, Count de Frontenac projected an expedition to the mines of up])er Louisiana, A fort was erected and settlements commenced, but the prejudices of the savage were soon excited, and their demonstrations of hostility induced the French to abandon this ])art of the country, without making any permanent settlements.! In the year 1699, D'Iberville arrived from France, with a view of making a settlement in Louisiana, and cast anchor in the bay of Mobile, from whence he went to seek the great river. Search- ing carefully, upon the 2d of March, he discovered and entered its mouth which had been so lonff and unsuccessfully sousrht. Slowly ascending the stream he found himself puzzled by the little resemblance which it bore to that described by Tonty and Hennepin; and so great were the discrepancies that he began to doubt if he were not on the wrong river, when an Indian chief sent him a letter from Tonty to La Salle, on which, through thir- teen years, those wild men had been looking with wonder and awe. Satisfying himself that he had reached the desired s])ot, he re- turned to the Bay of Biloxi, between the Mississippi aiul Mobile waters, built a fort, and leaving it suitably manned returned to France. During his absence, Avhile his lieutenant, M. De Bien- ville, was engaged in exploring the mouths of the Mississippi and taking soundings, and had rowed up the main entrance some twenty-five leagues, unexpectedly, and to his no little chagrin, a i>ritish corvette came in sight, carrying twelve cannon. Slowly t-reepingup the swift current De Bienville succeeded in inducing the latter to withdraw from the river, reti'acing its course to the open sea. This was the first meeting of those rival nations in the Mississippi valley which from that day was a bone of con- tention between them, till the conclusion of the French war of 1756. D'Iberville, on his return from France in January, 1700, determined to take possession of the country anew, and to build 1 Parker's Missouri, pp. 40, 41. HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 7 a fort upon the banks of tlie Mississippi itself. So, with due form, the vast valley of the west was again taken possession of in the name of Louis, as the whole continent through to the South Sea had been previously, by the English, in the luime of the King of England ; and what was more effectual, a little fort was built and four pieces of cannon placed therein. Another fort was subse- quently built where the city of Natchez is now located. In the year, 1705, the French ascended the Missouri as far as the mouth of the Kansas, the point where the western boundary line of the State now strikes the river. They found the Indians friendly and hospitable, and cheerfully engaged in trade with them. CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPL 111 coijsequeiice of wars in Europe, wliich demanded all the attention and resources of France, the colony of Louisi- ana was reduced to the most embarrassing condition. The King, though obliged to withhold from it the usual supplies of men and money, was determined to keep it out of the hands of his ene- mies. The country was believed to contain inexhaustible mines of gold and silver, which, when opened, would not only place the colony upon a permanent basis, but be sufficient to pay the debt of France, which, during the reign of Louis XIY., had in- creased to upwards of two thousand millions of livres. "Mutual friendship and confidence had been established between the French and all the western tribes of Indians, and emigrants from Canada continued to advance to the Illinois country, which was settling up rapidly. In 1712 the authorities of Kaskas- kia issued land titles for a 'common lield,' and deeds and titles to aid the people in the pursuit of important public and private enterprise." In view of the promising future of the Illinois country, and of the mines of precious ores believed to exist on either side of the river, the King granted the exclusive privilege in all the trade and commerce of the province, to Anthony Crozat, by letters patent, in 1712. The great wealth and credit of this gentleman, and the important services he had rendered the crown, were sure pledges of his ability and exertions; and it was confidently ex- pected that he would prevent the extinction of the colony. His charter extended sixteen years from the 26th of September, 1712. Louisiana, as then held by France, included the entire Missis- sippi Valley, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the lakes. At this time, there were less than four hundred Europeans in thelower half <>f the district described, yet Crozat entered upon his projects with an energy which exhib- HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 9 ited his coutidence in his gigautic and hazardous undertaking. He adopted for the government of the country the laws, usages and customs of Paris, which were the^firsi laws of civilized soci- ety that w^ere ever in existence between the Gulf of Mexico and the Falls of St. Anthony. Crozat, however, was disappointed in his expectations in re- gard to the mineral resources of Louisiana; and although vast sums had been expended, there was no prospect of an immediate indemnity. Those who had left their native country to settle in the colony became discontented. As agriculture was totally neg- lected, they did not raise a sufficiency for their owni consumption, and large investments were therefore necessary to purchase pro- visions, which, together with other expenses of the colony, by far exceeded the profits of its trade. A trial of five years, with like results, induced Crozat, in 1717, to relinquish his patent to the King.i A short time after this relinquishment, the colony of Louisi ana was granted, by a patent containing similar privileges and restrictions, to the Mississippi Company, or Company of the West, projected b}^ the celebrated John Law, with authority to monopo- lize all the trade and commerce of Louisiana and New France, to declare and prosecute wars, and appoint officers. From the ability and enterprise of the company, the greatest expectations were entertained. Sometime after the patent was received, the company established a post in the Illinois country, where tliey built Fort Chartres, about sixty-tive miles below the mouth of the Missouri, which, at the time of its completion, was one of the strongest fortresses on the continent. In order to promote the objects of their corporation, and encourage the settlement of the country, they had held out the most liberal induce- ments to French emigrants, and made them donations of all lands which they should cultivate and improve. ^[iners anil mechanics were also encouraged to immigrate, and tlu't'ity of New Orleans, which had been founded in 1717, received considerable accession to its population in the fall of tlie same year. The settlements now began to extend along the banks of the Missis- sippi, and in the country of the Illinois. 1 Stoddard's Sketches of Louisiana, p. ;i5. 10 AN lL]:LsT?;ATEi) Under this company, Philippe Francois Renault, who had been appointed "Director General of the mines of Louisiana," with two hundred minei-s and skillful assavers, arrived in the 1719 : ' Illinois country, in 1719, and the miners were soon dis- patched in different directions to explore the country on both sides of the Mississippi. During the years 1719 and 1720, the Sieur de Lochon, M. de la Motte, and a number of others, en- gaged in exploring the country lying between the Missouri and the Ozark Hills; and in 1719 the former commenced diirffine on the Meramec. He drew up a large quantity of ore, a pound of which produced two drachms of silver. Afterward, at the same place, he extracted from two to three thousand weight of ore, from M-hich he realized fourteen hundred francs. The miners and assayers sent out by the company were either headed by Renault or M. de la Motte, and in one of their earliest excursions the latter discovered the lead mine on the St. Francois, near the present Fredricktown, Avhich bears his name. Soon af- ter, Renault discovered the mines north of what is now Potosi, which continued to be called by his name. As early as 1719 the Spaniards, alarmed at the rapid encroach- ments of the French in the upper and lower Mississippi valleys, made strenuous exertions to dispossess them; in order to ac- complish which, they thought it necessary to destroy the nation of the Missouris, then situated on the Missouri river, who were in alliance with the French, and espoused their interests. Their plan was to excite the Osages to war with the Missouris, and then take part with them in tlie contest. For this purpose an expedition was fitted out from Santa Fe for the Missouri, in 1720. It was a moving: cara/an of the desert — armed men, hor- ses, mules, families, with herds of cattle and swine to serve for food on the way, and to propagate in the new colony. In their march they lost the proper route, the guides became be- wildered, and led them to the Missouri tribes instead of the Osages. Unconscious of their mistake, as both tribes spoke the same language, they believed themselves among the Osages, in- stead of their enemies, and without reserve disclosed their designs against the Missouris, and supplied them with arms and ammu- nition tt» aid in their extermination. The chief of the nation i)er- ^^^^^^^ ^.^^. ■f'f^C^ IIISTOKY OF MISSDIKI. 11 reived the fatal mistake, but euctmi-ai^ed the error. He showed the Spaniards every possible attention, and promised to act in concert with them. For this purpose he invited them to rest a few days after their tiresome journey, till he had assembled his warriors and held a council with the old men. The Spanish cap- tain immediately distributed several hundred muskets among them, with an equal number of sabres, pistols, and hatchets. Just before the dawn of the day upon which the company had arranged to inarch, the Missouris fell uj^on their treacherous enemies and dispatched them with indiscriminate slaughter, sparing only a priest, whose dress convinced them that he was a man of peace rather than a warrior. They kept him some time a prisoner, but he finally made his escape, and was the only messenger to bear to the Spanish authorities, the news of the just return upon their own heads of the treachery they intended to practice upon others. The boldness of the Spaniards, in thus penetrating into a country of which they had no previous knowledge, made the French sensible of their danger, and warned them to provide against further encroachments. Accordingly a French post was designed for the Missouri, and M. Burginont was dispatched from Mobile to that river. He took possession of an island in the stream, al)ove the mouth of the Osage, upon which he built a fort which he named "Fort Orleans." The war be- tween the French and Spaniards continued, and the Indians, who had been leagued with the interests of the respective col- be the exact date of the first settlement on the site of St. Louis, and Pierre Laclede Liguest may justly be regarded as the founder of the city. L. U. Reavis, in his work on St. Louis, has given some account of the early days in Missouri, from wliich the followinji- extract is taken: '"In 1762, D'Abadie, Governor-General, granted to Laclede, in connection with other associates, a charter under the name of the 'Louisiana Fur i\m\- pany,' wliich conferred the exclusive privilege of trading * with the Indians of the Missouri, and those waters west of the Missis- sippi above the Missouri, as far north as the river St. Peters.' Antoine Maxent and others were interested equally with La- clede — by which name he was generally known. The lattei- appears to have been the active and leading s])irit of the associa- tion." The oidy inducement, at this period, for persons to penetrate 14 AX ILLUSTRATED Upper Louisiana, oi" the Illinois, was the prospect of trade in furs or minerals, or the love of exploration and adventure. In the summer of 1763, an expedition was organized in New Orleans for the purpose of carrying into operation the pow- ers conferred in the charter granted to Laclede and his associates. The immediate object in view was the establishment of a perma- nent trading-post and settlement at some advantageous place north of the settlements then existing. The expedition, in charge of Laclede, left Xew Orleans the 3d day of Aug-ust, 1763, 1703. . . and proceeded up the river with a large quantity of such merchandise as was necessary for trade with the Lidians. The voyage was a tedious one. On the 3d of November, three months after its departure, the exj)edition reached Ste. Genevieve, the old- est settlement in the present State of Missouri. It was then a place of some consequence, and the oldest French post on the west bank of the river. After a short stop, the party continued their course, their destination now being Fort Chartres, to which place Laclede had an invitation from the military commander, and where he determined to rest and store his goods while exploring the country for the proposed trading-post. Here he remained a few weeks, when he started for the mouth of the Missouri. It was not long before he discovered a bluff on the western shore of the Missis- sippi, at a sweeping curve of the river, on which stands the pres- ent city of St. Louis; and, impressed by the pleasant aspect of woodland and prairie swelling westward, he determined to estab- lish here the settlement and post he desired. As the Mississippi would soon be closed hy ice, Laclede could do no more than cut down some trees and blaze others, at that time. Returninjr to Fort Chartres, where he spent the winter, he occu})ied himself in making preparation for the establishment of the new colony. On the I5th of February, 176-i, a party under Auguste Chouteau, sent by him, arrived at the site he had chosen. " On this da}'," says Shepard, in his history of St. Louis, "Auguste Chouteau, the Lieutenant of Laclede, (the long known and much respected Colonel Auguste Chouteau), commenced o])erations on the block next to the river on the south side of Market street, where the old Merchants' Exchange building now stands, which had been the site of the only market-house the city contained for HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 15 about sixty years from its foiiiiclatioii, and gave name to the street on wliicli it was located. Teuiporarv buildings for the shelter of his workmen and tools, were soon constructed from the timber on tlie ground; for that part of the city was covered witli a growth of the most suitable timber for that purpose, and for the cam])-iires of the new settlers, so necessary at that inclement season of the year." J.aclede^ being detained at Fort Chaitres, liad given his Lieu- ^tenant orders to proceed to clear away trees and mark out the lines of a town wliich he named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV. of France, evidently ignorant, at the time, thac this monarch had ceded to Spain the whole country west of the Mississi])pi. llefer- ring to this location, Reavis says: "When Laclede and his men selected their trading station, the marvels of its future develop- ment were undreamed of. Around them lay a limitless and un- trodden wilderness, peopled only by tribes of savages and un- friendly Indians, and in which subsistence could only be obtained by the cluise. It is only when we thus contemplate our ancestors sti'ugglingwith unconquerable energy and daring, amid innumer- able dangers and hardships, that we properly estimate their worth and character. It is only then that we realize that the natural advantages of the location chosen, formed only one element in the colossal result of theii* lal>or. The others are to be found in those motives and heroic qualities which give stability and noble- ness to human actions.'' 1 Pierre Laclede Liguent was boru iu Biou, France, near the base of the Pyrenees mountains, the line between France and Spain, in the year 1T24. He was about five feet, eleven inches in height, of very dark complexion, had black, piercing and expressiTc eyes, a large nose and expansive forehead. He died on the 20th of June, 1778, in his batteau on the Mississippi, of a fever, and was buried on the banks of that river just below its conllu- encc with the Arkansas, in the wild solitude of that region, without a stone or tomb to mark the spot where this enterprising Frenchman lies. He was a merchant of no ordi- nary mind. Others have acquired vastly larger estates, but no one has excelled him in pushing forward commercial enterprises in person, andplanting the seed of a city in more fertile soil, and cultivating it with greater sircccss. His scrutinizing eye and sound judgment directed him to the point on the block on Main street, in front of the spot where the Merchants' Exchange, was afterwards located, as the best place to sell goods on the west side of the Mississippi, in 1704. More than a century has since elapsed, and it is the best place yet. On this celebrated block, on whic^ Barnum"s Hotel now stands, and on which other elegant structures unite to cover the whole block, Mr. Laclede Liguest erected his dwelling house and store. He left a host of friends to lament his loss, speak his praise, and enjoy his labors, but no widow to shed a tear, or child to inherit his jjrop- erty or his name. His history while in Missouri, however, lives, and must live as long as the citv he founded retains its name. 16 AN ILLUSTRATED The writer continues: '• Laclede's party liad been increased in numbers bj volunteers from Ste. Genevieve, Fort Chartres and Caliokia — then called • iS^otre Dames des Kahokias' ; but still, num- erically, it was a small band, and could have made no sustained resistance to Indians, had they disputed their right to settlement. It does not appear, however, that the pioneers encountered any hostility from the natives, Not long after theii- arrival, a lar^je body of Missouri Indians visited the vicinity, but Avithout un- friendly intent. They did not belong to the more war-like tribes ; . and being in an impoverished condition, all they wajited was pro- visions and other necessaries. After supplying tlieir wants, La- clede, l)y jiulicious management, succeeded in inducing them to depart, very much to the satisfaction of the people." Aftei' some progress had been made in the settlement, Laclede, who visited Chouteau early in April, returned to Fort Chartres to make arrangements for the removal to St. Louis of the goods left there, as it M'as expected that the fort would soon be surrendered to the English. During the ensuing year, this event took place ; and Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, the French commander, on the 17th July, 1765, removed with his officers and troo])s — about fifty men — to St. Louis. From this date the new settle- ment was considered the capital of upper Louisiana.' Throughout all their efforts at planting settlements in the western country, the French had steadily adhered to the policy of conciliating the Indians. They, indeed, seemed peculiarly adapted to harmonize in their habits and feelings Avith the wild denizens of the forest and prairie. In their explorations of the remotest rivers, in tlieir long joui-ntys overland, in the wigwams, in the cabins, at the forts, they associated with their red brethren on terms of entire equality. The French temper, so i)liant, so plastic, so strf)ngly in contrast with the stubborn spirit of Englishmen, M'as readily moulded to Indian customs and Indian forms. The wandering Frenchman, with his free-and-easy manners, his merry laughter, his fondness for (lis})lay, mingling in thje dusky crc»wd, was cordially welcomed at all the Indian villages of the west. He might choose himself a wife among hi.- Indian friends, and live with them and be one of them. In fact, amalr service both as a fort and prison. There was also a fort near Mill Creek; and, east of this, a circular one near the river. The strong stockade of cedar posts connecting these forts, was pierced with loop-holes for small arms. This well devised line of defenses was not subjected to the test of another Indian attack; for, although during the continuance of the Revolutionary war, other settlements on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers had to contend against the savages, St. Louis was not again molested. The popularity of the mild and amiable Crozat, and his liberal policy in former years, attracted many new settlers to Missouri from the French villages of Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the town was growing apace; when a slow, but most astonishing and irre- sistible fright fell upon the. inhabitants of St. Lonis, even greater than the late threatenino: of savages. In the earl v part of 1785, the Mississippi had risen to its usual height, but still continued to rise; the whole American Bottom was covered with a sea of swift-running water, which bore on its bosom thou- sands of trees with their roots and branches exposed, ac- companied by everything that swollen rivers can bear away, all rushing toward the ocean with a swiftness and majesty that as- tonished every beholder. The villages of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia were surrounded by rushing waters, sweeping away grain, stock, and all tlie labors of the husbandmen. Nearly all of St. Jjouis was then situated on what is now Main street, and when the 28 AN ILLUSTRATED water had I'isen above the banks and began to invade the dwell- ings, the terror and apprehensions were very distressing. The flood soon after abated. This year was denominated " the year of the great waters." In the year 1787, a band of pirates was located on Cotton Wood creek, commanded by two men named Culbert .and Magilbray. A barge belonging to Mr. Beausoliel started from Xew Orleans richly laden with merchandise for St. Louis. Arriving at the creek before named, the robbers boarded it, and the men were disarmed; but, by the heroic daring and strategy of a negro, who was one of the boat's party, the robbers were knocked overboard, and the crew having obtained possession of the barge, returned to New Orleans. The following spring, under an order issued by the Governor that all boats bound for St. Louis should go in company for mutual protection, ten keel-boats, each provided with swivels, and their respective crews, took their departure from that city, and in due time, and in safety, arrived at their destination. The arrival of ten barges together at St. Louis, was an unusual spectacle, and the year 1788 was afterward called "the year of the ten boats." The same year, the administration of Don Francisco Crozat terminated, and Manual Perez became (.Commandant (ireneral of the upper Louisiana country at the post of St.. Louis. At this time, the population of this and neighboring settle- ments, numbered nearly 1200 persons, while that of Ste. Gene- vieve was about 800. The administration of Perez was prosj^erous ; and, like his predecessor, he was greatly esteemed by the inhabi- tants. He brought some friendly Indians to the vicinity of Cape Girardeau, where he gave them a grant of land. They consisted of Shawiinese and Delawares, two of the most powerful tribes east of the Mississippi river. The object of this immigration was to oppose through them the Osage Indians, a strong Missouri tribe, who were constantly making incursions on the young settlements. This scheme is said to have operated satisfactorily. In 1793, Perez was succeeded by Zenon Trudeau, who also be- came popuhir, and instituted various measures for the encouragement oi immigration. During his adminis- tration, St. Louis and the other settlements in that j)ortion of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29 the country, expanded raj)idly under the intiuence of the exceed- ing favorable terms oft'ered to settlers, and the fact that the fear of Indian attacks were greatly diminished; quite a number of citizens of the United States left the country east of the Missis- sippi, where the sway of the Enjjlish was then practically broken up, and took up their residence in the Spanish dominions. St. Louis improved in appearance, and new and neat buildings began to supplant, in many places, the rude log huts of earlier years. Trade received a new impetus, but the clearing of the country in the vicinity, and the development of agriculture, still made but slow progress. The dealing in peltries was the princi])al busi- ness; and, in their effort to expand their trade with Indian tribes, traders became more energetic and daring in their excursions, and traveled long distances into the interior westward, forcing their rude boats up the swift Missouri to many points never be- fore visited. Trudeau closed his official career in 1798, and was succeeded by C/harles Dehault Delassus de Delusiere, a Frenchman by J 798. birth, but who had been many years in the service of Spain. The winter of the succeeding year was one of extraor- dinary severity and received the title of "the year of the hard winter." The same year that Delassus commenced liis adminis- tration, was signalized by the arrival of some galleys with Spanish troops under Don Carlos Howard, and Avas called '* the year of the galleys." The Governor caused a census to be taken of upper Louisiana settlements, in 1799. from which the popula- tion of St. Louis was found to be 925 ; of Carondelet, 184; St. Charles, 875; St. Ferdinand, 276; Marius des Liard, 376; Meramec, 115; St. Andrew, 393; Ste. Genevieve, 949; New Bour- bon, 560; Cape Girardeau, 521; New Madrid, 782; Little Mead- ows, 72: total, 6,028. Total number of whites, 4,948; free colored, 197; slaves, 883. St. Charles nearly equalled St. Louis in ])opu- lation, while Ste. Genevieve exceeded it. On the first of October, 1800, the treaty of St. Ildefonso was con- summated, by which Spain, under certain conditions, retroceded to France the territory of Louisiana; and in July, 1S02, the Spanish authorities were directed to deliver possession to the French Commissioners. This event, however, did 30 AN IM.rsrifATED not take place until the 30tli of aS'ovember. M. i.finssat had been appointed the Plenipotentiary of the French Eepuhlic; and on that day, in the council chamber at IS^evv Orleans, he recei\'ed, in due form, tlie keys of the city, and issued a proclamation to the Louisianians, informing them of the retrocession of the country to France, and that it had been sold b}' that government to the United States. At a signal given by the firing of cannon, the Spanish flag was lowered and the French flag hoisted. In relation to this movement on the part of Spain and tlie subsequent one of France, it is only necessary to state, that, owing to the complications of the cabinets of the European courts on political questions, the part taken by the ministers of the United States, at the courts of Spain and France, for more effectually securing the rights and interests of our government in the river Mississippi, and other considerations, brought around these transfers of possession, and all parties were equally satisfied with the arrangements. Is it not strange that, during the thirty-two years that Spain had possession of upper Louisiana, the province was never settled by native Spaniards, excepting the oflicers who ruled over it, and a few fur-traders ? The inhabitants were French, or the descendants of French, from Canada or lower Louisiana; and the Spaniards have left no remembrances of themselves, save their land rej^ister: no institutions, no w^orks, not a single monument of public utility. Doubtless, the golden treasures buried in the mountains of Mexico, and of South America, were too alluring to allow emigrants to be tempted from them, and engage themselves in the labors of agi'i- culture in the rich valley of the Mississippi. But, taking a retro- spect, when S])ain was the greatest of maritime powers: when, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, her navigators dis- covered new worlds, giving her an empire on which the sun never set; M'hen the great armada struck terroi- in the bosom of the haughty Elizabeth; — it becomes painful to witness how ephemeral is the ascendency even of the bravest and most prosperous nations! How truly rapid their decline and fall! Under the Spanish gov- ernment, the lloman Catholic faith was the established religioTi of the province, and no other Christian sect was tolerated by tlie laws. Each emigrant was required to be iin hon Catholique,&B HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31 tlie French expressed it; yet, Ly the connivance of the com- niundants of upper Louisiana, and by the use of a pious fiction in the examination of the Americans, toleration, in fact, existed. The manner of examining tliose who applied for the right ot settlement was to ask a few vague and general questions, which persons of almost any Christian sect could freely answer; such as, "Do you believe in Almighty God? in the Holy Trinity? in the true apostolic church? in Jesus Christ, our Savior? in the II0I3' Evangelist?" and the like. An affirmative answer being given to these, and sundry other questions of a general nature being asked, the declaration, "ww, hon Catholique,''' M'ould close the ceremony and confirm the privilege of an adopted citizen. Many Protestant families, communicants in Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian and other churches, settled in the province, and re- mained undisturbed in their religious principles. Protestant itinerant elerg3mien passed over from Illinois, and preached in the log cabins of the settlers unmolested, though they were occa- sionally threatened with imprisonment in the caltthozo, at St. Louis, Yet these threats were never executed. It is related, that John Clark, a devoutly pious, but rather eccentric preacher, whose residence was in Illinois, made monthly excursions to the Spanish territory, and preached in the houses of these religious emigrants. He was a man of great simplicity of character, and much respected and beloved by all who knew him, among whom was Trudeau, the Commandant of St. Louis. He would delay till he knew Clark's tour for that occasion was nearly finished, and then send a threatening message, that if Monsieur Clark did not leav^e the Spanish country in three days, he would put him in prison. This was repeated bo often, as to furnish a ])leasant joke with the preacher and his friends. During these times, Abraham Musick, who was a Baptist, and well acquainted with the Commandant, and who likewise knew his religious })rineij)les, presented a petition for leave to t(.> hold meetings at his house, and for permission for Clark to preach there. Tlie commandant inclined to favor the Ameri- can settlers secretly, yet comjiellod to reject such j)etitii»ns offi- cially, replied promptly that such a petition could not be granted. It was a violation of the laws of the country. "I mean" said the 82 AN ILLUSTRATED accommodating officer, "you must not put a bell on your house and call it a church, nor suffer any person to christen your chil- dren but the parish priest; but, if any of your friends choose to meet at your house, sing, pray and talk about religion, you will not be molested, provided you continue, as I suppose you are, un hon CathoUque.^^ He well knew, that, as Baptists, they could dispense with the rite of infant baptism; and that plain, frontier people, as they were, they could lind the way to their meetings without the aid of the "church-going bell." The Catholic priests in upper Louisiana, received their salaries from the Spanish crown, and not from tithes from the people. None were ever levied or claimed in Louisiana, either under the French or Spanish governments; and the people were ex- empted from many other burdens imposed on other colonies. There were three curates and one vicar, with a few missionaries, who resided in upper Louisiana, with salaries rating from three hundred and fifty to four hundred dollars a year. Burial and mar- riage fees and other perquisites added to their salaries, made a liberal support. Hence no burdens were imposed on Protestants. CITAPTEI^t TV. ST. LOns FROM 1803 TO 1820-. Reference having been made to the early settlement of St. Louis, and to the somewhat ^^inhieally describe the unsophisticated nature of their ancestors.- One is worthy of perpetuation; A genuine Missourian vyas loitering for some time around the stall of a negro deak'i-, situated., on the bank of the Mississippi. The dealer was a Kentucky auerchant, who, observing him, asked him* if he wished to purchase an vthing. ''Yes," was the reply, "I should like to buy a neg-ro." He was invited to walk in; and, havini;- made his choice, he inquired "^he, price. '^'Five hundred dollars." replied the trader; "but, according to custom, you -may have one year's credit on the purchase." At this proposition the Missourian, became very uneasy; the idea of having such a load of debt upon liim for a whole year was too much. "No, no!"' said he; "I would rather pay you six hundred at once, and be done with it." "Very well," said the obliging Kentuckian, "anything to accom- modate;" and so the bargain was concluded. JAMES O BRIO AD HIE AD, HISTORY OK MISSOT'Kl. 35 At the time Captain Stoddard took possession of npper Louis- iana, St. Louis Consisted of two loTig streets running ])aralk'l to tlie river, with a nuinhei- of otliers intersectiiii; tlieni at rii;lit an- o-k^s. Tliere were, however, some liouses on the line of the present Third street, wliieli was known as " the street of harns." The church huilding from ^vhich Second street derived its name, was a structure (»fliewn h)gs, somewliat rude and ])riniitive in appear- ance. AVest (»f Foiirth street, tliere was little else hut woods and commons; and the Planters' House now stands upon a portion of the space then used for purposes of pasturage. There was no ]tost-ofhce. nor indeed anv need for one, as there were no otiicial mails. Government hoats ran occasionally between New Orleans and St. Louis, but there was no regular communication. The princi])al buildings were the Government House, on Main street, nearAValnut; the "Chouteau" mansion, ^ on the block between Main and Second, and Market and "Walnut streets; the residence of Madame Chouteau, on the block next north; and the Fort St. Charles, near the present intersection of Fifth and Walnut streets. In this fort, the Spanish garrison had their (plarter:^.■- The means of education were, of course, limited in character; and, as peltj-ies and lead continued to be the chief articles of ex- ]»ort, the cultivation of the land in the vicinity of the town pro- irrcsscd but slowly. There are reasons for believing that Ste. (it'iievicve was a more important place, in a commercial point of \ icw, than St. Louis. At the time of the cession, there were only about one hundred and eighty houses, nearly all built of hewn logs; and, on the scpiare thus made, a roof was formed and covered with shingles fastened t(.» scantlings with wooden pegs, on account of the scarcity of nails. Some of the dwellings of the more wealthy inhabitants were erected of stone, with a massive stone wall encompassing them and the garden with which they were surrounded. These houses were of but one stor}', low-pitched, with a porch the full length of the building, and frequently a ]tiazza in the rear. The princijjal merchants and traders at this time were Augnste orary sojourn of about one month; and he was carried off l)y the superior attractions of the lead trade at Ste. Genevieve, where he concluded that he would reside; but, eventually, he returned to St. Louis. Kufus Easton, John Scott, and Edward Hempstead came to the country as residents in the same year. The location at Ste. Gen- evieve, which could not retain Mr. (^arr, captivated Mr. Scott, who afterwards fully justiiied his choice, and Mr, Hempstead went to Petite Cote, since known as St, Charles, where he remained for manv rears, but at leuirth made St, Louis his home. HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 37 The merchant of those times, it must be remembered, was a different personage, in all his bnsiness relations, from the mer- ■chant of to-day. His warehouse occupied only a few square feet; his merchandise, usually, was stored in a large box or chest, and was only brought to view when a customer ap])eared. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, gunpowder, blankets, paints, salt, hatchets, guns And dry -goods, were all consigned t(» the same general rece])tacle. Imported luxuries, such as tea, brought enormous prices, be- cause of the length of time involved in mercantile transactions. An American merchant would effect three importations and ])ro- cure returns, within the time that a St. Louis houn/eo'ts would occupy in locking u]) his capital in a part of one cargo. The wasteful sloth of the trader was ])aid for by the consumers of his goods, and large numbers were precluded from consuni})tion, or could only use such items in small quantities, and on rare occa- sions. Sugar was two dollars a ])ound, and tea could be ])urchased at the same price; other articles being sold at prices j-ust as high in j)r()portion. Tea was comparatively unknown to the mass of the little community, until the advent of the LTnited States Govern- ment; although, of course, it had long been considered a ]>i-oper item for the better class of housekeepers to have on hand, to be produced when friends were to be specially regaled. •It would be tedious to catalogue the several items of daily con- sumption, and occasional use, with their customary values in lark, Sylvester Labadie, Pierre Menard, and Auguste (/houteau. The capital HISTOHY OF MISSOTTKI. 30 of the coin])ai\v was !i>4(),(M)<). The first expedition under its auspices was dispatciied under the conitnaiid of Majoi* A. Ilenrv; and liis success was gratitying. He established trading [>osts Dii the upper Missouri, on Lewis river beyond tlie Rocky Mountains, and on the southern l)ranch of the (^»hnnbia. Tiie post last mentioned was the tii-st on the great rivers of Oregon territory. After continuing in operation about four years, the company was dissolved, in 1812; whereupon most of the mem- bers being satisfied of the profitable nature of the undertaking, established inde])endent houses, to prosecute the trade, and to furnish outfits to private adventurers. At that time, the hunters and trai)pers formed a very considerable part of the jiopnlation of St. Louis. They were principally half-breed Lidians; but there were amone them many white men, who had been so Um^r accustomed to such pursuits, with the consequent exposures and incidental privations, that, in habits and appearance, they were not always distinguishable from the natives. Education became a necessity as soon as an Amei-ican ])opu- lation began to settle in St. Louis; and, accordingly, in lS(i4, the first Euirlish school was established. Tiotchford was the name of the first school-master. He was succeeded in his vocation by (leorge Tompkins, a young Virginian. Mr. Tompkins rented a room on the north side of Market street, between Second and Third, for the accommodation of his pupils, and occu])ied his leis- ure hours in studying law. The young teacher had in him the materials that compel a measure of success, lie ultimately be- came Chief Justice of the Supreme ('ourt of Nlissouri. which l»osition was filled by him, in a very creditable manner. There was a debating society established in connection with the school, and its meetings were often of a pecidiarly interesting charactei-. Many of the members of that society, among whom were I )rs. Farrar and Lowry, John OTallon, Edward J'ates, and Joshua i>arton, were afterwards distinguished for their eminent abilities, no less than for the services they rendered the public. Financial oj)erati()ns s])eedily demanded better accommodation than the town of St. Louis afforded; and. in August, is It!, the P)ank of St. Louis, the first institution of the kind in that p:irt of the territory, was incor]>orMt('(l. The conuiiissioncr^ of the 40 AN ILLUSTUATKD Bank were Auguste Chouteau, J. J3. 0. J.ucas, Cleineut B. Pen- rose, Moses Austin, Bernard Pratte, Manuel Lisa, Thomas J>rady, Bartholomew Bertliold, Samuel Hammond, Kufus Easton, Koh- ert Simpson, Christian Witt, and Risdon 11. Price. President Samuel Hammond, and Cashier John B. Smith, were the first officers. That institution was not a success; and, after only two years operations, it came to a disastrous termination. The Mis- souri Bank was incorporated in 1817, on the first of February, when its predecessor was only six months old; the officers of tlie new establishment being Auguste Chouteau, President, and Lil- burn W. Boggs, Cashier. The population of St. Louis county and town, in 1815, when the census was taken by John W. Thompson, was only 7,895: and the town itself only contained 2,()()(). The " Missouri Gazette " published the enumeration on the 9th of December, 1815. About that time, the close of the Indian wars permitted a great tide of emigration west of the Mississippi; a part of which — a very valuable class of people — was added to the population of St. ( Louis, and Missouri generally. Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and the region north of the Ohio i-iver, sent large contingents of enterprising citizens; and the town began, from that time, to lose some of its distinctive characteristics. Probably there are fea- tures, which are due to the early settlement and exclusive occu- pation by Frenchmen, that will not be completely efiaced a century hence, as there are still many marks of the primitive Dutch set- tlement in New York; but the impress was considerably lighter after 1816. The '2d of August, 1817, is memorable in the annals of St. Louis; as, on that day, the first steamboat arrived, much to the delight of the old, but, more especially, the new population. A new agency was thus imported into the commercial life of the town; and one, moreover, which the nol)le rivei", rolling jtast the city toward the sea, has since seen improved into vast proportions. There was hardly one town in the Union, to the development of whicli steam was a more important auxiliary, than to St. Louis, as events have since that tiuie abundantly proved. The most enthusiastic estimates of that day entirely tailed to (•onij)rehen(l its value to the citizens. The river is now for the citx' a hiirliwav whose FRANCIS M. COCKRELL' U. 8. 8 >XATO t. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 41 importance is increased, not diminislied, by the wondrous expan- sion of the system of railroads which has given a limitless growth to the nation. The first steamer arriving at St. Louis was called the "Pike," commanded by Captain Jacob Keed, and was but a small boat, propelled by a low-pressure engine, having been built at Louisville, Kentucky; but Xoah's Ark, with the old com- niananded every day, the steam engine being one vast agency, to which the old adage, "Famil- iarity breeds contempt," does not ajjply. In the month of May, IS 19, the first steamboat navigated the Avaters of the Missouri; and the "Independence," commanded by Captain Nelson, was as much a wonder along its banks as was the fleet commanded by his namesake to its enemies at Trafalgar. The boat ascended as far as "Old Franklin," after a passage of seven running days. The revolution was not yet complete, and could not be so con- sidered by th§ old settlers, or rather by their descendants, until New Orleans had been connected with their town by steam. That feat was accomplished in the beginning of the next month, on the second day of wiiich Captain Armitage, commanding the "Hornet," steamed in to the wharf, after a passage from New Orleans of only twenty-seven days. The passage has very often since then been made in much shorter time; but the wonder has never been so great as was then the surprise ot the original in- habitants of the citv and countv. 42 AX ILLU8TKATED Tlietirst l^onrd <}t' School trustees was formed in the year 1817, and therein was the germ of tlie admirable system of school in- struction. wliich now obtains all over Missonri. Tlie eflbrts of individual men and women, were excellent in their several spheres; but something larger was requisite, in every sense, to cope with the re(|nireinents of the people. The growth of the educational scheme will be given in detail, elsewhere. The ethical and the material moved on side by side, hi the year 1819. John Jacob Astor, to whom the Union is indebted for many industrial advantages, founded, in St. Louis, a branch of his house, for the prosecution of the Fur trade, under the direction of Samuel Abl)ott. Nearly forty years had elapsed since he began that traffic on his own account jn New York; and his wealth was known to be enormous. The fact that he had a branch house in St. Louis was therefore of very great im- portance, in the eyes of all capitalists inclined to invest in the like profitable ventures. His sagacity and his diligence were alike proverbial. His depot at Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, and his establishment here, indicated the line on which the trade must rapidly and profitably expand. The West- ern Department of the American Fur Company made an era in the history of St. Louis; and the company entering u])on a veiy successful career through the northern and western part of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, niade the whole community ])artieipate in some degree, in the property which way thus superinduced. All that had been accomplished in this direction before the branch house was established, was found to have been fragmentaiy and personal; now, there were system and completeness; and the results achieved were, in every sense, cor- responding. The old Missouri Fur Compan3% whose establish- ment and dissolution have 'been already mentioned, at the time when the founding of many houses was noticed, was revived under the influence of the successes won by the establishment under the direction of Mr. Abbott, with several new names in the copartnery. John P. Pilcher, Manuel Lisa, Thomas Hemp- stead and (\iptain Perkins, flgure- sissippi, exercising the power of Governor-(Teneral and Tnten- HISTORY OF MlSSiHIil. 45 dant of the Province of Louisiana, delivered a conrinciple that "distance lends enchant- ment to the view." The younger and more active-minded settlors looked with favor upon the vigorous young Republic, which, less than twenty-eight years before, amid storms and the devasta- tions of armed men, had commenced a national career; but they could not conquer a feeling of apprehension, almost amount- ing to dread, in the actual change. The hauling down of the flag of Spain, and the unfurling of the banner of the United States, caused an unmistakable shock. The promise of a bright ami glorious future on wnich their minds had been refreshed, was not sufficient to banish their natural feelings of regret, when the act of severance and union had been consummated. One writer thus describes the scene: "When the transfer M-as completely effected - 46 AN ILLUSTKATKD wlien, in the presence of the assembled population, the flai^ of the United States had replaced that of Spain — the tears and lamenta- tions of the ancient inhabitants proved how mucli tliey were at- tached to the old government, and how much thev dreaded the change which the treaty of cession had brought about." But it does not foUow that, as a rule, the bride dreads the futui-e be- cause she weeps when tlie marriage ceremony has been performed. The feeling was not feai', so much as it was uncertainty, and the reo-ret which seldom fails to attach itself to sundered associations. On the 20th of March, 1804, Louisiana was divided into two ter- ritories l)y the action of Congress. The Territory of Orleans com- prised the soutiiern province, and the northern was thenceforth to })e known as the District of Louisiana, ('aptain Stoddard, recently the agent in the double transfer, was temporarily nomi- nated Governor, M'ith all the powers of the Spanish Lieutenant- Governor, in the last named ])rovince. The same act of ( 'Ongress gave to the Governoi- and Judges of Indiana, jurisdiction over the whole territory. General Harnson was then Governor, and so continued until 1813. On assuming control, the Governor pub- lished an address to the inhabitants, formally announcing the re- cent transferi, and setting forth that a permanent territorial govern- ment would speedily be initiated by Ct)ngress. The Governor's address was an excellent exp()sition of the new political aspect of affairs, and it eloquently detailed the advantages accruing under a liberal repul)lican form of government. At the time named, upper Louisiana comprised all that part of the province north of " llo})e Encampment," a well known spot on the Mississippi nearly opposite Chickasaw Blufts. It included the vast range of country, now known as Missouri, Iowa, Min- nesota, and Arkansas, — ^indeed all the western region to the Pacific ocean, south of the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, not claimed by Spain. The settled portions had been divided into , of which 3,760 were French, including a few Spanish families; r),(i!t(i were Anglo-Americans, who had immigrated to the country after J7l>0; and 1,27«> were black |>eo- ple, wh(>, with but few exceptions, were slaves. When the Illinois country was transferred to the F.ritisli ( 'rown. 48 AN ILLUSTRATED in 1765, many wealthy and respectable families crossed the Miss- issippi, to avoid the change of jurisdiction. The ordinance of 1787, prohibiting involuntary servitude in the northwestern territory, caused a similar movement among slaveholders who would retain their slaves at the cost of abandoning their ancient possessions. "Liberal advantages were held out to settlers, and pains were taken to disseminate them in every direction. Large quantities of land were granted them, attended with no other expenses than of- fice fees and for surveys, which were not exorbitant; and they were exempted from taxation." This suffices to account for the rapid population of upper Louisiana, which, in 1804, consisted of En- arlish- Americans to the extent of more than three-fifths of the whole. The executive powers of the territory of Indiana having been extended over that of Louisiana, as already stated, and the (tov- ernor and judges being authorized to enact laws, as well as to ad- minister them, in the new country, as they were also in Indiana, subject only to the control of Congress, William Henry Har- rison, the Governor, afterwards President of the United States for a brief term, instituted the American authority here. Un- der the jjrovisions of this act, the Governor and judges of Indiana proceeded to pass sixteen acts for the government of the district. They were passed on the 1st of October, 1804, and related to the following heads: Crimes and Punishments; Justices Courts; Slaves; Revenue; Militia law; Recorders' offices; Attorneys; Constables; Boat men; Defalcation; Practice of Law; Probate Business; Establishing a (;Ourt of Quarter Sessions; Oaths; Sheriffs; Marriages. Under the act which gave jui'isdiction, all laws in force in the territory at the time of its passage were declared to be operative, except such as might be found inconsistent with the terras of the act of Congress. The civil law continued to be the law of the territory except in so far as it was expressly or impliedly repealed or modified by the laws ot Congress, or by the acts of the Governor and judges forming the Legislative Council of the Territory of Iiuliana. The laws ot Pennsylvania w^ere generally taken as models, in preparing the laws above mentioned; but those which referred to slaves, and free negroes, seem to have been modelled upon the statutes of Virginia and Kentucky, HISTOUY UF M18.SUUHI. 49 In the year 18(>8, President Jefferson })rojected an expedition to explore the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean. He selected for this service, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, officers of the American army, and gentlemen of such character and ahility, as would in all probability, enable them to command success in all the parts to which they would be exposed. The detachment employed in this expedition was small, but the men were chosen from anmng the best woodsmen of the west. The outfit was on a scale suited to the importance as well as the danger of the enterprise. The number was limited so as to enable them to subsist the party with convenience, by hunting on the line of march, without hindrance in their progress. The number of men who went with Lewis and Clark across the mountains was only twenty-eight, making an aggregate of thirty persons. They were accompanied as far as the Mandan villages by six soldiers and nine watermen. The expedition left their encampment in Illinois, opposite the mouth of the Missouri river, on the 14th of May, 1804. They ascended the Missouri, establishing their winter-(piarters at the Mandan villages. On the o])ening of navigation, they pursued their route to the head springs of the Missouri river, crossed the Rocky Mountains and proceeded down the Columbia (or Oregon) river, and wintered near the mouth of that stream. They returned the next spring and summer, having lost only one man in the perilous expedition, reaching St. Louis on the 23d of September, ISOfi. The time taken up from tlie date of the departure from the Mississippi, was two years, four months, and a few days. The following extract is taken from their pul)- lished travels: "The road by which we Avent out, by the way of Missouri river, to its head, is three thousand and ninety-six miles; thence by land by the way of Lewis' river, over to Clark's river, and down that to Traveller's Rest creek, where all the roads from the difi'erent routes met; thence across the rugged part of the Rocky Mountains to the navigable waters of the Columbia, three hundred and ninety-eight miles; tlience down the river six hundred and forty miles to the Pacific ocean: making a total distance of four thousand one hundred and thirty-four miles. 4 50 AN II.LUSTKATKl) Oil our return, in 1806, we came from Traveler's Rest creek directly to the falls of the Missouri river, wliich shortens tl^e distance about five hundred and seventy-nine miles, and is a much better route, redueino- the distance from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean to thi'ce thousand fi\'e hundred and fortv-five miles." The narrative of the expedition is a very interesting one, and was productive of much good. All the territory lying west to the Pacific ocean, heretofore was a terra incognita^ and this exploratioji had the effect to call ])ublic attention to its valua- ble resources for the wants of man. Among the occurrences of 1805, 180C and 1807, are tlie expeditions of Lieutenant Z. M. Pike; the first to the sources of the Mississippi, and the second to the sources of the Arkansas, Platte, and Pierre Jaune rivers, and into the provinces of New Si)ain. These expeditions were condiu'Ted under the order of the gcjvernment, through General James Wilkinson. The journals ke])t by Lieutenant Pike (as his official title then was,) were by him })repared for the press, and jMililished, in 1810. These ex])lorations. with those of Lewis and (Uark,were extremely valuable. Until they were made, and their narratives brought before the public, the people of the United Srates had no ])ro])er idea of the value of the Louisiana })urchase; and if there had been complaints made of the amount paid for this ten-itory to the French, they were withdrawn when the re- sources of the Country were brought to view. The first courts of justice were held in the old fort in the city of St. Louis, near Fifth and Walnut streets, during the winter of 1804— 5. The tribunals in question were called " Courts of Common Pleas," By a subsequent act of Congress, bearing tson ^'^^^^ March 3d, 1805, the change indicated as probable by Governor Harrison in his address, was effected. The district became the "Territory of Louisiana," under a Governor, Secretary, and Judges. The new constitution, or oi-ganic act, took effect on the Fourth of July, 1805. The first Governor of the Territory was General James Wilkinson, with Frederick Hates, Secretary. The Judges of the Sui)reme Court were R J. Meigs and John 1>. C-. Lucas. As in the Territory of Lidiana, the Governor and Judges were the legislature, as well as the IIISTOUV OF MISSOURI. 51 Chief Executive, subject to a remote and seldom used j)o\ver of veto, I'etaiued by (X)ugri'ss. The Executive ottices were in the old government building on Main street, near Walnut, just south of the Public Scjuare, in the present citv. In those offices General Wilkinson, Cxovernor of the Territory, was visited bv the brilliant, but unbalanced, and erratic, Aaron IJurr, when that ambitious personage was preparing his plans for the establishment of an independent rule, in the Southwestern ])art of the country; a design which involved many besides himself, in ruin. When Greneral Wilkinson was appointed (rovernor, local, military and civil rule had been provided for, under the iiuthority of the Governor of Indiana, by the division of the dis- trict into four military commands, known as St. Charles, in Avhich Colonel Meigs exercised authority; St. Louis, with Colonel Hammond for commandant; St. Genevieve under Major Seth Hunt; and Cape Girardeau under Colonel T. B. Scott. Upon the organization of the Territory and the Courts therein, those otKcers were su])erseded by the superior authority instituted; but the names of their several districts are perpetuated in being bestowed upon the counties. The system of legislation insti- tuted in 1S<>5, was continued for many years, with changes in the officers occasionally. AV^ilkinson established the fort of Bellefbntaine on the south t^ide of the Missouri, a few miles above its mouth, in 1806; but, early in the following year, the General was ordered St "uth to assist in suppressing the Burr conspiracy, and the fort at Bellefontaine was practically abandoned. During j)art of the year, Joseph Browne was Secretary of the Territory, and acting Governor in the temporary absence of Wilkinson; and Jolin B. C. Lucas and Otho Shrader were judges. In the following year, F/ederick Bates was ap])ointed Secretary of the Territory, and on the 7th of May, 1807, he signed his first act as Acting (rovernor. In the next year, ^feri wether Jx'wis, who was then Governor, with the same judges, formed the legislature, he continuing to oc- cupy the jiosition as Governor, until 1809. He received his ap- pointment from President Jefferson. The eiHl)argo of 1S07, and tiu; non-incercoui"se with England <>f 180i*, lia:led resentment and despair. On the death of Governor Lewis, Frederick Bates acted as- Governor until President Madison appointed i3enjaniin Howard to that office, whose first legislative act was signed OctoT)er 2.>, ISIO, and his last, October 81, 1S12. lie resigned his office to accept that of Brigadier-General of Rangers, in the war of 1812, and, having served with great credit to himself during three campaigns, died at St. Louis, September 18, 1S14. On his resignation. Bates again was Acting-Governor, until De- cember 7th, 1812, when Captain William Clark, the companion of Ca])tain Lewis on the celebrated exploring expedition of the Missouri and Columbia rivei's, was appointed Governor of the Territory. The first legislative act under Governor Clark's ad- ministration, was appi-oved on the 31st of December, 1813. George Bullet was then Speaker of the House, and S. Hammond was President of the Council. Governor Clark's administration continued until Missouri was admitted a member of the Federal Union. During the year iSll, two important events took place which were especially noticeable in the history of the Mississippi country; the one was the building of the Steamer Xew Orleans, the first boat built west of the Alleghanies; the other was the earthquake which destroyed New Madrid, and affected the whole valley. Of the latter event, S. P. Hildreth has furnished an interesting account. He says: "The center of its vit>lence was thought to be near the Little Prairie, twenty-five or thirty miles below jVeNV Madrid, the vibrations from which were felt all over the valley of the Ohio, as high up as Pittsburgh. The first shock was felt on the night of the 16th of December, and was repeated at in- tervals, with decreasing violence, in the month of February follow- ing. New Madrid having sufi'ered more than any other town on the Mississippi from i ts effects, Avas considei'ed as situat.ed near tlic focus from whence the undulation proceeded. From an eye-wit- ness who was then al»ont fortv miles below that town in a fiat-boat. HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. O;) on his way t<) New Orleans with a load ut' ])roat was lying at the shore in company with several others. At this period there was danger a])])i"ehended from the southern Indians, it being soon after the batth; of Tij)j)ecanoe; and for safety, sev- eral boats kept in company for mutual defense in tlui case of an attack. In the middle of the night, tiiere was a terrible shock aiiroclamation of the Governor, and recpiired to nominate eighteen ])ers(ms as councilors. The names selected bv tlie })eoples' representatives, were forwarded to the President «>f the United States, who, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed nine out of the number to constitute the Council during a term of live years. The persons nominated must have been residents in the Territory at least twelve months, to be eligible for nomination; and there was also a property quali- fication requii-ed, — each must possess in his own right, at least two hundred acres of land in the Territory. The House of Kepre- sentatives was apportioned at the ratio of one member for every live hundred free white male inhabitants. The qualifications for the office of representative were, a residence of one year in the Territory; being twenty-one years of age, or more; and a free- holder in the county for which he might be chosen. Represen- tatives were to serve during a term of two years, — to convene an- nually in the towni of St. Louis. On the first day of October, 1812, Governor Howard issued his proclamation as required by the act reorganizing the districts, as lieretofore they had been called, into the five counties of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. Tlie County of New Madrid included tlie district of Arkansas, with much other territory. Under the proclamation, tlie elections were ordered t(5 be held on the second Monday in November, on which day a delegate to Congress, and the several members of the House of Representatives were duly elected. 60 AN ILLUSTRATED Four names for delegates to Congress, were announced on the 18th of October, tlie competitors being Edward Hempstead, Rufus Eaton, Samuel Hammond, and Matthew Lyon. Hempstead was elected. There is no record available showing the num- ber of votes polled for the several candidates. The House of Representatives was convened on the Tth of December, 1812, and the meetings were held in the house of Joseph Robi- doux, on Main street, between Walnut and Elm. The repre- sentatives of the several counties then present were, for St. Charles, John Putnam and Robert Spencer; for St. Louis, David Musick, Bei'uard G. Farrar, William C. Carr, and Richard Caulk; for Ste. Genevieve, George Bullett, Richard S. Thomas, and Israel McGready; for Cape Girardeau, George F.Bollinger and Stephen Byrd; and for New Madrid, John Shrader and Samuel Phillips. The formality of administering the oath of office, devolved upon J. B. C. Lucas, one of the judges; William C. Carr was called to the Speaker's chair, and Andrew Scott was elected clerk. The first business, after organization, was to ncwninate eighteen persons, jis before mentioned, from whom the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, should appoint the Council of Nine. The nominees were James Flaugherty and Benjamin Emmons, of St. Charles; Auguste Chouteau, Sen., and Samuel Hammond, of St. Louis; John Scott, James Maxwell, Nathaniel (/ook, J. McArthur, Moses Austin, and John Smith, of Ste. Genevieve; William Neely, George Cavener, Abraham Boyd, and John Davis, of Cape Girardeau; and for New Madrid, Jos. Hunter, Elisha Winston, William Gray, and William Winches- ter. Fi'om the names thus submitted, the Council appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, consisted of James Flaugherty, Benjamin Emmons, Auguste Chouteau, Sen., Samuel Hammond, John Scott, James Maxwell, William Neely, Georgty Cavener, and Joseph Hunter. The acting Governor, Frederick Bates, who, in the interim, had become Secretary of the Terri- tory, made proclanuition on the 3d of June, 1813, ISl'i amiouncing the names of the Legislative Council, and ap- pointed the first Monday in July following, for the meeting of the General Assembly. Before the called session to be held in .July, William (^lark en- HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 61 tered upon the office of Governor. The journal of the House of Representatives was published only in the " Missouri (jrazette," and no proceedings are given for that session, except a friendly inter- change between the Assembly and the new Governor. The As- sembly, at its regular session, passed a law regulating and estab- lishing weights and measures; one cVeating the office of sheriff; onedetermino-the mode of takinti- the census; and one establishiuir pennanent seats of justice in the several counties. X law was also passed fixing the compensation of members of the Assembly: another defining crimes and punishments; another regulating forcible entry and detainer. An act was passed establishing courts of Common Pleas; one incorj>orating the Bank of St. Louis; and another erecting the county of Washington from a part of Ste. Genevieve county. The second session of the General Assembly began in St. Louis on the 6th of December, 1813. Tlie Speaker elect of the House M'as George Bullett, of Ste. Genevieve county, and Andrew Scott, clerk. Vacancies having occurred, several new members had been elected. Israel JVIcGready appeared for the new county of Washington. Samuel Hammond M'as President of the Legis- lative Council. The Assembly adjourned sine die, on the 19th of January, 1814. The boundaries of the counties of St. Charles, Washington, Cape Girardeau, and Xew Madrid, were defined, and the county of Arkansas was created. The enumeration of the free white male inhabitants, taken under the act of the legislature early in 1814, gave Arkansas, 287; New Madrid, 1,548; Cape Girardeau, 2,062; Ste. Genevieve, 1,701; Washington, 1,010; St. Louis, 3,149; St. Charles, 1,096 ; making an aggregate of 11,393 : allowing an equal number of white females, and 1,000 slaves and free blacks, and the population of the territory was 25,000. The census of 1810, by the United States, gave 20,845 of all classes. Edward Hempstead, who had discharged his duty faithfully as a delemite to Coujjress, declined a re-election. The candidates at the next election were Pufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, Alexan- der M'Nair and Thomas F. Piddick. The aggregate vote of all the counties (excepting Arkansas) was 2,559: of which Easton re- ceived 965; Hammond, 746; M'Xair, 853; and Piddick, who had withdrawn his name ])revious to the election, 35. 62 AN IIJ.USTHATKD The first session of the second General Assembly, commenced in St. Louis, on the 5th of December, 1814. The number oi" representatives was increased by the apportionment, under the census, to twenty members, who were all present on the first day; Jas. Caldwell of Ste. Genevieve county, was elected speaker; Andrew Scott, clerk; the Council chose William Neelv. of Cape Girardeau county, president. The county of Lawrence was or- ganized from the western part uf New Madrid, and the corporate ])owers of St. Louis, as a borough, enlarged. From the exjxised condition of this section of country, and the thinness of the popu- lation, it suffered severely from the eifects of Indian and British hostility, a short time previous to, and during the war of 1812. Tecumseh, an Indian warrior, had visited Maiden, and received presents and promises from the British agent. On his return, lie endeavored to engage all the Indian nations in a common cause against the Americans; and, although that distinguished chief gave the signal by commencing warlike operations on the AVabash, the Indians on the Missouri, contirmed for some time to give proof of the most jjacific intentions toward the United States; but large presents were continually made, and every argument was used to induce them to take up the tomahawk. With few exce]>tions, the Miss(mri Indians reiiuiiued })eaceable until the summer of 1811, when they commenced some outrages iu Boone's Lick settlement, and on Salt River. General Clark, who comnuxnded this department, made every exertion to detect tlit; murderers; but, as the American force was not yet organized, it ])roved unavailing. During the winter of 1811-12, murders be- came more fre(|uent, and this territory began to suffer all the dreadful effects of Indian warfare. From Fort Madison to St, Charles, men. women and children were continually put to death, and their habitations were consigned to the flames, by their unre- lenting foes. Upon the receipt of this intelligence, Governor Howard sent or- i, such was the vigilance of the regulars and rangers then on duty, that they were y-enerallv frustrated in their designs. On the 26th of June, 1812, a council was held between the the AVinnebagoes, Fottawattamies, Kickapoos, Shawanese, ]\Iiam- ies, Wild Oats (fr(»m Green Bay), Sioux (from the river J)es Moines), Ottoes, Sacs, Foxes and lowas. The five first uamed, Mere in favor of the British; but some others were decidedly o]>- posed to any jtarticipation in the war with the United States; while the renuiinder were unwilling to give any decided answer, but rather encouraged the idea that they would unite with the hostile tribes. Thus, through the infltvence of Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, many of the tribes who had been uniformly at i»eace with the Americans, now appeared in arms, on the frontiers of the territory, and were only waiting for the removal of the rangers, to commence the slaughter The effects of this alliance were soon manifested. On the ."itli of September, 1S12, Fort Bellevne, (»n the Mississip])!, was at- tacked by about two hundred AVinnebagoes. A constant iiring was kept up on both sides, until dark. Early the next morning, the Indians renewed the attack, and shortly after burnt three boats, with their cargoes, consisting of j)rovisions and stores. The siesre was c*,)ntinued for several davs, but they were finally obliged to disi>er8e, after having lost many of their men. 64 AN ILLUSTKATED Early in the spring of 1 814, Governor Clark was instructed by the War department, to ascend the Mississippi and establisli a garrison at Prairie du Chien, which had for several years been the ])rincipal rendezvous of the Indians, and their allies, the British. Accordingly, he left St. Louis about the 1st of May, with five armed barges, and about two hundred volun- teers, under the command of Captains Yeizer and Sullivan, and Lieutenant Perkins. He reached his place of destination without difficulty; all the Indians he met being friendly, or at least not dis- posed to make trouble. In the meantime, C/olonel Robert Dickson, the British Indian agent at that place, having received informa- tion of the approach of Governor Clark, had left about a month previous to his arrival, and proceeded to Mackinaw with a num- ber of Indian recruits for the British army, on the lake. Lieu- tenant Perkins, with sixty regulars, took possession, and immedi- ately began to build a fort about two hundred yards from the river. As soon as this post was tolerably strengthened. Governor Glark returned to St. Louis, leaving the two captains with a gun- boat, and an armed barge, and a crew of one hundred men, to co- operate with Lieutenant Perkins in maintaining it. No indication of hostility appeared until early in July, when Perkins was in- formed that preparations for an attack were in progress among the Indians. Governor Clark, on his arrival at St. Louis, consulted General Howard, who commanded the district, on the advisability of send ing up a force to relieve the volunteers at Prairie du Chien, and thus preserve a post-so important to the Western country; and, ac- cordingly. Lieutenant Campbell, of the 1st regiment, embarked with forty-two regulars, and sixty-six rangers, in three keel-boats, tc>gether with a fourth, belonging to the contractor and sutler.. The whole party, amounting to one hundred and thirty-three souls, reached Hock River, within two hundred miles of the place, without any accident. As soon as they entered the ra]>ids, they were visited by hundreds of Sacs and Foxes, some of them bearing letters from the garrison above to St. Louis. The officers, not being accjuainted with the arts of the Indians, imagined them to be friendly; and to this fatal security may \)e attributed the catas- trophe which followed. iliiiliiliiiiiliiiiiiiililiiiliiiliiii JOHN F. RYLAND. IIISTOIIY OF MissoriM. 65 Tlie siitler's and eontnictor's boat had arrived near the head (»f the rapids, and proceeded on, having on board the aniniunition, witli a sergeant's gnard; the, rangers, in their boats, foHowed, and had ])roceeded two miles in advance of the commander's bar^e. Tlie latter having inclined to the east side of the river in search of the main channel, was now drifted by the wind to the lee shore, and gronnded within a few yards of a high bank covered with a thick growth of grass and willow. In this position, the commanding officer tbonght it advisable to remain nntil the wind abated. Shortly after, the report of guns announced an attack. At the first lire, all the sentinels were killed; and, before those of the troops on shore could reach the barge, fifteen out of thirty were killed, or wounded. At this time, the force and intentions of the Indians were fully developed. Without going into minute de- tails, it is only necessary to say that, in this engagement, the Americans had twelve killed, and between twenty and thirty wounded. The Indians, owing to the position held by them, received but little injury. The barges of Campbell succeeded in pushing out into the main channel and descending the river. On the ITth of 'Tuly, the long expected ejiemy, consisting of about 1,500 British and Indians, under the command of Colonel ^IcKay, appeared in view of Prairie du Chien, marching from the Wisconsin ri\er. Every possible exertion was made by the Americans to give them a warm reception. A general attack was commenced upon the American gunb(»atin the river, commanded by Captain Yeizer, which was answered by a six-pounder. The enemy soon after changed their position, and crossed to an island in front of the village, from which they were enabled to fire upon Yeizer with small arms, and screen themselves l)ehind the trees from the grape-shot, which was incessantly th. Lieutenant Perkins b^inj; in want of ammunition, and hos})ital stores, and being without a surgeon, held a council with his officers. It was determined that E (50 AN 1JLLF8TKATED as it was impossil)le to maiiitHiu the post, their most proper course was to surrender. Terms of capitulation were agree«l upon, and the fort surrendered the next day. The i)risonei's were aftei-ward sent on their way to St. Louis. Thus terminated the ex])ed.ition to Prairie du Ohien. and with it, also, in a great measure, the war in Missouri. The war with Great Britain having closed, the treaties held with the varions nations at Portage des Sioux, in 1815, ^*''^' gave peace to the frontiers of Missouri and Illinois, and immigrants began to flock to these territories. The older settle- ments increased in nnmbers. and many new settlements were formed. The territorial legislature convened again in December, 1816, and continued in session till FebruarN' 1, 1817. Among '* **■ the acts passed was one offering a bounty for the "killing of wolves, ]>anthers and wild cats;" two or three lotteries were chartered ; a charter was granted for an academy at Potosi ; and a Board of Trustees ineoi-porated for superintending schools in the town (jf St. Louis. This was the starting point in the school system in that city. The " Bank of Missouri" was chartered, and soon went into operation; and, bv autumn, 1817, the IS 17 ' . . two banks. "St. Louis" and "Missouri." were issuing bills. The first named has been in operation since 1814. The next annual session of the territorial legislature commenced in December, 1818. Dui-ing this session, the counties of Jef- erson, Franklin, Wavne, Lincoln, ^ladison. Montgomery, Pike, Cooper, and three in the southern part of Arkan- sas, were organized. Many acts were passed; the most impor- tant one was the enactment of the statute of limitations, in rela- tion to real estate, limiting the right of entry to twenty years. This was passed December 17, 181S. There were many and unmistakable indications of the rapid increase of the population in the territory during the years 1816, 1817 and 1818, chief among which maybe noticed the organization of new counties, and the vigorous action of the legislature, in favor of a State organization. During 1818. more especially, St. Louis made raj>id advances in buildings of a better kind and in other enterprises, that were due, in great pai't. to the new ]>op- HISTORY OK MISSorUI. QJ Illation; and. in utt'oi-din^- coinniercial facilities, never before considered po!5^iible. Dr. John M. Peck, writing of the com- mencement of 181 S, says that he counted seven houses and stores of brick, already tiuished and occupied, besides some eight or ten others with the foundations laid, and the walls partly erected. Really, the progress was not great, but taken as evi- dence of a new departure, it was vital to the interests of the city. During that year, there were more than three millions of bricks manutactured, and about three hundred houses were erected, of which two were churches. The iirst brick dwelling house in the city was built by William C. C'arr, in 1813-14, but some time eUqised before another was erected. Changes were now coming in real earnest. The advent ()f steamboats seemed to have roused the community to emulate the life and vigor of the Union shown elsewhere. We have already seen, that the first of those harbingers of high-])ressure civiliza- tion that ascended the Mississippi, beyond the mouth of the Ohio, was the " Pike " steamer — more properly, we might have said, the" General Pike," — which reached St. Louis on the second of August, 1817. The commander, ('aptain Jacob lit'cd, sul)se- ([uently became a resident of St. Louis, and died in all the hon- ors of citizenship. The second steam-vessel, the "Constitution." arrived on the second of October, next ensuing, under the com- mand of Ca])tain 11. P. Gayard. The connection between the newly arriving vessels, and the rapid increase of buildings of a better class, was apparent to all concerned. The pioneers of the uppei- ^rississippi added immense potency to the business h(»uses in St. Louis. Men and regions never before reached from that city, were now to become consumers of its merchandise, and contributors to its markets. The least imaginative could see the vast improvement, which every interest could hope to realize; and, there were good grounds on which to invest liberally, in the erection of new homes and business ])remises. Thirty years earlier, John Fitch's steamboat, " The Perseverance," had been first launched on the Delaware river; but neither the idea of the steaml)oat as then developed, nor the poverty of the times, would allow of the new agency coming into operation. Fidton, with manv advanta<;('s, had come intrt the wni-k; and. ten vears 68 AN ILLUSTRATED prior to the new phenomenon reaching St. Louis, had hiunched the "Clermont;" so that, in this respect, St, Louis had not lost much time. The value of the novel agent was known to most of tlie new residents, by experience, more or less prolonged; and, although none could realize, beforehand, how great would be the change that must be effected by its aid, within the next half cen- tury, every man was ready to admit, tliat its jiower for good would be immense, Nearly six decades have passed since then, and the wonder-working engine is as much as ever a problem to the world. As much research is demanded to determine what has really been accomplished, so a great breadth and clearness of foresight, joined with the highest imaginative skill, is necessary to ascertain in what direction, and how far, its mechanical pow- ers may yet assist the race. The old residents were slow to ad- mit the value of the steam-engine; but they were constrained, at last, to allow tliat it had effected marvels, iu the congregation of a metroi^olitan people, ou their old village site. CHAPTER VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATK GOVERNMENT. During the session of the territorial legislature wliich met in December, 1818, application was made to Congress for a law to be passed, "authorizing the people of Missouri to organize a State government." On receipt of the application, a bill was pre[)art'd (during the session of 1818-19) in the accustomed form, autlu)riz- ing the people, in the several counties, to elect delegates to con- stitute a convention for the purpose of forming a constitution. While this bill was under consideration, an anti-slavery restric- tion was introduced by Talmadge, of Xew York, which, after a brief discussion, passed the House of Representatives, on the 15th of February, 1819, by a vote of 79 to 67. This un- . 1819. expected movement brought up what has since been called the "Missouri Question;" causing a protracted discussion in both Houses, and raising one of those ])olitical storms in the country which threatened to endanger, if not dissolve, the national Union. It agitated the country from one extreme to the other, for eighteen months. The people of the Territory of Missouri were much tlivided and excited on the subject. It was believed by many that the Congress of the United States, a body limited, as they claimed, in consti- tutional power, was about to deprive the people of Misscturi of their just rights, in forming a constitution not in accordance with the treaty of cession, and, as they judged, not the best calculated to promote their interests. At that period, it is believed that not one-fourth of the population owned or held slaves; many were opposed to slavery as a measure of State policy, but (with a \-ery few exceptions) all were determined to resist what they regarded as an arbitrary stretch of Congressional power. From its earliest colonization, Louisiana had sustained and tolerated negro slavery, on both sides of the Mississippi: and African negroes had been recognized as pro})erty by its laws, un- 70 AX ILIX'STKATKO del* the goveriiiiieiits of botli France and Spain. The treaty of cession secnred to the inhabitants of this province the protection and full enjoyment of their property. Hence, the people of Mis- souri, and their friends in Congress, maintained that CongTess possessed no authority to disturb the existing relations of master and slave. With the people of Missouri, it became a vital (pies- tion of political rights. Looking abroad over the Union as :^iien in Congressional life, the Xorth was strenuously opposed to the extension of slavery, vrhile the members from the South contended that Missouri should be admitted without restriction. It was the most exciting contest that had ever been known in the history of our legislation, both parties standing their ground in a hostile manner, neither wishing to make even the smallest sacrifice. The discussion continued during the session, and the bill was lost, with other unlinished business, at the close. On the opening of the next Congress, Mr. Scott, delegate from Missouri, and cliairman of the committee on the '' Memorial from Missouri," reported a bill to ''authorize the people of that terri- tory to form a constitution and State government, on an equal footing with the other States." The bill was twice read, and referred to the committee of the whole house. This was on the 9th of December, 1819. On the 14th, Taylor of New York, offered a resolution for the appointment of a committee *' to inquire into the expediency of prohibiting, by law, the intrt)d no- tion of slaves into the territories of the United States, west of the Misftissip])i," After some discussion, in which the delegate from the Territory, took part, the Missouri bill w^as postponed, and made the order of the day for the second Monday in Jan- uary. The discussion opened at that time, and was continued during the winter. Various amendments to the bill were pro- posed in both Houses, but did not pass. In the mean while, application had been made by the people of Maine, with the con- sent of Massachusetts, to form a State government, and be admitted into the Union. This proposition, for a time, became coupled with the Missouri question, and had some inriuence on subsequent events. In the Senate, on the 3d of February, 1820, Thomas, from Illi- nois, offered an amendment to tlie Missouri branch of the bill. HISTORY OF MISSOIJUI. 71 in these words: "That, in all tliat territory (;eded by France to the United States, under the name of I^onisiana. which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes, nortii latitude, [excepting only such ])urt thereof as is] n(»t included within the State contemplated by that act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the ])unishment of crinu's. whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, sliall 1)6, and is hereby forever, prohibited: Provhled always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor ov service as aforesaid." This amendment was adopted in the Senate, on the 17th of Febi-uarv, by a vote of 84 to 10, and subsetpiently became the basis of the " Missouri Compromise," moditied by striking <)ut the words enclosed in brackets. On orderin*; tlie bill to a third readiiii?, in the Senate, the vote was in the atHrmative, ayes 21, noes "10. The bill as amended in the Senate and passed, was sent to the House on the 3d of March; and, though the .Fournal is silent on that subject, it is understood as an historical fact, that, at this crisis, when despair sat on the countenances! of the friends of Missouri, Mr. Clay, who Avas Speaker of the House, exerciseeople of Mis- souri should decide for themselves, whether slavery should be allowed or rejected, society was greatly agitated. The subject which had threatened such serious consequences at Washington, 72 AN TLfJTSTUATKD was equally potent in the territory ; and tlie political storm liad not ceased l)ecaiuse of its being transferred from tlie East to the West; nor had it lost any of its exciting qualities. In St, Louis, from its being the largest town in the state, and consequently, the main theatre wliere the political drama would be played, the inhab- itants divided themselves into two great factions, — one opposing slavery, root and branch, and the other contending that in any case, the emancipation of slaves should be left open for legisla- tive action at some future time not restricted in the constitution. The election for members of the convention was held on the first Monday and two succeeding days of May, 1820. Both pai'ties selected their most influential members to form a ticket to be presented to the people. The persons elected to represent St. Louis county were Edward Bates, Alexander M'Nair, Jolni C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau. Jr., Bernard Pratte and Thomas. F. Riddick, all strong pro-slav^ery men. The convention met in St. Louis, on the 12th day of June, and their labors wei-e finished by signing the constitution on the 10th of July, 1820. i The first General Assembly were recpiired to meet on the third Monday in September, at St. Louis. An election for a (tov- ernor; Lieutenant-Go vernor; a representative in Congress for the residue of the sixteenth Congress; a representative for the seventeenth Congress; senators and representatives to the Gen- eral Assembly; sheriffs and coroners; was held on the fourth Mon- day in August. Tlie apportionment, in the constitution, for the first General Assembly, provided fourteen senators and forty- three representatives. At the election lield in August, Alexander M'JN^air was elected Governor, having received 0.578 votes and his opponent, William Clark, 2.050; W. II. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, received 3,!»()7 votes to his opponent 3,212. John Scott, of Ste. Genevieve county, was elected representative to Congress, which positi(»n lie retained until 1820. On the 28th of Xovember, 1820, an act of the legislature was passed fixing the seat of government at St. Charles, until October 1st, 1826, when it was to be removi'd to Jefferson (^ity. 'No provision was made to refer the adoption of the oiiHtitiitiou to tUe i>ei.p'.e. It took offe t frmn th ; authority of the convention itcelf. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 73 The constitution whicli liad been H(lo])ted, contained some j)ro- visions that were quite objectionable tt) the people. These were the otKce of Chancellor, with a salary of $20()0 per annum; and the salaries of the Governor and the Judges of the Supreme and •Circuit Courts, fixed at not less than $2000 per year for such •officers; but the leveling principle prevailed, which unwisely pulled down instead of lifting up, causing the alteration of the constitution, so far as to allow tlie Governor, only fifteen hundred dollars per annum; the Supreme Judges, eleven hun- dred dollars; and the Circuit Judges, one thousand dollars each. The mode provided for amending the constitution, was by a vote of two-thirds of each House of the Assembly proposing ametid- meiits; these to be published in all the newspapers in the state three times, at least twelve months before the next ensuing gen- eral election: and if at the first session of the next General Assembly, after such general election, two-thirds of each House, by yeas and nays, ratified such proposed amendments after three separate readings, on three separate days, the amendments be- came parts of the constitution. At a special session of the General Assembly in 1821, amend- ments to the constitution were proposed which were intended to remove tlie objectionable features, and they were passed by a •coTistitutional majority. The amendments were subsequently ratified at the first session of the next General Assembly, as ]>ro- vided by the constitution. The boundaries of Missouri, as prescribed by Congress, were as follows: "Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi river, on the parallel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude; thence west along that parallel of latitude to the St. Francois river; thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six •degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the same to a point where said ])arallel is intersected by a meridian line ])assing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas river, where the same empties into the Missouri river; thence from the point .aforesaid, north, along the said meridian line, to the intersection ■of the parallel of latitude which [)asHed through the rapi^h of the river Des Moines making the same line to coi'reapotid with 74 AN ILLTJSTKATF.n the Indian houndary line; thence east, from the point of inter- section last aforesaid, alonff the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of the said river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi nver; thence due east to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence down, and following^ the course of said river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the ])lace of beginning." The boundarv of the State has been given at length, in order to explain the ground of a dispute which at one period threat- ened serious collision between the territory, subsecjuently the State of Iowa, and the State of Missouri, relative to boundaries and jurisdiction. The words in italics, gave rise to the trouble, and in- volved tiie question, iirst, what was meant by the "rapids of the river Des Moines;" and, second, what Indian boundary was intended? Missouri contended for certain rapids, or ripples, in the river Des Moines, some distance up, which threw the line twenty or thirty miles farther north. Iowa contended that the rapids in the Mississippi called by the French explorers, Za rapides la 7'iviere Des Moines, was the point meant. After several years of contested jurisdiction, during which a sheriff of Missouri was imprisoned in Iowa, and military foi*ce was appealed to, both states consented to refer the question of boundary and jurisdiction, to the Supreme (^ourt of the United States. After a labored investigation, the court decided in favor of the old boundary line, as it was called, and the rapids of the Des Moines, in the French sense of the term. Having brought the narrative down to the close of the Terri- torial government, and before proceeding to give the events that transpired after the admission of Missouri as a State of the Fed- eral Uiiion, by way of summary, and for the better definition of the facts presented, it will be well to recapitulate some portion ' of the statements which have heretofore been made. The ter- ritory embraced in the State of Missoui'i, forms oidy a ])art of what has been described as the " Louisiana Pui-chase." Tliat transaction, as a whole, dealt witli all that ]>()rti(^n <»f o\ir Na- ional possessions, which lies Avest <>f the Mississippi river, with- Hl.STUKY OF MISSOURI. 75 tlio o.NC'option (»f Texas, and the territories since obtained by war and cession, and latterly by ])nrcliase, from Mexico. There has been no other instance in modern times, of a nation obtaininoj a territory so vast, and so valuable, with a title so entirely unques- tioned, on terms so excellent. This immense domain, which was known in the treaties initiated and consummated by Jefferson as Minister, and as President, as " The Colony or Province of Louis- iana," was originally taken possession of by France, through Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, and the Jesuit Fathers, France divided the conti- nent of North America with England, Russia, and Spain, no other European monarchy obtaining a foot-hold. Small cohmies from other luitions, were swallowed up b}- the larger propi'ietors. At the close of the " Old French War," in 17B8, when the Earl of Chatham was Minister, Canada had l)een wrested from the French as a ])art of the results of tlie prolonged hostility, called in Europe, the •'' Seven years War," the Government of France consented to re- linquish hersluireof the continent. The allied powers, which had reduced tlie nation to such terms, divided the spoil in this way: Spain obtained by cession the territory west of the Mississippi, of wliieh she made really little use, and Great Briain i-etained posses- sion of the country conquered during the war, including Canada and tlie regions to the north. Spain remained monarch of her share of the ceded territory, iintil long after the destruction of the French government, by revolution; and, in the year 1800, when Napoleon had become First Consul and actual Dictator, he compelled the Court of Madrid, by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, to restore the province to France. That cession was made the basis of the sale, subsecjuently effected by the treaty of April 30, 1803, under which, France ceded the territory to the United States; the consideration being that the French government should receive ,$11,250,000, and that certain claims held against France, by citizens of the United States, amounting in all, to about $3,750,000, should ])e liquidated by this government. President flefferson was authorized, by act of C'ongress, approved October 31, 1803, to take possession of the Louisiana Purchase, and to provide therefor, a tem))orary government. During the same session an act was j)assed, and aj)pj)rovt'd, March 2H, 1804, divioone, from the county of Montgomery, as commissioners, for the purpose oi selecting a suitable spot whereon to place the permanent seat of government. Consequent upon the death of Jesse B. Boone, one of the commissioners aforementioned, a supplementary act became necessary to appoint a successor. The required measure was passed and approved on the 28th of June, 1821, under which Daniel M. Boone, of the county of Gascidse; and an ;iuimated debate, wliicli threat- ened to revive all the old acriiiiuny, was ininiediately Initiated. The bone of contention was the provision, already mentioned, in the constitution, which recpiired tlie lei^islature to pass a law, or law.x. to prevent ne.<;-roes and mulattoes from coming into, or settling in the State, on any j)retext. The objection was raised in C\)ngi"ess that ••free negroes and mulattoes" were citizens in some States; and, therefore, that the clause in question was an in- fringement u]>on the rights of such as were guaranteed against infringement by the constitution of the United States, The words of the constitution are: "The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." The difficulty was increased by remonstrances from the legislatures of Vermont and New York, against the ••Missouri Compromise" of the preceding session, and the re- ception of the new State without the restriction of slavery There was good ground for iierv argument on either side. The right, nay more, the duty of Congress, to consider the consti- tution adopted by the State, was beyond (piestion; and there was no difficulty in showing that the j)roviso (pioted by the enemies of Missouri, must prove fatal to the pinvilegesof c<»lored citizens; but, on the other hand, it was contended that Missouri, as a ]»art of Louisiana, brought into the T^nion, iminemorial rights, which covered the otherwise objectionable clause, and the several acts arising, or that might logically arise, therefrom. Missouri was once more the war-ci'v (^f faction. ••Restriction" and "anti- Kestriction," as applied to slavery, wa> the test. Every inch of ground was fought with ])ertinacity, and compromise seemed to be imjiossible, in view of the spirit of the people North and South. The combatants would not in the slightest rela.x their demands for some time, and the tone of the speeches on each side became unusually harsh. The resolution introdnccfl in the House of Representatives for the admission of the State, was re- jected by a considerable majority, the vote being 79 to 93. In vain the select committee, to which the House had referred the ct)nstitutio'., presented aTi elaborate report recommending ad- 80 AN ILLUSTRATED mission. It was disagreed to by a majority even more decisive, the vote being 83 to 36, on the 11th of Febniary, 1821. Snbseqnently, after modifications had been introduced by tlie committee, npon a reconsideration, the friends of the ineasure having rallied their forces for the occasion, the members were nearly equal, as the re- jection was onh' accomplished by 83 votes against 80, and a re- consideration was carried by 101 to 66. Every phase of the question was argued from the beginning,, duriiig the session, which commenced so inauspiciously for Mis- souri. The rights of the South, which at a later day, were discussed on a more cruel battle field, lacked none of the vim of war, in the advocacy then observed ; but the terrible soUition was deferred for a season. The balance of power was endangered according to the views of even the ablest statesmen, by whatever conclusion might be arrived. In fact, there was a deliberate intention to change the I'clative strength of parties on either side, and in consequence a jealous watchfulness scanned every measure of policy which favored the admission of new States, whether slave or free. The rights (jf Missouri found able defenders on l)oth sides, as the Tle- strictionists were able to show that the State was not, and could not be a unit on this issue. Beyond all these points of difference loomed largely the moot question, whetlier '' Free negroes" could be considered as constitutionally entitled to the privileges of citi- zenship in all the States. Argument and exhaustive debate of- fered no solution to the difficulty; and, finally, for that time, it was due to the personal influence of Henry Clay, the great peace- nuiker, that a resolution to admit Missouri, passed the House by 91 to 07. The form of the resolution, and the restrictions em- bodied therein, rendered it unlikely that the Senate would agree; but such a proposition, in any form, passing the House, afforded a basis for subsequent action, Mr. Clay, who had declined being a candidate for the Speaker's chair, was better able on that account to use his good offices; and, on the 22d of February, he succeeded in carrying a resolution for a joint committee of the House and Senate, to haruionize the con- flicting interests by devising a common ground of agreement, by way of another compi-omise. The resolution was carried by 101 to 55; some who would not vote for the proposition having been ilisT<^KV OF Missorui. 81 induced to absent themselves tVuni the occasion. Four diiys later. Clay reported to the House the formula adopted by the joint committee, which was su))sequently embodied in the act it- self, the substance of the formula being, — ''On condition that the legislature of Missouri, by a solemn act, shall declare that the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the constitution shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any law by which any citizen, of either of the States of the Union, shall beexchuh'd from the enjoyment of any of the privi-leges to which such citizen is entitled under the constitution of the United States; and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday in November, 1821, an authentic copy of such act; that upon the receipt thereof, the President, l)y proclama- tion, shall announce the fact; whereu])on, without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of that State into the Union shall be considered as complete/' It now remained for the State of Missouri to carry that proviso into effect; and, in furtherance of that design, the Governor con- vened a special session of the legislature, in the town of St. Charles, on the 4th of June, 1821. The soUmuu public act de- manded by Congress was duly passed; l)ut it was preluded and followed by explanations, which were meant to guard the consti- tutional rights of the State from any consequent derogation. The moot point, as to "the citizenship of the free negroes," was not actually Y)assed upon, and on the l(»th day of August, 1821, the Icirislature of Missouri had delivered to the President of the United States, an authentic copy of the act which enabled him to issue his ])roclanuition on that day, that the reception of Missouri into the Union was complete. The State took rank accordingly, as the twenty-fourth in the federation. During the same session which, although called for a special ])ur- pose, was yet capable of entering u])on other business, being once as- sembled, the legislature established a delusive and ruinous banking system, which involved the State in financial embarmssments, and caused the absolute impoverishment of many citizens. The system of loan offices, commenced under the so-called banking system, was a well-nigh fatal error. The only other important business trans- acted was the formation of the counties of Scott and St. Francois. 82 AN ILI.ITST!{ATKI> Pursuant to a requirement of the State constitution whicli was adopted in July, .1820, a session of the General Assembly was held on the first Monday in ]S^)veInber, 18-21, on the sixth day of the month, in St. Charles. The session was, in all likelihood, brief and formal, almost ])erfunctory, as we find but little information as to its proceedings. Governor M'Nair referred in his message to the act of the previous session, establisliing loan, offices, to af- ford relief to persons suffering pecuniary embarrassments. A sufficient opportunity had not been affi»rded to prove their effi- ciencv,but the Governor intimated his belief that the State would realize great i-elief, if by any means the federal government could be induced "to receive the land-office money in payment for lands." The Banking-Loan office act authorized the Governor to receive, on behalf of the State, proposals for a loan of $200,(>00 ; but, considering the sensitive nature of the moneyed interest every- where, it is almost needless to say that no proposals were reported by his Excellency. With much propriety, while referring to that matter. Governor M'Nair said : '*We ought not to be flattered with the hope of restoring a metallic circulating medium, in a degree adeipiate to our exigencies, till we have drawn forth the latent riches with which the country is so bountifully blessed," He strongly urged the attention of the legislature, to the advantages to be derived i\\nn the proper employment of the lead mines and salt sjjrings with which tljfe country abounds; and also urged the cultivation of tobacco, as a means to increase the resources of the State. The first Directory published in and of the city of St. Louis, beju-s the date of the year in which the State was admitted into the Union. The volume was not large, but the information contained therein, is of great value to the" historian. The village of that time compares in a quaint and curious manner with the city of to-day. An elegant cathedral, commenced in 1818, was then being erected. The, writer says — "It is of brick, forty feet front, by one hundred and thirty-five in depth, and forty feet high. When completed, it will have a wing on each side, running its whole length, twenty-two and a half feet wide, and twenty-five feet high; giving a front of eighty-five feet. It is to have a sttH>])le the same height as the depth of the building. The work /^-^.-C^ J^. tlllEF Jl-f-TlCE OF Ml>fishoj» I)ii l)(>urg. — The town c()ntains ten common schools; a Baptist church, brick, forty by sixty; and an Episcopal church of wood. — There are forty-six mercantile establishments, three hotels, three weekly newsj)apers, fifty-seven grocers, twenty-seven attor- neys, and a large variety of mechanical shops and trades." It also appears that ''the town contained 154 dwelling houses (,»f brick and stone, and 10(3 of wood; in the nortliern j)art of the town; and 78 of brick and stone, and 223 of wood, in the s(»uth pai't; making 232 brick and stone, and 41 9 of wood, a total of 651 ." Tiie assessed value of taxable property in the corporation, for 1821, was about $940,J>2(), which gave about $3,703 tax. The population of the town was 5,500; and, with the county, 9,732. During the year 1821, the general government erected a grist- mill and saw-mill, at Council Bluffs, for the use of the United States troops, then stationed in tliat locality. Fifteen thousand busiiels of corn were raised in that vicinity: and some residents in Boone Lick settlement, sent flat-boats, loaded with produce, down the Missouri and Mississippi to New Orleans, to open up a market, which afterwards increased to enormous pi-oportions. The Presidential election, and the choice of Electors for the State, has been mentioned: the Electors chosen were William Shannon, John S. Brickey, and VV^illiam Christy. During the preceding session of Congress, the senators and representatives of the State, having been refused admission, tlie votes for President and Vice President could not be counted. The account of the struggle that preluded the admission of Missouri to the linion, has necessarily been somewhat ])rotracted, because, otlierwise, it would not have been possible to present the two "Missouri Questicuis." before and after the framing of the constitution; and the "Two (/ompromises," both due to the executive skill of Mr. Clay. The subjects compromised uj>on, seemed, at the time, widely different; although they were, in their essence, related; and both have, since that time, been com- prehensively settled, as the outcome of one of the gi-andest struggles ever seen in civili/ed society. It is important to pre- sent the twofold imbroglio, with some attention to detail, else the issues and the dates which distinguish the first tVom the sectMid 84 AN IJJA'STHATED Congressional tonrucUiieut iiiiglit be continindetl. AVhen tlie con- flict had commenced in 1820, the population of the State, as set forth in the census of the United States, was 66,58(i soul:-. The legislature of Missouri, at the session of 1822-3, passed , an act constituting the inhabitants of St. Louis a corpo- rate body, and vesting the corporate power in a mayor and nine aldermen. The town of St. Louis then contained 4,800 inhabitants. On the first Monday in April, 1828, an election was held for municipal officers, resulting in the election of William Carr Lane for mayor, and Thomas McKnight, James Kennerley, Philip llocheblane, Archibald Gamble, AVilliam II. Savage, Kobert Nash, James Lopez, Henry Von Phul and James Lack- nan, aldermen. Under the energetic administration of the mayor, the city was divided into wards; boundaries of streets were estab- lished; and other improvements, inaugurated. Reference has been made to the organization of the Missouri ' Fur Company and other parties, who, in pursuit of their busi- ness, made long voyages and excursions in the wilds of Missouri, in quest of ])eltries. Among those enterprising individuals was AVilliam H. Ashley. He became the head* of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, pushed his enterprises into the fast- nesses of the mountains, and discov'ered what is now called the Great Southern Pass. He made known to the world those distant lands, which had been before unexplored. He met with misfortunes that would have appalled and discouraged other men. The expedition embarked from St. Louis as early as the season would permit; and, within the first three months, he lost more than one-fourth of his men by violent deaths, and one-half of his pr<)])erty by accident, deceit and war. On the second of July, his party was attacked by the A'Ricaree Indians, and a bloody battle ensued, resulting in the loss of no less than twelve of his men killed, and several wounded. After, this occurrence, he ])roceeded to his establishment, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, which he at lengtli reached; and, with great promptitude, secured hi& boats and other property from the danger of further depreda- tions by the Indians, and went in ])ursuit of his plundered property, among the Hudson Bay Fur Company traders, and their Indian dupes, whom they had enticed into murdering and HISTOUV OI' MISSOTKI. 85 muruuding. It was while 'in |»iirsuit of a s(^uad of traiis- mountain Indians, that he was led into the gateway of the (rreat So'.ithern l*ass (before referred to i, and the direct road to the tVnition of all his ho|)es for wealth, honoi-and rewards. He suh- i^eqnently sold out his furs for a large sum, and (jnietly returned to St. Louis, where he |»urchabed a beautiful site for a residence, uear the ( )ld Reservoir, and expended a portion of his hard-earned wealth in building up and beautifving .the city, and his own traiKjuil home. The Missouri Fur Company, one of tlie strongest and most active engaged in trade, had at its head Dr. Pilcher, a most dis- tinguished Indian fur trader; Jienjamin ()'Fall<»n was one of the princi]ial j)artners, and, at the same time, one of the most etticient Hinted States agents for Indian Atfairs. Dr. Pilcher had the uiaiuigement of the company's affairs; and. in conduct- ing the same, lie engaged two of the most expert and experienced men of that day to assist him, named Jones and Immell. These two men were sent forward by Pilcher, in comnuind of a party Cfirrving large quantities of goods to the company's store-house, near the mouth of the Yellowstone river. When lu'ar the end of their journey, they were attacked by about four hundred Blackfeet Indians, and both the leaders and five others of the party were slain, and all the ]»roperty, amounting to $ir),()()0, taken. The Pur C(»mpanies survived every disaster, and continued to carry on trade and trapping in the Rocky Mountains, foi- some years afterwards. This commerce enriched St. Louis, but the danger and hazards of the business greatly diminisheoli- ticians, the great hody of the ^[issonrians were more |)rotitably eiiga^-ed in ])reparing for the I'ising greatness ig Mound," "Iron Mountain," and " Pilot Knob," to view the grandeur of the scene, than which few could be more fascinating and sublime in all the works of nature or art. These, however, have forever passed away in the raj)id march of ini])rovement and the ever- changing panorama of human affairs; and Ave aiv left with but a feeble descri])tion of those common, grand and sublime exhibitions of nature, interest and accidents of those early days in Missouri and Illinois.' On the I()th of November, at the opening of the legislature, Governor M'Naii' sent to that body his closing message, in which he said that since the last session commissioners to select salt springs had been appointed, and the report of the revisors of the laws of the State pi-epared and published. He inferred to the bus- ness operations with JS'ew Mexico and the military expedition of the government for the protection of trade, and to the action of (yongress relating to the improvement of the Mississi])pi river. (xovernor Bates, on taking ])ossession of the executive de- partment, sent a message to the legislature (on the 17th,) saying that he was disposed strongly to co-operate with the General As- sembly in all measnres calculated to promote the general welfare, and advance the prosperity of the State; and further that he must ac(|uire the confidence of the General Assembly before he could, with decent propriety, or with fair prospects of success, submit to them his views of the leading subjects of legislation. On the 2}Hh of November, the legislature, in joint convention, proceeded to elect a United States senator, to fill the place of David Barton, whose term expired March 4. 1825; Mr, Barton was re-elected for the full term of six years. 1 She|>ard"s Rarly History of St. l.ouia and Mi-^.-ouri, p. 74. Wf) pamm OIIAPTEU IX. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FREDERICK BATES, ABRAHAM J. WILLIAMS AND JOHN MILLER. 1824—1828. Tlie election of Governor Frederick Bates lias been referred to in tlie precedinijj c'liaj)ter. His message to the General Assembly of 1824-5 was fnll of e.xcellent sujjijestions. I)urini could be made to afford. His attempt, therefore, to retire from tlic mayorality in the s])ring of 1825, would not be listened to by the ]ieo]>le; and he was re-elected each succeeding year by ac- 90 AN IM.USTKATKD clamation, as long as lie could be pei'suaded to hold the office. Front sti'eet, or the Levee, as it is now called, then had no ex- istence as a street, or landing, except at the east end of a few cross streets. The formation of this front into one grand continous landing, levee, or wharf, attracted the early attention of the mayor, and he was ]>roinpt in placing it before the ])ublic eye for con- sideration. The St. Louis public then viewed the project as vis- ionary, unnecessary, and impossible; and it required years before those interested in its completion could l)e persuaded to acquiesce and willingly aid in its execution. Dr. Lane, however, lived to see his plan universally approved, and so far carried out as to afford berths for more than one hundrtid steamboats at a time, to lie discharging and receiving freight, and crowded by com- mercial transactions and travelers. This was his chief reward for his services as mayor, for his yearly salary was but three hun- dred dollars, for peforming all the duties of this responsible office. But few benefactors of St. Louis have left a more honorable record than the first mayor, and none deserve a more prominent niche in its temple of fame, for examples of industry, i)erseverance and fidelity. On the 28th of April, 1825, news was received of the arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette at Carondelet. He remained at i\vdt village during the night, aiid early next morning embarked for St. Louis, only four miles distant. More than half the popula- tion of the city, which was then about five thousand, turned out on this occasion. When the boat landed that contained the dis- tinguished visitor, he was immediately ushered into a carriage prepared for his reception, followed by William ('arr Lane, mayor of the city, Stephen Hempstead, an officer of the Revolution, and Auguste Chouteau, the chief in command of the pioneer band who laid the foundation of the city. The carriage was an open barouche, and proceeded uj) Market street to Main, escorted by Captain (Tand)le's troop of horse and Captain Hill's company of infantry; thence to the mansion of Pierre Ciiouteau, Sen., corner of Locust and Main streets, who had kindly opened his home for the reception of the General and his friends. Laf- ayette was, at this time, sixty-eight years of age, and was ac- companied by his son, George Washington Lafayette. The party HISTORY OF MISSOFRl. 91 were guests of the city, and received every possible attention. In the evening, a splendid ball was given, at which was the elite of the city; and after it, a sumptuous suj^per. Every social requisi- tion was called into being that might give evidence of grateful re- spect to the distinguished guest. An expedition was orgsmized undei- General Atkinson for Yel- low Kiver, in the month of May, of this year, consisting of -475 Government troops, occompanied by Msijor O'Fallon and (xeneral Clark. Treaties were concluded with the Kansas and Osagfe In- dians, for the cession of all the lands which they held within the State, and also for a considerable district of country west of Mis- souri and Arkansas. The sum of $8,000 was appropriated by the treaties for indemnities. In this year, the lirst movement was made to survey a road across the plains, in order to facilitate a direct trade with New Mexico. In the month t)f June, Major Sibley, who was one of the commissioners appointed by the Government, set out from St. Louis, accompanied by J. C. Brown, as surveyor, and Archibald (xamble, as secretaiy, with seven wagons laden with goods, for the purpose of trading with the tribes of Indians on the route, and fully to survey the most direct road to Santa Fe. This route afterwards became the great highway of the Santa Fe trade, and has been in constant use for nearly fifty years, without visible change in its location. After the death of Governor Bates, before his term of office had expired, Abraham J. Williams, president of the Senate, and ex-officlo Governor, acted as Governor until the election to fill the vacancy, in September. Among the prominent candidates to be voted for at this election, were Hufus Easton, David Todd, William C. Carr, and John Millei-. After an exciting political campaign, in which the antecedents oH all the candidates were thoroughly brought before the public, eulogized or misrepresented as the friends or opponents favored or contemned them, John Miller was elected. He received 2,380 votes, William C. (Jarr 1,470, and David Todd 1,113. The population of the Stiite this year was ^2,000. In the spring of 182H. the industrial pursuits of Missouri were in a flourishing condition. The people saw themselves relieved 92 AN ILLUSTUATKD from the evils of credit and banking systems; they seemed en- couraged in their laudable efforts by the ready sale of all their sur- plus products to the constantly increasing numbers of new coiners crowding into the State in search of homes, which o])ened up a more extended field for their industrial operatit)ns and enter- prises. Everything seemed to have a natural growth and stimu- lant. Trade, though not brisk, was greatly extended, and steadily increasing. All freighting was now done by steamboats. The mining for lead, in the vicinity of Dubuque and Galena (Fevre river), gave great animation to all commercial operations con- nected with the trade on the upper Mississippi, and during the year doubled the amount on that stream, which has since in- creased to its present magniticent proportions. The fur trade on the Missouri was prosecuted with its usual activity, but not in the laborious mode of former years. Steamboats had taken the ]>lace of barges, engines had assumed the labors of men, and steam had annihilated distance and time. Trappers, hunters, and 'voijageurs no longer paid their yearly visits in barges, to St, Louis; — a new age had overtaken and expelled them. The seat of government having been removed from St. Charles to the city of Jefferson, the fourth session of the General Assembly met there on the twentieth of November, 1826. At this session, on the 29th of December, Thomas H. Benton was re-elected United States Senator, for six years; and was thrice af- terwards re-elected to the same office, \yhich he filled thirty con- secutive yesirs, fnun the commencement of the State government to March 4t]i, 1851. Governor Miller, in his annual message, spoke in feeling terms of the death of Ex-Presidents Adams and Jefferson, on the fourth of July just passed. He referred also to the condition of the rev- enue, and said that considerable pro])ei-ty, some 307,000 acres of land, had not been assessed, as ascertained from statistics. He complained that great injustice had been done to settlers, by the act of Gongress in relation to the reservation of mineral lands. He spoke of the ])rovince of New Mexico and of the business connected therewith, by the State; and recresident^>/'o teni.^o^ the Sen- ate and J. S. Langhan, secretary; Alexander Stuart was chosen speaker of the Assembly and S. C. Owen, chief clerk. Forty-six laws were enacted, among which was one; enabling aliens to hold real estate — one to organize the counties of Jackson and Marion — and one regulating the office of secretary of State, Sup[)lementary laws connected with judicial circuits, grand jurors, and court offices were also passed. A memorial to Congress for the selection of 25,000 acres of land, donated for seminary purposes, was adopted. The legislature adjourned January 3, 1827. At the elections in the tall of 1S26, Edward Bates was elected to Congress over John Scott. Both of the candidates were favorable to the administra- tion. The immigration to the State during the year wjis large, and gave to it a valuable accession of inhabitants. The debt of the State was set down at $149,237.39; and the available funds, at $13,946.96. There was an amount of debt due from the several loan offices equal to $72,799.33; of which the available value de- pended on the decision of a case pending in the Supreme Court of the United States, as to the right of the State to recover from the borrowers of the loan othce certificates, their par value in specie. In the year 1824, the lead mines of Missouri paid no rent to the General Govermuent. In the year 1825, the tithes received amounted to about seven thousand dollars, and the year 1826 more than doubled the preceding one. "When lands in the State were sold, reservations were made by the government of particular portions, supposed to abound in lejid; the quantity thus reserved was about 150,000 acres: of this, about 9,000 liad been leased, leaving 141,000 unoccupieloy a large force of hands, and furnish lead sufficient for almost every nation upon the earth. The manner of obtaining the oi-e. as practised at that time, was extremely simple. The miners, or rather, diggers, dug pit holes in the earth of depth varying from ten to thirty or forty feet. The ore was fcmnd in detached masses, from an ounce to several hundred pounds weight. It is the com- 94 AN IJ^LFSTKATKD mull (Taleiia, frequently mixed with iron pyritet^ and sul])hate of bary tes ; when found, free from foreign substance, it yields about seventy per cent, on smelting. The ore that e(|uals the last figure, was purchased by the smelters at the rate of eight cwt. of lead for a ton, being an allowance of thirty per cent. — thus se- curing the smelter thirty-five per cent. The smelting was done in small furnaces, erected at suitable situations; and it is said, that after deducting almost every item of expense, and calculating for liberal prices for labor, the smelter had a net profit of twenty dol- lars per ton on his labor. Some idea may be formed of the rich- ness of these mines, from the fact that in 1828 and 1824, the amount of mineral ore obtained at the Red River mines was about 200,000 ])ouiids; in 1825, 672,"000 pounds; in 1826, 748,000 pounds; and in 1827, 5,080,000 pounds. The lands contiguous to the mines had already increased in value: and there had accrued to the ITujted States for leases during the preceding year, thous- ands of dollars. In the early part of the year, there was a general removal i»f all the Indians from the State. The Kansas removed first, and the Shawanese and the lowas followed. The proceedings connected with their removal appear to have been conducted with much moderation and credit to the people. ^,c^ti-^y(^^ .lUDOE U. S. DISTRICT COURT. BENJAMIN D. DEAN CHAPTER X. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOHN MILLER. 1828—1832. The quadrenniul election for State oflficers was to be held in 1828, and the most active and ethcient j)re])arations, were made in good season bv both j)arties, to bring forward all their strength. There were no railroads or telegraphs in those davs, noi- many weekly mails; therefore carriers for the distribn- tion of hand-bills and messages were in great demand. The conntry was full of patriots who were willing to serve theii- coun- try, and the State was over-run with patriotic candidates for every office to be tilled. ( )n the -Ith of August, the canvass was termin- ated. Hon. John Miller was the only candidate whose friends continued their candidates name before the voters for the office of Governor, and he was, of course, elected. The office of Lieutenant- Governor was closely contested by five candidates — Samuel Perry, Pelix Scott, Alexander Stuart, Daniel Dunklin, and Alexander Buckner. Dunklin was elected. There were three ])rominent candidates for representative in (\»ngress, at the commencement 4»f the canvass— Edward Bates, William Oarr Jiane, and Spencer Pettis. The lirst was on the Whig ticket, and the two latter on the Democratic ticket; and so nearly did the frieiuls of the last two seem to be balanced, that they submitted the question to Ben- ton, to say which should be the candidate, ti> secure the election of one of them. Benton gave a ])n»m])t decision in favor of Mr. Pettis, which was promulgated by handbills throughout the State, and resulted in his election. In the month of January of this year, a meeting was held by the friends of General Jackson, at Jefferson City, to nominate an electoral ticket to be voted for at the Presidential election, to be held on the 3d of ^'ovember of the year, when Missouri had but three electoral votes. Dr. John Bull, of Howard county, Ben- jamin O'Fallon. of St. Louis crotection of the frontier, and also requested the aid of the United States troops. A body of men was dispatched in pursuit of the Indians. Imt returned without having seen them. The business between Missouri and the Mexican settlements was ])rusecuted with much success, during this year. In the month of Xovember, a party of twenty citizens of Fayette, reached their homes, in good liealth and spirits, having realized satisfactory profits from their investments. The aggregate amount 98 AN ILLUSTRAT?^,!) of tlieii- returns was about $240,000. Tliev were escorted by a body of Mexicati troops to the boundarv line between their govern Mieut and the Unitenl States, wliere Majoi' Riley's conunand was stationed; and thus the protection of a niilitarv escort was aftbrded thi'ouirh the whctle extent of country, from Santa Fe to our tVontier. The JJranch Bank of tlie United States was established during the year, in St. Louis, with Colonel John O'Fallon as president, and Henry S. Coxe, cashier. During the years this institution was in existence, it had the entire contidence of the community, and was of manifest advantage to the business of the city, as well as the State. Its directors were business men and men of honor, and, unlike the banks which had previously an existence in St. Louis, it closed its career in good credit. At the sessioji of the legislature held in November, 1829, Alexander Buckner was elected United States Senator on the first ballot, in the place of David Barton. Mr. Buckner received 34 votes, John Millei- 27, and AV. A. Ashley 2 votes. All the oj)ponents of the national administration voted for Buckner, and five others. The legislature also sanctioned a memorial, de- claring it to be the duty of the federal Government to construct works of internal improvement, and praying for an appropriation for the removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and for the continuation for the ( Cumberland road. Laws were passed providing for a contingent fund of $3,000; to supple- ment an act establishini;; judicial circuits; concerning: crimes and punishments; prescribing boundaries of the counties of Bike, N^ew Madrid and Saline; to regulate cliancerv proceedings, and to extejid the time for the redemption of lands sold for taxes. In 1S30, there was considerable excitement in St. Louis, relative to the decision of .Fudge J. II. Peck, of the United States District Court, regarding some extensive land claims, which some of the old French inhabitants contended had been granted to them, under the Sj)anish domination. Judge Peck was a jurist who could only be convinced by a chain of reasoning, and very IS.'IO. ' " Ir) »/ I >roperly viewed with prejudice and suspicion, all claims which were not suj)ported by pro])er legal proof. The cases in (jiiestion were August*^ Chouteau and others against tlie United lirs|<)i;v oi' MISsoi'UI. 99 Stp of his friends, but was released, after a few hours' confinement, by a writ of habeas corpus. In retaliation for wliat he considered an outrage upon his feelings and a tyran- nictd display of authority, he went to Washington and made charges against Judge Peck, before the House of Pe]>resentatives. After a careful investigation of the case, the impeachment was . :J41. 100 ATi ILLUSTRATED ■yveiglit of the burden they bore. With the improvemejits of the age, this article had become }3lentiful at tlie great seaports, but covetous rulers had watched its charius, and had seized it as one of the most available objects from which to collect a large reve- nue, and imposed a tax on it of over two hundred per centum on its cost, and continued it fifteen years in time of peace, until the people had despaired of relief, and nearly forgot the burden they bore, when they were entirely relieved of it by one of their senators." The speech of Senator Benton on the salt tax, fonns a j^art of the history of Missouri, as it enlightened the people of the State in regard to the quality, value, and uses of the different kinds of salt in the markets, and added much to that knowledge which has elevated the character of Missouri meats in all sections where they are exposed for sale. At the Congressional election this year — 1830 — Spencer Pettis was re-elected by a large majority over David Barton, who had lately retired from the United States Senate, and who had been brought forward by liis friends as a candidate for mem- ber of Congress, Mr. Pettis had a personal controversy with Major Biddle. in the public ])rints, during the canvass, wliich led to a melancholy termination. A challenge passed from Pet- tis to Biddle, which was accepted, and the parties met on the sand bar, opposite the city of St. Louis, August 27th. The lat- ter gentleman being near-sighted, he, as the challenged party, stipulated five feet as the distance at wliich they were to fight. On the first fire, both were mortally wounded. Biddle was shot, the ball lodging within the abdomen. Pettis Avas shot in the side, just below the chest, tlie ball passing entirely through the body. Both parties are said to have conducted themselves with remarkable coolness; and supposing the wounds to be mortal (which })roved to be the Cfise), they exchanged forgiveness 1ii)on tlie ground. Major Biddle was a paymaster in the army, and brother of Nicholas Biddle, President of the Bank of the United States, and Commodore Biddle of thie navy. The death of Mr. Pettis left ]\rissouri without a representative in the lower House of Congress, and necessitated another election, to fill the vacancy in the twentv-first Congress, A special yo.^^^.^ Ifi^f^^^yt^-^t^J^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. • 101 election was tlierefore ordered bv tlie Governor for tliat ]>urpo8e, juul tlie known ])o])nlarity of General William 11. Ashlov i>ointed him ont as the most suitable candidate to represent the State, and he was elected, almost without oj)])osition, to that office, for tlu' remainder of the twenty-llrst Congress, and re-elected to the twentv- second Congress. The United States census, taken in 1830, gave the population at 140,455 iidiabitants, of which 569 were free colored, and 25,(>i>l were slaves. This showed a rapid increase in population, it having been more than doubled in the last decade; and other statistics ex- hibited an equally flattering condition of everything that tended to the rising greatness of the State. In the month of May, 1831, a new and handsome steamboat belonging to the American Fur Company arrived at St. Louis and proceeded to the mouth of the Yellowstone, wiiere was situated the highest trading establishment on the Missouri. This point is about nineteen hundred miles above St. Louis; not more than six hundred miles by water, and a much less distance by land from the base of the Rocky Mountains. At that date, it is believed no steamboat had ])assed ('ouncil ]>luffs, which is situated one-third of the distance between St. Louis and the mouth of the Yellowstone. In the spring of 1832, the people of the State were much alarmed by the niovements of Black Hawk and the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebago Indians, who had violated their treaty with the United States, by removing east of the Missis- sippi; and had invaded with lire and scalping-knife, the unpro- tected frontier settlers of Illinois. The horrible atrocities com- mitted by them alarmed the whole of the pioneer settlers, and they deserted their homes and removed into tlie tbickly settled country, where they could be in comparative safety fr<»ni their barbarous foes, leaving their liomes and property utiprotected. The proximity of these hostilities to the Missouri bonk>r caused Governor Miller to adopt measures to avert the calamities of an invasion, which then seemed imminent. In the month of May, lie ordered Major-General Gentry, of Columbia, to raise without delay one thousand mounted volunteers for the defense of the frontiers, to be held in readiness tt> start at a monuMit's 102 , AX ILI.rsTKATKI) warning. General Gentry, on the 29th day of May, issued orders to Brigadier-Generals Miens and Riggs, to raise the re(|uired quotii suitably provided for any emergency. Five companies were raised in Boone county, and others in Cal- loway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls and Monroe. Two companies were mustered into service for thirty days, and, under the command of Major Conyer, pi'oceeded to the mouth of the Des Moines river, to range from thence to the head waters of Salt river and on towards the main Chariton. This detachment, accom})anied by General Gentry in person, took up the line of March for the northern frontier, arriving at Pal- myra, July 10th, and at Fort Pike on the 15th. This fort was built by Captain Mace, and was situated ten miles from the mouth of the Des Moines, in wliat is now Clark County. Finding that no hostile Indians had crossed into Missouri, General (xentry ordered work to be discontinued on Fort Madison, situated sixty- five miles fixmi Fort Pike, and left for Columbia, where he ar- rived July 19th. Major Conyer's detaclnnent was left at the lal.ter post. On the 5th of August, the last named officer was re- lieved by two other companies. In September, the Indian troubles seemed to have subsided. All the troops on the northern frontier were mustered out of ser- vice. Thus ended the Black Hawk war in Missouri. It did not. however, end in Illinois or Wisconsin. The General Govern- ment sent out in the spring a large det^ichment of troo})s from Jeiferson barracks, under the charge of General Atkinson, to chastise the Sacs and Foxes. On the 29th of August, Black Hawk was captured by two Winnebagoes, and delivered to the United States officers at Prairie du Chien. The news that President Jackson had vetoed the re-charter of the United States Bank, produced great excitement in St. Louis. The people had suffered from the first Missouri Bank, the St. Louis Bank, and the Loan Office, but the Branch Bank of the United States, since its establishment, had ])«»ssessed the confi- dence of the citizens, and had given them a healthful, unfiuctuat- ing currency; and much indignation was felt at the act of the Chief Magistrate, in ])roducing the dissolution of an institution, which they thought had existtnl oidy for the welfare of the Union. lllSTOItY OF MISSOUKl. 1 0.S On receipt of the news of the veto, a meeting of the citizeni? of the cit}' and conntv of St. Louis was called (•Tnly, 1832) to <^ive puhlic expression to their disapprobation. Resolutions were drafted strongly exju'essive of indignation. l)y a committee apj)ointed for that purpo.se. The friends of Creneral .Facks^ui also held a meeting to declare their approbation of the veto. In their view, tlie death was desirable of an institution, which. frr)m its enormous ca])ital, would have such a controlling influence as not oidy to crush at pleasure every other moneyed institution, but wouhl insinuate its corrupt tendencies in our Congressional halls and sway the councils of the Republic. This being the last year of the administratioTi of (xovernor .lohn Miller, there was an active ])olitical canvass for his successor. There M'ere three candidates for (Tovernor: John Bull, Samuel C. Davis, and Daniel Dunklin. The returns of the election held in August showed that Mr. Dunklin ( Jackson candidate ) received 9.121 votes, and Mas elected; J(Jin Bull (Anti-Jack- son), 8,035; S. C. Davis, 386; John Smith, 314. Lilburn W. Boggs was elected LieutenaTit-Governoi*, over McClelland; the former receiving 8,361 votes, and the latter 7,641. .Vt the same election AV^illiam H. Ashley received 9,498 votes, for Congress; Robert W. Wells, 8,836. Ashley continued in office until 1836. During the summer, that dreadful scourge, the Asiatic cholera, visited St. Louis, carrying desolation to many a fireside. The number of deaths averaged, for several days, more than thirty j)er day: and for two weeks, there were about twenty victims to the disease daily. It continued its rav^ages for about a month, and then disapjjesired. CHAPTER XI. A.DMINISTRA.TIONS OF GOVERNORS DANIEL DUNKLIN AND LILBURN W. BOGGS. 1832—1836. A session of the legislature was held at the seat of govern- ment, commencing November 19, 1832. Thomas Reynolds, of Howard county, was elected speaker of the House, and Albert G. Harrison, of Calloway county, chief clerk; Henry Shurlds was chosen secretary of the Senate. On the 22d, Governor Dunklin delivered his inaugural message, in which he suggested the importance of keeping the militia well organized and disciplined for the safety and protection of the frontier. He de- voted much space to the subject of the renewal of the charter of the United States Bank, by Congress, to which renewal he ex- pressed hia decided objections. Governor Miller, on retiring froui oiRce, stated, in his message, that Missouri was flourishing and })rosperous. lie referred to the increased emigration to the State, and to the fact that many citizens had fallen victims to the cholera. Thomas H. Benton was re-elected United States Senator, receiving forty-six votes, and liis opponent, Abraham J. Williams, twelve votes. John Walker was elected State Treas- urer, receiving fifty-four votes, and J^. J>. Reed fourteen votes. Xinety-six public acts and thirty-seven private ones were enacted at this session. Amendments to the State constitution were pro- posed, one changing the tenure of judicial offices and making the three judges of the Supreme Court elected by the legisla- ture for the term of six years — one judge to vacate his office every second year; also one })roposing to extend the boundary of the State with the consent of (Congress. An act was passed, a})})ortion- ing the members of the leijislature amoni; the several counties c5 too and twenty-two Senatorial districts, sending twenty-four Senators. The three per cent, fund, received from the United States, was or- dered to be divided rateablv amonir the several counties of the IIISTOKY OF MItJyOUKl. 105 State, to be applied under the direction of the county court to nudcing and repairing roads and bridges and constructing canals; and the courts were to report annually to the legislature, the mode in which it had been expended. " An act was also passed, ordering a revision of the statute laws enacted since 1S25. Nine counties were organized, and acts were passed defining their boun- daries. The (rovernor was authorized to pay off the State debt; and a State Penitentiary was ordered to l)e built. Resolutions were passed, — one ap])roving the principles and doc- trines laid down in the veto on the bill re-charterintr the United States Bank; one disapproving of Clay's Land Bill; and one "in- structing the senators, and requesting the representatives of the State, to use their best exertions to accelerate the extinction of the federal title to the public domain in the Western States, by a gen- eral pre-emption law; by graduating the price to the quality of the land; by granting donations to the poor and actual settler; and finally by ceding the land to the States." According to a census taken under a law of the State, in 1832, the population was — white males, Tr),000; white females, 67, 373; slaves, 32,184; free persons of color, 681: total, 176,236. The whole amount of the revenue of the State, was $62,312.86, of which the city and county of St. Louis paid $18,507.90. Gov- ernor Dnidvlin resigned his office, September 30, 1836, he having been appointed Surveyor-General of the United States; and Lieu- tenant-Governor L. W. Boggs filled the balance of the official term. .John Bull, of Howard county, was elected a member of Congress, at the election in August. The Mormons, who had made a settlement in Jackson county, became very obnoxiotis to the other settler;^ in that section. In the month of July, 1833, a meeting of the citizens to the number of four or five hundred was held to take measures to rid themselves of these persons. A committee was appointed, who submitted an address, which was unanimously adoj)t.ed, in which the conduct and views of this sect were ex- ])osed. It represented that the Mormons numbered some twelve hundred souls in that county; and that, at each successive spring and autumn, they poured forth in swarms among the ])eople, with a gradual falling off in tlie character of the latter, until they had 106 AX I M.nSTKATKD nearly readied the low condition of the black population. The address stated, also, that tlie citizens had heeii daily told that they were to be cut off' and tlicir lands appropriated to the Mor- mons for Inheritances. The ei»niniittee ex})ressed their fears that should the population still increase, they M'ould soon have all the offices of the cints were almost entirely deserted by them, where vast numbers had always before been seen. One of the prominent measures discussed in Congress,- about this time, was the removal of all the Indians to permanent homes west of the Mississippi river and the white settlements. In this mwisure, Missouri was deeply interested; as that part <»f the State included in a triangle beyond the old west line and the Missouri river was free Indian territory, very fertile and \ery desirable, but an eye-sore and nuisance in possession of savages. This triangle was desirable for Missouri to possess, and she at- tained it in the most honorable and ])eaceful manner, through the statesman shi]> and wisdom of tlu' two senators and two repre- 10« AN ILLUSTRATED sentatives in Coii<^res>' from the State, with the aid of tlieir politi- cal and personal friends. The territory thus obtained includes several large fertile counties of the State, which are unsurpassed in })oint of health, location, or beauty, and add much to its symmetry and local advantages. The General Assembly convened on the 18th of November, 1834. The House was organized by the election of John Jameson, speaker, and James B. Bowlin, clerk; W. B. Napton was chosen secretary of the Senate — the Lieutenant- Governor presiding over that body. Governor Dunklin, in his message, said that the ordinary expenses of the State, for the years 1835 and 1836, would amount to $90,000, and the estimated amount of taxes to $115,000. He took strong ground on the State Bank question; said that the new State Prison was nearly completed; referred to the action of the people of Jackson county on the expulsion of the Mormons ; to the election of a United States Senator, to fill the place of Hon. Alexander Buck- ner, deceased; to the United States Bank and the removal of the deposits; and to the prosecution of the Cumberland road. Lewis F. Linn was, at this session, elected United States Senator, receiving seventy-live votes on joint ballot. Laws were passed to regulate the interest on money; to ascertain the north- ern and southern boundary of the State; to organize certain coun- ties; to abolish lotteries; to establish judicial circuits; and to defray the expenses of government, appropriating $113,050 for that purpose. At the election held this year for Members of Congress, William IL Ashley (anti-YanBuren) received 12,836 votes; Albert G. Har- rison (Van Bnren^-recei'Ved 10,854)A-otes; Birch (anti-Yan '***■*■ Buren) 8,823; Strother(Yan Buren) 10,667: Ashley and Harrison were elected. The votes for the Constitutional conven- tion were 5,445; againsfit, 10,756. The immigration into tlie State this year was unprecedented. One fact will convey to the reader the increasing commerce of the city of St. Louis. On the night of the 11th of November, 1835, eight steamboats arrived at the wharf. Tlie railroad mania had commenced to seize upon some of the old States bordering on the Atlantic, and the journals of the HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 109 whole eonntrv were teeming witli the advantages wliieh a success- ful trial of the new system of improvement had indicated, in the section of the country where it was cjirried into eifect. The citi- zens of St. Louis immediately caught the contagion, and deter- mined that their own exertions should no4 be wanting. An In- ternal Improvement convention was called, to which the different counties in the State interested in the movement were invited. On the 20th of May, the convention met, and it was voted that the consti-uction of two railroads should be recommended to the legislature; one from St. Louis to Fayette, and one to the iron and lead mines in the southern part of the State. To support and further the enterprfsing objects of the convention, the county court appropriated two thousand dollars, to be expended in de- fraying the expenses connected with the survey. In the month of April, a destructive tire occurred in St. Louis, in the heart of the city, in which the unfinished brick cathedral, one hundred and thirty-five feet in depth and forty feet in front, and many other buildings were destroyed ; also, about fifty horses and much other valuable property. The citizens of St. Louis were much interested in the prosecu- tion of the National road across the States, which was to pass through the large western cities. A public meeting was held to memorialize Conofress to construct the road through to St. Louis and for its extension to Jefferson City and regions further west. The quadrennial election for State officers was held in the month of August, 1836; and, as was customary with democrats in the days of General Jackson's administration, the ^^^^ leaders of the party met, on the 8tli day of January, at Jefferson City, and nominated candidates for the first offices of the State. Lilburn W. Boggs was nominated for Governor, and Franklin Cannon for Lieutenant-Governor. At a later period, the whig party nominated William H. Ashley for Governor, and James Jones for Lieutenant-Governor. At the election, 27,872 votes were ])olled. Boggs was elected Governor and Cannon Lieutenant-Governor. The year 1886 was memorable for the revolt of Texas from the Mexican Republic, and the war that ensued. About one hundred young men, from St. Louis, had proceeded to that country the pre- 11 U AN ILMfSTKATKI) ceding ye{ir, to assist the Texans, v?'lit)-were, many of tliem, tlieir friends and relatives. This circumstance enlisted the sympathy of Missourians in the Texas cause. The news of the victory of San Jacinto was received with demonstrations of joy. Amoiio; those who had gone to Tex«s, was Stephen F. Austin, of St. Louis, after wliom the city of Austin derived its name. The thorough canvass of the State before the election in Au- gust of this year, and the public results of that election, had so completely developed the strength of each party, that the Presi- dential election m Missouri, excited but little interest. The re- sult showed George F. Bollinger, John Sappington, William Monroe, and Abi-ahain Byrd, democrats, duly elected Presiden- tial electors, to cast the vote of the State of Missouri, on the 6th day of December, 1886. Accordingly, on that day, they met at the seat of government, affreeablv to law, and voted for Martin \'an Buren, for President, and Richard M. Johnson for Vice- President. The vote of the State stood, for electors of Van Buren, 10,1^95; for William Henry Harrison, 7.337. CHAPITER XTT. ADMrNISTRA.TI()X OF GOVERNOR LILBUHN W. BOGGS. 1H;S6— 1H40. The first session of the ninth (Tenerul Assembly convened on the 21st day of November, 183H. The House of Representa- tives M'as (.»rganized by the election of John Jameson as speaker, and Thomas C. Bnrch as chief clerk. Franklin (Jannon, actinir Lieutenant-Crovernor, took his seat as president of the Senate, flames L. Minor beiny; elected secretarv. On the followinjjf dav, L. W. IJogtcs, acting Governor of the State, sent to the legisla- ture his annual message. "Our State," said he, "continues rap- idly to advance in population. The tide of emigration which has been flowing westward, brings with it an increased and increas- ing accession of wealth, intelligence and virtue; and Missouri bid*i fair at no distant period to hold an exalted rank among her sisters of tlie confederacy." '* The amount of revenue,'- lie con- tinued, "paid into the treasury during the two fiscid years ending the HOth of Septend»er, 1S36, was $134,189.82, and the expen- euditures, however, are included $8,333.^^3, fc»r building jail and penitentiary, and the further sum of 6,413.80, appro- priated by special acts of the last General Assembly; to which may be added $25,000, for the pay of the last legislature, a sum o\er the ordinary expenses of that body. Deducting these sums from the amount of the expenditures, it will leave a balance in favor of the receipts of the last two fiscal years of $37,021, 03. The State debt on the 1st of October, 1834, was $48,526.11, of which $25,621.31, including principal and interest were owing to the Seminary fund; the balance of $22,904.80 being due the Saline fund. Since whicii time there have been borrowed of the seminary fund under the authority of law, $10,0(>0, and likewise tlie further sum $23,1 !;*>.< '7. iindrr :in act of the (TtMK'rai .Vssem- 112 AiSr ILLUSTRATED bly. approved ir»th of March, 1835. This made the amount of the State debt on the Ist of October, 1836, $87,819.90, including interest $7,897.45 on the amount due the seminary fund. De- ductinjr from this amount, owing by the State, the sum ot ,933,- 159.75, the bahince of revenue in tlie treasury on the 1st of October, 1836, it will show the amount of the State debt on that day to be 854,659.32." The Governor recommended, among other things, the erection of anew State House;. the establishment of a State Bank; the building of railroads; the organization of the several judicial circuits; and the extension of the National lioad. On the 23d, the. two Houses met to count the votes for Gover- nor and Lieutenant-Governor, — when the president j!?rincinnati Commercial Agency had been established some years in St. Louis, and had gained the confidence not only of the citi- zens of the St. Louis, but of the general government, which had deputized it its fiscal agent. It had assumed the business of the iiiil^^ lliiiinniii'iildliiaii'lliiliaiiiniiiii in: :ii,ii:;, ;i;j:i,.,;-,.i.'Mlii:ii;i!iii: c/u^^ StCHETAlIV OF MTATt. lUSTOUY OF MISSOURI. 113 Branoli Baiik of tlie United States; and its capital had lent new vigor and extent to business, which had otherwise languished for want of pecuniary support. After the creation of the new hank tlie general government was bound bja legal })r()visi()n to do its business through it, and the Commercial Agency after a little murmuring at the interference of the ])rofits it had been garnering during the ])ast years, when it had control of the funds of tlie (reneral government and the nu)ney nuirket of 8t. Louis, agreed to transfer tlie debts of the citizens to the bank of the State of Missouri, upon rather stringent terms, which were at first re- fusea, but after some moditication, finally accepted, and the bank of the State with its large capital, became the chief source of bus- iness prosperity. Another act of tlie legislature was the making of appropriation for commencing the erection of a new State House at Jefferson City. The sum appropriated was $75,000. The work was com- menced during the year, with the expectation that the cost of the construction would require double the amount appi-opriated. Among the important bills enacted, was one to prohibit the pub- lication and circulation of abolition doctrines; one to re-apportion the State into senate and assembly districts; one to charter the bank of Missouri; one to survey and mark out the northern boundary; one to organize certain new counties; and one to es- tablish a school fund and to incorporate certain railroads. The year 1837 "was one remarkable in the financial annals of Missouri. The few previous years had borne the impress of a])parent pros])erity. There was a general confidence throughout the Union; and the banks issued their ])a})er money with profusion. The fever of speculation commejiced to rage througliout the country; property and products increased in vahie; and there was, apparently, universal prosperity. It was, however, of short duration. One bank, in the east, failed, and that was the first cloud in the business horizon. The faihire of that one aftected others. Soon a panic spread like a pestilence throughout the country. Public confidence became impaired. Something like suspicion became attached to the paper purport- ing to represent specie, and it commenced to return to the insti- tutions whence it emanated. Gold and sih'ier began to l)e drawn 8 114 AK Tr.LITSTRATFJ) fnjiii tlie vaiiltb. Soon another, and then another of the banks closed their doors. The panic hecame general; and the moneyed institutions were besieged bv the holders of their bills, demand- ing their redemption in specie. The banks failed ra])idly; and there would have been a general break down, but that the leading- ones, in the city of ^ew York, to save themselves from i-iiin, sus- ])ende(l specie payment, which was followed by all the others in the country. On the 26th of September, 1837, Hon. David Barton died, at the residence of a friend, near Booneville. He and his associate, Thomas H. Benton, were the first United States Senators from Missoiii-i. Barton was an eminent lawyer and statesman. He ])resided over the convention which foi-med the constitution of the State. He was twice elected (Tinted States senator, and served in the State senate during 1834-5, where he efficiently aided in the compilation of the llevised Statutes, which was ordered at that time. The martial ]n-ide of Missourians was incited and gratified on being alone called on for volunteers to drive the Seminoles out of the swamps of P^lorida. The first regiment was raised and organized by Richard Gentry, over which he was elected c<»ionel; John W. Price, lieutenant-colonel; and W. II. Hnghes, major. On the 6th of October, 1837, they marched toward the seat of war. Embarking on steand)oats, they were transported to Jack- son Barracks, near JSew Orleans, and thence on sailing vessels to Tampa Bay. On the voyage, they/vere overtaken by a violent storm, and several vessels stranded. They landed November 15th, at the place of destination. On the 1st of December, they mai-ched to Okee-cho-bee Lake, whei'e thev eni>:ai):ed the enemv, and Colonel Gentry received a fatal wound. The loss in killed and wounded was one hundred and twelve, most of whom w^ere Missourians. The State House, in Jeft'erson City, took fire on the 17th of November, 1837, and was consumed, with all the papers in the office of the Seo-etary of State. The whole of the furniture of the otKce and about one-half of the State libi-ary were burned, involving a loss that could not be replaced. The whole of the accumulations of seventeen years in that impoi'tant office were lll.ST()i:V OF MISSOlTIil. 115 t]ins suddenly swept awav, leavino; no trace of bonds ov orii^inal jic'.ts sii^iit'd by the (Tovernor ot'tlie State daring that time. The })olitical elements of Missouri liave seldom recpiired niueii exciting force to ]>ut them in motion; and the circumstances that existed at the commencement of the year 1838, offered an ex- tended tield for the dis])lay of all the political talent that could be brought into action in the ensuing canvass. The democrats, as usual, met at Jefferson VAty on the 8th of January, 1838, and nominated John Miller, and Joliu -Fameson, for the XXVIth Congress; who were subsecpiently elected over I'everly Allen, and John Wilson nominated for the same ofHce by the whigs. The result of the election showed that 4(>,()18 votes were polled for congressmen, while only 27,372 had been cast for Governor in 1836, indicating the rapid growth of po]»ulation during the two years past. Soon after the election, two new sources of excitement began to agitate the people in the nortliwestern part of the State, aiid urge them to call on the executive for assistance. The fii'st was for protection against the territorial authorities of Iowa, who claimed jui'isdiction over a strip of Missouri, about six iniles wide, south of the line of the territory, and attempted to use force to maintain it. This dispute was soon settled. The second was much more serious, and had more martial, tragic, and violent incidents connected with it in its ])rogress. The Mormons, in large numbers, had arrived in Missouri tVom (3hio, and IcK-ated themselves as best they could, in and about Daviess county, intending to make it their permanent home, without changing their morals or manners from what rliey were while residing in the neighboring State of Illinois. Their lawlessness soon became unbearable, as they set aside the jtrocess of ordinary law, and abused its officers. Justice Black, of Daviess county, made an affidavit of their acts on the !)th of August, and called for military assistance. (>aptain Hogard resjjouded to the call, and went on duty with his C(»mpany as a posse comltatiis. He was sur|>rised. and had ten men kilK-d. mikI thirty wounded and taken prisoners by the Moimmous, who had four hundred men under ;irms. The (Governor tluMi called out twentv-five iiundreil niiliti;i, b\ wliicli the Afornions were ai-- 116 AN ILLUSTRATED rested, thirty killed, among them two children, and many other acts of great violence done by both parties which can never be justified by a Christian people. Peace was restored by force of arms, but no harmony, for the inhabitants had shown they would not tolerate such unworthy people to remain in their midst. The Mormons prepared to leave — not in as limited time as when they came into the State, but with as universal consent as when they left Illinois.^ The first session of the tenth General Assembly commenced on the 19th day of November, 1838, and w^as duly organized. Lieutenant-Governor Cannon, president of the senate. 1838. ' presiding in that body, with James L. Minor, secretary. In the House, Thomas H. Harvey, of Saline county, was unani- mously elected speaker, and Micajah V. Harrison, chief clerk. On the 20th, Governor Boggs communicated to the legislature his annual message. In it, he gave a statement of the financial affairs of the State. The amount paid into the treasury during the last two fiscal years, ending September 30tli, 1838, was, on account of revenue, $147,209.94. The amount expended for the same time was $140,384.32 — an excess of receipts over expenses of $0,825.12. Under the rate of taxation, it was estimated that the amount which would be received into the treasury during the next two fiscal years, a})])licable to the payment of the ordi- nary expenses of the government, would be $172,000, which, added to the amount of revenue in the Treasury on the 1st of October, 1838, would make the sum of $211,984.87, from which should be deducted the ordinary expense of the government, for the same length of time, estimated at $160,000; this would leave in the treasury, on the 1st day of October, 1840, the sum of $51,984.87. The Governor referred to the condition of the State Bank, and suggested amendments to its charter; a geological survey of the State, was strongly urged; a school system, similar to the one in use in the state of New York, was recommended to their fovor- able notice. The point, however, of the most moment, was a recommendation to petition Congress to grant, at once, to traders, the same debentures, on exports of foreign goods, to Chihuahua, lShepard'8 Uist. of St. Louis and Miseour', pp. 147, 148. HlSTOIiY OK MI8S0UKI. 117 Mexico, as is allowed to shipping merchants, from New York, to the ports of that country. The Governor said: "If this plain ])rinciple of justice was accorded, Missouri would employ iive hundred' wagons, and one thousand men annually in this trade, uiade douhly valuable by Chihuahua doing annually a s])ecie business of three millions. It is too, al)()ut equally distant fi-om Vera Cruz and St, Louis, From the latter city there is a cajutal wagon road, the whole route. Chihuahua has fifteen thousand inhabitants.'' Three hundred and twenty-five acts, mostly of a private and local character, were i)assed during this session. Among others, one to estal)lish a general system of Internal Improvements; one providing for the organization, support, and government of com- mon schools; another providing for the institution and support of a State University, and the government of colleges and acade- mies; one to establish a Second Branch Bank of Missouri, and, also, one to lease the State Penitentiary'. On the 26th of February, the two houses met in joint conven- tion, to elect a United States Senator. Thomas 11. Benton re- ceived seventy-five votes; Abiel Leonard, forty-eight votes. Mr. Benton was re-elected for the term of six years, from March 4th, 1838. William Clark, the noted pioneer through the western wilds to the Pacific, died in the fall of 1838. He was the oldest xVmerican resident in St. Louis; he had been Governor of the territory of Missouri, from a few months after it was changed from Louisiaiui Territory until it l)ecamea State. Subsofiucntly, he became Superintendent of Indian Afiairs, for the Western Division, which office he held to his death. He was known to the wild tribes of Indians from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and they regarded him with a confidence and love, which bor- dered on idolatrv. They even knew his sio-iuiture; and, durinsr the stormy excitement which ])receded their going upon the w:ir path, either against the United States or s(»me liostile tribe, they would readily yield to his counsels. He died greatly regretted. At this time, the \alue of the fur trade to St. Louis, was huge. The skins shipped during the year 1838, were worth $-K)(t,000. Among the various kinds, the hides of the buftalo formed the 118 AX II.I.rsTIlATKl) most important item, tlie Tinml^er being 50,000, estimate(i at $4.00 a piece, or $200,000. The prices at wliicli tlie various furs were obtained from the Indians, made it a profitable business to those engaged in it. At tlie election in August, for members of the legislature, twenty democrats and thirteen wliigs were elected to the sen- ate, and sixty-eight democrats, and thirty-nine whigs, to the assembly: making a democratic majority of twenty-six, on joint ballot. Albert G. Harrison, member elect of the House of Representatives of the United States, from Mis- souri, died at his residence near Fulton, on the 7th of September, and Governor Boggs pri>claimed a special election on the 28th of October, to till the vacancy existing, John -lameson was nominated by the Van Buren conv^ention and elected, there being no op])osing candidate. Thomas Reynolds was nominated for Governor and M. M. Marmaduke for Lieutenant-(Tovernor, and John (\ Edwards for member of Congress. During the year 1839,emigration to Missouri had been greater than any previous year. The Boone's Lick road, from the Mis- sissippi to the western cx)niines of the State, Avas filled with movers; and emigrants by thousands were seeking their new homes, both north and south of the Missouri. It was estimated that more than fifty thousand people emigrated to Missouri during the year. On account of low water in the Mississippi in the fall of this year, the lead trade from the upper mines was completely suspended for a time, as it was impossible to bring it over the rapids at a reasonable charge. At Galena, large quantities accumulated in the hands of dealers, uj3on which heavy advances had been made, which lay unproductive until there was a rise in the river. The result of the election of 1840, for State officers, was that ,„,^ Thomas Reynolds received 29,625 votes for Governor, 1940. " and John B. Clark, 22,212 — a majority of 7,418 in favor of Reynolds of the 51,837 votes polled. M. M. IMMrmaduke Mas elected Lieutenant-(TOvenior at the same time, and John Miller and John C Edwards, members of Congress, with a majority of about 7,000 votes each over their whig c()m])etitors. The demo- cratic noniiiK'cs were elected, and cast the vote of the State for Martin Van Uuren. :i'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,iiiiiiii;iii!:liiiiia;iii:ii;iiii;iiiii;iiii^^^ DR. T. R. H. SMITH CHAPTER XTTl. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS THOMAS REYNOLDS AND M. M. iMARMAUUKE. 1840—1844. The eleventh (Teiieml Arisenibly of tlie State comnienced its HTinual session on tlie 10th of November, 1840. Sterling I'rice was elected speaker of the House; the votes for officers standing fiftv-twofor the Van Buren candidates to thirty-eight for the whig candidates. In the Senate, Mr. Watson (Van Buren) was elected secretary. (xovenior Boggs, in his closing message, said that the State (lel)t was not large; that there was a surplus in the treasury; and that he was opposed to some of the projected improvemmits. Among the latter were the construction of the Iron Mountain railroad; the making of slack water in the Meramec; building a canal from the Meramec; and slacking the water in Salt river. These improvements, while valuable, he tlumght woidd cost too much money. The Osage river and (xrand river, lu»wever, were exceptions. He also said that since the difficulties and agree- ment upon a truce between the Council of Iowa and the county court of Clark county, " there had been no disturb- ance on the frontier. He urged that Missouri- sliould insist u|)on tlie boundary line she liad been contending for, and go before Congress with a memorial to that effi^ct. He also recommended that the proceeds of the sales of the sixteenth section of land for school purposes, be deposited in the State Bank for the benefit of the townships interested; and suggested that the State had ob- tained a bad reputation by reason of the Mormon difficulty, and wished the evidence in the case ])ublished. so as to retrieve her reputation. The legislature adjourned on the 21st of May, 1841. Among the important laws passed was one to re-apjiortion the State into senate and assembly districts; one establish- injr a branch of the Bank of the State of Missouri; and another 120 AX IMJTSTKATKD for the issue of State bonds to the amount of $253,261. An act was passed to ascertain and settle tlie northern boundary line; one to survey and mark out the southern boundary line; one to organize counties, and define their boundaries; another to prevent frauds at elections: another to regulate groceries and dram shops; and another to establish a register's office. There were several memorials to (congress : one requesting the donation of certain swamp lands to the State; one on the subject of the northern boundary of Missouri; one requesting the sale of the tractions of land adjoining the French and Spanish concessions; another asking for a re-imbursement of money paid by the State in repelling an incursion of the Osage Indians; and another on the (lefense of the Western frontier and asking suitable protec- tion; also one on the subject of the raising of tobacco. The Assembly passed a bill making it an indictable offense to pass or receive a five dollar, or a ten dollar note, after January, 1842; ])roviding that all contracts, the consideration of which, or any part thereof, should be in the prohibited bank notes, should be void ; and that after a debt had been once paid in such cur- rency, the person to whom the payment was made might sue and make the debtor pay it over again. This bill failed in tho Senate. At the election, in August, 1842, James B. Bowlin, James H. Rt'lfe, Gustavus B. Bower, and John Jameson, were elected mem- bers of (yongress. In the autumn of 1842, Hon. J. B, C. Lucas died. He had been one of the earliest settlers in Missouri, and held the ottice of judge of the highest tribunal of the District of Louisiana, by appointment from President Jeft'erson, and con- tinued in that position until the territory became a State. He had als(> been a])])ointe(l a commissioner to settle the land claims of upjK'r Louisiana, and held the otfice until 1S12. He was a man of iindoiibted probity and honor, and of most untiring indus- try and j)ersi'Vt'rance. The first session of the twelfth (reneral Assembly of the State began on the 21st of November, 1842; M. M. Marmaduke, Lieu- t^mant-(Tovernor, being president and H. L. Boone, secretary, of the Senate; and Sterling Price, speaker and James S. Watson, cliief clerk, of the Assembly. Governor Revnolds, in his message IIISTOUY OF MI8SOUKI. 121 ■on the 32(1, devoted a hivge portion to national atlairs. Banks and bank notes .16, leaving a balance in the treasury of $33,588. Oo. This ex- cess, was produced in part by the collector of St. Louis C(»unty de- positing monthly the amount of revenue collected, instead of re- serving the whole amount, as heretofore, until his annual settle- ment, on the 1st of December. The debt of the State was considered small, compari'd with the other S. David K. Atchison feceived lol votes, and Benton seventy-four \<>ti's. Both were declared elected, the former for four, and the latter for the term of six years from ^[arch 4, LS45. The re}»oi-t of the auditor of Public Accounts showed the receipts into the Treasury, the two fiscal years ending IJOth Septembei-, 1S44, rV;435, 309.82; and the warrants di-awn on the Treasury for the same period, $37(i,!>8T.40. The official vote for Presidential Electors, in 1844, gave Polk electors 41,369; (May electors, 31,251: nuijority for the former, 10,118. The census of the State, taken the same year, showed a population of 511,937, of which number 70,300,were slaves. The increase of population since 1840,was about thirty-three per cent.; at the latter date it was 383,782. The year 1844 was a menutrable one on acctuiut ol' the gri;at rise of the Mississippi river. In .lime, the Missouri and Illinois commenced to rise rapidly and overflow their banks, and the Mississippi (piickly began to feel the effects of it. By the 18th of the month, nearly all the inhabitants of the American bottom had fled from their homes, and taken refuge on the high lands, where many were inastateof suffering and destitution. Boats plied between St. Louis and the bluffs, and thu destitute were supplied 128 AN ILLUSTRATED as far us possible by tbe charity of tlie people of St. Louis. Some families were found, five or six miles back from the river, living^ in the upper stories of their isolated dwellings, liaving no means of escape. The captains of the steamboats were indefatigable in their exertions to save life and property. In St. Louis, there were more than Hve hundred persons who had been driven from their homes by the Hood, and all of tliein dependent upon the bounty of the citizens tor their support. It was fortunate that it was summer, and that inferior lodgings were no great deprivation. The Mississippi did not attain its greatest elevation until the 24th of June, when it was seven feet seven inches, above the city Direc- trix, at St. Louis. There had been, previous to this time, three great floods; one in 1785, one in 1811, and another in 1836. Of these, the one in 1785, was the highest; but none of them attained the elevation of the flood of 1844. The legislature adjourned on the 28th of March, 1845, having passed nearly six hundred laws. On the receipt of the news of the ])ass!tge of the resolutions of Texas amiexation lS4.'i. thrcjugh the United States Senate, at Jett'erson City, the democratic members of the lejjislature held a meetiuij: of con- gratulation. They adopted resolutions expressing cordial appro- bation of the result. A resolution was also adopted in relation to Mr. Benton, to the effect that for a time, some of the friends of annexation might not have approved of his course; "yet, now that his wisdom, sagacity, foresight and firmness are manifested, in effecting this important result, all do freely and unitedly accord to him the highest praise, a» his just desert, and hall the annex- ation of Texas as the re-union of political friends." Another resolution was passed, complimentary to Senator Atch- ison; and a third, declaring that " the gratitude of the American people, and of the friends of liberty throughout the world, is especially due to the venerable patriot, Andrew Jackson, for the distinguised part he has taken in favor of the annexation of Texas to the Union." Laws were enacted at this session, provid- ing for the surrender and cancellation of certain State bonds, and to provide for the ])ayment and redemption of other bonds; for the settlement of the (piestion of the northern boundary line; and also for the organization of new counties; the incorporation HISTOHY OF MFSSOUKI. 129 of towns and cities; and for the layini^ out of State roads, Otlier laws, of a private and local character, were likewise passed. There was some trouble in the spring of this year, in the northern part of the State, near the Iowa territorial boundary. The sheriff of one of the border counties, while attempting to execute a writ for a breach of the peace, was assailed by a num- ber of persons of Davis county, Iowa. The prisoners, whom the slioriff had arrested, were rescued, aTul the sheriff himself taken into custody, for exercising illegal authority within the territory. The trial came oft' before Judge Morgan, of the dis- trict court, and i-esulted in the conviction of the Missouri sheriff. The penalty was imprisonment in the penitentiary. The Judge sentenced him to ten days' coniinement; but, before the sentence could be carried into executi(»n, Grovernor John Cluimbers par- doned him. The people of the State were much irritated by these proceed- ings. Tliey said that tlie people within the disputed territory enjoyed the right of voting at their elections, and were represented in the legislature; yet, when it did not suit them to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the State, they claimed to belong exclusively to Iowa territory. By a law i)assed by the last legislature, the Gov- ernor of Missouri was authorized to take measures to brinjr the (juestion before the United States Supi-eme Court; and the newspa- ])er press urged that " no time should be lost, in i)lacing the subject in such position that a decision might be obtained at the next term of that court;" as tlie dispute was a source of great annoy- ance to all living along the line. At the electir»n in August, sixty-six members were chosen by the peo])le to a convention, to re-model the constitution of the State. The convention convened at the State ca])itol, on the 17th of J^ovember, 1845, and organized by the elecrtion of Robert W. Wells, as president; Claiborne ¥. Jackson, vice-president; and K. Walker, secretary. It was composed of some of the most able and (listin<;uislied men of the State. The wh<»le orjj^anic law was examined and changed in nuuiy res])ects. The constitu- tion was ado]>ted, by a vote <»f forty-nine to thirteen of the members, and submitted to the vote of the people for their ap- proval. The convention adjourned, sine die, January 14th, 1840. 9 130 AN rLLUSTRATKD On the reception of the news at 8t. Louis of war actually exist- ing between the United States and Mexico, the city and the people of the State irenerallv. were thrown into the wildest excitement. Volunteers Hocked to the standard of the United States, and the "St. Ivonis Leiiion." under the command of (3olonel Easton, heiran imniediately to ])repare for the regions west of the Kio (Irande. S(une of the volunteers not being ])ro])er1y e(pii]>- ped for the campaign, efforts were made by Judge Mullanphy to obtain funds from the State l>ank of Missouri, which for some reason was unsuccessful. The citizens of St. Louis voluntarily subscribed near six thousand dollars for this purpose, hi a few days the " Legion " departed for the seat of war, after receiving a public ovation, which demonstrated the deep interest of all the citizens in their welfare. About the middle of Ma}-, 184G, Governor Edwards called for volunteers to join the army of the west — an expedition to Santa Fe. A cor])s of mounted volunteers, eai'ly in June, began to ar- rive at F(»rt Leavenworth, the ap])ointed rendezvous. The first regiment was fully organized on the 18th of the month, and Alexander AV. Doni])han was chosen colonel; C. F. Ruif, lieutenant-colonel; and William (Tilj)in, nuijor. A battalion ot light artillery from St. Louis; batallions of infantry from Platte and Cole counties; the " Laclede Rangers.'" from St. Louis: in all 1,658 men, with sixteen pieces of ordnance, were under the com- mand of General Ste})hen W. Kearny. The command reached Santa Fe on tlie I8th of August, and took part in the successful descent upon (chihuahua, under Golonel Doniphan, — General Kearnv liavini; left for the Pacific coasr. In the summer of 1846, Sterling Price, member of (/ongress from Missouri, re- siirned, and was designated by President Polk to command anotlier regiment of volunteers from Missc»uri, to reinforce the '' Army of the West." This force consisted of a full mounted regiment, one mctunted extra battalion, and one bat- talion of Mormon infantry. The complement was soon raised from the counties of lioone, Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, Livingston, Monroe, li^indolph, Ste. Genevieve, and St. Louis. Price was elected colonel and D. D. Mitchell, lieutenant-colonel. Price proceeded with his command over the same route ]>ursned IIISTOIIY OF MISSOITRI. 131 hv Kcrtniy and Doniplian, and on tlie 28th of Se]iteinl)er, ar- rived at Santa Vv. In Angust, Governor Edwards made another recpiisition for one thousand men to consist of infantry, to be ready to march ch)se in tlie rear of Colonel Price's command. The number was raised in a short time, and Majoi- Douglierty was chosen cohmel; but. before receiving n^arcliing orders, tlio President countermanded the order under svhicli tlie force was mustered. A battle M'as tought at Brazito, near EI Paso, be- tween a detachment of 450 IVrissouri volunteers ujider Doniphan, and a body of Mexican cavab-y and artillery, numbering 1,100. The ^Mexicans were defeated with a loss of 03 killed and 150 wounded. They also lost one howitzer, the only pieceof artillery in the engagement. The Americans had six womided. On the :^8th of February, 1847, Doniphan with his volunteers, numbering 9:24 men and six ])ieces of artillery, met and fought in the pass of the Sacramento. 4.000 Mexicans under General Heredia, who were jxtsted Avitli ten ])ieces of artillery. The Mexicans were defeated with the loss of 300 killed and 40 prisoners, and all their artillery and baggage taken. The American loss was one killed and eight W(»unded. In these engagements, the Miss(»uri troo])s did nobly; acting creditably to themselves and to their State. The new constitution was brought before the people for i-atiti- ■catioii or rejection in August, 1840. It was freely discussed by the press previous t(» the electi(»n, but failed by about 9,000 votes of being adopted; the whole number of votes cast was about ♦iO.O(»(). Atthe same election, J. I>. Bowlin,fIohn Jameson, James S. Green. John S. Phelps and Willard P. Hall were elected Gon- gressmen. Tlie fourteenth General Assembly convened at the State capital, on the KJtli of November, 1846. Lieutenant-Goveriu)r James Young took his seat as president of the Senate, and E. P. Pawing was elected secretary. In the Assembly, Claiborne F. Jackson was elected s])eakei- and B. F. Massey, chief clerk. Governor Edwards, in his messaire to the leu^islature, said that the north- ern boundary case still remained unsettled, and that further legislation seemed to be re(piired on the subject; that the sale of the 500,000 acres of public land, granted to the State by Congress for internal improvements, ought to be ajiplied to the improve- 132 AN ILLUSTRATED ment of tlie large navigable streams of the State; that the revenue for the last two years amounted to $330, 753.^; tliat the ordin- ary expenses of the State government fctr the same ]>eriod — including the expense of holding the State convention, which was about $15,000 — amounted to $247,274.78; showing an ordi- nary revenue above ordinary expenses of $83,478.82; and that the militia law was defective, and a new law onglit to be enacted. lie then referred to the rejection of the new constitution, by a vote of the people; and vindicated the Missouri troops from aspersions cast on their services during the Mexican war. He closed by recommending the common school system of the State; the establishment of manufactories; the improvement of the roads and navigable streams; a geological survey of the State; and other improvements. During the session, the legislature adopted resolutions request- ins: the Governor to furnish its members with certain items of executive expenditure. His Excellency transmitted a document in reply, which was pronounced by the newspapers, remarkably " tart and bitter." The following is a portion of it: " In the next place, with due respect to the honorable nujver, the answer is, tliat the expenses of the executive were various; his breakfast, his dinner, or his tea, when he had time and ap])etite to eat it; an apple or a sponge-cake, a piece of cheese or a cracker, a glass of brandy or sonu? old rye, when, from hard travel, much fatigue, or great want of sleep, he was too unwell to take more substantial food, or else from rapid traveling, had no time to stop and get it; the blacking of his boots, or the brushing of the dust out of his coat, or hiring a servant to hasten his dinner, instead of forcing him to eat through a series of courses; hack hire and omnibus fare, porterage and drayage, stage fare, railroad fare, steamboat fare on the lakes, gulfs, rivers and bays; all these, and various other items, multi])lied many times over, making, perhaps, thou- sands in the trip of six thousand miles, make u|) the items of ex- pense to the executive; a long list, hard to get and hard to give." It is j>resumed that this report was satisfactory to the mover and legislature. ' Among the important laws passed at this session was one to pro- vide for paying expenses of subsisting and forwarding troops for the -^ ..-/< a^<-^i^. HISTUKY OF MlStJOUUI. 183 Mexican war; one concerning tlie northern boundary line of the State; one to provide tor the instruction of the deaf, dumb and blind; and ojie to establish an Asylum for the insane. An act was also passed to regulate the interest of nu)ney; one to reg- ulate, govern and disci])liue the militia; and one respecting slaves, free negroes and mulattos. A large nuinber of private and local laws were likewise passed. There were, also, memorials sent to Congress: one on the subject of organizing a territory west of Missouri; one for the construction of a railroad from Ilaunil)al to St. Joseph, and asking a grant of lands for tliat ])urpose; also one for the improvement of the Osage river; one for tbe re- covery of fugitive slaves, and enforcing the laws on that subject; and one for a grant of lands to the State, the pro- ceeds of which to be devoted to reclaiming the great swamps in southern Missouri. The legislature continued in session until the 16th of February, 1847, when it adjourned. CHAPTER XV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR AUSTIN A. KING. 1848—1852. At the election of State officers ami members of Coiij^ress in August, 1848, Austin A. King, democratic candidate, received 48,921 votes for (xovernor and his opponent James S. Ilollins, 33,968 votes. For Lientenant-Cxovernor, Thomas L Price received 48,170 votes.; Ilendrick, 32,936. Tlie Congressmen elected were James B. Bowliii, William V. X. 1%, James S. Green, Willard P. Hall and John 8. Phelps. The tifteenth (leneral Assembly convened on the 25tli of De- ceml'pi-. In the Ilonse, Alexander -M. Robinson, of Platte county, was elected speaker and Penjamin F. Massey, clerk; Lieutenant-Governor Thomas L. Price, presided in the senate: James II. Britton, of Troy, was chosen secretary. Governoi- Edwards sent in his valedictory message on the 26th, and Govei'nor King, his successor, after being duly qualilied, de- livered his inaugural on the following day. Edwards announced that the State had ceased to be a borrower, and had commenced the payment of its debts: said also that the revenue of the last two fiscal years was $416,643; that there had been e\]>ended dur- ing the same tiiTie $389,000, leaving a surplus of $27,000. He further stated that the settlement of the boundary between Mis- souri and Iowa was iu a fair way of adjustment; and that no provision had yet been made for a State Lunatic Asylum. The in- crease of the executive salary was recommended; and the Gov- ernor plainly stated that, even with this increase, it was a des- picable office for any man to be condemned to hold. He declaimed that one of his predecessors resigned before his term was out: another did the same, — leaving the office with his reputation in- jured by detraction; the next commitred suicide; and he, himself, had been forced to walk the streets of the capital armed, to ])rotect himself from assassins. He recommended ^ouie j)roper dispo- HISTORY OF MiSSOUKl. 1H5 sition of the Sacramento trophies, mikI the o»ii>n-m*rion of a Stato sirsenal. The subject of internal inijuvAt'iiiciits was favorably nonced; a division of labor as a means of increasin«; the wealth oi' the State was sut^gested; and the fouudiuij of a inaiuial labor school for tlie education of teachers was recommended. The at- tention of tlie let^islature was called t«^ the subject of a railroad from the Mississippi to the I^icitic. Severe censure was expr(!ssed toward the parent bank of the State, foi- its refusal to endorse the Siaie bonds. He opposed the law, vesting the right of property in tlie wife disrinct from her husband, and was decidedly in favor )f their interests being united, and strongly advised the exeni])- tion of homesteads of families from execution. (xovernor King, in his inaugural, advocated tlu' strict accles above declared. Missouri would be on the side of the slave-holding States; and that their Senators are instructed to act in conformity to these resolutions. They were concurre«l in by the Assembl}^ signed by the Governor, and copies sent to the Govern- ors of difterent States, and the members of Congress from Missouri. One of the principal laws passed at this session was an act to reform the pleadings and ])ractice in courts of justice, — a veiy complete law on that subject. Memorials to Congress were passed on the subject of a railroad tc^ the Pacitic coast; — for a governmental geological survey of the State; — for a grant of lands for the construcrinn of tlie Hannibal and St. Joseph, and Missouri and Mississi])pi rail- l:\6 AX IM.ITSTUATKD roads; — for reclamation of the swamp lands in south-east Mis- souri ; — and for a ])ension for the soldiers of the war of 1812. The northern boundary question, whicli iiad for a number of years been pronunent in the history of the State, was settled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in favor of Iowa. The St. Louis "Republican," referring afterward to it, said: " This decisi(m is final, — it being the result of an agreed case between the parties, and settles the question of boundary. The county of Schuyler, aiid perhaps other territory, over which Missouri has always claimed and exercised jurisdiction, is, by this decision, determined to belong to Iowa, and will hereafter foi-m a part of that State. This result is unexpected, and may be productive of some inconvenience. The population of the county, in 1848, was about three thousand five hundred, most of wliom, we imagine, wdl dislike being thrown into a free state, though it hai)i)ens, fortunately, that they own only a few slaves. The total number, at the last census, was only twenty -four." The election for President and Vice-President of the United States took place- in November. The Taylor electors received 32,671 votes; the Cass electors, 40,077: majority for Cass, 7,406. The members of C(mgress elected this year were John F. Dar})y, Gilchrist Porter, John G. Miller, Willard P. Hall, and John S. Phelps. The city of St. Louis was visited with a de- structive fire, in the month of May, 1849. It broke out on the steamer White Cloud. In a short time, twenty-three steamboats were consumed, some with very valuable car- goes on board. Many buildings were blown up to stop the pro- griiss of the fire; and several valuable lives lost. About four hundred buildings were destroyed, a number of them large whole- sale establishments. The steamers, with their cargoes, and the ])roduce on tlie landing, were valued at $51S,0(»(»; the buildings, at $(i(>2,00(); merchandise, $654,950: which, added tt) furniture, provisions, clothing, and other articles, made tlu' whole loss about $2,750,000; alxrnt two-thirds of it being covered by insurance. Tlu^ cholera, during the summer, was very fatjd. The sixteenth General Assembly convene* 1 on the 30th of De- cember, 1S50; Thomas L. Price, Lieutenant-(iovi'rnor, ))residing in the Senate, llichard U. liees being elected secretary. Nathaniel HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 137 W. "Watkins was electeil speaker <»f the Assembly; George W. Huston, clerk. The recei))ts into the treasury for the two years ending September 30th, 1850, were $787,088.71 ; the balance in the treasury, October 1st, 1848, was $405,404.90: making a total of $1,192,493.61. The expenditures during the same period were $532,585.82; leaving a balance of $()59,907.79, of which sum, $569,036.19 belonged to the revenue fund. The State debt, exclusive of the surplus revenue deposited with the State, was $922. 2«!, Avhich was the exact amount of the State bonds outstanding; $34,000 of the bonds were redeemed and cancelled during the year. The legislature adi\>urned, Marcii 3d, 1851. Governor King, in his message, recommended a re-organization of the Bank of the State of Missouri, and to disconnect the State from it; also, that an act be passed authorizing the State to sell the stock held in her own right, and to withdraw from the baidi as stock, the university and ct»mm(ni school funds. He suggested a revision of the assessment and collection laws, and the passage of a homestead exem]>tion law. The boundary line between Missouri and Iowa, he stated, had been settled by the Su])reme Court of the United States; and that commissioners had been ap- pointed to establish and define the same according to its decision, and that notes and maps had been tiled in the otKce of the Secre- tary of State. lie referred tt) the act of Congress to drain the swam|» lands of the new States, and recommended a transfer of these lands to the counties in which they lie; and that a plan for tiieir reclamation be revised, and conducted under a Board of in- ternal improvement, in each county where such lands are located, lie recommended some changes m the common school law; the election of a State su])erintendent of Public Instruction, to have the chai-ge of that department; and the election, also, of county su])erintendents of scliotils. The railroad interests of the State were commended to the legislature. A liberal policy, he thought, ought to be adopted towtird railroad companies. He closed by giving his views at length on the subject of slavery. He was opposed to agitation of the subject in any way by the General government, and insisted that the rights of the slave owner, within the States, were secured by a ])lain, constitutioTud pro- vision, with which it haank of the State of Missouri. There was also one passed to establish an asylum for the deaf and (himb; one to provide for the organization and government of the State Lunatic Asyhim; and one to provide for the reclamation and sale of over- flowed and swamp lands, and donating the same to the counties in which they lie. Memorials to Congress w(*i'e ])assed, — one for a homestead law, and aiu>ther for a grant of lands to the North Mis- souri railroad and to the Lexington and Daviess county railroad. During the year, progress had been made on the St. Louis and Pacilic railroad. Forty-five miles had been ])ut under contract and about one thousand hands em[)loyed upon it. The State had promised to aid the company with $2,000,000 whenever the lat- ter should raise a similar amount by private subscription. The election of State officers, nuunbers of Oongress and Presi- dent aii<] Vice-President of the Fnited States took [)lace this year, 1852; there was more than ordinary interest mani- tested. The res\dt showed that Stei'ling I^rice, of Char- iton, received for Governor, 40,245 votes; his o])ponent, Winston, 32,784: Price's majority, 18,401. Wilson Brown of Ga])e Girar- deau, received for Lieutenant-Governor, 40,251) votes, a majoi-ity of 18,717 over King, his opponent. The members of Congress elected were Thomas IL I>enton, Alfred W. Lamb, John (t. Mil- ler, Mordecai Oliver. John S. Phel])s, Janu's J. Lindley and Sam- uel Carruthers. The democratic Presidential candidates, E. D. Bevett, Alexander Kayser, II. F. Gray, W. I). McCracken, V. F. Jackson, d. 1). Stevenson. (\ F. Holly, J. ^L Gate wood and Tlol)ert E. Acock were elected by a nuijority of 8.809. They subsecpiently cast the vote of the State for Franklin Pierce foi- Pri'sident, and Willliaiti P. King for Vice-President. FOSTER P. WRIGHT HISTORY OF MISSOIKI. 139 Tlie called .session ot' the seventeenth Generiil Assembly con- vened on the 30th day of Angust, 1S52, agreeably to a proclama- tion of Governor King. The contest for speaker of the House, ut this session, was very exciting; after forty-eiglit ineffectual I)allots had been taken, Reuben Shelby, of Perry county, was elected by a coalition of the free soil democrats and free soil wliigs. Governor King, in his message, said that the act of Congress granting a portion of the public lands to aid in the construction of railroads, among other things j)i-ovides that a copy of the lo- cation made under the direction of the legislature should be for- warded to the proper local land offices and to the general land otHce at Washington (yity, within ninety days after the com- pletion of the same: and it further provided that the lands granted as aforesaid to the State should be sul)jected to the disposal of the legislature, for the purposes specified in the act. lie fiu'ther stated that, in his (tpinion, these lands were not the prop- erty of the res})ective railroad companies, but were vested in the State of Missouri to be suly'ected to the disposal of the legisla- ture. He discussed the policy of investing the proceeds of these lands as stock in the respective roads. The session of the legislature adjourned on the 25th of Decem- ber, after passing bills to expedite the construction of the North Missouri railroad, and to accept the grant of lands from Con- gress to aid in the construction ot the Hannibal and St. fFoseph and other railroads in the State. A few private and local bills were also passed. CHAPTER XVI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR STERLING PRICE. 1852—1850. Tlie reffular session of tlie seveiiteentli General Assembly was held at the State capital, comniencini^ on the 27th day of De- cember, 1852. Thomas L. Price, Lieutenant-Governor, took tlie chair as president of the Senate, and AV. D. McCracken was elected secretary. In the Honse, Keuben Shelby was elected speaker and George W. Houston, chief clerk. On the 31st, Governor King sent his annual message to the General Assembly. "The growing j^rospects,'' he said, ''of the State afford ground for congratulation. Our march is onward and upward to that high destiny M'hich we believe awaits our nol)le State in the future." He gave some statistics showing the evidences of the agricultural capabilities of Missouri. Of improved lands, there were 2,924,- 991 acres; of unimproved, 6,767,937. The cash valuation of farms was given as $63,057,482; of farm implements and ma- chinery, $3,965,945; of live stock, $19,756,851. The aggregate amount of taxable property as assessed for 1852, amounted to $112,465,653.75. The receipts into the treasury from October 1st, 1850, to October 1st, 1852, were $952,709,10. The bonds of the State outstanding, October lst,l852, and which constituted the State debt, amounted to $857,000. He recommended a reduction of the rate of taxation, and the revision of the law for the assessing and collecting the revenue, and an increase of salary of the judges of the Supreme Court. He also favored the passage of a homestead exemption law; — a law for the completion of the State capitol; — one providing for a geological survey: — and one U])on the sul>ject of internal iiuprovements. When the i-egular session convened, the political cauldron Mas at boiling heat. Sterling Price, a bitter opponent to the ]3ent(»n democrats, was inaugurated as Governor early in January, 1853. In the Senate, llobert M. Stewart was the leader of the idtra HltiTOltY OF MISSOURI. 141 democrats; Thomas Allen, now president of the Iron Mountain road, marshaled the whii; forces; Thomas L. Price and iftr't Charles Jones, of Franklin, together directed the action of the Benton democrats. In the House, the whig leaders were Samuel Woodson, of Independence ; Tompkins, of Cooper; Xew- land, of Rdls; and Shelby, of Perrv. The })ro-slavery leaders were C. F. Jackson and J. II. Britton. The Benton men in the House acted under the united counsels of Frank P. Blair, B. Gratz Brown, Ilichard A. Barrett, Bart Able, Colonel Si nuns, Judge Arnold Krekel, John D. Stephenson and George Smith. The bone of contention was the celebrated "Jackson resolutions of '49." These resolutions that completely disrupted the demo- cratic })arty in Missouri, were adopted by both Houses of the fif- teenth General Assembly, and approved by the Governor on the 10th of March, 1849, Their purport was to the effect that in no part of the federal constitution is to be found any delegation of power to Congress to legislate on the subject of slavery; that any organization " of the territorial governments, excluding the citizens of any part of the Union from removing to such territor- ies with their slave property would be an exercise of power by Congress, inconsistent with the s[)irit of the federal compact, in- sulting to the sovereignty and dignity of the slave states, and cal- culated to alienate the north and south, and ultimately lead to disunion; that the right to prohibit slavery in any territory be- longs exclusively to the people thereof; that in the event of the pas- sage of any act by Congress, conflicting with the above principles, Missouri will be found in hearty co-operation with the slav^e- holding states, in all measures necessary for mutual protection against the encroachments of northern fanaticism. There was a bitter tight over these resolutions. Benton de- nounced the last as countenancing the doctrine of secession and nulliflcation, and maintained that if it was carried out it would be, practically, treason. He refused to obey the instructions and made a direct appeal to the people of the Stjite. The current t>f public sentiment under the control of pro-slavery leaders run strongest in favor of the institution of slavery, crushing out
sippi and Missouri rivers at the points namedin the charter, with a lengtli of between 280 and 800 miles, was not e.\i)ected to be completed for three or fiuir years. The first session of the eighteenth (General Asseml)ly convened on the 25th of December, 1854. lion. Wilson Brown, Lieuten- ant-Governor, was president of the Senate; W. D. Mc- (^racken was elected secretary; William Newhind became speaker, and Samuel A. Lowe, chief clerk, of the Assembly. On the 27th, Governor Price sent in his annual message, froiri which it a])])eai'ed that the amount of revenue received in the treasury in 1853, was $378,792.60; in 1854, $429,872.34: the total sum for the two years, ending October 1st, 1854, was $808,G65.0(>. The amount expended in 1853, was $380,531.42; in 1854, $247.- 952.32: total, $628,483.74. The sjiecial appropriations were $37,- (►00 for support of the lunatic asylum, and 30,000 for its enlarge- ment; $25,000 for State penitentiary; $36,400 for deaf and dumb asyhnn; 20,000 for blind asylum; $20,000 for geological survey; and s2s,500 for reclamation of swamp lands. The Governor stated that the charter of the Bank of Missouri would expire in 1857, and that some action would be necessary in the premises. Tie reported })rogress made on the geological survey under Prof. G. V. Swallow, and asked for an increased appropriation. The State University was in a prosperous condition; and tlie deaf and dumb, and blind institutions were judiciously and humanely conducted. The question as to the powers of Congress over the territories in refei-ence to slavery, was largely dwelt upon. On the 4th of January, 1855, the two Houses met in joint con- vention for the purpose of electing a Ignited States Senator, and lll^STuKi OF MirtSUUlil. 14, ■> atljounied from time ti> time, not heiii^ able to make a clioiee. On the 21st of Febnian. after forty-one nnsuccessful hal. lotiugs, a resolntion \\a> introduci-d and adopted, post- jR)niiis5r). On the 5th of March, the legislature adjourned to meet on the lirst ^Eonday of the ensuing Xovember. upon wliich day both Houses a»j^ain assend)led. In consecjuence of the death of Lieutenant-(rovernor, Wilson IJrown,' the chair of the Senate was taken by Owen Rawlins, Senator. Walter !>. Morris was subsequently elected President j?ro tern. Governor Price in his messaii^e s^ave an account of the con- dition and ])ros])ects of the several railroads, the construction of which had been undertaken by incorporated companies, aided by the credit of the State, with certain recommendations connected w ith their management. Among the inq^oi-tant laws passed at this session was one to appropriate for the support and enlargement of the State Lunatic Asylum andfoi- its govei-nment, $.")(i,000; and one to aid in the consti'uction of the Pacific and othei' I'aili'oads. A law, also, for the incorporation of towns and cities was passed, and a large nundjer of a private and local charactei-. A memo- rial was sent to Congress for a grant of land to aid in complet- ing the geological survey, and one asking a like grant to the Western Missouri Company, and to the Mississippi Valley rail- i-oad north. A joint resolution, also, to provide for the revision of the statutes of the State was passed. At tliis session, nc> action was taken in regai-d to the election of a United States Senator. Hoth Houses adjourned on the 18th December, i855, ^ Hon. Wilson Brown was a native of Maryland, removed to Missouri, 182^'. and repre- sented Scott county in the legislature in 183tj. He was auditor of the State from 18-19 to 1853, when he was ole< ted Lieutenant-Governor. He died at his residence at Cape Girar- deau, on the 2Tth of August. 1855, aged 57 years. CHAPTER XVII. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS TRUSTEN POLK, HANCOCK JACKSON AND ROBERT M. STEWART. 1856—1860. The first .session of the nineteenth General Assembly com- menced on the 29th of December, 1856. The Senate was called to order by J. D. Stevenson, president pro tempore, fol- lowed by the election of W. D. McCracken, secretary. The Assembly was organized by the election of R. C. Harrison, speaker and James H, Britton, chief clerk. The message of Governor Price showed that the amount of i-evenue received in 1855 and 1856 was $1,007,118.5;^; while the amount expended during the same period was $871,818.72: leaving a balance in hand October 1st, 1S56, of $271,899.94. This last sum included, however, $200,000 set apart by the act of December 18th, 1855, for the payment of a like amount of State bonds, which became due on the first day of July, 1856, and the availal)le balance was, therefore, $71,899.91:. He further stated that, under the various acts of the General Assembly loaning the credit of the State to certain railroad companies, State bonds had been issued and de- livered to those companies to the amount, on the 1st of October, 1850, of $9,688,000. In addition, the State had authorized the issue of bonds to certain companies, on compliance with the con- ditions imposed in the several acts of the General Assembly, to the amount of $9,617,000. These bonds had not yet been i.ssued. He reiterated the opinions expressed in his last message, on the subject of a line of telegraph and daily mail across the continent to ('alifornia, and his views in their favor had been fortified by further observation and reflection; and congratulated the legisla- ture "on the auspicious result of the Presidential contest by which the States have just been convulsed, and that a majority of the ]»('ople have proved faithful to the compromises of the constitution, and driven back the flood of fanaticism, which threaten«;d to overwhelm the nation." GEORGE W. DUNN. HISTORY OF MISSOITHI. * 145 On tlie 3d of Jannarv, 1857, the two Houses met in joint con- vention, for the purpose of countinoj the votes for Gov- ernor and Lieutenant-Governor. The president of tlie Senate announced that he, in conjunction witli the speaker (»f the House of Representatives, liad examined the returns of the votes cast for Governor at the August election, and found the total num- ber for Trusten Polk was 46,91)3; for Robert C. Ewin^, 40,589; for Thomas H. Benton. 27,618. Whereupon Trusten Polk was declared elected GoverTior for the four years next ensuing. Gov- ernor Polk, after taking the oath of otilce, delivered his inaugural address. The joint convention re-assenibley the abstracts of tlie same, furnished by the Secretary of State, and found that the returns — which, in his opinion, were legal and \alid — showed William Newland to be duly elected Lieutenant-Governor. The Speaker then arose and made a state- ment that he found by a careful examination of the votes cast, that Hancock Jackson as first announced by the president of the Senate had received a plurality of all the votes cast. A motion was then made that he be declared elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a committee appcunted to notify him of his election: carried; ayes 84, noes 37. Mr. Jackson then a])peared, the oath of office was administered to him, <1nd he took his seat as ])resident of the Senate. On the 12th of January, 1857, the two Houses met again in joint convention for the purpose of electing two United States Senators. James S. Green, of Lewis county, received eighty-nine votes; Thomas H. Benton, thirty-three; L. M. Kennett, thirty-two votes: 10 146 ' AX IMJTSTKATKI) eight were scattering-. Mi'. Clreeii was declared elected Senator, to lill the vacancy in tlie representation of the State. On the 13th, the convention proceeded to vote for a Senator for a full term; when Trusten Polk received one liundred and one votes; Tliomas. II. Kenton, twenty-three; and II. R. (xamble, tliirtv-four votes: three were scattering. Mr. Polk was declared duly elected Sen- ator for six years from March 4, 1857. The Legislature adjourned on the 4th of March, to the third Mf»nday in October following. On the 19th of October, the adjourned session commenced. J. C. (Jhilds, was elected speaker of the House, and 11 F. Massey, sec- retary, (xovernor P()lk resigned the office of (xovernor, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-dovernor, Hancock flackson, who, at the opening of the session, sent in his message. In reference to the deterioration of the State credit, and the check given to ^he railroad system b}' the monetary crisis then existing throughout the country, he recommended that the legislature take decisive measures to se- cure, beyond all question, the honor and credit of the State. He desired such amendments to the railway system, as would enable the companies to secure the work done, and ultimately complete the roads. He recommended, also, the placing of guai'ds upon the banking system, such as would confine it within legislative limits and tend to expel de]»i-eciated paper trom the State. In order to accomplish this, he advised that lU) more State bonds be issued, and that a tax l)e levied to cover the whole amount of interest on them; he thought the State should have representations in the different companies, in proportion to the amount of bonds issued to their roads; that bonds of the State should in future be dis- posed of by an agent, appointed by the (Tovernor, and the pro- ceeds be given to the officers of the companies; that the Board of Public Works l)e empowered to examine into the details of the management of each road. He also recommended that one of the banks of St. Louis be made a clearing-house; that wlienever a bank fails to redeem its circulation at the clearing-house, the bank commissioner should close it in accordance with an existing law. The Governor contended that legislation in regard to bank sus- pension could <»nly result in producing greater difficulties than those it intended to alleviate; and that whenever a priv^ate banker or broker suspends, his assets should be placed in the hands of 1I18TOUY Ol" M18SOUKI. 147 trustees for ecjual distrihutioii uiiKtiii; creditors. The amount of State bonds due railway eoiiipanies, on the llJth of (October, was nine million of dollars. The legislature concluded tlieir labors on the 23d of November, 1857. An act was ])assed for the reliet of the liank of the State of Missouri and other banks. (This act suspended the law chartei-- iiiii^ banks so far as they imposed penalties and forfeitures, until Xoveml)er. 1858.) One authorized the circulation of suspended bank pa])er; another empowered the Bank of St. Louis to go into operation on a capital of $75,000; a third one incorporated the Xorthern Eank of Missouri. An act was passed to regulate the Missouri militia; one to incorporate railway companies in the State; and one to provide for levying, assessing and collecting the i-evenue. A large number of laws relati\'e to the different counties of the State were also enacted. The lirst session of the twentieth General Assembly was held at the seat of Government, anates. committing acts HISTDliY OF MISSOURI. 149 of ])ersoiial violence, and pluiiderinii^ and robbing tlie citizens. The peo])le of tliose counties becani(;, he said, greatly alarmed, and many of them along the line abjindoned their homes. Even some of the towns had been visited by the bandits, and it was stated, had been threatened with destruction. lie further said that an a])peal had been made to the executive for the means of protection, and Adjutant-General Parsons dis])atched to the front, to learn the actual state of facts. lie was instructed, if he deemed it necessary, to organize military companies in the counties most convenient to the scene of difficulties. General Parsons, under these instructions organized several companies, and furnished them with anus. These measures, served for a time, to prevent the in- vasions; but the settlers were deterred from returning to their homes. Governor Stewart further said, that he wrote to Governor Denver, of Kansas, that it might be necessary to station an armed force along the border, for the ])urpose of protection, and asked his earnest co-operation with the Missouri authorities to preserve the peace. For a time, the difiiculties seemed to subside, and no further efforts were made on the part of the authorities of Missouri. Later, a smaller party made an incursion into the State, committing murder and robbery, drawing off ten negroes l)elong- ing to citizens of Vernon county. After that occurrence, advices were received that a regular organized band of thieves, robbers and mi dniii^ht assassins had conijrejiated in Kansas, on the western border of Bates county, and made incursions into the State, taken the lives of citizens, committed to the flames their houses, and robbed them of their property. The Governor submitted these facts to the General Assembly, and bespoke for them immediate attention. On the l-tth of January, he sent another message, urging immediate action on the subject. On the 24th of February, an act was approved for the protection of persons and property on the western border of the State, ajipropriating $80,000 to sup- press nnd bring to justice the banditti, who infest that portion of the State, and the Governor was empowered to use discretionary ])()wer in all matters connected therewith. Of the laws passed at this session was an act for the protection of persons and ])roperty on the western border of the State; an act respecting institutions, atid other corj)orations doing a bank- 150 AN ILF.T^^TUATED iiig business; and act to incorporate the Northern, the Western, the Union, and the Exchange Banks; and one to provide for fur- thei- prosecution of the geological survey. Special laws were passed concerning railroads. The legislature adjourned on the 14tli of March. 1859. trv meet again on the last Monday of JS^ovember, of the same year. The legislature met. pursuant to adjournment, on the 28th of November, 1859. (Tovcrnor Stewart sent his message to both Houses on the same dav. lie declared, " it is evident that a larj^e majority of the people are in favor of the com]>letion of the railroads; that within a reasonable margin of the limitation of the State debt, it is manifestly thcAvish of the people that State aid shall be given in such manner as will be most certain to se- cure the desired end. and best calculated to protect the interests of the State; that the completiori of the great trunk roads will tix the position of Missimri as the central empire State of the Union; and that the failure to complete them will in- evitably put hei- in the ])osition which the enemies of the system had supposed their completion would do — a condition of oppres- sive taxation, cri})pled energies, and retarded prosperity.'' The Governor gave his views at length on railroad enterprises, and favored a liberal policy, on the ])art of the State toward them. The session adjourned on the lOth of January, 18(30, previous to which a proclamation from the Governor was presented to the House, calling the General Asseml)ly to meet on Monday, Feb- ruary 27. 1860. The third and special session of the General Assembly convened agreeably to the Governor's prochunation. The Tlouse was or- i8f!o i^t'inized ])v the election of Christian Kribben, speaker^ and W. S. Moseley, chief clerk. In the Senate, Hancock Jackson, Lieutenant-Govenioi-. took the chair, as president. War- wick Hough was elected, secretary. Governor Stewart stated, in his message, that the object of the calling of this session was the necessity of niai im])rovemeiit of the capitol grounds; and for making pro- vision for the coinpletiou by the compaiiit's to which State aid has been pi-evioiisly granted, of the several i-ailroads in HIbTOKV OK MLSSOURI. 151 wlitoc tiiiiuu'ial success the intercuts ot' the State were votes; Sample Orr, of Greene county, 64,583 votes; Han- cock Jackson, of liiindolph county. 11,41.") \otes; and James B. Gardenhire, of Cole county, (],135 \<»tes. For Lieutenant-Gov- ernor. Thomas C. Reynolds, of the county of St. Louis, received 7.'>,."')4!> votes; Thonuis J. C. Fagg, of the county of Pike, 5J>,9fi2 votes; Monroe M. Parsons, of the county of Cole, 10,700 \;otes; and James Lindsay, 8,196 votes. Frank P. Blair, .fames S. Rol- lins, John B.Clark. (^expelledV, K. H. Norton. .John W. Reid, (expelled); John S. Phelps, and .Fohn W. Noell, were elected members of Congress. CHAPTER XVTTT. ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON, HAMILTON R. GAMBLE AND WILLARD P. HALL. 1860—1864. The first session of the twenty-first General Assembly com- menced on 31st day of December, 1860. John McAfee was elected speaker of the House, and Thomas H. Murray, chief clerk. Warwick Hough was elected secretary of the Senate. Governor Stewart in his valedictory message referred to the state of feeling existing among the people, on the exciting events then agitating the country. In 1861, Missouri was the only slave- holding border State west of the Mississippi river. It had been so dee])Iy and closely involved Iti the troubles in Kansas, that the entire subject of the conflict between the North and the South had, in fact, been developed within its limits. The public sentiment of tlie citizens was doubtless accurately expressed by Governor Stewart; "Our people," said he, '"would feel more sympathy with the movement, had it not originated among those who, like our- selves, have suffered severe losses and constant annoyances from the interference and depredations of outsiders. Missouri will hold to the Union, so long as it is worth the eflPort to preserve it. She cannot be frightened by the past unfriendly legislation of the North, or dragooned into secession by the restricted legislation of the extreme South.'' On the 4th of January, 1861, Governor Stewart's successor, C. F. .lackson, was inauending in the House, passed within fifteen minutes after- wards. It was sent to the Senate, and likewise passed that body; aTid, receiving the Governor's signature, became a law. P>y the ])rovisioiis of the law, a military fund was created for the purpose of arming and equipping the militia. To this, was to be approp- riated all the money then in the treasury, or afterwards to be re- ceived on the assessments for ISOO-Ol, as well as the proceeds of the special tax of one mill on the hundred dollars levied to secure the com])letion of certain railroads, or from otiier sources, except a surtieiency to carry on the State government, and suppoi't its HI8TOKY OF MISSOURI. 157 penal aiul benevolent institutions. The Governor was authorized to receive a loan of $500,000 i'nnn the banks at any rate of inter- est, not exceeding ten per cent. Fifteen cents on the hundred dol- lars of the assessed valuation of taxable property in all tlie counties were ordei-ed to be collected during the years 1801. 1862 and 18(53, in addition to the tax levied by law. The Governor Avas autliorizcd to ])urchase arms and munitions of war. and to issue $1,000,000 in bonds, payable respectively in February, 1802, 1808 and 18<)4. in sums of not less than five hundred dollars, to be received in pay- ment of taxes. The military were placed under the counnand of the Governor, and every able-bodied man in the State was made sub- ject to do military duty. The telegraph was then taken possession of, and everything reiuained in uncertainty, but the excitement began to abate. The two Houses met at half past seven, and con- tinued in session until half past nine. Shortly after twelve o'clock, the whole town was aroused by the ringing of bells and the shouts of men, calling the members of the legislature. The members hurried to the Capitol, and immediately went into secret session, which contimied until half past three o'clock. The cause of this unusual commotion, was a dispatch which was received late at niglit, stating that 2.000 troops would leave St_ Louis at eleven o'clock for Jetlerson (^ity. Before the two Houses adjourned, however, news was received that the Osage bridge had been burned, and it was pretty well settled that if the troops were on the way, they could hardly get through, before ample prepara- tions could l)e nuide to receive them. In consequence of this dis})atch, 12,000 kegs of powder were at once loaded into wagons and sent off into the country, and the State treasure was also re- moved to some place for safe keeping. The next day, matters became more quiet, and the true state of affairs was made known. The city of St. Louis, at this time, M'as the scene of great excitement. A camp of instruction had been formed under General Frost, in the western suburbs of the city, in pursuance of orders from the Governor of the State. lie had directed the other military districts, also, to go into encampments with a view of ac([uiring a greater proficiency in military drill. This arrangement was not satisfactory to General Nathaniel Lyon, who, at this time, licid possessioii of the Arsenal, lie ]>iit 158 \N n.r.lTSTKA TED his troops in inotion to the iiuiiiber, as Wiis represented, of four or iive thousand, and proceeded through the city, to the camp of General Frost, and surrounded it, planting Latteries on all the lieiglits overlooking tlie camp. By this time an immense crowd of people liad assembled in the vicinity. Numbers of men seized rifles, sliot-guns, or whatever weapons they could procure, and rushed t(; the assistance of the State troops, l)ut were, of course, obstructed in their design. Having made his arrange- ments, (xeneral Lyon addressed a letter to General Frost, stating that his command w^as regarded as evidently hostile to the gov- ernment of the United States; that it was made up of those se- cessionists who liad openly avowed their hostility to the General government, and had been plotting the seizure of its property and the overthrow of its autliority; that he (General Frost) was openly in communication with the so-called Southern Confeder- acy, which was then at war with the United States, and that he was receiving, at his camp, from the said confederacy, under its flag, large supplies of materials of wsir, most of which was known to be the property of the United States. For these and other reasons, whicli he gave, he demanded an immediate surrender (►f his command. In reply to this demand. General Frost not being in a condition to make resistance to a force so numerically su- pei'ior, surrendered. Immediately after the surrender, the city was in a most exciting condition; a riot took place, and a scene was presented, seldoih witnessed. The total number of killed and wounded was twenty-flve. Among the arms taken at Camp Jack- son were three thirty-two i)ounders, a large cpiantity of balls and bomits, several pieces of artillery, twelve hundred rifles, six brass six-inch mortars, and a large quantity of other munitions of war. The number of prisoners taken to the Arsenal was six hundred and thirty- nine privates, and fifty oflicers. [Jnder the influence of the dispatches received at the State (lapitol, bills were introduced and passed both Houses, after one o'clock on Sunday morning, giving the Governor more ])erfect control over St. Louis; also the most ample power for supju-es- sing riots and insurrectionary movements throughout the State. On the 15tli of May, tlie legislature adjourned until September. On the same day, (xeneral Harney, who had arrived at St. L HISTORY OK IMISSOriM. 159 Louis and resiinied cliHi'i>^e of his militarv (IrpartiiK'Ht, issued a ])roclaiiiati<)n to the })eople of tlie State, lie descrihed the mil- itary bill ot" the k'gislature as a secession ordinance, and stated the purposes of the federal government in regard to Missouri; — stating that, whatever might be the termination of the unfortu- nate condition of things in respect to tlie so-called cotton states, Missouri must share the destiny of the Union; and that the wliole ])o\ver <»f the government, if necessarv, would be exerted to maintain Missouri in her present position. (^n the 20th of May, a plan was agreed npon between Generals Ilarney and Price, for the maintenance of peace, and the avoid- ance of conflicts between the federal and State governments. This plan, however, proved unsuccessful; and, on the 11th of June, General Lyon, (yolonel Fratd-c P. Blair, and Major H. A. Conant, on the part of the government; and Governor Jackson, Genend Price, and Thomas N. Snead, on the part of the State, had a four hours' interview at St. Louis, which resulted in no pacific measures being adopted. Governor Jackson demanded tiiat no United States forces should be quartered, or marclied through the State. After the interview, the Governor returned to Jefferson City; and, on the 12th issued his ]>roclamation, calling into active service fifty thousand of the State militia for tlu' ]>urpose of re- p(>lling invasion, and for the ]>rotection of the lives, liberty and ])roperty of tlie citizens. He also gave his views on the events that had recentl}' taken })lace; — that a series of unprovoked and unparalleled outrages had been inflicted upon the peace and dig- nity of the commonwealth, and u])oii the rights and liberties of the people by wicked and unprinci])led men, ])rofessing to act under the authority of the United States government; that sol- emn enactments of the legislature had been nullified; that the volunteer soldiers had been taken prisoners and unoffending and defenseless men, women and children had been ruthlessly shot hiir. and other sectionsof Totten's battery and a detachme'nt of pioneers, and General Lyon and staff, num- bering fifteen hundred men, for Jefferson City. Horses, wagons, and all necessary camp equipages, ammunition and provisions for a long march, accompanied the expedition. On the 15th, they arrived at the (capital. Five comjmnies of volunteers, under Lieutcnaiit-Oolonel Andrews, and a company of regular artillery under ()aj)tain Totten. all under General Lyon, disembarked and occupied the city. Governor Jackson and the officers of the State- government and many citizens had left on the 13th. On the next day, General Lyon marched for Booneville. Previ- ously, however, he placed Colonel Henry Boernstein, of the second Missouri volunteers, in command; and, on the next day, the 17th of June, he issued a proclamation, declaring that he acted in the absence of the regular State authorities who had fled, to prevent IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 161 anarcliy aiid lawlessness, ^[eanwliile (xovernor Jackson, on leaving Jefferson City, snnmioned the State tR)ops toliis sn])portat Boone- ville which is situated on the south bank of the Missouri river, t'orty-eiglit miles north-west of Jefferson City. Several compa- nies from the adjacent counties joined him under Colonel Mar- mad uke. Leaving Jefferson City on the 16th, General Lyon proceeded on the steamers, ''A. McDowell," "Lxtan"' and ''(Mty of Louisiana," up the river, stopping for the night about one mile below Provi- dence. Early in the morning, he started with his force, reaching liochefort before six o'clock, when he learned that a snudl force of the State troops was a few luiles below Booneville preparing to make a vigorous defense. Proceeding on, they discovered about six miles from the latter place on the bluffs, a battery, and also scouts moving. A landing was made about seven o'clock two miles farther down, on the south bank of the river, the troops soon beginning to move on the river road to Booneville. P^ol- lowing it about a mile and a half to the spot where it begins to ascend the bluffs, several shots announced the driving in of the enemy's pickets. On the summits of the bluffs, the enemy was ]>osted. The federal force advanced and opened the engagement by throwing a few nine-pounder shells, while the infantry tiled to the I'ight and left and commenced a lire of musketry. The enemy stood their ground manfully for a time, then began to retire, and finally withdrew in order. The federal force was two thousand, only a small portion of which was engaged, and its loss was two killed and nine wounded. The number of the State ti-oops was small. They admitted ten as killed and several as hav- ing been taken prisoners. Some shoes, guns, blankets and other articles were taken by the federal troops. This was the first hos- tile collision in the State between those representing the authority of the United States forces and those of the State, General Iaou thereupon deemed it necessary to issue a proelanuition, in which he referred to the necessity which luid arisen for action of the federal government, against those who were actively sympathiz- ing with the secessionists. lie said, his intention was to use the the force under his command for no other ])urjiose than the main- tenance of the authority of the Genei'al ii'ovci-nment, and the n 162 AN ILLUSTRATED protection of the riglits and property of all law-abiding citizens. On the 18th of June, Governor Jackson was at Syracuse abont twenty-live miles south of Booneville with about live hundred men. Property was taken from Union citizens by force, also the rolling stock of the railroad, when further retired to Warsaw, de- stroying the Lamoine bridge, a costly structure, six miles west of Syracuse. On the same day a skirmish took ])lace near the town of Cole between a force of Union ll(jme Guards and State troops from Warsaw, in whicli the formei- were put to liight. Military aftairs now progressed so rapidly, that the force con- centrated in the State reached 10,000 men: — '2,500 stationed at Herman, and Jeft'erson City; 3,200 at Holla, the terminus of the south-west branch of the Pacific railroad; 1,000 on the Xorth Missouri railroad; and 1,000 at Bird's Point, opposite Cairo. Tn addition to these, there was a force of 2,500 remaining at St. I^ouis, which could have been increased to 10,000 in a few hours by accessions from the neighboring camps in Illinois. Tliese troops held the entire portion of the State north of the river, the south-east qiuirter lying between the Mississippi and a line drawn southward from Jefferson city to the Arkansas border; thus giving to the federal government the important points of St. Louis, Hannibal, St. Joseph and Bird's Point, as a base of operations, with the rivers and railroads as a means ot transportation. On the 21:tli, the State treasurer, the auditor, and land register, who had retired with the Governor, returned to Jeft'erson city, and took the oath of allegiance, and entered upon their duties. The Home Guard of the Capital were furnished with arms, and drilled under the direction of Colonel Boerstein, and in- trenchments for the defense of the place against attacks were erected. Several expeditions were sent by General Lyon to various j)arts of the State, where collections of secessionists were re])orted, but the latter succeeded in getting aAvay before the ar- i-i\;d of the federal troops. In the latter part of June, General J. ('. Fremont was ordered to take command of the Department of the West. Since General Harney had been ordered to another post, Lyon, who had been promoted from captain to a brigadier- geiR'i'alshi]), had l»een in command. On tlie ath of July, a sh;n'|i iiist(»i;y of MissoriM. 1(58 f>ii^au,einpnt took pliice between some of General Lyon's troops, imder Colonel Siei»-el, assisted by Colonel Salomon, and a body of State troops nndei" General Rains and C<^lonel Parsons, iit Cartlia<^'e, in Jasper county, in soutli-western ]V[issonri. This movement of General Lyon's, up the Missouri and through the central part of the State, had the effect to restrain the seces- sionists, and i)rev"ent them from orj>;anizinii,- a formidable force. On the 8d of July, Lyon, with his forces, left IJoonesville for the south-western counties of the State, intendiu"; to proceed as far as S})rin«i^iield. General Sweeney was, in the meanwhile, at Springfield, with a small Union force. On the 4tli of July, he issued a proclamation, requiring all troops and armed men in that section of the State, and which are arrayed against the gov- ernment of the United States, to immediately disperse, and re- turn to their homes. On the ()th, Lyon reached Springfield. Ilis command was inci'eased by the addition of the force of General Sturgis, being then ten miles north of the town. On the 20th, oi-- ders were given U) General Sweeney, with twelve hundred men, to break uj) a confederate camp located at Forsyth, about fifty miles *;outh of S])ringfield. They reached their destination at two o'clock, 1'. M., on Monday, just in time to see the enemy rapidly retreating. Blankets, rifles, provisions, and a. large quantity of lead, were captured. On the 1st of August, Lyon ordered his entire command, with the exception of a small guard, to rendezvous at Crane's Creek, ten miles so\ith of Springfield. The march commenced tiiat afternoon, and the canq) was reached about ten o'clock that night. The next morning the march was resumed, and about five o'clock that afternoon a body of the enemy were overtaken, when a brisk interchange of shots between the skirmishers took place. Upon this, a body of the enemy's infantry, about five hundred in num- ber, approached, apparently with the design of cutting off an advanced body of the federal infantry. .Vfter several volleys were interchanged, a charge was made by a body of regulars. The enemy's ranks were broken and they retreated. The })lace of this skirmish was Dug Springs. The maivli was continui'd as far as Curran, twenty-six miles from Springfield. For pru- dential reasons, liVon determined to return to that town. The 164 AX iLusTitA ri:i) State troops, under Geneml Sterliii<^ Price, were collected in the soiitii-westem counties, and encountered Lyon at Wilson's Creek, where, on the 10th of August, a battle was fought, in which the latter lost his life. The locality of the battle was near Spring- Held.. The federal loss was 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 2i)8 prisoners; the confederate loss, 421 killed, and 1,300 wounded. This was the severest engagement of the year. In the northern counties the same division of sentiment was rapidl}' arousing a hostile spirit. Squads of troops were stationed at important places, while State troops gathered to oppose them. The destruction of property and bloody skirmishes soon followed. At Monroe station, thirty miles west of Hannibal, an attack , was made by confederate troops on the 11th of July, on the railroad station-house, which was burned, together with eighteen freight cars. A portion of the railroad track was torn up on each side of the town. On the same night the bridge of the Hannibal and St. Josej^h railroad was burned. On the 16tli a skirmish took place at Millville, about thirty miles above St. Charles, on the JS'orth Missouri railroad. About eight hundred Union troops had reached this point when the track was torn up, and they were tired ii]>on by a secession force; a small nuniber were killed and wounded on each side. A little further smith in Fulton, Callaway county, about twenty-three miles north-east of Jefferson City, a skirmish took place on the 17th, between Colonel McNeil with about 600 men, and General Harris with a considerable force. The latter was routed with a loss of several prisoners. On the 19th General John Pope who had been assigned to the command in northern Missouri, issued a proclamation at St. Charles. His command in north Misvsouri was seven thousand strong, and so posted that Jefferson City, Booneville, Lexington, and all the principal points in that section of the State were within easy striking distances. Such is a brief notice of the actual skirmishes and battles which took place in the State during the month of July, 1861, including the events at Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek in the month of August. They afford an indication of the excitement, the uncertainty, and the division of sentiment, which existed at I / ELIAS V. WILSON. Hlt>TOi:V OK MlStiOUUI. 165 that time. It is believed that a majority (»t' the pe(t{)k' of the State were Union men, and tliat the decided action of the State convention seenred tiieir a])oi"t of the federal ofovei'iniient. On the ()th of Jnlj, a majority of the committee of the con- vention of the State, char«i^ed with the duty of conveiiin^- >aid convention prior to the third ]\[onday of December, issnccl a Qi\]\ for a meeting on the 22d day of July, at ffetferson (Mty. At that time the State convention re-assembled. New (juestions were ]>resented for its coiisideration, of which there were no precedents. The Governor legally chosen had left the capital, after initiating against the national gov-ernment a military demonstration that had resulted in disaster to himself and his adherents. The Lieutenant-dovernor, who of right should have succeeded the Governor, was an exile from the State, and was believed to be engaged in schemes which incapacitated him for a proper discharge of tlie executive functions in a loyal common- wealth. Nor was the president ^rr> temjwre of the Senate pres- ent to take the place of the Lieutenant-Governor, the speakei- ot the House to take the place of president jrro tern. Tlius the executive department was without a head, and the important functions of Governor remained undischarged. In the State convention, the first business was to declare the seat of General Price, as president of the convention, vacant. A committee of seven was appointed, to whom were referred several resolutions relative; to the state of affairs. On the 2.')th the committee presented their report. It alluded at length to the unparalled condition of affairs, the reckless coui-si' of the recent government, and flight of the Governor and otlici- St:ite ofticers from the CapitaL It declared the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, vacant, and |)ro- vided that their vacancies should be filled by the convention, the officers so appointed to hold their positions until August, lS(»-2, at which time it recommended a special election by the people. The report was adoptt'd. On the 30th of July, the convention declared vacant the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, by a vote of fifty-six t(» twenty- live. The seats of the members of the (iiMieral Assembly 166 AN im.(tstkat?:d were also declured vacant l)y a vote of lifty-two to twentv- eiglit. On tlie next day, Hamilton R. Gamble was elected Provisional Governor; Willard P. Hall, Lieutenant-Governor; Mordecai Oliver, Secretary of State. These officers wei-e at once inauirnrated. The first Monday in November was fixed as the day foi- the election, In' the peo])le, of State officers, and after the transaction of some nnim])ortant business, and the presentation of an address to the people of the State, the convention adjourned until the tliird Monday in December, unless sooner called togetlier by the new government, should the |)ublic safety demand it. About the time tliis address was made, Lieutenant-Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation at Xew Madrid, addressed to the j)eo]>le of Missouri. He said: " I return to the State to accom- pany in my official capacity one of the armies which the warrior statesman, whose genius now presides over the affairs of one half of the Union, has prepared to advance against the common foe," and that as far as he was concerned no authority of the United States would be ])ermitted; and that of Missouri, as a sovereign and independent State, would be exercised with a view to her speedy union with her Southern Sisters. He further stated that the forces of the confederate States under the comnuind of Gen- eral Pillow had entered Missouri imder the invitation of Governor Jackson "to aid in expelling the enemies from the State"; and, as acting governor of Missouri, in the temporary absence of Gov- ernor Jackson, he authorized General Pillow to make and enforce all needful police regulations as he deemed necessary; ex- tending like authority to Brigadier-Genei"al Jefferson Thompson, from whose military experience brilliant services were confidently expected. ( )n the succeeding day, August Lst, Genei'al Tliom])son issued a proclamation to the people, calling for troops, saying: •* We have forty thousand Belgian muskets coming— we will strike your foes like a Southern thunderbolt, and soon our cam]>- fires will illuminate the ^^eramec and Missouri." On the ',k\ of August, l8(il, two days after his inauguration. Governor (xamhle issued a ])roclamati(»n to the peo])le, in which he stated tliat a most unfoi'tunatc and unnatural condition of feelin do all other acts which inde])endent States may of right do." On the 2(!th of July, General Fremont arrived at St. Louis to take command of the western department, in place of General Harney removed to another field. Military pre])arations were immediately commenced with great rigor. The accumulation and organization of Union troops at St. Louis, and othei- ])oints, added to the strength of Fremont, Avhilethe stringent I'egidations ado])t- ed by Geueral Pope, <»n the 18th of August. kt'])t the navigation of tJie Missouri river o])en for ti'affic. In the border counties, bodies of men were oigaiiizin^- to co- 168 AN lI.I.rsTItATKD operate with McCullocli, in a coiiteiuplated advance. A lack of provisions was tliechiefembarrassnientto the confederate forces at this time. J'iilow was eonteuipUiting a movement, and also Thompson, who was near Benton, in Scott county, while the former was at New Madrid. Amid these exciting circum- stances, Fremont issued a proclamation and a special mil- itary order. He said, that circumstances, in his judgment, rendered it necessary that the commanding general of the de- partment should assume the administrative power of the State. Its disordered condition, the helplessness of the civil autho)-- itv, the total insecurity of life, and the devastation of pro})ertv, by bands of murderers and marauders, who infested neai'ly every county of the State, demand the severest measures to re])ress the daily increasing crimes and outrages, which were driving off the inhabitants and ruining the State; and that in order to su|)press disorder, to maintain as fai* as then practicable, the public peace, he declared martial law throughout the State of Missouri. He further said that all persons who should be taken with arins in their hands within the lines (therein described) should be tried by a court-martial, and if found guilty would be shot. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State, who should take up arms against the United States, or who should be directly proven to have taken active part M'ith their enemies in the field, was declared to be confiscated to the public use, and their slaves, if any they had, declared free men. President Lincoln, in a letter to Fremont, dated September 11th, objected to so much of the proclamation as related to the confiscation of property and the liberation of slaves; and that portion of it was so nnxlified as to conform to the law of Con- gress, approved August 6th, 1801, on the confiscation of property used for insurrectionary purposes. The month of September was spent by the fedei'al commander in making ]»reparation for future movements. His ])lan appeared to have been to advance into the south-western part of the State, with such force as would compel the confodei'ate commander to evacuate Missouri. A large army from the north-west was therefore gathered at St. Louis, and at the same time a line of fortification was commenced around it. The capture of Lexington, and Colonel Arulligan's troops by HiSTOUY or MISSOURI. 169 Oeneral Price, on the 21st of September, was an important aliair to the confederates; and cansed Fremont, on tlie 2Tth of that month, to hasten from St. Louis to Jefferson City. On the 3d of October, the confederates abandoned Lexington; and, as the Union force concentrated at Jeli'erson City, Price retired to Spring- field, and still further south. llis force was estimated at not less than twenty thousand men. The advance of Fremont in the south-west was made in live divisions undei" Generals Hunter, Pope, Siegel, Arboth and McKinstry. On the 14th of October, he arrived at Warsaw, on the Osage riv- er, sixty-live miles south-west of fletferson City, where he pre- ])are(l to cross by means of a bi-idge. On the opposite baidv was a considerable ctmfederate cavalry force at the time of his arrival, which was dispersed by canister shot. The bridge was tinished about the 21st, and on the 26th, the troops reached Polivnr. (Jn the 27th, Fremont arrived at S})ringlield, when the national Hag was displayed. On the 25th, Major diaries Zagonyi, commander of Fremont's body-guard, with one hundred and sixty mounted troops of that guard, made a brilliant attack upon the confederate forces sta- tioned near the city, over 2,000 in number, who, having been in- formed of his coming, were drawn up in order of battle to receive him. He charged with his little band up a steep hill, in the face of a most murderous lire, and after a short action, drove them into, through, and out of the town, with a loss of fifty killed, wounded and missing. The confederate loss was sixty killed and a lai'ge number wounded. A number of skirmishes took place between the union troops and the confederates, during the month of October. (Jn the 1st of November, an agreement was entered into between Fremont and Price, that a joint j»roclaination should be signed by them respectively, which should provide for certain objects therein specified. This proclamation was signed by both officers, and published. After the removal of Fn^mont, t])e command devolved on iren- eral Hunter, who, on the 7th of November, addresseil a letter to Price, in which he recapitulated the agreement, and said: "As General cominandiiii; the forces of the United States in this de- 170 A>r ILLUSTRATKl) ])artnient, 1 can in no manner recognize the agreement aforesaid, or any of its provisions, wlicther inij)lie(l or direct, and I can neither issue, nor allow to be issued, the 'joint ])rochimation,' purporting to have been signed by you, and Major-General Fre- mont on the 1st day of November." Fremont received the order for his removal from the command on the '2d of JS'ovember. He had arrived at Springfield oidy a few days previous at the head of an army, and was then in })ui"- suit of the confederate forces. Altiiough not altogether unex- pected, it occasioned much excitement in his command; and many officers were disposed to resign. Fremont, liowever, issued a patriotic farewell address, in-ging tlie army to cordiall}' sup- ]K)rt his successor, and expressing regret to leave on the eve of a battle they were sure to win. lie returned to St. Louis and found a large assemblage gathered to greet him. Tlie citizens presented him an address and resolutions, expressive of their high con- Udence in his ability in the discharge of his duties, to which lie suitably replied. On the 11th of October, the State convention i-e-assembled at St. Louis. The Governor in his message to that body, asked for a simple and more efficient military law, and recommended means to ]>rovide for carrying on the State government, and to meet the ])resent emergencies. An ordinance was adopted, to postpone the State election until the first Monda}'' in November, 1862, and pi'oviding for the continuance of the Governor, Lieu- tenant-Governor, and Secretary of State in office, until their successors should be dulj' ap])ointed. Another ordinance X\-as passed, providing for the abolition of certain offices, and for the reducing of salaries; it also contained a section providing tliat all persons taking the oath prescribed by the oi-dinance, within thirty days after its passage, should be exempt from arrest or ])unishment for taking up arms against the provisional govern- ment of the State, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies; and the Governor was directed to request the President, in the name of the ])eo]»le of the State of ^lissonri. by ])ro('laui;ition, to ex- em])t all persons taking the said oath from all penalties incurred by taking uj) arms against the Fnited States, or giving aid and comfort to the enemy. The ol)jects JK'foi-t' the convention having JOHN R. WOODSIDE. HKST(UiV OK MISSUUKI. 171 bee!i acc'oiiipli.-lKHl l)v pi-oviding' sufficient funds, aud authoriziu<; till' State officers to continue until tlieir successors were ap- ]i()intrd, the convention adjoui'ned. In the last two weeks of December, the federal army captured 2,500 prisoners, including seventy commissioned officers, 1,200 liorses and mules, 1,100 stand of arms, two tons of ])owder, 100 wagons, and an immense amount of commissary stores and camp e(piipage. Several skirmishes took* place during these operations. On the 22d of November, the town of Warsaw was burned by in- cendaries to prevent its further occu])ation by union tro(jps. At Salem a skirmish took place, December 3d. Several were killed on both sides. At Shawanoe Mound, on the 18th, Pope captured 150 confederate i)risoners, with wajjons, tents, and baffirajje. At Milford, on the 18th, a body of the enemy were surrounded, 1,300 prisoners taken, including three cplonels, and seventeen captains; 1,0(»0 stand of arms, 1,000 liorses, sixty -five wagons, and a large quantity of tents, baggage and su])])lies were captured. The close of military operations in the State at the approach of winter, left Ilalleck free to use a large part of his ai-my in west- ern Kentucky. The struggle in the State during the year was vigorous and active, especially on the ])art of Price, under the contracted resources at his command. It was thought at Rich- mond that, if he had been zealous and efficiently seconded, he wt>uld have soon driven the federal force from Missouri, and thus have secured to the confederacy one of the most important western States; such an acquisition would have involved the des- tinies of Kansas, the Indian Nation, Arizona, and New Mexico. The possession of this vast territory west and south, was the occasion for the contest made by the confedei'ate States in Mis- souri. ( )n the night of the 20tli of December, some men who had re- turned from Price's army, destroyed about one hundred miles oi' the Missouri railroad, or rendered it useless. Cominencing eight miles s(jutli of Hudson, they burned the bridges, wood-piles, water-taidutli- ern and westi-rn frontiers, the operations of guerillas caused occa- sional disturbance, but the central and northern parts of the State. HISTOIIY (»K MISSOTTRI. 173 togetlier witli the coimtit's l)()r(leriui,^ on the Mi-ssissijjpi, remuiiu'd tolerably (juiet. At St. Louis, early in the year, in consequence of complaints of disprojxtrtionate assessments having been made under the opera- tions (»f '• ( )rder Ko. 24," levying assessments ort of union refugees, General Ilalleck ap])ointed a new board of assessors to revise the former list, and niidce such modifications as circumstances demanded. Several citizens assest l)aving failed to pay their assessments, tlieir prop- ei-ty was ordered to be seized under execution. One of the number, Samuel Engler, a prominent merchant, with a view of testing tlie legality of the transaction, caused a writ of replevin to be ser\-ed on the Provost-Marslial to recover the property taken from him; whereupon he and his attorney were arrested and lodged in the military prison. ( )n the 9th of January, the Provost-Marshal General issued an order requiring all publishers of newspapers in Missouri, those of St. Louis excepted, to furnish him with a copy of each issue for insjiection, under the penalty of having their pajjers suppressed; and some excitement was caused on the same day in the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, by the refusal of the southern members who were in a nuijority, and M'ho had just elected officers of their own vicAvs, to admit a number of union apj^li- plicants for membership. The consequence was the witlidrawal of the union members, and the establishment of a union Cham- ber of (/ommerce. The indication of latent sympathy with the southern confeder- acy, which was afforded by this occurx'ence, determined Halleck to adopt more stringent measures to secure adherence to the gox- ernment; and, on the 20th, he issued an order requiring all the officers of the St. Louis Mercantile Library Association to take the oath of allegiance prescribed by Article VL of the State ordinance of October 16th, 1861; and those who neglected or refused to file a copy of the oath so subscribed, in the office of the Provost- Marshal General, within ten days, were to be deemed as having resigned. If such persons persisted in the exercise of the func- tions of such office, they were to be arrested for contempt, and punished according to tlie laws of war. Those found bearing the 174 AX ILLUSTHATKD eiieniy's flag on their carriages or veliicles, or otherwise ital on the '.U\ of .rune, (rovernor Gamble in his official com- munication, reviewed the historv of affairs during the interval aucceeding the adjournment of the convention, showing that the finances of the State were still in an unsettled condition, only forty-one counties out of the one hundred and twelve having re- turned, tax-books for the year 1861. Of the J^^()4U,220 due from these, not more than $258,8S6 had been paid in. The indebted- ness of the counties not heard from was very large; l)ut officers were linding it more easy to make collections, and in every way the condition of affairs was (piite as favorable as when the present authorities received control of the government. In most })arts of the State, courts of justice were open, and laws ])ro})erly ad- ministered, but elsewhere distui'bance and crime were perpetrated under the name of guerrilla warfare, lie doubted the expediency of electing members of ( -ongress seventeen months before taking their seats; and, in view of the fact that a large body of the voters of the Srate were absent as volunteers, he sujfw'ested the re- peal of the ordinance passed in the previous Xovend)er, which provided for an election of executive officers, and for the ratifica- tion of the })rovisional government in August. On the -ith of June, the committee on elections reported l)ills, continuing the present officers of the State until I8r>4, repealing the ordinance submitting the action of the conventit»n to the people, and defining the (pialification of voters in the State. The last named bill prohibited all confederates from holding office or voting, except on condition of taking the oath to support the constitution of the United States, and Missouri; and re(|uired judges of all elections to administer a similar oath to all voters. On the 7th, Judge Breckenridge, of St. Louis, introduced a bill for gnidual emancipation, framed in accordance with the President's message to Congress, which he supported in an able manner, as the only measure at all likely to quiet the agitation rapidly growing in the State. At the conclusion of his remarks. 176 AW n.lJJCTRATKD Mr. Hall, of Randolph county, moved to lay the bill upon the table, which was carried by yeas, Hfty-two; nays, nineteen. He then moved to reconsider the motion to lay upon the table, and to lav that motion upon the table. This was agreed to, and thus- the emancipation scheme was thwarted, almost at its inception. During the 9th and 10th days, the convention was chiefly occupied in discussing the bill detining the qualitications of voters, which had been reported back without the di^francllising clause. An amendment offered by Judge Breckenridge, " to dis- franchise all persons engaged in rebellion, subsequent to Decem- ber 17, 1801, was, after a protracted debate, carried by a yote of thirty-live ayes, to thirty one noes, and the bill was iinally passed by forty-two yeas, to twenty-seven nays. The chief objection urged against the amendment was, that it would discourage emi- gration from the Southern states. On the 11th, the bill to continue the present provisional gov- ernment, and postpone the election of State officers until 1804, elicited much discussion, and was iinally lost by yeas, thirty-one, nays thirty-ilve, but the next day the vote was reconsidered by yeas foi-ty-three, nays lifteen, and the \n\\ v/as passed: yeas forty- iive, nays twenty-one. A resolution expressing the confidence of the convention in the integrity and patriotism of (Tovernor Gam- ble, and other State officers, was also unanimously passed. An ordinance was then adopted, lixing the time for all subsequent general elections, on the Tuesday next after the iirst Monday in November, and the convention adjom-ne(j,uto the -Ith of July, 1808, unless sooner called together by the O^^^rnor. On the lOth of June, in pursuance of a^iC&il issued some time previous, a mass convention of emancipa1:ionists, consisting of one hundred and ninety-five delegates from twenty-tive counties, assembled at Jefferson City, to organize the party for the fall elections. A considerable number, if not a majority of the mem- bers, were slave-holders. Among the resolutions })assed was one declaring that they were in favor of initiating foi-thwith a sys- tem of emancipation for the State of Missouri, gradual in its character, and the operation of which should be so adjusted as not to work injury to the peculiar interests of any loyal citizens, whose vested property rights were involved, and not to dis- ytXxtXj^ HISTORY OF MIS.SOURI. 177 tiirh. bv any violent disrnption, the social relations in the commonwealth. One was also passed to the effect, that it should be the duty of the next General Assembly to take measures for securing from the national government the aid ])]edi>ed l)y reso lution of Congress to those states, undertaking the establishment of a system of gradual ematicipation, and that the same should be sodi'^posod, as to insure compensation for such as might be ad- jndged entitled to compensation, for any losses sustained in the inauguration and consummation of such a policy. Scarcely had the two conventions dissolved, when the State was threatened by a new and formidable outbreak of guerrillas, who were emboldened by the absence of the greater part of the national forces, to repeat, on a more extensive scale, their operations of the previous year. The greater part of them consisted of the dis banded troops of General Price. By the middle of July, the whole northern and western parts of the State were disturbed by rumors of guerrilla raids and. outrages. In the north-east quar- ter, Porter and Quantrell began, as early as the last week in June, to gather followers about them; and early inJuly, the formei' was defeated, and his band dispersed, at Cherry Grove, in Schuyler county, on the Iowa line. The increasing alarm in the State, heightened by the apprehen- sion that the sudden rising of the guerrillas was to be followed by another invasion from the South, rendered neceesarv viwrous measures of defense; and, on the 22d of July, Governor Gamble issued an order authorizing Brigadier-General J. ^f. Schoiield, of the State militia, to organize the entire militia of the State into companies, regiments, and brigades, and to order into active ser- vice, such portions of the force thus orgaTiized as he might judge necessary for the putting down of nil marauders, and defending peaceful citizens of the State. This order was followed, on the same day, by one from General Schofield for the immediate? or- ganization of all the militia of Missouri, for the pur])ose of exter- minating the guerrillas infecting the State. On the 28tli of July, Colonels Porter and Cobb were defeated in Callaway county, on the Missouri river; but within three days the former captured Newark, in Knox county, with two companies of national troops. AlK)ut the same time a new partisan leader, 12 178 AX ILI.USTKATKD C^olonel Poindexter, began to be active in the central counties on the Missouri, and durJTig the first week in August his movements, together with tliose of" Colonel Quantrell in the west, com j)elh'(l the national comniMnders to take additional measures of j)recaution. On the <)th <»f' August, Colonel Porter was disas- trously defeated by Colonel McNeil, at Kirksville, in Adair county and for several weeks was eom])elled to keep aloof from ative operations; as a consequence the war shifted to central and western Missouri, wdiere Colonels Coffee and McBride wei'e re- ported to have come to the assistance of Quantrell. After a series of desultory skirmishes, an attack was made, on the IStli, by the combined bands of those leaders who had been joined a short time previous by Colonel Hughes and other officers of the confederate army, upon Independence, resulting in a severe defeat of the State troops; and two days later, a body of 800 of the latter were drawn into an ambuscade at Lone Jack, Jackson county, by Quantrell and ( !offee, losing two pieces of cannon and a numbei- of prisoners. Heavy i-einforcements under General Blunt, of Kansas, coming up, however, the guerrillas beat a hasty retreat southward to the Arkansas line. No sooner was the south-west cleared of guerillas, than their operations commenced in the north with renewed activity. Poin- dexter, after sevei-al defeats, was captured early in Septembei-, but so daring were the I'aidsof Porter and his followers, in Lewis, Maries, and other north-eastern counties, tliat a Palmyra news- paper declared the whole of that part of the State, ''to be in possession of the rebels, w'ith the exception (tf the posts imme- diately garrisoned by State, or United States troops." It esti- mated the number of confederates at 5,000, divided into numer- ous small bands, and commanded by reckless and enterprising leaders. On the 12th, Palmyra occupied by a small Union gar- rison, was ])lundered by Porter's force; but subsecpiently, to the 15th, the efforts of McNeil, Guitar, and other Union commanders, began to discourage the guerillas, wdiose strength was gradually frittered away. On the 19th of September the states of ]\Iis- souri, Kansas, and Arkansas, wei'e formed into a military district under the command of General Curtis, and soon after, General Schofield assumed command of the so-called HI8T0KY OF MlSSOlJKl. 179 "'Arinvof tilt' Frontier," in south-west Missouri. Movivio; with great r}i])i(lity, mid in considerable force, he broke up a Ibr- tnidable eani]) in Newtonia, and by the lOth of October, had driven the enemy completely over the Arkansas border. In the latter part of the same month, Colonels l^azear and Dewry, de- feated the confederate bands in south-eastern Missouri, in several iiugageiiu'nts, ca])turiui; many prisoners, and driviii. Gratz Brown, being m favor of immediate emanci])a tion, while the more conservative of tlie party, represented by Francis P. Blair, urged a gradual removal of slavery from the State. Many of the latter were slaveholders, and residents of large slave-holding districts, and although pledged unconditionally to the maintenance of the LFnion, were necessarily averse to the too sudden dissolution of the relations of master and slaves. Through- out the State generally, the twH> divisions of the party united in the support of the same candidate; but in St. Louis a somewhat bitter contest was waged between them. The election took j)lace on Tuesday, November 4th, and re- sulted in the choice of F. P. Blair, first district; II. T. J31ow, second district; J. W. Noell, third district; S. H. Boyd, fourth district; J. W. McCJlurg, fifth district; A. A. King, sixth dis- trict; Benjamin Loan, seventh district; Willard A. Hall, eighth district; and J. S. Rollins, ninth district; as members of (Con- gress. Of these, Blair, Blow, Noell, Boyd, McClurg and I^oan, were avowed emancipationists; Kink and Hall, democrats; and Rollins a Union man. In St. Louis, the c(»ntest between Bhiir and Knox, the radical emancipation candidate, was very close, the official retm-n showing a vote of 4,743 for Blair, to 4,590 for Knox; and 2,o:><> for Bogy, democrat. The emancipationists 180 AN ILLUSTRATED were equally successful in securing a majority in both branches of the legislature; that in the lower House being large. On the 29th of December, 1862, the new legislature (the twen- ty-second General Assembly) met at Jefferson City, and the House of Representatives was organized by the election of L. C. Marvin, of Henry county, the emancipation candidate, for speaker, by a vote of sixty-seven to forty-two. W. C. Gault, of St. Louis county, was elected chief clerk. I. Y. Pratt was chosen secre- tary of the Senate. On the succeeding day. Governor Gamble submitted his annual message. After congratulating the legis- lature and State upon the fact that a union General iVssembly had at length been convened, he reviewed the condition of the State since the sei^aration movement, and showed that the num- ber of volunteers from Missouri, al"ter allcnving for the casualities of war, and mustering out irregularly enlisted troops, was 27,500. which, with 10,500 State militia, gave a total force of 38,000 men in the service for the war. The enrolled militia, numbering 52,- 000, would give the State the gi-and total of 90,000, the latter force furnishing a largo body of men, armed and e(iuip})ed for any emei-geucy. The indebtedness of the State was stated to be $27,370,090; of which $22,150,000 was in aid of railroads; Platte county, $700,000; revenue bonds, $431,000; State defense war- rants, $725,000; anvars of interest due, $1,812,090, and a mis- cellaneous debt of ^002,000. On the subject of emancipation, he said that he had long been convinced that the material interests of the State would l)e advanced by substituting free for slave labor, and recommended a plan by which the children of slaves born after the passage of this act should be free, but remain under the control of their owners until they had arrived at a certain age, the owners to be compensated foi- the deminished value of slave mothers, after be- ing thus rendered incapable of bearing slave children. On the 5th of January, 1863, the two House's met in joint e(»n- vention to elect a'United States Senator for the unexpired term of Trusten Polk, until March 4th, 1863; and one for the term expiring March 4th, 1867, it being the unex- pired term of Waldo P. Johnson; and one for the term of six years from and after March 4th, 1867. Jolm P>. Tlonderson HISTOUY OF MltiSOUUl. 131 •was elected for tlie unexpired term of Trusteii Polk, to Miircli 4tli, 1803, receiving one hundred and four votes, and Ilobert AVil- son forty-seven votes. The convention took a vote to iill the un- €X])ired term of W. P. Johnson, but there being no choice, the convention adjourned from time to time to fill such unexpired term, until the 11th of February, when the 30th ballot was taken; iind there being no choice, thd convention adjourned until the lirst Thursday in November ensuing. The (i-eneral Assembly adjourned on the 22d of March, to meet on the second Tuesday in November, 1863. A law was enacted, at this sesson, to exem])t a homestead from sale; one accepting a grant of hinds from Con- gress for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts; and one appropriating money to the benevolent institutions of the State. A number of acts of a private and local character, relat- ing chiefly to the incorporation of towns and cities, educational institutions, and other organizations, were also passed. Tiie most exciting subject that agitated the minds of the peo- ple of Missouri in the year 18G3, was that of emanci[)ation. The State convention, that originally convened for the purpose of passing an ordinance of secession, was controlled by union men, the friends of secession having mostly retired. In 1862, it passed an ordinance continuing the State officers, which it had previously elected, in office until the election in 1864. The subject of compensated emancipation was discussed in that body without any decided action. A legislature was elected in November of the same year, and assembled in December. Al- though this body did not pass a joint resolution, at this session, or an act, making it the duty of the Governor to call the State convention together, yet he judged that their proceedings suffic- iently indicated a wish that the convention should be convened. He accordingly called the convention to assemble on the 15th of July, 1863. The legislature, which met on the 29th of December, 18(52, ad- journed on the 23d of March, 1873. Afiairs remained quiet un- til the election in the city of St. Louis. This was carried by the unconditional union men, or radicals, by a largo majority. This indicated a change in the sentiment of the people, on the subject of emancipation. It led to ap]>rehensions on the part of the con- 182 AN ILLUSTRATED servatives, lest the change should extend to the interior of the State, and thus give the radicals a controlling voice, and lead to speedy emancipation. To prevent this result, Governor Gamble issued a call for the adjourned convention to re-assemhle in June. About the lirst of May, General Curtis, in command of the de- partment of the Missouri, was removed, and General Scho- field appointed to his place. Th« reason of this change, as given in a letter to Schotield by President Lincoln, was that he had the conviction that the union men of Missouri, constituting, when united, a large majority of the people, had entered into a pestilent factional quarrel among themselves. General Curtis, perhaps, not of choice, being the head of one faction, and Gov- ernor Gamble, the other; and, as he could not remove Governor Gamble, he had to remove Genei'al Curtis. Soon after this change, delegations were sent on to Washing- ton from each party to confer with the President. They were in- formed that his Excellency was satislied that immediate emanci- pation would be detrimental to the interests of the State, and that as far as he was at present advised, the radicals in Missouri had no right to consider themselves the exponents of his views on the subject of emancipation in that State. On the 15th of June, the State convention re-assembled. Gov- ernor Gamble sent in a message expressing his views on the sub- ject of emancipation. He also asserted, that the enrolled militia were adequate to preserve peace within the State. Several plans of emancipation were immediately proposed, looking to the eman- cipation of all slaves within a few nn>nths; perpetually prohibit- ing slavery in the State; and proposing a system of apprentice- shi]) for the slaves so emancipated, for such period as might be sufficient to avoid any inconvenience to the interests connected with slave labor, and to prepare the emancipated blacks for com- plete freedom. On the 2;^)d, a majority of the committee reported an ordinance of emancipation. Section second })rovided that slavery or involuntary servitude, except in the punishment of crime, should cense to exist in Missouri, on and after the 4th of July, 1870, and all slaves within the State on that day were de- clared to be free. A minority report was also submitted, declar- ing slavery to be abolished on the first of -Inly ensuing. Gover- WILLIAM F. SWITZLER. HISTORY OF MLSSOrUI. Ig3 nor (ramble in his message to the convention, tendered his resiir. nation as Governor. A resohitioii was now offered i)r<.vi(h"n would not make himself a party to (Tovernor (lamble's lIISTUliV OF MISSOURI. 185 pro-slavery policy. The President, after hearing the address, re- plied that he tailed tu see that the condition of Missonri, and the wrongs and sufferings of the Union men, were to be attributed to weakness, wickedness, or immorality, but rather to civil war, — that he a})i)roved Schofield's action in preventino- a counter raid ijito Missouri by the citizens of Kansas, as the only way to avoid indiscriminate massacre; that the charges against that otticer, that he had purposely withheld protection from the loyal i)eople, and purposely facilitated the objects of the dis- loyal were altogether l)eyond belief; and he declined to remove him. The election held for Supreme Court judges resulted in the election of Judge Bates. The vote was 47,229 for Bates; 46,548 for Clover. For the purposeof promoting immigration from Europe, an agent was sent out with the promise of a small salary from some of the railroad companies; another was sent to Germany, by a manufac- turer in St. Louis, to procure laborers necessary for the carryintr on of his business. The State institutions, this year, were re- ported in a m(jre favorable condition. The second and adjourned session of the General Assembly, convened on the 10th day of November, 1863, lion. Willard P. Hall, president of the Senate, in the chair, and the officers of both Houses being the same as at the first session. Governor Gamble sent in his annual message in which he said that as to the relations of the State to the federal government, there was then, within the State, no jnilitary organization hostile to the government, and that every indication was that the former teeling of hostility had settled down into a (piiet accpiiescence in the supremacy of the government; that this condition of aitairs was fully exemplified by the fact that a body of rebels under the command of (i-eneral Shelby, invaded the State from Arkansas, and penetrated as far as the Missouri river, was met by the State troops alone, (^State militia and enrolled militia) routed in battle, and driven out of the State without obtaining any acces- sion to their number; while along their route, there was exhibited great activity among the people, in an endeavor tointerce})t them. Me further gave accounts of the orders issued by him for the for- 186 AN ILLUSTRATED mation of provisional rei^iments of militia, and the appointment of ix Major- General to command the volunteer troops. State militia^ and the pi'ovisional regimeiits. that there mii^hthe unity of com- mand, lie recommended the employment of immigration agents inEurope, for filling u]t the vacuum made inthepopidation l»y the war, and by emancipation, and said that all the interests of the State, agricultural and manufactui'ing, would be promoted by an- agency recognized and supported by the State authority. He also said, in closing, that he had no recommendations to make, in addi- tion to those made in his message to the legislature at their regu- lar session, except that circumstances recpiired that the strictest economy slunild be preserved in the management of State affairs. The legislature met in joint convention on the 12th of Nov^em- ber, for the purp(jse of electing a United States Senatoi- for the term expiring March 4, 18(17, but failed to elect. On the succeed- ing day, the convention proceded to a thirty-second ballot, and B. Gratz Brown received seventy-four votes and James ( ). Br(»adhead sixty-foui" votes, and two scattering. Brown was declared elected for the term expiring March 4, 1867. The convention then pro- ceede, 1864. A law was passed at this session, enabling the banks and tne- branch banks of the vState to wind up their business and organize as mitional banks; one authorizing the issue of State bonds to the amount of $150,000; one to provide means to pay certain bonds; one for repairing the (/apitol building, and enclosing the same; and one to orfj^anize a State boai'd of aj^ricul- ture. One was also passed to regulate the transj)ortation of" freight and passengers on the several railroads of the State; and another for the assessment and collection of the revenue of the State; an act was likewise })assed authorizing the call of a conven- tion to consider such amendments to the constitution of the State as might be by it deemed necessary for the emancipation of slaves; and one to preserve in juirity the elective franchise, and for the pronu>tion of the public good. The convention was to meet at St. UllSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 187 Louis on the 6th of January, 1865, and the election of delegates to he held in November. At the same time the people were to vote on the proposition whether they desired a convention or not. Of this legislature it may be said, that the unconditional union men had a majority in the House, but not in the Senate. CHAPTER XTX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOK THOMAS C. FLETCHER. 1864—1868. Tlie animal election was held on the 8th of November, 1864. The vote for President Lincoln was 71,676; for McClellan, 31,626. The union candidate for Governor, Thomas C. Fletcher, was elected by a majority of 41,125 votes over Thomas L. Price. The total vote for a State convention was 89,215, of which there was a majority in favor of a convention of 37,793. Of tlie mem- bers chosen to the convention, three-fourths belonged to the union party. The entire union or radical ticket for State officers was elected; also a large radical majority of the members of the Senate, and three-fourths of the Assembly. Eight •out of nine radical candidates were elected to Congi-ess. The same ticket was also elected in eighty of the one hundred and fourteen counties in the State. This was the first election for State officers which had been held in Missouri since the begin- ning of the war. The acting Governor, H. li. Gamble, had been chosen by the convention, and, also, the Lieutenant-Governoi-, W. P. Hall, who succeeded on the decease of the former. The session of the twenty-third General Assembly, convened on the 26th of December. Governor Hall, in his message to the legislature said, that on the first day of July, 1864, the State of Missouri had furnished by volunteer enlistments, ten thousand more soldiers for the fedei-al army than her quota. Since that time eleven new regi ments had been recruited and organized. The whole number of men furnished prior to February, 1864, was 59,676; number furnished since that date, 18,508. Veterans mustered to April 28, 1864, 1,409; enrolled militia reduced to three years standing by report of Adjatant-General, 2,174; total number furnished to 8(>th November, 1864, 81,767. In addition. JOSEPH FLOOD HISTORY OF AUSSOUKl. 18^ there had been in tlie Held since July 31, ISGi, more than fiO,000 militia, in payment of which more than four millions of dollars had been expended. On the 1st day of January, ISCA, there was due the militia, $989,579.05, to provide for which the Gov- ernor recommended an issue of bonds. The revenue of the State in 1803 and 1864, exceeded that of the year 18H1 and 1862. During the years 1861 and 1862, the disturbances in all por- tions of the State, utterly suspended and prosti-ated the schools in nearly the whole domain of the commonwealth. In 1863 many school-house doors were thrown open, and children gathered in the schools in all parts of the State. In 1864, nearly all the counties north of the IVEissouri river had their com- mon schools in full operation, and in many counties, south of tlie river, schools were opened. The change about to take place in the condition of the slaves, had already turned attention to theii* education, and to the relations which they should hold to the constitution of the State. It was estimated that nearly one-third of the population of 1860 had l^een lost to the State in consequence of the war. Even at that period the population was hardly suthcient to develop the resources and gather the harvests. Immigration was greatly needed. On the 2d of January, 1865, the two Houses met in joint con- vention to examine the returns of the election of Gov- ernor, and Lieutenant-Governor. Thomas C. Fletcher was declared duly elected Governor for the four years ensuing. George Smith, of Caldwell county, for Lieutenant-Governor. Both the Governor and Lieutenant-Go\^enior then took the oath of office. In his message, the Governor recommended a revision of the or- ganization of the State University, and its transformation into two or more departments, bearing directly n])on the agricultural and mineral wealth of the State; he also recommended a law pro- viding for a State Su])erintendent of Public Instruction; one for a revision of the militia law; and one providing for an immigra- tion bureau. He also made suggestions on the railroad enterprises of the State. He referred to the physical advantages of the State, its excellent agricultural lands, iron, cobalt, and zinc mines, its coal fields and timber lands, and the magnificent and swift re- wards that wait on industry, offering une.xampled encourage- 190 AX ILLUSTRATKn ment to immigration. The military policy in Arkansas and Mis- souri, it was expected, would prevent the return of the confederate armies to the soil of either State. The State constitutional convention assembled in St. Louis on the 6th of January It was composed of sixty-six members, and was organized by the election of Ai-nold Krekel, of St. Charles, president. The first important action of the convention was the subject of the abolition of slavery in the State. On the 11th, a committee reported the following ordinance of emancipation: "Be it ordained, by the people of the State of Missouri, in con- vetnion assembled, That hereafter in this State there shall be neithei' slaver}'^ nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, M'hereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared free." The ordinance liaving passed to a second reading, Mr. Drake proposed an amendment in these words: "That no person can, on account of color, be disqualified as a witness, to be disabled to contract, or be prevented from acquiring, holding (U* transmitting property, or be liable to any other punishment for any oifense, than that imposed on others for like causes, or be restricted in the exercise of religions worship, or be hindered in receiving an education, or be subject in law to any restraints or disqualifica- tions in regard to any personal rights than such as are held u])Oii others, under like circumstances." After considerable discussion the amendment was rejected. Upon the settlement of several points of order, the vote was taken on the adoption of the ordi- nance, resulting — ayes, fifty-one; noes, four; absent, two. The announcement of the vote was received with loud apjilause, with waving of iiandkerchiefs and swinging of hats. A resolution was oftered and adojjted tiiat a copy of this ordinance, duly signed and attested, be sent by special messenger to the Governor of the State at Jefferson City, and that he be requested to issue his }>rocla- niation, stating that by an irrevocable act of the convention, "■' slavery is abolished in the State of Missouri now and forever." The resolution was adopted and the convention adjourned. The whole number of slaves in Missouri, according to the census of 1800, was 114,031. On tilt' followini>-(la\-. a measasre was received hv the convention KltiTUlii' OF MlSSOUKl. 191 from the (jruvenn>r and legislature ot" Illinois, ex])ressing their congratulations on the ])Hssage of the ordinanee. Afterwards, a motion was made in tlie convention to pay the loyal owners for their slaves. It was laid upon the bible — ayes, forty-four; noes, four. .V motion to submit the ordinanceof the convention to the people, after some discussion, was laid on the tal>le — ayes, forty- four; noes four. (xovernor Fletcher, on the receipt of the information of the act of the convention, issued a proclamation, stating the action of the convention, and declaring "that henceforth, and forever, no person within the jurisdiction of the State shall be subject to any abridgment t)f liberty, exce])t such as the law shall prescribe for the common good, or know any master but God." The oc- casion w;is celebrated at St. Louis by the sus])ension of business durinij the dav, and the decoration of the houses with flairs, and at niixht bv an illumination. On the l.'ith of February, the convention adopted a resolution, declaring that in their election the people intended " not only that slavery should be abolished, and disloyalty disfranchised, but that the constitution should be carefully revised and amended, to ada]>t it to the growth of the State." With this view the convention proceeded to make an entirely new consti- tution. The previous constitution had been in opei-ation nearly forty-live years, during wliich great im]>rovenients had been jnade in the local institutions of various States. The efforts of the convention were, therefore, directed to introduce or exteiid these beneficial changes to the institutions of Missouri; the system of free schools, under which gratuitous instruction was afforded to all between the ages of five and twenty years; the creation of corporations, which were authorized on general principles, and other changes similar to those gener- ally adopted in the northern States. It was made a section of the constitution, that the legislature should have "no powei' to make com|)ensation for emancipated slaves." Another section |>rohibited any religious st)ciety fntm o^^^ling, if in the country, more than five acres of land, and if in a town, oi* city, more than one acre; also rendering void all legacies, and devises, to any minister or religious teacher, as such, and to any religious so- 192 AN ILLUSTRATED ciety; another section established an "oath of loyalty," and de- clared that no person wlio did not take the oath coidd vote, or hold any State, county, or ninnicipal (jffice, or act as a teacher in any school, or preach, or solemnize marriage, or practice law; and af- ter the first day of January, 187(5, every person who was not a qualified voter prior to that time, sliould, in addition to the other qualifications ray and Dryden. The latter gentlemen declined to vacate their places, and Governor Fletcher issued an order to General 1). C. ('oleman, to ex])el the aforesaid judges, and they were taken from their seats by the ])olice, by whom they were escorted as ])risoners to the office of Recorder AVolft'. The clerk of the court, A. W. Mead, declining to yield his office, with b(K)lvement which had for its leader B. Gratz Br()\\n, was begun at a private meeting in St. Louis, but its influence was soon felt throughout the State. Brown was looked u])on as the chaiu})ion of the dis- enfranchised class in their endeavor to regain the rights of citi- zenslii]i. lie found in Carl Sehurz a powerful ally, who rendered ofKcient aid to the lil)eral movement. The twenty-fourth General Assembly of the State met on the WILLIAM CHRISMAN, uistoi:y of Missouri. 197 second d;iv of January, 1807, and continned in session until the IStlntf ]\Iarcli followini,^ wlien it adjoui-ncd until the lirst Tuesday in January, 18(58. On tin- 4tl of January. ''"''■ Governor Fletcher sent to the le-e. ATnt)ng other thin-islatures of the several states to act upon, and ex])ressed the hoi)e that the General Assenihly would at once ratify it. He also recommended an amendment to the State constitution, sti-iking out the ninth section of the second article. This section, he said, liad not pre- vented disloyal persons from ])ursuing the avocations of lawvers and school-teachers, and that ''bishops, priests, and mim'sters teach and pray without taking the prescribed oatli." The example offered by their disregard, especially by so intelligent and influen- tial a class of citizens, he said, hegat a general ()st factoVwv. The Senate assembled as a high court of impeachment, on the 15th of May, for the trial of Walter King, judge of the fifth judicial circuit, for allege(l misdemeanors in 198 AN ILLUSTRATED the discharge of his official duties. He was convicted, by a vote of twenty-three to eight, and sentence passed, removing liim from office. Tlie matter of providing for the payment of interest on the State debt, receivo(] attention at this session. No interest had been paid 1)y the State since January, 1861, and an act was passed set- ting aside $750,000 from the treasury for that ])urpose, and ])ro- viding for a tax of one mill on the dollar on the taxable property of the State for tlie same object. They made furtlier appropria- tions from the sum due the federal government for money ex- pended for war purp.)ses, to be likewise ]>laced in the hands of the commissionei' of the State Interest Fund: an act was approved March 12th, ap})r(jpriating $ 1,500,000, for a permanent school- fund, and $500,000 for the redemption of union military bonds and other purposes. The receipts of the State from all sources, for the year ending September 30th, 1867, were $11,010,814.80, and the expenditures $10,333,432,74. The school-fund of the State amounted to $1,685,071, yielding an annual income of $103,- 000, to which was to be added one-fourth of the whole revenue of the State government. In addition to these liberal provisions, the several counties of the State bad received a grant of one section of land in each township, to be devoted to the benefit of public schools. The returns made showed an increase in the number of schools within the year 1867. The whole number of teachers employed at that time was 6,262 — 3,558 more than were reported for 1866; and 1,500 new school-houses had been built in the course of twelve months. On the 21st of February, the legislature of Illinois incorporated the. Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Com])any. Simultaneously with this action in Illinois, an organization was formed at St. Louis, which named the same persons for directors, who had been appointed by the act of incorporation of the Illinois C()m})any. Some disagreement as to the phm of their joint operations ob- tained, but the ditferences were finally adjusted. There was no State election during this year, and the ])olitical parties liad been comparatively quiescent. There was a meeting of democrats, however, at St. Louis on the 22d of February, to re-organize their party in the State. A long series of resolutions iUSTOUY OK MISSOURI. ] 99 were adopted defining their ])().siti()ii <»u (lue.stionsot'pnblic ])()lic.v. All election was held in November in tlietliird congressional dis- trict, to supply the vacancy occasioned l)v tlie de;itli of Thomas E. Noell. James R. Mc(/onnick, the democratic candidate, re- ceived a majority of 100 votes over the republican candidate, James H. (niase. The twenty-fourth General Assembly held their second session, C(jmmeiicing on Tuesday, Jamiary 7, 1868, as per adjournment, (iovei'uor Fletcher, in his messajje referrino- to the a-i'owth and prosiieritv of the State, said that "the increase of educa- tioiial facilities was one of the surest proofs of the State's progress. Four thousand eight hundred and foi-ty schools were then filled with over 200,000 children; the university newly en- dowed, was being crowded with students, and was taking rank with the first colleges in the nation; 240 miles of railroad had been built without increasing the State's indebtedness; 200 miles were in process of construction, and 820 miles more had been jirojected. The debt of the State had been reduced about eleven million of dollars; the population had increased to at least one million five hundred thousand, and taxable property had been augmented in value, by importations and by additions consequent on our general prosperity to $454,863,805. The credit of the State had not only been restored, but raised to a standard higher than it had ever reached since the inception of the internal im- provement debt." One of the important acts passed at this session was a regis- tration law, which coTitained some ])rovision intended to guard the privileges of voting, even more rigidly than had been hitherto done in the State. The law made it the duty of the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint a Super- intendent of Registration in each senatorial district, every vear in which a general election should take place. It was a stringent law, and its provisions were regarded with great dissatisfaction by the conservative ]ieople of the State, and as the test oath had been pronounced unconstitutional l)y the Supreme Court of the United States, it was argued by some that no citizen wo\dd be guilty of legal perjury who should take the oath; and then, if tlie name of such person was placed on the list of '* rejected v(»ters," 2<)0 AN ILLUSTRATED it was said the burden of proof would fall on the registrar, to sliow that he had been guilty of any disloyal act. The registrars, however, took a different view of the law, and absolutely refused in many cases, to receive the names of persons wlio avowed them- selves ready to subscribe the required oath. This led to much bitter feeling, and in some cases to disturbances of the peace. It was claimed that tlie number of persons who applied for registra- tion, answered all the questions of tlie registrars, and took the oath of loyalty, and yet were disfranchised, was not less than twenty thousand, while the whole number disfranchised in the State was placed at thirty thousand. The political campaign was opened in Missouri by a conven- tion of the democratic party, in St. Louis county, which issued an address to the people of the State, arraigning the republican party for the policy on which the administration of the State, and of the country generally, had been conducted since the close of the civil war. A republican convention was held at St. Louis on the 22d of February, to name delegates to the national convention at Chicago, and announced the position held by the party on national questions. A similar convention of the democracy was called by the State Central Coinmittee, to meet on the 28th of May, and appoint delegates to the New York convention, but no platform was adopted at this meeting, and a proposition to recommend the nomination of George H. JPendleton for the Presidency, failed to pass. The regular State convention of the republicans was held at Jefferson City on the 16th of July. The nominees for State officers were: J. W. McClurg of Camden, for Governor; E. O. Stanard of St. Louis, for Lieutenanf-Governor; Francis Rodman of St. Joseph, for Secretary of State; William Q. Dallmeyer of Gasconade, for Treasurer; Daniel M. Draper of Montgomery, for Auditor. The democratic State convention assembled at St. Louis on the 5th of August, and nominated John S. Phelps for Governor; Norman J. Coleman for Lieutenant-Governor; Bernard Poepping for Secretary of State; J. A. Hockaday for Attorney-General; Cliarles C. Rossier for Auditor; and Robert HundtliaTien for Treasurer. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 201 At the election in November, Joseph W. McChirg received a majority of 19,327, votes for Governor, — the whole vote being 144,887. The vote for Presidential Electors was 145,459, a major- ity in favor of the election of Grant, of 25,883. On the question of striking out the word ''white" from the provisions of the con- stitution relating to the right of suffrage, the whole number of votes cast was 129,289 — 55,236 in favor of the change, and 74,053 against it. Nine members were elected to Congress — six repub- licans and three democi'ats. During the year 1868, the North Missouri railroad was com- pleted. It embraced 347 miles of road, and with its various branches, connected St. Louis with the great agricultural region of the North and Northwest. Work on the bridge across the Missouri river at St. Charles, had made rapid progress. The railroad enterprises which had been prosecuted with vigor, had done much to develop the resources of the State. The pub- lic institutions were all under efficient management. The State prison contained, at the last report, 735 convicts, and the accom- modations afforded were inadequate, and ^ new structure was in progress. The State lunatic asylum was overcrowded. The deaf and dumb institution was reported full, and required enlargement. The public schools of the State were in a promising condition. The permanent school fund amounted to $1,689,760, from the income of which $92,793 were distributed to the counties during the year to aid in the support of schools. The State had no sys- tem of normal schools, though the subject had been agitated. For two years a series of " teachers' institutes " had been organized in nearly all the counties, and much useful work in the training of teachers for their peculiar duties had been done. The State Univers- ity had been put in prosperous operation, with a full corps of in- structors. A normal department was added. A military depart- ment had been organized, where civil engineering and military tactics might be taught under the direction of an army officer assigned to that duty under a law of the United States. The en- dowment of the University amounted to $123,707.50, yielding an income that year of $10,677.50. which was iucreased by direct appropriation to $22,065.50. On the 27th of May. in LaFayette Park, the first monument 202 AN ILLUSTRATED to the memor}^ of" a public man, ever erected in the State of Missouri, was formally dedicated. A fine statue of Thomas IT. Benton was unveiled, in the [)resence of a vast concourse of peo- ple. The day was observed as a public holiday in St. Louis, and an address was delivered by General Frank P. Blair, on the life and services of the ilhistrious senator. The statue was raised at the instance of the State government, and at the public expense. The increase of population in Missouri during the four years just passed, had been rapid. On the 1st of January, 1865, the State had less than a million inhabitants, and at the close of 1868, the best estimates ]')laced the number above one and a-lialf millions. This result was due in a great measure to the labor of the State Board of Immigration, organized under an act of the legislature of 1865. It had l)een the business of this Board to make known abroad the resources of the State, and in- duce emigrants from Eui'0])e to make this their home. Th& undeveloped resources of Missouri, which called only for labor- ers, were very great; coal was found in thirty-six counties; iron in thirty-five; lead in thirty-six; copper in twenty-two; zinc in five; nickel and kaolin in two; and emery, alabaster, and tin in seven, while the best of lands for farming ])urposes were ly- ing fallow, for want of cultivation. The laboring population amounted to about 400,000, of whom 272,000 were employed in agricultural pursuits, leaving 118,000 for all other occupations. Of these, less than 60,000 were engaged in mining and manu- facturing, although great natural facilities for the development of these important interests existed. The taxable property of the commonwealth, on the 31st of De- cember, 1868, was reported at $474,000,000; on this property a tax of one-fourth of one per cent, was levied for the payment of the public debt. The claims of the State against the federal government, for re-imbursenient for military expenses, incurred during the war, had all been settled, and the treasury had re- ceived therefrom $6,472,289.35. WESLEY HALLIBURTON, CHAPTER XX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH W. McCLURG 1868—1870. The twenty-lirth General Assembly convened on the 6th of January, 1869. The Senate was composed of twenty-five repub- h'cans and nine democrats; the House ninety-two republicans and thirty-five democrats, — a republican majority of sixteen in the Senate and fifty-seven in the House. The le<>;islature met on the 12th, to examine the returns UUlM. 207 Held. Tlie general Statf coiiventiuii, which met on the ias^t day of August, was composed of delegates representing all sections of the party, but there was but little hope that they would act harmoni- ously. On the third day of the convention, Schurz, as chairman ■of the committee on resolutions, made a report signed by him and others of the committee, introducing a series of resolutiims very liberal in their character. The minority of the committee (three persons), made a report concurring in tlie majority report, except the third resolution; and they reported a substitute favor- ing the re-enfranchising of those who participated in the rebel- lion, as soon as it could be done with safety to the State. The minority report and resolutions were adopted by a vote of 34!> to 342. On the announcement of this vote, great excitement and con- fusion prevailed, and notice was given " to the friends of the ma- jority report, as reported by the committee, that they will with- draw from this convention to the senate chamber," whereupon 250 delegates left the convention, headed by Schurz. The ticket nominated by the convention was: for Governor, Joseph W. Mc- Clurg; Lieutenant-Governor, A. J. Harlan; Secretary of State, J. H. Stover; Treasurer, Chauncey I. Filley; Auditor, G. A. Moser; Attorney-General, H. B. Johnson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, G. P. Beard; Judge of Supreme Court, David Wagner. The withdrawing delegates put in nomination for G(A-ernor, B, Gratz Brown ; Lieutenant-Governor, J. J. Gravelly; Secretary of State, E. F. Weigel; Treasurer, S. F. Ha^iies; At- torney-General, A. T. Baker; Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, Ira Divoll; Judge of the Supreme Court, David Wsigner. As soon as the two platforms, and the candidates who repre- sented them, were placed before the people, a most vigorous State cam])aign was inaugurated. The ticket headed by J. AV. McClurg had the indorsement of the national representatives. At the election, which occurred on the 8th of November, not- withstanding all the opposition that was rallied against them, the liberal (Brown) party was trium.phant. The official returns showed a total vote for Governor of 166,625; for Brown, 104.771 ; for McClurg, 62,854: Brown's majority, 41.917. The other can- didates of the same party were cliosen by large majorities. The congressmen chosen were, F'rastus Wells, G. A. Finkelnburg, J. 208 AN ILLUSTRATED R. McCormick, JI. E. Haven, S. A. Biirdett, Abram Comengo, J. C. Parker, J. G. Blair, Andrew King — four democrats, two lib- eral rej)ublicans, and three radicals. The election effected a com- plete change in the State legislature, which body was controlled by the liberals. The amendments proposed to the constitution by the last legislature were adopted by large majorities. The whole vote on thesuffrageamendment was 131,984, of which IIT,- 518, or a majority of 101,052 were in favor of its ratification; 129,- 522 were cast on the amendment relating to qualification for oflice, of which 112,795 were for its adoption, and 16,727 against it: or a majority of 106,068 in its favor. The federal census showed that in 1870, Missouri had advanced from the eighth to the fourth position among the states of the union since 1860. The whole number of inhabitants in 1870 was 1,719,978. St. Louis had rfsen to the rank of the fourth city in the country in point of population. It numbered this year 312,- 963; an increase of 100,545 in ten years, or since 1860. ''iiJHii SAMUEL L. SAWYER. CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR B. GRATZ BROWN. 1870—1872. The twenty-sixth General Assembly convened on the 4th of January, 1871, and remained in session until March 20tli, at which date an adjtnirnment was taken until pecember 6th. Important business remained untouched, or unfinished. The busy months had seen one hundred and twenty-one acts consummated, but nearly all of local character, and without interest to the general reader. Governor McClurg, in his valedictory mes- sage on the sixth, spoke of the condition of the State, reviewing its several interests, and found reason for congratulation in the peaceful and prosperous condition of .affairs. Taxable property had increased, according to assessments, $-19,406,527, within two years, reaching a total of $557,685,387; making an average in- crement of nine and one-half per cent, per animm. The Gover- nor denied the expediency of calling a convention to form a new constitution, and went on to say: "JXo larger freedom than now enjoyed can be, desirable, unless we are willing to adopt the dangerous position that tlie general good justifies no aljridgment of personal liberty". He thought that the public miifd required rest; as an important political campaign had but recently ended, and nothing could be gained by summoning the convention at that time. He referred to the condition of the State penitenti- ary; the asylums; public schools; the university agricultural col- lege; and mining bureau; and recommended the election of anew mansion for the governor, and re-apportioning the State into con- gressional districts. Governor Brown differed in many matters of policy from his predecessor. He recommended, in his message, the immediate consideration of the jjroposal for a constitutional convention; the abolition of the grand jury system, and procedure against criminals by informations; and the better regulation of I'ailroad 14 210 AX ILLUSTItATED companies. He further indicated that the new articles adopted establishing equal citizenship, and abrogating test oaths, made necessary a large amendment of the registration laws, conforming them to constitutional requirements. The two houses assembled in joint convention on the 16th daj of January, to elect a United States Senator for the unex- pired term, left vacant by the resignation of the Chai'les D. Drake. The whole immber of votes cast on that occasion, in the Assembly, aggregated 133. Frank P. Blair received 86; John 1). Henderson, 43; and J. F. Benjamin, 4. The votes cast by the Senate were: for Henderson, 17; and for Blair, 13. The last named gentleman was declared duly elected to the office of senat( »r. The measure of the session, which occupied the largest share of attention was the new registration act. Material changes in the constitution regarding the right of suffrage, made the new enactment necessary, and it was passed after much discussion. The (question of providing for a convention to frame a new con- stitution was agitated, and a resolution introduced which pro- posed to submit the questions as to the advisability of a conven- tion, to a vote of the people, at the regular election in 1872. This passed the House by a large majority, but in the Senate a sub- stitute was (offered, providing for a commission to be appointed by the Governor to revise the constitution. This amendment was lost by one vote, and the whole subject remained to be dealt with by the adjourned session. Among other important bills which failed to become laws, were the general revenue bill, and an act providingfor the a})pointment of three railroad commission- ers. Tne financial condition of the State, in the language of the Governor, was " not without its embarrassments." The bonded debt amounted to $17,866,000, necessitating a tax of one-fourth of one jjer cent, on the assessed valuation of property whicli was set aside by law, to meet the interest and maturing principal oi that obligation. The estimated number of mik's of railroad com- pleted and in operation on the 1st of January, 1872, was 2,750* j and the capital invested in railroads, rolling stock and appurten- ances, $117,548,317. Laws were enacted during this session, authorizing the sale of military arms and equipments belonging to s il lllSTOIiV UF iVll«60L'Ki. 211 tlie Statr: for the crt'ctiini of" an executive iuaiisit)ii; for eiilMri)^- iug the institution tor the blind; to provide for a bureau of geol- ogy and mines to eoin])lete tlie geological survey; and to regu- late and provide for the inspection of tobacco. The adjourned session of the legislature convened on the (Jth of December, and continued until the 1st day of April, 1872. The Governor submitted a message, in which he recommended the establishment of a Board of Railroad Commissioners, and sugges- ted a number of im})ortant reforms in the administration t>f jus- tice. Fie favored an increase of the number of judges of the Supreme Court, the abolition of the courts of common pleas, and a.n increase of circuit courts to supply their j)lace. lie also rec- ommended measures to i-educe the costs in criminal suits, a gen- eral re-organization of county courts, and also suggested that the grand jury system needed reform. A new revenue law was passed at this session, which exempted from taxation $300 of personal property, including household fui'uiture or other effects, and pro- vided '• that all property ])ersonal, by the laws of this State, situ- ate in any county, other than in which the owner resides, shall be assessed in the couTitv where such owner resides.'' A bill dividing tlie State into congressional districts in accord- ance with the new apportionment, not having passed before the adjournment, an extra session was called by the (Tovernor to as- semble on the IDth of June. Re-districting the State was neces- sary, to provide for presidential electoi-s. The new apportionment of Congress increased the number of these electors by four. Sev- eral important enactments were passed during this session, of which the more prominent were: one to furnish and fit up the Governor's mansion; one to divide the State into judicial dis- tricts; one to prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the rates to be charged by different railroads ; and one for the assessment and collection of taxes, and a revision of the law on that subject. There was also one to establish a Board of Guardians for the su- pervision of public, charitable, reformatory, and penal institutions; and one to establish an additional asylum for the insane. The legislature was in session for only a tew days in June, and the bill re-districting the State was the only important measure acted upon. 212 A-iSr ILLUSTRATED There being no general election this jear, no important politi- cal movements were made bj either party until near its close, when active preparations were commenced foi* the national cam- paign of 1872. The division of the republican part}^ which ap- peared in 1870, had continued, and an attempt made in October, to effect a consolidation, utterly failed. Subsequently, an address was issued, dwelling at length on the achievements and purposes of the " liberal movement," and calling a mass-meeting, to be held at the State Capital, on the 24th of January, 1872. The central committee of the democratic party issued an address on the 9th of January, 1872, in which they recounted the results of what M^as known as the " fusion policy " of the democrats 1873, ^ '' in the State canvass of 1870, and recommended the adop- tion of a similar policy in the presidential canvass of 1872, which mainly consisted in making no nomination, but supporting the candidates of the disaffected republicans, as against the regular nominee of the main body. By an act of the preceding legislature, two amendments of the constitution were to be submitted to a vote of the people at the election in November, 1871, both of which were ratified at that time. One of these provided for the investment of the school-fund, and the other increased the number of judges of the Supreme Court, by two. The legislature provided for the con- struction of a new asylum for the insane, and to that end appro- priated $200,000 for the purchase of a site, and for the erection of necessary buildings. The site chosen was near the city of St. Joseph, and every provision was made for the immediate estab- lishment of the purposed institution. During this year there was an infraction of the public peace in Cass county, known as " the Gunn City tragedy," which originated in a feeling of exasperation among the people against officials who were chai-ged with corruptly issuing bonds, and contracting ob- ligations to certain railroads to an amount inflicting heavy bur- dens upon the tax-payers. It culminated in the stoppage of a train, in which certain of the parties were traveling, and they were fired upon by an armed and masked body of men, killing a Mr. Dutro, circuit attorney Hines, and Judge Stevenson, the two latter of whom were charged with complicity in the bond trans- iiist(h:y ok aiissuuki. 213 action. For some cUij^tJ, great excitement prevailed over the neighboring townships, and extended into adjoining counties. Popiihir feeling had been much exasperated against the men thus murdered, and was largely enlisted in suj^pressing evidence against the main actors in this deed of summary vengeance. Governor ]>rown ordered (/aptain Phelan's company, of Kansas City, to the vicinage, and dispatched the Adjutant-General to the scene of the crime, to report upon the facts. A commission was also organi/ced, consisting of Colonel Phelps and Colonel Cockrell, who were authorized to visit the county for the purpose of uniting all those who were willing to sustain the executive in enforcing the laws. No further disturbances occurred, protection was offered to enable those who had fled to return, and civil order was re- established. Rewards were oftered, to the full extent authorized by law, for the apprehension of the persons implicated, and other steps were taken to discover and elicit evidence necessary for successful prosecution. The political campaign of this year in Missouri was unnsually interesting. The '* liberal republican " movement which subse- quently spread over the whole Union, had its inception in a con- vention held in the State capitol on the 24th of January. The assembly was one of the largest ever held in the State, and reso- lutions were adopted expressing strong opinions on many subjects inclusive of " amnesty for all." The document invited all repub- licans who favored the reforms set forth, to meet in a national mass-convention, to assemble at Cincinnati, on the first Wednesday of May of that year, to take such action as might be thought necessary. Delegates of the regular republican ])arty met at Jefferson City on the 22d of February,, to appoint delegates to the national convention, to be held at Philadelphia, the following June. The democratic convention to appoint delegates to the nat- ional convention of the party, at Baltimore, in July, was held on the 12th of June. They adopted a series of resolutions, the last of which was to the effect, "that the delegates appointed to the convention, to be held in Baltimore in July, are instructed to vote as an unit, against the nomination of any candidate for President, and Vice-President, at the approaching election."" 214 AN ILI.TTSTllATKD On the 21st of August, the democrats and liberal republicans met in separate conventions at the State capitol. They were in session two days, and a joint committee of conference was ap- pointed, and their actions approved by both conventions. This gave to the democrats one of the two presidential electors at large, six of the thirteen district electors, and the Governor, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, and the four Judges of the Supreme Court; the liberal republicans carrying off the rest of the electoral ticket — the Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, and Ilegistrar of Lands. Each convention made the nominations allotted by the committee of conference, and then the whole ticket was ratified in a joint meeting. Sihis Woodson, of 'Buchanan county, was the nominee for Governor, and Charles P. Johnson, of St. Louis county, for Lieutenant-Governor. The republican convention, held at St. Louis on the 4th and 5th of September, nominated John B. Henderson foi- Governor, and J. H. Stover for Lieuten- ant-Governor. The State election occurred on the same day with the Presi- dential election, JMovember 5tli. The total vote cast for electors was 273,058 ; of these, 151,433 were in favor of the election of Greeley and Brown, and 119,19''(^ for Grant and Wilson. The total vote cast for Governor was 277,985, of which Silas Woodson received 156,715, and J. B. Henderson 121,271; Woodson's ma- jority 35,443. The remainder of the ticket nominated by demo- crats and liberal republicans was elected. .In the thirteen con- gressional districts, nine were democrats and four republicans. The legislature consisted of nineteen democrats and liberals, and fifteen republicans in the Senate, and eighty-two democrats and liberals, and forty-nine republicans in the House. The demo- cratic and liberal majority, on joint ballot, was thirty-seven. «ir'!i»r'*i'vv;ti;ii;iiiiiiiiHimi I!liiit:^::^illiililllli8 SAMUEL H. OWENS. CHAPTER XXIT. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SILAS WOODSON. 1872—1874. Tlie iirst session of the tweiitj-seventli General Assembly com- menced on the 1st day of Jaimary, 1873. Governor Brown, on retiring from office, sent to the legislature his last annual mes- sage, furnishing such information relative to the several depart- ments, as was required by the constitution of the State. A re- vision of tiie constitution was strongly urged, particularly in reference to the organizations of towns and cities; to registration ; to the grand jury system; and to the prohibition of special legis- lation. Recommendati(ms were made for amending the revenue law, and the criminal code; and it was represented that changes were necessary in connection with proceedings in civil courts. The State institutions were reported as l)eing prudently and ju- diciously managed, and the State University was in a flourishing condition, with nearly 400 students. The customary formalities connected with canvassing the votes for Governor and Lieutenant- Governor, liavino; been fulfilled, the officers elect were ' ° ' ... 1S73. duly sworn, and assumed their several responsibilities. Governor Woodson was inaugurated on the 8th. His message, which followed immediately, set forth: that, in November, 1872, the peo])le of Missouri, for the first time during the past decade, had elected the men of their choice as officers of government. He referred to the complaints which had been made against the men who had moulded and shaped the policies of the recent past in Missouri and to their proscriptive partisanshij) in the enact- ment and enforcement of unequal laws; and said that unless a different policy was adopted, the same results would follow present legislation, as liad been seen following the acts of their ])redecessors. He strongly a]>pealed to the legislature to sink the partisan in the patriot, and to legislate for the common good. He pledged himself, that "while he was Governor, tht^ in- 216 AN ILLUSTRATED terest, honor, and prosperity of tlie State, should alone control his official acts." He discussed the proposal for a constitutional convention at considerable length, and wliile admitting that the constitution contained objectionable features, he opposed a con- vention as a remedy for the evil, and recommended, instead, a committee, or board of constitutional revisors, consisting of five or seven of the most distinguished citizens of the State, to be chosen by both Houses, or appointed by the Governor, who should take the whole matter into consideration, prepare amendments to the constitution, such as were demanded by the people, or might be found necessary to perfect their organic laws. The Governor devoted considerable space to the penitentiary question, and recommended the creation of a board of managers, who should have entire control of the State prison, and be responsible to the State for the management of its afi'airs. He thought that the board should control all the prisons and jails in the State, as well as asylums for the insane, and all benevolent institutions which were supported by the State. His message concluded by calling at- tention to the subject of excessive costs in criminal cases, to edu- cation, to extra sessions, and to other local matters. The two Houses, on the 14th of January, proceeded to vote for a United States Senator, to fill the place of Frank P. Blair, whose term of office expired on the 4th of March, next ensuing. Each House voted sej)arately, Lewis V. Bogy receiving in the aggre- gate 111 votes, and John B. Henderson 43, On the 15th, the two Houses met in joint convention, where the closing formal- ities were observed, and Mr. Bogy was declared elected for six years, from March 4th, 1874. The contest had occasioned a high degree of excitement, and immediately after the election, it was publicly stated that money had been improperly used to secure the election of the successful candidate. These charges were met in the General Assembly by the appointment of a committee of five, " with power to send for persons and papers, and to report at as early a day as possible, if there had been money used to ad- vance the interests of any of the senatorial aspirants." No name was mentioned in the resolution. The committes entered upon the investigation, without delay, and about the middle of Febru- ary, two reports were submitted, one by a majority, signed by HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 2l7 four members, and a minority report signed by one member. The former set fortli tliat there was no evidence, either directly or indirectly, criminating tlie Senator-elect, L. V. Bogy, and fully exonerated him. The second clause of the report asserted: that an effort had been made by G. P. Dorris, of St. Louis, to bribe two members of the Genei'al Assembly to vote for him in the democratic caucus for United States Senator; and that the same party had placed money in the hands of otlier persons (who were not members), to advance his interests in the election. The minority report affirmed that a considerable sum of money was used, or offered to be used, to advance the interest of some candi- date, and that the testimony showed that the same was used to advance the interests of the candidates. Bogy and Dorris. In consequence of the statements contained in the minority report, Mr. Bogy publicly requested that the investigation should be re-opened, and that additional testimou}" be taken. That recpiest was assented to, and the committee thereon having made a second report, re-affirming their first finding, were discharged. The re]iort exculpating Bogy was adopted by the House, by a vote of sixty-one to twenty-two; the resolution going on to say, that " the said investigation fully exonerates Mr. Bogy from all suspicion of having used any corrupt means to secure his election, and that our confidence in his puiityand honesty is unimpaired." During the session, which at its inception was so largely occu- pied in purging itself from the stigma of corruption, one hun- dred and forty-four acts were passed and signed, but most of them were merely local, or otherwise unimportant. The more promi- nent enactments were: — one to provide for the publication of the geological report; one to establish evidence of title to real estate; one to provide for the assessment of railroad property, and the collection of taxes thereon; one to establish the south- east Missouri JSonnal School; one to lease the State Penitentiary for the ])eriod of ten years; and one to more fully provide for the organization of counties into municipal townships. A large mnn- ber of laws were passed amendingthe statutes, and the enactments of ])revious years. The legislature adjourned, March 25, 1873. An important convention assembled at St. Louis, on the 13th of i\[av, to consider the demands of the West and South for 218 AN TLT,USTRATKD cheap transpui'tation. The attendance was large, and the dele- gates remained in session two days. Governor Woodson, who took much interest in tlie subject, gave interesting statistics as to the mineral resources of the State of Missouri, comprising within its territory 14,000 square miles of surface, nndeilaid by 20 feet of coal in veins, thick enough to mine, or a total of 30 feet, includ- ing all thicknesses; and about 175 square miles of territory under- laid with solid iron ore. The great national improvements which were considered by the con\'ention, were set forth in a series of resolutions by the Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis, to be sub- mitted to Congress, and signed by fourteen hundred merchants and ship])ers identified with the ocean and iidand marine of the country. Another convention, composed of farmers, was held at Jef- ferson City, on the 1st of October, 1873, to consult in relation to the interests of the agricultural classes; and another convention of the various granges of north-west Missouri, Kansas, and south- ern Nebraska, was held at St. Jose])h, December 23d. The adjourned, or sj^ecial session of tbe twenty-seventh General Assembly met on the 7th da}' of January, 1874, — mainly for the purpose of enacting a new revenue law, and to provide for refunding the State bonds that were soon to come due. On the day after the organization of the two Houses, Governor AVoodson sent in his annual message, in which he said in substance that the expenditures in the administration of the State '''*'*■ government were double what they should be, and that it could be administered just as well — or even better — at one-half the cost then incurred. He recommended the reduction of one- half the number of circuit judges, and suggested that the ofiiceof county superintendent of schools should be abolished, and the duties performed by the township school boards. He referred to the outrages that had taken place during the preceding year, and to the necessity of sheriffs and local officers faithfully discharging their duties. He recommended that the regulation of transpor- tation by raili'oad should be effected by act of Congress, and pointed out that under the ])Ower delegated by the constitution to regulate commerce between the states, Congress could, most un- questionably, establish a uiufoniu ju-t and fair rate of ti-aiispor- tation by railroads throughout the Ignited States. This, he said. HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 219 ri(» State legislature coukl do, ami hence he suggested the propriety of instructing and requesting senators and the representatives in Congress to vote for and urge the passage of a law foi- the accoin- plishinent of that end. He also referi-ed to the ini])ortance of having a territorial government established over the Indian Territorv, by act of Congress, stating that, as then oi-ganized, that territory had become the home of outlaws from the settled regions over the whole country; that thefts, murders, and every crime known in the long catalogue, were being constantly per- petrated within its boundaries, with almost perfect impunity; and, therefore, enunciating his belief that the interests and safety of the people of Missouri, the claims of humanity, and a past re- gard for the Indians themselves, demanded such a measure as that suggested. He urged upon the legislature the propriety of instructing the senators, and requesting the representatives in Congress, to suppoi-t a bill for that purpose. The improvement of western rivers, the State militia, savings banks, the revenue law. State University and normal and common schools, the State asylum, penitentiary, and reform schools, were all promi- nentlv discussed in the anjiual message. The letjislature ad- journed on the 30th of March, 1874. The more important laws passed at the session were: one to authorize a vote of the people to be taken, to decide whether a convention should be held for the purpose of revising and amending the constitution of the State; one to audit and adjust the war debt of the State; one to j-egulate the practice of medicine; one to provide for a board of regents of normal acliools and define their powers; one to re-organize and provide for the support of public schools, and amend the laws relating thereto; another to establish an in- dustrial home of the orphans, and indigent children of the State; and one in relation to "the social-evil," hospital and house of industry in the city of St. Louis, and the arrest of bawds and prostitutes in that city. The Governor sent a special message to the legislature, on the 23d of March, in relation to a state of lawlessness in certain dis- tricts in the State, which the authorities were unable to suppress. He said: "■ Your present session is rapidly drawing to a close, and I am soi'rv to say, that up to the present time, you have not 220 AW ILLUSTRATED deemed it expedient, or necessary, to make any provision enabling the executive to enforce the criminal law, and have the outlaws and murderers who are bringing disgrace upon the State, arrested and brought to trial, and punished." He further stated that cer- tain " bands of outlaws have been for years, and are still among us, robbing and murdering with impunity and defying the local officers residing in the vicinity where the crimes are committed; that these desperadoes one day enter and rob a bank, and in cold blood shoot down the cashier; next, they visit an agricultural fair, and almost in the midst of thousands, rob the safe containing the treasures of the association, shoot a young woman, and make good their exit." The Governor asked that power should be placed in his hands, to bring these criminals to justice. An act immedi- ately passed the Senate providing for a secret-service force, for the arrest of outlaws, but it was defeated in the House, and no further action was taken by the legislature. The opposition to the democratic party in the political canvass of the year, was consolidated under the name of the " People's Party." The democratic State convention was held at Jefferson City, on the 26th and 27th of August. On the first ballot for a candidate for Governor, General F. M. Cockrell received the largest number of votes. On the fourth ballot Charles H. Hardin was nominated. The other nominations were Norman J. Colman for Lieutenant-Governor, Michael K. McGrath for Secretary of State, Thomas Holliday for Auditor, J. W. Mercer for Treasurer, J. A. Hockaday for Attorney-General, George Deigel, Registrar of Lands, R. D. Shannon, Superintendent of Schools, Warwick Hough, Judge of the Supreme Court, and William B. Naptou, Judge of the Supreme Court for the short term. The Reform, or People's party, which was made up chiefly of republicans, held its convention at Jefferson City, on the 3d and 4tii of September. After a platform had been put forth, embody- ing the principles and purposes of the party, the convention pro- ceeded to the nomination of State officers. William Gentry of Pettis county, was nominated by acclamation for the office of Gov- ernor, S. W. Headlee of Greene county, for Lieutenant-Governor, W. R. Leflet of Marion county, for Secretary of State, E. C. Hale of Clinton county, for Auditor, J. H. Fisse of St. Louis, for Treas- l!il;!liiiilliiiiiillllillil!iill!!lliill;iiliiillliiii!;Hiililili JOHN A. HOCKADAY, ATTORNKY-OENEKAL. IliSTOKY OB' MISSOUKI. 221 urer, D. S. Twichell of Jackson county, for Attorney-General, C. T. Queensbury of Audrian county, for Registrar of Lands, John Monteith of Iron county, Superintendent of Schools, Samuel Ens- worth, for Judge of the Supreme Court, and Peter E. Bland for Judge of the Supreme Court, short term. The election took place on tlie third of November, and resulted in the success of the democratic ticket. The total vote for Gov- ernor, was 261,670, of which C. II. Hardin received 149,566, and Gentry, 112,104; Hardin's majority, 37,462. The majorities for the other candidate on the ticket, varied from 37,676 to 47,247. At the same election, thirteen members of Congress were chosen, all of whom were democrats. The legislature of 1875 consisted of twenty-eight democrats and six republicans in the Senate, and ninety-one democrats and forty republicans in the House; democratic majority in Senate, twenty-two; in the House, fifty- one. The question of calling a convention to revise the constitu- tion of the State, was also submitted to a vote of the people at this election, and received a majority of 283 out of a vote of 222,315. In accordance with this decision, the Governor ordered an election for delegates to the proposed convention to take place on the 26th of January, 1875. CHAPTER XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR CHARLES H. HARDIN. 1874—1876. The twenty -eighth General Assembly convened for the regular isession, on the 6th of January, 1875, and the House was called to order by the chief clerk of the preceding Assembly, J. T. Pi-att. The office of temporary speaker devolved upon J. B. Rocke, of Carter countv, and J. T. Clark was made temporary clerk. The election of permanent officers was proceeded with on the IS 73. ^ ^ following day, when B. G. Boone became speaker, and V. M. Hobbs, chief clerk. The Senate was organized under the presidency of Lieutenant-Governor C. P. Johnson. W. M. Prottsman was chosen secretary. The valedictory message of Governor Woodson to the legislature, set forth, that six hundred and one bonds of the State, each for the sum of $1,000, bearing in- terest at the rate of six per centum per annum, had matured in 1873, and that eight hundred and eleven bonds, each for a like amount, bearing interest at the same rate, had matured in 1874. The aggregate indebtedness accruing upon the maturity of the bonds, and the interest attaching thereto, amounting to $1,412,000, had been paid during his administration. The "Fund Commis- sioners," whose duty it was to make provision for the liquidation of those claims, under an act providing for the issue of Funding bonds, approved on the 30tli of March, 1874, found it necessary to issue four hundred bonds for the sum of one thousand dollars each; consequently, the amount of $400,000 had to be deducted from the aggregate of $1,412,000, already named, so that the actual reduction of the indebtedness of the State, amounted to $1,012,000. Consequent upon that diminution, there was a de- creased drain upon the State, in the item of interest alone, to the extent of $00,720 per annum. The bonds that would nuiture in the two years of his successor's administration, amounted to $5,325,000, besides which, a l)alance of $701,000 would mature in irisTcjiiY OF Missonui. 2*28 the year 1877, and his prevision of thoi>e several liabilities su»^- ofested the issue and sale of a sufticient number and amount of now bonds, to cover any deficiency which might remain, after any possil)le overplus on revenue account had been ap])lied to the ex- tinction of such demands. The Semiiuiry and University funds, invested in government bonds, he also recommended should be iiK'hided in that ()]ieration. The message further dealt with the war del)t of the State. Commissioners appointed to examine and adjust claims under that head, found 11,961 claimants, and an aggregate of claims amounting to $4,S44,362.29, and, after due in- quiry, had allowed §;>.200,939.f)9. CTOvernor Woodson considered tiiat the government of the United States should pay the sum thus arrived at, as justly due to the citizens of Missouri. The Centennial Exposition at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, was not omitted trom the valedictory message, and he expressed a hope that the i^te would be properly represented on that occasion. The line of policy pursued by President (Irant toward the State of Louisiana, was denounced in sti-ong terms, as being at war witli the great fundamental principles of free government, in direct antagonism of the federal constitution, and intended for the over- throw of State sovereignty. Pie deprecated the concentration of all power in the hands of a usurping general government, and expressed a strong desire tliat the legislature should not fail to ex])ress, by proper action, the indignation pervading Missouri, against such procedure. He spoke in the highest terms of the educational institutions of Missouri, generally: the public schools, normal schools, and State University, had never been in a more prosperous condition, and the benevolent institutions were sim- ilarly well placed; a circumstance over which friends of humanity could not fail to rejoice. They were managed effectively, and conducted economically, so that they offered the noblest monu- ments of liberality and magnanimity, to which a people could aspire. The two Houses met in joint convention, on the 12th day of January, and the usual formalities as to canvassing the votes re- corded for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, having been ful- filled, the Governor elect, Charles IL ILirdin, was duly sworn to administer the duties of his high office, in the presence of the 224 AN ILLUSTRATED legislature, by Judge Wagner, of the Supreme Court. The in- augural message followed immediately upon the completion of that ceremony. The baneful effects of special legislation were insisted upon with wisdom and acumen, and a hope was expressed that legislators M'ould limit such action within the narrowest bounds compatible Math the general welfare. Popular disfavor for the expenses attendant upon legislative action, he said, mainly arose from the fact, that the people did not see and feel any prac- tical value arising from such operations, either in special enact- ments, or in connection with the massive code of general laws. Defects in tlie laws of the State undoubtedly might be specified, but the ])eople looked M'ith dissatisfaction upon a continually in- creasing bulk of such measures, as being a waste of money and time. Further, he stated that the people were wearied of pro- longed sessions, and he trusted that the legislature then assem- bled, would initiate a jjractical and much needed reform, breaking through precetlents, " more honored in the breach, than in the obsen'ance," by holding a short regular session, and rapidly dis- patching all necessary business. On this subject he was emphatic, and his reference concluded with the words, •' If you should disappoint these expectations, the people will be dissatisfied. Prompt, efiicient, and economical action will commend us to their confidence and support." Having recommended that the State should be redistricted to provide more effectively for senatorial representation, and calling attention to the necessity for legisla- tion on the subject of railroads, he concluded by referring to the startling events of the 4th of January, at New Orleans. He said: "Standing as I do, on the threshhold of this high office, and be- lieving, that the declaration will meet with a hearty response from my peo])le, I do now, in the name of the State, protest against the employment of military force, except in exact accordance with the constitution of the United States, as construed and understood in our national history; and further declare, that the obtrusion of such forces in the legislative halls of Louisiana, was a fearful in- fraction of that constitution, and in some respects, the grav^est and most alarming shock that our republican institutions have ever received, involving in this one act of militaiy authority, the destruction of the riMits of the State and of the citizen: and HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 225 therefore, I commend to your calm and dispassionate judgment, the further consideration of this subject." Tlie general laws passed during the first session of the legisla- ture were numerous, but only a few were of large public interest, among wliich maybe specified: one providing for the a])propri- ation of $221,250, to pay interest on the State debt. State Univer- sity, Northwestern Lunatic Asylum, State Bank Stock, and Scliool- Fund Bonds; one to establish a Board of Centennial Managers, and prescribing their duties; one to provide for enlarging the State Penitentiary; and others to provide for reguhiting the charges of Railroad Companies, and the appointment of Kailroad Commis- sioners. In addition to these measures of legislation, joint and con- current resolutions were adopted, condemnatory of the outrages then recent in the State of Louisiana. The session closed on tlie 29th of March, 1875, but in consequence of the unfinished condi- tion of many bills of public importance, an extra session was called immediately by the Governor. Business having been at length completed, the legislature adjourned sine die, on the first day of April. One hundred and sixty-six acts and concurrent reso- lutions were passed, but the major portion of the work of the two sessons, was not of a character requiring detailed mention. The State bonds falling due in 1875, and the two succeeding years, to which the retiring Governor invited attention, commanded leg- islation; and a funding bill passed through both Houses, — in the Assembly, by 83 to 10, and in the Senate, by 23 to 4, author- izing the issue of five million new 5-20 bonds, to be made paya- ble in gold or currency. The items already mentioned in treat- ing of the work of the first session, need not be recapitulated, but some few particulars concerning the State Penitentiary, will be given. That institution was in the hands of lessees, and public feeling strongly opposed the policy of continuing that system. A bill was introduced in the interest of the lessees, having for its object the extention of their powers, so that they might employ convicts outside the prison, at their discretion, in any part of the State, provided that such locales of prison labor should not be within ten miles of any city containing 25,000 inhabitants, or any larger number. Certain conditions were prescribed under which the powers conferred on the Penitentiary Lessees should be exer- 15 226 AN TT.LTTSTHATED cised, Hiid the bill passed both Houses, but the Governor refused assent, and an attempt to carry the bill over his veto, failed. The Penitentiary debate occupied nearly all the extra session. A bill appropriating $300,000 to build a new Penitentiary near St. Louis, Was introduced, and another to ,§rect a hospital- and workshops, in connection with the old institution. Provision for the proposed hospital and workshops was refused after niuch debate, and the new Penitentiary near St. Louis was still nnsettled w'lien the reg- ular session ended. New propositions were submitted to the leg- islature during the extra session, one of which involved an appro- priation of $90,000 to enlarge ihe female prison, and construct a hospital and such other buildings as the inspectors might deem necessary. Finally, a commission, consisting of the Governor and the Inspectors of the Penitentiary, including the Attorney-Gen- eral, the State Treasurer, and State Auditor, was authorized to consider, examine, and report upon the claims of the lessees for works and improvements for which they sought compensation, and on'the 12tli of Aj^ril, a repprt^was:made by that body, allow- ing to the original lessees^ and the sub-lessees, the St. Louis Man- ufacturing Company, the sum of $42,906.50. Another act prohibited a,ll^perspns from carrying deadly weapons into any church :.()r;pjace where people should assemble for religious worsllip',^or";'intp any school ' room, or place where people iisseinbled;fpr. educational, literary or social purposes, or to any election precinct on any. day of election, or into any court room, during the sitting\(>f the court; or into any other public assemblage bf.;persong -for other than military drill, or meetings called under- the militia law of the State. A bill to abolish the Geological Bureau, and to^transfer its collections and possessions to the-School of,Mines,.at Rolla, was vetoed by the Governor, but became a law over his veto. There was an attempt, to pass a bill for tlie purpose of repealing an act of the preceding session which renewed the bonds of the Tlamiibal and St. Joseph railroad, but the effort proved abortive. The Railroad Commissioners, appointed under the new law, were Mortimer Mcllhany, John AV^alker, and John S. Marinaduke. The commission assembled on the 8th of June, made the classification required from them, and designated the maximum charges tmder the several heads of travel and freight. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 227 The State convention appointed to revise the constitution, as- sembled at the seat of government, on the 5th day of May, and organized hy choosing Waldo P. Johnson to preside over their deliberations. A new constitution was prepared, and upon sub- mission to the vote of the people, on the 30rli of October, 1875, that measure was accepted by a vote of 00,600, against 14,3()2. The labors of the convention were widely recognized as a great boon to the community. The advantages likelv to accrue to Missouri and to nninv other states, from the enterprise known as the Soutiieru Pacific Rail- road, caused the assembly of a body of 869 delegates, in St. Louis, in the latter part of November, from thirty -one states and territo- ries. Municipalities' and commercial boards interested in pro- moting the common object, were represented in the convention, which embraced many of the Middle states of the Union, as well as the Southern. Judge Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati, was elected president of that mlluential hody, and J. M. llbwells, of Arkansas, secretary. Resolutions were adopted with much en- thusiasm, urging the government to aid the design of building the Texas Pacific railroad, on or near the thirty-second parallel of latitude. Eai-ly in the year, a conspiracy which had long been in success- ful operation, defrauding the government of a large projtortion of the revenue on whisky, was discovered in St. Louis. Thirty- t\V(» distilleries and lectif'ving houses were seized by officers, on the 10th day of ]\Liy, on behalf of the Treasury De{)artment of the United States. Subsecpient devel()])ements were I'apid, show- ing that systenuitic frauds, not only in St. Louis, and at other points in the State of jMissouri, but all over the Union, had been facilitated by officers of the government, from the lowest to the highest, until it became questionable at what altitude the ring ceased to operate. Numerous ])roseeutions followed the incrimi- nating discoveries and disclosures, including those of John A. Joyce, Special Agent of the Revenue Service, and John McDon- ald, Sn})ervisor of Internal Revenue, who were convicted and sen- tenced to the Penitentiary. CHAPTER XXIV. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MISSOURI. Tlie State of Missouri lies near the middle of the United States, in the great central valley of Xorth America, between 36*^ and 41° of west longitude; having Iowa on the north; Il- linois, Kentucky, and Tennessee on tlie east; Arkansas on the south ; and the Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska on the west; including an area of 67,380 squares miles, or 43,123,200 acres. The face of the country pi'esents a great variety of moun- tains, valleys, rolling prairies, alkudal and upland timber, springs, lakes and streams. One of the main features of the southern part of the State, is the Ozark highlands, which form a broad table-land in the south-w^est, and break into rounded knobs in the south-east. From these highlands the water descends in all directions — to the Currant and White rivers on the south; to the ]Sreosho on the west; to the Osage, Gasconade, and Meramec on the north; and to the Mississippi on the east. The mouth of the Ohio is 272 feet above the gulf of Mexico; the St. Louis Di- rectrix, 272; Granby, 1030; Marshfield, 1,462; and the top of Pilot Knob, 1490 feet above the ocean. Between the Osage and Missouri is another high, broad ridge. It commences in Cole county, widening and rising westward to the counties of Cass and Jackson. This rollino- hio-hland is drained into the Osao-e on the south, and into the Missouri on the north. On the north of the Missouri river, the country rises toward Iowa, and from the Missis- sippi toward the west; forming a dividing ridge along the line of the St. Louis, Kansas City and I^orthern raib'oad, and its northern branch. This area is intersected by the valleys of the j^rincipal rivers, varying in depth from one hundred to four hundred feet, and in width from one to forty miles. The valleys of the smaller streams, and other inequalities of surface, give the face of the coun- try an agreeable undulating surface, well drained and heathful. UlSTUUY OF MISSOURI. 220 The Mississippi wasiies the entire eastern boundary of tlie State, tor a distanee of fixe hundred and sixty miles. The Mis- souri forms its western boundary for two liuiub-ed and fifty miles, as far south as Kansas ('ity; thence, in a course south of east, it trayerses the entire State — four huiub-ed and thirty miles— to its junction ■with the Mississi})])i, twenty miles aboye St. Louis. These rivers are the two ;able waters. Of these the Osage, (irasconade. Platte, ('hariton, Wliite, and St. P^rancois are the most im])ortant. There are a vast nund)er of smaller streams in the State. A g-lance at the map will sliow bow admirably they intersect and water every ])art of it. No country is better supplied with bold springs of pure water.. Away from tlie " bottoms " there is scarcely a section of land that lias not one or more perennial springs. Many of these are large, eyeu beyond the conceptions of those who have not seen the streams which flow from them, and drive the mills and machin- ery placed upon theii- waters. Brine springs are abundant in the central part of the State. In Cooper, Saline, Howard, aiul ad- joining counties these springs are numerous, and discharge large quantities of excellent brine. Sulphur spring* ai-e also numer- ous, and more generally diffused throughout the State. The Chouteau springs in Cooper, the Monageau s])rings in St. Clair, the Elk springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham springs in St. Louis county, have acquired considerable reputation. There are many springs in the State which contain some of the salts of iron. Sexeral of them are somewhat celebrated as medicinal waters; sweet springs, on the Blackwater, and Norwood spring, at the University in Columbia, are nu)st noted. Petroleum springs are observed in several of the western counties. These discharge small quantities of several varieties of rock oil. When the country emerged from the waters which last cov- ered it, the marls of the bluff formation occupied nearly all the northern and westei-n parts of the State, and a rank vegetation of grasses and other plants sprang up, forming one vast prairie. Young trees grew with the other vegetation; but the fires which overran the country, killed them out in the dryer and richer por- 230 ^^ ILLUSTRATED tioiis. They grew apace whei'e the fires were too weak, by reason of water or a scarcity of vegetation, to destroy them. As the forests increased in size, they acquired power to withstand and check the flames; and thus the}'^ liave gra(hially encroached upon the prairie, until more tlian one-half of the State is covered by magnificent forests. Kearly all that portion north-west of a line, drawn from Hannibal to the south-west corner of the State. is prairie; that on the south-east of it, is timber. Large areas of the latter, skirt the streams and cover portions of the uplands on the prairie side, and long arms of the prairie, extend along the divides, into the timbered side, while small patches of it checker the whole timbered region, even to the swamps of the south-east. The bottom prairies are level, and often sublime in their extent; while the upland prairies are rolling and grand in their seemiiig endless succession of undulations. Missouri possesses an abundance of the very best lumber. The varieties useful in the varions arts are Avell distributed. Pine, walnut, cherr}^ ash, maple, birch, hickory, oak, linden, cotton- wood, poplar, sweet black and yellow gum, cedar, cypress, syca- more, locust, cofl'ee-tree, elm, pecan, chestnut, tulip-tree (the "white and yellow poplar" of Kentucky and Southern Missouri), beech, willow, hackberry, mull)erry, tupelo, catalpa, iron-wood, horn-beam, and box-elder, are found in great abundance in the State, and many of them in all their known varieties. There are six species of hickory, three of locust, eighteen of oak» and varieties of other trees in like proportion. All these kindi> grow very large in the deep, rich soils, and warm climate; and no figures, no descriptions can give an idea of the grandeur and beauty of the forests of Missouri. They must be seen, examined and re-examined, visited and re-visited, before they can be fully appreciated. One must behold "the mighty monarchs of the forest" — must see the grape-vines hanging like huge cables from their lofty branches, and mingling their purjde clusters with the highest foliage, the large orange fiowers of the trumpet creeper, and the crimson foliage of the American ivy warming and beauti- lying their sombre shades; — lie must see these glories before lie can fully realize their beauty and grandeui-. Here, too, the utili- tarian can find woods suitable for ail the ])urp()ses to which they GEORGE C. SWALLOW, M.D. LL.D. HlbTui:Y OF MlSbOUlii. !>81 are applied. Oak, hickory. iua]>le, asli, mrilberrv, locust, liiidoii, poplar, elm, walnut, and pine tor carriages, wagons, and a"-ricul- tural ini])lements; pine, linden. ])oplar, cotton-wood, walnut, cy- press, cedar, birch, hickoi-y, and oak for cabinet work; cedar, locust, oak, hickory, iiiulbeiry, and ])ini; for fences; and Osage; or- ange, thorns, buckthorns, and cedars for hedges. Ihit few portions of the temperate zone ])resent a more desira- ble climate, or one better fitted t(^ meet all the demaiuls of ad- vanced civilization than Missouri. It has, generally speaking, a most agreeable and salubrious atmosphere. The summers are long, temperate, and dry; the winters, short, and mild. Scarcely any climate so well combines the reepiisites for health and abun- dant harvests. Thcsfe-itictics of tlie State show^ the south-western highlands to be its most sialubnous portion. Missouri, however, has two defects of climate incident to her location on the border of the gi-eat prairies, betvv-een the Mississippi and the Pacific. The north-west winds sweeping down from the Tlocky mountains, sometimes bring a temperature so low as to be injurious to more tender fruits and farm-crops. Tt Eometinies haj^pens that the lat- ter ])ai't of summer and the early autumn are so destitute of rain that the drought becomes a seiious iujury to the gi-owing ci'ops. These defects of climate sternly admonish the sparing of the trees already growing, and the planting of others to increase the rains and temper the extremes of heat and cold. Tlie geology of Missouri presents f^great variety of rocks and use- ful minerals. Its mines of lead and copjxM-, of cobalt and nickel, and of zinc, are yielding up their shining ores. Its ii*on mountains stand upon their molten basis; its vast coal-beds sleep beneath the broad prairies. The drill and pick summon them forth to warm and enlighten the people, and make the commonwealth rich. Tlie geological ages represented by the rocks of ISfissouri are seven in number. Those of the Azoic age arc the oldest sede- mentary rocks upon the face of the earth. They contain the only history we have of our planet during the earliest cycles of its preparation for man. During the first part of the Azoic age, a boundless ocean covered the earth; but, toward its close, the old- est portions of this continent rose above the waters, forming the nu- cleus of the future America. Pilot Knob, Shepherd mountain, and 282 ^"-^ TLT>ITSTnATKD some of the neighboring highhinds, then became islands, it is be- lieved, in the primeval ocean. So far as known, no living thing, planet or animal, had as yet appeared npon the globe. The wa- ters were a dreary waste; the land, a desert. Pilot Knob, Iron mountain. Granite mountain, and the porphyries, granites and trap rocks of the adjacent country, belong to the Huroniau divis- ion of the Azoic age. The Silurian age represents a vast period in the history of the globe, in which occurred some of the most interesting events of geological history. During this age, the extensive beds of sand- stones, magnesian-limestones, and horn-stones of the south-east- ern half of Missouri, were deposited. In these were buried the remains of the numerous sea-weeds, corals, crinoids, mollusks, and articulates, which had appeared upon the earth and popu- lated its seas. The most remarkable animals of this age, were the large trilobites and huge cepalopods, twenty feet in length. IS^ear the close, the first vertebrates ap])eared in shape of large fishes, incased in a heavy coat of mail. Sea-weeds grew in the shallow water, and ferns upon the moist land. At the close of the Silurian age, there was a change of level, which raised nearly one-half of the State of Missouri above the waters, forming one of the large islands which then appeared along the central jjor- tions of North America, forming the first barrier between the waters of the Pacific and the Atlantic, and indicating the shape and position of the future continent. The lead, copper, zinc, and nickel mines of the State are nearly all in the Silurian rocks, as are the Ozark, Cape Girardeau, and Glencoe Marbles. The rocks of the Devonian age also contain the records of a vast period of the earth's history. The sandstones, limestones, and shales, so abundant in some localities, were sparingly depos- ited in Missouri. Fishes, then the largest and most perfect of the animals, became ver}^ abundant; polyps formed coral reefs in the shallow seas; calamites, lepidodendrons and conifers covered the continents with their primal forests. Reptiles and insects made their first appearance on the earth toward the close of this aire. The Devonian rocks in Missouri are found in an irregular belt, extending from Marion county, in the north-east, to McDonald, in the south-west. The small urea covered by these lUSTUlJY OF -UISSOUUI. 238 formations, show no great changes in the level of this part of the rising continent at the close of this age. No age manifests a more obvious design to fit the earth for man, and to promote his highest civilization, than the Carbon- iferous. The coal and iron laid up in its rocky store houses have in an incalculable degree advanced the intelligence, the wealth, and power of the n»tions. Zoophytes, crinoids, moUusks and fishes continued in great abundance in the warm seas. Ferns, lycopodiums, equisetums and conifers grew in vast proportions, and covered the moist earth with dense and stately forests. Itep- tilians and insects multiplied, rendering the land, as well as the waters, a scene of busy life. The Carboniferous age was prodigal in its gifts to the territory now included in Missouri, giving it 26,000 square miles of invaluable coal beds. At the close of this age, the entire State was elevated above the oceans, save a small portion below the present Cape Girardeau, which was still occu- l^ied by the Gulf of Mexico. The waters of the Pacific had retired west and north as far as Manhattan and Omaha. All of the north-western part of the State, is underlaid by the rocks of this age. But few changes were made in Missouri during the Reptilian age, M'hen so many wonderful events ti-anspired on the retiring shores of the Pacific. Gnly a very small area of these rocks are found in Missouri, but on the west, they extend from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic regions. The whole race of Trilobites had disappeared. The Brachipods, Cephalopods and Cestraciont sharks had greatly declined; while the Reptilians had culminated in the flying Pterodactyl and the huge Plesiosaurus and Igna- nodons. Rizopods were abundant, and insects were multiplied. Mammals and birds, and our common forest trees and palms, first made their a])pearance on our globe. Near the close of this age the chalk beds of Europe were deposited, and at the end of it the area of North America was nearly doubled. j,,The beautiful varigated sandstones, clays, shales, and iron ores in the blufis skirting the swamps of Southern Missouri, from Commerce to Chalk Blufis, in Arkansas, belong to the Tertiary age. During this age, the Gulf of Mexico extended up to Cape Girardeau; and the highlands of Scott county were islands there- 234 AlV IM>irSTKATED in. Its waters were filled with huge sharks, and the adjacent re- gions were populated with great turtles, crocodiles and zeuglodons; hyenas, wolves, horses, camels, deer, rhinoceroses, mastadons, ele- phants, and monkeys, were denizens of the country. All of these animals are now extinct, hut their numerous bones preserved in the Tertiary rocks, give ample proof that they inhabited North America in this age. During this, so often called the Mainnia- lian age, many species of the larger mammals came u])on the earth, lived their allotted time and disap])eared, leaving no record of their existence, save their remains laid u[) in the store-house of the rocks. The Quarternary, or Age of Man, contains the latest and most valuable of all the formations. These rocks have been formed since man came upon the earth, and are peculiarly adopted to fit it for his abode. Of these rocks, the soil, and the surface sands, marls, peats, clays, and gravels, are the most important. While the soil covers the continents, sustains the vegetable kingdom, and holds the wealth of the nations, the claya, marls, and sands of the Quarternary, furnish the inorganic materials of the soil itself. During this age many remarkable events transpired on this part of the continent. The large rivers had cut their channels in the consolidated rocks of the previous ages, to depths varying from 100 to 500 feet, and in width, from one to ten miles. Their waters- poured o\ev the rock strata, and wore for themselves these great highways to the sea. But a change came over the northern part of the continents. Some might}' power of ice, oi- M'ater, or both, swept down from tlie north, grinding the softer rocks to atoms, rounding the harder into pebbles, moving huge boulders hundreds- of miles, and dropping them, in strange places. Another change, and a fresh water lake covered a large part of the upper Missis- sippi and lower Missouri valleys. The Missouri and Mississippi flowed into this lake, and the land and water were ])opulated with many of the animals now living. The beaver built his dams as now, the squiri*el ate the same mast, and the deer cropped the same herbage. But the mastod(m and the elephant in diminished herds, still held their places as lords of the soil. There came a change of level, and this lake was gradually drained, and the waters sub- sided to the channels of the rivers. But the currents of the great HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 2.'^5 rivers were shiuirish^ and the waters spread fruiii bhitf' to hliitt". and deposited the strata uf bottom prairies. Another ciiange of level, and the currents became rapid as now, and the rivers cut narrow channels, leaving the wide level bottoms to the dominion of the vegetable kingdom. It was during tliis age, the continents were Unished, the oceans fixed in their beds, the seasons estab- lished their cycles, and the zones of temperature fixed the bound- aries of animal and vegetable life. When all was done, — came man, and many of the animals and plants which now populate and beautity the earth; and the Geological Record gave place to history. The soil of a country is the great source of national prosperity and individual wealth and happiness. No department of agri- cultural science is more defective than the classification and no- menclature of soils. Xo system has been adopted by which the many varieties of soils can be so arranged and described that all can be readily identified. This state of the case is due, doubt- less, to two principal causes: first, the varieties of soils pass into each othei" by such an infinite number of gradations that it is well-nigh impossible to point out any definite lines of separation ; second, farmers have been so averse to scientific names, which are definite, that writers on the subject have used the indefinite terms generally employed — often too, in a sense entirely differ- ent from their common signification among farmers, thus creat- ing a confusion of names. In the popular nomenclature are found some very general names, which are very definite when considered in some of their relations, as "timbered lands," and "prairie lands.'' These names distinctly mark the soils in the timber and those on the prairie, but do not indicate the quality of the soils any further than they are produced by those relations. To the same class of names belong "bottomlands," and "up- lands," sometimes called " bluff lands." These terms, like the others, point out an important natural division of soils, though they have no reference to the fertility. Prairie lands are well defined by nature, and distinct from tim- bered lands in respect to the vegetation they naturally produce. The latter produce trees and slirubs, and some grasses, and other herbaceous plants; and the former produce grasses and other 236 AN ILLUSTRATED hubaceous plants only. But each division contains soils of all grades of productiveness, from the very best to the poorest. These prairie lands occupy nearly one-half of the entire area of Missouri, or about thirty thousands square miles. The grasses are as diversified, and as distinctly mark the varieties of soil on the prairies, as do the trees in the timber. The resin-weed, crow- foots, and wild sorghum, indicate as good soils on the prairies as do the elm, hickory, and walnut in the timber. But as the trees are more conspicuous and better known, the varieties of soils are best known by the timber they produce. These lands are still further divided so as to indicate the quality of the soil with a marked degree of certainty by their natural productions, their chemical composition, and by their physical structure. The de- termination of the qualities of soils by the natural productions, is best understood by Missouri farmers, as all are well awai'e that the soil that produces hackberry and elm, is much better than the soil that produces black-jack and black hickory; that the former will yield abundant crops, while the latter will produce none but a very inferior growth of the cereals. In this division are tliose soils marked by the growth of particular trees and shrubs from which they derive their names. Hackbeny lands have the best upland soils in the State. The growth is hackberry, elm, wild cheri-y, honey locust, coffee tree, pig-nut hickory, chesnut, and burr-oak, black and white walnut, mulberry, and linden. The crow-foot of the prairie region, have soils very similar in quality to hackberry lands, and these two soils generally join each other where the timber and prairie lands meet. These soils abound in the western counties from Atchison to Cass, and eastward to Saline and Howard. They also cover small areas in other parts of the State. There is an area of at least (),5(>0,00(> acres of these soils, which are unsurpassed for pi'oductive energy, and durability. It has sufficient sand for the water to drain off rapidly in wet weather, and enough of clay, lime, magnesia, and humus to retain the moisture in the dry. It rests on a bed of fine silicious marls, which will render it perpet- ually fertile under deep tillage. Their productive powers are everywhere manifest in the gigantic forest trees, luxurant native grasses, and the rich crops they produce. Herds of buft'alo, elk, HISTORY OK MISSOITRI. 287 and deer, were formerly entirely concealed from the hunter by the tall prairie grasses of these soils. Hemp, tobacco, corn, and the cereals grow upon it in great luxuriance; and no soil is better adapted to fruits of all kinds. The principal growth u]>on elm lands, is elm, hackberry, honey locust, black walnut, cherry, blue ash, black oak, red bud, and papaw. Resin-weed lands, on the prairies, hav^e about the same qualities as the elm lands in the forests. These soils are but little inferior to the hackberry lands, above described. The sand in them is* finer, and the clay more,abundant, rendering the soil less porous and more adhesive. This soil abounds, interspersed with hack- berry and hickory lands, in the region above named; in the east, in Marion, Monroe, Boone, Cooper, St. Louis, Greene, and othei- counties, it covers large areas. These soils occupy an area of about 3,000,000 acres. Its heavy forests and luxuriant prairie grasses, and its chemical properties, clearly indicate its great fertility, and the marls upon which it is based fully assure its durability. Hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat, and other staple crops grow luxu- riantly, ana all kinds of fruits adapted to the climate do well. Hickoi-y lands hold the next grade to the elm lands, and are known by a growth of white and shell-bark hickory, black and laurel oaks, sugar maple, persimmon, dogwood, haws, red bud, and crab-apple. In the south-east, the tulip tree, beach and black gum, grow on soils of about the same quality. This soil is more clayey, not so dee]), and has a sub-soil more impervious, and the underlying marls have less sand and lime, and more clay. There are large areas of prairie soils, of about the same quality as the I hickory lands. Some of them are called '' mulatto soils." These soils cover about 6,000,000 acres in the State. Farmers deem this j a very valuable soil for the staple crops of the country, for the [ fruit of the latitude, and especially for blue grass pastures, and 1 meadows of timothy and clov^er. This soil abounds in the cen- -I tral and eastern counties, north of the Missouri. |l White oak lands occupy high portions, whence the rains of l\ centuries have washed the finer and lighter materials of the soil I to so great a degree that the subsoil is even better than the sur- face. There is no better land for wheat and fruits. Few soils [>i(»duce a better quality of grapes and tobacco. It occupies many 238 AN ILI.nsTUATKI) of the ridges in tlie region north of the Missouri, and east of the Cliariton, and those south of the former river and north of the Osage; 1,500,000 acres is a fair estimate of the area of white oak lands. Post oak kinds occupy ridges generally on the soutli side (»f the Osage, and produce post and black oak, hickory, sassafras, dogwood and sumnch. The growth is about the same as the white oak ridges, substituting the post for white oak. This soil is based upon a light coloredmarl, with less lime and sand than is tbund in the marls ujiderhnng tlie white-oak ridges; but it produces good crops of the staples of the countiw, and has for several years yielded the best tobacco of the West. Fruits, of nearly all vai'ieties cultivated in our latitude, excel on this soil. The area covered by ])Ost-oak lands is very large; probably 3,000",- 000 acres. Black-jack lands have few trees, save black-jack and black hick- oi-y ; sometimes a few grapes and some sumach. They occupy the liigh flint ridge;^ which are usually underlaid with liornstone and sandstone, and some strata of magnesian limestone. The sub-soil is usually a lifeless sandy clay, and tlie soil is fidl of fragments of flint or pebbles. This is the pooi'est soil in the State, and is of little use save for pastures and fruits. It may be made profltable for orchards and vineyai'ds. These lands occupy a large portion of the flint and sandstone ridges on the south of the Osage, perhaps ^.(MKi.OdO acres. Pine lands have a growth of pine, post, white and black oak, black liickory, dogW(jod, and sassafras. They have an inferior, sandy soil, and occupy the ])lateaus, hills, and ridges of soutliern Missouri, which are underlaid by the sandstones of the magnesian limestone sei'ies. The area of this soil is not less than 2,000,000 acres. The soil is sandy and thin, and would be greatly beneiited by clay and humus; but plaster and clover are the most available means of improvement, . The soir of the Magnesian Limestone lands is derived from the Magnesian limestones of the Silurian series, so generally de- veloped in south-east Missouri. They produce black and white walnut, black gum, white and whahoo elms, sugar maple, rock chestnut and laurel oaks, blue ash, buckeye, hazel, sumach, and dogwood. Thest' lands occupy the slopes, hill sides and narrow valleys of the southern and south-eastern part of the State, and JOHN W. HARRIS. JIISTOKY OF iMissonti. 289 the nurtheni 8lo])es of tlie Missouri, east of Providence. This soil is light, warm and dark, ricli in lime, humus, and magnesia. It covers an area of 10,000,000 acres, which is often s<^ hroken as to be unfitted for the ordinary farm culture. This area, extending from the Missouri river to Arkansas, and from Marshfield to Cape (iirardeau, is a table-land varying in elevation from 300 to 1,500 feet. It is cut by deep winding valleys in the south and north, and broken into knobs and ridjjes towards the east. Lai'ire, bold s])rings of pure, cool waters, gush from every hill-side, and fill the valleys with limpid streams. JVIagniticient forests abound, and wild grapes every where mingle their purple clusters M'ith the foliage of the elm and the oak, the mulberry and the buckeye. The climate of this region is delightful. The winters are short and mild, the summers long and temperate. The skies vie with those of Italy, and its fountains and streams, valleys and moun- tains, eotter's wlieel are abundant in many localities. Kaolin has been discovered in a lew places in the south-eastern part of the State. Fire clav is abundant in St. Louis, Boone, Cooper, Saline, Howard, and many of the noi'th- western counties. Mineral paints abound in the coal strata, and in many of the iron beds of the State. Several of these beds have proved valuable as "fire proof' protections to wood work. Ttoad matei'ials, in the form of gravel and pebbles, are very abundant in the drift of the northern counties, and in the beds of nearly all the streams of the State. Limestones suitable for quick-lime ex- ist in all the counties, save those in the extreme south-east. Limestones and sandstones of excellent quality, for fences, and buildings, and bridges, cro]) out in the bluffs of all the streams. Timber, as already shown, abounds in great quantities, and iii many varieties suitable for l)uildings, machinery, carriages, cars, wagons, and the various kinds of cabinet-work. All parts of the State are intersected by streams, very many of which, es])ecially those in the southern counties, furnish good watei'-})ower to drive mills and factories. But the best water-powers in the world are produced by our large springs. Some of these discharge 11,000- 000 cubic feet per diem, forming streams whose waters never freeze, nor Aary in quantity by wet or dry seasons. The various natural productions of Missouri, show how vast ' are its resources for the farmer, the miner, the manufacturer, and the merchant. It would be difficult to over-estimate these. If Missouri will work up her iron and coal, she nuiy become rich and powerful. Her niainifacturing and commercial resources point to a greatness surjDassing the liopes of the most sanguine. The internal improvements of the State, testify to the intelligence and enterprise of its peo})le, aiid every where are to be seen evi- dences of its industry and progress. CHAPTER XXY. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. It is not by investigating the progress of a people in material things alone, that the faithful historian hnds afield for his record- ing pen; and should he confine liimself to these, without giving attention to the still more important matter of the l-eligious growth and development of the State, he would signally fail of accomplishing his allotted task. When the noble rivers of this great State first became thoroughfares for the exploration of its trackless wilds, the man of God was with the dauntless little company who sought a path to the broad fields before unknown to the white man. There, then, were no hpuses of worship. " The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned To hew the shaft, and lay the architrave, And spread the roof above them, — ere he framed The lofty vault, to gather and roll back The sound of antliems; in the darkling wood, Amidst the cool and silence, he knelt down, And oflFered to the Mightiest solemn thanks And supplications." As the little settlements began to dot the forest and prairie, the itinerant missionary was wont to seek out the settlers in their new homes, and teach them in spiritual things. Those days of danger and trial were often made glad, no doubt, by the voice of prayer, or the hymn of praise. For the fifty years and more preceding the advent of the nineteenth century, the Cath- olic faith was chiefly known, and its influence felt among the settlers. But as the tide of immigration poured in, other religious elements developed, and cliurches began to spring up everywhere in the wilderness. The earliest Protestant church organization, of which there is any record, was perfected near Jackson, Cape Girardeau county, in 18()G, through the instrumentality of Rev. David Green. A "meeting-house" was built of logs, — the first building erected Ult>i'Ui:V OF A118SOUUI. 247 by Anti-Catholics, fur worship, west ot" the Mississijtpi river; mid for years tlie only structure, from tlie great river to the Pacific ocean, dedicated to the service of the living God. This church was Baptist in faith and order, and was known as the Bethel Baptist church. It was not large, but formed an active and consecrated band, full of faith and good works. Finally it was merged in what to-day is its representative, the Baptist church in Jackson. FIRST MEETING-UOUSE WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. The old house, this first temple in the " western wilderness," has been torn down. The hand of time and the ruder hand of man have fully accomplished the work of demolition. But that spiritual temple, then and there commenced, will never feel the weight of years, nor yield to the wasting force of time. In less th:;n seven decades, flie one cliurch has increased to fourteen hun- dred, and the little band that then stood alone in this vast region, has become nearly ninety thousand. Instead of a single, log house in the wilderness, the denomination now has many 248 AX ILLUSTRATED costly and elegant churcli edilices, and a noble band of able and consecrated ministers. Before the territory of Lonisiana was ceded to the United States, members of the Baptist chnrch had settled in various localities. Those who had fonnd homes in the south-eastern por- tion of the State were cheered by the visit of Rev. Thomas John- son, from Georgia, who preached among them, and baptized one, about the year 1799. They were without any permanent organ- ization until July, 1806. At this time the Rev. Green, who had visited the scattered settlers a year before, became a permanent resident of Cape Girardeau county, and soon collected togetlier a sufficient number of persons of like faith with himself to consti- tute a J^aptist church; when organized they adopted the name of Bethel, for this w'as to them indeed a "house of God." Rev. David Green was a native of Virginia, but had already preached not only in his native State, but also in Tiortli and South Carolina, and Kentucky. But pressed forward by a zeal akin to that of the apostles of old, he extended his labors west of the great river, and became the pioiieer Baptist ])reacher of Missouri. He was permitted to labor on this held only a little over three years. In December, 1809, he died. His i-emains were interred in a private burial ground, and its exact spot is now unknown. This last fact has deprived the l>aptists of the present generation, of the privilege of erecting to his memory a suitable monument upon the place of his sepulture. About the time Bethel church was located, other families of the same faith journeyed west of the "Father of Waters," and made for themselves homes in St. Louis county. The most prominent among these was Rev. T. R. Musick, who for man}'^ years labored in "word and doctrine" with distinguished success. Under these labors a church was soon organized, and called Fee-Fee, afte the stream of that name that flowed near by, where the church was constituted. This church is still (1876) an active, earnest, working body. Rev. Dr. J. II. Luther is now its pastor. He is a man of prominence among his people, and justly distinguished both as a scholar and a divine. In 1816, the first association of Missouri Baptists was formed. It con- sisted of seven churches: was organized in the meeting-house of HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 249 the l^ethel chuivli. aiul was known as the Bethel Association. These seven churches were located in the south-eastern j^ortion of Missouri. At that time the country was thinly settled, and neii^hhor- hoods were distant one from another. It was not at all un- common for a minister to travel, sometimes on foot, from fifty to a hundred miles to meet his appointments for preaching. These journeyings were made at long intervals, for most of the preachers supported themselves and their families by the culti- vation of the soil. Upon these long journeys they were, at times, accompanied by laymen, who would remain with the pastor for days, aiding him by singing, and prayer, and exhorta- tion, in the work of evangelization. Frequently, when upon these long journeys, they had to spend the nights in the wilder- ness at great distances from human habitation; but full of faith, and urged forward by deep-seated convictions, they were not deterred by the dangers of the way. If the rivers were too deep to be forded, they fearlessly swam them. No danger turned these men from the path of duty. They forced their way through the unbroken wilderness; and thus were opened up the great highways, which to-day are the thoroughfares upon which is borne not only the message of the gosj^el, but also the commerce of the Empire States of the American Republic, In the year 1817, the Rev, John M. Peck, and Rev, James E. Welch, young men of good education, and possessed of such strength of body and unyielding determination as fitted them for the work of pioneers, left their homes in the east, and moved to what was then known as the " far west," These men were in the em- ploy of the Baptist Missionary Society of the east; and though their salaries were small, it enabled them, for a few years at least, to give themselves wholly to the ministry. Mr. Peck gave himself largely to the work of gathering facts concerning the climate, and the productions of the soil. He was the author of the earliest "Gazetteer" of the west, and no man of his day contributed more towards inducing men of good and sterling qualities to make this their home. He was deeply interested in the educational questions of th.e day, and did all in his power to ;et up that system of schools in the new states, which "260 AN ILLUSTRATED is HOW the pride and boast of the people. Dr. Peck established his home at Kock Spring, Illinois, and there began the work of laying tlie foundation for a college. The institution, here begun, \vas, after a few years, transferred to upper Alton, Illinois, and consolidated with another school which had been started at that place; and thus was originated Shurtleff College, an institution which, by its career of usefulness, has proved the Avisdoni of its founders. Elder Welch gave himself exclusively to the work of traveling preacher. He founded many chui'ches, and was very- useful in organizing Sunday schools. lie lived to a great age, and enjoyed the pleasure of seeing the denomination over whose earl_y efforts he watched with so much care, and to the growth of which he contributed freely the best years of his life, become a grand body of earnest, cultivated, and devoted workers in all things that contribute to the elevation of the human fauiily. Very soon after these two men located in Saint Louis, Rev. T. P, Greene, who had been brought up in Kentucky, became a resi- dent of Jackson, Cape Girardeau county. He was a man of no mean culture, and of great energy. He was by nature adapted to the work of a pioneer. For many years he aided in jjublishing a secular newspaper, taught school during the winter months, and on Sundays always j)reaclied the gospel of the Redeemer. Under his labors, churches sprang up in the new settlements almost as fast as the people came to form them, and while engaged in plant- ing new churches, no man who ever labored in tlie State, did more to develope the liberality and utilize the gifts of those who, through his ministry, were brought into the churches. He died young, but left a name that those who have followed him, and have "entered into his labors," will not willingly let perish. In the year 1817, a second association of churches was formed. This was at first called the Missouri Association, but the name was afterwards changed, and it is now the St. Louis Association. In the yeai- 1833, a number of the members of Baptist churches foresaw the necessity of some general organization that would enable the churches throughout the State to act in concert in their missionary efforts. In this effort, the names of Elders Thomas Fristoe, Ebenezer Rodgers, and Fielding Wilhoite were justly prominent. The names of these men, who went without reward JOHN B. WORNALL. lIlSTOltY OF MlbtiUUKl. 251 through the new portions of the State, were household words among tlie hardy frontiersmen. A meeting was first held at the home of John Jackson, in Howard county, near where the town of Fayette now stands, and it was agreed to call a convention, at an early day, to foi-ni some kind of a central organization. Ac- cordingly, in August, 1834, a general meeting was held in Provi- dence church, Callaway county; and there was begun the organ- ization which is now known as the "General Association of Mis- souri Baptists." At this meeting. Rev. J. Vardeman was chosen president, and Rev. R, S. Thonuis, clerk. All the forms and rules necessary to give to such a body permanency, were adopted ; and after the greatest caution, and the most careful and thorough inrpiiry into the demands of the times, an association was formed. The objects were to bring about, by frequent intercourse, a more perfect unanimity of feeling among the church members, and to devise ways and supply the means for advancing their views among the peo])le. Owing to the great distance that they must travel, many of the churches, at first, stood aloof from this body; and because of this difficulty, the churches in the south part of the State organized an independent society, which was called the Baptist Convention of Southern Missouri, for the same purpose that called the General Association into existence; but the two bodies grad- ually coalesced into one, and now there is but the one State organization. To this one body, by the general consent of the churches, is committed the State mission work, together with denominational education, foreign missions, and the extended circulation of religious literature. With the Baptists, no part of tlieir creed is guarded with more watchfulness than the doctrine of the independence of the churches; and these general organizations assume no authority over the churches in any of their local affairs. The General As- sociation is merely a voluntary society, formed of ministers and laymen, who propose to labor for the welfare of men. The officers of this body are a moderator (or president), and a secretary. At each annual meeting, an executive Board, composed of re])resen- tativemen from various parts of the State, is appointed, to whom is committed the management of the mission work. 252 A?^ ILLUSTIIATKI) Next to the work of State missions, the educational enterprises receive most attention. Though there are a number of schools and colleges in the State under tlie control of Baptists, the "gen- eral body recognizes as the oljject of her benefactions, and the child of her watchfulness, William Jewell college. This insti- tution was chartered in 1849; and bv the act of the legislature, bestowing npon her trustees and faculty the usual rights and privileges of colleges, there is established an inseparable and or- ganic connection between it and the General Association of Mis- souri Baptists. This is the only institution in the State M'here the Baptists give to their young ministers any theological train- ing. Stephen's college located in Columbia, Missouri, has been adojjted by the Baptists of Missouri as their State school for the education of young ladies. It is in a healthful part of the State» has good buildings and handsome grounds, and all its surround- ings are favorable to its prosj^erity. Besides the two colleges named which have some organic connections with the General Association, the Baptists of Missouri have under their control. La Grange college, La Grange, Missouri, Rev. J. F. Cook, LL. I)., president; Baptist Female college, Lexington, A. F. Fleet, A. M.» president; Mount Pleasant college, lluntsville, Rev. M. J. Breaker, A, M., president; Hardin college, Mexico, A. W. Ter- rill, A. M., president; Louisiana college, Louisiana, Rev. John T. Williams, A. M., president; together with several other schools and colleges not enrolled. Next to these instrumentalities the "Central Baptist " is the most potent in the work of evangel- ization in the State. This periodical, an eight-page weekly, M^as started by Re\'. J. H. Luther, D. D., who was for many years its editor. For a time he was aided in the work by Rev. Norman Fox, and afterward by Rev. Dr. Yeaman, who is now the editor- in-chief, and the priiicipal proprietor. It is the organ of com- munication, by which the churches learn of the work and its wants. By it the Baptist brotherhood learn of each other, and the success that attends the labors of any M'ho are in the field.. Though the Baptists have had an organized existence in the State for only about seventy years, yet they have made most rapid progress. In all those elements that give to a religious organiza- tion moral force, they are systematic, and efficient. In point lllt^Tui:Y UF MlbSOUUl. 253 of talent and culture, the ministry and inemhership rank fairly with any other people. There are in Missouri, as shown in the annual for the year 1875, sixty-one associations, one thousand four hundred churches, eight hundred and twenty-four ministers, and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and lifty church members. Congregational CiiuRcn, — In 1814, Rev. Samuel J. Mills of Torringford, Connecticut, and Rev. Daniel Smith, of Bennington, Yermont, both Congregational ministers, were sent out into the far west as missionaries, by the Massachusetts C^ongregational Home Missionary Society. On the sabbath of November 6th, 1814, they preached the first regular Protestant sermons in St. Louis; a service had now and then been held in the court-house previously, by an itinerating methodist. St. Louis, then, was a French town of only two thousand people, three-fourths of these being Catholics. Stephen Hempstead, a Congregationalist, from New London, Connecticut, was a resident in St. Louis, having settled there some time before. He made way for the coming of these Protestants ministers, and gave them welcome. He says: *' These brethren. Mills and Smith, were gratefully received by the inhabitants of all ranks. They had crowded houses whenever they preached." In 1816, Rev. Salmon Giddings, Congrega- tional minister from Llartland, Connecticut, was sent to St. Louis, by the Connecticut Congregational Missionary Society. He came like the others, twelve hundred miles on horseback through the wilderness, preaching along the way, and reached St. Louis, April 6th. lie at once set up service, and commenced systematic mis- HJonary work. November loth, 1817, Mr. Giddings organized the first Pro- testant church in the city, consisting of ten members. Stephen Hempstead, whose son Edward became the first member of Congress from Missouri, and Thomas Osborne, the only two irude members out of the ten, were cliosen elders. A majority of these were Congregational ists, although the church was consti- tuted Presbyterian. Mr. (iriddings organized seventeen churches in the vicinity of St. Louis — part in Missouri and part in Illi- nois. He was the successful pastor of the church, and the bishop in Christian work in all this region for twelve years, until he died, in 1828. During all this time, until his death, he held a com- 254 AN ILLUSTRATED mission from the Connecticut Missionary Society, and was work- ing under their direction, and paid, until the church became .self- supporting, by them. Tiie same is true of over fifty other mis- sionaries sent at that time, and soon after, to this neigborhood. But the churches founded, although made up very largely of Con- gregationalists \v'ho had immigrated to the west, were Presbyte- rian in their order. These Congregational missionaries, sent out from Connecticut, organized the first Presbyterian church in Natchez, of wliicli Rev. Daniel Smith, of Vermont, became the pastor, and also the first Presbyterian church of New Orleans, of which Hev. Elias Cornelius, of Massachusetts, was the pastor. The Congi'egational- ists who came in great numbers to the west, continued for many years to pour their nund^ers into Presbyterian and other churches, with the unsectarian and Christian view that it would be alike helpful to the Kingdom of Christ and the gk>ry of God. Although the American Congregational Home Missionary Society continued its missionaries in Missouri, there was no Con- gregational church founded until about 1S50 or 1852; so, although Congregationalism had no organized existence in Missouri up to within comparatively a recent date, it was early on the ground working for the Master, with a self denying spirit, which makes it the common benefactor of all the churches of Christ. In 1847, Rev. Truman M. Post, D. D., of Vermont, and Professor in Illi- nois College, at Jacksonville, was called to the pastorate of the third Presbyterian Church, in St. Louis, then located on Sixth street, between Franklin and Washington streets. Dr. Post pre- ferring to remain in his own church order, declined to become the pastor. The church beiiig made up almost entirely of Congi-cg;:- tionalists, they invited him through a petition signed by a number of the leading members, to preach a sermon on the character of the Congregational Church polity, and the expediency of organizing a church, in St. Louis, of that order. In obedience to the reipiest, Dr. Post preached an exhaustive discourse on January lltli, 1852. On the 14th of March following, a church was organized under the name of the " First Trinitarian Congregational Church of St. Louis." It was formed in no spirit of party or schism, but Ivom convictions of privilege and duty. The name assumed, was a true PILGRAM CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. HlSTOiiY OF MISSOUUI. 255 description of its Faith, Order, and History; in Faith, Trinitarian; in Order, Congregational; in History, the first* of sncli faitli and order in the State. Dr. Post became the pastor of this church. It soon became prosperous and influential. It has had great in- fluence in the City of St. Louis, and throughout the State. The next Congregational church in the State was organized at Hannibal, in 1859, Rev. J. M. Sturtevant, Jr., son of President Stui'tevant of Illinois College, pastor. The next was a Welsh church in New Canibi'ia, in 18(i4. After the close of the war, and during the year 1865, fifteen Congregational churclies were formed in Missouri. Pilgrim Church, St. Louis, was organized December 5th, 1S()6. This Society, of which Kev. C. L. Goodell, D. D., is pastor, has become one of the largest and strongest in the State. In the space of ten years,. it has grown from a band of forty-two, to a membership of four hundred ajid seventy-five. It is regarded as the leading one among the sisterhood of churches in and around St. Louis. Tlie church building is one of the finest in the west, having cost $134,000. It has a spire two hundred and thirty feet in height. In the tower is a Howard clock with a chime of ten bells. The clock is amtmg the largest in the country. Connected with the chime is a carillon which plays four tunes, — ^''Old Hun- dred," in the morning, '' America " at noon, " Home, Sweet Home," in the evening, and a " Pastoral " at night. This caril- lon is the first ever used in the United States. The clock strikes the famous St. Mary's Cambridge quarters. Pilgrim Church is alive spiritiitdly, and enters heartily into all evangelical and re- vival work. Its usefulness has kept pace with its prosperity. Rev. E. B. Turner -was chosen Superintendent of Home Mis- sions in the State, and has held tlie office for eleven years. The General Conference of churches of Missouri was organized in 1865, which name was changed in 1868 to General Association. In 1866, sixteen churches were formed. These, and the fifteen organized in 1865, were nearly all in northern Missouri, along ^ The attempt to form a Consregational church h;ul been made at Arcadia, (Iron Moiin- taiu.) by a Connecticut Colony, under a Mr. Russell, about l&jO. Dr. Post thinks a chiircli was regularly formed, but smothered by the pressure of other organizations, and an iiuoni ing alien population, umid which it was isolated, without sympathy or support from consre- gationalists at the east 256 AN ILLUSTRATED the line of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. During 1866, Hannibal, Kidder, and St. Louis District Associations, were formed. In 1867, eleven churches were organized. In 1868, five, and the Kansas City Association formed. In 1869, eleven; in 1870, seven, and the churches of south-west Mis- ssouri organized the Springfield District Association. In 1871, four churches were organized; in 1872, five; in 1873, sevesi; in 1874, three; in 1875, one. Four of these churches were of colored people, four of Welsh, and one of German. The denomination now numbers 70 churches in Missouri; 41 min- isters; 3,863 church members; and 3,259 scholars in the Sun- day-schools: benevolence of the churches, $17,480, and parish expenses, $48,429.43. There are two Congregational colleges in the State: Thaver college, at Kidder, under the charge of Rev. Oliver Brown; Drury college, at Springfield, under the presi- dency of Rev. JS[. J. Morrison, D. D. There is also an academy in Clark City, Clark county, under the care of Rev. J. Bennett, that belongs to this denomination. A monthly newspaper, the "Christian News," edited by Rev. Robert West, was started January 1st, 1876, in St. Louis, and has rapidly increased in cir- culation and influence. It is the Congregational organ of the south-west. Chkistian Church. — The first preachers of the Christian church, in Missouri, were Elders Thomas McBride and Samuel Rogers. The advent of these preachers, and the admission of Missouri into the Union, as a State, were about contemporaneous events. They traveled from " settlement " to " settlement," carrying each a sleeping blanket, provisions, and the indispensable cofiee-pot, the distance from one settlement to anotlier frequently necessitating their camping out. Elder McBride long since died. Elder Rogers is still aliv^e, and resides with his son, J. I. Rogers, •in Danville, Kentucky, and is but little short of ninety years of age. During the decade preceding the year 1835, a large number of pioneer preachers came into the State, from Kentucky. Among these were the names of Joel II. Iladen, T. M. Allen, M. P. Wills, F. R. Palmer, Absalom Rice, James Love, Jacob and Joseph Coons, Jacob Creath, Eastham Ballinger, Allen Wright, M. Sid- enor, Henry Thomas, Luke Young, and Dr. Ferris. All of these lli!l!yilll{illi;illl!l[i;i»;;i:[mi;iilll!!lliil,»|ii:i!!l';uii;;i!i:iiii!>i;i[|ii:;:i;!':in!i:;!:"!:i;Li\:^^ It:; // it; \J llia'Biiii!Sii'!IJi'!aiiiiii!liill!llil!IMiilili!iiii!iiliill:-^^^ WILLIAM W. MOSBY, MD. JiisToitY OF Missoirur. 257 were taitliful men and true, and did illnstrions work in tlieir day • all of thorn traveled, more or less, as Evangelists, preachii.cr in' different parts of the State, and holding "protracted meetin^^rs." The greatest among them, however, M'as Elder T. M. Allen. He traveled more, held more successful meetings, baptized more persons, and organized more churches than any of his co-laborers. Of these pioneer preachers only three are living; Elders Oreath, Rice, and Thomas. In 1820, a church was organized at Fulton, Callaway couuty, Missouri, consisting of seven members, six of them being females. Some years before this, the Antioch church, in Calla° way county; Bear Creek, in Boone county; Richland and Mount Pleasant churches, in Howard county, were in existence. About the same time, churches were constituted in the counties of Pike, Monroe, and Marion. On the south side of the Missouri, the old- est churches were in Lafayette, P^-anklin, Pettis and Greene. These churches were genei-ally organized between 1825 and 1830. The first church (now the Seventeenth and Olive street church) in St. Louis, was organized by Elder R V>. Fife, in his own parlor, in October or November, 1836, with about twelve members. They met for worship in school-houses. Their first resident preacher or "pastor," was Dr. W. IL Ilopson. In June, 1843, the church' met in Lyceum Hall, on the cornei- of Pine and Third streets. There are jiow three other congregations in the city, daughters of the mother church. Mend)ership in the four churches number about one thousand. From the earliest existence of the churches in the State, in sufficient numl)crs to justify it, they have annually gathered, by delegates, in State meeting, or convention. The first State Sunday school convention of the Christian church in Missouri, met in JMexico, May 23d, this Centennial year. Besides a number of i)0])ular private educational institutions, the Christian church has three State ones: Christian Univer- sity, located at Canton, Missouri, chartered in 1853. Dr. James Shannon was its first president. Dr. W. H. Hopson is the present president. The University has had, throughout its career, an average of pupils in annual attendance of one hundred and fiftv. For the first time, it has been this year (1870) distributed into colleges. There are tbiir: the College of Arts, Literature and 258 AN rLLTISTHATKD Science; the Female college; the Bible college, for students .or the ministry; and the Commercial college. Christian college, for young ladies, located at Columbia, is the oldest. Elder J. K. Rogei's has been its president for about twenty years. The Fe- male Orphan school, at Camden Point, in Platte county, is but a few years old, but is quite a success. There is only one relig- ious paper published in the State, in the interests of the church. It is called "The Christian;" published weekly, in St. Louis, and is edited by J. H. Garrison and J. H. Smart. It is ably con- ducted, and well patronized. The Christian church numbers from sixty to seventy thousand members in the State. They have about live hundred organized churches, three hundred of which are north of the Missouri river. In St. Louis county, there are fifteen organized congrega- tions, and about fifteen hundred members. The chief member- ship in the State is in the counties bordering on the Missouri river, and in that portion of the State which lies on and between the Missoui'i and upper Mississippi rivers. They are the least numerous in south-east Missouri. The oldest church in the State is at Dover, Lafayette county. It holds annual meetings in Aug- ust, of each year. The one for the present year is its sixteenth. In numbers, wealth, general culture, social position and influ- ence and in piety, the membership of the Christian church will compare favorably with that of other religious organizations. Cumberland Presbyterian Church. — The first Presbytery of this denomination of Christians that was organized west of the Mississippi river, included in its bounds all the territory of Mis- souri, also western Illinois and the whole of Arkansas. This Presbytery was organized in Pike county, Missouri, in the Spring of 1820, with only four ministers; they being all who then lived, of this denomination, in the entire territory above mentioned. Two of these ministers lived in Missouri, one in Arkansas, and the other in western Illinois. From this small beginning, there are now in the State of Missouri, twelve Presbyteries, three Sy- nods, about two hundred and seventy-five meft in the minsterial connection, and between 18,000 and 20,000 members. The church property is valued at over $250,000. About 10,000 per- sons attend their Sunday schools. The Board of Missions is lo- HISTOIJY OF MISSOUHl. 259 cated at St. Louis. Two monthly papers, representing tli is oi-dcr, are j)ul)lislied at St. Louis, — the *' Missionary liecord," and '• Our Faith." They have a number of High schools in the State, and an eftbrt is being made by the three Synods, jointly, to secure an endowment fund for the establishment of a college, to be eligibly located. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Methodism, as a distinctive form of Christian organization, was introduced into Missouri by men from the south. The treaty by which the territory was ceded to the United States was signed 20th of December, 1803, and formal possession was taken by the representatives of the United States government, in March, ISOL If, jirevious to that pei-iod, there was any preaching by Methodists, the fact is now unknown. There is no i-eliable record of any preaching by Protes- tants ill tlie territory, previous to abont 1803, except by one John Clark, a Georgian by birth, wlio lived on the American bottom, in Illinois, below where the city of Alton now stands. As the tlien existing government was exclusively Catholic, no one was allowed to teach, preach, or hold religious services without the consent of both State and Church officially given. Mr.Clark's place of ])reach- ing was in a neighborhood in St. Louis county, then and now called Cold Water, and his plan of ])rocedure was to cross the Missis- sippi river in a skiff, late in the evening, hold his meetings at night, and recross before day-light the next morning. This he did to avoid the vigilance of the officers of the government. But with all the difficulties and dangers that attended him, he per- sisted, and laid the foundations of the Protestant and Methodistic faith so deep, that the changes of more than seventy years have not been sufficient to remove them; and the good results of his labors are still to be seen in the same neighborhood. Previous to his operations in Missouri, Mr. Clark had been at diffei-ent times connected with both the Methodist and Baptist churches; and of the couffreijations which he mxthered, some inclined to the Methodist, and some to the Baptist. So the neighboi-hood has continued to this day, made uj* ))artly of Methodists, ])artly of Ba])tists, all the time owning, and peaceably worshipping in the same house. On the 15th day of September, 180«>. a coMfei-enct' of Methodist 2 HO AN ILLTTSTKATl<:r) preachers was commenced at Ebeiiezer meeting house, in Greene county, Tennessee, eight or ten- miles eastwardlj from the town of Greeneville. At this conference, Rev. Francis Asburj, the only general superintendent of the Methodist church then in the United States, presided. Tiie territorial limits of that conference, then called the " Western Conference," embraced all the country from iS^ew river, in Virginia, to the Janturest settlements in what are now Mississippi, xVlabama, and Louisiana, southward; and westward, to Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, and the entire val- ley of the Mississippi, from the Alleghany mountains to tlie re- motest settlements of the south and west. At the conference under notice, the minutes say eleven preachers Avere placed on trial. Bishop Asbury's journal says fourteen. The entire num- ber of traveling preachers in the (;onnection at that time, was live hundi'ed and sixteen, of whom iifty-six were in the Western conference. And, at the close of the session of the conference for 1806, these fifty-six preachers were stationed, some in south-west Virginia, others in Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana: that is, they were sent to settlements afterwards embraced in these states. Among those received on trial that year, was one John Travis, who, at the close of the conference was appointed to Missouri circuit, (not Missouri conference, nor Missouri district,) in Cumberland district, Western conference. "Cumberland Dis- trict" as then bounded, included all of western and middle Ten- nessee, all the southern part of Kentucky, a large portion of In- diana, and all the settled portions of Illinois, Missouri, and Ar- kansas. The cities of Nashville and St. Louis were in the same presiding Elder's district, without either railroad or steamboat communication between them. Ilev. William, afterward Bishop McKendree, was appointed to travel this district as presiding Elder, visit all parts of the work, direct and assist all the preach- ers, and exercise ev'ery where a general oversight. When 3'oung Travis was appointed to the Missouri circuit, the understanding was that he was to visit the settlements in Mis- souri, whicli then extended from what is now Pike county, on the north, to Pemiscot comity, on the south, and to a distance of from twenty to thirty miles west of the river. Among these people iiis'j\)i:v OF MissoUKi. 261 he was to do what lie coukl for the spreadiiii"; and up-hiiildin<»- ot" the gospel. Between the ])laee at which he received his ap- pointment, and the work to whicli he was assigned, there was a distance of from fiv'e to seven hundred miles, according to the route by which he may have traveled, and a large part of that distance was almost entirely without settlement. If he crossed the Ohio, he most likely did so either at Louisville, or Shawnee- towii, or at old lA)rt Massac, as these were then the principal, if not the only regular crossing-places on the river. Then, after leaving the Ohio, there were no settlements on his i-oute until he reached those of the American bottom, on the Mississip[)i river. So that along the whole of that part of his route, his oidy couipaiiion was his horse. His quartermaster's and his commis- sary's departments were both in his saddle-bags; his bed was mother earth, his covering, the starry heavens, and his protector was his God, If he took a more southern route, and passed through middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky, crossing the' Mississippi at or near New Madrid, the case was no better — worse, indeed, as at that time a large portion of that country was thickly infested by hostile Indians. However this may have been, he reached the field of his labors, and addressed himself to his work. At that time, there were in the territory more than sixteen thousand inhabitants, very few of whom were Protestants, and of Methodists there were none. Travis secured quite a number of places for preaching, but at what particular points is not now known. He also organized a number of small churches, or con- gregations, in Methodist parlance, at that time called classes. At the close of his conference year, he reported an aggregate of one hundred and six members, and two circuits, one called Missouri, the other, Meramec, This report was made to a session of the Western conference, held at Chillicothe, Ohio, commencing Sej)- teinber 14th, 1807, At that conference, and for service until the C(niference of 1808, the celebrated Jesse Walker was a])p(»int('d to Missouri, and Edmund Wilcox, to the Meramec circuits. These men continued their labors, and at the end of the year re- ported three circuits, Avith an aggregate of two hundred mem- bers. The additional circuit rej)orted was called Oohl Water, and the appointments of preachers to serve from 180S tt) 1809 262 AN ILLTISTRATP]D were: for Missouri circuit, Abram Amos; for Meraiuec, Josei)li Oglesby ; for Cold Water, Joliii Crane. At the conference of 1809, when these men made theirreports, they had formed an additional circuit, called Cape Girardean, with a total membership of live hundred and eighty-five. At the conference of IS 10, the aggregate membershijj as reported was five hundred and twenty-eight, oi-a decrease, in the aggregate, of fifty- seven members. The next year there was a still farther decrease, the total being only five hun- dred and twelve. At the general or qnadrennial conference held in May, 1812, the territory of. what had been called the A¥estern conference was divided; one part called the Ohio conference, the other, the Tennessee conference. Missouri fell into theTennessee conference, and so remined during the four years next succeeding. Then, again at the next quadrenuial conference, in ISIO, there was an- other division, and the Missouri Annual conference was formed, bounded by the Ohio conference on the north, by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers on the east, and by the Arkansas river on the south. As the western boundaries were not specified, the supposition is, that the conference in that direction was bounded by the fai-thest settlement, wherever that chanced to be. The Ohio conference embraced only a part of Indiana, and the remainder, together with all the settled jiortions of Il- linois, all of Missouri, and all of Arkansas north of the Arkan- sas river, were included in the Missouri conference. In 1810, there were four traveling preachei-s engaged in Missouri, and a membership of five hundred and twenty-eight. In 1820, tliei*e were fifteen traveling preachers, and 2,079 members, occupying a territory four or five times greater than that occupied ten years before. During the next decade, 1820-30, the increase was rather dis- proportionate to the increase in the entire population. The total mnnber of members, including those in Arkansas, was 5,205. These were scattered over the entire State, as almost every part of it had been visited by the preachers; chnrehes had been organ-, ized in almost every county, and the demand for ministerial service gnnxtly exceeded, the supply. , In Missouri ])roper, there were only nine more ])reachers stationed, in 1830, than had been EDWIN J. LANGDON, niSTOllY OF M1S80U11I. '2iV.\ stationed in 1820. Between 1830 and 1840, or at the (^uadivnnial conference of 1836, the territory of tlie Missouri conference was agaiii divided, and the Missouri conference ])ro])er inchided the State of Missouri. The taking off part of the former tei-ritory, and organizing the Arkansas conference in 183(>, took from the membership of tlie Missouri conference, as it was before divided, 3.183 members, leaving 7,778. At the end of the decade, or at the conference of 1840, there were 72 traveling preachei-s, 177 local preachers, with a total membership of 13,992. So in this decade, the nnmber of preachers had increased from 26 to 72, and the membership from 5,205 (including Arkansas) to 13,992, all in Missouri. The next decade, 1840 to 1850, witnessed the divi- sion of the church in Missoui'i, by the organization of the Meth- dist Episcopal church south. Very few, however, at first adhered to the M. E. church. The total meml)ershi]> of the M. E. chni'ch south, in Missouri, in 1850, was reported at 25,272, with 133 trav- eling preachers, and 183 local preachers. The M. E. church had gradually increased her membership to 5,560, including those in parts of Arkansas; or to 3,273 in the State of Missouri, with 43 traveling, and 8(5 local preachers. From 1850 to 1860, the prosperity of the church was greater by far, than it had ever been before, the work being enlarged in every direction. Institutions of learning were established in different parts of the State, and were in a flourishing condition; hundreds and thousands of young persons were in schools, under the general oversight of the cluirch, while all other church enter- prises were regarded as being in a most healthful and pros])erous condition. The statistics for 1860 showed that, connected M'ith the M. PI church south, there were 653 preacliers, traveling and local, with 48,757 church members; and connected with the M. E. church, 195 preachers, and 7,764 members: a total of 848 preachers, with 56,521 members. During the time of the war, church buildings were destroyed, or, in the supposed necessities of the war, appropriated to other })urposes; ministers and members Avere scattered, and a large pro- ])ortion of the churches were entirely disorganized. At the close of the war, the work of re-organization was commenced and vig- orously carried 0!i; and from the close of 1.S65 to the close of 2()4 AN illustkatp:d 1875, the success in re-organizing churches and building new houses of worship, was highly gratifying. At the close of 1875, the M. E. church reported 274 church-houses, with an estimated value of $6»>6,775; 388 Sabbath schools, with 19,961 scholars, and 34,156 church members; to which number should be added about 3,000 Germans, who are members of the Methodist church in Missouri, not included in the above estimate, making the entire membership 37,156. The M. E. church south, reported for the same year, 49,588 members, 443 churches, 430 Sabbath-schools and 18,638 scholars. The "Central Christian Advocate," a weekly journal of church news, is the organ of the Methodist Episcopal church. The prescTit editor is Benjamin St. James Fry, D. D. ; W. E. Barnes, assistant. The schools and colleges under the patronage of the church are Lewis college, Glasgow, Johnson col- lege, Macon Citj'-, and Carleton Institute, in South-east Missouri. The "Christian Advocate," a large and widely circulated paper, under the editorial charge of Dr. D. R. McAnally, is the medium of the Methodist Episcopal church south. Presbyterian Church. — The first trace we have of Presbyte- rian preaching in Missouri, is in 1814, by Rev. S. J. Mills, and Rev. Daniel Smith. Their stay was short. In March, 1816, Rev. Gideon Blackburn came to St. Lonis and preached several times, awakening considerable interest. During the same year, Rev. Salmon Giddings, who had read the report of Mr. Mills, was in- fluenced to come to Missouri as a missionary. The memories of the name of this man will never die. He reached St. Louis in April, 1816, having made a journey of 1,200 miles in winter, on horseback. The firs.t Presbyterian church was organized August 2d, 1816, at Bellevue settlement, about eighty miles from St. Louis, and was called Concord. It had thirty members. The next was at Bonhomme, October 6tli, 1816, and the next at Buf- falo, in Pike county, in May, 1817. Mr. Giddings seeing the necessity of concentrating efforts on St. Louis, organized the First Presbyterian church on the 23d of November, 1817, which was the first Protestant church in the city. The first Presbytery was organized in 1817, by the Synod of Tennessee, with four min- isters, Salmon Giddings, Timothy Flint, Thomas Donnell, and John Matthews; — and four churches:— Concord. Bonhomme, uisTouY OF Mibjjouia. 265 Buffalo, and St. Louis. The first Presln'terian house of worshij), (which was the first Protestant,) was coniinenced in IS 10, and completed in 1826, at a cost of $8,000. In 1820, a mission was formed among the Osage Indians, near the line of Bates and Vernon counties. They then numbered about 8,000 people. In 1822, a church of twenty-two members was formed. Of this band of missionaries, one is still living. Rev. W. C. Requa. In 1831, the Presbytery was divided into three; Missouri, St. Louis, and St. Charles. These were erected with a Synod the next year, comprising eighteen ministers, and twenty-three ch urches. Very soon after the death of Mr. Giddings, in 1828, Rev. ^Y. S. Potts was called to the pastorate of the First church in St. Louis. This grew rapidly under his ministry. The second chui'ch was formed in 1838, shortly after the coming of Rev. Asa Bullard, and for a time had the services of Rev. A. T. Norton ; afterwards, of Dr. Potts, who had been in charge of Marion College since his re- tirement from the pastorate of the First church, in 1836. He remained with this church until his death, in 1852. The division which rent the Presbyterian church throughout the United States, in 1838, was not full}' consummated here, until 1840 or 1841. Considerable bitterness was exhibited for many jears, but gradually, as the work went forward, better feelings prevailed, until 1860, when the number of ministers upon the rolls of both old and new school Synods, was 109, and the num- ber of churches, 146. In 1866, the old school Synod was divided on questions grow- ing out of the war — a part forming what was known for many years, as the old School, or Independent Synod of Missouri, who are now organically connected with what is known as the Gen- eral Assembly south. The part which received the recognition of the Northern Assend)ly, (so-called) continued their work side by side with the body known as new school Presbyterians, until the two bodies became one, in 1870. Since this time, this Synod has steadily grown, until it now numbers over 10,000 members, in 210 churches, with 137 ministers, according to the report to the (leneral Assembly in 1875. In this report, tlie Synod is credited with having contributed over $15,000 to the different benevolent 266 AX ILI.TTSTRATED agencies of tlie church; $76,689 for the supjiort of its ministers, and for congregational purpoi^es; and nearly $-1:6,000 towards mis- cellaneous objects. This Synod is now composed of six Presby- teries — Osage, Ozark, Palmyra, Platte, and St. Louis. It has under its care but one institution of learning at the present time; Lindenwood Female College, at St. Charles, Missouri, of which Rev. J. H. ISTixon, D. D., is president. The ''St. Louis Evangel- ist," now in the second year of its existence, is the organ of the Synod. Tliat part of the original Synod which refused allegiance to the General Assembly prosecuted its work with uninterrupted suc- cess as an independent body, until 1874, when it became a con- stituent part of the Presbyterian church in the United States, popularly designated the Southern Presbyterian Church. The Synod now numbers about eighty ministers, one hundred and forty churches, and 9,000 communicants. It has flourishing and influential congregations in the j)i"iiicipal cities and towns of the State, as well as in the rural neighborhoods. Schools, male and female, of a high order, and enjoying great prosperity', are under its auspices in Lexington, Booneville, Independence and Fulton. At Fulton, is AVestminster College, the Synodical institution for young men, numbering 100 students and six professors. This- institution has long been known, and maintains its reputation for the highest ability on the part of the faculty, and thorough scholarship and exemphiry conduct among the students. Fulton is also the seat of the Synod Female College, under the presi- dency of the Rev. Dr. W. W. Hill. It has 100 pupils, and is, perhaps, the leading school of the kind in the State. The ''St. Louis Presbyterian," now in the eleventh year of its existence, a large and influential religious weekly newspaper, is the recog- nized organ of the Synod. Protestant Episcopal C^hurcu. — The first services of the Protestant Episco])al church, in the Territory of Missouri, were held by the Rev. John Ward, on the 24th day of October, A. D. 1819. On the first of Noveml)er, a parish (('hrist Church) was. organized, and which is now in existence. A building at the cor- ner of Second and Walnut streets (before and afterwards used a* a court-room), was fitted up for church servici's. Mr. Ward, who- HISTUIIY Of .Ml>.S()i;ui. 207 had been called as rector ot" the parish, made a visit to Lexiiii^- ton. Kentucky, and did not return to Missouri. After the resio-- nation and removal of Mr. Ward, there were no services of the cliurch until about the year 182;?. Sometime in that year, the agent of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society visited St. Louis. He took back an encouraging account of the wishes of the ])eop]e for church services, and in the same year Ilev. Thomas Horrell, a native of INIaryland, was sent as a missionaiy to the State. The greater |)art of this year and the next, Mi\ Hori-ell spent in the south-eastern portion of the State, making Cape Gir- ardeau his headquarters. Early in the year 1825, he began his ministrations in the city of St. Louis. The services were held in a building corner of Third and Market streets, then used as a court-room. The building had been erected by the Ba})tists, as a church. l)ut never finished. The primitive bench, used by the judge, served as a reading desk and pulpit for the reverend mis- sionary. When the Holy Communion was administered, a table was brought in from a private house. During the year 1825, the vestry of Christ church began preparations for the erection of a church building. It was completed in 1830, on a lot on the north-west corner of Third and Chestnut streets, where the new Arerchant's Exchange stands. There are still two of the vestry of that day living, honored citizens of the city. In 1830, the Rev Mr. Davis established a female school, but removed in a year oi* two. In the year 1831, Rev. Mr. Corson was sent as a missionary to Booneville, Fayette, and other interior towns, but in the year 1835, there was but one organized parish in the State, one church buildinij. and not one clero-yman. In the bei>:iiniini!' of the year 183(i. a favoi-able change for the church occun-ed- The Right Rev. Jackson Kemper, recently appointed Missionary Bishop, came to St. Louis, and with him Rev. P. A. Aiinard and Mr. Johnson; and at the end of that year, there were live clergymen at work. Bisho]) Kemper acted as rector of Christ Church for some years. In this year, there wen; congregations in Booneville, Fayette, St. Charles, Hannibal, and other places in the State, but the church made slow ])rogress; much prejudice existed against the church, and men and money were wanted for nnssions. Clergymen were few in those days, and the same may 268 AN ILLUSTRATED be said at this day, lor the great work to be done. Previous to the year 1840, there are very few records preserved. In that year the clergy and hiity met in convention, and from that time a record has been preser\'ed. A diocese M'as organized, a constitu- tion and canons adojited; but it was not until the year 184-4, that a bishop was chosen. In that year the Ilev. Cicero S. Hawks CHRIST CnURCU— LOCUST AND J3th STREETS. was made Bishop of Missouri, and Rector of Christ church, St. Louis. The Bishop continued rector until the year 1854; from that time forward he devoted himself to the whole diocese. It was while Bishop Hawks was rector of Christ church that the city was visited for the second time with that great scourge, the cholera. He distinguished himself particularly for his untiring zeal and labor in the care of the sick and dying. Rev. Whiting Griswold, rector of St. John's church, it is said, worked himself literally to death, hy his devotion to, and care of the sick and neeedy. During the time Bishop Keinpar had charge of Missouri, he founded a college (Kemper College), in the vicinity of St. Louis, which for a time was very successful, had a good faculty, HISTORY OF MlSSOUlil. 2(')t) and a fair patronage; but that bane of so nianv enter})rist's to benefit mankind, "debt," soon ovurwhehned what bid fair to be an honor, and of incalcuhible benefit to the Church and to the State; and the evil of this faihii'e endures to tliis day. The building erected for educational pur]X)ses became the " poor house" of the connty of St. Louis. Much strife and bad feeling was caused by the failure of this beneficent enterprise. Early in the episcopate of Bishop Hawks, attention "was called to the mis- sionary wants of the State, a beginning was made, and has con- tinued with varied success to this day. In Anmist, 184(>, that good man and faithful missionary. Rev, P. A. Minavd, died; he was rec- tor of St. Paul's chnrch, St. Louis. In the year 1847, the Clark mission began. It had its origin in lands given by the late George R. II. Clark, for educational purposes. It Avas soon merged in St. Paul's college, Palmyra, which was soon after incorporated by the legislature of Missouri. This institution flourished for some time, but early in the late war its students were dispersed, and the buildings, and even the chapel, used for barracks foi- the soldiery. During those fearful times, the college property was sold for debt. It was afterwards bought back, and is iu)w in successful operation as a church institution, under the presi- dency of thb Rev. Dr. J. A. AVainwright. The ])estilence of the year 1849, was so prevalent, that no convention was held. In this year, Mrs. Tyler, of Louisville, Kentucky, gave to the Orphan's Home a lot on Eleventh street, in Xorth St. Louis. This institution, for the maintenance and education of orphan children, had been commenced and carried on for some time by St. John's church, but before this time it had been nuide a church institution, under the patronage of the diocese, and the support of the church in the city of St. Louis. This was the first ven- ture of the church in charitable institutions. Tliis institution outgrew the lot given by Mrs. Tyler, and (for the time) the com- modious building thereon. It now occupies a sj^acious lot on Grand avenue, the gift of Henry Shaw, and a building lai-ge and commodious, erected about the year 1874, with all the aj)- pliances for health and comfort. Very many orphaned children have had the benefit of this great charity. Mr, Shaw, about the same time, gave a spacious lot adjoining the lIonu\ i'nv a 270 AN" ILLUSTRATED church (New Mount Calvary church). In the year 1851, the expenditures for the Home were $1,037.85. The number of orphans was twenty-iive; and about this number had been cared for for several years. At this time, 1876, there are over seventy- five children cared for, and the amount expended in 1875 was $6,224.13. The institution is under the management of the ladies of the church in St. Louis. Bishop Hawks, in his ad- dresses, frequently called the attention of the clergy and laity to the great need of religious instructions for the negroes, but the problem was how to get at them, as well as to know how they were to be ministered to, and by whom. At that time, masters were jealous of those who taught, as well as what was taught them. Now a part of this problem is solved, but the great diffi- cultv still is how to reach them. A beffinnino- has been made in all of the large cities, and in St. Louis, one colored clergyman, a fair congregation, and a good building for their use, are secured. Although for years the progress of the Church was slow, yet there was substantial progress made. The war between the states was peculiarly damaging to Missouri; her churches in some places desecrated, in others much damaged. The shepherds and his flock were dispersed, and on the i-erurn of peace, the peo- ple wei'e much impoverished. Missouri is indelited to the " Soci- ety for the Propagation of the Gospel," for a large ]X)rtion of the means to support the missionaries of the diocese, in its infancy; and to this day, under another name, continues its beneticient work not only to Missouri, but to nearly all of the states and ter- ritories. During the M'ar, Bishop Hawks felt himself under the necessity of ceasing his general recitations, on account of the dis- turbed condition of the State; he early issued a pastoral address to his people, warning them of the sin of strife, and afterwards ])repared and put forth a suitable service for use during the con- tinuance of the war. He was also assiduous in his attentions to the sick, the wounded, and the ])risoners. In the year 1865, St. Luke's Hospital, a church institution, was established ; it is the only Protestant hospital in the city of St. Louis. This hospital is under the care of the " Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd," an association of ladies, under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States; within lllhToKV UF MlSiSOUKl. 271 tlie last few years, the House of I)isho])s, as well as the clergy and laity of the church, have encouraged the association of women for church work, the care of orphans, the sick, the poor, and for tlie education of the children of the nation. On the 10th day of April. A D. ISCS, Bishop Hawks died at his residence, in the city, after a lingering illness, having held the Episcopate over twenty-three years. He was a man of very popular manners, and had attached a great many friends to himself, all over the State, as well as in St. Louis. At the annual convention of the diocese, in May, 1S(!^^, held in Grace Church at Kirkwood, the Right Rev. Daniel S. Tuttle, Missionary Bishop of Utah, was elected Bishop of Missouri, but he declined the honor, and the convention re- assembled in St. George's Church, St. Louis, in September follow- ing, and elected Rev. Charles F. Robertson, of Batavia, western New York, as Bishop, Bishop Robertson was consecrated in Grace church, New York, on the 28tli day October, 1868. The presiding Bishop (Smith,) was the consecrator. Soon after the adjournment of the general convention, the new Bishop came to St. Louis, and commenced his first visitation to his diocese. In May, 1800, the Bishop met his first convention. There were then canonically resident thirty-three clergymen, and there were five parishes in the cit)', and seven clergy. There are now in the city twelve parishes and missions, and twelve clergy; in the suburbs two missions with churches, and no clergymen; and in the county two handsome stone churches, one of them the gift of a munificent churchman, Mr. R. J. Lockwood. All of these churches and missions have buildings, but very few are clear of debt. The amount raised for the support of missions in the year 1868, was $2,540.82; this was done through the •* Laymen's Co-operating Missionary Societ.y," which is the etficient agent of the missionary efibrt in this State. Bishop Robertson has been a most efticient missionary; he lias held service in many j^laces where the church had never been heard, and the church popularized in the county when it was little known or appreciated. At his recommendation, a per- manent fund has l)een established for the support of aged and infirm clergy. There is also an annual collection required for the Theological Education fuml, and also the fund for the sup- 272 J"^-^ ILLTJSTUATED port of tlie Episcopate. The Bishop of this convention (1869,) also recommended the appointment of a registrar, for the pur- pose of procuring and preserving all archives and documents per- taining to the cliurch; and under that provision as many as seven copies of the journals of the diocese liave been ascertained to be in existence. In this 3'ear, as an auxiliary to cliurch work, a monthly newspa])er was started — the " Church News;" it is the vehicle for the Bishops appointments, and gives very interesting details of the work accomplished, as well as what is considered desirable; a fair degree of success has been attained. E.OMAX Catholic CnuRcii. — The history of the Catholic church in Missouri is co-incident in commencement and progress with that of the State. Catholic missionaries, scattered through the West, visited the various settlements as they were founded, and in many of them built churches suitable to the time. On the eastern bank of the Mississippi, the Catholic cross was erected, and the Catholic religion was j^racticed, generations before a settlement was made on its western bank. Kaskaskia, with unbroken records, dating back prior to 1700 is proof of this. The priests of the different towns, Kaskaska, Cahokia, St. Philip, — crossed the Mississip])i in canoes, preached the gospel, and administered the sacraments to the various groups of settlers who made their homes in wnat is now Missouri. This is more easily understood when it is remembered that all the early settlers of this State were Catholics. The towns they established, Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, St. Charles, St. Ferdinand, are named after Catholic saints. St. Louis would have been called after Laclede, were it not for his modesty. The early inhabitants so wished it, but M. Laclede would not hear of iti lie desired it to be called after the reigning French monarch, Louis, and his sainted ])redecessor, Louis IX. This he effected by causing the name St. Louis to be inserted in all the public documents. The earliest written record of the Catholic church in Missouri is found at Ste. Genevieve. This is the oldest town in the State, having been founded probably in the decade of A. D. 1750, though some of the inhabitants assert that it was founded in A. D. 1735. The record shows that Father Watrin, a priest of the Society of Jesus, from Kaskaskia, officiated in Ste. Genevieve on ST. PETER AND PAUL'S CHURCH, ST. LOUIS. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 273 the 20tli February, A. D. 1760. St. Louis is probably the next oldest town of the State, having been founded on the 12th of Feb- ruary, A, D. 1764. Father Meurin, '■^jpretre de Notre Dame des Kahol'ias,^^ who was also a Jesuit, was the first priest who offici- ated in St. Louis, liis record bearing date of 1766. After him. Father Gibault, '■^cure de V Iinmaculee Conception des Kaskas- kias,''^ a secular priest, ministered to the settlers. In 1770, he erected a small church of unhewn logs, on ground set apart for that purpose by the original grant of land to Pierre Laclede Li- guest, now the Cathedral block. This was the first temple of God west of the Mississippi, in upper Louisiana. In 1776, Father Bernard, a Capuchin monk, avus sent to take permanent charge of the village. In the same year the inhabitants began the ei-ection of a larger church, also of logs. The documents rel- ative to its erection a»e now in the archives of the circuit court. With the accession of Father Bernard, the church became prop- erly organized, and has had a steady growth since. In 1S18, Bight Bev. "William Louis Dubourg, Bishop of N^ew Orleans, transferred his episcopal seat to St. Louis, and at once, by the wave of his crozier, as if it were the wand of a nuigician, the church quickened into life and wonderful growth. At that time there were, in M'hat is now Missouri, only four chapels: one at Ste. Genevieve, one at St. Louis, one at Florissant, one at New Madrid; and for the whole of LTpper Louisiana there were but seven ]u-iests. Bishop Dubourg had brought with him from Italy four ])riests of the congregation of the Mission, and several students. The priests were immediately assigned to duty in var- ious parts of the State. Bishop Dubourg and Father de Andreis remained in St. Louis, w-herc they built a large brick church, for, in the words of Father do Andreis, the old church was "falling into ruins." Father Rosatti opened a seminary for the educa- tion of clergy at the Barrens, in Perry county, to which in a few years a college for lay pupils Avas added. This Avas the first col- lege established west of the Mississippi. Both the seminary and college continued to flourish at the Barrens up to about fifteen years ago, when they were transferred to Cape (xiranleau, where they still exist. During his administration, Bishoj) Dubourg in- troduced into his diocese the educational orders of the Ladies of 274 ATs' ILMTSTIIATKD tlie Sacred Heart, the Sisters of Loretto, and the Ursulines. About 1824, he opened another college in St. Louis, which he transferred some years later to the Jesuit Fathers, whose services he obtained for his diocese, as well as for the Indian Missions. This college has since been widely known as the St. Louis Univer- ^ity. New churches were also ei-ected at Old Mines, Carondelet, Portage des Sioux, and other points, and the old missions were all re-organized and regularly visited. Bishop Dubourg was a native of San Domingo, and had been educated in France, but became a thorough American in princi- ple. His zeal was extraordinary. To him the Catholic church is indebted for the origin of the Sisters of Charity in America, and the foundation of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, which spread rapidly thi-oughout the Christian world, and now, in great part, sustains the expense of*foreign missions. He was transferred in 1826, by the Pope, from New Orleans to the See of Montauban in France, and thence, in 1833, promoted to the archbishopric of Besangon, where he died within a few months aged 65 years. Father Rosatti was, in 1823, appointed by Pope Leo XIL, as coadjutor to Bishop Dubourg; and in 1826, appointed Bishop of St. Louis, which was separated from New Orleans and erected into a See. During his administration, he introduced into the diocese the Sisters of Charity, Sisters of- St. JoscidIi, and of the Yisitation. He founded the Sister's Hospital, land the first orphan asylum. In 1831 he commenced, and in 1834 completed,the erection of the jjres- ent cathedral church — which was at the time considered the finest church edifice in the states. Churches were erected at Frederichs- town, Ste. Genevieve, Apple Creek, Florissant, New Madi-id, "Westphalia and other places. Most of these were missionary centres, from which the priests started out to visit other towns and sections of the State. For example, the Jesuit fathers at Westphalia visited Franklin, Jefferson Cit}', Osage, French Til- lage, and many other places. Bishop Rosatti w^as a man of deep piety, varied learning, and tireless activity. He was a native of Sora, in Italy, having been born in 1897; and he died in Rome, in 1843. Bishop Kenrick, who had been appointed coadjutor to Bishop c^A^^'j^.i^-i^^ >r a^y^-T- t^«— i-^i^^^. ^ ii;sT()i:Y UK MissoiTui. 275 Ho-saUi by Gregory XVI, iii 1S41, succeeded to the See of St. Louis. In 1847, St. Louis was created an arclidiocese, of wliicli Bisliop Kenrick became Arclibisliop. Since tliat day, the growth of tlie church tliroughout the State lias been very marked. In ]8-i5, before a single house of Kansas City was erected, a priest liad a chapel on the river bank, which he visited from Lidepen- deiice. There are now in tliat city five ])arish churches, an hos- pital, a convent and several ])arisli schools. In 1851, the Brothers of the Christian schools Avere introduced into the diocese, and opened a college which has fl«)urished ever since. Many other religious orders, both male and female, each aiming to do the work of God according to its institute; some to educate, some to feed the poor, others to care for the sick or insane, others to nm-se the aged — all to do good, have since then enriched the diocese. In 1868, the north-western portion of the State was erected into a separate diocese, with its seat at St. Joseph, and Eight Reverend Jolin J. Ilogan was appointed Bisliop. In 1872, the heavy bur- den of the diocese and the weight of years compelled Archbishop Kenrick to seek a coadjutor. The gifted and eloquent Dr. Byan was appointed by his holiness. Pope Pius IX, and was consecrated coadjutor Bishop in April of that year. Almost each year has added a new clnu-ch, and parish, and school, to the city where in 184-0, there was but one parish church. There are now in the saine city thirty-four churches, twenty-seven schools, five Catholic hospitals, three Catholic colleges, seven Catholic orphan asylums, and three female protectorates. There are one hundred and five priests, seven male and thirteen female orders. There are twenty conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, numbering 1,100 active members, and dispensing each year in judicious and sys- tematic charity fully ^20,000. In the diocese outside of St. Louis there is a college, a male protectorate, nine convents, abont 120 priests, 150 churches and some 30 stations. To many of the coun- try churches, parish schools are attached. In the diocese of St. Joseph, there are twenty-one priests, twenty-nine churches, twenty- four stations, one college, one monastery, five convents, and four- teen parish schools. IlNiTKn Presbyterian Church. — Many years ago a large num- ber of the citizens of the Southern states of Kentucky, Virginia, 276 AN ILLUSTRATED Tennessee, and North and South Carolina, became bitterly op- posed to slavery, and determined to remove from its midst, and take their families from under its iufluence. In the settling up of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, many of tliis class from these Southern states, were found among tlie settlers in the latter states. When the tide of immigration set in to the west of the Mississippi river, those men who were fleeing from slavery and its influences, passed north and west of Missouri, into Iowa and ITebraska. The war of the Rebellion having de- stroyed slavery, a door was opened into Missouri to this class of immigrants, and soon after the close of the war, many tliat had, years before, passed her by, were now seen returning fi-om the se- vere climate of Iowa and Nebraska, to the milder one of Missouri. Many of these anti-slavery men and women were niPinbers of the Associate, or Associate Reformed churches. In removing north, they had either united with congregations of these churches al- ready organized, or, as was more frequently the case, formed nuclei, around which new congregations were built uj). In 1 85S, a union was brought about between the j^rincipal parts of the Associate, and Associate Reformed churches of the northern states, the new body taking the name of Ignited Presbyterian Church of North America. In 1866, Missouri being open and free, immigration began to flow in, particularly to the western part. Among these, were many United Presbyterians, and in two or three years little bands of this church were scattered all over the State. A congregation had been in existence in the city of St. Louis for many years, and another small one at Cuba. But the first congregation was organized at AVari-ensburg, Johnston county, early in 1867. Another was formed at Lee's Sum- mit, Jackson county, June llth, 1867; another at Kingsville, November 8tli, 1867; one at Centreview, December 21:tli, 1867; one at Greenwood, March I7th, 1868 ; one at Bethel, Bates county, March 28th, 1868; one at Ilolden, May 2d, 1868; one at Grand River, September 17tli, 1868; one at Mcmiteau, October 26th, 1868 ; one at Fairview, November 17th, 1868 ; another at Kansas City, March 12th, 1869; and one at Osceola, St. Clair county, November 24th, 1870. This rapid increase of the United Pres- byterian church in this part of the State led to the organization of J IIISTOIIY UK MISSOURI. 277 a new Presbytery. This Presbytery wus organized under the oruer of the Synod of Illinois, by Kev. Matthew liii^ger, at War- rensburg, October 31st, 1867, and included all the State of Mis- souri west of the meridian passing through Jefferson City. This body now contains ten ministers, and about 500 members. Many of this order are scattered throughout the State that have uever been brought within the limits of any organized congregation. Unitarian CnuRcn. — This denomination, though possessing considerable influence, is numerically small in Missouri, consist- ing of a few scattered churches in the principal towns of the State. In St. Louis there are two churches, the church of the Messiali,at the corner of Olive and Ninth streets, and the church of the Unity, near Lafayette ]>ark. The former is the parent church, and was founded in 1834, by Rev. W. G. Eliot, who continued as its pas- tor for 37 years. Its present pastor is Rev. John Snyder. The congregation is large, and composed chiefly of well-educated and influential people. The church membership is about 250; Sunday schools, — 35 teachers, 300 scholars. It has always been active in philanthropic, educational, and charitable enter])rises, and for more than twenty years after the erection of the present church edifice, (in 1852), the average annual conti'ibutions to the various uses above named exceeded the sum of $25,000, which is, outside of its own support, costing $10,000 more. It has under its spec- ial care a mission house and free-school, for the children of very, poor persons, which has a property of about $20,000, and is sup- ported exclusively by voluntary gifts, amounting to $3,000 an- nually. The church of the Unity is under the pastorate of Rev. John C. Learned. It is in a prosperous condition, and equally active in proportion to its meaiis. Both of these churches are, and always have been, free of debt, A third church is in con- templation, and a lot of ground already secured, but no further steps have yet beeu taken. GPI AFTER XXVI. EDUCATION. By tlie terms of the first constitution of the State, it was pro- vided that "one school or more shall be established in each township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis." The establishment of the public school system of Missouri, in its essential features, without restricting its benefits to the "poor," and with the main features of State and local organization, was affected by the tenth General Assembly, during the administration, and in accordance with the recommendation of Governor Boggs, in February, 1839, The system as then adopted embraced a superintendent of common schools for the State, a board of commissioners for each county, and a board of trustees fur each hjcal school district. Territorial divisions, for the purposes of organization, consist of counties, townships, and districts. The State is divided into 114 counties : each county is divided into congressional townships of six miles square, or fractional townships; these townships are subdivided into districts. According to the school law of 1870, each congressional township constituted a district. Under the new law, approved .March 26t]i, 1874, the township line is retained simply to assist in the numbering and designation of the school districts. Each county at present contains a certain number of districts numbered within the res])ective townships that embrace them. The ordinary district system is modified by the occasional establishment of central graded schools, in which case, the districts so disposed, unite for the establishment of schools with higher grades. Another modification in the district system is effected by city and town organizations, in which one or more districts, lying within an incorporated village, vote themselves into special districts, governed by a separate law grant- ing special privileges. Most of the village, town, and city graded schools, are organized in this way. In some instances the schools HISTORY OF MlSSOUlil. 279 of towns and cities are organized under special charters, granted by tlie legislature. By the new constitution of the Srate, adopted in 1875, a liberal system of ])ublic instruction, embracing tlie higher, intermediate, and lower, is provided for. The policy of Missouri, in the disposition of its revenues for educational pur- poses, is concentration for higher education; diffusion for the intermediate and lower. Free public schools for the education of children of African descent, form a part of the school system of the State, and are provided for in the organic law. One Xormal school — -Lincoln Institute, at the seat of government — for the education of colored teachers, receives an annual ap[)ro- priation from the General Assembly. The present fi-ee public school system of tlie State is both jx)])- ular and efficient, and has accomplished incalculable benetits to the people. The provision for its support is not only liberal, but is inlaid in the organic law, and thus placed beyond the oppo- sition or caprice of the legislature, no diiference what political party may dominate in that body. In addition to the annually accruing income derived from the public school fund, now pro- vided and set apart by law, not less than twenty-five ])erccnt. of the State revenue, exclusive of the interest and sinking fund, is amiually applied to the support of the public schools — these funds being distributed to each county for school purposes, according to the number of children in each between the ages of six and twenty years. C()rres])onding to the topographical divisions of the school tUs- trict organization, the officers of the system are: the State "J)Oanl of Education," provided for in section 4 of article XI of the constitution; the State superintendent of Public Schools; the county scnool commissioner, or superintendent; county clerk and treasurer; board of directors; city and town school board; and teacher. The supervision of the entire school interests of the State devolves u})on the State Board of Education, com- posed of the State superintendent of public schools, the Governor, Secretary of State and the Attorney-(ireneral. The ex- ecutive officer of this board is the State superintendent, who is choocn by the people at the general election, for a term of four years. Besides such general work as is adapted to improve the 280 AN ILr.USTRATED condition of the schools, his specific duties are: to render decis- ions aftecting the local application of the school law; to keep a record of all the scnool funds, and annually to distribute to the counties the income of the State school funds; to supervise the work of the county school officers; to deliver lectures, distribute educational information, visit schools, and to grant certificates of high qualifications; and to make an annual report to the General Assembly, of the condition and necessities of the schools of the State. The work connected Avith the office of State superintend- ent is more largely constructive than that of any other State officer. Beyond the circle of mere routine, there is scarcely any limit to the labor that this office may impose ujwn itself. The work of organizing a great State, embracing a territoi-ial surface little less than that of New England, furnishes a powerful incen- tive to the employment of all the energy, enthusiasm, invention, and executive skill the sujjerintendent may be able to command. The county superintendents are elected by the people of each county. Their work is to examine teachers, to distribute blanks, and make reports. The emoluments of the office are not large. County clerks receive estimates from the local directors, and ex- tend them upon the tax-books. They also keej3 the general re- cords of the county and to\vnship school funds, and return a yearly report of the financial condition of the schools of their county to the State superintendent. School taxes are gathered with other taxes by the regular county collector. The treasurer of the coHnty is the custodian of all the funds belonging to the schools of his county, except in counties adopting the township organiza- tion, in which case the township trustee discharges these duties. All the expenses of the individual districts are paid by checks or warrants drawn on balances deposited with the county treasurer, or township trustee. Districts organized under the special law for cities and towns are governed by a board of six directors, two of whom are select- ed annually, on the second Saturday in September, and hold their office for three years. At the annual meeting in each school district, one director is elected to serve for three years. This gives the board a perma- nent continuity. Directors are agents of the district under the ''!'"::;iJ:!"|1■|:!:;^|!i!1!lr]11!l!!llllfiIl!!lll;p!a^ 4 HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 281 law. They may levy a tax not exceed iiip^ forty per cent, on the one hundred dollars valuation, provided the aforesaid annual rates for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities and towns, to an amount not to exceed one dollar on the hundred dollars valuation; and in other districts to an amount not to ex- ceed sixty -five cents on the hundred dollars valuation, on the con- dition that a majority of the voters who are tax-payers, voting at an election held to decide the question, vote for said increase. For the purpose of erecting public buildings in school districts, the rates of taxation thus limited, may be increased when the rate of such increase, and the purpose for which it is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people, and two-thirds of the qualified voters of such school district voting at such election, shall vote therefor. The local directors may direct the management of the school in respect to the choice of teacher and other details, but in the discharge of all important business, such as the building of a school-house, or the extension of a term of scliool beyond the constitutional period, they simply execute the order of the peo- ple. The clerk of this board may or may not himself be a direc- tor. He is the historian of the district; keeps a record of the names of all children and youth between the ages of five and twenty -one; records all business proceeaings of the district, and reports to the annual meeting, and to tlie county clerk, and county superintendents. Teachers are required to hold a certificate from the State super- intendent or county commissioner of the county in which they are engaged. State certificates are granted only upon personal writ- ten examination in the common branches, together with the nat- ural sciences and higher mathematics. The lu>lder of the State cer- tificate may teach in any public school in the State, without fur- ther examination. Certificates granted by county commissioners are of two classes, with two grades in each class. Those issued for a term longer than one year, belong to the first class, and are susceptible of two grades, differing both in duration and attain- ment. Those issued for one year (the shortest term allowed by law), may represent two grades, marked by qualification alone. The township school fund has its source in a grant of land by the general government, consisting of section sixteen in each 282 AN ILLUSTRATED Congressional township. The annual income of tlie township fund is appropriated to the various townships, according to their respective proprietary claims. The support from tiie permanent funds is supplemented by direct taxtation laid upon the taxable property of each district. Tlie maximum limit of taxation tor the current expenses is one per cent.; and tax permitted for school-house building cannot exceed the same amount. PARTICULAR INSTITUTION^. Alexandria College is located at Alexandria, Clark county, Missouri, the terminus of the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad. It is under the patronage of a corporate association, which organized in 1869, in compliance with "an Act concerning corporations," of which body Rev. T. J. Musgrove, by the articles of the association, is to be president during his life. The school is conducted in the building erected for this purpose. It has au- thority to grant diplomas and confer degrees in the same manner as other similar institutions. There are two distinct courses of" study, collegiate and scientific. Music, also, has a prominent place in the advantages furnished by the institution. It is not a sectarian school, but a religions one in the sense that in connec- tion with science, the Christian religion, a pure morality, and an earnest philanthropy shall be exhibited and enforced on principles common to all churches. Baptist College is located in the city of Louisiana, Pike, county. It was escablished in 1860, and has property which cost $12,000. It is intended as a home school for both sexes, and, while it has a primary department which is carefully looked to, the course of study for the collegiate department is thorough, and a high standard required for examination and graduation. Vocal music is made a part of the regular instruction, without extra, charge, while instrumental music, drawing, painting and French, are taught. It is convenient of access, being on the Mississippi river, and having several railroads. Its many advantages^ together with the low cost of tuition and board, adapt it to the wants of a large class of patrons. Central College is located at Fayette, Howard county, Mis- souri. Howard College was first established here in 1835, but HISTORY OF AHS80UKI. 0,^3 before the institiitiou was ori>;auized, the building was destnn-ed by lire. Though the friends of the enterprise were ''cast down," they were not destroyed, and they soon after rallied and rebuilt the college building; but a debt was allowed to hang over it, and in 18-1:4, it was sold, William D. iSwinney being the purchaser, and by him the property was presented to the Methodist Episco- pal church south. The same year, Howard Higli School was oi-ganized under the direction of Rev. William T. Luckey, and for several years this school was a popular and useful institution. In 1854, the building was again burned. In April, 1853, a convention of delegates of the M. E. church south, in Missouri, met in St. Louis, the object being to concentrate, if possible, the elForts of their church throughout the State in the erection and eudowment of a college of the highest grade. The chief com- petitors for the location were St. Charles and Fayette, the latter proving successful. Fifteen curators were appointed by each of the two conferences, who met at Fayette on the 9th of December, 1854, and proceeded at once to organize their body by the election of Rev. J. Boyle, D. D., of St. Louis, president of the Board, and Adam Hendrix, treasurer; and, at the session of the legislature following, a charter was obtained, bearing date of March 1st, 1855. Soou after, the funds were secured for the erection of the college building for the third time, and iu 1857, Howard high school was separated into the two colleges, Central and Howard, although the reason for this separation of the sexes does not appear, and does not seem to have been contemplated in the original plan. Under the management of its efficient presi- dents, Rev. N. Scarritt, Rev. A. W. Morrison, and Rev. W. H. Anderson, D. D., it flourished until the civil war broke out, when in common with all similar institutions in the south, it was. suspended, and later in the struggle, the building was t)ccupied by federal troops, and greatly damaged. After the close of the war, the Missouri conference of the M. E. church south, at once instituted measures for the re-establishment of the college, and raised funds therefor, and in IS()8, at an ''Educational (\m- vention" of the different conferences of the State, held at Fayette, it was determined to re-open the college as soon as a permanent endowment of $100,000 sliould be secured, and at the 284 AN ILLUSTRATED same time, Rev. "W. A, Smith, D. D., of St. Louis, was elected president and financial agent. It was also decided to open at once, in the college building, a seniinaiy of learning for both sexes, and to this work, Rev. F. X. Forster, A. M., formerly of Georgia, then of St. Louis, was called. Dr. Smith prosecuted his work with great fidelity and success, and had it well nigh com- pleted, when disease laid its hand upon him, and he was com- pelled to abandon his work, and soon after died. In the chapel of the college is a beautiful tablet to his memory, but the college itself, rehabilitated and expanded, is his nioblest and most appropriate monument. In 1869, the work so nearly completed by Dr. Smith, was fin- ished by Rev. W. M. Rush, D. D., the entire endowment of $100,- 000 having been provided for. A provisional organization of the college, was at once made, with Rev. J. C. Wills, D. D., presi- dent elect, and Rev. F. X, Forster, A. M., dean of the faculty; and since that time, it has advanced with a prosperity steadily in- creasing year by year, until now it takes high rank among the colleges of the west. The organization of Central college is on the principle of inde- pendent schools, of which there are eight (besides the exten;5ive pi-eparatory course,) and upon completing the studies of any school, the student may graduate, and receive a diploma in that school with an appropriate degree. The course in each school is exten- sive and thorough; instruction is given by both text books and lectures, while each professor is required to be "a text book for himSeif and his class" in his particular school. Semi-annual ex- aminations, running through two weeks, and conducted in writ- ing, test rigidly and exhaustively, the knowledge of the student on Qach subject. A very high grade of scholarship has thus been already attained ; and the constant effort of each professor is to raise it still higher. The Christian religion is recognized as the only basis of right education, as it is the only reliable foundation of all that is true and noble in human character. In each of the two "Inter-collegiate contests in oratory," which took place be- tween the students of the various colleges of the State, the repre- sentative of Central, bore off the prize; and in the late "Inter- State contest" in Chicago, in which the colleges of Ohio, Indi- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. '285 ana, Illinois, AYisconsin, Iowa and Missouri were represented, lie was again trinnipliant. The college attaches no sj)ecial ^gnifi- cance to these facts. They prove, however, that in popular as well as in thorough education. Central college stands in the front rank among her contemporaries. The collegiate year is divided into two terms, and begins about the middle of September, and closes in the latter part of June. Centr^vl Wesleyax CollpXtE is located at "Warrenton, Warren county, a pleasant and healthy part of the State, sixty miles from St. Louis, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway. It is under the control of the Southwestern German conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. It was incorporated l)y an act of the State legislature, approved February 16th, 1S65, under the name of the "Western Orphan Asylum and Educational In- stitute." Rev. Philip Kuhl was chosen president, and Rev. H. A. Koch, pi-incipal of the school. The school was opened Octo- ber 3rd, 1864, with a primary, an academic, a normal, and a commercial department. The course of study was improved from year to year, and the school was opened to both sexes. The act of incorporation was amended by an act, approved March 2-lth, 1870, by which the name was changed to the "Central Wesleyan College and Orphan Asylum." In September, 1872, President Kuhl re- signed, and Rev. H. A. Koch, D. D., was chosen president in his stead, which office he still holds. The school has been self-sustain- ing and prosperous from the beginning, and tlie increased number of students soon deraanded more ample accommodations. The trustees accordingly resolved to build a new college building. The new building was erected at a cost of $25,000, of which the citizens of Warren county subscribed §10,000. It was dedicated November 14th, 1875. The building is of brick, 90 by 55 feet, and three stories high. In architectural beauty, it compares favorably with many colleges of the east. Its location, is not ex- celled in the State. The college owns a large tract of land around Warrenton, u])on which there is a well improved farm, with an orchard of 2,000 fruit trees. This farm affords students an ojjjkh-- tnnity to work and pay their expenses. The endowment fund of the college, at present, is $25,000. The curriculum embraces a preparatory, a classical, a scientific, a theological, a normal, a commerciul course, and a department of music. 286 AN ILLUSTRATED Christian Brothers' College was founded by the Brothers of the Christian schools, in 1851. It was incorporated, in 1855, by the Scate legislature, and possesses excellent appliances for teaching all the various arts and sciences usually taught in col- leges; a philosophical and chemical apparatus, a museum, and a select library of much excellence, with power to confer academic honors. The religious faith professed and taught is the Catholic, but stiidents from any and all denominations are admitted on condition that they conform to the customs and i-eligious ]>rao- tices of the institution. It is located on the corner of Eighth and Cerre streets, St. Louis. Christian Female College, located at Columbia, Missouri, was chartered during the session of 1850-51, by an act of the legislature. It was established for the purpose of affording young ladies the advantages of a more extensive and thorough education than had hitherto been granted them. Its founders, moved by an enlightened and Christian philanthropy, designed to place the ed- ucation of the young woman on a level with the education of the young man, thus establishing the male and female as co-ordinate departments of a grand system of American education. It was a conception worthy of its authors. It was deemed but just that while the intellectual wants of the son had been fully provided for by the erection and endoAvment of a State University, some similar provision should be made for the daughter ; that she should no longer be restricted to the elementary branches taught in the prinuiry school, the seminary, and the academy, but that a College, regularly organized and officered, embracing a wider and higher range of studies, should open to her its portals, and invite to a more intimate acquaintance with literature, science and art. In harmony with the design of its founders. Christian college has taken high ground upon the subject of female education, and lias introduced a more extensive and thorough course of study, combined with a more rigid mental drill, than is usually found in schools for young ladies. The college edifice is located in an elm and maple grove of twenty acres, just within the northern limits of the town of Columbia, county of Boone. A more lovely or eligible location for a college for females could not have been selected. Nature has impressed upon the location a native HlSTOliY OF MlSSOUltl. 287 beauty and rural lovliues.s which art may imitate, but can never equal. Though within the limits of the town, yet by reason of the am])lituile of its i^rounds, and its removal from the business j>ortions of the city, it enjoys the retirement and quietude of a country seat, — a circumstance in the liighest degree favorable to the health, hapi)iness, and success of the student. The present faculty consists of the president, thi'ee male and three female assistants. A class of thirteen graduated from the college at the commencement, June 10th, 1875. Clay Skminarv is located in Liberty, Clay county, Missouri, and Avas founded in 1854, by Prof. James Love, M. A., of Liberty, and under his able and seliolarly management, won a high repu- tation in north-west Missouri, which it retains undiminished. In 1806, Prof. Price W. Vineyard became its owner. About a year later, the ownership 2)assed to an association of gentlemen, who, in 1874, sold it to its present owner, Pev. Allen P. Jones, M. A. After it passed from the hands of Prof. Love, until Pev. Mr. Jones became its owner, it was known as liberty Female College. It is a select school for young ladies, and its scope embraces the liigher education. In addition to the English and mathematical studies, the course embraces, at the option of the student, Latin, German, French and music. The discipline is iirin, mild and parental. The present proprietor, Pev. Mr. Jones, is well known in Missouri and Kentucky as an educator of the highest merit, and whose methods of teaching are thoroughly scientific. The buildings are prettily situated in a retired j)art of the town, and are convenient, roomy and comfortable. The grounrarv and apparatus. The pupils of this school are numerous, and scattered throughout this State and adjoining states, filling various important positions of honor, trust, and usefulness. Hannibal College, located at Hannibal, Marion county, has passed through its seventh year. The public spirited men, who, in the year 1S()9, met and laid the corner-stone of the building, declared it t(j be their purpose to found an " Institution which shall offer facilities for accpiiring a complete collegiate education, on the principle that the infiuence and respectability of a people depended not so much upcjii their material wealth, as upon their intelligence; believing, at the same time, that a thorough educa- tion would have a healthful influence u})on the manners and mor- als of a people." During these seven years, about 750 students have received instruction in the college. The liberal patronage extended to it, is proof of the confidence reposed in it by the community. For four years past, the institution lias been under the management of Bev. Leo Baier, as pi-esident. The college has been self-sup])orting. Its only endowment is thirty-live acres of land, within the limits of Ilamiibal, valued at $10,000, and donated by R. F. Lakenan, who was one of the original founders of the college, and has stood by it, as a fast friend, through all its vicissitudes and changes. The institution is un- sectarian, and undenominational. Tlie Bible, that classic of 290 AlSr ILLUSTRATED classics, is daily read without note or comment. It is hoped that the Directory, who have so often given college interests their val- uable time, counsel, influence, labor and money, may live to see this tree of their planting grown to full maturity, yielding its ripe fruit into the lap of the rising generation. He is the true bene- factor, who, looking to the future, plans, founds, and builds for posterity. Such are the gentlemen who founded Hannibal college. Hardin College is a female institution, located in the thriving city of Mexico, and named in honor of its founder, Hon. Charles H. Hardin, Avho gave $37,000, as an endowment fund. The citi- zens obtained money by donations, and erected the present build- ing. In July, 1873, the Board of directors selected A. W. Terrill, professor of mathematics in Mount Pleasant college, as presi- dent. The first session opened tlie 10th of September, 1873, with fifty-five students; and such has been the success, that the third session closed with one hundred and sixty-three matriculants. The most prominent features of this school are, that it ignores all attempt at display and extravagance; the students are not permitted to interfere with their regular school in giving exhibiticms or theatrical performances; earnest and enthusiastic teachers are employed u\ all departments; the students are taught to rely on tliemselves, to act and think for themselves, thus developing in them an individuality that fits them for life; the discipline is pa- rental, yet firm and decided. The wisdom of this course has already lu-onght this institution a rich reward, and has made it the pride of Mexico, and Audrain county. La Grange College is located at the city of La Grange, in Lewis county. It is under tlie control of the Baptists of the State, who have exercised a fair degree of fostering care over it. It was chartered March 12th, 1859. A substantial brick l)nilding, ninety by sixty-five feet, was erected, and a pros- j-jerous school conducted in it until the breaking out of tlie war. After a sus])ension of about five j^ears, the building was put in a good state of repair, and Rev. J. F. Coolc, LL. D., called to the presidency of the college. Since that time, about fourteen hun- dred students — male and female — have matriculated; a number IIIST()i;V OF MISSOI'IM. 291 of wliom Lave graduated, and are now occupying important posi- tions as teachers, lawyers, and ministers of the Gospel. Unusual prosperity has attended this institution during the past ten years, and the eftbrt now being made to increase the endowment, prom- ises to place it among the first institutions of learning in the west. Lincoln Institute, designed especially for the benefit of the colored race, is located at the City of Jefi'erson, Missouri. Its fundamental idea was to combine study with labor, so that the old habits of those who have always labored but never studied should not be changed, and that the emancipated slaves, who have neither capital to spend nor time to lose might obtain an educa- tion. The fi'eedom of the black race having been achieved in the United States, its education is a necessity which must awaken sympathetic feelings in the breast of every friend of humanity. The initiatory steps for the founding of Lincoln Institute were taken immediately after the close of the Avar, by the officers and enlisted men of the 62d regiment of the United States colored infantry, wlio gave a liberal amount, as a nucleus for other subscriptions by benevolent citizens of the country. After the collection of sevei'al thousand dollars additional from churches and individuals, mostly in the east, and an appro])riation from the State, the in- stitution has been placed u))on a permanent foundation. The Institute comprises two dejjartinents, the preparatory and normal. The full normal course of study requires four years. Its course of instruction is Mell adapted to the wants of the pu- pils. The government of the school is based upon the principle that not literary culture only, but the adoption of orderly hab- its and right principles of action, are necessary parts of a good education. The tuition is virtually fi-ee. The Institute building is a substantial structure, overlooking the city and the Missouri river. The school is in a flourishing condition. LiNDKNwooD Female College, St, Charles, Missouri, is devoted ^clusively to female education. It is located on the ridge be- tween the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, about twenty miles from St. Louis, and a half mile M'est of St. Charles. The land rises with a ij^entle ascent from the river, till it reaches the 292 AlSr ILLUSTRATED college, whence extends a most delightful prospect. Its ample grounds, groves and gardens aiford abundant space for exe]*cise and recreation; and the experience of forty years attest its healthfulness. This college owes its existence to Major George C. Sibley and Mrs. Mary E. Sibley, who have been most nobly seconded in their efforts by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel S. Watson. In 1853, Major Sibley oHered to give the whole of his Linden- wood estate, to which Mr. Watson agreed to add $5,000, in trust to the Presbytery of St. Louis, for the establishment of a female college, on condition that the Presbytery should secure $20,000 for the erection of buildings. This condition was only partially met, but Messrs. Sibley and Watson, aided by individ- uals in St. Charles and St. Louis, persevered in the plan, and in July, 1857, buildings were completed, and the college opened September 6th following. In 1870, the control of the college was transferred to the Synod of Missouri, and a Board of directors was selected from all parts of the State. The Pev. Dr. J. H. Nixon was elected President in 1871, and for the last five years the institution has been steadily growing in numbers, in finan- cial resources, and in general reputation, and now only awaits a favorable opportunity, in the revived business interests of tlie country, to erect additional buildings to accommodate its increas- ing patronage. The charter of the college authorizes the confer- rinff of collegiate deii-rees, and the course of instruction embraces as high a I'ange of study as any female college west of the Mis- sissippi. The prospects of the college for permanent usefulness are now fairer than at any previous period. Its property is valu- able, it is absolutely free from debt, and a beginning has been made of a permanent endowment. Marionville CoLLEaiATE INSTITUTE was Organized about 1867, by the teachers of Lawrence county, with the expectation of re- ceiving State patronage so as ultimately to make it a State Nor- mal school. Failing in this, the lands and effects were turned over to the Methodist Episcopal church in 1871, since which time there has been erected a substantial building of l)rick, in a beau- tiful grove, furnishing accommodations for from 200 to 800 stu- dents, and a school of academic grade is now being conducted in it. The institution has rapidly increased in influence and favor, ■ ■! IIKSTUUY OF illStiOUKI. 293 and lias reached the point of selt'-siisteiiaiice. It is situated on the summit of that district of prairie country in south-west Missouri called the '" Ozark Range." An effort is being made, this Centennial year, to endow'' tlie institution, thus ])Uu'ing it on a iirm hasis. It is controlled by the iSt. Louis conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy was originated in the distril)ution of the Congressional land grant to Missouri for purposes of industrial education. The act of February, 1S70, set aside three-fourths of the proceeds of the laiids for the benefit of the Agricultural college (subsequently established at Columbia), and one-fourth for the benefit of the School of Mines and Mctallurijy. The location of the latter was to be secured by competition in bid- ding, and a committee of the Board of trustees of the State Uni- Tersity — of which institution the School of Mines wherever located was to be a department, — decided that Phelps county made the most valuable offer, the bidbsing $75,000, in ten per cent. ct)unty bonds, together with lands, agricultural and mineral, all aggregat- ing, according to appraisement, $130,545. In accordance with this decision, the school was located at Rolla, the county seat of Phelps county, and was formally opened on the 23d of Kovendjer, 1871, by President Peat, of the State University, and Charles P. Williams, Director of the School of Mines. The number of stu- dents durinfj the first year was twentv-eis'ht. The catalo:2:ues show, for the second year (1873), seven tj^-five ; for the third year one hundred and seven; for the fourth year one hundred and one; and for the fifth year upwards of eighty students. The faculty includes six professors and assistants. The course of instruction includes thoroughly practical work in the ])urean(l applied sciences, with special attention directed to mining and civil engineering, metallurgy, analytical and applied chemistry, and extends through four years. The degrees conferred are those of civil engineer (C. E.), mining engineer (M. E.), and Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph. B.), and require a thorough examination, and the presentation of a thesis involving some original investigation. The degrees are conferred at public commencement, held the last Thursday in June of each year. The first commencement was held in 1874, and sent out three graduates; the second in 1875, 294 AN TLLUSTRATED with two (graduates, all of whom are filling responsible positions in which the training of the school is involved. The coninience- nient of 1876, furnished five graduates with diplomas. The school possesses excellent mineralogical and geological collec- tions, very complete apparatus and instruments for class-room demonstrations and field v/ork, and a good library of technical works ^id journals. The laboratories ai-e very complete, and are equipped as thoroughly as any in the west. The personal prop- erty of the scliool is valued at upwards of $25,000. North Missouri State Normal School was started as a pri- vate enterprise. It was organized in 1S67, and had been in suc- cessful operation three and a half years, when the State adopted it without change in faculty or planof wc^rk. At tlie first session of the Missouri State Teachers' Association held in St. Louis in 1856, the friends of education began organized efforts to secure State Normal schools. The honored and lamented American edu- cator, Horace Manu, was present at the meeting, and did much toward shaping its deliberations. The legislature, at its session m 1870, made provision for two State Normal schools, one north and the other south of the Missouri river. The school for the first district, embracing the forty-four counties north of the river, was located at Kirksville, and opened as a State Normal school, January 2d, 1872. But few institutions can show a more flatter- ing growth and prosperity than the North Missouri Normal school. The attendfince is believed to be larger tlian that in any one de- partment of any other collegiate institution in the west. But it is in the character and standing that the jjrogress has been most marked. It is safe to say that a better class of stu- dents can nowhere be found. Most are dependent on their own exertions. All are workers. Over 400 teachers go out annually to teach in the public schools of the State. These, w^tli very few exceptions, give the highest satisfaction, and the demand for thoroughly trained teachers is greatly in excess of the supply. Kirksville is two hundred miles north from St. Louis, accessi- ble to a large and promising territory that is rapidly growing in {)opulation, and in all the elements of thrift. The location is peculiarly fortunate. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants. The il HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 295 citizens are intelligent, moral and enterprising. Tliey feel proud of the Normal school, and do everything in their ptnver to sustain it. Kirksville is proverbial for good health. Out of so inany students from a distance, hut few have died while at- tending school in the past eight years, and few cases of severe sickness have occurred. Railroad facilities are all that could be desired. The St. Louis, Kansas Oityand Northern railroad, with its numerous connections, and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific railivnul, from the east, render the school easy of access from every cituiity in the State. KiCiiMoND CoLLioGE was first inaugurated by the old school Presbytery of upper Mississippi, and was continued by them for several years with vai'ied success. Its charter was granted in 1853, and immediately thereafter, the citizens of tlie county raised bv general subscription, a fund sufficient to erect and complete a brick building, three stories in height, fifty by ninety feet. The sub- scription, however, was made with the proviso that the Presby- tery should raise an endowment of $50,000. At the commeuc- ment of the late civil war, a fair portion of the endowment was held in the form of bonds and notes, but in the ensuing years of conflict and confusion, this was lost. From' this time, the church abandoned the enterprise, making no further efl:brt to carry out the original ])lan. In 1866, a meeting of all the surviving sub- scribers was called; aboard of trustees was elected with authority and instruction to manai^e and conduct the colle^'e, and to carrv out in good faith the munificient purpose (jf its founders. An organi- zation was effected in September, 1868, under the presidency of Rev. S. J. Iluffaker, since which it has grown rapidly; its de- pai'tments were open alike to ladies and gentlemen, and at the close of the third annual session, a class of seven, four ladies and three gentleman, were regularly graduated. The city of Rich- mond, having organized under the special act for cities and towns, the curatorsof the college made a conditional transfer of the man- agement of the college to the Jjoard of Education of the city, stipu- lating that the full course of instruction antained a con- 302 AlSr ILLUSTRATED ditional grant of 636 acres of land, from the New England Land Company, through Nathaniel Thayer, one of its trustees. Nothing tangible was done, however, until 1868, when, by action of the Board of trustees, Rev. Samuel D. Cochran, D. D., was called to the presidency of the incipient college, and, on- the 9th of June following, grouitd was broken, as the initiatory step to- wards the erection of the present commodious building. But, owing to unforeseen obstacles, the work was suspended after the building was up, for nearly two years, and itAvas nut until Janu- ary, 1872, that it was completed, and ready for occui:)ancy ; and on the 23d of the same month, the first term commenced- Tjie college building, one of the best in the State for educational purposes, erected at a cost of $45,000, is three stories high, with an additional roof story. It contains a chaj^el, four recitation rooms, a library, a cabinet. chamber, ten lodging rooms, and in the basement an eating hall for the use of students who wish to board themselves. The college is under Congregational auspices. It is located in the town of Kidder, in Caldwell couwty, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, which is settled mostly by New England people. The University or Missouri had. its origin in the action of Congress granting to the State, upon its admission into the Union, two townships of land for the support of "A Seminary of Learning." The State legislature thus became the trustee for the management of the land and the application of the funds arising therefrom. The lands selected, known as " Seminary lands," were among the best and most valuable in the State. By an act jjassed in 1832, by the legislature, these lands were put upon the mai-ket, and sold at a price so low that the entire pro- ceeds of the sale amounted to less than $75,000. The sum thus originating was invested in the stock of the old bank of the State of Missouri. When it had gro^vn, by accumulation, to the sum of $100,000, the question of instituting and locating the Uni- versity began to be agitated. In the year 1839, an aict was passed " to provide for the institu- tion and support of the State University, and for the government of Colleges." This act was very elaborate, consisting of five articles, and ])rovided for colleges and academies in difl*erent parts H r o TO ted by the commissioners, and the University accordingly located there on the 2-ith of June. This was a most remarkable subscription for that period; for it was long before those wonders of munificence in behalf of institutions of learning, which distinguish the past few years, had occurred. The subscription of a peck of ])arched corn to Harvard College, in the beginnings and poverty of New Eng- land, has become historic. The fact that one man wlio could neither read nor write subscribed and paid $3,000 to the State University of Missouri is as great a marvel, and as much deserves commemoration. On the 4th day of July, 1840, about one year after the location, the corner-stone of the present principal University edifice was laid with considerable pomp and ceremony. The address of the occasion was delivered by James L. Minor, of Jefferson City. Prior to the location of the University at Columbia, there had been established, for a few vears. the Columbia collesre. This in- . 304 AN ILLUSTRATED stitutiou had a substantial brick building, two stories in height, and in dimension 26x60 feet. This school, with its property, be- came merged into the University, and its building afSjrded accommodation to the University until its main edifice was com- pleted. In the year 1840, the late John H. Lathrop, LL. D., then a professor of Hamilton college. New York, was elected the first president of the University, but did not enter upon duty until the beginning of 1841. The first class, consisting of two mem- bers, graduated in 1843. Although the institution was reason- ably flourishing, few students reached the attainments required for graduation. In the year 1849, Dr. Lathrop resigned his po- sition as president of the University, and the Kev. James Shan- non, LL. D., became his successor, and continued president six years. Professor W. W. Hudson succeeded Dr. Shannon, and upon his death, in 1859, B. B. Minor, then of Richmond, Virginia, was elected president, and continued in oftice about two years, when, in the troubles of the civil war, the institution was suspended, and its buildings occupied by United States troops. A portion of the professors remained on the ground, and soon resumed tlieir instructions, so far as they had students, and cir- cumstances permitted. In 1863, there was one graduate, and the next year, two, and in 1865, five. In this year Dr. Lathrop was again elected president, having in 1860 returned to the University, being elected professor of English Literature. y'^Soon after the death of Dr. Latln-op, which occurred in the summer of 1866, Daniel Eead, LL. D., was unanimously elected the president. With Dr. Lathrop's last ofiicial term, ended the history of the University under its organization as re- quired by tlie constitution of 1820, and the legislation grow- ing out of that recpiirement. The University had existed foi- a period of twenty-five years- under the form of the College of Arts, or old-fashioned college, including also preparatory students, as was necessary in a new weistern institution, and also students in partial courses. It had encountered various vicissitudes — the bank stock constituting its endowment some- times yielding very small dividends; and even, at times, none at all. Vet during this period there was substantial progress — an UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI, 305 edncatioiiiil atmosphere was created — valuable materiel for scien- titic and literary studies was collected — many useful lessons as to the administration of such an institution had been learned. The number of students whe had graduated reached nearly two hun- dred, while a much larger number acquired that education which fitted them for important positions in society. Dr. Read, soon after his election, came on the ground to look into the condition of the institution; and, after examination, find- ing the fund utterly inadecpiate to its support as a State Univer- sity, amounting, as it then did, to the permanent sum of but about $7,000 per annum, encumbered also with a debt of $20,000, — the buildings and fixtures being likewise in a dilajjidated con- dition, — after stating his views fully to the legislature in an elaboi-ate address, made his acceptance dependent upon the action that body should take as to the endowment and support of the institution. The legislature took favorable action and recognized its obligations to support the University, by a bill which became a law on the 11th day of March, 2867^,_^'an ting to the curators $10,000 to re-build the President's house which had been de- stroyed by fire, and also one and three-fourths per cent, of the State revenue, after deducting therefrom twenty-five per cent, for the public school fund. This grant has jnelded from twelve to sixteen thousand dollars a year. It constitutes an important era in the history of the University, and is in fact the beginning of its subsequent prosperity and enlargement. Dr. Read entered upon ]iermanent official duty in Aprilthereafter, and at the meet- ing of the Board of curators then held, presented a carefully considered plan for the organization of its departments, which was adopted, and which has since been adhered to and carried out so far as the means of the University would permit. In pursuance of this plan, the University was organized with, first, the College proper, which has been retained, with a full and complete course in the classical and modern languages, in mathematics, in literature, and in the natural sciences. The studies are adjusted so as to include those of Arts, Science, Let- ters and Philosophy, allowing as large a liberty of choice as may be consistent with the college idea, and at the same time award an appropriate degree, according to the course pursued. 30() A.V ILI.USTIIATKD The professional schools, now formiiio- a part of the Fniver- sitj, are: the Normal, or College of Instruction in Teaching, which was opened September, 18r>8; the Agricultural and Me- chanical College, which commenced September, ISTO; the School of Mines and Metallui-gy, at Rolla, opened in November, 1871; the College of Law,, commencing iu October, 1872; the Medical f/ollege; which began in Februarj^ 1873; and the Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, which opened in May, 1873. In the progressive development of the Institution, there are still other departments contemplated. Among these are: the Col- lege of Mechanical Arts; a College of the Fine Arts, embracing, amojig other thiiigs, drawing and landscape gardening; the De- pai'trrient of Engineering, for speicial and professional instruction; provision for Architecture and Construction. There is no ex- clusion on account of sex. Commencing with the Normal, jouhg women have been admitted to the various departments, until to-day they enjoy all the rights and privileges of the L[ni- versity which are accorded to young men. • In 1862, Congress made a grant of land to the State, for the benefit of an Agricultural and Mechanical college, which grant was accepted by legislative action, March 17th, 1863. The ques- tion then arose as to the wisest method of appropriation. After a long and earnest controversy, it was decided in the legislature of the State, February 24:th, 1870, by the passage of a bill which provided that the proceeds of the; grant should be turned over to the State University, to be used for the benefit of the proposed institution. A large bonus, however, was required of Boone county, in which the University is established, for the location of the Agri- cidtural and Mechanical college, amounting to $30,000 in cash, and six hundred and forty acre^ of adjacent lands, which, with the improvements and houses thereon, cost the county $60,000, Under the authority and management o fthe University, there was required to be established also a School of Mines, in the south- east part of the State, to which twenty -five per cent, of the fund accruing from the above-mentioned grant was to be given for its sup])ort. The location was to be in that county which should make the largest and best l)i(l in lands and money, and was I DANIEL READ. LL. D. lIlsTOKY OF MlbSOLUl. 307 awarded to Plielps county, upon an ofter of lands and m<»iR-v in county bonds, boarin^ ten ]»ei' cent, interest, per annum, of $175,000, and T,70i> acres of land, yalued at f^l>S,r)4r»: total, !<130,- 545. The school of mines and metallurgy was therefore located at Itolla, the county seat of Phelps county, as a di'partment of the State University; but it lias since been decided by the Supreme Court, that the bonds were issued ille<^ally. The new constitution reduces the governing- Board to nine (whicli had recently been increased to twenty-four), and alM) re- quires the University to be supported \vitli its present existing departments, they making it part and parcel of the system of public education in the State, The annual income of the Uni- versity, derived from its funds, bank stock, students' fees, State revenue, and other sources, is nearly $65,000. There are still 200,000 acres of land, from the grant of 1862, remaining unsold, from wliicli it is lair to predict additional income, at no distant day. The donations to the institutions have been princely, and indi- cate not only a sjurit of " good emulation," but a love for the Uniyersity itself, which is grand to contemplate. In the aggre- gate, these gifts amount to $368,045, The faculty and instructors of the Uniyersity, in all its departments, consist of gentlemen, all of "wliom are of well-known experience and ability, foi'ming a <'or])s of educators of the highest order. On the 15th of December, 1874, Dr. Head resigned the 2)resi- dency, his resignation to takeeftect July 4tli, 1876. Accordingly, on that day he vacated the office he had filled with so much credit to himself and to the institution, over which he had had super- vision for nearh- ten years. His successor is Rev. Samuel S. Laws, D. D. Washington University is located in the city of St. Louis. It is non-sectarian. The act of amendment (Section 2) to its Char- ter, apj)royed February 12, 1857, declares that "no instruction, either sectarian in religion, or partisan in politics, shall be allowed in any department of said University; and no secta- rian or l>arty test shall be allowed in the election of professors, teachers, or other officers of said University, or in the admission of scholars thereto, or for any purpose whatever." The formal inauguration took place on the 22d of April, 1857, by appropri- 308 AN ILLUSTUATKD ate exercises, at Academic Hall, and by an oration, delivered by Edward Everett, in the Mercantile Library Hall. Tlie l^oly- teclmic, or Scientific scliool, was organized at that time. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUlS, MISSOFRl. The University c(nu})rehends live departments : the Acad- emy ; Mary Institnte; the College; the Polytechnic school; and the Law scliool. Tlie first is a school for boys, fitting stndents for admission to the higher de])artnients of the University, or for business life. Mary Institute is a school for girls, liaving buildings and a faculty of its own, but so connected Avitli the University IHSTUUY Ol" MlSSOUUl. 309 proper, as to afford to its students idl the advantages offered to young men. The OoUeo-e was or^auized in 1S59, and the first senior class was graihiated in June, 18(52. It has a four years' course, so ari-auijed as to give the student a wide rano;e in the choice of* studies, and to meet the demands of the times for broad and lib- eral culture. The Polytechnic school, organized in 1857, offers the following courses of study: civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemistry, minmg and metallurgy, building and architecture, and a general course. The degrees corresponding to these courses of study are "civil engineer," "mechanical engineer,'' " chemist," "engineer of mines," "architect," and "bachelor of sciences," This de})artment is su])])lied with well-furnished and equipped laboratories for the study of chemistry, physics, and metallurgy; with all facilities for the study of engineering in its various bratiches. The Law school of the University (also known as the St. Louis Law school) was formally opened on Wednesday, KJth of Octo- ber, 1867. The establishment of such a school was believed to be a part of the necessary development of the University, as well as peculiarly appropriate in a great and growing city, offering unsur- passed advantages for combining practical instruction with theo- retical study of the law; and the experience of eight years of rapid and gratifying progress has abundantly justified this opin- ion. The largely increased adv-antages which, through the gen- erous aid of its friends, the Law school is enabled to present, give promise of still greater efficiency in the future. All the members of the faculty have long been, and now are, engaged on the bench or at the bar, in the daily application of legal ])rinci- ples; thus securing that fresh and familiar acquaintance with the art and science of law, which should best qualify them for their duties as instructors. The full course includes two annual terms, each of six months, beginning on the second Wednesday in October. The annual examination of the senior class for degrees is held during the first week in May, immediately following wliich, is the Law commencement. This examination is con- ast, its friends may contidently look for it, in the neai- futui-e, to become a leading power in the educational interests of the \aliey of the Mississippi. William Jewell College is a Baptist institution, located at Liberty, in Clay county. It was named in honor of William Jewell, M. D., now deceased. It was chartered by the State legis- lature in 1849. In 1854, the present commodious college build- ings, situated on a commanding eminence at the eastern side of the town, were completed. From that time to the present — with an exception of a temporary suspension during the civil war — the institution has been conducted under the auspices of the Mis- souri Baptist General Association. The college property is worth about $75,000, and is unencumbered. The endowment is worth $100,000, though not all of this sum is })roductive. There is a very large and well selected library, and also complete scientific apparatus. The organization of the institution is after the University plan, and embraces eight schools: School of Latin; School of Greek; School of Mathematics; School of Xatural Science; School of Modern Language; School of English and Histoiy; the Sher- ^vood School of Moral Philosophy, — named in honor of tlie vene- rated and learned Kev. Dr. A. Sherwood; Jeremiah Yardeman School of Theology— named in honor of the late Rev. Jeremiah Vardeman. These eight schools are respectively j^resided over by a competent professor; these professors compttse the faculty of which W. 11. Rothwell, T). I)., is at ])resent the chairman. The first president of William Jewell college was llev. E. S. Dulin, who, some years after the expiration of his official connec- tion with the institution, received from it the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity; he has also been hon_ored with the deijree of f W f r Q o f M Q JIISTOUY Of MISSUKKI. 311 LL. 1). bv La Graiio'o colles^o. Dr. Dnlin lias i^ained distinction as an edncator, and is at present the princi])al of an academy for Frencli education, at the city of St. Josepli. Tlev. R. W. Tlioinas, A. M., was the next president. Mi-. Thomas died a few years since, honored by a large circle of acipiaintances. Rev. William Thompson, LL. D., succeeded Mr. Thomas. lie was a native of England, and in this country was distingnished for eminent schol- arship and marvelous powers of speech. Dr. Thompson died iu this State without comfortable fortune, but honored by the thou- sanoint for grain and stock. The other villages are Sonora, in the township of Tarkeo, and Phelps City, in the township of Templeton. The county has a school fund of $125,000. Audrain county is centrally situated in the north-east part of the State, on the divide between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It is bounded on the worth by the counties of Monroe and Rails; on the east by Pike and Montgomery; on the south by Boone, Callawa}', and Montgomery; on the west by Boone and Randolph. It embraces an area of 680 square miles, or 43.5,200 acres, and was organized December ITth, 1836. The general surface of the coun- tiy is rich rolling prairie, well divei'sified with timber, and watered with man}' streams, the principal of which is Salt river. It has, however, but little water power. The soil is principally a clayish loam, underlaid with a clay sub-soil, and well adapted to produce excellent crops of agricultural products. Coal is found in large quantities. Caunel coal exists in the northern part of the county. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture; stock raising being very profitable. The county is well supplied with facilities for transportation having two lines of railroads, the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern, which passes through the entire length of the county from east to west, and the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis railroad. Chicago and St. Louis are the principal markets. The county was principally settled by immigrants from the eastern states and Germany. The townships are Cuivre, Linn, Loutre, Prairie, Salt River, Saling, and Wilson. Mexico^ the county seat, is situated in the township of Salt river, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 108 miles from St. Louis, and on the Louisiana branch of the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis road, 51 miles from Jefferson City. It is a growing place. Manufacturing is extensively carried on. Hardin College, founded by the munificence of Hon. Charles H. Hardin, is located here. Mexico was laid out in 1836, and was incorporated as a city, February 7th, 1857. Martinsburg is a town of considerable importance, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 14 miles south-east of Mexico. Ladonia, 15 miles from Mexico, on the Chicago and Alton railroad, is an enterprising village. Van- dalia is a sjuall town on the same line of railroad. 318 A^ ILLUSTRATED Barry county is situated in the south-western part of the State, and originally embraced all the territory from which the counties of Lawrence, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Newton, McDonald, (and in part <^edar), have been formed. In 1828, a man by the name of Wash- burn, made the first settlement upon the prairie which bears his name. Settlements soon followed on Flat creek, Joyce creek, and Shoal creek, by Locks, Bratins, Jerry Fly, Joyce, and Daniel Meeks. The county was organized, January 5th, 1835, but was reduced to its present limits, January 24th, 1849. The general surface is rolling, or undulating, and on some portions broken, being traversed by the Ozark mountains. The soil is of various kinds, from the rich alluvial bottoms to the more thin, or ridge upland lands. The county is excellently supplied with timber, there being but very little prairie proper, in any part of it. Tim- ber is abundant for all necessary purposes. There is a fair sup- ply of water power on the White and Roaring rivers. The latter bursts from the earth, a large stream. Lead is found in abundance in many portions of the county. No coal has been discovered in- this county. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- culture. The products of the soil are shipped to St. Louis. The townships of the county are Copp's Creek, Crane's Creek, Flat Creek, King's Prairie, McDonald, Mountain, Roaring River, Shoal Creek, Sugar Creek, and White River. Cassville. the county seat, is in Flat Creek township, and on a stream of that name, 300 miles from St. Louis, and 220 miles from Jefferson City. The place was. severely injured by a fire in 1866. Washburn is quite a town, eight miles southwest of Cassville. Corsicana is a small village twelve miles northwest of Cassville. Bartox county is located in the south-western part of the State, and was organized from the northern part of Jasper county, December 12th, 1855. It is bounded on the north by Vernon, east by Dade and Cedar, south by Jasper, and west by the Kansas boun- dary line, and contains an area of 580 square miles. About four- fifths of the county is gently rolling prairie, and the remainder timber land, consisting of linn, hickory, oak, locust, walnut, •sycamore, cotton wood, and elm, situated on numerous streams, the most important being the head branches of Drywood, Clear, and Horse creeks in the north, and Coon, north fork of Spring river, and other tributaries of the Neosho in the south. The Ozark "divide" runs through the county. Barton is underlaid by IIISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 319 about 503 square miles of coal measure, including with the mounds, or high hills, an aggregate thickness of almost 300 feet, and in many places so near the surface as to be easily mined. Fine quarries of excellent sandstone, admirably adapted to building pur- poses, are found iu different parts of the county, and are ver}' easily worked; while there is sufficient limestone to furnish all the lime that is needed in the county. The principal agricultural produc- tions are wheat, corn, and oats. As a wheat growing country it is unsurpassed by any portion of the south-west; and, Avith proper cultivation, the farmer is sure to realize an abundant crop of that cereal, averaging from twenty to thirt}^ bushels per acre. Corn seldom fails to 3'ield -iO bushels, and often reaches TO bushels per acre. All kinds of fruit are produced in great abundance. The pear, apricot, nectarine, peach, and apple, thrive with complete suc- cess. Here the grape finds its natural climate. While the agri- cultural advantages of this county are surpassed bj' few in the State, yet, to stock raisers, it presents extraordinary inducements. With a mild climate that renders but little shelter necessary during any portion of the year; with her broad, rolling prairies, covered with a luxuriant growth of grass that furnishes free pasturage during the summer, and which, upon the bottoms, remains fresh and green all winter, and from which, large quantities of hay, can be annually cut for a winter supply. Situated within easy reach of the markets of the world, and within one day's drive of three shipping points, upon as many and different competing lines of railroads, with a soil capable of producing in abundance the grain needed to fatten the stock in winter that feeds upon the prairies throughout the summer. Barton county is destined to be one of the great stock pro- ducing counties of the west. The exports are usuall}' marketed at St. Louis, and some flour sent to Texas. Being situated midway- between two competing railroads, the freights, to and from the county seat, are low. Lconar, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, and was located March loth, 1856. It lies on the east bank of the north fork of Spring river, which enters the south-east corner of the county, runs in a north-west course to the center, then bears almost due south to its southern boundary. On this stream, sur- rounding the village, are fine groves of timber. Nashville is a small settlement in the south-western part. The other villages are Leroy, Barton City, Millard, and Golden City. 820 AN ILLUSTRATED Bates county is situated in the western part of the State, and has an area of 873 square miles. About four-fifths of the county is gently rolling prairie, and the rest, timber land. It is situated upon the dividing ground between the waters of Grand river, on the north, Marais des Cygnes, on the south. The prairies are. rich, high, and rolling. This is strictly an agricultural county. , In the western part there is a north and south range of mounds. These are generally 80 to 100 feet in bight. Upon these the land is inferior, and is generally covered with timber. The bottoms upon the larger streams are well timbered with the different varieties of oak, black walnut, hickory, maple, mulberry, ash, coffee bean, and pecan, which is often found near the streams. The Marais des Cj'gnes is the same stream known in Kansas as the Weeping Water. It has a natural channel of from three to five feet deep. The Grand and Osage rivers, with their numerous tributaries, fur- nish abundant water for necessary purposes. Coal is the only mineral found in the county. It lies in abundance at a depth of from one to ten feet from the surface. One vein has been found at a depth of 73 feet, with a thickness of six and one-third feet. Coal beds underly nearly the whole county. Bates has ample facilities for transportation, the Lake and Gulf railroad, running near the eastern border, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, through the south-eastern part. The territory now embraced within the county, was first settled by missionaries, sent out by the American Board of Foreign and Domestic Missions, in 1818. The Indians treated them kindly, called a council, at which some 8,500 attended, on the banks of the Marais des Cygnes, and a piece of land, about ten miles square, was granted them, where they might make them a home. The treaty was ratified at St. Louis, in 1821, securing to them two sections on the Marais. The place was called Harmony Mission. A school was established, some 1,300 fruit trees set out, and other improvements made. Much good resulted from this Mission, and the Indians were restrained from acts of violence. The Mission was subsequently removed into the Osage Nation, and was dis- banded in 1837. The county was established January 16th, 1833, and was organized, January 29th, 1811, but was not reduced to its present limits until December 4th, 1855, when the county seat was established at its present location. In 1863, the county was almost desolated by war; and under the famous Order No. 11, issued by ^v Y HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .'-^I General Evving, its inliabitants almost all fled from tlieir homes, and went outside the bounds of the county, and for the three years following, little but disaster came to Bates. Fires swept over the fields, destroying alike, fences, hovels, and comfortable homes. The splendid soil remained, however, and with the advent of peace the inhabitants began to return, and soon prosperity and thrift be- came apparent. The townships in the county are Boone, Charlotte, Deer Creek, Grand River, Lone Oak, Mingo, Mt. Pleasant, Osage, Prairie City, Pleasant Gap. Spruce, and Walnut Creek. Builer, the county seat, is in Mount Pleasant township, and is situated on Miami creek, one of the branches of the Osage river. It was first settled b}' John E. Morgan, in 1551. The location is elevated, and commands a fine prospect. The hill upon which the town is located, occupies an area of about one and a half, by two and a half miles. Papinsville, formerly the county seat of Vernon county, is two miles below the old Harmony Mission, on the Osage river, 103 miles from Jefferson City. The river is bridged at this place, and is the head of navigation on the Osage river. Crescent Hill, Prairie City, West Point, and Johnstown, are small settle- ments. Benton county is centrally situated, in the south-west part of the State. It was organized, January 3d, 1835. It is bounded on the north by the county of Pettis, east by Morgan and Camden, south by Hickory, and west by Henry and St. Clair. About two thirds of the surface of the country lying along the Osage river, js gen- erally broken with good uplands and rich bottoms. The remaining portion is rolling prairie. This stream runs through the center of the county, from west to east, and is navigable three-fourths of the year, as high as Manoa. The other streams are Grand river, Big Tebo, Thibeau, Pomme de Terre, Cole Camp, Deer and Turkey creeks. They are all clear, cold, and rapid, having, generally, gravel bottoms. In many places, the towering cliffs that overhang the streams, are crowned b.y cedars, hanging from the fissures in the rocks, rendering the scenery very romantic. The north and north- west part of the county is rolling, fertile prairie land. There is, however, an ample supply of hard wood timber of all kinds. Coal is found in the north-west part of the county — bituminous and of excellent quality. Lead is found in many places. Sulphate of baryta exists in abundance; also, zinc and copper in smaller quantities. The great mineral staple of the county is iron; of ;'>-J-2 AN II>LITSTIJATKi) which ore there are abundant leads, of brown hematite or limorite, and red hematite, and some specular. Agriculture is the leading occupation of the inhabitants. The first settlements in the sec- tion of countr}^ now embraced by this county, were made by Bledsoe, Kinkead, and Howard, in 1834. In early daj^s, a road from Palmyra to the Cherokee Nation and Fort Smith, passed through the county, crossing the Osage at Bledsoe's Ferry. In 1836, there were two stores at this point, and the courts were held at a dwelling-house, in the vicinity. Near to Bledsoe's, and on the right bank of the Osage, was the site of a once important and populous Shawanese village. The first settlements in this part of the State were made at the " Ferry." Osage was the former name of the county seat, established about 1838, and some years after, the name was changed to Warsaw, The townships of the county are Alexander, Cole, Fristoe, Lindsey. Tom, Union, Warsaw Land- ing. White, and Williams. li^arsair, the county seat, is situated in Lindsey township, on the Osage river, 200 miles from St. Louis, and 80 miles from Jefferson City. It was first settled by D. C. Ballon. It occupies an elevated site, overlooking the river, furnishing a fine view of the surround- ing country. It is a thrifty place of business. Cole Camp is a post village in Williams township. 12 miles from Warsaw. It was first laid out in 1857. Duroc is a small settlement 67 miles west, south-west of Jefferson City. Fairfield, Mount View, Turkey Creek, Orange, and Haw Creek, are post offices and small hamlets. Bollinger county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, and was organized, March 1st, 1851. The general appear- ance is broken, with fine valleys and level land on top of the hills. The county is well timbered, — oak, hickory, black and white maple, elm, walnut, ash, poplar and sassafras, abounding. The valleys are very fertile. The county is best adapted to fruit culture. It is well watered by many small streams, which afford good water power. The county was taken from Cape Girardeau. The first .settlement was made in the territory, now composing the county, as early as 1800, by North Carolinians, who were among the first to come into the country. It was named in honor of a brave, gen^ erous, and patriotic settler. Major Bollinger. Iron ore is found in great abundance, some of the hills being almost entirely composet of it. The climate is mild and healthy. A large majority of the inhabitants are native Missourians. HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. H"2o Morhlr Hill, tlie county seat, is situated at tlie junction of Hurri- cane fork and Crooked creek, 120 miles from St. Louis, iind 2<><> miles from Jefferson City. The villagfe was laid out under the name of Dallas in 1S.51, and incorporated as Marble Hill in 1858. Lutes- ville is a thriving town. Boone county was organized in November, 1820, and was named in honor of the famous pioneer and hunter, Daniel Boone. Previous to its formation into a distinct count}', it was part of Howard county. At the organization of Howard, in 1816, Boone comprised but one township in the county, Moniteau, which was afterwards subdivided into Moniteau, Roche, Percee, Cedar, iind Smithton, which embraced the limits of the county at the time of its organization. The first settlement began in 1816, on Thrall's Prairie, in the western part of the county. It was rapidly followed by others in various directions, and by the time the county was organized, the population reached about 3,000. John Gray, Jefferson Falcher, Absalom Hicks, Lawrence Bass, and David Jackson, were the commissioners appointed b}'' the legislature to fix the county seat", which they did at ColumDia,in 1821. The first circuit court was held, April 2d, 1821. The temporary seat of justice was fixed at Smithton, an embryo town, one mile west of the present site of Columbia, but was removed to the latter place, and there fixed permanently, in the fall of 1821. Tiie first election was held in Boone county, August 5th, 1822, and the number of votes polled, was 558. Peter Wright, David C. Westerfield, and Elias Elston, were elected to the legislature and James Barns, sherifi". The first county court was held at Smithton, February 3d, 1821. Tilt" first county court judges were Anderson Woods, Peter Wright, and Lazarus Wilcox. The first count}' clerk was Warren Woodson, who held the position continuously, over forty years. Contempo- raneous with the laying out of Columbia, stone houses were built at Nashville, in the lower part of the county; and the present site of Kocheport, in the western part of the county was stal'ted; and a place called Persia, some ten miles north-west of Columbia, which, for a time, sharply rivalled Columbia for the county seat. Around each of these points settlements soon clustered, and they bade fair to attain considerable growth. Rocheport alone, however, of these, survived. In 1821, the population of Boone county was 3.692. Bv 1821, it grew to 5,157; by 1828, to 7,890; and by 1830, to 8,859. Nothing remarkable marked the growth of Boone from 1820 to 324 AlSr ILLUSTRATED 1840, further than a healthy development under the steady tide of immigration which constantly flowed in. In 1826, Columbia was incorporated, and in 1827, Rocheport was laid out. In 1832, Boone contributed five companies of troops, under Captains Thomas D. Grant, David M. Hicliman, Sinclair Kirtley, Elijah P. Dale, and Michael Woods to the Seminole Avar; and in 1837, she sent 100 men, under command of Captain John Ellis. Among others who went from Boone to this war was the gallant > General Richard Gentry, who was killed at the head of his troops, at Okee-cho-bee. Again, in 1838, tAvo different regiments were raised in Boone for the Mormon war, which broke out in Daviess and Caldwell counties, in this State, that 3'ear. In 1839, the State University Avas located at Columbia, Avitli an endowment of 46,080 acres of laud from the General government, the proceeds of the sale of which aggregated about $70,000. Boone county subscribed $117,000, to secure the institution, the most of Avhich was expended in erecting the buildings and purchase of grounds. The coimer- stone of the edifice Avas laid on July 4th, 1840. The first court- house of Boone county was built in 1824, at an expense of $1,000, and the next, and present one, in 1848, at an expense of $16,000. The town of Ashland Avas laid out in 1853; the towns of Sturgeon and Centralia, in 1856 and Providence, in 1845. Boone county has an aren of 430,600 acres, of which 77,600 are prairie, and 353,000 timber land. The soils are of the best varie- ties found in the State, and in the bottoms are unsurpassed for fer- tility. A thick bed of coal underlies all the northern part of the county, and is of verv fine quality. Timber is excellent for fenc- ing, for agricultural and mechanical implements, for cabinet Avork, and for carriages. The varietiei5 comprise twelve species of oak, four of hickory, two of walnut, two of maple, two of elm, three of ash, two of linn, two of locust, two of cotton wood, two of hack- berry, besides box-elder, cedar, cherry, coffee-bean, mulberry, s^'ca- niorc, birch, and willow. The county is well supplied Avith pure water in numerous streams and cold springy. ' A splendid chalybeate spring is in the University campus, and a sulplmr spring- near Rocheport is also found. Iron, zinc, lead, and even gold ores, have been found in certain localities. Columbia, the county sent^ is situated near the center of the county, nine miles north of the Missouri river, and has a popula- tion of about 4,000. [t is beautifully located, on high rolling land. QJ^ -c^ ^^^f^^l^f^ HISTOIJY OF M16SOUin ',)'2i) The streets are broad, and laid out at right angles, and shaded hy numerous kinds of trees. The principal streets are maeadamized, and sidewalksd. It is famous for the refinement and intelligence of its people, and is recognized as the seat of learning of the St.ite. It contains the State University, Christian, and Stephens' Female Colleges, (the two latter denominational schools), and several large public schools. The newspapers are the '' Missouri Statesman " and '"Missouri Herald." The former is edited aiul i)ublished by Colonel W. F. Switzler, and with one exception, is the oldest paper in the State. The latter is conducted by Edwin W. Stephens. Both are enterprising publications. Ashland, 14 miles south-west of Columbia, is in the center of a rich farming country. Burlington, on the Missouri river, 18 miles south of Columbia, is a stirring place. Centralia, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, 121 miles from St. Louis, 20 miles north of Columbia, at the junction of the Columbia railroad with the main line, is on the dividing ridge betvv'een the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Claysville, on the Missouri river, 25 miles south-east of Columbia, is a small village. Hallsville, or Hickman, on the Columbia railroad, twelve miles north of Columbia, is an enterprising place. Providence, on the Missouri river, ten miles south of Columbia, is a small town, ami is a good shipping point. Rocheport is situated on the Missouri river, l-l miles west pf Columbia. Sturgeon is on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, seven miles west of Centralia, in the north-west corner of the county, and is a thriving village. Harrisburg is situated 16 miles north-west of Columbia, on the line of the proposed Louisiana and Missouri River railroad. The distinguishing feature of Boone county is her educational interests and advantages. The University of the State is an excellent eductitional institution. Christian College, for young ladies, under the patronage of the Christian denomination, is a fine school. Stephen's College for young ladies under the auspices of the Baptist denomination, was established in 1870, and named in honor of James L. Stephens, who is a generous ben- efactor to its endowment. The county has a fine system of public schools, which are presided over by efficient and well qualified teachers. The townships of the county are Bourbon, Cedar, Columl)ia, Perche, and Locky Fort. 326 AN ILLUSTRATED Buchanan county, is a part of the "Platte Purchase,'' and is bounded on the north by the county of Andrew, east by DeKalb and Clinton, south by Platte, and west by the Missouri river, which separates it from the State of Kansas. It has an area of 415 square miles. The county is about one-half timber, and the balance prairie. Nearly all of the latter is in a high state of cultivation. The land is gently undulating, and has a large number of springs. The soil is rich and productive, being a light sandy loam, with a subsoil of yellow clay. The land bordering on the Missouri river, is hilly. The county is well watered. Besides the Missouri, there are the Platte and the One-Hundred-and-Two rivers; the former running through the entire length of the county. There are also in the county a number of small lakes. With the exception of limestone for building purposes, of which large quantities are now used, there is no mineral developed. The jfirst settlement in the territory now embraced in Buchanan county, was made by James Rubidoux, Sen., who first visited the spot now occupied by the city of St. Joseph, during the year 1799. He was connected with the American Fur Company. In the year 1803, he located here per- manently; and, for thirty-three years, he remained as a trader among the Indians upon their own soil. The Platte Purchase was annexed to the State of Missouri in 1836. The next year, a treaty was formed with the Indians, by which they removed west of the Missouri, and settlers flocked to this most desirable region. The county was organized, February 10th, 1839; and, on the first day of April following, the county court commenced its first session, in the log house of Richard Hill, who was one of the county judges. The following July, Judge Austin A. King held circuit court in the log house of Joseph Rubidoux. The county seat having been located at Sparta, in 1843, a log court-house was built at a cost of about three hundred dollars. Very soon the fame and name of this newly found territory reached to the ends of the land, and a tide of immigration set in, centering at St. Joseph, which increased rap- idly in importance; and in 1845, received a charter, and the follow- ing year the county seat was removed to that town. The town- ships composing the county are Blooniington, Centre, Crawford^ Lahe, Marion, Platte, Rush, Fremont, Washington, and Wayne. St. Joseph, the county seat of Buchanan county, is situated on the great eastern bend of the Missouri river, about 566 miles above St. Louis. The surrounding country is one of unsurpassed rich- !liiiliiillllilllll!iil!l!lill!llillilllil!!lliilliiiiiiil!iiliili:aiff^^^ ^.AT^. ■y (Z^y^^-^^ iiisTouY OF MissoiJiii. 8l>7 )iess and beauty. The site of the city is ou the span of a series of hills, which terminate in the river at this point. The city thus built on the amphitheatre of hills facing the south-west, with a rich alluvial bottom extending — crescent shaped — several miles along the river at their base. The levee extends along the base of the hills and the principal landings, three in number, running at right angles from their most western angles. At these points there are about thirty feet of water in the channel at low water. In 1843, Mr. Rubidoux, became the proprietor of the present site of the city, and proceeded to lay out a village. The town soon grew into miportanee, and in 1845 was chartered by the legislature. In 185^, it became a city. The discovery of gold in California gave a fresh impetus to the place, and then the importance of its locality was manifested. St. Joseph became an important overland starting point of the great tide of emigration to the shores of the Pacific. The public buildings are numerous and substantial in their structure. There is an elegant bridge built of iron and stone over the Missouri river, the length of which is 1,345, the cost being $1,000,000. The city is supplied with gas, and has nearly forty miles of macadamized streets. The Northwest State Lunatic Asylum, is located a short distance east of the city limits, and a large and imposing building erected, at an expense of $250,000. The seminary of the Sacred Heart, under the direction of the Sisters, is a fine building. The St. Joseph College was erected in 1858, and is under the direction of the Christian Brothers. The location of the city is exceedingly favorable for trade, having very superior facilities for the transpor- tation of goods by land and water. The Missouri river, and eleven railways, extend the commerce of the city to the whole north-west of the State, and to large portions of Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa, as well as furnishing outlets to all eastern markets. The population in 1860 was 8,932; in 1870, 19,625; and in 1875, 30,000. The other villages and settlements in the county are; Saxton, DeKalb, Easton, Halleck, Rushville, Platte River, and Winthrop. Butler county, one of the south-eastern counties of the State, is bounded on the north by Wayne county; on the east by the St. Francois river, which separates it from Stoddard and Dunklin; south by the Arkansas State line; and west by Ripley and Carter counties. The north-western portion of the county is broken and rocky; the south-eastern part is level. The bottoms of the Big Black, Little Black, and Cane creek, have a very rich alluvial soil, ;>,-2S AN Tr,MTSTI{ATED and the uplands are well adapted to small grains, and also to to- bacco, which is here raised in unusual excellence. The lands of tlie Bio- Black, lying e^st of the river, are one vast expanse of heavily timbered bottom, rich, and capable of cultivation when shorn of its forests. Of these lands, the legislature in 1853, granted 250,000 acres to the county for reclamation, with u pro- vision that a certain portion of the proceeds should be reserved for a school fund. The rivers of the county furnish excellent water power. The Big Black is a beautiful clear stream, and is navigable to Poplar Bluif, for about six months of the year. Of the inhabit- ants, most are agriculturists. The county has good market facil- ities, having the Ai-kansas branch of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, passing through it from north to south, a dis- tance of 36 miles. The Cairo, Arkansas a]id Texas railroad has about 12 miles of track and enters the county about midway on the eastern boundary, and at Poplar Bluff forms a junction with the first named road. The Illinois, Missouri and Texas, (Cape Girardeau and State line) railroad, is located through the county to Poplar Grove. Some portions of the county were settled as early as 1805. It was formerly a part of Wayne, and organized Febru- ary 27, 1849, when most of the territory was government land. During the civil war, Butler county was a skirmishing or scouting ground for both sides, and the country was too unsafe for a place of residence. At the close of the war there were only four fam- ilies residing at Poplar Bluff, and but few in the county. The townships composing the county are; Ash Hill, Black River, Beaver Dam, Cave Creek, Epps, Gillis Bluff, Poplar Bluff. St. Fran- cois, and Thomas. Poplar Bluff, the county seat, is situated at the junction of the St. L. and I. M., with the C. A. and T. R. R., and on the west side of iilack river, 165 miles south of St. Louis, and 179 miles north-east from Little Rock, and was laid out in 1850. The town is surrounded by valuable timber lands, and is an important shipping point for a large region of country. The other settlements are Ash Hill, Gillis Bluff, Neelyville, Shiloh, and Hendrickson, or Reeves Station. Caldwell county is in the north-western part of the State. On the north it is bounded by Daviess, east by Livingston and Carroll, south by Hay, and west by Clinton and DeKalb counties. Tra- dition, regarding its first settlement, does not reach back of about 1830; when Jesse Mann, settled near the present site of the town c^. .^^'^^^^i*^^^^ ^.^ HISTUKY OF MitJtJUUiri. ''*'2d of Kingston. After this time up to the date of its organization, December 2t5th, 1836, numerous settlers had made themselves homes in various parts of the counL}^ About the time of its or- ganization, a party of Mormon pioneers, attracted by the fertility of the soil, and the beauty and grandeur of its prairies, skirted with noble forests, selected "'Far West," as a suitable location for the resting place of the '' Latter Day Saints," and Joseph and Hiram Smith, with their followers, soon came flocking into the country, and in all direction, making Far West their great central point. It became the county seat, and contained probably three thousand inhabitants, when in 1837 preparations were made for the erection of a splendid temple, exceeding in magnificence any- thing of modern times. The corner-stone was laid with great ceremonies, in 1838, and preparations made to pursue the work, but tile temple was never built. The tenets of these people were not only distasteful and absurd to the inhabitants of the surrounding countr\% not of their persuasion, but were very soon found to be positively dangerous. *" Gentiles " had no rights which the Saints were bound to respect; for according to their dispensation, ''the Lord had given the whole earth and its fullness to His people," the Mormons, and they commenced at once to fulfil their mission by taking anything and everything they desired, and could carry off, whenever and wherever they could find it. In addition to this, the county offices were nearly all in the hands of the Saints, and any legal redress was out of the question. Of course such a state of things could not long continue without collisions, and plots for retaliation, and many deeds of darkness and of blood were enacted upon both sides. At this crisis, in 1839, Governor Boggs issued a proclamatian, and a brigade of State militia was ordered out under the command of Colonel A. W. Doniphan, and proceeded to the seat of the difficulties. A Mormon force of about a thousand men, under the command of G. W. Hinkle, had entrenched themselves in a mill and shop, not far from Breckenridge, where they were at- tacked b}' a detachment of the militia, numbering about 125 men, which silenced and compelled them to surrender, after eighteen had been killed. None were killed on the side of the militia. At Far West, the Mormons under Joe Smith, surrendered upon terms dic- tated by Doniphan, that they should deliver up their arms, and sur- render their prominent leaders for trial, and should with their numerous wives and children immediately leave the State. The 330 AN ILLUSTRATED leaders were arraigned, and indictments found against them for treason against the State, but they were never tried, for while on their way to Columbia, under military guard, they escaped, as was alleged, by bribing their keepers. The change to the Mormons, was attended with great suffering often with the sacrifice of nearly all their earthly possessions. Far West continued to be the county seat, however, until 1842, when it was removed to Kingston, its present location. The greater portion of Caldwell county is upland prairie, rolling enough to be finely adapted to purposes of agriculture. The pro- portion of woodland and prairie is about half and half. The tim- ber being distributed over the entire county. The soil is a black sandy loam, of great richness, and nearly every acre is capable of cultivation; the bottoms along Shoal creek being regarded as the most fertile. It is well watered by Shoal creek, which runs through the central portion of the county from east to west, but owing to the difficulty of erecting dams and hobling ponds, there has been little use made of it for water power. Blue and white limestone for building purposes is plenty, but no mineral wealth has as yet been developed. All kinds of agricultural products are grown with success, except cotton and tobacco, which are not raised to any extent. The county has good railroad facilities, the Hannibal and St. Joseph traversing the northern border, opening a market to Kansas City, west, and to St. Louis and Chicago, east. The citizens of this county have reason to congratulate themselves on their excellent educational facilities. Besides the sixty-three sub-districts, with good houses for school purposes, there is Thayer College at Kidder, and a most excellent high school at Brecken- ridge, also a graded school at Hamilton. Kingston, became the county seat in 1842, and was named in honor of Governor A. A. King. It has two weekly newspapers, a jail, and some dozen stores. The population is about six hundred. Breckenridge on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad was laid out in 1858, and is an enterprising and a beautiful town, and re- markably healthy. It has five churches, and many tine brick residences, showing taste and culture. One of its most noticeable features is the elegant school-building, erected in 1872, at a cost of $15,000. It is eighty feet long, forty-five feet wide, two stories high, with a cut stone basement, the whole surmounted by a slate and tin roof of mansard style. This school located in the heart of IIISTOKY OF -Missorui. :V.] a commuuity noted for energy, intelligence and refinement, is des- tined soon to rank among the first institutions of learning in this part of the State. Hamilton, also on the H. & St. J. R, R., is a town beiaitif'ully situated and healthy. It was incorporated in 1868. some twelve years after its first settlement. It has ijicreased BRECKENRIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOL. in wealth and importance since the close of the war, and is now the first town in the county. Kidder on the same line of railroad, in the midst of a most delightful section of country, is the site of Thayer College, and is a flourishing town, settled largely by people from the Eastern states. Mirabile is also a growing town. Callaway county is in the central part of the State, south of Audrain, and north of the Missouri river, which separates it from Osiige and Cole. The first grant of that portion of Missouri, now embraced in Calloway county, was made by the Spanish Gov- ernment to Haptiste Douchouquette, in the year 1800, being con- firmed in 181-1. and was deeded by him to Pierre Chouteau, of St. Louis, in 1816. In the autumn of 1815, John Ham and Jonathan Crow located about ten miles north-east of the present county seat; and although they were hardly real settlers, inasmuch as they 8?)2 AN ILLUSTRATED lived by hunting and fi^^lling, still they are recognized as the first white inhabitants of the county. The following January. Captain Patrick Ewing came to the county and built a house, believed to be the first one outside Cote sans Dessein, about half a mile north- east of the present site of St. Aubert. In the spring of 1816, James Van Bibber came from Kentucky, and located on Big Aux Vasse creek, some ten miles east from Fulton. On Boone's Lick road, Aaron Watson was the first settler, locating in 1816, and in the fol- lowing year Elder Coats came. William Pratt, Robert Read, Joseph Callaway, and some others came into the country and settled at Coats' Prairie. During this year, the first survey of the county was made, and it was properly laid out by Colonel Nathan Boone and Joseph Evans. In the next three years, large accessions were made to the number of inhabitants by immigration, settlements being made at first, near the timber and along the creeks, the open prairie being regarding as fit only for pasturage. Up to this time all the ''milling" had to be done at St. Charles, subjecting the in- habitants to great inconvenience, but in 1818, Mr. J. T. Ferguson built a horse mill, which was the first mill west of St. Charles. In 1830. the county was organized, and was named in honor of Caj)- tain James Callaway, one of its earliest settlers, and a bold and intrepid pioneer, who well deserved the honor thus accorded him. Benjamin Young and Stephen Dorris were thereupon appointed justices, by Governor M'Nair. and proceeded to hold court, the first in the county, February 12, 1821, at Elizabeth, which was the county seat until 1826. In 1825, a plot of fifty acres was donated to the county by George Nichols, which having been laid out and suitably improved was named Fulton, in honor of Robert Fulton, and to this beautiful spot the county seat was removed in 1826, where it still remains. The following year a oourt-house was erected, of the ample dimensions of thirty-six feet square, and at a total expense of $1,300 dollars. It is a tradition that the cost of this edifice was provided for, chiefly, by the forfeiture and payment of the bonds of a thief who had stolen a horse. It was the finest and most costly building of the kind west of the Mississippi river, at that time. During the same year, a '* meeting house," 20 x 36 feet, was built of logs, upon Aux Vasse creek, some few miles north east of Fulton, and a church of the Presb3'terian order formed, coiw sisting of thirteen members. The day of ''small things" has long since past for this body of Christians, and it still lives, a strong and I! A 1 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 33li influential church. The first Sabbath school was inaugurated by Daniel Nolly and Mrs. Samuel Dyer, in 1830 — names which de- serve to be honored and handed down to "generations following," on account of their "labors of love'* among those early inhabit- ants. Nearh' two-thirds of the surface of this county is covered with a luxuriant growth of timber, abundant for all pi'actical pur- poses. The northern portion, however, is chiefly prairie, there being ten prairies in the county, all told. It will be seen that the surface is agreeably diversified both in character and quality. It is watered by the Cedar and its tribuaries in the west, Aux Vasse in the central portion, and the L:iutre in the eastern, and for a dis- tance of about forty miles the southern and south-eastern border is washed by the Missouri river. Beneath its green and fertile fields are hidden inexhaustible supplies of mir.eral wealth — coal, limestone, potters clay, cement, marble, ochre and mineral paints, besides immense mines of excellent iron ore, large quantities of which are shipped to other states for manufacturing. Corn, oats, wheat, rj'e, grass and tobacco are the chief agricultural staples. Horticulture is also receiving considerable attention, and all kinds of fruits adapted to the latitude are grown with success. Along the river are vineyards of several acres each, producing a good ar- ticle of wine. The facilities for transportation are good. The Mississippi river, the Pacific, and the Chicago and Alton railroads, open direct routes to St. Louis, Chicago, and all eastern cities. The educational interests of the county have been well looked after. Besides the comfortable, well furnished school-buildings, with which nearly every sub-district in the county is provided, there are several educational institutions of high reputation within its limits. Fulton^ the county seat and principal town, is a fine healthy city. It was laid out in 1825, and incorporated in 1859. It is situated on the Chicago and Alton railroad, about twenty-five miles from Jefferson City, and in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Besides the usual county buildings, it is the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum the Synodical College, and Westminster College, — both under the management of the Presbyterian church, — and the State Deaf and Dumb Institution. Camden county is centrally situated in the southern part of the State. The face of the country is rolling, and some p(irtions broken. It is well timbered, except in the south-eastern part. There is but little prairie land in the county. It contains some of 8{i4 AX lLIJJSTliATP:i) the richest valleys of the Ozark range of mountains, though not as rich as the bottoms of the Missouri river; still well adapted to agri- culture. On the hills, also, the soil is quite productive, and is profitably worked both for fruit culture and stock raising. The Osage river traverses nearly the entire southern section, forming a portion of the boundary. This stream has numerous tributaries. The most important are Maries, Fork of Rainey, and Pearson's creek. Some of these streams afford good water power. Lead ore has been found in the county, and in 184H, 100,000 pounds of mineral were taken out, but the mine was subsequehti, 'abandoned. The county was settled as early as 1834, and the relat of the settlers with the Indians were friendly. In 1841, there existed a strife between some of the settleift, and many tragedies occurred in consequence of it. The difficulties were terminated by the death and removal from the State of the active participants. Kenderkook, the original name of the county, was organized Jan- uary 29, 1841, and Oregon was made the count}' seat. The name of the county was changed to Camden, February 23, 1843, and the county seat to Erie. Subsequently Linn Creek became the county seat. During the civil war, Camden suffered less than sK lie of the adjoining counties, although many homes were pillaged and L'lrned. Many men were murdered and considerable property destroyed a'.id carried off by the contending parties. The means of transportation are furnished by the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and the Osage river. The townships of the county are Adair. Auglaize, Jackson. Jasper, Osage. Russell and Warren. Linn (■reck, the county seat, is situated on Linn creek, about one mile from the Osage river, and twenty -seven miles north-west of Richland. It is an important center for business for south- western Missouri, and north-west Arkansas. Stoutland, on the A. and P. R. R.. 171 miles from St. Louis, is a good shipping port. It was first settled in 1869. The other villages are Decatur- ville, Glaize City, Olive City, and Osage Iron Works. Cape Girakdeau county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, and embraces an area of 875 square miles. The southern part of the county is mostly level, and includes the so-called ''swamp lands," estimated at 150,000 to 175,000 acres. The up- lands are rolling, and in many places hilly. It is heavily timbered, comprising in the different sections poplar, ash, sugar-maple, cherry, elm, beech, and the different kinds of walnut, hickory and oak. in HISTORY OF MISSOURI. IVA') great abundauce. The county is well supplied with water, having many clear, pure springs, and is drained by White Water river and its tributaries in the central and western part; Apple creek and its tributaries in the north, and Indian, Flora, Cane and other creeks in the east. Many of these streams furnish excellent water-power. The mineral resources are large quantities of iron, easy of access. The Mississippi river furnishes the principal facility for market, and it is an ejccellent one. forming as it does the eastern boundary line of the county. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern rail road, i^^ses through the south-western part of the county. The towr i , jrg of the county are Apple Creek, Byrd, Cape Girardeau, Hubble, Liberty, Randal, Shjiwanoe, Welch, and White AValer. Cape Girardeau is one of V. e oldest settled districts in the State, the first settlement being made b}' Louis Lorinier, a Frenchman, in 1794; other settlers arrived shortly after. When Lorimer came, there were three Indian villages on Apple creek, about twenty miles above its mouth. The Indians had settled there under the sanction of the Spanish, who treated the settlers in a friendly man- ner. In 1811, one of these little towns contained eighty houses, principf-.iy hewn log cabins, covered with shingles and comfortably furbished. The claim of Lorimer was confirmed to his represen- .tatives by act of Congress, July 4, 1836. The district contained, in 1799, 521 inhabitants, mostly emigrants from the United States; *>5 and extended over a large area, from Apple creek on the north, to Tywappity Bottom on the south; and west, indefinitely. But county after, county was taken from it until March 5, 1849, when it was reduced to its present limits. Cape Girardeau is the chief town of the county, very beautifully situated on the west bank of the Mississippi. It is located on a commanding site overlooking the river, and is the commercial metropolis of a large section of country. It was settled in 1794, as before stated ; laid off into a town, in 1805; incorporated in 1824; and re-incorporated, in 1843. It is built upon a solid bed of marble; so abundant is this material, and so easily procured, that it is used for paving. The manufactories of the city are numerous, and the flouring mills are among the best in the West; one of them receiving a "medal of merit" at the World's E.k position at Vienna, in 1873, for the best flour made in the world. The city has a public school building which cost forty thousand dollars, and is of mucli architectural beauty. St. Vincent College owns over sixteen hundred acres of land in the ;};}(5 AX ILLUSTRATED city and vicinity; its whole property is valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. St. Vincent's convent has also a fine prop- erty and a good building. The State Normal School for south-east Missouri is located here, and has a fine edifice. Jackson, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, ten miles north-west of Cape Girardeau, and thirteen miles north-east of AUenville. It was incorporated in 1824. The first Baptist church in Missouri was founded here in 1806. The vil- lage lies on the east side of Hubble creek, on a succession of hills aiFording excellent building sites, Fairview Seminary is a flour- ishing institution. The court-house is claimed to be the best bnililiug of the kind outside of St. Louis. This town is connected with Cape Girardeau, by an excellent macadamized road. There are a number of such roads in the county. Population about eight hundred. Pocahontas is situated between Shawanoe and Indian creeks, nine miles from Jackson and nine miles west of the Mis- sissippi. It was settled in 1856. Most of the settlers are descend- ants of emigrants from North Carolina. AUenville is on the St. L. and T. M. R. R., on the Whitewater river. Appleton, formerly Apple Creek, is located on the south side of Apple creek, sixteen miles north of JacKSon, and was settled in 1824. It was for many years the chief trading post for the surrounding country. Buford- ville is a small village on Whitewater river, eight miles south-west of Jackson. Shawanoetown is fourteen miles north-west of Jackson ; settled in 1865. Hendricksville is situated on Hubble creek, seven miles north-east of AUenville; and was settled in 1865. The other villages and settlements are Delta, Egypt Mills, Green's Ferry, Gordonsville, Millersville, Neely's Landing, New Wells, Oak Ridge and Stroderville. Carroll county is situated on the north side of the Missouri river, in the north-western part of the State. The county was formed from Ray county, and was laid out into townships and sections as early as 1817. It was organized as now constituted, January 3d, 1833. It is distant from St. Louis, by river, 320 miles; and by railroad, 200 miles. About one-fourth of its area is in the Missouri bottom, a nearly level surface of rich alluvial soil. The remaining three-fourths is undulating prairie, with dark loamy soil, very rich and productivie, with frequent belts of timber fol- lowing the course of the various streams. The county is well watered l)y the Missouri, Grand and Wakanda rivers, and Turkey, UISTOllY OF MlSSOUllI. 837 Moss, Hurricane and Big creeks, and their tributaries, giving nearly every section of land the benefit of a water coui-se. On some of the streams are good mill sites. Extending along the bank of the Missouri, between Wakanda river and Crooked creek, is a sugar-maple bottom, which is remarkably fertile. It is thirty miles long, and from five to eight miles in breadth. About one- fourth ot the county is covered with timber; varieties, oaks, hickory, elm, walnut, maple, locust, — affording sufficient timber for all pur- poses. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. The unimproved lands are growing less, year b}- year. The ''White Rock Quarries," furnish excellent building stone, which is shipped to St. Louis and elsewhere, from which the town derives quite a revenue. St. Louis is the principal market for Carroll county. The facilities for transportation are the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad — running the entire length of the county east and west — and the Missouri river. The townships of the county are Grand River, Morris, Sugar Tree Bottom, and Wakanda. Coal is found in nearly every portion of the county, and is mined on a limited scale in five different localities. Lead and iron are also procured, but only in small quantities. Martin Palmer is believed to have been the first white inhabitant of the district, now embraced in Carroll. He built a cabin, and resided a few months during the winter season tending his traps. He was a man noted for his courage; "Swift of foot and strong of limb." A permanent settle- ment was made about 1820, by John Standly and William Turner, who came into this wilderness with their families from North Car- olina. The county was settled slowly on account of the unhealthi- ness of the climate in those early days, and it was not until January 3d, 1833, that it was organized, when William Curl, Thomas Hardwick and William Crockett were appointed justices. Carrollton, the county seat and principal town, named in honor of Charles Carroll, is about 207 miles from St. Louis, and 65 miles from Kansas Citj\ It has an elevated and pleasant situation near the center of the county on the St. L., K. C. and N. R. R. It is a place of considerable business. The public school building is a fine structure erected at a cost of over $10,000. Norboni is a pros- perous town on the same line of railroad, about ten miles west of Carrollton. Being in the midst ol a fine prairie, the Sugar-Tree Bottom, it is the centre of a thriving community. The other vil- lages and settlements are Dewitt, Coloma, Eugene City, Hill's ,'i;iS ATS^ TLLTTSTRATED Landing. White Rook, Miles Point Little Compton, and Miami Station. Carter county, situated in the south-eastern part of the State, is bounded on the north by Shannon and Reynolds, east by Wayne and liutler, south by Ripley and part of Oregon, and west by Shannon and Oregon. The county was organized March 10th, •1855), and was named in honor of Ziniri Carter, one of its citizens. The surface is very broken with fine bottom land along the water courses, and some very fertile valleys. The greater part of the county is covered with a heavy growth of timber, not more than about one-fortieth of it having been cleared off. Heavj^ pine forests cover the hills, while large trees of different kinds, such as oak, hickory, black walnut, honey-locust, birch and maple abound in the bottoms. The soil in the bottoms and valleys is rich and fertile: but many of the hills are too steep and rugged to be susceptible of cultivation. The county is well watered by many large and small rivers and creeks, the most im- portant of which is the Current river, furnishing excellent sites for machinery. Tlie cliffs along these swift and clear streams are very steep, affording many a " rugged edge " to sit upon and catch trout, salmon, and various other kinds of fish. At present the mineral resources are wholly undeveloped; traces of lead and cop- per are found, and iron exists in large quantities. The leading agricultural staples, named in the order of their importance, are corn, wheat, oats, and rye. Wheat is exported to a considerable extent, while the surplus corn is fed to cattle and hogs, which are shipped to St. Louis on the Iron Mountain railroad. Considerable pine lumber is rafted on Current river, and finds a read}' sale in Arkansas. The only commercial crops cultivated for market ai*e tobacco and cotton. The count}^ has four townships: Carter and Jackson, Johnson and Kelley. Van Burr)), the county seat, is in the northern part of the county, on Current river. The nearest railroad station is Mill Spring, Wayne county. Cass county has the Kansas State line for its western boundary, lying between Jackson on the north, and Bates on the south. It was organized, September 14, 1835. Its surface is a rolling prairie, moderately supplied with timber of varied qualities, skirting the streams and creeks. Grand river and Big creek, with their numer- H. CLAY DANIEL HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ;)39 ous tributaries, furnish an abundance of stock water. The soil is principiUlv abhick loam, except on ridges, where a soil known as "mulatto" is found. The climate is remarkably healthy. About one-fourth of the county is timber-land, and in the absence of wastefulness, the natural growth will keep pace with the demand for fuel and fencing. From 1866 to 1870, the opening and im- proving of farms caused a consumption of timl)er greater than the natural growth. Heretofore operations for coal have been confined to surface diggings, in which an excellent quality of bituminous coal is obtained in moderate quantities. The townships of the count}' are Austin, Big Creek, Camp Branch, Cold Water, Dolan, Grand River, Index, Mt. Pleasant, North Dolan, Pleasant Hill, Polk and Sugar Creek. History records the names of Walker, Danaway, Burgen, Isaac Blevins, William Johnson, David Butterfield, Wyatt Atkins, and John McCarty, as its first settlers. These men were hunters and trappers, only raising a little corn and a few vegetables upon their small patches of cultivated lands. Their dress was such as would excite the wonder and surprise of the present generation ; coon or wolf-skin cap, buck-skin hunting-shirt, fawn-skin vest, and leather pantaloons. They raised a few cattle, traflficked in furs, deer- skins, venison, wild honey and bees-wax. They were a bold, hardy set of men, rough and unsophisticated, but- hospitable and kind. No wayfarer ever turned from their log cabin with his wants un- satisfied. The Indians were unfriendly, and on this and other ac- counts the country settled up slowly. February 19, 181:9, the county was reduced to its present limits, and its name changed from Van Bui'en to Cass. The county seat was established and named in honor of Albert G. Harrison, then member of Con- gre. s from this State. The county suffered much during the civil war, and was a skirmishing ground for guerillas of both armies. Of the 10,000 inhabitants, less than a thousand remained. It was estimated after the war, that at least one-third of the dwellings had been burnt, and more than half of the farms destroyed. The immigrants since the war have been from Illinois and Iowa, and are thrifty and intelligent, and fast bringing Cass to the front rank of counties in the State. It is well supplied with railroad facilities. The Missouri Pacific, passes through the north-east corner, and the Lawrence branch through the northern part; the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, runs east and west through the central portion. Alto- gether there are about eigiity miles of road completed in the county. 340 AN ILLUSTRATED Harrisonville^ the county seat, on the M. & T. R. R., was first settled in 1830, by James Lucky. The town was laid off, ^and the first house erected in 1837, and the same year a log court-house was erected. It has not had a rapid growth, but has steadily im- proved. Pleasant Hill is the most important town in the county, on the M. P. R. R. It was settled in 1830, and almost destroyed during the civil war, but since then has grown rapidly. There are a number of villages in the county. Among others, Gunn City, Freeman, East Lynne, Dayton. Austin, Belton, Raymore, Stras- burg and West Line. Cedar county is situated in the south-western part of the State, the counties of Vernon and Barton separating it from the State- of Kansas. Its surface is rolling, and it is about equally divided between timber and prairie. About one-half of the land is tillable, ranking in quality from first to third rate. No section of the State is better supplied with good and clear water. The Big and Little Sac, and Cedar creek, are the principal streams, which have numer- ous tributaries. The county is rich in mineral resources. Coal for smithing and forging, as well as for fuel is found in large quantities in the western part of the county, and finds a ready market. Iron ore exists in abundance. Superior building stone is found in quan- tities. Agriculture is the leading occupation of the inhabitants. The townships of the countj'^ are Benton, Cedar, Jefferson, Lynn, Box, Madison and Washington. The market facilities are the Mis- souri, Kansas and Texas railroad; Schell City is the nearest station, about thirty miles from the count}' seat. The educational interests are well attended to. The citizens believe in good school-houses and able teachers. The county was first settled in 1832. During the Kansas troubles, and during the late civil war, hostile parties met upon its soil, and in 1863 efforts were made to capture the court-house at Stockton, which had been oonverted into a federal fort, but the assailants were repulsed by the militia. The building was subsequently captured and destroyed. The county has pros- pered since the war. Stockton^ the county seat, was incorparated in 1855. It is thirty miles east of Schell City, its nearest railroad station. It is sur- rounded by steep rocky hills and is laid out with narrow streets. Its original name was Lancaster, changed January 2d, 1847, to Fremont, and again changed by act of the legislature to Stockton, in 1856. Caplinger's Mills, formerly Sackville, lies on Sac riverj HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 341 ■seven miles north of Stockton, and twenty-three miles from Schell 'City; near the village is the best coal deposits in the county. Virgil City lie^i on the county line between Vernon and Cedar counties, about fifteen miles east of Nevada, its nearest railroad station. It is located on a large prairie, sheltered on the north-east by timber. It was laid out in 1866, and named in honor of Virgil W. Kimball. Chariton county is located in the north-west central part of the State. It was organized November 14th, 1820. The general surface of the county consists of upland prairies and timber land, which forms a broad belt on both sides of the water courses. The rich alluvial bottom lands of the Missouri river, are well known for their fertility, and similar bottoms are found on the Grand and Chariton rivers and their tributaries. In the north-western part of the county, the land is high, with a rich productive loam. There is a sufficient quantity of timber for all necessary purposes. The county is well watered. The only mineral as yet dis- covered, is bituminous coal which is found in many places 'Cropping out on the slopes, where it is used by farmers. There is only one mine worked at present, with an aver- age thickness of three feet, furnishing about seven and a half feet thickness of coal, within the space of about fifty feet. Clay for fire-brick and pottery is also found. The county is well supplied with means of transportation, the St. Louis, Kansas Cily and Northern railroad, skirting the southern and western portion, while the Missouri is its south-western boundary. The townships of the county are Bee Branch, Bowling Green, Brunswick, Buf- falo Lick, Chariton, Clark, Cunningham, Keytesville, Missouri, Muscle, Fork, Prairie, Salisbury, Wayland, Yellow Creek. Char- iton is one of the earliest settled counties in the State, the first settlers being French fur traders. There was some immigration in 1812, and in 1816 the land was surveyed into i^ections. The hind -sales took place in 1818. The names of John Hutchinsand Henry Clark, are among the earliest settlers; Clark's Branch and Clark's township, perpetuating the name of the latter. During the civil war, this county had its share of devastation. The court-house at Keytesville was burned, and a large part of the county records destroyed. General Sterling Price, was a prominent citizen of this county. Keytesville, the county seat, named for James Keytes, and first 342 AN ILLUSTRATED settled in 1812, is located on Muscle fork of Chariton river, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad. It has a pleasant situation, and the best water power in the county. It is a place of considerable business. It was the home of Sterling Price. Salis- bury on the same railroad, was laid out in 1866, by L. Salisbury, and is situated in a tine agricultural district. It is a smart busi- ness place. Westville, a small village in the north-east part of the county, seventeen miles north of the county seat. Brunswick at the mouth of Grand river, also on the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R., is an old town, and has both water and railroad communication, and is a town of considerable business importance. Christian county is situated in the southern part of the State, on the south descent or slope of the Ozark mountains, and con- tains 347,520 acres. It was organized from Crreen county, March 8th, 1860. The surface of the county is undulating, hilly, and broken in the south-eastern portion which is the principal mining district. The western, central and south-western portion are prai- ries, with some superior bottom lands. These latter parts of the county form the agricultural districts, and are about equally divided between prairie and upland. The county is well watered by many streams, flov/ing mostly in a south-easterly direction, and lasting springs, furnishing the purest water for all domestic uses, and for stock. The most important of the water courses, are the James river, and Finley, Swan, Buffalo and Panther creeks, some of which afford excellent water power. The country along the streams, is heavily timbered with the various kinds of trees growing in southern Missouri. The mineral resources are only partially developed. Lead is found in great abundance, and the raining of it was carried on, to a considerable extent, before the war. The only present mode of transportation is furnished by the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, which has seven miles of track in the north-western part of the county. The principal home market is Sprinjr field. Little is recorded of the early history of this county, beyond the fact, that one Wells made an opening on Finley creek, about 1822, and erected a small cabin, and the same year a Mr. Pettijohn, with a small party came into the county by way of the rivers. The Delaware Indians caused the early settlers some trouble, but were at length, permanently located in Kansas, in the year 1836, The county was organized in 1860. During the recent war, the battle llisTOKY OF MlBSOUKl. '.'A'-'t of Wilson's Creek was fought near the line of Green county. Much property was destroyed and the coiirt-iiuuse was burned, and the records and papers of the county offices carried off" and lost. There has been a great influx of population into the county since the war. In 1><65 it was nearly depopulated. About three thousand returned after the war. The immigration has continued steadily since, mostly from the Northern and Western states. Ozark, the county seat, is situated on Finley creek, tifteen miles south of Springfield. It has grown rapidly in the last few years. Kenton, formerly Linden, is five miles east of O/ark, on Finley creek — was laid out in 184:7. The other settlements are Billings, Bull's Mills and Minersville. Clark county was organized December 16th, 1836. It is the most north-eastern county in the State, being bounded on the north by Iowa, and on the east by Illinois, separated by the Mis- sissippi from the latter State. The surface is undulating, gener- ally somewhat hilly next to the creelc and river bottom. The greatest part of the county is capable of being tilled, having a rich, Iriable loam on a clay subsoil. Timber is still al^undant, and mostly so along the streams and the hill lands next to the bot- toms; it is well distributed for farm uses. The county is well drained by many rivers and creeks, affording an abundance of water for stock. The Des Moines river, which forms a portion of the northern boundary line of this county, offers a great amount of water-power; much is also offered by the north and south branches of the Fox river. Coal has been found in the north- eastern part of the county, and mines are worked in several places. Some veins of iron ore have also been discovered. Good sand and limestone for building purposes .ire found in many places of the county. It has a fine and healthy climate. The county has St. Louis and Chicago for markets. Besides the Mississippi river, there are the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, and the Mis- sissippi Valley and Western, both having thirty-eight miles of track in the county. In the Autumn of 1829, a party of Ken- tuckians settled near the Des Moines river. These persons were the first settlers. A year or two after, William Clark came into the country and built his log cabin, not far from the present sight of Athens. Others soon followed, so that there was quite a num- ber of families in that portion of the territory now included in ;^44 AN ILLUSTKATED \ Clark county, in the course of the next two or three years. The nearest grist-mill for these pioneers was at Palmyra, some sixty miles distant, until 1832, when a mill was constructed on Fox creek, near Waterloo. The first store was opened by John Stake, in 1883, at St. Fruncisville; and the first church (Baptist) was organized May 7, 1835. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Governor Clark, and was re-organized in 1836. The first court was held in 1837. The early inhabitants of Chirk county were not only brave and industrious, but they were a God fearing people, and endowed richly with that " faith which works by love," and their memory is still fragrant. The townships of the county are Clay.Des Moines, Folker, Grant, Jackson, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Sweet Home, Union, Vernon, Washington and Wyuconda. Kalioka, the county seat, is on the M. & N. R. R., and is near the center of the county. It was laid out in 1851 St. Fran- cisville, nine miles north-east of Kahoka, on the Des Moines river, was laid out in 1833, and was one of the earliest settled towns in the county. Clark City, on the M. I. & N. R. R., is pleasantly situated, and was designed as an educational center. There is a good Academy under the control' of the Presbyterians. Alex- andria is situated on the Mississippi, between the Fox and Des Moines rivers, at the junction of the two railroads. It was first settled in 1834. It is the most important town in the county. The rich bottom lands, some 11,000 acres, have been reclaimed, and a levee erected at a cost of 45,000. It has excellent educational facilities. Alexandria College affords advantages for the higher branches of study. Athens, on the Des Moines river, was laid out in 1844. It has a good water-power. A battle was fought here in August, 1861, in which the Confederate troops, under Colonel Greene were defeated. The other villages ai-e Eldorado, Peaks- ville, Riverside, Waterloo, Winchester, Gregory's Landing, Cham- bersburg, and St. Mary's. Clay county is situated in the north-western part of the State, opposite to the mouth of the Kansas river, and was organized Jan- uary 2d, 1822. It was carved out of Ray county, and its original limits embraced its present area, the territory now included in the counties of Clinton, De Kalb, and Gentry, and the larger portion of Worth. Its present boundaries were fixed January 2d, 1833, and comprise 254.423 acres. The beauty of the surface of this county, HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .'U5 and its desirable situation, attracted to it the attention of immi- grants to Missouri, and, so early as 1819, it began to be rapidly populated. In 1819, Howard Everett, William, Thomas and Elisha Campbell, Benjamin Hensley, John Owens, Charles McGee. John Wilson, Robert Pearce, and many others, came to the county. The immigrants who came into the territory for the next decade were nearly all from Kentucky. Tennessee, North Carolina, Vir- ginia, and Maryland, though a few were from New York or other Eastern states. They were men generally, of energy, enterprise and capacity. The settlement of the county was not accompanied by bitter hostility with the Indians. The Indian title having been extinguished, the white population flowed in without fear or inter- ruption. In 1820. the hand of an Indian was cut off in attempt- ing to burst open the house of a settler named David McElwee, and seven Indians were killed in a skirmish in the south-eastern part of the county. In consequence of the momentary alarm caused by these occurrences, four block-houses were constructed for shelter and defense; yet the Indians were pacified without fur- ther difficulty, and all fear of the savages passed away forever from the people of the county. Until the acquisition, in 1836, by the State of the territory known as the "Platte Purchase," Liberty, the county seat of the county, was the most westerly town in the United States. It was visited by great numbers of friendly Indi- ans, drawn thither for purposes of trade, or through curiosity, and the habits of savage and civilized life were sharply contrasted on its streets. The ''Black Hawk War" occurred in 1832. During its continu- ance, several companies of militia were ordered into service from this county. They were absent several weeks, but were in no ac- tion. The disturbance called the '" Heatherly War," occurred in 1836. In the northern part of what was then Carroll county, now in the territory of Grundy or Mercer, there lived a family named Heatherly. It belonged to a class of extremely rough, half-civi- lized back-woodsmen. It chanced that a hunting party of friendly Indians had gone into that part of the State. The members of the family seizing the opportunity and hoping to be able to fasten the act upon the Indians, murdered a man named Dunbar, and another with whom they were at enmity, or whom they may have wished to rob, and then fled to the counties along the Missouri river, charging the fact on the Indians, and asserting that they :\4i) AN ILLUSTRATED themselves were fleeing for life. The alarm spread. Among others, two companies of militia from Clay county were oi:dered to repair to the scene of the alleged difficulty. The troops on arriving there discovered the falsity of the alarm and returned home. The militia of the county in the Bluck Hawk and Heatherly wars, were commanded by the late Colonel Shubael Allen. In the late civil war, there were men from this county in both the Union and Confed- erate armies, but a much greater number of its citizens went into the Confederate army. There were a number of insignificant sku'- mishes in the county during the continuance of the war; but only one action that could be dignified by the name of battle. This oc- curred, September 17th, 1861, four or five miles south-east of Lib- erty, on the Missouri river bottom, and is usually called the battle of Blue Mills. The federal troops engaged were about 700 in number, and consisted of portions of an Iowa regiment and some Missouri Home Guards. The confederate troops were the same or less in number. This county takes an advanced position on the question of edu- cation. As far back as 1836, Liberty was noted for excellent english and classical schools. The first teachers' institute in the State was organized in this county in the fall of 1851, under the supervision of Alexander W. Doniphan, who was then county superintendent of common schools; besides William Jewell College, Clay Seminary and a Catholic Institute are located in this county. Clay is one of the finest agricultural counties in the West. The surface is undulating in character, except in the vicinity of the larger streams, where there are ridges, or breaks. Not more than one-fourtli of its area was originally prairie land. The soil on the bluffs along the Missouri river is a rich, light loam, mingled with some sand, and rests upon a light-colored, clayey sub-soiL On the ridges, along the smaller streams, it is a thin, but rich loam, while the residue is a deep, black, fertile loam. The prairie- is mainly confined to the northern parts of the county. The- forests were originally very dense, and filled with the choicest timber trees — oak, ash, walnut, mulberry, hickory, maple, locust, iron-wood and cherry — of the largest growth. Though greatly thinned, they are still very much more extensive than the demands, of the population. All of the cereals and grasses, together with hemp, flax, tobacco, garden vegetables, and the fruits of this latitude, grow luxuriantly. The grape is receiving a great deal of DE WITT C. ALLEN, UISTOKY OF MISSOUHI. .'H7 attention. The apple attains the utmost perfection. There an* four railroads ruimiug through portions of the county: the Hauni- b;i! and St. Joseph; St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern; Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs: and St. Louis and St. Joseph. There are indications of coal and lc;ul in this county, hut no proofs as yet that the deposits are of any considerable extent. CLAY COUNTY COURT-KOUSE. Liberti/, the county seat, is situated on the Kansas City branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, fifteen miles from Kan- sas City and about three miles from tlie Missouri river and the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway. It was founded in 1822, and received its charter as a city in 185L The situation of Iiil)erty is picturesque and beautiful, and its air is noted for purity, salubrity and sweetness. The court-house is unique and handsome, and 348 AN ILLUSTRATED with its symmetrical outline, massive design, and harmonious dome presents an imposing appearance. The public school-build- ing is handsome and convenient, and one of the best in the State. Liberty contains (besides the buildings and educational institutions above noted) five cliurches — Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Christian and Catholic — two woolen and two grist-mills, one foun- dry and machine shop, two fine banking houses and two newspa- pers — "The Tribune," established in 1846, published l)y Robert H. Miller, and ''The Advance," established in 1875, published by George E. Patton. Missouri City is situated on the Missouri river, and is a station on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern rail- road, twenty miles from Kansas City, and seven miles from Liberty, in the south-eastern part of the county, and received its charter as a city in 1859. It is an active, prosperous town, and is the general shipping point, whether by river or rail, for the eastern portion of the county. It had been a considerable village many years before the date of its charter. Kearny is located on the K. C. branch of the H. & St. J. R. R., nine miles north from Liberty, and was incorporated as a town in 1869. It is in the midst of a rich and beautiful country and has a considerable trade. The villages, or hamlets of the county are Arnold, Barry. Blue Eagle, Claj^sville, Greenville, Gosneyville, Harlem. Holt, Smithville, Pratherville and Liberty Landing. Clinton county is situated in the north-western part of the State, on the east line of the Platte Purchase, It contains 264.623 acres. About one-third is timbered, and two-thirds high rolling prairie. It is well drained and has a fertile soil. The county has no large rivers, but is well watered by numerous small streams, among which are Smith's Fork, Castile and Third Fork, running west to south-west into Platte river; Grindstone running north, and Shoal creek east into Grand river; and Fish and Crooked rivers, running south into the Mississippi river. Timber is abun- dant for all pur|)oses, and in many places there is a fine growth of joung timber. Coal is supposed to exist, but no mines have been opened. The facilities for transportation of the products to mar- ket, are unsurpassed by any county in the State, there being four railroads passing through it. Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City and St. Joseph are the principal markets. The townships are Concord, Harden, Jackson, Laf.ivette, Lathrop and Platte. The county, previous to its organization was attached to Clay, and extended to HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 349 the Iowa boundary line; and upon its original organization, Janu- uary 5th, 1833, it included the territory of Gentry and Worth counties. February 12th, 1841, it was reduced to its present limits. John P. Smith, Archibald Elliott and Stephen Jones being appointed justices by Governor Dunklin, the first court was held in April, 1833, Judge Smith presiding, and Richard- R. Reese was clerk. The other county officers were Thompson Smith, sheriff; VV. HuflFaker, collector ; Elijah Fry, as^^essor ; and John Biggerstaff. treasurer. Colonel Lewis Wood commanded a regiment ot Clinton county boys, in the Black Hawk war. During the civil war the inhabitants were nearly equally divided in senti- ment. Troops were furnished for both armies. Much inteiest is taken in the cause of education, and some fine buildings rected for school purposes. Fldffsburg, the county seat, is located on the St. Louis, Kan- sas Cit}' and Northern railroad, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad. It is 269 miles from St. Louis. It is a place of much business importance. The village was first called Con- cord, afterwards Springfield, and finally Plattsburg. Cameron, at the junction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph with the Chicago^ Rock Island and Pacific railroad, thirty-four miles from St. Joseph,, and fift}' from Kansas City, is an enterprising place of business. Lathrop is an enterprising town, on the St. L. K. C. & N. R. R., seven miles east of Plattsburg. The other villages are Hainesville, Converse, Gower, Graysonville, Bainbridge, Perrin, Tanner and Turney's Station. Cole county was organized on the 20th day of November, 1820, (the same year which marks the admission of the State into the Union) and at once entered upon its municipal life. It was taken from Cooper county, and named in honor of Stephen Cole, an old Indian fighter who had lost his life in a fight with the Indians, near the present site of New London, in the county of Ralls. He was one of the pioneers, who, with Cooper and others, led an adventurous life, raising corn with a rifle on the plow, hunting game and Indians at the same time, and diversifying their intervals by a pitched battle with the sav- ages, or repelling their assaults upon their fort. Of the Indian occu- pancy of the territory of Cole county, but little is known. There is no positive testimony of any permanent lodges or towns, and the inference is that it was a hunting ground for the surrounding. 350 AN ILLUSTRATED tribes. The immense amount of arrow heads that are found here gives plausibility to this opinion. It was also their burial grounds for ages ; for nearly every prominent bluff on the Mis- souri contains the remains of their dead; and, on some of these mounds are found trees, apparently centuries old. The Capitol is built on one of them, and in its excavation the workmen exposed a great number of bones and pieces of pottery. The first trace of the white man's entrance into the coinitry is found in the faint history of the French trading expeditious up the Osage river. These traders would leave Ste. Genevieve, or Kaskaskia, following the course of the Missouri, in keel boats, or going by land along the old " Harmony Mission Trace," (the only road south of the Missouri) to the head-waters of the Osage. They have left, per- haps, an imperishable record of their occupancy in the names given to some of the important localities; such as Bois Rule creek, (which has been corrupted into Bob Ruly) the Taverne, Glaize, Pomme de Terre, Thibault, Marias des Cygnes, and others. The next visit from the white man to the county, was the expe- dition composed of twenty-eight persons, in 1804, commanded by Merewether Lewis and William Clark. They passed the limits of the county about June, but left no distinctive notice of it. This important and dangerous enterprise was organized in the year fol- lowing the acquisition of Louisiana from France, and was pro- moted and hastened by Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States. The first immigration of permanent settlers to this county was in 1818, from Campbell comity. East Tennessee. They settled on the Moniteau creek, west of what is now the town of Marion. They consisted of John English and four sons, James Miller and five sons, Henry McKenney and three sons, James Ful- kerson and three sons, David Yount and three sons, David Cham- bers and three sons, John Mackey and two sons, John Harmon and one son, William Gouge and four sons, Martin Gouge and two sons, and Joshua Chambers and two sons; in all forty-three males, but as they were accompanied by tiieir families, they numbered, perhaps, in all, about sixty souls. The most noted among thera seemed to have been John English, who was the first representa- tive from the county. In 1819, John Hensley and two sons, and John Hunter increased the numbers of the settlement. The Hen- sleys were real back-woodsmen and Indian fighters. The elder Hensley, who was the fii'st Senator from the district, after the HISTORY OF MISSOUKI. 351 organization of the county, was too much crowded by the advanc- ing tide of immigration, and in 1845, emigrated west; he died, and was buried in the Rocky Mountains, a fit tomb for so restless a spirit. John Hunter has left no distinguishing mark, save that he was the first colonel of militia in the county. About the year 1819, three more settlers located themselves on the bank of the Missouri, about nine miles west of the capital. Their names were Dr. John Brown. Andrew Rice and John Colgan. The first circuit court was held in the town of Marion, on the 5th day of January, 1821, at the house of John English. David Todd was judge; J.N. Conway, clerk ; Paul Whittley, sheriff; and Hamil- ton R. Gamble, circuit attorney. Conway resigned on the next day, and afterward removed to Arkansas. Jason Harrison was ap- pointed in his place. The lawyers who attended the first session were H. R. Gramble, Peyton R. Hayden, Robert C. Ewing, John G. Heath, George Tompkins, Abiel Leonard, Dabney Carr, and John S. Brickey. The first order of the court was that John Shore pay one dollar fine for contemptuous behavior to the court, and be im- prisoned, until the fine should be paid. Tradition is silent as to what that contemptuous behavior was, or whether the fine was ever paid. The next business was the emancipation, by Abraham Collett, of his slave, Joseph. Whether Mr. Collett lived to see the extinction of slavery, and the emancipation made general, of which he gave to this county the first example, is not known. In 1812, the first recorded marriage occurred in the country. It was sol- emnized on the 28th day of June, by Judge George Pettigrew; James A. Donaway and Sallie Howard were the happy couple. The first county court was held at the house of John English, on the 2d day of April, 1821. John Vivion, James Stark and Jason Harrison were" the justices. There were only two townships then in the county, Moreau and Moniteau. Of Moreau township John Hensley, Joseph Stephens and William Weir were justices of the peace ; and James Ryan, constable: of Moniteau township, George A Pettigrew, Thackier Vivion and John English were first justices of the peace ; Samuel Johnson, first collector, presented his first delinquent list of State and county taxes. That of the State was $12.91, and that of the county, $6.45. John Allen, in 1823, pre- sented his delinquent list. It was for State, $6.46 ; county, $3.13. About the year 1820, William and Daniel McKenzie, of Howard county, and Bass and Lintz, of Boone county, conceived 352 AN ILLUSTRATED the idea of building up a large commercial town, at the Moniteau- rock, two miles bolow the mouth of the Moniteau creek. They laid out a town which thej' called Marion, in the expectation of its becoming the county seat, and perhaps the Capital of the State. Their first hope was realized, and Marion became the seat of jus- tice. Daniel McKenzie moved down and opened a store; E. V. Hollings worth, a hotel; Joshua Chambers built a horse mill; John L. Glazebrook, a blacksmith-shop; Cato, a freedman of John Eng- lish, established a ferry; the county built a court-house and jail. The former was afterwards sold for $450, and was used as a barn. In 1826, the county seat was moved to Jefferson; City, and Marion was gathered to its fathers. Cole county has- been twice curtailed of its limits. Once to give territory to Miller county, and once to add to Moniteau county. The county seat was finally moved from Marion to Jefferson City, in 1829, and Samuel Crow, John Scruggs and Martin D. Noland were appointed by the legislature, commissioners to arrange the proper removal. The first circuit and county courts were held in Jefferson City, at the house of John C. Gordon, Judge Todd presiding. Robert C. Ewing was then the oldest resident lawyer, and Jason Harrison was clerk of both courts. He held these two offices until 1836, when at the first election, in 1835, for clerk, lie was defeated by E. L. Edwards. The commissioners appointed to locate the State capital were, after its location, instructed to lay off the town into 1,000 lots, the principal street to be not less than 100, nor more than 120 feet wide, and the alleys to be 20 feet wide. On the 19th of December, 1822, the first trustees of the City of Jefferson were appointed. They were Josiah Ramsay, Adam Hope, and John C. Gordon, who were authorized to sell 200 lots. Four squares were reserved for a State- house; one for a Governor's house; one for a hospital; and one for a seminary of learning. The first sale of lots occurred in May, 1823. At that time there were only two families living there. Those of Josiah Ramsey, and William Jones. In 1825, the State- house was nearly finished. On February 8th, of that year, the legislature appropriated $18,573 to pay James Dunnica, and Daniel Colgan, for its erection. The first session of the legis- lature was held in November, 1826, in the new State-house, John Miller being then Governor. The building was a rectangular brick structure, two stories high, without any architectural beauty. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 353 The representatives occupied the lower story, the Senate the up- per floor. A story is told of a representative who presented his credentials to the secretary of the Senate. " This belongs to the Lower House," said the clerk. '"Where is that?" asked the gentle- man. "Down stairs." " Why, said the man, " I saw those fel- lows there, but I thought it was a dram-shop." In November, 18S7, this building, which occupied the site of the present Ex- ecutive Mansion, was consumed by fire, and many valuable papers lost. The next session of the legislature met in the court-house. The representatives occupying the present court-room, and the Senate the second story, which was at that time unobstructed by pardtions. In 1840. the legislature and the State officers took possession of the present capitol. Jefferson City was incorporated in 1889, by an act of the legislature, and T. L. Price was its first mayor. The first newspaper issued was the "Jeffersonian Republi- can," printed and edited by Calvin Gunn. It made its appearance in 1828, a neatly printed sheet, and its owner made it a successful enterprise. He had the sagacity to foresee the growth of the city, and to buy at low rates the public lots that are now so valuable to his family. Gunn died in 1858. His paper was democratic. The next paper here was called the ''Jefferson Enquirer," and made its first appearance in 1838. It was owned and edited by E. L. Ed- wards, and John McCulloch. The latter died before his paper was a year old. Edwards, in 1840, sold the paper to William Lusk, who, dying in 1842, left the establishment in the hands of his son, James Lusk, who died in February, 1858. The "Metropolitan," under the control of H. L. Boone, and J. S. McCracken, had its da}' of usefulness and profit, and was suc- ceeded by the "Examiner," conducted by Mr. Treadway. These pa- pers were all democratic. Messrs. Hammond and (^ronenbold started a whig paper, but it was not a success. In the year 1863, a republican paper, called the "State Times," was started in the city. E. Kirby had editorial control, and made it an able and popular organ of republicanism. In 1869, the paper passed into the hands of Horace Wilcox, and two years thereafter ceased to exist. In 1865, the "Fortschritt," a German newspaper, was established. It was a popular and prosperous paper. It continued in operation till the fall of 1875, when it was discontinued. The papers now existing are the " Tribune," a democratic paper, issued by Regan and Carter, and edited by P. T. Miller; the "State Journal," owned 354 AN ILLUSTRATED and edited by N. C. Burch, a republican sheet, started in Decem- ber, 1872: and the " Volksfreund,'" a German democratic paper, edited by Kroeger and Wagner, (started in the spring of 1876). N. C. Burch, of the "State Journal," is entitled to the honor of starting the first regular daily paper in Jefferson City, issued for the first time. September 9, 1873, and still continued. The "Tribune" was is- sued in 1864, by C. J. Corwin, who sold out to J. F. Regan, in 1866, who afterwards (in 1871) sold an interest to John F. Howes. The lat- ter dying, his share was purchased by J. E. Carter. The "Tribune," during the sessions of the legislature, had issued a daily paper, but their present permanent daily issue dates from July 1st, 1874. The first house built in Jefferson City was a shantj', erected about 1819, at the spring near the foundry of Captain Lohman. The oldest house in town is the one on High street, owned by Miss Lusk. opposite Captain Eaton's. The next is the old City Hotel, nearly opposite. In 1846, when the Mexican war broke out, Cole county sent two companies, one of cavalry, commanded by Captain M. M. Parsons, and one of infantry, commanded by Captain W. C. Angney The latter served under the command of General Sterling Price, and the former under the command of Colonel Doniphan. Captain Angney, after the war, settled in Mexico. Captain Parsons entered the Confederate service, and served as Major General, to die at last by the bullet of a Mexican assassin. He was a fine lawyer, an eloquent speaker, an accomplished soldier, and a dutiful son. In 1849, the steamer Monroe landed just below town with a large crowd of Mormon passengers. The cholera was raging among them fearfully. The sick and well were landed, and of the num- ber sixty-three died in the city. The history of Jefferson would not be complete, if mention was omitted of the Lincoln Institute, a normal colored school. This beautiful building was erected in 1867, by the contributions of two colored Missouri regiments, in- creased a little by State aid. It is a matter of just pride to every lover of his country to see this class of citizens availing itself so earnestly of the opportunity of education, and preparing for the great duties and reponsibilities of life, which it must share in com- mon with all. The first church erected (about 1837) in this town, was the Baptist, now in possession of the colored Baptists. The next was the Methodist, erected about 1838 ; the Episcopal in 1842. The Catholics were visited here by Father Helias, from Westphalia, Osage county, about the year 1837. The number of HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. ^^55 communicants then was twenty-five. The first resident pastor was James Murphy, in 18i6. Their first church was on High street, a very small frame buildiug. In I860, the new church Wiis built and occupied. In 1861 Governor Jackson, who had occupied the city, retired to Boonesville and was succeeded in military occupancy by General Lyon, who did not tarry long, but, pushing on to Boonesville, had a skirmish with the troops under General Price. General Lyon soon afterwards lost his life at Wilson's Creek. Colonel Boernstein succeeded him, and in the shifting scenes of war came Generals Grant, Pope, Fremont, Totten, Loan and Brown. The city was not disturbed by any cotiflict, save a skirmish in October, 1864, between the Confederate forces under General Price and the Union forces under General Brown, and others. Not more than fifteen or twenty lives were lost. The Jefferson City public schools were organized in the fall of 1867. The new building, a stately structure, was erected in 1871. The present Capitol was commenced in 1837, and finished in 1842; Stephen Hills, an Englishman, was the architect. The present executive mansion was started in 1872, and finished in the same year. The area of Cole county is 262,400 acres, of which, at last census, 1870, 32,942 acres were improved, with an annual product, the value of which Avas over §300,000. In 1870 the assessed valuation of the real and personal property of the county was §4,115,612, the actual value being fixed at $7,000,- 000. The population of Cole county is 12,000, of which Jefferson City has about a half. Cooper county is located in the central part of the State ; bounded on the north by the Missouri river, which separates it from Boone and Howard counties. It is well watered by small creeks and the La- miiie, Blackwater, Petite, and Saline rivers, some of which pene- trate, or pass through every township of the county. The land contiguous to these streams is broken, and is covered with a growth of oak, ash, walnut, hickory, and elm, but nearly all of the land is susceptible of cultivation. The south-western and central parts of the county consist of undulating prairie lands, unsurpassed for agricultural purposes. Coal is found to a considerable extent, and in almost every section of the county. Lead, iron, zinc, and man- ganese, are also found; also pottery and fire clay. The leading pur- suit of the population is agriculture. The Missouri Pacific, the Osage Valley and Southern Kansas, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads, which pass through the county, afford excellent fa- ;^56 AN ILLUSTRATED cilities for transportation. The educational interests receive much attention. Cooper county contains the following townships: Blackwater, Booneville, Clark's Fork, Clear Creek, Kelly, La Mine, Lebanon, Moniteau, Palestine, Pilot Grove, and Saline. The early history of Cooper county runs not far back of 1812, when Daniel Boone. Stephen Cole, and others, came into the territory, and lo- cated not far from where Booneville now stands. The county was organized December 17, 1818, and the county seat established at Booneville, August 13, 1819. The first court was held March 1, 1819. Justice David Todd presiding, R. C. Clark being clerk, and W. M. McFarland, sheriff. During the recent war two en- gagements were had between the federal and confederate troops, in both of which the former were successful. The county suffered during the war, and was in military occupancy most of the time during its progress. Since which time, it has grown rapidly in population, as well as in wealth and resources. Booneville^ the count}^ seat, lies on the Missouri river, and is the terminus of the Booneville branch of the Missouri Pacij&c railroad, 187 miles by rail from St. Louis, and 232 miles by river. It is also on the Missouri. Kansas and Texas railroad. This last com- pany has a fine iron bridge over the Missouri river at this place. It was laid out in 1817, became the county seat in 1819, and was incorporated in 1839. It is situated in a rich and well settled country, and of great natural advantages, with an abundance of coal, stone, and building materials. The other villages and settle- ments are Billingsville, Harrison, New Palestine, Overton, Pilot Grove, Prairie Home, Pisgah, and Pleasant Green. Crawford county is situated on the south-east central part of the State, about seventy-five miles south-west of St. Louis. The surface of the county is generally rolling, and but little prai- rie. It is watered by the Meramec river and its tributaries, and Crooked, Yankee, Dry, Huzzah and Shoal creeks. The soil of the lowlands is a rich black loam; and of the uplands, a yellow clay, and well adapted to the growing of wheat. Most of the uplands were formerly prairie, but since it has been settled, and the annual fires ceased, timber has grown rapidly. Coal exists in the southern part of the county. The chief mineral deposits are iron and lead, which are found in great quantities. One iron furnace, (the Scotia) near Leasburg, has a capacity of thirty tons per day, and em- ployed, in 1874. about five hundred men. The deposit is of blue JIISTOUY OF MI8SUUUI. H57 speculiir and red hematite, and exceedingly rich. Indications of large deposits of lead are found in the eastern part of the county. A«,'riculture is the leading occupation. St. Louis is the principal market. The townships comprising the county are Benton, Boone. Courtois, Knobview, Liberty, Meramec, Oak Hill, Osage and Union. The county was first settled in 1815. It was organized •January, 23d, 1829, and included much adjacent territory. Steehille-, the county seat, is pleasantly situated, in a valley, one mile south of the Meramec, and on the St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock railroad. The county seat was located here in 1835. Cuba, at the junction of the two roads, is ninety-one miles from St. Louis, and is an active, pros|)erous village. Bourbon. Elm Tree, Iron Ridge, Kent, Dry Creek, Osage, Knobview and Leasburg are villages and settlements in this county. Dade county is situated in the south-western part of the State. It was organized January 29th, 1841. The eastern part is mostly timbered, the western mostly prairie. The surface is various; the timbered portions hilly, while the prairies are gently rolling, inter- spersed here and there with belts of timber along the water courses. The soil is mostly mulatto loam. White and red clay, mixed with flint rocks are found in some places near the surface. The count}' is well watered. The Sac river and Turn-back creek atford water-power. Timber is scarce in the western portion of the county. Among the minerals, zinc, coal, lead, iron and copper are found — coal and zinc in abundance. All of the north-western part of the county is underlaid with coal of an excellent quality, while the eastern portion is supplied with zinc. Both are being worked extensively. The leading pursuit of the inhabitants is agriculture. The townships of Dade county are Centre, Grant, Horse Creek, Marion, Morgan, North, Polk, Smith and South. The first settlements were made in 1833-4. Crisp Prairie, in the north-eastern part of the county was named for three hardy set- tlers who came into the territory among the very first. Silas Hobbs, Samuel LaForce, George Davidson, Nelson McDowell are names historic, being among the early pioneers. A company of men went from Dade, during the Mexican war, commanded by Captain J. J. Clarkson. During the civil war, like other southern coun- ties, it suffered greatly, being overrun by the federal and con- federate armies, and the farms and villages devastated. The court-house was burned by the confederates, in 1863, but the 858 AX TLIJTSTHATED records and other valuable papers were preserved. There are no lines of railroads passing through the county, such roads being the greatest need of the people. In common with other of these counties which were devastated by the war, it has recuperated fast since its close. Grernfield. the county seat, is located near the center of the county, two miles west of Turn-back river, and forty miles north- west of Springfield. The Ozark Female Institute is located here. Dadeville is located in the midst of a fine farming section, and is a thrifty place, with an intelligent population. The other villages and settlements are Areola, Cedarville, Engleman's Mills, John- son's Mills, King's Point, Mount Zion, Rock Prairie and Sylvania. Dallas county has a surface ranging from that of almost level prairie to precipitous hills. The valleys of the Niangua river and its tributaries are very rich and productive. The western, north- western, and central portions of the county consist chiefly of gently rolling prairies, interspersed here and there by water courses, belted with timber. These prairies vary in extent from a few hundred, to many thousand acres. Water is abundant. The streams are pure and clean, and run over pebbly bottoms, most of them being fed by springs. One of them in the north-east part of the county, discharges 60,000 gallons of water per minute, furnish- ing motive power for a grist and saw mill, and other machinery. The Niangua river affords motive power to an almost unlimited ex- tent. The soil is rich. The agricultural products are wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sorghum, the grasses, and tobacco. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, and all the small fruits, grow in great abundance. Lead is found in many places in the county. The Rambo mines, twelve miles from Buffalo, are suc- cessfully worked. Indications of coal have been discovered in dif- ferent localities, and stone of good quality for building purposes, is found in large quantities. The only mode of transportation is by wagon to Lebanon on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, a dis- tance of twenty-seven miles from the county seat. The town- ships in the county are Benton, Grant, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Lincoln, Miller and Washington. The settlement of this county was commenced in 1837. It was first named Niangua, and organized in 1842. Its boundaries were subsequently changed, and it received its present name in December, 1844. The court-house was destroyed by fire during the civil war, and also the records of iiiiiiliiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiMiililiillilii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiilililJililiiiiiiiiiE SAMUEL A. RICHARDSON, nisToiiY OF MissorKi. •"^ri*.) the county, bat both edifice and records are now replaced. Much interest is taken in the cause of popuhir education in the county. Buffalo, the county seat, is very pleasantly located on rising ground, near a prairie. It was first settled about 1J>40: was incor- porated in 18.54, and again in 1870. Friendship Community was incorporated March 15, 1872. It is situated four miles west of Buf- falo, where it owns five hundred acres of land. It is based upon principles of social reform, holding all property in common, for the general good, but in no way interfering with social, religious, or political affairs of its members. Urbana is situated some fifteen miles northwest of Buffalo. Daviess county is situated in the north-western portion of the State, about thirty-five miles from the Kansas border, and about the same distance from the Iowa State line. It was organized December 29, 1836. The surface is divided about equally between rolling prairie and timber lands, some of the upland prairies being interspersed with timber. The county is drained by the west fork of Grand river, which passes through it from north-west to south- east, with a wide strip of rich bottom land on either side, heavily timbered with cotton- wood, oak, walnut, hickory and blackberry. This river furnishes most of the water-power of the county. Its tributaries are the Muddy, Hickory, Cypress, Big, Sampson, Grindstone and Houly creeks. The soil is mostly a black loam. The highlands have a black and reddish-brown soil, very pro- ductive. No minerals, in sufficient quantities to be of value, have been found. Good building stone is abundant. The inhabitants are mostly employed in agriculture. The townships, composing the county are Benton, Colfax, Gallatin, Grand River, Grant, Harrison. Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Lincoln, Marion, Monroe, Salem, Sheridan, Union and Washington. The facilities for transportation are furnished by a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, and by the St. Louis and Omaha railroad. These roads intersect one another in the central part of the county like a letter X, furnishing fifty-five miles of railroad track. The Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad passes very near to the southern boundary, dividing Daviess from Cald- well. The county was first settled in 1831, near the central part. It was taken from Ray, and named in honor of Joseph Daviess, of Kentucky. The M(irmons came into the county in 1836. In 1888, on account of their exceedingly obnoxious and ,'}<)() AN ILLUSTRATED lawless habits, there was quite an excitement regarding them, which finally culminated in their expulsion by the State au- thorities; not,hovvever, until they had committed many depre- dations, and had burned the town of Gallatin and many private houses. Galldtin, the county seat, was laid out in 1837; is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, one mile west of Grand river, and at the point where the two lines of railroad cross each other, 249 miles from St. Louis. It is a place of considerable business importance, having some twenty stores of various kinds, two printing offices, two banks and four churches. The buildings generally are of brick, and its prospects are encouraging. The present population is not far from two thousand. The other vil- lages and setlements are Jamesport, Jameson, Winstonville, Lock- spring, New Farmington, Pattonsburg, Jackson, Alta Vista, Civil Bend, Bancroft, Coffeysburg and Victoria. De Kalb county is generally a high undulating prairie, inter- spersed with creeks lined with timber, to about one-sixth of the area of the county. It contains about 10 per cent, bottom laud, and a small portion is barren and unproductive. The soil, being a dark loam, is excellent for agricultural and grazing purposes. The streams of the county are small creeks, not large enough to furnish water-power to any considerable extent, but affording sufficient water for farms and stock. There is sufficient timber, if judiciously used, for fuel, fencing, and building purposes for all time to come. There are no minerals yet found in this county. The facilities for transportation are the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, on the southern border of the county, and the Chicago,* Rock Island and Pacific, in the south-eastern part. The public schools are in an excellent condition, some of the larger villages having good graded schools and school-houses. The townships of the county are Adams, Camden, Colfax, Dallas, Grand River. Grant, Polk, Sherman, and Washington. The first settlements were made in 1833, by immigrants, who came from Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia. Its boundaries were established in 1813, and the county was organized in 1815. During the civil war the inhab- itants were divided in their sympathies, and there was much bitter- ness and partisan feeling manifested. After peace was declared, law and order were restored, and the perpetrators of crimes either punished or driven from the county. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. *^61 Mnysville, the county seat, was commenced in 1845. It lies near the center of the county, on a ridge from which can be seen the -country for some miles contiguous. It has a newspaper office, and the usual number of stores and shops. It is an active and thriving place of business. Stewartsville, on the H. .and St. J. railroad, fourteen miles west of Cameron, is a thriving town on Castile <3reek. It has a seminary of learning. Osborn is an important shipping point on the same railroad. A portion of the village lies in the county of Clinton. Boxford, Fairport, Standard, Winslow, Union Star, McCartney's Cross Roads, R oxford, Arica, and Amity, are small villages and settlements. The western bor- der of the county is about fifteen miles from the Missouri river, Andrew county and a part of Buchanan lying between, in the north-western portion of the State. Dent county is situated in the south-east central part of the ■State, and was organized from parts of Shannon and Crawford counties in 1851, and re-organized December 4, 1855. The surface of the county is very diversified; the Osage mountains passing east and west through it, and forming a table land from eight hundred to one thousand feet high. The divide descends gradually towards the Missouri, and the streams flowing in that direction are deep, but not near as rapid as those flowing south, which are frequently forming falls. The Current and the Meramec rivers are the princi- pal water courses, and they afford, with their numerous larger and smaller affluents, all the necessary water for stock and farm use. The former meanders along the southern border of the county, through a rough and broken land; its flow is very rapid, and aft'ords many excellent sites for water-power, being, perhaps, not excelled by any other stream of similar size in the State. The eastern and southern tiers of townships are heavily timbered with pine; the balance of the county, with oaks, walnut, hickory, and other varieties. Only few and small prairies are found within the limits of this county. Many fertile bottom lands are situated along the rivers and creeks. The soil on the uplands is sandy, with clay, and generally productive. Iron, lead, copper and zinc make this coun- ty rich in mineral wealth. Immense deposits of red hematite and blue specular iron ores of excellent quality are found most every- where in the Ozark range. Some sixty deposits are known, and others are discovered every little while. Sinimonds' mountain is considered only second in size to Iron mountain, covering about ;{()2 AN ILLUSTKATED thirty acres, and about ninety feet above the surrounding plateau. This, and some other banks, are extensively worked, shipping about five hundred tons daily. The leading occupation of its in- habitants is fiirming. The leading agricultural productions are wheat, oats, corn, hay and potatoes, producing large average yields. The county is well adapted to the growth of tobacco, and large quantities of a very fair quality are raised annually. The St. Louis and Little Rock railroad forms a junction at Cuba with the Atlantic and Pacific. This road furnishes the means of transportation, but the leading market is, as yet, at home, only the iron ore being exported to any great extent. The townships composing the county are Current. Franklin, Huzzah, Linn, Mera- mec, Norman, Osage, Sinking, Spring Creek, Texas, and Watkins. The first settlements in the county were made in 1828 and 1829, and among those who came a few years after was Lewis Dent, from whom the county received its name. The earl}' settlers endured all the privations incident to their removal, in the Avant of mills, post- office, etc., none being nearer than one hundred miles distant, in the recent war the county was the seat of two regular engagements and many skirmishes, in which the Confederates were badly de- feated. Many of the inhabitants left their homes, and for a while the county was nearly depopulated. Salem, the county seat, is located near the center of the countj^ and was settled first in 1852, by F. M. Jameson. The other villages are Benton, a station on the St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock rail- road, and Howes on the same road. Douglas county is in the southern part of the State, on the south side of the Ozark mountains, being separated from the State of Arkansas by Ozark county. Its surface is broken, and was en- tirely covered with timber, there being no prairie land within its area. The county contains 810 square miles, being about forty- five miles in length, from east to west, and eighteen miles from north to south. The county is drained by several streams, first among which is Big Beaver, which runs along the western line of the county, and possesses valuable water-power. Bryant creek runs through the center and the entire width of the county, and offers many eligible mill-sites. The north fork of White river flows through the eastern part of the coui>4y, which offers similar in- ducements for manufacturing purposes. The bottom laud on these streams and their many affluents, are extremely fertile, and the tim- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 36'S ber is abundant and excellent. The county had in 1870 a population of 3,915, which number has since increased. Douglas county wtis named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, and was organized October 19, 1857. Its territory was increased in 1864, by additions from Webster and Taney counties, and in 1872Gt.herchang-es were made. Iron and lead have been found in some localities. The townships are Benton, Boone, Buchanan. Campbell, Cass, Clay, Finley, Jackson. Lincoln, Spring Creek, and Washington. There are no lines of railroads passing through the county. The Atlantic and Pacific is some thirty miles north-west. Ava is the county seat. It is thirty miles south-east of Marsh- tield, on the Atlantic and Pacitic railroad. Vera Cruz, formerly the county seat, is situated on Bryant's Fork, ten miles south-east of Ava. Falling Springs^ Little Beaver, Prior's Store, xlrmo, Rich- ville, and Salt Road, are small settlements. DuNKLiN" county is the western portion of the peninsula- like section of country which runs down into the State of Arkansas, some thirty-five miles, and is from twenty-five to thirty miles in width, lying between the Mississippi and the St. Francois rivers; the county of Pemiscot being between Dunklin and the Missis- sippi river. Both these counties originally belonged to the terri- tory now comprising the State of Arkansas, and were not included in the State of Missouri, when she was admitted into the Union, in 1820. The inhabitants, however, were, in all respects part and parcel of the inhabitants lying north, and subsequently, on the petitions of its citizens, it was annexed to Missouri. The first settlement was made in 1829, b}'' Jacob Taylor and others. It was organized February 14, 1845. The greater part of the county is susceptible of cultivation, soil very productive being nearly all river bottom. There is but one hill, and no rocks in the county. Almost the entire surface is covered with timber, there being but two small prairies in the county. Little river runs through the south-east corner, and Varner's river through the western part. There are no other rivers or creeks, but there are a great many sloughs, some running entirely across the county; others, after running several miles, and forming large islands, flow back into the St. Francois river, from which they all start. There is no water- power suitable for machinery. The tiinber is as fine as any in the State, consisting of the different varieties of oak, hickory, black- walnut, poplar, cypress, mulberry, black and sweet gum, and various 364 AN TLLITSTRATED other kinds. There is enough timber to prove adequate to all demands for many years. Few minerals are found in the county, and no mines are in operation. Bog ore, copperas and coal are found in small quantities. The leading occupation of the inhabi- tants is agriculture. The chief productions are corn and cotton. Cotton is almost the only article raised for export. Castor beans are raised to some extent. The townships are Clay, Freeborn, Four-Mile, Halcomb's, Independence, Salem, and Union. There are no facilities for the transportation of produce to market, except b}^ wagons, over roads of the poorest description. Kennett is the county seat. Clarkton is the largest village in the county. It is in the midst of a fine farming district on West Prairie. Cotton Plant, Cotton Hill, Four-Mile, and Homersville are small settlements. Fkanklin" county lies w^est of the counties of St. Louis and Jetfei-son, which separate it from the Mississippi river. Its entire northern boundary is washed by the Missouri. The Meramec river passes through the entire south-eastern portion, while the Bourbeuse, rising in the south-west, and flowing north-east, drains the central part of the county. Both of these streams, as well as some of their tributaries, furnish reliable water-power. A high ridge runs through the county from north-east to south-west, from which the streams on one side flow into the Missouri, and on the other into the Meramec. Along the streams are found large areas of rich alluvial bottom; the greater part of the uplands are un- dulating, and some portions quite broken. The roughest and most broken lands, where explorations have been made, have been found rich in valuable minerals. Underlying the most of the uplands are magnesiau limestone, and the "Bluff " or " Loess," as named by Prof Swallow in his geological report, forming a rich soil and subsoil. Timber is abundant. The rocks of Franklin county, be- long to the Lower Silurian system, and are geologically below the coal, but rich in iron, lead and copper — the first two being widely and abundantly distributed, and the latter found at what is known as the Stanton mine in the southern part of the county, where a large quantity of metal was once extracted. These mineral lands cover about 125,000 acres, and are not adapted to agriculture. Considerable mining has been done along the line of the Atlantic and Pacihc railroad. Extensive banks of superior sand f()r glass arefnind at Pacihc City. Franklin embraces about 560,000 acres. HISTORY OF MlSSOnu. .'ifiS Jtjs^the largestcount}^!! the State. • The first settlements were made in this county in the latter part of the last century l)y French adventurers engaged in hunting and trapping. Daniel Boone re- sided here for a time in 1803. The county was formed from the county of St. Louis in 1818, and the seat of justice located at New Port, which was on the high bluffs, near the mouth of Boeuf river, but was removed to Union in 1830. The great agricultural and horticultural resources of Franklin, its salubrious climate, va- riety and abundance of minerals, its proximity to St. Louis, with its abundant facilities for communication in every direction by river or rail, will soon make it the home of a dense population. The townships of the county are Boeuf, Boone, Boles, Calvy, Cen- tral. Lyon, Meramec, Prairie, Union, St. John's and Washington. Union, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on the Bourbeuse. fifty-five miles from St. Louis, and seventy-five miles from Jeffer- son City, It was first settled by G. Fockler about the year 1829, became the seat of justice in 1830, and was incorporated in 1851, which was superceded b}' a special charter in 1874. Washington is the principal town of the county, and is beautifully situated on the Missouri river, ten miles from Union, and fifty-four miles west of St. Louis. The town was first settled as early as 1815, and incorpor- ated in 1841. The packing of pork is carried on to a large extent. It is a thriving place of business, and has all the elements of pros- perity. Pacific is situated on the Meramec river, and on the At- lantic and Pacific railroad, at its junction with the Missouri Pacific. The town is partially in St. Louis county. It was first settled in 1852 by W. C. Inks. Excellent facil-ities are afforded for manufac- turing purposes. Large quantities of sand suitable for the manufac- ture of glass are found here. The other villages and settlements are New Haven, on the Missouri river; Moselle, on the M. P. R. R., nine miles from Pacific, a shipping point for the Moselle Iron Works; Dundee at the mouth of Beef Slough; Catawissa. Roberts- ville, St. Clair. Berger, Boeuf Creek, Gray's Summit, Grabville, Jepan, Labadie, Sullivan, South Point and Virginia Mine. Gasconade county is in the east-central part of the State. Its eastern and western boundaries are Franklin and Gage counties. It has all the varieties of surface known to Missouri — bluffs, ridges, prairie and rich bottom lands. The Gasconade and Bour- beuse run through portions of the county, and the Missouri forms the northern boundary. The Frame. Little Berger. Boeuf, and 366 AN ILLUSTRATED First, Second and Third creeks are the other streams of the county. Timber is abundant. The land bordering on, and for fifteen miles back of the river is broken. The county has a high repu- tation for the culture of the grape, and it is estimated that over a thousand acres are devoted to its cultivation. Apples, peaches and other fruits receive much attention, and are a profitable article for market. A lead mine was opened on the Bourbeuse, but aban- doned for want of proper machinery to exclude the water. Silicate, sulphuret of zinc and coal have also been discovered. The town- ships of the county are Boeuf, Boulware, Brush Creek, Burbois, Canaan, Richland, Roark and Third Creek. The first settlers came into this section as early as 1812. The county was named from its principal river, and was taken from Franklin and organized in 1820. It was reduced to its present limits in 1869. On the banks of the Gasconade river, there were formerly a number of saltpeter caves which were profitably worked. Small quantities of this article were shipped to St. Louis. The greater portion was used in the manufacture of gun powder of which, at one time, there were a number of manufactories in the county. '' Some of the caves are very large, consisting frequently of a suc- cession of rooms joined to each other by arched walls of great height. The walls are uniformly of limestone and often present the most beautiful appearance. When these caves were first dis- covered, it was not unusual to find in them Indian axes and ham- mers, which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked for some unknown purposes by the savages. It is difiicult to decide whether these tools were left here hy the present race, or by another and more civilized which preceded them. It is unusual for savages to take up their residence in caves, — considering them places to which the Moniteau resorts — and they not being acquainted with an}^ of the uses of saltpeter, and would rather avoid than collect it; the circumstance of finding these tools in the cave, would of itself, perhaps, furnish slight evidence that the country of the Gasconade was formerly settled by a race of men, who were acquainted with the uses of this mineral, or Avho exceeded them in civilization, or the knowledge of the arts; but there are other facts connected with these about which there can be no mistake. Near the saw-mills, and at a short distance from the road leading from them to St. Louis, are the ruins of an ancient town. It appears to have been regularly laid out, and the dimen- plMliilliiliiiliil! JOSEPH L. McCULLOUGH. UlSTOKY OK MIStfOUKl. 367 sions of the squares and streets, and some of the houses can yet be discovered. Stone walls are found in different parts of the area, which are frequently covered with huge heaps of earth. Again, a stone work exists about ten miles below the mills. It is on the west side of the Gasconade, and is about twenty-five to thirty feet square; it appears to have been originally built with aa uncom- mon degree of regularity. It is situated on a high bald clitf, which commands a fine and extensive view of the country on all sides. From this stone work is a small foot-path leading to the cave, in which was found a quantity of axes. The mouth of the cave com- mands an easterly view, and also a view of the path to the building referred to, which maj' have been erected to some imaginary' deit}'." Herman, the county seat, is on the Missouri and Pacific rail- road, and also on the Missouri river. The town was first settled by the German Settlement Society, of Philadelphia, in the year 1837. In 1845, it was made the county seat. The population is composed mainly of Germans, many of whom are engaged in the culture of the grape, and other fruits. The other villages and settlements are Morrison, eleven miles from Herman; Gasconade Cit}', at the mouth of the river of that name; and Drake, Bays Gasconade Ferry, and Canaan. Gextry county is in the north-west portion of the State, twelve miles south of the Iowa line, being separated from Iowa by Worth county. The surface is generally rolling or undulating, with the exception of the bottom lands along the ditterent branches of Grand river. The great body of the land is prairie of the richest quality, and is well adapted for both stock-rais- ing and grain-growing. There is a large belt of oak timber extending through the county from north to south, several miles in width, and on which, when cleared and well farmed, grows the best of fall wheat. About one-third of the county is timber, and of a fine quality for building, fencing, and other purposes. The soil is a very black, rich, loam, and not one acre in five but is adapted to cultivation. There is but one river in the county — Grand, running in a south-easterly direction through it, and meandering in a way to aff'ord large bottoms. It is fed by numer- ous streams, running in from east to west, and furnishing all the necessary water for stock. Coal is found near Ellenorah. It is thought to exist in abundance beneath the soil. The climate, in general with all of north-west Missouri, is mild and healthful. 868 AX ILLUSTRATED ' There are no swamps, nor wet lands; the air is dry and bracing.. The heat of summer is tempered by constant breezes. The occu- pation of the inhabitants is principally farming. The townships of the county are Allen, Athens, Bogle, Cooper, Greene, Howard, Huggins, Jackson, Miller, Smith and Wilson. Gentry was first settled, in 1840, by some families from Clay and Ray counties, or- ganized inlSil, and named in honor of Colonel Richard Gentry, There has been considerable immigration to this county since the civil war, mostly Eastern people. The land is of excellent quality; the climate healthy, and mild. Albany, the county seat, formerly called Athens, is pleasantly situated a short distance from Grand river, about three hundred and twenty-five miles from St. Louis. The other villages in the county are: Gentryville, an active town on Grand river, eight miles south of Albany; and Havana, Island City, King City. Mount Pleasant, Philander, Bahlsville, Ellenorah and New Castle. Gkeene county is is situated in the south-western part of the State, and extends over the highest summits of the Ozark moun- tains, which here attain an elevation of about 1600 feet above St. Louis; the county thus forms a part of the great dividing ridge be- tween the lower Mississippi and the Missouri. The general sur, face of the county is undulating and broken, with rich and fertile prairies in the western and south-western parts, and rolling timber- land in the south-eastern and eastern. The large, gently undu- lating prairies have a dark mulatto or brownish red soil, from six inches to five feet in depth, with a darker colored subsoil with stone and gravel. About two-thirds of its surface is covered with tim- ber, a part of which is hilly, and in some localities stony. The soil is excellent, and even on the stony hills is found fine pastur- age ground set with blue grass. The county is well watered by many fine rivers and creeks, and there is probably no other county in the State possessing more fine springs, some of which are power- ful enough to drive machinery, with water as clear as crystal. The larger streams are very rapid, and afford unrivalled water-power. Timber is abundant for all present and future practical pur- poses, and some extensive pineries are also found within its limits. The county possesses two natural bridges, and many large caves, out of which flow some of the cleai*est and most beautiful springs in the world. The celebrated Knox or Lincoln cave lies some seven miles north-west of Springfield. It is about 1,000 yards in length, HISTOUY OF M188ULa:i. 309 and contains many spacious apartments, caverns or niches. In its most remote depths, a beautiful stream flows, with water some ten feet deep, and of perfect clearness and purity. The county is well supplied with manufacturing establishments. Al)out 2.000 acres of government land, of poor quality, are in this county. The in- habitants are mostly employed in farming. The agricultural staples are wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, tobacco, hay and fruits. Large quantities of wheat are raised annually. This county claims to be one of the best fruit-growing counties in the State; its alti- tude above the level of the sea, the excellent natural drainage and mild climate, make it particularly well adapted to the culture of all fruits, and many large orchards are found scattered over its surface, producing annually a large quantity of good fruit. The grape also succeeds admirably. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad have about thirty miles of track, and the Memphis, Springfield and Kansas City railroad, has more than that number graded, affording excel- lent means for transportation. The county, since the war, has received a very fair share of the immigration, and is rapidly filling up with an industrious class of citizens. It is well sui)plied with public schools. Springfield, the county seat, is pleasantly situated near the centre of the county, a short distance from north Springfield, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, and about one hundred and ten miles from Jefferson City. It was settled in 1833; incorporated as a qity in 1847; and is a place of much business importance, being the principal city in south-western Missouri, and having also the trade of north-western Arkansas and south-eastern Kansas. Before the civil war, it had a population of about two thousand, but during that conflict it suffered much, being disputed ground, and occupied alternately by the co)itending forces, and was the scene of some brilliant military exploits. Since the war it has had a steady and healthy growth. The completion of the Atlantic and Pacific rail- road, in 1870, did much for the city as well as for the county. It is the seat of Drury College. It has excellent public schools. Three miles south of the city is the National Cemetery, where fourteen hundred of the Union soldiers found their last resting place. Through the bequest of Dr. Thomas Bailey, a fine soldiers- monument has been erected on these grounds. North Springfield is situated on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, two hundred and forty-one miles from St. Louis. It is a growing place, and is the •^70 AX ILLTTSTKATKD railroad shipping point for Springfield from which it is about a mile distant. Ebenezer is one of the earl}^ towns of the county, and was settled nbout 1835. Three miles north is an Indian mound, which is a place of resort for tourists. Cave Spring is a small settlement, fourteen miles from Springfield. It is named from a si)ring that comes from fissures in the rock near by, and is also an attractive place for tourists. Pairgrove, sixteen miles north-east from Springfield, is a small town. Ash Grove, in the north-western part of the county, is a pleasant village. Geundy county is situated in the central-northern part of the State, in the second tier of counties, south of Iowa. It is twenty two miles North and South, and twenty-one miles East and West. The upland prairies — about two-thirds of the area — are gently un- dulating, and contain a rich soil of deep black mould. The prairie here is well diversified with timber. One-third of the county is up- land and ridges, mostly covered with timber. The latter is found along the water courses, of which there are a great many, and some of them afibrding excellent water-power. The East fork of the Grand river passes through the county in a southerly direction, and with its numerous tributaries furnishes an abundant supi)ly of pure water. Coal has been found in several localities, and at Trenton a a shaft has been sunk and worked with some success. Wood is abundant and cheap. A considerable amount of business has been carried on in furnishing railroad ties, which are shipped to differ- ent states — particulary to the Kansas roads. There are four flout- ing mills, some twenty steam saw-mills, one large woolen factory, and a few cheese factories, which comprise the manufacturing in- dustries of the county; population about 12,000. The townships of the county are Franklin, Jefferson, Libert}', Madison, Marion, Tren- ton, and Washington. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific rail- road enters the county on the north boundary, runs southerly, and passes into Daviess countj^ in the south-western corner. The Quincy, Missouri and Pacific passes through Trenton. The first settlements were made in 1834. The county was organized in Jan- uary 1841, and named in honor of Felix Grundy, of Tennessee. Since the civil war there has been considerable influx of immigra- tion — a majority from Ohio, and other western states. Trenton, the county seat, (located in 1843) is situated on the east side of Crooked Fork, a tributary of Grand river, one hundred and thirty -one miles north-west by wpst of Jefferson City, and on IIISToitY OF .MlSSOl'lJT. 871 the Chiiago. Ilo. k Isiauil and Pacific railroad. It is located on a high bluif that was originally covered with timber, and is a place of considerable business importance. The stream here is spanned by a truss bridge. The Trenton high school is an institution of high reputation. The building was erected at an expense of $20,000, with accommodations for five hundred or more scholars. Trenton was first settled about 1840, and incorporated in 1857. Edinburgh is a pleasant village,,on a prairie six miles west of Trenton. An excellent educational institution, known as Grand River College, established in 1854, is located here. Spickardsville, on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, is a flourishing town. Tindall, Rural Dale, Lindley, Buttsville. Grinnell, Alpha, and Hickor}' Creek, are small villages and settlements. Harrison county is located in the north-western portion of the State, bordering on the Iowa State line. About two-thirds of its surface is undulating. It has a good, black loam soil, resting on clay, which, if subsoiled, displays great producing strength; the other one-third is broken. About two-thirds is prairie — one- third timber-land. The East Grand river is the principal water- course, and with many smaller creeks and streams, affords an abundant supply of water for farm and stock use. The facili- ties for transportation to market are two railroads, one running east, and the other south of the county. In the extreme northern part of the county, farmers are favored by another railroad, run- ning near the Iowa boundary line. St. Louis and St. Joseph are the principal markets. Some mining has been carried on at Mt. Moriah. There is much coal undeveloped, underlying different l)ortions of the county. The townships are Bethany, Butler, Clay, Cypress. Dallas, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Sugar Creek, Trail Creek, Union, Washington and White Oak. John Conduit, Reuben Macey, and William Mitchell, were the first settlers, they locating here about 1839. The county was organized February 14th, 1845, and named in honor of A. G. Harrison. The county seat was located in 1845, and the first county court was convened the same 3'ear. Bdhanij, the county seat, is situated on a fork of the Big creek, near the center of the town, and surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. It was settled in 1845, by emigrants from Ten- nessee, and was incorporated in 1858. Brooklyn, ten miles north of Bethany, is an old settlement. Cainsville, seventeen miles east of 872 AN ILLUSTRATED Bethany, is a thriving place. Eagle, fifteen miles north of Bethany, has a population of seven hundred. It is in the midst of a good farming country, and is a prosperous town. Akron, Bolton, Sampson's Creek, Mount Moriah, Martinsville, and Mitchel- ville, are small villages. - Henry county is located in the central- western part of the State, and is bounded on the north by the county of Johnson, east by Benton and Pettis, south hy St. Clair, and west by Bates and Cass. It contains nearly 500,000 acres. Of this land there is not over one-thirtieth that can be considered waste land, and this is often densely timbered; and with other timbered lands furnishes an ample supply for all practical purposes. The climate is healthy with short and mild Avinters. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad runs diagonally through the county, furnishing direct com- munication from Sedalia, on the Missouri Pacific railroad to the State of Texas. The general surface of the country is undulating; the soil rich and fertile, with numerous water-courses. Two of these are classed on the government returns, as rivers; Grand, which runs directly through the centre of the county from west to east, and the Osage which forms part of the south- eastern boundar3\ The principal creeks are Deep Water, Big^ White Oak, Tebo, Honey, and Bear. Coal of good quality under- lies the greater part of the county; it is regularly and exten- sively mined along the line of the railroad, and used throughout the countr}'. The manufacturing establishments are adequate to the demand. Corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the agricultural staples, and they usually yield large crops. Other cereals and vegetables are also grown successfully for home consumption. To- bacco was formerl}'' grown to some extent. The exports are chiefly flour, wheat, neat stock, hogs, horses and mules. The townships forming the county are Big. Creek, Bogard, Deep Water, Grand River, Osage, Springfield, Tebo, and White Oak. The Osage In- dians formerly occupied the territory, now embraced in Henrj- county, and even for years after their removal to the Indian territor}^ they returned every season to enjoy for a time their old hunting grounds. The white settlers began to come in about 1830, and in 1834, a settlement began near the present site of Clinton. The name of the county originally was Reins, being organized in 1831:, and named in honor of William C. Reins, of Virginia, who subse- quently turned his political coat and became a whig, whereupon lilillll!!llilll!illlliil5!!i:!':il;i;ii!i:l!iaii:li:i!li!l:!l!i!il!:l!l!lil!lB EDWARD c. Mccarty. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 87;> the citizens of the county made a successful effort to clian<;e the name to Henry. The early settlers were mainly from Kentucky and Tennessee. The civil war was the cause of much sutierinii and immense loss of property to the inhabitants of this county. They were strotiifly represented in both arn:ies. and were ( vei-run by pred- atory bands from each of the contendino; forces. Many of the in- habitants left home and property and fled. There was a great influx of immigration, however, immediately after the war, and up to the year 1870. and lands rose rapidly in value. Clinton, the county seat, is situated on the north bank of Grand river, and on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad, about two hundred and thirty miles from St. Louis. It is the principle town in the county. The other villag-es are Calhoun, eleven miles north- east of Clinton, on the M. K. & T. R. R; Cousville, on the Grand river; Germantown, on Deep Water creek; Montrose, thirteen miles south-west of Clinton; Windsor, twenty miles jiorth-east of Clinton; and Carrsville. Leesville, Gaines' Farm, Galbrath's Store, Huntingdale, La Due, Davis Station and Lucas. Hickory county is situated in the south-western part of the State. The surface is generally rolling, and with some rocky hills and ridges; about two-thirds of it is covered with fine groves of timber; the rest is prairie. These prairies situated in the eastern and western portions of the county are gef.tly rolling, and are pn^ductive. The timber-land forms a broad belt on either side of Pomme de Terre river, which flows from south to north through the center of the county. The timber on the hills comprises the different kinds of oak; while large walnut, oak, ash, hickory, maple and sycamore are found in the bottoms. The soil is of almost every kind, from the richest alluvial bottoms to the flinty ridges. Black loam with clay subsoil, susceptible of a high state of cultivation, forms the soil of the prairies. The princi[)al minerals found are lead and nickel. The former is found in a ter- ritory covering an area of about one-fourth of the county. Three or four mines are worked at present, and there is one smelting fur- nace, now not in operation. Nickel mines have been discovered. Iron and copper are also found. The staple productions are corn, wheat, oats, and timothy. Tobacco and cotton are little grown, the former only for home comsumption. The facilities for trans- portation of the products are limited, there being no railroads pass- ing through the county. Tlie principal market is Sadalia on the 374 AxN^ ILMTSTKATED Pacific railroad, and Lebanon on the Atlantic and Pacific, each road being about forty miles from the county seat. But little of the pro- duce or stock is shipped directly from the State. The townships of the county are Centre, Greene, Montgomery, Stark, and Tyler. The first settlements were made in, or about 1838. During the civil war, the county suff'ered like many others, by its occupation by both contending armies. Since the war it has grown steadly in population and resources. Hermitdfje, the county seat, is located near the centre of the county, on the Pomme de Terre river. Its nearest railroad station is Lebanon in Laclede county. It was first settled about 1845 or 6, and became the county seat in 1817. Wheatland is a small village about five miles west of Hermitage. The other settlements are Black Oak Point, formerly a place of some business, but was destroyed during the war; Cross Timbers, eight miles north of Her- mitage; Elkton, Pittsburg and Quincy, in the north-western part of the county. Holt county, is one of the six counties organized from the terri- tory acquired by the United States by treaty with the Missouri, Sac and Iowa tribes of Indians, in 1836, and added that year by act of Congress to the State of Missouri. The county is situated in the north-western part of the State, Atchison county lying between it and Iowa, and the Missouri river forming its south- western boundary, separating it from Kansas and Nebraska. The general surface is undulating; prairie and timber nearly equal. It is watered by the Nodaway, Big and Little Tarkeo, Mill, Kenzie's, and Davis creeks, and numerous springs. The bottom lands of the Missouri river comprise more than one-third of the county. These lands are connected with the bluffs,, some of which -are from 125 to 200 feet high. The soil of this prairie is a sandy loam and very productive, and the bluffs and hills are well adapted to fruit cul- ture. The inhabitants are almost wholly engaged in farming and fruit culture. The Missouri river and the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluff's railroad, furnish all the desired facilities for market. Holt contains the following townships: Benton, Clay, Dallas, Lewis, Nodaway, and Union. Tiie first settlements in the county were made in 1835, by J. Kenzie, Dr. G. B. Thorp, James Miller, S. C. Collins, and Colonel Kelly. The first three were from Tennessee. It was named after David R. Holt, of Platte county. It was organized in 1841, by the name of Nodaway, and JIISTOKY UK MISSOIIKI. 375 included adjacent territory. On the loth of February, 1S41, it was cliauged to Holt, and the present limits established January 2d, 1843. The tirst circuit court was convened in 1841. David R. Atchison, presidiug. In March, 1841, the first county-court was held, H. G. Noland, J. Crowley, and Joshua Adkins being ap- pointed justices. Oregon^ the county seat, has an elevated and pleasant situation south from the center of the county, about twenty miles north of St. Joseph. It Avas first settled in 1841, and incorporated as a city in November, 1857. It has a good court-house, a very superior pub- lic school; and the county Mechanical and Agricultural Association have suitable buildings here. There are six churches, a newspaper office, fifteen to twenty stores, and a population of one thousand. Bigelow, on the K. C. St. J. & C. B. H. R., is thirty-nine miles north of St. Josei)h — has a population of nearly three hundred. Corning is a station on the same road, in the northern part of the county, half a mile from the Missouri river. Forest City, twenty miles north of St. Joseph, is a flourishing place of business, though it was much injured by the war. It has a population of si.v oi- seven hundred. Grant, Mound City, Elm Grove, Whig Valley. Craig, and Ricliville, are small villages and settleuuMits. Howard county is one of the original old counties of Missouri. The tirst wliite men to penetrate within its wilds were the famous Lewis and Clark, who, in their expedition up the Missouri.in 1804. traversed a considerable part of what is now the county areii. especially the southern portion. Settlements were begun in 1807 and 1808, and in 1810 quite a little neighborhood was established at Cooper's Bottom. In the following year there were a few settlers located near where Forts Hemstead and Kincaid were after- wards built. Of these early pioneers, Benjamin Cooper was among the first who, with five sons, emigrated from Madison county, Kentucky. The names of Hancock, Thorp, Brown. Berry, and Ashcroft, are also made honorable by their being among these hardy settlers. William Thorp, a Baptist minister, came to the settlement in 1810, and was probably the first to minister to the people in holy things. These settlers had to contend with the cun- ning and ferocity of the red men; and several of their number, after bravely defending themselves, were overpowered and slain, while others fell a sacrifice to the aml)uscade of the wily savage. Tradition has it that the first of these victims was Jouathan Todd and Thomas ;)7() AN ILLUSTRATED Smith. The former, after being ruthlessly butchered, was beheaded and his he:id fixed on a pole, aud the hearts of both were taken from their bodies and stuck upon sticks at the side of the path. After perpetratin.i^- these fiendish outrages, the Indians set fire to the woods, thus obliterating their trail. In those early days the principal food of the inhabitants was venison, with a little corn- bre;id made from meal ground with small circular hand-mills made of stone; sometimes hominy scalded in lye. The fir.st horse-mill in the county was built at Fort Kincaid in 1S15, and Avas a source of great congratulation to the inhabitants. Owing to the extreme hostility of the Indians, and the consequent wars, from 1S12 to 1815 there was but little immigration to the countr}', aud the people were compelled to find safety by residing within the forts, several of which had been erected in the neighborhood. But in March, 1815, to the inexpressible Joy of these dauntless pioneers, a treaty was concluded with their dusky foes, by the terms of which the wliites came into peaceful possession of the territory which they had suffered so much to defend. Howard county, named in honor of Benjamin Howard, former governor of the Tei-ritory^ included at the time of its organization, Januar}' 23, 1816, all that part of the State north of the Osage river, and west of Cedar creek, and the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and Missouri. In the following July, the first court was held at Cole's Fort, Judge David Barton, presiding. In 1817, the couut}" seat was established at Franklin, where it reuiained until 1823, when it Avas removed to its present location, Fayette. For some years Franklin took a high position among the towns west of the Mississippi river. It enjoyed its local newspaper, the Frank- lin " Intelligencer," and was the center of trade for a large circle of the surrounding countr}'. The first steam-boat up the river (twelve days from St. Louis) arrived here in May, 1819, on which occasion a public dinner was had, at which toasts were offered, speeches made, and a grand good time enjoyed generally. The first flat-boat on the river was built in 1818. The first election of which we find any record was for delegates to Congress, held in 1819, John Scott and Samuel Hammond being chosen, re- ceiving one hundred and thirty-four and one hundred and thirteen votes respectively. In 1820, the county Avas reduced to its present limits by the erection of Boone and Chariton counties; thirty-eight others having been in part or entirely formed within its original com- SAMUEL C. MAJOR, Sr. HISTOllY OF MISSOURI. 377 pass. It now contains an area of lour hundred and sixiy-three square miles, with a frontage on the Missouri river of forty-three miles. There are no considerahle rivers within its borders, butuum- erous creeks, some of them quite large. Water-power is very lim- ited, and steam is generally used as motive-power. The soil is a clay loam, very fertile and productive, and was originally nearly all covered with timber, with two small upland prairies and two bot- tom prairies, both of which are now cultivated. There is an abund- ance of coal in the county, but as yet little has been done to bring it to the surface. Oak, elm, ash, black and white walnut, lime, Cottonwood, black and Avhite hickory, sugar and white maple, and many other varieties of woods are found in its forests. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, the principal staples being wheat, corn, hemp, hay, tobacco, oats, rye and potatoes. The county is peculiarly adapted to the growth of tobacco, and the crop is being increased year by year. The educational facilities of How- ard are good. Besides enjoying an excellent grade of district schools, averaging six months in length, it has within its limits several institutions of learning of a high order. Central College, located at Fayette, under the management of the Methodist Epis- copal Church South, has a good reputation, and is well patronized, as is Howard College an industrial school for young ladies, at the same place. Pritchett Institute in Glasgow is also a school of soane importance. Fayette is the county seat, and is a pleasantly laid out town of some two thousand inhabitants, located near the centre of the county. Glasgow also is a town of considerable importance. It is on the Missouri river, and having both r.iilroad and river commun- ication, it has grown into quite a shipping point for the ricii agri- cultural country by which it is surrounded. Howell county is in the southern tier of counties on the Arkan- sas line. The surface is generally rolling with a southern slope. The timber is pine, white, black and post oaks and hickory. In the southern and western parts are small prairies. The many valleys which are found on the water courses are fertile. The up- lands produce all varieties of grains, and tobacco, in great abund- ance. The soil on the uplands is principally a sandy loam, with a subsoil of red oily clay, impregnated in man}'- localities with iron. Some of the ridges are covered with sandstone, flint and conglom- erate rocks. The county is well watered by many fine streams, fed 878 AN ILLUSTRATED by a great number of clear, cold springs. Iron and lead are found. The inhabitants are almost wholly employed in agriculture. To- bacco and cotton of fair qualities are raised. There was consid- erable immigration to this county after the war, mostly from Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee and Kentucky. The townships are Benton, Dry Creek, Groldsberry, Howell, Myatte, Sisson, Spring Creek, and Willard Springs. The earliest settlement was made on or near the present site of West Plains, about 1838, but the in- crease was slow, and it was not until 1857, that Howell county was- organized from Oregon and Ozark counties. The late war nearly ruined this section of country in population and personal property in so much that at the advent of peace, it is said, not more than fifty families, with an aggregate population of some three hundred were left in the county. West Point, the county seat, is a small village, near the center in Howell Valley. It has recuperated since the war, and now has a population of about four hundred. Frankville, and Chapel, are small settlements. Iron county is situated in the south-eastern part of the Statp- The divide of the Ozark runs through from east to west; the sur- face is hilly and broken, so that not more than one-twentieth of the area is considered arable, though much of the mountain land, now considered worthless, except for timber, could be made profit- able for vineyards and fruit. The county is full of springs and streams. The tillable lands lie in narrow valleys. The soil gener- ally consists of yellow and red clay, with numerous alluvial bot- tom lands. Timber is superabundant in the hills; generally white oak and pitch pine. In the larger valleys, and for ten or twelve miles around the iron works, the best timber has been cleared off. Iron is everywhere, and every variety and quality of ore, ex- cept red hematite, which, though found in many places, has as yet not been found in large bodies. There are iron mines at Pilot Knob, Shepherd's mountain and Hogan's mountain, with a furnace at Pilot Knob. Iron mountain is on the east line of the county and there are two furnaces. A lead mine has been opened. Granite and Kaolin ochres are abundant. The Granite quarries employ as many as six hundred men. The granite for the bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis, for the State House at Spring- field, Illinois, and the Custom House at St. Louis, was quarried in this county. Species of copper and zinc are found. The occupation. of HISTOIJY OF MISSOURI. 379 the inhabitants is mining and agriculture. The St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad passes through the entire length of the county from north to south. The townships are Arcadia, Dent, Iron, Kaolin, Liberty aud Union. It is related that Ephram Stout was among the first white men who came into the country now comprised in Iron county. He settled in Arcadia Valley, and was soon after joined by others, and the location becume known as Stout's settlement. It was organized in 1857 from five adjacent counties, and the county seat established at Iroiiton, although there was no town except in name. During the late war. Iron county was a point of considerable importance to the federal authorities; forts were erected and a military post ■ established. There are many natural curiosities in this county, and the scenery is very romantic. A cave in Dent township is of great e.xtent, and never fully explored. The '"Granite Quarry," the " Cascade," the "Shut In," and the ''Stony Battery," are all places of interest. //•oy//on, the county seat, is situated on the St. Louis and Iron i\Iountain railroad, seven miles south from Iron mountain, aud eighty-eight miles from St. Louis by rail. It was first settled in 1853, became the county seat in 1857, and was incorporated in 1859. The village lies on the eastern slope of Shepherd mountain, and extended into the valley at its base. It contains a substantial court-house, erected at a cost of $14,000, a brick jail, Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian churches, a flounng mill, public school, a bank and newspaper office. It is a noted place of summer re- sort. Pilot Knob is on the line of the Iron Mountain railroad, and is a place of considerable business. It was incorporated in 1867. Arcadia is situated one mile from Ironton in Arcadia valley, and on the line of the I. M. R. R. Arcadia College is located here. It has a fine building, and affords educational advantages of a high order. Annapolis, Cross Roads, Hogan Mountain, Germanville, and Middlebrook, are small villages. Jackson county is bounded on the north by the Missouri river; on the east by Lafayette and Johnson; on the south by Cass; and on the west by the State of Kansas. Long before the dawn of the present century, the country around the great bend of the Missouri river was explored, aud in a manner occupied by white men, for purposes of trade with the aboriginal inhabitants; but it was not until 1808, that the United States established a fort and trading post, at Fort Osage, near or upon the present site of Sibley. 380 AX ILLUSTRATKI) The Indian title to the land, however, remained intact until 1828, when it became the property of the federal government, and at once immigration to this most desirable country commenced. On the 15th of December, 1826, the county was organized, and the ensuing July, the first county court was convened at Independ- ence, Henry Burris, presiding. The rapid settlement of this por- tion of the State was in a measure prevented b}^ the locating of lands donated to the State of Missouri for educational purposes, which were not put upon the market until 1832. The Mormon troubles also retarded its progress, from 1830 to 1834, when the " Latter Day Saints" had been driven over the Missouri river. Its history since that date has been one of steady growth and pros- perity. The general surface of the county is gently undulating, except near the Missouri river where bluffs abound. The lands are about equally divided in timber and prairie. The latter have a rich alluvial soil of an average depth of two feet. The bottom lauds of the Missouri are of unusual fertility. There is an ample amount of timber well distributed through the various sections of the county for all necessary purposes, mostly found skirting the many water courses. It is also well supplied with large and small creeks, and never failing springs, aflFording an abundant sup- ply of water for farm purposes. The principal streams are the Big and Little Blue, Big Tinabar, and their tributaries. Excellent building stone are found in the county; also beds of bitumen coal, in the eastern part. The coal lies near the surface, but it is not mined, except for home purposes. The soil of the county is very productive. Large crops of the various kinds of agricultural prod- ucts are raised. Having the Missouri river for its northern bound- ary, it is the shipping point of some half a dozen counties lying in its vicinity. The amount of business carried on in the different towns of the county is large; there being but two or three counties that pay a higher tax into the State treasury. In 1870, its popu- lation was 55,041, exclusive of Kansas City, which had 32,260; in 1860, 22,913; in 1850, 14,000; in 1840, 7,512; and in 1830, 2,823. In 1870, there were forty-six religious orgnizatious, and forty-one churches, valued at $318,500, of which seven were Baptist; three Christian; five Episcopal; ten Methodist; eleven Presbyterian; and four Roman Catholic. The value of real estate was f 13,446,- 380, and personal property 12,656.952. The amount paid Slate, County, Town and City taxes, was $617,179. There were 195,134 H18TUKY UK Ml.sSOUKI. o81 acres of improved laud, valued at $10,319,689. and the value of farm productions ??1,615.999. The number of ba.shels of wheat raised was 312,084; of corn 1,504,439. There were also invested in mills $248,- 500; in their products, §1,095,080. The townships of the county are Blue, Fort Osage, Kaw, Prairie, Sniabar, Van Buren, Wiishing- ton, and West Port. The Missouri Pacific railroad enters the county nearly midway of its south line, and runs in a north-west- erly course to Kansas City. Kansas City is situated on the Missouri river, -three quarters of a mile below the mouth of Kansas river, near the western l)ound- ary line of the State, and in the township of Kaw. In early days, the Kansas river was called the Kaw river, and the " Kaw's Mouth," was a noted place among the Indian traders and mountain trap- pers, who came here to exchange their furs and peltries for pro- visions and stores. There are but few cities in the west that have grown so rapidly as this. The situation is elevated and pictur- esque, commanding a fine view of the river, and of Wyandotte city, in Kansas. The town was first regularly laid out by J. C. McCoy, in 1846, from which time its first permanent growth may be dated. The original plat embraced two hundred and fiity-six acres, but since that time inany additions have been made to the city. What is known as McGee's addition embraces thirteen hundred lots, some of which are among the most beautiful and eligible ones for residences in the city. The city is situated upon broken ground, and but a portion of either the business or resident portion can be seen from any one point. Mercantile business was commenced at this point about 1840, and the trade with New Mexico, soon afterwards. This latter branch of industry and en- terprise rapidly increased until its business amounted to several million dollars annually, even before the town was incorporated. In 1856, the first banking house (Northop & Co.) was established, at w^hich time the population was not far from one thousand. The tide of emigration to Kansas about this time, improved the pros- pects for business in Kansas City, and, in 1860, it had a population of about four thousand. But the war came on, and the town was occupied as a military post; many of the business men left with their families; and the advent of peace found everything prostrated, and a decreased population. By the construction of the Missouri Pacific railroad, the Cameron branch of the Hannil)al and St. Joseph road and the Missouri river bridge, it became a considerable 382 AN ILLUSTRATED railroad center, and the days of prosperity began. It is doubtful if, in the history of the west, there can be found a town that has had a more rapid growth. In 1870, the city contained a popula- tion of more than thirty-two thousand; and, during the inter- vening time, hundreds of thousands of dollars had been expended in public improvements. Kansas City is one of the large stock shipping points of the west. Stock-yards covering an area of some thirty-five acres are provided, through which, hundreds of thousands of cattle and hogs are passed on to market annually. The Kansas city bridge, across the Missouri river, was finished in June 1869. Its length is fourteen hundred feet, with twenty-three hundred and eighty feet of approach on the north side. The entire expense was $1,093,186. The city is well supplied with street railways. The water-works are regarded as very fine. The " Reservoir "' and " Holly " system are combined. The water is taken from the Kansas river, raised into reservoirs, having a capacity of seven mil- lion gallons. It is then filtered through gravel, and then raised to the distributing reservoir, whence it flows to all parts of the city. In educational facilities, Kansas City is fully up with the times. Fourteen school-houses, chiefly of brick; sixty teachers, each with an average salary of above seven hundred dollars; a mem- bership of about forty-five hundred; and school property estimated at two hundred thousand dollars, summarize this branch of its pub- lic interests. There are some thirty difiereut religious organiza- tions, covering all shades of belief, with a large number of secret societies. It has five daily and seven weekl}^ newspapers; besides, several monthly and bi-monthly publications. The " Journal of Commerce," was started as a weekly, under the name of "The Kansas City Enterprise," in September, 1854, by David K. Abeel and Wil- liam A. Strong. In 1855, the paper was purchased by R. T. Van Horn. On the 1st day of January, 1857, the name was changed to " The Journal of Commerce." On the 15th day of June, 1858, it appeared as a daily and has so continued until the present time. In February 1872, it was transformed into a stock company. In August of the same year, Isaac P. Moore, became a stockholder in the " Journal Company," who since, as president, has been the bus- iness manager. William W. Bloss is a stockholder, and also the present managing editor. Mr. Van Horn has retained the editorial control since his connection with the paper in 1855. With one exception, the "Journal of Commerce," is the oldest daily paper HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 383 in the State. It is republican in sentiment. The other dailies are: the ''Times," a democratic paper of large circulation and influ- ence, the "Times Publishing Company,'" publishers; the "Post and Tribune," German republican, conducted by Wurz and Lampe; the "News," four pages, " News Printing Company," publishers; and the " Chronicle," established in 1874, " Chronicle Publishing Company," publishers. Independence^ the county seat, is in Blue township. It is about four miles from the Missouri river, 300 miles from St. Louis, and 150 miles from -letferson City. It is located on high rolling land, with a gentle declivity in all directions, and is connected with a well populated and rich agricultural district. Three sides of the town are bordered by groves of native forest trees, which add much to the beauty of the place. Among the early settlers were John Bustleson, L. W. Boggs, J. R. Swearingen, Robt. Rickman, James and Daniel King, Russell Hicks, J. and S.C. Owens and S. D. Lucas. The town was laid out in 1824, and was for a long period a trad- ing point for the traders of the plains from New Mexico, and sul> sequently, Utah as well. In 1827, some Mormons came here from Kirtland. Ohio, under their Prophet, Joe Smith, and settled around the village and commenced operations for the building of a Tem- ple, but before it was far advanced the indignation of the inhabi- tants was roused, and they were compelled to leave. The town was organized December 15th, 1826. It was incorporated March 7th, 1849, and its charter so amended, in 1853, as to extend the limits of the town to the Missouri river, — a distance of two and a half miles from the public square. The court-house is a substantial brick building, with porches supported by Roman-Doric columns on its north and south sides. The public square embraces about three acres, and is enclosed by a neat iron fence. There are three hotels, and a large number of mercantile hou.ses, some of which transact a large business — a number of large and substantially built churches of the different denominations. The Independence Female College, established in 1854, is an institutioi\ of much re- pute. There are many expensive private residences, surrounded by tall forest trees, and handsomely arranged grounds. The first railroad in the State was built and put in operation at a cost of about $30,000, between Independence and the river, before Kansas City was projected. There are extensive manufactories, ware- houses and trading-houses doing a business with the interior 384 AN ILLUSTKATJiD amounting in the aggregate to several millions of dollars yearly. Westport is a post village on the west line of the State, four miles from Kansas City. It has a pleasant and healthy location, and, be- fore Kansas City was projected, was an important out-fitting point for traders, and trains starting for Santa Fe, New Mexico, and the Rocky mountains. Much of this trade has since been diverted to the last named place. The country adjacent to Westport is of good qualit}', and an excellent agricultural district. The village was incorporated February 12th, 1857, and had a population, in 1870, of 1,095. Other villages in this county are Sibley, Lone Jack^ New Santa Fe, Pink Hill, and Ray. Jasper county is in the south-western part of the State. The surface is undulating prairie, but hilly and heavily timbered in the southern part, which abounds in minerals. About one-third of the area was originally covered with fine forests, but it is now gradu- ally changing to prairie, — the timber mostly bordering the mar- gins of the water-courses. About one serenth of the whole area is bottomland, with a black alluvial deposit of great fertility. Tlie prairies also contain excellent soil, unsurpassed in fertility, of a black or red color, and the "mulatto," the most valuable of all soils. The county is well watered by many beautiful creeks and streams, but chiefly by the Spring river, which meanders through the county, dividing it in two almost equal parts. It, and its man}' tributaries, are fed by springs Avith water as clear as crystal. The climate is salubrious, without extremes of heat or cold, with mild winters, and is healthy. The mineral resources of this county may well be called inexhaustible. Lead is found in large quanti- ties. The hidden wealth, and improved facilities in labor, have made the mines very remunerative. Jasper county may be regarded as one of the valuable mining districts of the country. The amount of pig lead exported from the city of Joplin in one year has been over eighteen millions of pounds. Zinc mining has also become an important interest. The townships of the county are Centre Creek, Georgia, Jackson, Jasper, Marion, McDonald, Mineral, Northfork," Preston, and Sarcoxie. The educational interests are well conducted, and the schools are justly the pride of the people. The school-fund, excepting the county of St. Louis, is the largest in the State. The Memphis, Carthage and North- Western railroad, has a track of thirty-six miles, running from south-east to north- west, connecting on the east with the Atlantic and Pacific, and on ?rA^^ iiisroitv uF MissouKi. 885 tlie west with the Missouri River, Fort Scott aiK^ Gulf railroad. John Jewell, an ludiuu trader, was among the earliest settlers. In 1834, Ceutreville was laid out, now called Sarcoxie, and the county was organized January 29th, 1841. Thriving towns sprang into existence, and it had a steady and healthy growth until the war, when it was overrun, and in common with its sister counties was almost depopulated. With peace, however, came new life. Its in- habitants returned, its villages and public buildings were rebuilt, and Jasper is fast taking a foremost position among the counties of the State. Jefferson county is situated on the Mississippi river, in the eastern part of the State, and was formed from parts of St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve. The general surface of the county is broken and hilly, and some of the highest ridges attain an elevation of nearly 500 feet above the level of the Mississippi river. These are very narrow, separated by deep ravines, but often rise by a suc- cession of terraces to the general level of the plateau. The soil along the creeks is a rich alluvial, embracing about one-third of the whole area, and producing very large yields of corn. The up- lands, though not nearly as rich, yield fine crops of wheat, and can- not be surpassed for fruit growing and viticulture. These high- lands are rolling and well timbered with the different kinds of oaks, liickor}', walnut, ash, and other species of trees generally found in Missouri, furnishing the necessary timber for all practical purposes. The county has several large rivers, such as the Meramec, on the northern boundary; Big river in the western part; Joachim, in the central, and the Plattin, in the eastern part of the county, which, with their numerous affluents, furnish all the necessary water, and considerable water-power. Springs of pure water also abound, and some contain medicinal properties. The scenery in some parts of the county is sublime; and i)icturesque sites for private resi- dences are found along the track of the railroad. The mineral re- sources, although not extensively developed, are promising, consisting chiefly of iron, copper, zinc, and lead; the latter is the great mineral product, and is quite extensively mined and smelted. This county is peculiarly adapted to fruit-raising. Apples and peaches produce abundantly. Much attention is given to grapes, seven hundred acres being in vineyards. The St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad traverses the county from north-east to south- west. The Missouri Pacific passes near the boundary in the county 38() AN^ n. LUST RATED of Franklin. The townships are Big River, Central, Joachim, Mer- amec, Plattin, Rock, Valle. The early history of Jefferson county runs back twenty-five years before the advent of the present cen- tury, scattering settlers coming in, and engaging in farming, hunting and salt-making. About 1800, cotton and flax began to be cultivated, which supplied them with material for clothing, aside from the skin of animals, which before had been chiefly used for this purpose. After this the country slowly but steadily in- creased in population until its county organization was effected in 1818. Hcrculaneum, now obliterated, was the count}'^ seat; but it was removed in 1835 to Hillsboro, the present site, and in 1839 the court-house was built.' Hillnboro, the county seat, is situated about four miles from the I. M. R. R., near the center of the county, thirty miles from St. Louis. De Soto is on the same road, six miles from Hillsboro, and is the most important town in the county. It is the point from which the lead and zinc are shipped to market. Crystal City, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Plattin creek, has a plate-glass manufactory. Kimmswick, twenty-one miles from St. Louis, is a flourishing town. Vineland. House's Springs, Pevely, Hanover, Gleuwood, Avoca, Antonia, Frumet, Hematite, Sulphur Springs, Victoria, and Rush Tower, are small villages and settlements. Johnson county is one of the largest counties in central western Missouri. Its surface is mostly a rolling prairie in the western part, and hilly in the eastern, where there is an extensive growth of young timber. About four-fifths of the area is pniirie, the rest timber-land. Timber is abundant. The soil throughout the en- tire county is very rich and productive, being for the greater part limestone soil, except near Warrensburg and vicinit3\ The prairie soil is well adapted to the growing of cereals and grasses of all kinds. The county is well watered by many large and small creeks, fam- ishing all the necessary water, but only very little water-power. The Columbus mineral springs, well known on account of the medic- inal properties they possess, are located in this county, and many invalids derive benefit from their curative properties. The i)rinci- pal mineral found is bituminous coal, which is abundant in almost every part of the county: cannel coal of good quality occurs in the north central part of the county. The great coal-fields of the county, however, lie in the eastern part, near Knob Noster, and some of the mines have been worked on an extensive scale. Ochre of good quality cq . .j^, .yrc^t^^xi^r~< -^tn^xy H18T()KY OF MISSOUHl. 387 occurs also. A fine quality of cement rock is found south of Wiir- rensburg, from which cement, fully equal to the article produced at Louisville, is manufactured. The Wairenburg sandstone, of which there are laro^e quarries near the town of VVarrensburg, are becom- ing celebrated. Large quantities of this stone are shipped to St. Louis and other cities for building purposes. The manufacturing interest of the county is in its infancy. Johnson county is decid- edly a fruit growing country, a large quantity of excellent fruit being grown for market. St. Louis and Kansas City are the prin- cipal markets, the former for produce and the latter for fruit, which goes mostl}' to the territories. The townships are Chil- liowie, Columbus, Grrover, Hazle Hill, Jackson, Jefferson, Kings- ville, Madison, Post Oak, Rose Hill, Warrensburg, Washington. The educational interests of the county are steadily increasing. It has superior schools. The Second District State Normal School is located at the county seat. The first settlements were made about the year 1833. The county was organized December 13, 1834. It has steadily grown in wealth and resources, except during tiie war, since which time, there has been considerable emigration from the eastern States, of an enterprising and intelligent class of people. Warren.sinrg^ the county seat, is located near the center of the county, on the line of the Missouri Pacific railroad, two hundred and eighteen miles west of St. Louis, and pleasantly situated on high ground, watered by clear cold springs, and surrounded by a well settled agricultural community. It was laid off in 1835, by John and Martin Warren, in honor of whom it was named. In 183C, the first term of the county court was held here. It was incor- porated as a town in 1846, and as a city in 1855. Knob Noster is in the eastern central part of the county. It derives its name from a prominent mound or knob that stands isolated in the plain. It is a place of considerable business, having good coal deposits adjacent. Holden is on the M. P. R. R., at the junction of the M. K. & T. R. R., and is a place of some business importance. Knox county is located in the north-eastern pai't of Missouri, about twenty-five miles south of the Iowa State line, and the same distance west of the Mississippi river. It was organized February 14th, 1845, and named in honor of General Henry Knox. The general surface of the county is undulating, with many bottoms along the rivers and streams. About three-fifths of its area is small rolling prairies, none largei- than from three to four n.iles 388 AN ILLUSTRATED wide; the remaining two-fifths is timber-land. The soil is a rich loam, underlaid with a strong, yellowish clay, which is very pro- ductive. The many water-courses are skirted with timber, some- times ver}' large bodies; but in many locations the bottoms are destitute of timber, and are covered with a luxuriant growth of wild grasses. The townships forming the county are Benton, Centre, Fabius, Greensburg, Jeddo, Lyon, and Salt River. The Quincy, Missouri and Pacific railroad runs through the county from east to west. The first settler in the county came in 1832. The county has received large additions to the population since the war, mostly Irish and Germans. Edina is the county seat. Laclede county is in the south-central part of the State, and was formed from the county of Pulaski, and named in honor of the founder of the city of St. Louis, Pierre Laclede. It is situated on the high table lands of the Ozark range, about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, and necessarily possesses a pure and healthy atmosphere. The surface of the county is varied from the level and gently undulating prairie and table-lands, to the rugged hills along the water-courses. The most prominent streams are the Gasconade river, in the east, the Big Niaiigua river, in the west, and the Ozark fork of the Gasconade, in the south. These rivers afford an immense, yet unimproved water-power, and abound in excellent fish. The bottom lands along these streams, and the great nunilxir of creeks, which meander through this county, are unsurpassed for fertility. Timber is abundant. Brown hematite iron ore has been found in several places, and also lead and zinc, but no mines have been developed. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. The leading products are wheat, corn, oats, rye, and potatoes. Fruits succeed admirably. The principal exports are wheat, tobacco, and live stock. The town- ships of the county are Gasconade, Hooker, Lebanon, Osage, Smith, and Union. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad traverses the county from north-east to south-west, for a distance of up- wards of forty miles. Laclede county was first settled by emi- grants from Tennessee. During the civil war, the county was overrun by the contending armies. About two-thirds of the pres- ent population have come to the county since the war. Lebanon is (he county seat. Lafavette county is situated in tiie western part of the State, bounded o\\ the nortli by the Missouri river. It was organized III.sTOKY OF Missontl. 389 November 16, lS2i». iVoiu n part of Cooper county. This county has long been noted lor the richness of its soil, the abundance of its water, the excellence of its climate, and the wealth and refinement of its citizens. Its general surface is high and rolling, about three- fourths priiirie and one-fourth timber. A higli ridge passes south of its centre, separating the tributaries of the Missouri from those " of the La Mine. Tlie county is well watered Ijy many streams, affording an abundance for general [)urposes, l)utonly limited water- power. Along these streams are found fine groves of timljrr, such as walnut, oak, hickory, elm, ash, hackberry, Cottonwood, and other varieties, with an undergrowth ot ha/elnut, pawpaw, and grapes. Timber is abundant for all practical purposes. The soil is a light, rich, sand}- loam, mostly underlaid with limestone. The bottoms of the river are unsurpassed for their productiveness. Coal is abundant in nearly every part of the count}', and especially so in all the river bluffs; is of good quality, averaging about 22 inches in thickness. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- culture, and the leading staples are corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, tobacco, hemp, and hay. The commodities for export are mainly wheat, tobacco, hemp, cattle and hogs. The county is exceedingly well adapted to the raising of all kinds of fruit, and orchards are many, producing large yields of fine fruit. The principal market for this county is St. Louis. The townships composing the county are Clay, Davis, Dover, Freedom, Lexington, Middleton, Sniabar, and Washington. The first settlements were made in the years 1815 and 1816. When the county was first organized it received the name of Lillard, and the county seat was located at Mount Vernon 10 miles below Lexington. It received the name of Lafayette in 1831, with the boundaries now existing. Lexington^ the county seat, has an elevated situation on the bluffs of the Missouri river, and on the Lexington and St. Louis railroad, fifty-five miles from Sedalia. It was first settled in 1817. It is the shipping point for a large and fertile agricultural district. But few cities in the State will compare v/ith Lexington for beauty and desirableness, as a place of business. The educational advantages are superior. Besides the public schools, there are a Seminary for young ladies, a private high school, and a good school for col- ored children. The villages and settlements are Concordia, an en- terprising town on the L. & St. L. R. R., (a German settlement); Waverly, on the Missouri river, a flourishing place of business with 390 AN ILJ.USTHATKD several churches, and business houses doing a large shipping trade; Mayview, Mt. Hope, Wellington, Napoleon, Dover. Chapel Hill, Higginsville, Aullville, and Berlin, are all promising towns. Lawrence county is situated in the south-western part of the , State, — Barry county separating it from the State of Arkansas, and Jasper and Newton from Kansas. This county lies on the table- lands of the Ozark mountains, about 1,309 feet a))Ove the level of the sea. It is about equally divided in prairie and timber-land, the former level, or gently undulating and well drained, and the latter more broken. The north-eastern pari of the county is hilly and densely timbered, while the timber in the remainder is well distrib- uted, skirting the many streams which aftbrd all the necessary water for stock and farm use. About one-half of the surface of the county is rich alluvial bottoms. Some of the high dividing ridges are dry, with a rather inferior soil, and sometimes rocky. There are numerous indications of iron and lead. The leading oc- cupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. Fruit culture is car- ried on with much success, and great quantities are raised annually, always finding a ready market. The townships are Buck Prairie, Green, Mount Pleasant, Mount Vernon, Spring River, Turnback, and Vineyard. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad passes through the county from east to west, in the southern part, with twenty-five miles of track; and the Memphis, Carthage and Northwestern has three miles of track in the south-western part. The county is well supplied with public schools, and it has a good number of eiccellent teachers. It was first settled in 1831, b}^ John Williams and his son. from Tennessee. The number of inhabitants did not increase fast, and the C(junty was not organized until 1845. The county seat was located at tlie present site. Mount Vernon, on the 4:th of July of the same year. The first court held after the locating of the county seat, was presided over by C. S. Yancy, Thomas Hash being clerk. The county was the scene of many skirmishes during the war, between small parties of union men and confederates. One village was destroyed and a large number of dwelling-houses burned, and men wantonly killed and their property sacrificed. Leavis county is in the north-east corner of the State, bounded on the north by the county of Clark, which separates it from Iowa, and east by the Mississippi river, which separates it from the State of Illinois; and contains 320,560 acres. The general surface of the ;/ /7 a-^- IIISTOKY OK MIssoHHi. 8t)l county is undulating— well diversified, about one-half of it being \vi 11 timbered, and the other half fine upland prairies. Along the whole river front, some twenty-five miles, is ii rich, wide, allu- vial bottom, with excellent soil, aud very deep. The upland prai- ries have a black, rich, and friable soil ol from twelve to twenty- four inches in depth. Tlie bluff land, along the Mississippi river, is excellent for the cultivation of fruit and" grapes. The county is well drained by several rivers beside the " Father of Waters." The principal ones are the South, Middle and North Fabius, and the Wyaconda rivers, which give plenty of water for stock, and also water-power for milling, and other purposes. The timber of the bottom lands is chiefly ash, elm, hickory, maple, and on the uplands, oaks, hickory,* walnut, and other varieties, Coal of good quality has been discovered in several portions of the county. Limestone of excellent quality, standing well the frosts of winter, is quarried. The county has two railroads i)assing through its ter- ritory — the Mississippi Valley and VV^estern, twenty-three miles, and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, twenty-seven miles. The for- mer passes through the county along the banks of the Mississippi from north to south, and the hiiter crosses the southern part of the county from east to west. ' The county is furnished with am- ple educational facilities, much interest being manifested in educa- tional matters by the citizens. About 1819, John Bozarth settled in that part of Lewis county now embraced in Marion. The in- crease of inhabitants was not rapid, and the organization did not take place until 1832. the new county being named in honor of Meri weather Lewis. Moiitkdlo^ the county seat, is in the centre of the county, on the North Fabius river. La Grange is situated ten miles from Quincy. It is pleasantly located on the bluffs. The La Grange college is located here. Canton is the shipping point for the county, and is located on the Mississippi river, 175 miles above St. Louis. It was first settled in 1827, and now has an enterprising population. Considerable manufacturing is carried on. Lincoln County is located in the eastern central part of the State, and bounded on the east by the Mississippi river, which se{>- arates it from the State of Illinois. The general surface is rolling; al)out one-third is prairie, and the rest timber land. The soil is very productive, of great de()th, and especially so in the bottoms. Besides the Mississippi, the county is well watered by many rivers ',\{)'2 AN ILJ.USTliATED and creeks. The principal river is the north and west Cuivre (or Copper), uniting near the centre of the county, and flowing in a south-easterly direction, .into the Mississippi. Coal strata, of im- mense thickness, sometimes twenty feet, and of good quality, underlie many square miles of the count}^ Iron has been found, but not developed. White sand, of great purity and freedom from minerals, excellent for the manufacture of glass, abounds in the central part of the county; also blue and white limestone, of good quality. Much interest is taken in educational matters, and in some sections of the county progress has been rapid. Good school-houses and teachers are found in almost every sub-district. The townships forming the county are Bedford, Clark, Hurricane, Millwood, Monroe, Prairie, Union, and VVaverly. Abuut the com- mencement of the present century, Major Clark commenced a settlement in what is now Lincoln county, and was soon after joined by others. Jeremiah Grroshong also came into the country about the same time, and during the first decade quite a number of inhabitants had found their way to this beautiful aud fertile land. The county was organized from a part of St. Charles, Dec. 14th, 1818. The first term of court was held in April, 1819, Judge Todd presiding. The first county court ^^as held in January, 1821. The county seat was first established at Monroe, in 1819 or 1820, by a commission appointed for the purpose, but it was removed to Alex- andria in 1823, and in February, 1829, was removed to its present location — Trny. It was settled early in the century, aud occupies the former site of Wood's Fort. LiiSTN" county is in the northern central part of the State, and was organized from Chariton, January 7th, 1837. The surface of this county, as approached from the east, consists of alternate prairie and timber, stretching away to the north and south. About three-fourths of the county is prairie, and the rest timber. The soil is productive. The county is well watered by many fine streams, flowing from north to south, which aflford good water- power, and are all skirted b}' tirubei', of good qualit}', consisting principally of the different kinds of oaks, walnut, hickory, elm, Cottonwood, and other varieties. The timber on Locust creek is the most abundant. Along the streams very fertile bottoms are found, which become more valuable every year, as they become less swampy. Formerly small branches, now tributary to the larger streams, spread over the bottoms, forming large swamps, /Cc<^^^c^<^ /\ ^---^^^^^L^.^^ IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 393 which are now arable, cuusetl by the tramping out and eating otF of the swamp grass by numerous herds and flocks, and thus allow- ing the branches to cut themselves channels to the main creeks. The mineral resources are coal, mineral paints, clay of dilFer- ent kinds, and excellent building stone. The principal agricul- tural staples are wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, and potatoes. Much attention is being paid to stock-raising, to which the county is well adai)ted, having yet an abundance of good ranges. The same may be said of the cultivation of fruits. The county has good facilities for transporting their surplus produce to market. The schools are in a prosperous condition, and the cause of education is progress- ing. The larger towns have fine school-houses. Linn county is made up of the townships of Baker, Benton, Brookfield, Clay, Enterprise. Jackson, Jefferson, Locust Creek, North Salem, Par- sen's Creek, and Yellow Creek. The first settlements in the county were made in 1832. The opening of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad through the county brought a large immigration with it. LIntieus is the county seat. Laclede is a growing town, and Brookfield is a place of considerable business. Livingston county, is in the north-western central portion of the State. It has an area of 509 square miles, or 333,952 acres. The earliest settlement now known of any permanence, was not made in the territory now embraced in Livingston county, until after the extinguishment of the title of the aboriginal inhabitance, in 1833. Previovis to this time, some trading had been carried on with them, but finally, even this was abandoned, on account of their extreme hostility. In 1837, the county was organized and named in honor of Ed vy'ard Livingston, Secretary of State, under President Jackson. The first county court was held a few miles north of Cliillicothe, at the house of Josei)h Cox, one of the justices. The first circuit judge, was Austin A. King. Its surface is about equally divided into timber and prairie — the timber lands producing a large growth of all the varieties of oak common to f he State; also, walnut, hickory, elm, raaple, cotton-wood, and sycamore. The prairies are generally rolling upland, rich, ami unsurpassed for agricultural purposes. The county is more than ordinarily watered by Grand river and its affluents. No minerals have as yet been found in the county, though indications of copper and iron are occasionally met with. Coal is found in vario,us Jocalities, and has been worked to some ex- tent, but has not proven profitable. Building stone abounds, and 394 ^N ILLUSTRATED also good fire clay The county is well supplied with flouring mills. The townships are Blue Mound, Chillicothe, Cream Ridge, Fair- view, Grand River, Green, Jackson, Medicine, Monroe, Moores- ville, and Wheeling. The Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern, and the Chillicothe and Des Moines railroads furnish transportation. The principal markets are Kan- sas City, St. Louis and Chicago. C////h"(^o^//e, the county seat, is one of the largest places in the interior of north Missouri, and the emporium of the Grand river Valley. It is pleasantly located near the centre of the county on a high prairie, on the H. & St. Joseph R. R., ninety-five miles from Kansas City, and on the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R. two hundred and fifteen miles from St. Louis. It is au important shipping point. Its business prospects, are exceedingly favorable. Utica lies four miles west of Chillicothe on the H. & St. J. R. R. It has a good water-power, the Grand river, and is surrounded by au intelligent and thrifty community. It was laid out in 1839. Bedford contains fine farming lands, and it is well supplied with coal and timber; and also has a good water-power. It was laid out in 1843. Dawn is a Welsh settlement, six miles south of Utica. The other villages and settlements are Mooresville, Spring Hill, Wheeling, Ik'dford, Avaton, Farmersburg, and Sarapsell. Macon county was organized in 1838. The townships are Be- vier, Bloomington, Callao, Chariton, East Chariton, East Inde- pendence, East Liberty, Hudson, Independence, Jackson, La- Plata, Liberty, Middle Fork, Narrows, Richland, Russell, Ten Mile, Walnut Creek, West Chariton, Western District, West Independence, and West Richland. The surface is gently rolling, with hills adjacent to the water-courses. The soil is mostly clay, mixed with sand, and a black loam in the fertile bottom lands on the Chariton river, which are about two and a half miles in width; other bottom lands on the middle and east fork are about one-half mile wide. The water-courses are the Grand Chariton and its tributaries, which afford all the necessary stock-water, and also some water-power for manufacturing purposes. Timber is abundant for fencing, building and other purposes. Bituminous coal is the only mineral, the average thickness of the strata being four and one-half feet. The climate is mild and healthy. Corn, wheat, oats, grass and tobacco are chiefly raised. Tob:icco forms the article for export. The public schools are in a flourishing and prosperous HlSTUliY OF MISSOUKI. 395 condition, and there are two Colleges and one Seminary in the county. The first settlements were made in this part of Missouri about 1831. The county was organized in 1838, the first circuit judge being Hon. D.ivid Todd. Ininiigration was slow, however, until it received impetus by the construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad in 1858. The present population of the county is something over twenty-three thousand. Macon Citif, the county seat, is situated lit the junction of the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad with the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, one hundred and sixty-eight miles north- west of St. Louis. In 1859, the town of Hudson was united with it, by vote of the citizens of both towns. It is a place of much business importance. Bloomiiigton is the oldest town in the county, and, until 1863, was the county seat. It is situated on the middle fork of Chariton river, and was formerly a place of much importance. The other villages and settlements are Callas, La Plata, Love Lake City, New Cambria, Sue City, Summit, Wood- ville, Atlanta, and Bevier. Madison county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, about one hundred miles south of St. Louis. It embraces an area of about five hundred square miles. The surface is rough and broken, with granite and porphyry hills, some of which rise to a height of .seven hundred feet above the level of St. Fran- cois river. The bottom-lands are very well watered — the big St. Francois river on the west, and Castor river on the east side of the county, extend entirely through it, both running in a southerly direction, and their numerous tributaries meander through it in every direction, while a multitude of clear springs gush out from the hill-sides. The larger streams afibrd excellent water-power; as yet unimproved. The county is well timbered, not having any i)rairie within its borders. The timber consists principally of oaks, yellow pine, walnut and hackberry. The soil along the valleys of the streams is generally sandy and gravelly, yet very productive. Bat few sections of country, of the same size contain more minerals, and of a greater variety, and some of them in large quantities. The well known " La Motte Lead Mines," worked as early as 1722, have produced annually, since 1830, over one million pounds. Gold, silver, nickel, copper, bis- muth, antimony, zinc, lead, manganese, iron, arsenic and cobalt are found in the lands of the La Motte Lead Company. Lead and 396 Ajff ILLUSTRATED N iron are inexhaustible, and are found in nearly every section, as well as copper; and the largest and richest deposit of nickel and cobalt known in tlie world, is found in this county. A great amount of iron, lead and nickel, is mined. In 1874. there were three of the best smelting farnaces, at this mine, on the continent. A tin mining compan}^ have erected a furnace, at a cost of $15i).- 000. One copper mine was worked, and four iron banks. In the years 1872-3 and 1874, a half million dollars' worth of nickel was ship[)ecl. The nickel used by the government, for coining, com^s principally from these mines. Kaolin, lire clay, sandstone, lime- stone, grind and burr-stone, yellow and red ochre, sulphur, silex and fluor-spar also abound. The leading occupation of the inhabi- tants is mining and agriculture. The townships of the county are Castor, Frederickstown, German, Liberty, Polk, St. Francis, St. Michael's, and Twelve-Mile. Madison is one of the oldest settled counties of the State, and the mines were worked by the In- dians and Spaniards as early as 1770. A village was established about the year 1800, known as St. Michael, and the Spanish gov- ernment made liberal grants for settlement and cultivation. The town finally decayed, and nothing was left to designate its loca- tion. It was organized in 1818, from Ste. Genevieve and Cape Girardeau counties. The county has received large accessions to its inhabitants within the last four years, from eastern States. Frederickstown is the county seat, and the principal business towL- ; settled about 1820. Maries county is located in the south central part of the State, and contains about 313,000 acres of land. The surface presents a great variety of soils. The uplands in the western part are very productive, — the eastern not so rich. It is well watered, princi- pally by the Gasconade river, which very nearly divides the county in equal portions. This river is remarkable for the vast bodies of rich bottoms, and dense forests of timber. There are only two small prairies — the Lane's and Spanish prairies — in the county; the former an andulating plain and ver}" productive. Vast deposits of iron ores are found; chiefly around the Lane's prairie, and in the western part where the Crismon and the McCogthein banks are situated. There are also indications of lead and coal. A number of caves are found among the bluffs bordering on the Gasconade river. The majorit}' of the settlers are engaged in agricultural pur- suits. The nearest railroad on the south, is the Atlantic and Pa- lll8TUi:V OF MISSULTIJI. 397 cific, and on the north the Missouri and Pacific — neither of which enter the cou uty. There are seven townships: iioone, Dry Creek, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Miller and Spring Creek. Maries was formed from the north part of Pulaski, and tiie southern portion of Osage counties, by an act ai)proved March 2, 1855, and the early settlements were made from 1838 to 1842. Vienna, the county seat, is the only place of business importance in the county. Marion county is situated upon the Mississippi river, in the north-eastern part of the State, and was originally a part of Rolls county, from which it was organized, December 23, 1826: the first court being held the following March. It was as early as the latter part of the last century that the first white settlers came into this portion of the State. Bouvet, a French trapj^er. located on the river, above Hannibal, and others soon after joined him. During the first quarter of the present century, quite a large num- ber settled in the country, and Palmyra became important as a trading point with the Indians. Soon after its organization, the population began to increase more rapidly, and since that time its growth has beeu steady and reliable. The eastern portion of the county, bordering on the river, consists of rich bottom lands, extending from one to three miles back to the uplands, where the}' merge into them. There is for some six or eight miles west, with now and then a small belt of white-oak land, a large quantity of elm land, and immediately Avest of this lies the prairie white-oak lands, with numerous rich bottom lands on the rivers and creeks. About one-half of the county is prairie, the other is timbered. It is drained by North and South Fabius, Troublesome, Saline and Grassy creeks, North and South rivers, and a number of smaller streams. The large streams afford water-power. Minerals have not been discovered to any extent. Coal is found in small quantities; Potter's cla}^ is also found. The population of the county in 1870, was 23,780; leading occupation of the inhabitants, agriculture. The townships are Fabius, Liberty, Mason, Mider, Round Grove, South River, Union and Warren. Palmyra, the county seat, is situated on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, fourteen miles from Hannibal. It has a command- ing elevation, and is a prosperous town. The city has a number of never-failing springs in, and adjacent to it, furnishing the in- habitants an abundant supply of water. The business houses are generally of brick, the streets regularly laid out, and the residences. 398 ^^ ILMrsTUATP]D churches, and educatioual institutions, surrounded by grounds ornamented with shrubbery. It is the centre of a large and thrifty farming county, and an enterprising community. Hannibal is the most important town in the county, or in this section of the State. It is the eastern terminus of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, and Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. At this point the Mississippi river is bridged, and communication opened with the railroads of Illinois. It was incorporated as a city in 1839. The corporate limits embrace about 3,000 acres of land. The amount of business carried on here, and sent by railroad, is very large. The bridge over the Mississippi, built in 1870-71, cost nearly $500,000. Hannibal college is located here. Other villages are North River, Sharpsburg, Springdale, Hester, Taylor, Wood- land, Philedelphia, West Ely, W^ither's Mills, Warren, New Mar- ket, Naomi, and West Quincy. McDonald county is situated in the extreme south-west corner of the State. The surface is rolling and hilly, with many fine prairies and valleys. The bottoms are rich and fertile, and the.soil on the uplands is well adapted to fruit and grapes. The flat woods, covering a large area, are very fertile, adapted to wheat and tobacco. The hills are covered with a dense growth of timber, consisting principally of pine, cedar, oaks, hickory, walnut, and ash. The county is well watered. The largest stream is the Elk river, which passes almost through the center of the county, and is navigable for flat-boats. Numerous springs of the purest of water issue from the sides of the hills, and afl'ord, with the many creeks, abundant stock-water. On many of the rapid streams are excellent sites for mills, and other manufacturing establishments. Minerals have been discovered in different parts of the county, principally lead. Iron and tripoli are also found, the latter in large quantities. The climate is mild and healthy. Grapes and fruit are grown successfully, and yield abundantly. Wild grapes, — and some of them equal to the tame varieties — grow luxuriantly on the hillsides, and in the valleys. Grape culture is engaging the at- tention of many farmers. The leading exports are corn, wheat, lumber, live stock, and fruit. With cheap homes in the fertile valleys and bottom lands, the county has attracted considerable immigration from Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. The townships are Buffalo, Cooper, Elk, Elk Horn, Elk River, Erie, Fox, Honey Creek, Montana, Pineville, Prairie, Richwood, Rutledge, UlS'lH)liY OF MISiSOUia. 399 and White Rock. Tlio first settlements iu the county were made in 1830. by August J. Friend, P. Williams, and others, whose families numbered about forty souls. It was organized March 3d, 18i9. Educational matters in this county are in a tiouri.shing condition, great interest being manifested in the common schools. Pineville is the county seat, located near the centre of the county, on Elk river. Mekuer county is situated in the northern part of the State, in the fertile region known as the " Grand River Valley," midway between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It was formerly a part of Grundy county, and as such, the first settlements were made about 1837, but it was not organized until ISio, when it was named in honor of General Mercer, of revolutionary memory. The county seat was located in Februarj^ 1847. During the civil war, Mercer was one of the most loyal to the government, and bore her share of the burden of sustaining it. Princeton, the county-seat, was first settled in 1840, but not laid out until 1847. Ravenna, is the second town in the county. It was laid olf in 1857, and incorp(n-ated in 1869, and now has about three hundred inhabitants. Cleopatra, Goshen, Linville, Middlebury, Mill Grove, and Pleasan- ton, are towns in this county. The population of Mercer county in 1870, was 11,557, nearly half of whom were native-born Mis- souriaus. The surface is undulating, and consists of about equal parts of prairie and timber. The soil of the prairie is mostly a sandy, rich loam, with some white clay lands, much of which is not yet cultivated. The timber land is generally more compact, and better adapted to wheat. The county is well watered by streams, skirted with a heavy growth of timber on both sides. Grand river with an average width of thirty-five to forty feet, and a depth of about two and a half feet, is the principal water-course; is a clear and rapid stream, affording many excellent mill privileges and other manufactories. The county has now several flouring, saw and woolen mills; three llouring mills are run by water, and one by steam. Coal is found in many parts of the county. Fire-clay, sand and limestone are abundant. The principal productions com- prise corn, wheat, rye and oats, which are, with the exceptions of the first, largely exported. Fine orchards are found in great num- bers all over the county, which produce well, and great quantities of apples are shipped to market. The grape is grown by ahnost every farmer, for table use, and with success. Chicago is the market 400 AN ILLUSTRATED for stock and surplus grain, being connected with this county by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, which passes from north to south through the county. Lumber and hoop-poles also form quite an item in the revenues of Mercer county. There has been considerable influx of immigration since the war; mostly industrious farmers from the Eastern and Middle States. The people are thor- oughly alive to the necessity of public schools. The townships of the county are Harrison, Lindley, Madison, Marion, Medicine, Mor- gan, Ravenna, Somerset, and Washington. Miller county is generally hilly, the elevation varying from 50 to 600 feet above the level of the Missouri river, yet but little of its surface is too steep or abrupt for cultivation. The most broken and rocky ridges are near the Osage river and its larger tributaries. They become gradually more gentle farther back. Almost every kind of soil is met with, from the barren, flinty bluff's, to the deep and dark alluvial bottoms; but most of the land is susceptible of cul- tivation, yielding fine crops. The Osage river runs nearly through the center of the county; is navigable at high water as far up as Osceola, and aff'ords, with its many affluents, an excellent drainage, an abundantsupply of water for farm use, and power for almost any machinery. The climate is salubrious, and not subject to extremes of heat and cold. Limestone and sandstone, excellent for building material, are found in many places. The mineral resources are varied and rich, and only a small portion of them have been developed. Lead is the leading mineral. It is found in quantities in many parts of the county, and is mined to some extent. Two large smelting furnaces on Saline creek are in constant operation, pro- ducing a large amount of lead. Iron ore, such as hematite and specular, exists. Copper and zinc have also been found in small quantities, and bituminous coal occurs near the iron banks. Kao- lin, in paying quantities, is found. The Osage river and a few smaller streams furnish the means of transportation. The town- ships composing the county are Auglaize, Equality, Franklin, Glaize, Jim Henry, Osage, Richwood and Saline. Miller was first settled in 1815, named in honor of John Miller, and organized February 6, 1837. It was a portion of Cole county and a part of Pulaski. Tifscinnbid, the county seat, is a small village, thirty-five miles from Jefferson City. Mississippi county is situated in the south-east corner of the HlSTiJUY OF MISSOUKI. 4()1 State, on the Mississippi river, opposite the mouth of the Oliio. The surface is level, being almost entirely composed of bottoiu land. and is, with the exception of a few praries, heavily timbered. The soil is rich, warm, and easily cultivated. The county is almost entirely surrounded by the Mississippi river, and has, also, the James Bayou running through its center. No minerals have been found in the county. Brick-clay is found in abundance. Corn is the staple; forty to one hundred bushels to the acre being the yield. Cotton also does well. It is cultivated to a limited extent. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye, are also raised with success. This county is a good fruit growing region, apples, peaches, pears, and nearly all varieties of small fruits growing luxuriently. There are seven townships: James Bayou. Long Prairie, Mississippi, Ohio, St.James, Ty wappit}', and Wolf Island. Mississippi county began to be set- tled as early as J 800. by immigrants from Kentucky, and was organized February 14th, 1845, from Scott county. During the civil war, it was overrun by both armies and occupied by soldiery. One battle was fought in the county — the first con- flict of arms along the river. The county has excellent market facilities, being crossed by two railroads, the St. Louis and Iron Mountain from north-west to south-east, having its terminus at Belmont, on the Mississippi, and the Cairo, Arkansas and Texas, extending through the northern part, from east to west. It also has the river on its eastern boundary. Charleston is the principal town, and county seat. * MoxiTEAU county is situated on the southern bank of the Mis- souri, and is very nearly the central county in the State. It was organized from Cole and Morgan, February 14th, 1845. The bot- tom land on this river is famed for its fertility, and similar land is found on the Moniteau, Moreau, and other streams. The eastern, northern, and central parts of the county are covered with timber, while the southern and western portions are mostly prairie, with timber along the water-courses. The soil of the woodland is light, excepting the flats which are very rich. Timber is abundant. The county is Avatered by many fine streams, thi' largest of which have been already mentioned, furnishing excellent water power. Good water for farm use can be had by digging from ten to thirty feet. The county possesses an immense wealth of minerals, principally lead, coal and iron. Both cannel and bituminous coal are mined in different parts of the county, and lead mining is rapidly increas- 402 ^^ ILLUSTRATKD ing. Excellent potter's clay is found. The townships are Harrison, Linn, Moreau, Pilot Grove, Walker, and Willow Fork. The means of transporting live stock and produce, is furnished by the Missouri Pacific railroad, which passes through the central part of the county, from east to west, having twenty-six miles of track, and the Booneville branch, from Tipton north, with two miles of track. During the civil war, both armies passed to and fro through the county. There was one skirmish at California, in October, 1865, during General Price's raid. California is the county seat. Tipton, Clarksburg, High Point, and Jamestown are villages and settlements in the county. Monroe county is in the north-east central portion of the State. It contains an area of about 620 square miles, and contains 422.455 acres. The surface is a plain, but sufficiently undulating to drain well its surplus water into the streams, which run through it from west to east. Prairie and timber are about equally divided. The soil is rich and highly productive, almost unsurpassed for the pur- poses of raising grain or pasturage. The Salt river and the Indian creek are the largest streams, both furnishing water-power. The climate is very healthy and pleasant. Timber is abundant. Sur- face coal, mixed with slate, abounds. Iron ore exists to some ex- tent. Potter's clay is also abundant. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied with agriculture. The leading staples are corn, wheat and tobacco. Mixed husbandry is in the main the practice in farm- ing. Tobacco is largely cultivated and 3'ields quite a revenue to the people, from 400,000 to 1,000,000 pounds being raised annu- ally. The townships forming the county are Cla}^ Indian Creek, Jackson, Jefferson, Marion, Monroe, South Fork, Union, Wash- ington, and Woodlawn. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad enters the county on the north-eastern corner, and passes through to the western part. The Hannibal and St. Joseph passes through the north-east corner. A settlement was made in what is now Morgan county, in 1819, by families from the eastern states and Tennessee, on the north fork of Salt river. At the date of its or- ganization, Januar}' 6th, 1830, there were several thousand inhab- itants, chiefly immigrants from Kentucky and the eastern states. It was formed from a portion of Ralls, Referring to a locality on a stream called Sweet Lick, Mr. Wetmore, in his Gazetteer of Missouri, 1837, says, " there is a battle-fleld so thickh^ covered with the bones of combatants slain there, as to deserve a high H18TOUY OF MISSOUKI. 408 place in the annals of blood-letting. The conflict was between the Sac aiul Fox Indians and the Sioux. Tradition does not particu- larize the battle, nor are we able to determine to which nation of these red warriors, victory was awarded by the Great Spirit." Mon- roe City, is pleasantly located on a high prairie on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. Paris is the county seat, situated on the middle fork of the Salt river. MoxTGOMERY county is in the eastern part of the State, being bordered on the south by the Missouri river, and west by (^aUaway county. It contains an area of oOi square miles. The surface of the central and northern portions consists of gently unduhiting prairies, with frequent groves of timber. Along the Missouri is found rich alluvial bottom lands, well known for its fertility. Between these and the prairies are higli limestone bluffs. About one-half of the county is timbered. Tlie streams are the Loutre river, its larger tributaries Prairie Fork and Clear Fork, and the smaller streams of Quick and Murdock creeks. Dry Fork, Whip- poor-will, VVhite Oak, Elkhorn, and others. The mineral resources consist principally in coal. Good building stone is abundant, and a fine quality of marble has been discovered. Several Springs are ibund in this county which have acquired some local fame for their medicinal qualities. The county has a population of from eleven to twelve thousand, mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits. " Pinnacle Rock " is a pe- culiar formation of solid rock, in a valley on South Bear creek. It rises perpendicularly to the height of one hundred feet. A narrow path upon one side may be followed to its apex, which i:^ covered with soft moss, affording a comfortable resting place. The town- ships are Bear Creek, Danville. Loutre, Prairie, and Upper Loutre. The St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad runs through the county, from south-east to north-west, affording with the Missouri river, transportation to market. The first settlers of this county came in the year 1800, the settlement being made on Loutre island and Loutre creek. Some of the most daring battles fought between the pioneers and the Indians occurred in this county. In one of these engagements. Captain Callaway, a grandson of Daniel Boone, was killed. Since the close of the civil war, and until ISTO. there has been quite an influx of immigration, mostly eastern farmers. Danville, the county scat, is situated on Loutre prairie, five miles 404 AN ILLUSTRATED west of New Florence, the nearest railroad station. It is a small town. During the war, the court-house and records were burned,, and a number of citizens killed. Jonesburgh, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and N.orthern railroad, is a flourishing town, some nine miles from New Florence. It is surrounded by a fine farming country, and has a population of about six hundred. Middletown is an old settled town, ten miles east of Wells ville, and has an im- portant trade with the surrounding country. Montgomery City, on the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, is the most important place in the county. It is the centre of a heavy trade 'n produce, and is the seat of Montgomery College. It has a popu- lation of from thirteen to fifteen hundred. New Florence, on the same railroad, is a flourishing place of business. VVeilsville, Bluff"- ton, High Hill, Loutre Island, Price's Branch, Rhineland and Americus, are small settlements. Morgan" county is situated in the central part of the State, south of Cooper and Moniteau counties. It has an elevated range of country, tending in a direction nearly east and west through it, a little south of the middle, constituting a divide, which causes the water north to flow to the Lamine through the channels of many fine creeks, except in the eastern portion where the Moreaus takes its rise and flows in a north-east direction. These streams afford excellent water-power. The surface of this portion of the county is chiefly prairie, comparatively level or undulating, with interven- ing woodlands, which afford timber for fuel, building, fencing, and other purpose at convenient distances. The soil is good. South of the divide, the slope is less gentle than tnat north of it, becoming abrupt and even quite rugged as it approaches the Osage river, which forms the southern boundry of the county. This portion of the county is also well drained by a number of fine creeks, with sufficient water-power to drive almost any amount of machinery. The surface is covered with timber of good quality. The soil is not as good as that north of the divide, except the fertile creek and river bottoms. The county is abundantl}' supplied with coal; its character, bituminous, cannel, and composite. Lead ore is found to some extent. The townships of the county are Buffalo, Haw Creek, Mill Creek, Moreau, Osage, Richland, Syracuse, and Versailles. St. Louis receives almost the entire exports. Thefii-st settlement of the county was made in 1819-20. It was organized from a part of Cooper, January 5th, 1833. The first circuit court UlSTUliY OF MlbSUURI. 405 •was held the following June, Judge David Todd, presiding. The ■county seat, Versa illcs, was located in December, 1834. Some years ago, a few families of Mennohites, numbering in all — men, women, and children — about forty, settled in tlie uorth-eastern part of the county. They purchased farms, improved and unimproved, and went industriously to work. They prospered finely. In the past few years, their numbers have increased to upwards of one hundred; several families having moved into the settlement. The Mennonites take their name from Simon Mennon. They originated in Holland, and tfarly came to this country. They recognize the New Testament as the only rule of life, deny orig- inal sin, and maintain that practical piety is the essence of religion. They object to the application of the terms Person and Trinity, as applied to the Godhead. They strenously denounce war under any •circumstances, are non-resistants, and never take an oath. In their secret meetings, each member is allowed to speak, and they have no hired clerg}'. Tbey baptize only adults, by pouring, and advo- ■cide universal toleration. In this country' there are two divisions of this denomination, differing only in some points of experimen- tal religion. Those of this county have a church organization, with a membership of about thirty-five. They are an industrious .and honest class of citizens, attending strictly to their own busi- ness, and allowing other people to do the same. The families in this county are from Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania. Their numbers are being iucreased every year by the coming in of families from those states. New Madrid county is one of the three extreme south-eastern counties of the State; lying along the western bank of the Mississippi river, for a distance of about fifty miles. The early history of this county is fraught with unusual interest. It was first settled by some French fur traders, as early as 1781 or 1782, who established a post near or upon the present site of the <;ity of New Madrid. In 1788 a colony came into the territory from New Jersey, and immediately laid plans for a city, laying out streets and parks upon a scale of liberality quite unthought of in this then new country. The plan, however, was never carried out. Population increased, and during the early years of the present €entury, there were large accessions from the eastern and southern states, and evidences of great prosperity existed on every hand, when on the night of December 16th, 1811, there occurred the 406 AN ILLUSTRATED terrible earthquake which changed not only the face of the country in New Madrid, but its prospects of growth for many years to come. This convulsion of nature was followed by occasional shocks^ until the followiug February, and some slight ones for years aiNer- wards. This, together with the great flood of 1815, reduced the population and the means of those who remained to circumstances of destitution, insomuch that Congress made an appropriation for their relief. During the civil war the county occupied a position which made it contested ground, and again it p'assed through a Ijaptism of suffer- ing. The opening of the Cairo, Arkansas and Texas railroad, su- peradded to the extreme fertilit3^ of her soil and great variety of her productions, has brought the dawn of a brighter day. It now has a population of some seven thousand, four thousand of whom are na- tives of the State. About one-half the area of the county is under cultivation, there being less than one hundred acres of woodland. The surface is very level, and in many places low and wet, being- overflowed or swamp land, lying principally on the St. John's- Bayou and on Little river. The soil is generally sandy, alluvial,, extremely fertile and easily cultivated. Corn is the staple; cotton,, tobacco and wheat are raised to some extent, while peaches^ cherries and other smaller fruits yield abundantly. The county is watered in the interior by Little river and a few bayous, all slug- gish streams, and not affording any water power. Except a- prairie in the northern, and another in the central part, each of about 20 square miles, the land is well timbered, chiefly with oak, ash, hickory, elm, cypress and gum. There are no mines in oper- ation. The swamp lands can be drained, and when done, will be unsurpassed for fertility. The townships of the county are Big Prairie, Le Suier, New Madrid and St. John. The history of New Madrid^ the county-seat, is the same as that of the county in early times. ' It is situated on the Mississippi river, two hundred and seventy-five miles below St. Louis. Such has been the encroachments of the river at this point, that where the original town was laid out^ would be one and a half miles on the east side of the Mississippi^ in the State of Kentucky. At the commencement of the civil war, New Madrid was a military point, and in connection with oper- ations with Island No. 10, acquired considerable importance. It is a shipping point for grain and cotton. Remains have been discovered in this county of a former exten- illSTUltV UF .M18SOUU1. 4()7 sive city, which show the evidences of having been densely popu- lated. The city w;is surrounded by fortifications, the enibank- nients with covered ways connecting the outworks of which have been traced for several miles. The remains of mounds, serving either for outlooks to watch an eneni}', or as cemeteries for the bur- ial of the dead, in which are found skeletons, associated with drink- ing-vessels, are also found distributed about the area of the ancient encampment. The indubitable traces of the dwellings, streets and avenues, were also traced over large portions of the grounds, the prop- er survey of which would doubtless tend to throw new light on the origin of this people. The houses were quite small, from jMght to twelve feet in diameter, and located about ten feet apart. They existed in regular rows, with streets and avenues running through the city at right angles, at proper distances ai)art. The founda- tions of the dwellings, if not the entire structure, were made of a kind of adobe brick, of a red color like modern brick, but of coarser material. The brick specimens have transverse holes passing through them, supposed by some to act as ventilators to the dwellings. The bricks being laid flatwise in the wall, the. sides of the house- would be, thereby, pierced with a multitude of holes for the admission of the outside air. Another, and more probable theory is, that the bricks in a malleable state were pierced with round sticks, for the more readily handling and burning, and the same having burned out, left the ini[)ression of their form in the shape of a hole. The sites of these ancient habitations are plainly observed by a sunken depression of several feet in the ground, leaving evidence of cellars like those seen in modern times. At first sight of these hab- itations, the observer might be led to believe that these ancient people lived in cellars, and built their houses under ground; but this impi'ession will vanish on reflecting that the accumulated debris of ages had entombed these dwellings beneath the suri'ace. Besides, on one side of the ancient city, there is still a lake or marsh, which at some remote period may have overflowed its banks, submerged portions of the site of the ancient city long after its ex- tinction, and added its deposits to the accumulating debris. The site of the city is now covered with trees, mostly oak, of an ancient growth, showing that thousand of years had rolled round before the handiwork of these early Missourians was exhumed. The pottery consists largely of drinking-cups, culinary utensils, and bottles of a gourd shape. There are also rude trowels and tools used 408 AlSr ILLUSTRATED for fashioning and ornamenting the pottery, and whet-stones for sharpening the stone axes and other instruments. But the fantastic character of the ornamention of the vessels is what strikes every one with surprise. There are very accurate figures of fish, frogs, hedgehogs, and such animals as existed at the time; besides among the feathered tribe, are the goose, duck, owl, hawk, and probabl}' — from his comb — the rooster. There are minature busts of male hends carved out of clay, representing a type of face more resembling the ancient Aztec race than the modern American Indian. Newton county lies in nearly the extreme south-western corner of the State, being bordered on the west by the Indian Territory and Kansas, and on the south by McDonald county which separates it from Arkansas. It is in the shape of a parallelogram, twenty- one miles north and south, and thirty one miles east and west. The surface of the country is about equally divided between prai- rie and timber. The soil is of a dark or mulatto loam, with a reddish clay subsoil. Shoal creek is the main water-course. It flows through the centre of the county from east to west, and affords fine water-power. Indian creek runs through the southern part; Buffalo, Big and Little Lost creeks, the south-western; and Hickory creek, the central; and Jones creek, through the northern. The county has the richest lead mines in south-western Missouri. The Granby mines, discovered in 1855, yielded, up to the commence- ment of the war, over thirty-five million pounds of lead; and since that time up to the Spring of 1873, seventeen million pounds. Other mines have also produced immense quantities. Coal has been found in the western part of the county, twelve feet below the surface and four feet thick. Iron has beerr found, and also an excellent quality of tripoli. The townships of the county are Benton, Buffalo, Franklin, Grairby, Jackson, Lost Creek, Marion, Neosho, Newtonia, Shoal Creek, and Van Buren. The first settlers of Newton county came in 1829 from Tennessee. The county was takeir from Barry and organized December 31st, 1838, and reduced to its present limits in 1854, by the organization of McDonald county. During the civil war every settlement was burned. A battle was fought at Newtonia in 1862, and another in 1864. Since the war, the county was filled by inrmigration for four or five years. More than one-fifth of the land belongs to the Atlantic and Pacific railroad company, being a grant from the State and the general I "*fliM^^ lyiiiimii 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiyiiii ''!iiiiiiiiiii MAT HEW H. RITCHEY. lllSTOltY OF MISSOURI. 409 government, for building the road. Neosho is the county seat, in the valley of Hickory creek. It was named from a hirge spring in the center of the town — the Indian name meaning '"clear cold water." It is the principal town in the county. NoDA'vvAY county is situated in the north-western part of the state. It is bounded on the north by the Iowa State line; on the east, by Worth and Gentry counties; south, by Andrew and Holt, and west, by Holt and Atchison. Its superficial area is over half a million of acres. The territory of the count}^ is very nearly square — being thirty-one and a half miles from north to south, and thirty miles from east to west. The surface of the county comprises about three-fourths undulating prairie, thus predominat- ing over timber. Hills and swamps are not found within its borders. The soil is a black, rich clay loam, of a depth of about two and a half feet; every section in the county is well adapted to farming. The county is watered by the Nodaway, One-Handred-and-Two, and Platte rivers. The water-courses are heavilj^ timbered. There are several stone quarries in the county, that contain a good quality of limestone for building purposes; a fine variety of sandstone is also found in different localities. Nodaway county has, at present, one railroad — the Kansas City, St. Jose[)h and Council Bluffs, It passes north and south. The municipal townships of the county are Atchison, Grant, Green, Hughes, Independence, Jackson, Lin- coln, Polk, Union, Washington and White Cloud. Nodaway was a part of the " Platte Purchase," and formerly embraced Andrew, and even extended north into the territory of the present State of Iowa. Settlements began to be made about 1840; and, in 1845, Februar}' 14th, the county was reduced to its present limits. The first county court was held seven miles south of Maryville, in a private house — Thomas H. Brown, James M. Fulkerson and John Low being justices, and Amos Graham, clerk. The influx of immi- gration has been great since the war. Mari/ville, the county seat, is very nearly in the geographical centre of the county. It is on the Chicago branch of the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs railroad, forly-five miles north of St. Joseph, and has a beautiful situation upon the prairie, but is bordered on the north-east by timber. The town is two miles west of the One-Hundred-and-Two river, and was laid off in 1845; and named in honor of Mary Graham, wife of Amos Graham, now de- ceased, who was the first resident lady. Hopkins is the second town 410 AN TLLUSTRATF,T> in size in the county. Its population is about 800. It is situated! in the northern part of the county, fifteen miles north of Mary- ville, one mile south of the Iowa line, and at the junction of K. C.^ St. J., & C. B., and B. & M. R. Rs. It was laid out in 1871, and is an important commercial point. Graham is located in the south- west part of the county, sixteen miles from Maryville. Barnard is- sixteen miles south of Maryville on the K. C, St. J. & C. B. R. R. The other settlements are Pickering, Gruilford, Conception, Sweet Home, Luteston, Lamar Station, Clearmont, Bridgewater and Quit- man. Oregon county is situated in the southern part of the State» bordering on the Arkansas State line. The county is generally undulating and hilly. The soil is rich in all those elements that constitute the food for plants, but laige portions abound in rocks and gravel to such an extent, that it is unfit for cultivation. The- north-east part is covered with a dense forest of tall pines. No coal fields have been developed. The finest specimens of lead and iron have been obtained here that can be found in the state. The county is watered in great part by Eleven Points audits tributaries. This stream rises in the north-vrestern part of the county, bursting from under a hill 300 feet high. The afiluents of this stream are Spring, Hurricane, White, Dry, Pine and Frederick creeks in the- north and east, and in the middle, Barren and Warm Fork, the last a tributary of Spring river. This river is one-fourth as large as the- Missouri. Good water-power is abundant. The township muni- cipalities are Jobe, Johnson, Linn, Moore, Oak Grove, Perry, Piney and Woodside. Alton is the county seat. Osage county is situated in the interior of the State, and is^ bounded on the north by the Missouri river, on the east by the Gasconade, south by the Maries, and on the west, mainly by the Osage. It was organized from Gasconade, January 29, 1841. The surface of it is generally hilly, and broken by bluffs contiguous to the rivers. A great portion of the hilly land is productive, and the bottom. lands are extremely fertile. Springs are abundant every- where, and the county is well watered by many rivers and creeks,, but principally by the Missouri, Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and their tributaries. Good timber is plenty, consisting chiefly of oak,, hickory, walnut, elm, hackberry, maple, sycamore, ash, and cotton-wood. Some coal has been found. Almost every hill con- HltJTOUY OF M1880Ulil. 41 \ tains iron ore The climate is excellent and very healthy. This county is in all respects favorable for agricultural pursuits, — wheat, tobacco, barley, and stock being raised for market with success; while cotton, hemp, flax and sorghum are cultivated for domestic purposes. Fruits, also, of all kinds, common to the climate, do well here; grapes are raised in considerable quantities, from which wine is made. The facilities for transportation to market consist of the Missouri river and Pacitic railroad on the north, the Osage river on the west, and the Gasconade river on the east. St. Louis is the prin- cipal market for the produce. The townships are Benton, Crawford, Jackson, jHtferson, Linn, Osage and Washington. The first settle- ments made were by persons from the eastern States and by Gei-mans. The county derived its name from the Osage river. Linn, the county-seat, is a small town near the centre of the county. Ozark countj' is in the southern-central part of the state, next to the Arkansas State line. The surface is varied, mountainous in the central part, and broken in the eastern and western portions. One-half may be classed as timber land, of the best quality, and the other half is well adapted to agriculture. The manfacturing interests of this county consist of a few saw-mills and seven grist- mills scattered through the country. The county is thought to be a rich mineral district; lead ore found averages 75 per cent, of pure metal. There are no mines in operation, and only capital is needed to bring the hidden treasures to the surface. The townships forming the county are Bayou, Bridges, Jackson, Jasper, Marion and Richland. The county was organized January 29, 1841, with its present name. In 1843, it was changed to Decatur, and in 1845, its former name of Ozark was restored. Gainesville, the county- seat, is located on Lick creek, in the south-eastern part of the county. Pemiscot county is situated on the Mississippi river, in the ex- treme south-eastern part of the state, separated by that river from the State of Tennessee. About 1780, a trading post was estal> lished on the Mississippi river, believed to be the first white settle- ment in this part of the territory. Others soon followed, and many improvements were made. But in 1811-12, upon the occurrence of the great earthquake, nearly all the people fled thecountr}', and many years elapsed before a population of any considerable num- 412 ATV tlhts;tratkd ber accumulated on its soil. It was organized from New Madrid, in February, 1861, the county seat being located at its present site. Judge James Eastwood held the first court. In 1862, the records of the county were stolen by the confederate soldiery, and from that time the condition of things was such that the civil authorities of the county seemed powerless to execute the laws, and in March, 1863, by authority of legislature, the courts of New Madrid as- sumed jurisdiction, which was continued until March, 1866, when the act was repealed, and the courts of Pemiscot re-established, the missing records having chiefly been restored. The sur- face of this county is an almost level plain, heavily tim- bered with ash, oak, walnut and cypress. The soil, a rich alluvial, often yields from seventy-five to one hundred bushels of corn per acre. The county contains many lakes and bayous. The Pemiscot bayou runs through the entire length of the county, and Elk Chute traverses the western part, and is thus well supplied with water. The principal productions are corn, wheat, and cot- ton. The surplus produce goes mostly to Memphis and New Orleans. The townships are Braggadocio, Butler, Gayoso, Little Prairie, Little River, Pemiscot and Virginia. Gai/oso, the county seat, is about fifty miles from New Madrid, on the Mississippi river, three hundred and fifteen miles from St. Louis. It was first settled by the French and Spaniards, and was laid out in 1852. Caruthersville is situated about five miles south- east of Gayoso, and was the site of Little Prairie, at one time a thriving place, but was destroyed by the earthquake of 1811-12, and took the name of " Lost Village," until the present village was laid out in 1852. Lint Dale is situated at the mouth of the old Pemiscot bayou, and is the general shipping point for the south part of Pemiscot and Dunklin counties. Perry county is in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north and east b)' the Mississippi river, which separates it from the State of Illinois. It was organized November 16, 1820, from Ste. Genevieve. The surface of the county is generally undulating, with broken and hilly lands in the south-eastern, and level river-bottoms in the north-eastern and eastern parts. The "Bois Brule Bottom," a large belt of country along the river, about six miles wide, and about eighteen miles long, is celebrated, being exceedinglj'^ rich, — often producing one hundred bushels of •corn to the acre. A large region around the county seat has its . HlSTOllY OF MlrtbOUKI. 413; surface indented with sink-holes, and is drained by natural sewers and excavations beneath the surface. There is "a little subter- ranean world beneath, full of rippling rills, vaulted streets, palatial caverns and grottoes, filled with monuments of stalagmites, and festooned with stalactites. One of these caves, or openings, has been penetrated to a distance of four miles." The county is well watered with streams traversing it in many directions. Silver Lake Spring, forming the principal source of the east fork of the Saline, forms a lake of sufficient volume to run one of the largest tlouring-mills in the county. The county is well timbered; the chief varieties are cotton-wood, oaks, locust, gum, hickory and walnut. The climate is mild and excellent. Deposits of iron, lead and zinc are found in different localities. Pure silica exists in great quantities in the southern part of the county. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture; St. Louis is the prin- cipal market, which is reached by way of the Mississippi river. The county is composed of Bois Brule, Brazean, Cinque Hommes^ Saline and St. Mary's townships. The first settlements were made near the close of the last century, chiefly by Catholics from Ken- tucky, and Protestants from Pennsylvania. It was organized No- vember 16tli, 1820. Richard Thomas held the first court. The Shawanoes and Delaware Indians remained in the county until 1825, when they numbered some three thousand. This county enjoys unusual educational facilities. Besides the common schools, in which the citizens manifest much interest, there are some twenty private schools, of various grades. Brazeau High School, and St. Mary's College, furnish advantages for the higher and more advanced courses of study. Perryville, the county seat, is centrally located. Its nearest railroad station is Fredericktown, on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad. Wittenberg is situated twenty miles south- east of Perryville, on the Mississippi river. The growth of this place has been retarded by the encroachments of the river. The citizens are mainly Germans. It is the principal shipping point for the eastern part of the county. Other settlements are Alten- burg, settled by a colony of Germans; Clarysville, Uniontown. Silver Lake, Abernethy, Eureka and Frohna. Pettis county is located in the west central portion of Missouri, and is bounded on the north by Saline, on the east by Morgan and Cooper, on the south by Benton, and on the west b}' Henry and 414 AN TLI.ITSTRATED Johnson counties. Its present area is 672 square miles, or 430,080 acres. Since the boundaries were originally fixed, there has been an addition to Pettis of twenty-four sections from township 43, in ranges 22 and 23. The county is one of the most fertile and varied in resource that has ever offered its charms to the agriculturist. Its surface consists of rolling prairie, abundantly timbered with woods of many kinds, generally of good quality. The first comers naturally assumed that the prairie lands, on which the best farms are now located, were worthless, or nearly so, and in consequence, nearly all of the original holdings Avere taken up in the bottom lands. That soui'ce of error has long since been understood and rectified. The chief streams that are relied upon for drainage and irrigation are Heaths, Mudd}^ and Flat creeks. These streams run almost parallel with each other, toward the north-east, with such circumvolutions as do not cardinally change their trend. The northern, the central, and the southern portions of the county are traversed, not only by the streams, but by attend- ant belts of timber, which are thus distributed with a tolerably even hand throughout the areas indicated. The water-power in Pettis county is not great, but some few works are run by that in- expensive process in different localities. The climate is healthy. The mineral resources of the county may be said to be untouched. Coal has been found of excellent quality, and in some places, exten- sive banks have been worked, supplying cannel and bituminous coals respectively, but mining operations have not been prosecuted. The resources thus indicated are in store waiting for such facili- ties for working, as will bring the required capital and skill to the lo- cality. Lead has been found, and to some extent worked, the product being pronounced equal to that furnished by the Granby mines; but, as in the former particular, so in this, the resources may be considered latent. The lead mines will amply repay outlay Avhen the ventures are systematically worked, if any conclusion can be reached from present appearances, and the results attained by work- ing on the surface. It is a matter for surprise that no systematic eifort has yet been made to develop this branch of industry in Pettis count}^ but no special effort has been made to determine the extent and richness of those deposits. The mineral wealth here awaiting the ready hand and conceiving brain, will not be readily exhausted. Potter's clay of very fine quality has, for some time, been worked at Dresden and at Laraont, and the deposits are prac- THOMAS F HOUSTAN. Ul8TOliY OF MISSOLTKl. 4|5 ticaliy inexhaustible. Zinc, emery, and water limestone are re- ported, and salt springs cover a wide area of country, within which numerous Avorks for the preparation of salt for the market have long flourished. The population at the present time is mainly engaged in agriculture, and its kindred pursuits. There are now about eighty-five miles of railroad in the county, all concentrating at Sedalia, and preparing for that centre of population, a very pros- perous future. The Missouri Pacific railroad traverses the county from east to west, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas from north-east to south-west, and the Lexington branch of the M. P. R. R. runs north-west from Sedalia. St. Louis is the principal market, but occasionally there are considerable shipments to Chicago. Educa- tion has comiuanded a large amount of attention in this county. There are seven municipal townships in the county; their names are Blackwater. Bowling Green, Elk Fork, Flat Creek, Heath's Creek, Mount Sterling and Washington. The first settlements in what is now Pettis county, were made in 1818. when the land occu- pied, formed part of Cooper county. The organization of the county was efiected January 26th, 18o3, by severances efiected from the counties of Saline and Cooper. It says something for the value of the location, that the descendants of most of the pioneers are still residents in the district, or the pioneers themselves are still on the ground. Confederate troops repeatedly raided over this section of country during the civil war, and in consequence, much suffering and loss were occasioned to the settlers, but since the restoration of })eace, Pettis has grown rapidly in numbers and in wealth, immigration having mainly come in from Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Kentucky. The name borne by the county was conferred in honor of a congressional representative — Spencer Pettis, who was slain in a duel. Sedalia^ the present county seat, is a thriving place of business, about ninety-six miles east from Kansas City, on the Missouri Pacific railroad. The town was first laid offby General G. R. Smith, in 1854, and was organized as a city, ten years later. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas road, here forms a junction with the line before mentioned, and the Lexington branch of the Missouri Pacific has fur the pres- ent, its terminus at Sedalia. The name of the city was given in honor of the daughter of General Smith, mentioned as liaving laid off" the town in 1854. His daughter Sarah, was known among her friends as "Sed," and to perpetuate that appellation, the place was 416 AN TLLURTUATED first named Sedville, and afterwards Sedalia. The machine shops and round houses of the two railroad companies specified, are loca- ted in the city, and the amount of labor employed therein, forms quite a considerable item in the prosperity of the city. The build- ings and improvements that strike the eye of the visitor, bespeak a fair measure of prosperity. The city is abundantly sup[)lied with water, by the Holly system, from Flat Creek, three miles distant, and the streets are illuminated with gas. Putting aside the cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph, Sedalia will compare favorably with the best in the State, and in Central Missouri, it is without a rival. The business prospects of the city are certainly of a most encouraging kind, and the location is excellent. The press of Sedalia, and the county also, consists of two dailies, the '"Bazoo" and the "Democrat," each publishing a weekly edition ; two weeklies, the ''Times" and the ''Opinion," and a monthly, "The Land Record." The newspaper press, better than any other single standard, may be relied on to reveal the status of a population. Georgetown was the county seat selected in 1836, but in 1864, after enjoying the honor for twenty-eight years, Sedalia, the new aspir- ant, was preferred for obvious reasons, before the oldest town in the county. The two sites are only three miles distant, Georgetown being to the north of Sedalia on the Lexington branch railroad. Forest Grove Seminary, one of the oldest educational establishments in this part of the State, is located at Georgetown, and Georgetown College, is an institution of considerable merit. Dresden is a small village on the Missouri Pacific railroad, once much more prosper- ous than at present. New lines of road, with stations north and south of the village, have greatly reduced its importance, but it is- believed that its trade and population will be recovered. Dresden is seven miles west of Sedalia. Green Ridge was originally named Parkersburg, after the founder, and is a pleasant settlement little more than twelve miles south-west of Sedalia, having a population of about two hundred and fifty souls. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad has a station at Green Ridge. Sinithton, Longwood, Sigel, Lincoluville, Ionia City, Lamonte, Martin, or Beaman Station, Keightley's, Hughesville, and Houstonia, are villages, small settle- ments, and railroad stations, in which a large aggregate of busi- ness is annually effected. Phelps county is situated in the south-east central part of the State, and was organized from Crawford, November 13, 1857. It HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 41 7 contains an area of 612 square miles, or about 429,000 acres. The county is intersected witli numerous streams, several of which atiord abundant water-power. Also numerous sprinj^s, furnishing the necessary water for household and stock purposes. The prin- cipal water-courses are the Gasconade, Little Piney, Dry Fork of the Meramec, and Spring creek. The elevation of the county is from seven to nine hundred feet above tlie Mississippi river at St. Louis, and is generally rolling. Along the streams it is broken and rocky, with occasionally nearly perpendicular bluffs, from 200 to 400 feet high. The bottoms vary from a hundred yards to a mile in width, and are bordered by high ridges, upon the tops of which are wide tracks of level or slightly undulating land. Between these ridges, the country, extending from one stream to another, is diversified with broad, smooth, but irregular swells, between which are exceedingly fertile valleys, not usually exceeding half a mile in width, but often several miles in length, and known as "prairie hollows;" the whole being suf- ficiently undulating to be well drained, and mostly level enough for agricultural purposes. There is an abundance of timber. The rich bottoms of all the streams sustain a heavy growth of trees, such as oak, walnut, maple, hackberry, sycamore and buckeye. The slopes of some of the highlands are also covered with a forest of similar growth, while others produce only medium growth of different kinds of oak. The soil is generally very productive along the bottoms and on the broad ridges. The hillsides produce an abundance of grass, and are especially adapted to grape culture, wild grapes growing there in profusion. The principal mineral developed is iron. It has been estimated that this county alone contains more first-class iron ore than the State of I* iiiisyl- vania. At present there are two furnaces in active operation, generally employing several hundreds of operatives. Lead has also been found in small quantities. A part of Dent, Crawford and Phelps counties have 2.700 square miles of coal-anthracite and cannel. Sand and limestone, for building purposes, and clay for brick and pipes are found. The manufactures are eight flouring- mills, one woolen factory, one foundry, four wool-carding mills, one carriage factory, one agricultural implement factory, and one tobacco factory. St. Louis is the principal market. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad traverses the county from east to west. The public schools are in a prosperous condition, and the larger towns 418 -'^^ ILIJTSTIiATKU have graded schools and valuable school-buildings. The municipal townships composing the county are Arlington, Cold Spring, Green, Hawkins, Liberty, Little Piney, Massey, Maramec, Rolla, Spring Creek and St. James. The first settlement of the county was made in the year 1825. The Meramec iron works were erected in 1826, by Samuel Massey and Thomas James, and are the oldest Avorks of the kind in the State. The first county court was (convened November 26th, 1857, some six miles east of Rolla. The growth of the county was slow until after the close of the civil war. Rolla, the county seat, is situated near the centre of the county, one hundred and fourteen miles south-west of St. Louis. It is the most important place of business in this part of the State. The Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, a department of the State University, is located at this place. St. James is a place of considerable business importance. It is a shipping point for iron aiid iron ore. The other towns and settlements are Ozark, Arling- ton, Jerome, Beaver Valley^ Meramec Iron Works, Relfe, Spring Creek, and Edgar Springs.' Pike county is in the eastern part of the State, bounded on the north by Ralls county, and north-east and east by the Mississippi river w^iich separates it from the State of Illinois. The soil is di- versified — low and flat on the Mississippi and Salt river, but ex- ceedingly rich, and much of it subject to inundation. The eastern slope is undulating with the exception named. The bottoms of the creeks are rich, and much of the ridge land near the river is equal to any lands in the State. The central and western parts are prairie. The county is well drained and watered. The mineral resources are confined to a valuable vein of coal. Limestone, build- ing-stone and 'brick, fire and potter's clay abound. The townships are Ashley, Buffalo, Calumet, Cuivre, Hartford, Indian Creek, Missis- sippi, Peno, Salt River and Spencer. The county has about eighty-five miles of railroad — the Louisiana and Missouri River and the Clarksville and Western. The first settlement of the county Was made in 1811, by citizens from the S(mthern states. It was organized December 14th, 1818, at which time it included all the territory north of Lincoln county, and west along the northern boundarieis of the river counties. It was reduced to its present limits in 1820. During the civil war the county was largely represented in both armies, and since the war has received a fair share of immigration. Il BENJAMIN P. CLIFFORD. iiisToia OF Missuuiii. 4iy Bowling Green, the countj' seat, is located in the central part of the county, on the Missouri Division of the Chicago and Alton railroad, twelve miles south-east of Louisiana, on a high point of land. It was first settled in 1819. It has a good court-house, pub- lic school, a number of brick blocks of stores, savv-niill and grist- mill, three churches, and a newspaper office; population, twelve hundred. Louisiana is the largest town, and the principal ship- ping point. It is one hundred and fourteen miles above St. Louis, on the Mississippi, and is the river terminus of the Missouri Division of the C. & A. R. R. A bridge crosses the river here, where the railroad connects with the Quincy, Alton, and St. Louis road. It has a Baptist college. Clarksville is situated on the Mississippi river, twelve miles south of Louisiana. It is an old town, settled in 1819. Platte county, the most southern of those formed out of the *'Platte Purchase," is bounded on the north by Buchanan county, on the east by Clinton and Clay, and on the south and west by the Missouri river, which separates it from Kansas. The first settle- ment was made* in 1827, by Zadoc Morton. On the 31st of De- cember, 1838, the county was constituted by name and boundary, and was afterward organized by the electinand installation of the proper officers. The first circuit court was held at the Falls of Platte, on the 25th of March, 1839. 'Austin A. King, who was afterwards elected Governor, presided as judge; William T. Wood, circuit attorney; Jessie Morin, clerk; and Jones H. Owen, sheriff. This was then the fifth judicial circuit. In the year 1840, the legisl/iture created other judicial circuits, and the fifth became the '"twelfth,"' and has remained so. David R. Atchison was appointed judge, who continued to discharge the duties of that office until October, 1843, when, being appointed by Governor Reynolds a United States Senator to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Dr. Lewis F. Linn, he resigned. Henderson Youug was ap- pointed to fill the vacancy, and continued to. act until May 1st, 184.5, when he also resigned. Solomon L. Leonard was appointed to fill this vacancy, who acted until June, 1S51, when William B. Almond was elected, performing the duties of judge until March, 1852, when he resigned, and E. H. Norton became his successor, who continued to act until June, 1860, when becoming a can- didate for Congress, he resigned. Silas Woodson succeeded Norton. The first county court was held at the '" Falls of Platte," on the 11th day of March. 1839, by Judges John B. Collier, Hugh 420 AN ILLTTSTRATED McCa3Fp-2^7 and Michael Byrd. Their successors were James Kiiy- kendall, Daniel P. Lewis, Matthew M. Hughes, Henry B. Mayo, John Freeland, James H. Layton, James B. Martin, Thompson Ward. William B. Barnett, Edward P. Duncan, John Broadhurst, Samuel M. Hays and Preston Dunlap. The clerks of the county court were, first. Hall L. Wilkerson; then James H. Johnston, Daniel P. Lewis, and Peyton R. Waggoner. Up to the year 1849. in March, the county court exercised probate jurisdiction, when, by an act of the legislature, a probate court was established. James Kuykendall was elected first judge; James G. Spra,tt, second; H. Glay Cockrill, third; and Robert C. Clark, fourth. David R. Holt was the first representative of Platte county. He died while in the discharge of his duty at JeiFerson City, before the expiration of his term. Demetrius A. Sutton was elected to fill out the unexpired term. The county has been represented since the terms of Holt and Sutton, by Bethel Allen, John A. White, Tliomi> son Ward, James B. Martin, Hall L. Wilkerson, A. M. Robin- son, D. D. Burnes, E. P. Duncan, C. A. Perry, L. M. Lawson, G. P. Dorris, J. E. Pitt, Dr. McGruire, Henry Brooks, John W. Forbes, John Doniphan, Bela M. Hughes, Achilles Jasper, John Wil- son, Henry J. Wolf, and R. D. Johnston. In the Senate, the county has been represented by Audrew Johnston, Lewis Burnes, A. M. Robinson, and Jesse Morin. Immediately after the addition of the " Platte Purchase " to the State, rapid immigration com- menced. Many had their locations selected, and some improve- ments were made, prior to the addition; and, early in the Spring of 1837, almost every quarter-section of land in Platte county was occupied, the dense forests were felled, cabins built, fields cleared and fenced, towns laid out, school-houses erected for the education of the children, and churches built for the wor- ship of God. The Indians, from whom the land was purchased were still there, some i-esidiug at Todd's settlement opposite Fort Leavenworth. The major part of them, however, resided on the prairies on the head of Bee creek, commonly called the Pottawattamie Prairie. The government subsisted them; and the house, commonly called the " Issue House," at which they drew their rations, was located opposite Fort Leavenworth. They were removed to their lands west of the Missouri river in 1838. The first town laid out was Jacksonville, (now New Market,) by Jacob Adam- son. Then came Ridgely, by Pleasant W. Ellington; latan. by John ROBERT P. C. WILSON. HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 421 Douiiherty; Weston, by Josepli Moore; Rialto.by Henry Underhill; Martinsville, by Ziilok Martin; Farley, by Josiah Farley: Parkville, by George S. Park, (site selected originally l)y David and Stephen En- glish). Platte City, the county seat, was selected as such in 1839, by commissioners appointed for that purpose, and the lots sold by Stephen Johnston, commissioner, in 1840. The towns named ])egan to improve, some more rapidly than othei*s. Weston improved more rapidly than all others. The first house built in Weston was a log cabin by Sashel Fugitt. The first store-house, also of logs, was built by Thornburg and Lucas. After the first buildings were erected, Weston commenced improving with a rapidity scarcely excelled in modern times. Being surrounded by a most fertile country, and settled by enterprising, energetic business men, it very soon became the second town in the State, in point of commerce, above St. Louis. Prior to 1860, it was the chief hemp-growing county in the State, there being more hemp shipped from Weston, than from any other place on the Missouri river. latau and Parkville also shipped large quantities. There were produced and disposed of, large quantities of corn, wheat, oats, barley, and other products of the field, orchard, and garden. In 1840, the population was about fifteen thousand. In 1850, it had incro'cised to upwards of twenty-one thousand. Between the years 1842 and 1850, Platte county was the second county in the State to St. Louis in point of population. In 1854, the territories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized, and man}' of its citizens immigrated to them. It, however, maintained its commercial and productive position until 1860. In that year, a radical change took place adversely to its prosperity. The municipal townshi ps of Platte are Carroll, Greene, Lee, Marshall, Pettis, Preston and Weston. Platte Citif. the county seat, is situated on the Platte river, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad, eleven miles from Leavenworth, and three hundred and ten miles from Chicago. Its court-house is a massive structure, and cost $110,000. Its j)ublic schools are a credit to the place. Daughters' College is a prosperous female boarding-school. Two newspapers are pul)lished here — " The Landmark," by Park and Nisbet,and "The Democrat" by L. Shepard. Weston is in a fine agricultural region, and is the com- mercial city of the county. It was laid out in 1837. Benjamin Halliday kept a log taveru in 1839. Camdon Point, City Point, Edgerton, Parksville and Waldron are villages and settlements. 42-7 AN ILLT^STUATED Polk couutj' forms a part of that section of the State known as South-west Missouri. It was organized March 13, 1835. The general surface of it is undulating, but broken along the water- courses. Less than one-sixth of the county is under cultivation; four-sixths is timber, and the remainder prairies — large and small — fertile, and well diversified. The finest timber is along the streams, and consists of hickory, oak, elm, walnut, cherr3^ maple and. syca- more. Much of the upland timber consists of the different varie- ties of the oak, of a stunted growth — perhaps partially attributable to the fires that have swept through them. Much of the county that was once prairie, has grown up in this stunted timber. The soil is generally rich and productive, and is classed as white ash, black loam and red clay, the latter being well adapted to the rais- ing of w4ieat. The county is well watered by clear and rapid streams, which afford abundant water for stock, and also water- power for mills. Springs are numerous, and excellent water can be had at most any point, by sinking wells from fifteen to thirty feet. The climate is mild and healthful. There are indications of iron, lead, sulphate of zinc and coal, but it is not known whether they exist in paying quantities. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture; the principal agricultural staples are wheat, corn, hay, oats, potatoes, rye, tobacco, cotton, broom- corn, sorghum, and sweet potatoes. The townships are Benton, Greene, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Loouey, Madison, Marion, Mooney Polk county was first settled in 1820 by emigrants from Tennessee, and. named in honor of President James K. Polk. Bolivar is the county seat, and is located near the centre of the county, thirty miles from Si)ringfield. Sentinel Prairie, Pleasant Hope, Humansville, Half-Way and Fair Play are small settlements. Pulaski county is in the central part of the State. The surface is broken — hilly in some parts; containing flat ridges in others. Much of the county is timbered. The soil along the streams is fertile, producing corn equal to the best prairies in Illinois. The ui)lands are adapted to raising small grain and fruits. The county is watered b}^ the Gasconade, Robideaux and Big Piney rivers. The mineral resources have not been developed, to test their value. Brown hematite is found on the bluffs of the Piney and Gascoitade. Lead al)ounds in limited quantities, and nitre in the caves along the Gasconade. Of its inhabitants, the majority pursue agriculture. HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 428 The township municipalities are Mig Pine}', rinllen, Liberty, Robideaux, Tavern and Union. The Athxntic and Pacific rail- road runs through the northern part of the county. The first settlements in the county were made in the year 1816, by emi- grants from Mississippi, who settled near the saltpetre cave, near Waynesville. They manufactured gunpowder, whicli found a ready sale among the hunters and others who frequented the country. After the whites had evacuated this cave, it was taken possession of by some Delawaresand Shawanoes, seven in all. They were attacked by about a hundred Osages. who after maintaining the conflict until night, retired, leaving many of their number dead upon the Held. After night-fall they barricaded the mouth of the cave, there- by, ai they supicj.^ed, keeping their enemy safely. In the morning they returned to hud the prisoners gone, they having made their escape by a way of which the Osages were ignorant. Waynesville^ the county seat, is located in the central part of the county, on the Robideaux creek. It hasan elegaiit court-house, school-house and a few shops. Richland is located on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. It is a thriving town, with a population of al)0ut 500. An educational institution, known as the Itichland Institute, is established here. The other settlements are Wood End, Iron Summit, Franks. Dixon, Crocker, Helus and DeBruin. Putnam county is in the extreme northern part of the State, bordering on the famous Mason and Dixon's line. It contains 523 square miles. The county is crossed from north to south by the Medicine creek, and in the eastern and central parts by North and South Blackbird, Shoal, Kinney, and other streams which flow in- to Chariton river. The eastarn part is mostly timber, witii a broken and uneven surface. The soil is of average fertility, when brought under cultivation. Prairie predominates in the west- ern part. Timber is confined to the creek bottoms and deep ravines in their immediate vicinity. No minerals, except bituminous coal, are mined, although the article exists in great abundance. Some limestone and sandstone for building purposes are found. Put- nam has no important manufacturing interests. The principal occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. The townships are Breckenridge, Elm, Grant, Jackson, Liberty, Lincoln, Medicine, Richland, Sherman, Union, and Yoi'k. Settlements were first made in the eastern part of the county in 1837. The county was organized February 2Sth, 1845. After the settlement of 424 AN ILLTTSTRATED the difficulty between Iowa and Missouri, the counties of Put- nam and Dodge were reduced in size, and in 1853 the latter was included in the county of Putnam. During the civil war, the inhabitants remained loyal to the government, and experienced but little of the evils which some counties suffered. Unionville, the county seat, was formerly known as Harmony. It is located on the Chicago, Burlington and South-western railroad, and has encouraging prospects. There are about twenty stores, a flouring-mill. carding-mill, court-house, two churches, two newspaper offices, and a number of manufacturing shops. The other settlements are Terre Haute, St. John, Prairie, Omaha, Newtown, West Liberty, Ayresville, Central City, Hart- ford, Marrinstown and Howland. Ralls county is situated on the Mississippi, in the eastern part of the State. Its area is about 480 square miles, and contains about 296,000 acres. It may be termed an old settled count)% when com- pared with most of the western counties. It was organized from a part of Pike, in 1820. About three-eighths of its area is prairie, and the rest timber land. The eastern portion is undulating and broken. The bottom lands, with alluvial soil of the richest quality, are of considerable breadth; next in quality is the "elm land." which is sufficiently undulating for a natural drainage, but not broken or hilly; next in point of fertility, for general crops, is the "white oak land," considered the best wheat-land, especially where a red clay subsoil exists. The county is principally watered by the Salt river, a sluggish stream, meandering through its entire length, from west to east. Timber is abundant. Coal is found in the south-eastern part of the count\\ Mineral paint and potter's clay are also found. There are not many manufactur- ing establishments in the count)'-, agriculture being the chief occu- pation of the inhabitants. The principal agricultural staples are wheat, corn, rye, oats, hay, tobacco, fruits and stock; corn, wheat, tobacco and stock, form the commodities for export. The township municipalities are Centre, Clay, Jasper, Saline, Salt River, Saverton and Spencer. The territory now included in the county began to be settled early in the present century, about 1810. James Ryan, Charles Freemore de Lourier, and A. E. Trabue,' Avere among the pioneer inhabitants. It was named in honor of Daniel Ralls, who died whilst a member of the first General Assembly of the State. The first court was held at New London, March 12th, 1821, Judge I iiiSToiii OF MibbuUKi. 425 R. Pettibone presiding. R. VV. Wells wiis circuit attorney and Stephen Glascock, clerk. Randolph county lies between the Mississippi and Mi-ssouri river.*^. bounded on the north by the county of Macon, east by Audrain and Monroe, south by Boone and Howard, and west by Chariton. Grand Prairie extends through the county and forms part of the "divide" between the two named rivers. The county is about equally divided in prairie and woodland. The former is gen- erally level, but sufficiently rolling to give drainage. The soil, ex- cept on the woodland ridges, is adapted to the growth of nearly all the agricultural products. Oak, maple, walnut, elm, hickory, ash, cotton-wood, haekberry, and other varieties of timber can be found in abundance, distributed over the county. Coal (bituminous) is plentiful, and equal to any in the State. Large quantities are shipped. There are also some good quarries in operation, furnish- ing fine building stone. Slate, fire-brick clay, potter's clay and brick clay abound. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. The principal products are corn, wheat, oats, rye, beans, potatoes, turnips, timothy, clover and Hungarian grass, all yielding very fair croi)S. This being a very large stock-raising and feeding county, very little of these agricultural productions are exported. The commercial crop is tobacco, of which large quantities are raised annually. All kinds of fruits are successfully grown, and a good deal of attention has been paid to the culture of the better and best varieties. The first settlements were made here in the year 1820, by emigrants from Kentucky and North Carolina. The county was organized in 1829, at which time it included all the territory from Howard county to the Iowa boundary line. Population in 1870, 15,908. The educational interests are well cared for. The Mount Pleasant College located at Huntsville, the county seat, is an institution of excellent reputation. Rat county is situated in the north-western portion of the State, on the northern bank of the Missouri river. Timber and prairie are about equal; the former predominating in the south-western and southern portions, and the latter in the eastern and northern parts. Several rivers and creeks traverse the county in various directions. The Crooked river, and its affluents are in the central part; the Wak- ando and its affluents in the north-east; Fishing river and its afflu- ■ents in the south-western; and Willow creek in the south central 420 AN fLMTSTHATKD part. Strata of bituminous coal, about two feet in thickness, un- derlie a great part of the county, and large quantities are mined at Camdjen and Richmond, employing a large number of operatives. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, and the principal staples are wheat, oats, corn, tobacco, hides, poultry, hogs, cattle and horses. Ray county is composed of the townships of Camden, Crooked River, Fishing River, Grape Grove. Knox- ville, Polk and Richmond. This territory was first settled by emigrants frofn Virginia and Kentucky, in 1816. It was organized in 1820, and named in honor of John Ray. It included all the ter- ritoiy west of the Grand river, and north of the Missouri. Twelve counties have since been formed from it. The first court was held in April, 1821, at Bluffton, the justices being John Thornton, Isaac Martin and Elisha Conner, with William Smith, clerk. The county seat was located at Riclimond^ and the town laid off' in 1828. The county was represented by a company in the Black Hawk war, two companies in the Heatherly war, also by many volunteers in the Florida and Mexican war. During the civil war, the county furnished soldiers for both armies. Reynolds county is situated in south-eastern Missouri, and wa* organized February 25th, 1845. It contains 494,000 acres. The general sui'face of this county may be called rough and broken, with very fine farming lands along the rivers and creeks. The bottoms are very fertile, having a soil of rich, sandy loam. There are many prairie valleys unsurpassed for their fertility. The hills, approaching the streams, often terminate in perpendicular bluff-;, sometimes seventy-five feet in altitude. The water-courses are very abundant, and as clear as crystal, and some afford the most excellent water-power, surpassed by few counties in the State. Black river is one of the most beautiful streams, running through the county from the north-west to south-east. Besides the numer- ous streams, which furnish all the necessary w^ater for domestic use and for stock, springs are to be everywhere found, and some of them furnish from thirty to forty horse-power. Timber is abund- ant, consisting of pine, oak, hickory, walnut, and other varieties. The county possesses many minerals, but chiefly iron and lead — the former hydrated oxide, red hematite, specular and manganese ores.. One lead mine is in operation. The leading occupation of the in- habitants is agriculture. The principal staples are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, rye and tobacco; only the three first named are com- U18TUUY OF MISSOURI. ^27 modities for export. Timothy, red-top, and clover grasses are grown, and are very successful. The soil is well adapted to the raising of tobacco; it is grown to some extent. Tradition has it that the earliest settler was one Henry Fry, who came from Ken- tucky in 1812, and settled on the Middle Fork of Black river, and in later years, the names of Henry, Logan, and Hyatt are referred to as among the pioneer inhabitants. The territory now embraced in Reynolds was a part of Ripley county until 1830, when it was attached to Washington, and in February, 1845, was organized with its present limits, and named in honor of Ex-Governor Thomas Reynolds. The first court was held in November, 1845, by Judge H. Allen, at Lesterville. The present county seat is Centerville, situated on the west fork of the Black river. Lesterville, Logan's Creek, and West Fork are small settlements. Ripley county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, bordering on the Arkansas State line. Its surface is covered with hills and ridges, interspersed with river and creek bottom land, and so-called '* flat-woods," lying between the Little Black and Current rivers. The soil of these flat-woods is very fertile, but not in the same degree as that in the bottoms. The Current river runs almost through the centre of the county, north and south, and along its shores are found valleys of rich, alluvial soil, as well as some very hilly and poor land, often terminating abruptly. The many tribu- taries of this river afford immense water-power. The water in these rivers is clear and contains excellent fish. The land near the streams has many rough and stony hills, but after leaving the river and creek bluffs, the country becomes more level. The southern and south-eastern parts of the county possess better soil. There is aii abundance of timber. Iron abounds. Lead, silver and copper have been found iu small quantities. Tobacco is cultivated — yielding from 1,000 to 1.200 pounds to the acre. Cotton is also cultivated to some extent. The townships are Current River, Harris, Johnson, Kelley, Stark, Thomas, Union and Washington. The county was organized January 5th, 1833, and named in honor of General Ripley. During the civil war peaceable citizens were killed, and dwellings, farm buildings, and property of all kinds destroyed. Doniphan, 'the county seat, was pillaged and burned, and but few houses saved. Saline county is bounded on the north by the Missouri river, which separates it from Carroll and Chariton counties, and east by 4'28 AN ILLUSTRATED the same river which separates it from Chariton and Howard counties. Along the Missouri are the celebrated bottoms, famed for their rich, alluvial soil and great productiveness, ranging from one to four miles in width, and densely covered with timber. Back of tiiese bottoms are the rugged, irregular bluffs, some of which are very precipitous, as the " DeviFs Backbone."' These bluffs afford a beautiful view of the Petit Osage Plain, situated in the north- western part of the county. The remainder of the county is mostly undulating prairie, well watered. Tlie streams are skirted with timber. Black Water is the principal stream in the county, and flows across its southern portion. The numerous smaller streams in the north and east, course their way into the Missouri. The Big Salt Spring, near Marshall, is the largest of this class. It is circular in form, with a diameter of about seventy feet. There are several springs remarkable for their medicinal properties. Coal is found near Arrow Rock, and also lead and iron, which are suc- cessfully mined. Limestone, susceptible of a fine polish, is quar- ried at Miami. The Lexington branch of the Missouri Pacific rail- road has several miles of track in the south-western corner of the county, which is the present means of transportation to market. The townships forming the county are Arrow Rock, Black Water, Elmwood, Grand Pass, Jefferson, Marshall, Miami and Salt Pond. Settlements were made in the county in 1810, by emigrants from Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. These early settlers almost always selected the timber as their homes, regarding the prairies as weak land, fit only for grazing. The county was organized in 1820, and its boundaries established, 1829. Judge E. Todd held the first court, at Jefferson. At a later day, Jonesboro was, for a time, the county seat, but it was finally permanently located at Marshall. During the civil war, a majority of the people were in sympathy with the confederate states, and recruits were furnished for both armies. Marshall^ the county seat, was named in honor of Chief Justice Marshall. It is situated twenty miles east of Brownsville. Ncav Frankford is twenty-two miles north-east of Marshall. Miami, on the Missouri river, seventeen miles north-west of Marshall, is built on a high bluff. It has a good landing, and does a large shipping business. Cambridge is also on the Missouri river, twenty-two miles north-east of Marshall. Fine quarries of sand and limestone are found in its near vicinity. Laynesville, Malta Bend, Saline HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 429 City, Jonesboro, Arrow Rock, and Elmwood, are villages and set- tlements in the county. Schuyler county is situated on the Iowa State line. It is about equally divided between prairie and timber. The general surface is undulating and rolling, and the land lying between the Chariton river and the dividing ridges, from three to five miles in width, is rather broken and densely covered with timber. This river, separat- ing the county on the west from Putnam county, runs through a very productive alluvial bottom, connected with level or gently un- dulating prairies. Three other streams running through the county afford stock-water, and are bordered with fertile, heavy timbered bottoms. The divides between them are mainly level prairies, well adapted to cereals and grasses. Timber is still abundant, and of good quality. The soil is mostly a black loam, underlaid with yellow clay, with occasional streaks of fine white sand, through which water drains naturally. Bituminous coal is found in abundance, but principally so in the western part of the county. Evidences of lead and traces of copper have been found, and also potter's clay, lime and sandstone. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. The principal staples are corn, cattle, hogs, hay, mules, sheep, horses, oats, rye, wheat and tobacco, of which hogs, cattle, hay, mules, horses, sheep and oats are exported. Much at- tention has been paid to the raising of fruit, including the small fruits and the grape. Farming is made a success. The county has the St, Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, and the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad; the former passing through the western part north and south, and the latter from the east line westward in the central part, giving direct communication with St. Louis and Chicago. The townships are Chariton, Fabius, Glen- wood, Independence, Liberty, Prairie and Salt River. The territory was first settled in 1836, and since its organization as a county, in 1845, has grown steadily. During the time of the civil war, it experienced some vicissitudes; citizens were killed, their dwellings burned, and a few skirmishes took place. Lancaster is the county seat on the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, a])0ut sixty miles west of Alexandria. It was located in 1845, and incorporated in 1850. Scotland county lies in the north-eastern part of the State, bordering on the Iowa State line. Its surface is diversified with roll- 430 AN ILLUSTRATED ing prairie, table, and bottom lands. The streams are the Wya- conda, Fabius, Foxes and Tobin rivers which are the principal ones, and running in a south-easterly direction. The timber skirting the streams, is sufficient to supply the demand of the inhabitants for fencing, building and fuel. About three-fourths of the land is under cultivation. The climate is ordinaril}' mild and pleas- ant, but subject to extremes, both in heat and cold. No min- erals have been developed sufficient to vi^arrant prospecting. Fruit raising is a success, and principallj' of the smaller fruits, which yield largely. The townships are Green, Harrison, Jefferson, Johnson, Miller, Mount Pleasant, Sand Hill and Union. The first settlement was made in 1833. Being on the northern boundary, it participated in the dispute between Missouri and Iowa, as to the boundary line between the states, which at one time threatened serious consequences. Soon after the adjustment of these diffi- culties, the county was organized from a part of Lewis. At the beginning of the war in 1861, the inhabitants were nearly equall}' divided in their views upon the political questions of the times, and took up arms accordingly. In July, 1862, an engagement was had at Pierce's mill, between the federal and confederate forces. Judge T. S. Richardson was assassinated at a subsequent date. At the close of the war, a large emigration set in, consisting chiefly of mechan- ics and farmers, principally from the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois and Iowa. Some 2,000 to 4,000 inhabitants were added to the population prior to 1872. Memphis is situated on the North Fa- bius, and on the Missouri, lovva and Nebraska railroad, near the centre of the county. It is the seat of government. Scott count}^ is situated on the Mississippi river, in the south- eastern part of the State. About one-half, or little more of the surface, is level or a little undulating. Four-fifths of this portion is extremely fertile, producing corn, cotton, wheat, and all the grasses, and is also well adapted to the growth of peaches. More than one-third of the surface, particularly in the northern part, is high and rolling, but not too steep for cultivation. The principal streams are the East Fork of White Water, which forms part oi the western boundary, and its tributary Caney creek, in the noi'th- western part of the county. In the south central part is the St. John bayou. The soil, though poor in some locahties, is mostly excellent for farming, and especially so in the Mississippi bottoms which extend from 3 to 5 miles back from the river. The countj' HISTOKV OF MISSOL'lil. 481 has a great variety of timber, chiefly the oak, beech, sweet gum, cypress, and hackberry. Sassafras often grows large enough to make twenty-four rails to the cut. In the north-eastern part of the county are fine quarries of white marble and limestone. Iron and lead are thought to exist in the hills, while bog iron is found extensively in the swamps. The leading occupation of the inhab- itants is farming. The chief productions are wheat, corn, oats, barley, cotton, tobacco, potatoes and fruit. They all yield average crops. Some parts of the county are adapted to fruit-culture. The facilities for transportation are the Mississippi river, the St. L., I. M. & S. R. R.. which passes through the centre of the county from north-west to south-east, and two otlier railroads passing near the northern '4ud southern borders. The townships which form the county are Commerce, Kelso, Moreland, Richland, Samlywoods and Tiwappity. The first settlements were made in the last century on the Missouri river. The county was organized out of New Madrid, in 1821, and named in honor of John Scott, the first Congressman from Mis- souri. Until 1845, it included the present county of Mississippi. The county was invaded during the civil war by General Thomp- son, who was joined by General Pillow. In 1861-2, General Pope marched across it with -1:0,000 men. Commerce, the county seat, is situated on the Mississippi fifteen miles below St. Girardeau. It was laid out in 1822, incorporated in 1857, and made the county seat in 1864. It has rapidly in- creased in populatioji and importance. Morley, on the St. L. I. M. & S. R. R., thirteen miles from Commerce, is the most important town in the count.y. It was laid out in 1868. Diehlstadt, on the same railroad, ten or twelve miles east of Morley, and near tlie southern boundary of the count}', is a small settlement. Sikes- ton, on the same road, twenty-five miles from Cairo, is an important shipping point. The other settlements are Hamburg, a German town six miles north of Morley. St. Cloud, Sand Siding, Caiiey Creeic, Blodgett and Benton. Shannon county is in the southern part of the state, bounded on the north by Dent and Reynolds, east by Re3niolds and Carter, south by Carter and Oregon, and west b}- Howell and Texas coun- ties. The southern part is high prairie interspersed with timber. The northern and central portions are generally broken, hilly and heavily timbered, with the different kinds of oak, cedar and pine. It is watered chiefly by the Current river and its numerous 432 AN ILLUSTRATED tributaries. This county is rich in minerals; large deposits of hematite and specular ores, lead ore and beds of copper of a supe- rior quality are found, and the old copper mines near Eminence, are now successfully mined. The leading occupation of the inhabi- tants is agriculture. The county is composed of the townships of Birch Tree, Bowlan, Current River, Delaware, Jackson, Jasper, Moose, Newton, Pike Creek and Spring Valley. The first settle- ments were made in the year, 1819, when the first discoveries of copper and iron were made. The county was organized in 1841 and named for George Shannon. A large portion of the land was entered in 1858-9 at 12^ cents per acre. This county suffered like other southern counties by war; roving bands of guerrillas invaded the county, and many peaceable citizens were murdered. Eminence, the county seat, v/as entirely destroyed, but it was re-established at the present site. No rail-roads pass through its territory. Shelby county is centrally located in what is denominated the Northeast, at the doors of the city of Quincy, Illinois, and Hannibal, Missouri. The surface is nearly equally divided between prairie and timber. The former is graded from level to rolling; the latter is principally oak, with a liberal sprinkling of other varie- ties of hard wood, such as walnut and hickory. The soil is productive when properly cultivated, being a sandy clay loam, underlaid by hardpan. The principal stream is the North Fork of Salt river, running through the center of the county, diagonally, from nort-west to south-east. This river and its tributaries afford water for domestic use and stock. Soft water can easily be obtained with little labor, by digging stock-ponds. An inexhaustible supply of the best brick clay, and several beds of potter's clay are in this county. Agriculture is the leading pursuit of the popu- lation. The staples are corn, hay, oats and wheat. Grain is mostly fed to stock. Tobacco is cultivated to a considerable ex- tent. Fruits of all kinds are successfully grown, as also the small fruits and the grape. The Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad crosses the county from east to west, south of the center, with 25 miles of track, and furnishes the only means of transportation. Chicago and Quincy are the principal markets. The municipal townships are Bethel, Black Creek, Clay, Jackson, Jefferson, Salt River, Taylor and Tiger Fork. The first settlement was made in 1830, and in 1833 settlers came in large numbers. It was organ- UlSTOUY OF MISSOURI. 433 ized as a count}', January 2. 1835. Sholbina is the most important place in tlie county, on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, forty miles from Hannibal. Shelby ville, the county-seat, is located near the center of the county, eight miles north of Shelbina, the nearest railroad station. It was located in 1836; incorporated in 1851. St. Charles county is one of the oldest-settled counties of northern Missouri. It is bounded on the north by the county of Li)icoln and the Mississippi river which separates it from the State of Illinois, east from the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, which last separates it from St. Louis county. The land between these two rivers is rolling, and in some places broken. About one- third of the county is composed of prairies. The principal ones are Point Prairie, Dog Prairie, Allen's Prairie, Dardenne Prairie, and Howell's Prairie. The first named, extending from west to north, to Portage des Sioux, embraces a country unsurpassed in fertility. The Mumelles are two smooth mounds, without trees or shrubs, and covered with grass, at an elevation of about 150 feet, and projecting from the main bluffs some distance into the prairie. They afford a most beautiful and extensive view. The long tongue of land for twenty miles above the mouth of the Missouri, varying from two to ten miles in width, is composed of alluvial soil and immensely productive. The timber-lands from St. Charles to the mouth of the Missouri, are equally as good for farming purposes; they are nearl}' level, sloping gently toward the Mississippi river. Most of the upland prairies have also a good, but not deep soil, undei'laid by a hard cla3\ and producing fine crops of corn, oats and hay. The county is well watered. Timber is abundant in some portions of the county. The oaks, hickory, walnut, maple, elm, cotton-wood, sycamore, hack berry and locusts are the leading varieties. In addition to wheat, corn, oats, barle}', broom-corn, tobacco and hemp, and all kinds of fruits, congenial to this latitude, are cultivated, and much attention is paid to horti- culture. The facilities for transportation are the two rivers — Missis- sippi and Missouri — and the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad, which traverses the county from east to west. St. Louis is the principal market, being only twenty miles distant, and con- nected by good macadamized roads. The municipal townships are Callaway, Cuvier, Dardenne, Femme Osage, Portage des Sioux and St.Charles, The early history of this county is inseparably connected 434 ^N rLLTTSTHATED with that of the State. The first settlement, it is believed, was made as early as 1762. The county was organized very soon after the United States government came into possession of Louisiana. Jt embraced at that time all the country between the Missouri rivers, stretching north indefinitely, and west to the Pacific Ocean. The county of Howard was taken from it and organized January 23, 1816, and upon the organization of Lincoln and Montgomery counties, December 14, 1818, the county of St. Charles was reduced to its present limits. St. Charles City is the county seat, and the principal city. It has a high commanding location on the Missouri river, twenty miles above its confluence with the Mississippi. It is on the St. L. K. C. & N. R. R., twenty-two miles north-west of St. Louis. It is the principal crossing place on the Missouri river for all busi- ness between St. Louis and the northern part of the State. The first railroad bridge across the Missouri was at this point. It is a substantial structure, some 6,500 feet in length. Upon the site where St. Charles now stands, Blanchefcte built his little log cabin more than a hundred 3'ears ago, from which period may be dated its settlement by the whites. In 1809 it was organized as a town, but not until 1849 was it incorporated as a city. Its growth and development has not been rapid but of a substantial nature. Here are the St. Charles College — a Methodist institution — the Convent of the Sacred Heart, and Lindenwood Female College, be- sides a number of female and parochial schools. Cottleville is ten miles west of St. Charles City. Augusta is on the Missouri, thirtj'' miles from St. Charles. It was laid out in 1836, and is important as a shipping point. Portage des Sioux, on the Mississippi, twelve miles north-east of St. Charles, is an old town, and a place of con- siderable business, in grain shipping, chiefly. New Melle was laid out in 1850, and is a flourishing German settlement. O'Fallou, and Wentzviile are small settlements. St. Clair county is situated in the north-east of what is gener- ally termed Southwest Missouri. About three-fourths of the county is susceptible of cultivation; the other fourth is hilly and stony, principally in the eastern portion. The county is about equally divided between timber and prairie, much of the former is bottom land, lying on the Osage and Sac rivers, and also on the margins of the smaller streams. The general surface may be called rolling. The two rivers mentioned furnish an abundance of water- iiisTuuY OF Missoiriii. 435 power for all practical i^irposes. Timber is still abundant of irood quality. The climate is mild, pleasant and healthy. There are quite a number of sulphur springs in various localities throughout the county. The noted Monagau Springs possess excellent med- icinal properties. Of minerals, only coal has been discovered; there are strong indications of other minerals, principally lead and iron. The manufacturing establishments of this county are three first- class flouring mills, and a few saw and grist-mills; notwithstanding all the excellent water-power, only two of the above are propelled by water. The census of 1870 gives 45,492 acres of improved land; 44.628 of woodland; besides 25,756 acres of other unimproved land. The number of inhabitants is 8,000 to 10,000 (census 1870), of which most are employed in farming. The agricultural staples are wheat and corn; wheat is exported, corn fed to cattle and hogs. The fa- cilities for market are the Osage river, on which considerable ship- ping is done at certain seasons of the year, and the Missouri, Kan- sas and Texas railroad which passes through the north-western corner, having about seven miles of track. The Kansas City, Mem- phis and Mobile railroad have a road graded from Kansas City to Osceola. The principal market for the surplus production is the city of St. Louis. The townships are Butler, Chalk Level, Jack- son, Monagan, Osceola, Polk, Roscoe, Speedwell, and Washington. Settlements commenced in the years 1835-6, and improvements and population were far in advance of the progress made by contiguous counties. The boundaries of the count}' were defined in 1833, and it was named in honor of General St. Clair. During the civil war the county suffered severely; it was invaded by soldiers, and the in- habitants dragged from their homes and murdered, their dwellings burned and their property pillaged. The county seat, Osceola^ was entered by General Lane's command, and the court-house and all other buildings, except a few dwellings, were plundered and burned. Ste. Genevieve count}- is one of the oldest in the state, having been settled long before the Louisiana purchase. It is situa- ted on the Mississippi river which forms the eastern and north- eastern boundary, for a distance of twenty-five miles. It has an area of about 400 square miles. The county is traversed by a number of small streams, and its surface is somewhat hilly. The land adjacent to the river forms into a number of high and rugged cliffs. The land on either side of the streams, which are Saline creek, the river Aux Vases, the north and south fork of Gabours, 436 AN ILl.USTRATKD Fourche a Polite, Establisliaieiit, Fource u Duclos, Isle du Bois and the Terre Bleu, is also hilly and covered with rocks. Between these hills are small valleys, rendered fertile by alluvial washing. The western part of the county is more level, rising in low hills with scarcely anj' valleys, and is covered with heavy timber. The mineral resources of the county are but little developed. They consist of lead, iron, copper, granite, brown sandstone, and lime- stone. Lead has been found in several places near the surface and the mine Avon, has been worked to some extent. White marble is found in abundance below the city of Ste. Genevieve, of superior qualit}', and quantities are shipped, some of it being used in the custom-house of St. Louis. White sand, almost pure silicate, is also found in abundance, and large quantities are shipped to Pittsburg and other places for the manufacture of glass. The Mis- sissippi river affords the only means of transportation to markets. The townships are Beauvais, Frankfort, Jackson, Jefferson, Saline, Ste. Genevieve, and Union. The first settlement is given by tradi- tion as early as 1735. In 1785, there was a large emigration from the east side of the Mississippi, and the village of Ste. Genevieve at one period was the most important town in the Mississippi val- ley. It was reduced to its present limits in 1820. Ste. Genevieve, the county seat, is located on the Mississippi river sixty miles below St. Louis, and is the oldest town in the state. It was formerly built on tlie bank of the river, but the great flood of 1785 caused the inhabitants to choose a more ele- vated situation. In ISIO, it was an important commercial town having twenty or more large stores, and to this mart St. Louis came in those days for her supplies. In 1821 it Avas written of this vil- lage: "The houses are generally one story high, frame or log, but all white washed, which gives the town quite a livel}' appearance." St. Mary's is nine miles south of Ste. Genevieve in the north- east corner of the county on the Mississippi, and is a place of some business importance, having a population of about five hundred. New Offenburgh, Quarrytown, Avon, Bloomsdale and Panjaub are small settlements. St. Francois county is sitnatel in the south-eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by the counties of Jefferson and Ste. Genevieve, east by Ste. Genevieve and Perry, south by Madison and Iron, and west by Iron and Washington. It has an area of about 350 square miles. The surface is broken and hilly, for the lllSTOliY OF .MlisSOUUI. 437 most part, and iu many places the scenery is pictniesque and sublimely beautit'iil, the diversified landscape presenting much to interest the lover of nature. The county is not an exclusive farm- ing county, the occupation of the i)eople being as much diversified as the surface of the county. Notwithstanding there are many hills, and not a few deserving the name of mountain, there is yet a considerable portion of very fine farming land, as good as there is in the State. The county is emphatically a timber county, there being no prairie. The soil is well adai)ted to the growth of corn, wheat, oats, rye, and the different grasses. Big river. Flat river, and the St. Fi'ancois river, run through the county; besides num- berless creeks, many of them affording water the year rouml, for any kind of machinery. Iron and lead are the chief minerals. Nowhere in the world, more or better iron ores can be found. The Iron Mountain has a world-wide fame, being the greatest accumu- lation of iron found in the same space. Lead is found in great abundance in various parts of the county. The occupation of tlic inhabitants is mainly mining and agriculture. The leading agri- cultural staples are wheat, oats and hay. These productions are mostly consumed in the county. The St. Louis and Iron Moun- tain railroad, and the Belmont division of the same road, furnishes the facilities for transportation of the mining and agricultural products to market. The municipal townships of the county are Big River, Iron, Liberty, Marion, Pendleton, Peny, Randolph, St. Francois. The early history commences in the last century. €laims were located iu 1794, and settlements made in 1796. The county was organized from parts of Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson and Washington in 1821. The first circuit court was held April 1st, 1822, Judge N. B. Tucker presiding, and J. D. Peers, clerk. In 1845, the manufacture of pig-iron was commenced at Iron Moun- tain and Pilot Knob, and has continued to this time with extraor- dinary success. During the civil war, the people were divided in their sentiment:;. Fanningto}i, the county seat, is situated some two and a half miles from DeLassus, on the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, in a rich valley. Iron Mountain has a population of about 2.500. Bismarck is the junction of the St. L. & I. M. R. R. with the Bel- mont division of the same road, seventy-five miles from St. Louis, and six miles from Iron Mountain. Knob Lick, French Village, De Lassus, Blackwell Station, Libertyville, Middle Brook, Lough- 438 AN ILLUSTRATED boro. Hazel Run, Big River Mills, Flat River, French Village, and Dent's Station, are small settlements. St. Louis county is situated on the eastern border of the State, lying between Franklin county on the west and the Mis- sissippi river on the east, with the Missouri river on the north and the Meramec on the south. Its general topography may be termed undulating, though almost every variety of surface is found within its borders, from the dead level to high hills — not to say mountains- — and steep declivities. The banks of the Mississippi, except a short distance above the city of St. Louis, where they are subject to inundation, are high and rocky; towards the interior, the country becomes more level. The soil is equally various, ranging from the- rich alluvial river bottoms and the magnificent valle.ys of the Florissant, unequalled in fertilitj', to the steep and rocky hills of the western part, some of which are absolutely sterile. Rich and productive bottoms are found on many streams, such as have been already mentioned, and also on the river Des Peres. The interior of the county is well watered by the tributaries and sub-tributaries of these rivers. In earlier times the county was well timbered, though possessing some prairies of great beauty, but now, excepting in the extreme western portion, timber has become scarce. Coal has been found and mined for many years near the city, and there are also indications of it in several other parts of the county. Iron and lead occur in the western part. The fine, close, compact lime- stone, closely approaching marble, found near Gleucoe, is extensive- ly quarried. The so-called St. Louis limestone, of a grayish blue color, very durable, is also extensively used for macadamizing the streets and for building purposes. In Cheltenham, and other places near the city, clays are worked into fire-brick, tiles, pipes, flues, and other manufactured articles. The manufacturing interests are among the most important in the west. The staple productions within fifteen or twenty miles of the city of St. Louis are gar- den vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and hay. Outside of this limit, corn, wheat, oats and hay, are largely grown, — and rye, buck- wheat and barley to some extent. Fine orchards abound and fruit is abundant, of fine quality. Schools of a high grade are estab- lished throughout the count}'. This county was one of the five original districts, the others being St. Charles. New Madrid, Ste. Genevieve, and Cape Girardeau. Kirkwood is the second town in the county. It is situated '^r^ta^ ^Z^:;^^ HISTORY OF MISSOURI. .4;^ 9 thirteen and one-half miles west of St. Louis, on the Missouri Pacific railroad. Its location is plesisant and healthful. Many of the business men of St. Louis reside here. It has a Female Seminary of high reputation. Its public schools are excellent. Bridgeton is located on the St. Louis. Kansas City and Northern railroad, fifteen miles from St. Louis. Florissant is an old French settlement. Webster Grove, on the Missouri Pacific railroad, ten miles from St. Louis, has a soldiers' orphan asylum. The extensive grounds of Cannon & Co., florists, are a great attraction. Rock Spring, Glencoe, Jennings, Manchester, Meramec Station, Normandy, Brotherton, Baden, Barrett, Cheltenham, Colman, Ferguson, Lake House, Rock Hill, Woodlawn, Sherman, and Lappington are other places in the county. Saint Louis, the county seat, and the metropolis of the State, was founded by Pierre Laclede Liguest, in 1764. It was incorporated as a town the 9th day of November, 1S09. Two years after, it contained only about fifteen hundred inhabitants, one printing office, and some dozen places of business, and at the time of the admission of Missouri into the Union, the city had attained to a population of scarcely five thousand. The increase in wealth during the decade succeeding, was greater than in population. In 1833, the popu- lation was 6,400, and in 1835 it had increased to only 8,316, while the assessed value of the property was '^2.221,888; the municipal revenue was $31,595. The population soon began to increase more rapidly. In 1840 it exceeded 16.000; in 1850 it was almost 75,000; and in 1860 was 160,773. At this point of her prosperity, the civil war came, paralyzing many departments of industry, and, in its eifects working disaster in many ways. In the succeeding five years the valuation of the city decreased and probably the population also; but, in the decade ending with the year 1875, growth and prosperity unparalleled in her history heretofore, were realized. The population in 1870, was 812,963, with a valuation of $275,133,331. St. Louis was incorporated as a city December 9th, 1822. William Carr Lane was elected mayor the ensuing year. He was several times re-elected, closing his term of office in 1828, when he was succeeded by Daniel D. Page. Since that time, there have been twenty-three different incumbents, Henry Oversto z being the present mayor. Nathan Cole, who was mayor in 1869- 70, is the only one on the list born in St. Louis. The same causes which fixed the choice of the first settlers in St. Louis, have ever 440 AN ILLUSTRATED since existed. They have grown with tlie city, and developed commensurate with its needs and capabilities. To all these natural resources have been added the exertions of the sagacious and ener- getic business men of the past and the present. The '"Merchants' Exchange of St. Louis " was incorporated by act of the legislature, March 4th, 1862, and organized the same year with a membership of about seven hundi-ed. The noble structure where its mem- bers meet is .an outgrowth of this organization. The St. Louis "Board of Trade" was incorporated February loth, 1864, for the de- clared purpose of promoting the financial, manufacturing, and in- dustrial interests of the country at large, and especially of St. Louis and the Mississippi Valley. Among the buildingsof importance in the city, representing pub- lic interests as well as private enterprise, the first to be mentioned is the Merchants' Exchange, just referred to, on Third street, between Pine and Chestnut. It was erected by the Chamber of Commerce Association at a cost, for building and grounds, of $1,800,000. It has a frontage of 235 feet on Third street, and on Chestnut and Pine each of 187 feet;. The Grand Exchange hall, 235 by 98 feet, with a height of 69 feet, is a magnificent room for mercantile exchange. The County Court-House, to which every citizen of the county points with pride, is an imposing structure. The site was donated in 1823, by J. B. C. Lucas and Auguste Chouteau, but the orig- inal building was not completed until 1833, having cost some $14,- 000. Very soon this was found to be inadequate to the wants of the city, and in 1838, plans and specifications for the present struc- ture were adopted. The main building was erected soon after, but one addition after another was made, so that the building as it now stands was not completed until 1862, at a total cost of about $1,200,000. The new Custom-House and Post Office will add to the architecture of the city. The building was commenced in 1872. The estimated cost of the entire structure is $4,000,000. It is located upon the block between Eighth and Ninth streets, and Olive and Locust; and, when completed, it will be the largest building in the city. The material is of grey granite, from Maine. Besides Cus- tom-House and Post Office, it will be occupied by the United States District and Circuit Courts. The Four Courts is a building which attracts much attention. It includes the jail, and occupies the square between Spruce street and Clark avenue, and Eleventh and Twelfth streets. With grounds, it cost 1850,000. The St. Louis dd W 5 Q M O W t=^ Q ?d o O I f > > Ki W H H t?1 W h I w W HISTOHY OF MISSOURI. 441 County Insane Asylum, near Tower Grove park, is an institution of much value. The buildings were touHnenced in 1804, and with im- provements cost upwards $870,000. The City Hospital, corner of La- fayette avenue and Linn street, is a beneficent institution of much merit. The building is valued at §200,000, Tlie Work House, •corner of Meramec and Carondelet avenues, has nine acres of land, and is estimated at '?65,000. Quarantine Hospital, with fifty- five acres of land, and valued at fifty thousand dollars, is a quarantine station. The House of Refuge is an important re- formatory institution for young offenders. It has a good build- ing and about twenty acres of land, and is valued at §^100,000. The City Hall is on the corner of Eleventh and Chestnut, of plain but substantial architecture, valued, with lot, at $285,000. All the principal city offices are located in this building. The market houses of the city are advantageously^ distributed to meet the wants •of the people, of which there are five in number. The parks of St. Louis add much to the beauty and healthful- ness of the city. The present system when completed will make of them all that could be desired. Aside from numerous small ones in various parts of the city, larger parks are accessible from all points. O'Fallon park lies at the north of the cit}', and from its elevated position commands a fiiie and extended view of the "Father of Waters." Its noble forest trees, imposing buildings .and improved gardens, make it a place of much interest. Lying to the south-west, three-fourths of a mile, is the Fair Ground, which serves the purpose of a park; affording a pleasant and interesting retreat for thousands of weary people. Immediately back of the city is Forest park, the largest in area of all, containing 1374 acres. It is comparatively new, but is destined to be a great resort. Na- ture has here excelled anything which art can do. Tower Grove park, and, near at hand, Shaw's Botanical gardens lie east of south from Forest park. Originally these grounds were prairie, but now ornamented and embellished with all that can please the eye or gratify the taste. The park contains three hundred and fifty acres, and was donated to the city in 1868, by Henry Shaw. The garden contains about fifty acres and is owned by iVIr. Shaw, whose munificence and taste have been lavished on every hand. It is regarded as one of the finest floral gardens in the United States. "The great variety of trees, shrubs, fruits and flowers seen here, im- press one that all the zones of the earth have been laid under 442 ATi Tr.IJ^STMATETl tribute. Lafayette park lies a little south of the central line of the city. It was laid out many years ago aud was oue of the early en- terprises in this direction. It c .utains about thirty acres, and is adorned with numerous walks, trees and flowers; lakes, fountains^ waterfalls, and grottos, also are here. Nature gave to this plot a diversified and picturesque appearance; little hills and obscure valleys, as well as level plains, are all represented. A colossal statue of Benton is near the lake, executed in Rome, by Harhai COTTAGE— FAIR GROUNDS. Hosmer. Carondelet park contains about one hundred and eighty acres and when further improved, will be an attractive and conve- nient place of resort for the people of the southern portion of the- city. Missouri park, corner Fourteenth and Olive, is a pleasant resort containing about 3^ acres. * Washington Square, on Clark avenue and Thirteenth street, has as yet but few embellish- ments, but is a relief to the eye and body of many a denizen of the dusty, noisy, streets; it contains about six acres. Laclede Park has. some attractiveness though nearly new. It has an area of three acres. Gravois. Carr, Hyde, Jackson Place, St. Louis Place, Lynn, Lindell, Benton, and Exchange Square, are all parks of more or less- HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 44J importance. It is in contemplation to unite all these principal parks by a grand continuous boulevard. A law has been enacted providing for the expense. Their general and relative position is in the form of a semi-circle and the distance is about seven miles from one extreme to the opposite. The church edifices of St. Louis are numerous and costly; many of them of most elaborate design and expensive architecture num- SECOND BAPTIST CUURCH. bering more than one hundred and fifty, and estimated worth in the aggregate, at least five millions of doUai-s. Of these, thirty-five are Catholic; eighteen Presbyterian; sixteen Baptist; twelve Epis- copal; twelve German Evangelical Lutheran; twelve Methodist Episcopal; nine German Evangelical; four Congregational; four Christian; four Hebrew; two Cumberland Presbyterian; two Uni- tarian; four Latter-Day Saints; and one Society of Friends, The Public Schools of St. Louis are among the best. In 1850, about six per cent, of the population was in the schools. In 1874. fifteen per cent, of the entire population was enrolled in the pub- lic and private schools of the City. There are fifty-four school 444 AN ILLUSTRATED buildings valued, with appurtenances, at $5,380,000. The number has more than doubled within the last ten years, and the .seating capacity more than trebled; the number of seats now being 28,530. Besides these excellent advantages found in the public schools of the city, there are numerous parochial and private ones and colleges, oifering every facility for study to children of whatever color or nationality. Closely allied to good schools, and indispensable to the education of the masses, are the libraries of a city. With these, St. Louis is only moderately supplied. The "Mercantile" is the most ela- borate, containing forty-three thousand well selected books, a reading room with some two hundred newspapers from various parts of the world, and two hundred and fifty magazines and re- views. The project of establishing this institution is said to have originated with John C. Francis, and his plans were organized and the work commenced in 1847. The Public School Library is under the control of the Board of public schools, aild contains the books and collections of the Academy of Science, the Medical, Historical, Microscopical and Art Societies, Local Steam Engineers' Associa- tion, Listitutes of Architects, and Engineers' Club. It has in all, about 34,000 volumes, and some seventy newspapers, besides all the leading American and foreign periodicals. The water works is one of the grand enterprises of St. Louis. On the 27th of September, 1829, the city contracted with John C. Walsh and Abraham Fox for supplying the city with " clarified water;" that the water should be distributed through the city in cast-iron pipes three and an half feet under ground, together with several other important stipulations, and in return the contractors were granted the exclusive right of furnishing water to the citizens for twenty-five years. Although this contract was never fully ex- ecuted, and the city came into full proprietorship of the works in 1835, yet from this point may be dated the grand enterprise by which to-day the city is so abundantly supplied with water. The old system being found insufficient, in March, 1867, the legislature passed an act enabling " St. Louis to procure a supply of whole- some water," and under this act the Governor appointed Alexander Crozier, Henry Flad, and Amadu Valle the first Board of Commis- sioners. The act conferred on the city power to issue bonds de- nominated " St, Louis Water Bonds," not to exceed $3,500,000 for the erection of the works. The old water works with all appur- HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 445 tenances, consisting in part of eiglity-one miles of pipe, two high pressure engines, with pumps and machinery, and reservoirs, were transferred to the new board, and work commenced.* The average daily consumption at that time was 6,500,O(i0 gallons. The new works are located at Bissell's Point, and tiie grounds contain one hundred acres. The buildings axe built of cut stone and pressed brick, and possess great architectural beauty. Situated two hun- dred feet from the river bank is an iron tower, ten by twenty feet in size and eighty feet deep, built on the solid rock at the bottom of the river. Through gates upon the east side, the water enters the tower, and is conveyed by means of an iron pipe, five feet six inches in diameter, to the engine pit, from whence it is pumped to the set- tling basins, at the rate, if necessary, of 50,000,000 gallons per day. There are four settling basins, each 270 feet wide and 600 feet long, holding from eighteen to twenty millions of gallons each. In these basins the water is allowed to settle for twenty-four hours, when it is conveyed by its own gravity through a brick conduit, a distance of several hundred feet, to the clear well, near the high ser- vice engine house, and from thence it is pumped through 36 inch- pipes to the stand pipe, situated on Grand avenue and Fourteenth street; thence it is carried by its own gravity to Compton Hill reservoir, and other parts of the city. This reservoir is situated nearly four miles from the stand pipe, and is regarded as the great achievement of the new regime. It is 830 feet long, 500 feet wide, and 22 feet deep, and has a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons. The influx pipe is thirty inches in diameter, while the efflux pipe, which feeds the supply pipes leading in every direction, is twenty inches in diameter. The present consumption of water averages about 22,000,000 gallons per day. The system as it now stands, the pride, comfort, and safety of the people, has cost in round numbers $5,000,000. The commercial advantages of St. Louis are admitted to be very great. The city is located in the centre of one of the most ex- tended and most productive areas on the face of the earth: added to this, is the unsurpassed system of river navigation. To the north, the upper Mississippi, with the Des Moines, the St. Peters, the Illinois, and smaller tributaries — some twenty-three hundred miles of navigable water; to the south, the lower Mississippi, the Arkan- sas, White, St. Francois, Yiizoo, and Red — three thousand miles; to the east, the Ohio, Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash Green, 446 AN ILLUSTRATED Alleghany and Moaongahela — three thousand miles; to the west, the Missouri to the Falls — two thousand miles; the Osage, the Kansas, and other tributaries — about three thousand miles: total length of navigable rivers, accessible to St. Louis, not far from twelve thousand miles. The railroads terminating in St. Louis, and having their manag- mentin the city, enumerate twenty-one. These roads diverge and spread out, covering distances varying from one hundred and fifty to five hundred miles, aggregating a distance of more than ■seven thousand miles. Still beyond these is the complicated net- work of railroads from many parts of the Union; so that it may be said, " all railroads of the United States lead to St. Louis." The new Railroad and Passenger Bridge across the Mississippi river, at this point, is a steel, tubular structure. The first stone was laid February 28th, 1868. It has three arches, the middle one being .520 feet in the clear, while the other two are 502 feet each. The distance from abutment to abutment, is 1,627 feet. There is an ap- proach, on the western side, of 1,150 feet, and on the eastern side, of 3,500 feet. The total length of the bridge and its approaches is 6,277 feet, equal to about one and one sixth mile. The railroad track crossing the bridge enters the city through a tunnel 5,000 feet, or nearly a mile in length. The total cost of the bridge was above seven millions. It is designed and used both for railroad and carriage purposes, and was finished in 1874. The systenj of street railways in St. Louis, supercedes the old omnibus lines of only a few years ago, the first charter having been granted in 1859. Capital to the amount of about $200,000,000 is invested in its street railways, embracing eighty-six miles of track, two hundred and eighty cars running daily, carrying sixty thousand people in all directions, and covering almost every accessable por- tion of the city. And still other charters are granted, and other lines contemplated. This has made great changes in the prices of real estate, as business centres can now be reached easily from such distances as previously were impracticable. The city has a well-organized, intcepid and energetic fire depart- ment. The system by which it is operated and controlled is worthy of especial admiration. It was in 1857, that the ordinance was passed establishing a "Paid Fire Department." At its organization, there was but one steam fire engine in the city. Additions have been made from time to time since, until at present there are fit- .^?^^ ^^^^ IIKSTUKY OF MISSOURI. 447 teen first-class iii;icliiiiHs, and the samo number of hose-carriages. The " Fire Ahirni Telegrai)h" was put in operation in 1858, there being at the close of that year sixty-three boxes; at present there are some two hundred and seventy boxes, twenty-five signals, and over three hundred miles of alarm wire. Financially considered, St. Louis is strong. Her bonded debt is less than seven per cent, of her taxable property, and besides this, the value of propert}' which she owns as a corporation is almost equal to her indebtedness. The assets of the city, consisting in part of water- works, public parks, markets and grounds, hospitals, wharves, and other real estate, added to sinking fund of $738,120,65, amounts, in the aggregate, to §13,744.315, while her total indebtedness is in round numbers about $17,000,000. She has a banking capital of nearly or quite twenty millions of dollars, employed in sixty lanks, seven of which are national banks, involving a capital of a tnfle over three and one-half luillious. The press of St. Louis is now, as it has been for many yeais, a power in the land, and its columns are quoted, and its influence felt from the Atlantic to the Pacific. " The St. Louis Republican " has existed, under different names, since 1808, when it was established as "The Missouri Gazette," which name was changed the same year to that of '' Louisiana Gazette." In 1818, the original ri^me was resumed, which in turn was discarded in 1822, for thai of "Missouri Republican," which name it retained until with.'n a comparatively short time, when St. Louis was substituted for Mis- souri, and "The St. Louis Republican" took its place among the influential newspapers in the land. It was a weekly pai)er until 1833, when a semi- weekly was tried, which, proving a success, a tri-weekly edition was started in April, 1835, and in September of of the following year, the publication of a daily was conrnenced. Previous to 1856, the " Republican" was a leading organ of the whig party, since which time, it has substantially affiliated with the democratic part}'. Colonel George Kna[)p, the present senior proprietor, has been connected with the paper for half a century. "The Globe-Democrat" was brought into existence in May, 1875, by the sale of the stock of "The Missouri Democrat," to Messrs. McKee and Hduser, who for three years had been publishers of the " Globe." The " Democrat" originated in the Free Soil movement of 1845, but did not assume permanent form until 1852, when William Hill and William McKee purchased a small paper called 448 AN ILLUSTRATED the " Daily Sentinel," and changed its name to that of '' Missouri Democrat.*' A few months later, the " Union " was merged in the same concern and the new paper became an able and popular ad- vocate of Free Soil principles, numbering among its friends and contributors, Thomas H. Benton and Francis P. Blair. In 1857 George Fishback became a partner in the concern, and in 186^ Daniel Houser was admitted, and the firm name became McKee, Fishback & Co, Subsequently this partnership was dissolved, and Fishback became the sole proprietor of the " Democrat " at the price of $456,000. Immediately thereafter a joint stock company was organized, Otto H. Hassellman being business manager. The "Globe" was started by Messrs. McKee and Houser in July,. 1872, and in a few months attained a large daily and weekly circu- lation, and secured some of the best editorial talent formerly em- ployed upon the "Democrat." A strong rivalry sprung up between the " Democrat " and the " Globe," arid although advocating the same political principles, they neutralized much of their influ- ence by personal warfare. In May, 1875, an effort was made to produce harmony, which resulted in the sale of the stock of the " Democrat " through Mr. Fishback to Messrs. McKee and Houser for the sum of $325,000. The " Globe " and the " Democrat " both ceased to exist as such, and the " Globe-Democrat " was produced. It is republican in sentiment, but largely independent. "The Times" has a much shorter history than either of the forego- ing papers. It was started in July, 1866, by a company composed of D. A. Mohony, Stilson Hutchins and John Hodnett, as a demo- cratic daily journal. Soon after the commencement of its publica- tion, Mr. Hutchins bought Mohony's interest and the paper was owned and conducted by Messrs. Hutchins and Hodnett, until 1867, when the late Henry Ewing purchased a third intei-est. By this time it had a strong hold upon the people of the west, and v/as rapidly increasing its list of subscribers and widening its range of influence. Up to this time five to six thousand dollars was all the capital invested in the enterprise. In July, 1872, Hutchins sold his interest to Ewing at the rate of $200,000 for the whole. After the death of the latter, in 1873, the paper went into the hands of Messrs. Mantz and Clark, by whom it was published with moderate success until June, 1875, when Hutchins and Hodnett again became its owners, the price understood to be $130,200. It is a widely cir- culated and influential journal, and the recognized organ of the democratic party in the State. HiiiTOliY OF MiSbOUlU, 449 " The St. Louis Daily Journal "' is a sprightly four-page sheet, ardently advocating the principles of the republican party. It was started in 1857, as a weekly paper called tiie '' Journal of Com- merce," which still has its representative in the "St. Louis Journal." The daily paper was started in June, 1871, the proprietors being W. V. Wolcott, the Messrs. Marmaduke, and George C. Hume, un- der the title of" The St. Louis Journal Company.'" but after a few months the Marmadukes went out, and since that time the paper has been owned and conducted by Wolcott and Hume. "The St. Louis Evening Dispatch" was started some ten years ago, succeeding the "Evening News." It has passed through several stages of management and proprietorship, and at present is owned in the main by Mr. W. R. Allison. It is democratic in politics, and is regarded as a sprightly, readable sheet. " The Auzeiger Des Westens" is both a daily and weekly. It was established in the year 1834 as a weekly, and has always been ably and successfully conducted. It is now owned by the "Auzeiger Association," Carl Daeuzer, editor-in-chief, and is an advocate of the policy of the democratic party. " The Westliche Post" is a dail}^ republican paper, established in 1857, and published by Plate, Olshausen & Co. It has a large circulation. " The Amerika " is a German daily, Sunday and weekly newspaper. It is published by the German Literary Society, and has a large circulation, not only in this country, but in Germany. Henry Spaunherst is presi- dent of the board of managers. "The St. Louis Courier" is another German daily, with a monthly edition, published by the St. Louis Courier Compan}', Henry Gambs, president. In addition to the able daily and weekly newspapers enumerated, there are in St. Louis, aljove fifty other periodicals of greater or less importance, covering in their literary productions, not only almost every shade of religi- ous belief, but the arts, sciences and education. St. Louis, lying along the right bank of the Mississippi river for fourteen miles, resting back upon two limestone plateaus, has a site at once grand and diversified. The lower plateau rises quite abrupt- ly to a height of twenty feet above high water; the second is more gradual, and is indented with frequent depressions, but attaining an elevation of some sixty feet. The central part of the city is twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri river, two hundred and eight miles above the mouth of the Ohio, and twelve hundred and seventy-eight miles from New Orleans. It contains at present 450 AN ILLUSTRATED ail area of tvventj'-one square miles. It possesses man}' natural ele- ments of prosperity and growth. Like nearly all the great emporiums, ancient and modern, it is located on internal navigable waters, and is surrounded by a vast fertile and salubrious country, intersected •in all directions by many miles of broad navigable rivers. It is surrounded by states underlaid Avith coal, and studded with moun- tains of iron, filled with veins of lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and co- .balt, and is on the highway of the gold and silver from the moun- tain and Pacific states, to the marts of the world. There is no nat- ural reason why all these should not buy and sell in her markets, and none why she should not manufacture the iron and steel and the articles made from them, for all this tributary region. Stoddard county is in the(^orthHeasterippart of the State, south of Cape Grirardeau and Wayne counties. The surface is diver- sified. The uplands,- embracing about one third of the whole area, and which are situated in about the middle of the county from north to south, are' mostly rolling, with a clay loam, underlaid with yellow or reddish sandy clay, very fertile, and well supplied with springs. The Castor river, running through the county from north-west to south-east, is the principal stream; many other streams meander through it, which, with the immense number of springs, furnish all the necessary water for the use of the inhabi- tants. The county is almost entirely covered with timber — there is no lack for present and future demands. The mineral resources are not yet developed, but the county possesses large quantities of va- rious minerals, such as iron, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, plumbago, ochre, kaolin, barytes and silver; brown hematite of iron, bog or limonite iron ore, and lead, are prevalent. The climate is excellent, with short and mild winters. The land is unsurpassed for general farming purposes, and the yields are very large. Tobacco to some extent is grown in the western part of the county. Cotton is fast -becoming the leading product; sorghum and pea-nuts are grown profitably, and grapes are very successfully cultivated. The Cairo and Poplar Bluff Division of the St. Louis, Iron Moun- tain and Southern railroad, has twent^'-eight miles in the centre ;of the county, and another road has sixteen miles graded in : the northern part of the county. The townships of the county are Castor, Dutch Creek, Elk, Liberty, New Lisbon, Pike, and Richland. The territory was first settled in 1823, at which time Cape Girardeau was the nearest trading point. The county was or- REUBEN P. OWEN. CHARLES E. PEERS. UitiTOKY OF Misaouiii. 451 ganized in 1835. from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. Bloomfield, the county seat, is situated in the central portion, seven miles north of Dexter, its nearest railroad station. It embraces a territory of a mile square, laid out in lots. It has a fine court- house, built to replace the one destroyed during the war. Dexter City, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad, is an important shipping point with good prospects. Lakeside is on the projected line of the Illinois, Missouri and Texas railroad. Buif- ington, Piketon, Essex, Castorville, and Gray's" Ridge, are small settlements. Stoxe county is situated in the south-western part of the State bounded on the south by Arkansas. The general surface of the country is very broken, hilly, and almost mountainous, and is well timbered with hickory, oak, elm, maple, hackberry, box-elder, syc- amore, ash, and excellent pine. About one-half of the tillable land is bottom, and the other half upland. The bottoms are verj^ pro- ductive, and the uplands well adapted to grazing and the gro\vth of small fruits. The county is well supplied with streams and springs. White river flows in a tortuous course from west to east across the southern part of the county. The James Fork of White river meanders through the county from north to south. These rivers and their numerous tributaries furnish all the needed water, and also excellent water-power. On some of these streams a fall of ten to twelve feet can readily be obtained, with level rock-beds and good banks. Both the White river and the James, are de- clared navigable by engineers. The county contains many caves, some of wonderful beauty, rivaling, in many particulars, the far- famed Mammoth cave of. Kentucky. Some twenty-five have been explored, and many more discovered. One mile from Galena is an extensive cave, from which saltpetre was procured by the early set- tlers. This cave and another some two miles distant, have become well known, and are visited annually by many tourists. The min- eral resources are almost entirely undeveloped, but there are indi- cations of iron, copper and lead, specimens of which lie scattered in many places over the surface, inviting development. A rich de- posit of pumice stone of good quality is found near Galena. The crops produced in this portion of the State, are successfully and very profitabl}^ raised. Stock-raising is the most profitable pursuit of the farmer, as there is yet an unlimited extent of fine range and 452 ATf ILLUSTRATED abundant water. The county is in many parts extremely well ad- daijted to the growth of the grape. The Atlantic and Pacific rail- road runs through the extreme north-west corner of the countj'. There are six townships: Cass, Hat Creek, James, Pierce, Washing- ton, and Williams. This county was at one time the residence of the Delaware Indians. The first white settler came in 1790, and in 183;-), emigrants from Tennessee and Kentucky settled near the confluence of the James and White rivers. Stone county did not suffer to any extent l)y the civil war, on account of its location and topography — the latter proving a formidable barrier in the way of guerrillas and marauding expeditions. Galena, formerly known as Jamestown, is the county seat. Sullivan county is in the northern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Putnam, east by Putnam and Adair, south by Linn, and west by Mercer and Grundy counties. It had no per- manent settlers previous to 1835 or 6, when a Dr. Holland and his son, both with families, located near the present site of Setville. Others followed, and soon the bottoms along the creeks were dotted with cultivated plots, and the smoke ascended from the humble, but happy homes of the hardy pioneers. February 16th, 1845, the county was organized, and in May the first court was convened in the dwell- ing of A. C. Hill; William Doyle, Samuel Lewis, and Patrick Mc- Quown, being justices; H. T. Elmore, clerk; and E. B. Morelock, sheriff. The following September, J. A. Clark, circuit justice, held a court in a tobacco barn. The surface of the county is rolling in some portions, with quite abrupt ridges, amounting almost to hills. It is about equally divided as to timber and prairie. The soil is rich and deep on the prairie, and on the ridges it is a clay loam, well adapted to the grov/th of grain. It is watered by numerous creeks, affording Avater-power for mills and factories. The principal agri- cultural staples are Avheat, oats, rye, and all kinds of grasses. To- bacco is raised to a limited extent. Fruits of all kinds do finely; grapes, also, are cultivated with success. It is eminently a stock= raising district, cattle, horses, mules, hogs, and sheep being raised for market and exported every year. Coal is mined on a small scale, but no other mineral develops are known. Fine sandstone, well adapted to building purposes, is plenty. The Burlington and South- western railroad has some twenty-five miles of track in the county, and the Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, has been laid out through it from east to west, and when constructed will greatly improve its HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 45^ facilities for transportation. Milan is the county seat. It is sit- uated near tiie center of the county — was hiid out in liS45. Sulli- van is composed of the townships of Bowman, Buchanan, Clay, Duncan, Jackson, Liberty,Morris, Penn, Pleasant Hill, Polk, Tay- lor and Union. Taney county is one of the southern tier of counties, on the Arkansas state line. The first permanent settlement was made in 1827, or thereabout, by two brothers Youchuim, three Dentires and a McAdo, who located on White river, and com- meijced farming. Others soon followed, and a flourishing commu- nity sprung up during the next decade. In 1837 the county was organized and named in honor of chief justice Taney. The sur- face is rough and mountainous, in some sections presenting scenes of rare beauty, — verdant hills and smiling valleys, while the stately mountain peak towers over all. In the river bottoms, the soil is ))lack alluvial; along the creeks more sandy, but fertile, while the table lands and ridges are a dark lime underlaid with a red clay formation. There is plenty of timber, the southern portion being abundantly supplied with pine, while oak, hickory, sugar-maple, walnut, and elm, together with all other kinds of Avood in- digenious to that latitude. White river is the principal stream, and with its numerous tributaries, winding down the hillsides, and traversing the valleys, affords an abundance of excellent water. The river is navigable at all seasons, and affords good water power. The crops grown with success are corn, wheat, tobacco, and cotton. Fine orchards are found here, and fruits of all kinds including the grape, do well. Rich deposits of lead and zinc are found in the south-western portion of the country. Forsyth is the county seat; it is situated upon the north bank of the White river. Texas county is one of the largest counties in the state. The earliest settlers were hunters, who came in 1815 and made some slight improvements, building a small mill, the tirst in this section of the country, on Paddies' Spring. They subsisted mainly by hun- ting and trapping, carrying their goods to St. Louis on ponys, following the Inaian bridle pailis. About 1887, a permanent settle- ment was made on Piney river, and the town of Ellsworth com- menced. The county was organized February 14th, 1845, and the following year the county seat was laid out. The surface is generally hilly, the Ozark divide traversing its entire width. The 454 AN ILLUSTKATED hills are well timbered with oak, pine, aud other varieties of wood. The valleys are also heavily timbered with sycamore, walnut, but- ternut and maple, and along the Big Piney, there are many groves of pine. The hillsides are stony; the bottoms are a rich alluvial, though sandy soil. The valleys are fertile. Big Piney river, with its numerous tributaries furnish a good supply of water, and on the main stream are valuable sites for manufactories, several of which are already improved, by the erection of saw-mills. There are al- so steam flouring mills, and saw-mills, giving employment to many men. Iron, lead, and light indications of silver, are found in seve- ral localities. Texas county is a fine agricultural region — adapted for stock raising. Hogs and cattle in great numbers are annually exported; also wheat, hides, and lumber. Fruit succeeds well, and is being cultivated in increased quantities. Grapes of good qua- lity grow well in profusion, while cultivated varieties are raised with very encouraging results. The nearest shipping point is Rolla, in Phelps county. Houtiton is the county seat aud chief town. It has an Academy and court-house, several stores and some two hundred inhabitants. It was laid out in 1846, and is near the center of the county. Lick- ing is quite a flourishing town, some fifteen miles iiorth-east from Houston. It is surrounded by a fine farming district. Vernon county is situated upon the western border of the State. Its fertility, as well as its facilities for water power, gives promise of its becoming one of the wealthiest and most populous. Previous to about the year 1825 this section of the State was in- habitated only by Indians, who had considerable villages Avithin a few miles north and east of the now flourishing town of Nevada. Here White Hare, chief of the Big Osages, ruled his dusky braves, and was himself a noted warrior. The first white settlers, of whom we have any knowledge, were Allen and Jesse Soraers, Kentuck- ians, who settled on the little Osage, not far from the present site of Balltown. Others soon followed, among them Rev. Nathaniel Dodge and his three sons, Leonard, Samuel, and Thomas, who lo- cated also near Balltown. Dr. James White, a presiding justice of the county court, was also one of the earliest settlers. The first ferry across the Osage river was the work of an enterprising old soldier of the war of 1812, by the name of Johnson. Vernon county was named in honor of Miles Vernon, a citizen of Laclede county. It was organized February 17, 1851. Conrad G. Carr, UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 455 Andrew Bill, and Jaraes Grace, were appointed justices, and July 9, 1855, the first court wiis convened at the dwelling house of Noah Canton, near Nevada. The surface of the country is chiefly prairie, but timber is generally quite convenient, except in the southern por- tions and some parts of the county between east and west Dry wood, and the flat ridge and slope lying between the waters of Marma- ton and east Dry wood on one side and Clear creek on the other. The smaller streams are all tributary to the Osage, to seek which they preserve a general north-east course, and the main ridges have also a north tread. The two principal streams, the Marmaton and the Little Osage, drain the western half of the county, while Clear creek drains the south-east quarter, and Horse creek, a tributary of the Sac, first enters and passes out at the south-east corner. Coal lies in rich abundance beneath the fertile fields in almost every part of the county, and has been successfully mined in several lo- calities. Lead in limited quantities, and iron have been found. Wheat is the leading agricultural product. It is one of the finest fruit-growing counties in the State. Fine crops of apples, pears, and peaches, are produced. Grapes also are successful. The Mis- souri, Kansas and Texas railroad aflbrd the necessary facilities of transportation, Nevadu is the county seat and principal town and was laid out in 1855, D. C. Hunter erecting the first dwelling, and A. G. Ander- son opening the first store. Prior to the late war it had a pop- ulation of about four hundred. It was nearly destroyed by fire in the spring of 1863. Immediately after the close of the war it took a new start and is now a live and flourishing town. Montevallo, sixteen miles from Nevada, is a promising town. Virgil City is a pleasant place. Warren county is in the eastern part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Montgomery and Lincoln counties, east by Lincoln and St. Charles, south 1)}^ the Missouri river. In the very dawn of the present century, the territory now embraced in Warren county began to be settled by white men, the names of Ramsey, Byau, Kennedy, and Callaway, appearing among them. At the expiration of the first twenty years, only a few hundred in- habitants became residents of the county. From 1820, to the time of the organization of the county in 1833, immigration was con- siderable. The first judge, P. McBride, convened court in May of this year, at the house of one Mordecai Morgan; Absalom Hayes 450 AN ILLUSTRATTD being sheriff, and Thomas Talbot, foreman of the jury. lu 1835, Henry Walton donated fifty acres of land for a county seat, and soon thereafter Mordecai Morgan added fifteen acres to the plat, and Warren ton was laid out, and the lots put in the market. Harry Ford and William Skinner acted as agents. The old court-house was built in 1838; the present one in 1870. The main ridge which separated the two great rivers, runs through the county, giving about one-fourth to the northern slope, and three-fourths to the southern. The northern portion is chiefly prairie, though there are some heavy belts of timber. The south- ern decline is timber land, with some fifteen to twenty thousand acres of Missouri bottoms, of alluvial soil, rich, and deep, and pro- ducing immense crops. The blutfs receediug from the river, some two to three miles in width, are crowned by a belt of rich soil. Beyond this belt is a rocky slope well adapted to the culture of the grape. Innumerable creeks wind down these slopes, while clear, cool springs of crystal water gush from their side in prodigal pro- fiisiun, affording water both excellent and abundant. The enter- prising husbandman finds every encouragement, the generous soil yielding in royal generosity. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, barley, and many other crops, are produced, while apples and pears abound in their grandest perfection. Grapes do extremely well on the higher lands, and wine of fine quality is manufacture'd. Very little has been done thus far to develop mineral wealth, though some coal is mined, and lead and iron are found. Several marble quar- ries are also opened in the county, producing some beautiful slabs. The subject of education has seemed to receive a fair share of at- tention. The St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railroad passes through the northern townships, while the Missouri river forms its southern boundary, afi'ording excellent means of transportation for its exports of tobacco, hogs, cattle, and grain. Warrenton, the county seat, is situated upon the St. Louis, Kan- sas City and Northern railroad, on the highest ground between the river and the western border of the State. It is noted for its healthfulness; has excellent schools, and is the site of Central Wesleyan College. Wright City, on the same line of railroad, six miles from Warrenton, is a smart business place of some three hundred inhabitants. Marthasville, in the south-eastern part of the county, is a pleasant town. It was near this place that the noted hunter, Colonel Daniel Boone and his wife were buried, and IIISTUKY OF MIStiOUKI. 457 the rude slab indicating ilie sacred ^l)ot is still to be seen, although the remains were years ago removed to the " Dark and Jiloody Ground." Washington county is bounded on the north by Franklin and Jefferson counties, east b}' Jefferson and St. Francois, south b}' Iron, and west bj' Crawford. It was organized from a portion of the Ste. Genevieve district, August 21st, 1813, and in 1857 it was re- duced to its present limits. The history of this county runs back to the early part of the eighteenth century, when Crozat, Sieur de Lochon, Renault, La Motte, and others traversed its wilds and ex- plored its streams, hoping to find rich deposits of mineral wealth. Renault came to the country, with a force of men, artisans and laborers, and the implements necessar}^ for mining and operating ill ores. Traces of these early explorers are still visible; both im- plements and excavations. Mine La Motte, in Madison, Old Mine, and the mines of Potosi, were opened by Renault and his men. The first settlements of any permanency, however, were not made until about 1760, when a large number of French settlers arrived in the country; one Francis Burton, among them, who discovered the mine near Potosi, which still besirs his name. In 1765, quite a little settlement was begun here, and the settlers engaged in mining lead, which was transported to the river bj' means of oxen and horses, and thence to France. In 1783, a Virginian named Moses Austin, obtained a grant from the Spanish government, of a league of land, which is still known as '' Austin's Survey," the present site of the town of Potosi being embraced in the grant, and forty acres were donated by him for a town. Some of the mines still in operation were worked under French rule, previous to 1763, and after that date under Spanish rule, until 1803, when, by the purchase of Louisiana, this district came into possession of the United States. Many new discoveries soon followed, but it was the policy of the government to secure a revenue by reserving the mines. It is stated, that in 1811. five million pounds of ore were delivered at Shiboleth. In 1821:, the price of lead ore was only ten dollars per thousand, owing to the cost of transportation, which was done on horseback, and by rude carts; now, with the railroad facilities, thirty-five to fourty-five dollars are realized. For man}' years mining was almost the sole occupation of the people of this section, but about the year 1800, a few farms were subdued, and by degrees, an agricultural population took posses- 458 AX ILLUSTHATKD sion of the rich bottoms and fertile uplands. The soil throughout the county is very productive, though the surface is broken, in some parts hilly. Timber is still plenty, although a constant draft is made upon it for market. Water is abundant, both from the numerous streams which find their way into every part of the county, offering not onl}^ a supply of water, but some good mill sites, but by many never failing, clear, cool springs. Lead, iron, copper, and zinc, are found in large quantities. Fine building stone, also stone for mill, and grind-stones are found. The manufactur- ing establishments consist of some dozen lead furnaces, about as many grist-mills, fifteen saw mills, and three tanneries. The prin- cipal occupation of the inhabitants is mining and farming; the leading agricultural staples are corn, wheat,oats, tobacco, and fruits principally grapes. Public schools are established in nearly all of the sub-districts. The Bellevue Collegiate Institute at Caledonia, and an Academy at Irondale, afford good facilities for obtaining a knowledge of the higher branches of study. The county is fur- nished with means of transportation by the Iron Mountain and Southern railroad, which skirts its eastern border for twenty-two miles, and branch road built from Potosi, the county seat, inter- secting the main trunk at Mineral Point. Potosi is situated in the midst of a group of hills, which are cov- ered with forests of oak and pine. It is among the oldest towns in the State, it being more than a hundred years since its first settle- ment. It was incorporated under its present name in 1828. Cale- donia, twelve miles from Potosi, was laid out in 1819, is a healthful localit}^, with an intelligent and enterprising population. Irondale is a growing town, centrally located in a good farming county, and is a rich mining district. It was laid out in 1857 by John G. Scott, who did much for its growth and development. Mineral Point, at the junction of the Potosi branch, sixty-one miles from St. Louis, was laid out in 1857. Wayne county is situated in the south-eastern part of the State, and is among the oldest counties in point of settlement, having been granted, some portions of it, to settlers by the Spanish gov- ernment as early as the commencement of the present century. No considerable progress, however, was made in its cultivation and civilization for the first twenty-five j'ears of the century, and the aboriginal inhabitants, for the most part, were its undisputed pos- sessors. On the 11th day of December, 1818, the county was or- HISTOKY OF xMlSSOURI. 459 ganized. Since that time, county after county has ])een organized from its original limits, insomuch that it has sometimes been styled the " mother of counties." Tlie first court was convened in 1819. Judge Parish presiding. It has no prairies, and the surface is hilly, even mountainous in some sections; the Ozark range extending through the northern part of it, which, although covered with rich treasures of the finest quality of pine timber, is not adapted to cul- tivation. But on the numerous rivers and creeks are bottom lands which are rich and productive. The St. Francois river runs through the central and eastern portions of the county, and the Black river the western. These with their numerous tributaries, and living springs, furnish abundant supplies of water for all farm pur- poses. Timber is aoundant and of good quality, of almost all the numerous varieties indigenous to this latitude. Little has been done in mining, but enough to indicate that the county is immensely endowed in this direction. Iron, the different hema- tites, lead, copper, and nickel have been unearthed, but no coal. Agriculture furnishes employment for most of the population; the principal staples are corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes. Tobacco is eminently a success in this county. Delicious grapes and fruits of all kinds flourish. It is well adapted to stock-raising, there being an abundance of wild pastures, covered with a luxuriant growth of grass. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad fur- nish a direct outlet to market at St. Louis, having some thirty miles of track in the county. Grreiwille is the county seat, and the oldest town. It is situated on the eastern bank of the St. Francois, fourteen miles from the railroad station at Piedmont, in one of the most beautiful and fer- tile valleys in this section of the State. During -the civil war it was nearly half destroyed by fire, but has recuperated. Piedmont is the largest town in the county, and is on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroad, one hundred and twenty-six miles from St. Louis. It is an important shipping point. Otter Creek^ Patterson, and Williamsville, are growing towns. Webster county embraces what was formerly portions of Greene and Wright counties, and was organized in 1855. Its first settle- ment was made about 1830, by W. T. Burford who emigrated from Tennessee about that time, locating near the present site of the county seat, and afterwards layed off and gave to the county the land for the town. The surface of the county is generally uneven. 460 AN ILLTTfiTRATKD The Ozark range of mountains extends through it near the centre. The soil is rich and produces Avell, even on the uplands, while the bottoms and prairies are considered excellent for farming purposes. Nearly two-thirds of the county is covered with wood and timber, principally the varieties of oak, hickory, walnut, and hackberry. All parts of the county are well watered by springs and creeks; those tributary to the White river flowing in a south-westerly direction, and those of the Gasconade in a north-easterly direction from the hills of the Ozark range. Its mineral wealth, so far as developed, is confined chiefly to lead, iron, copper, and sulphur. Not much has yet been done to utilize the mineral resources of the county, although lead, which is abundant, has been mined profitably in several places. The leading occupation of the inhabitants is agri- culture; cattle, horses and mules are exported. The main staple is tobacco, the uplands being well adapted to its culture, producing from 1000 to 2000 pounds per acre. Fruits of all kinds common to southern Missouri do well and are being cultivated. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad traverses the country for about twenty-five miles. The system of public schools is being well carried out. Marshfield is the county seat, on the Atlantic and Pacific railroad, 220 miles from St. Louis. It is the oldest town in the county. Worth county is situated in the north-western part of the State, on the Iowa line, and was formerly a part of Clinton, and later, a part of Gentry county. It was occupied up to 1853, in part, by what remained of a once flourishing tribe of Indians, the Mus- quakies, who then repaired to their reservation in Iowa. White settlers began to come into the territory now embraced in Worth county, about 1840. Among the foremost appear the names of Lott, Fletchall, Yasser, Black, Freeman Smith, and Daniel Cox. These hardy frontiersmen endured many hardships, and overcame many obstacles, which to the easy going generation of to-day would seem insurmountable. There were none of the conveniences, not to say necessaries of life, to be obtained, beyond requisite food, con- sisting of hominy ground by hand, and wild meat, of which there was a bountiful supply. Immigration was slow, and the county had but few inhabitants until after 1855, when the government lands were opened up to settlers, and the tide of immigration commenced. The surface of Worth is gently undulating, about two thirds prairie, and the rest timber. The soil is a black, sandy IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 401 loam, varying in depth from one to five feet, and very fertile. Along the nnmeroiis water courses, of which the principal ones are the East, Middle, and West Fork of Grand and Platte rivers, a heavy growth of timber of good quality is found, abundant for all purposes; varieties, white, burr and other oaks, walnut, hickory, hackberry, elm, maple, cotton wood, and others of less importance, in greater or less profusion. The upland prairies produce large crops of grass, and cattle are raised, fattened, and exported by thousands, without even consuming any other food than that furnished by these broad fields. The three forks of the Grand and Platte rivers with their tribu- taries, flow the length of the county from north to south, furnish- ing an abundant supply of water. The climate is mild and salu- brious, and the chief occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, the staples being wheat, corn, oats, and rye. In some parts of the count}^ tobacco, flax, and hemp, are raised with flattering success. Fruits of all kinds flourish finely, and many orchards are set annu- ally. Grapes are becoming a profitable crop to many of the farm- ers, and are being exported in increasing quantities each year. The mineral resources of the county have not been developed to any ex- tent, but the whole county is underlaid with coal and excellent limestone for building. Lime working is carried on to a consider- able extent. There are several good flouring mills, a carding machine, and a furniture manufactory. Brick and pottery of sueprior quality are also made, and the common schools of the count}' are well sustained. There is no railroad within its borders. The St. Joseph and Council Bluff railroad runs through Nodaway county', west of Worth, about twenty-four miles from the centre. Grant City, the county seat, is a town '' beautiful for situation,'' upon the blufl", and commands one of the finest views in the whole county. It was commenced in 1864. Denver and Allendale are also towns of considerable importance. Weight county was organized January 29th, 1841, and named in honor of Silas Wright, of New York The great portion of this county lies in the Ozark range, the ascent of which is so gradual as to be almost imperceptible. Its surface is agreeably diversified by hill and dale, whilst the sprightly water-falls, furnishing the best water power, perhaps, in the State, invite the attention both of the tourist and the emigrant. There are broad prairies and fer- tile bottom lands, both alike adapted to the needs of the agricul- 462 AN ILLUSTRATED turalists. The bottoms are very rich, producing abundant crops of all kinds of tame grasses and grains. The valley lands are also very desirable, being easily cultivated, and also liable to an enriching process from the overflow by spring freshets. The largest body of level land is situated on the summit of the mountains in the south- eastern part of the county. The upland is productive. The Gas- conade is the principal stream, which is swelled by numerous branches coming down from the hills and winding among the val- leys, abounding with fish, while the woods are filled with game. The climate is regarded as healthful, though somewhat variable. Corn, wheat, oats, and hay constitute the chief agricultural pro- ducts. Tobacco is grown with the best of success. Cotton is raised for home use. Sweet potatoes are profitably raised. Apples, pears, peaches, and plums, do well. Grapes are well adapted to the soil and climate. Timber is abundant. Excellent stones for build- ing purposes are found in all parts of the county. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad furnishes the only means of transportation to market. The county has a population of about eight thousand, nearly all of whom are whites, and the larger part natives of the State. HartviUe is the county seat. It was almost obliterated by the ravages of war, but has been rebuilt to a great extent since the close of the war, and at present numbers about six hundred inhab- itants. It is twenty-five miles from Marshfield, the nearest rail- road station. CHAPTER XXVIII. HIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Washington Adams, of Booneville, Cooper county, Missouri, was born in Christiuu county, Kentuclcy, in 1814. His fallier and mollier were natives of Virginia, from which State they emigrated to Garrard county, Kentucky, where tlie}" were married. Tlie wife was a sister of Chief Justice Jolin Boyle, of that State. After tlieir mari-iage, they moved to Christian countj^ and from there, in 1816, to Howard county, Missouri, bringing with tliem tiie subject of this sketch, then but two years old. He was sent to such schools as were then to be found in Missouri, but was more indebted to himself, than to teachers, for his education, which, in addition to English, embraced the usual course in Latin and Greek. After completing his academical course, he entered the ofBce of Peyton R. Hayden, a distinguished lawyer at Boone- ville, where he remained for four years in diligent application to the stud}- of his chosen profession, assisted and encouraged by the kind advice of his able instructor; at the end of which time he obtained license (1835,) and at once entered upon a lucrative practice at Booneville. His professional career has been characterized by great ability, and an unspotted integrity, — securing the confidence of his clients, and winning for himself a w'ell-deserved success. December 27th, 1871, he was appointed by Governor Brown to fill the seat on the Supreme Bench made vacant b}^ the resignation of Judge Currier; and afterwards, at the election, in November, 1872, he was elected to fill the balance of the term. This position he held until October, 1874, when he resigned. His histor}' on the Bench will appear from his opinions con- tained in nine volumes of the Supreme Court Reports,* commencing with volume forfy-uine. He was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1875, where his knowledge and research were fully recognized. Judge Adams is emphatic and positive in his opinions, kind in disposition, and a member of the Episcopal church. He was married in Booneville, in 1840, to El iza^, daughter of William Brown, of Cynthiana, Kentucky. They have three children living. De Witt C. AUiEN was born in Clay county, Missouri, November 11th, 1835, and, with the exception of three years, has lived his entire life in his native county. His father was a native of New York ; his mother (who was a Miss Trigg), of Kentucky. Tlie former immigrated to Missouri, in 1817; the latter, with her father, in 1818. His family, on both paternal and mater- nal lines, has been settled in America more than one hundred and fifty years, and is of English-Welsh extraction. Having previously received the benefit of excellent primary schools, he entered, in 1850, William Jewell College, 4(34 AN ILLUSTRATED and there graduated, with the first honors, in 1855. During the ensuing year, he was engaged in teaching, and held the position of Principal ojf the Pre- paratory Department, in the Masonic College, at Lexington. He then de- voted a twelvemonth to the study of historj^, literature, and the elements of law. From the summer of 1858, to May 1860, he pursued his legal studies in the ofl3ce of the late Richard II. Rees, at Leavenworth, Kansas, and occas- ionally appeared in litigated cases, lie then returned to his home in Lib- erty, and began the practice of law. Since then, he has, without interruption, labored in his profession, and has attained a high position. In November,. 1860, he was elected Circuit Attornej', for the 5th judicial circuit, of the State. In January-, 1875, he was, without opposition, chosen to represent (in connection with E. H. Norton), the 3d senatorial district, composed of the counties of Clay, Clinton, and Platte, in the Constitutional con- vention, called to meet. May 5th, 1875. In that body, he bore himself with ability, and was a member of tlie Committee on Education and Legis- lative Department. In 1866 and 1867, he was an officer of the Kansas City and Cameron Railroad Company, and assisted in securing the construction of its road, (now known as the Kansas City branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph R. R.,) from Cameron through Clinton and Clay counties, to Kansas City. For five or six years past, Mr. Allen has been one of the leading members of the Board of Trustees of William Jewell College, and has earnestly co-op- erated in the promotion of the interests of that institution. He is a staunch friend of free, popular education, and thoroughly alive to the necessity of an increase of the facilities for the acquisition of university and scientfic educa- tion in the west. In May, 1864, he was married to Emily E. Settle, of Ray county, and has three children. His moments of leisure are devoted to literarj^ pursuits; and, though he is not, in any sense, a professional writer, he wields a ready, graceful, and forcible pen. His style in writing and speaking, is logical, terse, elevated, — extremely clear, frequently impassioned, often elo- quent. As a worker, he is patient and unremitting in whatever he undertakes, and counts as worthless all knowledge that is not accurate. * IvKKSON Brook Alverson, well known in past years, on account of his active efforts in railroad construction in northeastern Missouri, and at pres- ent as tiie head of the banking interests of La Grange, in Lewis Count}-, was born on the 4th day of May, 1819, near Danville, in the Stale of Vir- ginia. His father, a farmer of limited means, was the head of a family of ten children; consequently, young Alverson had but small advantages for education, — only such as the county schools aftbrded, and was inured to toil and exposure during his boyhood days. In the fall of 1838, his father re- moved to Randolph county, Missouri, where young Alverson resided about four years, and during the time attended school one season. He was quite a hunter in those daj's, and often explored tlie wilds of northern Missouri, in his pursuit of game. On the 5th day of November, 1841, he married, and soon after settled in, what is now Schuyler county. In 1850, he crossed tlie plains to California, "a gold hunter," returning the following spring, and soon after was appointed Deputy clerk of the circuit and county courts. In 1853, he was elected to the oflBce of clerk of both tiiese courts for six H18TOKY OF MISSOURI. 465 years. At the expiralii)ii of his term, he was re-elected to both offices. In 1863, the country about Lancaster suftered extremely on account of the rav- ages of the civil war, and Mr. Alverson resigned his offices, and started to remove to Illinois, but stopped temporaril}^ in Lewis county, and finally de- cided to make La Grange his home, and has since resided there. He was ac- tive, at an early day, in aiding the construction of the North Missouri rail- road, and als>) the Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska R. li., both of which run through the county where he formerly resided. For upwards of twelve years he has been more or less engaged in the practice of law, and on the organization of the La Grange Savings Bank, in 1866, he was chosen its president, and a little later was chosen to the same position in the First National Bank, being a stockholder in each institution. Mr. Alverson's residence at La Grange is finely situated just south of the college, on the blutfof the river, commanding a beautiful view of the " Fa- ther of Waters;" — Quincy and Mendon, in Illinois, are in full view. Hia family consists of wife and one daughter. He has for many j-ears been a Uuiversalist in religious belief, for twenty-five years a Mason, and an Odd Fellow for fifteen years. He is frank, free, and open in disposition, and has always been an example of the motto, "laugh and grow fat," weighing, at the present time, 240 pounds. He is benevolent toward all charities and public enterprises, and has been liberal toward other religious denomin- ations besides his own. He has many friends, and having been abundantly blessed in his financial transactions, is in condition to enjoy the evening of Ills life. Daniel AsuLKY, of Forest Green, Chariton county, Missouri, was born in Fauquier county, Verginia, on the 11th of October 1791. His father emi- grated to Kentucky when he was less than two years old, and after one or two brief stays in other places, finally settled down in Henderson county, where the subject of this sketch received the advantages of a common school edu- cation, and lived until he was about nineteen jears old, when on the breaking out of the war of 1812, he went to Indiana and enlisted in the United States army for two years. During his term of service he was a non-commissioned officer, and on his return to Kentucky, at the end of his term ©f enlistment he was commissioned major in the 76tli Battalion of State militia. In 1814 he married ^liss Casander Leeper. When about twenty-two years of age, he was appointed Sherifl:' of Hopkins county, Kentucky, and held the office until his immigration to Missouri in 1818. He settled in Chariton (then a part of Howard) county, and on the formation of the new county in 1822 he was appointed one of the county Judges. In those days, however, they had but few laws, and but little use for what they had. For ten years subse- quenth', ^lajor Ashley represented Chariton county in the House of Repre- sentatives, and afterwards, for six years was State senator from the Senato- rial district, composed of Carroll, Ray, Caldwell, Daviess, Grundy, Living- ston, Linn and Chariton counties, resigning the position to accept the appointment of Receiver in the Land office at Lexington, tendered him by President Van Buren. This office he held with credit until removed by Presi- dent Taylor. In the legislature he was elected speaker of the House pro 46G AN ILLUSTRATED iem. and also president of the Senate pro tern, while serving in that body. About the year 1837, a volunteer company was raised to go against the Indians, who liad been committing some depredations on the frontier settlers, up the Chariton river. Ashley was elected their Captain and served a short campaign under Colonel Ignatius P. Oweus, of Howard county, Missouri. Major Ashley has been four times married, and raised a large family most of whom are dead. When he first settled in the territory, his corn meal was ground in a mortar by hard pounding with a pestle. After a while he obtained a pair of hand stones, which served himself and his neighbors for about two years, when a horse mill was obtained, which caused no little excitement in the settlement. But few of those with whom Ashley associated whilst in his prime, are now living. He is almost the sole representative of the heroic band who first planted the germs of our present civilization in Missouri. David R. Atchinson was born in Frogtown, Fayette county, Kentucky, August 11, 1807. He was educated at Transylvania University, and after graduating from that Institution, he read law with Charles Humphreys, at the same time attending the lectures of the Law School of Lexington, Ken- tucky. He came to Missouri in 1830, and soon afterwards commenced the practice of his profession, at Liberty in Clay county. He was a bachelor,— a man of convivial and social habits, and became very popular with the early settlers in that region. In 1834, Mr. Atchinson was elected a member of the lower House of the General Assembly, from Clay county, and was re-elected in 1838. In 1840, he was again a candidate for the same office, but was defeated. In February, 1841, he was appointed Judge of a new circuit then just organized, and in the autumn of the same year, was appointed United States Senator, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. L. F. Linn. He was afterwards elected for six years, and re-elected for the same term, which expired March 4th, 1855. He was frequently elected President of the Senate; and was ex-officio Vice-President of the United States, under the administrations of Fillmore and Pierce. Mr. Atchinson became especially prominent in the legislation for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Nt^braska, and claims to have originated the clause in the bill repealing the Missouri compromise. He was for many years prominently identified with the military service of his state, holdiug various commissions from Captain to Major-General. During the Kansas troubles in 1856-'7, he was a leader and chief adviser of the pro-slavery party. General Atchinson is a firm believer in the Christian religion ; and has been a Mason for upwards of thirty years. His present residence is Gower, Clinton county, Missouri. Charles C. Bassett was born in Harrison county, Kentucky, on the 4th day of October, 1838. After pursuing a liberal course of study at Cynthiana, in 1856 he emigrated to Missouri, studied law, and in 1859 graduated at the Louisville Law School, in his native State, aod returning to Missouri he located at St. Joseph, and commenced the practice of his profession. In 1866 he removed to Butler, in Bates county, where he has since resided. Here IIISTOIJY OF MISSOUHl. 467 he has built up a large practiee, not t)nly iu his own county, but extending intt) other counties, and throughout north-western Missouri. In 187;j, he was a uon-partizan candidate, selected by the bar of his circuit, lor the position of Circuit Judge, and was only defeated by a small plurality by his democratic competitor, Foster P. Wright. Mr. Bassett is thoroughly and essentially a lawyer — zealously and enthu- siastically devoted to his profession, and ranks among the ablest in his sec- tion of the State. He is always an earnest advocate for every project for the advancement of the material interest of his county. With politics he has had little to do, although his political convictions are clear and well defined, being those of the democratic party. But he has preferred thus far in life, to win whatever of success he might, in the fields of his chosen profession. As an advocehe is earnest and ettV-ctive, exercising great influence with juries; and in the discussion of legal principles before the courts he has few superiors. In 1860, he was married with Miss Harriet Grove, daughter of a farmer of Johnson county. By his energy and industry he lias gathered an adequate competentcy, and by his social, genial, kindly spirit, he has won for himself manj^ friends. Edwakd Bates, LL. D., was born iu Belmont, Goochland county, Virginia, on the 4th of September, 1793. His earliest education was received from a private tutor, a relative. A good knowledge of tlie classics, and the higher branches of English, was afterward obtained by him at Charlotte Hall, an academic institution in Maryland. At the age of twenty, he started for St. Louis, where he arrived in due season, and commenced the study of law with Kufus Easton. Two years after, he was admitted to the bar. In 1819, he was appointed Circuit Attorney by the United Slates, holding the office one year. The next year he was elected a member of the Constitutional ci>u- ventiou, to assist in framing the organic law for Missouri as a State, upon its admittance into the Union. After the latter event, he was appointed Attorne}- General for the State, but did not long remain in office. He returned to his profession, but frequently, afterward, Avas elected to the legislature of Mis- souri, serving in both Houses. In 1824, President Monroe appointed him United States District Attorney for Missouri, which office he held until 1826, when he resigned, and was elected to Congress. He was a candidate for re- election in 1828, but was defeated by Spencer Pettis. In 1834, he was again elected to the legislature of his state, where, in the House, he was a leader in all important issues. Upon the accession of Fillmore to the Presideucj^, in 1850, Mr. Bates was appointed, and immediately confirmed by the Senate of the United Slates, as Secretary of War. This office he declined. In 1853, he was elected Judge of the St. Louis Land Court, and gave himself earnestly to the duties of his office. He was much talked of as a candidate upon the Whig and Republi- can side, in 1856, for President. As an evidence of the esteem in which he was held b}' the country at large, it may be mentioned that in 1858, lie was honored by Howard University, with the degree of Doctor of Laws. At the Chicago convention, in 1861, his name w^as prominent as a candidate for President; but that body nominated Mr.Lincoin. After the election of 408 AN IJ.LUSTKATJ-U the laiter, lie was tendered by him auy office in or out of the Cabinet, except Secretary of State, whic.ii had been accepted by Mr. Seward. He chose the position of Attorney-General. How well he filled the office until his retire- ment, in 1864, when he resigned, is a matter of record. He returned to hi& home in St. Louis, where he died on the 25th of March, 1869. He had "tilied high places of trust, both in the State and nation; and. following the maxim of Sir Matthew Hale, he discharged these trusts 'uprightly, deliberately, and resolutely,' so that no man could say that he did not confer more honor on the office, than the office did upon him." Thomas Hart Benton was born near Hillsborough, North Carolina, March, 14th, 1782. He was educated at a grammar school and at Chapel Hill University ; but, before completing his studies, he removed to Tennessee. He studied law and soon obtained eminence in his profession, locating at Nash- ville, in 1811. He served one term in the legislature, where he procured the passage of laws reforming the judicial system, and giving to slaves the bene- fit of a jury trial. In 1812, he became aid-de-camp to General Jackson, with whom he contracted a close intimacy, which was suddenly terminated by a quarrel, in which Jackson attempted to horsewhip him at Nashville. Jack- son was severely wounded with a pistol by Benton's brother. Benton was colonel of a Tennessee regiment from December, 1812, to April 1813; and lieutenant-colonel of the 39th Infantry from 1813 to 1815. Removing in 1813 to St. Louis, he became interested in the "Missouri Republican." He also practiced law, and took an active part in favor of the admission of Missouri into the Union. He was elected a Senator of the United States, by the legislature of Missouri, in 1820, which position, by re-election, he retained thirty years. In that body, his energy, iron will, industry and self-reliance placed him in the front rank. He opposed the administration of Adams, but strongly supported those of Jackson and Van Buren. He distinguished him- self as an advocate of gold and silver currency, and received the sobriquet of "Old Bullion," and as the most distinguished exponent and guardian of the interests of the west, by persistent eff'ort succeeded in liberalizing the policy of the government in relation to the sale of public lands. The price was reduced to $1.25 per acre. He also procured the repeal of the tax on salt, and succeeded in throwing open for sale and occupation the saline and mineral lauds in the hands of the government, hitherto withheld. He sup- ported General Jackson in his hostility against the United States Bank. He was au early and untiring advocate of a railroad to the Pacific, and did much to open up and protect the trade with New Mexico, — to establish mili- tary stations on the Missouri, and to cultivate amicable arrangements with the Indian tribes. He was a political friend of President Van Buren, voted for the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845, and opposed Calhoun on the subject of nullification and State Rights. He opposed the boundary line of 54° 40', and caused tiie adoption of that of 49°. He supported the Mexican war, opposed the compromise measures of 1850, and in consequence of a division in the democratic party, he was defeated as a candidate for senator, in 1850, by the ultra slavery men, and retired from the Senate iu March, 1851. He was elected a member of the Nationiil House of Represen- HISTOKY OK MISSOURI. 469 tatives in 1852; and, in 1856, was supported by one section of the democracy ascaudidate for Governor of Missouri, bul was not elected. Ho ndvocated the election of Buclianan to Hk' Presidency in 1856, in preference to Fremont, wliii was his son-in-law. Subsequently he devoted himself to literary pursuits and publshed a voluminous work entitled, "A Thirty Years' View ; or a History of the "Workings of the American Government from 1820 to 1850," in 2 vols., octavo; and an abridgement of the Debates of Congress from liie foundation of the government to 1856; and a review of the "Dred Scott" case. He died at Washington city, April 10th, 1858. Benton was married to Elizabeth, daughter of James McDowell, of Rockbridge County, Virginia. The State of Missouri takes a just pride in the honorable public life of its distinguished Senator. Geouge C. Bingham, the present Adjutant General of Missouri, was born near Weir's Cave, Augusta county, Virginia, Marcli 20th, 1811. In the fall of 1819, his parents removed to Missouri, and settled in the town of Frank- lin, Howard county. They brought with them seven children — three daugh- ters and four sons — the subject of this sketch being the second son. The fattier, Henry V. Bingham, dying in December, 1823, the mother, Mary Bingham, removed with her familj^ to a small farm in Saline county, near tlx; present town of Arrow Rock. The estate of tlie father being swallowed up in an unfortunate tobacco speculation, this farm became the sole means of support for the family, and was cultivated entirely by the four sons, who thus early became inured to toil, calculated to strengthen them for the battle of life. Their mother, being an educated woman, had saved from the wreck of her husband's estate a miscellaneous library, composed of historical and other works, constituting the standard literature of the time. By the aid of these she was enabled to supply, to a considerable extent, the tlien want of scliools in the sparsely settled country in which her family was located. The exposures incidental to labor on a farm did not agree with the health of her son George. He therefore, at the age of sixteen, left the farm, and became an apprentice to a cabinet-maker, in the town of Booneville. It was the intention of young Bingham to embark in the legal profession, and as soihiug and hunting; and but few of his age could luuulie a gun or rod with more skill. His father was a highly intelligent and respectable fanner, and many public trusts were -confided to him by his fellow citizens, which were always most scrupulously discharged. His mother was gifted with superior talents, and posessed great force of character. Norman grew up, as the sons of most farmers do, work- ing on the farm in summer, and attemliug the district school in winter. He early evinced a taste for reading. All the booKS within his reach were eagerly sought and perused. Every spare moment, even in the most labor- ious season of the year, was occupied in improving his mind. Books were borrowed from neighbors, and frequently the larger part of the night was 490 AN ILLUSTKATED spent in reading them. At tlie early age of 16, lie had made sufficient advancement in his studies to apply for, and receive a license to teach a pub- lic school. He attended the AcadL'mj' in a neighboring town in summer, helped liis father on the farm in harvest, and taught school in the winter. He pursued this course until twenty j^ears of age, when, having acquired a good education, he determined to seek a field where he could get better remunera. tion for his labors. Accordingly, in the autumn of 1847, he left the parental roof, and went to Kentucky, locating at Owensboro, where he leased and fitted up the Seminary, and opened a school. After three weeks services, he was taken serious]}'- ill, and lay in that condition for several weeks. His physi- cians recommended a change of location, and hearing of a vacancy in the Seminary at Brandenburg, he determined to go there. He had but one dollar left after settling liis bills. This he paid for a deck passage to Brandenburg, leaving him without a cent, on his arrival at that place. Upon inquiry, he learned the Seminary had just been opened. He went to Judge Denton, who was a leading and influential citizen of the town, and told him his situation. Denton assisted him to establisli another school. He started with only seven pupils, but before the session closed, they numbered over eighty. He taught here one year, and then removed to Louisville, taking charge of one of the public schools of that city. He attended at the same time, the Louisville Law University, taking the degree ofBachelorof Law, and obtained a license to practice. Teaching in the public schools of that city at the same time and attending the Law Universitj-, was M. C. Kerr, late speaker of the National House of Representatives. Thej'- were occujiants of the same room while students and teachers, and finally became partners in the practice of the law, at New Albany, Indiana, whither Mr. Colman had gone immediately after his graduation, preceding Mr. Kerr one year. "Within three years after locating in New Alban}-, lie was elected to the office of District Attorney. But he had never intended to follow the law as a permanent profession. His father was a subscriber to the old "Albany Cultivator," and the boy read it with interest and determinc'd that at some future day he M'ould publish such a paper. He resigned his office of District Attorney in New Albany, and located in St. Louis, wiiich place he thought afforded the best inducements for the enterprise he had determined to enter upon. An agricultural paper had already been established here, called the "Valley Farmer." He began at once negotiations for its purchase, and, finally succeeding, in August 1855, he became proprietor of that paper. He tlien removed to the country, onto the farm, on which he still resides, that he might by experience better prepare himself for the profession to which the remainder of his life wras to be devoted. Not long after this, he estab- lished "The St. Louis Nursery," now one of the largest in the State. He also opened a large fruit farm, that he might test the different varieties of fruit and the various systems of culture, to ascertain which were best adapted to this climate. He also commenced breeding fine stock, and lias taken an active interest in disseminating the best breeds throughout tlie west and south. He was thoroughly impressed witli the idea that to teach agriculture, one must have a practical, as well as a theoretical, knowledge of the subject lUSTOKY OF MISSOURI. - 491 Under the new mauai^cment, tlie "Valley Fanner," the name of which was afterwards changed to Colman's Ilnral World, grew rapidly in circulation and influence. Mr. Colmau was one of the lirsl to suggest and assist in the organiza- tion of a State Horticultural Society, now a large and flourishing organ- ization. He was elected f>)r two terms president of this society. He also was instrumental in organizing the St. Louis Horticultural Society. He took a lively interest in ihe organization and upbuilding of the St. Louis Fair Association, and for ten years served as one of its directors. His ad- dresses at county fairs and other agricultural gatherings, advance common- sense theories and thoughts. In his public speeches he never fails to inter- est and entertain his audience. He speaks A\ithout notes, and has an inci- sive, epigrammatic style peculiar to himself, which chains the attention of his hearers. With his brethren of the press he is popular, having been for two terms unanimously elected president of the Missouri State Press Asso- ciation. While his most enduring fame has been secured by bis earnest, ardent and able efforts to advance the interests of agriculture, he has taken a conspicuous part in other spheres of duty. Hi the winters of 1866-7 and 1868 he was a member of the State legislature, and took a prominent part in the exciting contests of those sessions. Party feelings ran liigh, as it was just after the close of the w^ar, and the party to which he belonged — the demo- cratic — was in a minority. Colmau became a leader in his party, and did most affective service in its behalf. At the Slate democratic convention in 1868, he was nominated by acclamation for the office of Lieutenant- Governor. The democratic ticket this year was defeated. In 1874 the friends of Mr. Colraan, in various parts of the State, urged his nomination for Governor. His adherents in the convention made a gallant fight for his nomination. Being defeated for that ofiicc, his friends urged him to accept the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor, which he did, and was nominated almost unanimously for the position. The ticket was elected by nearly forty thousand majority. A writer of experience thus speaks of Lieutenant- Governor Colman, as president of the Senate: "He makes one of the best presiding olHcers that ever graced the Senatorial chair. His experience in participating in deliberative bodies, his clear insight into parliamentary usage and law, good judgment and quick perceptive faculties, give him a ver}- decided advantage. His rulings have alwaj's been satisfactory and to the point." Mr. Colraan is in the prime of life. He possesses a con- stitution which enables him to perform great pliysical and mental labor. He takes the management of his large and varied interests under his own control, and gives to each more or less attention daily. LuTiiKu Todd Collier, the subject of this sketch, is a native Missourian, having been born at Franklin, Howard county, in 1835. His father, Lewis Collier, was born in Madison county, Kentucky. His mother was the daugh- ter of Abner Cornelius. After their marriage, they came to Missouri, and settled in Howard county, and in 1829, they removed to Randolph county, where they lived until 18.")3, when they made Livingston county the place of their residence. The father is stillliving, the mother having died in 1865. 4:92 . AN ILLUSTRATED Mr. Collier's boyhood was principiilly spent in the healtliful activity of a rural life. He received a liberal preparatory education, and entered the State University of Missourri ill 1842, taking a full course, and graduating in the summer of 1846. While a student in the University, he was distinguished for close application to stud}-, propriety of conduct, and for proficiency in scholarship As a result, lie graduated with liigh lionors, being valedicto- rian of his class After leaving the University, he commenced the study of law, under Hon. William L. Wood, of Lexington, Missouri, in the beginning of the year 1847, and in the fall of the same year, lie entered the law office of Messrs. Gamble & Bales in St. Louis, with whom he remained until the fall of 1850, when he was admitted to the bar and at once actively engaged in practice. His health having become impaired on account of too close appli- cation to study, lie left St. Louis in the Spriug of 1851, and located at Hunts- ville, Raudolpli county. In tlie fall of 1852, he removed to Chillicothe, Liv- ingston county, where he has been a resident ever since, engaged in the con- stant and successful practice of the law. In 1856, he was married to Lizzie A. Fuqua, daughter of Captain Samuel Fuqua, of Logan county, Kentucky. His home, in the suburbs of Chillicothe, bears all those signs of refinement and taste which mark the cultivated gentleman. In 1871, Mr, Collier was elected a member of the Board of Education, ^ in the city of Chillicothe, which position he faithfully and ably filled for a term of two years. In the spring of 1875, he was nominated by Governor Hardin, and confirmed by the* State Senate as a member of the Board of Curators of the Missouri University, which position he is now filling, and is chairman of the committee on Professors. He takes a just pride in his alma mater, greatly desiring to see her attain to still larger measures of usefulness and success. Religiously, he is connected with the Cumberland Presbyterian church; liberal, however, toward all other denominations and ever ready to become a co-worker with them in any movement which has for its object the interests of religion and morality. He is one of the useful and influential men in north-west Missouri. Besides his legal knowledge, both theoretical and practical, he is a man of extensive general information, taking a keen interest in whatever tends to promote the interests of the West. Ai-BAN Jasper Conant was born in the town of Chelsea, Orange county, Vei'mont, on the 24th of September, 1821. His early education was obtained at common schools; and he became a teacher of one, at the age of eighteen. He studied the classics at Randolph Academy; having, meanwhile, evinced a decided taste for literature. About this time, he also began to draw sketches and to paint the portraits of his school-mates. In June, 1844, determined to learn something of the mysteries of art, he started for New York Cit}-. In- man, the artist, gave him some good advice upon his arrival in the Metropo lis. Mr. Oouaut afterwards took up his residence in Troy, New York, where he lived twelve years, during wliich time he was married. In 1857, he visited St. Louis vvliere he resolved to settle. In 1860, the Western Academy of Arts was established in that city, with Conant as one of the principal managers. Its treasures, however, were scattered during the Rebellion. During that contest, and since its close, Mr. Conant has painted portraits of many distin- HlSTOltY OF MlStiUUKI. 493 guished Americans, — a noted one is his Inist portrait of President Lincoln. He lias recently made a valuable contribution to the archaeology of Mis- souri, in a paper printed in the transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science. Thomas T.Crittenden was born in Siiel by County, Kentucky, January 2d, 1834. His father, Henry Crittenden, died while Thomas was. f. child, and subsequently his mother became the wife of David R. Muriay of Brcck- enridge County, Kentucky. Young Crittenden received such English educa- tion in the elementary branches as the schools of the county afforded, until 1853, when he entered Centre College, at Danville, Kentucky, from which in- stitution he graduated in 1855. Soon after leaving college, Crittenden com- menced the study of law with J.J. Crittenden in Frankfort, Kentucky; after- ward studied with George W. Craddock and John Rodman, both of whom were men of eminent legal attainments. Upon finishing his studies, and having married, he removed with his young wife to Lexington, Mis.souri, where he was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice. Not long after he became a partner of John A. S. Tott. The Lafayette County bar was at that time (as it has ever since been), noted for its talent and brilliancy, being com- posed of able men. In the midst of a successful business, when the war broke out, Mr. Crittieuden at once entered the federal service, and was commissioned a lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Cavalry Missouri State Militia, with John F. Phillips as colonel. He remained iu the army until the regiment was mustered out of service at St. Louis, April 7th, 18G5, when he removed his family and office to Warrensburg, Johnson county, which has been his residence to tiie present time. After the death of Ackman Welch, Attorney-General of Mis- souri, Colonel Crittenden was appointed to fill out the unexpired term. In 1873, he was elected to Congress from the 7th Congressional District of this State, over S. S. Burditt, by a majority of 1,571 votes, and in 1874 was a candi- date for renomination, there being three prominent candidates before the convention. After balloting 690 times, one of these candidates withdrew his name, and upon the next ballot, J. F. Phillips received the nomination. Mr. Crittenden is at present associated with Hon. F. M. Cockrell, U. S. Senator from Missouri, iu the practice of law, the partnership having been formed in 1867. In politics he is a democrat, although of the conservative type, and in religious belief a Presbyterian of the old school. He has a pleasant home, and a family of four sons and one daughter. His wife was Carrie W. Jackson, with whom he was united in marriage at Frankfort, Kentucky, November 13th, 1856. For one whose life has been spent in the laborious duties and responsibilities of an exacting profession, Colonel Crittenden is possessed of an unusually cheerful, genial nature, which, with his gentility of manner at once distinguishes him as a man and a citizen. Henuy Clay Daniel was born in Trigg county, Kentucky, July 15th, 1843. Until he was about twelve years of age, he attended school but little, spending iiis lime chiefly in hunting and fishing. In 1855 or 1856, iiis par- ents left Kentucky, and immigrated to Missouri, settling in Audrain county, and within a lew months young Daniel entered the Academy at Mexico, the Vj4: aw illustrated Cduuly seat, wliicb at tliat time was coaduclei-l by Professors Pearce aud Rus- sell. There he remainded two years, and then entered the State University at Columbia, taking a regular course of study. For five successive years the young student toiled on, redeeming the time so well that he graduated with honor, in the class of 1865. Returning immediately on his graduation to Audrain county, he soon after commenced the study of law in the office of the jjresent Governor, C. H. Hardin, at Me.xico, with whom he remained nearly three years. During this time he was admitted to the bar, receiving his license to practice from Hon. William P. Harrison, at that time judge of the Circuit Court. In 1868, he was appointed Attorney for the city of Mexico, and in the same year he received the flattering compliment of being selected by the faculty of his alma mater, for the position of orator for his class, the graduates of 1865. Sometime in the year 1869, Daniel removed to Harrisonville, Cass county, Missouri, and opened a law office, and has since been a resident of that city. Since then he has attended to the revision and codification of the City laws, by appointment of the City council; has twice been elected a member of the City council ; and on the 2d day of January 1876, he was ap- pointed by Governor Hardin, judge of probate, and criminal court of Cass county, which position he still holds. Judge Daniel was married October 29, 1868, to Lizzie G. daughter of Colonel R. A. Brown, of Harrisonville, Cass county, Missouri. Benjamin Devor Dean, of Union, Franklin county, Missouri, was born on the 7th of October, 1828, in Greenville, Darke county, Ohio His father, Aaron Dean, was born in New Jersey ; immigrated to Ohio, at an early day; and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was an intelligent farmer, and an officer in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was brought up on a farm ; was educated at Greenville, — studying, at the age of twenty-two, dental surgerj^, which profession he practiced for several years. He then engaged in merchandising with marked success. In 1857, Dean came to Missouri; purchased a farm, and, in the following spring, settled upon it. In 1861, he raised a company for the twenty-sixth regiment of Missouri Volunteer Infantry, and was commissioned its captain. He was in the battle of luka, Mississippi, where he received three wounds. He was com- plimented by his colonel for his good conduct upon that occasion. "By your bravery aud skill," said that officer, "on the bloody field of luka, you have made the reputation of my regiment." General Rosecrans declared that the eleventh and twenty-sixth saved the day. On the 28th of May, 1863, Dean was commissioned colonel by Governor Gamble — he having been promoted "for gallant conduct at Champion Hill, Mississippi, and at the attack on the fortifications at Vicksburg." He was the first of the three tliousand men who crossed the Tennessee river, at midnight, November 23d, 1863, aud attacked the confederate forces on Mission Ridge, causing them to fall back from Lookout Mountain. Ou the 11th of July, 1864, he was assigned to the command of tlie third Brigade of the third Division of the fifteenth Army Corps. On the 10th of November, he moved forward for the Grand March with General Sherman to the sea. On the 9th of January, 1865, he was mustered out of the service with his regiment at Savannah, Georgia, HISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 495 and relumed to his home iu Missouri. In 1872, he was elected treasurer of Franklin county, and re-elected in 1874, by a large majority. Mr. Dean was on the republican ticket as Presidential elector for the fifth Congressional district, and has been twice elected mayor of Union. He was made a Mason in 1856, and was one of the charter members of Union Lodge, No. 173, estab- lished the next year. He married Sarah A. Harlan, daughter of Nathan Harlan, a prominent farmer and e.vteusive stock dealer, of Warren county, Ohio, and has three cliiidren — two sons and a daughter. Rezin a. De Bolt, the subject of this sketch is numbered among those whom circumstances have made tlie architect of their own fortunes. He was born in Fairfield county, Oiiio, January 20th, 1828. His life until his seventeenth year was passed upon his father's farm, where he received a com- mon school education, and from whence he went as a tanner's apprentice. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, he followed his trade a few years, read- ing law in his leisure moments, and iu 1856 was admitted to the bar. Two years practice iu his native state decided him in a resolution to seek a west- ern location where men and country were alike, young, vigorous and ambi- tious; and in 1858, he removed to Trenton, Grundy county, Missouri, his present home. He pursued his profession with flattering success, at the same time serving as commissioner of common schools for Grundy county, until the commencement of the civil war in 1861, when he entered the Union army with the rank of captain, in the 23d Missouri Volunteer Infantry. At the battle of Shiloh, April, 1862, he was captured and held as a prisoner at the South, until the following October, but to such an extent was his health im- paired by his imprisonment tliat he resigned his commission a few months after his release. In 1863, he was elected judge of the eleventh judicial circuit of Missouri; notwithstanding which, he again entered the service in 1864, as major in the 44th Missouri Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, a part of the time being on detailed service as provost marshal of north Missouri. Upon the expiration of his second judicial term, he was elected a member of the 44th Congress. .Judge De Bolt is a man of sterling integrity, and unswerving fealty to his convictions of right, justice and purity, and as such has rendered good ser- vice to his adopted state and county, where in all local or general enterprise tending to public improvement he has taken a prominent position; while his thorough appreciation of the needs of the people, and genial manners give him great popularity with the masses. His oratory, either at the bar, or upon the stump, is forcible, clear and logical, and his knowledge of the law, strengthened by his eleven years experience upon the bench, extensive and thorough. George Deigkl, tiie present Register of Lands for Missouri, is .i citizen of CarroUton, Carroll county. He was born iu the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, Germany, in May, 1819. In early life, he was apprenticed as a carpenter's boy. In 1836, he migrated to America, arriving in New York in July, and from there went to Philadelphia to meet his two brothers who had preceded him two years before. In Philadelphia, he stayed about one year, and then 496 AN ILLUSTRATED moved to Columbiana, Ohio, and lived with his uncle until the spring of 1839, when they removed to Henderson, Kentucky. In 1840, he married Miss Ann Martha Dietrich, an estimable lad}", also born in German}'. In 1843, the twain removed to Carroll county, Missouri, where he went to work at his trade, built himself a house, and grew up as it were, from boyhood to age, in that county; and accumulating a fair degree of worldly goods as a merchant and farmer. He is a democrat of the old school, and was commissioned major of the sixty fifth regiment, enrolled Missouri militia, in October, 1864, servmg in tiiat capacity with credit to himself and State, until mustered out the following year. In the fall of 1872, by a decided and flattering vote, he was elected repre- sentative from Carroll county, where his strong practical ideas and earnest logic, won for him a front rank among his colleagues. At the democratic State convention, held at Jefferson City, in the fall of 1874, he was compli- mented with the nomination of Register of Lauds, and was elected b}^ a majority of over 40,000. He has worked diligently in the discharge of his duties, and particular!}- in securing to the State a large amount of money and land from the so-called swamp land appropriation. Few State officers have won a prouder record than Major George Diegel. He is, and has been for years, an earnest member of the Protestant Lutheran church, in which he was reared, and also for many years an Odd Fellovv. In May, 1875, his wife, with whom he had lived pleasantly for nearly thirty-five years, died at Jeffer- son City. He is the father of seven children — three boys and four girls. He is ai'dently attached to his home and family. In business, he has been beyond the average, as to success. Louis F. Dinning was born in Jackson county, Missouri, on the 28th day of October, 1838. Four years after his birth, his father, a Kentuckian, re- moved with his family to Simpson county, of his native State; and there Louis F. was reared, and received the limited education with which he as- sumed the duties of active life. His father was a well-to-do farmer, but be- ing the head of a family of eight children, he gave them such educational advantages, only, as the old field country school afforded. His early train- ing was confined exclusively to the English branches; he owes his know- ledge of the languages and sciences, to his unassisted, individual eflorts. When twenly-three years of age, he left the home of his boyhood, and came back to Missouri to locate a permanent home. The piospects were very dis- couraging. All branches of industry were paralyzed, so that lucrative em- ployment could not be obtained. He accepted the position of teacher in a small school. After a few months, he moved to St. Francois county, where he had procured a situation as teacher with more lucrative salary. There he taught for three years, at the same time improving his education and study- ing law. By means of diligent and untiring application, he became quali- fied for practice, and at the May term of the Farmington Court, in 1865, his license was granted him. In the succeeding October, he located in Potosi, associating in the practice of his profession with Israel McGready, and soon developed the brightest promise of success. In a short time, his association with Mr. McGready was dissolved, and another formed with Hon. Davie E. J. G. DORMAN. HISTORY OF [MISSOURI. -l:i)7 Ferryman, resulting in financial success and professional advancement. In the spring of 186G, he was appointed town counsel for Potosi, a position he soon resigned. About tiie same time he was appointed county Attorney, which office, after a brief period he also resigned. At tlie general fall elec- tion in 1866, he was elected circuit Attorney of the latli Judicial Circuit, but because of a charge of disloyalty made against him, failed U) secure a com- mission untillate in the following year. At that time the condition of his practice and private business was such as precluded him from a discharge of ollicial duties, and he resigned the position. Afterward, until the fall of 1868, he devoted his entire attention to his practice, when he become the democratic candidate for circuit Judge of tlie 15th Circuit, an office to which he was elected by a large majority. Hon. J. H. Vail, his opponent, contested his election cm the ground of nonage, and dish)yaity during the re- bellion. The Governor issued to Mr. Vail a commission, establishing him in the office. Judge Dinning believing this was contrary to law ; and in defense of right, and as a duty to his constituents, he felt compelled' to test the leg- ality of the action of the Governor by appealing to the Supreme Court. In July 1873, the Court rendered its decision ousting the incumbent, where upon the Governor promptly issued a commission to Dinning, who immedi- ately qualified, and entered ujjou the duties of the office. So faithfully and well did he proform the duties of his office, that he was the following year again elected to the same position, without opposition. Judge Dinning has always been an ardent democrat in politics, having cast his first vote for John C. Breckenridge. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, aud'a firm believer in the truth of its religion, though tol- erant towards all who difl"er with him. He was married in 1864 to Miss Rushia M., daughter of John M. Tyler, of St. Francois county. They have six children, and own and occupy an unpretentious, though very comfortable home in Potosi, Washington county. Jerubal G. Dorman was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, July 17, 1818. His father was a native of Virginia, a farmer by occupation. Soon after the birth of young Dorman, his father removed to Gallatin county in the same State, and there resumed on a larger scale, his business of farming. Here it was, the subject of this sketch learned the necessity of work, and early contracted tliose habits of industry and perseverance which have proved of so much benefit to him in the course of a useful and successful life. It may also be said that here, in those early days, removed from all the allurements and temptations of a "fast" life, his character was moulded to the measure of unswerving honesty and fair dealing with his fellowmeu. The monotony of his daily duties on his father's farm became irksome; and in a desire for change, he quit farming and for several years "run" the west- ern rivers. In February, 1849, when the California gold excitement came on, he caught the contagion, abandoned the river, and started from Quincy, Ill- inois, for the Pacific coast by water. Tlie party with whom he was associated, embarked ou the ship "Galveston" with every omen apparently in its favor; but while in the Curibbean sea, a storm wrecked the craft and drove them into the port of Balize Honduras. Recovering from this misfortune, they 498 AN IIJ.ITSTKATED resumed their journey and finally arrived on the coast of the "Worlds Treas- ury-." Dorman reraalnod in California a short time, and then returned to his home in Quiucy. In 1852, he was married to Mrs. Udolpha F. Eagle. In .1855, he removed to Clinton, Henry county, Missouri, where he engaged in the mercantile business. For some time his was the only mercantile house in (he entire country, and his goods were freighted from the Missouri river, at Boonville, by ox teams, a distance of eight}' miles. In 1860, Mr. Dorman was elected county Judge. In 1872, he was called upon b}' the democray of the county, to accept the nomination for the posi-' tion of member of the lower House of the 27th General Assembly, which nomination he accepted, and was subsequently elected by a large majority. As a member of the legislatifre, he was industrious in the interests of his constituents; closely attentive to all business before the legislature; prompt in his attendance at each session; jealous of the interests of the people in the expenditure of the public funds; and honest in the discharge of every duty. P^ drew up, and secured the adoption of the present road law of the State, Besides his mercantile business, Mr. Dorman works a large farm, near Clinton, and is also president of the First National Bank of that place. In politica, he is a democrat, and is radical in his enforcements of the Jef- fers.onian test for otRce : "Is he honest? Is he capable?" He is a man of liberal vie\ys, and generous indisposition. ■ Alexander Wili9 1830, lie settled in Lexington, Missouri, and began his long, successful and brilliant forensic career. The practice of law in the West was more labor- ious then than it is now. Law libraries were few and limited in extent, and the days of legal blanks had not come. At the age of twenty-two, with- out experience, Doniphan was placed in collision witli Abiel Leonard, Robert W. Wells, Peyton R. Hayden, and others; gentlemen eminent for ability and legal attainments, and who were older than lie, and already ex- pert in the management of cases. His maiden speech at the bar was made in 1830, in defense of a man indicted for murder. He assisted Mr. Leonard. This was the first murder case he had ever seen tried. His conduct in this trial was modest, and gave evidence of the dawning of that reputation as a criminal lawyer, which he afterward attained. In 1833, he removed to Liberty, Missouri, which he made his home for the succeeding thirty years. There he found, already established in the practice of law, those distinguished lawyers, D. R. Atchison, Amos Rees, and James M. Hughes. His experience at Lexington bad been preparatory; at Liberty, his reputation attained its zenith. Nor was the state of society there unfavor- able to the development of any of the manly, social, or mental qualities. Its business and leading men (as well as those of the county at large) were be- yond the average in capacity. They were young men of high, social position in their native localities in Virginia, Kentucky, or the East, educated, chival- ric and generous, and had come to the far West — the verge of civilization — to make their homes and fortunes. Liberty was the nearest town to Fort Leavenworth, and to it, to relieve the tedium of station life, resorted for jears the choice and prime young officers of the army — the Rileys, the Kearnjs, and Sydney Johnstons — who, from time to time, were stationed at that post. Hence society in Liberty was pleasing and exceptionally- brilliant. Doniphan was young, ambitious, highly cultured, and his mind expanded with ease to meet the magnitude of each new occasion. The faculty of ready, powerful, and tempestuous speech — the flashes of brilliant thought — had come to him, and the people of the State at once recognized him as an orator In 1836, he was elected to represent Cla\' county in the legislature; again, in 1840, and yet again in 1854, without opposition. In January, 1861, he was appointed one of the five delegates to represent Missouri in the so- called Peace Conference, which met at the city of Washington. During his absence in attendance upon that body, he was elected a delegate to represent his senatorial district in the State convention called by the legislature of Missouri, January 21st, 1861, and took his seat with its menibers on his re- turn fnrm the Peace Conference. In the convention he. maintained the posi- tion of a conservative Union man, and did not allow the cries of the moment to betray him into losing sight of the rights of the States. In 1846, occurred the war with Mexico. In Ma}', that year. Governor Edwards requested Doniphan to assist in raising troops for the volunteer service in the western counties of the State. He acceeded to the request. The enthusiasm of the people was high, and in a week or so the companies of men had volunteered, which, upon organization at Fort Leavenwortii, formed tlie famous 1st regi ment, Missouri Mounted Volunteers. As is known, the subject of this sketch 500 AN ILLUSTRATED was elected its colonel, almost by acclamation. There never was in the ser- vice of the United States a regiment of finer material. It was composed of young men in the prime of life, and equal, physically and mentall3% to every duty of a soldier. They were mainly the sons of tlie pioneers of Missouri; they had the courage and manliness, and possessed the endurance and virtues, of their fathers. The regiment formed a part of General Stephen W. Kear- ny's column, known as the Army of the West. In June, 1846, the regiment began its long march to Santa F6, Chihuahua, Monterey, and the Gulf — a distance of near 3,600 miles. Tliis march is known in history as Doniphan's Expedition. In November, 1846, Colonel Doniphan, with his regiment, was directed to go info the country of the Navajo Indians, on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, to overawe or chastise them. He completed this movement with great celerity and ability. His soldiers toiled through snow three feet deep on the crests and eastern slope of the mountains. Having completed the object of the expedition, concluding a satisfactory treaty with the Indians, he returned to the River Del Norte, and, on the banks of that stream, collected and briefly refreshed his men, preparatory to efl:'t'Cting what was then intended to be a junction wijh General Wool. He was here re-in. forced by two batteries of light artillery. In December, 1846, he turned the faces of his little column to the South, and put it in motion towards Chihua- hua. In quick succession followed his brilliant and decisive victories at Bracito and Sacramento, the capture of Chihuahua, the plunge of his little army into the unknown country between Chihuahua and Saltillo, and its emergence in triumph at the latter city. The laurels won by Colonel Doni- phan and his men, are among the brightest that grace the American arms; and the memory of them will be as enduring as the history of the Mexican war itself. In 1838, Mr. Doniphan was married to Elizabeth Jane Thornton, daughter of the late John Thornton, of Clay county, Missouri. She was a woman of much strength of character, of refined and gentle manners, . and of elegant literary taste. She was acute in her perception, and highlj'- religious in feel- ings. The domestic life of herself and husband was characterized by the utmost harmonj-. There were two children, both sons, born to them, but they died in youth. In 1863, — during the heat of the civil war, — Doniphan removed to St. Louis, where he remained until 1868, when he returned to western Missouri. He lost liis estimable wife in 1873, since which time he lias lived in retirement, devoting himself entirely to the amusements of reading, correspondence, and converse with his friends. During the existence of the whig pai"t3% he was an ardent and conscientious member of it, but since its dissolution he has acted with the democracy. His mind was always too broad to admit of his being a partisan in any restricted sense, nor did he ever seek a political oflice. He is a firm believer in the truth of the Cliristiau religion, and has been an active and consistent member of the Christian church since 1859. His per- sonal appearance is imposing and magnificent. A stranger would not fail to note him in any assemblage. In height, he is six feel four inches. His frame is proportioned to his height, and is full, without the appearance of niSTUliY OK lUlSSUUKI. 501 obesity. His face approaches the Grecian iileal very closely, the essential variance being in tlie nose, which i:^ aquiline without severity. The fore- head is high, full and square; tlie eyes of the brightest hazel, and the lips symmetrical and smiling. When young, his complexion was very fair and delicate; his hair and beard (now mingled with gray) were sandy. In the varied circumstances of his life, Colonel Doniphan has exerted a great influence. In parliamentarj' bodies, he has done this mainly through social impress and personal cottact. He is fascinating in conversation, and his societ}' is sought wherever he goes. His mind acts with quickness and precision. He has excellent faculties of generalization, percei)tion and analysis. His temperament is poetic, even romantic, but is guarded by fine taste and the most delicate sense of the ludicrous. His mind is no well or- ganized, so nicelj' balanced, its machinery so happily fitted, its stores of infor- mation so well digested and so completely made a part of the brain, that its riches, without apparent effort, flow, or flash forth on all occasions, and it places each subject, or object, it touches in a flood of light. Nature has endowed him munificently. If the union in one mind of the highest intellectual qualities constitutes genius, he has it. George W. Dunn was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, October 15th, 1815. His father died in 1828, and left his mother in limited circumstances. He labored for her on the paternal farm until he attained the age of nineteen years, in the meantime acquiring the larger portion of his early education at Cane Run Academj', in his native county. When nineteen years old, he went to Nicholasville, Kentucky, and entered into the emploj- of a merchant there, as clerk and salesman, in which he continued until the expiration of a year. During the succeeding three years, he devoted his time to teaching school and studying law. He also attended the law department of Transylva- nia Universit}-. and was a member of the class of 1836 — 7. In the spring of 1839, he immigrated to Missouri, and made his permanent home at Rich- mond, in Ray countj'. He there began the practice of law. In 1841, a vacancy happening, he was appointed circuit attorney for the 5th judicial circuit, and was elected his own successor in 1844. In 1848, upon the resig- nation of Hon. Austin A King, (who was in that year elected governor of the State), he was appointed judge of the 5th circuit. In 1851, he was elected his own successor in the judgeship, and again in 1857. On the 17ih of De- cember, 1861, he declined to take the test oath required of officers by the Con- vention called by the legislature, Januaiy 21st, 1861, and, retiring from the bench, resumed the practice of law in Richmond, Missouri. He was again ■elected judge of that circuit in 1863, and remained in oftice until May 1st, 1865, when he was thrown out of office by the ousting ordinance, adopted by the convention of 1865, and again resumed the practice of his profession. In 1874, he was again elected judge of tiie 5th circuit without opposition, ■which position he now holds. He was elected a member of the State Con- vention called in 1861, and served in that body with much ability. He aimed to adhere to the old political landmarks; to avert a fratricidal war; and to mitigate its horrors after it had come. In politics, Judge Dunn has always been a democrat, but has never been a candidate for any political posi- 502 AlS ILLUSTRATED tioti. He has only sought the honors of the law. In 1841, he was married to Susan M. Henderson, of Jessamine county, Kentucky; they have had five children, of whom only one, a son, survives. For many years, he has been a member of the Presbyterian church. As a judge, he has few supe- riors. His mind is broad, clear and comprehensive. In analytical faculty and the just wei^rhing of conflicting equities, he is eminently gifted. Tiie emotional nature never in him over-rides reason. In addition to learning, he has the three essentialrequisites of a judge: §potless integrity, tlie utmost impartialilj^ and perfect freedom from passion or prejudice. Judge Dunn is a man of extensive general reading, refined sensibilities, and poetic tempera- ment. His leisure hours have been devoted since youth to the cultivation of literature. His poetic effusions have been characterized by finish and deli- cacy of thought. One of his earlier poems, written forty yeai's ago, is a descrip- tion of a romantic scene on the Kentucky river. One of his latest, is the "Temple of Justice," here subjoined: There stood in Eden ouce, as legends tell, Aivijal temple bathed in heaven's own light; But when ourhajjpy parent.* sinned and fell, That temple felt the avenging cur.se and blight; And would have sunk in deep and endless night; But God in mercy had its fragments thrown ■ Cer all the earth; and now Ihey greet our sight Where'er we go in every clime and zone: — Each fragment of that temple is a precious stone. In after ages on Moriah's brow. King Solomon a wondrous temple raised; Built as was shown upon the mount; and now Wo do not marvel that the nations gazed Entranced ; or that the Colleen of Sheba praised The master architert; for ne'er before Had earth's admiring millions stood amazed In view of such a structure ; never more Perhaps will such a temple greet us on time's sliore. But we are workmen on a temple too, A giorious temple shielding human rights; And if we labor as good men and true. Our consciences will bring us such delights As duty faithfully performed invites. Then bring for this grand temple precious things — Sapphires and Rubies, Emeralds, Chrysolites; We do not build on vain imaginings; We trace tlie streams of truth to their celestial springs. Through coming ages will our temple stand, The grandest product of man's mind and heart. Its dome and spire point to the better land ; Its walls and towers attest their builders' art, I only ask to bear an humble part In fashioning the work — to have my name Inscribed upon its w. lis ere I depai t; laskbutthis, and make no other chiim To that which heroes bleed for, and the world calls Fame . HISTORY OF MltSSOUIil. 50iJ Lemcel Dunn, <>(' Kiui^^ston, Crildwc-ll county, Missouri, was born in Mer- cer couuly, Kentucky, January 2d, 1820, being the fourth son of Lemuel Dunu, Sr. His early youlh was spent on a farm, where by diligent applica- tion during spare hours, he acquired a fair knowledge of the English branches, finishing his education at Cane Run Academy, which he attended two years. In the spring of 1841, he immigrated to Missouri, and settled on a farm in Grundy count}-, but his health having' been impaired by a long and severe illness, disqualifying him for hard manual labor, he turned his attention to the study of meilicine, and in February, 184G, he removed to Kingston, Cald- well county, and entered into practice as physician and surgeon, whicli he continued for several years. In 1850, he was elected to the legislature, and in 1852, he was chosen clerk of the county court, which office he held until 18G0. In 1854, he was also elected clerk of the circuit court, which office he held until 1867. In 1861, he was appointed judge of the probate court of Caldwell county, and in 1862, he was elected judge, from which office he re. tired in 1866. While in performance of his duties as clerk of the courts, he improved his hours of leisure in the study of the law, and perfected himself in the science to the extent that in 1867, he was licensed as an attorney, and since that time he has been actively engaged in the practice of this profes- sion, and has participated in mauj^ of the most important cases that have come to trial in his circuit. Dunn was an old line whig, and as such, took an active part in procuring the laud grants which secured the construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad. He is a member of the Masonic Frater nity, and an active member of the Christian church. In person, he is of commanding presence — six feet, one inch in height, and weighs two hundred pounds. He has been married twice, first to Sarah McCoy, Nov. 14th, 1839. who died in 1858, leaving seven children. In 1860, he was united in mar- riage with Emma A. Dodge, who has borne him three children. James B. Eads was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, May 22d, 1820. His early education was acquired in the schools of Louisville and Cincinnati. In Sep- tember, 1833, the steam-boat on which his father and family had embarked to seek a home farther west was burnt, and young Eads found himself in St. Louis with the urgent need of doing something to aid in the support of his parents. He commenced business as a peddler of apples; soon after tlii^, however, he succeeded in obtaining more congenial employment in a mer- cantile house. After a considerable term of service in that establishment, he passed two years as a clerk on a Mississippi steamer. While attending to his duties, he lost no opportunity of studying the mysteries of the great river. This, he afterward put to practical use, as he had already acquired an exten. sive knowledge of mechanics, machinery, and civil engineering. In 1842, he formrd a co-partnership with two boat-builders for the purpose of recov- ering steam-boats and cargoes, sunk or wrecked in the river. The firm was successful in business, and, in ten years, its operations had become very ex- tensive. Eads, on account of ill-health retired from business in 1857; but the opening of the civil war brought him f nth from his seclusion. On the 7th of August, 1861, he signed a contiact with the general government to build seven iron-chuls, to be ready for their crews and armaments in sixty-five 504 AN ILJ.LSTUATJiD da^s. The work was done according to contract and within tlie specified time. AVithout following in dciail the labors of Eads in the construction of ves- sels during the war, it is enough to say that lie created a navy especially adapted for service on our western waters, and differing entirely from any- thing that had before existed. Whatever its merits, it is sufficient to say that it accomplished its purpose, and that its builder was the man who made pos- sible its brilliant achievements. As a recognition of eminence in his profes- sion, the Missouri State University two years ago conferred upon him the de- gree of LL. D. He was twice elected president of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences, and has held positions of honor and trust in several of the most important corporations in the State, among which we may name the National Bank of the State of Missmiri, the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern railway, the St. Charles Bridge Company, and Third National Bank. The magnificent bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis is a notable landmark in the engineering progress of the age in which we live. It exemplifies that mechanical and engineering skill which belongs to this century. Eads was its chief engineei'. He was its head and front — its orig- inator and creator. Whatever its value, and it is already known to be greater than was estimated, its construction is mainly due to his unflagging zeal and energy. Linked with his, it is true, are the names of others, who performed their part of the work nobl}'. Bat his was the genius which conceived the plan upon a principle untried in the science of engineering. And he was the organizer who drew around him associates, and inspired them with some- thing of his own enthusiasm to erect a structure which should serve the uses of millions of people to the end of time. The bridge was formally thrown open to travel on the 4th of July, 1874. The event was duly celebrated. There was an immense procession extending fifteen miles in length, and in it every trade and calling of the city was represented. The stores were closed, and all bus- iness was suspended. Several distinguished gentlemen, including the Gov- ernors of Illinois and Missouri, spoke to a vast audience, and every incident of the day demonstrated that as long as the arches of tempered steel shall en- dure, so long shall the name of James B. Eads be remembered and honored. Even before the completion of that work, he had maturely considered and proposed a plan for obtaining, at the mouth of the Mississippi river, sufficient depth of water and width of channel to permit the unobstructed passage of the largest ocean vessels. Operations upon and beneath the surface of that river — lifting wrecks from its bottom, building war vessels to open, and keep open its communications, and finally building that bridge, which renders it no longer an obstacle to the transverse trade of the country — had filled the active period of his life, and peculiarly fitted him for the execution of the plan he had conceived. That plan was the C(mstruction, at some time of the passages at the mouth of the Mississippi, of jetties, which are simply dykes or levees underwater, and intended to act as banks to the river, to prevent its expanding and diffusing itself as it entered the sea. It is a notable fact that where the banks of a river extend boldly out into the sea, no bar is formed at the en- trance. It is where the banks, or jaws of earth, are absent, as is the case in delta-forming rivers, that the bur is an invariable feature. The bar results H18TOBY OF MlsaoUIil. ^^^ from the diffusion of the stream as it spreads out fau-like in entering the sea. The diffusion of the river being the cause, the remedy, lie claimed, lies in contracting it, or in preventing the diffusion. On the 3d of March, 1875, Congress passed a bill fully intrusting the im- provement of the mouth of the river to Eads. By its terms, adeplh of twenty feet of water was to be given to the the South Pass within two and a half years. He was then to press forward and increase the depth, within a specified time, to thirty feet. Upon the completion of Ihe work, he and his company were to receive from the Government the sum of five million two hundred and fifty tliousand dollars. The first installment of half a million was to be paid when he had obtained a channel two hundred feet wide and twenty feet deep, and the last when the channel had been made three hundred and fifty feet wide and thirty feet deep. After obtaining a depth of thirty feet, he was to receive one hundred thousand dollars per annum for twenty years for maintaining this depth. In 1845, Mr. Eads marrieil Martha N., daughter of Patrick M. Dil- lon, of St. Louis. She died in 1852. He subsequently married again. He has five daughters. In private life, he is one of the most estimable of men ; kind, courteous, and aflable to all who come in contact with him. His physical ■constitution, intellectual activities, temperament, habits — all seem to mark him out as a man for great achievements. * LuciAN Johnson E.vstin was born at Nicholasville, Jessamine county, Kenluck}^ on the 3d day of December, 1814. He was the son of James W. Eastin. Wlieii quite j^iung, he was apprenticed to Jacob Creath, in Lexing- ton, Kentucky', and with him learned tl»e printing business He came to Missouri in 1834, and commenced his journalistic career in April, 1835, at Palmyra, Missouri, as editor and proprietor of the "Marion Journal." In 1840, he started the first paper ever printed in Monroe county, at Paris, •called the "Missouri Sentinel." In 1844, he was editor of the "Glasgow Pilot." Here he continued about one year, when he went to Jefferson City, and soon afterwards weni in partnership with James Lusk in the publication of the "Jefferson City Inquirer." In 1846, while living at Jefferson City, he raised one of the first companies of Missouri Volunteers for the Mexican war, and was elected captain. Under the call for six months troops, he took his company to St. Louis, with the view of joining General Taylor's array, but as six months troops would not be received by General Taylor, his com- pany was disbnnd d. He joined another company, and was elected lieuten- ant in Captain Auguey's battali.in of infantry, and walked across the plains to New Mexico. He was in three battles in New Mexico, under General Sterling Price, the last one at Taos. While in New Mexico, he was ap- pointed judge advocate of court martials, which position he occupied until he left. In 1848, he returned to Jefferson City, and resumed his connection with the "Jefferson City Inquirer," William H. Lusk being a partner. In Cooper county, Missouri, May 13, 1849, he married Sarah F. Dale. Of this marriage were born three sons and one daughter. In 1853, he bought the "St. Joseph Gazette," and became the editor and joint proprietor with C. F. Holly. In the fall of 1854, ho sold out the "Gazette" to Pfouts & Cundiff. 506 AX tMJTSTKATED In October, 1854, he went to Leavenworth, Kansas, where, w'ilh William H. Adams, he published the first paper ever printed in Kansas, the first number of which was printed under the shade of an elm tree, on the corner of Chero- kee street and the levee. He was a member of the Lecompton constitutional convention. He was also brigadier-general of Kansas, appointed by Acting- Governor Woodson, and confirmed by the Senate. In December, 1859, he went to Chillicothe, Missouri, and became the editor and publisher of the "Chillicothe Chronicle," formerly known as the "Grand River Chronic'e." He continued the publication of that paper, with a slight interruption at the commencement of the civil war, until 1866. In 1866, he went to Sidney> Iowa, and for one year published the "American Union." He then returned to Chillicothe, Missouri. Mr. Eastin became a member of the Christian Church in 1866. In 1868, he came to Glasgow, Missouri, and started the "Glasgow Journal," of which he was still proprietor up to the time of hi» death. In 1875, he was president of the State Editorial Association, and, at the lime of his decease, was president of the Mexican Veterans Association of Missouri. He died on the 24th of April, 1876. E. Livingston Edwards, of the City of Jefterson, Cole county, Missouri, was born in Rutherford county, in the State of Tennessee, on the 17th of March, 1812. He was raised on the east fork of Stone river, six miles north of Murfreesborough. His early life was divided, between labor on the farm and school. When in his nineteenth year, he was 'employed as an assistant teacher in a college, then recently established in Williamson county, at Hardeman's Cross road, but a restless desire for new fields of usefulness in- duced him to resign his position, and come West, in the fall of 1831. He came to Jefferson City in November of that year, and shortly afterwards he commenced the study of law with his brother, John C. Edwards, then Secre- tary of State. In February, 1835, he was licensed to practice law, but did not enter upon his profession until some years afterwards. The same year he became a candidate for the office of clerk of the circuit and county court of Cole county, — the offices being made elective then, for the first time, by a recent change in the State constitution, and was elected. In 1837, he was elected brigadier-general of the first brigade, 6th Division of the Missouri Militia, as then organized — but he shortly afterwards resigned. In the win- ter of 1838, he established, in connection with John McCulloch, "The Jeffer- son Enquirer," a democratic newspaper, published at the City of Jefferson. Its publication was suspended in the summer of 1840, for want of patronage. Thifi was the year of the memorable "Hard Cider and Log Cabin," campaign. The "Enquirer" supported Martin Van Buren for president, and Thomas Reynolds, the democratic nominee, for governor. In 1840, he was married to Ann Ivy Dixon, a daughter of Warren Dixon, a farmer of Cole county, fr(;m North Carolina, who came to this State some years previously. In 1841, Governor Reynolds gave him the appointment of circuit attorney of the 14th Judicial Circuit — which office he declined for personal reasons. This was the only executive appointment he ever received. About the same time, he began the practice of law in the first Juilicial Circuit, and has con- tinued in it most of the time since. In 1846, he was elected a member of the lilllllilliiiiiililliiililiiiilliliBliliSiii q/^^ Ipo'yt^if^ HISTUHY OF MISSOURI. 507 house of representatives — and in 1848 was elected to the senate, to fill a va- cancy. While in the senate, the great change in the civil practice in courts of justice was made. The bill was prepared by Robert W. Wells, then judge of the United States District Court for Missouri. At the request of Judge Wells, he introduced the bill in the senate — and it became a law, without material change, as it came from the hands of its author. The same session gave birth to what are known as the "Jackson Resolutions." They were in troduced in the senate by Claiborne F.Jackson, but it was not pretended by him, or any one else at the time, that he was the author. They were gener- ally supported by the democratic part}', and by Edwards, among others. After the adjournment of the legislature, he again turned his attention to his practice, and declined further connection with public life, although always an active supporter of the democratic party. About the year 1858, he gave up the practice of the law, and turned his attention to farming. In 18G0, he assumed the editorial control of the "Examiner," a leading democratic paper of the State. At the end of twelve months, he returned to his farm, where he was engaged when the war broke out. He was with the South in sympathy and in principle — but took no active part in the war. Broken up in his farming operations by the changes brought about by the war, he quit his farm in 1863, and resumed the practice of his profession, and has been thus actively engaged ever since, with the exception of the time that he was disfranchised by the test oath, which he refused to take. In 1873, he was again elected to the house-of representatives, to till a v.icancy then existing from Cole county. He has never been a member of any church, but is a well wisher of all religious organizations. He has always had a fair share of practice, and, by his industrious and frugal habits, has obtained a comfort- able competency, although not what would be esteemed a liberal fortune. John Evkks, the subject of this sketch, is among the oldest and most re- spected citizens of Washington county. He was born in Leicestershire, Eng- land, December 10th, 1799. At an early age he received an appointment as cadet in the service of the East India Company, and was educated for a mil- itary career. But on the surrender of Napoleon the 1st, in 1815, a general peace was declared, and young Evens, with many other aspirantsfor the excite- ments of foreign service, was dismissed and returned to his home. After laboring a few years on the farm with his father, he decided to seek his for- tune in the New World, and in pursuance of this cherished plan hesailtd from Liverpool in May, 1821, in the ship Hercules, Captain Cobb, and lamled safely in New York on the 20th day of the next month. From New York citj' he walked to Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania, where some parties resided to whom he had letters of introduction; and here he remained until the fall of 1822, when with three other j'oung men, he walked to Pittsburg, v. here they bought a family skifF, with which they descended the Ohio as far as Shawauoclowu, when they traded off their skiff and " footed it " across the country to Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, and thence to New Diggings, near Potosi, where they arrived about the middle of November. Securing a comfortable cabin, they adopted the then fashionable mode of housekeeping " Bachelor's Hall," and at once commenced mining operations. After purchasing the necessary 508 AN ILLUSTRATED tools and household fixtures, their funds were well nigh exhausted, but pro- visions were cheap and the young miners were nothing daunted, and with stout hearts and strong hands thej^ went industrioulsy to work. Having saved a few hundred dollars, in 1825, he look a trip to Galena, Illinois, and on the way had what he esteemed the good fortune to be in St. Louis on the arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette, and was present at the reception tendered him at the mansion of Pierre Chouteau. The next fall Mr. Evens returned to Missouri, Without having increased his capital by his trip, and soon after commenced work at Valley Mines in Jeffer- son, and St. Francois counties. In 1827, he became engaged in the lead smelt- ing business, and in 1837 he built and put in operation a blast furnace, or as commonly known, a scotch hearth, under the name of Hopewell Furnace, which has been operated to the present time — being the oldest Scotch Hearth in the state; and the proprietor is believed to be the oldest lead smelter in Missouri. Between 1830 and 1840, Evens made several trips to Galena, and was in the smelting business there for some three years. During this time he twice volunteered in the service of the United States against the Indians un- der the famous Black Hawk, and the last time remained in the ranks until the noted chief of the enemy was captured and sent to Washington City, in irons. In politics Mr. Evans was an old line whig, an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, and he still claims to be of the same political faith. When the late war broke out, he took decided ground for the government, and with one of his sons raised a company at their own expense, which joined the 31st reg- iment, Missouri volunteers, and served until the close of the war. In 1862, he was elected representative from Washington county, and served in the ses- sions of 18G2-3. In religous belief he is an old school Presbyterian, having tmited with the church at Potosi, in 1836. Mr. Evens was married to Charlotte Ilaigh on the 12lh day of April, 1827, who is still living, at the advanced age of seventy years. They have had ten children, six of whom are still living, — four sous and two daughters. They also have fifteen grand-children. His present residence is Hopewell Furnace, in Washington county, where he owns a large tract of land, — the accumulation of many j^ears of industry. Naturally endowed with a superabundance of energ}-, excellent judgment, to- gether with good mechanical ingenuilj', he possesses the elements of success. Although he belongs to a past generation, being now eighty-nine years old, he is hale and hearty, and attends to his business with great assiduity. Epur.vi-m: B.vhnett Ewing, the subject of this sketch, although born in Kentucky, was brought to Missouri, when only a few months old, and all his life was identified with the growth and history of the State. He was the son of Rev. Finis Ewing, one of the founders of the Cumberland Presby- terian church, and Margaret Davidson, daughter of General William Lee Davidson, who distinguished himself in the war for independence. He was educated at Princeton College, Kentucky ; studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1849, and soon won an eminciit position in the practice of his profession. In 1846-7, he was elected secretary of the State Senate, and in 1848, he was chosen presidential elector of the democratic ticket, and the «ame year was elected representative from Ray county (then his home) to the 1I18TOKY OF MISSOURI. 509 General Assembly. The following year he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor King, and at the same time was ex f^/jcio Superintendent of common schools. In 1856, he was elected Attorney-Genend of the Stale for four years, but in 1859 resigned his office, and was eleclwd judge of llie Supreme Cnurt to fill tlie unexpired term of John C. Richardson, whichoffice he held until 1801, when the office was abolished by the action of the State convention. Judge Ewing then resumed the practice of his profession in Jefferson City, where he resided until 1864, when he became a resident of St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected judge of the circuit court of St. Louis county for six years, and was thereupon chosen its presiding judge. Af- ter holding tills ollice for about two years, he resigned, and in 1873, in re- sponse to a petition signed by more than two hundred and fifty members of the bar, irrespective of party, he consented to allow himself to be a candidate for the Supreme Judgeship, to which position he was subsequently elected hy a complimentary majority. Not long, however, did he hold this high position, for the following June, while in the glory of his man- hood, he was cut down by that fearful scourge, cerebro-spinal-meningitis, at the age of 52 years. He lived and died, bequeathing to his family and friends tlie rich legacy of an untarnished name. " There are few men in public life wliose withdrawal by death would leave a more deplorable gap in the ranks of eminence than is made by the death of Judge Ewing. Such characters as his are rare among men." In social life, he was as remarkable as in his professional capacity. No hospitality was less ostentatious and more genial than his, — no greeting was more hearty — no friendship truer or more unse]fi!^h. His fine sense of honor, his wide experience, his thorough culture, and his broad and liberal mind, all, fitted him to stand at the head of his profession and in the leader- ship of social life. Although not a member of any church, his sympathies were with the church of his father, the Cumberland Presbyterian. He loved the cause of morality and religion, and took a deep interest in the welfare of the church. He was a noble man and a model lawyer, and yet the bright shining qualities of his nature shone forth, as a husband, a father, and a judge. In every charge and trust with which he was honored he did credit to himself and to those who trusted him. Judge Ewing was married in 1845, his wife being Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Thomas Allen, and sister of the late Governor Henry W. Allen, of Louisiana. They had seven children, all of whom are living. RoBEKT C. Ewing was born in Todd counly, Kentucky, on the 26th of Marcli, 1816, and was the son of R?v. Finis Ewing, who immigrated to Mis- souri in 1821, and settled at New Lebanon, Cooper county, where the}' resided until lSo2, when Mr. Ewing was appointed to the office of Register of Lands, by President Jackson, upon which he removed to Lexington, the office being located at that* place. Robert was prepared for college in the common schools of the countj'. He pursued a collegiate course, first at Cen- tre College, Danville, Kentucky, under Dr. Young, and then at Cumberland, Princeton, in the same State, under Drs. Cossitt and Beard. In addition to the regular college course, he studied and learned to read with facility, the 510 AN ILLUSTRATED Ffoncli, Spanish, and Italian languages. Leaving college in 1838, lie com- menced the study of law under liis oldest brother, the late W. L. D. Ewing, long a citizen of Illinois, and a United Stales Senator from that Slate. After a few months, however, he removed to Missouri, and finished liis legal course with Attorney-General S. M. Bay, and in December, 1840, was admitted to llie bar, and immediately' thereafter, settled and engaged in practice at Richmond, Ray county. In 1842, Mr. Ewing found his health so precarious as to imperi- tively demand relaxation, and accordingly, he sailed for South America, and spent the winter on the Spanish main, and in the southern West Indies. Returning in 1843, he resumed the practice of his profession, in partnership with his youngest brother, E. B. Ewiug, then but recently admitted to the bar. Removing his family to Lexington in 1844, he was tendered, and finally- accepted, the appointment of United States Marshal for the State of Missouri aud the then Territory of Kansas, by President Polk, which office he held until far into President Taylor's term. In search of health and adven- ture, in 1852, he crossed the plains to New Mexico, and still unsatisfied with the dull routine of office duties, the following year he went to Califor- nia, by water, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, and spent a year in the Golden State. In 1856, Ewing was nominated for the office of Governor, by a convention held at St. Louis, — his competitor in the convention being the late Henry T. Bh.w. It was in this year that the triangular fight occurred between the Benton and Anti-Benton factions of the democratic part}-, and the opponents of both the old whig and the American parties. Benton" was himself, a candidate for Governor, on that side of the democracy which em- braced his views, but his strength was nearly gone, and he made but a feeble race — the real contest being between Ewing and Trustcu Polk, the latter being in the end elected by only a few hundred votes. This was one of the most memorable political campaigns ever fought in the State. Each candi- date for governor, as well as for other State offices, canvassed the entire field, — the excitement often running to extreme height. On the ticket with Polk was E. B. Ewiug, as candidate for Attorney-General, who made a most vigor- ous canvass against his brother; without, however, interrupting their fraternal relations. Soon after the close of the aforementioned political campaign, Mr. Ewing formed a law partnership with Ex-Governor King. In 1858, he once more crossed the plains in charge of government freight for General Johnson's army, then encamped at Salt Lake. Tlie succeding year, he again went to Utah in charge of a large business enterprise, but being a Gentile, aud not a Saint, he was essentially plucked, and returned much poorer than he went. From 1863, to 1808, Judge Ewing was in Montana territory, engaged in mining, and during that time, he was elected a delegate to a convention to form a constitution for a Slate government, and on the organization of that body, he was unanimously chosen its president. Returning to Missouri in 18G9, he located in Jackson counJy, and a few months thereafter, on the occurrence of a vacancy in the criminal branch of the court of the 24lh Judicial circuit, which embraced Jackson count}', lie was elected judge of that court, by an almost unanimous vote. This office he held for nearly four years. Finding the duties of this ROBERT C. EWING. IIISTOUY OF MISSOUKI. 511 position too laborious for his feeble health, in September, 1874, he resigned to accept a law Professorship in Lincoln University, Illinois, but finding this was too much for his waning strength, after five months service in this position, he was compelled to surrender the position. Early in 1875, he left Missouri, and traveled in Texas, — spending the summer in that State- The next autumn, he accepted a Law Professorship in Trinity University. Texas, which position he now holds. Battling with disease nearly all his life, he has still achieved a large degree of real success. A handsome living went " down under the iron heel of the war, and he was left to commence life anew in his advanced age. While on the bench, he wrote "Historical Memoirs, " a book which was published by the B )ard of Publication of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, of which he is a member. The judge has been an extensive traveler, having rambled into almost everj' part of this half of the continent, and into South America, besides many thousand miles b}' sea. He is now sixty years of age, with greatly impaired iiealth, but with spirits that never flag, and with energy that is only curtailed by feebleness of body. Thomas Clement Fletcher was born Jan. 22, 1827, in Jefferson county, Missouri. He descended from an old Maryland family. His father, Cle- ment B. Fletcher, came to Missouri in 1818, and was a merchant. Thomas was the second son. The want of the advantages of an early education very seriousl}' weighed upon him, and his success in overcoming that ob- stacle to his advancement, is one of the most encouraging ex.-.imples to young men of the efi"ectivcness of industry and resolute will. As deputy clerk of the count}' court of his native count}-, when yet a minor, he • mployed his time in study, and soon became famed as an excellent clerk. During this time, he applied himself studiously to his books, and acquired something of the learning of the schools. On attaining his mnjorit}-, the people of the county gave evidence of their confidence in his integrity and superior busi- ness qualifications, by electing him to the offices of clerk of the circuit, and count}- courts. Wliile serving in that position, he studied law, and went to the bar in 1856. About this time he began to take a part in the politics of the State, and was an ardent supporter of Benton. In 18G0, he was a dele- gate to the Chicago convention, and in the canvass of that year warmly ad- vocated the election of Mr. Lincoln. When the war came, he was a trusted friend of Lyon and Blair, and roused up the people of liis vicinity to a sup- port of the Union. He served for a time as Assistant Provost-Marshal Gen- eral at St. Louis, and subsequently recruited and organized the 31st Missouri regiment of infantry, and went to tlie front as iis colonel, and served with credit in the Army of the Tennessee, under Sherman. Subsequently he re- turned to Missouri, and recruited and organizxl tw-o other regiments, one of which (the 47lh Infantry) he commanded as its colonel. For his services in the army, he was commissioned a Brevet Brigadier-General. In 18G4, he was elected governor of the State of Missouri, and was tlie first native born gov- ernor, and the first republican governor of the State, as well as the first re- publican ever elected governor of a slave State. The thoroughness of his convictions always manifested itself l)y very decided and jirompt action. This made him a party leader, who drew to himself the concentrated fiie of 512 AN ILLUSTRATED the opposing party. Under his four years of administration, there was the most unexampled progress made in all the material interests of the State, as well as its educational facilities. His policy for the restoration of the power of law, at the close of the war, and for the completion of the system of inter- nal improvements, drew upon him the most bitter and persistent assaults of the opposition, but did not make him swerve in his course. Some of his speeches and writings are remarkable for eloquence and force. Governor Fletcher was married in I80I, to Miss Clara Honej^, a lady whose good sense and many virtues have made her a favorite in every circle in which she has moved. Two children, a son and daughter, have been born to them, and have grown to manhood and womanhood. Governor Fletcher is a hale, hearty, and energetic man, enjoying in social life the esteem of a large circle of friends, and quietly pursuing the practice of his profession. Joseph Flood, of Clay county, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, on the 10th day of October, 1813. He was educated at Shurtliff College, Upper Alton, Illinois, and moved to Callaway county, Missouri, in 1846, settling near Fulton, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits, and in teaching, for twenty-two years. For a time he was professor in Westminster College, at Fulton, and subsequently a member of the Faculty of Stephen's College, at Columbia. He was successful both as farmer and teacher. Soon after his re- moval to Callaway county, he was elected school commissioner for the county; and in 1856, was chosen judge of the county and probate courts, be- ing re-elected in 1860. In 1861, he was elected a member of the consti- tutional convention, of Missouri, called to consider the relations of the State to the federal government. In this capacity he displa^'ed his usual ability, and was a faithful and conscientious member, and at all times a conservative Union man. In former times, he was politically associated with the whig party, and an active and earnest advocate of the national policy taught by Clay and Webster. In later years he has, however, acted with the demo- cratic party. In all the positions which he has filled in life, he has been regarded an honest man, and one who in all his official acts, scrupulously followed his conscientious convictions. In disposition he is very amiable, yet decided in his opinions, and bold in their announcement. He has been a member of the Baptist denomination for more than forty years, and has held various offices in the different churches with which he has been con- nected, and has also often been elected to preside over the deliberations of Little Bonne Femme, and North Liberty Baptist associations. Judge Flood was united in marriage with Miss Eliza A. Major, daughter of Rev.'John S. Major, in Franklin county, Kentucky, in 1839, and has five children, two sons and three daughters. , Nicholas Foi;d, of Rochester, Andrew county, Missouri, was born in Ireland in the year 1830. He arrived in the United States at the age of eighteen. He reached Missouri in 1854 He settled his family in St. Joseph, in 1859. Since 1865, he has been a resident of Rochester. Mr. Ford was elected a represent- ative from Andrew county in the twenty -eighth General Assambly as a non-part- isan or " Independent." He has been for several years engaged in merchan- iiilllB » NAPOLEON B. GIDDINGS. IIISTOKY OF AUSSOUUI. .jl3 dizing, devoting the most of his attention to liis business. His wife is a na- tive of Ireland. He is tlie father of two cliiklren — daugliters. Mr. Ford is a high-toned gentleman, possessed of fine talents and of excellent social qual- ities. Turner A. Gill, the present mayor of Kansas City, was born in Batli, count)', Kentucky, December 8th, 1841, but immigrated with his parents to Jackson county, Missouri, when about twelve years of age. After improving such op- portunities for schooling as his section atforded, he became a student in Col- umbia University in 18G0, where he was earnestly pursuing his studies at the breaking out of the rebellion. Young Gill soon became fired with euthusi- >ism and military ardor, resulting in his joining the confederate array, in 1S61, when only nineteen years of age. He served as a private under General Price through the engagements which took place in Missouri and Arkansas; also in those about Vicksburg and Corinth in Mississippi ; was several times wounded, and while yet a minor was promoted to a lieutenantcy ; and being taken prisoner at Vicksburg, he was paroled as lieutenant of company A., 6th Missouri Infantrj\ Being exchanged shortly afterwards, he was assigned to duty as adjutant in one of General Shelby's regiments, and was by him as- signed to the command of a compan}-, and promoted on the field by Shelby to captain"for gallantry and merit." At the conclusion of the war, Captain Gill resumed his studies at the Kentucky Universitj-, Lexington, when he gradu- ated in 1868, only second in a chijs of seventeen. Having pursued the study of law, he commenced practice in Kansas city, in 1870. In the spring of 1875 Gill was nominated, by the popular voice of his party, for mayor of Kansas City, and was elected. At the expiration of one year, he was nominated for re-election, and notwithstanding a wing of his own party bolted, and put another ticket in the field, he was elected by more than two hundred majority over the combined vote of his competitors. Mr. Gill was united in marriage with Lizzie Campbell, daughter of John Campbell, of Kansas City, March 9th, 1871. Napoleon Bonaparte Giddings was a native of Clark county, Kentucky, and was born in the year 1816. His parents immigrated to Missouri in 1828, and settled at Fayette, in Howard county. He here resided for quite a num- ber of years, and received the advantages of a common-school education. In 1836, when Texas declared her independence of the Mexican government, he left his home in Fayette, and alone took his way to the " Lone Star " Repub- lic, and enrolled himself as a private in her army. Soon afterwards, how- ever, he was promoted to be sergeant major of the regiment, which position he held until the close of the war and the disbanding of the army. The seat of government then being at Columbia, he repaired thither, and soon received the appointment of chief clerk in the auditor's office; afterward serving as acting auditor under Samuel Houston. Whcnthe capital was removed from Columbia to Houston, Giddiugs accompanied Houston and cabinet oflScers to the new Capital, but soon after resigned his position, and, in 1838, returned to Missouri. The following j'ear, he was appointed captain in the state militia, and, about the same time, commenced the study of law in the office of James 514 AN ILLUSTRATED W. Morrow, then an able lawyer of Fayette, Howard county. In 1841, he was licc'used to practice. When the war with Mexico broke out in 1846, he at once enrolled liimself for military service, and receiving a captain's com- mission in the regiment of Sterling Price, he acted in that capacity until the close of the war. On his return to Missouri, he established and for a time edited the first paper published in Franklin county, called the " Union Flag"; democratic in principle, and advocated the election of Lewis Cass to the Pres- idency, who at that time was a candidate. The same year, the gold excite- ment broke out in California, and he very soon became again infected with the spirit of adventure; sold out his paper, and in the spring of the follow- ing year, immigrated to the Eldorado, where he remained two years, travel- ing exteusively up and down the Pacific coast and in Central America. In 1851, he returned to the State of his adoption, settled in Savannah, commenced the practice of his profession, and has since resided at this place. In 1863, he was one of the delegation of 70, sent from Missouri to Washington to endeavor to induce President Lincoln to change his military policy in that State, and during the rebellion he served as lieutenant colonel of the 51st regiment of Missouri volunteers. In politics, Giddings has always been a democrat, but during the late war he acted with the party in power. Since the war, he has affiliated with his old political friends. Colonel Giddings is a Mason, has filled the first offices in each department of that order, and for more than thirty years has been a member of the Grand Lodge of Missouri- His wife was a daughter of Hampton L. Boone, who was a relative of the famous Kentucky hunter, Daniel Boone. His residence is a little east of the city of Savannah. C. L. GooDELL, D. D., was born in Calais, Vermont, in 1830. He comes of pure New England stock, and of a famil^^ which numbers eleven minis- ters in the line, including the celebrated Doctor W. G. Goodell, of Constan- tinople. The family in this country begins with Robert Goodell, who came from England in 1634 and settled in Salem, Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch enjoyed the advantage of a thorough education, having gradu- ated in a full classical course from Vermont University, in 1855, and from the Theological Seminary, of Andover, in 1858. He was converted during his senior year in College in 1855; and married Emily, daughter of Gov- ernor Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in 1859. He was called to the pastorate of a church in New Britain, Connecticut, the same year, having been licensed to preach in 1858. He was pastor in this church 14 years, during which time there were more additions to its membership than to any other church in Connecticut. Their prosperity was equally marked in other respects, as their benevolent contributions increased from $420.00 to $14,000, and a new cliurcli edifice was built at a cost of $150,000. In 1872, Pilgrim Congregational church, of St. Louis, extended him a call to become their pastor. Accepting the position, he entered immediately upon his work. Ke- fusiug from the start to regard the limits of his congregaticm, or even those of the city, as the boundaries of his parish, he at once placed himself in connection with all the churches and ministers in the commercial vicinity. He scattered abroad and gave his hand in royal Christian fellowship to all HISTORY Of MISSOURI. 015 the struiii^ling bauds of workers within his reach. In this missionary spirit his cliurcli has shared aud generously lield up liis hands, while by word, and letter and bodily presence, he has waiched over weaker churches in less favored localities. His relation to the educational interests of the State is indicated in the endowment secured for Walter Fairbanks' Hall of Drury College, Springfield, Missouri. In answer to "what is the secret of his suc- cess?" it may be said, he is a man who studies. Horace Bushuell said that the difference between a jackstatf and a tree was, that one had grown and the other was growing. Dr. Goodell is growing. He is a man of i)ositive ideas; his convictions are deep, clear and strong. He believes the Bible is the re- vealed will of God to meu, and he preaches the old doctrines of repentance toward God and faith in Christ. He gives the trumpet a certain sound, and men who hear him prepare for battle. He is tolerant to all honest opinion. He is a man of deep personal piety; whatever other impressions Dr. Goodell makes on a visitor, he is sure to leave with a feeling that he has been with a man who fears God and keeps his commandments. Without scorning the use ■of good humor, or disregarding the pleasantries of life, he shows to all, that his real life is hid with Christ in God. His house is a house of prayer, well ordered and happy. Whatever failing Dr. Goodell may have, in common with his fellow meu, he most surely keeps his heart with all diligence and his body as a temple of the Holy Ghost. Odon Guitar was born in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1825. His father, a native of France, immigrated to this country wlien a youth, on account of his republican sentiments, — locating at the place named, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and soon after intermarried with Emily Gordon, the mother of the subject of this sketch, and daughter of the late David Gordon, Sen., of Boone county, Missouri, and a niece of Chief Justice John Bogle, of Kentucky. His father removed to Missouri, in 1829, and located at Col umbia, where Odon Guitar was reared and educated, graduating at the State University, in the class of 1846, and receiving his degree whilst a private soldier in the ranks of the federal army, in Mexico. Enlisting in " Doni- phan's regiment," a few weeks before the close of his collegiate term, he par- ticipated with credit in all its marches, battles, and romantic adventures. Returning from the war, he entered upon the study of the law with his uncle, the late John B. Gordon, and was admitted to the bar in 1849. Led by his love of adventure, and the gold excitement on the Pacific coast, lie crossed the plains to California, witli the great emigration of 1850. Spending some eighteen months in the mines, and mountains of that country; He accord- ingly appeared in the line of his profession before its "domestic tribunals," then almost the only forums of justice in that far off land. Returning to Missouri, in 1851, he resumed the practice of his profession. He has served his cr)unty twice in the legislature, and was the candidate of the whig party in 1868, for Attorney-General. In July, 1856, Guitar, in an oration delivered before the Alumni of the State University, foreshadowed the approach of the late civil war, and ils results. On the commenpement of hostilities, he took ground in favor of the preservation of the Uni(m. Guitar solicited, and re- ceived authority from Governor Gamble, to recruit a regiment of cavalry in 516 AN ILLUSTRATED central Missouri. This he accomplished, giving lo the service " the Bloody- Ninth," of which he was commissioned colonel, on the 3d of May, 1863- During the summer of tliis year, he fought the battles of '-Moore's Mills," "Little Compton," and " Yellow Creek," besides a number of minor engage- ments, beating the confederates in every instance. For gallant and meritori- ous services in the field, Guitar was promoted to the rank of Brigadier- General. As district commander during the war, he had control, at diff rent times, of more than two-thirds of the entire territory of the State. And in this quasi civil and military position, the most responsible and delicate pos- sible, he acquitted himself with credit. At the close of the war. General Guitar resumed the practice of his profession; and, in 1866, married Kate Leonard, youngest daughter of the late Abiel Leonard, of Howard county. He has a comfortable home in the suburbs of Columbia, where, beneath the shadows of his own elms, with his amiable wife, and an interesting trio of children, he enjoys the competency afforded him by his professional labors- William A. Hall, of Huntsville, Randolph county, Missouri, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1815. His father moved to the Slate of Virginia in 1819, and thence to Missouri in 1840. Soon after coming to the State, the subject of this sketch commenced the practice of law, first iu Randolph county, and soon after at Fayette, iu Howard county. In 1844, he took charge of the democratic paper published at Fayette, and conducted it tlirough the presi- dential contest of that year. He, and his younger brother, Willard P. Hall, were chosen presidential electors the same year, on the democratic ticket. In 1847, he was appointed circuit judge, for the circuit comprising Howard, Boone, Callaway, Audrain, Randolph, and Macon counties, and continued to fill this office by re-election, without opposition, until 1861, at which time he was elected to Congress. In this capacity, he served until 1865 (being re-elected in 1863), when he retired from public life, and resumed the practice of his profession. He was a member of tlie constitutional con- vention, called at the breaking out of the civil war, and took high ground in favor of the Union, voting for the deposition of Governor Jackson, and for placing Governor Gamble at the head of the State government. In 1861, he was tendered the appointment of United States Senator, by Governor Gamble, but declined the office. Althougli a democrat, he enjoyed the confidence and esteem of President Lincoln, who often consulted him with reference to the condition of affairs in Missouri. At the close of the war, he earnestly desired, and zealously labored to restore the country to its condition before the war. He co-operated heartily with Gautt, Glover, and Broadhead, in the effort to defeat the Drake constitution. For several years Judge Hall has taken very little part in politics. Wesley Halliburton was born in the county of Humphreys, Tennessee, January 4th, 1812. When he was ten years of age, his parents immigrated to Missouri and settled in what is now Randnlph county, then a wild waste, and the home of the red men. Here youug Wesley spent the boyhood days of his life, assisting his father on the farm. Schools were almost unknown at that early day. He had an ardent thirst for knowledge, and borrowed books HISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 517 as often as he could, jxmi devoured them with avidity. By such means, together with the meagre advantages afforded by tlic old log school-house, when twenty years of age lie was able to teach a small country school ; and from tiiis beginning, he for several years followed, alternately, teaching and laboring on tlie farm. Having married, in 1S34, he settled down to farming, but after two year.-^, finding his strength insufficient for the work, he sold his farm and commenced the grocery business whicli he finally changed to a n, from the time they had left the Mandan towns, on their ascent up the river in April of the preceding year, 1805, until tlieir actual return to St. Louis." In the month of February, 1807, Messrs. Lewis and Clark reached Wash- ington city, congress being then in session. An act was soon passed granting to each of them and their corap.inions the donation of lands which had been promised them, and which they so richly deserved from their country, as a reward for their toils and dangers and in recognition of the great service they had rendered the government. Captain Lewis was soon after appointed Gov- ernor of the Territory of Louisiana. It was some time after before Governor Lewis reached St. Louis. On his arrival there he found the Territory almost in a state of anarchy, distracted by feuds and quarrels among the officers, and the people greatly discontented. Mr. Jefterson says: "He determined at once to take no sides with either party, but to use every endeavor to concilitate and harmonize them. The even-handed justice he administered to all soon established a respect for his person and authority, and perseverance and time wore down animosities and re-united the citizens agiiin into one family." Governor Lewis had been subject from early life to fits of despondency or melaucholy, a disease which he had inherited from his father. His affixirs rendering it necessary for hhn visit Washington, he proceeded down the river to the third Chickasaw Bluff, the present site of the city of Memphis, Ten- nessee, with a view of continuing his journey on to New Orleans, and thence by a coasting vessel. Mr. Neely, who was the agent of the United States with the Cliickasaw Indians, having arrived at the bluff about this time, found the Governor quite indisposed and showing evident occasional symptoms of de- rangement of mind. Rumors of a war with England were then prevalent, and fearing the loss of his papers, among which were the vouchers of his accounts with the government, and the Journal of his western expedition, he changed his determination of proceeding down the river, and started westward through the Chickasaw country, accompanied by Mr. Neely and his French valet. After passing the Tennessee river, about one day's journey, two of their horses were lost, which c;:.used Mr. Neely to halt. Governor Lewis proceeding on his way, with a promise to stop and await Mr. Neely's arrival at the house of the first white inhabitant he should find on the road. Leaving Mr. Neely, the remainder of the party proceeded on their journey, and stopped at the residence of a Mr. Grinder. That gentleman being absent from home, his wife became alarmed at the symptoms of derangement she discovered in Gov- ernor Lewis, and for some time refused to give her consent to allow him to pass the nigiit there, but he finally prevailed on her to give her consent. The house was a double log-cabin, with a hall between the two rooms. Lewis. 542 AN" ILLUSTRATED occupied one of the rooms, the hostess the other. About three o'clock in the night Mrs. (Jriuclcr heard the sound of the discharge of a pistol, and very soon afterwards Governor Lewis called to her to bring him some water. Al- though the request was made in a pleasant and polite manner, she was afraid to Ic'Hve her room, and did not go. Very soon the sound of another pistol shot was heard, and on entering the room he was found dead in his bed with a bullet-hole under his chin, and leading up to and through the skull. This sad event took place on the 11th of Oclober, 1809. Thus passed away Meriwether Lewis, a man of culture, bravery and integrity; and to Mhose energy and determined bravery the countrj'^ is indebted for the first reliable information respecting the greatest and most prosperous parts of this domain — destined to be the site of the arts and sciences, and to contain within a short period a people happy and prosperous, and out-numbering in population some of the oldest and grandest empires of the world. About the centre of the county of Lewis, in Middle Tennessee (named in honor of Governor Lewis), in the midst of an uninhabited country, surrounded only by the native growth of the forest, and wdiere but few travellers pass, on tjie Hue of tlie old Natchez trace, thei'e stands a gray stone monument com- posed of native rock, with a shaft of limestone in imitation of a giant of the forest, untimely broken, erected to the memory of Meriwether Lewis by the General Assembly of Tennessee. The monument was put up in the year 1848. It stands on the crest of a broad, high ridge, with deep gorges running east and west, and near the spot where he came to his dca;h by his own hands. Its entire height is twenty-five feet, and the whole is suiTounded by an iron railing. Nathaniel Lyon was born at Ashford, Connecticut, on the 14th July, 1819. He graduated at West Point in 1841, and entered the second regiment of infantry as second lieutenant, serving in the Florida and Mexican wars. For meritorious conduct, under General Taylor, he was made first lieutenant, in February, 1847; and, joining General Scott, was present at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo. For gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, lie was breveted captain, and was wounded in the assault of the Belen Gate, city of Mexico. He was, after the war, ordered to the Pacific coast, receiving his commission as captain on the 11th of June, 1851. He was afterward ordered to Kansas, where he was on active duty during the troubulous times in that State. When the civil war broke out, Captain Lyon was in command of his company at Fort Riley. He was ordered thence to the command of the Arsenal at St. Louis. This he made secure against surprise, and on the 10th of Ma}^ 1861, with the aid of several thousand "Home Guards," commanded by Colonels Blair and Sigel, broke up the rendezvous of the secessionists at Camp Jackson. He was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers on the 17th of the month, and on the first day of June put in command of the department. He broke up a Confederate force at Potosi, and caused several important seizures of war materiel destined for Camp Jackson. Governor Jackson, having called out 50,000 militia to repel the invasion of the State, left for Booneville. General Lyon followed him, defeating the militia on the 17th, when he marched to Springfield. On the 2d of August, Lyon defeated the Confeder- UiaTOKY OF M18S0UK1. 548 ates under McCulloch, at Dug Spring. The latter having being joined subsequently b}' General Price, determined to risk another battle. Wilson's Creek was the result. General Lyon, after being twice wounded in that conflict, was leading into action a regiment, when he was struck by a minie ball and killed. He died, surrounded by his victorious comrades. Great honors were paid to his memorj'. Johnston Lykins, M. D., was born in Franklin count}-, Virginia, April loth, 1800. When eight years old, his parents immigrated to Kentucky, thence in 1816 to Wabash Valley, in the Slate of Indiana. After following farming for a time, he engaged in teaching, at the same time taking up and pursuing the study of medicine. In June, 1822, he united with the Baptist Mission Church, at Fort Wayne. In the summer of 1822, he w'as appointed a laborer in the "Indian Mission" rtcid hy the Board of the Triennial Baptist convention for Foreign and Domcslie Mis5>ions, and located among the Pottawattamies about Lake Michigan, where he remained in charge of a large manual labor school, until appointed by the government as teacher of the Ottawas, and was located at the rapids of Grand River, in Michigan. On the 27th day of February, 1828, he was united in marriage with Miss D. McCoy, eldest daughter of Rev. Isaac McCoy. The next fall he went to Lexington, Kentucky, where he pursued his medical studies through the winter, and in the spring of 1829, with his family, he set out for the Indian Territor}-, local- iug in July, 1831, at the Sliawanoe and Delaware Agency, situated near the State line, and within two miles of the present site of Westport. His special ■work for which he was commissioned was the locating of mission families, and manual labor schools among the various tribes of Indians, and through his efforts, schools were established among the Oniahas, Otoes, Sliawanoes, Delawares, Pottawattamies, Ottowas, Creeks, Cherokees and Choctaws. A printing press was also establ ished at the Sliawanoe Baptist Mission ; and sub- sequently he translated a large portion of the New Testament, hymns, and other useful books into the Shawanoe, Pottawattamie and Choctaw lan- guages; and also published a small monthly paper in Shawanoe, called "The San-win-the Kesan-thuan" — the "Sliawanoe Sun." In 1842, on petition of the Pottawattamies, he was appointed as their physician, agreeable to treaty, and was located at Pottawattamie Creek. In 1844, Mrs. Lykins, who had during the long years been a faithful christian helper, fell a victim to pulmon- ary phthisis, and died. In 1847, Lykins was ordered to the Kansas Valley. and located with the Pottawattamies. He erected a large mission and school- building (near the present site of Topeka) which was immediately occupied. He continued in the Indian field until 1851, when he retired from these labors. In October of the same year he again married to Miss Martha A. Livingston, of Lexington, Missouri. In the spring of 1852, he perma- nently located in Kansas City, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. He has two children living. Hugh Dennis Marsu.\li>, of Unioiiville, Putnam county, Missouri, was born November 18lh, 13o0, in Franklin county, Virginia. In 18^8, he re- moved, with his parents, to Warren county, Mississippi, where he remained 544 AN ILLUSTRATED until 1842. He; with his father and family, moved thence to the southeast corner of Putnam (ihen Adair) county. During his residence in Mississippi, he spent the year 1840 in school, in Trigg county, Kentucky; the residue of his education was received in the county where he now resides. Although, at an early age, by the death of his father, charged with the support and care of his mother, brothers and sister, he was, nevertheless, equal to the emergency, — developing an energy, and business ability, which are but seldom exhibited by any, save those called self made men. At the age of nineteen — with no other worldly possessions than his clothing — he, in company with others, made the over-laud trip to California. He was about two years in the gold region, mining and laboring by the month; when, with a small fortune for that era, he returned, by the way of Panama, to his home in Missouri. He made the journey again, in 1854, but with little success. In 1859, he was^ appointed District Assessor, and, during the same year, elected clerk of the county court of his county, and re-elected in 1866. Mr. Marshall, in 1870,. was elected a member of the legislature; but, in 1872, was defeated for the same office by a small majoiity. In 1874, he engaged in banking — under the name of "The Putnam County Bank." In 1875, the Bank was organized under the general law. It retained the same name — Mr. Marshall being elected it^ president, which office he still holds. In 1874, he was admitted to the bar, and now devotes a portion of his time to the practice of the law.. Mr. Marshall was married to Martha Brasfield on the 4lh day of February, 1858. He is the father of six children. In disposition, he is generous and companionable; in religion, conservative, but liberal; in character, firm, deliberate and cautious. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity. He is a man whose word is an ample assurance of his intentions and actions. Samuel C. Major, Sen., the subject of this sketch, was born in Franklin county, Kentucky, August 2Gih, 1805. His father, John Major, of Culpepper county, Virginia, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, under Washington. Mr. Major was raised on a farm, but left the old homestead at the age of sixteen, to learn the trade of cabinet-making, with a brother, near Frankfort,. Kentucky. In October, 1826, in company with his three brothers, John, Weeden, and James, he immigrated to Missouri, arriving in St. Louis — then a town of about five thousand inhabitants — about November 1st, 1826. Here he spent several daj's, in doubt whether to settle, or to proceed to the Boones Lick countiy in the central j^art of the State. He finally decided to leave St. Louis, and locate in Fayette, Howard county — arriving there in Novem- ber of the same year. Howard was then the second county in the State, and Fayette the head-quarters of politics, law, literature and learning in Mis- souri, and the home of Judges Leonard, Ryland, Napton, and Governors Reynolds and Jackson, and many other noted men, who have figured in the history of the Slate. Mr. Major soon found his new home a most congenial clime, and his sterling qualities of head and heart endeared him to the people. He was appointed receiver of tlie United States land office, by President Taylor, which office he held for four years; he has also held the office of Public Administrator of Howard county for thirty years. Mr. Major joined the Baptist church in 1842, and has been a faithful, earnest and HlSTOliY OF MISSOURI. 545 devoted member ever since ; was, for several years, treasurer and correspond- ing secretary of tlie Baptist Association; and Ills liome Las ever been a liome and place of welcome to the Baptist ministry. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Mr. Major married Elizabetli Daly in 1829, who still lives. They have been blessed with eleven children — six living. David Rice McAnally was born in Grainger county, Tennessee. His parents, Charles and Elizabeth McAnall}', had been early settlers in that county, and, by industry and frugality, they amassed what was, for those days a considerable fortune; they also securj'l by their integrity and uprightness, the respect and confidence of all with whom they had to do. David Rice, was sent from home to attend school at the early age of six years. lie continued at school until sixteen years of age. The intervals between the school ses- sions were spent at home, on the farm, and in hunting and sporting. By this labor and recreation, he built up a constitution remarkable for strength and vitalitj^ which in after years enabled him to undergo great mental labor. At the age of fourteen, he experienced religion, — the course of his future life was changed, and instead of the law, which profession he had intended to follow, he made preparation for the ministry. At the age of seventeen, he started out as an itinerant minister of the Methodist church. The first years of his min- istryiwere spent in Tennessee, Virginia, North and Soutli Carolina, and Geor- gia. While laboring in Virginia, he was married to a niece of General Fran- cis Preston, with whom he lived until the beginning of the late war, when she died. In 1840, while living in Asheville, North Carolina, he edited a secular paper called the "Highland Messenger," in which he continued until near the close of the year 1843, when he accepted a call to preside over Ihe East Tennessee Female Institute, in Kuoxville. Here, for eight years, he remained, devoting his time and talents to the welfare of the school. During all iliis time, though constantly eYnployed in teaching, he also performed the duties of a regular minister. In 1851, McAnally received an invitation to go to St. Louis, Missouri, and assume the editorial charge of the "St. Louis Chris- tian Advocate." He accepted the invitation, and at once entered upon his labor in this new field. In addition to his regular work, he edited numerous books, which were publisiied, laboring many more than the ordinary work- ing hours of other men. il ear he removed to VVarrcnton and commenced the publication of the Warrenton "Banner," a democratic paper, still occupying his leisure time studying law. He was admitted to practice in 18G6, and shortly after was elected to the office of circuit attorney in the district composed of Pike, Lin- coln, Warren, and Montgomery counties. The district, radical as it was, gave him a majority of seven hundred. In the fall of 1872, he was elected to the legislature on the liberal democratic ticket from Warren count}^ by a fair majority, that county giving 500 majority for Grant. Shortly after his elec- tion, he sold out the " Banner " office, and has devoted his time since to the practice of his profession. He is liberal in his views, independent and manly, candid in argument, gentlemanly in deportment, energetic, and is a live repre- sentative man. He has several times filled the office of city attorney, and also served as a member of the town Board of Trustees. He is a Mason, and an Odd Fellow. Mr. Peers was married in 186(5, his wife being Miss Mary C. Humphreys of Brooklyn, New York, an accomplished lady, to whom he ascribes much of his success in life. WrLLi.\M H. Phelps was born at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus county. New York, October lUlh, 1845. His earlier years were spent on the farm with his parents untilhe was of sufficient age to enter the academy at Olean, where he acquired a good education. Soon after leaving the institution, he commenced the study of law with M. B. Champlain, Ex-Attorney-General of New York, and after- wards attended the law-school at Albany, whence he graduated early in 1867. In the spring of the same year, he located at Carthage, Jasper county, Mis- souri, where he has since resided. Being a democrat, there seemed little pros- pect of political preferment for the young lawj^er in the strongly republican county, and he applied himself most diligently to the interests of his profes- sion. In the canvass of 1874, his name was brought forward as a candidate for the twent^'-eighth General Assembly, and being duly nominated, he was elected by a majority of more than 400 votes, in one of the strongest republi- can counties in the State. As a member of that body, he was chairman of the committe on local bills, a member of the committee on criminal jurispru- dence, and also of the judiciary committee. During thesession it was written of him, "he is at his post at all times, lending his dignified presence and for- cible logical and concise arguments in favor of that which he thinks is just and necessar}', and against that which he considers impolitic and wrong. " Mr. Phelps is not a member of any religious society, but aids liberally the Presbyterian church in Carthage, of which his wife is an esteemed member. John Finis Puilips was born in Boone county, Missouri, on the 31st day of December, 1834. His early years were spent upon a farm, and meanwhile receiving the privileges of the common schools of his county, and two terms at a private school in Rockport. When seventeen years of age, he engaged 562 AN TLLirSTRATED as clerk in the dr>-goods store of bis brotlier-in-law, at New Bloomfield, wliere he remained about one year. In 1853, he matriculated as student in the University at Columbia, Missouri, but left that institution at the end of one year, and entered Centre college, Kentucky, graduating with high grade in the class of 1855. Immediately upon leaving college, he entered the law office of John B. Clark, at Fayette, whence he was admitted to the bar, and at once commenced to practice at Georgetown, Pitts county, Missouri. In 1860, he was an elector on the Bell and Everett ticket, for that Congression- al district; and, during the canvass, he made considerable additional reputa- tion as a dashing, popular platform orator, always drawing large audiences, After a most exciting canvass, in 1861 he was chosen delegate from his senatorial district to the State convention of Missouri, called to consider the relations of the State to the federal Union. Of this venerable body, he was among the youngest members, and participated with becoming modesty, yet with activity and credit, in its deliberations and debates, being present at all its sessions, which did not close until 1863. The civil war having broken, he espoused the cause of the Union, recruited a regiment of cavalry, and led to the front — sharing the dangers and privations incident to the life of a soldier, until the declaration of peace. Some portion of the time while he was in the army, he commanded a brigade, and in 1864, for gallant conduct in battle, he was commissioned brigadier-general by the Governor of Mis- souri, but was not confirmed by a radical Senate. After the close of the war, in 1865, Colonel Philips resume the practice of his profession at Sedalia, and in 1867, he formed a co-partnership with George G. Vest. In 1866, he was elected mayor of Sedalia, and, in 1868, chosen delegate to the national democratic conventiou, held in New York. On his return, he was nomi- nated by the democratic party for Congress, from his district. One of tlie most earnest canvasses ever known in the district followed, but owing to the disfranchisement of democratic voters, he was defeated. In 1874, after the most memorable contest in the nominating convention, on the 691st ballot he was again nominated for Congress, which nomination was ratified by the people, being elected by a large majority, a member of the forty-fourth Congress, which position he is now filling. Colonel Philips is a man of great earnestness of purpose, a close student, both of law and literature. He is possessed of a strong, sj^mpathetic nature — ardent in his attachments and true to his convictions. In politics, he is a democrat. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and a Mason of the highest order. He is married and has two children. Philip Pipkin was a native of Tennessee, and was- bora near Nashville in that State on the 6th day of November, 1814. His father was Colonel Philip Pipkin, for some years an officer in the volunteer service of the United States, and served in the Indian wars of Alabama and Tennessee, who emigrated from North Carolina at an earl^'- day. His mother was a Morris, daughter of Lester McutIs, a revolutionary soldier, and a native of Virginia, from which State he immigrated to Tennessee just after the war of Independence, and died in Giles county at the age of ninety-six. In boyhood, Pipkin received such advantages as were furnished by the winter schools HISTORY OF MISSOURI. ~>^'^'i of his county, while in summer he was obliged to be busily engaged in tlie cotton and corn tields. B3' making the most of these privileges, and by stu- diously improving his leisure hours, however, he was enabled to enter Cumber- land College while yet quite young, where he tinished his education at the age of twenty. His father immigrated to Missouri in 18;J0, while young Pip- kin was at school. On leaving college the son followed the father, and for the next few years engaged in farming and teaching, for the support of him- self and family, being married in 1836. During these years of toil, however. Pipkin was not wasting his hours of leisure : he was industriously pursuing the stady of law, and in 184G was admitted to the bar in Jefferson county, and with some slight interruptions has continued to follow his professional labors to the present time. After holding several minor offices in his county, in 1840, he was elected to the House of Representatives, and in 1845 was chosen from the senatorial district, of which Jefferson county was a part, a member of the constitutional convention which met at Jefferson City in the fall of that year. In 1858 he removed to Ironton, in Iron county, and opened a law office, and in the following year was appointed justice of the county court. At the breaking out of the rebellion. Pipkin was elected a member of what is known as the Gamble Convention, called for the purpose of taking into consideration the relations which the State of Missouri bore to the fed- eral goverment and to her sister states of the Union, growing out of the se- cession of some of the states of the South. He was an active and hard- working member of that bodj-, being in his seat at every session; taking con- servative ground, and in all his speeches and votes opposing the radical measures which were finally adopted. He was a delegate to the Chicago democr."»ic National Convention of 1864, and as such cast his vote for Gen- eral McClellan for the Presidential nomination. During these years of bit- terness Judge Pipkin was much persecuted as a Southern sympathizer, being thrice arrested and imprisoned, and in 1864, just after Price's raid into Mis- souri, he was banished by order of General Thomas Ewing; but before the time fixed for the order to take effect had arrived, the order was revoked : he was, however, compelled to leave his home in Arcadia valley, from which his family was expelled, and which was appropriated and used as a hospital until the close of the war. We next find Mr. Pipkin engaged in develop- ing a fruit-farm in the northern part of Jefierson county, near the St. Louis and Iron Mountain railroad, and at the same time doing such other business as came to hand. In 1874, he abandoned the farm and gave himself exclus- ively to the practice of his profession. In 1872, he M'as elected to, and held for a short time the office of judge of the 26th judical district, and in 1875 was a member of the Constitutional Conv^ention which formed the present constitution of the State. Mr. Pipkin has been twice married, and has nine children living, all of whom he has liberally educated. In religious belief he is a Methodist, and has at different times in his life been connected with the free-masons, odd-fellows, and sons of temperance. From a poor boy he has worked his way by industry and economy to competency, and now enjoys a comfortable liome at Windsor Harbor, Jefferson county. 564 ^-^ ILLTTSTR/\TED Tbusten Polk was born in Sussex countj^ Delaware, May 29th, 1811, be- ing a son ofWilliam N. Polk, who, though a farmer, was a man of line at- tainments, and of great popularity and influence. His ancestors are of revo- lution stock, and some of them bore a conspicuous part in the revolutionary struggle. His parents designed him for a professional life from the first, and gave him superior educational advantages. In boyhood he lived on the farm and attended the common school. Later he attended an academy at Cam- bridge, Maryland, where he was thoroughly fitted to enter upon a collegiate course, whence he entered Yale College. Here he graduated in 1831, with distinguished honors, at twenty years of age. On leaving college it was his own desire to enter the ministry, but his father had other plans for him, to which he finallj^ yielded, and after pursuing a preparatory course of study with James Rogers, at that time Attorney-General of his native State, he returned to Yale and spent two years in the law school. In 1835, at the age of twenty- four, he went to St. Louis to establish himself in his profession. He was comparatively unknown, with but limited means, and beginning a profes- sional life at a time when such men as Napton, Bates, Geyer, Rylaud, Scott,. Darby, Spaulding and Gamble were the leading spirits of the day. Jhere can be no better evidence of the thorough education, energy, industry and persever- ance of Mr. Polk than to know that he rose to eminence at the bar amid such lights of the profession. In 1844 his health failed to such an extent as ta cause his friends great fear lest he was in a consumptive decline. It became necessar)', therefore, for him to suspend labor in his profession, which he did and went to Cuba, where he remained several months, and in the following year traveled extensively in the northern part of the United States and in Canada. While absent on this trip, he embraced the opportunity to examine the system of public schools then prevailing in those states. As these systems were at that time all on trial, and comparatively new, he examined into them with the greater diligence and care; and, while absent and thus engaged, he was elected a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the State. He returned in time to attend and perform his proportion of the labor of that occasion in connection witb such men as Broadhead, Wells, Campbell, Leslie, Wright, Green, and others equally noted in the history of the State. In 1856, Mr. Polk was nominated for the chief magistracy of the State by the democratic party, to which position he was subsequently elected over the combined vote of the know-nothing and free-soil party. He entered upon the office, and discharged the duties of it until in the winter of 185G-7, when he was elected to the United States Senate as the colleague of Hon. James S. Green. He remained in the Senate until in 1861, when, in the then troubled condition of the country', he resigned his office and cast his fortunes with those of the Southern Confederacy. Soon afterwards he entered the military service of the confederacy, and during the war held the position of presiding military judge of the department of the Mississippi. At the close of the war, he returned to St. Louis and again entered upon the practice of his profession, which he followed in partnership with his son-in-law, William F. Causey, with great success until his death. Mr. Polk often declined nominations for public office, choosing rather to IIISTOKY OF MISSOURI. 505 give himself entirely to his professional work. His death was very sudden; in a moment, at midnight on Easter morning, April 16th, 187G, he died. Mr. Polk made a profession of religion while in his junior year in college, and the current of his Christian life ever after was strong, deep, and ardent. As a member of tlie M. E. Church South, of the Annual Conference and of the General Conference, he was always active, earnest and faithful. In the social circle he was dignitied, even courtl}', but ever genial and kind. Few men combined the suaviter in modo, with the fortiter in re more happily than he. Mr. Polk Avas married December 26th, 1837. His wife was Elizabeth N. Skinner, second daughter of Curtis and Annie Skinner, who had been resi- dents of Missouri for many years, having emigrated from New Windsor, Connecticut. Truman Makcellus Post, D. D., was born at Middlebury, in the State of Vermont, on the 3d day of June, 1810. He was the youngest son of Martin Post, an ablelaw^-er of that State, who died when the subject of this sketch was less than a year old. His grandfather, Roswell Post, was a soldier in the continental army, and was with Colonel Ethan Allen in the attack upon Ticon- deroga, also at the re-capture of that !-tronghold after its surrender. He was also present at the battle of Bennington, August 6th, 1777, and served subse- quently under Washington in the revolutionary war. In his boyhood, the subject of this sketch attended the common schools of his native State, and when only fifteen j^ears of age, entered Middlebury College. The j'ouug stu- dent was left entirely to his own guidance and resources, and was dependent largely upon his own exertions for support; and during his four years course, he was compelled to incur expenses which were not liquidated until after his graduation. On leaving college he accepted a position as principal of the academy at Castleton, Vermont, where he remained one year, when receiving an invitation to become tutor in the Middlebury College, his Alma-Mater, he left Castleton, and entered upon his new field of usefulnesss. During his stay at Castleton, and also while tutor at the college, he pursued the stud}' of law, although his original design had been to enter the ministry. In 1832, he resigned liis position in th-e college, and spending a few months at the Theo- logical Seminary in Andover, Massachusetts, in an inaffectual endeavor to re- move theological difficulties which embarrassed his entering the church and ministry, he took his departure thence for Washington citj', where he remained during the winter of 1832 — 3, pursuing liis studies, and attending the sessions of the Supreme Court, and Congress. In the spring of 1833, young Post left Washington, and going over the mountains to Wlieeling, took passage by boat for Cincinnati, and thence by boat to St. Louis, where he arrived in April. At that time, the city was confined to the area between the river and Third street; beyond that point, all was wild and unsettled. In coming to St. Louis his object was to engage in the practice of the law, but before his plaus had become fully matured for commencing business, he received an urgent call from the Illinois college at Jacksonville, to the chair of ancient languages, and in connection therewith the chair of ancient history in that institution. Rev. Dr. Sturtevant and Rev Edward Beecher, were then professors in that college. He accepted, entered 5(>6 AN ILLUSTHATED upou li is duties immediately afterwards. In 1835, he was married to Miss Frances A. Henshaw of Middlebury, Vermont. In 1840, he entered the ministry and was called to the pastoral cai e of the Congregational church in Jacksonville, in which church he had made his profession of religion and by whose request he was ordained. In 1847, having received an urgent call from the Third Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, he wrote in reply defining his position as on principle a Congregationalist, and as opposed to slavery, with the statement that unless he could be "guaranteed in freedom of speech thereon, he did not think that God required him to add to the number of slaves in Missouri." He received in reply, a still more earnest reiteration of their call ; he consented to come for a term of four years, and in the same year removed to this city. In 1852, the church adopted the Congrega- tional form of government, and was the only church of that order in the slave- states until about the time of the war. Over its spiritual afi'airs Dr. Post has ever since presided. In closing this brief sketch, it is only just to say of its subject that he possesses talents of a high order. Profound in scholarship, independent and manly in his views, earnest in his delivery, with a graceful and polished flow of language, he is at once an entertaining and instructive preacher; whilst his deep sympathies, his sincere and affectionate manners, commend him to the love of all who know him. John Ralls, of New Loudon, Ralls county, Missouri, was born November 18th, 1807, near Sharpsburg, IJath county, Kentucky; and with his father, Daniel Ralls, emigrated to the territory of Missouri, in October, 1817 ; set- tled in St. Louis county, and resided there until October, 1818, when he moved to the county of Pike, and settled upon and improved a farm near New London. In April, 1822, having been left an orphan, young Ralls re turned to his native State, and in 1824, his friends apprenticed him to General William M. Sudduth, to learn the business of a clerk of a court of record,, whom he served for more than three years. In June, 1828, he returned to Ralls county, and has since resided there. After having served as door-keeper to the State senate, and assistant clerk of the house of representatives (being the first man ever elected to that office), in 1855, he was journalizing clerk of the house at the adjourned session. At different times in liis life, he held the oflices of assessor of the revenue, and clerk of the circuit and county court. In 1832, he was commissioned by Governor John Miller as captain of the volunteer militia, to protect the northern frontier of the State during the time of the "Black Hawk War," and in 1837, Governor Boggs commissioned him as aid-de-camp with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1846, he held a commission as major of the extra battalion of mounted volunteers, and by vote of the battalion their sei'vices were tendered to the Governor for service in the Mexican war, but were not accepted, the requisition being full. In the spring of 1847, he was author- ized by the Governor to raise and organize a company under the requisition of March 31st, 1847, to serve during the war with Mexico. He was elected colonel of the corps, commissioned on the 13tii of July of the same year, and mustered into the United States service. After a short visit to his family he rejoined his command, and they proceeded across the plains on the old IIISTOKY OF MISSOITKI. 567 route to Sante F6, arriving there in September. Soon after, his regiment was ordered to occupy El Paso, in llie State of Ciiihuahua, Mexico, wliere he spent the winter. On the IGtli of March, folh>wing, he participated with General Price jn the attack of Santa Cruz De los Kosales. The town was captured, and Colonel Ralls had the honor to receive the sabres of the Mexi- can officers. The next day the General commanding appointed Colonel Ralls to the command of the post, and he remained in this capacity until the close of the war, when he returned to Missouri with his regiment by the same route passed over in going out, and was mustered out of service, October 25th, 1848. In 1850, Colonel Ralls was admitted to the bar, and has been in the success- ful practice of his profession since. He is a member of the Baptist church, having joined in 1833; is also a member of the Masonic fraternity ; passed the higher degrees of the Chapter and Order of High Priests, and held the highest office of the master mason, that of Great Worthy Master of the Grand Lodge of Missouri. Colonel Rail's first marriage was with Lucinda Silver, in July, 1833, who died in 186G, leaving six children — three daugh- ters and three sons. His present wife was Mrs. Nancy Bennett Alexander, a native of Winchester, Virginia, to whom he was married October, 15th, 1866. Thomas C. Reynolds was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on the 11th day of October, 1821 ; but moved, while quite young, to Virginia, where he studied at the University, and afterwards, went to Germany to complete his education. In 1842, he graduated in law at the University of Heidelberg, and, during the next winter, pursued a literary course at the University of Paris, and returned to Virginia in 1843. The following year, he was ad- mitted to the bar. From 1846 to 1848, he was Secretary of United States Legation to Spain; and, soon after his return to this country, in March, 1850, he removed to St. Louis, and resumed the practice of his chosen profession. From 1853 to 1857, he was United States District Attornej% when he resigned the office. In 1860, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Missouri, and, at the commencement of the civil war, he took sides with the confederacy, and used his influence to secure the adherence of the State to that government. At the close of the war, he went to Mexico, where he resided until the pass- age of the act of "universal amnesty," in 1868, when he returned to St. Louis, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession; and, in 1874, he was elected a member of the lower house of the General Assembly. David Rea, the subject of this sketch, was born in Ripley county, Indiana, on the 19th day of January, 1831. He was the son of Jonathan Rea, who, with his family, immigrated to Missouri in 1842, settling in Andrew county, taking a claim near Savannah, where he resided until his death, in 1854. David was the oldest of the family of ten children, there being but one other son, who is now a lawyer in Savannali. His boyhood days were spent in hard and incessant labor on the farm with his father; his means of education were limited to the common schools — and, in that early day, these were short and of inferior order, confined to the winter season, except one term of three months, which he attended at Savannah. The young man, however, was fond 568 AN ILLUSTItATKD of books, and gave much time to careful study, insomuch, that at eighteen years of a?e, he was qualified to teach in the schools of the county; and, for the succeeding five years, he taught a portion of the time each year. During these years, Rea commenced the study of the law. In 1852, he was mar- ried to Nancy E., daughter of James C. Beattie, who had lately migrated from Virginia. His early years of married life were years of toil and care. Whatever he then, or has since possessed, came of his own honest efforts and industry, except a small patrimony inherited from his father's estate. After residing on the farm a few years, in 1863 he removed into the town of Savannah, and having received license to practice law, he entered upon his professional life soon after, and has steadily followed it since. In politics, Mr. Rea has always been a democrat, and was a warm supporter of Stephen A. Douglas for President, in 1860. When the civil war commenced, he took decided ground for the Union, and supported warmly the provincial govern- ment of Missouri. Mr. Rea has held several civil offices, and has ever been a true friend of every enterprise for the public good, and has done much as a private citizen, as well as a public official, to promote the cause of education in his own city of Savannah, and throughout the county. In 1874, the people of his Congressional district (the 9th district) elected him to the lower House of the Congress of the United States. He is temperate in habits, and diligent in business. His residence is in Savannah, where he owns a modest, unassuming residence, with well-improved grounds surrounding it. He has a family of six children; four sons and two daughters. Daniel Read, LL. D., late President of the ~State University of Missouri, belongs to Puritan stock ; and to the particular line, the progenitor of which was John Read, of Rehoboth, who came to America in the "great fleet," so called, of 1630. Daniel's father was from Worcester county, Massachusetts, and his mother from Chelsea, a suburb of Boston. His parents immigrated at a very early age to Marietta, Ohio, where they became acquainted, and were married, and settled near b}^ on a farm, afterward known as Cleona, at which place the subject of this notice was born, June 24, 1805. The family (that of Ezra Read, the father) afterwards removed to Cincinnati, and, after a time, to Champaign county, in the same State, a few miles from Urbana, where was the family homestead. The family of children, consisting of nine sons and one daughter, was noted from the fact that they were all educated in a very superior manner, most of them receiving college degrees; and also for their distinguished ability and force of character, which gave them prominence. Daniel, the eldest son, was the president of a State University; Nathaniel C. Read, a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court; Dr. Ezra Read, an eminent phy- sician of Terr e Haute, Indiana; Amasa Read, a lawyer of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, a member of the State constituticmal convention, and State sen- ate; Abner Read, captain in the United States navy, killed when commander of United States ship of war Monongahela, in the war of the rebellion; Col- onel S. P. Read, killed in the battle of Stone River; and Mrs. E. J. McFer- son, principal of the Glendale Female Seminary. Upon the removal of the family to Cincinnati, in 1815, Daniel Read, then a boy of ten years of age, was placed as a pupil in the old Ciucmnati Academy, and subsequently he HltiTOKY OV MISSOURI. 569 studied at the Xenia Acadt'iuy, then considered oHe of the best classical schools of the uorth-wesi, aud early iu 1819 entered the Academy of the Ohio University at Alliens, preparatory to entering the University the following year. Here it was his good fortune to enjo)' the instruction of Professor Jo- seph Dana, the author of the Liber Primus, the Latin Tutor, and otuer ele- mentary books of a Latin course. No one could have been more aiubitious than young Read; and he bore off many prizes in English and Latin com- position, and, upon his graduation, iu 1824, though the youngest in the class, was awarded its first honor. Returning home, he entered upon the study of the law, the very next week, after his graduation, under James Cooley, who, being soon afterwards appointed Charge d'af aires to Peru, invited his young pupil to go with him as his secretary. This otter he declined, thereby prob- ably saving his life, as Mr. Cooley and his secretary died of scarlet fever soon after reaching Lima. His plans being now broken iu upon, he was induced to accept the position of preceptor of the Academy of the Ohio University, (which position was oftered him through the influence of Professor Dana), aud, under this title, he became a member of the facultj- before he was twenty years old, and from that time to the 4ih of July, 1876, had never been out of commission as a Uni- versity officer. By holding up before his pupils examples of high effort, and by his own constant presence and assistance, he inspired them with enthusi- asm in their studies. Tlie motto of the school-room, which he had couspicu- onsly posted, was, '■'■Labor ipse voluptas." It need not be said, that this vigor of administration at once gave him a high reputation. Not yet having given up the idea of the law as his profession, amidst all these labors, and by allow- ing himself the least possible time for sleep, he completed his law studies, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court, after the vigorous examination then required in Ohio. Dr. Read has often been heard to say, that the most valuable intellectual discipline which he ever gave himself, was the master- ing of Blackstone iu a manner so thorough that he was able to present an analysis of the whole work, of each of the volumes separately, of every chap- ter, and of every title, and to give an exact definition also of every legal term, and to repeat every maxim, and its application. Becoming more and more interested as a college officer, he relinquished the idea of entering upon the practice of the law, and devoted himself with increased energy and enthusi- asm to the building up of the University'. Indeed, upon some vacancies oc- curring in the faculty, and others being declared, the whole charge of the University was given over to him, and one other officer, wlio, on account of age, was able to take little share of the burden. Upon a re-organization of the faculty, the presidency was oftered him, but he cordially and earnestly urged the election of William H. McGuffey, which was made, himself being at the same time chosen vice-president, and he became tlie professor of politi- cal economy, and constitutional and public law; and in the discussions which then divided the parties of the day, (1836-42) sided with the democ- ratic party in their views of tariff and banking, butlield himself entirely aloof from party organization. In 1840, he was appointed a government visitor to West Point ; and as secretary of the board, prepared the report of that year, 570 AN II.MJSTUATED which was favorably reviewed in the "North American." Preceding his resig- nation in tlie Ohio University, he was elected professor of ancient language* in the Indiana Slate University, (1843). Here, as in Oliio, he was not only the able and earnest professor, but was prominent in educational movements;, and not this only, but his influence in all State matters was that of a leading citizen. ■ In 1850, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of Indiana, from the Senatorial District in which he resided ; and the promi- nent part assigned him in the business of the body, suflBiciently showed the estimate in which he was held. In the year 1856, he was elected to the chair of mental and moral philosophy in the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, which he accepted. Here, in this new field, as a college officer, as a citizen, as active in all matters pertaining to educational advancement, as a writer on subjects of general interest, he soon became known throughout the State. In all the concerns of the University, and in all ways for promoting its ad- vancement, and especially in measures relating to the concentrating of funds to make a single strong State institution, he was a leader. In 1866, Dr. Read was elected president of the Missouri University at Columbia, which was, at the time of his election, from debt, from want of endowment, from dilapi- dation of buildings, from party prejudice and general neglect, in a most un- favorable condition. He at once proposed to the Board of Curators a plan of recreation of the University, taking the constitution of the State as the basis of the organization; not, howevfer, definitely accepting the position un- til April, 1867, after the legislature had acknowledged the University as the State University under the constitution, and largely increased its endow- ments, which he had made a condition of acceptance. The progress of the institution since Dr. Read's advent as its president, is well known. It has in its endowment, in its departments of instruction, in the number of its in- structors and students, in its libraries and equipments, become one of the leading institutions of the country. Dr. Read is an extensive writer, especially on educational subjects; in memorials, essays, pamphlets, addresses and other forms of communication with the public. In the review of such a life, what a phenomenon, that a man of acknowledged ability, great force of character, indefatigable indus- tiy and enterprising spirit, should for so long a period, here in the west, have adhered to one line of life — and that one likely to generate habits of inac- tion, if not of absolute indolence. In it he has manifested all the zeal, en- thusiasm, untiring labor, and intensity of purpose which leads to success in law, in politics, or business enterprise. He has never spared either labor or money in his work ; he has employed almost every vacation of his pro- fessional life in visiting colleges and universities, libraries and polytechnic institutions, and in consultation with leading American educators, in educa- tional associations, and especially the National, in which he has been largely a participant. His punctuality in the routine of college duty has been well nigh perfect, and his preparations for the class-room never omitted or remit- ted. His pupils are now scattered abroad in every state, and almost every country, from "China to Peru." A distinguished gentleman, wishing for a. reason to know the estimate in which Dr. Read was held by his old pupils,. HliSTOKY OF MISSOURI. 57! wrote to a considerable number of tiic most distinguished of them. The response was invariably of (he same tenor — that, of all others, he was tiie professor who had taught tliem how to study, and Iiow to learn, how to clas- sify their knowledge, and how to use it; and inspired them with high and ennobling ambition. Dr. Read, since he received his first appointment April 8th, 1825, has been constantly engaged in the daily routine of lecture or class examination. He has not abated one jot or tittle of his former vigor and intensity of purpose; his health remains well nigh perfect; in study, in' writing, in teaching and lecturing, he is as intent and earnest as ever. He was married when barely twenty one years of age, to Alice Brice, the daughter of a merchant well known in that part of Ohio, and found in her truly "a helpmeet." To her prudence and management, taste and encouraging influence, he attributes largely, whatever of professional success he has been able to achieve. Her death occurred in Maj^ 1874. He had a large family, four of whom survive. His oldest son, General Theodore Read, the Adjutant-General of the armj" of the James, fell in the final contest in the war of the rebellion, before the Appomatax bridge, mention of whose heroic ccmduct and death is made by General Grant in his final report. At the meeting of the Board of Curators, in December, 1874, Dr. Read gave notice of his determination to close his labors as President of the University with the National Centennial, July 4th, 1876, stating that he gave the notice thus early to remove all embarrassment in securiug a suitable successor; and when subsequently urged to reverse his decision, he declared his decision final ; on that day, therefore, his con- nection with the University ceased. John W. Reid, of Kansas City, Missouri, was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, June 14th, 1830. His father was a well known educator in that State, who with other Virginians removed to Indiana when the subject of this sketch was about twelve years old. When he was twenty years of age, he immigra- ted to Missouri, and for some years was successfully engaged in teaching in Saline county, and in the meantime improving all spare hours in reading law. In 1846, he was admitted to the bar. In the meantime, the troubles with Mexico had culminated in a declaration of war, and the young lawyer closed his office and volunteered in the service of his country, and soon after was chosen captain of the company from Saline county, in the regiment of Colonel A. W. Doniphan, and served with great bravery throughout the famous expe- dition of that regiment, and until discharged at the close of the war. After being mustered out. Captain Reid entered upon the practice of law at Inde- pendence, in Jackson county. In 1855 and 6, he was a member of the legisla- ture and was the author of the constitutional amendment, by which the State indebtedness shall never exceed thirty millions of dollars. In 1855, he, in connection with Charles H. Hardin, and Thomas C. Richardson, was ap- pointed to revise the statute laws of the State. In 1860, Mr. Reid was elected to the Congress of the United States, and attended the called session, which met July, 1861. He was opposed to secession, believing that in a war between the sections, the seceding states were working " an issue of defeat." Still, when war came, he followed his sympathies, resigned his seat in Congress bi'2 \N ILLUSTRATED after occupying it only one month, and allied his fortunes with the confed- eracy, but his judgment being against it, he never joined the military force. Mr. lieul is a descendant of the old Scotch-Irish Presbyterian stock, but is himself extremely liberal in his views, believing that it matters little to society what a man's religious belief is, so long as he entertains honest intentions, and gives his neighbors the priveleges which he claims for himself; and in refer- ence to the unknown world he claims to have no knowledge or fixed theorJ^ Keid first married in 1850, at Independence, of which marriage he has one son. His second wife, he married in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1865, and of this union he also has one son — a boy of ten years. He has met with more success in business than is common to men; he ascribes it chiefly to the influ- ence of his domestic reJations. He believes that as a rule marriage is a con- dition of success to a young man. Samuel A. Richardson was born July 26, 1826 in Anderson county, Ken- tucky, and was the second sou of Colonel John C. Richardson, who was a na- ti%'e of Virginia. His father, early in life, moved to Anderson county, Kentucky, near Lawrenceburg ; thence, in the spring of 1831, to Missouii, bringing with him Samuel — among other children — who was then quite young. He settled first in the Missouri bottom, above Camden, in Ray county ; but, after an inter- val of a few years, moved to (or near) Lexington. He belongs to the numer- ous family of Richardsons from Kentucky and Virginia. His grandfather, Judge Nathaniel Richardson, of Lewis couut3r, Missouri, — a native of Virginia, afterwards, a citizen of Kentucky — many years ago came to Missouri, and died at a very great age, as did his grandfather, Arbuckle — both leaving large families in north-east and north-west Missouri. He was a robust, healthy boy, and was inured to all the hardships of a pioneer life in Missouri. He assisted his father, with his oldest brother and four negro boys, to open up and improve three farms in the Missouri bottom, and be- came proficient as a prairie-breaker and ox-driver — often having to drive six yoke. He was fond of plowing, and hard to beat, which was an honorable distinction in the early days of farmer life in Missouri. He broke hemp and made rails; he accompanied his father hunting, who was passionately aUached to that sport. The principal game at that early day was deer^ wild turkeys, and, subsequently', geese and ducks, which for man}' years were the principal meals that graced the pioneer's table. Samuel was very fond of his books early in life, and devoted the greater portion of his spare time to study. His days spent at school were few, — his father needed his labor. In the beginning of 1845, his father sent him to Columbia, Missouri, to the State University where he acquired the greater part of his early education and completed his school life, having received a very good start in the elementary branches, as also in Greek, Latin and higher mathematics, at the Richmond high school. In consequence of his father's financial condition, and his own age, he took a select couise of study, completing it in about two years— at the close of which, he launched out into the busy world. He then com- menced the scenes of life, trading for a while, then teaching— the latter at Richmond, in the same house where he had been taught: then reading law; first, under Philip L. Edwards, then under Edward A Lewis, recently ^/ ^^^^ .^^-l^^^ ^ UlSTOKY OF MISSOURI. oT.'i a member of the Supreme Court of ^lissouri; and lastly, under George W. DuDD, of Riciiiuond, Missouri — his period of preparatory legal study com- prising nearly three j-ears. From the time of his admittance to the bar, September, 1852, up to 1873, a period of twenty years, he continued closely and laboriously the practice of law iu Ray, Clinton, Carroll, Caldwell, Daviess, De Kalb, and Harrison counties. In 1850, he was married to Julia A. Woodward, daughter of Major George W. Woodward, of Richmond, Missouri. In Ma\-, 1859, he moved from Riclimond to Gallatin, Daviess county, his present home. Oa the forming of the 28lli judicial circuit, after a short but heated canvass, he was elected judge of said circuit, having run as a nonpartisan candidate against Judge I. P. Caldwell, republican. In the fall of 1874, he was re-elected, witliout opposition, to a term of six years, as judge of the same cii'cuit, which position he now holds. Charles Valkntixe Riley, the State entomologist of Missouri, was born iu London, England, on the 18th of September, 1843. He early developed a taste for natural history and especially for entomology. From the age of eight years until eleven, he went to private schools in Chelsea and Bayswater. Three years were then spent at the College St. Paul, Dieppe, France, where he went through severe classical discipline, mastered the French language, and carried oflF most of the prizes in drawing. His talent in that line has ever since greatly helped him in his natural history studies. From Dieppe, he went to Bonn, Prussia, where he spent nearly three years at a private school in general study, but more particularly iu acquiring a knowledge of the German language. Here, al;TKATED soil. Pew persons who have not had experience, have any conception of the amount of damage inflicted on the agriculture of the United States, by in- sect pests. It lias been estimated, by those who have given most attention to the subject, at from two to three million dollars annually. Upon this subject Professor Riley, in a lecture delivered before the Washington universitj', says: "The United States, above all other countries, needs to consider seriously the best means whereby to protect her agriculture against its insect enemies, and to legislate, if need be, to that end. In no other country are insects so numer- ous in species and individuals, and in no other country do they commit such fearful depredations. The cotton-worm, in 1874, cost the Southern states $20,000,000 in a single week. The Colorado potato-beetle almost vetoed the growing of potatoes in some of the western states, until we learned how to suc- cessfully manage it. The chinch-bug every few years saps the life from our small grains until they are hardly worth harvesting. In 1871, it kept, at the very lowest estimate, $30,000,000 out of the pockets of the farmers of the North- ■western states, and in 1874, twice that sum would not have paid for its injur- ies in the same territory. The Hessian-fly often ruins our wheat fields over immense areas, and $50,000,000 would not cover the country's loss from the Rocky Mountain locust plague in the j'ears 1873, 1874 and 1875, to say noth- ing of the suffering it entailed. The army worm last year again, very gener- ally, marched through the wheat and oat fields of the countrj', as it not un- frequently does. The fruit-grower is beset on all sides with insect pests that diminish the profits of his business, and not unfrequently oblige him to abandon it. And so the catalogue of insects injurious to agriculture might be lengthened almost indefinitely, but enough has been said to give an idea of the losses continually sustained from them." It is not possible by any pre- ventive measures to save the whole of this immense sum, but it is perfectlj- practicable to save a large percentage of it. A knowledge of the habits and transformation of insects frequent!}' gives the clue to their easy eradication and destruction, and enables the farmer to prevent their ravages in the fu- ture. It likewise enables him to distinguish between insect friends and insect enemies, and guards him against the impositions of the numerous quacks and nostrum venders, who, with bigh-sounding words are constantly putting forth every energy to sell their vile compounds. Such a knowledge of insects the average farmer has not time to acquire; it is only obtained by an im- mense amount of hard labor in the field and tedious investigation in the closet. Professor Riley has published eight annual reports; the information contained in them is of benefit to the producers of the State. They show not only a large amount of research and much labor, but profound scientific attainment. By a judicious arrangement, with the assistance of illustrations, the facts are made clear to all. The reports are divided into three parts, treating severally of noxious, beneficial, and innoxious insects. The first points out that class of insects that are destructive, and also the remedy to be applied in destroying them or checking their ravages. The second indi- cates those that are useful and beneficial. The ijiird part treats of such as cannot be considered either injurious or beneficial, and in developing this particular branch of the natural history of the State, has an important edu- IIISTOIIY OF MISSOURI. 575 cational bearing. The illustrations are made by himself from nature, and at his own expense. They liave added much to the popularity of his writings. Aside from the eight reports, Professor Riley has written quite a number of fugitive articles on natural history; and though he writes more particularly on entomology, he has plead eloquently for greater attention to the natural sciences in our system of educatiou. Enthusiastic and energetic by nature, Mr. Riley has accomplished in his chosen specialt}', what few accomplish at his age. He has shown how to contend with most of the insect pests of our country, giving remedies and suggesting preventive measures. He was the first to recommend Paris green mixture for the potato-bug, as it is now used; and in 1873, first recommended its use for the cotton-worm in the cotton fields of the South, where it has since proved a perfect remedy, and of great value. His discoveries regarding the grape-root-louse, or phylloxera, have been more particularly important. In 1873, the French government, in apprecia- tion of Professor Riley's services, especially to French grape-culture, pre- sented him with a gold medal, cast for the occasion. Professor Riley, feeling from the first, that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to discover a sat- isfactory remedy for a pest like the phylloxera that dwells underground, and finding that some of our native American vines naturally resisted its attacks, while others, and more particularly the European varieties, succumbed, recom- mended the grafting of the latter onto the roots of the former. This preven- tive measure has come to be looked upon as the only practicable way of fighting the insect; and there has been such a demand from France for Amer- ican grape-cuttings of the varieties he recommended, that over fourteen mil- lions were exported in 1875. In 1868, in connection with Benjamain D. Walsh, State Entomologist of Illinois, Professor Riley started the "American Entomologist, " published bj' R. P. Studley & Co., of St. Louis. In November, 1869, his associate met with a sad and sudden death, and Professor Riley took sole charge of the journal during the second volume. This so increased his labors that at the close of the volume he suspended the journal with the intention of starting it again at some future time. In 1872, the degree of M. A., was conferred upon him by the Kansas State Agricultural College; and in 1873, he received the degree of Ph. D , from the Missouri State Universit3\ He is at present, the President of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, and honorary or corres- ponding member of a large number of societies, both at home and abroad, Mathew H. Ritchey, of Newton county, Missouri, was born the 7th of February, 1813, in Overton county, Tennessee. His father died in 1817, leav- ing his mother and three children, he being the youngest. The two older children married, but Mathew remained with his mother. In 1830, the two emigrated to the west, arriving in October, 1832, in south-west Missousi,whero they built a rude log cabin on the laud now owned by him. His mother died in the fall of 1834. On the 10th of May, 1835, he married Mary, eldest daugh- ter of Sanford King. His wife died twenty years after, leaving nine children — three sons and six daughters. Mr. Rilchey, after holding several minor oiiices, was, in 1854, elected to represent Newton county in the legislature of Missouri. Two years afterward, he was married to Mrs. M. E. Clark. In 1861, 576 AN ILLUSTRATED he was chosen a delegate to the State convention from the 18th senatorial district. This body was called together by the legislature to determine the question of secession of the State from the Union. Mr. Ritchey was a Union man. The convention did not adjourn sine die until 1863. The year previous, he was elected to the State Senate for four years. He soon after received from Governor Gamble a commission as paymaster of State troops, with rank of Major. At the termination of his official duties in connection with that office, he made a satisfactory settlement with the State. Since the year 1851, to the present time, Mr. Ritchey has been in connec- tion with other parties, continually engaged in mercantile and milling pur- suits. He has been for many years, an elder in the Presbyterian church, and a member of the masonic fraternity since 1852. Kev. W. W. Robertson, who, for many years, has been a prominent preacher and educator in the Presbyterian denomination, was born of Scotch parentage, December 6th, 1807, in Lincoln county, Kentucky. He received his early educational training at Central College, Danville, in the same State, finishing the course at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. While there he studied for the ministr}^ and was for several years professor of the grammer school of that University. He was married to Mary Bishop, daughter of Rev. Robert H. Bishop, so long known and loved as the President of Miami University. In the year 1841, he came to Missouri, and decided to make this State the scene of his labors. He may very justly be considered one of the pioneer Presbyterians of Missouri. After preaching in various portions of the State, he finally settled in Fulton, now one of the most attractive places of the State; then an insignificant village. Presbyterianism was almost a by-word and a reproach. Only a few faithful ones composed the little band who were nobly striving to keep alive the church of their fathers, and of their choice. Destitute of a house of worship, they felt sorely the need of it. Mr. Robertson immediately set vipon foot a plan for the erection of a church, which seemed an undertaking arduous in the extreme, owing to the fewness of their number and lack of warmth. But they " had a mind to the work," and gave of their substance as God had prospered them. Though often wearied, and sometimes discouraged, he toiled on in the enterprise until suc- cess crowned his efforts, and a commodious house of worship was erected for the use of the band of worshipers over which Mr. Robertson had the pastoral oversight. For thirty-two years it has stood, a monument to the Christian zeal and fidelity of pastor and people ; and the amount of good which has been accomplished, through the sacred influence which has emanated from it as a spiritual centre, eternity alone can unfold. As a minister, his labors have been abundantly blessed. As a revivalist, his fame is commensurate with the State. Full of enterprise and public spirit, he is ever ready to assist with his means and influence, any plan that will contribute to the public good. To Fulton, Mr Robertson brought the strength and zeal of early man- hood, and has ever been loyal to the town of his adoption. In 1850, feeling the great necessity for an institution for the education of young ladies, he commenced a school in a rented house, which, proving a complete success, in the following year he erected, at liis own expense, a frame building of HISTOUY OF MlSiSOlJKI. 577 six larp;e rooms; gathered together an able corps of teachers, and inaugurated the Fulton Feinilo S.'niiniry. This institution acquired a fine reputation, and was continued with eminent success until tiie war paralyzed all sucii enterprises. Westminster College owes much to him. From its very incip- iency he has labored unceasingly for its good; saerificing ease, liealth, and the enjoyment of iKune, that ho miglit place it upon a sure f )undation. Ful- ton is chiefly indebted to him for tiie Female Synodical College; for it was through his instrumentality, in connection with a few others, that it was located here, and after contributing liberally himself, and finding the sum still insufficient, he was one of eight who obligated themselves to pay the remaining several thousand dollars to complete the work. James Sidney Roi.ijns, LL. D., was born at Richmond, Madison county, Kentucky, on the lOtii day of April, 1813; his paternal ancestors were of Irish origin. His father. Dr. Anthony Wayne Rollins, was a distinguished physician in Kentucky, and his mother, whose maiden-name was Kodes, came from good Albemarle county, Virginia stock. Of tlie seven children in his father's family, onl}' two are now living — Mr. Rollins and his youngest sister, the wife of Hon. Curtis F. Burnam, at present assistant secretary of United States treasury. Young Rollins commenced an academical course at Richmond Academy, continuing his studies at that institution until fifteen years of age, when he went to Washington College, Pennsylvania, and com- menced a regular classical course — entering the sophomore class. At the close of the junior year, the president, Rev. Dr. AVy lie, w.as called to take charge of the State University of Indiana, at Bloomington, several of his more advanced students — Mr. Rollins among the number — accompanying him, entering the senior class, and graduating in September, 1830. at the age of eighteen years. After graduating he came to Missouri, to which Slate his parents had previously immigrated, and took up his residence in the county of Boone, which has ever since been his home. The monotony of farm-life, which, at this time, had been adopted by his father, did not harmonize with his ambition, and he sought the law as a profession belter suited to his tastes. Entering tlie law office of Hon. Abiel Leonard, afterwards one of the Supreme Judges of the State, he spent two years in study, and then went to Kentucky, spending two years at the Transylvania law school, Lexington, graduating in the spring of 1834; he then returned to Missouri, and commenced the practice of his profession at Columbia, Boone county. At the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, Mr. Rollins volunteered, jmd served six months, being assigned to duty as an aid-de-camp on the staff of Major-General Richard Gentry. On returning home at the expiration of the Indian trou- bles, he engaged actively in his professional labors; and, not long aflerward.s, was married to Mary E. Hickman, a native of Howard county. The mar- riage was on the Clli of June, 1837. Of this union, eleven children have been born, eight of whom are now living. In politics Mr. Rollins was originally a whig. He entered public life by accepting a nomination from the whigs of Boone county, when twenty-six years of age, as a candidate for representative in the General Assembly, and was elected by a handsome majority. During the sessions of 1838 and 1839, OiS AN TLLTJSTRATED he distinguished himself as the friend of popular education ; and the first bill he ever drafted was one providing for the location and establishment of the Slate University of Missouri ; and the first speech he ever made in a legis- lative body, was in support of this bill, which was passed, and the University was located in Boone county, to the great joy of both the young representa- tive and his admiring constituents. In 1840, he was again elected to the legislature by the whigs of his county, and with an increased majoritj'. During tliis session, he continued his labors in behalf of education and internal improvement; and, at its close, returned to the practice of his pro- fession. In 1846, he was nominated and elected to the State Senate, by the whigs of his senatorial district; and during the ensuing session of the legis- lature, he continued his labors in the cause of education, and aided in found- ing the benevolent policies of the State. In 1848, he received the nomination of the whig party for governor — Austin A. King, of Ray county, being his democratic opponent. A joint canvass was agieed upon, and a most vigor- ous campaign commenced. It was also the year of the Presidential election, and political enthusiasm ran high. Mr. Rollins advocated the election of General Zachary Taylor, while Mr. King urged the claims of Lewis Cass. Large crowds of people attended these discussions, and the excitement was intense. Rollins devoted his attention chiefly to educational questions and internal improvement; and, there is no doubt, the words of fervid eloquence thus spoken, did more to influence the public mind in behalf of those important measures, which have since laid a foundation for the growth and enlightenment of the State, than any other one thing. The State of Missouri was democratic, however, and Mr. King was elected, though by a greatly reduced majority. At the session of the General Assembly in 1848^9, he was supported for the United States Senate by the whigs; but the demo- crats being in a majority, David R. Atchison w^as elected. In 1850, Mr. Rollins was appointed by President Fillmore one of the board of examiners for West Point, which position he accepted, discharging the duties with his accustomed ability. In 1852, he was nominated an elector on the Scott ticket, and made an active canvass of the State. In 1854, he was again nominated by the whigs of his county for the legislature, with Odon Guitar as his colleague. Their opponents were P. H. McBride, for- merly Supreme Judge of Missouri, and A. O. Forshey. The chief question of the canvass was the extension of slavery, the democratic candidates contend- ing for its establishment, and Mr. Rollins and his associate taking the position that Congress had the right and ought to prohibit its extension. The whig ticket was successful, and the election of Rollins and Guitar was hailed as a great triumph in a part of the State whore slavery had such a strong hold. The session of 1854-5 was memorable in the history of Mis- souri, on account of the excitement caused by the slavery agitation, and the troubles in Kansas. An exciting senatorial contest also took place, Mr. Benton, Mr. Atchinson and A. W. Doniphan being the chief opposing candidates. Mr. Rollins earnestly advocated the election of Doniphan, and it was in the discussion growing out of this contest, that the celebrated conflict took place between Mr. Rollins and Mr. Goodc, a prominent and able member from St. U16TOKV OF MISSOURI. 579 Louis, wliicli altiactecl great attention, iiutl gave tlie fonuer justly llie repu- tation ol' being one of tlie most polished and forcible speakers in the State. In 1850, Tiusteu Polk, having been elected Governor, and immediately upon liis inauguration having been elected to the United Slates Senate, a vacancy occurred in the gubernatorial office which required a new election. Mr. Rollins was again nominated by his political friends as candidate for Ooveruor, Robert M. Stewart, of Buchanan county, being the candidate of the democracy. These two gentlemen made a joint canvass of the State in 1857, which was exciting in the liighest degree. At its close, after great and unusual delay in getting the returns, it was finally announced that Stewart was elected b}' a majority of some 230 votes. It was claimed, however, by the friends of Rollins, that he was fairly elected, and that in justice he ought to be sworn into office. It was the first time in the history of the State, that the large democratic majority had been even nearly overcome, and the triumph of Mr. Rollins was regarded as great as if he had gained the office. In 18G0, he was nominated by a convention of his political friends to represent the ninth district of the State in Congress. This district was com- posed of eleven counties lying in the forks of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. It was the year of the presidential campaign, and Mr. Rollins sup- ported Bell and Everett, while his opponent, J. B. Henderson, supported Douglas and Johnson. After a heated campaign, in which the entire district was canvassed in joint debate by the candidates, Rollins was elected by some oOOmajority. lie took his seat at the called session of the thirty-seventh Congress, in July, 1861, announcing himself on the side of the government and the Union. He denounced the war as causeless and secession as wrong, both in theory and practice, and without warrant or justification in the fed- eral Constitution. Throughout the session he sustained the government by voting for every war measure. He deprecated the war "forced upon the country by the dis-uniouists of the South," and whilst he had done all in his power to avert the direful calamity, and to prevent collision between the two sections of the country, the storm having broken, he felt that the only means of meeting the issue was by overthrowing the rebellion by force of arms. He was also the advocate of the Agricultural College bill, by which appro- priations of the public lands were made for the endowment of agricultural and mechanical colleges in the diirereut states, and he has ever since earn- estly advocated the policy of donating every acre of the public lands re- maining unsold for the education of the children, male and female, of the difl'erent states, reserving the rights of the homestead and the pre-emptioner. In February, 1862, Mr. Rollins introduced a bill "to aid in constructing a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, militar}' and other purposes," which bill, after reference to the appropriate committee, was recommended for passage, with very few amendments, and finally became a law in July, 1862. It was under this law that the Union Pacific, Kansas Pacific, and Central Pacific railroads of California were constructed. In the midst of the war, Mr. Rollins was renominated for election to the thirty-eighth Congress. Arnold Krekel, now United States district judge for the western 580 AN ILLUSTRATED district of Missouri, being liis competitor. Kiekcl was in t lie military ser- vice of the goveruineut, and was a firm and decided patriot. Mr. Kullms was elected by a majority of some five to six thousand votes. It was during the succeeding session of Congress, that Rollins delivered what President Lincoln pronounced one of the ablest speeches of the time, in favor of tlie thirteenth amendment to the Constitution (of which Senator J. B. Henderson, of Missouri, was the author), aud touching the general question of emanci- pation. The rule of the House was, that no member should consume mcu'e time than one hour in speaking to a question before the body, and ordinarily this rule was rigidly enforced, but on this occasion, involving as it did the abolition of slavery in tlie United States, when the speaker liad coui^umed his allotted time, Mr. Ashley, of Ohio, moved the unanimous consent of the House that he bo permitted to proceed with his remarks, which was promptly granted. Another hour having been consumed, the same motion was again repeated, that he be allowed to proceed, and this unusual courtesy was again extended, aud he was permitted to go on. In the peroration of his speech, he said • " I have but one other thought to express, and I pledge the House I will then conclude these remarks, not liowever, without thanking all the members for the great and unusual courtesy which has been extended to me, as well as for the attentive hearing, which I have received alike from the House and from these crowed galleries. Mr. Speaker, if we can get through this wicked rebellion satisfactorily; if we can go safely between Charybdis on the one side and Scylla on the other, of the dangerous passage through wliich we are now steering, if we can survive the storm and strife which imperils our country, and march safely through the dark and dreary wilderness of civil war; and if we can come out of it with the American Union, as formed by Washington aud his compatriots, unbroken, and our free aud matchless Constitution maintained substantialy in ail its parts; if we can come out of it aud still preserve our American nationalit}-, aud with the further boast that thougli we have passed through these trials and dangers, we have not only saved the Union and tlie Constitution, but we have caused the bright sun of freedom to shine on an additional four millions of human beings; aud if the old ship can once more be righted, and set sail on calmer seas, smooth and trauquil, where is the man who feels a just pride of countiy and who cannot realize the great influence which the Ameri- can republic with freer institutions and a broader Christian civilization shall exert on down-trodden humanity in every land and bejond every sea. A3'e, sir, let ours be the chosen land; let ours be the land where the weary wand- erer shall direct his footsteps, and where he can enjoy the blessings of peace and freedom. Let ours be the "bright, particular star," next to the star that led the shepherds to Bethlehem, which shall guide the down-trodded and oppressed of all the world into a harbor of peace, security, and happiness. And let us, kneeling around the altar, all thank God, that whilst we have had our trials, we have saved our country; that, although we have been guilty of sins, we have wiped thera out; and, that we, at last, stand up a great and powerful people, honored by all the eartli, ' redeemed, regenerated, and dis- enthralled, by the genius of universal emancipation.' " IIISTOUY OF MISSOURI. 581 In 1864, Mr. Rollins decliiu'd a renomination; jind at the close of ihe sc-s- sjou, ix'turued to his homo and devoted himself lo his private afl'airs, which had been greatly disairauged during the long and bloody civil \v;;r. In 18GG, he was again chosen to the lower Ijouseof the General Assembly, receiv- ing nearly the entire vote cast at the election. During the term of his ollice, lie devoted himself assiduously to revising the laws of the State, so as lo re- adjust Ihem in harmony with the new constitution which had been adopted in 1865, and also in assisting to perfect the common school system of the State, and in placing the State University upon a firm basis. He was the author and eloquent advocate of a bill which became a law establishing a normal department in connection with the University, and also for appropri- ating ten thousand dollars for the rebuilding of the president's house, and for appropriating also one and three-fourths per cent, of the State revenues annual!}-, after deducting therefrom twenty-five per cent, for common school purposes, to the support and maintainance of the State University. He intro- duced a bill during the first session of the 2oth General Assembl^^ establish- ing the Agricultural and Mechanical College as a department of the State University, and turning over to the Curators the 330,000 acres of land granted to the State of Missouri by the general government, for the purpose of endow- ing the same, thereby advocating the policy of concentration by connecting the Agricultural college with the State University. Tlie measure had its ar- dent opposers, as well as warm friends, but was ultimately barely defeated, and that upon technical grounds. Its failure was a sore defeat to its author after his long and severe labor running through two entire sessions in its be- half. In 18G7, President Johnson appointed and commissioned him one of the government directors of the Union Pacific railroad, Avhieh office he held until the following year when he resigned, having been chosen to the State Senate from his district by a decided majority, notwithstanding the fact that four fifths of the voters of the district had been disfranchised, and their names stricken from the registration list. The seat of Mr. Rollins was con- tested by his competitor, but, after a long and bitter contest, and a thorough iuvestigaticm by a Senate, a majority of whom were politically opposed to Mr. Rollins, he was unanimously declared elected to the seat. During the ensuing session he again brought forward his measure for the locating of the Agricultural and Mechanical College as a department of the State Uni- versity, and after another fierce struggle it passed the Senate by a majority of two votes, and at the second session, it also passed the House, and thus be- came a law, after being so amended as to give one-fourth of the jji-oceeds of the sale of tiie lands to the School of Mines and Metallurgy, located al Rolla, which was also made a department of the State University. By another measure introduced by Mr. Rollins, an old acccmnt existing between the State and the University was adjusted, and thereby the sum of $106,000 was added to the permanent fund of the institution, and $35,000 was given to the School of Mines and Metallurgy, to be expended in the erection of liuildings at Rolla. Having thus accomplished the work of endowing the University, he introduce.l into tlie Senate a bill cutting down the tuition, and making the institution practically free to all the sons and daugliters of Mis- 582 AN ILLUSTRATED souri. Tljis bill also passed both houses of the General Assembly, and be- came a law of the State. Besides these important services in the cause of education, Mr. Rollins has for the past six years been president of the Board of Curators of the University, and has given a large portion of his time in advancing still further its best interests. Anthony Wayne Rollins was a native of Pennsylvania, born in the county of Westmoreland, on March 5th, 1783. Hi-s father, Henry Rollins, was a native of Ireland, born in the county of Tyrone, who, with his family, and several of his brothers, immigrated to America, shortly before the breaking out of the war of the revolution, and settled in the' State of Pennsylvania. He espoused the cause of the colonies, and served in the American ranks at the battle of Brandy wine. Anthony Wayne was the youngest of a large family. His early life was passed upon a farm in the then wilderness of western Pennsyl- vania, and his christian name was given him in consequence of the respect and veneration felt by the plain people of that region, for the renowned Indian lighter, and subsequent hero of the American revolution, General Anthony Wayne. His mother, whose maiden name was Carson, was a woman of strong character, and a life-long member of the Scotch-Presbyterian church. To her example, and teachings in his very early youth, the son felt that he was indebted mainly for those sterling principles of integrity and morality which controlled and guided him ever afterwards in the rugged pathwaj' of life. Without the inheritance of fortune, and reared surrounded by the disad- vantages of poverty, he was thrown at an early period upon his own resources to fight the battle of life. Possessing a firm physical constitution, and good native intellect, he went resolutely to work, and with a strong purpose to achieve success and to win a respectable position amongst men. By alter- nately working on a farm, and attending such primitive schools as were at that early day to be fouad in the country, he gained the rudiments of a good common school education, which enabled him to become a school-master him- self, in which useful and honorable employment he was engaged until he got sufficiently ahead with ready means to enter Jefferson college at Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, and where he was enabled to complete his education. Hearing of Kentucky, a new State but recently admitted into the Union, described as a land "flowing with milk and honey," and of great future promise, he de- termined to seek his fortune in that then far off country, and adopted about the only mode at that day of reaching it, by descending the Ohio river in a flat boat. His trip was not without disaster, but arriving at Limestone, then culled, (now the city of Maysvillc), he disembarked, a "stranger in a strange land, " not having the advantage of a single personal acquaintance in the whole State of Kentucky. TIiil; was about the year 1803 or 1804. From Maysville, he wended his way on foot into the interior, and arriving in the county of B!)ur- bon, he there "pitched his tent" and again embai'ked in the then humble, but most useful and honorable employment of teaching a country school. He had no difficulty in finding friends wlierever he went; upright and moral in his habits, having a high purpose, honorable and gentlemanly in his deport — ment, possessing the advantage of graceful manners, and a splendid presence. IlISTOHY OF MISSOURI. 58;J he was soon admitted to the coufidence and I'rieudsliip of the best people of Kentucky. He was a gre itlj' prized teacher. From the county of Bourbon lie went to the adjoining county of Fayette, where he continued to prosecute his profession of teaching school. Whilst here engaged, it was his fortune for a period, to have for his pupils, a number of persons who afterwards be- came distinguished in that State; amongst others, Robert J. Breckenridge, the eminent Presbyterian divine and patriot, and Benjamin O. Peers, subsequently president of Transylvania University. At that time Lexington was the largest town in Kentucky, possessing many advantages of literary and professional culture, the Transylvania Seminary being located there, and the society of the place being intelligent, and settled by many well educated and refined families. Having already chosen the medical profession, it was his good fortune to meet here the elder J)r. Wartield, who, attracted by the good address and intelligence of Mr. Kollins, became his warm and steadfast friend, inviting him into his family, and tendering to him the use of his medical and miscellaneous library, and all the advantages which a large and lucrative practice afibrded to a young man just entering upon the study of his profession. He remained with Dr. Warfield a number of years, and was regarded by him as a young man of much promise. Completing his professional studies and receiving some aid from his friend and preceptor, Dr. Warfield, he embarked in the practice of medicine, and settled permanently in Richmond, the ccmnty seat of Madisoui:i. 51^5 passed by the fourteenth General Assenibl}', and approved by Governor Joliu C. Kdwurds, on tlie 16th of February, 1847. In the same mouth, the legis- lature memoralized Congress for a grant of land for the constructiou of the road, setting fortli that 'such a road would make a great State of Missouri — what nature designed her to be." Smith was detailed to secure the co-oper- ation of the people of Caldwell, Davies, DeKalb, Clinton, Clay, and Hay coun- ties. After hard work and incessant canvassing, he succeeded in securing stock subscriptions to the amount of $14,000, and, by correspondence with his co-laborers, he found that the proposed sum of $100,000 liad been fully subscribed. A convention was then called of all interested along the pro- posed line, and a very large and enthusiastic railroad meeting was held at Chillicothe, in the summer of 1848. He was one of the few men in attend- ance posted on railroad matters. After the convention was fully organized, he introduced propositions: That canvassing for further local subscriptions of stock be vigorously continued; that application be made to Congress for a grant of alternate sections, and parts of sections of all vacant lands, for ten miles on each side of the road; that the legislature be urged to issue bonds, to a limited extent, to the company, for construction purposes, the State to have a first mortgage lien on the road. The convention decided to memoral- ize Congress for a land grant, but voted down the proposition Ibr an issue of State bonds. As requested by the Chillicothe convention, Mr. Smith, and his associates on a committee appointed for the purpose, drew up a memorial to Congress for a land grant, and forwarded the same to Willard P. Hall, then representing the St. Joseph district in Congress. Hall labored zealously for the grant, and succeeded in securing an act giving alternate sec- tions of all vacant lauds for fifteen miles on each side of the road — from 600,000 to 700,000 acres of rich and fertile land. With this enormous land grant secured, even the most doubting ones were satisfied that the road would be built. In addition to this grant, in February, 1851, the State legis- lature passed an act loaning $1,500,000 in State bonds, to be disposed of at not less than par, and to be a first lien upon the road. Prior to this, in 1849, Governor Stewarfand Colonel Tiernan, of Cameron, had run the preliminary line, and reported most favorably ; that the route would pass through a beautiful and level country, furnishing abundant material necessary for the construction of the work. In 1852, during the administration of Governor King, a special session of the legislature was held for the purpose of utiliz- ing the liberal land grant made by Congress to aid in the building of rail- roads in Missouri. Mr. Smith represented Caldwell county in the legislature. A joint committee was appointed to prepare and report the necessary bills. Governor Stewart, of the senate, and Mr. Smith, of the Jiouse, representing the Hannibal and St. Joseph interest. This joint committee had an exciting session of seven days' duration. Bills were reported for the incorjxuation of the North Mis.souri, the Iron IMountaiu, and the South-western branch of the Missouri Pacific roads, and also bills for the application of the land grants to the above named roads, and to the Hannibal and St. Joseph road. The only bill passed at this special session was the one providing for the utilization of the land grant to the Hannibal and St. Joseph road. At the 596 A-N ILLUSTRATED regular session of 1852-3, however, legislatioa was had to utilize those grants for uU other roads about lo be constructed in the State. In the spring of 1853, the directory for the Hannibal and St. Joseph road was fully organized, the various enabling acts accepted, and the work of construction commenced. Six years later, in 1859, St. Joseph was connected with the east by a band of iron, and the sound of the locomotive first echoed along the Kansas shore. Mr. Smith, seeing that all was well, retired from active operations on behalf of the road, returning to his homestead, to attend to his personal affairs. In the fall of 1853, Mr, Smith was elected to the legislature as a Benton democrat. In 1852, he presided over a convention of free-soilers, held at Gallatia. Judge H. M. Vories drafted the resolutions of the convention. James B. Gardenhire was nominated for Congress; and was beaten. For presiding over this meeting Mr. Smith's heterodoxy was fully es- tablished, and he was formally read out of the democratic party. Dur- ing the Kansas and Nebraska difficulties, Mr. Smith was at his farm, an industrious tiller of the soil. In Caldwell county, as elsewhere in Missouri, excitement ran high, and much feeling was manifested. Mr. Smith, how. ever, on every possible opportunity, condemned the efforts of the pro-slavery men to force tlie institution upon the people of Kansas. In the session of 1860 — 61, the Missouri legislature passed a bill "to provide for the more efficient organization of the State militia," and there were elements in it that caused alarm to Union loving citizens. Inter alia, the oath of allegiance was to be made to the State, and not to the United States. Mr. Smith called public meetings at Kingston and Mirabile, and had resolutions passed expressing unequivocal loyalty to the general government. He urged ail the Union men of Caldwell county to stand together and present a bold and unbroken front to treason. A bitter and vindictive spirit characterized the rebellious element in the early part of the war. To aid the government, was the controlling sen- timent of loyal men, old and young uniting in its defense. Tlie young men generally went forward to the great war centres, and the old men and boys, volunteered to protect their homes. In the month of February, 1861, Mr. Smith drew up a pledge wherein the subscribers solemnly agreed to adhere to the government under every contin- gency. To this pledge he obtained 130 names in his neighborhood, all of whom maintained true allegiance to the government throughout the war> These men constituted a part of the Home Guards, organized in Maj\ 1861, and were the second company outside of St. Louis, who were entrusted with arms by the federal authority. His two sons old enough to bear arms, were members of this organization. Near the little village of Mirabile, away from the railroad, these leyal men drilled daily in anticipation of war then threat- ened in the neighborhood by a company of "Jackson's Guards" drilling near by. Many of these men fought throughout the war, and many died in front of the enemy. By Mr. Smith's efforts, the Union men secured full con- trol of the affairs of Caldwell county, and he was elected to represent his fel- low Unionists in the legislature of 1863 — 64. In 1864, at the republican State convention, Thomas C. Fletcher was nominated for Governor, and George Smith for Lieutenant-Governor, the full ticket being elected. For four years HISTOUY Oh' MISSOURI. 597 Mr. Smith presided over the Stale Seimtc, with marked ability. That he well performed tlie arduous duties that devolved upon the presiding officer of the Senate, in tlie most critiKal period of Missouri's histoiy, the following tes- timonial, signed by all the senators and sent to him at his home, on his re- tirement from olliee, fully attests: "When your otlicial term expired, and, as president of the Senate, you bade us good bye, we expressed ourapprecialicm •of your zeal and worth by a resolution unanimously passed. Since then it has occurred to us to present you with some tangible memento of the high regard in which you are held by the senators of the twenty-fifth General As- sembly of the State of Missouri. * * * We ask you to accept this cane as a memento of our esteem for you as the late presiding officer of this body, and of the high respect we entertain for you as an eminent citizen of the ^reat, growing, and free Slate of Missouri. We intend this as no idle compli- ment and its presentation as no empty pageant. It is a memento— a connect- ing link between the pleasant past, and what we hope may be the happy future. It is baptized with our hopes and best wishes for your future welfare, and prosperity, your continued health, your present and future happiness." During the session of 18G5-66, the legislature was much troubled over the vital issues of reconstruction and the status of the freedman. Governor Smith was deeply concerned in the successful solution of these perplexing issues; early in February, 1866, he drafted the following resolutions: Resolved, That the true basis and spirit of our system of government pre- cludes the idea that race or color should constitute a barrier to equal, civil, and political rights. Resolved, That the confidence entertained in the in- tegrity and capacity of the Republican-Union members of the National Congress gives the highest assurance that, in conformity to the loyal senti- ment of the countr}^ they will enact wise and efficient laws as a basis for the reconstruction of government for the states lately in rebellion, embodying the cardinal idea of equality before the law. Resolved, That we hereby instruct our senators and request our representatives in Congress to devote their best energies to give shape and force by legal enactment, at the earliest period consistent with the public interest, to the principles herein expressed. Mr. Smith submitted these resolutions to Judge Fagg, then secretary of the Senate, for his approval, and to the republican senators for their endorse- ment. They were endorsed; all the republican senators, and Judge Fagg, attaching their signatures thereto. Being one of the advance steps. Smith used every precaution in order to avoid any conflict in the republican party. Subsequently they were adopted in caucus by the republican members of the legislature and the State central committee, and were sent by telegraph to the senators and members of Congress. These were the first resolutions on the issues herein indicated that received the sanction of the representative republicans of the State. In 1864, he presided over the republican State con- vention; in 18G6, he presided over the first State board of equalization; and the following summer he presided over the senate during the impeachment trial of Judge Walter King. In the republican State convention, held in 1868, when Colonel McClurg was nominated for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor Smith was strongly urged 598 AN ILLUSTRATED for the place by his friends, and came within a few votes of receiving the nomination. In 1870, he was the republican candidate for Congress in the sixth Congressional district and was defeated, altliough running largely ahead of the regular republican ticket. In March, 1869, he was appointed by President Grant, United States Marshal for the western district of Missouri, a position that he still retains. In 1873, he was elected president of a convention of United States Marshals held at Cleveland, .Ohio. He is liberal in his views, and a man of stern integritj'. In politics, he is an active partisan, yet retaining the respect and admiration of his political opponents. His family consists of seven children, — four sons and tiiree daughters. Governor Smith lives at Cameron, Clinton county, having moved from his farm, in Caldwell county, in 1868. Carl Schurz, recently United States Senator from Missouri, was born at Liblar, near Cologne, Germany, March 2d, 1829. His preparatory studies were pursued in Cologne, entering the University of Bonn at the age of seventeen, where he remained two years. He took an active part in the revo- lution of 1848; and at the capitulation of Rustadt, he became a prisoner, but afterward succeeded in escaping to Switzerland. He subsequently made his way to Paris, where he remained until June, 1851, as a correspondent of some German periodicals, when he went to London, where, for a year, he taught music and languages. About this time, he married Margurette Meyer, daughter of a Hamburg merchant, and shortly afterward came to America, lauding at Philadelphia. He remained in the latter city two or three years, and then removed to Watertown, Wisconsin, where he had purcliased a farm. It was in the presidential campaign of 1856, that Schurz first became known as an orator in the German language. He was defeated the next ^-ear for the office of Lieutenant-Governor of that State, upon the republican ticket. Tlie next year, he commenced his career as a public speaker, in the English language. Meanwhile, he had removed to Milwaukee and engaged in the practice of the law. Taking a prominent part in Lincoln's election in 1860, he was upon the acception of the latter to the Presidency, sent as Minister to Spain. He soon after was relieved at his own request, to take part in the civil strife which was soon after inaugurated, being commissioned a Brigadier-General of volunteers. He entered the army in Sigel's corps. He fought at the second Bull Run, at Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg where he won the rank of Major-General. In the summer of 1863, he was ordered to join Sherman at Chattanooga, where he was placed in command of a division, which position he held imtil the close of the war. In 18G6, he re- removed to Detroit, to take charge of the "Daily Post," but remained there only a few months, when, in the spring of 1867, he took up his residence in St. Louis, bought an interest in the "Westliche Post," and was its principal editor. In January, 1869, he was elected United States Senator bj'' the Missouri legislature. His senatorial career, though somewhat erratic, was a highly distinguished one. The legislature elected F. M. Cockrell in his place at the expiration of his term of otfice, and he resumed his editorial duties. Schurz's political influence in the United Stales was very great. As an orator, espec- ially in the political arena, he has but few, if any, superiors in this country. IIUSTOKY OF MISiSOUUI. 599 EuwiN O. Stanard was born iu Newport, New Hampshire, in tlie year 1833. In 188G, his parents came west, locating upon a farm in Iowa. Young Edwin was given sucli education as tlie limited facilities of the country aflbrded ; he grew to manhood, with a fair knowledge of man and of the world iu general. He spent some years, after arriving at age, teacliing during the winter season, in Illinois, but passing liis summers in St. Louis, studying and perfecting his ed,ucatiou. In 1856, 3Ir. Stanard was employed in a shipping and commission house in Alton, Illinois; but, afterward, returning to St. Louis, he commenced there, in connection with C. J. (Jilberf, a commission business of his own. Subscquentl}', the well known firm of Stanard, Gilbert & Co., was established, which became one of the most substantial houses of the city, with branches in Ciiicago and New Orleans. In 186C, Mr. Stanard purchased the Eagle Steam Mills iu St. Louis, and directed himself to the manufacture of flour. He has been president of the Chamber of Commerce, and is a director iu the Missouri Pacific railway. He is also president of the Citizens' insurance company, director in the Life Association of America, and a large owner and director in the St. Louis Elevator company, and in the Mississippi Valley Transportation company. In 1868, he was the nominee of the republican party for lieutenant-governor, and was elected by a hand- some majorit}'. During the rebellion, he gave largely of his means to sustain sanitar}- and Christian commissions. In 1872, he was elected to Congress, on the republican ticket, from the first district of Missouri; he was re-nomi- nated in 1874, but was defeated. Mr. Stanard is honored and appreciated in St. Louis, and is one of the many merchants of whom that city is justly, proud. James L. Stephens was born in Garrard county, Kentucky, but immi- grated wiih his father, the late Elijah Stephens, when quite young, to Boone count}', Missouri. After remaining with his father until he attained his majorit}', in 1836, he entered a dry-goods store, as clerk, in Columl)ia. He has since resided at Columbia, with the exception of one year in New York citj'; two in Greensburg, Indiana; one each in Mexico and Fulton, Missouri. In 1843, he was engaged in a large business on his own account, owning and conducting three drj'-goods stores in the coimty seats of three different counties: one in Mexico; one in Fulton; and another in Columbia. This large business he established and carried on upon the "cash system." For a number of years he did a large business — annually' selling from fifty to seventy-five thousand dollars' worth of goods, and, at the same time, carrying forward outside enterprises, all of which often involved heavy liabilities, sometimes to the extent of many thousands of dollars. Mr. Stephens also gave much attention to agricultural pursuits, owning a farm at Columbia, and conducting it in a way to make it a model. Some ten j'cars since, he laid this entire property of one hundred and eighty acres off into town lots, and commenced to ornament and improve them. At the present time, nearly every lot is adorned with a good residence. A mission school house, erected by Mr. Stephens, at a cost of several thousand dollars, occupies a cen- tral location. Tiiis enterprise proved successful to the projector, and has been of great advantage to the city. The present system of rock road-^, and (3U0 AN ILLUSTRATED railroads, which are so impoilant in tlie dtivelopiiieut of the resources of the couulry, as well as to the comfort of the people, are largely due to the efforts of Mr. Stephens. At a meeting of the general association of the Baptists of Missouri, held in St. Louis, in Octobei', 1870, when the work of endowing a Slate denomi- national female college was undertaken, the name " Stephens" was conferred upon it, as a token of the estimate which that body placed upon his labors and contributions in the establishment of the institution. His commercial and financial abilities are attested by the large number of successful business men now scattered over the State, who were once his clerks, as well as by the munificence of his contributions to every good ^work, and the handsome competency which he now enjoys. A communication to the- "St. Louis Republican," whilst expressing a just admiration for the refinement and liberality of the citizens of Columbia, says "the number and advanced status of her institutions of learning, the general beauty of the town, and environs, pay a merited tribute to one of the most public-spirited, far-seeing, and useful citizens, that Columbia can boast. The gentleman alluded to, is James L. Ste- phens, to whose untiring energy, almost unerring judgment, ceaseless self- devotion and generosity, Columbia owes much of her reputation as holding a most enviable and commanding position among the refined communities of the State." The writer alludes in terms of much praise to the donation of five hundred dollars to the University, and to the munificent benefaction of $20,000 to the endowment fund of Stephen's Female College. Mr. Stephens was elected first president of the board of directors of the Boone county branch of the North Missouri railroad, and for many years filled the position of director of nearly every bank or corporation in his town. He was at one time treasurer of Audrain county, and was ten- dered the same position by the Callaway county court, in Callaway county. In 1844, Mr. Stephens married Amelia, daughter of the late Judge J. O. Hockaday, of Fulton, Missouri. He has two children. His elegant resi- dence, at Columbia, is in a wood-lawn of some ten acres. Here, he is passing the twilight of life, dividing his time and attention between his own business interests and the welfare of the Baptist church— of which he, with all his family, are members— and Stephen's College, in both of which he takes a deep interest. William Henry Stone was born at Shawagunk, Ulster county. New York, November 7th, 1829. In 1836, he went to Detroit, Michigan, where he resided until 1842, when he returned to New York. Three years thereafter, he removed to St Louis, where he has since resided. In 1850, he became associated with the house of Gaty, McCune & Co., Mississippi Iron Foun- dry, as book-keeper, in which capacity he remained until 1855, when he was admitted as a partner. In 1868, in company with Amos Howe, he suc- ceeded McCune & Co., under the firm name of Stone & Howe. The new firm soon contracted for constructing the machinery of the gun boats, Mil- waukee and Winnebago. In June, 1864, Mr. Stone disposed of his interest in this concern, and purchased what is now known as the St. Louis Hot Pressed Nut and Bolt Manufacturing Company, and was elected president of UlSTOUY OF AiibSUL'lil. 601 the company in July, 1804, wliicli position he still holds. He was elected a member of the 2Gtli General Assembly of Missouri troni tiie llth ward, and was also appointed member of the Board of Water Commissioners, by Honor able Joseph Brown, at that time mayor of the city. In 1873, ^Ir. Stone was elected to the 4od Congress, and on the expiration of his term of office was re-elected to the 44tii Congress, and is now serving with ability and faithful- ness iu this capacity, as chairman of the committees on manufactures and expenditures in the post office department, and is also a member of the com- mittee on railways and canals. As a public officer, he is active and capable, ever on the alert, for the interests of his own State, and especially of his adopted cit}-. Firm in his convictions, yet tolerant and liberal toward all who ditier with him, he is universally esteemed and respected. Mr. Stone is not a member of any religious denomination, but is a tirm believer in the one living and true God. He litis for many years been a member of the order of F. and A.M., and is P. M. of the George Washington lodge, No. 9; and P. E.G. of the St. Louis Commandery, No. 1 ; and P. G. G. of the Grand Commandery No. 1. He was married August 31st, 1850, and has had eight children, only three of whom are now living. John Pryoh Strotueii, of Marshall, Saline county, Missouri, was born on the 25th day of February, 1837, in Heniy county, Kentucky. He was the son of Rev. John F. Strother, a local minister of the Methodist Episcopal ■church south, who is still living. In early life, young Strother was lamiliar- ized with manual labor; and also, was taught to apply himself induslrously to study. He early developed a fondness for classical study, and when a boy he translated and verified the first book of the ^ueid, at home. At the age of nineteen, he commenced the study of law with William S. Pryor, of New Castle, Kentucky, and after a little more than a year's study with him, he entered the law department of the University at Louisville, Kentucky, where he graduated in the year 1858, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. In the fall of the same year, he removed to Saline county, Missouri, located at Marshall and commenced the practice of his profession. He here acquired a good business, but when the war broke out the courts of justice suspended. In 1861, his liealth failing, he was induced to return to Kentucky. In the struggle then going on in the nation, Mr. Strother lionestly sympathized with the confederacy, and on this account he was arrested by the federal authority, but soon after took the oath and was released, whicli oath he has sacredly kept since. In 18G5, he returned to Saline county, and was not long in securing a large and prosperous business. Twice he has been appointed county attorney, and in 1873, he received the nomination of the democratic parly for State senator, to which office he was subscqnently elected by a majority of 3,300. While serving in this capacity, he was ap- pointed chairman of the committee on county boundaries, and State univer- sity, and was a member of the committee of ways and means, and also of the judiciary, of which committee, Hcmorable C. H. Hardin was the chairman. He earnestly advocated the calling of a constitutional convention, with the view to ridding the people of the obnoxious provision of the Drake constitution, and imposing farther restrictions upon legislative power, restraining corporate 602 AN ILLUSTUATED power, and undue expenditure of public money; also restraining the reckless incurringof municipal indebtedness. Mr. Strotber is a democrat from princi- ple, believing tliat tbo principles of that party are conservative of constitu- tional liberty under a republican form of government. Mr. Strotber was mar- ried October 23d, 1800, to May E. Lewis, a native of Saline county. George Clinton Swallow, M. D. LL. D., was born in Bucktield, Oxford county, Maine, in 1817. As usual in early settlements, a man of meclianical gifts often enlarges the sphere of his usefulness by dividing his time be- tween two or more trades. Thus the father of George, a farmer of high re- putation among his neighbors, laid them under special obligation, by the exercise of his mechanical skill in his blacksmith and gunshop. Here their agricultural implements were made and repaired, as well as their firearms, which were in constant requisition. By such varied occupations, on the farm and in the shop of his father, was laid the foundation of that fine physical stature and development which cliaracterizes his manly figure. Inlieritiug the mechanical taste of his father, he felt an irrepressible long- ing and need for that scientific knowledge which his native village could not supply. Just then, men were beginning to unfold the long history of tlie earth from the stratified rocks. He looked at the mountain ranges of his native State, and resolved he would read their secrets. Putting at once his purpose to acquire a knowledge of geology and kindred subjects into exe- cution, he entered Bowdoin college, passed manfully througli the prescribed course, and graduated in 1843. Immediately upon his graduation, he was appointed lecturer upon botany, and delivered tlie first course ever given in his alma mater. Afterwards, upon being elected principal of Hampden academy, there not being one college in America, at thattime, tliat received students, except for the full course, he resolved there should, at least, be one school where tlie sous of farmers could study chemistry as applied to agriculture, and such other branches of practical knowledge as they might elect, to better fit them to be tillers of the soil. For this purpose he appealed to the legislature of the State, and in 1848, succeeded in procuring a grant of land in aid of his enterprise. By this means he was enabled to erect and equip a laboratory where students were instructed by experiment, as well as precept, in agricul- tural chemistry and assaying. But soon a wider field invited his labor. In 1850, he was elected professor of chemistry and geology in the State Univer- sity of Missouri, and entered upon his duties there. As lie looked over tliis great territory, and saw the richness of her vast natural resources, and the growing need among the people for better means of interchange of ideas and methods, and practical experience in agricultural matters, he could not rest content with the routine duties of his chair in the University alone, but began to agitate amongst the people, the benefits to be derived from organizations for tliis purpose. His ettbrts in this direction finally culminated in the year 1852, in an exhaustive address to the people of Missouri, tlie publication or which led to the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical Associa- tion of Boone and St. Louis counties — the latter now second to none in the country. These were quickly followed by similar societies throughout the HISTOKY OF AllSSOUKl. GO.'i State. As a result of his labors, aud in response to a moinorial from his pen, the Board of Curators of tlie State University, in 1858, formerly established the Department of Agriculture in that institution. But owing to the dis- turbed condition of afl'airs during the civil war, and the years immediately antecedent, but little could be accomplished, aud all educational matters were necessarily at a stand still. In 1853, Professor Swallow was appointed State Geologist, by Governor Sterling Price. This position he held for seven years, until he was driven from the field by the war. A lengthy notice would be required, to do justice to the extent aud value of his labors wliile at the head of the survey. Entering upon his work, he. called around him a corps of assistants of such signal ability as were rarelj-, or never engaged in a similar enterprise before. In 1855, his first report was published, which immediately took rank with the best similar works in America, and which gave the author high fame and deserved position among scientists. So great was the interest awakened by, aud the importance with which these contributions to geologi- cal science were regarded, that Professor Swallow was spceaily elected a mem- ber of the leading scientific associations of Europe and America. His announce- ment of the discovery of Permian rocks in America, was startling to geolo- gists all over the world, and much discussion was provoked thereb}-. In Europe, where this formation was best understood, his descriptions afforded convincing proof of their existence; while at home, though the fact is now unquestioned by any, many were slow to admit that the formation described was Permian at all. Among the many misfortunes which befel the State of Missouri by means of the civil war, not the least was the interruption, at this time, of this able geological survey, by which the results of a vast amount of labor were lost and totally destroyed. The geological work of Professor Swallow has not been confined to Missouri alone. In 1865, he was appointed State Geologist of Kansas, continuing in that survey for two years, at the end of which time he published a detailed report of the rocks in the eastern part of that State. In 1870, the cause of education received a new impulse in Missouri; the curriculum of the University was greatly enlarged, embracing the departs ments of law, medicine and agriculture. To the latter. Professor Swallow was soon called, and made Professor of agriculture and geology. Soon after he was placed at its head and made Dean of the College of Agriculture. This honored position he still holds. He has received the highest diploma in medicine, and the honorary degree of LL. D. While, by means of his reports, the rich mineral fields of south-western Missouri and south-eastern Kansas were brought to the uotice of the world, thereby hastening the de- velopment of the exhaustless treasures of this region, the most important and noblest sphere of his useful life, is doubtless the one he now so worthily fills. In the Agricultural college, of which he is Dean, the sons of the planters of the Mississippi valley are educated, and become thereafter, centers of intelligence and influence, in the widely separated regions where their homes are cast. Dr. Swallow is a teacher of life-long experience. By taste and natural 604 AIS" ILLUSTRATED adaptation, by a lolicitous power of imparting knowledge, lie is eminently fitted for the work of an instructor of tlie young; and this experience, coup- led Willi his tireless industry, earnestness of purpose, and breadth of cul- ture, being now in the fulness and ripeness of his manhood, are a proph- ecy of still greater usefulness in the future, and a perennial influence for good, not only in the development of the natural resources of the valley of the Mississippi, but in promoting the intellectual character and culture of the people of this great State. William P. Switzler is a native of Kentucky, having been born in Fay- ette count}-, in that State, on the lUtli day of March, 1819. His paternal grand parents were citizens of Switzerland, immigraiiug to Pennsylvania at an early day, and subsequently to Orange count}', Virginia, where Simeon Switzler, the father of William P., was born. In 1826, he came with his father's family to Howard county, Missouri. Here he resided with his father, alternately attending school at Mt. Porcst Academy and aiding in the cultiva- tion of the farm, at the same time developing a taste for literary pursuits, which was a foreshadowing of his future career. In 1839-40, he was engaged in the study of law at home, occasionally assisted by Abiel Leonard and Joseph Davis of the neighboring town of Payette. On the 8th of Janu- ary, 1841, he went to Columbia for the purpose of pursuing his studies in the office of James S. Rollins, and has ever since resided in that place. In 1841, he became editor of the " Patriot," a small whig paper published at Colum- bia, at the same time pursuing his legal studies; and in 1843, he was admitted to the bar. The December following he purchased a half interest in the " Patriot," and changed the name of the paper in 1843, to that of the " Mis- souri Statesman." He has conducted it for a period of more than thirty-four years. This has been his life-work, and in it is to be seen a monument to his talents and enterprise. Ko weekly paper in the State, perhaps, wields a greater influence over the public mind, or has more largely contributed to the prosperity of the State, county, and town in which it is published, than this, and no editor enjoys a wider or more enviable reputation, professionally or personally. In 18-15, Switzler retired from the bar, and devoted himself entirely to editorial pursuits. In 1846, 1848, and again in 1856, he was elected a member of the General Assembly from Boone county; in 1860, was a delegate to the Baltimore Whig National Convention. In this conven- tioh it was upon h^s motion, that Mr. Everett was nominated to the vice- presidency by acclamation. During the late civil war, Switzler was a union man, decided, but always conservative, and since that lime has affllated in party politics with the democratic party. He was a delegate to the State Constitutional conventioa in 18G5, and as such, took an active part against disfranchisment, and other extreme measures adopted by the majority. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the democratic nominee in his district for Congress, and after an extensive canvass, in which he met his political oppo- nents in joint debate, lie was, as he claimed, each time elected, but the then Secretary of State refused him certificates of election, giving them to the opposing candidates. Thereupon, Switzler contested their election; and, with an energy which knew no flagging, prosecuted the contest before the UISTUUY OF MISSOURI. 605 United States House of Representatives. He addressed that body on bolh occasions, ia forcible and eloquent speeches. But although proper commit- tees, to whom the cases were referred, reported in his favor in each, the House voted down the reports and awarded the seats to his opponents. In 1875, Mr. Switzler was a member of the Constitutional convention, and to him, as chairman of the commilte on education, the people arc indebted for the admirable article on that subject in the new constituiion. Switzler is still in the pride of vigorous manhood, with a constitution unimpaired. He is still able and willing to labor for the advancement of those opinions and princi- ples upon the success of which depend the prosperity of the country. He was married in Columbia, Missouri, in 1843, to Mary Jane, a daughter of the late John B. Royall, formerly of Halifax county, Virginia. His two grown sons, and a daughter, are the fruits of the marriage, all of whom, together with himself and wife, are members of the Presbyterian church. Jonx H. Taylou was born at Leesburg, Loudon count}', Virginia, Jan- uary 2Glh, 1837, and was a son of Professor AVilliam Taylor, a well known educator of that State, afterwards of Ohio, and still later of ;Missouri — com- ing into the State and locating at Hannibal, in 1844, and in Independence in 1851. During these three years, the subject of this sketch was chiefly under the instructionof his father. Graduating from the academy at Independence in 1855, he soon afterward received the appointment of deputy circuit clerk under General Lucas. Having pursued the study of law under the direction of Chrisman and Comings, of Independence, in 1857 he was admitted to the bar, and received his license to practice. In the spring of 1858, he was appointed attorney for the city of Independence, and subsequently was sever- al times re-appointed to the oflice; also served for some time as county school commissioner. After the war, on the renewal of business, Taylor resumed the practice of his profession at Independence. In 1871, he went to Jasper county and v.as instrumental in organizing the "Joplin Mining and Smelting C ^mpany," of which he was chosen president and treasurer; and in 1872 he organized the "East Joplin City Mining Company," of which he was also chosen president. Soon after followed the establishment of the first bank, known as the "Joplin Savings Bank," and following that the " North Joplin Mining and Smelting Company," Mr. Taylor being the official head of both corporations. In 1875, he was elected a delegate from the sixteenth senatorial district, to the Constitutional convention. In religious belief he is a Presbyterian, having for many years been a church member. He has been associated in various temperance organizations, and in 1858 be- came a member of the I. O. O. F., and has been an active member of that order since, having for a time filled the office of district D. G. M. Mr. Taylor was married with Lulie Smith, at Independence, June 1875. His present residence is Carthage, Missouri. Anderson Wood Terrill, was born in Randolph count j-, Missouri, Dec- ember 20ih, 1850. His early days were spent in the quiet of a country life. After pursuing a thorough preparatory course in which he greatly excelled in scholarship, he entered Mount Pleasant college, of which hia 606 AN ILLUSTRATED brother, J. W. Terrill, was president, graduating before he had attained hia majority. Afterwards, for four years, he was a member of tlie faculty of tliat institution. He finally left Mount Pleasant to accept the presidency of Har- din college at 3Iexico, Missouri, which position he is still filling. In charac- ter and disposition, President Terrill is of the positive kind. Of firm purpose and decided plans, an enterprise when once in hand is no longer an experi- ment. In manners, he is mild and quiet, and possesses that degree of per- sonal magnetism which attaches his pupils strongly to him. He is a Baptist in religious sentiment, and a member of the church of that order, at Mexico. His wife, Rebecca Wayland Terrill, is associated with him as a teacher in the college; a gifted and cultivated lady. John Thornton, an early and distinguished pioneer of north-west Mis- souri, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the 24th day of Decern ber, 1786. His father, William Thornton, emigrated to Kentucky in 1793, where his son was educated, and in 1810, he immigrated to the town of Old Franklin, then the most flourishing place west of St. Louis. In January, 1820, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Stephen Trigg, of that vicinity. A few months after his marriage, Thornton removed to what is now Clay coun- ty, and resided there ou the same farm until his death, on the 2-4th of October, 1847. He represented Clay county in the legislature from 1824 to 1832; also, in 1836, and was speaker of the House during the sessions of 1828 and 1880. In politics, he was a democrat. He was eminently a popular man of his party in the Slate, until the famous proclamation of President Jackson was issued against South Carolina nullification. Believing that it savored more of the peculiar doctrines of Hamilton than Jefferson, he unhesitatingly announced his opposition to what he deemed political heresy. No man knew better than he did, that any opposition by a democrat to the popular administration of the President, was swift and certain political death. Few indeed, of the bold- est advocates of the resolutions of 1798 and 1799, had the virility to criticise what they candidly believed to be essentially latitudinarian in that elegantly written State paper. But Thorulou was emi)hatically an atlirmative man. Of stern uncompromising integrit}-, he never yielded to popular clamor or to the behests of party. He formed his conclusions after patient and thorough re- search, and thought, and adhered to them with tenacity. With him there was no hesitanc}^; whatever he deemed right, he advocated with boldness and energy. He was essentially honest in all his opinions and acts. His senti- ments were high-toned; his bearing, manly. His public spirit was evinced in the uniform interest which he mani- fested in education, religion, and morals; and especially in all improvements having in view the prosperity of the community. Such was his li.;eral con- victions touching the freedom of the press, and the fair discussion of all pub- lic measures, that in two instances he made liberal donations to establish journals advocating opinions opposed to his own. Commencing active life with only such an education as could in that early day be obtained in the common schools of Kentucky, by constant application and unremitting re- search, he was enabled before attaining the riper j'ears of his manhood, to have overcome, to a large degree, this want. His attainments were extended UlS'lOUV OF MlSSJOUUl. 607 and varied, and his knowledge generally accurate and reliable. lie was well read iu parliamentary law and usage; hence, while speaker, lie was prompt, correct, and impartial. This State has had several talented speakers of the lower House, but none with greater fitness for the position. When he addressed the House in debate, he always commanded undivided atten- tion. Though not what is commonly called eloquent, yet his manner was pleasant and forcible, his language vigorous and logical. No one had more influence in debate. He was the perfection of manly form — full six feet, and admirably proportioned. He was cheerful in disposition. His married life was a happy one. He left eight children — seven daughters and one son. The daughters married A. W. Doniphan, O. P Moss, William Morton, James H. Baldwin, John Doniphan, 11. W. Dounell, and L. M. Lanson. Thornton is iileutitied in point of historical progression with a generation of the past, whose names and record are fast being enveloped in the shroud of forgetful ness; but, in deeds and influence, he belongs to the present and the future; and herein should his memory be cherished. John W. Trader, M. D., the present president of the Missouri State Medi- cal Association, was born in Xenia, Ohio, March 6lh, 1837, being the son of Rev. Moses Trader, f(jr many years a prominent minister of the Methodist denomination, both in Ohio and Missouri, whose memory is still dear to many of the older citizens of the State. His father removed to Missouri in 1840, when the subject of this sketch was three years old. Trader studied medicine with Dr. Alexander S. Hughes, of Lindley, Grundy county, Mis- souri, and graduated iu the spring of 1800, at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis. On the breaking out of the war, in 1861, he embraced the cause of the Union, and raised a company of militia, and was elected its captain. Shortly after, part of this compan^^ was mustered into the 1st regiment of cavalry, M. S. M., and the doctor was giveu the position of assistant-surgeon in the same regiment, which was soon in the field, and engaged in frequent skirmishes with the various bands of troops then being raised north of the Missouri river for the confederate service. The principal fight in which this regiment took part so early in the war, w-as at Kirksville, Adair county, where a large number of wounded were attended by the young surgeon, among them the commanding officer, General John McNeil, whose wounds he dressed on the field. Since that rough introduction to the practice of surger}', he has prosecuted its study and practice with great industry, until he lias reached a high and well-deserved position among the surgeons of cen- tral Missouri. The Doctor followed his regiment through the whole three yej^rs of its active service, and was in every battle in which it engaged. During the Price raid, in 18G4, he was appointed brigade surgeon, and, in the long run of skirmishes, beginning at Jefferson city, and terminating at the Battle of Mine Creek, some four weeks of almost daily fighting, the am- bulance corps was so well up, and so admirably handled, and the wounded so well cared for, that the doctor was complimented on tiie field by General • Curtis, for his energy and efliciency. After the battle of Mine Creek, which closed the campaign, he was honorably mentioned in the general report. In April, 18G5, the term of service of the regiment having expired, it, with its 608 AN ILLUSTRATED officers, was mustered out. The Doctor immediately tendered his services to the government, and was appointed acting-assistant surgeon in the United States service, and was stationed at JclTerson barraclis, and on tlie steamer Baltic. At the close of the war he resigned his position, and settled at Lexington, Missouri, and began the practice of his profession. A few months, after, he removed to Scdalia, a rapidly growing town. Shortly after his settlement in Sedalia, he made a trip to Europe, visiting the hospitals, and principal teaohers in Paris and London. On his return, he resumed his practice, which, gradually increasing in extent and value, soon engaged his whole time. His reputation, both as surgeon and physician, is now co-extensive with the State. The State medical association, at its late meeting in St. Louis, elected him its i^resideut for 1876. His de- votion to the science of his love and choice, is such as to cause it often to be said of him, " he is wedded to his profession." He has been twice married. His first wife was Lucy A. W. AVyatt, daughter of Johu Wyatt, who com- manded a company of Kentucky volunteers under Colonel Dcshaj-, in the war of 1813. She died during the civil war, leaving no children. His present wife, whom he married in Danville, Kentuckj'-, on his return from his European trip, was Tillie E., daughter of William Batterton, late of Danville, Kentuck3\ They have four cliildren, three sons and one daughter. Dr. Trader is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Richard C. Vaughan was born in the county of Goochland, Virginia, July 30th, 1813. After receiving a liberal education, he studied law with the late Archibald Boyce of the same county, and was licensed to practice in 1835. In 1839, he removed from Virginia, and located in Howard county, Missouri ; afterwards, in 1843, he removed to Saline county, where, for a few years, he gave attention to agricultural pursuits. In 1857, he removed to Lexington, where he has since resided. He served in the office of clerk of the circuit court, and was, for a time, editor of the " Lexington Express." During these years he enjoyed the acquaintance and friendship of such men as E Jward Bates, Hamilton R. Gamble, Frank P. Blair, Judge Rj^land, Austin A. Khig, and Abiel Leonard, besides many others, equally eminent, who are still living. General Vaughan is a firm believer in the truth of the Cliristian religion, and a member of the Presbyterian church. He has also for many years been a member of the ancient order of Free and Accepted ]\Iasons; his wife was Margaret McNaught, of Richmond, Virginia, a native of Greenock, Scotland, to whom he was united in marriage in 1839. They have eight children — the youngest, eighteen j-ears of age. David Wagner, Chief Justice of Missouri, was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, on the 31st of December, 1820. When about sixteen years of age, he came to Missouri, and found a home in Lewis county, where he has since resided. In 1845 and 1846, he was a student at Masonic college, [Marion county. Shortly afler leaving that institution, he commenced reading law with Judge James Ellison, at Monticello, anil, in the spring of 1849, was. admitted to the bar. From that time until 1862, he was employed chiefly in the practice of his profession, with excellent success, holding, meauwhila, HISTORY OF MISSOUUI. 609 some small offices in bis county. At the general election in 18G3, he was elected State Senator, which position he filled during the sessions of 18G2-3 and 1863-4. In the summer of 18G4, he was elected circuit judge for the fourth judicial circuit, resigning his scat in the senate to accept that office, and served in this capacity until the spring of 1865, when he was appointed to the Supreme Bench, to which office he was reelccied in 1868, receiving tlie largest vote of any candidate on the State ticket. Under the constitutional provision for the classification of the judges, he drew the short term of two years, so that his term expired in 1870, at which time he received the unani- mous nomination of both parties for the same office, and was, of course, elected. Most of the time, he has been Chief Justice, which position he now holds. In addition to his labors in his official capacity, in 18G8, he compiled and edited the statutes of the State, which edition immediately superseded all others, and is now in general use. The judicial labors of Judge Wagner will be found scattered through the twenty-four volumes of Missouri reports, from volume thirty-five to volume sixty. His opinions are held in high estimation, not only by the bar of Missouri, but also by the legal profession throughout the United States. They are constantly quoted as authority by the highest courts of the country. The treatise on the Law of Negligence, by that eminent legal writer, Dr. Wharton, furnishes but a single illustration of the frequency and fulness with which text-writers on legal subjects have cited them in their texts, and abstracted them in their notes. In his leading mental and moral traits, Judge Wagner is* not unlike that groat jurist. Lord Mansfield. First, he possesses, in a high degree, that cast of mind denominated "intellectual conscience." All his mental proc- esses are honest, open, and hence, direct. In addition to this, he possesses a strong habit of attention and a powerful momor3\ These enable him to seize with great rapidity upon all the elements of a subject, and to hold them in one connected image in his mind's eye. His most elaborate judg- ments are thus freely organized in his mind, before he puis pen to paper, and then they are written out at one sitting, with great rapidity, and with seldom an erasure or interlineation. Judge Wagner has been twice married — his present wife, to whom he was in 1871, having been Mrs. Mary Belle Van Werden. He has four children. Erastus Weli.s was born in JetTerson county, New York, December 3d 1823. His father dying when he was a child, and leaving no estate, he was put upon a farm, where he worked during the summer months, and in winter faced the northern blasts to the old log school house, a distance of two miles, to "get his education." In 1839, he was engaged as a clerk at Lockport, New York, for gt^firm in which Ex-Governor Washington Hunt was a partner. When less than twenty years of age, young Wells by hard work and the most rigid economy, had acquired the no inconsiderable sum, for a young man in those times, of one hundred and forty dollars. In the summer of 1843, he turned his face westward. Arriving at St. Louis in September, he at once entered in co-partnership with Calvin Case. On the 2d day of Novem- ber following they started the first omnibus line west of the Mississippi 610 AlSr TLLTTSTRATKD river The entire '' rolliug stock" of this new enterprise consisted of one "bus," built in tlie city at a cost of two hundred dollius, and the total re- ceipts of the first six months averaged about $1.50 per 6ay. Wells him- self was proprietor, driver, fare-taker, and often the only passenger. In 1844, business having increased, another " bus" was put on, and profits began to accumulate. During the succeeding five years, some fifteen omnibuses were in use. In the latter part of 1850, a new firm was organized under the name of Case & Co., and the business greatly enlarged; a line being put on between St, Louis and Belleville, Illinois. In this relation Mr. Wells re- mained until 1859, when, on the organization of the " People's Railway Com- pany," he became its president, whiom the earliest days; and both father and mother were descendants fiom revolutionary stock. Young Wilson entered Centre college, at Danville, Kentucky, at the age of sixteen, and graduated with higli honor in the class of 1853. Immediately on leaving school, he entered the law oflacc of his brother-in-law, E. H. Norton, at that time judge of the 12th judicial circuit, and in due time received his license. Shortly after tliis hejoined a party of his neighbors who were on their way to Texas for health and pleasuie, and on reaching that State, be- came infatuated wi;h the freo, wild lite of the south-west Texan border, and remained lliere until 1858, in tlie active and successful practice of liis i)rofes- sion. Returning to Missouri during that year on a visit, his friends induced him to remain. In 1859,lier( moved to the neighboring State of Kansas, locat- ing at Leavenworth. Here he first entered the political arena, and in 1!;60, was elected to represent his county in the Kansr.s legislature, being the demo- cratic nominee for speaker of the House, but was defeated, his parly being largely in the minority. Duringthe long and important sessions that followed, he contributed largely to its legislation, being a member of nearly every im- portant committee. In 1866, he was a candidate for the nomination for Con- gress from the northwest district, and canvassed a portion of it with the venerable Judge Birch, George C. Bingham, and John Doniphan as competi- tors. He was taken sick however, after having canvassed about half the dis- trict, and his illness being protracted, declined the canvass. From this time until the general election in the fall of 1870, he abstained from any participa- lllSTuUr OF MlttSOLTUl, 013 tion in politics. He theu bcciime a candidate for tlic lower house of tlie Gen- ■eral Assembly, and was elected. On the opening of the session he was elected speaker of that body. In 1872, his name was brought out in conuecticn vv-ith the nomination for Governor; and the same year he was nominated ty the State convention for presidential elector on the Greeley and Brown ticket, from the 8th district, and elected. In 1803, Mr. Wilson was united in mai-riage with Caroline F. Murry, a daughter of one of the early pioneers of the ''Pla'te Purchase," John D. Marry, now deceased. Tlicy liave one child — a boy. lie is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and of the masonic fraternit)\ John R. Woodside, of Thomasville, Oregon county, Missouri, was born in Franklin county, Kentucky, August 3d, 1814, but, soon after, liis parents moved to Callaway county in the same State, where the subjcctof this sketch was raised on a farm, and remained until twenty-two j-ears of age. His par- -ents being very poor, he had no opportunities for obtaining even the rudi- ments of an education. In the spring of 18 j7, he moved to Scott county, Missouri. The two following years he chopped wood on the banks of the Mississippi river, except a few weeks in the summer, where he crossed over to the east side every morning (returning in the evening) to attend a school (aught by a Miss Ware, in a small log school house, with the ground for a floor, and split poles, with four pegs driven into auger holes for legs, for seals. W^ith tliese limited means, together with the constant improvement of all hours of leisure, young Woodside matlesuch progress tliat in December, 1839, he was appointed assessor of Scott, by the county court, and in 1840, took the census ■of the same county. In 1843, he was appointed deputy clerk of the county under Felix G. Allen. In 1843, he was appointed deputy sheriff, and the year following he made the canvass for the olHce of sheriff, but was defeated. About this time, he removed to Ripley (now Oregon) county. Having, in 1889, married a well educated Tennessee lady, he continued his studies, and tinder her faithful tuition and encouragement, he acquired a fair English education. When he left Scott countj', his entire worldly posessions " con- sisted of thirty dollars in money, a forty dollar pony, — which died shortly afterward, — and about forty dollars' worth of household goods, a wife, and two children." Although sixty-five miles from a law office, and no money to buy books w'ith, he commenced the study of law, borrowing his text books; and after working through the day, he pursued his studies far into the night by the light of pitch-pine knots from the capacious fireplace. In 1S4G, he commenced the practice of his profession, and although he has never solicited business fronj any man, lie has followed his calling on this spot, within half a mile of where he read the first page of Blackstone, obtained a good living, educated his family of six children, done much for the benevolent objects and public improvements of his day, and at the same time acquired a handsome fortune. Judge Woodside was admitted to the bar in 1845, and upon the organiza- tion of Oregon county, he was appointed by the late C. II. Allen, clerk of the ■circuit court, which office he held until 1849, and the next year he was ap- pointed by Governor King circuit attorney for the fourteenth circuit, and was elected to the same position in 1852; and soon after the organization of the C\4 A.TVr TLT.TTSTRATED fifteenth judicial circuit he was elected its attorney. In 1860, he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, in which capacity he was a member of the judiciary committee, and exhibited his accustomed fidelity and energy. He continued the practice of his profession until 1872, when, on being elected judge of the thirteenth judicial circuit, he retired from ihe bar. He was re-elected iu 1874, and still honors the position. His wife was Emily H. Old ; married, November 17th, 1839. She was a Virginian b}' birtli, and educated in Tennessee. His family consists of three daughters and two sons, grown to manhood and womanhood. Judge Woodsidc is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church south, and of the masonic fraternity. John Hughes Winston, of Platte countj-, Missouri, was born in Stokes county, Norih Carolina, on the 22d of January, 1815. His maternal grand- fatliei-, Captain John Hughes, served iu the revolutionary army and woo commendation from "the Father of his country." His remote paternal ancestor came from the principality of Wales, and settled in Virginia, where mau}^ of his sons made their homes. John Winston immigrated to Ken- tucky, the "bloody ground," made almost classic by tlie adventures of Daniel Boone. Anthony Winston made his home in Alabama. Other bro- thers extended the family name north and west. One established himself in North Carolina. One of the sisters became the mother of the world-renowned Patrick Henry, and, to her early training and maternal care, he was indebted for the noble sentiments which suffused the colonies with a burn- ing blush for the indignities heaped upon the land by the mother country. Joseph Winston, who settled iu North Carolina, before the revolution, com- manded at the battle of King's Mountain, October 7th, 1780, and, with the other surviving commanders, at a later date, was awarded a memorial sword, in honor of the signal victory. The sword is cherished as an heir-loom. The hero of King's Mountain served the State in numerous capacities, in the State legislature, in various offices, and in Congress; and it was his good fortune to be surrounded by a wide circle of children, who sustain his name with honor. John Hughes Winston is the grandson of that distinguished man. His father took part in the war of 1812, and his uncles were marked meu in their several localities, commanding popular trust and regard. The youth thus happily sired, was surrounded, in the home of his childhood, by all the allurements of natural beauty. The exquisite scenery surrounding his ancestral home, was not, however, permitted to abate his ardor for learning, and, at the early age of eighteen, he was a law student in the office of Gene- ral J. F Poindexter, of Germanton. Circumstances compelled him to relinquish that pursuit, to accompany his sister, who was in ill health, to the south. Moving,— still in pursuit of health,— to Platte Valley, in 1837 she died, shortly after her arrival. Others of the family removed to that locality, attracted by the descriptions of the j'oung enthusiast; and his father died iu the new home in the forests of Missouri. Many cares thus devolved on the stalwart shoulders of the young man ; but he surmounted them all, and pros- pered as a grower, manufacturer and shipper of tobacco. At the outbreak of tlie Mexican war, he was proffered a major's command at Fort Leavenworth; but the precarious health of his young wife, and the solicitude of his wid- liBiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiyia JOHN H. WINSTON. HISTORY OF MlSSOiruI. 615 owed mother, compelled him to forego that honor. He presided over the meeting in Platte Cit}', which, it is claimed, was the first to name General Taylor for President of the repuhlic. He was twice the nominee of the whigs for the State legislature; but that part}' was in the minority. His interest in churches and scuoois has been evidenced by many disinterested deeds in his immediate district. In the year 1861, when the "io.«t cause" was in its youth and vigor, Colonel Wins'on was commissioned by Governor Jackson, and rendered important services to the confederUte armies at the siege of Lexington, the battle of Pea Ridge, at Corinth, and in the battle of Farmiugton. General Price publicl}' commended his behavior. He assisted to throw supplies into Vicksburg, and was with Price when Little Rock was evacuated, having the honor to be often consulted by that veteran com- mander. He was captured, incarcerated, and sentenced to a prolonged term of imprisonment. He was not released from custody until twenty mouths after the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, notwithstanding the petitions and remonstrances of citizens, whose record had always been with the north. Arrested on a charge of treason, at a later date, the court dis- missed the indictment, but, singularl}-, compelled him to pay costs. As soon as Missouri was relieved from the thraldom of test-oaths, Winston was elected to the twenty-seventh General Assembl}-. He was a warm advocate of the movement to inaugurate a new constitution. Mr. Winston is spending the autumn of his days on a farm of four hundred acres, the summer resort of his five surviving children. His wile was Elizabeth Tebbs, daughter of William H. Tebbs, formerly of Prince William county, Virginia, to whom he was married on the 4th of December, 1839. John B. Wornall was born in Clark count}-, Kentucky, October 12th, 1822, his parents moving to Shelby county, in that State, wlien he was a child. They emigrated to Jackson county, Missouri, in 1844. 'Mr. Wornall is honorably conspicuous among those who, many years ago, brouglit the in- telligence, manliness, and integritj- inherited through long lives of honorable ancestors, and laid them in the vigor and confidence of youth, on the altar of civilization, so newly erected on the western border of Missouri. For constancy of patriotism, courage, and fidelity in all trusts, his grandfather had been often crowned by old Kentucky with official dignities and responsi- bilities. His father, Richard Wornall, bequeathed to him a good name, un- stained in any particular, and a place in public esteem, which could only be maintained by that gentleness, uprightness, and real strength of character, always so much applauded by honest, hard-working pioneers. Tlie "Wornall farm," now so well known by the people of Kansas City, and so frequently pointed out to travelers as one of the pleasantest of suburban homes, had al- ready won its name of hospitality, and become a center of social life, when the now teeming hills wore their forest dress, and loaned the evening shadows to a few board warehouses scattered along the river's bank, aspir- ing to no higher name than "a landing." Possessing industry, energy, honesty, and largely endowed w ith common sense, it was only natural that Mr. Wornall should rise to affluence, and be- come a leader among the people. In every great enterprise he has stood (31(3 AN ILLUSTRATED with the foremost. At once bold and cautious, all who know him are in- spired with zeal and confidence in every enterprise in which they have the endorsement of his judi;ment, and the co-operation of his energies. Effort with him has always stood for success — and success means the grandest pos- sible results in given circumstances. He became the patron of public schools — and the numerous, beautiful and commodious buildings that have sprung up, in every quarter, pnwiding abundantly for the cosy accommo- dation of all the children in the city and suburbs, attest the faithfulness of his service to this great interest. But higher education, also, found in him a noble patron. For many years ho has been a trustee of 'William Jewell College," and much of the time president of the Board. He has been a very substantial friend of the institution. Atone time he gave eight thousand dollars to the endowment fund, and has been al\va3'3 ready with such smaller sums, as have seemed to be demanded of him by the interests Involved. Being a very decided Baptist, he has ahv lys bi.'cn much interested in the progress of his denomination, and he has been quite as much appreciated in the various departments of Christian work, as in educational matters. In the minutes of the "General Association of Missouri Baptists," for 1872, his name appears as president of the body — an assembly composed of the repre- sentatives from upwards of one thousand churches, representing more than 80,000 people, with nine hundred ministers. For a number of years Mr. Wornall has been president of the Kansas City National Bank. In 18G9, he was nominated by acclamation for the State senate, from the fourteenth dis- trict. He was elected by a large majority and served throughout his term. Mr. Wornall's name was favorably mentioned by a number of the democratic papers of Missouri, in 1874, as a candidate for governor, but he made no can- vass or effort for the nomination. He was married in 1830 to Matilda A. Polk, daughter of William Polk, of Kentucky. She died in 1851. He again married in 1854 — the second wife was Eliza S. Johnson, daughter of Rev. Thomas Johnson. From this union there were seven children, (mly two of whom survive. Mr. Wornall was married the third time, in September, 1866; his present wife's maiden name was Roma Johnson. They have one son living. Foster Pelletieu Wright was born January 20th, 1807. His father's farm, upon which he was principally raised, adjoined the village of Sugar Gi'ove, Warren county, Pennsylvania, — convenient to the village school, which he attended until he arrived at the age of sixteen, except when assist- ing his father on the farm. He afterwards attended for several terms an academy in western New York. He then entered Miami University, in Ohio, being nineteen years of age. Having completed the course prescribed, he commenced the study of the law in an adjoining county, which he pursued with diligence for nearly three years, when he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ohio, at Hamilton. He settled at Bowling Green, in Pike county, Missouri, in May, 1832, and soon after was licensed to practice in this State. He had made himself familiar with the elementary books, both in law and equity, and especially with the law of evidence. He was frequently called on by attorneys from other counties in the district, to aid tliem in mak- REV. W. POPE YEAMAN, D. D. CUANCEI.LOR WII.UAM JLWBLL COLLEGE. lIlSTe)i:V OF MISSOURI. (',17 ang out briefs, and in conducting cases in tlie Supreme Court. In politics, Mr. Wrlglii was a democrat, and utter tlie 'Salt Kiver Journal" was estab- lished at Bowling Green, lie wrote for the paper under a previous arrange, ment between the democrats of Pike county, and the proprietor of the i):iper. He was known as a terse writer. Pike, then, was among the most populous counties in the State. At the election that took place in August, 183G, lie was elected a representative to the General Assembly, although the county was strongly whig. He became an active meuiber of that body, and was chairman on Internal Improvements. About the close of the session, there became a va- cancy in the judgeship of the seventh judicial circuit, and about the first of February, 18o7, he Mas nominated by Governor Boggs for that position, which nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. In procuring this appointment be took no part whatever. The constitution having been changed so that the term of the office of the circuit judges was reduced to eight years, he was reappointed by Governor King — the constitution was again cliauged and the judges made elective. He took no active part in this election, preferring to return to the practice of his profession. His ability and success are evidenced by the reported decisions of the court, and his accom- panying briefs. In 1858, Judge Ballou having resigned, he was elected to fill the vacancy, thus occasioned, without opposition. He continued to perform the duties of the office, until the latter part of 18(51, when he again returned to the bar. He had filled the office of judge of the scA'cnth judicial circuit for sixteen years; and few of his decisions were reversed, notwithstanding the country was mostly new, and books of reference extremely scarce. Clinton, the county seat of Henry county, becoming about the center of his circuit of practice, he permanently located there. Judge McGaughey of the 22d judi- cial circuit, in which Henry county is situated, having resigned, Judge Wright was elected to fill the vacancy, in Februarj-, 1863. Having given general sat- isfaction, he was re-elected at the November election, in 1875, without any op- position — receiving the entire vote of all parlies. The business of this circuit being larger than any other in the State, the legislature in 1874 passed a com- plementary act authorizing the count}-^ courts in his circuit to pay him two hundred and fifty dollars each, out of the county treasury. He however, has never applied to the courts for any of this extra pay. Judge Wright's resi- dence is in the city of Clinton, not far from the public square, in the center of the city. His dwelling is a commodious two-story brick building, with suitable out-houses and a well arranged garden. William Pope Yeaman, I). D., was born on May 28th, 1832, in the county of Hardin, in the State of Kentucky. His father, Steplien M. Yeaman, was born in Pennsylvania; and while he was yet at an early age, his father, Samuel Yeaman, migrated to Ohio, and purchased a farm, the site of which is now embraced in the western portion of the city of Cincinnati. This farm was exchanged for one in Warren county, Ohio. As Stephen M. Yeaman ap- proached the years of mature manhood, he took his fortunes into his own hands and sought a home in Kentucky. Here he studied law — having re- ceived u liberal education, embracing unusually high attainments in English literature, Latin, and mathematics. He was admitted to the bar, and soon won, 618 AN ILLflSTIiATPm by his fine persoual appearance, liis clear and logical mind and rare powers of speech, decided eminence in his profession. At the age of twent^'-seven years he married Miss Lucretia Il.lin, daughter of George Helm, of Hardin county, IvL'utucky. Mr. Helm, (who married Rebecca Larne, a lady of rare beauty and intellect) was an eminent citizen, having been often chosen to re- present his fellow-citizens in the legislative and ministerial departments of government. George Helm was the father of the late Governor Helm, of Kentucky, and of the Rev. Dr. S. L. Helm, who still lives. By the marriage of Stephen M. Yeamaa and Lucretia Helm, there were born eight sons and one daughter. The subject of this notice is the third child, and third son. Six of these sons reached j'ears of manhood, and each prepared himself for the profession of law. This preparation required great self reliance and self- help, as, before his first children were grown, the father of the family met with heavy financial reverses, which so dispirited him that he abandoned tlie practice of his profession, and sought the recuperation of his fortunes by other means; but large success did not attend his efforts, and at the age of fifty-six years he died in humble circumstances, but honored by all who knew him. Mrs. Yeaman survives her husband, and is distinguished for her intelligence and sound judgment. The subject of this notice was called to the bar from the ofl3ce of his uncle, Governor Helm, at the age of nineteen, and at about this age was married to Miss Eliza Shackelford, of Hardin county, Kentucky, who lives and proves herself a helpmeet indeed. Her devotion to her husband's inter- ests, and her true motherly care of a large family, afford her the motives and comforts of a useful life. For one so young, jNIr. Yeaman attained to singu- lar prominence as a lawyer, and was full of practice for several years. In 1859, having then been at the bar for about eight years, after a severe struggle between (Juty and inclination, he, like his brother John, yielded to the convictions of duty, and was ordained to the gospel ministr3^ His first pastorate was with the Baptist church at Nicholasville, Kentucky. He was soon called to succeed the venerable R. T. Dillard, D.D., in the pastorate of East Hickman church, distant about eight miles from Nicholasville. This call he accepted for half of his time, preaching on alternate Sabbaths in each church. Tlie churches were situated in the heart of the famous Blue Grass region of Kentucky, and it has been said that he had no more delightful field of labor in his pastoral career. In the spring of 1861, he was elected secretary of the General Association of Kentucky Baptists, and he was re-elected each succeeding term as long as he remained in the State. In the spring of 1862, he was called to the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church of Covington, Kentucky, but he was so well pleased with his Blue Grass home that he declined this call. However, the same church called him again iu the summer of the same year. The call was this time pressed with so much earnestness that he, taking the advice of his friends, Drs. D. R. Campbell, S. L. Helm, and William Pratt, accepted it. In August, 1863, he moved to Covington. The war was distracting society, business, and the churches, and the pastor soon discovered that his chief work was to harmon- ize conflicting elements. This was done with a most gratifying success — ■ HISTORY OK MISSOURI. 619 "Blessed are tlic pcace-mjikcrs." Mr. Yeaman's pastorate, at Covington, continued with uninterrupted success until December, 18G7, when he accepted a call to tlie Bloomingdale Baptist church, on Forty-second street, in tlie city of New York. During this pastorate the church was greatly built up, and the magnificent house of worship having been finished in beautiful style, the church, at the suggestion of the pastor, changed its name to the Central Bap- tist church. In March, 1870, at the call of the Third Baptist church of St. Louis, he moved to St. Louis, and on the first Sabbath in April, 1870, entered upon his duties as its pastor. His ministry with the church has been blessed by the accession of two hundred and forty-four members. In coming to Missouri, where there is a Baptist population of over eighty thousand, Mr. Yeaman at once placed himself in sympathy with this vast brotherliood ; and, without reflection on any one, he has exercised an influence in the de- nomination of the State second to that of no other man. In the summer after his removal to St. Louis, he was elected moderator of the St. Louis As- sociation of Baptists, and has been re-elected each session since for six suc- cessive sessions. In 1870, the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity was con- ferred upon him by the facult}^ and trustees of William Jewell College. He has never relaxed his efi'orts to promote the great denominational enterprises in the State, and especially the endowment of the Baptist College. In June, 1875, he was elected Chancellor of William Jewell College, which position, in connection with the pastorate, and the editorial management of the " Cen- tral Baptist," he still holds. Although comparatively a young man, Dr. Yeaman is a grandfather. Dr. Yeaman is a man of work. He has not much of the air of a clergyman. He, though a close and analytical thinker, is an extemporaneous speaker, and by his personal address, his clear reasoning and fervent eloquence, never fails to win and keep the attention of his audience. He is said by those that hear him critically, that the impress of his first profession is manifest in his style as a speaker. His genial man- ner and earnestness have made him many friends, while his conduct and in- dependence have sometimes given oft'ense to others. APPE]S"DIX. TERRITORIAL AND STATE OFFICES, JUDGES SUPREME COURT, UNITE1> STATES SENATORS. AND REPRESENTATIVES TO CONGRESS. TERRITORFAL GOVERNORS. Territouy of Lodisiana. — James Wilkinson, Governor from March 3il, 1805, to 1806. Joseph Brown, Secre- tary and acting Governor from latter part of 1800, to May 1, 1807. Frederick Bates, Secretary and acting Governor from May, 1807, to October. Meri- wether Lewis, Governor from 1807 to September, 1809. Frederick Bates, Sec- retary and acting Governor, from 1809, to September, 1810. Benjamin How- ard, Governor from 1810, to November, 1813. Frederick Bates, Secretary and acting Governor from November 19th, 1813, to December 7lh. Tekritory op Missouri. — Freder- ick Bates, Secretary and acting Gover- nor. from December 7lli, 1813, to July, 1813. William Clark, Governor from 1813 to 1830, when the State Govern- ment was organized. STATE GOVERNORS. Alex.\nder. M'Nair, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected August, 1830, for four years. Died May, 182G. Frederick Bates, St. Louis county. Elected August, 1824, for four years. Died August 1st, 1825. Abraham J. Williams, President of the Senate and ex-officio Governor, acted as Governor until election to fill vacancy, in Sep- tember, 1825. John Miller, Howard county. Elec- ted Governor, September, 1835, to fill vacancy occasioned by death of Fred- erick Bates. Re-elected August, 1838, for four years. Daniel Dunklin, Washington coun- ty. Elected August, 1832, for four years. Resigned September, 1830. L. W. Boggs, Lieutenant-Governor, filled vacancy by virtue of his ofiice, until general election, August, 183G. Died August 25th, 1844. Aged fifty-four years. LilburnW. Boggs, Jackson county. Elected August, 183G, for four years. Thomas Reynolds, Howard county. Elected August, 1840, for four years. Committed suicide, Friday, February 9th, 1844. M. M. Marmaduke, Lieu- tenant-Governor, acted as Governor un- til regular election, in 1844. John C. Edwards, Cole county. Elected August, 1844, for four years. Austin A. King, Ray county. Elec- ted August, 1848, for four years. Sterling Price, Chariton county. Elected August, 1852, for four years. Trustf-n Polk, St. Louis county. Elected August, 185G, for four years. Resigned, and elected to U. S. S"enate, February 27th, 1857. Hancock Jack- son, Lieutenant-Governor, filled the vacancy until election, August, 1857. Robert M. Stew.\rt, Buchanan county. Elected August, 1857, for three 622 APPENDIX. years, to fill vacancy occasioned by resignation of Polk. Claiborne F. Jackson, Saline coun- ty. Elected August, 1860, for four years. Office vacated by ordinance 1861. Died at Little Rock, Arkansas, December Gtli, 1862. Hamilton R. Gamble, made act- ing and provisional Governor in 1861, served till his death, January 31st, 1864. Willard P. Hall, Lieutenant- Governor, acted as Governor the bal- ance of the term. Thomas C. Fletcher, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1864, for four years. Joseph W. McClurg, Camden coun- ty. Elected November, 1868, for two years. B. Gratz Brown, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1870, for two years. Silas Woodson, Buchanan county. Elected November, 1872, for two years. Ch.vrles H. Hardin, Audrain coun- ty. Elected November 1874, for two years. John S. Phelps, Greene county. Elected November 7lh, 1876, for two years. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. William H. Ashley, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected September, 1820, for four 3'ears. Died March 26th, 1838, near Booneville, Missouri. Benjamin A. Reeves, Howard county. Elected November, 1824, for four years. Daniel Dunklin, Washington coun- ty. Elected November 1828, for four years. ^ LiLBUKN W. BoGGS, Jacksou coun- tJ^ Elected November, 1832, for four years. Franklin Cannon, Cape Girardeau county. Elected November, 1836, for four years. M. M. Marmaduke, Saline county, Elected November, 1840, for four years. James Young, Lafayette county. Elected November, 1844, for four years. Thomas L. Price, Cole county. Elec- ted December, 1848, for four years. Died in Lexington, Missouri, Jul}^ 15th, 1870. Wilson Brown, Cape Girardeau county. Elected December 1852, for four years. Died August, 27th, 1855. Hancock Jackson, Randolph coun- ty. Elected Dec. 1856, for four years. Thomas C. Reynolds, St. Louis county. Elected December 1860, for four years. Office declared vacant by State convention, 30th July 1861, and Willard P. Hall, of Buchanan countj', elected to fill the unexpired term. George Smith, Caldwell county. Elected 1864, for four years. Edwin O. Stanard, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected 1868, for two years. Joseph J. Gravely, Cedar county. Elected 1870, for two years. Ch.\.rles p. Johnson, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected 1872, for two years. Norman J. Colman, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected 1874, for two years. Henry C. Brockmeyer, St. Louis county. Elected November 7th, 1376, for two years. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Joshua Barton, Si. Louis county. Appointed September, 1820. Resigned September, 1821. William G. Pettis, St. Charles county. Appointed September 1821. Resigned November 17th, 1824. Hamilton R. Gamble, county. Appointed November, 1824. Resigned July, 1826. Spencer Pettis, St. Louis county. Appointed July 1826. Resigned Dec- ember, 1828. APPENDIX. 623 P. H. McBride, Boone county. Ap- pointed January, 1829. Resigned Sep- tember, 1830. John; C. Edw.vkus, Cole count3^ Appointed September, 1830. Term ex- pired March, 1835. Re-appointed Jan- ijary, 1837. Resigned May, 1837. Peter G. Gr,ovEU, Callaway county. Appointed May, 1837. Term expired February, 1839. James L. Minou, Marion county. Appointed February, 1839. Continued until April, 1845, six years. F. H. M.\RTiN, Jefferson county. Ap- pointed April, 1845, for four years. Ephkaim B. Ewing, Ray county. Appointed April, 18-i9, for four years. John M. Richakuson, Greene county. Elected August, 1852, lor four years. Benjamin F. Massey, Jasper coun- ty. Elected August, 185G, for four years. Re-elected August, 1860, for four years. MoRDECAi Oliver, Greene county. E rcted by Convention, July BOtb, 1861, in place of B. F. Massey, removed. Francis Rodman, Buchanan county. Ek;ctcd November 8th, 1864, for four years. Re-elected November 3d, 1868, for two years. Eugene F. Weigel, St. Louis county. Elected November 8th, 1870, for two years. Re-elected November 5th, 1872, for two years. -Michael K. McGratu, St. Louis county. Elected November 3J, 1874, for two years. Re-elected November 7th, 1876, for two years. STATE TREASURERS. Peter Didier, St. Louis county. Appointed September, 1820, for two years. Resigned in 1821. Nathaniel Simonds, St. Louis coun- ty. Appointed 1821. Term expired in December, 1828. James Earickson, Howard county. Appointed January, 1829. Continued until December, 1833. John Walker, Cole county. Ap- pointed January, 1833. Continued in office until his death. May 26th, 1838. Abraham McClellan, Jackson county. Appointed June, 1838. Con- tinued until January, 1843 — five years. Peter G. Glover, Cole county. Ap- pointed January. 1843, and continued until his death, October, 1851, — nine years. A. W. Morrison, Howard county. Appointed November, 1851, to fill Glo- ver's vacancy. Elected by people, Aug- ust, 1852, for four years. Re-elected, August, 1856, for four years. Re-elec- ted second time, October, 1860, for four years. George C. Bingham, Jackson coun- ty. Appointed by Governor, January 3d, 1862, in place of A. W. Morrison, who failed to qualify. William Bishop, Cass county. Elec- ted November 8th, 1864, for four years. William Q Dallmeyer, Cole coun- ty. Elected November 3d, 1868, for two j'ears. Samuel Hayes, county. Elec- ted November 8th, 1872, for two years. Harvey W. Salmon, Henry county. Elected November 5lh, 1872, for two years. Joseph W. Merger, Jackson coun- ty. Elected November 3d, 1874. for two years. Elijah Gates, Buchanan county. Elected November, 7lh, 1876, for two years. ATTORNEYS GENERAL. Edward Bates, St. Louis county. Appointed by Governor and Senate, September, 1820. Resigned in 1821. RuFus Easton, St. Louis county. 624 APPENDIX. Appointed, December, 1821. Died Jauuary 21st, 182G. Robert W. Wells, Cole county. Api)ointed January 21st, 1826, and con- tinued to Septeuaber, 1836, a period of ten years. William B. Napton, Howard county. Appointed September, 1836. Resigned February, 1839. S. M. Bay, Cole county. Appointed February, 1839. Continued to March, 1845, six years. B. F. Strikgpellow, Chariton county. Appointcal March, 1845. Re- signed January, 1849. William A. Robarts, Boone county. Appointed January, 1849. Died Sep- tember, 1851. James B. Gardenhiue, Buchanan county. Appointed September, 1851. Elected by people, August, 1852, for four years. Total term of service, five years. Ephkaim B. Ewing, Hay county. Elected by people, August, 1856, for four years. Resigned September 1st, 1850, having been elected Supreme Judge. James P. K.vott, Scotland county. Appointed by Governor, September 2d, 1859, in place of Ewing, resigned. Elected August, 1860, for four years. AiKMAN Welsh, Johnson county. Appointed December 21st,1861, in place of J. P. Knott, who failed to qualify. Died July 29lh, 1864. Thomas T. Crittenden, Lafayette county. Appointed September 3d, 1864, in place of Welsh, deceased. Robert F. Wingate, St. Louis couuiy. Elected November 8th, 1864, for four years. Horace P. Johnson, Cole county. Elected November 3d, 1868, for two years. A. J. Baker, county. Elected November, 1870, for two years. Henry Clay Ewing, Cole county. Elected November 5lh, 1872, for two years. John A. Hockaday, Callaway county. Elected November 3d, 1874, for two years. Jackson L. Smith, Cole county. Elected November 7th, 1876, for two years. AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. William Christie, St. Louis county. Appointed September, 1820, for four years. Resigned December, 1821. William V. Rector, St. Louis countj-. Appointed December, 1821, for four 3'ears. Resigned Nov. 1823. Elias Barcroft, St. Louis county. Appointed November, 1823. Continued in olfice until February, 1833 — ten years. Henry Shurlds, Washington county. Appointed February, 1833, for four years. Resigned March, 1835. Peter G. Glover, Callaway county. Appointed March, 1835. Resigned May, 1837. Hiram H. Baber, Cole county. Ap- pointed May, 1817. Continued in of- fice until February, 1845, eiglit years. William Monroe, Morgan county. Appointed February, 1845. J. R. McDearmon, St. Charles county. Appointed December, 1845, continued in oflice until his death, Maich 20th, 1848. George W. Miller, Cole county. Appointed April, 1848, to fill v.acancy of McDearmon. Wilson Brown, Cape Ghardean county. Appointed January, 1849, for four years. William H. Bufpington, Cole county. Elected by the people, Aug- ust, 1852, for four years. Reelected August, 1856, for four years. APPENDIX. 625 WiLXJAM S. MosELEY. New Madrid county. Elected August, 1860, for four years. Alonzo Thompson, Nodaway Co. Elected Nov.Slh, 1864, for four years. Daniel, M. Draper, Montgomery county. Elected November 3d, 1868, for two years. Re-elected November 8th, 1870, for two years. Georqe B. Clark, "Washington county. Elected November 5th, 1873, for two years. Thomas HoLLADAY,Madison county. Elected November 3d, 1874, for two 3'ears. Thomas Holladay, Madison county. Elected November 7th, 1876, for two years. JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT. Mathias McKirk, Montgomery county. Appointed in 1823, to hold his office until sixty-five years of age. Resigned. 1841. ' John D Cooke, Cape Girardeau county. Appointed 1833, until sixty- five years of age. Resigned 1833. John R. Jones, Pike county. Ap- pointed 1823, until sixty-five years old. Died April, 1824. RuFUS Pettibone, Pike County. Appointed 1823 iu the place of Cooke, resigned. Died August 1st, 1825. George Tompkins, Cole county. Appointed April, 1824, in the place of Jones. Re-appointed in February, 1825, until sixly-five years of age. Term ex- pired March, 1845. Robert Wash, St. Louis county. Appointed September, 1825, in the place of Pettibone, deceiised. Re- appointed in 182 -, until sixty-five years old. Resigned May, 1837. John C. Edwards, Cole county. Appointed May, 1837, till meeting of General Assembly. WiMJAM U Napton, Saline county. Appointed February, 1839, until sixty, five years of age — iu the place of Wash, resigned. William Scott, Cole county. Ap- pointed August, 1841, until meeting of General Assembly — iu the place of McKirk, resigned. Reappointed Janu- ary, 1843, until sixty-five years of age. P. H. McBuiDE, Monroe county. Appointed March, 1845, until sixty-five years old, in the place of Tompkins, term expired. William B. Napton, Saline county. Appointed by Governor and Senate for twelve 3'ears, from March 1st, 1849. Re- moved by constitutional amendment in 1853. John F. Ryland, Lafayette county. Appointed for twelve years, from March 1st, 1849. Removed by consti- tutional amendment in 1851. J. H. Birch, Clinton county. Ap- pointed for twelve years, from March 1st, 1649. Removed by constitutional amendment in 1851. WiLLiA-M Scott, John F. Ryland, and Hamilton R. Gamble, elected by people, August, 1851, for six years each ; Gamble resigned, 1854. Ariel Leonard, Howard county. Elected January, 1855, to fill vacancy of Gamble, resigned. William B. Napton, (vacated by failure to file oath,) William Scott, and John C. Richardson, (resigned,) elected Aug. 1857, for six years each. E. B. EwtNO, Ray county. Elected August 1st, 1859, to fill Richardson's resignation. Barton Bates, St. Charles county. Appointed by Governor, January 1862. W. V. N. Bay, St. Louis county. Ap- l)ointe(l by Governor, January 20, 1862. John D. S. Dryden, Marion county. Appointed by Governor, January 31st, 1862. 626 APPENDIX. Barton Bates, St. Charles county. Elected November 3d, 1863. Resigned February 1st, 1865. W. V. N. Bay, St. Louis county. Elected November 3d, 1863. John. D. S. Dryden, Marion county. Elected November 3d, 1863. David Wagner, appointed by gov- ernor, April 10th, 1865, under provision of constitutional ordinance. Wallace L. Lovelace, appointed by Governor, May 1st, 1865, under pro- visions of constitutional ordinance. Nathanial Holmes, appointed by Governor, June, 1865, under provision of constitutional ordinance. Thomas J. C. Fagg, appointed by Governor, October, 1st, 1866, in the place of Lovelace, deceased. James Baker, appointed by Gov- ernor, August 22d, 1868. David Wagner, elected November 3d, 1868, for two years. Re-elected November 8th, 1870, for full term. Philemon Bliss, elected November 3d, 1868, for two years. Warren Currier, i elected Novem- ber 3d, 1868, for six years. Washington Adams, appointed by Governor, December 27th 1871, in the place of Currier, resigned. Henry M. Vories, i elected Novem- 5th, 1872, for six years. Washington Adams, elected No- vember 5th, 1872, for two years. Epuraim B. Ewing, elected Novem- ber 5th, 1872, for eight years. Thomas A. SuerwoodI elected November 5tli, 1872, for ten years. W. B. Napton, appointed June 24th, 1873, in place of Ewing, de- ceased. Edward A. Lewis, appointed Sep- tember 25th, 1874, in the place of Adams, resigned. Warwick Hough i elected Novem- ber 3d, 1874, for ten years. William B. Napton i elected No- vember 3d, 1874, for short term. John E. Henry, Macon county. Elected November 7th, 1876. 1 Constitute Ihc present Supreme Court. UNITED STATES SENATORS. Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected November, 1820, and re- elected every six years (hereafter for a period of thirty years. David Barton, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1820, for four years, and re-electetl November, 1824, for six j-ears. Alexander Buckner, Cape Girar- deau county. Elected November, 1830, for six years. Died in 1833. Louis F. Linn, Ste.Genevieve county. Appointed by the Governor in 1833, to fill vacancy of Buckner. Elected No- vember, 1836, for six years ; re-elected November, 1842, for six years. Died October 3d, 1843. David 11. Atchison, Platte county. Appointed October, 1843, by Governor^ to fill vacancy of L. F. Linn, deceased. Elected November, 1844, for four years, and re-elected January, 1849, for six years. Henry S. Geyer, St. Louis count}^ Elected February 22d, 1851, for six years. James S. Green, Lewis county Elected January 12th, 1857 for four years, to till vacancy occasioned by failure of Legislature to elect, in 1855. Term expired 1861. Trusteu Polk, St. Louis county. Elected January 13th, 1857, for six years. Term expired 1863. Waldo P.Johnson, St. Clair county. Elected January, 1861. Expelled the same year. Robert Wilson, Andrew county. Appointed in 1861 by Governor Gam- ble, in place of Green expelled. APPENDIX. 627 B. Gkatz Brown, St. Louis county. Elected January, 1863, for unexpired term of Johnson. John B. Henderson, Pilce county. Elected January, 186;} for six years. Charles D. Drake, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected January' 1867, for six years ; resigned 1870 to accept Judgeship of the court of claim, Washington, D. C. Carl ScnuRZ, St. Louis county. Elected January, 1869, for six years. Daniel F. Jewett, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected 1870, in the place of Drake, resigned. Francis P. Blair, Jr., St. Louis county. Elected January 1871, for si.\ years. Lewis V. Bogy, St. Louis county. Elected January 1873, for six years. Francis M. Cockrell, Johnson county. Elected January, 1875, for six years. REPRESENTATIVES TO CONGRESS. John Scott, Sainte Genevieve county. Elected August, 1820, and continued until 1826, six years. Died at Sainte Genevieve, 1861. Edward Bates, St. Louis county Elected August, 1826, for two years. Spencer Pettis, St. Louis county. Elected August, 1828, for two years. Re-elected 1830. Killed in a duel with Biddle, August, 1831. Term of service, three years. William H.Ashley, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected August, 1831, to fill va- caucj' of Pettis, deceased. Continued • until 1836— five years. John Bull, Howard county. Elect- ed August, 1832, for two years. Albert G. Harrison, Callaway county. Elected August, 1834, and continued until his death, September, 1839, — five years. John Miller, Cole county. Elected August, 1836, and continued until 1842 — six years. John Jameson, Callaway county. Elected October, 183!), and continued until 1844 — five years. Re-elected Aug- ust, 1846, for two years. John C Edwards, Cole conaty. Elected August, 1840, for two years. James M. ^ugiies. Clay county. Elected August, 1842, for two years. James H. Relke, Washington coun- ty. Elected August, 1842, and contin- ued until 1846 — four years. James B. Boavlin, St. Louis county. Elected August, 1842, and continued until 1850 — eight years. Gcstavus M. Bower, Monroe coun- ty. Elected August, 1842, for two years. Sterling Price, Chariton county. Elected August, 1844, for two years. Resigned 1846. William McDaniel, Marion county. Elected 1846, to fill vacancy of Sterling Price, resigned. Leonard H. Sims, Greene county. Elected August, 1844, for two years. John S. Phelps, Greene county. Elected August, 1844, and continued until 1858. Re-elected August 1858, for two 3'ears, making sixteen years. James' S. Green, Lewis county. Elected August, 1846, and continued until 1850. Re-elected August, 1856, for two years, but resigned, and was elected to the United States Senate, Jan- uary, 1857. Died at St. Louis, January 19th, 1870. WiLLARD P. Hall, Buchanan coun- ty. Elected August 1846, and continued until 1853. WfLLiAM V. N. Bay, Franklin coun- ty. Elected August, 1848, and con- tinued until 1861. John F. Darby, St. Louis county. Elected August, 1850, and continued until 1853. 628 APPENDIX. Gilchrist Porter, Pike couaty. Elected August, 1850, and continued until 1857. Jo FIN G. Miller, Cooper county. Elected August, 1850. Re-elected in 1852, and died May 11th, 1856. Alfred W. Lamb, Marion county. Elected August, 1852, for two years. Thomas H. Benton, S^. Louis coun- ty. Elected August, 1852, for two years. MoRDECAi Oliver, Ray county. Elected August, 1852, and continued until 1857. James J. Lindley, Lewis county. Elected August, 1852. Continued four years. Samuel Caruthers, Madison coun- ty. Elected August, 1852. Served six years. Thomas P. Akers, Lafayette county. Elected August, 1855, to fill term unex- pired of J. G. Miller, deceased. Fr.\ncis p. Blair, Jr., St. Louis county. Elected August, 1856. Re- elected August, 1860, but, during the first session resigned to enter the Union army. Thomas L. Anderson, Monroe coun- ty. Elected August, 1856. Continued to 1860. James Craig, Buchanan county- Elected August, 1856. Continued to I860. Samuel H. Woodson, Jackson coun- ty. Elected August, 1856, and con- tinued to 1860. John B. Clark, Sen'r., Howard county. Elected August, 1857, in place of Green, made U. S. Senator. Re- elected 1858 and 1860. Expelled July, 1861. J. Richard Barrett, St. Louis coun- ty. Elected August, 1858. Seat con- tested, and declared not elected. Elected August, 1860, in place of Blair, resigned. John W. Noell, St. Francois county. Elected August, 1858, and continued to March 14th, 1863, when he died. James S. Rollins, Boone county. Elected August, 1860, and continued to 1864. Elijah H. Norton, Platte county. Elected August, 1860, and continued to 1863. John W. Reid, Jackson county. Elected August, 1860, and expelled in 1861. y WiLLiASjT A. Hall, Randolph county. Elected August, 1863, in place of Clark expelled, and continued to 1864. Thomas L. Price, Cole county. Elected August, 1862, in place of Reid expelled. Henry T. Blow, St. Louis county. Elected August, 1862, and continued to 1866. Sempronius T. Boyd, Greene coun- ty. Elected August, 1862, and again August, 1868, for two years. Joseph W. McClurg, Osage county. Elected August, 1862, and continued until 1866, when he resigned to accept the office of Governor of Missouri. Austin A. King, Ray county. Elected August, 1862, for two years. Benj.\min F. Loan, Buchanan coun- ty. Elected August, 1862, and con- tinued to 1869. John G. Scott, Jefferson county. Elected August, 1863, in place of Noel, deceased. John Hogan, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1864, for two years. Thomas E. Noell, St. Francois county. Elected November, 1864. Re- elected in 1866. Died, Oct. 3d, 1867. John R. Kelsoe, county. Elected November, 1864, for two years. Robert T. VanHorn, Jackson coun- ty. Elected November, 1864, and con- tinued to 1871. APPENDIX. 629 John F. Benjamin, Shelby county. Elected November, 18G4, and continued until 1871. GeohgeW. Anderson, Pike county. Elected in November, 1864, and con- tinued until 18G!). William A. Pile, St. Louis county. Elected in November, 1866, for two years. C. A. Newcomb, county. Elected November, 1866, for two 3'ears. Joseph E. Gkavely, county. Elected November, 1866, for two jears. James R. McCoumick, Iron county. Elected November, 1866, in place of T. E. Noell, deceased, and continued until 1873. John H. Stover, Morgan county. Elected November, 1867, in place ot McCIurg, resigned. Erastus Wells, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1868, 1870—72—74. G. A. FiNKELNBURG,St. Louis couuty . Elected November, 1868, and continued until 1871. Samuel S. Burdett, St. Clair coun- ty. Elected November, 1868, and con tinned until 1871. Joel F. Asper, Livingstqn county. Elected November, 1868, for two years. David P. Dyer, Pike county. Elected November, 1868, for two years. Harrison E. Havens, Greene coun- ty. Elected November, 1870. and con- tinued until 1875. Abram Comingo, Jackson county. Elected November, 1870, and continued until 1875. Isaac C. Parker, Buchanan county. Elected November, 1870, and continued until 1875. James G. Blair, Lewis county. Elected November, 1870. for two years. Andrew King, St. Charles county. Elected November, 1870, for two years. Edwin O. STANARD,St. Louis county. Elected 1872, for two year.-. William H. Stone, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1873 and 1874, and is now, (1876.) in office. KoHERT A. Hatcher, New Madrid county. Elected November, 1872. Richard P. Bland, Laclede county. Elected November, 1872 and 1874. Thomas Crittenden, Johnson coun- ty. Elected November, 1872, for two years. Ira B. Hyde, Mercer county. Elected November, 1872, for two years. John B. Clark, Jr, Howard county. Elected November, 1872 and 1874, and now (1876), holding office. John 31. Clover, Lewis county. Elected in November 1872 and 1874, and now holds the office. Aylett II. Buckner, Andrain coun- ty. Elected November, 1862,ll874, and now liolds the office. Edward C. Kehr, St. Louis county. Elected November, 1874, and now holds the office. Charles H. Morgan, Barton county. Elected November, 1874, and now holds the office. John F. Philips, of Pettis county. Elected November, 1874, and now holds the office. B. J. Franklin, Jackson county. Elected November, 1874, and now holds the office. David Rea, Andrew count}-. Elected November, 1874, and now holds office. Rezin a. DeBoet, Grundy county. Elected November, 1874, and now holds office. Anthoney Ittner, 1st District. Elected November 7th, 1876. Nathan Cole, 2d District. Elected November 7th, 1876. INDEX INDEX. Abbott, S-vmuel 42 Acock, llobeit E. 126, 138. Adair County 313, 314 Adams, Waslunpton 463, 527. Agriculture of Missouri, 235 — 241. Alc.\>iu(lria Collefre, 282. Allen, Beverly 115. Allen, Cl.arlesII. 124, 127. Allen, De Witt C. 312,463. Alien, Tliomas 141. Almond, William B. 124, 127. Alverson, Iverson B 464, 465. American Fur Company, 42. Andrew County, 314—316 Armitasje, Captain 41. Astor, John Jacob 42. Ashlev, Daniel 465, 466. AshleV, William H. 72, 84, 86, 101, 103, 108—112. Atchison County, 316, 317. Atchison, David K. 122, 127, 466. Atkinson, General Henry 91. Audrain County, 317, 318. Austin, Moses 40. Austin, Stephen F. 110. B Bank of St. Louis, 39. Baptist Church, 246—253. Barry County, 318. Baptist College, 282. Barton County, 318, 319. Barton, David 77,88, 114. Barton, Joshua 39. 85. Bas.sett, Charles C. 457, 466. Bates County, 320,321. Bates, Edward 39, 93, 95, 467, 468. Bates, Frederick 50, 51, 54, 86. 88, 89. Bay of Biioxi. 6. Bay, William V. N. 184. BeHerive, Louis St. Ange 16, 22, 23. Bellefoutaine, Fort 51. Benton County, 321, 322. ^Benton, Thomas H. 77, 92, 100, 104, X 117,127, 138, 141, 145, 146,202,468. Bevett, E. D. 138. Biddle, Mnjor 100. Bienville, De 6. Biographical Sketches, 463 — 569. Bingham, George C. 469 — 471. Birch, James H. 96, 471,472. Blair, Francis P. 141, 159, 179, 210, 216, 472. Black Hawk War, 101, 102. Blow, Henry, 475. Boerstein, Henry 160—102. Boggs, Lilburn W. 40, 103, 105, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117, 119. Bogy, Lewis V. 216, 475. Boh art, James M. 476, 477. Boisbriant, M. 11. Bollinger County, 322, 323. Boone County, 323—325. Boone, Daniel M. 73, 78. Boone, Banton G. 222, 478. Boone Jesse D. 73. Boone, Henry L. 120. Booneville, Battle of 161. Bottom, Montgomery 477, 478. Bowl in, James B. 108, 124, 134. Brady, Thomas 40. Broadhead, James C 478, 479. Brown, B. Gratz 141,179, 186, 207,209, 482. Brown, Charles H. 481, 482. Brown, Joseph 51, 96. Brown, Wilson 138, 142, 143. Brockmeyer, Henry C. 480, 481. Brittan, James H. 479, 480. Buckner, Alexander 95, 98, 107, 122. Buckner, Aylett U. 483, 484. Buchanan County, 326, 337. Bullet, George 54, 01. Bull, John 95, 103. Burr, Aaron 51. Burgess, Gavou D. 484. Burgmont, M. 11. Burton, Francis 12. Burlingham, Rev. A. H. 485. Butler County, 327. 328. Byrd, Abraham 110. Cabell, E. C. 172. Cahokia, 13, 29. 634 INDEX. Caldwell County, 328—331. Callaway Countv, 831—333. Camden County, 333—334. Camp Jackson, 156. Cannon, Franklin 109, 111, 112, 110. Cape Girardeau, City and County, 46, 47, 334, 336. Cartabona, Silvina Francisco, 25, 27. Carr, William C. 36,67, 91. Carroll County, 336—338. Caruthers, Samuel 138. Carter Countv, 338. Case, Theodore S. 485, 486. Cass County, 338—340. Cedar County, 340, 341. Central Colleo;e, 282—284. Central Wesleyan College, 284. Chariton County, 341, 342. Childs, J. C. 146. Cliickasaw Bluffs, 46. Cholera in St. Louis, 103, 107. Chouteau, Auouste 14, 16,40,98. Chouteau, Pierre, 38, 90. Christian County, 342, 343. Christian Brothers' College, 285, 286. Christian Brothers' Female Colleue, 287. Christian Church, 256—258. Chrisman, AVilliam 486. Claiborne, W. C. C. 44. Clark County, 343, 344. Clark, George Rogers 24. Clark, John 13,31, 118,259. Clark, William, 38,54, 60—64, 72, 79, 91, 117,487. Clay County, 344—348. Clay, Henry 71—80. Clay Seminary, 287. Clifford, Benjamin P. 488. Clinton County, 348, 349. Cockrell, Francis M. 220, 348—349,488. Coffrey, J. T. 147. Collier, Liu her T. 491,492. Colman, Norman J. 489—491. Cole Countv, 349—355. Conant, Alban J. 492, 493. Congregational Church, 253—256. Cooper,''William 354, 355. Cooper County, 355, 356. Coxe, Henry S. 98. Cote sans Dessein, 52. Crawford County, 356, 357. Crittenden, Thomas T. 493. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 258, 259. Curtis, General S. R. 174. D D'Abadie, 13,21. Dade (bounty, 357, 358. Dallas County, 358, 359. Daniel, Henrv C. 493, 494. Davl)y,JoliaF. 136. Daviess County, 359, 360. Davis, S. C. 103. Dean, Benjamin D. 494, 495. DeBolt, Rezin A. 495. Deigel, George 220, 495. Delassus, Charles Dehault, 29, 45, DeKalb, General 359, 360. DeKalb Countv, 360,361. Dent Count3% 361, 362. De Soto, Hernando, 1, 2. D'lberville, 6. Dickson, Robert 64. Dinning, Louis F. 496, 497. Doniphan, Alexander W. 130, 484, 498—501. Dorman, Jerubal G. 497, 498. Dorris, George P. 217. Doughertv, Ralph 95. Douglas County, 362, 363. Drake, Charles" D. 210. Drury College, 387, 388. Dubourg, Bishop W. L. 83, 273, 274. Dug Sprinsjs Enaagement, 164. D'Ulloa, G^eneral 21. Dunklin County, 363, 364. Dunklin, Daniel 95, 103, 104, 105, 108, 124, 126. Dunn , George W. 501, 502. Dunn, Lemuel 503. Dusseldorf, City of 470. E Eads, Jame.s B. 503—505. Easton, Rufus 36, 40, 91. Eastin, Lucian J. 505. Earthquake at New Madrid, 54—57. Edwards, E. Livingston 506, 507. Edwards, John C 118, 124, 127, 131, 132, 134. Embargo Act, 51, 52. Evens, John 507, 508. Ewing, Ephraim B. 131, 508, 509. Ewing, Robert C. 145, 509, 570. F Farrar, Dr. 39. Fletcher, Thomas C. 188, 511. Flood, Joseph 512. Florida War, 114. Ford, Nicholas 512, 513. Fort Chartres, 9, 11, 13, 14. Fort Orleans, 11. Fort Sumter, 473. Fremont, Gen. John C 162, 167, 170. Franklin County, 364, 365. French Manners and Customs, 16 — 20, 33. 34. INDEX. 635 Prontenac, Count de 5, 17. Fur Trade, 36. Gasconade County, o65 — 367. Gamble, Hamilton H. 146, 166, 188. Gamble, Archibald Dl. Gayard, R. P. 41. Gatevvood, J. M. 138. Gentry County, 367, 368. Gentry, Ilicliard 114. Gentry, William 220. Geyer, Henry S. 138. Giddings, Napoleon B. 512, 513. Giddings, Rev. Salmon 2.'53,264. Gill, Turner A. 513. Gilpin, William 126, 130. Goodell, Rev. C. L. 514. Gray, H. F. 138. Green, Rev. David 24G. 248. Greene County, 368—370. Green, James S. 134, 145, 146. Grand River College, 288, 289. Grundy County, 370, 372. Gunn City Traeedv, 212, 213. Guitar, Odou i78,'515, 516. H Hall, John 96. Hall, Willard P. 132, 134, 136. Hall, William A. 516. Hal ley, C. F. 138. Hallock, General 171. Halliburton, Wesley 516, 517. Hamilton. Lieut. Gov. Henry 24. Hammond, 8. 40, 61. Hannibal Colleue, 289, 290. Hardin, Charles H. 220—223, 518. Harlan, Andrew J. 519. 520. Harney, William S. 158, 162,519, 520. Harrison, Albert G. 104, 108, 118. Harrison, jMicajahV. 11(5. Harrison Ct)unly, 371, 312. Harrison, William Henry 46, 88, 119. Harris, John W. 519—521. Harvey, Thomas H. 115, 116. KaVks, Bishop Cicero h. 268, 296. Hays, William B. 522. Hempstead, Edward 36, 61. Hemstead, Stephen 90. Henderson, John B. 174, 179, 186, 314. Hennepin, Louis 3. Henry, Major A 39. Henry County, 372, 373. Heryford, Wriliam 522—524. Hickory County, 373, 374. Hicks, Russell 524. 525. Hill, Britton A. 525. 526. Hillman, William H. 517, 518. Hockaday, John A. 220, 526. Holt County, 374, 375. Hough, WaVwick 147, 526, 527. Hornet, (Steamer) 41. Houston, Thomas F. 527, 528. Howard County, 375—377. Howard, Dou Carlos 29. Howard, Governor 59. Howell County, 377, 378. Hughes, Charles J. 530. Hughes, James E. 529. Hughes, AVilliam H. 114. Humboldt, Baron Von 470. Hunt, Seth 51. Hunter, General 169. Huston, George W. 137. Hutchins, Stilson 528, 529. I, J Independence, City 382. Independence, (Steamer) 41. Indian Assault on St. Louis, 24, 25. Indian Troubles, 57, 62, 63, 97. Indiana Jurisdiction, 48, 50, 51. Inm County, 378, 379. Iron Mountain, 123. Jackson, Claiborne F. 126, 129, 131, 138, 151. Jackson County, 379—384. Jackson, President Andrew 101, 102, 128. .Jackson, Hancock 145, 146. Jameson, John 108, 111, 115, 118, 131. Jasper County, 384, 385. JeflFerson, Thomas 49. Jefferson County, 385, 386. .Johnson County, 386, 387. Johnson, Waldo P. 174, 180. Johnson, Richard M. 110. Joliet, Louis 2, 3. Jones, Charles 141. Jones, James 109, 112. Jones, W. C. 126. K Kahokia, see Cahokia. Kansas Troubles, 148, 149. Kansas City, 380, 381. Kaskaskia. 5, 8, 13. 24, 29. Kayser, Alexander 138. Kearny, Gen. Stephen W. 130. Kelly, John W. 145. Kelley, ll.ury S. 530, 531. Kennelf, L. M. 145. Kemper, Bishop Jackson 267, 268. King, Austin A. 134, 135—137. King, William R. 138. Knapp, George 531, 532. Knapp, John, 532—531. I Krekel, Arnold 141,53'!. i Kno.x County, 387, 3S8. 6'M) INDEX. Laclede, Liguest 13 — 16. Laclede Couuty, 388. Lafayette, Marquis de; Arrival at St. Louis, 90. Lafayette County, 388—390. Lafayette Park, St. Louis 201, 441,443. La Grange C.)ll, 29, 43. St. Louis Bridge Company, 198. St. Louis Citv, 14, 15, 22, 24, 27—29, 33—38, 47, 50, 67, 82—84, 109, 449. St. Louis Count}', 438 — 450. St. Louis Fort, 4. St. Louis Universitv, 299. St. Paul's College, 296,297. St. Phillip's Village, 13. Strother, John P. 601. Switzler, William P. 604, 605. Sullivan County, 452, 453. Swallow, Prof. George C. 526, 602—604. Synodical Female College, 301. Talon, 3. Taney County, 453. Taylor, Johu H. 605. Territory of Oi leans, 46. Terrill, A. W. 605. 606. Texas Count3% 453, 454. Texas Revolution, 109,110. Thayer College, 301, 302. Thompson, J. W. 40. Thornton, John 96, 606, 607. Todd, David 91. Tompkins, George 39, 563. Tonty, Henri de^6. Trader, M.D., John W. 607. Trudeau, Zenon 28, 31. U Unitarian Church, 277. United Presbyterian Church, 275—277. United States Branch Bank, 98. University of Missouri, 302—307. Van Buren, Martin 110. Vardeman, Rev, J. 251. Vaughan, Ricliard C. 608. Vest, George G. 172. Vernon County, 454, 455. Village du Cole, 13. Vincennes, 24. W Wagner, David 608, 609, Walker, Rev. John 115. Walker, R. 129. Walkins, W. W. 137. War of 1812—1815, 64, 65. Ward, Rev. John 266. Warren County, 455 — 457. Washington County, 457, 458, Watson, J. S, 120. Washington Universitv, 307—310. Wayne County, 458, 459. Webster County, 459, 460. ' indp:x. 689 Wells, Erastus 609, 610. Wells, R. W. 103, 127. Wherry, Mackey, 99. Wilkinson, John GIO. Wilkinson, General James 44, 50, 51. William Jewell College. 311—317. Williams, Abraham J. 91, 104. Williams, Charles P. 293, Gil. Wilson, John 115. Wilson, EliasV. 611. Wilson, Robert P. C. 612, 613. Wilson Creek, Battle of 164. Winston, John H. 614, 615. Witt, Christian 40. Woodsidc, JoliQ R. 613, 614. Woodson, Silas 131, 214—216. Woman, John B. 312, 615, 616. Worth County, 460, 461. Wright, Foster P. 616, 617. Wright County, 461, 462. Yeaman, Rev. W Pope 311, 617—619. Year of Ten Boats, 28. Yiezer, Captain 65. Young, James 124, 127, 131. Zagouyi, Major Charles 169. '1 V-, / .^■% \V \J>^ ,0 0, A' .,-.. x\^ V

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